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UBRARY

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A.

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THE

NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL

A MONTHLY PUBLICATION, DEVOTED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

AND TO

RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

EDITED BY

JOHN J. THOMAS AND M. B. BATEHAM ;

ASSISTED BY DAVID THOMAS AND OTHERS.

VOLUME I.

'^PUBLISHED BY BATEHAM k CROSMAN,

ROCHESTEK, N. Y.

1840.

INDEX TO VOLUME I.

A.

AdTertlslng. importance of, 37.

Agricultural museum ai Uocliester, proposed, 2.

papers, beiieiitti of, 1,6, \>ri.

importance of in the Gen. country, 21,

and warelii)u^c:i, 90.

pursuits, to make pleasant and profitable, 7,

ioiprovcmeiitii in Europe, 13.

• remurks on, 35.

• expense of, 70.

• Chemistry, Davy*?, new edition of, 3fl,

sucietiea recommended, 42.

••* notifcs of meetings, 15-2, 153.

• Society in .Monroe county re^ronnnendcd, 44,60.

In Vates county, CO.

Highland, account of, lO-i, 111.

- Genesee county, I'JO, l?8.

of Ontario county, officers of, 141.

• account of, 172,

- of Durham, U. C. 172.

Knslish. great e.Tliibition of, 152*

• meeting at Uociie&ler, call for, 65.

- remarks on, 73.

account of, t8.

- fair at Rochester, premiums otfrred, 120, 152,

• uoiices, 120, 144.

account of, 164,168,171,178.

- In Chauau |uc county, lc2.

- fairs fn Germany, 111.

• cxjteriment^, importance of, 101.

• intelligence ofilcc recommended, 100,

Agricullure, progress of, :i2.

• in Ontario county, offer of G. Ilenlis, 67.

in I'pper Canada", 10, 108, 110, 117, 134.

- . in Uni;e I States, census of, 70.

Kuropean, notes on, 102, 111, 114.

- legislative aid to, recouunendcd, 113, ie4«

needs science, 123.

in Scotland, 151.

see "fflj-TM" and '• Fanning' in this Index.

Agents in Canada. 177.

American Institute, history of, 137.

Animals, sick, treatment of. 142.

** Annette," reply to, by "Fanny." 129,

Aphides, or plant lice, account of, 83.

-.«... destroyed I»y the lady bus, 14CC

Apple, Hannah, description of, 146.

Apples, pruning in winter, 18

ewect, value and cheapness of. 18;,

..... notices of fine varieties, 82, 180.

native varieties described, 103.

winter, to preserve, 157, 180.

Apricots. Vftrielies of, 140.

Ardent spirits ^ood for rats, 58.

Asparagus, early, dl.

Auger holes, making with ag^lmlet, 159,

B.

Barley, Chevalier, 71.

Annat, 71.

Barn cellars for roots, 29.

Barns for Jiorses and cattle, Improved mode of making, with

figure, 40.
Bee uKitli, simple rf^medy for, 35.

• . . house &. hee-hivc, improved, figure, descriprlon of, 136.
... keeping, profits of, 155.
Beets, descriptions of varieties, 57, 53, 113,
.... bread from, GO.
.... Bassano, excellent, 140,
Birds, new species of, 58.
.... of America, by Audubon. 97,
.... and toads, usefulness of, 63*
Book farming, 183.

finespecimenB of. 174.

Boots and shoes, water-proof compound for,9#
.... wronj; end foremost, 13.
.... grafting — wax excellent for, 58.
Borrowing worse than buyin?, 31.

and lending: nclghl)or9 should accommodate, 37.

Buck, Thos. WcJdie's' Leicestershire, with a figure, 185,

Buel, last speech of. 10.

Burnt earth as manure, experiments. 124.

Butter, restoring sweetness to tainted, 37,

- .... to prevent taste of turnips in, 68.

salting and preserving, 87, 97.

..... making, byJAdam Fergusson, 134,

c.

Cabbages for pics, 122.

♦ to protect from grubs, 123,

Calves, rearing, 151.

large. 112,125,180.

successfully reared on milk and meal, 70.

Canada thistles, to extirpate, 89, 114, 147.

Carrol, large white green top, noticed, 58*

..... long Altringiiam, 58.

..... new large white, 156.

..... culture recommended. 1!, 24.

Caterpillars, disappearance of, 106.

Cattle*, disease and post mortem ciamlnatlOD of, 63i

• remedy for, 85,

• remarks on, 1 13.

.... to cure foot rot in.OU, 109.

.... nianagomont of, i:J4,

.... hoven, new remedy for, 170,

... * show ftt Rochester, ac^'ount of, 161.

.... Durhamj; engravingof '* Sir Walter," 44.

, noticra of. 07.

various aud groat calvei of, 14K

.... Devon bull for sate. 01.
Cauliflower, "-ucccssful culture of, 9.
Celery, culture of, 30.
Cheese, directions for making. 163»
Cherries, varieties of, 114.
Cherry trees, excreHcences on, 109.

slug, see '* Fruit Trees" In this lodcx*

l^hoice of an occupation, 7.

Cider press. 08.

Cistern, water-limo, description of, 140,

Clover. dilTerent varieties of, 30.

7. . .. White A'sike noticed, 41, 140,

tisK; of cutting, 6tf

as manaro, 170.

best grown with orchard grass. 175.

seal, process of cleaning, 131, 150.

and muchinei^, 132, 150.

quantity raised, 103.

COOKERY.

To make Johnny cakes and Indian pancakes, 23,

rice apple dumplings, 37.

Johnny cakes without milk, 53.

dough-nuts. 58.

ovster corn cakes, 02.

To spice beef Irish fjishion, 63.

Corn, Tuscarora, valuefuf, 8.

.... China tree, queer properties of, 12,

down east, 38.

.... successful culture, mode described, 9.

.... puzzle, 16.

.... importance of selecting seed, 31.

.... good crop of, 34.

.... grinding in the cob, 62.

, , . . directions for the culture of, 68,

.... best varieties of, 70.

.... hints on planting, 72.

.... machine for hus^king, 87.

.... to repel crows from, 123,

.... laws, British, 1-6.

.... great crop of, l^■7.

Correspondents wanted, 8. »

notires to, 96.

Couch grass easily destroyed, 50.

Cows, to cure caking of udder, 77,89.

.... first and last poriions of milk, difference in, 79, 150.

.... great wij^r product of, 70.

.... good andWd, profits illustrated, 187.

.... should be milked clean, 180.

to prevent kicking, 187 ^

.... Durham ; great product of " Blossom," 143.

engraving &. account of "Dairy Maid," 169.

Dairy Maid against Blossoin, 170.

productiveness of" Voung Lily," 149.

Cranberry, bush, cultivation of, recommended, 51,

Cream, why does it rise ? 185,

Crops and season. 112. 113.

.... in South Venice. 150.

"Cultivator," notice of, 20.

Curculio, Buccessful extirpation of, 34j 71, 92^

, . to prevent, 122,

Death of John Lowell 61.

E. F.Marshall. 144.

Dr. Perrine, 144.

Dialogues between a father and son, 04, 110, 126, 158,

Diet. regulation of. II.

Ditching and banking machine, 62,

Domestic Economy : —

to clean papering of rooms, 19.

marking bags, &c.. 10.

restoring tainted butter, 37.

to apply Idack lead to stoves, 59,

to remove ink spots, 58.
Door-yard scenery, engraving and remarks, 5|.
Drag roller, 130.
Draining lands by steam-power, 95.

remarks on, 121.

Drowned, restoring life to, 142.

E.

Eaton's Botany, new eidlion of, 44.

Eggs, batching by steam, description of, 12.

.... to preserve, 63.

Electricity, remark, 103, 104.

Ellsworth, Henry L. 175.

Encouraging letter from W. Garbutt, 184,

F.

Fanning-Mill. f . Patterson &. Co.'s, 183*

Farewell readers I 188.

Farm crops, varieties of. 111.

.... labor, value of, 170.

.... origin of the word. 7.

.... accounts and profits, 79.

Farmer, the life of, 20, 122.

good specimen of, 151.

Farmer's Companion, review of, 3ft.

Cabinet, 93.

....... sons, 11-i, llf.

daughters. 48. 76, 109, 119, 128, 175.

and wives, 151.

and mothers. 187,

and iiomes, 185.

reading, remarks on, 179.

Farmers, tribute respecting, by John Todd, 43, C

education of, 62.

should study some, 122.

distinctivecharactorof, 179.

Farming, bints on, for January, 3; Feb., 19; March, 40;
Apr., 49; May.72; Jnne,89; July, 104 ; Au-
gust, 121 , Sept., 140; Oct., 146; Dec, 178 ; for
next year, 183.

..,.•.. successful, 79, 185.

• ••*••. on a small scale, 119.

.••.,.. its advantages, 133.

of Coke, great increase, 161,

Farms in England, 183.

.... new, improving.

Fence posts, to preserve. 69,77.

Flower Seeds .to sow, 5*1.

Flowers of Spring, 56, 72.02, 117.

of Summer, 101, 124, 132, 149.

of Autumn, 140, 102.

and shrubs recommended, 147.

notice of new ajid rare species, 179.

Forest trees, importance of, and mo-lc of sowing Bced,22*

Frosted feet cured by pcppermlni, 58.

Fruit trees, Ireadingsnow round, excludes mice, 3.

from cut'un[{s, all humbug, 21.

great numlicr of varieties, 34.

niana'-'cment of, 51;

relardinif ihe btoom of, 58.

slugs on. 7 1. 03, ltl5, 107. 125.

to destroy tlie curc«Iio,?l.

Dhiggin^, 85^

. . dwcrf, 123. *

encouragement to planting, 142,462, 173.

splitiing down, 140.

to transplant successfully, 148.

and directions for a small fruit garden, 178.

Fruits as fooo, 175.

Fuel, comparative advantages of green and dry 17.

Ftunaces, hot-air, figure and «lescription of, 145,'

G.

Gardening; sowing flower seeds, marking sticks, &c.fi6.

for March, 40.

for Abril, 56.

for May 05.

for June, 93.

edging for borders, 69.

different soils, 72.

transplanting annuals, IIS,

best soil for, 162.

Garget, cure for, 108,

Gate latches, 179.

Golden rule applied to farming, 122.

Good sentiuienis, 30.

Graftjng on wild cherry, failure of, 21,

useful directions, 40.

Grat'ts, cutting in Autumn, 117.
Grain, measuring in the granary, 131,
.... weight of, ItO.
Grape, easy culture of, 34, 93,

vine, productive, 119.

jelly, 147.

Grass, different varieties of, 30.

.... correction, 64.

.... orchard, imiuirics and remarks, 133.

growing, with red clover, 173i

culture of, 149.

Grasses, dried specinienn from Prof. Dewey, 73.

A. Fergusson, 161.

figures and descriptions uf different6pecies,73,6D,106,

Green honse, enormous, 5i.
Grub worm, to destroy, 123,
Gypsum, effects of, 163.

H.

Hail stones, velocity of, 127.

Hams, smoking, to prevent the fly. 3,

dampness, 3.

in a pork barrel, i80.

to preserve from the fly, 19.

for summer use, 76, 184.

Hard times, remedy for, 8, 9,
Hay, making in England, 43.

". instructions to young mowers, 99,

. . . great profits of chopping, "7.
. . . directions, remarks, and inquiries, 83.
. . . timothy, proper time for culling, 92,
Head-holder to the king, 31.
Hen-house, description of, 183.
Henery, not Henry, description of. 174.
Hens, how to manage successfully, 13,

to prevent scratching, 85, '87, "*

management of, by T. P. Hunt, 86.

Hen's eggs, male and female to distinguish, 100.

Hessian llv , observations on, 183

Hints for the months, 3, 18, 33, 40, 49, 72, 89, 104, 121, 140,

140, 178.
Hogs, large sale of Berkshires, 133.
.... disease in, inquiry, 161.
Hog, a large one, l85.
Hoof-ail pieventcd, 24.

inquiry, 185.

Horse, rearing, to manage, 16, i

only two faults in, 23.

baulky, cured, 39. ,

improved, 67.

broken by kindness, a fine fellow, 86.

power, Arnold's, figure and description, 67,

rake, revolving, engraving of, 97.

thistle, to kill, 128.

Horses, watering, 47.

beware of short collars, 63.

cure for yellow water in, 91.

improved, wanted, 63.

•••... care of, 91,

cure for heaves in, 99, 109, 141,

fistula, 119.

ring bone, 157.

blinders for, objected to, 127.

dead, used as manure in France, 180.

docking, 180

Horticulture, claims of, 8.

Hot-air furnace, ficurc find description of, 143,

Hot-beds, preparation of manure lor, 18,29.

to make. 40.

Hydrangea, culture of, 147,

Indian buckwheat, cultivation of, 27.
Ingenious shell work, 180.
Inquiries. 24,25, 81, 117, ISO.
Insects. Hollar's treatise on, 130.
Irrigation, utility of, 119.

Keep moving, 183,

li

Labor, nobility of, 159.

.. . and labor-saving machines, 7, 143.
Lard, trying, i85

LepTslntive aid to, airricnUure, 113, 184.
Letter from H M Ward, 2.

Niagara, 53.

A Fergusen, 116, 134.

W. Parsons, IPI.

AV. Garbutt, 184.

Lettuce, culture of, 82.
Lightning-rods, to construct, 1C4.
Lime as nmnurc, 152,

for wheat, 5", 180,

. . .. burningj perpetuul kilns, 142,

INDEX TOVOLUME I.

jcust, roae-floweriiig, 131.

ouflon'3 Suburimn Gnnlener. notice of, 26,

ucerne, experiments with, 5i, i80.

31.

agazine of Horticulture noticed, 9.

uhogany tree, 1*2?.

.'angel wurlzel and sugar beet, culture of, by W. Garbutt,
20, a4.

5ucce:j.sful experiment, 24.

hints on sowing, &e., 180,

-•.anures, remarks on, 150.

great waste of, 179.

best time to apply, 36.

'ong, operation and effects of, 27, 147.

• must he applied right to he beat, 130*

and short, experiments on, 07.

Man, who is the greatest, IS5.
Maple sugar, successfully made, 43.
Markets in England, 93.
Meteorological table for !?:i9, 26.
Moon, influence of, 106. l.'ift.
Mulberry for silk, culture of, 74.

New Genesee Farmer, prospectus of voJ. 1, 1.

address to patrons of, 1.

testimony in favor of, 2, 24, 33, 121.

«. recommended, 23.

editorial assistance, 33.

• success of, 49.

was honorably commenced, 52.

, editorial arrangements for, 56.

Canada agency for, SI, 113, 177.

,, cause of inaccuracies, 113.

appeal to readers of, 120.

prospectus of vol. 2, 161,

Newspapers, 1.36,

Nolicos to correspondents, 1.

filing, 187, •

Niagara, a voice from, ISI.

Agents and Postmasters, 177.

and readers, 17.

o.

Oats, Scotch, value of. 70.
Oil from sunflower seeds, 97, 106,
Ovens, brick, improvement* in, 177,
Oxen's eyes, cure for, 147.

p. •>

Peach trees, mnnasement of, 163.

yellows in, of great consequence and little un-
derstood, 140.
Peaches, large, 129.

Pear, some varieties good only on quince stoct, 34.
.... varieties of describeil, 9S, 1.56.
.... trees, fire blight prevented in, 106.
Peas, grass, recommended, 56.
.... gold vine, noticed, 77.
.... harvested by horse-rake, 125,
.... preserving green, 1'27.
Pie Plant, giant, 41.
Plough, I.ocklin, figure and description of, 37.

device, improved, fig. and description, 105,

Ploughing, frequent, injurious. 44.

subsoil, experiment in, 99.

Ploughing, fall, 164.

match at Rochester, report on. 167.

remarks on, 171.

and ploughs, very important trial of, at Worces-
ter, 1S6.
Plum, Prince's Imperial Gage, great profits, 19.
.... new varieties of, 69.

varieties of, 140.

trees, excrescences on, 33.

Poetry : Nature, 76.

The morning of Spring, 76.

Tbe flower boy, 91-

, Ttie moss rose and the harp, 111.

Rural melodies, 127.

The last rose of summer, 132.

Mount Hope Cemetery, 160.

The farmer's Saturday night, 187.]

Popular errors pointed out, 91.

Pork, bad to eat too much, 93.

.... preserved best in old unscalded pickle, 179.

Porker, a thrifty one, 185.

Potatoes, to cook, 9.

experiments on, 27.

recommended, 50.

directions for planting early, 56.

cultivation and harvesting, 66.

harvesting, 189.

in heaps need ventilation, 1 46.

Rohan, successful culture of, 8, 29.

profits of a peck of, 20.

culture of in Wheatland, 37.

remarks on price of, 66.

Profeeeion, choice o<", 42.

Quince borer, to detect and remove, 71.

R.
Rninv dnys, to employ, loo, 163.
Rate and mice, to destroy, 180.
Rflzir straps easily put in order, 19.
Razors, shaving, and improving cutting instruments,

78.
Recipe, queer, 15.
Red root, caution against, 34.

to extirpate, 02.

Rennet liquor, to prepare, 163.

Roller, value of, 180.

Root crops, cheap way of raising, 72.

culture of, by James Gowen, 174.

.... slicer, Gilson'e, figure and description, 25.
Roots, culture recommended, 11,

barn cellars for, 29.

culture of, advantages of, 59.

prcEervntion and use of, by John Barney, 79.

Rotation of cropa, principles of, 14.

account of in Europe, 103.

remarks on, 126.

and fine farming, 185.

Rules for housewives, interesting, 23.

good neighborhood, 61.

Rural tnste, fine specimen of, 83,
Ruta bagu, ridging for, 82.

improved mode of harvesting, 83.

hoeing, 97.

toroiee cheap, 121.

"ormous crop, 166, 169, 171.

Rye, spring, recommended, 56.
.... tall, 93.

S.

Schools, common, "the people's colleges," 184.

Seeds, causes of not germinating, 11.

sowing and causes of failure in, 62.

bad ; properly bad culture, experiments, 97,

121, 149.

propogation by, important hints, 136.

experiments in scalding, 69, 108.

Seed store catalogue, notice of, 37.

agencies and correspondence, 56.

Shade trees in postures, 135.

Sheep, profits of. shown by experiment, 50.

live long under snow, 77.

good way to wash, 89.

breeds and management, by A. Fergusson,134.

Signatures should not be fictitious, 53.

Signs of the times, 90.

Silk, publications on, 44.

.... duty on, 45.

.... importation of, 184,

.... able address of Sl'Lean on, 46.

.... goods, American, account of, 55.

.... business, revival of, 105.

in Rochester, 125.

.... reeling, anecdotes and directions, 107.

....reel. Piedmontese, 188,

.... worm egga, to keep, 1.5.5.

.... culture, remarks on profits and prospect, 18, 23

now the time to begin, 43.

importance of, 74.

successful experiments in, 75.

the A B C (.f, 86.

interesting facts in, 142.

Sleigh ride and upset, 25.

Small comforts for women should not be neglected, 63.

Smut in wheat, to prevent, 13.

Snow, observations on, 26.

weight of, 77.

Soap, labor saving, 87.

suds as manure, experiment, 146.

Soiling, economical on small forms, 72.

Speculation, 39.

Steers, breaking, 108, 128, 163.

Straw cutter, Gilsun's, 25.

Strawberries, varie'ies of, 140, 162.

to plant, 162.

Striped bug, easily scattered, 106.

Sugar beets, cost of raising, 15.

great crop of, 15.

good for cows, 34.

in Michigan, 73.

injured by fresh manure, 83.

value of, 83.

Sugar from beet, premium on 55.

D. L. Childs' work on, 53.

improvement in the manufacture of,

57.

experiment, 77.

manufactured in New England, pro-
cess described, 84.
extent of manufacture, 87.

D. L. Childs' experiments detailed,

100.

Sugars, foreign, 151.

Sulphur showers caused by pollen, 109.

Sunflowe;, uses of, 69.

T, _ uUXi._

Tares or vetcbea, experinVUiur Jlntc aron, 71.
Tariir, remarks on, 84, 99i

Thrashing machine, Pitt's, engraving and description

of, 108.
Timber, best time for culling, 59.
Tomato, qualities of, 151.
Tools should be painted, 151.
Transplanting should be done well. 19, 148.
Travelling agent, a dream, 61.
Turnip fly, to prevent. 104.
Turnips, description of varieties, with 6gure8, 41.

V.
Vegetable diet, 147.
Vegetables, decomposition of, 31.

most nutritive compounds in, 36.

great change in by a change of soil, 43.

early, 93, 112.

Victoria regalis, notice of, 77.
"\V.
Wages, high, and taxation, 182.
Warming houses, 157.

with hot air, 1 45.

Wayne county, appeal to the farmers of, 181.

agricultural society, 181

Wax, mode of extracting from honey-comb, 21.

Weeds, 118, 121.

Weevils in graneries, to destroy, 23.

Wells, best way to draw from, 19.

bad water in prevented, 34.

pumps for, recommended, 69.

Wheat, description of improved varieties, 4.

to prevent smut in, 07, 159.

fields should be weeded, 89.

early, 93.

Tuscany, successful experiment, 98.

rust in, 100.

new varieties, 125.

ploughing in, 131.

market, prospects of, 135. '

new and productive variety, 141, 146.

many headed, 167.

crop, improvement of, remarks on, 3.

in Ohio, extent of, 31.

Spring, experiments on, 30.

Italian and Siberian described, 68.

cultuie, improvements in, 88.

in Europe, 114-

Whimsical calculation, 16.
Who is independent, 39.
Wild rice, 45.

wanted, 1 32.

obtained, 157.

Winter evenings, to spend, 16.

observations on, 45.

of 18'39-40, in England, 53.

Wintering domestic animals, 3, 18, 19, 35, 38, 178,

183, 165.
Wisconsin, and emigrants, 149.
Wives to make them love their homes — read it,

husbands ! — 14,3.
Wood, to snlit for stoves, 177.
Woman, 159.
Women milking, 77.
Working man's home, 187.

INDEX TO EJVGRAVIIVGS.

Merchant's corn planter, 8

Gileon's root slicer, 25

" strawcutter, 25

White Norfolk, White Globe, and Long Tankard

turnips, 41

Short Horn Bull, " Sir Walter," 44

The Locklin plough, 57

Arnold's horse power, 57

Timothy, Fox-tail, and Orchard grass, 74

Door yard scenery, 81

Sweet vernal, Jnne, and meadow Fescue grass, .. 89

Revolving horse rake, 97

Improved plough device, 105

Revolving diagonal harrow 113

Bee house, 136

Beehives, 137

Hot air furnace, 145

Pitt's thrashing machine, 168

Durham cow, " Dairy Maid," 169

Improvement in brick ovens, 177

Contrivance for splitting stove wood, 177

Notch for gate latches 177

Leicestershire Buck, — Thos. Weddle's, 183

Piedmontese Silk Reel, 188

Rcvder! just examine these two pages of Contents, and
observe the numhei, variety, and iniporlance of the subject!
treated of in the volume, and consider the value of the prac.
tical information it contains : then remember that the wholo
is iJIorded for FIFTY CENTS!

CONTAINING THE

NEW GENESEE FARMER OFFICE, SEED STORE, POST OFFICE, &

»i®i®^l'

9l®ic

The nbove engraving represents n front view of the Arcade Building, on Buffaloet., in the most central part of the city of Rochester. In the centre o
building is a large open IlnTl leading to the Sekd Store, Post Office, and Arcade House ; and Etair.wa3'8 on each side lead to numerous Law and other ol
and to the Printing Office of the " New Genesee Farmer."

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

t

*,

In completing the first volume of the New Genesee Farmer, the proprietors desire to offer their gn
ful acknowledgments to the numerous friends of Agriculture who have kindly assisted them in the
terprize. The extensive correspondence, and tlie talented editorial aid which we have received, has b
the main cause of our flattering success, and of the satisfaction which the paper has given its readers
Our sincere thanks are also due to the many Post Masters and Agents who have volunteered their ait
obtaining subscribers, and rendered us essential service. The experience of the past year, has convin
us that the friends of improvement in the Genesee country and the GreatWest, are determined to sust
the Genesee Farmer in its native soil and at its economical price : and while we congratulate them on J]
successful re-establishment, we earnestly solicit them to continue and increase their praiseworthy effo
in order that it may be successfully sustained. Let the friends of Agriculture lend us prompt assistai
and extend the circulation of the paper, so that its influence may be felt throughout the whole cojnmi|
ty ; and let them unite with us to awaken sucli a spirit of improvement as will cause a ncAV tide of p:
perity to flow over this fair country — and all strive to elevate the profession of Agriculture to that r
which Heaven intended it sliould occupy, wlicn He, who x-reated man, selected the cultivation of the
as the employment best adapted to his pliysicp.l, intellectual, )\nd moral nature.

Rochester, Dec. 1840.

BATEHAM & CROSMAN, Publishers,

THE J

^M FAEMF.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATEHAM, ? ,,,^^

K. ¥. MAilSllALL, Pn,;,rie-ors. ^ * OI...

KOriffEMTEJJ, JAXr.ilEY, IS-IO, XO. J.

< .lOHN J. THOMAS,

^ U. a. BATEHAM, EUilor^-.

I'itOSl'ECTL S OF

THE IVE^V GE.VESEE FAE3IER.

A.\D U^UiUE.NlilfS JOUU.VAL :

rOBUiaBO LV COMNECTION with the ROfllliSTEE SEED STORE
AND AOKICLLTUUAI, REi'OSlTOUV.

John J. Thomas &. SI. B. Bateiijm, Editori.
Al. U. liATtuiM & E. K. Mabsuall, I'roprlclors.

^iHB Genesee F.irii.er, wliu-li for nine je:;r3 pas: has been
i pu j.jslie I 111 l{uclje3;cr, to the g, cu. tei.cn. of U.c wliolc
5VCS.C.I1 Couiury, is now U.scoii.inue.l, uii.l ilie lal)ors i,f lis
publisher are iMiislerred to the ••Clltivator" al Altaiiv
Uo„TC;liMj the loss of their favorite Journiil, m.jiy of ilie
Y.iriiiest tncMils of Agrie.illvire in this se^'iou, h .\e ailvise I
he cslablishiiis of a "New Uesesee Farmer" in tins iih ce
nnd luvvc plel^cl their inliaeiice an.l talen s to i;s Miiipof
Th? city ol l!o.-hcsier is the Capital of tlie jusily cc:c >rateil
"Lionesso Countryi" it ia surroundej by an in.elligeii; ai^ri-
culiural conimuiiliy, and a vast terrllory of uniivSlel rich-
ness and fen.lity, and is in every respec', a ii.ost apr.niiiri-
■>,c location for an Agriculturrl i'eriodical. Tlie very evcn-
nvo e.rculaUon of tlie la:e .Monthlv- lieiicsee Farmer lUlbrds
50od eviden.-e that such a paper is dcniamled in this sp'tion
Slid Ula; u will bo sustaine.l l.y the li: eral and etili-htened
lommuni'y tor whose henetii it is intended. Influenced by
diese considerations, we have concluded to issue a ".Xew
..ENESSE PAR.MEK," wUich We shall uiui to iiiake uoi Only thc
:Beapesi but tlie most useful, and the mosleitensivelv circu-
a, 01 agricultural pape.- in the coun rv. With the a'dvana-
(es we possess, and the ialen:c I a-sis:ance eug.iged, we arc
onnjent this can be done, provide I our friends, and the
rleii Is of improveme.it, come forward to our aid, wih that
iraiseworthy an i successful zeal which many have hereto^
o^e iiianifested.
The grand aim and o'ljc.-t of Hie N'aw Genesee Farmer will
e to proino.e the gre.at and important arts of Agriclil me ami
I jniculture, and die in'-eres'.s of all those eng..gc.l in them,
{j reasonable pains or expense will be spared i.rinakin" ilic
oper usrt'ul and in e'csting. It will readily be seen, that in
rder to afford so large a pape,- at so smr.ll a price, U is neces-
ary that the su'iscriptlon list be verv large. The small sn.ni
(hicti It costs, certainly places it within the reach of every
uuii-r, and ic Is conhJc.itly believed, that, wiih a little effort
n the part of public spirited individuals, nearly every far-
ler in the land m.ay Ijc induced to subscribe for it, and a new
npnlse he thus given to the march of agricul-urr.l iniprove-
len;. One of the puhlisliers and co-edi or, is well known as
le proprietor of the Uoche-ser Seed Store. His extensive
)rrespondence and busin-ss connexions in this country and
I Europe, togelhcr wi h his in imate knowledge of the
ibjects, well (jualify him for the present under'akin" —
he other publisher is an experienced Muster Printer and
jlihsher, and the appearance of our sheet will soon prove
at he .B well qualiSed to superintend the nie.-haiiicol depart-
cnt of the business. The other gen-.lcinan, whose name we
n-c at the heid as editor, is so well known to the public cs
writer on Agriculture and Horlicullure, that nothin" needle
id resj-e-liiiglihii. His a'deeditnrial essays and conTmunica-
ana in the ol.l Genesee Fanner, (logeheV with ihose of h-«
■her, David Tlionms, whose aid we also expect,) have con-
ibnted largely to the hinh reputation wliich tli:;t p.iper has
ista,ne1. In addition to the above, we have t.s.eurances of
d from many, if not most of those, who have idreadv dis-
igmshed themselves as writers on these sui'jects and" from
veral other geatleraen of science and talent, who have not
•relofore contributed to this cause.

TERM.S, ic.-Th- ".Xew Genesee Farmer" will l-e issuel
OTllilv. commencing 1st J,-;nuary, I-ilo, tn double quarto
rm, 10 large pages, (same as the obi monthly Genesee Far-
^r,) price fiO cents per year, paya'de always In a lyr nee
I'ost Masters and .\ients, sending money free of post,
ill be allowed a commission as follows:
F.r.EVEN rnpiKS FOR ------

TWEVTY-FOUR COPIES FOR - _ - ,
FlFTV COPIES FOR --_--_

.^8 an ad !

C'ONTKIiITS OF TiJiiS riUJIliili

Proepet-tue of the New Gincs^e Fnvmer 1

Intiuduclory Adilrcss to our i'atrone, 1

Testimony in t'uv.ir oi the Now Gonticec Fanner. . . a

Mr. H. M. Wurd's lettor to the Editors 2

I'lnpoKod Agricultural Museum at Rochester 2

Seasonable llin;s,—C:aro of jVnimale in Winter, } ~
SmokinirHtims,— p^'uit Tic:8,— Winter Butter, S '^

Imiirovement of the Wheat Croj) 3

IVize Essay on several improved varieties of Wlieat

lax'ly introduced into England 4 & 5

Spirit of the ago, — Agricallurnl i'apers, &c 0

Labor and Lfihor-eiving Machines ] G

Cho.cs of occupation ' 7

How to make Agricultmial pursuits pleasant aa w^ll

a; profiiaiile 7

Origin of the word ' ' Farm' ' ".'.'.'.'.!'.'.'. 7

C jrrespoTidcnts wanted .'..'.', tf

Claims of Horticulture,— Propose:! Fair for J84o'.'. fe

Notice to Agents and fnenda of Agriculture b

Remedy for hard times " y

Agricultural Iiiiplemento,— Baldwin's Corni'laiit'r 8
Kohan Potatoes nnd Tuscarora Corn 8

'" 'A

!)
"J
9

y

iti

1

: postage,

- - - ® .i nn
• - - 10 00

- - - 20 CO
1 indncc:nent, donations of rare and valua-

: see Is, lately o'ltiiined in Europe and elsewhere will be
vcn from the Rmdieser Seed Store, as opportunities mav
cur. to such persons as exert themselves in obtainin- siib'-
iiptions or writing commniiica ions. Tlie Post Master
-iieral his decide I that Post SIas;»rs have a right to remit
iney, free of postage, from •subscribers to publishe.-s of pa-
ra. ,\ll who wish to licnefi: that cl.ias of coe.munitv on
hose snrcess all o-h-r- mu^it depend, are lespeclfully solici-
1 to use their efforts to olitain sulscribe.'s.

TiT^'M"''"'^''" ""'' C"nimunications must be addressed to
iTEH.UI i .MARSHALL, Rochester, .M. Y '•™"^--<='' *?

To Patrons and Correspondent.^.

Wr- are truly grateful for the interest which manv of our
ends have manifested in our undertaking, and' for the
ompt .issist.ance they have rendered. Owing to the hin-

?inn= i„le^H"'?'J' K'-^"- '"""'■ ^'■'■'■'■^' '^'■'l'>.->l'le commnni-
tiona intended for this nuniher, were not received in time

t'oTll he,"^"' '" °" """• ■■"'^- '" "»= mean time^e
■pe to hear from a numr-er of other persons, whose nens
vc often benefitted many of our readers. ^

Persons to whom this number issent, who are not subscri-
n TltlT "■'"' '° ''",."■"= ^"^h, Lre requeste to h.and

subsirihe Those who receive more than one copy, will
Mse circnla-e the others to the best artvanla:

ffe','' ""'' "'^'""- ':"'*'"« in the names of'iuhserlbers

' Farmers' Meetings'

Cooking Potatoes \

WateiproofC'onipa.Htion|-o'r'i5.,VtB&'shoeL!

ISolice of the Magazine of Honicultute

C uUivalion oi the Caulilbwer

A G.iod C-'ioii of Indian torn .

Extracts from the last Speech of Judge iiJeV

V ulue of Ohaervation to the Fanner. .

Carrots & Ru-.a Buga, -value & mode of pVcserv. IJ

Caueea of Seeds not Germinating H

China Tree Corn, and the Rochester Seed Store' " IS
liatchmg Eggs by Steam,-London Chicken Maii-

uiitcto;y .^^

Value and Managetnent of Hens'.'.'. '.'.'. ] 3

iVetv way of preventing Smut in Wheat. '...'.".'" Vi
Application of theprinciples of the Rotation ofCrop8l4

Benehtsof RootCultivniion 14

Health,— Regulation of F/iet ..". j 4

Cost of raising Sugar Beets and other Roots! '. ! ! " '].5

-agricultural Improvements in Europe ' 1.5

Beets in Old Dutches^ ...

An IntelUgible Receipt '.'.".'.'.'."[

To Manage a Rearing Horse,— witimaical

Intion,— Corn Puzzle

Winter Evenin<rs— ritrht use of, .

Agents for the Seed Store, &.c. . .

Rochester Prices Curren' ' ' '

35

15

Calcu-

16

]I3

16

IG

An ExpiaHation.

«l7^e'-%'?he"lve M I'l'-M "I'-i""' '-^''^ "''^" ''^^''^tly of the same
;A .'; ■ '^ :^f'>":ldy Cenesec F.trmer, but not b-in^ ab'r

our S. "„"'■'''" »"ft tienrlyl.arge, we are'compe'Ied to make
our !.hcet n mere tnfle .melle.. T„ ,„„k, up for IM, .ief,.

lency, we shall „.=e a better quality of pap-r and onr tv„.
IS entirely new and fine; so thst we think iheN-ew Genese^
1 ..rmer wil have a ne.ater appearnnce than the old. end coii'-
tain as much valuable re.ading, and give ns good satisf.tction.

Edi-ors, an I others, will observe thafhs is nof'T/icGer
esee F..rii.er" which w.as formerlypnldished here hv Luther
Tucker. -We do not Wish to l.uil 1 npou the rep.iiation of
that paper; but expect to stand upon our own meri's alone
an.l hope that Edltirs, wllh whom we exchan^-e wdl be
careful to give creOi,, and to add.-css their papers 'to the fat
Gene-ee Fariii''r. '

E liiors of Newspapers, in favor of AgricnI-nral In-prove-
ment, are reiiuested to publ-sli an alistra-t of our Pro«pe-iis
and send us. one paper, and we will send them ours for the
year.

Engrayi!ir;s.

"We shall iIUistra'eonrsubj.>cta with numerous engravings
but have only time to prepare one for this num!>er.

ADURESS TO OUR P^VTKOXS.

In "Commencing the publication of an agricultural
journal, it is hardly necessary to urge the importanco
of the cultivation of the soil. It has not only been the
means of constructing the great public works of the
state, and of furnishing them with constant employ-
ment, but it is the basis of all other pursuits, which
may justly be considered as its nu.xiliaries. It not on-
ly lies at the foundation of our state and national pros-
perity, but on it depends the very subsistence of all ci-
vilized nations, and is unknown only to the rudest con-
ditions of savage life.

la a matter ol regret, that while commcreia! and
poluical papcTo in our country m„y be luimbfr.d |icr-
haps by thousands, those devoted to tlielcod-in- puivuit
of four-liltbs ol the iiihahilante, are limited tu scarcely
a hundredth part of the nuniher. The result of this
neglect has been the ijecessity of importations from
Europe of the necessaries of life, wliile we have hud an
immense and fertile territory before us; and the ruitt
in which many are involved, who have neglected the
safe and proirtable occiipatioJr of judicious farming, lur
the uncertain pursuit of commerce and epeculation.

The great advancement of ngricalture in Eurcpa
within sixty years, furnishes a very instructive e-tum-
ple of the improvement of wh;ch it is susceptible. In
Grea-vBritain, the products of the soil have doubled,
or increased to the enormouj amou.nt of three hu..died
and lifty millio.is of dollars an.niudly. In Scotland,
the present annual product exceeds that of the latter

part of the last conlury by three times the aniouiit.

In the best farming countries in Europe, the avere^u
crop of wheat, according to authentic statemcnti, is
from thirty to forty. bushels an acre; barley, from fo.iy
to fifty bushels; oat?, upwards of iifly; and potatoes
from three hundred to throe hundred and tiJty buzhels.
It is well known that our average crops in this coun-
try has been far inferior. Bui a rapid improvement ia
taking place in this respect; and a greater utt-.nlioii
given to improvements in agriculture, as is evident
from the increased number of periodicals, devoted to
the subject, which are doubtless destined to ncc:;Ierata
its progress.

That great improvements are yet to be made in the
general practice of farming, is evident from the fact,
that th,ore are a few fanners who raise more than dou-
ble the average amount of- the general crop of the coun-
try. The example and practice o." such farmcra are
well worth studying. Tue large crops of coin which
some have raised, varying from eighty to a hundred
buv^hels for many successive years, shows that much
improvement is to be made in the general practice, and
afftirds strong evidence of e.'iual improvements yet to
be made in the caliure of other crops. Th^vuit in-
crease in value which has been given to eoine st.-rile
and neglected farms in this state, which were woitU
hut a few d lUars an acre, but now pay, clear of all ex-
penses, an interest on one or two h«idred do;'.ar6 en
acre, u also well worthy of attention.

The increased value, also, which may be given to all
our land, by the proper use of lime and ashes; by a ju-
dicious system of rotation; by the use of piaster, and
green crops as manure; by effectual underdrainingt by
deepening soils; anijfcy the cultivation of root crops
as food for domestic^mmals, thus incrcasin" the a-
mount of manure manufactured on a given quantity of
land; all need further investigation by farmers gene-
rally, and when fully ascertained, need u more gcnsrat
dissemination.

To the spread of information on these subjects, atrri-
cullurnl papers are properly devoted. V.'e know the
prejudice which exists with many, relative to hook-
farming: and this is not whoUy unfounded. Tboe
who undertake cultivation on a larce scale," from writ-
ten directions merely, must expect ui lure. Experi-
ence, and pergonal observation, phould be aniihiiied
with the knowladge derived from others. Experience
must form the bash; information derived from r -nd-
iULT, the superstructure. Theindiscriminnte ndnpti,.n
of hints from books would be extremely improper: the
ludgment tnust determine the fitness to the )iropnsfd
object. Dircrtionp ore frequently given, and espon-
mente detailed, which are only applicable to particular
climates or eoJe, and fail in oifae.e. An o-'eituion.

9

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

VOT,. 1.

for iriiiane», may eocceed only on n enndy eoil, nnd
foil entirolr on a clayey ono. Hence, from such fad-
Xir-i, an avcreion is caused to all written tuggestioiis.
Where every requisite is not distinctly pointed out, the
experience and judgment of the farmer muu direct. —
An important part of an operation may be omitted
— an intelligent farmer decided a^ain^t root crops be-
eBU8e ths necessary precautions were not taken in feed-
ing ihcTTi. Ar.o'b'jr instance in point is the follow.
ing: — A farmer ha! read mnch of the benefit derived
from ashes; ho accordingly covered hie land in large
heaps, which were imperfectly spread, leaving epots ol
two or three inches in thickness, which were tcarcely
mixed with the soil. The crop of corn, in conse-
quence, was greatly injured — a convincing proof of
the folly of bo.4-farming. But another civcred even-
ly his ground to a thickness of four inclicj with atbcs,
which he mixed l.'wyougkhj with the soil by many buc-
eeasive plougbings, and the soil was very decidedly
improved. The latter experiment was perrormcd on
clayey land. Such facts thow the necetsity of o tho-
rough knowledga of the subject.

But some shut their eyes entirely to every thing writ-
ton. A farmer who to;ally rejects book-farming, will
glad'y listen to a statement from hs neighbor by which
ha may rniee a bushel more on an acre wiih the same
labor, nni he is benefitted perhapj hunJreda of dollars
by it; but publish this statement in on agriculttirnl pa-
per so that its benefits may roach thousands, and it ini-
msdiatcly becomes an idle talo eniiio'y unworthy of
noiico !

A singlo hint obtained, is sometimes of great prac-
tical value. A neighbor had several acres ot pease
which needed immedialo harvesting, and ho ofTored a
dollar an aero to get them mowed, without success.
lie however remembered to have read that peas might
be readily gathered^vith a liorso rake without mowing.
The rake was accordingly put in operation, and the
peas were harvested at a very trifling expons?. "That
eingle fact alone," ho added, "saved me much more
than the price of the paper." Similar instances very
frequently occur.

But we hope to be useful even where the facts we
exhibit may not be entirely n:io. Roca'.ling to the
mind what is already known, is often more important
than nev/ information. It is believcj that by recur-
ring to our hints for each month, which we hope to
continue through the year, not only on the subject of
farming, but on gardening also, our readers may be
fieiucntly reminded of important operations', the suc-
cessor which depends in a great degice on their eea-
aonabla performance.

Testimony in favor of the New Genesee Far-
mer.

Wa hnvc csnerted that this paper wn.i commenced by
iho advice of the friends uf Agriculture in this ficetion.
We with therefore to say a few worda to eubst.intiale
that assertion.

Aa soon as we vinderstood that Mr. Tucker had de-
termined to discontinue the Gonesce Farmer here, and
remove to Albany, we tried to dissuade him from it;
but he said he thought it was for his interest to go
there, a.-id therefore he would not consent to remain
here. We wera an.\ioua to sec n paper continued here,
but having enough of other business we did not wish
to engage in the cntcrprizc ourselves, provided any
other siiiit^blc persons would do it. Being advised and
nrged by our friends however, wo at length determined
to go on, proviiied the fricnd-i of the cnusc were in fiivor
of ih,' project, and would engrigo to a'-.sist us. Wu
then wrote to a nu.nbcr of the m."'Ot influentinl persons,
whose opinions we thought the most deseiving of con-
uidtnation, aakiivgl leir njiioions and advice on the sub-
ject, ajid whatherc e might r<ly on their aid. Their
aiiswWB worD solii idc^dij' ond tmsjtiwoualy tn favor of,

establishing a New GcncEce Karmer, that we deter-
mined at once to proceed, with full confidence of suc-
cess.

We should bo pleased, had we permission, to publish
.•several of the letters received on this subject, but will
content ourselves with the following, from Mr. M. Jl.
Wakd, who is well known aa one of the warmest
friends of improvement in this vicinity. Those who
with us had the pleasure of listening to his able and
eloquent address delivered before the Monroe County
Agricultural Society, several years since, will know
how to appreciate any thing from bis pen. '

3IIS. II. M. ^VARn\S liETTER.

Tu the Kddtirs of the yew tieneffc f'nrjncr.

Gentlemen, — I am highly gratified at receiving your
proposals for publishing a Xew Genesee Farmer; shar-
ing as I do ill the very general regret at the discontin-
uance of the former paper, I rejoice that its place is to
be supplied by one published here, under auspices en-
suring its permanency, and promising so much for its
tutiirc usefulness; and that we are not to be deprived of
the advantage of a paper devoted to the great interests
of agriculture. It was well said in the first number of
the Genesee Farmer, printed nine years since, that
"no part of the world is more richly blessed with soil
and climate for a great and flourishing agricultural in-
terest, than the Western part of the State of New York
— that j)art called * Old Geneaec.' " And every year
that has paMcd since the above paragraph was written,
has conlirmed its truth, and I may add that every num-
ber of that valuable paper has helped forward that in-
terest. And I rejoice that it was from no want of a jun
appreciation of the value of such a publication, on the
part of Agriculturists in " Old Genesee," that its re-
moval or dis.eonti nuance was thought necessary, by the
former publisher.

When the Genesee Farmer was first published in
1331, it was considered by the friends of agriculture,
as a very doubtful, if not rash experiment. The suc-
cess which has attended it, has removed those doubts,
and proved that a well coudueled paper (and such I
am confident the New Genesee Farmer will be) devo-
ted to the interests of Agriculture, can, and will find
support from those devoted to that pursuit. And why
should it not be so! What other great interest in our
country is without its appropriate organ of communi-
cation with the public — its Journal to record its pro-
gress and improvement— its medium of correspondence
between its scattered members! One who has paid
but little, or no attention to the progress of agriculture
in " Old Genesee" for the last ten years, niay not be
aware how much that progress has been accelerated by
the publication in the midst of u?, of n paper devoted to
its interest — but to one engaged in that pursuit, who
has watched with interest its rajiid, and more rapid
improvement — to you, Mr. Senior Editor, whose pen
contributed do much to the interest and usefulness of
the old Genesee Farmer, and is pledged to the service
of the " New" — that accelerated progress, and its con-
nexion with the publication alluded to, arc no secret;
and by oil such the appearance of your paper will be
welcomed. As observed above, the first establishment
of the Genesee Farmer, was an experiment of doubt-
lul Expediency, but its re-establishment cannot be con-
sidered as such, for those who have become iiitorceted
in the former pa,)er — who have been accustomed to
contribute to its pages, to rejoice in its success and in
the benefits flowing from its publication to the Agri-
cultural interest of the country, will not be slack in af-
fording to its now namesake their oountenanco and
support.

For the success of your nndortuking, you have. Gen-
tlemen, my best wisbei!, and shil! have what little aid
it may be in my power from tima ic time to niford.

Rocbostcr, Deo. Berfi, 1834 H. M. W.

PROPOSED AGRtCXLTI'R VL KUSUIJJI,

AT ROCHESTER.

TheAgricultural Museums of Scotland, in connexion
with their Seed establishment?, have cmtr.butcd great-
ly to those wonderful agricu'tural imjirovcments, which
have been elTeetcd in that country, during the past ten
years. We lately had the pleasure of visiting the cel-
ebrated Museums of the Messrs. Liwso.vs, at Edin-
burgh, and the Messrs. Dnrji^iosos. at S.irling. Tha
immense number and beauty of the articles thcra
exh blted, are truly surprising, and cannot help but ex-
cite a spirit of improvement in the mind of every farm-
er, wdio views them.

There can be no doubt, but that such establishraenti
would tend greatly to the advancement of agriculture,
in this county, as well as in Scotland. And it is sur-
\)risinirto us, that no systematic establishment of the
kind has been attempted, as yet, in this country. W»
have thought that an Agricultural Museum, in connec-
tion with the Rochester Seed Store, and The New Gen-
esee Farmer, would add greatly to our means of use-
fulness, andexcitenew interest in the cause of iinprovs-
ment. And, if our friends will aid u^, we will this
year commence forming a collection, which, if all goes
well, may hcrcnfter be called the " Genesee Agricul-
tural Mu?cum," and be worthy of that honorable title.
It wiU require much time and labor to bring it to any
degree of perfection; and we must of necess ty depend
greatly on the assistance of others. If success attend;
our efforts, this ye.ar, we intend next season to cnlargi
our establishment, and fit up a ecpnrate room for th.
Museum. In the mean lime, we hepo the friends o
the cause will aid ui, by sending in to the Rocheetc
Seed Store, any articles, which they can furnish, tha
may be thought interesting, particularly such as th
following, viz : Pure specimens of all the different vs
rietics of Wheat, Oate, Barley, and Rye, — clean sarr
pies of grain, say about one pint each; and a handfi
of each kind, say about one hundred heads, in ih
stiaw, selected of the average growth, cut close to tl
ground, and tied up in a neat bundle, — each specimen
be labelled with the name and general character of ti
variety.

SamplcB of all kinds of Indian Corn, in the e
and on the stalk, with particular remarks as to earl
nees, &c.

Samples of Buck wheat. Broom Corn,Mdlet, Mu
tard, &.C. &c., in such forms as will best exhibit tht
character, growth, &c.

Specimens of all kinds of Grass and Clover. The
should be cut close to the ground, or pulled up by t
roots, about the time they a.'o in flower, and dried li!
botanical Bpcciincns, by prcss'ng between paper:
few old newspapers w.ll an.-wer for this purpose, wi
a piece of boartl and heavy stone on the top, for a prcsi

Specimens of noxious or troublesome Weeds, w
some account of their hcbits, and best mode of exiiri
tion: (these should be prepared in the same manner
grass and clover. )

Specimens of Roots and Vegetables, especially sv
kinds aa are new, or uncommon, or of extraordini

growth, &c.

Specimens of all kinds of Fruit, with names:
show-ense for full wi 1 be provided early in summe

Specimens of domei>tic Silk, or any thing pertain
to the silk business. A'so, B.et Sugar, and any ot
aiticlts of home production and industry.

Specimens or Models of approved Implements, J
chincH, &.C.

Specimens of extraordinary Soil, Marl, Plasi
Lime, &c.

Books. Pamphlets, and Papers, relating to Agrit
ture and Horticulture.

These are a few of the most important articles, '
cessary to the formation of an Agricultural Museii
We hope all of our friends, who are in favor of the j'
ject, will endeavor to furnish some of the above li
The names of the contributors will be recorded, arl
report will he published occasionally in The Now G.
esoe Fnront. *

1.

AND G A R D E N f : R ' 5? JOURNAL

SEASOXAELE III.XTS.

AJthoujih winter has tet in, it ie not yet too late to
proTide ehelter for domcatic animals, where it has hcen
hitherto omitted. Sheep are U3imlly more expoi^od
than cattle ; but the fact that so many die in winter-
ing, shows that protection for them is of the first im-
portance. The improved quality of the' wool and va-
lue of the animal, would more than cotnpensatc for nil
the labor re quired. There would also be a savini; of
food, ad all domer^tic animals eat less when sheltered
from the cold. A very necejeary precaution is to se-
parate the .strong from the weak, ih^ latter to receive
additional care; and where the fljjk is largo, it should
be thus divided into several fljcks

Very cheap temporary shelters f^r any kind of farm
stock where straw is abundant, may be e.asily made as
follows: — Build a pen of large polos or rails, to the de-
eired height, so that instead of being a single wail of
tails on each side, there may be tioo walls, inclo.-ing a
space about a foot wide; till this space with straw,
treading it down compactly. Then lay rails across
the top, aboui one foot apart, and cover the?e thickly
with straw for a roof, and the building is finished. It
thue f,)rma a warm and effectual shelter. We have
seen a good stable for two horses made in this way by
ene hand in a few hours, while the cost of material
was almost nothing. Old or wet straw is preferable to
good, as cattle would not be induced to eat it, though,
if well packed, they cannot in any c.Hse.

Ilay is often waited to a large amount by the want
ef racks for i'eeding. Where thrown upon the ground,
half of it is frequently trodden under foot, in wet or
muddy wcatbcr, and destroyed. Time would thereftre
be well employed, during the leisure of winter, in con-
structing suitable racks.

Hay is also wasted by feeding in too large quantities
kt a time, by which the animal's breath becomes con-
densed on it in large quantities, and it is rendered un-
palatable, and is rejected.

Hayj straw, corn-stalks, and all other kinds of fodder,
supply animals with more nutriment when cut or chop-
ped fine. Stage-proprietors, wdio feed a great numbci-
of horee-t^ have found a saving of one-Ihird by chopping
hay before it is fed to them. Mi.xing cut straw, hay,
and meal, is an economical practice; the quantity of
fcach ingredient may be varied according to circum-
Btanccs. Ilorpes kept at work, should haven greater
proportion of hay and meil, than those standing idle.

As it is not practicable, however, for every farii^er
to cut his straw, a saving of hay may be made by feed-
ing it uncut, and proper contrivances for this purpose
Imcome desirable. One eSisiiy made and attended wi th
little trouble, is constructed by placing four strong ra Is
BO as to form a square or parallelogram, oupportcd at
a height of about four feet upon four strong corner
posts, to which the rails are securc'y p'nneJ. Stakes,
rssting with one end on the ground, and the other upon
those rails, inclining outwnrus, comp'ete the construc-
tion. The straw is stacked in this pen or large rack,
from which the cattle cat it; ita weight causing it to
fall and reel upoii the stakes as it is consumed.

When cattle do not freely cot straw, they may be
induced to do so by sprinkling it with brine, as it is
fed to them.

Watering cattle in winter ia too frequently neglect-
ed. They are found to diink eevcral times a day, when
water is before them, which they would not do, if it
wore n"t reiuisite for their health and comfort. All
aiiimaU may be more chenply kept, ani in better con-
dition, if their comfort is etrictly attended to and all
their wants supplied.

SMOKING HAMS.— We are assured by an intel-
ligent farmer, that hams are very effectually preserved
frnm the attacks of the fly, while their ijuality is not nt all

injured, by throwing red pepper upon the fire in the
smoke house, during the latter part of tbo opeiatinn.

It is also stated on good authority, that the damp-
ness, so fiequent'y caured by brick and stone sinokc-
houeea, may be entirely avo.dcd, by making a hole
thri.e or four inches in diameter, at the roof, which
will caupc an upward current, aitd by which the mois-
ture will bo prevented from condonjlng upon the
meat.

FRUIT TREES. — The importance of preserving
fruit trees from mice, may render the freipient repetition
of asing'e remedy for preventing this evil useful to some
of f>ar readeis. Except trees stand in thick grass,
which phould never be permltiod, these little depreda-
t irs attack the bark of trees only when they can do it
under snow. Hence by treading the snow compactly
round the trees, the mice are shut out from them, and
a few repetitions at imervalj, during winter, will ef-
fectually protect them. Wo knew o cultivator, who
had just transplanted a large orchard of fine young
peach trees, costing him nearly fifty cents apiece, but
who lost nearly the whole of them by mice, while his
neighbor, at an exjicn^e of less than a cent a tree, sav-
ed the whole of his. Trees planted in cultivated
ground, are much less liable to injury, than those plant-
ed in grass ground. Wherever it ia inconvenient to
keep orchards of small trees in a constant state of cul-
tivation, inverting the eod in autumn with a spade, to
a distance of two or three feet roun 1 each tree, is a
great protection, as it removes the grase, and elevates
the surface so that the snow does not lie so deep around
them; ot the same time the growth of the tioe is pro-
moted.

WINTER CUTTER.— M.iny attempts have been
made to facilitate the process of butter making in winter,
as by heating themilk, warmingthc cream, *fcc. to shor-
ten the tedious process of churning, which at this sea-
son of the year Bometimea requires two or three hours.
But we have invariably found these methods of short-
ening the operation to lessen the quantity or injure the
quality of the butter. The only course appears to be
to persevere patiently in tho old way, as a long churn-
ing often afibrds the best and greatest quantity. As
Euclid said to Ptolemy, when asked if he could not ac-
quire mathematical knowledge by same shorter way
than tedious study, " There is no royal road to geom-
etry;" so it may justly bo said, there is no roijal road
to butter makmg.

The quality ond quantity may however be greatly
improved by giving proper food. Pumpkins, Carrots,
and mangel wurtie!, fed regularly and in sufTici. nt
quantity to cows, will double the usual quantity of
milk and butter, and add much Xi its appearance and
flavor. This, with the improved condition of tho ani-
mal, and the saving of hay, renders the cultivation of
these kinds of food for cattle of very great importance.

We have discovered a method by which the opera-
tion of churning, in autumn and winter, may some-
times bo much shortened, when it does not ^a^'icr rea-
dily. Tho minute granules of butter often cpp.?ar in
the cream, but do not for a Ion; time become conglom-
erated. A small lump of butter, thrown at th s period
into the c'mrn, forms a n-jc'.ons, around which it col-
lects immediately. Th;s simple expedient, has in the
course of a few months saved many ted.oaa hours of
labor.

Agriculture as fl profession, strengthens the mind and
contributes to the health and energy of the human
Constitution ; and when attended to as a scienc, it is
a boundless source of rational arausBment, wealth and
happiness.

Corruption of M>ril3 ths misj of CiUlvators, is
a phenomenon o wliichm ags nr mtion Has tarnished
an example. — LATHiWf .

ItnptoVBDieut of tha Wheat Crop.

Our aim 13 tho improvement of Agriculture: and tho
Genksi:i£ country baa a just claim to the first and
jjreatest share of our atten'.ion. We bliall endeavor to
bestow our eflurls upon the dilTeienl crops uf this eeo-
lion somewhat in proportion to their relative imiior-
tuncg oud sus'jeptibilily of impiovoment. On the score
of importance all will agios, that the Wheul Crop
tanks far the bighoai. The very name " Gtncse^" is
almoat universally associated with Whoat and Flour.
Our fame and our Hour, have together spread to al-
most all parts of the world; ond wherever our naino
ia mentioned our praise is heard. Indeed most people
at a distance have got a much higher o,jini-jn of our
agiiculturo than we really deserve, and liencc, on co
ming among us, they are usually disa;ipointed. They
expect at least to find that we equal, if not excel, all
other counties in the culture of Wheat. And soma of
our own farmers, honest sons of old Genesee^ really
imagine that they have reached peifoetion in the arl
of wheat-growing, and nothing further can be taught
them on that subject, while at the same time their fin»
lands, which now produce only twenty or twenty-five
bushels to the acre, might, with proper management,
and little more labor, be made to produce lull one
third or one half more than they now do.

Wo left England about twelve years ago, and dur-
ing the pttit summer re-vieited that country and Scot-
land, so that fro.m personal observation aa well as from
reading, we are somewhat prepared to speak of the
improvemcnta which have boon effjclcd in those coun
tries. Twelve yeara ago the aveiego crop of wheat
there, was about the samo aa it is now in this country.
Twenty bushels per acre was considered a good lair
crop, and thirty, quite a heavy one; but now, in the
best farming districts of England and Scotland, forty
to fifty bushels is considered no more than a fair crop,
and not unfrequcntly sixty to seventy buthels per acre
is produced.

Now all must admit that what has been done in one
country, can, by similar means, and under similar cir-
cumstanceo, be dons in another. We are a-
ware that some will say that these large crops are tho
results of an extraordinary syetem of culture, whica
owing to the high price of labor cannot be adopted in
this country. It ia true the lands in EnglancLand
Scotland are mostly far better cultivated than in
this country, and it would be good economy if our far-
mers would imitate them more cloeely in this respect;
but still it ia not co much owing to the greater amount
of labor bestowed on their land, that they cxcol us, but
to the better application of that labor. We do not ex-
pect our readers will thank us for the compliment, but
truth demands the as-^ertion, that the farmers of Eng-
land and Scotland understand the business of growinof
wheal better than the farmers of "Genesee." Tiiey
have studied the nature of the materials with which
they have to do. They understand the capabililioa
and deficiencies of their soil, and the means of its im-
provement; the proper rotation of crops; the use of
manure, lime, aahea, marl, &c. ; also, tho ditVerent
kinds and qualitico of wheat, and the way to obtain
improved varieties. Much has been done of late by
way of introducing new and improved var:eti9s of
wheat into England, which has contributed greatly tf>
the increase of the wheat crop. Col. Le Coutedr. of
tho Island of Jersey, has for several ye.ara given this
subject hia particular ottention. His experiments and
essays on wheat are highly interesting and valuable;
and he has introduced or originated several superior
new varieties. At the Manchester Agiicultural Show
in October, we saw exhibited about thirty samples of
tha heat kinds of wheat, both in the straw and clean.
At tho Highland Agricultural Society's Museum 41
Edinburgh, and at the Agricultnral Museum of thu
Messrs. Prummond nt Stirlinc'. va wfre shat^i; «»

THE N E W GENESEE F A R M E R ,

V

OL,

1

immcase number of distinct epeciea and Toric'.iea of
wheat, some of which were very beauiiftiT. The ca-
talogue of the former C3tnblichment enumerates more
ihnn eighty distinct kinds of this grain.

Owing to the difference of climate, many kinda of
wheat which arc found highly valuable in England arc
not suitable for this coimtry; still, we arc convinced that
much may be done by way of introducing more valu-
able kinds than those in general UfC, and by inijjroving
those kinds already in cultivation in this country. We
intend to import all the most niiprovcd kinda from Eu-
rope, with a view of testing their ada{>tedne93 to this
climate ourselves, and comparing them with our
common varieties. Wo earnestly request all of our
friends who can c mveniontly do so, to make experi-
ments and observations on the culture of wheat, and
Bend ua the rcoulta fir publication. We are con-
fident that there is much Blill to be learned on this
B«bje;:t, and that this all-important crop, the siaff ol'
life, and of our agriculture, may be greatly increased.

W'j intend often to recur to this subject, but shall
03nclude for the present with the fjlliwing essay
which is not only vohiable for the informalion which
it contains but for the instruction it gives respecting
the manner of conducting such ctpcriraentj. *

From tlie Joumnl of the EnirUsh Agrieultural Socifty.
Ou jmre and inipiovccl Varletirs ol' Wheat late-
ly iiit^udiicc'd iuto Uii^laud.

An Essay, to whit Ii lIk; I'rizf ol" Turiity .Sovereigns was a-

WiirdcJ ill Jtilv, l-:;i). — ily C'oluiicl La Cootecr.

WHITE DOW.NY.

1st. T/i« muilc nf procuring tli: sorts of wheat dc-
scrihciL — One of the best vunetics of wheat in gene-
ral cultivation, from which I have raided large crops,
is the " White Downy," or hoory — .he " Vciou'.e" of
the French.

Thiec.xccUcnt variety is believed to be the same that
is 80 well described by B.iys, in his 'Gcnc^ial View of
the Agriculture of Ke.it,' as the " Iloajy 'Willie," or
"Velvet-eared;" said by him to have been much pri-
Eed by the millers, but then entirely lost.

2nd.^"s ciillurc, — riz., prcpuruliun and (pianihij nf
the seedtime and iiicl/iuti (J' sowing; rdaUon bulk us
to prcccdlvg und fol'.uw'.ii^ crops, und as to rurictiis
of soil. — Thesccjwa? cai;,fui;y\v.u.bc-(l in teveial v.a-
ters, till the water appeared clear on Ftining the wheat
with it: this is intended to draw oil' any smut, i-usi,
or no.xioua iuvi-ble ccei of the fungus tribe, which
might be adhering to !t, previonn to steeping it in brine,

made sufliciontly otrong to float a potalne or an c".

IrWhisit was KtCL-ped a night, or about twelve hours;
then w^ll mi.vcd ■.vith powdered lime. This process,'
it is though', ir,i-;ivi uic dcstruciion of the eggs or
larvae of any iiiv.5.. ..r in-^''; adhering to the reed.

Time and uuthud ,>/ :i,..-:::rr. — The pccd thurj pre-
pared waseown in dn|i . ..•'. . ■-■:ilhof Jan;;ary, ISI'G.
7 inches apart, with an i.,di;iiry wheat driiling-ma-
chine, at the rate of a bushels, or a little more, to
tho acre. The wheat was cartfuily hand-hoed in the
month of .May, which caused it to lilli-r liecly.

liflation botli as to preceding and Julluwing crops.
— Tiio land in which the alxivo wheat was sown had
been well dressad with 1) loads of dung to the acre, the
previous year, f ir iio-.atocs, which were twice borte-ho-
ed and once ha.id-houd, to rcniov,3 any weeds that tlic
hor«e-h >e misht have left. The land remained very
clean; and after th3po:;itoc5 were dug. (jnd well clear-
ed from the sod by tw.> ploughings, ;!0 ejuartcrsof sco-
weed (or kelp) nslies were siirend on th'-- field, or 9 quar-
ters to the acre, at a cost of 21. 5s. \:er acre, and. a
month afterwards, ploughed in, about .5 inches 'in
dcpih, with a view to nourish and warm the young
ehoot-j of the wheat, sown ."i inches deep. 'J'be a.'ihi,^
have a pcciiliur tendcn'-y to cnu?e tho w'lcar to grain
and rend.Tit plump, whUe, thin-sUinnsd, and iaiTnacc-
0U8. They have the additional quality of greatly aii"-
menling tho produce of the succeeding crop of elovcT.
The soil on which the trial was made, being derived
from argillaceous schistus, is light and rich, iudicalin",
however, the presence of iron: to counieract the eficl-t
ot which lime has been ap:iliod.

3rd. IlardUmod and poic.:r to tciihstand scrcre icin-
tcrs. —Thif wheat will withstand the most severe
weather. The season l,-^:!? to 1S3H wa.'. a very try-
ing one, both na to wetness and severity of coM the
thermometer having fallen to 18= below freezin"; but
the crops of lliis wheat raised by mv iicighlic)ure''were
perlectly insensible to it, ami of great produce.

4th. Earlij matiiriti/ and time of scEerance of crop.

— This wheat is no; remarkable f^r its early maturity,
tiioiigh it cinnot be railed a tordy variety. On this oc-
casion it was reaped about the lOih of Augusu

5lh. T^nUmnj to d.'gjicraie, and lialiililics to dis-
ease.— From my own experience, and from that of the
oldest peisins 1 havs conaulted oh the subject, ihisci-
cclltnt wheat is not subject to dcgtneiate; and, by
bestowing on the portion of it intended for seed the
attention iccommended in my work, and onnuully, or
even ocenBio'nally, varying the manure intended for it,
it is possilde that it may never degenerate.

The only objection to it is in the huskiners, or vcl-
vjtty ear, which in damp weather is retentive of mois-
ture; and in snatchy seasons the grain is more' apt to
aprujt than the eiiiao'.h-ch..ril-d varieties. It is not
much alicetcd with du^t-biand; und, when pickled
and limed us described above, has never been fuur.d
with smut-balls. It is little liable to shed, even when
ovor-ripe, and will rcs'st very heavy gales without
being hiid or broken. la th;? wet and stormy season,
wiiich prevailed in the Is'.e of Jlrn bcfjre last harvest,
this was the sort which rcs'sted it beet. Its height is
tfom 4 to 5 feet, according to the soil.

Gt'j. Amount of produce in grain, cluiff, and straw:
and tiic rcUiticc ipiuntiins of jlonr and ojf'al. — This
crop p.-oj.iccd i*i imperial bushels to the acie, of a very
li;ie sample. It weighed t)'<J Us. the imperial bushel.
The straw was linn and white; the weight of it pro-
duced wjs 4557 lbs., and that of the chafl" 315 lbs. to the
acre.

Quantity of Jlonr and offal. — ^The qnanlity ?>f flour
obtained Irom an acre wa»a4u2 lbs. of the finest, l:M
lbs. of pollard, and 410 lbs. of bian.

The blend is of a very fine quality, white, and ra-
thsr of a moitt nature; 18 lbs. of this flour making 25
lbs. of bread. With a view to further the dcs gn of thft
Agricultural Committee, the mode of making this bnad
.s stat'jd, which may enable other persons to malio
cimpaialivo experiments with similar quantities of flour
from their ffwn wheats. The flour was placed to rise,
or to snonge, overnight, with J a pint of yeast and 2
quarts of w:itcr. At 9 o'clock" the next morning, 4
ounces of line salt were addtj, and it imbibed 3 quarts
of water, milk-warm, which was w^ll worked up,
drawn up (nsit were) into strings to expose it to the
air 08 tiiueh cs jiossible, in order to rcnelerr it light:
which is preferable to picss-ng it down with the clcaed
list, which more or less excludes the air, oud tends to
render the bread heavy. The djugh is then left in tin
[;ansto rise for SJO minutes or J an hour, nud is usu-
ally baked in 2" hours, more or less, according to the
size of the loaf. It is weighed when cold the ne.xt
morning. ■-;■■..,-,: ^ -. ■ ,, . ■ . > , .

It is to be ol served that some flour has only^ imbib-
ed, on li)c following morning, after being placcd'to risa
over night, 2 quarts and 1 pir.t of water; whereas other
sorts have imbibed as much m'^i quarts and 1 pint, or
a quart more.

Crop.

£ s. d. £, s. d.

45 bus'ie'B,-at Ss. per bushel 18 0 0

3 ditto Tailings, at 5s 0 15 0

Straw, 40^ cwt., at 1*. per cwt . . 2 0 9

20 15 9

Charges.

Rent .if land per acre 5 12 6

9 quarters of rshrs 2 5 0

Tithe , 0 8 G

' One ploughing for crop 0 80

Half-tillage and dressing on pota-
toes 2 0 0

Seed, 8s. per bueuel 0 !(> 0

Sowing 0 2 0

Besivharrowing and rolling 0 10

O.iehoeing 0 50

Reaping 0 8 0

Caring-j, stacking, and threshing, 0 15 0
Interest on capital 0 10 0

Piolit.

« 1 lollt

>l^, JERSEY DAiNTZlC.

- 13 U 0

.£7 4 9

1^. The mode of promring tite sorts of ichcal ds
sciKcd. — Tlie seed is deBcnbud as having' boon ra s ;d
irom a single car, originating IViiin seed procured ftoiii
Dantzic SL-I(;eted from the (inest "High Mi-xcd." It
is, however, susjiected to be identical with some cx-
c.-lU-nt sorts, ca'led in Sussex, Kent, and some parts
ol Surrey, the " Chittiims," in other pans " Poggle-
sham;" in Berkshire, '-Trum:" in Esurx, "ilnrdcas-
tie;" in some counties, " Old Suffolk;" in Scotlaiul.
■'Hunter's White;'.' and assuming several other
names. * .

2nd. Culture: viz., preparation and quantity nf tlic
seed; time and method of soicing, liutii as to preirding
and folUnring crop.i. and as tolurieUes qf soil. — The

s-ed was preporcd precisely in the same manner as tho
last deecribtel : it was sown on the siiue day on a con-
tiguous piece of land of the same nature as the last de-
scribed f.jr theyurpose of comparison, therefore prepa-
red and manured in like manner.

3rd. Harddiood and power to withstand sctere irirt-
tcrs. — This wheat is not quite so hardy as the " Hoa-
ry;" it is nevertheless considered sutKciently so to suc-
ceed throughout the kingdom, excepting the north
parts of Scotland. In rich foils it tillers amazingly,
und produces a longer straw than the Hoary, nor is it
6} liable to sprout in a moist climate from being smooth
chaff d: in very severe, moist, and stormy weather, it
will be laid sooner than the Hoory.

4th. Early maturity and tim: if screrancc of crops.
— It ripens a week earlier at least than the Hoory,
and should be reaped while the grain can br? marked
by pressure from the thumb-nail, as it is rather liable to
shed if over-ripe, — a disadvantage which the Hoary
.8 peculiarly free from, as it is tenacious to the ear.

This wao reaped about the 12th ot August.

5lh. Tvndcnnj to degenerate and liahilitirs to diS'
cast. — Theexperienceof live years hcs not fiund thie
wheat to degenerate. A sample raised th's year from
that procured as above stated, was quite pure and un-
mixed, it may be said, as only 93 eais of foreign
growth were picked from one hundred sheoves which
were carefully examined in order to free the sort liom
any of stray kinds which might nccielentally hove got
intermixed with it. This is a practice which I now
constantly follow with the wheat so; apart for S2cd for
the enen ng year.

In a dry season this wheat will afford a becutiful,
clean, white straw, fit tor bonnet-making, or any pur-
pose of thatching: it is firm and tenocions. In wet
seasons it is ratiier subject to rust, which under such
circums'.ances almost all wheat suff-rstrom.

It is a fact worthy of notice that, in Ic-ij", a field o{
this wheat, which had been sown with seed carefully
washed and stec,)ed in a solutiim of arsenic* had not
r\ s'nglc omutted ear; but on one headland, for which
there was not suificient seed, a small portion was fetch-
ed from the barn, and sown dry; though appc.nring
a beautiful s.-mple, it was infested with smut through-
out; th's wr.8 of course carefully picked out by band
before it ripened fully, and burned. ,

Cth. Anwunt ef produce in grain, chaff, and strato,
and the relative quan'.itics of Jiour and offal. — The
crop produced 43i imperial busHels of 63 lbs ; of chaff
430 lbs.: and of s'.iaw, as described, 4681 lbs. to the
acre. The (luantiiy of flour obtained from on scie was
•iltil lbs,, of bran 510 lbs., and of pollards 96 lbs.

"The bread from th"3 flour is of a dry light nature,
very white and good, but cbjected toby some from i s
being quite what is termed dry bread at the end of <8
Uouis. It is, however, of excellent yield, and accord-
ing to the millers, exceedingly" fine and smooth 'n
the working. It is a valuable wheat: 18 lbs. of tho
Hour, treated as the former variety, imbibed the fol-
lowing morning 3 quarts and 1 pint of warm water,
und produced 25J lbs. of bread, weighed whin quite
cold.
• Chop.

£, s. d.

i(il bushels at Ss. per bushel IG 4 0

3 ditto Tailings, at !is 0 15 0

Strew, 415 cwt., at Is. per cwt... 2 19

Charge? as in the last.

Profit.. £5 9 9

WHITIXGTON WHEAT.

1st. The mode of procuring it. — riom IMr. Whi-
tington biiiiself, a very fine pure sample. The grain is
largo, full, and plump, rather of a whitish-red cost,
and a little thick-skinned.

2nd. Culture; viz., preparation and quantity of
seed; time and wetjiod of soiring; rchitinn both as to
prccfdiit^'an'J folloicing crops, and as to rarictics nf
soil. — The seed wos washed, pickled, drained, anil li-
mi'd, as is usual on this farm; then sown in drills 7
inches apart, about 3 bushels to the acre, ou the Plh
of .lanuary, 1838. AVlien the seed is large, it is con-
sidered prudent to add half a bushel or more to tho
acre.

The field had borne potatoes the preceding year, and
lifter two jiloiiLdiings to free it from any potatoes which
miL'ht hnvo been left, it was dressed with 2 hogs-
heads of lime, 6 quarters of lime ashes, ond 5 quarters
of kelp ashes, at a cost of 2^ us. 6</. per acre. This

* The steeping of sccii in a solution of arsenic is a (innecr-
0119 practiue. a«, frnm ilie poisonous nature of tlie driip,
there is a yrent hn/ard of rvce'iiicnls oce-urriiis. The steepinij
ill brine, as le'iove descriheil by Colonel I.c Couteiir, is an cf-
fcctiinl prevention of smut, and not accompaniei with any

dongW.— SlTNCER.

No. 1.

ANDGARDENEU'SJOURNAL,

mvenrcaKf

mixUircurinnnuiV'F=\viis wiib 1! VII \v tonlioru ibe wliciii
a different lor)i.l lioin any il luiglit liiivc received, all
of them having a tendency to cause tb'o corn to groin,
and ratlier check ibn overabundant growth of eunw.
Owing to the coW iind froeiy s.-nson which followed,
the wheat was 1!) days in condng np; it was hoed in
the middle of April, and again in Mny, which left the
land very clean, arid the crop continued to look bcan-
tifid throughout the e.-r.son.

It is worUiy of remark, that n piece of the whetit was
laid along ih;; centre of the ticld, over which a pipe of
liquid manure had been spread fom n watering-cart
tbe preceding sonson on potatoes, just as they were
appearing above ground. The crop of potatoes not
having abejibeJ the wholo ol the tiutritivo propei tics
of the liquid, the wheat grew taller, coarser, darker,
and so abundant in straw, that it alforded less grain,
and tbut too of an inilrior sample to the correspond-
ing stripe on either side of it. The s'.raw was 7 feet
long in many places, and fully 6 feet over the whole
field, which cjusis'.s of a soil derived from argillaceous
fi^histus on a red clay bottom.

3rd. JIardihood and power to JciihstfUid Sixcrc Jcin-
tcrs. — I consider th's to be a very hardy wheat, afford-
ing much herbage and slraw, very lit lor being eaten
down by shgep ill the.BBEing, when sown early in the
fall. . ^ . .

4th. Ettflij matiintt/ and severance of crop. — The
"AVhitington" is rather a Into wheat, rijiening a w. i k
or ten days later than the Jersey Dantzic, before de-
scribed, though it was in bloom on the same day,
on the'indof July. It was chopped on the 24ih of Au-
gust.

5;h. Tcndmcy to degenerate, and liabilities to dis-
litsc. — From the purity of the seed, and the uniform ap-
pearance of the crop, it does not appear likely to de-
generate, nor docs it eesm more liable to disease than
other wheats, but its recent introduction prevents a
conclusive opinion being off-red on liiis head. The
straw is brittle and many ears break off.

N. B. From the cultivation of another year (1S"9),
I am inclined to think this to be one of the most valua-
ble wheats for poor land; it has not degenerated in the
smallest degree.

6th. Amoinit of produce in grain, chriff, and straif,
and the rdatirc ijuantitics of fiour and offal. — The
produce in grain was 3.'.i bushels the acre, a very good
sample weighing about 61 Ibe. the bushel; the chaff, 483
lbs. ; and the straw 7786 lbs. per acre. Here was an
amazing produce in straw, which made amends for the
deficiency in grain; it is the most productive variety I
have met with but one for the s'.raw-ynrd. The stiaw
is 60 long that it is unfit for the ordinaiy purposLS of
thatching: a short, tenacious, firm straw being gene-
rally preferred. The quantity of tine ilour obtained
from an acre was 14.54 lbs., of bran 477 lbs., and 47
lbs. of pollard. The bread from this flour is rather
dark, but ver>' well flavoured, and keeps moist some
days: '27 lbs. of this Hour made into bread, in the
mode formerly described, in the same relative propor-
tions of yeast, salt, and water, afforded, when cold,
35J lbs. of excellent bread.

Crop.

3 J hnshc-Is. at 8s. per bushel 12 d

2 ditto Toilings, at 5s 0 ! ()

- Straw, 69J cwt., at Is. the cwt, 3 9

.Charges to deduct as before, with an )
extra hoeing, and an additional >
half-bushel of wheat, )

IG 7 6

14 0 0

tmmaeui

5

Profit £-2 7 6

BELLE-VUE TALAVER.A.

Isl. The mode of procuring il. — Described in my
■work on Wheat as having been raised from a single
grain. This variety is invalu.able, v\-here it is adap-
ted to the soil and clima'.e.

2nd. Culture; riz., preparation and quaniity of tlic
seed, time and method of sorcing, relation both as to
preceding and follutcing crops, and as to rajiclics of
soil. — The seed was prepared precisely as before de-
scribed. The cultivation of the two fields destined for
this wheat and the AVhitington had been similar
throughout the course, with the view to ascertain the
result on the crop of wheat. This was sown on the
3rd of February, 1S3S, at the rate of nearly 3 bushels
to the acre in drills, on land dressed in the same man-
ner as the contiguous field had been lor the AVhiting-
ton; the land in both may be said to be alike, the best
description of light, rich, loamy soil. The seed being
large, a greater quantity of it was oUowed than usual.
It is to be noticed that in ano'ther field the sce.d was
put in OS laie as the 2]8t February, and that it ripened
rqiially well and cariy.

Srd. Hardihood and pca-tr to tcitlislund scurc iciii-
tcrs. — This wheat lus succeeded in tl.c Korth of tjcot-
land, and is sufficiently hoidy to withstand the winter
m its gropsy state, but it is clheiw'ise nioie valuable
i;s a spiing crop: without doi;bt it ii:ay tc, town us
Inte as the tiisl week in Kcbiuciy, in all the milder
pans of England, with a piccpect of leaping t,uitc as
good on aveinge crop from it ts from ar.y otlicr wheat,
iiut with a certainty of cblninihg more liour than from
most. A celebrated Scotch ngricuiturist wrote of it
on the IWih of Srpte:r.l er Irst — "Talavcia is nearly
ripe, but such han been tl.c i:ii;cwau:nc£B of the season
1 do not expect any o'.hcr wheat to n.akc any return."
This testimony is in favour cf its early Li.b.ts oi.el har-
elihood also. It is what the Ficiieh have loi-g sought
f'oi — both a winter and a spring wLc.'it.

4lh. Early ^nutvrity (.■ndseiarance of crop. — The
wheat appealed in y& dais, on tic 1st of Rjarch; it
WC3 in bloom en the 3()di of June", and wcs choi pcd
en the 17th of Augvsl, a Wfek sooner than the Wfii-
lington, which was sown renrly a' month L-fore it.

'fcth. Tind>.ncy to degincrate aiid liuiititlcs to dis-
ease.— There is no Icneicmy to degenerate cl servablo-
in this wheat, cs farts the experience of five or s .\
years gees; nor from its early habits is it at all likely
to become intermixed by fvciindalion ficur other vari-
ciice, though sown About the sime; period, :is it v,-ill,
in such cases, flower a forttiight or (luce weeks before
them. It is not mote liable to dis.css than ordinfiry
white wheats, and effort^ a very fincj clear white
straw: it is indeed one of thfe Italian bonnct-niaking
varieties. There is, however, one rijeadvcrtr.ge in it,
which is, that the ear is so heavy that it is apt to break
dew n, though not break" ofl', when swept by o gale a-
bout the period of ripenlfig; but it h.'.e a countervailing
good quality, cf ripening the groin equadyvveH tliough
benteiown; as is the cose with spring wheats, which
ripen their 8;ed well though quite laid, which with
winter wheats is doubtful. Another pcculierity is the
tenacity of the chaff to the ear, irorc reinoining on it
after passing through the threshing-maehino than any
other variety I am cequninled with.

6th. Amount of produce ingrain, chaff, and strait,
and the relatire ijuantifies cf four and offal. — The
amount of produce in grain wcs 52 Imperial bushels
to the cere; the grain is so large that it tells in the
mersure; the sample very beautiful,. as a bv.shcl of it,
which will be produced at the Cxibrd Meeting, will
show — uniform, clear, and thin-sklnred. Hence the
weight in grain at 61 lbs. the bushel, was :^]72 ibe.,
the weight of chaff 282 lbs,, and of straw 548(1 Iba. —
The quantity of Hour obtainetl was 2485 ibs., the quan-
tity of pollard 38 lbs., and of bian or oflal .588 lbs. —
The bread made from this flour is incomparably the
best that I have met with; it is light, very white, and
preserves its moisture almost as long as bread mode
from spring wheat. It is, moreover, so sweet ond
well-flavoured, cs to oppcor to some palates more like
cake than ordinary bread. Independently of the large
propoition of fleinr it affords, it makes much of this finer
bread; 18 lbs. of the flour, having absorbed more water
than the last dcsciibed, gave251t8. of bread.

Chop. £^ s. d.

48 bushels, at 8s. per bushel 19 4 0

4 ditto Tailings, at Cs 10 0

Straw, 48^ cwt., at Is. the cw t 2 8 9

22 12
Charges to deduct, as per Whilington, 14 0

— %

Profit £8 12 9

The weights of 181bs. or 27lb8. used for the flour to
be baked are intended to be compaiative experiments
of weights of nines, it being ger.erally undeistrod, es-
pecially in baking biead and serving it out to troops,
that 9lbs. of common fiour will make llibs. of bread.
All those, however, that 1 have experimented on ofliir-
ded more: the two lowest having afforded, i'reim 18lbs.
of flour, 221ts' yoz., ond 2;jlbs.; the tiirmcr of my own
growth, the latter made from wheiit impoited from
Rostock and Danizic mixed.

In all the cases detailed, thesnc'teedingcrop wcs not
allowed to interfere with the whf 'crrp; the clovers
and ortificial grasses having been sown subsequently
to the harvest after one light ploughing.

In simc eases 1 have s.iwn the clovers and glasses
after the second hoeing, but always, I am inclined to
think, at some expense to the wheat crop; the coronal
roots of which may be deprived of a shore of their nu-
triment when the grass seeds begin to draw nourish-
ment from the soil, and the thoueanels of mouths which
they present may tieprivc the wheat of much pure air,
and themselves exhale gases which may be injurious
to the plants.

The following sorts I have also grown exirt?rimentol-
ly, but not hoving raised them in quantities sufficient

to warr.-uil a positive opinion, which probably might
only tend to miel(;ad, they aie merely named. It le to
be ol served that a little colcuhition might have ollcred
ail the replies required by the conditions slated in tha
margins: —

The " Geildcn Drop" is one of the best red wheat.?,
affording great jiroduce in corn and straw, ond a larger
quantity of flour than some white wlicate.

.llickling's " Prolific Red" is a productive variety,
but ratlier coarse.

Brown's "Ten-rowed Chevalier," or prolific, is
well named, where it suits the Siiil and climate; it hos
borne a fine crop with me, but it unfortunately has
sported much into a pale leei sort, owing no doubt to
the seed which 1 obtained from Mr. Brown himself ha-
ving been accidentally impregnated by a red sort; it is,
uLcn pure, a very fine variety.

"Gale's Hampshire" is an enormously productive
sort of bearded wheat, which may be hereafter descri-
bed.

"Essex Red." A very good variety.

"Tbe Due-k's Bill" wheat is very productive, but
shedding gieally, and not very I'arinacfoiis,

J. Le Couteur,

Jitllc-Vue, Ji:rsaj.

In order to present the particular points of compari-
son between the four principal varieties forming th«
su'ojeet of this Essay, at one glance, the results are ap-
pended in a tabular form.

a ^

o "

5 o

; o

: >

^- n & =

Or tD p-

cc-o

oc

■S c^

CC"^

> >

,1^ 10

o

o

•-

^

f.

n

fo

C::"

•I^

. D-

CL

CO

*o

CO

o

Cl

R

TV..;„u«

I— tc

,^ iC- —

I— e«

M ^

o

W I

of bushel.

3"^
c 5'

I 3

s'e'

if

Produce ol Bread

from

IPibs. of Flour.

©

H

>
H

a

H
S!

O

M

m

H

H

I

N. B. In the estininic oi profit in the last cuiumn
the calculniion is not made with relation to the respec-
tive values oi" the wheat?, ae to their productiveness in
flour, wkich il might be, but according to the ordina
ry markeiable value of good v/heat; the eiraw is valu
ed 03 intended for mnmire.

THE NEW GENESEE F A R M E "R ,

Vol. !.

From tkt All* Er.ffland faTin*r.

THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE.

AGRICTLTLRAL PAPi:RS, &c.

Mn. EiiiroR, — Tje6fongc;tclj9ractcriflticoflhcage

, wc live in, IS the Bpirii of iirogress «nil improveiiicm

■wbicbpervnJcsiliocomrnuniiy : improvomciit in every

thing euocvptible of it ; — ;;r.privement in art — iin-

' pruvcmcnt in (-cienco — mid, inr.y Inn odd, iniprove-

jneni in Linmnii r.i:urc 7 'i'iicrc exiaw, in fnet, n pro-

^ressire exriUntt-nt — and an long 03 its c^Fccis ebail be

t*) sub^lilut'; righ* f>r wrong, tit develop mind ond etini-

ulite genius lo invcn'.ion, ii is to ba hoped it inoy not

subside.

Aniing the arte and Bcieneea which bave felt, indif-
, ferentdcgree'5, the beneficial influpnoc of thift improving
■pirit, is to be nnm'-d Bgricul!iir\ (I niliiile perticii-
t Lvlytoour own.) Tiic->bnac!e3 whi[:b have herct if >re
I prevented this great notional interest from being, a^an
«rt, b.'itor und.-rsto kI, on.l, as a ecicnce, orrectly
i practised, are fast being removed: aged error is re-
' c:;ding before the qu ckcncd march of mind, the light
' of fcicncc. an I the convincing deriiictiona of reason
und philosophy; — lecp-roon-d prejudxcB, venerated
Tithev fir their antiquity than their worth, arc giving
M"ay to the enriching trntSig of modern diec3vcry: —
tw;n-fi;ilKred igmranee and enpnrstitution are fa.^t los-
ing their bilcftil inilucn-'e over human atlnirp, and men
are beginning to see and opprec.ate the migbt of mind
wSen enlightened by eciencc.

h is weil for tha pro..';)''^rity of o.ur CT.intry and its
<^v '-y interest, thai the improving spirit.'ib.-'ini] is elTt^ct-
ing a revoltitioa in onr hiisbindry, — a revolution of
)n:nd and a revoUition of niacter; — ind, as these m'gh-
ly agents of g,-»od or evil 'never go back,' \ve can look
.with confidence for th3 consmnuiaLion of the deaired
jof-irm wh cii hat etinmoncedand ierapidly propre^.?ing
.in tho,?e parn of our country where liglit had rcach-
*'l, Kawn convinced, and .preciice demonB:ra:ed.
Throtigh all the clonds whch yet hover around, the
attracltva iib',ervor cannot fail to diseeni ' tiie dawning
of a brigif.or day for Americin Agri.-al'me,, — a day
which shall g vs the modern eyste-n of fanning the as-
cendancy ovortho old 'c.xhansi'ngsyatein,' whose only
honor is in age. We do not believe that error can
long (lourieh when rigiit is abroad to combat it:
*' Truth i'rtnl;e I to ear'.h will rise n^ain i

'ril-- eteoiiil yea-s iif Goil r.re h*ra ;
Wtiiie r'rror writiiOijr, tiC-i? in I'.nln,
Or dies ami, I her worihlppers.''

The o!d eystem of ciiltiviting the earth has little of
right in any of its procossus; — it was conceived in
error on 1 brought fjrih in ignorance: — :he modern ftys-
tem i4 the olK^piing of ficieucc, and bears on its front
Iheimiirc's of right: it is supported by reason, by phi-
losophy, and by the experience of the intelligent- and
MSonias It is g'aerally undi r.stood it wiil he generally
Jopted: its Id lepend'^nee calh lor it; and t may be
.oeceseary for the perpetuity of our exiB'.cnrcas n free
lotion: fir, judging from the 6aJ history of p.ast re-
inblioa, liberty finds sup|X)rt in og:icH!tural strength,
md danger in commercial grentne^.*

What are the ciuses which have eimhined to pre-
'ent agriculture fr.om odv.oni- ng v.'iih the other arts
md RCionces ! They ore to be found in the prejudices
if ths farmer Sir ancient eust-oms: in tiieir (seeming)
inb;llef in the progress of mind, and cinseqnent aver-
ion to improvements; in their hopt lity to what they
erm 'linokf.irTnin^,' which may be defined the prac-
isingof Bcentilic iraths and the recommendaiions of
iio intelligent, promulgated through thepress. Tiie^e
ra the priHC P'il causes wh eh have opeiae 1 f retard
13 progre.s of improvement in the rn b1 art. Thanks
1 agrii-tiliural newspapers, they do not now e.tist to
le ettenl tlfy did a fvw years since, biii their prc-
alence is still extensive — by far too mucij for our na-
onal in Icjien dene--, t f >r the pecuniarr interest of the
ii'ban Ininn, and for every infrest of the community,
low shoU it be lesseuod? Di/ therlisxrminalion nf
aowlcrlge (rmong- the yromniy/. Knowledge, is
)W.".r' — t « infers the power whit.h the farmer needs
-'.he power of making every inch of land productive^

id to pro luce to the extent of its eapnhility, the

jvver of nvcrnming, by art, the ohBtnieiions of na-
re. The knowled;;e which will cive this power, is
ost •asdy found and e invi-yed in agriciilturnl papers.
iie»e are within the reach of cvurr cultivator, and
.ou!d be patroni^^l by a'.l— as well by the indigent as
e opulent; far tlieir tendency is, not to make the
•,h richer at tha expense of the poor, bat to make the
.or happier in on increase of their crops, and show

> 1 ine.in to he, uailei-ilnoil that ihe r-ecilom of a ennntrv
ricul'urally i:r»nt. m more secure than that of acountrv'
mt oniv in a comme'rial sease.

■ However independ'at w- mnv think nnrnelve*. we ean-
•_ in ti-iitil. ho «tyle.1 Inlepenilent, till w»i roue to rely
in faixifc u^I'M! fot «oijie nf t»ie enentlnl. af lift

them huw to became independent of the rich. There
IS not a whit of economy in refusing to become a Bub-
scribcr to one of these pnhlicntions. He who has but
one acre might be Itarned through this means how to
cultivate that i-o as to treble bio u-ital products, alike
with him of his hundred acres: at any rate, either
could not fail to be binelitt"'il by o year's reading of a
paper, to mo:c than treble the amount of the eubijirip-
lion I ric ;. This is proved in the case of thotc w ho
are tuhscr.bers. It is a fact worth noting, that you
seldom, (I might, probably, tay never,) meet with
a siibscrtber to on agricuUuial po])er who does not set
a high value upon it, ur who is in the lea^t diseatiefied
w th iioymg a dollar or two a year for its pcrufal.
Such an luve-tmcnt of money is, in their ojiinion, the
b;6t they could potsibly make, as none other, to them,
yields so great an inlensl. 1 was told by a farmer,
(a subscriber lo Judge Bucl's Cultivator,) that a plan
which ho found in that paper for steaming apples,
potatoes, (S:c., for his swine, had been of vastly more
consequence lo him than a dozen year's subncription
money. Such instances are common, — in fact, it i?
absolutely impossible, in our view, that some useful
inf-irmalion orvaluahie hint should not be acquired in
the course of a year's reading, wh;ch wdl not repay,
many fold, tho price paid fir the paper. Farm-
ers need to be matic aware of these facts, and to be
"hown, through the convincing means of experiment,
how falsely founded is their notion of economy, in re-
fusing to take a paper devoted exclusively to their in-
terccta.

Thei^e vehicles nf knowledge arc productive of good
in another re.^pec; — they take with the yotiiig — with
tliOrse whose minds are not yet warped by jirejudice,
nor fully imbued with false notions, — with wdinm any
thing n ivel and jilausible in theory, begets a passion
for experiment. I will state on instance, the better to
iihistiato my meaning. — A farmer, of myacqiinintance,
in New Hainpr-hire, was bitterly prejudiced against all
other modes of farming than liiot procliEcd by his an-
ccptors from the earliest generation, and transmitted
unimpaired (and hniviprorcdj to him. ile was loud
in his abuse and rid.cule of 'book farming,' absut
which he talked as learnedly as he could of other nmt-
ters whose disciK-sion renders something more than
0 hnoxclr.df^e f^f 'Ji& al-phahcl and Uco ideas neeesfary
— (lee'aring. in bis wisdom, that it was 'intended for
the woallby o;id college liirnt,' and that 'he was'nt
f lol enough yet to plant his land with mvlljcrti/ trees!
and buy com to hve on,' cVc. This man had a sen
— n lad of some ninel'ren year.- — who was much inclin-
ed to reading, and who iiad often endeavored to in-
duce his father to subscribe for an ogriculiiirol paper,
but without cffoet. The father had the misfortune to
bo stricken witli a dangerous sickness, and the man-
agement of the farm devolverl ujion the ton, who had
oinnne 1 the father's consent to conduct it as he pleas-
ed, \viih the proviso that ho should [ilant no mntbcmt
trees. Asa iirclim'nary step to the reformation con-
templated, the son siibicrihod for on agricultural paper,
and folIi>wed 'hook farm-ng' to the extent of his means,
the swamp was resorted to for iiiaierials or comiioct.
(an idea which never entered the head of the father,)
lime W.1S purchased for manure; the swine were in-
creased to incicase the means of fertilizing the soil:
root cu'ture was adop'.c! — .ollernnte crop» — manuring
by turning in ^reen crops — (forwhich last act, in par-
ticular, he incurred the ccnoiire of his neighbois, who
were unanimous in prononnc ng him a 'fool,' 'no-
tion,' 'crack-brained boy,' Ac.) — and spch other im-
provements made as he found suggested in his paper.
The beneficial change which had been wrought in
the order of thincrs on the farm, was so palpable and
manifest as to excite the wonder of the fatherat his son's
unexpected success, and he could not help acknowledg-
ing that his pri^judiccs against 'book farming* nnd
agricultural papers were ill-fMinded and supremely
foolisb. This fnrin, under the father's exhausting cnl- 1
ture comparatively a desert, and yielding but a poor
return for to, I, has, by the scientific and skilful rron-
agement of the sun, been made to teem with plenty
and will reward for the sweat of the cultivator's brow.
I have heard this farmer declare that his yearly profits
did not exceed .$100, and grumble at his 'hnrillot.'
Under his eon's administration of affairs treble this
amount is annually 'cleared.'

This case is no fiction — and if it were, it would be
a faithful representation of many unwritten instances
of like results.

If agricultural papers, then, are productive of so
mnch good — if their tendency is to 'make two spears
of grass grow where but one grew befire,' no means
should be sporsd to extend their circulation, let the
farmer who is a subseriber induce his neighbor who
is not, t« bec'^me "nr also ; — lot ogrieultnral e-icietiee
lend all pMsible aid ia the •u,ti>«. I ess Mn^sivt «f

another method for advancing my object; — In every
village there are generally two persons upon whom
the citizens bestow extrcordinor>' respect, or a eurt oi
voluntary reverence, on account of their (stippoeed)
superior intclligonce — I mean the minister and the
phyeician. Suppose these iniportonl personages should
cxerc ec the influence they are capable of, to the end of
improving tlie agriculture of their towns, by induc-
ing their fellow citizens who follow the plough, to
read — to improve the mind in order lo improve tho
soil, — could not the great object of enlightening tha
yeomanry — the hard-handed, honest-hearted yeoman-
ry— be furthered by euch a proiee-wortby movement t
It is, chieHy, to the influence of such papers as th«
New England Farmer, theAlbany Cultivator, the Gen-
esee Former, and others of a like character, that oar
improvements in rural economy are lo be ascribed; —
that iiifiuence needs encouragement, — encouragcmeni
from States as well as individuals — it needs to be mor«
widely difi'iised; for, in proportion aj* it is extended, in
nearly that same propoition will the profession of agri ■
culture be exalted in the public estimation, iis opera
tions facilitated, and its products incrcaocd.

J. H. D.

I'rcm tlic Actr England rarw.tr,
Labor, and Labor-saving Machines.

We conceive that many American writers, in urgi*
ing the adoption of foreign agriculiuial improvements,
overlook one very impoiiant ingredient in European
farming, essential to a high standard ol hutbandry, and
that is the extreme low rale of wages abioad conipaied
with what it is in this country. In the old and fully-
peopled countries of Europe, is a large surplus popula*
lion, incajjable of being landholders, or entering inta
commerce and the trades, fiom the arbitral y lulesthat
govern them, ajid who muft content themselves with
the smallest daily pittance or starve. Sueh a popuia-
lion is more at the di&posal of the farming than any,
other intere.it in society, and is one of the main pillars
ol the high and improving state of English, Scotch,
and Flench agriculture. With us the farmer has no
such re-source. Ours is a new countni', and, from
the fj eedom and einslicily of action engendered by our
instilutions. and ihe inducements held out lo exeilion,
all are ftiiviug to outsliip each other in the acquisi-
tion of wealth and rt-putotion. Land is cheap and
abundnni, and iheie is ample room for action; and
every man who bus a common degree of intelligence
and industry, may become a landholder. Slcn follow
ihcirnatural incl. nations, and picfcr being indeiendent
cit.zciis and their own masters, to being in the emploj'-
mcnt of other individuals. Under this slate of things,
ihocc pursuits that are carried on with much manual
Ir.bor, are attended with the most eXj-ense to those
eni^nged in them, nnd meet with no small obstacle to
their success in the faot, that they create a demand,
for which the supply is by no meant adequate. Amer-
ican fnimingisonc of these puri-uils; its various opft'
rations being ainio.st entirely peiformcd I y bodily labor,
una.S! iatcd in a groat degree, by nature or ait. To
every puisuit and profcrsion among us have 'be sci-
enees and arts lent more rssisiance than lo our hus-
bandry; nnd we be'ievethat this is one \iry grcjil ic»-
son v.h\ all other iiureuils aie so much in advance of
it. The inmimeialile results of human invention, ths
application of the laws thai govern the opciaiions of
na'.ure, to the daily avocations of man, ba\c carried
us forv.aid with an inciedililc rapidity as a commer-
cial and manufacuiring people. Tbcy have been capital
and labor to us, amply supplying the deficiencies of
both.

Amid this hurrying forward to perfection of almost
every calling aniongn us, we would i.ot ray that our
ngiicultui-e remains where it slood fifty years ago, for
webeliete it has advanced within that period — but we
find itcrccpingon at a (comparatively) snail's pace, un-
afsisied, in a great measure, by art or science, and
harrasKcd by the some impeihmenls, that hampered it
in the days of our fathers. We speak, of course, of
the general stale of American farming, as manifested
ihrousrhout the country, and would not include those
exceptions in distr cts nnd individuals, that, fromthoir
rarity, do us the more honor.

AVith nothing have our farmers had to contend mora
than this scarcity of labor we have rcferied lo. The
high rate of wages has eaten up the profits of the farm,
and debarred them from making many improvements
in their husbandry; nnd this the more so, inatniuch as
the raising of crops for the market, requiringmtich and
constant manual Inbor, has been the prevailing agri-
cultural interest. This nbstnele lo their more rapid im-
provement and success has been so prominent and pal-
pable, that we have often wondered at the neglect and
indifTerenee manifested by many of our farmers towards
those impleniMts and maohjnee tbat bar* bees •flared

No. 1.

AND GARDENERS JOUR

^H?

f

thein from time to time, lor abadijing and t'aciiitattnt;
lUe labors of the farm.

IJusb-indmen should rGmeniber that just in propor-
tion ai ihy 6tnc in the time (/ jm/oitning ihoir dn.ly
opciations, just in the same pio, o. t.oji do they ceono-
miSt: in tlie item of hibor, and in tiie e-xjicnse incurred
by It- Ad for instance, if my two hirtd men, at the
exp.-ns-' of n dolilnr a day a piece, can tbreah with the
(lad, one hundreil bushels of grain in ten days, the
thrcsliiny; oi my j^rain w 11 have coet me tiocnty dol-
lars, taking no account ol the incvitible lusj by wu^tc.
Now il by the use ofa tbrcsliing machine, at an expense
Bay, of two doLais per day, with the ass'stHnce o{ a
man and a boy at on\i dollar and a half per day, my
one hunlrcd bushels of grain ciin be threshcil m two
days, it w.U be done at an e.xpen-e of scvai dollars
ins.ead of twenty, withagti.na so, of cig-/i« days lime.
We presume the itonifl in this e;^timate arc iiicoiiect,
but we believe the d iVercnee in time and expense will
njt be fjuiid to bo much exnggerated, and wdl Ecr>c
to dlusratj our promos tion, that ichulcrcr is -saved
in tin tim; of p:rform.ng tlic duibj upirutions of thi
furrfij is so much ^iiinod in the icjg^s tf labor.

We advance another propositio.t, that, not onlv do
we, by the uej of lab ir-eaving machines, cconomsein
time and the cxp.nisa attending Ir.b )r, but aluo that j.vs(
in proportion as ice. ccotxovusc in those two iicjyis, jnst
in Vie samcproporilon dois tUesame amount cf capital
go furlJicr m the cid.iration and itnprorcinritt of iJic
farm. If 1 have twenty dollars to pay for ihreshina
one hundred bushels of gran by the flail in ten days,
an! c:in, by the nee of a thieehing machine, have the
came amount threshed in two dajs for seven dollars,
I have aciu.iUy gamed eght daye and thirteen dollars,
whicbl may spend in olh.r dut ea up in the fjnn, or,
which is the same thing, 1 can w.ih the same amount
of capital, pefjrm nearly three times as much labor
in three quane's of the time.

We would suggest then, on the strength of those two
prop OS tions, that, Iiy the a. d of labor-sawng implements,
our I'arineis may jieiform the u;^ual lnbo:s of the farm
at a much reduced expense, and, with the tame out'ay
ot capital, may aUo accomplish a very much increaSLd
amjunt of lab.ir, and consequently an inc:e3s:d pro-
duction. Vic know that it w.ll be ohjcct.d, that this
**Pil|S^i'- very well upon pn.'cr, and may accord vcrv
tveTwiih a clos t calculation, but that we have omitted
to takenoticeof the item oftheyj/ii e.vpense of all ma-
chines, more particularly those of modern invention,
an! of the onalant wear-and-;ear attending their op-
eration. We have made a liberal allowance for all
this, in the two genc'.al propO;it ons we have advanced
— the more liberal, inasmuch a3 wherever labor-saving
machinery upon forms haa come under our notice, the
expense of purchase and repa rs has been more than
amply msd," good by the expense 6.aved in the wages
of hired men, by the superior and cxpeJ.t ons manner
in which the various operations of the farm have been
performeJ, and by the greater amount accomjli^hed.

Oar limits w.ll allow us to record but one instance of
the successful employment of labor-saving mach'nery
upan farms, an 1 there is no feature in the farming, in
the instance ret'erreii to, that we more adiiire than the
mnnner in which art and scienco are made to supply
the place of several pair of hands. We wdl only say
that the gentleman refered to is one of the mout intel-
ligent and d.st nguished farmers in the Stale of New-
York, whose practice as wdl ns his experience and
opinions, maybe most confidently relied upon. Our
friend, in the lirtt place, has upon hs farm a iioriab'e
horse power, a machine in too common use to need a
description, and which, by the medium of the wheel
and band, is capable of giving motion to niach nes for
various purposes. In connection with ths p jwtr, he
employs a grain-tbrtsh^r, (ofwuiose invention we do
not rec.)llect,)liy which h's grain is threshed in a third
or qnar.er the usual time, w.ih scarcely any of the waste
atten lant upon the^j of the Hail, and which, when
he is not usng it bWieelf, is passng from farmer to
farnt^r to expedite the r operations. By the aid of the
eame horse power applied to a sinple circular saw by
means of a band and wheel, he is enabled to effect the
cutting of h-8 waiter's fuel, in a very few days (we had
almost said hours) without any of that waste o( chii>s,
that, in aseiiesofyeare, makes no email item in a farm-
er's economy. The same band and wheel transfered
to his grindstone, and a pair of hands are saved at the
crank, w'a 1? by the increased power and velocity, two
can be employed at the stone with greater ease and ex-
pedition than one could be by the aid of the common
handle. The power obtained by the wheel and band,
again transferred to his hay and straw cutter, ond a
couple of hours work prepares cut feed for a stock of
twenty head for several days, and thus brings into suc-
eesaful operation a machine, that has not been in gen-
eral use for a large stock of cattle from the great lenmh
cf lira* required t» cjt the food bj- manaal Inhor. By

the use ot the horse-rake, he contrives to sa\c the la-
bor ol sjveral houisondmen in raking his level lands ;
and by a simple moehino, wc believe ol h.s own con-
struct.on, he plteteiB on extent of land in a lew tno-
iiicntp, that would lequirc an hour or two to pass over,
it the pin.st r should be sown by hand. Indeed he foreeb
machinery to p< riorm lor him every operation on the
farm, whereby he can save limeBnd tcagcs paid to hired
men, — n s; sem which be tiiids more e.xiiensive than
the old fnsbioncd iiieihud of entire hand labor at the
onset, !iut inhnitely, !)ye»,(ii/i/ moie economical in the
end.

And now when we ask ourselves how many of our
firmeis w.ll be couvinccil ot the truth of w hat we have
said snilicienlly to practice upon it, we find but a dis-
couraging answer in our obsunv-ition upon the preva-
lent systems of husljaiidry about us. VVben we urge
the adoption of improved agiieuhural implements and
labor-saving machines, we are met with excuses ofa
want of capital to meet the first expense, — of an inabil-
ity to use successfully many implements and mcchincs,
from their complicated chaiacler — .and from a wjnt ol
eoulidence in all improvements in agricultural imple-
ments, from the repeated instances of quackery un-
der which tliey have sufl'ered, in the numerous ma-
ehinco that have been palmed ujion them as fs.lul in-
ventions, and which turned out to be mcic clap-trap.
In reply to all this we can only say, begin on a small
scale, but do not be rfmid to vcntii'ie. Wh-ther it he
a hoise-rakc, or an improved plough, or what not,
incur the first expense and its use will lepay you four-
lold. Be not alormed because the dollar you invest to-
day wi.l not return to you to-moirow, but be contented
to wait, il there is any reaeonable hope that it may come
back to you at a more disiant day trebled or quadru-
peled. And remember when you pnrehaie, that the
object of all improved farmjng tools or machinery,
sijould be to perfoi m, in a given time, a greater amottnt
ot woik in a mo.-e thorough and cconomicul manner,
than the implements for which thev are substitutes.
With this object in view, purchase the most s inply
consiruetcd machines, and neither condemn them or
be diccouraged because after vf^w trials they do not ful-
til your expectations. Let them be u-dl tested, and
every attempt made to d.Beover the cause of failuie be-
fore they are given up. Be careful that th s cause be
not in the employer rather than thj machine. Anel
the farmer's well known intelligenee and caution must
be his protection agtinst the employment of machinery
or modes of farming of any sort, that are of doubt-
ful utility. By placing a proper elegrec of contiilenee
in the experience and opin ons of those who have fairly
tested various farming instruments, and by exercising
his own judgment critically, there is no reason why
the farmer more than any other man, should be the
dupe of usiil.-^ss inventions.

^Ve have already extended our remarks to a greater
length than we had intended. But the iiiiportanee o.
the subject must be our only apology, anil we shall be
content with having drawn any to an attentive conaid-
eratiou of what we have said, and the vniious conclu-
sions to which our suggestions may lead. H. V.

From the Siik Junrral.

CHOICE OF OCCrPATIOIV.

At the present period of general derangement in
ninioet every department uf business, it is natural for
all inquiring mind:? to cast their eyes nrounel in search
of some puisuit calculated to yield them a support, or
to advance the r pecuniary resoureej. And where,
let me ask, does the mind meet a certain re.^pouse,
except from the productions of the soil, and where else
can one look for Ftab lity, as to tiie safety of his in.
vestment, and to an ample return for his labors. —
What other pursuit can offer to him a euie guaran y
of a comfortable support for his family, and permanent
provision forhs children. In commercial pursuits all
is chance and uncertainty, and he who can boast of
being on the ascenrlant to day, can only claim to occu-
py the reverse position to-morrow. The history of
v,'holc stieeti in our mercantile cities, is but a record
of the rise, and the downfall of their occupants. It is
a melancholy rejection, that such are the uncei'tain-
ties attendant on commerce, and on mercantile affairs
generally, that every six or seven years witnesECS a
complete revo'ution in the mcrcant le class of the com-
munity. And yet such has been the filly and absence
of proper discrini'nati on among parents generally, that
apparently, it has been the.r most anxious desire to
devote their sons to mercantile purbuiis, and to risk
their prosperity on changes ai lluctuatingand more un-
certain, than the turn of the die. It is to this gross
misdirection of the mind that many branches of agri-
culture have to this day been totally neglected, although
offering the most bonntifiil rctnrnfl to ih'ore who would
"■ngnge in tb»m. Pruvidenee planted thexne anly in

Persia, Syria, and in North Amer.ua. To l''ronee acj
Italy, lie tendered no tuch bounty. And vot wo tc«
I'rance, whose climate woe eo uncongenial to the
vine at its lirtt introduction, that it could baiely Eur-
vive on its most southern thores, now become enriched
beyond cveiy other nation by the immense aecuiiuiln-
t;on of wcjihh for ages her vintage has |)oured into her
bosom. We see that country becoming aliluent nnel
powerful, not from the natural jiroduetiona of her own
soil, but from thoi'O which she has borrowed from mere
favored climes. Look at her olive groves, ond the
whole race of oleaginous plants from which the de-
rivcLi the immeiicc i|unniity of her choicest oils, tulii-
eicnt almost for the comumption of the whole earth.
Lewk ot her grove? of almonds, figs, prunes, and al-
most every other fiuit calculated to give siqipoit to her
citizens, and amiditude to her coiiimeicc. And lattly,
leiok ot her immense and increasing plantiitiuns fur th«
silk culluip, rivalling in profit all her oiher puisuits.
Not one of these invaluable pieiductions is the gift of
nature, but arc all cxotics'transjilantcd to her toil.— ^
For cuivelvet-, we may claim both the vine and iho
mulbeiiy, ns pre-eminently our ev,n, and planted on
our soil by the God of nature. And thus favored,
shall Ameiicane succumb and yield precedence to na-
ticns possessing fewer natural advontagca? Shidl wa
fbrink from the development of thoco resources whieh
Ged himself hcs marked out as peculiarly ealcuhiitd
to enrich our country, and extend our sj here of com-
f trt and happinets ? V/o true-tnot. We Irvst that we
shall not have, for the future, any recreants among ui?,
who doubt the triumph of Anieiican diill, enitrprirc,
and industry, where any other nation dare claim £u«-
cese. It is such men who retard the naticitnl auvaitco-
nient, and ale a clog to its prosperity. They are
worse than drones, for they impede the labors of lite
industrious. Men, professing such opinions, otight to
receive the withering scorn and dcjition c-f a nation
which claims to hove no superiors in knowledge end
the arts, and which acknowledges no consnmmaiicn
to their labors, hut that wh.eh ensures for them the
most triumphant success.

IIow to make Asricaltaral pur-stiils pleasant as
well as profitable.

For age? the employment of the husbandman has
been lookcil upon as dull, umnteieEting work. It has
been thought to be a dull, plodding occupation of tho
hands and not of the heael. And there h.is lee^n too
much foundation fir such an imprcceion. 'J'he agi i-
cullu! iits of j'ears not long by-gone, did little with iho
head to dignity or enliven the work of the bonds. —
A change lor the better seems now near at bond. Ter-
hnps in your da}', fartrrers may be generally more intel-
lectual, more intelligent, ond more able to bring the
truths of science to benefit them in their manual laboi e,
and to give thenr interest and delight in their oecupn-
tions. Bat whatever others do, I hpe you at Itost will
take such mcosures as will convince yourself, if not
others, that agriculturaf employments are as inttrectrng,
intellectual and pleasing pursuits as any \\ith v.hicli
they may be put in compaiioon. I know of jm riicth>
od by which you can more cficctut.ly render th.;ni to,
than by cniiiloying your mind upon your woik, Mo.,t
assurctlly the more your mind is employed upon your
v/ork — in tracing effects to their causes, in oceour.tir.g
lor failure and disappointment, in undersiaiidirg the
operations of nature, in devising imjirovemcnte. Ac.
— the rn^ue interest yon will take in your cniploj nieutc,
and the pleasure oi.d gratification you dciive ficni
them. Sloreover this is not only the way to nrake your
pur-suit^ pleasant, but it is the way to make them prof-
itable al.'o. Your mental ope-rotiens niiifi lewrtng-
tided and injudicious indeed if they do net 'tad you to
the discovery of means whereby you can cdi.ce more
produce out of any certain amount of labor ord cxjien-
diture. The most intelligent farmers, you mny easily
convince yourself, if industry is not wanting, gcncrrd-
ly succeed in making their farms the moi t profiti.ble.
But what I wieh csp.ccially to inculcate upon you, at
this tilEc, ia, that you will feel more interest, nioro -
pleasure, more conscious dignity in your pursuits, the
more you occupy yeiur mind on the subject.

Agricultural schools would aid in thus elevating cg-
riculture.— ^4/6<rr??/ Cultivator.

' ' ' • ' F

Orici!! or THK WoBD " F.iRji.". — !n the Saxon*
time, the estate which the Lords of Manors griintad to
the freemen were at first but for years, with a rtniltr
of a rent, which in those days were of corn or victual,
ond thence the leases so made were calleil formes or
farmcs, which word signilieth victufils : hut times en-
suing turned the victuals into money, and trrmi of
years to terms of li."? and inheritance, retiijning t;:e
rents and iho=« eailed quitrents', er rentu of tho'C per
■ionfi that wore avquitfe^i or fiee.

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vou 1

NEW Gl::?sKSEi: ] AILMKR.

JANUARY, 1810.

We rarnps'ly solicit oiir reailcrs :o hccnmr-. corrrspondf^n'.s
*)f Jh;9 pnprr, for after all we ran do, we must depend great-
ly ftn them fur llic interest nnil value it may poyFcJip. A vast
•^.mniint of valunlle information douhtte^s exists among our
in»elli?''nt farmln? population, wliir-h has been dtprovcrcd
ihroni'h their rxperirnre, and is Jcnown to the dii=cove-efB
on'y. Th s information, irrommiinirated and *=prend, wou'd
* (• ofnrrr' vr^if. I/^i errh one contriftite his nii'r. and tlic
^ork will I* fffatly advanced. But many are unaTue'orred
fft wrllinT. rnd have ne\er written for a prppr. No mnttrr:
P'V ii« the farfs, and we will, if nece':sary, put ih'^m in a
Iiro;ier dre-jji. It is not cirjrance of Innpuane i!mt it soin? tc
'n'Triirt In farmlnp-, hut the d;f*em-nnt'cn rff experimental
^rnnwle 're, however plain the words which convey jt. Tbc
*Iniptrr the lan?i:anr ihe I'e'.Ier. X^-ither is it the arronnt of
«">tVaor.Iinarjr rrops thnt we i^o n;nr*h wan*, as a siavment
of a imiform'y PUcrcFsful practi'-e. thouch not irrer.tly difi>r-
'•nl f. om the ordinary melliod. AVo do not wish fo much
tljrarpount Of mons'-cra, na of full, licalihy, natural produc-
t-o-i.

ThTC are sorr** who keep rff;::]rr rcwints of ihflr farm-
ing, the size of thrir rropfi. y^Tir^y profile, &p. The reports
of Fiirh wouhl he of nr^nt valce, snd we urpenlly r^rjuesf
t'lnrc T,.hn may I-e n'le to furnish them, whether of who'e
fnrrr.n or of single crops, to send them to tifl.

THE CliAWIS OF JIOHTTCri^TiTlE.
E\*Hinrnov tor IF-JO.

On- pr'rr',->/T7o''j''ct wi'l he to adrnncr* the jr'''ftt in*ere-r*B
er ,4 (p-iniHure : hut, at th-* same tim'*, w^ shall hy no me;ins
f-,-^~; the important e'n'ms of I/orlini'ture. It contrihntes
-1 IrTjfly ^o tlie en;oym'*n*R and cemr-ir"a, the Tcants and
limiripfl of life ; its praellc r^iTon'.fi siirh lipaltliy and a?rf»n-
r'lle e.vrciee. nnd snch d'-Myhtfu' ohjertq for (•nntrmp'arinn,
ihat. wh'^'.hT we r'.rw it as a means of supp'yintroiir wrnt*i,
of ^ra'ifyinrj >he Pease, or improvirfr the minii. it mu=t he
r";:ar,1ed a«: a siiTiject worUiy of otir especial a'fntion.—
ViTf shall aim *o fiiconrp^c. r.mons: our reader/", a more .Tf^nr-
Ti'l rt'^'^nt'on to this nsefu! and important art. 1-y d1fl"iis1n»
riifh informr'lion as will Irad to its morp BiKvessfuJ praprice.

.\'oti*. •rn y/'arc p-ro. a snci'»-y wns formed in rh's city for
Tljf promo'Inn of Ilortirultnre in ;h:^ sertion ; rnd, for a
m;m'''*- o*" years, i*s efforts wrrr- very snccpsfu'. Thf-irrf*-
iiips and pxhiliiiions wf*rp welt at-endel, and liiph^v infr-
estjpfT. A decree of las-e nnd ^mularion was cxritod, the
•rood f'fr-c's nf which were soon manifps^d in thn rar-
j'lm^ of this vicinity, and the infliiTice is still rcpti in
fh» r'.nnd.int supply of fine fruit, flowers and vejetidiles.
'rh:.-hoitr mar'crtand ^ardrns rflord. Owin^to srvora! iin-
prop i;oiis seri^nns. hn\vpv*>r. th/- exhibiHons wrre nmlttf-l.
:indihrsiicf^ci!incpr.'iini;iryrm')arascm«n's hnrepo a);snrh-
el the pulilic m-nd, that for s'*voral y^nr^ pr^t, pn r-om':ired
r<r.rt«i liav^ t>ren madn for the prnmndnn of Ilnrtirnttur''.

f^omA of the friends of th^ crtiKP hnvr s^^vf^rrl timpt s«?-
r^stel thf. propriety of r*--orff.-.ni7:ti? a soc^^y ; othrrs
•lioiiKhtit was noth'-stto mnkp thn attempt, but wa-t, in
hop^s ^hat },rHfr fm-s are n hand, or that the m^nds of thr
.omnunity will be^^ome hcfer reconciled to existing circum-
r'nnc^«.

It is ppr^d, howr-vr-. tha* whe*.>r- n sorV-y ■ » forrrr ! or
not. «•(. can, and oncht to hjive, a Ilorticnltural Fair or Ex-
hih-tinn, the comin? fall •, and, in order ro pive it additionnl
■nt'TPar. nnd promote horh objects, jt is drcidM to hav^ the
rthiM-inn tnic/. pi^rp at the sam*- time as the great fair of
'^he TToch^oler :\T''fbnnic<=' As'Ot-iatinn.

A fi-nd will l-e rr.=*:rd for thr pnrpos/.. of awan'InK premf-
"i.is fir the finest Vpffctabirs, Fruits and Flowers. Pub-
r-rrptlons for this purpose will If r^cpived at tb^ Iiochr><, rr
:--"• i-ci'nrp. and Xpw On^see Farmer oflipo. Parliculara
will he puidishetl hereafter. .,*

To A-rnts, and thp Frien<^^ of Afrr^niltHrp,

WiUi this number we ^nnd suN^rripTion lis's to such per-
-ns ns we suppose, feel si-fTicipnt interest in the cnusr, to
'■'• it ibeir ntt^ntinn ; and we earnestly solicit them to aid
-. r>n(\ henefit their nei^hhor^, by extendinp our circuI.Mion
""lonr: thPin. TbisFhouId be done without delny, iu order
!Mat renders may enjoy the ^ene^l^ of tbe.e lone winter
ev-uinr-s. Ucsides, it is very desirable that we should re-
ceive suiscriher'3 nam«» n^- soon ns pos.ihie, in order that
y^ nviy r.rin some idea as to what numl-er it will be neees-
■"■v in print. It mny I-e rememhered that those who sub-
- T.hei lare in^f ^eaoon. could not obtain hack numbers, so as
1" maUfl ibelr volumes complete.

KEMEJJY FOR ]|AK1> TIME^.

It cannot I e denied ihct the tin es arc hard— they rj-e r*ry
bnrd. Not only do the mere hants and mechanics complain
<if fnilurcfi and rml;arrnssments, Viit even the rtiir('3" farmer?
le^in to feel a p.iinfiil fcn?e of vacuity in ibe reg.rn of the
pfM-ke*., and iiti involuntary dread of duns and iPX-gathcrers.
Indee<l, all w;tl admit that they are r.lHicted, more or !ens,
with tiarti timt^, and «( w tl.ev n?k, what islhe rentcdj? The
answer is soon told — earn more money, and spend l€S$! *'Oh."
sfiy they, "that is a s'.nle precc[it, more easily preached
"ban prar-ii=»-,'. We ln\e alwrys worked hhrd. rnd studied
e.-on(;niy, rnd now, :f vr- lipve got to work hnrdtr, and prac-

irc mcTf ercnony, "he ture is worse than the dJFep,«e. and
wcmry as well ili^rhr-rpe tl e ('crtors." But slop, rca(*er. is
it rot |cssil Ic 'ha-, yru may Ie,?rn hr w to work to heller rd-
vanlrp", roas to errn ri.ore rr.orey wi hout wotking Iian'er.
And nay J oil not also learn hrw to speed your money to
'•e'ter wlvrntrpe, fo as to speed ?eFs, without 'eFsening ycur
en 'oj men's? AM 'his. we leleve, csn Ic done, and cur aim
will 1 e to rhew hcv iX crn be dore. We esk any fi:rmer to
rend n\rr 'his rne ja^er inrefuMy, and then spy rnndiiily
wlie her hebrsnot rnined frcm it seme informatirn rcspect-

n;: h:s profesficn, which wi.I eraMe h:m to inrreate his
profits, or *es'en his expenses. "We then invite him to trke
it for a yer.r, rnd re-d-it errh moi.:h, pnd let his family read
it, an I Micnsay wheher it hns not benefitted him nnny fold
;■;« tr;fllii(^ccsr, I nd riore n nth to cmeliora'e, if not to cure,
hard times. If ,- ny ore will i.nswer lis in the neeative, at
•be end r{ kV.v year, rnd brii-^ l-nck 'he papers, we will cbeer-
fuilyreUi'n him his hr-If doUar, and confess wo were grand-
ly mis"nk^n. *

AGKICrr-TrRAt. ISIPIiE.lIJEXTS.

Rale'irlij's Com rinntcr.

TLio 'ntrnduclion of improved implements, ni lobor-
SRving mach'merj-, ntxt totbe diiTueion of knowledge,
;» the greri'cgt mrnnH nf imiirnvrment in nny country.
But pppccinlly is it the cnee in In country like this,
wSf^rn. owing to n epnisc population, and the chenpne^B
of lend, iho number of Inborcrs is so smnll, in compari-
T»n w-th the nmonnt of labor: and where, not unfre
qnenily, tbo high pr'ce oi labor absorbs all the proGte
of the farmer. Or, what is worse, his land is only half
tilled, or his crops are neglected or destroyed, from
want of ouCicient help.

l\inrb hpB been done, during the pa^t few years, by
way of ccnstrurling and introducing improved agricul-
tural implements, in some parts of our country ; but
still much, nnd in some places, every thing, remains to
be done. In cur cfTorts to ndvnnco the cHuee of agricul-
ture, we shall take copccinl pains to obtain, nnd bring
into notice, even' new or improved implement, which
appears to be of valiie or worthy of trial.

The fust we shall mention, is Jinldir'in' s Corn Plant-
n; a representation of which is given above. It con-
sists of a square frame, 5 feet long and 15 inches wide,
with two wheels near the front, 1.9 inches in diameter,
and on'? a little liack of the centre, 2 feet in diameter,
having a bi'oad iron rim to roll the ground on the seed;
beneath are throe cultivator teeth, or hoes, one of which
opens the furrow for the cccd, and the other two cover
it over and form a slight ridge, which is immediately
rolled smooth hy the large wheel. On the top of the
frame are two handles, behind, to guide the mnehine,
nnd a hopper in front to hold the seed, the bottom of
which is closed by a movable slide, with an aperture in
it to allow the seed to drop through. On tlie shaft of
the centre wheel are a number of teeth or cogs, which,
as the wheel revolves, touch a spring which moves the
slide, and thus drops the seed. These cogs are so ar-
ranged, that, by shifting the position of the spring, the
seed may be dropped at the distance of 10, 15, IS, 24,

or S6 inches. The slides are o[ wood, easily made,
and, by having them with apertures of different sizes,
scD.lsof any size, or in any quantity, may be dropped,
from that of turn p, to a hill of corn or bean.-'.

It is necessary to observe, that with all machines of
the kind, the seed must be of such a nature as w.U rea-
d.lyfall through an aperture. Thug, very light, or ir-
regular shaped seeds, cannot well be planted. It is also
necessary that the ground be tolerably smooth, and in
good order. This machine might be used with advan-
tage on a majority of the farms in Western Jiew Yoik,
and we th'nk will be found highly vahitble. It is said
that a man, with a horse and a boy, can plant 8 or 10
acres of corn with it in a day.

We understand that it was used the p.ast scaton, in
some of the central counties of this Slate; and we hope
gome of our friends in that section, will send us some
arcoi:ntof its operation. The machine maybe seen at
the Rochester Seed-Store, where a supply may be ex-
pected for sale in the spring.

ICT Other imfjlcments will be described in onr nsrt

For the ycv Genesu Farmtr.
Rohan Potatoes and Tuscarora Corn,

HTcsrra. Ediiors;

This is called an ago of improvements, and I cnnm^t
see why we Farmers should continue treading in the
old beaten tracks of our forefathers, any more than
men of other trades and professions. For my part. 1
nm one of those who love, occasionally, to make an
e:irpcr!ment, snd " fnd out some new thing." It is
true, I nm fomelinies " hoaxed," or disappointed, ow-
ing to my own ignorance or the misrepresentations of
othcrn ; still, 1 Cnd in the end, there is always a bal-
ance in my favor.

I am indebted to Agricnltnrr.l papers for much of the
pVneuro and the profit which I derive from my ^ur-
suit ; and feeling that it is my duty to make some little
return for the benefits received, I will give yon occa-
sinally, some account of my experimen's, for the ben-
efit of the renders of the "New Genesfk FABMin."

I purchased last winter at the Rochester Seed Store,
two bufhels of Rohen Potatoes, at $5 per buEhcl. I
thought this was n great price, but the old ma.xim,
" nothing risked, not much ga'ned," led me to hope
that my gain would not be small. I planted the pota-
toes on a light sandy loam soil, which was cropped witi
clover the year previous. A tolerable dressing of ma-
nure was spread on and turned undc, and the surfaca
well harrowed. I cut the potatoes into sets of one or
two eyes each, and planted them in rows 3 feet 9 in-
ches apart, nnd the sets 18 inches apart in the row —
they bad one dressing with the cultivator nnd hoe,
and were hilled up with the plough. They were har-
vested the middle of October, nnd yielded in good
round measure, one hvndred and tigliiun hishclf' —
from only these two bushels of seed.

The merits of this potntoe are, in my opinion, wor-
thy of high consideration, especially its great produc-
tiveness. I trulv thinli that twice the above quantity
might be raised from the same amount of seed, after
its habits become better unders^d. As to its quali.
ties, for the tabic, I agree with the numerous accounts
which have been published, in pronoimcing them
good — and I think no one need fnd fault on thnt
account. At any rate, it cannot be said that they savor
of the China Tree Corn " imposition."

TT'SCAROKA COR^.'.

So much hns been said and written of late, on the
subject of Corn, that it appears to me remarkable, that
so excellent a variety as the Tuscnrora, (or ns some
call it flour corn,) hns been so rarely mentioned in our
agricultunal papers, nnd is so little cultivated. The
reason, it seems to me, must be, that but few persona
know any thing nbout it, or understand its excellence
in constituting some of the luxuries of human suste-

No. 1.

AND G A R D E i\ E R ' S J O U R N A I.

mincc. It ie true ibia corn is not so heavy, or eo pro-
fitable for making whiskej', or mnkinj pork, na some
other kinds ; nor is it ns early as the reJ blaze or Dut-
ton : etiil, it is n certain and prolitnble crop. Mine
ripened finely last season, and would have done so
this, had I not delayed planting until very late in the
spring, on which account only haUof my crop ripened.

This corn \vhcn ripe, is of a marble whiteness, and
ean be ground fine like flour, the nitf»»'f'%ving none of
that rough harshness incident to the common meal. —
Every person of correct toA'c, who "knows what is
giod," is of course fond of "Johnmj Cake." And
let such a person once eat of it, rightly prepared from
thi.^ corn meal, I am sure he will readily exclaim,
" give me such evermore." This meal, when mixed
with wheat flour, makes very superior Bread, besides
which, it is exacdy the thing for Fancitkcs.

The excellence of this a-'ticle cannot be duly appre-
ciated, unless rightly prepared ; and as it retinires
rather different manngement from common, I willju=t
say that one or two receipts will be given with plea
nre, if thought desirable.

Yours, &c.

H. N. LANcv\"onTiiY.

Irotideijuoit, Monroe eo., N. Y.

Mr. Langworlhy will please accept our thanks for
his communication, the reading of which hns sharpened
our appetite. We inteni to call on Mrs. L. ourselves
In a few days, to solicit the promised receipts for 041:
next paper. And in order that we mr,y be able to re
commend them without fear of " hoaxing" our read-
ers, we feel that it is ven/ desirable that we should
have their excellence sausfiutoribj demonstrated to
n", according to the rules f^i good taste.

Edts. N. G. Fanner.

ii •

For Ike iVew Genesee Farmer.

FARMERS' MEETINGS.?'

Tho prcvnIcT'.cc of th?se meetings in some iic!gir;o,-liooils,
nn J the well known rcspc<-'tabilir:y of many imlivi.Ui.iIa who
lukc n proiiilr.ent par: in their proceeJings, suflicicr.t'y intU-
ca'.c .hnt ftinners arc reaping their full shure of the(l:sastroug
resuUs whi.:h have followeJ the derangement of the financial
concerns of our country, ilarely have Ihc prii&? of proiluce
been as much dcpresse I, and .he aumunt of money in circula-
tion so e.Tlreincl y iiniile.1. He wlio calculated :Ual bis \vhe;il
And pork would pay Iiis mechanic's and merchan'.'s hills,
and leave him a ronifortalile surplus to conduct the opera-
tions of his farm during tlio ensuing year, may find his puck-
eta emptied, and bis bills unpaid. Jt would seem ibe:i, no;
inappropriate, that wc should lie called toge'.her "to lake in-
to rnnsideration Uie present distress," and to "dcviFe means
for our relief." ^luch com;>laint is made of those who ma-
jiare llie nfr.ilrs of povcrnment; of the "proftga'^y of the
Banking intcrrs," of oi:r country; and of the riiversj m of ;he
means of trade into the hands of wild specnhitors, who have
overrun us like the locusts of E^'pt. To those who enter-
tain these opinions, I would sa)', "Ic*. every man be fully
persuaded in his own mind." It is a part of the duty of a-
^ml citizen, to e-vercise the watclifulneas, ns tie bears thf
responsibilities of a sovereign; and closely to scrutinize the
movements of th'^'^e institutions wlilch a:e chartered fjr the
common benefit; be would do well also to take into con^ide-
ra'ion that he is not nfcessarily rich, Iccause of the high prl-^
ces of the village lots in bis ne;ghborh">od.

But in ad.Ii'.inn to these, I would respect/ully suggest to the
coniluct^rs of " farmers' mec^ngs," the propriety of inlro-
dncing for discussion the following topic, which would prove
quill* as beneficial, in a pecuniary point of view, as ciJier of
the fiiregoinp. or perhaps any other considc.-ations. It is
this-, "■' The general ad. plion of systematic procp?'-es, rtfapied
to the vnproicmenl of mir farms ^ and the increase of their pro-
ificiireneis."

CouM an enlightened method of farming become general,
we shoubl. to a great extent, become inde[»cndent, of the fluc-
tuations of the money market, and of the high or low prices
of la!)or: nf't but Ihal Ii is very desirable that ib*»=e should be
as uniform, and properly regulated as pcs>^ib!c: but I think
it is susceptible of the clearest proof, that labor judiciously
bestowed, will, under almost any circumstances, ensure the
proprietor a handsome return. To set this matter in a clear
light, it may be interesting in future numbers of the "Far-
mer," to compare the common mode, with the system to
■whirh 'hfnry and enlightened experience hare givpn a de'-i
4ed preference. Wm. R. Smith.

Cooking Potatoes*

"When you Iioil potatoes for dinner, pare rnougli for din-
ner and breakfast; throw a Hltlc salt into the water in whi.h
they are boiled, and when done, pour out the water careful-
ly, and let the potatoes stnnd by the fire ; few minutes. You
will V\m\ them much befer llian when boileil in the common
way without paring. Take what arc left at dinner, and
mash them while warm, adding a little cream and sail ; then
put them in a bake-pan, and, In the morning, you have only
to set the pan into the stove, or bePprc a brisk fire, for a few
minutes. You will find this excellent. Some people use
butter instead ^f cream, but lUc: genuine article is prepared
only with the latter. Ask the Grahnmltcs.

AVater Proof Composition for Roots A; Shoes,

To ore pint of Seneca Oil, add one ounce of Gum Elas-
tic, (India llubber,) cut intosbrc;Is, and one ounce of I^r.mp-
biack. Let it stand three or four days, for the gum to dis-
solve, then stir it well, and the paste is fit for use. Rub it on
to both soIps and uppers, three or four times, before a fire,
as long as the leather will absorb it. This composition ren-
ders leather soft and durable, as well as impervious to water

THE MAGAZINE OF HORTICULTL^RE,

EDITliD BYC.^r. nOVEV, BOSTON :

rii'Aished Monthly— la paffes—$3 per year.

Th3 sixth volume of tbis valuable Magazine commences
tliis d.-iy, (January 1st., I'llO.) We li,-;ve read it from its
commenrenient, ami cannot let this opportunity pass, with-
out recommending the work to nil of our friends who wisli
to enjoy the eJcvatin? p'e:isurcs of horticulture. It is af.cr
the plan of the English iM.-.gazines' and is the only work of
'Jickind in th"! United Sr.itea. It numbers among its coa-
trihntors nioce th.-iu fifty of the most c.-uinent horticulturists.
Botanists, iVnrserynicn, &<;., in tlie country. It should be in
the hanfjs of every one cnTaged in such pursuits, who wish-
es to understand his business, and keep pace with the im-
provements and discoveries of the age.

Suhsrr!pti<mi are received ,at the Rochester Seed-Store,
where the work can he examine:!. Those subscribers, in
this rezion, who have not paid for the past year, arc request-
f^ 1 to ?cnl in the amount without ileiaT'.

We c\t?ac; the f illowing article from the September num-
ber of the m.agazine :

On the Cultivation of the Cauliflower.

Ore tJic cultivation of the. Cavliflmocr, as practised on
ths farm of C. .J. Wvlbert, Esq., at Frankford,
near Philadelphia. By Mr. GnEcoitT Lee.

Having met with unprecedented success in bringing
the cBuliilower to the highest state of perfection, by
the same simple process of cultivation ns the cabbage,
nnd, with the hope of stimulating others to " go and
do likewise," I am induced to lay before you an ex-
tract from my garden diary:

" Purchased the seed of Merara. Lnndrcth & Co.;
sowed it, broadcast, Sept. ISth, ISoS, in abed of com-
mon garden mould.

" October 26th, removed .'he plants into a cold frame
of the same kind of mould.

"April 10th, 1839, transplanted them into the open
garden.

" May 20tli, cut for the use of th? family."

These noble planta stood in the op?n garden, un-
daunted, nnd, w-ith th"ir neighbor?, the cabbage, pa-
tiently endured the " pitiless pelting of the storm."

My success is fully demonstrated by the following
statement of the circumference of six heads of the
flowers, wholly divested of their leaves.

No. 1 3 foet 1 inch

No. 2 2 feet 7iJ inch

No. 3 2 feet 6*1 inch

No. 4 2 feet 6 inch

No. 5 2 feet 5^ inch

No. G 2 feet 5J inch

.81bs.

The circumference of the largest fiower, os it .^tood
in the garden, and taken at the extremity of Us Icaies,
was 13 feet 7\ inches.

I continued to cut abundant ^ fine flowers, from
May 29th to the middle of July.

My object, in this instance, ie to give publicity, es-
pecially as flowers of this immenBe size can onbfbc ob-
tained from fall plants. I am a subscriber of^ yours,
and I siiall feel a pleasure in communicating and cor-
responding with you upon the snbjact of horticulture.
lam, gentlemen, respectfully yours,

Gregorv Lef.

Frftvkford, near Philadelphia, .July 3]s/. 1839.

A Good Crop of Indian Corn.

The following account of large ciope of corn showg
the advantage of good cidturc nnd the selection of the
best part of the crop for seed. What gives so great a
superiority to some varieties of corn or other vcgcta-
blcG, is a question that naturally presents itself to the
inquiring mind, as he learns of an excellent variety, or
beholds with admiration the astonishing product. It ia
attention in selecting the best of seed, and we have
often urged upon readers the great imi)onance of this
subject. — Yankee Farmer.

BROWN COKSf— MODE OP CULTURE.
.'\grceably to our promise last month, we proceed to
state the manner of tillage by Mr. Brown, in raising
his abundant crop of coin. To this excellent method
of culture may be attributed in part, his success which
method would apjily with bcnclit to any other kind of
corn; but his corn we regard as superior in kind to *
any with which we are acquainted. IJoth the corn and
the culture we consider worthy the attention of farmers,

Commencing in the Spring — his field having been
the previous season sown to English grain, and in the
fall the stubble plowed in — first, 25 cart loads of rotten
manure were applied from the window heaps nnd yard,
and the field was again plowed deep, burying the long
manure and bringing the rotton to the surface and mix-
ing it -with the soil — the corn was then planted in hills
two feet apart each way — three stalks only were left to
grow in a hill — hoed three times — at the first hoeing,
great pains were taken to clean the hills entirely from
wceils, and at the other hoeing?, the surface of the
ground was merely passed over to cut up the weeds
and loosen the top of the soil — keeping the surface of
the ground all the while perfectly level, or in other
words not hilling up m //((; /c«5? — UKcd no plow, culti-
vator or harrow, after the planting, and did all with a
hoe — cut the stalks at the usual time. This year he
hoed part of the field but twice, the corn being so thick
it was difficult to pass about among it without break-
ing the stalks. Crop, 116 bushels.

Mr. Lampery, a neighbor of Mr. Brown, who rais-
es 131 bushels on an acre, pursued a similar method of
culture.

This mode seems to us to be a good one, although
difibrcnt soils may require diflisrent treatment, nnd the
season may nl=o vary the result. In a season like the
past, wet nnd cold, we have no doubt but applying a
part of the rotton manure in the hill, would be better
than spread the whole ; but in a diy season, manuring
in the hill is less beneficial. Manure in the hill bring-
ing the corn forward earlier, and, if the soil is suffi-
ciently rich, so that the well fed roots, on striking out
from the manure, are not starved and checked in their
growth, is doubtless beneficial on late soils. We took
particular notice of a field this year, on part of which
the manure was spread, aiid on the other part it was
applied in the hill — the latter was full a fortnight earli-
er than the former, at the time of cutting the stalks.
Last year we had a piece which was mnnured in the
hill, but the entire soil was not made rich — the corn
grew well for a time, but soon it stopped growing and
ripened very early, yielding a light crop. The reason
of it is plain — the corn grew well while the roots were
nourished by the manure in the hill, but when they
grew beyond the manure, they starved.

The prominent points in Mr. Brown's method of
culture is, spreading two coats of manure, first that
which is rotten, and plowing that in deep, which brings
the rotten manure near the surface to nurse the tender
roots of the young plant, and leaves the lone manure
deep to feed the larger plant and mature the I'ull car ;
and also keeping the surface perfectly level, iSIr. B's.
success proves the method a good one, and reason ap-
proves-it.

The second planting of com, does not amount to
any thing — the stalks are barren of oars. This fact
iing born obeerved by many, but the cause could not
i,c n^ iij'ied. Now the reason is verj' obvioiss — it is
this : The main part of the field gets out of the tassel
b; f ire il.e late planted gets in the tassel, the consc-
qurnc- oi w'lM/h is, the silk of the late planted docs
not receive sufHcient pollen from the taseel to produce
the kernel of the ear. For the same reason a stalk of
corn standing alone will not produce a full car.

In case of corn not coming up well, or being de-
stroyed by worms, we would recommend supplying
the deficiency by planting beans or potatoes ; or it not
so late but that a second planting would a:ir-wer, to
plow the field and plant the whole anew. We have
the jtast season tried (to our satisfaction) the second
p'anting of scattering hills where the corn fans failed.
The product was fodder and nothing else. We notic-
ed whole hills of this second planting of three or four
stalks, without a single ear or a set for an ear, any
more than is found upon a stalk of broom-corn. — Che«
birr Farmer,

in

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

Vd-L. t

LAST SPEECH OF JUDGE Bl'EL.

The f.)!low:ii3 ex'.ric'.a arc from the AJdrees deliv-
ersd before ihe Xew-IIaven Cjuaty Agricultoial ard
Hirticuhural SJcieties, Stptember aSih, la39, by the
H.jn. JioSE ButL, whoBi lamented d.;ath to jk place at
Danbury, the lollowing week.

I api)car here, g nili-'mtn, by invitation, to address
you o.i ih'J ciiltivaiion of the s.jil, which it ,8 the object
of the o88.)Ciat.one here cjn'.eiicd to promote iniiirovc-
inent in. 1 have been prompted in the undertaking,
rnihcr by a ila/irc tj render a sjivice, than from a con-
fidence m my ubdiuj to perform one ; and in the few
remarks 1 have t.) oilLr, ehiiil need nnich of your indul-
gence, for defect in a'.yie and delicicncy in matter.

Agriculture and Horticulture are intimately related
' to each other. They both depend upon the soil, ami
animals and plan'.s which it nunuics, for B-upport,
fur profit, and for plcr.8:,ie. They both adrnin.etet, and
are ind spensable, to our wanls and condbiis. Thty
ore govern 'd in their operations by the same na'.urul
laws. Agriculture has cognizance of the turm, which
Bupplies our prmcpnl wants: lloiticuiturc, ol the gar-
den, which admin. slers to our nioie relmcd apptt;tC8,
to our health, and to the ralioiial plccsir^sof the mind.
The oni gives us bread and meal, and the mnlerialsfor
our clothing ; the other, the thoice delicacies for the ta-
ble, and mullipli. s around us the charms ol lloral beau-
ty and rural scenery. IJjth tend to beget bal.i.s of use-
ful indusliy and s ibcr rellection, and to improve ue in
all the Bjcial relatrons of life. It is belitting, therefore,
that institutions designed to foster and promote im-
provements in these primary and aseoc ate branches ol
labor, should unite in their aiiniversnry celebration, and
in returning thanks to the Supreme Being, lor the
bounties of a fruitful season.

Of the utility of thee-- celebrations, and exhibitions of
the products of the farm and gaiden which are made at
them, I have no kind of doubt. They bring to public
notice whatever is new and most valuable, in a bus ness
■which highly interes-.e us. They perform the work ol
years, in dill'nsing useful knowledge in all the depart-
ments of rural labor. They awaken, in the besoms of
hundreds, the dormant powers of the nnnd, which oth-
erwise migh have slumbered in apathy. They e.\citc
to industry, emulation, and to the study of those laws
which every where control the visible creation, and
which enlighten and reward ail who humbly seek and
follow iheir counsels. Nor is it the cultivatcr o(
the firm and garde n alone that are to be benelited by
thes J exhibitions. Whatever tends to incrciise and im-
prove the products of the soil, serves to augment the
common s'.ock, and enables the grower to supply the
market with more and better ptoducts, and to buy more
liberally of theoLher classes in return. The merchant,
and the manufdcturer, the mechanic, and the proles-
Bional man, have all, therefore, as deep an interest m
promoting the imprjvement of agncuhureand horticul-
ture, as the firnur and girdener have. Society is in
Bome measure ajniiit conc^arn, at least so far as relates
to whatare termed theproJucingcla8s._s; the more these
earn by their labor, the greater ,e tbeaeceeelon of sub-
Btaniial wealth to the eomnuinity. The amount of
honey in a hive, depends not upon the number of bees
which it contains, but upon the labor and sliill of the
toorking he.s. The farmer virtually provides for the
other classes, and is at the same time their princijial
patron and customer ; and although his labois are too
often held to be low and menial, by these who cannot
or will not appreciate their value, his condition alibrds
the best er.ter.on by wh ch to judge of the wcli'are of
those around him. No country cr.n long flour. sh, or
prcs:;rve its m.").-al and phys C'd health, whosj agricul-
ture IS neglected and degraded. — Tlie amont of a farm-
er's sniea, and of his purehtiesa, will depend upon the
Burplus pr iducta of his firm, and upon the prol.ts ol h s
labor. Dmble these by an impr.ived sye'.em of hus-
banJr/, which I feel assured can be done, and which
has been far mora ihnn realized, in many old districts
of our country, an 1 you v.-iil dnulile the si.bstiintlal
wealth of the ncighbtrhLiod, and imjiart coricEponding
lifj and activity to every other department of business.
If we look to S,)a n, to Portugal, to a great portion of
Italy, to S lulh Am:rlcn, or any other country where
agriculture is neglected, or holds but a subord.nntc rank,
we shall lind a degraded population, characterized by
Buperelitious ignorance, poverty, and crime. Every
class of the comiaunlty, therefire, has a deep interest
in promoting the impr.iveinent of the sod ; pnd all
should willingly contribute their aid towarilo enlight-
en ng, honoring, and rewarding thos; who ore honest-
ly employed in its cu'tivation. » • .

The great obstacles to horticultural improvement
are ign-irnncc of the relative merits of different kinds"
of fru tB and cuUnaiy vefyetab^ca, and of tba proper
aa»di( of tul'.lTBtiRj and fT?pnring th»ra Iit ihf table.

The generality of country gardens exhibit but a seanty
assortment ol vegetable productions, and these are tut
bjdiy cultivated, and oiien ofinfeiior i.uality. The
tendency of horticuitur^il exhibitions ie, to show the
good and bail in contrast, or rather to promulgate a
know ledge of the better sons, of their culture and use
— to e.xcite useful competition, and to denionstrato the
utility of garden culture, os a source ol health, pleasure,
and prolit. 1 have had many fruits presented to me,
which the donors considered of the hist quality, Lut
which I found, on compar 8)n, to be of secondary, or
infeiior grade. The man who has seen or tested only
inferior liulie, moy well mistake them for good ones.
It is as ccsy t j cultivate good fruits os bed ones ; and
no one cats 80 good fiuasas he who cultivates iheiii
himself. It is as toey to cultivate the vergaleu as it is
the choke pear ; the green gage as it is the heirse plum;
and yet the d.ilerence between them, in all the qualities
which we most esteem, is inconi| arably great. But
until we can show our neighbor Letter liu.te, he wdi
continue to cultivate and rest content w.th his choke
peiir and hoise plum.

W.th regard to what is termed ornamental garden-
ing, or the cult.val.on of llowcring shrul s and planla,
there is an objectieii, real or'aliected, of'en made by
very many people, on the ground that it yields no prof t.
If the great object of life was to accumulate money,
without enjoying any of the cemfuita which it confers,
save the gratihcat on of animal appetite, the objection
would be conclusive. But we are endowed With other
and higher appetltLS than the ineie biute ; and I'lovi-
denee has every where suriounded us with euitnble
objects for their developement, and innocent gratiheo-
ti m. And thcll we reject the pioIic?red bcnefaclion to
kindly tendered for our benclit, because it adds nothing
to our pelf 1 And what is there in the natural creaiion,
better ealculated to toften down the rough asperities of
our na'.uie, to awaken kind leelings towaids each oth-
er, and excite leverenee ond love lor the Mo>t High,
than o fami.iar ociiuain.ance with the wonders and
beauliea ef His vegetable kingdom 1 Did you ever
know a misanthrope, or a mieer, v\ho was an admirei
of flowers ? 1 woulel not recommend the neglect ol
moie important duties for the cultuie ol a flower gar-
den : yet when there is ability or leicuie, and these
moy be found to a greater or le^s extent in alniofct eve-
ry lamily, a taste for lloial beauties should be inculca-
ted in the young, not only as a tource of rational plea-
btiie, but a:^ a salutary precaution against bad conipan-
ions and bod hobite. The minil niu-.t be employed,
and must have recreation. It is better to direct it to
the woiksof the Cicator than to the works of man.
Lord Bacon has said of the garden, " it aflurds the
purcot of human pleasuret — the gieate: t refiehment
to the spirits of man — without which, buildings ond
palaces are but groee handiwoiks." * **

Among the canoes which have e;-seniially contribu-
ted to thede.eiioiatiun of our lanele, and the coiifequent
de])rcc6ion of uur ogiicultuie, 1 consider the following
as prominent :

Ignoiance i>( ihe principles of agriculture ;
The want of a tuihcient outlay iit the management
of our farms ; and

The low eitimation in which the employment has
been held by all cla^ee,-, including farmers themtelves,
Agiiculture has too generally been considered a bu-
eincea reqtiiring mere pbye'ical power, with which the
|ii inciplej of natuial science had little or nothing to do.
To plough, sow, ond gather the croi>, has teen the
general routine of farming operation:, regardless of
the poverty which our jiraetice was inflicting u,}on the
soil and upon our children. Like the leekless heir of
wealth, we found ouiselves in pocscsbion of a treasure;
and without inquiring for what purpoje it came into
our hands, or realizing our obligation.^ to hu-band and
preserve it, for others, we have fiquandercd it lavi-hly,
through our ign nance or our folly. True, we have
been occationully admonished of our error by the
schoolmen ; who, wrapped in abstract science, aiul
kn.jwing lit'.le practically of its opplication to husband-
ry, have aa often tended to confu e aitd myclify, as to
enlighten and instruct. Hence the prejudice which
has ari-;en against book-farming. But science and art
are now uniting their labor?, and are deriving mutual
oitl from each other, oit the ftirm, aa they have for eome
time been tloing in the manufactory and in the shop of
the ai tii:an. A new era is dawning upon the vision of
the farmer ; new light ia illuming hie path, and a new
intereat and new pleneures are ttrging him on to im-
provement. He begina to study the laws which Prov-
idence has ordained for the government of improved
culture, an;i he flnds in their applicatiioi to his liibors,
the means ol increac^ing proflts aiul high inlellcntual
cnj'iymcnt. And the more he studies ond is guided
by those lawv, the more d:>e3 he become satiefie 1 of
former errors, ard of bis comparative limited sphere
of u9?fiilneT«. Sri^ncB i^ probably capable of render-

ing more impoilant Ecrvicea to hui^bandry than to any
other blanch of labor, ond presents a wider held of
useful ttudy to the cultivator of the toil, than to aity
other cloos of bociety.

The dehcicncy in farming capital, or rather the
stinginess with which cajiital is employed in impioving
and maintaining the condition of our lands, is another
cause of declension in the i reifits and chatacte; of eur
agricultuie. The farmer is loo prone to mvet 1. is (.ur*
plus means in &omc new business, or in adding to bis
acres, inoteaiL,,"' .iiiplyiftg them to inciease the prolita
of his labor (nid the products of bio faun, lie either
works more land than he can work well ond profitably,
or he diverts to other objects the means which would
yield a better leturn if apidied to the improvement of
the farm. He is apt tocontidcr twenty or thiity dol-
lars an cnorn.ous and wasteful cutlay upem on oera of
land, or upon a choice cninial ; ond yet the interest of
this tiutlay will be ten limes f aid by the increoce of
the onimal ; and in most cates the principal also wib
be returned to him in the couree of two or three years.
Many of the most thriving fanners in seulhern New
Yerk, New Jersey, and Pennsylvonia, make a quad,
rennial expenditure of twenty dollars or more to mo
nuie on acie ; and it has beeome a maxim with them,
that the more the ouday for manure, the greater the
net prolit of their InnJs. But it is not the outlay for ma-
nure alone, that demands a libeial expenditi!ie of cap-
ital. Gooel seed, good farm stock, and gaod imple-
ment?, ore all e.-seniial to the economy of labor, and
to neat and p'lolitoble farming. And I think it will
appear fiom the caees 1 have quoted, that in many lo-
cauone, capital may be very ad\Bnlagci'Ut-ly employed
in reclaiming wet and marohy grounds, generally rich
and the mo^t productive when laid dry.
y When our cattle grow lean, and threaten lo disap-
point cur hopea of prolit, we elo not hc.iiate to imput*
the evil to the want o( food, or to inattention in the
herdsman. And if we are piudent mangers we at
once groduate our Etock to our fjod, knowing that one
well led animal is of more value in the market, than
two onimala that carry but skin and bones, and tako
care that the food is propely fed out. When our cropo
become lean, we need not he. iiate lo ascribe the do-
crease in product to like cause- — want of food, or want
of attention in the farmer ; and prudence and proflt in
like manner require, that our crops, like our animal?,
should be limited to the food and tabor which we have
to bestow upon them. In other words, on acre well
manured and well worked, will be found to be more
prolitable than four pour acres badly woiked.

I may be here Ocked, from whence are lo be obtain-
ed the vast supplies of manure requisiie lo manuie our
old lands ? I answer, from a multiplicity of sources I
around us — from e\ery onimal ond vcgetatble tub (
stance wi.hin cur reach. Nothing that ha.s once been
part of an animal or vegetable, but can be converted
into corn, graa.o, and roots. 1 think 1 may asEume as
facts, that upon on average, not half the manure ia
saved upon our farms that might he, and ibis moiety
is holf lo.:l before it is opplied to the soil. Every horfcc,
ox, or cow, vvinteicd ujion ihe form, if well fed, ond
lif.eieJ with the tttaw, tloike, &c. , of the crop, should
make from six to ten cords ol geied manuie. Dr. Co-
ventry, late professor of agiieuliUiC at Ediiibuigh, es-
timated that the straw of an ordinals acre of grain,
tvmputed at 21 cwt., may be converted by the urine
and liquids of ihe stables and cattle yards, into thiet
and a half tons of manure ; that meadows that cut one
and a half tuns of hoy, will give four tona of manuie
clover, the first year, six toiaa, and the second yen'
five and a half tons per acre ; and that with the exti.i
neous eubetaneea which may, with due coie, be col
Iceled without expense froin ihe loads, the ditches, tin
ponds, and from refucc of e\ciy kind obout the hoes:
and premises, the ocreoble omount fhould be omj li
eullieient for a full supply of manure once during evci ;
course of the four years system of bucbandry. Arihu
Young, with fix borscs, four cows, ond nine hogs
which ce-nsiimcd sixteen locda of hay and Iwcntv-nini
loads of straw, obtained 118 loads of manure, oti bush
e's to each ; and from 45 falling oxen, well fed ani
liueied, GOO tons of rotten manure. But an Amen
cin lawyer, ond an cxeelcnt practical larmcr withal
bos gone beyond these ejtimates. I visited bis laim
lew weeks ago, which lies upon the sea shore. It con
pists of obout yOO acres, most of which was in a cotire '
ol crops. The crops of ihe season had all received ri
ample supply of manure, os their oppearance indicate
— and yet I woe ebeiwn mnstes of well prepored com
post, in reserve, consisting of yard manure, peat a. ho?
sea weed, and fish — estimated at twenty-five bundrei
loads — all produicd upon his own farm.

The third obstacle lo agricuUural improvement
which I jiropose lo notice, is the subordinate rank t
which this employment bos been consigned, ond t
which the farmers tbemaelves hove eontribtited, by

1.

A N D G A R D E N E R ' S JOURNAL.

It

af respect for theinsclvee nnJ respect tor their vo-
. The wb'jle;?ome hahiti ot'sjcit-ty have been
iken u;>, by the civil and political com ul ions ot
e, flnJ ihc inordinate thiit^l tor ncquiiing wenltb
idhionuble con-e lucnce, through mercaniilc and
8i)ecaialion^-, that honest (inuluctivc labor has
hr >\vn enlirely into the bnckgrouiid, and con id-
jt only un;,'cniecl but nieniid and tcrvile. Yet
lure to lay down thid proposition, that he who
Hi tor the wantd aiidcomt'oits of hintc:eU'and tum-
id rendeis some service to society at large, by
mtfil and physical inda-try, pe; forma one ot"the
lutiesotliie ; and will ulli;nately be rewarded in
iriciovu rectitude of hid life, by a greater measure
ptintial hai»piness than he who niakc^ mdlions
.id anddpccu ation, to be squandered in exirava-
or waned in folly, by hii chddten or grand-
!ii. Tae rc.ohu.ons that are con.i'tanLly taking
in/.irnilie:?, Ku!ii„'ient!y oJinon sh u?, th^t it id
; icotU'i we leave to our chddien, hn: the indu=-
and moral hibita in wbi_-h we cdu-ate them,
cures to them wondly prosperity, and the irea-
'an ap;T.>ving conr.cience.
farmers, 1 have remarked, fharc m the errors
day. Not content with the gnina which aie ev-
reward of prudent in iuetry, and which might be
■ increased by the culture of the mind — nor con-
ith one of the most independent conditions in so-
hundred:! and thou^ando of them eeek other and
nploynienta, and eome of truly menial character,
nd of labor, the greatest blessing of man, and to
hemselve^ in the imaginary scale of facsh-onnble
. And if they cannot participate themcclves in
'.aginary grenmcrs, (and it ia seldom any thing
ban imaginary,) they are anxious to indict tho
pen their poaterily, — tj rear their eons to the
le rail r-^nd to ollicc, — to po.itical power ajid tiir-
—10 make them merchants, a u?e.ul but gieatly
•vkc\ bu-inc?8, or to place thcin in smie other
1 employment, which shall exempt them from
fl of lab jt, the ealt thai be^i preserves from mor-
uption.

aken men ! What clasa ineociety have within
2ach so many oi' the elements of human enjoy-
—30 many facilities for dispensing benchts to
—one of the first dutX3 and richest pleotures of
5 the indc;;endent tillers of the soil? "The
." says Franklin, **h.^8 no need of popular fa-
ae eu-?cc-;8 of his cropa de;pnd9 onlv on the
g of God u;.ion hJRlione^t industry. If di-^crect-
uc;ied on the i;n;iroved piinciplea of hu_-b:indry,
ture ofTerrt the certain mcnn J ofDcqu'ring wealth,
apidly n^ is con dt-tcnt wiih the pure enjoyments
or With the good order and pro3perou3 condition
Jty. Agiiculuie id the golden mean, secure
om the temptavions of mn hroom opulence, and
iven 8yco;'hancy and dependence of poverty,
me neither poverty nor riche-," was the prayer
.vide mna of S-'r pture, " le--.i," be added, "lest
1 and deny thee, and &ay, who is the L^d ? or
e po^r and steal, and take the name of my GjU

3 Value of Obs3r\atioaa to the Ta^iner.

apa to no mnu or clasi of men is the value of ob-
-"in 80 great a-3 to the farmer. His bu^ines3 id
ally with natural objcctt'. His occupction leads

many things to imitate or fulow nature. But I
'3 of nature are learned only by wniehing the si-
^c?63es and the silent opcraii-ms which arc going i
I thue a:-ccrtaining the causes which produce the
which wc sec taking place around ue. The!
ho watcher closest — who siiriors no change to j
lace without looking into the cause — who, in I
^serves the most, and treasures \\p the most in |
mory, becomes most acquainted wi:h the lows j
gpoken of, and by consequence is the beet farm- 1
Uhough the observations which hove been made ^
corded by other-g, have become a large fund of
!e inf irmation, there is yet a vast deal mo:e to j

Factfl arc yet in the dark which caa only be eli- j
y ob-ervaiion. I

ou'd be interee'-ing to have a history of many of I
eful improvements that have been made from |
^b^e^vRtionp, which f r-t gave the hint to set the I
■nent on foot. Mre. Child gives a pleasing state- !

f the value of observation in one instance. — A ;

not fifty miles from Boston, says she, is quite

J for the improvement he has made in the wild

He found a vine in the wood which dozens o( |

ghbors passed every week, as well es he; btit he

ft! srf that where the oxen fed upon the vine the

were sw^e'.est. He took the hint. The vine
aneplanied and closely pruned. This produced i
ne clTer.t esbroweing bad done; the nonrishment,
I a wild £iat« rapported a great weight of vines
rti Jldrils, wi»nt •Btir»iy to tht he^y of the grap©. —

Ills ncif^hbora would have known this as well a? he, if
they had thought about it; but they did not obscrcc.

It is by thus observing that we are enabled to gather
expeiiencc, and experience guides to future succcds. —
Tiju ob3cr\Qtions that bnvc bc'U made in regard to the
grain-worm, uywcciU, as the iuocct is feomelime^ call-
ed, led many furmere to sow their wheat late. By so
doing they have saved their crops. It hne been obser-
ved that the iurCrt cnnic out at a certain lime in the
summt^r and remained active n certain number of days.
Hence, by sowing the whcut later so that tt would not
be headed out, it would e c.ipe the ravages of the in-
tcct in qucbiion. Thia has eucceeded well with most
farmers.

A farmer who will probably have 500 buchels of
g3od wheal, told us. the other <hy, that had he &owcd
it ton days eailicr, as he in'endcd to do, he would
have lost the whole. But, being informed of the ob-
servati.Mis that hnd been made in legard to the weevil,
and advised to susjjcnd operations f tr ten daj's, he com-
plied, and thus taved his crop. — N, E. turmer.

From I he J\eic England Farmer.

CARROTS A\I> KLTA BAG A,

The product of these crops is not so large in this
State as to requiie much expense or pains in their
preservation. An acre of ruta baga or carrots ie,
upon the whole, a iargi; quantity for any one farm. —
As yet, I ur farmers, in the cultivation of roots for
slock, are slowly feeling their way. We hope they
will come light at lait; and that email experiments
will encourage them to extend the cultivation. They
will presently learn that for keeping stock, there are
many much more protitnbie crops than English hay at
a ton or a ton and a half to on acre; and by turning
their attention to other crq e, by wh.ch they will hove
it in their power to keep much more stock, they will in-
crease their manure heaps, ond in this way quadruple,
in some cafes increase ten-fold, the productiveness ot
the r farms.

An acre in carrots may be easily made to yield six
hundred bucfhels. In the estimate of an experienced
and excellent tarmer in Berkshire county, half car-
rots and halfoau^ arc as good feed for ahorse os oil oats;
or rather to use his own expression, he would preler
one hundred bushels of carrots ond one hundred bushels
of oats to two hundred bu-hels of oots for his hordes.
The experience of a distinguished farmer in England, in
the practice of keeping eighty horses on his larm, and
in hia colliery, entirely confirms this statement. Now a
bushel of carrots a day with chopped straw or ealt hoy,
would, we have no doub', keep a wotk horse in high
condition, though it would probably be much be;ter in
the case to g've him in 1 eu of so many carrots, some
grain or meal. H:ilf a bushel of carrots per day, however,
at twentyfive cents per Imshel, cut oH' from the allow-
ance made above, would pay for an allowance of a peck
of oats per day to a horse. Upon the supposition then,
of hie bcng kept in the stable six months or one hun-
dred and eigiity-three days in a season, an acre of car-
rots yielding six hundred but^hels to the acre, suppo-
sing one-half to be sold at twenty-five cents per bushel,
nnd the money expended in oots at thirtj'-seven and a
half cent- per bushel, to eat with the carrots, would
considernb'y more than fuiniih three horses with half
a bushel of carrots each per dny, nnd two bushels of
oots per week, or more ihon a peck of cots per day
besides the half bushel of carrots. Under this feed a
horse would require very little long feed of any kind
to keep him in good condition.

Now, on the other hand, suppor^c the hor?e has
English hay, nnd if he is v/orked he ought to hove as
many oa'.s as in the former case, beside?, one horte
will consume in that time, ot twenty-five pounds per
day, not less than two tons ond n quorter, or the three,
six tons and three quarters: and this can hardly be
obtained fmm less than seven acres of land of ordinary
yield. The hordes will not, in the next place, be by
ouy mean? in so good condition; and the manure made
from this feed not half the value as tliat made in the '
other case. j

This is, many will say, a remarkable statement, but
it is well founded and not nt all exaggeroted. In o'.bcr
respects it deserves particulor consideration. There ,
cannot be a doubt of th? odvantaeee, to our animal?,
in respect to health and comf iri, which the use of sue- \
culent vegctnblcfi in eomc proportion?, wouldhaveover
the dry feed, which we ore occustnmcd in our present
mode of keeping to give them in the winter season. 1

We might go on to speak of the green vegetables for i
stock in winter: the sugar beet, the ruta boga, Ujc '.
parsnip, &c. &;c., but it docs not come within our
design to treat this subject more fully at this time.

Our intention now, wae merely to speaJv o( the
mode of presen'ing these vrgctables ibrongh the win-
ter. We eaiy then distinctly and «mphiit:«lly, that

neither ruta baga, nor turnips, nor cabbagee, should
ever, under any circunistoncco-, be put in any toUiiideia-
bie qunntitics m the house cellar. The least de^oy
producci nn ofl'onbivc udur and poisons the air of tho
cellar ond of the houf^e. Carrol, and but ti are by no
nieons go bud, but they, if placed in large hLOpe, arc
liable to become hiated, ond to decay; or utheiwice lo
sprout, when their nutritive puwers are of course lea-
scni'd.

Wc have kept them well in several cases, and often
known them kepi well by othcre, by pittmg them in a
field, thus: Take n dry knoll near where they were
raised, dig a trench about a *itot deep, lengibwite
north auil south; and of such width as youchooee, end
then after the tops of your can old and ruta baga are
cut olf, put them into this trench, piling them up aa
high as they will lay, in the form of a houtu roof — do
this when they ore dry; then put in a light layer of
(^trow ontl cover it lightly with dirt, piercing som*
holes in the top of the hcop with a crow tor, to let
off the steam; and so hi them nnioin until the sever©
frosts arc about Ectling in; then pul on another cover-
ing oi Etrow ond a thick covering of toiih, fastening
up the south end with several bundles of straw, which
caa be removed at pleasure. They may be put up in
heaps of one, two or three bundled bu.helr, or niore^
as may be do^iired. They will keep well in this way,
and in plea. out days they moy be got ot without incon-
venience at any time as you moy wont them for your
live slock. You must be careful to see that there is
an escape for ihc steam afier they are first put up, oth-
erwise they may disappear without your suspicion, and
very much to your chagrin. H. C

From the CuUitator.
Causes of Seeds not Geimlnatiug'*

We have known and heard of considerable lose and
disappuintmtnt tiom seed.-, particularly onion seeds, not
growing. We have thought and mquired in reference
to the cause, and the result of our cogitations ond en*
quiriea moy be thus stated:

Without a certain degree of moisture, seeds will not
germinate. On dry, sandy soils, nnd in a dry scaeon,
It teema highly probably, then, that seeds may be de-
prive-d of the lequisi'.e degtee of moisture: peihip^ re-
ceiving just as much i;s will mould them ond dcttioy
their vitality, or being so near the surface as to be inju-
red by the oiin'shcat and light.

But the feccds may have germinated, ond have com-
menced to send out their roots and stem stalks, ond yel
be dietroyed. If the sod is not presied cloi^ely to the
seed.-, and very diy weather occurs juct at this period
of the proccfs of germination, the root being too dis-
tant from the soil, and too feeble lo draw cny supply
ol" moisture, the liquid food of the plant contained in
the fermenttd seed moy be dried up, and the life thus
destroyed.

If you would avoid dieappointmcnt and loss from
seeds foiling to grow, the preventive procees is indica-
ted by a knowledge of the caufes most frequently pro-
ductive of this result, which we think are those stated
above. U you sprout your seeds before putting them
into the ground, you will preserve thc^m liom the first
cause of failure, but if you pulverize your soil ihoiough-
ly ond press in this slate with a hoc, spade, or roller,
upon the seeds thus sprouted, the root stem will soon
ond surely derive eufHcient moisture from ihe soil.

In a few initoncesl have found mv reigbboreblnm©-
ing the seeds as useless, particulail of onions, carrots,
and parsnips, when ] have obtained a little of the seed
and found it to sprout quite well. You moy easily eave
yourj^elves from such rcilections, or from the temptation
to blame others, by steeping the suspected sctd ia
warm or tepid water, fiom six to twcnty-funr hours, oc-
coiding to the size and haidr.ces of the seeds, end then
setting it oway in a wormich f Ince for a doy or two. —
If good it wUl sprout in lb s time; if kept woim in a
dsHtifeh place, and it does not sprout in this t.nie, th«
seed is foully.

In connexion with this subject, I may etote that sev-
eral circumf-lonces incline me to the belief that corn
which has been sprouted — no matter in what steep —
is safi' fiom the rovogceof thered or wire worm. It has
been fa-h;onob!e lo sleep in a strong solution ot copper-
as, and to aFcribe the safety of the seed in this Ate,
not to the change which fermentation haa produced in
the germ or chil which ie usually first attacked, but to
the change in the tattc from the copjicros. We have
known corn soaked in sample woter — in water alone —
to escape from the attacks of the worm as well os that
soaked in a copperas steep. Uni.l this matter is made
more certain, however, I would hold it bad hutbendry
to neglect the copperas, aa, in addition to the change
produced by h^ot and moisture, we hove also the diea-
grr^eable taste communicated by thie tcJt.

n

THE NEW GENEf^EE FARMER,

Vol

Tlie f jll'jw.ng I'ominiiiKcaiiim w:ig wii ton fir I'm-
Isle "Genesee Farmer," and Jlr. Tucker kindly
published it in his weekly paper, (which had only a
small circulation,) hut refused ii a place in the month-
ly, although he inserted the article from Mr. Thor-
burn, of which we complain. As it is a matter which
affects our reputation, and that of our eslahliehmcnt,
justice to ourselves dcman:ls its publication in this pa-
per. And lest our friend Thorburn should coniplain
of injustice, we also insert bis communication rcfer-

CIII>'A TREE COK^T:

And the '•Rocliestcr Sim«1 Store."
Mr. Tuclcer — Since my return from England, I
have been looking over the Airricultural papers receiv-
ed during my absence, and ol>servo numerous articles
on the subject of Thorburn's celebrated China Tree
Corn, most of which condemn it as an "imposition,"
"humbug," &c. Manyoftlic writers obtained their
seed directly from Mr. Thorburn, and of course must
look to him for any explanation they may require. But
others obtained it through different seedsmen, and seem
inclined to suspect them of selling a spurious article
for the sake of gain.

In your paper of the 7th of October, is a communi-
cation from Syracuse, signed \V., and headed "Gross
Imposition." The writer, after stating that he was in-
duced to try the corn from reading Grant Thorburn's
glowing account of it, complains that it did not answer
the description, and proved inferior to our common va-
rieties. He then adds :

"We look upon the matter in this section, as a
gross fraud practised upon the ptiblic for the sake of
gain. The odium at this time is principally attached to
Sir. Thorburn, inasmuch as he has the credit of fur-
nishing all the seed; some of which, I am informed,
came directly from his store in New- York; most of it,
however, that was planted in tins vicinity, came thro'
the ^UoclicstcT Si-ril Storr,' but wna said to be genuine
seed fr.)m Thorburn's. We look lor a satisfactory ex-
planation."

In the Farmer of November 0th, is a reply to W.
from Grant Thorburn himself. But, to me, it is far
from being a "satisfactory explanation." lie says,
he 'Ukntks f\^, litis not got the true khid,*^ and then
adds, "the seed sold by his sons in New- York, Albany
and St. Louis, was genuine." I am afraid old friend
Laurie is becoming rather uncharitable of late, and
einc^ he is so free with his insinuations, I shall have to
"unfold a tale" which, I fear, will render his defence
of but little service to him.

Soon after Mr. Thorburn published his wondeiful
'Corn story la^t fall, I began to have numerous inqui-
ries after the seed. Accordingly, on visiting New-
York in October, I purchased of Mr. G. C. Thor-
burn a quantity of the corn, and was informed that his
supply was limited and selling rapidly. Soon after
reaching home, this lot was all disposed of, and I sent
to Mr. Thorburn and obtained an additional sui)ply. —
This was all sold during the winter, and as the spring
apjjroached, the demand seemed to increase. By this
time, I expected to hear that Mr. Thorburn's stock wa.i
entirely exhausted, as he had stated that he only raised
a smnll patch of about 200 hills ; but to my surprise, I
was informed that his supply was still adequate to the
demand, although orders poured in upon him from
every quarter. O, rare Laurie Todd ! thought f, your
corn isceitainly "something new under our sun," and
well did you name it "Prolific," for it seems to pos-
sess the miraculous properties of the ancient Widow's
oil — the more you draw from it, the more there is left!
Being rather skeptical on the subject of modern mira-
cles, I determined to inquire into the mystery. I then
learned that the wonderful "new variety" was an old
acquaintance among the farmers of Long Island, sev-
eral of whom had cultivated it f->r urtjjinber of years,
nnsl w.-ire then selling their cropaifo Mr. Thorburn,
to su|iply the immense demand which he had oecn-
sioncd.

Supposing I had contributed my share towards the
nameleia "charitable institutions," I now purchased
n funhi!r supply of seed from Mr. G. R. Garretpon, of
Flushing, which I have the fullest proof wag the same
in ^ery respect an was sold by Mr. Thorburn. All
that was had or sold at the Uochestcr Seed Store, were
the two lot.s from Mr. Thorburn and one from Mr.
(^inri-eteon.

The following letter was lately leeeivcd from Mr.
Garretson in relalioit to the seed from him ;

Flushing, L. I., iVor. r^h, 1839.
Mr. M. B. Bateham —

Denrl^ir: In answer tn your inquiries about the
Ghiaa Tre« Corn, which I sold yon last spring, I

would state, thru it was precisely the taii^e as was ad-
vertised and sold by Mr. Thoibuin, under the name
of "China Prolific Tree Corn." It w.as raised by
Mr. Jonathan Mingo, of Flushing. Mr. Thorburn
purchased some of the same man, and I sold Mr.
Thorburn some of the same lot as that sold yon.

Yours, &C. G. U. GiBBET.-^ON."

Owing to its southern complexion, I always had some
doubts of the adaptedncss of the corn to this northern
climate, and 1 never recommended it to my customers,
any more than to refer them to Thorburn's own ac-
count of it, and let them take it on his responsibility
alone. My patrons may rest assured that I shall al-
ways be ready to give full, and I trust, "satisfactory
explanation" of any matters affecting the reputation
of the Rochester Seed Store. The task of a seeds-
man is generally a thankles?, as well as a diftieult and
responsible one. And while I do not mean to shrink
from any blame or resixmsibility which justly belongs
to me, I cannot consent to become responsible for thp
statements of every pulling "new variety" monger,
who may have a fine patch of corn or potatoes to dis-
pose of; even though the profits are to be given to
charitable institutions.

M. B. Batehaji.

Rorhcstcr Seed Store, Xor. 25, 1829.

P. S. I am frequently asked, what "charitable in-
stitutions" received the donation promised by Jlr.
Thorburn; and some persons actually suspect that he
pocketed the funds. But any one at all acquainted
with the unimpeachable character of Grant Thorburn,
considers that to be an impossibilty. The only reason
I can give for the non-appearance of any public ac-
knowledgment, is, that it would be oQensive to the
modesty of the donor, who doubtless wishes to "let
his alms be done in secret." Still, as this money was
made up of contributions from many who do not think
they received an equivalent in return ; justice to their
feelings renders it necessary and proper that the receipt
of the donation should be publicly acloiowledged.

From the Genesee Farmer,
Astoria, L. I. (late Unllci's Cove, Oct. a4, 1939.

Mr. Tucker — In your Monthly Farmer for October,
page 14.">, is a piece signed W. He begins with Gross
Impos'Uion, and then gives my description of the
corn. Now, Mr. W., if you will substitute 10th of
August, in place of the lOih of July, I assure you in
the irords of truth mid sol/erncss, that every word in
that description is plain truth. Different climate, bad
soil, or spurious seed, might have been Mr. W's. mis-
fortune. Because a man, born blind, says the sun don't
shine on the 4th of July, this will not persuade us out
of our senses.

Mr. Tucker, this thing wns not done in a corner. In
IS3S, scores ol my neighbors saw my corn when
growing ; this euininer, hundreds visited my field ;
at the offices of the Journal of Commerce, Commercial
Advertiser, Daily Whig, and at No. 11 John-street,
New- York, and I believe, at William Thorburn's
Seed-store, in Albany, may be seen stalks of the corn;
having eai's growing on the tip end of the branches,
as they stood in the ground. If Mr. AV. or any of his
neighbors come to Albany or New-York this fall, they
ought to call and see for themselves. There has been
no vndorhayid noi- doiijilc dealing on my part in this
matter. I put my name to every communication 1
made on the subject. I said it is an curli/ corn, and 1
say so still. We have earlier kinds, to be sure, but
t'ley are small. This season I planted on the \2ih ol
j\I.iy, and on the 2'iA of September my Chinese corn
was dry and gaJlicrcd into the crili. Mr. \V. says it
will not ripen with him. I think ho has not got the
true kind. I have advices from all quarters ; in some
eases it failed entirely ; in some it turned out better
than my own. I will give you the following, from
many I received of the same import :

Chcrgo, Tioga CO., N. V. Get. 10, 1839.

Fnirxr Thouburn — I am very happy to say to you,
that my gardener, (procured for me by your son,) has
raised from your iyinncse corn, this season, the linen
crop I ever saw of amj corn ; all two and Jicc ears,
and the crop will be at the rate of more than 100
bushels to the acre.

Very rcjn^tftdly, your friend and servant,

^^^ George I. Pimipellt.

Now, Mr. Tucker, lam a stranger to Mr. P., or
rather he is a stranger to me, ns X never knew there
was such a man in the world, till 1 received the above
letter. I am not sure, at this moment, where Owego
lii*, but I pliould think the corn that ri|]cns at Owego,
would not be too late for Rochester. I know the Chi-
nese corn sold by my sons in New- York, Albany, and
St. Louis, wns genuine. After my crop was sold
Inst yonr, they obtained n supply from Samuel Par-

Fons, of Flufhing, L. I. This sensrm 1 planted s^
rows of his corn along side of my own ; th
alike in all respects. In 183.-*, I planted only a
two hundred hills, producing six or seven bun
cars ; this teason I planted a small field ; when
milky state, ii was blown down in a storm *'' w int
rain, with the exception of ten or twelve hills
wag then ten feet high, and being heavy with e:
never ro.'e, notwithstanding, I gathered upwar
ninety bushels from the acre.

Without all eontroverpy, Jlr. Tucker, this is a
unble corn, and will take the lead of all other to:
the middle states, at any rate. Pcrhajis it ma
ripen in the northern parts ; but I planted the D
on the same field, on the same day ; the Chinct
only a week later in boiling. The Editor of the F '
ville (O.) Telegraph, says he has cultivated a pat
Thorburn's Qhinese corn this seaeoia — the "yield
rages four large, sound, ripe cars, for every k
planted."

I will only observe, in conclusion, that I
think the Agricultural Journals, Registers, and
merp, have (in general) dealt with I'uis same
while the account are as opposite as light and
ness ; they have published the daik, without ihr<
any light on the subjecL I refer not to you, M
for this number, now in hand, is the only one I
seen in six months. As your correspondent re-
an explanation, I doubt not hut you wdl give
place in your Farmer.

Yours, respectfully,

Gbast Thorbc

HATCHING EGGS BY STEAM— THE
DON CHICKEN MANUFACTORY,

What will not the inventive genins of man n
plish by the use of steam t Who can cstimc
amount, or enumerate the kinds of labor, which
kce ingenuity has made this agent perform ?
country is famous for its Steam-boats, Stcar
Steam-guns and Steam-doctors, but who, in the
vcrsal Ynnlcce nation,' ever thought of o i!
chicken manufactory? Yes, hatching eggs by t
and that, too, not only as an experiment to sati
curiosity, but as a regular and profitable busines

This novel exhibition wo lately witnessed ii
don; and, of all the strange sights of that city, '
few that interested us as much as this. We intei
write a description of lite scene ourselves, bu
ing the following more particular account '
Chambers' s Journal, we publish it in prefer 1
our own:
EGG-HATCHIXG EXZHBITI

A short time ago, while in London, I went
among other "sights," the much-talked-
hatching-apparatus, or, as it ie called by its pro
the Eccaleobion — a word fioni the Greek,
ing to bring to life. The establishment ie siti
Pail-Mall, opposite the Italian Opcra-IIou
consists of a large handsome back npurmcnt,
by a passage from the street. — The first feci
entering the room is tbnt of rather a warm |
phere, along with the slight smell of a poult;
which the place litcrully is. On one side, on y,
is a huge oblong case against tlie wall, ekvat.
or four feet from thclloor, and used ns a hatchin
on the opposite side, running nearly the lengt
room, is an enclosure formed of paling, scpai
distinct divisions for dillerent sizes of birds, ai
taining, close to the wall, a row of coops or hi
the little creatures to run into. At the farihe:
the room is a glass-case on a table, in which t
of one day old are ke|jt and nursed; and in
tre of the room is a table with a number of
n which lie the yolks of eggs at diflerent si
advancements toward mnturity, but which bcinji
are of course useless for hatching; they oulj
the progress of the chick. Such is th? gcncrai
of the establishment, which is fitted tip w
steam-pipes running round the room to prcscr'
tain temperature; and with a man, who atte|
oven, and a woman to look after the poultry
enclosure, the whole is before the eye of the viii

The first thing we do is to take a peep into t
where the process of incubation is performed!
oven executes the office of the parent hen, and
maikable perfect manner; in fact, much beti
most hens could perfoim the operation. — Eve
who has any thing to do with hutching poultry
that the great dJIleulty consists in keeping
upon her eggs. Some hens are better hatehi

Iniii
a

F>ffl.i

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tfeij

£pio

-isi

'«!*,

Hi

•ilfKl

1.

A N D G A R D E N E R ' S J O U R N A L

ti

;r8, but, generally epeakint;, they arc too apt to
e their eggs to get cool; and thiF, Ity checlving the
ilxuioii, at once destroys the unlioni chick. By
Eccalcohion process, this chance of loss ie entirely
Jed. If the egg be a freeh good egg, it niiist give
ita chick; nothing can keep it from being hatched.
! oven or case, as we have said, is a large oblong
projecting from the wall. It is to be divided int;>
it compartments, like the floors of a house, and each
ised to view by means of n glass door. To satisfy
curiosity, the door of one of the conipartmcnt^ was
wn open, and on looking in we perceive that the
rior is a sort of shallow box lined with cloth, heated
1 slcam-pipcs, and the bottom c ivercd with eggs ly-
at an easy djstr.nce from each other. A jug of
placed among the eggs, for the purpose of sup-
ng the air of the box with a necessary degree of
sture. Thus, each cjmparment or box is a distinct
nwith its own eggs, and in each the eggs are at a
.icular stage of adv.-mcoment. In one box they may
■at newly put in, and in another they may be in the
of being hntchod. The meaning of having eight
es is to insure a batch of chicko every two or three
3. Ench box holds from two to three hundred eggs,
•le whole upwards of two thousand,
in egg requires from twenty to twenty-three days to
;h, according to its quality and other eiicumstances:
exact time is allowed to be twenty-one days; but
his the variistyofeggs, that a batch Will require three
8 in entirely chipping. The progressive series of
nomena during incubation, ns exhibited in the bro-
cggs on the table of the room, are exceedingly in-
;3;ing, particularly that in which the heart is seen
inning to beat on the surface of the yolk, and are as
)ws: I quote from a pamphlet handed to visitors; —
'let. day. In a few hours after exposure to the prop-
emperaturc the mieroccope discovers that a humid
.ler has formed within the lincamenls of the embiTo:
at the expiration.of twelve or fourteen hours, this
,ter bears some resemblance to the shape of a little
d; a number of new vesicles also suddenly appear,
mentary of different parts of the future body of the
;k; those fust formed, and most easily distinguisha-
may afterwards he recognized as assuming the
pe of the vertebral bones of the back. — 2d day. The
a begin to make their appearance about the thir-
li hour, and additional veEsois, elooeiy joined togeth-
indicate the situation of the naval. The brain and
lal marrow, some rudiments of the winps a id prin-
i! muscles, became observable. The foruiatinn of
heart is also evidently procectling. — 3d day. At the
imencement of the thud day the beating of the heart
l)erceptible, although no blood is visible; a few
irs, however, elapse, and two vesicles, containing
id, make their appearance; one forming the left
itricle, the other the great artery. The auricle of the
;rl is next seen, and in the whole of those, pulsation
svidcnt. — -4th day. The wings now assume a more
ined shape, and the increased size of the head ren-
8 the globules, containing the brain, the beak and the
nt and hind part of the head distinctly visible. — 5th ,
r. On the 5th day the liver makes its appearance,
1- both auricles, now plainly seen, approach nearer
; heart than they were bsfjro. That beautiful pheno-
•na, the circulation of the bloDd, is evident. — 6th day.
le lungs and stomach are diotinguishable, and the full
ah oi' blood from the heart distinctly apparent. — 7lh
C. During this day, the intestines, veins, and upper
indible, become visible, and the brain begins to as-
me a con6t;tu:nt form. — Sth day. The beak, for the
3t time, opens, and the formation of iiesh commences
on the bre.isl. — 9th day. The deposition of matter,
•ming the rihg, takes place, and the gall-bladder is
rccptible. — hhh day. The matter forming the skull
w b ;c.)me3 cartilaginous, and the protrusion of feath-
9 evidsnt. — r2th day. The orbits of sight are now
parent, and the ribs are perfected. — 13th day. The
leen gradually approaches to its proper position in the
•tlumen. — 14th day. The lungs become inclosed
ithin the breast. — 15th, 16lh and 17th days. During
eee d.iys the inlhiity of phenomena in this wonder-
l piece of vital niechaniBm, elaborate it into a more per-
cl form, and it presents an appearance closely ap-
oaching a mature state. The yolk of the egg, how-
rcr, from which it derives its nourishment, is still out-
the body. — 18th day. On the 18th day, the out-
ard and audible sign of developed life is apparent, by
ic faint piping ol the chick being, for the iirst time,
card. — J9th, 20th, and ilet days. Continually increa-
ng in size and strength, the remainder of the yolk
radualty becomes inclosed within its body: then, with
ucommon power for so small and frail a being, it lib-
rates itself from its prison in a peculiar and curious
nenner, by repeated elli)rte made with its bill, s.cond-
<l by muscular exertion with its limbs, and emerges
nto a new existence.

The position of the chicken in the shell is such as to
occupy the least possible 6;)ace. The hcail, which is
large and heavy in proportion to the rcot of the body, is
placed in front of the belly with its beak under the right
wing; the feet are gathered u\> like a bird trussed for
the spit; yet in this singular manner, and apparent un-
co-.iifortable position, it is by no means cramped or eon-
lined, but performsall the necessary motions and efibrts
required for its liberation, with the most perfect ease-
and that consunnnate skill wiiich instinetrendersalmost
infallible. The chicken, at the time it breaks the shell,
ie heavier than the whole egg was at first."

The superintcndant of the oven po'itely exhibited a
compartment in which the eggs were chijiping. Some
had ehipi)ed the day before, others that day, and some
woulil not be chipped till the moiTow; in a few cases
we obeerued the beak of the chick boring its way throu'di
the shell, and getting itself emancipated. When the
little creatures are ushered into the world, they are not
immediately removed out of the oven, but are allowed
to remain for a few hours until they become dry; they
are then removed and put into the glass. case, on the ta-
ble at the end of the room. This case is very shallow,
and the glass cover can be easily pushed aside to permit
the superintendent handling them if required. They
aie here for the tirst time fjd, though not for twenty-
four hours after bemg hatched; the mateiial scattered
among them is small bruised grits, or particles little lar-
ger than meal; these they eagerly pick up without any
teaching, their instinctive desire for food being a suffi-
cient monitor. After the brood has been kept in the
glass-case, (which is partially open) for tv.-o or three
days, and been thns gradually accustomed to the atmos-
phere, they are removed to one of the divisions in the
railed enclosure on the floor. Here hundreds arc seen
running about, utteringpeepy crie3, picking up grits or
othcrwiso amusing themselves, all being apparently in
as Hvely and thriving a condition as if trotting about in
a barn-yard. At six in the evening they are put to bed
for the night in a coop! these coops are wooden boxes,
lined with aflannel curtain in front, to seclude andkeep
the inmates ns warm and comfortable ns if under the

Owing of a mother. At six or seven in the morning
they are again allowed to come forth into their court-
yard, which being strewed with sand, and provided
with food and water, afl'ords them all the advantage of
a run in an open ground.

1 made ?o'.ne inqurics respecting the failures in hatch-
ing, and deaths, and received the following informa-
tion:— The eggs are usually purchased from Leaden-
hall market, and, con.seqtiently, not being nhogethcr
fresh, or otherwise suitable, one half them fail in hatch-
ing. Once hatched, they are safe, for not more than
one dies out of filty which are brought into existence.
It good and snitrible eggs could bs procured nt all sea-
sons, the failures in hatching would bo comparatively
trifling. Bad eggs therefore, arc the weak point in the
establishment, and I should recommend the proprietor
to complete his arrangements, by adding an egg-layin"
department to those which he has for hatching. This
might be done by keeping a regular poultry-yard, eith-
er in connexion with the place or in the countiy. The
apparatus for hatching is capable of producing forty
thousand chickens in a year, and, making allowance for
failures, the actual product cannot fall short of half
of that number. When three wecke oM, as I was in-
formed, the chickens are taken to market, and sold for
a shilling each. Thus, we would suppose, theEccnleo-
bipn turns out nt least a thousimd pounds worth of
chickeus annually — no bad revenue, it will be said, af-
tcr paying expenses, but not greater than the ingenious
contriver and proprfctor, Mr. ■VV'iUituu BiickitoU de-
servua.

This thing, trifling as ic mny appear to some, is
highly deserving of public attention. Attempts to
hatch eggs in ovens are of old date, but have never suc-
ceeded on a permanent or large scale in this country.
In Egypt the practice has been more succcesful; yet
even there, with the advantages of a suoerior climate,
one in five of the hatched birds dies, and many are de-
formed, doubtless from the unequal application of the
heaf. It has only been by the Eccaleobion, as far as I
can leain, that the birds have been brought out with
certainty, or been reared successfully after being hatch-
ed: every bird is perfect and will grow to its fidl size.
The distinguished characteristic o_f this invention is
exact regulation of temperature afti^ifferent stages of
advancement, for eggs, as is well kilBwn, develop heat
naturally in the cotirse of hatching, and coitsequently
theartilicianl heat requires to be judiciously diminish-
ed as the natural heat increases. By employiiiig steam
or hot- water pipes, the temperature is not only capable
of being exactly regulated, but is diftused generally
and equably throughout the oven, and acts upon all
sides of the egg alike. Hence, the eggs in the Eccnl-

I eobion require no handhng or turning during the nro-

cess — there is no fear of their being roasted on one sids
or cooled on the other. Providi^d a'l is fair and above
board, ns the proprietor of the Ecenl. obion describes, or
the superintcndams inform the visitors, there can be
no difliculty in multiplying cgg-Lutcking and ckicken-
renring cstabliKhmcnts all over the country. Poultry
is at present a dear article, on nccount of the very lim-
ited and imperfect manner of its production; but this
need not be the ease any longer. There is nothing to
prevent every town in the kingdom having its cUicken
manidnctory as well ns any otlcr branch of busineee.
Wherever there are estnblisknients with etenm-engincg
having a rcdundnnry of steam, it would be the easiest
thing in the world to erect a liiwl producing apparatus
in connection with the works. And if this did not in
some degree improve the resources of the coimtry,
nn<l the condition of the people, I do not know what
would.

To any one who keeps hens or can keep them, we
recommend the following connnunieation as worthy an
attentive perutal. It contains much valuable matter in
a few words. Many complain that their hens do not
lay in the winter, and the cause is apparent on taking
a proper view of the subject, and the evil is very easily
remedied. The hens want lime to form the shell,
gravel to assist in digesting their food, and they need
in the winter, food similar to that which they choose
when they run at large in the worm season, and hnv9
the privilege of making choice of their food. — Ediitr
Yankee Farmer.

ON KEEPING HENS.

Mr. Editor — Will you hnve the goodness to insert
the following in your paper for the benefit of those who
are partial to eggs and poultry. Income of four hen»
iVom March 15lh, 1839, to July 12th, being a little
short of four months — number of eggs three hundred
and one ; n brood of ten chickens reared and weaned
when 34.day3 old, and the mother of the chickens
commenced laying on the 35lh day. I would give you
an account of the income of my fowls for one year,
had I not met with the nrisfortune of losing one of
them, and shortly alter I sold another, which reduced
my number to two. I have now added to the number,
and intend to give you the income from six hens the
ensuing year.

My mode of feeding my fowls is simply this. Hav-
ing plenty of grain by them at all times, say barley,
buckwheat, oats and corn — I keep lime, sand and bones
pounded fine, and ashes, by them in winter, and green
cabbages cut fine ; they require some green vegetables
when they cannot have access to grass. In regard to
the expense of keeping my fowls, I do not know, but
I should think it would not exceed $1,50 for the above
time, ns I let them have their liberty.

Yours, &e. T. J.

Chelsea, Nob. 26, 1839.

Fro7n the Farmers^ Mtt^razine,

Ncvr Way of PreveEf iag Smut in Wheat.

Sir — The subject of smut in wheat having often
occupied the attention of scientific men, and also the
growers of wheat in general, as to its cause and pre-
veirtive, I therefore send you the result of seven crops
on the land I now occupy. In the year of 1833, 1834
and 1835, my wheat was always infected more or less
with smut, although brine and lime was used in the
usual way. I resolved in the autumn of 1835, to use
brine and lime onhalf my seed wheat, and blue vitriol
on the other half. The consequence was, that I had
smut where the brined lime was used, and very little
indeed where the vitriol was applied. I, therefore, de-
termined to use vitriol in future ; I have done so, and
the result has been, that in my crop of )S38, I could
not discover more than six smut cars, and in this pres-
ent crop, I have not been able to see one, although I
have made diligent search ; my managing man has
seen three eniut ears, only, and this is near 90 statute
acres of various sons of wheat, viz : Whittington,
Brown's chevalier, Taunton velvet hull, yellow Lam-
mas and Tclnvera. I cannot boast of superior cro]w,
for the country does not warrant it, hut any respectable
farmer that mav be desirous of seeing my wheat now
in field or in the barn, any time during the year, may
do so. Youre, respectfully,

GEORGE DYER.
Old Place Farm, East Hants, Aug. 3.

A great lie, soys Crabbe, is like a big fif-h on dry
land, it may fret, and fling, and malie a frightful both-
er, but it can't bite you. You have only to let it lie
still, and it will die quietly of itself.

An Irishman who had blistered his fingers by en-
deavoring to draw on n pair of boots, exclaimed, " By
Si. Patrick, I believe I shall never get them on untiU
wear them a day or two."

14

T H E N E W G E N E S E E F A R M E R ,

1^*01,.

From th* Fartnti*i lifj^isier.

Application ol'tlie Prinriples oi the Rotation

of Crops.

There ie i,cnrccly nny cuiulition of ngricuUurc, in
the lci8L licytcc aclvnnceil, or improveJ in oj.urniiun,
which 18 njt baotil on some luJe cyrtem of rotulion,
or buccCii>ion of crojjs in a ceruiin order, ll has long
been known and alinosl UMiversally acted U,)on, that,
ail to gruin cr.>i)6 nt least, the eanic kind c.uld not be
produ.e I tujccidivcly on the same land, wiihuui ara-
uij do.'line of product, frojn some oiher caiioc or caucCi
beoidci the mete Icj^cning of the fonility of the land.
Fjr wuen land so treaioJ and eo reduced in jiroducl
was 1 ui under eomc other crop, the product of tuch
other crop was greitly belter, Thercfoic, except in
the eirlie=t and nide.t cultivalion ol a new counLiy, no
where id thcic to be found cullivctel the Haine grain
crop for many years in tiicccit-ion, wiihou; the inier-
pobitionof some other crop, of other grain or of grass.
Cotton is the only tilled large crop in this country
which has not be.. n alternated wjlh other cultivalion,
and which is tended fur years togeihcr on the tnmc
land. This practice ie lecommcnded by the c'can
Condiiiun of the land re piired by ihnl crop, and whicb
its rcpcTic I culiure eecures. But it may well be
doubted whether the discnccs and cixirmous ^ls^cs of
product in thi, crop, arc not to be ascribed to its being
continue I eo long on the same land.

Lut though e.cry farmer uses something of a rota-
tion, still the mist U-Uil coUrt-cB of crops are very im-
perfect nn 1 highly objectionable ; and there \s scarcely
any sche ne of rotation wh ch d <ei not oli'end greatly,
in some of its feature.-, ngtunst the correct principles or
theiry of rotntion.

The lact of iha certain and rapid decline of product
of any one ciop repented year alter year on ihe land,
was universally conceded, and the practice generally
nbnnd)ned, by practical cultivators, without their trou-
bling lhe-n.scive3 to investigate the onuses.- The:>ret-
i:al an J scienliric agricul.urisis have eaienaincddilfer-
(5nt views at dilferent tinicr, and each has had its reign.
Formerly it wa3 supposed, and generally admitted,
that eich plant drew fr.im the soil some food peculiar
to itself, ani ihu! rapidly e.'ihaUjted the soil of this its
bwa pecu'inr nutriment, while there stiil remained un-
c:i.iiu iKid, and in abun.hnce, the t'ood to eupport plants
of o:hjr kind'. But tb:iugii this theory pisied cur-
rent long, without dispute, bec.iuse it i-erved to ex-
plain iheelTcclj produ:;ed, it vvasgtadunlly weakened,
and Hn.illy ovcrtbrown, by later and more correct
views of th2 nature of the food of plants. It is but
wi.hin llie lost few yenrs that a new and opprs.te doc-
trme haj been started, which is at lea~t the most in
fashion at pre -ent, if not the most generally received.
Triis is founded on the d ecoveriesoi Micaire, De Can-
dolle, and Towers, of the excretions of plants by their
roots; and the inference thence drawn that the rejected
excrement is fit ti serve as fjod for other plants, but is
usele.s, if not absolutely hurtful to the kind from
which it W.13 thrown oil". And hence ids& vould fol-
low the necessity for a change of crops.

Without denying or advocating either of these doc
trinjs, I will yet add fo whatever may be the main
C1U33 which calls for a fre^iuint change of crops, an-
Vizr ciuscy o( at least very considerable operation,
an 1 whch has been already named in the iirst of these
nunb;;-3. Tnis is, that every plant ie tUbjcct ti be
preyed on by its own pe.-uliar tribes of insects, which
are continue 1 to bo supplied by their proper food, and
favored by the still continuing circumstances of the
field, an I therofire arc inerejjej coniinually in nu n-
bers, anl in thjir destrurtive ravages, so Ijng as the
crop which fed the n, and th3 clrcun^tanees which fa-
Tore 1 tb^ n, remain unclnngc 1; and that those in=e;M
mu t be dejtroycd or greatly re luco.l in their numbers
nn I pnv.^rs of mischief, by a tatal change of the growth
nn i of the troatni .>nt and con lition of the field. Per-
haps thojc depre Intora may be invisible, from their
minute sizci, and ye: si num rrons as to cans; any ex-
tent of inju.-y that is found to bo Buirercd by unchanged
tillag-^ of any one crop, an I whi'.-h is avoided by con-
vertible hn-bindry or a rotation of crops.

But lu-kily, though the enus-s of such evils may
be uncertain, the cITjctsau I tli- remedies are not there-
fore unknown. And the ohservotionj of both scientific
and practical agricu'turists have served to establish
what they have ternie 1 the prin-.iplas of tkc roil-
tij>n of crops, whiidi furnish a body oi'ru'ei by wh-ch
to ton every parlicn'nr s -hernc, and s'low its a Ivanta-
gos an 1 defeats. But though most of these principles
and the rules founded on them, are univer-.ally receiv-
ed, Btdl p'^rhaps every writer and roasoner upon rota-
tations ditTers in some important respect from all others;
and my own views, and still mere the rules and appli-
eations founded th.Teon, which have been and will be
ffflferad in tho3« numbers, have jip aathority, either in

previous precepts or e.xaiiiples ui pract ce. The adop-
tion of the above named and new reason for a rotation
of crops, wiiubl alone rciiuire the introduction of new
rules in determining a proper order oi sueceesion, and
a eone.derable dcporture from the stated rid a prescri-
bed by any pi cvious writer on th 8 subject. But lb Ui,h
the princ.plie and luhs laid duwii by every niodeni
and well inlormcd agriculn.ritt may ha\e difilrcd in
some respect from n.l uiherr, and even if all were
wrong as I > the main cutisc ol the necctsity of changing
crops, still all were right in the main, in their general
precepts and rules ol ordinary prcctdiiic.

But though many scieniihc wiiiLie have laid down
the jirinciples ot" proper eucccssioiis of crops, and all
modern agricultur ets in writing, or in practice, have
advocated particular rotrrtions, still scarcely any two
agree fully in their rules; nnd agreement in jiractice
seems more the r. suit of old cuBt mi and neighborhood
example, than of thinking and reasoning. It le mani-
fest that no pnrtiiular course of cro; s can be jirtscribed
as the be-t for an extensive agricultuial region, nor for
Hclds of dilferent soil on the same farm, nor fir the dif-
ferent conditions at dilii-'rcnt times, of even the same
field. It is as much quackery to direct the same rota-
tion for an extensive region, as it is to prescribe the
same medicine for all d-S-asce. When we hear of a
particular roiatitm (no matter what) being genorally
pu sued throughout a large district, it is pretty good
evidence that the rule is pii:8ued from custom, and not
by reason. S une of our best farmers have no regular
rotation, ih-uigli always aiming to observe the s 'Und
principles of the sueceision of crops, by varying the
succession, according to the changes of circums'.aiici s.

But if nether reasming nor precept can point cut
always a right or perfect rotation, it is easy enough to
learn from both what is wrong and injurious. And
we can scarcely find nny regular rotation in this coun-
try, which does not oifend against enne adm.tted prin-
ciple and rule, and the most common have scarcely one
redeeming quality, no matter by what tCjt or principles
the practice be tried.

Tae most impirtantand indaed indispensable requi-
site of any good scheme of rotat on, or course oi crops,
I tike to be the following; and the observance of them
may b'e termed the i/trce priinanj rules for rotations.
Ist. That the several crops whica form the cour.-e, arc
ammg the most projilalle to the cultivator, in the cir-
cum nances in which he is placed, of climate, S)il, and
naarket. 2nd. That the whole course of crops, taken
through, \ii profitable to tlic land — serving to increase
its iirodUctiicni'SS, if poor — and at least retaining its
produjtivnncBS, if already rich. 3rd. That each crop
in the rotation serves to prepare for and aid the culti-
valion and produjtion of the next, which is to follow
it, instead of obstructing either or both.

The first two of these requ sites, cither expressly or
by implication, may be considered as embraced in ev-
ery theoretical scheme of rotation, and oinied (however
ineffectually) to be preserved in every judicioui farm-
er's practice. The third is alinoEt d'sregarded by all,
and ie certainly not by any placed in the important po-
sition, or viewed in the light which I think it deserves.

If all these three requisites be secured, any rotation
will bo giod; if any be neglected, or be but imperfect-
ly secured, the rotation will certainly be a bad one. —
Tile best devisjd rotation for tha Jniprovement oTlhe
land and its [iroducts, and porfec.lng tiie tillage, wjuld
be inadm S3 ble, if any of the crops were of such kind
as not to be either said, conjuni.-d, or otberwisj prolit-
ab'y used, by the farmer. Neither wouM the greatest
annual silos just fy another rotation, if it worked to
impoverish the farm. And even if the Amrf of crops
were to be the most profitable, and the improvement
of fertility regularly advancing, what will it profit the
proprietor, if the rotat'on opiratea to produce weeds
and depredatng ina.-cts in such numbers as greatly to
increase his laliors, nn I a'S) to diminish their products?

Scientiiic agriculturists have laid down kq many
principles or rules, to he observed in pinne.ing rota-
tions, that H is imposs b'e in practice to ob-erve all, or
peidiaps ha'f orth;m. Thus the Engl sh writers insist,
perhaps more strongly than on nny other point, that
green (or gra;^ and roots, or logum'nou^) crops, and
white (or gra-n) crops should reg'arly be alternated.
Others, that lap-rootc 1 planti should alternate with
fibrous and s'lallow rooted. But all these arc minor
eoiHideratione compared to the f ircgoing; nnd each or
all of them might come in conflict, in the circumstan-
ces of th'a eiuntry, with one or more of the more im-
portant and indispensable requisites.

A man has been placsd in the Asylum for the insane,
in Philadelphia, because he was caught picking a prin-
ter's pocket.

The bnsy man, say the Turks, is trembled with one
devil ; but the idlo man is troubled with a tbonsond.

Benefits of Root Cultivation.

The ciiUure of roc i crops for the rearing of ew
and for winter (ceding ol cattle I believe to be a gi
object to most farntcie. The ninn(;el wurtzel, the
gar beet, the common beet, the carrot and perhaps
l,nrtnip may he ioi=cd on ground ihot will pre due
good ere p of coin: the ruta baga may be lai eJ e
i'.:hter soil nnd with ICi* manure than the other en
In prcportirn to the quantity pioduccd with the si
labor, I am inclined to give the preference to the :
btiga. That creip may Le ini.ed with about as I
labor as a crop of potatrcs upon the lamc ground,
the tenson be f-irtunatc, li.x end eiLhl hundred
sometimes a th'HU and buthels to the acre are prcdui
a thoufnnd bubhels weighing twenty-five tens, c
out to a stock of catde, will be equal in valie i
Ica-t ten tons of the best hay. It is a mistake to
pofC that the ruta baL'a epoila either the meat or
milk of the creature fed upon it. This mistake o!
nated in the fact familiar to mnny practical farn
that the turning offal catt'e nnd cows into fre^h 1
where turnips, cnbbnger?, nnd oni-n^i have been re
anil cleared out, leaving tops nnd lea\e3, will n
them liable when tlaughtered or milked, to leave
meat or the milk minted wi;b the taste and flav
the artiiles up'n which they have fed.

Milch cows fed daily on rntn bngn once a doy,
communicate no tnste lo the milk; and if there be
doubt about fat cattle, the leaving off ihe ruta bag'
week and Bubstituting corn or other feed, will I
their n'cai in as good fiavor nnd quality as if ihey
fed exclusively on coin. I prefer late eowintr of
batin, sny as late as the lOlh of June, to an cnrlier
this root grows be^t in cool weather, nnd by late
ing it much better e capes the turnip fly and destri
irrubs, and has the advantage of a vigorous growtl
in the fiill until fcvce freiets shall render it a mat
prudence to gather them. Beets of the various k
and carrots, to such as do not admire ruta bnga,
be made well to supply their place. Fed with e
winteir milked cows may be made to give doiibb
quantity of that moB' necessary and most gratefi
tide in the consumption of every family, thnt the
give when fed simply on the best Ehglich hay.
the general cultivation of roots, my present conv i
is that the quantity of beef and pork and buttc
chee e produced in New England, may be incr i
one half, and might be very easily doubled.— i
HilV s Address ui Kccvc.

HEALTH— RKdilLATION OF DIE

Many shut themselves up entirely in unpli i
weather, during the long winter, or whenever i
find a pressure of business within or unplecsanl v
cr without ; nnd yet they ent just as voraciously I
they took exercise every day. To say that no
lion is to be paid to diet, is iiiadness. You mu '
attention to it sooner or later'. If you are fflitl I
take regular vigorous exercise every day in ope I
then yon may ent, nnd paV lesi attention to qu I
and quality. But if you take but little eXercis )
may be sure that you are 'o he a severe sufferer J
do not lake food in the same proportion. I i i
ask yoa to diet, that is, to be as difficult, . 1
changeable, and as whimsical as possible, as I
great pOinl were to see how much you could lo i
yourself nnd others ; but I do ask yon to bewaic 8
thoqnanfly of food wh ch you buf-rj' into tlie rt. 1
throe timei each day, without giving ii any rcf
!■> the quantity rather than the kinds of f lod. li
destroys sedentary persons; though it is true tb I
more fiimplc the fond the better. If you arc unu a
hurried this week, if it storms to-day, eo thnt ir i
periods, you cannot go out nnd take exeicit
your diet be very sparing, though the lemptnlioi i
otherwise be very strong. When byanymcmy
have been injured by your food, have ovcreteppc I
propper limits asto eating, I bnve fnmd in suci i\i
that the morn perfect way to re-over, is In fibstn t
tirely from f lod f>r three or six meals. By this a
the stomach will be free, and the Fyslem restor .
took the bint from seeing an idiot who tomelim ll
turns of being unwell ; at such limes he abstain (
Irely from food fir three days, in which time {i
recivercd hrrsell", nnd be was well. This w fi
quently, and perhaps generally, answer instil
medicine, and it is every way more pleascnt, T
most distinguished phya cians bnve ever rccnirr
this course It is a part of the Mahomcdan nnd
syslena of religion^ that the body should be re-
by frequent fastings, "I,pia bull-dog be fed
infancy upon pap, Naples buiecuit and boiled cbi
let them be wrapped in flannel at night, sleef
feather bed, and ride out in a coaeh for an airing
if his posterity do not become shortlived, nnd mij
dinarian, it will be a vronder. — Todii'i StumA
Manuai.

No. 1.

AND G A R D K N E R ■ S J O U R N A L

From the Yankee Farmer.
CoJt of raisiu; Sugar Beets aud other Roots.

In examining an estimate of the expenses of mn-
king bCi't sugar in ihis conntiy, many Carnicre will
cof»iidcr that tUc expense, of rai.-in:; the rooit^ \a reck-
oned toj low; ibis ia owing tD ilij little attention that
haa been pnlJ I') root cropa; and tii firmeie, in gor.er-
tl, not being made aejuaintcJ wiili tUe best and m:)6t
econiniical method of cultnie, and not having mn-
chinea and implements to enable them to manage the
growing of root crops toadvanlagc.

Tac3e unfavorable opinion.^ wdl in a measure con-
tinue, till root culture u mare in pruc;ice, for, thuigh
cases are stated of crops raised at a email expen,-e,
they will be regarded as extraordinary t-ar^e^, and Cjti-
mitca made on paper, in which no eiror can be point-
ed out, will be bolted upon 09 eomething uncertain;
yet theiO favorable accounts will lead the enterpriting
and intelligent to try whether tbc.;e things are eo, and
although their exjiectati onj may not always be re ilized,
yet they will find n groat ndvnntnge in attending to
root culture, and be led to incpiire into the most frugnl
method of pursuing it. Farmers wh 1 dig np a small
patch and sow it in beet'', and do not weed it till there
are live hundred weeds to one plant, may find thnt the
coat of raising a bushel of beets ia one dollar, when,
with prUvlent management in raising on a large scale,
ten or twelve bushels could be raised with this ex-
penie.

In raising beet9 and some other crops in a garden,
we have mnnagod to do the weeding befirt; sowing,
Bni tind that it id a great saving of labor; that is, pur-
sue thill ninnnor of culture that wid destroy the wee Is
before the seed is sown; and the same plan may be fjl-
loweJ in ticld culture, aud c.en to a greater advan-
tage, as most of the labor can be done by animil labor,
which is much cheaper than manual labor in this coun-
try, and this, as has been observed in the articles late-
Ivpubhohcd on the subject, will cnnble us to raise
bee:s as cheap as they aie ras-ed in France.

O.ir mcLhod has been to put on the manure and etir
np tho ground in the fall or eaily in the spring — the
foiraer is preferable, as the frost will loosen the soil and
miko it mellow, and the weeds will start in the spring
before ths soil is dry enough to work: when t'le weeds
were well started, we worked the grovm I over again.
About the 2dih of M;iy the ground wcs well woikcd
over, and the seed sown, alter being soaked, so that i;
would come up in a short time; the plants were up
and large en lugh to hoe when scarcely any weeds ap-
peared, the hieing was d:)ne in a short time, the soil
i)oi;rg very light and mellow, anl there was but sery
litde trouble on njcount of weeds, through the soason,
they having been mostly destroyed before sowing, li
ihij plan should be pursued in lield colturc, it would
rave nearly one hilf oi' the expense. One hour's work
with a h ore anl cultivator, in stirring the earth and
destroying weeds before sowing, would save several
days in hoeing.

The following method of culture for n field crop,
would be very economical as to weeding, which seems
to be the most expensive part of cultivation. A piece
of land, a deep, mellow soil, that haa been well manu-
red and planted one }'eiir in corn or potatoes, would be
in good c-^nditi m for a beet ctop. If it has been
ploughed more than one year, there would be dnnger
from the grub worm, which we believe is the principal
injury from insects to which the sugar beet is 1 able.

A pieje .should be fclected thut can bo ploughed
d^ep, and the stones, if any, re:novei. If there his
nit been auilicient manure appl ed to the previous crop,
apply the manure and plough the ground very deep jit
the f.'dl, if it cannot be .done at this season, then as ear-
ly as possible in the spring. When the weeds have
(•tnned, go over it with a cultivator, and in a few
weeks go over it again in the same way; this will loo-
sen and pulverize the soil and destroy the wee.!s. —
From the 20th of Miy to the Ist of June, let the
earth be thoroughly stirred with a cultivator, or if the
eoil be not very loose it may be well to plough it again
and then go over it with a light barrow to make the
oiufacc level and s.iiooth, and the soil fine: be ready
to sow as soon as the ground is prepared, whde the
eurfcco ismoin, and that the plants may get the start of
the w^eds. Pour water as hot as can be borne by the
liand on the seed, and let it soak a day and a half or
two days, then it wdl vegetate and b'^ up, end the
plants will be large enough to hoe before th" few weeds
that are liable to grow, get up so as to be much trouble.
Sow the seed with a machine and the expense will
be light. Le: the rows be from two to two and a half
(eel apart, then a light cullivatir may be used between
the rowa; in thinning the iilanie, let them stand about
one foot apart. If any pla/-es arc vacant from the seed
not growing or the grub worms eating them, the defi-
ciency raay bo supplied ly tnmHplanting; thotigh ,

transplanted beets do not form so handsome a root, yet
they yield about as much as the other. The expense

tor weeding and 1 losining the sjil will not be f^rcat.

In harvesting, if the beets cannot be pulled easily, a
I urrow may be ploughed near each row with n horse
plough, then they may be pidLd with little lubor. liy
thi-, or some belter way, if it can be (levied, bcct^
may be raised at a small cxpene, and as lands and aii-
imul labor are ch.aper here th.in in France, and as
much labor can be d >no here by animal-, which is per-
formed there by the hinds, we think our advantages
are e lual to thise of France in tho cheapncej of man-
ual labor. Lut suppos.ng our advantages in raising the
beets ore not equal as to a cheap pro luction, we hate
reckoned the expense higher in the calculations wc
hove published, so as to c mfortn to a fair estimate on
all expenses. Instead of $;,'-0 per ton, as in Franco,
we h.ave reckoned at ."g.") per ton. No calculation on
the expense of rai ing been or other crops, can be
made exacdy suited I) all ports of the country, as the
prices of labor and land are dillercnt. Near cities and
large town?, and neir the seaboard, owing to good ad-
vantages lor markets and communiention, lands are
higher, and the rent of them more, of cuutee, than in
the interior; in such cases labor too is usually some-
what higher.

Esthnalcil Expense of an Acre of Sircar Beets.
Use of an acre of land well prepared for beets and
manured, or managed in the previous crop — jgI2 00

Ploughing 4 00

Cultivator-mg-, horje, cultivator and hand two

hou: 8, - .rjO

Twice more before sowing, .... * 1 oil

H.irrowing, v 50

S;e I, .*v!, 75, sowing with a machine, 75, . . 3 Oil

First hoeing, 4 00

Second hoeing, thinning, oiid transplanting to

supply defic.encies, 4 00

Hoeing again and lossening the ground with

machines o oo

Harvesting, 9 00

$-10 00
Make the rows 2 feet 4 inches apart, and than a cul-
tivator con be used in hoeing. If the beets stand one
foot apart in the rows, and weigh 1 1-4 lbs. each, the
yield will be "JO tons. In rich ground ot that distance,
a great number will weigh 4 or 5 lbs. each; twenty tons
is a gjod croji, but not extremely large, for in some ca-
ses 25 or oO tons to the acre have been raised in this
country. At tho above e.xpenie of §10 to the acre
wdh a yield of 20 tons, the cost would be $'3 per ton.
We make this estimate to show how cheap beets may he
raised under favorablo circumstances, such as good land
at afiirpiice, convenient machi.-.^ry and im;dcment?,
and the most prudent management in the culture, with
labor at 0 moderate price, and a favorable seas 'n. We
have no doubt that in some parts of New England beets
could be produced in greatabundanccat theabove price;
but we must not always expect a combination of favor-
able circumstances.

Siippoi-e we reckcui th3 produce only two thirds as
much aj above, say 11! 2-3 tons, and the cost 'M-l-'i per
cent mo;e, wh ch wdl be §03 33 cents: ihsn tho cost oi
the boots will bo only .$4 per ton, one-fifth less than Mr,
Boison reckoned in his calculation on the cost of beet
sugar. If we reckon 5j pounds to the bushel, 13 I-'-'
tons per acre would be only 533 bu-he's, which would
be n 1 mo e thin a mid 11 ng crop; not half as much as
has been raised in a number of caics that have been
named,

JFVo.Ti thi /\'cto Ene^land Farmer.
Agriculta -.il Iinjjroramatits in Sarope.

Agriculture in Europe is now receiving an attention
which it has never received in any preceding time.
The long continuance of peace among the great na-
tisns, who for so many years, wc had almost said centu-
ries, had time to think of little e'se than conquest and
military glory, has been in the highest measure favora-
ble t) the cultivation of the common and practical arts
of life, and of agriculture in an espceinl manner, as the
great art involv.ng and deminding too oid of all others.
Implements of hucbandiy have been substituted fi>r
weapons of war; and fields that hove been watered by
the bio id and whitened with the bones of slaughtered
thousands, ore now seen glistening and waving with
golden hanvsts.

In England, great as the improvements were before
that time, yet within the last fifteen years, it is con-
fidently stated, that by on improved cultivation, the
agricultural products have increased at least twenty-
five per cent, in many parts of that country: that is
to say, the amount of crop on the same extent of land
is greatly increo-wtl, and the expenses of (niltivotion

either not increased, or diminished; or, to state in a
form perhap.s more intelligible, the j rolits of agricul-
ture are advanced one-quaiter by improved cultiva-
tion.

The fame rrsulia ore appearing in France. In
England the introduction of the turnip husbandry
pro.lucjil the most extraordinary renulls; and of a
permanent character. It enabled the farniera to kiep
much more stock than could be kept on dry hay and
straw, and to keep a superior slock and in much bel-
ter condition. It cnoblcd them to enrich ibcir lands
very greally by feeding olT the turni|)S on the ground
on which they were grown, and scivcd to increaca
their manure heaps at the barn, when the turnips were
f -d 10 the cattle in the yard. The careful cultivation
wh ch good crops of this rool demanded, mode a l.na
preparniion for wheat or oats or bail.y; and thus every
thing went_ forward by ajoint and riciprocol operation.
In many of the counties of England the turnip cultiva-
tion has been the f uindalion of their improved hus-
bandry; has changed the whole aspect of things; more
than trebled or quadrupled in many cases iJie value of
estates, as appears by their increased rentol, and I j
the groin and wool, and beef and mutton which it haa
enabled the liirmers to produce, it has proved the source
of immense wealth.

What the turnip husbandry has done fir England th«
sugar beet cultivation is now doing for France; with
this superior advantage, that the sugar obtained must be
considered as, to a degree, an extra profit. The leaves
and the pummice afford a large amount of feed for
stock; the cultivation which the plant requires, pre-
pares in a capital manner, the giound for other crops;
and the increase of live stock on the farm where plenty
of feed is produced in older to keep them, curries every
thing else forward in o rapid latio. The sugar obtained
troin the root aliords a most ample profit, were there
noihng else obtained from the cultivation.

The agricultural publications now going on in
France, of which we have rece.ved teveial of a
most valuable characte-, ind cate an extraordinary at-
tention to this great subject, and a high degree ot im-
provenie.it.

In reference to the manu.'acture of sugar from beet,
we learn that so far as cheapness of operation and
amount obtained per centage, the businecs was never
more prosperous. The improvements which have ta-
ken place within a few years, ore very great. The
beet is now operated upon by rasping or grating as soon
as taken from the field; and this often early in Septem-
ber. It is then leeched, if the exjiression be proper, by
cold water. Thiscarries down ail the eaccliarine mat-
ter, leaving behind all the mucdiage, which has given
to the sugar an unpleasant taste; and to get rid of
w iiich has long been a great desideratum. The saccha-
ri-io matter is then suhjcctei to a pioceseof purifica-
t.on, crystallization and refinement, which enables them
to obtain at least e glit per cent, of sugar, and at eo
moderate a rate, that they can oflbrd to pay the govern-
ment excise of eeven cents per pound, and leave a
handsome profit to the farmer and manufacturer, —
From all that can be learnt, there ia little doubt that
the improvements are such that it can soon be made
an article of profitable household manufacture. This
is n great desideratum, and a jioint wh ch we confi-
der.t'y believed at one time had been gained by our
respected friend at Stoncham; but in the absence of
aU advices from him, we are gratified with this intelli-
gence from abroad, which we have received fiom an
authentic source, and have only to congratulate our-
selves that in spite of all delays and hindioncee, the
world will go round. This in'.ellgence is highly grat.
ifying. Europe now is only half a month's journey,
and a quickened enterprise and public spirit diffase in-
tcUigsnce almost with the rapidity of light. H. C.

Bi:ets in old Dutchess. — A farmer of Dutchess
Co. N. Y., has sent the editor of the Poughkeepsie
Telegraph, samples of sugar beets and mangel wuit-
zel. With a memorandum tiating that hi? crop of beeta
then harvesting, would oniount to from 1000 to 1200
bushels, from less than an acre of land, and that the
average cost of raising them will not exceed G cents
per bushel. The six largest of the sugar bee.s weigh-
ed 67 lbs,, the heaviest one 13 lbs. — American Far-
mer.

An I.vTEtLiGiBLE Recipe. — A lody at the Springs

last Slimmer, being desirous of obta'ning the recipe for
making a certain pudding, to bo met nowhere but at
Congress Hall, applied to the superintendent for the
same. It was immediately furnisiicd in the following
clear and conspicuous terms : — " Take a few eggs, a
quantity of milk, a thingfuU of currants, a thingfuU o4
meal, a thingfuU of wine, three ihingfulle of flour, and
sweeten to your tost^ ' '

16

T 11 E N E W G E N E S E E FARMER

V.«.. 1

x^IISCEIiliA-XEOl S* AOTICES.

To Manaffc a Kcar'in^ Horse— In prelcrcnce to the
tlaif"ernu8 cApeiiuiciitol piilliiig ii rearing burec bock-
wnrTl, I recoiiiincnd the ad.iptioii of lire tollowing me-
thod:—Whenever you perceive the hor^o's iiieUnatK'n
to roar, Bci)arnte vour rcina and prepare for him; the
inetaiit he is about to riee sinckcit one hand and bend
or twist his head with the other, keeping your hands
low. This bending compels him to move a hind leg,
and of necessity brings his lore feet down. Instantly
twist him completely round two or three times, which
will confii.^e him very much, and complciely throw
him oH' his guard. The moment you have linishcd
twisting him round, place hi< head in the direction
vou wieh him to procccil, apply the sjnir sharply, and
lie will not fail to go forward: if the situation be con-
venient, press him into a gallop, and apply the spur,
and whip two or three times (but not more) severely.
The horse will, perhaps, not be quite tatislied with
the lirst defeat, but may feel disposed to try again for
the mnnlcry. Should this be the case, you have only
to twist him, iSx. as before, and you will tind that in
ibc second struggle he will be more easily subdued
than on the first occasion — in fact, you will perceive
him quail under the operation. It rarely happens that
n rearing horse, after having becm trciiied in the way
described, will resort to his tricks a third time. But
on going into other hands, and having another rider,
he will "be very likely to have recourse to rearing. —
X//« Sportsman.

IVIiiinsical Calaihtion. — What a noisy creature
would man be, were his voice, in proportion to his
■weight, as powerful as that of the graeslioppcr, which
may be heard at the distance of one-si.xteenth of a mile.
Tne kolibri weighs about half an ounce, so that a nifin
of ordinary size weighs about as much as 4II0U koli-
bris. One kolibri must weigh at least as much as four
grasshoppers. Assuming, then, that a man weighs as
much as 16,000 grasshoppers, and that the voice of one
of there may be heard at the distance of one-si.xteenth
of a mile, that of a man, were it in projiorlion to his
weight, would be audible at the (rmance of 1000
miles; and when he sneezed he would run the risk of
bringing the hou'^e about his ears, like the walls of Je-
richo at the sound of the trumpets. Assuming, far-
ther, that a flea weighs a grain, which is something
more than its real weight, and that it is able to clear
one inch and a half at a spring, a man of 150 pounds
weight would, by the same rule, be able to make a
spring over a space of 1^,800 miles, and consequently
le.ip with ease from New York to Cochin China. Aris-
tophanes represents Socrates and his pupils occupied
in a similar computation. They are exhibited calcu-
lating the weight of a flea's leg in proportion to that of
its body. The ironical calculation of Aristophanes,
however, falls far short of that of the New York Hun.

Corn Puzzle. — The following " puzzle for the cu-
rious" appears in the Worcester Jourmil. — If a person
were to take a single wheat corn in his pocket to mar-
ket on New Year's day, and double the same ever>'
week for .52 weeks, or till New Year's day agoin, it
would amount to more loads of wheat, SO bags each, 3
bushels to a bag, than it would take bank-notes to build
a Black 25 times higher than the top of St. Paul's,
L-indon (supposing a stack could be built), reckoning
the building 144 yards, and allowing 191) notes to an
inch. 2d, After this was deducted there would be
more loads left, 20 bags each, than any ten millers
ever bonght bags of wheat in t'aeir lives, allowing each
to buy weekly 2000 baa for eighty years. 3d, After
this deduction there would bo more loads, 20 bags
each, remaining than it wjiild take bank notes to co-
ver 109 square acres of ground, allowing each note to
measure 0 inches by 4. 4th, After this deduction
there would be more loads left than the wheal of a
coach wjuld turn round times in a distance of 1200
miles, supposing the wheel to measure 17 feet in cir-
cumfcrc-nco. 5th, This wnulil leave more loads than
it wjuld take barley corns to reach from Worcester to
Alccner, a distance of 17 miles, allowing three barley
corns to an inch. Glh, This w luld leave more loads
than it wnild take tons of coar to supply the city of
Worcester for 30 years, allowing 81! barge or boat
loading to be brought every week for 30 years, and al-
lowing etch barge or boat to carry Gl) tons, which
w luld load 137,28;) boats or barges. Oil tons each. —
7th, After those deductions there would be more loads
left, 20 bags each, than it would take pi>unds to build
si.vteen county courts, all swing each to cost £.50,00(1.
8th, There wovdd be more loads remaining then than
jl would tako bags, three bushels each, to load 3000
barges, allowing each bargo to carry 500 bags. t)th,
After all these deductions there would be wheat cnongli
left to find 2500 persons in broad for fKi years, allow-
ing ewb person t9 «ut (innunllj' nine bags. AU the

quantity of corn togeihcr would load l,I25it!)D t-hips,
1000 qu'irtcrs each. The amount of all the number
of corns ia 4,5ll3,.51)l),(i27,;>70,4y,5. Reckoning 500,-
000 corns to liU a bushel, is 9,007,199,254 bn-hcls.—
Number of bags, 3 bushSis each, 3,(X)2,:iS)9,751. —
Number oi loads, 20 bags each, 150,119,9«7.

.M) A1J\ l_;i!'ll:rEMlJM'.S will we ir:Ecrtea in this I'aper,
e\ce;tl sticli as rc-ale to mal'er:^ eontiectei wi'h Agriculture
ami HofticuUurc ; and tliese w.Il not bp allowed more llifto
2 or 3 insertions.

■%VI]VTER EVE.VIXGS.

Long cheerful winter evenings. Theee constitute
one redeeming trait in our cold varying climate. Our
winter evenings arc euflicient to reconcile U8 to our
locality on tcrrufinna, so valuable are they as the sea-
son for fireside ainusemcnts and intellectual improve-
ments. What a pity it ia they are generally wasted.
We have known many an indolent mechanic who
would tumble into bed by eight o'clock, while bis
pains-taking spouse worked till eleven or twelve; and
many a farmer's wife wdl work till midnight, while
her husband dozes in the chimney corner. This do-
zing is a bad habit. If you need sleep, go to bed and
have it, ond then be wide awake when you get uj). —
Don't allow yourself to snore in the corner — it is ill-
bred and indolent. A man who will sleep like an an-
imal while his wife is hord at woik, don't deserve to
have a wife. Take a book or news!)aper, and icnd to
her these long winter evenings. It will be a mutual
benttit. It will dissipate much of the gloom and in-
quietude too often engendered by care and hard labor,
it will make you more happy, more useful, and more
respected. Our fanners are loo apt to mis-spend these
long winter evenings in idle grumblings at " Uard
times," high ta-xes, and modern degeneracy. Finding
fault wont mend the times. They must read, improve
themselves, and educate their children, that the next
generation may be wiser than their fathcis. Our far-
mers are but half acquainted wiih the rich resoujees ol
their soil. Were they familiar with the most improv-
ed system of husbondry, they might readily become so
by devoting these long winter evenings to the reading
of books wiiieh treat upon this subject, they would
have much less cause to complain of hard times. Some
of the greatest and best men of our country were sound
practiSal farmers. But they were not ignorant fiir
mors. They were men whom great energies called
from the seclusions of private life to take part in great
national affairs, and when the state of the country no
longer requiretl the exercise of their talents, they re-
turned again to the healthful and honorable labors of
the farm. When our fanners are better informed, and
not till then, may they hope to talis that rank, and ex-
ert that influence in society, to which the respectabili-
ty and importance of their occupation so justly entitled
them. We again say, let our iiirmers, our mechan-
ics, and our apprentices read — spend their winter eve-
nings in acquiring useful knowledge, tis the best reme-
dy (or hard times, and the beat preservative from folly
and dissipation. — Selected.

MOKUS ni i/ric vuLis for sale.

TIIR Sn'isTil»er offe-s to those who would ciisa;:'' in the
>iik business, in Western New York, good size 1 and
lieritUiy trees, of last se;.son's (jrowtlr, and nie.isuring from
three Xojire feet in llei^iit, and nntriiNiiicd, (ni jis reasonal-ld
terms ii« any o'llcr person. All lc;"crs in relation tlicreto,
voet paid, will inL-ct with nronint attention
i" ^ ' v.. r. MARSHALL.
Corner of Bulfulo Jc Kit;h;uigc-sl9.
Rocliesltr. 1 mo 1. l°4n. ,

TO NTJK!SERVillE-V AKD OTHUllS.

THE following seeds \Vere procure I in Kurope. espcciftlly
for Nurserymen. The sujiply is not large, and ;hus« whu
wish any of them should order soon :

Kuropean s^ilver Fir, .\orway Sprtire.Lr.reh.
I-j|t^l;sh and Scoteh LaTiihurnuin. B'oom, Vurzc,
!*vr;:cj:nthn lierries, Cypress, Horse Cliesinuts.
Also, fi>r s::lc, au Uu^hels of line I'cii'th Stones.
A eorrespondeiit wishes 'o dispose of a few hundred young
thrif y :Monnt:.in Ash Trees. M. 13. BATEIIAM.
Jaiiuar) I, ISlCkj ^

AGE-VrS

FOR THE ROCHESTER SEED-STORE AND
NFAV GEXESCE FAKMKR.

THI3 following pe-sons will, in a lew weeks, rece'vo full
assortnienls^of scc.ls from the Ro.-Jicster Secd-S.ore.^
Tliey will also receive subscriptions fur the Farmer.

ButVilo \V. & G. Bry.",nt.

bockport S- H. M.irks & Co,

^Miion Kntli;,uM & Clark.

'Urockport, Ceorge Alleu.

Siotsvilie, .Xndrus &^ Carf'ul*.

be Uoy, ... • 'i'umpklns &. .Morgan.

Ba'avia, .I.V.I). Verpliinck,

Artiea, I!. & N. Wells,

iv.rrv, * I.. B. Parsons Jfi Son.

Mount Morris, It- Slecicr.

Gcncseo, I. F. & G. W. Wyman.

Ciumnilaigui IB- Hr.yes,

Geneva, J- ^' Bocert.

Wa crioo Ahr.im Uue,l,

Auburn, T. .■M.Huul.

l>^,lmyra, Hoyt t M.iy.

NeW'irk Doane & Co.

Pvraeusi T. B. Fii.h & Co,

Utiea, J- E- Warner.

Oswego, M. a. Elson.

aa- In answer to the numerous applications which are
made for see/ls to sell on coninjission, I would here state, thct
I do not furnish seeds in tlu-it w.-iy except to rrgular agen-
cies ; and 1 do not wish to inercise the number ul ihem at
present, especially at far distant places, or suioH vilhises.

j\l. B. BA 1 fcjllAM.
liochalcr Scd-Hnri:. J^n. 1, IPIP.

«ENmXE ROIiAN POTATOES.

THESIS celebrate 1 potatoes are for sale at the Koches'e"
Secil-Store. at the following low prices :— ^ti per bushel
— j^j i)er barrel, (*2 1'2 luishets.)

As the price will uiidonbteilly ndvaece in the sp'-ing. those
who wish to obtain them will do well to order them soon.—
Thcv will he safc'y kei>t till suring, if desic I. an I sent ac-
cor.fingio order. M. B. BATliU.V-M.

January, 1, 1940.

ROCHESTER SEED STOKE,-1810.

Tril-i liberal support W'hich this establishment has re "Cived
for sever;d years p^'.st, jilibrds lla'ieringcvidence that ihe
P'oprietor possesses the conti.lciicc of the public, andthrc his
ert'orts to acconunodiite the community arc not unappreci.-ttc'i.
Wliile he expresses his jicknowlcilgcrocnls for the past, he is
hiippy to inform his fricnils, that lie is now IcL'er th;iii ever
pre]tared to serve them ■, and is contidciit that future trajis.ac-
tions, in his line, will be attended with incrcasci plcisurc to
himself a'lut.satlsf.u'tion to hiseustouiers SoiiiedilRcul'y li
been heretofore experienced in obtaining new seeds, of some
kinds, which it was tlesirablc to import. And, in order to
reme ly the evil, the projirietor went over to Kurope himself,
anil procured a supply fur this season; and nifde such ar-
rangements for the futre, as will prevent all difficulty in ob-
taining suiiplies from that country.

The present stock of imported seeds is very e.xtensivc t
they were seV. 'ted with great care among the best growers of
Kngland anil Scotland. Among them are many improved va-
rieties, which will be gre;.t aciiuisitions to our gardens and
fields. Some account of thcni will be pnblishe I hereaf.er.

The stor-k of Anierice.n seeds is also very large. They
w-cre raised the past season, in the most careful manner.

With his present advantages, and experience in the busi-
ness, the proprie.or flatters himself th.at he wi!l le al>Ie to
guard against every source of complaint, and furnisli an
tibundant supply of superior seeds at very reasonable prices.
Any person wli'o htid seeds from llini which proved bad, lust
year, are refiues'.ed to nieutiou the circumstances to him, that
reparation iiuiy be made.

New Ca'n'oEUCS will be published soon, and sent to all ap-
plicants, g'atis. M. B. BATEHA.M.
Rochester, .fiimiarif 1, IP-ID.

PRINTED BY MARSHALL & WELLES,

WRSLR OF BUJTIM.0 AUD EXCa(A>'6£-STS., RpCHESTEK.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

COKRKCrKD FOR

THE NEW GENESEE F.j\JlMER, JAN. 1, 1840.

WHEAT, per bushel $ 75 a $ 78

CORN "

44

barrel.

OATS.

BARLEY,

PEAS, Common, .
BEANS, White,..
POTATOES, ....
APPLES, Desert,.

" Cooking,

'• Dried,.

CIDER

FLOUR, Superfine,

" Fine, "

rORK,Meas, "

" Prime,.... "

" Hog lODIbb.;..

BEEF "

MUTTON, Carcase, pound, .

POULTRY, " ..

BUTTER, Fresh, .... " . .

" Firkin, " ..

CHEESE, " ..

LARD, " .i

TALLOW, " ..

HIDES, " ..

SHEEP SKINS each...

WOOL, pound..

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.
POT, " ....".

H.\Y ton,.

GRASS SEED bushel,.

CLOVER, " i " ..

FLAX " " ..

. 50

. 75

,'.'29'

,. 63

,. 50

1,00

1,75

38..
25..
44..
50..
75..
19..
50..
38..
75..

4,50..
, 4,00..

12,00 12,50

8,.''.0 9,00 -

4,00 4, ,50

4,0;l-.i.. 4,50

3 4

6 8

If) 18

14 16

6 8

7 6

10 i

50

38

5.00

4,.'>0

7,00

75

6,00 ...

63
50

.5,00 -

!),00

•1,00

7,no

IjOO

licmnrlis. — Owing to the extreme scarcity of money, htit
titl'e is at present done in the purchase or sale of produee;
and some of the above prices arc merely nominal, there be-
ing nothing done in the. articles.

A\'e live in hopes of seeing better times, (at nil events, we
have no fears of seeing worse.) J^nd would .ad\'ise farmers tft
bring nothing to market at present, with the eTpectation of
obt.-iining money, with the exception of such things as are
particularly adapted to the season, and constitire ibe ne-
cessaries of life. Wc hope to give better cncoura;^eincnt in
our ncAt,

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATEHAM, ) _.„_

E. F. MARSHALL, Proprietors. I »'"A'-

1. ROCHESTER, FEBRUARY, 1840. ]VO. 2. J

JOHN J. THOMAS,

M. B. BATEHAM, Editors.

PUBHsnEU MOXTHIiY

IN CONKECTION WITU THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE AND AGRI-
CULTURAL REPOSITORV.

TtRMS— FIFTY CE.NTS, per year, pnyalile nways in ad-
vance.

Post Masters, Agents, and others, sending money free of
postage, will receive seven cojiies for 3$'t, — Tu-elcc copies for
ff5, — 't\centif-five copies (or 3J10.

The pustaire on lliis paper is only one cent to any place
witliin tiiis state, and one and a half cent to any part of
the United States.

CONTENTS OF THIS NritIBE}t.

To Agents, Correspondents, (ind Renders 17

Comparative Value of Green tV, Dry Wood for fuel 17
Seosonable Hints — Care of Animals in Winter —
Pruning Trees and Vines — Preparing manure for

Hot-beds — Procuring Seeds, &c 18

Our Views on tbe Silk Culture— "Journal of the

American Silk Society" 18

Value of Sweet Apples 18

Scraps from our Memorandum Book — Papering
Rooms— Transplanting— Preserving Hams— Ra-
zor Strnps— Value of Fruit — Marking Bags, «.V:c.

— Raising Water from Wells 19

Farm Stock, No. 1, hy W. S. T 19

Culture of Mangel Wnrtzel and Sugar Beets, by

Wm. Garbutt, of Wheatland 20

Profits on a Peck of Rohan Potatoes 20

The Importance of an Agricultural Paper in the

Genesee Country 21

Fruit Trees from Cuttings — Grafting Wild Cherry 21

Mode of extracting Wax from Honey 21

Importance of Forest Trees — Sowing the Seed .... 22
Prcijiecta of the Silk Culture in the United States, 22

Rules for Housewives 23

Two Faults of a Horse — To deslrov Weevils.... i'i

Our Encouragement — Letter from C**** 24

Extracts from Correspondence — Red Root in Clo-
ver Seed — Preventive of Hoof-Ail — Mangel
Wurtzel, First Attempt — Carrots fur Horses. . . 24
Enquiries, &c. — Taste of Turnips in Milk — Lime
aa Manure for Wheat — Large and Small Clover
— Making Beet Sugar — Merchant's Drill Bar-
rows— Our Paper and the Cultivator...... 24

Agricultural Implements — Gilson's Root Slicor

and Gilson's Straw Cutter, (with cuts) 25

A Visit to Mrs. Lnngworthy's — To Make Light

Johny Cake, and Indian Pan-cakes 25

Review of Loudon's Suburban Garden 26

Meteorological Residts for 1839, by Prof. Dewey. 26

Observations on Snow, by C. D 26

On Spreading Long Manures, by L. E. Lathrop. 27

Culture of Indian Buck-wheat 27

China Tree Corn — once more 27

Experiments on Potatoes 27

Important Considerations for Farmers, &c 28

An Appeal to the Farmers of Monroe Co. — Propos-
ed Agricultural Society 28

Rohan Potatoes, by E. Harmon 29

Notice of the Cultivator 29

"Preparing Manure for Hot-beds," F..xplained. . . 29

Barn Cellars for Roots 29

The Life of a Husbandman 29

The Cultivation of Celery 3n

Review of the " Farmer's Companion" 30

Better Buy than Borrow 3]

Decomposition and Putrefaction of Vegetables 31

Wheat Market in Ohio— Sfngulor Tenures, &c.. 31

The Good Work Advancing 32

Rochester Prices Current, &c ' 82

Alteration of Terras to .\gents, &c.

The very low price M which this paper Is puhlishe.1, will
not admit of a very liberal compensation to agents. But ow-
ing to the extreme scarcity of money, ;ind oilier unfavorable
circumstances, we have concluded to offer additional induce-
ments to those who can send us a few nnnies, but who think
they cannot obtain a large number.

We will, hereafter, seiul pevcn cojiii's for S3 ; twelve co-
pies for S5 : and went) -five copies for ®10, The money, in
all cises, to be sent free cf pottage. We make this oiler, in
the hope and expectation of greatly in'rcasing our subscrip-
tion list. And we most respectfully a>k all Post-masters, and
the friends of agriculture, especially in the Genesee Country
and the West, to lend ua their aid. Without vigorous effort,
on the par; of the friends of the cause, a paper of this kii-d
eanno! le suetftlt.el. at h p.-Ue vvhi.'h places It ivlrbln the

reach of all. W'q scarcely believe there can be a post-office,
or neighborhood, where an agent cannot, by a little effort, at
least obtain enough subscribers to secure himself a copy
gratis. Will you try it ?

Number cue, and Number two.

Our stock of number one became so much reduced that we
could not send it to :us many persons as we desired. AVe
have, theiefore, printed a few hundred extra copies of num-
ber two, which we send, as a specimen, to some persons who
are not subscrilicrs, and have not received ihe first number.
If any who receive it do not wish to subscribe, tliey will
oblige us by handing it to their neighbors, who, on examina-
tion, may wish totake it.

Post-masters and agents are requested to take care of any
extra copies which theyfpossess of numi er one, and be care-
ful to mention to us such new subscribers as arc supplied
with it.

To Readers and Correspondents.

We feel great pleasure in presenting our sheet to the
public this month. The numerous and able commu-
nications which it contains, coming, as they do, from
men of science, and talent, and worth, as well as from
men of great practical experience and devotion to the
cause of agriculture, cannot but be regarded as a proof
that Western New York, the justly famed Genesee
Countiy, is still determined to have the honor, not
only of being called the richest agricultural section in
the Union; but, of sustaining one of the best agricul-
tural Journals in the Union.

Owing to the insinuations of those whose interests
are opposed to the success of this paper, some persons
have looked upon our efforts with a degree of doulit and
suspicion. To such persons we would say, do not
oppose us, — let our deeds testify, — let the prompt and
able assistance, together with the unqualified approba-
tion which our undertaking has received from the
friends of improvement, throughout the land, testify;
and then sny whether the New Genesee Farmer is not
entitled to the confidence and support of the community,
and whether it will not attain as high n reputation, for
talent and usefulness, aa did its predecessor.

To our friends and correspondents we would say,
you have our sincere thanks, and you ma„ have the
satisfaction of knowing that your labors are doing good
to ten thousand readers. And for their snkes — for the
sake of the cause of agriculture, ond the honor of the
Genesee Country — we entreat you to continue your
contributions, and enlist others in behalf of our under-
taking, and success and usefulness shall crown our ef-
fortr. »

Editors of Navspapcrs need not take the trouble to
send i;s their papers in exchange, unless specially re-
quested. Those who have kindly noticed our paper
shall receive it for the year. Any others, who desire
it, can hove it on the same terms: only sending us the
paper containing the notice.

Attention. Farmers!

We advise every farmer, into whose hands this pa-
per may fall, not to throw it carelessly aside. It con-
tains matters of great importance to every cultivator of
the soil, and deserves a careful perusal. Is he a farmer
of Monroe County? we oik him first to read ibe appeal
of his sincere friend and brother faruui', "X. Y,," and
also of "MoNRor," Poes be belong to some other
part of the Genesey Country, or the ^yeat? let him
first read the Messogcfrom "Gkneske," or "C****,"

The articles in this psper are mostly written by
practit^al farmers thcniaelven, men who workhsird with
their hai\ds ns well os their heads, who speak whnt
they rfi) A-wotf , mid iralify of what tlicv irt'c sc. n.

GREEN AND DRY WOOD FOR FUEL.

We sometimes hear the opinion advanced, that of
green and dry wood, in equal quantities, the former
produces ,the greatest amount of heat, in combuetioii.
More frequently it is asserted, that although green
wood may not produce more, if as much, heal aa dry,
yet it makes a much hotter fire.

In determining these questions, two things are to
I be taken ilito consideration, which are very important.
The first is, the quantily of heat which is lost by es-
caping through the chimney; ond the second is, what
kind of wood prevents most this loss

It has been found by experiment, that in a common
brick fire place, nine-tenths of the heat is lost. By
such a mode of warming houses, therefore, that kind
of fuel which will produce the greatest quantity of
heat, is not ncccssarHy the most effective. Dry wood,
for instance, may cause a strong upword current, and
so occasion the loss of a greater quantity of heat than
green wood. The latter, though not actually produ-
cing so much heat, may still warm a room better, iji
proportion to its heat, by throwing it more into the
room. A parallel caee occurs in the blacksmith's
forge, where water sprinkled over the surface of the
burning coal, by cooling that surface, and thus pre-
venting the enclosed heat from flowing out so freely
in hot currents, causes a greater heat within, and a
less rapid combustion of the coal without, than would
otherwise be the cose. So green wood, placed upon
an open fire, by lessening the draught, and continuing
longer in burning, may produce more heat, in the
room, or at least, nwre in proportion to its actual heat-
ing power, than dry wood. This, of course, applies
to the common mode of burning green and dry wood
by splitting the former unnecessarily small. There ia
no doubt, however, thot if wood is well seasoned, and
the sticks very large, so as to produce much less cur-
rent, oud a longer combustion, it would impart more
heat to a room than green \vood, even from an open
fire place.

But in stoves and hot-air furnaces, where a large
portion of the heat is saved, the diflcrence between
green and dry wood, and in favor of tbe latter, becomes
strikingly apparerit. We have recently had a good
opportunity of ascertaining this difference with some
degree of precision, by means of a hot-air furnace,
and find that good and eomrd green maple wood pro-
duces only about one-third as much heat as the same
kind in a well-seasoned state.

This difi'erence is owing lo the large quantity of
water contained in green wood, which it is necessary
to evaporate before the wood will burn. And in eva-
porating this water, it wiU be recollected, that a large
amount of heat passes off in a latent stale,— that this
amount is about four times as great as is required to
heat the water from the freezing to the boifing point.
The writer of this article has made experiments to de-
termiue «he quantity of water contained in green
wQod, (ind has Ihund it to be at least one-third of the
whole weight of the wood; itat is, seosoned wood is
only two-thirds as heavy as green. A litde calcula-
tion will show that there must consequently be at least
six barrels of water in a cord of green wood, which
must all be evaporated before the wood con burn. The
latent heat carried ofi" in the vopor of this wotc.- must
be four times as great as is required to heat it from free-
zing to boiling; that is, in every cord of green wood
which the farmer burns, he loses as much heat unne-
cessarily, ns would be requirad to boil twenty-four bar-
rels of water

FartiKjrs should, therefore, cut and cord their wood
a year .'n advance — and its value for burning in stoves
w;ill be more than double hy this seasonable eore.
Xow- is the time.

18

THE x\ E W GENESEE FAR M E R

\'0L. 1

SE.VSOXABLE IIIXT*.

It is of great importnnce now, na during the whole
of wiiucr, to he vigilor.t in keeping fami siotk in
good condition. Cniilc ehould be kept ns well fed,
as comfortable, and as fat as in summer. Young cat-
tle often loso aa much in their growth by imperfect
care in winter, as ten times the cost of good keeping
over bad.

Cattle ehould be watered regularly — should have sail
frequently — and if kept in stable, should btkipt clean
and well litiered, — if plenty of straw is used, it will
make plenty of manure.

When cattle are fed together, see that the strong do
not oppress the weak — if any get into a bad con<li-
tion, put them apart from the rest and give them e.\tra
food until they recover.

Hay or straw, of inferior quality, used aa cattle
fodder, should be sprinkled with brine to make it pal-
atable.

Calves, which at this season should be fatted fur kil-
ling, should be kept very clean, and well and regular-
ly fed.

Great pains ehould be taken to keep pigs in the best
condition — otherwise their growth will be greatly im-
peded, and they will continue poor through half the
summer, and their ultimate value much lessened. —
Proper keeping costs butlittis and saves much. i

Care should be taken that cows are milked c'ean,
the more sobs the operation is more tedious in winter
than at other times. Want of attention in this res-
pect will sjon causa them to become dry, which in
young cows is a lasting detriment to their value, as
when dried loo sjon before calving, they rarely recov-
er from the habit in subsequent 5-eaia.

Apple trees may be pruned to advantage during the
comparative leisure months of winter. By thinning
the top — cutting out crooked and stinted limbe — the
fruit is greatly improved in quality. The work is
best done with a saw, and large wounds prevented
from cracking and decaying, byapplyiny n coat of a
mi.xiure of hot tar and brick dust. It is also a very
proper lime for pruning hardy grape vines, if not alrea-
dy done, observing to cut oft" the less thrifty branches
and leaving a few of the moat vigorous buds for
growing. If done now, the wounds become dry be-
fore the bleeding season commences in spring, and all
danger from that causa enectnally prevented. There
are many cultivators of hardy grapes, who lose much
of the value of the crop, and obtain fruit cf compara-
tively very inferior quality, by suffering their vines to
become thick and stmted in their growih, thua greatly
diminishing the size, quantity, and excellence of the
crop.

There are many other things which should not be
forgotten — such as repairing tools and farming imple-
ments— cleaning end oiling harness — drowing and
cutting fuel to last through the summer — drawing
materials for fences, lic. A doy's work in winter will
often save ten dollars in summer.

Preiiavlns; Manures for Hot Beds.

Gardeners who intend to grow early vegetables by
means of hot-beds, should commence making prepa-
rations for that purpose during the present month. —
The manure should be got together two or three
weeks before it U intended to form the hot-bed, and
thrown into a heap, mi.ting it np in such a manner,
that il will ferment thoroughly. Fresh stable manure,
containing a good proportion of litler or straw:, is iho
proper kind for this purpose. 'I'bc quantity required
for a frame, say 10 feet long, and 4 feet wide, i,? about
six good wagon loads, supposing the bed is made
early in March. If the bed is not made so early, u
less quantity will suiricc.

Directions for making and managing bot-bc-d>< will
be given ne.xt montli.

Procuring Seeds, Tools, Ac.
Farmers and Gardeners should improve the present
good sleighing, and comparative leisure time, by pro-
curing their spring supplies of seed?, implements,
or any articles which may be required from o distance
. Frequent opportunities may now be found for send-
ing or going for such things without any difficulty or
expense ; whereas sjiring will soon be upon them
with all its wants, its huny, and its bad roads, when
"it may be extremely diificult to obtain such things,
however desirable.

THE siiiK ci;ltijre~oi'k views.

Since the first number of the Now Genesee Farm-
er made its appearance, we have been repeatedly a^k-
ed whatorc our viewson thesubject of Silk Cultivation
ond whether we intend to favor its advancement
in this section of country. Our answer is, we regard
the subject as one of the most important which can, at
the present time, engage the attention of the Ameri-
can people, and one which we believe is destined, at
rio distant period, to form a new era in the prosperity
of this nation. We have full confidence in the success
of the cause, and shoU endeavor to awaken a more
general interest on the subject, among our readers. —
At the same time, wc wish our silk growing friends
to bear in mind, that justice to our readers requires
that only a small portion of our columns should be de-
voted to this subject. Our duty, and our aim is, to do
the greatest good to the greatest number of our read-
ers, and so long as not more than about one in n hun-
dred of them is particularly interested in this depart-
ment of agriculture, of course we con only publish
such occasional articles on the subject, as will be
most likely to excite an interest in their minds.

We are located in the midst of the greatest groin
producing country in America, if not in the world;
and the " Genesee Farmer" is well known as the
channel of communication to thousands of men whose
well directed labors and fertile sojl, supply millions with
bread. In this section and much of the Western
country, the production of wheat, is, ond ought to be
the principal aim of the farmer. At the same time,
however, much may, even heie, be done to advantage
in the production of silk, ond that too without mate-
rially interlcring with the production of grain. The
quantity of land required for this business is compara-
tively small, and the kind of labor is such as may
mojtly be performed by females and children, whose
labor is now of little or no avail.

We expect soon to learn that many of our readers
are engaging inore or less in this business, and hope,
ere long, to see the fair daughters of Genesee, clad in
silk, produced on their own soil, by domestic indus-
try.

Thereare several periodicals now published in this
country, which ore exclusively devoted to the subject
of silk culture, and one or more, of which shoidd be
taken by every person engaged in that business, in or-
der that his cflorts may be succef'sfully directed.

"The National Silk Farmer" is the title of a pro-
posed new paper, to be published by John K. Sav.igk
at Philadelphia, under the patronage of the " Nation-
al Associotion for tlie promotion of the Silk Culture
in the United Stales." It was proposed to bo issued
weekly, on a sheet about half the size of the New
Genesee Ftcnii.'T, (S pages quarto,) price two dollars
per ycnr. Ilehuuld have cunmicneed Jan. Ist., 1840.
We received an outside impression oj' the first num-
ber some weeks since, hut nothing more has been
scan or heard of it by ns. If it goes on, we should
consider this the cheapest and most valuable paiior of
the kind for this section of count^'y.

" The Silk Grower" is published by the Messrs.
Che.vev, at Burlington, N. J., in pamphlet form,
monthly, each nuinber contoining 32 octavo pages
w.ih a printed cover, Brice Ij? per vcar.

"The Journal of the .American Silk Society" is
published by Gideo.s B. Smith, Baltimore. Tl c
last number of the first volume of this work hasju t
reached us. The following prospectcs for the nc-v
vol. contains interesting statements, and will txplo.n
the character o( the work:

"This Journol was established by the Ameritr n
Silk Society, -for the purpose of diffusing practical in-
formation on the culture of silk in the United States.
It has now been publithed one year, and may be
considered a work of standing character. The first
year's publication, comprising the first volume, con-
tains a mass of valuable information, ond it will be
the object of the editor to make the second equal in
all respecta, if not superior, to the first. The impor-
tant fact is now established beyond any question, ihat
the people of ihe United States can make silk cheaper
and better than any other nation upon earth. It has
been proved by unimpeachable testimony, tliat the
entire _cost of producing silk ready for niarkei, doce
not exceed iico dollars and ticcnty-ftcc cents pci
pound, and its lowest value is/isar rfuWars and Jifti
cents ; also that one acre of ground, planted in moruii
multicaulis, will produce, the first year the trees an i
lilantcd, y<j?7y-c/^/(/ pounds of silli, leaving a clca .
profit to the producer ol one hundred and eight dol
lors ! It has also been proved that the children ani
females of any farmer's family can, with the greates
possible ease, produce from fifty to a hundred pound
of silk every year, without so much clear gain, sa
from ii(l225 to $540. With these facie, we eubmii to a
intelligent people whether it is not a great and an in^
porlanl object for them to introduce the culture of sil
in every i'armcr's family in the Union. To enable a
our farmers to make silk, the 'Journal of the Amir
cm tilik Society' was established; it contains ploi
practical directions for cidtirating the trees, fccdiv
and renring silk icorms, reeling the sill:, and prcpi
ring it for market, S^c, besides all oihe/ informoiic
that can be required to enable any person to enter u
on the business, either upon a small or large fccalc-
Every friend of his country, into whose hon% it
paper may fall, will be doing a patriot and philantl.r
pist's work by inducing his friends and neighbors
enter their names upon the list of subscribeis.

The Journal of the American Silk Society is pv
lished monthly, in pamphlet form; each number co
tains thirty-two octavo pages, printed on new ty 1
and handsome paper, with a printed coloured cover, j

Terms: — Two dollars a year, or six copies fcr t
dollars, always to be poid before the woik is sent. .
subseninions to begin with the first number of ■
year, and in no case will the work be sent to any si
serilier longer than it shall have been poid for.

ILrA'cw Subscribers, who take the first and secc
volumes, will be charged only Three Dollars for '
two years.

* ^* Suhscriplions for either of the works will ^
received at the Rochester Seed Store, and New Ge •
see Farmer Office. "

VALIE OF S^VEET APPIiES.

We hove frequently had occoeion, in former yci t
to urge the importance of the culture of ajiples, cc ■
cially sweet ones; and it has long been our deci f
opinion that before many years hove elapsed, the c
of apples will be considered as second to the wl
crop only. 'Wc wish to state the greunds of
opinion.

In proof of the value of apples, cxpermientB-
been made, by which it apiiears, that hogs fed
them, increase much more rapidly in weight t
when fed upon potatoes, in eqnal quantity,
were cooUal in these experiments. It is Relieved
the advantages in fovor of apples would tc Etill grl
ej- when both arc fed uncooked.

But the superior cheapness oi ap\i\es is their gretj
rccomnieiidation. An app'e tree will stand o
square rod, making one hundred and sixty to the a|
by selecting productive varieties, good soil, ond k
ing the. ground cultivated, we may safely cone
upon five bushels of apples peroniium from each tl
which would be eight hundred bushels to the acre
the trees aic kinds which grow large and require nle
room ihan one square rod, ihey will produce mj
and BO compensate for their fewness. The cost,
aero, of tl'.o Isnd and orchard, may he estimatei

6n
11!

•It,

No. 2.

AND G A R D E N E R S J O U R N A L.

19

eighty (liillnis; and na iho crop oblnined from ibc
ground would pny for eultivnting it, the whole ex-
pense of ihe nppic crop would be the interest on eigh-
ty dojlnrs, thnt is, live dollars and sixty cents for eight
hundred bu^hcds; which would he at the rate ofscrcn-
tcnths of a cent, per bushel. It is probable, however,
that the land would rent for a trifle for tillage, which
would still reduce the cost.

Now, it is very rare that root crops can be raised
for le?s than six cents a bushel; and ns they arc less
nutritive, as has been already shown, the greatly su-
perior advantages of the culture of apples becomes at
once manifest.

There is another point whidi should not be over-
looked,— that ie, that no labor is required, after an or-
chard is planted, in keeping up the culture, — no sow-
ing nor planting, no weeding nor thinning — the ap-
ples, as a farmer observes, "raise themselves;" which
is a very important consideration in a country where
labor is costly, and land comparatively cheiip.

Scraps from our SJeiiioraiiiluin Book.

Inside P.\pering of Roo:\I'!, may be cleaned in
most instances by rubbing over the soiled part with a
piece of bread, which adheres to and removes the dirt.
India rublier might also be useful in many instances.
Inside work, painted in oil, should be rubbed with
flannel dipped in warm water, and afterwards wiped
with a dry cloth. Loudon says, " In general, it will
be found the best economy to have the ceilings of the
living-rooms painted in oil, and to have the walls ci-
ther painted, or covered with what is called washing
paper, the colors of which, being in oil, admit freely
of being washed with flannel or sponge, and water.
Trau<!p!antiit2:.

It is not very common that too much pains are
taken in transplanting trees. A man is hired at a
dollar a day; and to make the most of his work, thirty
trees are put in hastily, instead of twelve thoroughly;
and twice the ainount of his wages is lost by trees
dying from superficial transplanting, and more than
ns much more by their subsequent stinted growth. —
A htmiorouB writer says, "Whenever the trees ore
to be or have been long out of ground, take care to dry
up the roots, by exposing iht^i as much as you can to.
the sun and air; do not be nice in planting; but do and
say with Twigg's uncle:

" I rams 'em in,
Now thick, now thin;
For what cares I
If they grow or die."
Preserviag IIa:^i? from- the Fly.

We are informed by a very experienced person,
that a very eifoctiinl and easy method of preserving
hams from the ottacks of the ?.y, is to rub over the
fleshy part, just befjre they are hung in the smoke-
house, a spoonful of finely ground pepper to each
piece.

Razor Strap-s.

It is well known that the oxide of tin has been verj'
suc-jessfuUy used as a paste for razors: — an excellent
mode of applying the oxide to a strap which has lost
its elficicy, is to rnb it strongly across a tin vessel,
there being, in ordinary cases, suniciem of the oxide
upon its surface to coat the snrfoce of the strap.
Value of Fr-Jit.

Pri.n'ce's Imperial G.vgk. — The tree is of extraor-

nary productiveness. The fruit is larger than the
en gage, and of excelknf quality. A single tree
of this variety at Charleston, (Ma^s.), owned by Sa-
muel R. Johu3:>n, has tor several 6Mcce=sive years yiel-
ded crops which were said at from forty to ffty dol-
lars per annum. — KenricI:.

Marking Bigs, Tools, &c.

Bags, tojle, vcsEfle, &c., are frequently lost for
want of the owner's nam? upon them; a eimple mode
( f narking is theref^ire of some injpoftnnce. Psete-

bonrd is frequently used, through which the letters of
the name are cut, and placed upon the object to be
marked, the paint from a brush passes through ond
marks the name accurately. But pastc-boord often be-
comcssoftened by the paint, the corners curl, and the
leilers are defaced. To remedy this, tin-plate is sub-
stituted for paste-bonrd, but the Inborof cutting the let-
ters is much increased. We have found, however,
that iJiick shccl lead possesses the advantages of both;
the letters may be cut with great facility, and they re-
tain their shape as well as when cut through sheet tin.
Raisin;^ Water from Wells,
A good pump is one of the very best modes ol' rais-
ing water; a had one is \\-orse than the old-fashioned
"sweep-pole" and bucket. But as pumps generally
slightly affect the taste of the water, especially when
little used, many prefer drawing water from the kitch-
en well by means of a drum for the bucket-rope to run
upon, and a heavy counterpoising weight running up-
on the axle of the drum. The chief difficulty, howe-
ver, appears to be in piocuring a suitable weight for
this purpose — a large stone is commonly uged, a hole
being drilled into it, and a hook attached to the stone
by pouring round it, into the hole, melted lead. Bnt
a much easier, and far more neat anil convenient way
is to fill ixkeg with stones, or better still with broken
cast iron or iron pigs, and pour sand into the intersti-
ces. The weight of this may be regulated ot pleasure
by the quantity of materials in the keg. The keg
should be suspended by a strap of harness leather, two
or three i nchea wide, which winds concentrically up-
on the a-xle.

Fur t/ic "^'cw Genesee Farmer.

FARM STOCK--AO. 1.

Messrs. Editors — It is a verj" pitiable sight, to go
about our country and see the condition of the multi-
tudes of cattle and sheep which fill almost every
farmer's yard in the spring of the year. The sever-
ity of our winters, with bad management, are, in my
opinion, the sole causes of so much poverty among our
cattle. The fact is, farmers keep too much stock,
therefore, some, of course, must look poor in
spring. Many farmers have their farms overstocked
with horses, and do not cut fodder sufFiciont to keep
them, as they ought to be, to look line in the spring of
the year. Of this, many are now sensible, and are
determined to diminish their stock at all hazards, and
even dispose of the greatest share, and see if they
cannot, hereafter, cut fodder enough to winter the re-
mainder. The fact is, Messrs. Editors, farmers want
to keep a large number of cattle, and at the same time
grow large crops of wheat, which it :s impossible to uo
and keep them in the condition they should be. If a
farmer desires to grow wheat largely, let him do so;
and if he desires to raise stock, let it be his solo busi-
ness; but by no means attempt both in large quantities,
upon one form, because it is rmining the land too hard,
and Will very soon spoil it for anything. In this
country, where the land is so well adapted to all kinds
of grain, farmers would, in my opinion, do much bet-
ter to raise wheat than Block. One great detriment
in growing stock, ie, the winters are so very long and
severe, that it is almost impossible to winter a herd of
cattle through, without having thorn re'duced almost to
skeletons. It very often required all summer to get
cattle and sheep in as good condition as when winter
commenced. If we have a desire to go into the stock
growing business in this cold latitude, we must see
that our cattle and sheep are well taken care of, and
have sufficient to t.itisfy hunger in cold weather. In
pursuing this course we may grow slock to a small ex-
tent, but without it, it is impossible to have them good.

Yet there are many, hov.-sver, who have been
pinched in past time, who will, most likely, as soon
OS grass comi'i, fwget their troubles and reeolvcs; and

as their calves are dropped, say, "Well, it is a pity to
knock such a pretty calf in the head— 1 con't spare the
milk to fat him, but lean bring him up on skim milk,"
and thus he is sufli?rei to live, a skim milk calf, turo
enough; and the next, and the next, and so on to the
lost, are also suflercd to live. Now, sirs, a calf will
live through the summer on skim milk, but as soon
as cold weather comes he will begin to fail, and ten
chances to one whether he survives the winter. It
is a very poor plan, in my eetimation, to try to biing
up calves on skim milk — they will never look half os
nice OS those broiight up on sweet milk or those that
suck the cows, nor make half so good cattle at three
years old. If we intend to raise calves, (or any thing
clue,) let us try to raise them as they ought to be. —
Nothing loolcs so handsome in the winter season, aa
to go into a barn yard, ond see the cattle all in a good,
thriving condition, and have a comfortable situation,
to repose through the cold winter storms. When wo
see such, we may rely that the man is a good practi-
cal farmer, and has some pride in tcking care of his
domestic animals.

Now let us look on the other bond, and sec the far-
mer that has no protection for his stock. We sec at
once thot his cattle and sheep are always, in a very
poor condition, and very probably ere spring arrives
he will be complaining about losing cattle, and won-
ders why they should be so much poorer than his
neighbors, when perhaps they have a good supply of
food three times a day. It is obvious such formers
neglect to provide shelters, and hence the difference.

Sheep are, in my opinion, very much neglected. —
Many think, because they have a thick coot of wool,
they need ns shelter, and many are thus lost. They
need as much protection as our horses; that is, if we
expect great profit from them the coming season. If
sheep are not well wintered, their wool will not be
very good, and more than this, ihey will be so very
poor, that it will be a very great trouble to shear them.

What looks more pitiable in the eyes of the passer-
by, than to see sheep aird cattle all foddered together?
and some of them .with their fleeces almost torn ofl",
others, os the old saying is, ".ibout ready to kick the
bucket," ond only by neglect of the farmer.

Some farmers still continue in their old practice of
farming, and say there is nought to be learned by ta-
king agricultural papers, and will not take them. —
There are, however, very Itw but think such jiapers
are tiseful to the farming community. By them, we
learn difS.Tent modes that have proved the best in
growing all kinds of grain, and therefore saved a great
deal of hard labor and expense. Agriculture is im-
proving very rapidly in Western New York, ond will,
in all probability, continue to do so. There is nought
to hinder the farmers of this fertile and picturesque
country fiom enjoying every thing so conducive to
their peace, comfort, ond happiness. They hove first-
rate lands, and by good management, may become
more prosperous every succeeding year. It is not
half the labor now to keep our farms in repair & do our
work as formerly — we have various kinds of forming
implements, eucb, for inbtance, os the patent plough,
drag, and throshing mochiife. Foim.erly, formers hod
none but the old bull plough — no way to thrash wheat
but the flail, which was a very slow process. Besides
the great improvements in farming tools, there arc al-
so great improvements in stock, so much so that the
cattle and sheep now roised in ^V'estern New York are
worth double, yes, treble, those grown formerly.

RespectfivUy yours, AV. S. T.

Sovtit J'cnicc, January 14, 1S40.

Remarks. — Our correspondent has taken a very

jnst view of the importance of winter protection for

domestic animals. Hp has also very properly expo-

: sed the pernicioos effects of attempting to raise tviee

20

THE NEW GENESEE FAR M E R

V

OL.

1

M much larm Block as can be prolitnbly Bustainod on a
given amount of food. The truth should be con-
stantly enforced, that thorough farming is the most
profitable — that a few, fine domestic animals, produce
more, ultimately, than many poor ones — and that
farmers should no longer take it for granted that cattle
are to become poorer through winter than through
summer, but that they should be kept as fat and as
comfortable at one seafion%)f the year as at another.

Vi'c think, however, that no farmer should attempt
to make the culture of wheal, or the raising of cattle,
as his exclusive business. A mixed husbandry is
doubtlcs fur the most profitable for an extended course.
By a continued practice of raising grain, landbeciinics
exhausted; and by a ennliimed grazing, the i)roduet
of grass becomes diminished. An alteration not only
corrects these evils, but it is absolutely csfcntial to an
imjiroviiig sysieni of farming. To raise large crops,
manure is of the first importance, and this can only
be manufactured by domestic animals. On the other
hand, to feed cattle properly, grain and root crops
must be cultivated for their food, and pastures are
reWlcred most productive by enriching the land oces-
Bionally with manure and tillage. Thus these two
departments of farming reciprocally assist each other,
and the most profitable farming is thai which thus
constantly lends to improve itself.

The Culture of Mangel Wrtzel and Sugar
Beet, for Stock.

BT VVM. GARBUTT, OF WHKATl.AND.

It is luiown to many of our readers, that Mr. Wm.
Garbutl was one of the first who commenced the cul-
ture of the Mangel Wurtzel in this section of country.
And while President of the Monroe County Agricul-
tural Society, he did much to introduce that practice of
root cultivation, which is now found so advantageous
to farmers throughout the Genesee country. Mr.
Garbutl has an extensive wheat farm, and keeps a
good aesortmcnt of stock, He grows large quantities
of roots, and considers this crop of great importance
to the wheat farmer, as it enables him to till niorp land,
and keep a larger amount of stock at the same time,
to better advantage than he could possibly do other-
wise. Mr. G. has kindly furnished us with the re-
sults of his long experience in the culture of Mangel
Wurtzel, which we are happy to lay before our readers.
It should be kept in mind, that the culture of Sugar
Beets is in all respects the same rs that of Mangel
Wurtzel.

The Proper Soil and Preparation.
I consider a rather heavy loam, with an open grav-
elly bottom, the best of all soils for Mangel Wurtzel,
or Sus^ar Beets. I had rather it would incline to
clay than sand. Strong wheat soil, such as is too
heavy for corn, if it has not a hard bottom, so as to
retain too much wet, will do well for this crop, if suf-
ficiently enriched. Some will suppose that such land
will be too apt to bake and become hard in summer,
hut that is easily prevented by proper manuring and
after tillage. Many persons fail in their root crops
from want of a proper selection of soil, or rather
from not adapting the crop to the soil. The Ruta
Bagn and Carrot will not flourish on a heavy soil, but
require a sandy loam; while the English Turnips dc-
Jighl in new land or a low mucky soilj such as is too
cool and wot for other roots.
It is very important that the groniid for Mangel Wurt-
zel be not only of the right kind, but in tlie best possible
condition — well cnricdied and fieo from weeds. The
previous crop, therefore, should be §omc ho^'d crop, as
potatoes or corn, which ehould be well manured and
kept free from weeds. In preparing the ground for
Mangel Wurtzel. 1 would recnnimend that a good
thick drefdiug of well rotted manure be spread on and
nloughod ttjjder io the fall. The quantity of manure

should, of course, depend on the richness ol the soil, \
but, I woiUd say, he sure and e^'rc enough — the crop
will repay, with interest. There is little danger ol
this crop Bnflering from over manuring. 1 prefer
ploughing the land in the tall, because it is desirable to
plant early in the spring, and by exposing it thus to the
frost during winter, it will be in much better condition
in the spring.

About the first of May, which is usually as soon as
the ground will work pleasantly, when not so wet as
to clog, nor 60 dry as to be lumpy, I prejjare it for the
seed. If the gromid be manured and ploughed in
the fall, I only give one good ploughing in the spring,
with thorough harrowing (and if at all dry and lumpy,
rullini' ond harrowing) until fine and mellow. lithe
ground be not made fine and in good order, it is dilE-
cull sowing, and the seed will not vegetate well.

I prefer ridging the land for Mangel Wurtzel, al-
though some persons contend that it exposes the roots
too much to the effects of drought. But if the ground
be frequently stirred and kept free from weeds, there is
little danger of the crop sufl'ering from this cause: —
Whereas, by ridging the ground, the roots have a
greater depth of warm rich earth, and with me always
succeed better than on a fiat surface. 1 form the ridge
by going through and back with a light plough. The
ridges should be two and a half or three feet apart, so
a^ W allow room lor a horse to go between the rows. —
If thd top of the ridges are not smooth and mellow, it
will be an advantage to go over them lightly, with a
rake, by hand, before opening the drills.

Preparing the Seed, and Sowing.
The quantity of seed re(|Uired for an acre is about
three pounds. I had rather sow more than less, as it
is easy to thin them out, and the cost of seed is noth-
ing in comparison with the value of the crop. Much
complaint is sometimes made of Mangel Wurtzel and
Sugar Beet seed failing to grow. These seeds are not
quite as sure of vegetating as some kinds; still, if
rightly prepared, and sown when the ground is in good
condition, before the weather becomes too dry, they
will very seldom fail of growing. The seed should
always be soaked in soft water, standing in a warm
place, for three or four days before sowing. The
shell of the seed is very hard, and requires a long
time soaking for it to become softened so that the germ
can burst it open. I have sometimes known it fail
after being soaked, owing to late sowing and dry
weather; but I have never known it fail from excess
of moisture, even though soaked a number of days
before sowing, and followed by long rains afterwards.
My experience is decidedly in favor of early sowing.
I prefer to sow as early as the first of May, if possible,
andhad rather sow a week or two earlier, than later.
When every thing is ready for sowing, I pour off
the water from the seed, and roll it in white plaster,
(slacked lime or flour will answer,) so as to give it a
white appearance, in order that it moy be more easily
seen on the ground in sowing,

I have never found a machine or drill harrow with
whifb I conld sow the seed to my liking, My meth-
od is as follows: — I constructed a machine for opening
the drills, lo be drawn by a horse. Take a piece of
scantling, about 4 feet long, and 3 or 4 inches thick,
in which place two thills or shafts for the horse, and
two handles to hold by, like a small horse-rake; but
instead of a number of teeth, only place one peg, or
tooth, about one foot long, on the under side, within
about a foot of the right hand end of the beam, to
that when the horee walks in the furrow between
the ridges, the tooth svill come on the top of the right
hand ridge, by passing along which it will open a drill
lor the seed. The machine can be easily guided, and
the drills may thus be all prepared in a very shcrlitime
If the patch to be planted be small, of course the
f^ljf can be made by hand, ^ith a hn< or stick, —

They should be about two inches deep, or so that the
seed will be at least an inch deep when covered over
smoothly. I sow the seeds by band, scattering them
along the drills, about two inches opart. This can be
done verj- regularly and rapidly after a little practice.
The seed should be sown as soon as possible after the
drills are opened, and covered over immediately after
being sown. Cover with a hoe or rake, bo as to leav»
the ridges smooth, and the work is completed.

(Directions for tJiinning, hoeing, harresting, prt-
serting, feeding, ^-c. rcill be giren in our next num.
her.)

For the A'etr Genesee Earner.

Profits on a Peck of Rohan Potatoes,

Messrs. Editors —

As you have invited the farming community to cast
in their mites, and promised if they came in their
homely dress, that you will fit them to meet the public
eye, I will venture to give yon a few simple facts rela-
ting to my success in the noble calling of larming, or
rather, in growing Rohan Potatoes. And, although I
now appear in a borrowed name, I will be faithful to
the truth, in order thpt when my real name shall be.
come known, it may not suffer from what has appear-
ed under the assumed.

Among my purchases at the Rochester Seed Store
last Spring, was a peck of Rohan Potatoes, at $1.50.
I well remember thai the quantity was no more, and
so, no doubt, docs Mr. Bateham's clerk, who sold me
them: Mr. B. not being at all pleased with him for
selling me so large a quantity as a whole peck, as he
wished to accommodate all with a few, and had then
only about a bushel left. I had secured the potatoes,
however, and considered the purchase a good one, al-
thou"h I had no idea of making my fortune from a
peck of potatoes. Still, as the sequel will show, there
have been many, very many worse speculations enter-
ed into, ond many a fortune made from a meaner capi-
tal.

I sent the potatoes with many other seeds lo a farm
in the country, in which I have an interest, but neg-
lecting to give particular directions about them, they
were planted in the same manner as common potatoes,
and had been in the grrund a week before I leorned the
fact. I immediately had them dug up, and cut into
pieces of a single eye each, and planted in hills,
three and a half feet apart, three sets in a hill. Their
after culture was the same as for common potatoes. —
They were dug the first week in October, ond yielded
in good round measure, thirty bushels of the largest
and finest potatoes I ever saw. I had a few of them
sent into the city, 54 of which averaged more than 2
lbs. each — one weighed 2 lbs. 14 oz. I had a few of
them baked and served up at one of the hotels, and
they were pronounced, as they really were, excellen I
for the table — dry, mealy, well flavored, and free from
hollow or spot, unlike overgrown pototoes of the com-
mon kinds. My farmer tells me he has no doubt that
had he planted only two sets in a hill, and followed
otherwise the instructions given in the Genesee Far-
mer the produce would have been fifty bushels, in-
stead of thirty. I moy well be satisfied, however, with
the amount I shall realize as it is. I sold a few bush-
els of my crop as low as $4 per bushel, but the greater
part of them ore sold, selling, or engaged, at $6 to $8
per bushel.
4 bushels were sold curly in fall ot $4, is
10 " engeged and sold since, $0, is
10 " packed away to send to difi'erent
places, at .■*■?,

$16 00
60 Off

80 00

$156 00

I have full five bushels left for seed, which will om-

ply pay the iirsl cost mid cultivation — thus leoving me

n clean little pr: fit of .$156 from mv peck of potatoes,

or the produce ti.ercof.

Truly Yours,

JORN NoRTR.

Rochester, Jtnuary 2fitb, 1840.

No. 2.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL

21

CI

For the iXeir Genesee Farmer.

The Importance of au Aarricultural Paper in
the Genesee Country.

Messrs. Editors, — I am niucb pleneed with ihe
appearance of ibe first number of your New Genesee
Farmer. It is nil that could be wished or e.Npected;
nnd while it is highly creditable to you, it is worthy
of, and I believe will certainly receive, the support of
all good farmers. I feel that the continuance of such
a paper in this section, is of the utmost importance,
not only to me, as an individual, but to the whole ag-
ricultural community. And if you will allow me a
column for the purpose, I will give my brother
farmers a few reasons why I think they should unite
in sustaining this paper.

Having driven or held a plough for more than twen-
ty years, in this country, (Genesee,) its soil nnd cli-
mate, and the peculiarities incident to each, which
need to be attended to by a farmer, are more familiar
to me than they can be to many among us, who have
recently arrived from a distant or perhaps foreign land.
While these bring with tliem industry and enterprise,
a good, perhaps a superior, knowledge of the general
principles of agriculture, and of its practice, too, as
adapted to their former place of residence, they
must, from the nature of the case, be ignorant of the
local peculiarities of their new homes — of the particu-
lar character of our soil, nnd our crops — of the best
time and place to market their produce and obtain
supplies, &c. Now, to such persons, what can be
more important than a publication which has for one
of its objects, the giving of this very information, and
where a " new comer," when he finds his former ex
perience at fault, may apply with Sn assurance of hav-
ing his questions answered by those, whose lonfer
residence here has rendered these local matters famil
iar. But this is not all, which I wish to say to this
class of farmers. While we are ready to give inform
ation on all these points, we ask, in return, some of
the knowledge which our new neighbors bring with
them, from a distance. For this puipose, your paper
afiFords the best possible means of communication, and
indeed the only one, except travelling and conversa-
tion, both of which must be casual nnd limited ; I
woiUd, th-yrefore, most earnestly call on all such, to
aid this puhlicntion, as subscribers and contributors.

But it is not to these alone, that your paper offers
valuable aid — valunbl far beyond the small sum de-
manded for it. The general principles of agricidture
may be learned, as the general principles of any other

science, from books. But not so, the practice, this

can only be learned by experience, — your own experi-
ence, or your neighbors'. And this experience must,
from the very nature of the caee, be local ; it cannot
ibe brought from a distance ; for, although the general
irinciples remain the same, experience only can teach
,ow far they are affected or modified by the peculiari-
ties of our own soil and climate. It is from a for^et-
fulness of this fact, that our "Book Farmers," (as
they are frequently called,) so seldom succeed. Not
that they have learned too much from hooks, but that
they have learned too little from experience. Now,
one great advantage of an agricultural paper is, that
it makes my neighbors' experience mine. For exam-
ple, ten, or more, individuals report in the Farmer
what success they have met with in growin" a new
variety of corn, potatoes, or any other crops, or new
modes of raising them, that gives me the experience
of these ten or more persons ; and I may adopt that
crop or that particular culture, or discard it, as the re-
sult of their experiments may have been favorable or
otherwise, and that, too, with more confidence than
I could with only a single experiment of my own. It
is in that way that most of our valuable improvements
have bern introduced, nnd will be in future. And if
wo would keep up with thnse around us, adopting
what is valuable, ond avoiding what is worthless, in

the various real or pretended improvemi-uta continu-
ally off'ered to us — I know of no way of doing it so safe
and effectual as by supporting, in the midst of us, a
paper, in which all these matters shall be reported up-
on by those who have tried them — by those who can-
not be deceived, and have no interest in deceiving
others.

But there is another and still more important reason,
why I wish to urge upon my brethren of the Plough,
the support of this paper ; and of this paper in partic-
ular. It is emphatically our oxen paper, located in the
midst of us, and devoted to our interests — a native of
our cl imatc, and indigenous to oursoil. Every reason
which should induce us to cherish and support a local
paper, of any kind, applies with full force to this. —
Our portion of the State has obtained a high reputation
for agriculture, at home and abroad ; and we reap the
advantage of it, in the increased demand for, nnd con-
sequent increased value ot, our farms. We arc directly
and deeply interested in supporting onr high character;
and in no way can we so cfFectually do it — abroad at
least — as by a generous and efficient support of a Pe-
riodical, by which only v.e are known abroad. This
is not theory — it is fuel. We have tried it, and we
know it to be so. When the Genesee Farmer was first
printed, we were scarcely known abroad ; and the
value of ouv location was but poorly understood, nnd
the richi:iese of our soil but partially known. The is-
suing ofthatpaper setthe world right upon these points;
ar.d we were greatly the gainers by it. And now
shall we loose all of that advantage, for want of a little
timely nesistance to this new paper, which has stepped
in to take the place, which the removal of the old one
has left vacant ? If we do so, we shall certainly lose
character nnd credit, and money, too. I say money
too, for there is not one among us, who is not interest-
ed in the success of this agricultural paper in our own
vicinity, in Ol pecuniary point of view, as a mere mat-
ter of money. The cost of it is a mere trifle, what
every one of us can afilird to give, nnd for which we
shall receive, in return, morotiian tenfold what it cost
us, in the pleasure and profit of perusing it ; it will
save us from the discredit of having lost ground in ag-
riculture, merely by the removal of the former publi-
cation— it will sustain our enviable reputation, as an
agricidtural district ; and will say to the world, that
neither the/unns nor the yarmcrs of Genesee, are too
poor to support, what they were first in the State to
establish, — a paper of their own.

Jan. 1840. Genesee.

Vur the Neto Genesee Tanner.
FRUIT TREES FROM CITTTING8.

Messrs. Editors — I noticed in the Genesee Farmer
under date of Nov. 2d., an article on the |jropogation
of fruit trees from cuttings. This, like all other
wonderful discoveries of the day, has been widely co-
pied into the newspapers, both agricultural and polit-
ical. It has had a wonderful effect; and there are
those, in this age of improvement, who swallow with
avidity, every humbug that appears in print, who are
of the opinion that this new discover)- will soon sii- 1
persede the old slow and up-hill method of plnntino-
seed?, engrafting and inoculating, to obtain choice
varieties of fruit.

Now, I shall hazard the assertion that the article nl.
luded to is not of recent origin, nnd therefore may not
be put down as a new invention under the .sun. It
was put forth long before one half of the world under- 1
stood the meaning of the terms " moms mullicatilis" 1
or "Chinese Tree Corn." Indeed, the same article

appeared in print in the spring of 18"23, nearly i; '

years ago. I think I cannot be mistaken that it is the j
same, word for %vord. Being then, as well as now I
engaged in the nursery business, I resolved to trv the '
experiment. Accordingly I followed the dirceiione I
laid down, and put in about 500 cuttings of the apple |

and pear. It proved an entire failure — not one grew
As the ground had just been highly manured, and as
the season had been rather dry, I attributed the failure
in a mensure to these causes. I resolved to make an-
other trial; and the following spring selected a moist
soil, and again planted out some 2 or oUO. A few of
them started and grew for n short time, nnd then with-
ered away, not one of thein having taken root. So
much for this humbug.

I would here remark, that if writers on ngriculture
and horticulture, would merely state what they knote
to be facts, after a fair and full investigation; and not
rely on their "no doubts," and "appears to do well,"
talten frequently from hearsay evidence, and often be
fore experiments have fully tested them; much great-
er reliance could then be placed on their statements.
Many experiments that appear to do well at the out-
set, prove a failure afterwards.

Grafting on the Wild Cherry.

Some three or four years since, I oliserved nn arti-
cle in the Genesee Farmer, stating that the cultivated
cherry would not grow when inoculated or engrafted
on the wild black cherry. Seeing no good reason
why it should not, I determined to try the experiment.
I procured and planted some of the seeds; they grew
and produced fine thrifty stocks. A year ago last
summer 1 had some of them inoculated from our best
English cherries. I examined them in the autumn,
and they appeared to do well. Last spring, I had .
some fitly or sixty others engrafted; they appeared to ^
adhere finely, soon after pushed out their leaves and
grew vigorously; indeed, they nppenred to be doing
quite as well as those worked on the stocks of the
English Mazzard cherry. I then cnmeto the conclu-
sion that the story of their not growing on the wild
cherry was all humbug. And had I possessed more
leisure at that season of the year, I fear that I should
have come out with a communication, stating my suc-
cess in the experiment. But soon my grafts and buds
began to wither, and before midsummer the most of
them had ceased to be. Some lew have remained
green during the spring and autumn, but I do not ex-
pect to find one of them alive in the spring.

B. H.

Buffalo Nurscn/, January, 1840.

We esteem communications, such o-j the preceding
as not less valuable than the report? of orii'inal exoer-
iments. To establish the correctness or fallacy oij
written statements, is of great importance. A new-
mode of culture became^ of much greater value when
the reader can know for a certainty that such mode
can be depended on ; and much nee-diess trouble and
expense may be saved hy a timely exposure of impo
sitions. With regard to tha di6e;>very alluded to by our
correspondent, that of propogating fruit trees by cut-
tinge, from the repeated failures we have known in
past, years, in similar attempts, we hnd concluded that
u was long since given up, and were not a little sur-
prised to see it come forth again, a few months since,
as a discovery of great value,— iWs. A'. G, far.

Mode of extractikg Wai from Hoket Comb.

Have on theCre nn open vessel of boiling water, and
stand by the fire an open vessel of cold water ; put the
comb close tied in the canvass has, in the boiling wa-
ter, and repeatedly squeeze it down with a stick <p
Largo wooden spoon ; the wax will come through the
bag and swim on the top of the water ; skim it off'and
put it in the vessel of cold water ; by repeatedly
squeezing the bag and skimming, every particle of wax
is obtained, when congealed it may be taken off and
melted, and cast into moulds of any convenient shape
for sale. — Glasgow Mechtmics Mag,

A gentleman of Liverpool, it ie said, has in .en ted -a,
steam engine that will perioral the distttu,.e beiweea,
Liverpool and America in six days.

lie who receive* e good turn should-iiever for^et.il
— he who does of.e piould nevf ; remember it.

22

THE xN E W ,G E N E S E E FARMER

Vol. -l

From I'.c Sew En^laJul Farmer.
FOREST TnEES— TIICIK IMPOKTAXCE
— SOWING THE SEi:0.

Mr. Colmax,— When wc wimesalue rapid diini-
nuiion of iLu primilivc lorcsls of N«w England, and
relicct upon ibe intense rigor of our winioie, and ihc
increasing demands upon our woodlands tor other pur-
poses than that of supplying fuel im an increasing pop-
ulation, we cannot but be aaxioui^ m behalf ol those
who are to come aficr us, as to the from whence they
arc to derive one of the most necessary articles to their
comfortable existence — their timber for fuel and other
purposes. We arc fully aware that our fears are
deemed i'oolisU by many, for they point us to our
groves, whose "tall old trees" have long since passed
away, anil to our itiounlains, whose rugged sides and
"airy tops" almost bid deliance to the vandal cxcur-
Bions of the a.veman, and oxelaiai, "the growth is
greater than the caiiKumpiion." This, however, is
not the fact; for our groves are hardly sulEcient to
shield poets and muses from a summer's eun, much
less to protect them from the cold winds of winter,
while our mountains are literally exhibiting the ap-
pearance of so many mighty Sampsons, shorn ol their
beautiful locks, with tbc Philistines still gathering
around to take the last remnant of their strength away.
AVe arc led to these remarks by an inquiry in your
paper of October 2d, as to the best manner of sowing
the seed of forest trees, a process which, if eucce-sful,
we have no doubt may be prohtably employed in cov-
e-in" many lands which are almost valueless for other
purposes, with a growth of limber, the increase of
which would give a rich per ccntage, and in a course
of years become valuable in itself, and when taken off,
leave the lands in good stale for cultivation.

We kn iw of no better way of aiding nature, than
by observing her process and conforming our opera-
tions thcelo as nearly as possible.

Hence when we see a forest spring up and grow
rirpidly, we may well examine the condition of the ^oil
in which its rudiment vegetated.

We find on examination, that trees which spring up
by fences have the most rapid giowth of any in open
lands. An obvious reason may be offered why it is so.
Such places are usually the richest parts of our fields

quite loo much so to allow them to be overrun with

thorns and thistles, and their fertility continues to in-
crease by leaves being depositeil br-side them, as long
as the olll fence continues. We give one example of
B tree — an oak — which sprung up upon our own prem-
ises, and which, for our own convenience, we have
sawn down since the enquiry of your correspcmdent
reached us. On examination v.-e found it contained
nine cortical layers, and was fourteen and a half feet
high. It mu:-t have origlnaiod in an acorn, ns there
is no similar tree in many rods. It must have been
Bli-'hily covered, unless the squirrels buried it deep. —
It had a fine light soil, which we deem important to
the successful vegetation of all seeds.

Your c irrespnndent enquires how chestnuts should
be sown. We have never sown any, for we have a
plenty of the timber without, and a prospect, with
good managemcirt, of its continuation from self-sown
trees. We cnn tell him how nature sows them. The
land on which chestnut grows in the forest is generally
light and free from grass and weeds. Tbc (all of the
fruit and leaf is about the aaiiii- time, and from beneath
its covering of leaves, the fruit, the next spring, sends
us a new tree. We would not, however, recommend
this covering of leaves in open fields, lest they blow
away and leave the fruit bare, or if they remain, they
become so dry as to prevent germination. A slight
covering of mould must supply the place.

Tiic Innr nted .Iiidge Buel, whose praise is in the
mouth of all good iarniers, and who, though dead, still
Boeaks, and must long speak to us by the practical pre-
cepts he has given, says — (vide iM. E. Farmer, vol.
viii. page 164,)-'-On the 28th of May, 16:57, I repair-
ed to the banks of the Hudson, with an assistont, and
coll'-'cted seeds of the soft niaiile, some species of the
clin nnd of the buttenwood which were then tailing —
the latter of the preceding year's growth. They
wt^rc planted the same day, very thick, in beds of
mould. They immeihately grow, and the plants at-
taine'l some size that year. Last week [the article is
dated Nov. 28, 183!), [ 1 trans^plnntcd sonic of the ma-
ples for ornamental trees, which were from ten to four-
teen feet hiL'h. Some of the buitonwoods were ten
and the elms six or seven. This in thirty months
from the time of planting the seed." , .lodge B. then
goes on to stale his process of planting out three hun-
dred more of these trees, which he obtained from " a
space less than six feet squnro," and transplanting
them ata "space of about four ami ahalflcct," to form
a screen on the side of a field, which in fifteen yacrs
he rioooe»d would do to cut for fuel, end wo«ld con

linue to renew itself for the axe, by siirouts Irom the
slumps once in fifteen yeais. lie also stated that the
expense of his trees thus far did not exceed $3.

Your inquirer says that he planted his trees on grass
land, some of whico is dry and sohd, the rest meadow,
— all (avorable to the growth of wood, large forests hav-
ing grown there in time back.

Is it not probable that this land has become too solid t
an event which will take place where long cultivation
is followed by the exhaustion of the fine vegetable
mould, which is important in accelerating the growth
of young forest trees. Did not bis thiifty young trees
of natural growth, in the north end of the field, start up
while the land was new, perhaps by an old stump, or by
an old fence, or did they start up in grass land (

K we wish to plant the seeds of trees of any kind,
we should pursue the plan of .ludge Buel — prepare us
a seminary of good vegetable mould, of such size as wc
thought best, then we should gather our acorns, chest-
nuts and walnuts, or other seeds, when they fvU from
the tress, and sow them immcdiutthj and lihcruUij,
broadcast. At a suitable time wc would trr.nsplant
them — a ceremony which may be lapidly passed
through, and we should be very sanguine of success.
This may look to your inquirer Uke a roundabout way
oi gctlins to tJictcood, but we would rather take it
than to tncet with a disappointment similar to his, for
in this way the trees starting from a soil congenial to
their habits, would be healthy, which would enable
them to push forth more vigorously in his land, dry and
sobd, than though they had originated there, plants of
slow and sickly growth.

Since we are on the subject of trees, which it ap-
pears is quite a hobby with us, we ask leave again, as a
suitable season for operation is now on hand, and as
the hurrying season of the farmer is past, to call the «/-
tcnlion of your readers to transplanting. Last spring
we all paid our highway tax most cheerfully, in anfici-
pation of smooth roads to pass over in our business and
pleasure excursions during the season. We have been
more than compcnsoted for the few shillings set against
us, by the luxury they have brought. Next spring the
tax »iM6/ be rc])mted — it ever has been and must be still,
and it will be cheerfully paid as long as good roads are
in repute.

We propose another tax, or rather a donation, for the
benefit of ourselves and the traveller, whjch, if once
well diccharged, will need no repitition for ages ; — it is
nothing lessthan transforming all our highways into
beautiful avenues. And would each town in "Old
Massahchusctts" appropriate the same amount of labor
in effecting this object which they have given this year
to repair roads, the object would be accomplished, and
"Old Bay" would set an example to her sister States
in no way reproachful of that whith ehe set them in the
daysof tlie revolution. We are happy to see that, in
many parts of Berkshire, they are beginning with hew
zeal, especially to fill the greens and vactflit places.—
May the work become a contagion, and spread until it
has extended into every lane and by-corner of our
country. Yours truly, W. B.

Mount Osceola, Nov. 4, 1839.

Frtjvt t,'';f Ji'ir.ii : Cultltator.

Prospects of the Silk Culture ijj the U. States.

The close of the year, and the entrance upon a new
one, presents a convenient point from which to take a
view of some of the pron^ncnt subjects connected with
the cultivation of the soil, which are engaging the at-
tention of our countrymen; as, at euch a time, we nat-
urally look back upon the past, and fiom it form antici-
pations of the future. Among these subjects, there is
no one of more absorbing inteits!, !:t this time, than
\.\iVi\.o(l\ie Ctdtivution cf Silk.

As there existsinuch incedulity in the minds of ma-
ny on the subject, and doubt of our being able to pro-
duce tilk profitably; as llie si.Mjit that has been e.o ex-
tensively awakened, by some has been deemed a ma-
nia, and the whole matter ridiculed t!s"p. hnn/iag,"
got up merely for ibc purpose of i-peculation, by de-
signing men, it may br useful to lake on impartial
view of the subject, inqii re what has been d.>ne, not
simply in the raising and sole of trees, but in the grow-
ing and manufacture of silk, and from t\ic practical re-
sitlfs, as the only correct and sde criterion to form our
judL'ement of the case.

The greater part of this incredulity "li'cs from a
want of information, and from that !-i:s;:ii'ion with
which men an^ apt to vi. .v any enterprite. This dis-
tnf^l, this disposition to u.iMjt, we are far tioio censu-
ring, provided there is at tht same timo, a mind open
to conviction. It argues a becoming prudciRn and
caution. But wc do disapprove of this wdiolcvald con-
demnation of a thing without evidence, ■without even
examination. There needs but the knowledge of
facts, and an impartial examination of ine subject of

the silk cultuie on its own merils, to convince every
unprejudiced nind, ivtn the most skeptical, not only
that it is a branch of business from which may be derived
great profit to those who engage in it undcistandingly,
but one cf great national iii:portance. Many individ-
uals who have been entirely skeptical, and the most
strenuous opposers of the silk business, yielding con-
viction to the light of truth, are now its wain^est
friends and advocates, and arc preparing to embark in
it extensively.

To enter into a full examination of the subject,
would require more tpace than can can be devoted to a
single csiay, in the columns of an agricultural journal;
inarniuch as it would require the introduction of a niul-
timdc of statistical facts.in relation to the silk business
incur country. But a few of these we fhall present
for the coiuideration of the candid.

1. That silk can be raised with perfect cose, that our
climate, fiom north to touth, is admiiably adapttd to
ihe constitution and health cf the worm, far better
than that of Europe, and to the growth of the Mulberry
tree in its chtferenl varieties, has been satisfactoiily
proved by thousands of experiiiKnis. While in Eu-
rope, owing to the humidity of their climate, neaily
one-half of their crop of worms usually die from dis-
ease, and they arc obliged to have their cocooneries
nicely regulated in their tempeialure by ihc thermom-
eter, here, owing to the dryness aiul waiinth of our
atmosphere, with proper care, scarce a worm dies
from disease; and a budding of the cheapest constiuc-
lion — any out-house, shed or barn — answers perfectly
well for a cocoonery. That the silk made in this
country, is of thcici'y bat quality, for fineness, lustre
and strength, cqnal to any in tlic irufid, has been deci-
ded by competent judges. Spfcimcnsof raw silk have
been sent to European manulactuiers, and pronounced
by them to be superior; and by our own inanufactoiies
it is much preferred, and receives a higher price, by a
dollar or two on a pound, than the foreign article. —
There is no more mystery or difiiculty in raising the
worms, than in raising chickens: children, females,
aged and inlirm persRns are competent to the work,
and it requires no more skill to reel the silk from the
ceicoons, than any of our intelligent females may ac-
quire with a little practice. Persons have succeeded
perfectly well, even to the reeling and spinning of the
silk into beautiful sewing silk, who never 6a\v a silk
worm or a cocoon before, anel who had no other in-
struction than what they bad derived from silk publica-
tions. If, then, abundance of the raw material, of the
best quality, may be produced without any difficulty,'
what should hinder us from becoming a silk growing
countn', and from manufacturing it, not only into sew-,
ing silk, but into all the variety of sdk stuffs used by
our people; and thus save the millions which are annu-
ally drained from us, to pay foreigners forrajrjjg and •
manufacturing our silk ■?

2. Silk may be raised with profit. There is no
branch of business which yields so large profits on the
capital invested and the labor bestowed. It requires,
indeed, but a small amount of capital to go into it ex-
tensively; a few acres of land, a few trees to begin with,
and the necessary fixtures for feeding woims. Hence
it is admirably adapted to the small farme-r, and per-
sons of limited means. It is peculiarly of a rfojnc*'c
•■!'.i:ncter, and may be pursued with profit in the fami-
Iv, by employing the children ond females, without det-
liiir n! to the other branches of the labor of tbc farm.
,\s a practical illustration of this, we will mention a
fdct ftf ted in one of our silk periodicals. A Connec-
ticut fiirmer, the past season, " hatched out some
worn.s to be attended by his three children, who were
goint; to school every day, and they gathrred leaves
r.r.d fed the worm in the morning before leaving home
— returned at noon to feed them again, and at night
loioiletcd the feeding for the day. The worms had
n.; nttrnti'.>nhutwh:il was given by thetc ehileiren, and
the silUwhen reeled, was sold for one hundred and
sevenly-fivc dollars. This was more dian the farmer
made from an exc.^'lbnt dairy farm, (on which several
crops were cultivati il bi side.-s.) from any other one crop
to which his atu ntion was directed." That s Ik, from
the co;iimon w hite Indian Midberry, may be raitce. with
profit, has long since been rbmonstrated in Conrecti-
cut, where, in the trwu of Mansfield, originnllv one of
■i\ie poorest agriculf.ial towns in the slnlr — the It rds
so poor and broken that our farmers would hardly like
it as a gift, and be obliged to cultivate it — the culnire
of silk has, for half a century, formed the chief source
of the wealth and prospeiity o'' its inbnbilants. SilU>
to the amount ormimy thousr.nds of dollars, has be-en
raised in a single )ear. The f.rmers arc above-board,
out of debt, with money to lend; and their daughters
have something comfortable laid by, to present their
husbands, whi n they marry, as a marriage gift, in the
foi m of n\onry at interest., the product of their own !5->

No. 2.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

23

bir in feeding the silk worm, and reeling nnd spinning
its liny iibie. Wiii w juli nit vaku SLieli n wil'o, not
only fjr her solid charms, bui lor her habits of indus-
try, h?r spirit of independence, and her knowledge
and skill in a branch of business which is destined to
be the source of incalculable blessings to our coun-
try !

But th;; introduction of the Chinese Mulberry, (the
j\I)ru3 uiiilticaiilis and the Canton,) has produced a
new era in the silk biisiness in the United States; and
by in superiority over every other kind, and its rapid
and extensive propagation and distribution through
the lan.1, is haatoning the period when we shall be
a eilk-growing country. Its large, nutritious and
abu:iiaat f )liago, and the conseLiuent great saving of
lab:)r in picking the leaves, (a saving of nearly nine-
tenths, ) and its immediate iitnoss for use, greatly cn-
haace the profits of the silk culture. Fears have
been entertained that it would prove too tender for
our clim:ii;; but, placed on a high and dry soil, not
very rich, it stands even our severest njrthern win-
ters. Bat even were we obliged to take the tree up
every fall, as we do a crop of potatoes, land plant
again iii the spring, it would yield an ample return of
profits in the crop of silk. A field of Morus multi-
caulis, cultivated in this way, would require but little
more labor than a crop of corn. The high prices
which the tree has commanded have resulted from the
conviction of its great value for producing silk. We
are not in favor of making large estimates; but at the
lowest, the profits of the silk culture with the multi-
caulis, are ample — greater than can be realized from
any other agricultural pursuit. By actual experiment,
it has bee.i demonstrated, that from 50 to lUU lbs. of
eilk may be raised from an acre of ground the first
year, planted about as thick as you would plant corn
or potatoes: at an expense of not more than .$2 per
pound. This silk, reeled, is now worth ,f;G per pound
in its raw state, or $10 if converted into sewing silk.
Even at the past and present high prices for the tree,
a very large per centago may be realized the first sea-
son, by the crop of silk that may b: raised. An in-
telligent dealer in the Morus multicaulis has informed
us, that he has made sales to a considerable amount
this fall, at fifty cents a tree, on a credit, and that he
had given purchasers the choice, either to pay the
whole in miney, or half the amount in money, and
the other half in the crop of silk which could be raised
the first year, by feeding as many worms as the trees
wjuld supply With leaves; the purchaser thus making
fifty per cent, on his investment the first year. A
number of sales of this kind he had made; and in
one instance, the farmer — f who had some experience
in fe3dingwoim3) — sitting down with his pencil and
paper, and making a calculation, chose to pay him
the whole in cdsh. The growing and sale of the Mo-
rus midticaulis, has by no means been all speculation.
Large permanent plantations have be^'n made for rai-
sing silk. Whatever have been the motives which
have influenced those who have gone into the
business, it has resulted in good to the country: it has
awakenel attention to the subject, and enlisted a deep
interest, far and wide, in our citizens; it has elicited
muchlight and kn.iwledg?, experimenfal and practical;
called forth the inventive energies of our people, in the
construction and improvement of silk machinery, and
by the rapid multiplication and diftasion of the tree
which forms the food of the silk worm, is putting it in
our power soon to be independent of Europe. We
prophecy that in ten ij^ars we shall raise, if not manu-
facture, our own silk, and that in jiftixn years, raw
silk will form as an important an article for foreign
exportat'o i as does now our cotton: and this without
en'jroachiiig upon, oT diminishing our other great sta-
ples, lus'.eadof, as now, boing tributary to Europe,
she shall be tribulory to ue, for the material which will
form her finest and mostbt'autiful silk fabrics; and the
millions of specie which have lieen drained from our
country — the life's blood of oureommerce — to pay our
fo.-cigu debt, producing national bankruptcy and ruin,
shall I] iw back into our coffers, aud circulate freely
through every artery of trade, giving health and vig-
or to the whole. By some, we may be deemed vis-
ionary, and pronounced a false prophet. Be it so. —
Whoever lives will se?. Our anticipations of the fu-
ture are not fornnd from fancy, but from fact — from
a careful anl atteative examination ci the subject, and
obisrv.ition of the progress nf the silk culture in our
country. We judge of the future from a knowledge
of the past — from what has already been done, and is
now doing.

3. Aii'l whit, it may be asked, Ans- hseri accomplish-
ed? 'W-- answer, the fcisihiUtij and ■prnfi'Mencss of
the silk culture has bee:i satisfactorily proved, as we
have shown. Thousanls, through the whole length
and breadth of our count-y, hare en^R^ed, or are pr»-

paring to engage, in the business. Immense numbers
of worms have been fed with perfect succei^s the jiast
season; no less than 4011 cocooneries have been erected,
and preparations are making to feed worms on the
most extensive scale the coming season: hundreds of
acres will be planted with the Slorus multicaulis, not
for the purpose of pjicculalioir in the sale of the trees,
but for raising silk. Societies have been organized
fir the promotion of the object, and recently a Nation-
al Society, at Philadelphia, at the head ol which arc
some of the most distinguished men in our country:
Legislativi* bounties have been granted in several
staler, to encourage the culture of silk, and we trust
our own will irot be behind her sister stales, in en-
couraging, by legislative aid, lite noble enterprise. —
Several manufactories have been eatabl ishcd, and are
in successful ,operntion, producing fabrics which our
wives and daughters need not bo ashamed to wear, and
which only want a supply of the American raw mate-
rial, to rival the silks of Europe. With these cheer-
ing facts buf ue us, is there not ground for the most fa-
vorable anticipations ? Who that is acquainted with
the genius and character of our people, for enterprise
and perseverance, can doubt, that, with the impulse
now given to the silk culture in our country, its onward
course is to a high destination ?

4. And is there an American bosom, in which
dwells one spark of patriotism and pldlanthrojnj but
that would most ardently wish this !

As statesmen and political economists, is it a wise
policy in us to pay out millions to other nations for
that which we can just as well produce ourselves? —
To run in debt to Europe for a single article, to an
amount far exceeding all our ex|}orts, with the single
exception of cotton, 18 or 20 millions of dollars per
annum; — to make the balance of trade against us, and
thus impoverish ourselves to enrich others ?

As philanlhropists, can we do otherwise than give
our best wishes and cordial aid to a branch of industry
which will give employment and a comfortable sup-
port to thousands in our land, whom poverty, misfor-
tune, age and infirmity have placed in necessitous cir-
cumstances; to the childreii of the poor in our large
towns and cities, who are growing up in idleness and
vice; to tismales who are dependent upon the painful
and precarious labors of the needle for a scanty sub-
sistence, and to the aged and infirm, who are disquali-
fied for more laborious employment '! In the just lan-
guage of the editor of the Silk Farmer, " In all our
large cities, where female suffering is the most intense,
and in every agricultural district in our widely extend-
ed country, the blessings attendant on the progress of
the silk culture, will fall with grateful beneficence up-
on this dependent and neglected portion of our popula-
tion. A child of twelve years old, or an aged person,
unable to follow any laborious employment, wiil at-
tend during the feeding season to as many worms as
lo'll make twcnty-ficc pounds of raw silfc. The same
individual will reel a pound of silk per day. Cannot
the reader of this recall to his remerabrnnce some des-
titute family — some widow with a numerous group of
suffering children — to whom a domestic employment
of this kind would indeed be a blessing? Or some
lonely and aged female, loo feeble for labor, too good
for the poor-house, whom a steady fire-side occupation
at the silk-reel, might lift up into the sunshine of grate-
ful independence ? Considerations of this kind e.\-
pand the sympathies of the human heart, and make
the subject as interesting to feeling and philanthropy,
as it ouelit to be to private interest or commercial en-
terprise."

There is but one point more on which we wish to nf-
era remark: and that is, the bcn-jit that icoiild result
lu the silk culture, hy laying a duty on foreign silks.
This benefit would immediately be felt; it would give
a new impulse to the silk business, check the influx of
foreign silks, and the consequent draining of the coun-
try of its money — enable our manufacturers to com-
pete with those of Europe, and establish the silk cul-
ture on a firm and immovable basis. It is certainly
the true policy of a government to cherish its home
industry, to encourage its own manufacturiea, by pro-
tective duties. We hope that Congress, con.sulting
the true interests of the nation, wilt lake the subject
in o early consideration, and lay at least a moderate
duty on foreign silks. In the mean while, let the
friends of the cause make known their wishes, by
memorializing that honorable body to whom is confi-
ded the interests of the nation. With this remark,
we leave the subject to abler pens; hoping that, though
wc may not have thrown any new light on it, nor
convinced a single skeptic, we may at least have pre-
' sented the subject in such a view as to ensure the fa-
I vorable consideration of all. W. W. B.

Uamnumd^port, Dm. 3, 1838.

RUliES FOR HOUSEAVIVES.

1. When you arise in the morning, never be par-
ticular about |)inning your clothes so very nicely; you
can do that any time.

2. Never comb your hair, or take ofl' your night
cap till after breakfast. It is your business to take
time by the forotopand not let It take you so; therefore
keep all right in that quarter, till 10 o'clock at least.

'i. When you begin the business of your tuilit: you
may do it bctijrc t ic wiitdow, or in the entr}'; but the
most proper place is the kitchen.

4. Never have any particular pUicc for any thing in
your house: and then you may rest assured, that noth-
ing will ever bo out of place; and that is a great com-
fort in a family.

5. Never sweep yonr floor until you know some
person is coming in; he will then see how neat you
are; and, besides, in such cases, even your enemies
cannot shake otT the f/«s< of their feet, against you,
though they may the dust of their clothes with which
you have covered them by your sweeping.

5. When you have doTte sweeping, leave your
broom on the floor, it will then be handy: and being
always in sight, and in the way, it will be constantly
reminding your husband, wbeia he is in the house,
what a smar:, nice, ])ains-taking wife he has.

7. Never follow the barbarous practice of brushing
down cob-webs. A man's house is his castle; and
so is a spider's: — It is a violation of right, and a
shameless disrespect to the fine arts.

8. Keep your parlor and bedroom windows shut ca
close as possible in dog days; this will keep the hot
air out, and you will have excellent ti.xed air inside, .i

9. Keep your s«OT/nfi' c/iccoc in your bed chambers;
— they enrich the qualities of the atmosphere; and if
a stranger should lodge in one of your beds, it he
could not sle^, he could eat for his refreshment.

10. Never teach your daughters to mend or make
any of their own clothes; it is " taking the bread from
the mouth of labor" — besides, it will make them
crooked, and give them sore fingers.

11. But if they should iiisist on mending their
garments, they should do it while they are on; this
will make thcin./(( better; and girls can't leave their
work; if they should attempt it their w-ork would
follow them.

12. If your husband's coat is out at one of the el-
bows, don't mend it until it is out at the oilier; then
the patches wlll'inakc it appear uniioim; and show
that you are impartial.

13. Never spoil a joke for a relation's sake: nor
suppress the truth i'oi^any hoily's sake. — Therelbre, if
you don'tlike your husband as well as you ought — out
with it, and convince him you are not a respecter of
persons.

14. You should endeavor not to keep your tem-
per: let it off as soon and as fast as you can: and
then you will ho calm and quiet as a bottle of cider af
ter the cork had been drawn halt a day.

16. If, on any particular occasion, you are at a
loss, as to the course yon are to pursue, in the man-
agement of yourself or your fatnily affairs, take down
the paper which contains those rules, and read lliem
over and over till you have satisfied your mind — and
then go on.

POOR RICHARD.

Two Faults. — ^A gentleman once bought a horse of
a country dealer. '-Now, my friend." said he, "I
have bought your horse because I liked his appearance.
I asked you no questions. Tell me now his faults,
you know I have paid you ; therefore you have noth-
ing to fear." " Faults," replied the man, "I know
of no faults except two," — "What are they?"
" Why, sir, he is hard to catch." " I do not mind
that," said lie, " if he be the devel. But what is the
other fault ?" rejoined he, with some impatience.
" Ah ! sir," replied Hodge, scratching his pale, "he
is good for nothing when you have calched him."

From ttte Farmers^ UlaffaztTte.

To Destroy Weevils is Granaries. — Seeing in
your paper an enquiry respecting the destruction of
weevils, I send you a copyof a paragraph which has
been cut out of some publicnlion. It is as follows :

" Accident has discovered to a French farmer a very
simple mode of destroying weevils in corn warehousep,
happening to lay in the comer of a granaiy in which
there was a quantity of corn, some sheep skins with
the fleece on, he was not a little surprised to find ibem,
a few days after, covered with dead weevils. He re-
peated the expertment several times, and always with
' the same success. At last he ordered his corn to be
, stirred up, and not a single weevil remained in it.

I remain Sir, Yours,
I A CoB§EA.vT Reader

24

THE NEWGENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1.

NEW GEXESEE FARMER.

FEBRUARY, 1840.

OirR ENCOlTtAGEMEXT.

Since issuing tlie first number of the New Genesee
Farmer, we have received a large number of able com-
raunicationa, on the oubject of our undertaliing, from
the friends of the cause in this section; all expressing
the warmest approbation of the course we have pursu-
ed, and promising us their aid and influence. We
cannot but feel highly gratified by these communica-
tions, even though we may not deem it advisable to
publish them. We regret the necessity ot occupying
anij portion of OUT columns with matters which may
appear to relate to ourselves more than to our readers:
but the circumstances \mder which^ we arc placed,
render it necessary that some of these communicalioiie
be given to our readers, in order that they may rightly
understand the subject. We therefore commend to
them the articles signed ' Genesee,' and 'Monroe,'
and the following one from C*"*'. They contain
interesting facts, and considerations of great impor-
tance to every farmer in this section of countrj-.

We commenced the publication of this paper, at a
time of the most severe pecuniary embarrassment, and
when we had little time or opportunity for making our
intentions known to the public. At the same time,
those whose interests were opposed to the enterprise,
were using all their influence against ue, and doing
all in their power to excite univeral suspicion and
prejudice against any attempt which might be made
to establish such a paper. We ore sorry, that we, or
our correspondents, should be obliged to say any thing
which may appear to censure those, for whom we al-
ways did, and still wish to, cherish the most friendly
disposition. We do not intend to feel ill-will ourselves,
or ejteitc it in others; and for this reason, we have
omitted, entirely, several communications on this sub-
ject, and taken the liberty to strike out a part of others.
We hope our correspondents will forgive^ the liberties
we have taken, and let us hear from them again soon,
on more practical subjects.

7b the Editors of the New Genesee Farmer:

Gentlemen, — When Mr. Tucker announced that he
had not only bargained himself away, but, that he ex-
pected to transfer the patrons of the "Genesee Farm-
er" away from their "Genesee Country," and the
" Holland Purchase," even unto the tide waters of the
Atlantic ; I told my neighbors I did not believe that
he would sticceed ; his patrons were too proud of their
locality and their name, to be willing to make the sac-
rifice, merely for the sake of increasing his profits. I
told them, there would be a new paper started imme-
diately ; that the subscribers to the old paper, gener-
ally, would enrol their names as its patrons; and that,
in fact, we should see no material change, except per-
haps an alteration in the name, Vol., No., &c., of our
paper.

Hence you will conclude I was more gratified than
Biirprleed by the appearance of your first number. —
My object in taking up my pen, is to congratulate you,
and bid you a hearty "God speed," in an undertaking
which, I doubt not, will result in a mutual benefit to
yourselves and the agriculturists generally of Western
New York ; and, indeed, I may say of the Western
World.

Don't be discouraged, if your subscription list, for
the first few months, should fall short of your expecta-
tions. Consider that the acquisition of 18,000 sub-
■cribers to any periodical must necessarily be a work
of time : the great majority of the farmers will not,
in some months, even hear of your pai)er ; and in the
mean time come of them will have subscribed for a
■ aper, which, while it will cost them double price,
iviU be iv.ortb lew jooney- Thees must "'bide their

imic," and of course you will not get many of their
names on your list till next winter. Again, money
is so eitrcmdij scarce, that, to my knowledge, many
substantial farmers are reluctantly forced to adopt the
rule to "pay no money except to cancel their debts,
and procure the indispensable necessaries of life." —
But this exigence, we hope, by dint of industry, econ-
omy, and frugality, will soon be overcome; and that
you will (performing your duty on your part) ulti-
mately attain an extensive patronage, I believe, for the
following reasons: .

Ist. We want, in Western New York, a periodical
through ^\■hich we can conveniently, (without unne-
cessary loss of time and postage,) exchange our views
and sentiments upon, and the results of our changes
and experiments in, the btisiness of our profession ;
a paper, which, in conection with the Rochester Seed
Store and its proposed Museum, will form a valuable
repository of agricultural knowledge and improvement.
This repository in all its depatments should be chiefly
made up from oirr soil and climate ; for farming in
the Genesee Valley, and farming in Albany county,
are very diflcrent things.

2d. The difference in price is an important item in
favor of your paper. Does Mr. Tucker, after having
been nine years constantly engaged in teaching us
economy and frugality, — and that too in small matters,
— think we are so stupid as to be induced to pay a dol-
lar for an article which will but indifferently answer
our purpose, whilst we are offered exactly the thing
we want for half a dnilar 1

3d. Your Price Current is a decided improvement
upon the old paper. Let this be carefully and correct-
ly made up, accompanied with such editorial remarks,
illustrations, and advice, as circumstances may require,
and, to farmers generally living from 20 to ,50 miles
from Rochester, this alone will be worth more than
the whole cost of the paper. q«*#«

Ontario Co., Jan., 1840.

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPOJVDEXCE.

Red Root, in Clover Seed.

Messrs. Editors — As the time for buying and sow-
ing clover and grass seed is at hand, permit me to raise
a warning voice, for farmers to beware of sowing foul
seeds on their lands, especially that of Red Root. —
I consider this weed a nmch worse enemy to the
wheat grower than even the Canada thistle. It has
already obtainednlastingfoothold on some good wheat
farms in this section, to the great detrinieat of the
crop, and, in my estimation, reduced the value of the
land about one half. For, when the ground once be-
comes seeded with it, it is next to impossible ever to
get rid of it; as the seed is produced very abundantly,
and is of such an imperishable nature,'that it will lie
dormant in the ground for years till a fovorable oppor-
tunity presents, when it will spring up and seed again
most plentifully. The seed is rather larger tbnn that
of clover, of a brown color, nearly round, rough and
very hard. Any person acquainted with it will rea-
dily detect it in clover or gniss seed; but those who
have never seen it would not be apt to ol>3erve it.

Monroe.

January Q?th, 1840.

Note. — Wc wish Monroe, or some other person,
would leave a few seeds of the Red Root at the Roch-
ester Seed Store for exhibition. Wc had a sample,
but it has been mislaid. — Eds. N. G. Far.

Preventive of the Hoof Ail in <!attlc,

A correspondent adds the t"llowing P. S. to a let-
ter:—

" Much complaint has been made, for several years
past, of the prevalence of "Hoof Ail," among the
cattle of my brother farmers. My cattle have entire-
ly escaped this disorder, and I attribute their exemp-
I tion to a practice which I have adopted for Bsverol years

past, of feeding them late in the evening during se-
vere weather, with plenty of good hay; so as to keep
them stirring during as much of the night as possible."
I have fed all kinds of hay, from that of newly stock-
ed Timothy and Clover, to that of June grass from
meadows which have been mown twenty years in suc-
cession. I truly believe my practice is a sure preven-
tive, and if you think it worth mentioning in your
" New Genesee Farmer," it is at your service."

A Farmer.
Amber, January 2oth, 1840.

Mangel Wurtzel"First Attempt.

Mr. a. Rappalje, of Ontario county, informs us
that he planted a small patch of Mangel Wurtzel last
spring, for the first time. The soil was a heavy loam,
inclining to clay. The ground planted was little more
than one eighth of an acre, and the produce was one
hundred and fifty bushels. Some of the roots weigh-
ed 15 to 18 pounds. Mr. R. feeds them to his milch
cows, and thinks them highly beneficial. He intends
to plant a much larger quantity next season.
Carrots as Food for Horses.

Mr. Geo. Sueffer, of Wheatland, called at the
Seed Store, a few days since, and gave us some ac-
coimt of his success in the culture and use of roots,
for stock; particularly in feeding horses on carrots.—
He raised last season, beside other roots, about 300
bushels of carrots, which he feeds mostly to three
working horses, giving them one bushel each per day,
together with hay. He has fed them in this monner
nearly three months steady, and kept' them at work
most of the time. He formerly fed his horses half a
bushel of oats each per day, with hay; and from the re-
sults of his experience, he is fully convinced that one
bushel of carrots is v\'orih as much for horses as half a
bushel of oats. His horses eot much less hay thaa
when fed on grain, and keep in as good order, and
appear as well able to work. He thinks that horses
fed on carrots, with a small quantity of oats and hay,
will do better than when fed on oats and hay only.

j,*i,We should be happy to hear from Mr. S. when-
ever he can make it convenient.

Ei\<llTIRIES, &C.

We are pleased to find that many of our readers
rightly understand the use of an agricultural paper. —
We like to see them not only free to communicate to
others any information which they may possess, but
also free to ask from others in return, any informs.
tion which they may desire. A question asked thro'
this paper will meet the eye of thousands of farmers
and be most likely to receive a proper answer. Infor-
mation may thus be obtained of great benefit to the
community, and which otherwise would have been
lost, or known only to a few.

We hoii" all of our readers who possess the requi-
site inforniniion, will feel called upon to answer any
questions which may appear in our columns. An-
swers to the following are desired in our next number:
The Tiiste of Turnips in Milk.

Mi-sRs. Ki iiiiKs — I raised a small quantity of Ru-
ta Buga and Sugar Beet the past season, for feeding
milch cows in winter. I fed with Ruta Baga a short
time, but the milk aiul butter partook so much of the
flavor of turnipp, that I had to abandon them and feed
my Sugar Jieets. The milk has since been sweet
and good; but if you can inform me how to feed my
Ruta Bagas and prevent their affecting the taste of the
milk, you will perhaps oblige many other subscribers
besides A. K.

Orleans County, .January, 1840.

Lime as Manure for Wheat.

Messrs. Eoitors — I received with pleasure the
first number of tlie New Farmer, and for one, will ac-
knowledge the truth of the assertion made, that we
do not fully understand the culture of wheat. I be
lieve that this crop may be greatly improved, at least

No. 2.

AND GARDENER'SJOURxNAL.

as far as my practice is concerned. My object in wri-
ting at this time is, to aeli one or two questions res-
pecting the use of Lime. I believe it is generally ad-
mitted that its presence in the soil is necessary to the
perfect growth of wheat. Now I would ask what is
the most simple and easy methodof testing soil, so as to
ascertain whether it contains any, or a sufficient quan-
tity of lime? Does all land in limestone countries
contain as much lime as is advantageous; or, what e.\-
periments, (if any,) have been made to ascertain the
effects of applying lime as a manure, on lime-stone,
or other lands in this country? These questions may
appear to open an extensive field for remarks, but I
think their importance is so manifest that no apology
'is necessary for oflering them through the (wheat
growing) Genesee Farmer. Seneca.

January, 1840.

Large and Small Clover.

Messrs. Editors — Can you inform me why it is
Ihat farmers generally do not sow the large kind of
dovcr in preference to the smaller kind? I consider
the larger variety of much greater value to wheat
growing farmers than the other. I would also en-
quire whether there are more than two kinds in culti-
vation in this section? I often hear mention made of
israall, and a medium kind, but I could never discov-
!r that there was in reality any difference; they both
TTOW alike with me, and if they do not with other
)eople, I should like to be informed of it. W. G.

Wheatland, Jamiary, 1840.

Slaking Beat Sugar.

Many persons, in diflercnt parts of the United States,
ilanted the Sugar Beet last spring, for the purpose of
ommencing the manufacture of Beet Sugar. But
tre have not heard of any experiments being made,
hie fall or winter, in this business. Large quantities
f the seed were sent from the Rochester Seed Store,
> be planted in the State of Michigan; but we have
card nothing of the results. Will not some friend
lere, or elsewhere, send us some information on this
ibject ?

Merchant's DrUI Barrows.

The proprietor of the Rochester Seed Store sold,
uring the past season, a large number of "Merchant's
Irill Barrows." One kind for sowing Ruta Baga,
nd other small seeds; and another kind, a little differ-
it, for sowing both large and small seeds, especially
langel Wurtzel, or other Beet Seed. He wishes
lose who have used them would inform him whether
ley answer the purpose, and give general satifaction;
I order that he may know whether to recommend
lem to his friends or not.

Our Paper and the " Cultivator."

Some of our friends have asked us whether we in-
snd to make any selections, for our columns, from
le Albany " Cultivator." Our answer is, we intend
> make a paper, which shall be better adapted to our
oil, snd more valuable to our tamiers than any other.
i.nd for this purpose, we shall select such articles,
rom the whole list of agricultural papers, as we may
hink most valuable to our readers. At the same
ime, as some of our renders are also readers of the
!^ultivator, they need have no fears of our occupying
nuch space, with selections from that paper. On the
ontrary, we would advise those oi our friends, who
an afford it, and have the time and taste for the study
11 who wish to become theoretical and scientific
armers, to take that paper as well as our own. The
icience and practice of agriculture cannot both be

ought in one monthly sheet; and the two papers to-
'elher, will not cost as much as the former weekly
jsnesee Farmer, or almost any other agricultural pa-
w in the counirv.

AGRICriiTL'RAL. IMPI^EMEIVTS.

J, "' " '"""

Gilson's Root Slicer.

A raachine for cutting roots is much needed at the
present time. The above is the best one for the pur-
pose we have ever seen. It will cut all kinds of roots
with ease and despatch, without regard to size or
shape. The above cut represents the machine with
the hopper taken off". The pla cennd size of the hop-
per is represented by dotted lines above at b. —
At the bottom of the hopper is an iron barrel
or cylinder (a) of a conical shape, 9 inches long, 6
inches in diameter one end, and 8 the other, formed
of four separate staves or segments, on one side oi each
of which arc knives, as shown at the top of the letter
a. The shaft, on which is the crank and the fly
wheel, passeSjthrough this barrel and turns it. The
roots rest upon the barrel, and as it revolves,
the knives cut slices off" the them, which paes through
between the staves into the barrel, and fall out at the
large end (which is open) into a basket or box placed
below.

Gilson's Straw Cutter.

No agricultural implement has of late years more
severely taxed the inventive genius of man, than the
Straw Cutler. Every year and in every place, we
hear of some real or pretended improvement in this
machine: until some have almost expected them to
cut without labor, and feed cattle without fodder. —
The above machine will not quite do this; but from
our owMi observation, and the testimony of disinterest-
ed persons who have tried it in comparison with other
highly approved kinds, we have no hesitation in say-
ing it is superior to any other machine for the purpose
now in use. In addition to its durability, and ease,
and rapidity ot execution, it possesses the following
advantages, which many others do not: —

Ist. It is so constructed that by turning a crank it
feeds itself, and cuts a unilurm length; 2nd. By
shifting small gearwheels, the length of the cut is al-
tered: the lengths usually applied are three, viz: one
nch, tbres-fouf the, and half an inch; but can be con-

structed so as to cut any required length; 3d. It i
80 constructed that the cuuiiig knives can bo taken
II and ground, or othetwise sharpened, and again re-
placed with ease and precision.

0° This and the foregoing machine may be seen at
the Rochester Seed Store. (See advertisement.)

A Visit to Mrs. Langworthy's.

In our last, we promised a visit to Mrs. Longwor-
thy. We always mean to keep our promise with the
lad:es: accordingly, a few evenings since, we stepped
into a eleigh, with one of the fair daughters of N. Eng-
land, who never refuse a sleigh-ride, and were soon
bounding our way over snow-drifts and 'pitch holes,"
as lightly as a snow-bird in a fair wind. Reader, did
you ever go on a sleigh-ride, with a sprightly horse
and sprightly companion, amid snow-drifts six feet
high? If so, you most likely, like us, had a delight-
iul upset on the way. These Yankee girls are no
cowards in sleighing time. And what rare sport
it is, when, in passin.^ a team, or turning a corner
over you go ; girls, cushions, and bufi'alo skins, to-
gether into the snow drift I Halfdead with laughter,
you pick up your fair companion, — all is righted, and
on you go again. What a happy illu-nration of our
correspondent's remarks on the "beneficial constitu-
tion of Snow" I

We soon reached the residence of our friend, H. N.
Langworthy ; situated near the bonks of the Genesee,
about three miles north of this city. The rural cottage
is one of the remaining tenements of the Pioneers of
this country. Its log walls, whitewashed on the out-
side, and its snow-covered roof, render it hardly die-
cernable amid the ocean, of snow which surrounds it.
The inside is the picture of neatness, comfort, and
contentment. It is well furnished, ond carpeted, and
the walls neady papered. We had not long been seat-
ed by the comfortable fire, before the social table was
spread ; and we sat down to a repast, which would
make any true American " Bless his kind stars, and
ask no richer fare." We do not claim to be native
born, but we do profess to have a cultivated taste U.r
such things, which eiilitlesour opinion tosonie wei';ht^
and to say nothing of the peach sauce, molasses, and
other "fixens," the Johny cake, and hot pan-cakes,
were certainly superior to any thing of the kind we ever
before tasted. These luxuries were prepared from the
meal of the Tuscarora Corn, mentioned by Mr. L. in
our last paper. As was then intimated, Mrs. Lang-
worthy has furnished us with directions for preparing
these articles, which we give to our readers.

To make light Johny Cakes, and Indian Pan

Cakes.

Take two parte of Tuscarora, or other fine corn
meal, and one part of wheat flour ; mix up with but-
ter-milk, or good sour milk, slightly warmed, adding
a little salt. Mix rathei thin for Johny cakes or bread,
and thinner still for pan-cakes. When ready to bako,
add a heaping tea spoonful of sala^rotus, dissolved in
water, and stirred in. It will immediately ferment,
and should be baked without delay, taking care to bake
thoroughly if thick. If butter-milk or sour milk is
not at hand, water may be used, and before adding the
salteralus, add half a tea spoonful of tartaric acid. Or,
if preferred, yeast may be used instead of acid, observing
to allow it time to ferment and become a little sour, (a
little of the batter left over the previous day, will an-
swer as well as yeast,) then add the sala^rntua as
mentioned, just before baking, and the cakes will be
very light, sweet, and wholesome, especially if mode
from the Tuscarora or flour corn.

A Correction.

A small but inexcusable blunder was made on the
other side of this sheet, which we hope our readers
will correct, and our esteemed correspondent forgive.
In the article on page *26, headed "Observations on
Snow," last line of the 3d paragraph, the word prink-
ed "unchanging," should read "crct changing."

26

T H E N E W G E N E S E E F A R M E R ,

Vol. 1.

l.!>VBO\"S 81 BLRBAX CJAKDDXER.

Ta'.a ni05t faeciimling work, wUicU is one of thc-
latesi from ihc nuthor's pen, should be in ibe haiule of
every person who possesses nny tn£tc in gardening or
rural affairs. It is n large octavo, and couipiiccs *' the
choice of a suburban or villa residence, or of a situation
on which to form one ; the arrangement and furnish-
ing of the houae ; the laying out, planting, and gener-
al management of the garden and grounds ; the whole
adapted to grounds from one perch to fifty acres and
upwards in extent ; and intend.'d for the instruction
of those who know littleofgardeningand rural affairs,
and more particulorly for the use of ladies."

Thiowork is unlike the Encyclopedia of Garden-
ing, in being exclusively of a practical nature. It is
neither historical nor statistical, nor physiological, any
farther than astvictty practical work should be. It is
not, however, a mere body of julea, which the reader
is to follow without knowing why he does so ; but the
reason of every operation is given, and the principle
on which it depends accompanies every direction. —
What the author promises in his introduction is well
fulfilled : — "It is our intention to endeavor to give our
rcoders a morei ntimate knowledge of the subjects treat-
ed of, than has hitherto been attempted in works of
this kind. Iiidtcad of a mere didactic calendar, or a
dictionary of plants to be cultivated, directing what
works are to be done in each month, or what opera-
tions are to be performed in the culture of particular
plants or trees, we shall endeavor to convey such a no-
tion of the structure and nature of a plant, as to show
the necessity and advantages of cultivating it ; and
such an idea of the nature of soils, as to show the im-
provements which may be made in them, by mechan-
ical operations, and the application of manures. We
shall treat of the various operations of gardening,
whether performed on plants, or on the soil ; and for
the performance of every operation, from the most
mechanical, to the most scientific, wo shall assign a
reason. Let not its reader be alarmed, however, lest
we shiuld go into minute scientific details, only capa-
ble of being understood by the botanist and chemist, or
by the professional gardener : so far from contempla-
ting this, our intention is to conlina oursLlves to the
simplest and most important features ; to treat every
subject in such a manner as to be understood by those
who have little knowledge of either gardening or coun-
try affairs."

It is impossible that a person so well versed in t'lc
principles of domeitic economy, and ofcufinaiy and
ornamental gardening, should not render himself in-
teresting and instructive to the reader ; — one whose
whole soul is in the subject, caimotfail to impart to oth-
ers t'.ic same fouklncss for the delightful pursuit of which
ho treats ; and no one, who is not naturally destitute of
all taste, can read this book without beconring deeply
interested in the employment of gardening, and with-
out odding to the correctness of his discrimination, both
in its useful and ornamental departments. The style
of the author, as is well known, is entirely plain, and
sometimes, far from being pleasing ; as for instonce,
the inelegant repetition of ideas on the third page ;
but his great elrenglh lies in planning and c.vecuting
works of neatness and utilihj eombincd — in this respect
t'i3 work is an inexhaustible fund for profit, taste, and
economy ; for while he points out the best mode of
laying out and planting the grounds of the most weal-
thy, where cost is «o consideration, ho no less gives
direct! ins for the ornament of the smallest front yards
and gardens, and with a particular view as to expense.
Even the mode of erection of the clothes lines is not
forgotten.

We must, however, strongly enter our protest a-
gain.3t the practice, approved by the author, of ])lacing
in gardens and ornamental grounds, statues of pagan
doitlns; it must be a perverted morality, ^'^hich delights

to contcinplriie cliuracters, who, as an eccentric person
observed, had they lived in modern days, ''would have
been tried at the Old Bailey and executed at Tyburn."

We consider this work as more peculiarly adapted
to this country, not only from its general choracter, but
because, being confined to subuibon grounds, it neces-
sarily relates to those of limited extent ; for no one,
who feels any sympathy with the spirit of our repub-
lican institutions, can ever wish to see liere the im-
mense domains of the nobility, kept in the higheet state
of finish, at an enormous expense, supplied by the
hard labor of hundreds of oppressed and industrious
poor.

^Ve are promised a second part to this work, to be
entitled the fiubvrban Horticulturist, which will em-
brace all the departments of the cultivation of the sub-
urban garden.

We close our r«arKS with the observation, that we
think every person icA? lircs in a house, may read this
book to great profit. We hope hereafter to give our
readers some extracts from the work.

For the Xcw Gciicsce Fanner.
THE WEATHER OF THE PAST YEAR.

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Number of fair days is 187.
" cloudy " 178.

Wind from the West, in the year, 99 days.
" " N. W. " 61 "

" " S. W. " 60 "

" " S. " 43 "

" " N. " 38 "

" " N. E. " 31 "

" " E. " 17 "

" " S. E. " 11 "

First frest, Sept. 13, and

First snow, after summer, Sept. 27.

Blue-birds appeared March 23.

R >bins appeared March 95.

Elm and iVlople in llower April 9.

Ilepntica triloba or Li\erwort, April 12.

I)l)ig;ea repens, Trailirg arbutus, April 21.

The temperature is tnki n three times aday; atsercn
A. M., two v. M., and rt.nc P. M.

Rochester. Lat. 42, 02 N. and Long. 73. 56 W.,
tbout 500 feel above lida vtuir.

For the .Yctr Ccnesee Farmer.

OBSERVATIONS OX 8XO^V.

Winter is upon ue. The earth looks like one wide
waste: when will nature wake into life again? No
pulse of vegetable existence seems to move ; yet, its
mighty Author holds all its organization ready for
high activity at the call of his voice. Now, the
earth is wrajjiied in the covering prepared for all the
colder regions. Snow, what a curiosity it is; how
icautiful its folnis, how useful in its place, how Icnc-
ficial 10 the labors of men.

1. liB curiosity, congealed water, solidified but ex-
panded water; how it sifts down fiom its great foctory
ii the sky. I;s color; why is it white? why was
not it hhuk, but that it would have been a true pall
spread over nature, too dismal, too repulsive, to be
endured. IJow small are its flakes, so as to be borne
on the breeze, and not to bear down by its weight the
vegetable world by its power of accomulalion. But
its whiteness, who has explained; Even the wisest
has only said, because it was so formed. How easily
too it changes to water. Yet it requires so much of
the matter of heal to efi'ect the change, that it slowly
disappears, and the desolation of great and rapid
floods from the dissolving snows of spring or winter,
is prevented.

2. Its/urm. Have you watched it, and noticed its
various and beautiful shapes? At one time snow takes
the form of a s(ar of six delicate rays, cquoUy distant
from each other, or including an equal angle, and of
equal length. At another time the ends of the rays
are/ci77;r(/, and at another, small rays diverge from
these principal rays at the same angle, and sometim.cs
those divide again, all at the same constant angle.
Sometimes two flakes are united by their opposite rays,
so OS to form a beautiful object with a pinnate or
wing-bke form. Sometimes it is a small ball, nearly a
globe, or uneven, or with rays projecting at the angle
already mentioned, sixty degrees, (at which angle
water always begins to crystalize as congelation taket
place;) or with theee radiations on the balls, more or j,s
less pinnate. The stellated form of snow, sometimes
has the end of the rays divided into three parts. —
Sometimes the space between the rays is filled up en^
tircly, and a fiat, thin flake of ice falls like tnow; and
sometimes only as a single crystal in the foim of spi-
culac. How singular, that attraction, or electricity, oi
any agency, should arrange into these beautiful forms
the fields of vapor in the unbtalle and unchanging
atmosphere.

3. The advantage of enow, as a covering to the
earth in winter, is most obvious. When it lies aianj;
considerable depth on frozen ground, the internal heal
of the earth melts the frozen crust, and the way it
prepared for the water of the dissolving snow to past
into the earth and supply the springe with pure and
wholesome streams.

Snow is a poor conductor of heat, and hence ili
forms a protection to the earth; the cold of the at
mosphcre has no eflecl upon ihc earth, and is confined
to the atmosphere. .Hence the roots of vegetables,
and especially of winter grain, and of the valuable
common grasses, are less liable to injury. The func-
tions of organization are interrupted for a shorter pe-l
riod. The roots, too, are not so much exposed to b'(
torn and injured by the expansion of the water, as i
freezes at the surface of the earth, or soil. The greaij
expansion of water as it congeals, takes place at thi
point of congelation; as the cold of ice increases, il]
contracts like other bodies. When roots freeze in the
earth and with the earth, they would not be laceratcc
f they could expand with the expanding ice; bu'
when they are confined by frost in the earth frozen,
they cannot contract as the earth contracts, by the in.
crease of cold. This result is, to a great extent, pri

IE

2.

A N D G A iv ^ E N E R ' S J O U R X A L .

27

by conliniiiij the cold cbicily lo the almoo-
}y the cnvering of enow.

:uUivntcd fielda, snow is a more important pio-
I from the cold of winter tban to the forest, as
est is itsjlf a covering to the earth. While cul-
n thus removes the natural covering and pro-
1 of the earth, the exposure is counteracted liy
!ared fiehls becoming warmer from the more
action of the 6un upon them, and their lempe-
ie not reducod to freezing till about the period
the covering of snow is spread as a broad un;n-
;r the earth.

vision is thu; made too, for those animals and
), which mu^t bury themselves for winter quar-
elow the reach of frost, that the depth Jiiay not
eater than their nature may require or their
th render practicable.

re the depth of frozen earth far greater than the
ng of enow permits, it would be long and late
ing before the surface would be thawed and
d, and 6tted for renewing the beauty of spring,
ation makes the spring later than in the woods;
dd be still later without the protection of snow,
easy and pleasant travelling and performing
neceasary business of winter, the hcnrjicial con-
■)ri oi snow is palpable. If the snow were no
lion to the earth, the transaction of business is
are happy on the snow than on the I'rozen i-ur-
The earth, iron-bound by frost, seems too, even
Ircary than when clad in the cold covering of
In the long wintcra of more northern climes,
ntrast is even more striking. Communicat: m
almost be suspended between the inhahitanta
It the aid which this mantle presents,
dl these respects, snow is a subject of interest
easure. Its constitution is wonderfitlj.its adnp-
to the condition of earth and its fnha&ilants,
the wonder-working benevolence of that mighty
which " givelh enow like wool," and whose
i are shown by "tire and hail, enow and vapor,
' wind fulfilling his word."
h thoughts more than reconcile us to the etorms
0W5 of winter. The eaith is now covered to
nh of two feet. But it is resting and reviving
the protection, while the noitc of industry and
re fills the air, and happy faces enliven the

C. D.
hcstcr, Jan. 20, 1840.

jTt/r the yew Genesee Farmer.

'READING liO^fG 3IA:vrRES.

knowledge of some general principle is nccee-
0 enable the farmer to prosecute, with success,
jf the most important branches of his business.
Drrectness of this remark is demonstrated, in the
sful application of the diffevent kinds of ma-
It is well known they cannot conmiunicate
ihment to the plant, without going into a state of
>n, for which water is the agent. So far as the
f plants is supplied by the soil, it appears very
t that it is imbibed by the extremities of the roots
For it has been discovered that the portion of
)il which is soonest exhausted, is precisely that
1 which the groatcc-t number of the extremities of
otslie. If those extremities are cut ofl', the root
fiea no inore in length; but the sides send of^' ii-
hlch jierform the functions of roots, and imbibe
'7 their extremities. It appears, then, that the
ihment derived from manure, must first be dis-
1 by the moisture of the soil, and afterwards
in contact with these exlre:nities, to assist the
h of the plant. Hence, the application of unde-
vegetable manure, as straw, cornstalks, &c.,
1 and mixed with the soil as efl'eciually as is prac-

!e, with the plough or harrow, will contribute
. less to the value of a crop than many suppose.
'■ allowing account, by a dietingiiished author, de-

velops fac;s relating to this subject, which may be oi'
much practical utility: — It appears, says be, Irom
the experimcnis of Mr. Hasscnfrats, that subitances
employed as manures, produce eflecls in limes propor-
tioned to their degree of putrefaction; those substances,
most putrid, producing the most speedy effect, and
of course, soonest losing their ellicacy. Having ma-
nured two pieces of the same kind of soil, the one with
a mixture of dung and straw, highly pntrified, the oth-
er with the same mixture, newly niade, and the straw
almost fresh, be observed, that during the first year,
the i)lante which grew on the land manured with the
putrefied dung, produced a much better crop than the
other; but the second year, (no new dung being add-
ed,) the ground which had been manured with the un-
putrefied dung, produced the best crop. The same
thing took place the third year, after which both seem-
ed equally exhausted.

Some farmers in our country are so well aware of the
importance of preserving and properly depositing long
manure, as straw, cornstalks, &c., that they cause it
to be placed in the furrow by one who follows the
plough, so that it is entirely covered by the succeeding
furrow; and then harrowing it lightly and thoroughly
with the furrow, so as not to disturb the -manure. —
But too many arc in the practice of carrj'ing their ma-
nure into the field in an undecomposed state, and after
ploughing and harro\\dng iffinished, to leave a large
portion of it uncovered. After the process of seeding
is finished, the etrav ''other coarse fibrous substan-
ces, are often seen scattered on the suiface, having
been either pulled out by the harrow or never buried
by the plough. Not only is such manure often thus
carelessly and inefficiently applied, but great quanti-
ties of it are permitted to remain around the barn, or
put into large stacks, and left to evaporate by constant
exposure to heat and moisture, till it has lost its effica-
cy in vegetation. L. E. Latiirop.
Mociiestcr, January, 18-10.

Ffir t/tc ycco Geltcscc I'artner.

IXJJIAIV I8irCK"lVHEAT.

A good deal was said, a year or two sin-.-e, about
this new variety of Buckwheat; but for some time
past we have heard but little respecting it. The fol-
lowing account v>-ill be interesting lo most of our rea-
ders:

JNIessrs. Editors — I have cultivated the Indian
Buckwheat for two years past, and will give you the
rcsidts of my experience. In the summer of 1636, I
purchased two bushels of the seed from iMr. Charles
.Bullis, of Macedon, who brought it from Vermont,
where, he said, it produced from seventy to eighty
bushels to the acre. I sowed it about the 10th of
June, on a piece of poor, sandy, gravelly soil. It
grew freely and bid fair to produce well; but, it was
sown too late, and an early visit from Jack frost, near-
ly destroyed my crop. I harvested it, but the grain
was much injured, and the flour made from it was
bitter and unfit for use.

In harvesting tlie grain some of the ripest of it was
shelled out and scatlercd on the ground, and the next
spring I observed that it was not injured by exposure
during the winter, but remained sound and fresh on
the ground. Some of it beginning to sprout, I took
the hint, and, accordingly, early in June, I ploughed
in about an acre, whet e the previous crop had ripened
the best; and-in a few days, there sprung up a fine
crop of young buckwheat, without any sowitig. It
grew much too thick, but ripened in good season, and
yielded fifty bushels of seed.

I think this is u profitable crop to rai.'^e, but it re-
quires to be sown earlier than the common sort. It ie
not injured by the heat of summer, like the other kind,
and it requires longer time to come to maturity. It
is necessary to observe, also, that it should not be
sown where it is lo be followed immediately by wheat I

or a apriug gram crop, as SDnie of it wdl she'l out in

harvesting, and spring up with the following crop.

The best way is, lo saw it where it will be succeeded
by a fallow, or by grass.

I am now using, in my family, the flour made from
this grain, and consider it quite as good as the com-
mon kind. It is less liable to be gritty, as it is not eu
apt to pull up by the roots in harvesting. The grain
is much heavier than the common Buckwheat, and I
think it will be found more valuable for all purposes
to which it is applied. Ji,'. L.

Maccilon, A". Y., Jan. 18-iO.

For ike .Vcjc Gtnecc'c I'armtr.
CHINA TRl!E-COIlN~ONCE MORE.

jMessrs. EoiTOKb — JIucb has been said, of late a-
gainst Thorburn's celebrated China Corn, and if you
will permit me, I wish to say a few words in its favor.
And, lest any of your readers should infer that I havo
been bribed to engage in its defence, I would state,
ihf.t I was nicely humbugged in the article, to the
tune of §1,50, wbich I paid for six ears of thia repu-
ted carlu corn. That it docs not possess the good
qualities attributed to it, appears quite evident, and the
fact of its being a late variety, must have been known
to him who gave it such a high recommendation. It
was, in fact, a splendid humbug, and most admirably
managed. Still, I fear, that in exposing the fiaud,
any good qualities which the corn may really poasesa,
will be entirely overlooked. With ine it has not pro
ved an entire failure. I planted on the 5th of Way,
and a considerable quantity of my crop ripened suffi-
ciently for seed. From information received from
several gentlemen who have grown it the past season
in Ohio, 1 am inclined to believe it will prove a valu-
able variety in a more southern latitude. H. Case,
Esq., Deputy Post Master at Buffalo, informed me
that he raised about an acre of it the past seas.n, on
his farm in Ohio, and considers it a veiy profitable va-
riety for that section of country. Erom thetc facts, I
infer that it may be well for our eouih-wcstcrn neigh-
bors to give it a trial. Not, however, at two shillings

an ear, for the benefit of G T 's "widows and

orphans," but "without money and without price." I
intend to enclose an ear in evciy bundle or box of
trees which I send south or west next spring; eo that
my customers, nulcnszvlcns, shall pcsictssome of this
noted '"China Tree Corn."

I have an early variety of the white flint corn, which
very much resembles the China in appearance, only
that it is not more than half the size. I intend, next
season, to attempt to "cross" these two kinds togeth-
er. This I hope to do by planting the China caily
and the white flint several weeks later. I think a
"new variety" may be thus obtained, which will
prove valuable in this climate.

Yours, &c., B. n.

Buffalo Nurscrij, Jan., 18-10.

For t/ie i\ew Genesee Farmer.

EXPEKIxlIEKTS O'S POTATOES.

Blcssrs. Tliomas ^ Batcham — Ever since I com-
menced farming, I have been engaged moie or less in
oxpcriments, sometimes with favorable results, and
s.inietimes oiherwicc. Last summer I tried an exper-
iment in raising potatoes, the details of which, if you
•hink will interest your readers, are at yout service.

The ground upon which they were planted, was a
part of a field of nine acres, having been seeded to
clover some four or five years ago, now mostly run
lut. In the first place I drew upon the fie'd •2'25 cart
'oads of long yard manure, and also four loads of
Icachod ashes. The part planted to potatoes, was
ploughed with much care, of good depth, and smooth-
ly laid over. Then followed a heavy roller length,
wise of the furrow. The harrowing procees was con-
un'.il the surftco was completely pvilveriicd. —

28

THE NEW GENESEEFARiMER,

Vol-

On the liret of June commenced planting, and ihie
was ihe manner in which it was done:

First, a line was stretched across the field, then fol-
lowed a man making a trench under the line with a
hoe. The potatoes were then dropped in the trench
one foot apart, and a gill of air-elacked lime was
thrown upon each potatoe. Then followed two men
with hoes, drawing the enrth from each side, and cov-
ering the potatoes ',i or 4 inches deep. The rows were
just three feet apart, all straight, and the whole looked
KB smooth and handsome as an onion bed. The a-
mount of land planted was 126 rode, and the quantity
of seed was 30 bushels. The after culture was
merely pateing between the rows with a cultiva-
tor, often enough to keep the ground loose, and free
of weeds. During the first two months, the crop
looked finely, but the very dry weather in the latter
part of summer and fall, checked their growth and
spoiled the crop, the whole amount of which was only
180 bushels, being merely at the rate of 220 bushels
to the acre.

And now for the conclusion of the whole matter. —
The only error I have been able to discover in the
whole process, was in planting them too shallow. Had
I, with some instrument like a mattock or grub-hoc,
cut! through the turf, and placed the seed potatoes so
that the tubers would have been under the turf, I
think the crop would have been as large again. The
season wae so dry. and the manure covered so deep,
end the crevices entirely filled, so that the first crop
derived little or no benefit from it. The lime, I think,
improved the quality of the potatoe.

Yours, &c. M. M.

Ontario co., Jan. 25, 1840.

For the yew Genesee Farmer.
Important Considerations for Farmers in the
Genesee Country and the West.

Messrs. Editors — When it was first announced
that the Genesee Farmer was to be discontinued, or
removed to Albany, I felt that I and my brother far-
mers had lot^t a friend; and the Geneaee coitntry had
lost that which had done the most to promote its great-
ness and prosperity, and which was well calculated
to develope its resources. The Genesee Farmer had
its birth and education amongst us. We gave it our
name, and regarded it as a part of ourselves which
would remain with us during life. We nourished it
in infancy, and trained it up to manhood; taught it our
habits, our wants, and our resources, and prepared it
for a glorious career of extensive ueefulness. When
lo! at the time of our greatest need — and without our
leave or consent — it forsook us fur the sake of prom-
ised gain; and not only left us destitute, but betrayed
our interests by exciting prejudice and suspicion a-
gainst any successor which might be appointed to
take its name and place.

It is true we were promised a subatitule from Al-
bany, but that is nearly three hundred miles off, and
a vjry dilfcrcnt country from Western New- York. —
Tae paper from there, nUhough of higher price,
cannot possibly be as uaelul to us as one written anti
published in our midst. The very name of Albavy,
grates harshly on my ear. It always reminds me of
8 indy barrens and political eliifc, rather than the beau-
tiful and peaceful ccenes of agriculture. I can scarce-
ly believe that even an agricultural paper can long
breathe the pestilential atmosphere of Albany, with-
out being injuriously alTected by it.

I rejoice, however, that our loss is made good —
a successor has been appointed, and that, too, not a
"spurious" novice, or a stranger, bitt a real genuine
New Genesee Farmer, brought up and educated a-
mongst us; one of the same iamily and school as our
tormer servant, but I trust more strongly attached to
boms. It is assistsd by the same friends, and gives

full assurance of as good talents, and as great useful'
ness as the old one; and, what is more, will serve us
at the same low price, (which is a consideration not to
be overlooked Oiesc times.)

Of the complete success of the New Genesee Far-
mer, I will not suffer myself to doubt. I cannot be-
lieve that the intelligent farmers of the Genesee and
Western country, will so mistake or neglect their own
interests, as to refuse to patronize, read, and circulate
a paper so eminently conducive to their prosperity.
Nor yet, that many of them will substitute in its place
a paper, which, while it costs them double, is not
more than half as useful at least in this section of
country.

The mercantile and political interests of thie coun-
ty alone, support three or four daily papers, and as
many weekly, at prices from two to eight dollars each
per year; and if the cultivators of the soil, who con-
stitute eight-tenths of our population, cannot sustain
one paper devoted to their interests, even at the low
price of fifty cents per year, it presents a sorry picture
indeed, and will not speak well for this farming com-
munity. Some farmers will excuse themselves from
taking even this paper, by the plea of hurtl times; —
but in my estimation, instead of this being a reason
for declining, it is the very first reason I would urge
why ercn/ fanner in the La7id shovild take it; and why
increased and united eflbrts should be made for the
promotion of agriculture. If, as was formerly the
case, our wheat brought us about two dollars per bush-
el, we should have nothing to fear, there would be no
cause for special effort or alarm; we might continue
to sow our wheat and our clover, with full confidence
of reaping a rich reward, and of soon acquiring com-
petence or wealth. But now our golden prospects are
darkened, our wheat only brings; seventy-five cents
per bushel, which is not adequate to our expenses,
and the interest on our land. We need, therefore, to
look around us for new resources, and new objects of
cultivation. New departments of agriculture must
be studied and engaged in. Consequently, there is
more need thon ever, of circulating information on
these subjects. Not mere book-knowledge, manufac-
tured by Lawyers, Doctors, &c., but plain, practical
facts, written by farmers themselves, through their
own paper, giving an account of their experiments
and practice, and their most successful modes of in-
creasing their profits.

Such are the objects of the New Genesee Farmer,
and such will be its influence, if farmers will do their
duty, by extending its circulation, and writing for its
columns. Yours, &c. Monroe.

January 24//i, 1840. .

An Appeal to the Fanners of Monroe— Propo-
sed Agricultural Society.

Br.oTHER Farmers of Monroe Cou.ntv —

It is high time for us to awake. Troublesome
times have coms upon us, and our harvests, although
abundant, no longer bring us in our accustomed reve-
nue. Our expenditures are going on continually,
but the Banks and the Millers have "stopped our
supijlies" of cash, and the consequences to us are
the most disastrous. The truth is, our wheat for sev-
eral years past, has brought an extravagant price, and
in consequence we have become rather too extrava-
gant in our expenece. Our wheat crop hao supplied
us with cosh, and we have accustomed ourselves to
purchase nearly every thing we desired — much of
which we might have produced ourselves, or done
without. So that our money has been expended as
fast as obtained, leaving uebut little the richer. At the
same time, our exclusive attention to the culture of
wheat has prevented the general improvement of agi-
culturc, and left ua entirely at the mercy of the fiuctun-
ting waves of commerce; prepared to feel the full
force of 'hard limes,' wheneter, as at present, a ecar-

IHIM

:etU

tk

cty of money, or a glutted market, should stop'*".
demand for our only staple, wheat. '^*

Now, every farmer will admit that these thi '*''''
ought not BO to be. The owners of this rich i *"='
possessing such resources ai\d such advantages, o« *' '
to be much more independent, and less expoaei *■
the effects of 'panic' or 'pressure' in the money n '"'''
ket. This can be done by improving our agricull
so as to produce a greater variety, larger quani '
and better quahty of articles on our farms, and I *'
lessen our need of money, while, at the same ti ^''
we increase our means for obtaining it. Monrof**
one of the richest agricultural counties in the state,
possesses advantages superior to almost any other;
at the same time it is behind many others in agricu "■'-'
ral improvements, particularly with reference to sU
As one evidence of this, I would refer to the disj
l)ortiun which exists in the Rochester Market,
tween the prices of different agriculturol producti
A few days ago, when wheat was selling at slxf ~
lings a bushel, I asked the price of a joint of beef,
was told ten cents per pound. We have need, th J"?
fore to increase the quantity aa well as improve
quality of our stock.

As the first means of improvement, a more gen
circulation of information among formers is indis; 1
sably necessary. Let every one subscribe for
New Genesee Fanner, (all can afford it,) and t
let all viho feel an interest in the subject, write
its columns, giving an accctint of their success
stimulating others to effort. I would particularly
mind those who have choice stock, of the imports
of giving information of it through the Farmer,
show that something has been done on this subjec
would mention that there are in this county sev
short-horned Durham Bulls, (which are better t
any other to mix with our common cattle,) and y
does not seem to be generally known; at least but i
few try to avail themselves of the opportunity oflft
for improving their stock.

Breeding of horses, too, is most shamefully negl
ed. The majority of farmers do not seem to refi
that it costs no more to raise a good colt than a i
one. Oliver Cidver, Esq., of Brighton, owns a <
sired by the celebrated Henry, which cost him $2,
— a most perfect animal; and yet some farmers in
vicinity, patronize the miserable cream horses, insi
of availing themselves of the best blood ever intrc
ced into Western New York.

In sheep we are also for behind the age in impr<
ment, os any one at all familiar with our morket
admit. In the breed of hogs thcie has been cons
rable improvement within the few past years. (
Sawyer, of this city, has some as fine specimen!
can be found in any part of the country . Mr. I(
Moore, of Brighton, has also taken some pains to
troduce a very fine breed. Many otherss might
mentioned who have lately done much lo impr
their farm stock, but I leave them, in hopes that u
will soon speok for themselves. •

I mention these things to show that there is a die
sition on the part of many at the present time to i
prove the agriculture of this country, and I truly
licve that the time has come when vigorous and vni
eflbrts are called for on the part of the friends of
cause. I say united, because I believe that no otl
means would be so effectual as the organization of
efficient Agricultural Society. I believe that eucl
society would now be well sustained, with the m
beneficiol results. Nearly all other professions and i
cupations have their societies and associations for n
tual benefit and improvement. But the cultivator;
the soil, the great mass, and very foundation of i
community, have nothing of the kind in thiscoun
No united or systematic eflorts have been made
six years past, to promote the great art ef agriculti

csi;

In

It

II

Iti

)■

2.

AND GARDENER'SJOURNAL

29

ae most appropriate and important biieincBS of man
be basis of our government and civilization. Let
10 longer content oureelvca in this way; but at
eeet to work, and overtake the spirit of the nge —
us associate ourselves together for mutual aid, to
n lessons of improvement from each other, and by
iting emulation, stimulate each other forward;
reby increasing our enjoyments and our posses-
is.
have conversed with a number of influential far-

il rs, and they agree with me on this subject. And,

II 11 a view of testing the question, and bringing the
ter before the community, I would suggest that all
se who feel an interest in the subject, send in their

in lies and residence to the editors of the "Fanner,"
iiig the month of February, together with their
lion as to the proper time for forming a society;
>rder that if the project is approved, the names may
appended to a call fir a county meeting, to take
matter into consideration. X. Y.

iochcstcr, Janiuiry HSlli, 1840.
Iesiarks — We have several times been requested to
ig the subject of an Agricultural Society before our
iers, and rcjiiice that X. Y. has introduced it. If
ciety is formed, it must be sustained by the efforts
jractical finmers, and we prefer to let them speak
the subject. We will gladly attend to any sugges-

tei 18 that may be made to us, and pledge our most
rty co-operaiion in any plan which may be adopted
the promotion of the cause in which we are enga-
1.

Tin )ur friend, X. Y., has a beautiful farm near this
■, and we can assure our readers he feels a deep
!rest in the subject on which he writes.

ndn connection with this subject, we are happy to in-
n our readers, that Mr. T. Weddle, of E. Bloom-

!K i, who is well known as on importer and raiser of
! stock, has bought an excellent form near this city,
intends to remove to' it without delay. — Eds. X.
Farmer.

fM

Issf;

Gaylord and Luther Tucker ; wc doubt not it will
sustain the high character it acquired under the hnml
of Judge Buel. It is the same size and price as here-
tofore, being somewhat larger than the New Genesee
Farmer, and at one dollar per annum. It deserves
theextcntivepotronage it receives ; and with only two
other agricultural papers in the state, one at New York,
and the other our own, at Rochester, we do not see
why our hundreds of thousands of farmers may not
profitably extend their encouragement to all of them.
Each county sustains several political papers, and
hundreds are issued within . the state ; but who will
deny that an agricultural paper is more important to
the farming community ? The Cultivator and New
Genesee Farmer, both taken together, with the post-
age, would cost lecs by nearly a dollar, than the post-
age and cost of the cheapest political newspaper.

For the Ntw Genesee Farmer.

ROHAIV POTATOES.

(Iessrs. Euitors — I planted one bushel and a half
Rohan Potatoes last spring, and the result was as

JWS'

'I The gi-ound had been cropped with Ruta Baga for
1 years previous, and was prepared by once plough-

and marking out with a plough int) rows three
1 a half feet apart. The seed was cut into pieces
Dne eye each, and two pieces planted in a hill — the
8 three and a half feet apart. The ground planted,
3 about fifty rode, or one-third of an acre. They
re planted abouj^the last days of May, and ploughed

hoed twice during summer. Owing to the heavy
lain June, and the peculiar situation of the ground,

water killed about one hundred hills, and the same
mber more were so nearly destroyed, as to produce
ihttle. My loss from the wet I should think wos
eenor twenty bushels. On digging, I found from
;ht to fifteen large tubers in each hill, and my crop
nsured one hundred and seven bushels, being over
;lity bushels from one, which is a very great saving
seed.

Jii If I had planted them about the first of May, the

jduct wciUd doubtless hove been much larger, as

jy continued to grow till killed by the frosts.

(«l I have tried these potatoes for the talile, and find

)m excellent, being dry, meely, and of good flavor

10 oil equal, in my opinion, to any polatoe in common

Yours, &c.

E. HinMON.
J Wluailand, Jan. 1840.

if

sudi rpUE CULTn'ATOH

ifcH The first number of the s:;venth volume of this pC'
ifflW idical was published at the commencement of the
and under the cdhorial supervision of Willis

AN EXPLANATION.

"Preparing Manure for Hot-beds."

On reviewing the article on this subject, on page
18, it occurred to us that our remarks were not suffi-
ciently explicit. We meant to be understood, that
fresh vnj'cnncntctt stable manure should be lain in a
heap to ferment, os much as two weeks before forming
a hot-bed. But this preparation is not necessary, it
the manure has already fermented. If a hot-bed be
formed early in the season, and contain a good body of
unicrmented raonure, such as is usually collected fresh
from the stables by gardeners, in the vicinity of cities;
it takes several doys for it to ferment and become warm ;
then it almost invariably becomes too hot, and for a
number of days throws offa rank gos or steam, so that
the young plants are either burnt or poisoned to death,
and the bed has to be sown anew; and much time is
loEt. Whereas, if the manure be prepared belore
hand, as directed, the first violent fermentation takes
place, and the injurious volatile gases escape before the
bed is formed; so that it may be sown olmost imme-
diately afterwards, with safety and success. We speak
from erpericncc.

From the Yankee Ftirmer.

BAKN CEIiIjARS FOR ROOTS.

The communication of " Economist," in the last
number of the Farmer, relative to the cultivation of
Roots as a feed for Stock, and the importance for pro-
viding a suitable place to store them during the win-
ter, contains some valuable suggestions, to which it
would be well for every one who contemplates raising
them in considerable quantities, to attend.

Having raised several hundred bushels of Ruta
Baga Turnepo, and other roots, the past season, tind
not having been sufiiciently careful to provide myself
with conveniences for storing them elsewhere, 1 was
compelled, though reluctantly, to take them into my
cellar. The weather, at the time of haivesting them,
and f >r several weeks subsequent was uncommonly
mild and warm, and the nauseous e.xholtations from
my turneps bin, in consequence were hordly endura-
ble. A large proportion of the roots rotted, and filled
the whole house, not even excepting the upper rooms
and garret, with th^ir pestilential effluvia while the
atmosphere of the cellar, the repository of my edi-
ble treasure, was impregnated with an odor scarcely
less potent and certainly no less beneficial to the in-
mates of the rooms above, than the niiaslna of the
most revolting carrion.

In one bin, containing about two hundred bushels,
more than one hundred are rotten, and the remaining
hundred will doubtless be in the same condition be-
fore they can be redeemed from the filthy and putrid
mass in which they aie imbedded. Of the residue of
my crops, which amounted in all to ujiwards of four
hundred and fifty bushels, from something less than
three quarters of an ■acre, I have already fed nearly
two hundred to my stock. The rest are as sound and
sweet as they were on the day they were harvested,
having been frequently spread on the bottom of the
cellar, and exposed to currents of air from the doors
and windows : a method which, if I had '"time and
space" sufficient for the operation, would doubtless
hove saved the rest.

Although I cannot but regret the lose of my tur-
neps, which I regard os the result of careleteness in
hoving har^sted them too early ond the want of euf-
ficicnt siorage, I have luii little ground for comj.IhUU.

The two hundred and fifty bushels will amply remu-
nerate me for the cost of cultivating the entire crop,
and leave, after deducting the expense of raiting and
harvesting thohe that have rotted, o handsomer nett
profit than any other crop on my farm.

ErnroniAi. Rkmabks. — The above communication
shows two facts very important to our farmers, and
we hope that they will profit by them, as they arc
placed belore them in a strong light. As our corres-
pondent found that he was well paid for his labor in
raising roots, oven with a large loss, it is evident thot
his crop would have paid a very handsome profit, if
saved well. And so great n loss, with the serious diB-
odvantoge attending it, urges strongly upon every
raiser of roots the importance of having a barn cellar.—
Ed. Yankee Fanner.

THE LIFE OF THE HLSBANDiJlAN.

" I .1111 n true laborer. I can earn that I cat, get what 1
wear, owe no man hate, envy no man's happiness — plad of
Oilierinen's gooil — iinntenl witll my farm; ami tile areatcst
of my pride is to '-ee my ewes gruze and my lambs suclt," —
Shakspeare.

We have come to the conclusion that Nature's tru-
est nobleman is the mon who earns his bread by the
sweat of his face, upon his own bought and paid for
plantation. An independent farmer may stand up-
on his own house-top and say to himself, as Selkirk
did—

"I nra monardi of all I survey.

My ri^ht there is none to ih'spute ;
From llic centre, all ronnd to llic sea,
I am lord of the fowl and Ihe brute."

He is trnly a rich monarch — with a landed title
more secure than that of feudal lord or baron — more
easily preserved and protected, not by deeds of valor,
and through the shedding of blood, but by the lawful
labor of the hands. His house is his castle; his acres
his dominions. His gardens are his parks, his grass
plots his lawns, and his foiests his groves. His cat-
tle, sheep, and poultry are his subjects, and he be-
comes at pleasure, either the executioner or the mul
tiplier of such subjects. Tell us if the king upon his
throne has more power worth possessing. His happi-
ness we know is lees, ae he increases toils, cares, and
his sorrows in proportion as the cultivator of the soil
diminishes his.

In the spring time he sows, in the autumn he reaps.
Providence has assured him that spring time shall not
foil, and he has the assurance of the Giver of every
good and perfect gift, that as he sows, so shall he reap.
His grounds arc watered in the eeoson of drought with
the roins and dews of heaven, and in the damp season
the sun shines to cheer, invigorate, and give promise
to his labors. The severer tasks of the summer arc
succeeded by the lighter labors of the winter. As we
have said, in the words of Will Shakspcare, "ho
earns that heeats, and gets what he weais." He n.ay
suy truly, and with on honest pride —
" 1 eat iny own lainli,
My chickens and ham.
I shear my own flcc.e and I wear 11."

What could 0 man want morel and Low ccn a fi.r-
mer, capable of onjoying life, possesecd of" his faim-
house, his farm, and his necessary imiileii'this of hus-
bandry, ever sigh for a residence within the cncloture
of a city — choising bricks and mortar for the elbow-
room of o spacious fnrm-house, — the dust of the town
for 0 village; the three-story brick house for the gra-
nary or the haycock; for the purest air of heaven, for
the atmosphere of a thousand unwholesome smoky
houses, and ten thousand unwholesome breoths? How
CO lido farmer make such a choice as this? WewoiUd
pause for a reply, did we not know that the only an
swer which could be devised, after a long study, would
be the unsatisfactory one that something better wn^
anticipaied only: for it would be a miracle, almost, for
a man to find himself happier or in better circumstan-
ces after a change of residence from the country to the
city. No, no. The true elysium; the real parodiee
on eartf, i-i the country. The city for the task-mas
tir and his hard-working servant; but the country for
the man who wishes for health and leisure, content
ment andji long life.

The afltient Romans venerated the plough, and at
the earliest, purest time of the Republic, the greatCEi
praise which could be given to an illustrations charac.
ter, was a judicious and industrious husbandman.—
Portland Adv.

ExEci'Tio.y. — Robert Miller was executed on Fri-
day last, at Whitesboro, for the murder of Barney
Leddy. Some fifteen hundred persons had collected
for the purpose of seeing the execution, but they were
disappointed, the sbeiiff having made such arrange
ments oa arc rnntemplated by law for priv.ilc exccu-

■S'}

i 1

rrTTrTTTrrrriTrnrrARMTnr

V OL.

In ourla=!, vro ^avc n pnrticular notice of the "Mag-
azine of Harticulturc." Tlie fiist number of the
eixtli volume has since come to hand, and we extract
two articles from its pages, which we arc confident
will give our readers a favorable impre?fion of the abil-
ity and talent with which the woik is conducted.
THE CULTIVATION OF CELERY.

ET J. W. nt'SSELI,.

Ab good celery is always euro to meet with a ready
Eale in the market, and command a liberal price when
found there, I propose giving a few practical retn.-nUs
on the ncecseary treatment required, front the first
fowingof the teed in the spring, to the taking up ol
the root?, in the autumn, for use. In the firs: place,
be it remembered, that the writer of this doe? not
claim any greater knowledge than that poseeseeJ by
gardeners and others, who have had experience in the
cuitiv.;tion of celery; but as tliie article may meet the
eye of those pers:>niwho have not acquired the requi-
site knowledge, to grow it to perfection, it is probable
they may glean something from it, that may be of
some assistance to them.

There are six or eight varieties of celery cultivated,
and all those who cidtivate it, have their favorite
kinds; nevertheless I will venture to rtcommend the
white solid, and the rose colored solid celery, to be
grown, either for the market or for family private uss.
The- scccnd week in April, if there is n cucumber
frame at work, prepare two or three shallow boxes, and
fill them with fine rich soil, and 6ow the seed on the
E\irface, with a liberal hand; then press it down pretty
50/id, with a piece of board, and cover it, lightly, with
very lino, sifted earth; this dom;, give the whole a gen-
tle watering, and place the boxes in the frame, close to
the front.

When the plants make their appearance give them
air every day, if possible, by propping up the sasii, at
the front, w'here tlie bn.xes are [ilaceJ. As snon ns it
is perceived that the plants have the least tendency to
g ow un w-eak, ih^y must ho removed from the frame,
i.nmedi'ately to the open air. ehosiiig some v>e'.l shel-
tered spot. On the approach cf foul weather they may
be removed t) some ploce under cover, and taken out
again alter the uni'avorablc weather is over. If no
I'rimc, as spoken of, be at hand, sow the seed on a rich
moist piece of ground, the lact week in .April, in a
sheltered situation: the ground must be well enriched
for this purpose, and the older the manure is, the bet-
ter- J>ig it over, and rake the surface very fine and
e-.-en; then sow the seed pretty thick, on the sin face,
aalwith a clean spade beat it lightly down, nice and
e .en, and cover it over, about a quarter of an insh,
with fine soil.

Ah soon as the plants are about two incaeshigh, they
should be transplanted into a nursery bed— but pre-
viius to this, the ground must be well nianuied and
d'agovi!r; then lay a board on the ground, in order to
%t'inJ upon, and sat the plants out in regu'ar order, at
Last three inches apart, plant from plant. S^me may
think this last process too much trouble; but I can as-
Fiire'iiU wha have such an idea that it is a process in-
disoensablv necessary, and the utili'.y nf it will_ be
presently seen When the plants are taken up from
the seed bed, before proceeding to transplant them,
do not forgst to rub ofl' all the side shoots, which, it
will be seen, are just making their appearanoo around
the base of the plants, ond cut o'X the ends of the
roots, if it is desired to produee lirat rate ce'.cy.

Abiut the first or aeconl week of July the p.nn'.s
wiU ba ready for the final ple.nting out — their s'.rong,
robust apoearance, by th'S tim-, I imagine, will give
great enJouragatnnit to the grower, to go on and cn:l
this goal work: bat, on the c mtrary, if the plants had
not been removed froai the seed bed as before advised,
whit a miserable appear.aneo would they n>'v make;
80 mueh so, that thefltetms b.eing too weak to bear un
the toos, now that thev stand singly, they would Vp.
lilt upon the gr nmJ. When this is the ease, the rem-
edy is, to cut oir the tops, and leave three or lour na-
ked stems sticking up— a disgrace to any person who
has the least pretension to its c.iltivatinn. The p'anls
bein" 3 1 weak it will he fiun t noeeisary to shade them
fronTthe ann, through the ni'ddle of the tla?, fir soiie
time, until nature has made a fresh efl">rt, and the
plants start to ^:o v: not so with those thn! have been
tra'iiolanted; f->r by ronovingthem with n trowe', on
adamidav, tiey will scarce feel thechan.'e. Th's
is the ,'ainj— for wadst the others will requ'.iv sha l;ng
and n'ursiuj, t'eiewiU he making a rapid growth;
and however weU the fornaer plants ore nurs : 1, it is
rare that they evtr make such good hoods as tho.ie that
receive no check.

If the cultivator has a peat mfadow, thot ia at no
time overflowed with water, he will t'nd it iho best

situation of any fir the growth of celery: but as
there are but i'c-Wj comparatively speaking, who have
such facilities, the next best locotion would be where
the soil is deep and moist, with the sub-soil clay. —
One sure guide to go by is, always to prefer deep
moist soil, whatever the sub-soil moy be; (or it mat-
ters not, however rich the ground may be mode with
nannure; if there is a delicicncy of moisture, the
growth will bo Etintcd.

In preparing the trenches for the final planting, if
the soil is deep, dig it out to the depth of eighteen
inches by fifteen inches in width; and the length as
far as is thought proper for the nniuher of plants; six
inches of the trench must be filled up with the best
old rotted manure ihst can be procured; as long straw
litter is not Fuitable, it should never be ufed. After
the manure has boon thrown into the trench, it should
be dug over, in order to mix the soil at the bottom of
the trench thoroughly with it; this done, cut a little
of the soil from each side of the trench, for the pur-
pose of covering it about an inch, and it will then be
ready for the plants, which should bo set out six or
eight inches apart, in a eiraight line down the centre.

Keep the celery free front weeds, and earth a little,
at diflereut times, until the trench is nearly filled up;
then earth it up jio mure, until it is done for the lust
lime, which should be the first or second week of Sep-
tember, or sooner, if necessary. I have two reasons
for following this process. The first is, that the roots
of the plants are already covered as much as they
ought to be, if wp suppose the sun and air has any ef-
fect on them, or is of any benefit to them. My sec-
ond reason is, that the celery will mnko a stronger
growth, and will be very much superior, both in size
and qiutlity, to that which is earthed up every week or
ten days, as is generally done. Good celery ought to
be solid, thoroughly blanched ond of large size, and
perfectly clear of ony blemish, such os rust or canhcr.
Yours, J. W. Russrri.

Moitiit Aubnrn, Camhriilge, Dec, lo39.

Fi'om tfir. Mai^azinc of Iiorticultitrt.

REVIEtV OF

The Farm:r*s Covivanioii, or Essot/s on the princi-
])les and Practicv of American Husbandry, tcilli
the address delircred before the Agricultural and
Horticultural Societies of Nae Haeen county,
Conn. Cy the late Hon. JftssE Bi'jx. 12 mo.
pp. 303. Boston, 1839.

One great obstacle to a more rapid advancement of
agricuU.ue, in this country, has been the want of cor-
rect and practical information upon the subject. It
is true that, within the Inst few years, numerous og-
ricultural periodicals have sprung up, aird omong
them some of much merit, which have been valuable
aids in the ditVnsion of piactical knowledge. The
CulOrator, of which the much lamented author of
the Essoy, ot the head of this article was the origina-
tor and conductor, has been, above oil, signally instru-
mental in efl'eciing important changes in American
husbandry. To the practical knowledge avhich he
possesied he united sound theoretical information,
wiiich enabled him to impoit useful lessons to the
husbandinon. No writer, among the many who hove
cantributed to the instruction of the farming commu-
nity, has seented to take so broad and comprehensive
a view of the importance of ogriculttirc, as a moans of
enhancing the prosperity of the country, and the con-
dition of society, as Judge Bucl. His heart and saul
were enlisted in its cau'se; and he labored hard to dis-
seminate such information as tvould eradicate the old
and exploded method of farmin<r, and to introduce in-
its place, the modern ond more rational system, which
would be BO inlluential in producing the opposite re-
sults of the old system. He was aware that it was
an ardanis task. To coiphat the prejudices of those
who hod for years followed the same beaten track, ol-
moel determined to listen to nothing which was an in-
nov.ltion upon the o-iiablished practice, was no vain
work. But he made the attempt, and, it ia scarcely
necessary for us to say, with such remarkable success
ai to accomplish, the most unexpected results. One
of toe principal object3 for which he labored, was the
elevation of the agricultural lei'ofession. The idea
which has been so provoleat with many, that plough-
ing, and digging, and planting and •rathering, consii-
fi.e the .sole renuirenaents to practice farming success-
fidly, has tended to rank agriculture — the parent and
fostering mother of all nrta — so low, os to reniler the
occupation of a cultivator of the soil one of derision,
an 1 an employment from which hundreds have turned
away, to seek out other sources of business, which
they have imagined would confer more wealth and
r,>3poctability. <.'..-,_.j*^ *

But the dissemination of better inlormntion hi
v.-ftkcned refliction upon the subject. If lejiicu
has laot been elevated to its proper place, it has ber
cause those who practice it hove not mode any ntte
to improve the art or enlighten their mindt — they
not gone into the principles of the science — they!
not pludied the unerring laws of nature, "which
such a controlling influence upon vegetation. PI
cal power has alone been deemed the important n
site, and science discarded altogether. Sut, ii
language of the author of the above work, we

" There is a redeeming spirit obrood. The 1
qfEC-ienec ore beaming upon the ngricttllurol w
and dissipating the clouds of euperstitious ignori
vhich have so long shrouded it in darkness,
causes which have for some time been actively O]
ting to improve the condition of the other arte, ai
elevate the character of tho'se who conduct them
extending their influence to agriculture. A new
tiotter system of husbandry is coming into vfl
which hosbecn productive of great good, ond »
promises many new coinferts ond blessing to ouro
and children."

We hove thus noticed some of the many impA
changes which have been made in our agriculture
ring the last eight or ten years, in a degree, we bel
through the influence of Judge Buel. Wc hai
ticipatcd still greater advanceni>->nt by the aid o
useful pen; but he has been suddenly token froi
by an ail-wise Providence, when his services wcr
coming of the greatest value, and we trust iha'
good precepts which he ailvanccd, and the exci
examiile which he set, may long exert thi ir bene
ctfects ttpon the agriculture of the co mtry.

The present essay wos prepared by Judge Bu€
a short period before his death, ond the lost shec
but just been issued from the presv, when the cor
nity was called upon to mourn his less. It avou
useless for us to occujiy etiocc with a simple revit
the work, as v/e could not do it ony justice in the \
ed room we hove to spare. Kveiy farmer should
it — he should not only own it, but rend it^— he si
study it — it should be his text book, in all matte
laiing to furmini,; — and if it is not the means of
bly increasing the products of his form, it will I
cause the author's plain, practical and familiar It
have been disregarded.

The essay is divided into twcr.ty-seven chapter
last of which treats on rural embellishment; or
this is 0 subject which has received but little ottei
yspccioUy from farmers, wc cannot refrain froir
king some extieets from this chapter. It com
thus: —

" There are few things better calculated to i
us to our homes, — where the social virtties love t-
gregate," and to dispense their blessings, thiyi rura
bellishments. This is true, whether we app
term to our neighborhood or individual abode,
public grounds about the great cities of the old i
nent, some of which comprise on area of five hu,
acres, are the theme of general admiration, the
tres of healthful exercise ond recreation, and the
CCS of high intellectual enjoyment. The lesser ;
and villages, even of our country, owe more of
charm ond interest to the trees and plants whicl
hellish their squares, street and .oyotrnds. in the (
0 man of tostc, than to any ostenloiious show of
iind mortor— more to the beauties of nature th
the works of man. rs'oy, the highest efiiirts t
human intellect ore in voin ]nit in requisition ti
tnte the handiworks of the Crcotor. And whc
come down to the suburban residence, and even
unostentatious abode of the farmer, how are
beauties heightened, and thi'it value enhanced,
screen of ornamental trees, oied a well-kept gordi
It is a common opinion, that he who plonis
docs no; p-nnt for himself, but for posterity; th
will not cnj.iy their fruiter recline beneath theirs
but that those who follow him will reap the \.
of his labors. Judge Bucl has shown the fnl'
such reasoning, by relating his own exjiericncc o
subject.

" Loudon tells us that in travelling from Slrasl
to Mun'ch, he passed through a continued oven
forest and fruit trees planted on b'.ilh sides i
highway for moie than one hundred miles,
that has passed through New Kngland, in sun
has not admired the beautifiil trees with which
in 0 ineesure enshrouded? The gieat objecti
nlonting is, that one may not live to enjoy the fr
the shade of the trees whieih he plants. Such !
jection is unworthy of the age, which should,
does not, have regard to the interests of the I
fomily and of posterity,— ond is, besides, ii

\

T^^o. 2.

A i\ D i; A U JJ E iV E 11 J J U U 11 i\ 11 L.

m^

to hold n shorter tenure of life than all of us hope for,
mill most of us expect. Twenty yeni 8 ago, nt forty
\rT!rsof nse, wo commenced the cultivation of what
\> "5 termed a barren, unt imeablc common, not an acre
I r which had been cultivated, and on which a tree or
-■ iiib had never been planted by the hand of man. —
W'c have now growinij in our court-yard, comprising
about hnlf an acre, anil in the highway in front of It,
tifty species of forest ond ornamental treeB,_ many ol
them forty and lifty feet high, more than tifiy species
of ornamental shrubs, not including the rose, besides a
vast number of herbaceous, ornamental, ond bulbous
and flowering perennial plants — the greatest number
of which, in all their variety and hue of foliage, (low-
ers, and fruit, may be embraced in a single view from
the piazza. Most of om- fruits hove been raised by us
from the seed, or propogated by grufting or budding.
Yet we can enumerate more than two huudretl kinds,
including varieties, which we are now in the habit of
gathering annually from trees, vines, &c., of our own
planting. We feel grateful 10 God for these rich and
abundant blessings, and for the impulse which prompt-
ed our labor. \Ve have adduced our own e.\amidc,
not in a spirit of vaunting, but to convince the young
and middle-aged, that there is abundant reason for
them to plant with the hope of enjoying the fruits of
their labor. The old should plant from an obligation
they owe to society, and fir the requital of which they
have but a short period allowed them. The young
should plant for the double purpose of benefitting them-
selves and their children,

■' We would by no means advise that the farmer
should confine himself to mere ornamental trees. —
There are many fruit trees that are not only ornamcn.
tal but useful, about dwellings, aa the cherry, pear,
apple, quince, &c.

" There is not a spring or an autumn in which o
few hours cannot bo spared without detriment to the
labors of the farm, to plant out fruit and orn.imenlal
treo3 and shrubbery about the dwelling, andbutvciy
few hours are rea.uisite. There is no great art requi-
red in the business. The holes for the plants should
be dug larger and deeper than the size of the roots, in
order that these maybe surrounded on all 6!dc.<; by
a rich surface mould, into which the new' roots moy
push freelv, ond find food. The infertile soil from the
pit should be thrown away, and its place supplied by
raoulJ taken from the surrounding surface; the loots
should have their naturol direction, and the earth be
well pressed uiion them; and the plants chould be
protected from cattle till they are of a size not to be
injured by them."

We commend the work to every individual inter-
ested in agriculture: and we trust its dissemination
will elevate and improve the standing of ogricultcre,
ond conduce to its prosperity throughout the country. ^

From the Ynnlcec Fanr.fr.

BETTEK BUY THA3f BOEKO'^V.

I like to see a farmer well provided with tools, thai
he need not be subject to the very troublesome incon-
venience of borrowing. Some, however, prefer to
carry on their work by means of their neighbor's im-
plements, and, from frequent use of the same, ihcy
seem to think, that they derive a positive right to them.
You may bring home a new axe, ijr in.-tance, all
ground ond sharp fjr lousiness, and, in half an hour, it
you wi^h for it, you are pretty sure to find it at the
woodpile of your borrowing neighbor. Is not this
most provoking? A former, as well as a mechanic,
should have tools of his own. How would it answer
for a carpenter to depend upon a brother artificer for
his broad-axe, hie mallet, his hammer, and hand-paw 7
For myself, I have always endeavored to keep on hand,
and read.' ior ufe. every sort of farming utensils, that
I think I may need, in my, rather small way, perhaps,
of husbandry ; and it may be, thot what has been re-
marked about it is true, viz: that, for this very reason,
my neighbors are but too negligent in this matter, cal-
culating that whenever they want a tool, they know
where to find one. I have been called a 'good-natu-
red imn, and willing to oblige,' but, from this time
hereof irtb, I am determi.ied to set up my F.benczcr
in the business, and show them, that I am not
withoulgrit and resolution. I will not be pestered, as
1 have been for a series of years, with such continual
annoyance. 1 would be liberally disposed towards
my neighbors: 1 would be in season ond out of season
in my good offict?8: but with respect to farming tools,
there is no more lack of them for the ogiijuUurists.
than there is of lace, ril ands, and trinkets for a ball
room. Every sort and kind of tool is ofi'ered for sale
at the Agricultural ttores, and a man ie not obliged
now, as once, to botch up an old, worn-out tool, be-
cause there are no more to be purchased. The best
oecommodatiou on this behalf may now ba (ound on

the right, and on the left, so thot borrowing is out of
the qucc^tion. I say to the farmer who expects to ear-
ly on his business by depending on his ncigbboi's for
tools, — 'avaunt! nor presume to meddle with my
scythe, my rake, my fioil, my brake, my axe, my hoe,
my plough, my crow;' ay, and again 1 eay, hands oil
from my beetle and wedges.

Beetle and wedges ! Apropos. — Thc€c arc the
worst of all implcmenis for lending, and, when once
from home, the owner is fnre t" £<e his beetle jctuin-
ed, (if it even be returned,) clacked, ringlets imd
useless. ■ By the way, I hove snid above, that e\cry
sort and kind of IVirming tool is offered for sale nt the
agricultural stores; but it is not to altogether. Not
long since 1 made inquiry at the several establith-
ments in the city for n beetle, when, behold, 1 wos
told that no tuch thing was thcie, or ever was. 'Cull
at the wooden-ware shops,' said they, 'and you will
he accommodated.' I replied that a beetle was a far-
mer's utensil, and why not keep theml ' No,' was
the aufwer, 'a beetle belongs to the line of brooms,
bnskcte, mops, and bread-tiays.' 'Whewl' toid I,
and, trudging awoy to one of the woehtub merchants,
made inquiiy for the article. They, indeed, showed
me something, colled a beetle; hut, ' O, tempora, O,
more-!' — a niiserable, flimsy affair! What a wretch-
ed foiling ofl", in the beetle line, fiom thote noble
thumpers in the dnys of our grnndl'athers! Abraham
Aulhraciie stood hold by ond remarked, ' wbot reed
of such tools now-a-days, when wcod-iires have grown
out of foshion, and coal is all the go?' But I soon sa-
tisfied Abraham,- that he knew not half the jiurpoecs
of beetle ond wedges upon a form. Earmcra do with-
out them? ' 'Tis an absurdity,' I moy be thought
more nice than witc, when 1 say, ' give me n finish-
ed beetle for mtj uic. I wont none oi'your ill-shaped
smashers, as long aa a horse's head. I would have a
smooth and stout handle also, a little biggest at the
upper end, that it need not clip out of my hands, whin
i give the blow. The rings, to be cure, need not be
poliBhed but they should be oi proper width, circum-
ference, and thickne.T6, and of tough iron. 1 want no
shaninnng in the making of my farming tools.' I
turned to leave the place, when Abraham again accos-
ted me, faying, ' I tell you wbot, neighbor, come to
think on't, if you s'aould puichase a good beetle, I moy
want to borrow it in preparing some fencing siufl" for
a little lot I have in your vicinity.' 'Borrow! you
borrow, Abraham?' said I, and hastily deported, leav-
ing him to ponder on where and how he might supply
himself with beetle ond wedges.

Again, onother word or two on the subject of bor-
rowing. You may say, Mr. Reader, that ' farmers
ought to be obliging to each other, and, that without
borrowing and lending, more or less, it will be difii-
cult for a neighborhood to prosecute their busine-s of
agriculture, ns oftentimes, it happens, thot ace dents
occur; — tools may be suddi nly broken and ilcc-lroyed,
without a chance of immediate rcparouon, &c. Gran-
ted. It is the duty of all to lend their aid in such ca-
sej, and when I refuse to assist my neighbor in such
on emergency, then mark me for a disobliging, cross-
grained fellow. But, er, it is the negligent, habitual
borrower, the one who cares not a fig for your tool,
after he has done with it, and who never will own
cue, so long as he can borrow, against whom I lay
my charge. Neither do they confine it to tool-bor-
rowing altogether; I can hardly get my newfpaper in-
to my hands from the Post Office, before I am assailed
by some litdc urchin wit'u — ' daddy wonts the print,'
OS nntch as to eay, that we take it in partnership! —
But, in particular, with borrowing fanners I have no
patience. No one con work without tools, and if a
man owns.lond, ond pretends to farm it, let him pup-
ply him.oelf, to prevent hord words and wry looks. I
set my face ogainst these habitual borrowers of farm-
ing tools. J..ct them not think of being accommoda-
led from my tool-house. Touch not: — meddle not
with mine, from my gnrden dibble to my bect'e and
wed*TGS, Sm-iti.og.

Decompositioa or Putrefaction of Vf setnWc.s.

All vegetobirs, when the principle of life has de-
j parted from them, begin spontaneously to be decom-
I posed (to putrift',) The elements which enter into
the composition of plonts, when left entirely to the
disposal of thi^ir chemical aflinities, have a tendency
to sCjinrale from each other and fi.rm new compounds
very dilfercnt frcm those which compote the living
plant. This is termed the "spontoneous decomposi-
tion" of vegctnbles. The substonces formed by the
new arrangement of the elements of the vegetables,
OS if it had bc'U totolly onnihilated when life ceased
to prcsei-ve its particlfs together in the vegetable form.
Thjj conipountla formed, when the vegetable dies
' end' piitrefaclion gc»9 on, aro, carbonic acid, water.

carbonic oxide, and caiburetted hydrogen. The two
fojinerorc the chief iCoults of the decompoaition ; tl;o
two latter tiirmcd more tijoringlj-, ond p.rincipally
when theie is not a free supply ot o.xyiLen to the sub-
stoncc undergoing decomprsition. 'I'hc cnibon ond
hyiliogcn ol the idont hove a coiiilont tendoncy to
unite with oxygen, ond lorm carbonic acid and water.
Now there is never preccnt in the vegetable a eniti-
cient supply of oxygen to produce these coiupcunds
pre.rnt'-d irum e.\ternol souices, as formed, one of
which ((atboiiic oxide) requires a lees quantity ol car-
bon and hydrogen.

In vegetables which decay under water, caiburetted
hydrogen is abtiiubintly formed : hence a;i:cs the gas
which is (bund so pkntitul in summer in stagnant
watcis containing quantities of putrclying vcgclubles.

The spontoneous decompotition of vcgetoblcs goes
on most rapidly when they ore exposed to the air, kept
moist, and preserved nt a degree of warmth higher
than the usual tempcratiae of the atmofphcre. Pu-
ticfaction is rctordtd or almost prevented if the veg-
etable be diied, so that its own moistuie is expelled,
coiefully excluded from air ond moisture, ond kept
cold. The influence of heat in promoting the decay
of vegetables depends upon the repulsive power it
posiessos, by which it disposes the various clementa
to atbume the gaseous Ibrra. Animals ond vcgettblea
are frequently found in snow or ice, in a hi{;h stale o{
preservation.

Such ore the chonges whii h go on in tlje dead pdant.
Thot myatcrioiis of ent. Life, is oble by its peculmi
power, to control and overcome the cheniicol attrcc
lions which tend to pioduce there changes and icloina
ihe;e elements in that slate el' combination beet ndap
ted for the pel formence of their proper functions : at
the moment he.wevcr, in which life ceatee to superin-
tend the cxciciEC of these functions, they cccse ond
the chemical attractions, no longer restrained by the
vital principle, obtain full swoy. The carbon, o.'•.ys•el^
ond liydrogen, foimerly exitling in the state of wotid
berk, leaves, fruit, ortecdi^, ol.ry the laws of chem;»
try, return to the slote of ciffbonic ocid, water or in
fiaiinnahle gos, mix with earth ond aimospheie, olibrn
mitiiment to the new plonts, ogain form leaves, flow-
ers, ond all the beoutilul and diversified ergons of tho
vegetoble creation — again wither aird decoy, and le-
turn to the soil to supply new generoticu?, and coutir.-
up the tame series of unceasing revolutions. — Clmu'
istry of Xaiurc.

Notwithstanding the imniente groin- cro.s cf thia
countiy, the post seoson, ond the fact ib^ t loige tt-nr..
tit'cs of flour hove been exported to Ei.iopc, still ;c\ ■
erol vestels hove arrived at New York rccert'j w -•h
lye, from Odessa. This may serm l.ke "utiiy'r-;;
cools to New Castle,' to ihose who ore not n> v.i!'i ii.j
with the fact that this lye is intended I'cr the ci.tl.
lay. — BosiOJt Times.

Great Wheat Msumi ix Oiiio. — A w": •-. r in

the Kanesville Ohio Republ.con etatts ihatt ::, h so
been two millions one bundled ff y ibci.ii.j i' ft s. . U
of grain sold this year in ihot countiy, 'Uiisis itini-
ing to some pui-poee.

Let the best cars of corn he selected annually, and
there will be an anniiol improvement ; in this v.cy,
eome kinds that were only middling some years ogo.
hove now become excellent.

Two formers may have the Earoc kifid of corn, and
one selects with care his seed, while the other is neg-
IcctftU ; ofle r some years there ie so wiele a diflcrerce
that the negligent man is astonished at \\ic superior
crop of him who has acted with sagacity, ond pays a
high price for the improved voriety.

He is convinced by po.-itive proof that others have
been going forward while he hos been stationary, or aa
Paddy says, " advancing bockwoids," and at last ho
awakes from hie lethargy and endeavors to progress in
rapid strides, by adopting the improvements t';ct olhcra
have steadily and profitably pursued. — Yankee Varmcr

Si.xGULAR Temres. — King John gave several lania
ot Kopperton and Atterton, in Kent, to Solomon Alie-
field, to be held by this singular service : That, aa
oFien as the King thould be pleased to cross the sea,
the said Solomon, or h's heirs should be obliged to ac-
company him, to hold his majesty's head, if there
should be oei:aEicn for it, " that is, if be should be sen
sick ;" and it appears, by the record in the Tower, iknt
this same office of hruil holding wos actually perform,
ed in the reign of t.dward the First.

More than sixty thoueoml persons are registered on
the books of the twelve municipalities of Paris, as in
a state of slaiTotJon.

3.!

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1

THE GOOD WORK ADVAXt'ING.

Nothing can have a greater tcniltucy to encourage
the friends ot nn enligbtened and judicious system ol
agriculture to persevere in their proiscwortby eflorte,
than the spirit of improvement «hieb appears to be
widely dili'using itself throughout our land. The re-
BJlts of the late Cattle SbowB and Agricultural E.vhibi-
tions held in various parts of the Union during the
present aeasjn — the increasing interest maniteetcd by
members of others — the tine condition of the stock
exhibited — the great variety and value of new agri-
cultural implenunti, and the determination of the till-
ers of the soil not tJ rest short of every attainable im-
provement, to bring their farms to the highest grade
in the scale of fertility, and of consequent profit to
themselves, and great advantage to the community at
large — are full tif promise.

During the present year, a large number of Agri-
cultural Societies have been organized, possessing
within themselves the elements of great good. Be-
sides, several societies formed long since, and which
were permitted to languish through the lukewormness
of their members, have been resuscitated — many new
sjeietiea have been formed, numbering among their
members many of the most enlightened and public
spirited agriculturists of our country — and for greater
attention has been paid to the interests of agriculture
in all its various deputments, than at any previous lime.
Experiments have been made, if not on the great scale,
ot least very e.vtensively — and in this matter the farm-
er has a decided advantage. Knowledge has been
greatly increased, and our brother farmers, many of
them at least, are prepared to enter in good spirits and
in somewhat improved circumstances, on the labors
of another year.

The raising of roots for the purpose of feeding cat-
tle is no longer a matter of experiment. The great
importance of this crop is now established, and we
presume that thosj persons who have put in their
winter grain, where tbesugar beethasbeen last raised,
and especially if two successive crops have been taken
from the some ground, provided the earth ha« been
properly turned up, and the grain sown of a good qual-
itv, will be abundantly satisfied with the results of the
ensuing seoaon. The sugar beet especially, and the
root crop in general, has a tendency to leave the ground
in admirable order for any of the small grain crops to
succeed. While, we recommend to every farmer to
put in a full, supply of roots the ensuing season, suffi-
cient for his cattle during the ncvt winter, we would
advise him not to entertain the opinioii, or even to at
tempt the minuficture of sugar from the beet.' It is
not the province of the farmer — and in the present state
of chemical and agricultural science, it cannot become
a proiitable subject of household fabrication. To be
successful, its manufacture must be conducted on the
great scale : then there is neither risk nor dilFiculty.
The farmer should be content with raising, at the pres-
ent, a sufficient quantity o( roots for his own use, and
the keeping of his stock, and when sugar manufacto-
ries and refineries are established, then it will be time
to think of raising beets (or lb-- purpose of sugar-ma-
king ; and no doubt, if the business he properly com-
menced— with a competent head, sulilciont capital,
nnd the right kind of machinery — a ready market at
fair prices will be found for all the beets that can be
raised within the proper circle of each manufacturing
establishment. But, admitting thnt a pound of sugar
is never made from the beet, siill, its introduction into
the country, ond its almost universal culture, must be
regarded (is a national benefit. The largo return it
renders, the eagerness with which almost all kinds of
stocks feed on it, and their disposition to fatten on it

its peculiar adaptations to dairy stock, not merely

increoaing the qiiantihj but also the r/ualitij of the milk
ond butter, together with the excellent order in which
it leaves the ground on which it is grown, all concur
in pointing it out as one of the most eligible crops the
farmer can roisc. We would by no means have the
sugar beet raised to the exclusion of other root crops,
pspecially such as iheruta baga, carrots, potatoc, &c.;
«s a change, even for stock, is both good and desira-
ole.

The more general introduction among our farmers
of impii>ved implements in agriculture, has not been
without its effect. Many of these machines arc calcu-
lated not only to lessen the labors of the field, but also
perforin the work in a more perfect manner than it can
be done by hand.

The stigma bo long attached to this, the most noble
ol all earthly pursuits, is washed away— the strong pic-
j.idicea have been dissipated, and agriculture is now
regarded by the truly intelligent, as not only tic firrtt
of arts, but the most dignified colling tlmt cmi eliiiin
the attention of men. — Farmns' Cabiiiel.

.\0 .\UVEKTISK>n;.\T.S will we inserted in this paper,
e.xceiu mich it!i relate to iiiiilter!* conneL'tcd wiUi Agriculture
:ind Horticulture; and these will not be allowed more than
2 or 3 tiitiertiona.

BVFF.ILO Nl'RSERV. I

LARGE .ADDITIONS arc constantly being made to this
cstiililisluueiit, and it now embracer a large collcolloii of
t-liuice varieties ul" the -Apple, l*c:ir, I'luni, Peach, t'licrr>'.
Apricot, (luiiice, Almond, (irape. Currant, Goosc'jcrry, Uas])-
berry, Rj;rawl:erry, &c. -Also, ri fine collection of Ornainen-
t.'il Trees rind Shrulis, Vines, Creepers, Bulbous Knots, Her-
baceous Perennial Flowering Plaiil"; 100 kinds ol* the finest
hardy Hoses ; 15 kinds of I'eonics ; 7o kinds of Hie most
splendid doulitc Datlli.is. Also, a large collccLion of choice
Green House Planls, in fine order. -XT -A few thousand Mo-
rns !\IuIticauli9, at low prices.

The li^cation of this Nursery is well adapted to supply
Western orders; as the nmncrous t?te.'UH Soats on the lake-s
en.iiile the proprie'.or to ship all p.ackages direct to port with-
out delay. Printed catalogues forwarded gratis to any per-
sons on receiving their address. Orders will rri'cive prompt
attention. B. HODGE.

lluffalo, Feb. 1st., 1840.

NURSERY AT POITLTXEWILLE.

THE SfB.SCUIBEU has several thousand thrifty young
IMountain Ash and Vellow Locust Trees for sale, low,
n large or small qu.intilies. Also, an assortment of Pc.ich
ind Apple Trees, Ornanicntal tfhrubs. Bulbous Roots, &c.

Packaiies deli^'el■ed to order at Poulmeyvilte, Palmvia, or
Rochester. S. LEDVARD.

Pmillruyvillr. H'tyne Co., .V. }'. Fth. ie4o

Gil soil's Straw Cutters and Root Slicers.

FOR CL'TS AND DES"R PTIOVS", J^Et PAGE-t^J, N. O. PARMER.

THESE MACHINES are now manufactured by the Sub-
scriber at his machine shop, near the east end of the Ac-
qucduct, RocJicster, where a supply will be kept lor sale, and
also at the Rochester ?-ced Store. Farmers are respectfully
invite! to examine these machines before purchasing others,
as it is confidently l.c(icved th.it they are superior to any oth-
er machine of the tcind now in use.

The iirice of the Straw Cutter la - . ®20

Of the Root Sheer, 11

JOSEPH HALL.
nocAcsler, Feb. 1910.

PrRE CLOVER SEED W.ANTED.

A XV I'CRSON having .-, load or more of warranted pure
Clover ^^ed, may do well to cidl at the Rochester Seed
Store, or write to the subscriber.

RorlitsUr, Feb 1st. 1*40. M. B. BATf:HAM.

SEED STOKE CATAIiOGlE.

THF. \e\v Cal.ilogiic »f the Rochester See.l Store, will lie
piililishCLl in Lime to bciuI out wiih the Jie.\t iiumljer of
llie Xctt' Genesee Fanner. Dcseriptions of some ucxv ami
vaiuaiile artioles from Europe, wlil be given in the next miin-
bcr of the Farmer. ;\I. B. BATEH.\M.

MORUS MULTICAILIS FOR SALE.

THK Suls Tiber offers to tliose who wouhi engage in the
silk hu.~;nes3, in Wcs'.crn New York, gooii sizeii ami
hc.ilthy trees, of last soiisoii's growtli, ami measuring from
Ihrce XoJ'iie feet in licighl, ftnil unlrimmoU, on as reasonahle
terms as any other person. All letters in relation thereto,
post paid, will meet with prompt attention

F.. F. MAUSHALU
Corner of Buffalo Jt Eichansc-sta.
liochester, 1 mo 1, 1P40.

GE>ViriNE ROHAN POTATOES.

THESE ce.Ie'tratc i potatoes are for sale at thp Kochester
Secl-Store, at the following low prices : — 0-i |»er bushel
— ©.>per ban-c', ('21*2 Imsliels.)

As the price Will umlouhtCiily advance in the spring, those
u ho wish to olrain them will do well to order them soon. —
Thov will he safely kept till spring, if desired, nnd sent ac-
t:oriiin«r to order. M. B. BATEHA.M.

Januarij, 1, 11^40.

ROCHESTER SEED STORE,-1840.

Tun liberal support which ihis establishnieiil has received
for several years past, affords flatteringevidenee that the
proprieor pos-iesscs the cunlldence of the public, and that his
elV.t' ts to acconiir.o.lato the community are not uiiappreciiileil.
W'iiile he expresses his acknowledgements lor the past, he is
iuipjiy to inform his friends, that he is now better tlu.n ever
prepared to serve them ; and is confident that I'nture transac-
tions, in his line, will be attended with increased pleasure to
himse'f and,satlsf.ictionto hiscustoiners Soined.lficiilly has
been hore.nfure experienced in obtaining new seeds, of snnie
kinds, which it was desirable to import, .•tnd, in order to
reruciiy the evil, the proprietor went over to 1-jUropc himself,
and procure! a supply for this season t and made sin-h ar-
rangements for the futre, as will prevent all difiiculty in o!i-
taining supplies I'roin that country.

'IMie present stock of imported seeds is very ex'ensive ;
they \\"ere selected with great, care among 'he best growers of
l>igland and Scotland. Among them arc many imprni'ed va-
rielioa, which wiM be grciit aciiuisitions to our gardens and
tiebh. Some acirount of them will be publishe.l hereafter.

The stoj'k of Amerii-an set-ds is also very large. They
weiT raisej llif^ past season, in the most carefiii manner.

\\'ith his present advantages, and experience in the busi-
ness, i\tc. proprietor flatters himself tli.at he will be able to
guard against every source of complaint, and furnish an
abuiHlaiht supply of superior seeds at very re.nsonable prices.
Any person who had seeds from him which proved bad, last
year, are reiiucs'ed to mention the circumstauces toliiiii, that
rejiaration may lie made.

New f^alalogupv will be pu'disho^ soon, nnd sent Ti^uil np-
plicants, ifratis. M. B. RATEIIa:M

l{„rl.^!lrr, .linnmr]/ 1, 1«".».

TO NURSERYMEN AND OTHERS.

THE ffdlowing seeds were procured in Europe, especially I
lor .Nurserymen. The supply is not large, and those who
wish any of them should order soon :

European Siher P"ir, Norway Spruce.Larch,
Knglish and Scotch Laiiiburnuni, Broom, Furze,
I'yracanlha Berries, Cypress, Horse Chestnuts.
Also, for sale, "20 Bushels of fine Peach Stones.
A correspondent wishes to dispose of a few hundred young
thrlf.v .Mountain .\sh Trees. M. B. BATEHAM.

January 1, 1840

AGENTS

FOR THE ROCHESTER SEED-STORE AND
NEW GENESEE I'.ARJIER.

THE following persons will, in a few weeks, receive full
assortments of seeds from the Rochester Seed-Store.—
They will also receive subscriptious for the Farmer.

Bu(r.ilo \\. Si. G. Bryant.

Lockport, S* H. .Marks & Co.

Alliion,' R.athliun i Clark.

ISrockport, Ceorge Allen.

Scotsville, >.. Andrus &. Garbutt.

Le Roy, • • Tompkins & Morgan.

Batavia, J. A'. U. Verplanck.

Attica. R. i. N. Wells,

Perry, L. B. Parsons Sc Son.

Mount Morris R. Sleeper.

Geneseo, J. F. & G. W. 'Wymaiv

CanauiLaigun, J.B. Hayes.;

Geneva J.N Bogert.

AVateiloo .\bram Duel,

.\ubnrn T. M.Hunt.

Palmyra, Hoyt & May.

Newark Doane &■ Co.

Svracuse T. B. Fitch & Cot

Utica, J. E. Warner.

Oswego M. B. Edson.

17 In answer to the numerous applications which are
m.-ule fw seeds to sell on commission, I would here stale, that
1 do not furnish seeds in that way except to regular agen-
cies ; and I do not wish to increase the number of them at
present, especially at tar distant places, or ftrqU villages

Kochealer iced- Start, Jan. 1, l&IO.

M. B. BATEH^WI.

ROCHESTER PRICES CIRRENT-

CORRKCTKU FOB

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, FEB. 1, ]84a
WHEAT perbushel, $ 87Ja $ 91

CORN, " 44.

OATS " 25..

BARLEY " 3fc..

PEAS, Common, . " 50..

BEANS, White. . . " 75..

POTATOES " 19..

APPLES, Desert,. " 50..

" Cooking, " 38..

" Dried,... " 1,00..

CIDER, barrel, ... 1,50..

FLOUR, SuperBne, " 4,50..

,. " 4,00..

,. " 2,00..

. " 12,00..

.. " 8,50..

.100 lbs 4,50..

,. " 4,50..

50
28
44
75

.. 25

.. 63

.. 50

1,25

1,75

12,50
. 9,00
. 5,00
. 5,00
.... 4
.... 8

...18
... 16
...14
.... 8
.... 8

, 63
50

Fine,

SALT,

FORK,MesB,..
" Prime,
" Hog, .

BEEF "

MUTTON, Carcase, pountJ,

POULTRY " ... 6..

EGGS, per dozen, 15..

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound 14..
" Firkin, "... 12.

CHEESE, " ... 6..

LARD " ... 7..

TALLOW " ... 10..

HIDES, " ... 5..

SHEEP SKINS,.... each,... 50..

WOOL pound,.. 38..

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00

POT, " ....".. 4,.'50 5,00

HAY, ton, . . 9,00 10,00

GRASS SEED bushel,.. 1,00 1,25

CLOVER, " " ... 6.00 ....7,00

FLAX " "... Tf) 1,00

PLASTER, Cinbbls.lperion, 6,00

" bulk, (at Whenltand) 3,00

ErplnTKition. — Of such articles as are bought of farmers, at
whotesab-, and sold again at retail ; the hrst mentioned Is the
average u holesale price, and the last the retail. Thus, clover
seed is bonglii at .©It, and sold again at 3J7.

Rcmnrks. — It will be seen, on comparison, that our report
of the ]\Iarket this month, is rather nn improvement on that
of the last. Although but very little is done as yet, the pries
of wheat and some other articles, h.ave somewhat advanced
The scarcity of money is, perhaps, as great as ever ; hut there
is less of panic. Men begin to see that some business can
and must be done; people still live, and must eat; conse-
quently the produce of the farmer must be had. The suppllrj
of flour in the eastern cities, are fast being consumed or sent
away, and as the season advances, the usual demand for sup-
plies from this section, will return, and revise the despond-
ing energies of our millers and merchan'.s. It will be some
time however befm-e much relief can be expected. Tlo
i banks will not. and cannot, discount largely until the nearer
approach of .Spring, when our millers and flour dealers criu
offer ibeni shorter paper. We must, therefore, endure hard
times for the present, as patiently as we can, encour.^ge.1 bv
the hope li.al lietter limes are at lianiL

(

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATEHAM,

£. F. MARSHALL, Proprietors.

,.!

VOIi. 1.

ROCHESTER, MARCH, 1810.

JOHN J. THOMAS,

M. B. BATEHAM, Editors,

PUBIilSHED MOIVTHliY

IM CONNECTION Willi rilE ROCHESTER SEED STORE AND AORl-
CULTCRAL REl'OSITORY.

Terms — FIFTY CENTS, per year, payable aways in ad
Vance.

Post Masters, Agents, anil others, sending money free of
postage, will receive sccen cojiies fur $3,— Iteeirc copies for
^5, — 'I\cenLy-Jive copies for ©10,

Tltepoatag* on tliiy paiier is only one cent to any place
within this state, and one and a half cent to any part of
the United States.

CONTKNTS OP THIS NUMBER.

Notes to Agents, Cnrre^pnndents, and Readers 33

Excrcienre^^, oi Ijlil-h: on riiini Trees 33

Scraps — Culture of Fruit — Good Crops — Sugar Beet for

Cow s— Bal water in Wells 31

Culture of Mansel Wurtzel and Sugar Beet for Stock. . .34

Farm Stock No. -2, by W. S. T 35

Agricultural improvements— Bee Moth , . . .35

The different kinds of Grass and Clover, hy W.Garbutt. 3G

Improving New Farms - 30

^'Elements of Agricultural Chemistry".. 36

Siherian Bald Spring Wheat., good crop of .36

Borrowitig and Lending 37

Kohan Potatoes In Wheatland 37

Domestic Economy — To restore tainted Butter — Rice Apple

Dumplings. , .37

China Corn, and Rohan P^^toes down east. ......... .38

Of Stock, and the niauiier of Feeding. 38

Who is Independent? — Imiiortant Facts — Banlky Horses —

Good Sentiments . 39

Hints fur the Month, to farmers 40

Cattle and Horse Bams 40

<5ardener's works for March — Making Hot-Beds, &c.. ...40

Discriptive Catalogue of Turnips. -. . . .41

•Giant Rhubarb — New species of white Clover 41

Agrictiltural Societies, To the Farmers of New- York-. . .-.4*2

Change of Soil eifecting a change in Plants. 4.2

Choice of a Profession .....42

Silk Culture — Now is the time to begin. .4.1

The Farmer — ^English Hay-making and Hay.makers. . . . 43

Improved Short Horn Bull, Sir Walter . ..44

Agricultnral Society anrl Fair ^4

Horticultural F.air and Premiums for 1840 .44

■^'Eaton's Botany" — "Unfrequcnt Plougking— Silk publica-
tions ^ .44

Observations on the departing Winter. .. . ., -, . . .45

Wild Rice— Duty on .Silk— Slaple Sugar .45

Address of D. V. IM-Le.in before the Amer. Silk Society. .46"
Allow.-ince of Water to Horses ................. .47

Female Rea^tprs — Farmer's Daughters, by .^NNEi-Tt. . 48

Advertisements — Prices Current, with remarks .-.48

To Post Masters and Agents. ■

'Caxtixm. — Seme of our friends send letters and "papers in-
tended for as, addressed to "the Genesee Farmery" very -aax-
^irally supposing that as there is -no other paper pubTiabed
"here of such a name, thafwe shall of course receive fllem. —
Now we wish to Infonn them fhat norommnnicatiotis nddres-
48<2 in that toay are rectivcd 'by vs. The publisher of the
^ate Genesee Farmer still keeps an agent here, who claims
All such articles and takes them from .the Post office- Tliis
perhaps \\ill explain the reason why sever.al letters liave not
"reached us, of which we lmve"ii.id compluiTits. We hjope all
"Who have erred in timt rcpect, will immcJliately inform us of
the circuiBStances, and he careful hereafter to address /»aj7ers
^ the "New Genesee Farmer," .ind tellers to

BATEHAM &. MARSHALL.

Uncurrent Money.— X\\ western and southern money is .at a
^discount of from ten to twenty per cent, "with us ; and the
Jow price of our paper will not afford so p-e.at a sacrifice- —
We hope, therefore, our friends will endeavor to send bills
of this, or tlie centre states. If they cannot get it without,
■we are "Willing they sliould give a preminm of five or six per
cent for it, at our e.\pense. When it is necessary to send
■western or southern money, the hills of city banks are pre-
ferred.

Valuable Assistance.

The readers o"f tlie ^ew <jrenesee Farmer will be
Ratified to dbserve the BignatureB of some highly
"respectable writers in this month's paper. Among
them we are happy to ssy, is David Thom.\s, of Ca-
yuga county ,"who6e ■writings on Agriculture and Horti-
culture have long beeti familiar to many of our read-
ers, and have done much for the improvement of this
section of country. Both he and his son, (our J. J.
T.,) have been frequent correspondents, and the assis-
tant editors of the oW Genesee Farmer; and their uni-
ted efforts cannot fail to give the new a high reputa-
tion for talent and iiecfulncss. M. & B.

To Corres|>oudent$.

We again acknowledge our obligations to the friends
of the cause, for the kind assistance they have render-
ed; and we intend to merit a continuance of tlieir fa-
vor. We also hope that others, from whom we have
not beard, vill lend us their aid; so that the high rep-
utation which tile Geneeee country has obtained abroad,
may still be fully sustained by the undiminished talent
and usefulness of its agricultural journal.

A number of communications intended for this No.
were not received in time, and will appear in our next.
Correspondents will oblige us by sending their com-
muniactions as early as the middle of the month, if
convenient; although brief articles may be sent as late
as the *2bi\i. The Postage on comcaunicotiona need
not be paid by the writers.

We will gladly recompense our correspondents by
sending papers to such of their friends as they desire
should have it.

One correspondent aska, "what kind of communi-
cations are moat acceptable" to us ? We answer, such
as are best calculated to benefit our readers. They
are mostly farmers and their families; and whatever
will be interesting «nd useful to theiu, on subjects con-
nected with their profe8e.ion, will be acceptable to us.

OUR ENCOURAGEMENT.

We are almost daily receiving from the friends ol
agriculture, the most flattering expressions of approval
and satisfacticn, respecting the appearance and charac-
ter ef our jioper. .AJl agree in declaring " that the
New Genesee Farmer is worthy of its name, and cred-
itable to ii3 conductors ;" and express the fullest con-
fidence "that itMnll exhibit as much talent, and prove
afi'usefiil na its predecessor." The approval of such
friends 's highly gratifying to onr feelings, and stimu-
i latee tis to greater efibrts. The talent and reputation
of die paper will depend on the character of those who
contribute for its pages ; and we are happy to say
that the contributions which we have received
more than equals our most sanguine expectations. But
there isanother kind of assistance indispensably neces-
sary,foi the vscfulTiess of the paper to be fully establish-
ed, it mvst hove an ezteiisirc circidaiion ; so that its
beneficial influence may be felt and seen, in the agri.
cultural community. And here we croirceive is a duty
imposed upon each and all of our readers, who profess
to be friends of the cause, and wish the good of their
neighbors and their country, especially is it the duty
of those who wish to see the New Genesee Farmer
sncceed,antl the reputation of the Genesee country sus-
tained. The pecuniary embarrassments of the present
time opperate severely against such an undertaking as
this, and calls for more decided eflbrts on the part of its
friends. Then there are thousands of farmers in the
land who wo-uld willingly subscribe, and even of those
who were readers of the old Genesee Farmer, who are
not yet aware that a new one is established ; or if they
are, they have not seen it, and imagine it to be some
"spurious" catch-penny concern, against which they
have been strongly cautioned. Such men can be found
all through the country,but we know not who, or where
they are, and hav'e no mean.i of reaching them, except
through the kind nj-'cncy of others. We respectfully
ask therefore that all who wish success to the cause,
will give a little attention, and time if need be, to this
subject, show the paper to their neighbors and acquain-
tances,and extend" ihemenns of our usefidness ; and we
pledge ourselves that nothing shall be wanting on our
part to make the New Genesee Farmer, full as talent-
ed and interesting as the old. *

*^yumlitr One.^' — Some of our friends seem to have inferred
from a note in our last. th.atiVo. 1, of this paper could be no
longer had. We did not intend to he so understood however,
and therefore state that all new subscribers will be supplied
with it. At the same time we hope all agents and post-
masters will let none of that number be lost ; but be careful
to inform us if the subscribers have got it, and save alt the
duplicate-s.

Corrertion. — In the last number of the Farmer, page "S^", 3d
column, middle paragraph. Oliver Cnfrer's "Ottt" should
read Htrrtt—iit is six years old.

Excrescences on Plum Trees,

Many years ago, perhaps thirt;, we heard of anjin-
Boet in the southeastern part of Pennsylvania, that was
destroying the RIorello cherry trees, and not unfre-
quently the plum trees, — by loading their branches
with dark excrescences. Since that time, we have not
failed to mark its progress as opportunities occurred ;
and from repeated observations, we arrived at the con-
clusion that this insect is indigenous to the mountain-
ous regions of that state. There it appears to confine
itself to the wild cherry which so much resembles the
peach in its leaf; but on descending into the lower
country, it finds other sorts of trees to suit its purpo-
ses ; and the careless cultivator lets it work on with-
out interruption.

The progress of this insect has been north-westerly
through this country, and its advancements rather
slow. It has been several years in this vicinity (per-
haps 8 or 10,) and yet last summer was the first time
that we observed it among our trees. During the pre-
sent winter however, we bave seen its work in Seneca
and Ontario counties ; and from the appearance of the
trees, we concluded it was a stranger in those parts. —
What a pity then that so destructive a creature should
not be exterminated, when the work could be so easily
done I

We have not seen this insect except in its larva
state. On cutting into the e.xcresences several years
ago (we believe its was summer) we found worms;
but at this season, though we have examined a con-
siderable number of proturberances, we discover noth-
ing but empty cells. It is therefore not improbable
that this moth (if it be one) has gone, deposited its
eggs, and perished; and we make this suggestion for
the purpose of caUing the attention of others to the
subject. Let the trees be carefully watched the ensu-
ing summer, and let the excrescences be cut off and
immediately burned, before the insect escapes.

In the mean time, the trees should be cleared of
these unsightly appendages, even if there are no in-
sects in them; and then we shall not be so likely to
overlook those which may be formed next summer.

A neighbor lately told me he had cleared his trees
in this manner, but was greatly discourged the next
season on finding them as much infested as before. —
Now his disappointment may have been owing to not
burning branches, and thus allowing the insect to es-
cape; or it may have previously escaped, and deposit-
ed its eggs in branches from which no excrescences at
that time had arisen. If we watch them carefully
however, for a year or two, such mysteries may be
easily explained.

In Pennsylvania, the Morello has suffered more than
any other tree; but in this quarter we have only seen
them on the plum trees. In truth, the Morello is a
rare tree amongst us. b, t.

Cayuga Co. 2 mo. 15, 1840.

Note. — This insect, (or ns some term it, knotty
bbsht) has been spreading among the plum trees in the
vicinity of Rochester, for two or three years past, and
has nearly or quite destroyed many fine trees : etiU
but little notice is opparently taken of it, and nothing
is done to arrest its ravages, or remedy the evil. We
hope all those whose trees are effected, will at once
adopt the suggeetioaof D. r. and cut offand burn all
the branches which appear to be at all infected; and
repeat the operation during the eiiininer, as often as
any naarks of the enemy appear. "

34

THE N E \V GENESEE FAR M E R,

Vol.

SCRAPS—CTLTl RE OF FRIIT, &C.

In the catalogue of the London Horticultural Socie-
ty of 1830, are cmimeraled, aa growing in it^ garden,
three tliousund four hundred zarietics of hardy edible
fruits, and fifty-eight varieties of nuts, exclusive of
eighty-nine Tarictics of the fig, one hundred and eigh
ty-two of the grape, fifty six of the pine-apple, and one
hundred and thirty-one of the melon.

A correspondent of the N. Y. Farmer inl831,eayB
"One of my friends has had plentiful crops of plums
for eighteen years in succession, by keeping hogs in
his fruit garden, yet trees within fifteen rode of that
garden, have annually lost all their fruit by the Cur-
culio."

A writer in the Port Carbon Gazette, some years
ago, speaking of the importance of cultivating table
grapes, observes, " It will be perceived that I admit of
no excuse for not poeseesing a vine; those who have
no room for a single garden bed, may have their clean
brick walk under the shade of one of luxurious growth

the expense is trifling, compared with its permanent

advantages. I have known a single vine, cultivated in
this way, to produce in one single season, fruit which
Bold for more than one hundred and fifty dollars — and
a neighbor of mine, who keeps a shoe store, could
ahow on a vine, seven years old, nearly seven hundred
bunches of sweet water grapes, well ripened — yet he
had no room for a single garden bed, and trained his
vine over a brick pavement. Some of his leisure hours
were thus innocently and delightfully occupied, with-
out any interference with his business."

The following fact in relation to a fine foreign pear,
and which appears to be the case with some other va-
rieties, should not only be well known to nurserymen,
but to purchasers and cultivators. "One of our best
new European Pears, the 'Duchess of Angouleme,'
when grown as a dwarf [upon quince stock] produ-
ces a fine large fruit, but small and greatly inferior
when grown upon a standard [or pear stock.]" — Man-
ning's Book of Fruits.

Good Crops.
The following statement is from a report of the Cu-
yahoga County Agricultural Society, which held its
meeting last autumn at Cleveland, Ohio. The ac-
count of the crops of corn, shows most cleorly, that
the cheapest woy to farm is to raise large crops, and
obtain os much as practicable from a given quantity of
land. "Who can furnish a single instance of as great a
clear profit from a crop of twenty or thirty bushels to
the acre, however cheaply it may have been raised ?

"The following is the account of the field of corn
raised by Mr. Sherman, of Mayfield, and which re
ceivcd the first premium. Two acres were offered. —
The land was a black ash swale, without manure-
planted (oar feet each way, labor performed as fol-
lows:— "

Ploughing two acres 2 days with team,.. ..f 4,00

Planting do.... 2 days, 1,50

Hoeing first lime,. ..4 days, 3,00

do second time, 3 days ...2,25

do third time, 3 days 2,25

Harvesting, 4 doys, 3,00

Cutting & Bhocking,2 days 1 ,50

CR.

.fl7,.50

By 182 bush. 22 qts. corn, at 50 cents,.. .$91,00

" Corn fodder, 8,00

" 16 loads of pumpkins 8,00

$107,00
17,50

Netl Profit $80,50

Of other crops that received premiums, was one of
potatoes, 432 bushels per acre; of carrots, one at
the rate of 853 bushels per acre; ruta baga, 972 bush-

els per acre; sugar beet, 928 biuihels per acre; wheat,
two crops of two acres each, at 52 and 56 bushels per
acre.

Sugar Beets for Cows.

In a late number of the American Farmer, is a let-
ter from Homer Eachus, dated "Eclgmonl, Nov. 28,
1839," from which the following is an extract. The
writer docs not state the extent of his crop of beets,
but givCB forty tons to the acre, as the rate of product
of a part of his crop. The whole product was 900
bufhele.

"The lops of my beets lasted my cows about three
weeks, feeding them well once a day. The first week
of our feeding them increased the quantity of butter
nine pounds, and continued the same quantity for the
two succeeding weeks, which, at the decline of the
season, is a great consideration, when we take into
account that a stock of 25 cows, decline in the fall
of the year from 8 to 10 pounds a week.

"Before they had the tops of the beets, they were
down to 55 pounds, at the lost churning; the week
following, when they had the tops they were up to G4
pounds, and the butter was of a superior quality, both
for color and flavor. The week after they got no tops,
their produce was 51 pounds; ond the week following
it was 41 pounds; and this week it is 28 pounds."

Bad Water in our Wells.

We recently met with a case where the water in a
newly dug well was excellent, until a few days after
stoning it, when it became oflensive in odor, and unfit
for use, and continued to become worse, until no do-
mestic animal, however thirsty, would touch it. It
was suggested that this was caused by the water dis-
solving certain impurities in the stone, and that there-
fore cleaning the well after these had become dissolved
would remove the evil. Accordingly, in a few weeks,
the water was all drawn from the well; the next which
ran in was consequently much better; a further im-
provement followed the second cleaning; and after the
third the water was quite sweet and good.

In some regions of country, as in the neighborhood
of fetid limestone, it is necessary to select the stone
used in walling the well, choosing those which con-
tain no soluble parts, as, for inslance, granite and
sandstone. It is probable that stones containing iron
pyrites, by decomposing the water ond causing the ev-
olution of sulphuretted hydrogen, may add verj'
much to the oflensive qualities of water.

A knowledge of the experiment related above, may
render the water of many wells good, which are now
considered of no value and are abandoned.

The Culture of Mangel Wurtzel and Sugar
Beet, for Stock.

BY WJI. CAKBOTT, OF WHEATLAND.

( Continued from page 20. )

After Culture-Hoeing, Thinning, Transplant-
ing, &c.

The seed does not vegetate very quickly, and if the
weather is cold, it will be several weeks after sowing,
before the plants are oil fairly visible. In most cases,
two or three plants will come up from one seed or cap-
sule; and as soon as they are all plainly visible, 1 go
over them and pull out the extra plants, leaving only
one in a place, about two inches aji^rt. If this is not
done early, and they arc allowed to grow together un-
til they are of any considerable size, they retard each
other's growth, and cannot be sepatatcd without inju-
ry. If young weeds have sprung up, they should be
destroyed by a liglii hoeing at the time of the first thin-
ning. In about two weeks, or os soon as the plants
begin to acquire some strength, ond weeds begin to ap-
pear, I go over them again with the hoe, and at this
time pull out about half of the plants, leaving them
four inches apart. I also go through between the
rows with a horse ond shovel-plough, (a common
small plough or a norrow cultivator will answer,) in
order to stir the earth and keep it loose, as well as to
assist in hoeing and killing weeds.

It any vacancies occur in the rows, they may be fil-
led by transplanting; obecning to take the plants up
without injuring the roots, and set them straight and
firmly in the ground. I have sometimes transplanted
large numbers,but they seldom do as well as those which
grow where sown. The young plants are not very
liable to be destroyed by insects. ftLne are never in-
jured by the fly or any insect, except the black gmb,
or cul worm, which sometimes thins them ont for me
not quite to my liking, and I have to fill up the vacan-
cies by transplanting.

-As soon as the plants acquire sufficient size, we be-
gin to use them as greens for the table, thinning them
out of the rows as desired. They are much esteemed
for this purpose by my family and hired men, and du-
harvest we use large quantities of them with great ad-
vantage and satisfaction. The roots are very good for
the table when young, but they become rather coarse
as they grow old.

Reserving a sufficient quantity for table use, the re-
mainder of the plants should bo thinned out at the
third time hoeing, to the distance of ten or twelve
inches apart. Care should be taken to keep the
ground free from weeds; and if the soil is heavy and
inclined to become hard, it should be frequently stirred
by going through with a hove and plough, or cultiva-
tor. This is particularly necessary after roins, before
the ground becomes dry. I consider frequent hoeing
and stirring the soil, with liberal manuring, the great
re<iuisites of successfid beet culture. Some persons
may suppose, from reading these directions, that the
culture of this crop is laborious and difficult; but such
is not the cose; at any rate I do not know of any crop
which better repays for the labor bestowed on it
than this. The quantity and value of the produce
is so great, in comparison with the amount of land and
labor required, that he who neglects, or only half cul-
tivates this crop, in my opinion, practices very poor
economy.

Harvesting and Preserving the Crop.

Slight early frosts do not injure this rtop, ihe har-
vesting may therefore be deferred until severe frosts are
expected, which is usually about the middle or latter
part of October. Some persons have recommended
stripping off" the leaves and feeding them to cows, &c.
befoiie the time of harvesting. But I consider this
practice decidedly injurious, as it not only stops the
growth of the roots, but exposes them to injury from
frost If any are wanted for feeding before they have
done growing, the best way is to pull them out where
they stond too thick; or, if their growth is completed,
they moy be pulled up clean where most convenient.

My manner of harvesting is as follows: — I pull up
four or five rows and throw them together in one row;
then go between with a wagon and load them on to it,
and draw them to the barn, where the tops are cut ofl",
and the roots put into the cellar under the batn. I
consider the tops of great value for feeding caws and
other cnttle; and if thrown into a shed or barn they will
keep good for feeding sevcrol weeks. Those who have
no proper cellars; may preserve the roots in pits in the
field. They ore not as liable to injure by heating as
turnips or carrots, and if too large a quantity are not
put in one heap, they will be in no donger from this
source. The besfwoyto bury all such roots, is to
make the pit long and narrow, and pile the roots up
pretty high. Beets are ^ot so easily injured by free-
zing as potatoes, and need not be covered more thon
about half as deeply "''li eorth. The end of the pit may
be closed with a few bundles of straw, so as to have
easy access to the roots vlcn difiicil.

Amount of Produce, Feeding, &c.

Not having taken particular pains to weigh or mea-
sure my crops, I cannot say exactly what the amount
of produce is per acre. But judging from the number
and weight of the loads, and the space which the roots

No.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

35

occupj', I should ikink that 1 obtaincil upon nu aver-
age, about tweniy-live tons from on acre. I this year
rnised three acres, and harvested one hundred and
two large loads of about a ton weight; one fifth of
which we calculated for tops.

I feed the roots to all kinds of farm stock, except
horses. For milch cows, fatting cattle, hogs and
sheep, I find them of great advantage. Some animals
will not eat them freely at first, but they soon learn
to eat them readily. I let them first get well hungry,
then cut a few roots and sprinkle on them a little bran
and salt. My horses alone do not seem to fancy them.
They prefer carrots instead, and if worked hard, want
a few oats in the bargain. I feed my milch cows half
n bushel of mangel wurtzel each per day, with hay.
They keep in good condition, and give milk freely all
the winter. Fatting cattle require a bushel or over
per day. They thrive and fatten finely on them. —
For working oxen I think they are superior to any
other food, especially when worked hard in the spring,
and during hot weather in summer; as they will do
more work, and bear heat better than with any other
food. (The roots can be kept through the summer if
desired.) I keep my store hogs on them almost ex-
clusively during the winter, and they thrive admirably.
With the addition o( a little corn, hogs fed on these
roots will fatten rapidly and make good pork. Sheep
also do extremely well on them; and they are superior
to all other food for feeding ewes at lambing time in
the spring. I keep 1.30 ewes, and find them greatly
benefitted by this practice. For sheep and hogs it is
.not necessary to cut the roots, but for cattle I cut them
to pieces with an axe or spade. A proper machine
for the purpose would be some advantage.

I use very little hay, as my seeep and young cattle
arc fed only straw with the roots. They eat the straw
readily without cutting, and keep in good condition. —
Thus by raising only two or three acres of these roots,
lean devote nearly my whole farm to grain, and at the
same time keep a large amount of stock, with good
profit.

Wheatland, Monroe co., N. Y.

1
'ni*jl
loinlli
u]jiW 1

For the New Genesee Farmer.

FARM STOCK—NO. 2.

Messrs. Editors, — JVot having exhausted the sub-
ject, I again take my pen. It is a subject fraught with
many pleasant reflections, and one that ought to re-
quire the attention of every farmer in the country, but
has been very much neglected in Western New York,
Those who have the management of farm stock, ought
to have their minds continually upon them, in the win-
ter season, and see that they are well provided with
good shelters. Some suppose that milch cows will do
better without being stabled ; but they are, in my opin-
ion, in a great erfcr, because it is very evident that
■milch cows require more than usual care, if we expect
to reap nmch benefit from theui. We cannot expect
a cow will give a very great quantity of milk, without
we mess her with turnips or sugar beets, at least twice
a day, umiU grass comes; and a plenty of good hay.
If it were convenient for n farmer, it would be far bel-
ter to stable all of his domestic animals (save the sheep)
in the winter, as he would save a great deal of fodder,
and have all of his cattle in a thri^-ing condition in the
spring. But the fact is, many think it too much trouble
to go to the expense of building stables, for the protec-
tion of their animals; and, therefore, had rather see
their cattle exposed, at the north-west corner of their
barns, almost frozen, than to lay out a little expense,
and have them comfortable. JNIany think to save labor,
but it requires as much, if not more, to winter a lot of
cattle out in the storms, as to keep them in stables,
where they will be comfortable. I soy, for one, and
that truly, that it will not cost more than two-thirds
the labor and cxpenEe, to winter all domestic animals

with protection, than it does exposed to the cold and
bleak winds of our variable climate. A great ninny
farmers, who are in the habit of raising fine horses, are
very careful that they are well fed, and have warm and
comfortable stiiblcs, but think their cows and sheep
can do well enough, without any thing to shield them
from the chilling winds of winter; and thus are per-
mitted to remain five or six months. In this way< we
cannot expect to see good cattle, because it will require
all summer to recover. But if domestic animals are
kept in good condition through the winter, and in
good heart in the spring, it will not require much at-
tention through the sunmier, to have them thrive and
grow into money very fast; and amply repay the hus-
bandman for his kind services.

In Chnptal's Agricultural Chemistry, page 286, he
thus describes the buildings in which domestic animals
can be healthy: "That the habitations of domestic
animals may be healthful, it is necessary that they be
spacious enough, not only to allow free respiration,
but to permit the inhabitants to assume all the positions
natural to them. It is likewise necessary they should
be ventilated ; this may be done by means of windows
or doors placed on opposite sides, so as to form a tho-
rough draught of air; through these, respirable air
will be constantly brought in, and the pernicious e.\-
halations as constantly carried off."

If all farmers would adopt the above method, there
would be but little complaint, in our country, about
cattle. But rather than do this, the foct is, they want
to be sleigh-riding, and leaving the manogement of
their stock in the hands of those who care but little
about them.

Cattle ought to be supplied with a plenty of pure
water in winter; and if they do not have it, they will
run down hill. They need more water in winter than
they do in the summer, because their food is very dry,
and therefore causes great thirst; and if that cannot
be quenched, they will greatly suffer. There are ma-
ny farmers in this section, who are not supplied with
running brooks; therefore they are under the necessi-
ty of digging wells to supply their stock with -water.
If a farmer is compelled to dig for water, it is highly
important that he should select the most tonvenieni
place, which, in my opinion, would be in the barn
yards, and ^hus save the cattle from going to and fro
through the mud to obtain it. One gieat thing, in my
opinion, that causes the hoof ail to be so prevalent
among our horned cattle, is their going a half or three
quar^prs of a mile to get water, getting their feet into
the mud and water, and thereby they are frozen, which,
in my opinion, is the only cause of the hoof ail.

The winter food for domestic animals is an article
of importance, both on account of the quantity required
and the value. There is scarcely any place where good
hay will not, at some season of the year, bring several
dollars a ton. Every means, therefore, by which it
may be saved, or the nutriment it contains applied to
the best elVcct, should claim special attention. It bus
been asserted that by cutting all kinds of fodder before
feeding to cattle, at least, in my opinion, one half is
saved; but suppomng it saves one-third, it is very evi-
dent it would, in a few years, amount to no small sum,
where tiere are a considerable number of animals win-
tered. The labor in cutting fodder for a lot of catde,
to be sure, is something, but it is nothing, when we
can have a good straw cutting machine for the pur-
pose. Among the best now in use, is Green's patent.
It does the work exceedingly w'ell, although it is turn-
ed by and; how-cver, one man is entirely sufficient to
turn It, and cut all the fodder that another can put in,
working with activity too, and having the hoy or straw
close by. Two bushels of fodder con be cut in a min-
ute, though sometimes it requires to be cut over twice
to make it fine enough for use. The cxpcne* of cut-
ting fodder is very small, and if driven by hor»» p<W»r

wouldbe p'rless. All ourcoarsel'oddcrmightbc saved,
especially our corn stalks, (which very often ore entire-
ly wasted,) by cutting them up in a straw-cutter, and
mixing a very small quantity of meal with them. Yet,
notwithstonding oil this, what a vast majority purstio
the old wasteful course of foddering about stacks,
and throwing their fodder into the mud, to bo trodden
under foot and wasted. If a famer wishes to prosper
in his pursuit, he must, of course, have a great deal of
caro upon his mind, and see that his cattle and sheep
are well taken core of; and a good supply of food, as
often as twice or thricp a day, given them.

Some suppose that swine can provide for themselves
in winter, only let them have free access to an orchard,
where, perhaps, a very few apples were left at the time
of fathering, in autumn. But it would be altogether
impossible for farmers to winter swine so in this coun-
try, (where the snows fall so very deep,) if they did
have a free access to an orchard — I care not how plen-
tifully the apples are, or bow ample the orchard — they
would, in mylestimation, come out, as the olil saying is,
at the little end of the horn in the spring. Swine need
a warm and comfortable place in winter, and then a
very small amount of food will keep them in a good
condition through the winter; and when spring arrives
they will look fine, and therefore thrive much faster
than those that are wintered out in the cold and stormy
weather, with twice the quantity of food given them.
Therefore a neat is gained by having warm and com-
fortable places for the protection of swine, through the
inclemencies of our winter seasons.

Enough has already been said to convince the farm-
ing commxmitj# that the protection ot their domestic
animals, in the winter, is one great thing that will, in
the end, c^jduce to their prosperity in future years.
Respectfully yours, W, S, T.

South Venice, January 16, 1840.

AGRICirtTURAX IMPROVEilIElVTS.

In the retrospect of the past, we find that agricul-
ture has received a greater impulse during the last
twenty years than in double or treble that period pre-
viously,— that during this space of time, sciemific
knowledge and enlightened education have been bro't
to bear upon the subject, and in putting theory into
practice, the narrow prejudices contracted by the
world at large, have been thrown aside. Science has
clearly demonstrated that in this pursuit there is an
ample field for the exercise of the clearest faculties, and
the deepest scientific researches, calculated to afford
enjoyment to those engaged in it, and fully reimburse
their expenditures.

This march of improvement is not stayed, — happily
we may safely ossert, that at no point of time was it
more in the full tide of progress than at the present,
and no limits can be set to its advancement. To
quicken it, our farmers-theniselves must lay hold of
the matter; they should individually feel that a por-
tion of this work is assigned them — that they are cal-
led upon as integrant ports of a great comnmnity, to
further its interests, by the means which they several-
ly have at command; — they should be willing, impar-
tiolly, and unbiossed by old prejudices, to canvoss all
their actions, and bring them to the test of reason. — *
They should not suppose that in any one particular
they have reached to ultimate perfection, but keep this
always in view as the point to arrive at, — Farmers'
Cahiact.

Bee DIoth.

Mr, James Thatcher, author of the "American Or-
cbardist," &c. cfcc, in a communication to the New
England Farmer, says, "I will embrace this opportu-
nity to communicate, for the benefit of the cultivator,
what I believe to be on infallible remedy agoinst the
bee moth, which bos proved so destructive to bees
throughout our country of late years. The remedy is
simple and easily applied. It consists merely in cover-
ing the floor board on which the hive eionds, with
common earth, about on inch thick, A hive set on
earth will never be infested with worms, for the bee
moth will not deposite her eggs where the earth will
come in contact. She naturally resorts to a dry
board as her element. The remedy hos been em-
ployed by a number of persons in this vicinity for sev
6al years, with the most complete succees,"

36

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol 1

For the Ifeu Oeneaet Fantur.

On the dUTercnt varieties of Grass and Clover.

Messrs. Editors — Believing ihat a mutual inter,
change of our opinions, througb the medium of the
New Geneaee Farmer, is of great advantage to iia far-
mers, I will ofTer a few remarks on the dilTerent
kinds of grass and clover used fir hay or pasture in
this section.

Red and white clover, timothy or herds grass, red
top and Juno grass, are the principal kinds known or
used by farmers in Western New York.

Ju7u Grass, ( Agro$tts rulgaris,) is considered
much more injurious than beneficial. It is never
sown by farmers, but it seeds and spreads itself so
abundantly, that it appears to spring up spontaneous-
ly in most of our cultivated fields. It yields but very
little pasture, and is worth nothing for hay. It is dif-
ficult to eradicate, and is very injurious to cultivated
crops. In short, it annoys the cultivator and injures
the land, without yielding any profit in return; and it
would be well for Western New York if it was whol-
ly exterminated.

Red Top, ( Agrostis slricta,) is sown to some ex-
tent in this section, particularly on moist soils, for
which it is better adapted than tiinothy. It produces
plentiful crops of hay on such lands, but is of little
worth for pasture. I do not think the hay contains
much nutriment, although some intelligent farmers
think differently. Sheep can scarcely live on it,
and cattle and horses do not thrive well though
fed on it plentifully. It also impoverishes the soil and
is difficult to eradicate, consequently it is injurious to
grain-rnising farmers.

Timoiliy or Herds Grass, ( Phleum praicnse. ) This
is a most valuable grass for hay or pasture: and on
good soil it yields heavy burdens. When intended for
pa«ture,it always ehoidd be sown with white clover, as
the two together make the best and most nutritious
pasture. They do not impoverish the _6oil unless
when suflered to remain too long without ploughing,
as is frequently the case.

White Clover I consider more nutritious than any
other kind. It is very valuahle for posture, especially
when intended to remain long down. If the bottom
be smooth so as to cut it close to the ground, it yields
tolerable burdens of hay; but, as before stated, its
chief excellence is for pasture, and it ought always to
be sown with timothy. White clover springs upso spon-
taneously in most of our lands, that it is seldom sown
by farmers in this section — although I believe it
would be of great advantage to the farmer; as it
would then start with the timothy, and while the
ground is fresh and in order. It is easily eradicated,
and it cleanses and enriches th*e soil, so that I consid-
er it of great advantage to the farmer.

Ued Clater. — This is by far tho most valuable to
wheat growing farmers, and cannot be too much cul-
tivated. It cleanses and enriches the land, and is, in
■^reality, the great renovator of our wheat soils. Ow-
ing to its more rapid and succulent growth, it is not so
nutritious for pasture as the white clover; but what i,
lacks in quality, it more than mokes up in quantity.
It yields on abundant crop of hoy which is very good
for sheep and cattle. Horses arc also fond of it, and
it is very good for them if it is preserved free from
must or duet, which is rather difficult to be done.

There are two, and some eay three, varieties of red
clover, the Small, the Medium, and the Large. Far-
mers arc not all agreed as to the relative value of the
different kinds, particularly for hay. I jirefcr the
largo kind for all purposes, especially on a hard dry
soil. It is more luxuriant and productive, and more
cleansing and fertilizing to the soil; and, owing to its
stronger and deeper roots, it is lees liable to sufier
"from froel or drought. When red clover is intended
to remain for hay more than one year, timothy should

be sown with it. The large clover and timothy come
to maturity at about the same time, so that the full
benefit can be obtained from both. When the large
clover is intended for mowing, it should be iiasturcd
awhile in the spring, so as to reduce its growth and
prevent its lodging. It may be pastured till midsum-
mer; and it will afterwards yield as much hay as the
email kind. I find this early feeding of much advan-
tage to me, especially when I have a largo flock of
sheep. I frequently pasture my clover meadows until
the 20th of June; and this jiast season I pastured one
piece until the first of July, and mowed it after har-
vest, and it then yielded me full a ton and a half to
the acre. If the land is poor, and the season dry, it
will not answer to jiasture so late, nor will it do so
well with th* email kind as the large. The small
kind should be mowed early, and it may be cut a se-
cond time in October, or it will aflbrd good pasture
in autumn. This is an advantage to those who have
time to make hay before harvest. Those who want
much clover hay, will do best to bow both varieties,
as the difference in time of maturing allows a long-
er time for cutting and securing the hay which is
a great advantage, as it is very essential that all clover
should be cut when In full bloom, or ae nearly so ae
possible. Wm. Garbutt.

Wheatland, Feb. ^Sld., 1840.

For the New Genesee Farmer.
Messrs. Editors. — Being a reader of the old Gen-
esee Farmer, and perceiving the establishment of the
New, 1 thought I would give my opinion on the best
way of improring new farms, especially on a thin and
clayey soil. They should always be seeded down at
the first or second crops with clover, where intended
for ploughing; but with clover and timothy, when for
meadow. Clover is much more easily subdued with
the plough than timothy, especially if such land is wet.
Many think if they lay their land to clover, they will
reap but little benefit from it: but they are under a mis-
take. Let them stock with cows; and see the profit
when one cow can summer on an acre of grass, and
winter on another. If rightly managed, at a low cal-
culation, she will moke 150 lbs. of butter in a season,
besides raising a calf, (by feeding sour and buttermilk
after two months, and grass,) and will make 100 Ibe.
of pork by feeding a pig.

Butter, at 15 cents per pound, $22,50

Calf, in autumn, 5,00

Pork, six cents per pound, 6,00

f33,.'->0
Some may inquire, where is the pay for the labor ?
I consider every industrious man or woman muet use
the means for every thing they obtain. Raising wheat
is not done without labor; and on lands of this sort,
the second or third crop will not average more than
from eix to ten buehelsper acre, besides reducing your
land; and in a few years you will be obliged to stock
down, or lose the benefit of your land and labor en-
tirely; when by stocking down while your land is
good, you are giving time for the roots to rot, so that
you may afterwards plough it with greater cose, and
by the abundant product you will find yomself richly
rewarded for your labor,

I give my opinion on this subject from my own ex-
perience. It is about twelve years since I first com-
menced forming in the woods. I thought at first I
must continue ploughing year after year, till I found
that raising grain was not what it was "cracked up to
be." I thought clover seed so high I could not afibrd
to purchase it; but I found I lost a great deal of time
and labor, and that it is not wise to starve our land to
make it profitable. Clover should be sown ofter every
third crop, and always after oats, if possible, for there
is no crop that reduces our land so nuich ae oats. By
clovering and keeping etock, land of this kind is fitted

for all kinds of crops, and for heavy crops of wheat,
which exceeds in quality that raised on flat land. I
still see the old practice among farmers, " no plaster,
no clover, no grain, no stock" — they connot afford to
purchose the motcrials, their farms will not afford
them — well, if they do not commence, they never will
be able to obtain them by farming, F. C.

Tompkins co., 1840.

Agricultural C'hemistrj'"

Weoffer our best thanks to the Editor of the Far-
mers' Register, (retereburg, V'o.,) for his valuable
presents; but at this time would especially notice as
one among them, anew and correct edition, in pamph-
let form, of Sir Humphrey Davy's " Elements of
Agricultural Chemistry," publiehed by our respected
correspondent. It is a very important work, and
ought to be in the library of every scientific farmer.

From an advertisement on the first page, it appears
iat this is an exact re-print of the last London edition,
copied from that of 1827, which had received the la-
test alteration and improvements of its illustrious au-
thor, after fourteen years observation and discovery
since its first publication; and at a later period, notes
were added by his brother Dr. John Davy, yet it is
remarkable, that all the American editions preceding
this, were copied from the early and imperfect edition
of 1813.

In this number of our poper, we shall only give two
extracts, but if we find room hereafter, we may bo
more liberal.

The most nutritive Compounds in V^etables.

" The most nutritive, is gluten, which approaches
nearest in its nature to animal matter, and which is
the substance that gives to wheat its superiority to other
grain. The next in order as to nourishing power, is
oil; then sugar; then farina; and lost of all gelatin-
ous and extractive matters."

The best time to apply Manures,

" There has been no question on which more dif-
ference of opinion has existed, than that of the state
in which monure ought to be ploughed into the land;
whether recent, or when it hos gone through the pro-
cess of fermentation; and this question is still a sub-
ject of discussion. But whoever will refer to the sim-
plest principles of chemistry, cannot entertain a doubt
on the subject. As soon as dung begins to decompose,
it throws off its volatile parts, which are the most val-
uable and the most efficient. Jhing which has fer-
mented, so us to become a mere soft cohesive mass, ha^
generally lost from one third to one half of its jnost
useful eonstitnejit clcjncnts; and that it may exert its
full action upon the plant, and lose none of its nutri-
tive powers, it should evidently be applied much soon-
er, and long bctbre decomposition has arrived at its ul-
timate results."

This edition is large octavo, about 120 closely prin-
ted poges of two columns, (7J sheets) price 75 cents
single; but five dollars will pay for eight copies. It
is not sent to the booksellers to be sold; but those who
have friends in congrcEs may obtam it free of postage,
perhaps, after they adjourn next spring. t.

Siberian Bald Spring; 4Vheat.

This variety of wheat was introduced into this sec
tion from St. Lawrence co., two years ago, and sold
at the Rochester Seed Store. It was stated last year,
that a former in the town of Wheatland had tested
this, together with several other kinds of spring wheat,
and it proved superior to them all. The experiments
of the past season, although an unfavorable one,
fully establish the superiority of this variety over all
other spring wheat, not excepting the celebrated Ital-
ian. The following account of a crop raised on a
farm owned by Mr. Gay, in the town of Gates, near
this city, is to the point.

The land was three acres of good sandy loam, on
which corn hod been raised the year previous. The
seed was sown the last week in April, at the rate of a
bushel and a half to the acre. It grew very strong
and handsome, was but little injured by rust, and did
not lodge except in some places where the ground was
rather too wet, and would have turned out a very fa r
sample, but the worm attacked a large part of the

No. 3.

AND GARDENERS JOURNAL,

37

heads, and destroyed some of the kernels and caused
others to shrink. Still the produce was extraordina-
ry, and superior to most crops of winter wheat. A
neighbor offered to cut and thrash an acre of the best
of it, and take for his pay all that it produced over
forty bushels.- Only a small part of the crop has
been thrashed out, and consequently the exact amount
of the produce cannot be ascertained. The sheaves
were counted when harvested, and their number was
1600. On thrashing a part of them, without select-
ing, they are found to yield at the rate of a bushel to
14 sheaves. According to this ratio, the three acres
will yield 114 bushels, or nearly S.^ to the acre.

A field of the Italian wheat, raised on an adjoining
farm, was so smutty and shrunk as to be not worth
the thrashing, while this Siberian wheat is pure
and handsome, and not a particle of smut can be
found in it. The millers offer to give within G cents
per bushel as much for it as they do for common wheat.

A sample of this wheat, in the straw, together with
the clear grain, can be seen at the Rochester Seed

gtor« and Agricultural Repository. B.

Fur the iVcw Genesee Farmer,
Borrowtug and Lending.

"From him that icoidd borrow of thes turn not thou

airay." — Mat. V. 42.

Mkssrs. Editors. — That " it takes all sorts of folks

to make a world," is a true maxim: and hence we see
the use of such a being as " Splitlog," the writer of
the matchless article in your last paper.

Why, for all the world he reminds me of the well-
meaning woman, who, after living to a good old age
by borrowing every thing she used, at length bought
a "brand ncic" pail. "Now," said she, "I mean to
be as obliging and neighborly as any other person; but
a PiiL / tcill neither borrow nor lend."

Now, "Splitlog" has no doubt been, ns he says,
never "a disobliging, crosa-grained fellow," but, on
the contrary, "a good-natured man, and willing to
obhge:" i. e. he, like the good old woman, was al-
ways willing to lend any thing and every thing which
he did not possess ; but prosperity has probably turned
his brain: — alas ! how few of us can bear what we all
eigh for as a blessing. — He is now enabled to substitute
the pronoun "mtj" (or "your ;" and in musical and
sonorous strains, he forthwith cries "avaunt ! nor
presume to meddle with my scythe, inyrake, jnyflail,
my brake, my axe, my hoe, my plough, my crow. —
He moreover, "seta up his Ebenezcr, " puts on his
"grit and resolution," declares he "will not be pestered
as he has been for a series of years;" he forthwith
mounts his "Rozinante" and repairs to "tlie city," to
purchase something which he can have the pleasure of
calling "my beetle."

But alas I in the city his good fortune deserts him.
He is evidently "not at borne" in the beetle line. He
"enquires at the several establishments" without suc-
cess. He "whewe" and "trudges away" from place
to place; — whether he inquired at the banks or insu-
rance offices,— the upholsters or the milliners, he does
not say. Poor man I his mind was too expansive; —
he looked too far off. Indeed, were it not for St.
Paul's famous charity chapter, I should be almosj
templed to insinuate that he possibly might have found
the article he so much desired, where the man found
his spectacles after so long looking for them whilst
they were on his forehead. At length, however, he
succeeds in finding "a miserable flimsy aflair," an "ill-
shapen smasher, as long as a horse's head;" which,
notwitstanding its ugliness, be makes sure of; for it
is "called a beetle," and he is thereby enabled la say
, "hands off from my beetle and wedges."

Pardon mc, Messrs. Editors, for permitting such a
compound of egotism and selfishness to keep me so
long from saying, (what I designed to say on taking
up my pen,) that no man can lire IX societv icithoitt
hOTTOving and lending. I never heard of but one

creature who was rash enough to undertake it, and he
did "not live out half his days." If "Splitlog" is
really about to embark in the experiment, I would sug-
gest that he should— for his own convenience, as well
as the benefit of society — together with his beetle ond
all and singular his goods oiwl chattels, as by him par-
ticularly set forth and enumerated— be consigned to
some desolate island, where he can be "monarch of
all he surveys."

Contending, as I do, that every viemJ/er of society
must, from his own nature, and the universal law of
custom, both borrow and lend, I had proposed in my
mind to submit, with deference, to th^conaideration
of your readers, a few plain, practical rules for neigh-
borhood intercourse in the mutual interchanging of
friendly offices in general; but, oe you and your read-
ers prefer short articles to long ones, these must be re-
served for your next paper. Q^^tim^

For tlie New Genesye Farmer.
ImiKivtancc of a Newspaper.

Messrs. Editors — In former and better times I
was, in connection with one of my neighbors, for sev-
eral years, in the practice of selecting, in the summer
or fall, a choice lot of wethers, and feeding them
through the winter for the spring market.

In doing this we found it both convenient and profit-
able to purchase beyond our own wants, with a view to
sell to drovers or feeders who had not time ond pa-
tience to collect for themselves

Finding ourselves one year, late in the fall, with
twice as many sheep on hand as we could convenient-
ly winter, we adrertiscd the balance in the village pa-
per. The same day on which the advertisement was
published we were called upon by a feeder from Mas-
sachusetts, who, before he went to bed, closed a bar-
gain for above 300 sheep, at a price which gave us a
clear profit of about 60 cents per head. He then ask-
ed if we knew of any more such sheep for sale, say-
ing he wanted about 500 in all. We told him our
neighbor across the way had some, to whom we in-
troduced him the next morning. Here he purchased
200 more, and was ready to start home before noon.

Before he left, he told us he had, in company with his
brother, (who resided in this county,) spent a whole
fortnight riding round the country enquiring for sheep,
without being able to suite themselves in a single pur-
chase. That they had indeed abandoned their under-
taking, and set their faces towards home; but on stop-
ping at a tavern in the village for refreshments, he ob-
served on the table the picture of a sheep in a neswpa
per. He took up the^pper, and on reading ouradver
tieement, wet from the press, they started to see our
sheep. "And now," said he, "within less than 24
hours, I have completed my purchase. You have no
doubt sold at a"%rofit. I, on my part, am well plea-
sed with my trade. These sheep will be worth, when
I get them home, 75 cents per head more than cost
and charges. Hence you see the importance of a

C***».
Feb. 1840.

half a peek, or what he called three quarts, and he
raised 14J bushels. Another I let have. ijne peck,
from which he cave a friend four potatoes, and then
raised from the remainder, 26J bushels. And if the
four given away, yielded as well as some that I plant-
ed, the whole peck would have produced 32 bushels.
Another neighbor planted fifty hills, three eyes in a
hill, and dug from them ten bushels. Some of the
largest weighed three pounds each, and seven weighed
twenty pounds. The land on which these crops were
raised, is what is called "oak openings," and not ot
the richest kind for potatoes. A farmer in the town
of Chili, who planted a few of these pototoes lati
spring, informs mc that he is fully convinced that he
can raise one thousand bushel from an acre; and in-
tends to make the trial next summer.

Every man to whom I sold these potatoes last year,
as far as I have heard from them, is well satisfied
with his crop, and some have made very handsome
profits from them. I do not know of any one except
John North, however, w ho has osked or expected six
or eight dollars per bushel for them this season. I
think, with respect to profit, his crop was one of extra-
ordinary merit; and I should be glad if he would in-
form us' of the manner in which he disposed of them
to so good advantage. I advertised mine last fall for
sale at $2 per bushel, and hove sold a good quantity
at that price; yet I hove a good supply left for those
who desire them,

I am fully convinced that this potatoe needs only to
become known, to be approved and extensively culti-
vated. The small quantity of seed which is required
for an acre, (four or five bushels only,) and their un-
poralleled productiveness, certoinly gives them a deci-
ded preference over all others. Then their large size
and compact manner of growth, renders them much
easier to dig than other kinds. Add to this their fine
quality, either for the table or for feeding stock,
(which is admitted by all who have tasted them,) and
it is sofe to predict that this root will, in a short time,
be more generally cultivated by farmers than any othfi-
kind. R. Harmon, Jr.

Wheatland, Monroe CO., Feb. 20, 1840.

newspaper.
L/alitrio CO.,

Rohan Potatoes in Wheatland.

Messrs. Editors- As I do not think the subject hos
become exhausted, I will venture to give your read-
ers a few words on the prolific theme of Rohan Pota-
toes.

In your last paper I noticed the remorkable success
of Mr. John North, with his peck of Rohans. I say
remarkiible, not because I considered the quantity he
produced as very extraordinary, (although it was o good
yield,) but bDcause I think he hod remarkable success
in making sale of them. I have known some experi-
ments made during the past year which in quantity of
produce are equal if not superior to that of Mr. North.
I let one mon have half a peck last spring, and he raised
from them 18J bushel.^. Another man had Ices than

Domestic Economy.

Restoring Sweetness to Tainted Butter.

Messes. Editors— I am not able to answer the inquiry of
your correspondent respecting the taste of turnips in milk,
as I have had no experience on that subject -, but the ful-
lowing simple method of restoring rancid or over salted
butter, I h.ive practised with success, and it may be of value
to some of your readers.

Cut or break the butter into very small pieces ; or, what ia
better, force it through a coarse wire sieve, bo as to make it
small as possible. Then put it into a churn with a sufficient
quantity of new milk to swim it, aud churn it well ; then
take it out and work it thoroughly to free it from the mllk_
adding a little salt if necessary, and it will hardly Lc distin-
guished from entirely new butter. .\SNErt t..-

To make Rice Apple Dumplings.

Boil the rice ten minutes ; then let it drain thoroiinlily.—
Pare and quarter as many good apples as yoa wit'.u ilunip-
litigs ; then take as many small cloths, and pu. a por.
tion of the rice, enclosing an apple into each— tie rather
loosely, and boil three quarteis of an hour. Serve with but-
ter and sugar as usual. If you do not believo this is t'"od^

try i^.

An.vett::.

SEED STORE CAT.\LOGT'E.

The new catalogue of seeds for sale at the Roches-
ter Seed Store, is sent as an "Extra" with tliis No. of
the Farmer, to each of the subscribers. It con'.oins
many new and rare kinds of seeds; and any of the
agents or correspondents who have assisted the New
Genesee Farmer, may obtain, gratis, any kinda which
they wish to try by way of experiment. Pcremis wri-
ting from n distance will please name the kinds they
desire, and the maimer in which they can be sent.

M. B. B.

58

THE N E W (; E N E R E E 1 A R M E R,

Vol. 1.

From the Maim Farmtr.

China Corn and Rohan Potatoes, down East.

Dear Doctor — I see thnt numcroua of your cor-
respondents mnnirest a peculiar aticjUion i'or Grant
Thorbum and his "China Fail Prolific Tree Corn."
Indeed lliey seem to regard it as the most "mag-
nificent humbug" of the nineteenth century. If the
old "Seedsman" believes that it is better to be infa
moiis than non-famous, his present position must give
him great joy. I have no doubt that he feels in his
pockets all the triumph which his experiment on pop-
ular credulity gave him.

Why should the people so abuse /urn, when they
pay daily to be hoaxed, and the intention of the hoax
is declared in advance '. Why «hould Grant Tborburn
ehine out in such deceptive splendor from amid the
petty luminaries whi-h twinkle in the world's firma-
ment I

I have had some e.vperience in this China Corn —
that is, I have been made the rcpositor\' of other peo-
ple's experience, and will, with your fnvop, bestow a
little of it upon your readers.

The farmers on Saco River are good corn growers.
They were among the first to bite at the China Tree
Corn. A friend of mine who cultivated a garden
pnteh — purchased, last year, in Hallowell, at the rate
of a cent a kernel. He, of course, believed that he
had got bis money's worth — and 1 think now, is grati-
fied thnt he did not get more f >r his money — for more
would have been a misfortune. He got just enough
for his money to test the cheat, and I guess Vas fully
satisfied on that bead with his bargain. I used fre-
frfquently to visit bis garden for the purpose of watchr
in I' its growth and dovelopment. 1 saw, first the
"blade, then the ear," but never was my sightblessed
with the full-ripe corn upon the ear. My friend was
proud of his rod of corn, though it was only a rod in
pickle, and used to expatiate upon its luxurious growth
in glowing terms. Nature proceeded in this way un-
til the ear began to form. This did not appear, as was
confidently expected, upon the ends of the promised
branches, but grew close upon the main stalk, and
stuck close to its side, as a man's rib. This opened
his eyes to tho deception which he had purchased, and
paid for. In addition to this, it was plainly evident
that Jack Frost would do the harvesting. Then it was
that the tide turned, and I was requested to blow up
the China Tree Corn in tho newspapers. It was,
however, too late, for it had blown up of itsclt. Al-
most all our fanners on the Saco got more or less of
this corn. One man purchased five dollars worth,
and gave up to it almost all the land he had intended
for his corn crop — others purchased and distributed in
small parcels of a dozen kernels to 'the neighborhood.'
The determinauon seemed to be that this blessing
should be as widely diffused as possible. It was early
a marvel to me how there could be such an abundance
of this new variety the "first year." Joseph's Egyp-
tian granary, which contained a seven year's supply,
could hardly have answered the drain which was
made upon the little Long Island patch. Itseemed to
realize anew in a more remarkable manner than the
poor widow's oil-cruise — for the more there was sold,
the more there remained to sell. It multiplied, though
it has failed to replenish itself from the earth in our
region.

The Tree Corn was the butt of much merriment,
and the wags found it more fmilful, for their purpo-
ses, than it was recommended. To them it yielded
more than a hundred fold. It was truly "prolific" in
causing fun and humor. During the latter portion
of the summer, it was at all times a standing joke of
"tho tallest kind." One man declared that if his had
turned 'tother way, it would, in the course of the sum-
mer, have' gone down to China. On one man's land
it "turned out a hoax," while his next neighbor's
patch did'nt "turn out at ail," and in the garden of
gardens, the pride of the viKngc, it "turned out tall."
Our man was complinienled on tb» luxuriant growth
of his sap-WngB — and generous ofiijrs were made to
secure sUmpnac. Another was asked whether his
tree-corn would siirrcy or miMsnn to the best advan-
tage. It was recommrnrlnil to tho I'igwacket farmers
ns the best corn for tbeni, as they could "tree liears"
on it. Time, space, and patience would fail me to re-
cord even a moiety of the jokes which were coined on
this matter. They are, however, worthy the attention
of some modern Joe Miller, and deserve to bo corned
down for preservation and use.

The corn-planters were variously afTected, as their
dispositions were various. Many laughed, while the
more testy, when reminded of their crop expectations
would, like Commodore Trunnion, let olF an onth to
ruffle the current of their speech. Rome were for run-
nine Grant Thorburn "up a tree" higher than that of

Haman. Indeed eould the old man have heard a few |
of the many maledictions poured out upon him, he
would have begged a "Tyburn Tippet" and permis-
sion to do his own hanging — and perhaps, in mercy.
Grant's petition for this purpose would have been
granted him, and care taken that he should have per-
fected his own execution.

There were others who practised upon the poet's
ma-xim:

"Mirth always ehouUl good fortune meet,

And render e'ea disaster sweet."

These were wdling, as a return for Grant's benevo-
lent enterprise, that he should be grunted titles from
all the crops, on condition that he would gather them
himself.

In this way matters proceeded until Jack Frost took
the crop int^hisown hands — and he at once aofll
short its existence. Karly one October morning lie
whispered something in its ear that chilled its very life
blood to freezing, and curdled the sweet milk of kind-
ness which nurtured its bosom. Then those who
speculated on the "rise of stalks" during the summer,
bi-gan to count the loss occasioned by their anticipated
fallf in autumn. If the corn did not ripen — there was
much ripe humour expended on .i. If it did not get
dry to cut up — there were the more jokes "cut and
dried" and traced up on its account — on Saco-River
the last was emphatically a "Tall-corn" year. This
corn was all and more, than it was "cracked up to be."
Then there were Roh^in potatoes. I3ut these were
no hoax. They were planted in little patches about
our " diggina" and in the end dug well. "Look
here Tom," said a friend of mine, as he exhumed a
gigantic Rohan from the earth — "Dont that make
your Irish mouth water?" I was fain to confess that
made into Irish Whiskey, and smacked oif with the
smoke of the peat fire, it would smack right well —
and even if he would get a good bake on it, I promis-
ed not to be mealy moutlied about buttering and eat-
ing it. The way the Itttle potatoe hills clapped their
hands for joy, was mirth inspiring, truly. 'The mur-
phies were "good nice big 'uns," and a good many of
'em in a hill.

But I have exceeded by far the limit which I propo-
sed myself, and will stop here, for fear I shall get off
my sheet and not get into yours.

Yours truly, Sai.athiel.

From the Albany Cultivator,
Of stock, and the Manner of Feeding.

I have learned that a good cow, in good condition,
will more readily sell for forty dollars, than a poor
cow, in low flesh, will bring twenty dollars. A good
cow, well fed, is more profitable than two poor ones.
Hence the importance of keeping such stock as will
pay well for first rate keep. We are too careless on
this subject. A great proportion of the farm stock is
of that worthless character, that its best returns will
not pay for the food it consumed. But siUI, I beheve
there is more carelessness and indifference, more cen-
surable negligence, and perhaps greater call for re-
form, in the manner in which our stock is protected
and fed, than in the quality of the breed. Within the
last two years, in the course of business, I have visited
many farmers in different pa^ of the country, and for
the most part during severe winter weather. I have
been into the house, barn, cattle yard, and fields; and
I am ashamed to tell the residt of my observations. I
am exceedingly mortified to see, and even to think of
such slovenliness and poverty, even among men es-
teemed respectable. I mean not, however, poverty
absolute, but poverty of the carcases of cattle, sheep,
and horses. And, sirs, I would only whisper these
facts to you, were it not that I believe there' is a reme-
dy. And that remedy is in diffusing information. —
And I feel it my duty to proclaim such facts upon the
house-tops. I would go into the minutia of such
management. I would draw such a picture of impro-
vidence and recklessness, as should prove a looking-
glass, in which every farmer, if he saw not himself,
woidd at least see more or less of his neighbors.

And first, of the cattle yard, which, in some cases,
was a lot of six, eight, or ten acres, and the barn
somewhere near the centre. In other ea.ses there was
a pretended enclosure about the barn, but did not af-
ford the least hindrance to all the stock, from rambling
the whole farm over in search of scanty ftiod and wat-
er. In these cattle yards I have seen dead sheep,
which, from the appearance of those alive, one would
expect had died of starvation. Colts and calves,
wiiii-h might be expected to be found in the same Ciu-
dition ilia few days. Cows which, instead of furnish-
ing the family with mi!k, looked ns if they themselves
would require to bo fed with milk, to preserve their
lives a month longer. Not a stable, cow-house, hovel,
or shelter of any kind, to protect them from the chil-

ling winds and storms of winter. I have seen the
owner of such a stock of cattle and sheep, scatter hay
of the must worthless kind about the yard, which was
filled with mud and tilth. The stronger of the herd
would, with reluctance, eat a portion of the hay, and
trample the balance in the filth of the yard; while the
weaker were driven away to shiver in the corners of
the fence.

Such management I have seen with my own eyes,
or I wotdd not believe it. Such, to be sure, is not the
general character of our farmers, but far too many
wotdd see themselves in the above description. Now,
sirs, what do you suppose was the first cpicstion \
should ask such a man ? I will tell you. It was this:
"D.> you take the Genesee Farmer ?" And can yon
imagine Vhat was his reply ? Of course you can. —
He says, "No, I do not; I have thought several times
I would, but my family expenses ure large, and I can-
not afford it." "What! nut fiftv cents a year ?" said
I. "Suppose you sell one of those pigs for fifty cents,
give the same food to the other three, and subscribe
lor the Genesee Fanner. Here, (continued his visit-
or,) you have three or four sons, between twelve and
twenty-one years of age, and it appears to me exceed-
ingly important that they should have the opportunity
i of reading and informing themselves of the very great
improvements in agriculture, which have been made
within the last few years." But all to no purpose —
Ignorant he was, and ignorant he will be.

But I rejoice to say I have visited farmers of a dif-
ferent character. And, with your approbation, will
give you a little sketch of the management of one of
them, with whom I am personally acquainted. I
went also into his house, barn and cattle yard, for he
had one deserving the name, on two sides of which
were barns well filled; on one of the other sides, a
good frame cow-house, and on the other side a large
stack of straw, and a well-house, covering a good well
of water and a pump, and in which well-house were
deposited ploughs, harrows, cultivators, roller, wagon,
*S^c. In the yard were good substantial racks lor
coarse fodder, such as corn-stalks, straw, &c. But no
mud or water. This was all absorbed by the straw
and litter which was scattered liberally about the yard.
I went with him to his barn at night, (for he attends
to these matters himself, ) to observe his manner of do-
ing things. And when he opened his stable door, first
a large pair oi oxen, next several cows, all in such
condition as butchers would not complain of, marched
into the stable, and each to the proper stall, in the
most perfect order and regularity, where they were
tied with ropes, stanihng to their knees in dry straw
litter. Then he took a basket, and went into a cellar
adjoining the stable, and brought out sugar beets, and
fed to each milch cow a half bushel, first cutting them
in a box standing on the barn floor, directly in Irontol
the stable, with an instrument resembling a large fam-
ily chopping knife, the edge straight and about fifteen
inches in length. In the same manner, and from tho
same cellar, did he feed to his oxen and other cattle the
same quantity of ruta baga turnips.

I requested of this farmer a statement of his opinion
of the root culture, and the comparative value of roots
and hay; also bis manner of wintering his stock. And
I was so well pleased with his views and his practice,
that I am inclined to give it to the public through tho
Cultivator. It was in substance as follows; — He says,
"In the first place, I keep no more stock than I can
keep iccll. As to the feeding of milch cows, I com-
mence in September with a liberal supply of pumpkins,
which I continue until the first of December, and then
commence with sugar beets, in preference to turrups,
because the turnips give a bad flavor to the milk and
butter. The sugar brets I continue all winter, half a .
bushel per day to each cow. When I put up my cows
at night, I first feed them their beets, and in the course
of the evening feed them with good clover and timo-
thy hay. In the morninii give them corn stalks, and
tlirough the day feed with straw, pleatifully scattered
in the yard. Ai d I find by experience, that I can
keep more stock in this manner than to feed hay only.
And besides I am doubly paid for t're cost of the roots,
in the increased q antily of milk. And with this feed,
together with good water in the yard, and a decent ap-
plication of the card every morning, cows arc always
in good flesh, and, as may be supposed, are always
glad to see me. I feed my oxen and calves in the
same manner with turnips.

"My manner of feeding my sheep is as follows: —
They are ke|)t in yards well protected from winds and
storms. They are fed in boxes made perfectly tight,
very accessible, and yet so constructed that ihcy cannot
get into them. In these boxes I feed in the morning,
at the rate of one peek of ccn to a hundred sheep,
and at evenins; H bushels ruta baga turnips, cut fine
and salted. "This is all the feed they get except a libe-

No. 3.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

39

ral supply of straw of the difierent kinds scattered
about the yards." ,■ ..

Perhaps some of your readers may at hrst object to
this manner of feeding sheep, thinking the expense
greater than to feed on hay. But suppose we make an
estimate for KM days, aay i'roni Ist. Dec. to Ist. April.

130 pecks of corn, or 3aj bushels, at 4s $16 25

195 bushels turnips. Is 24 38

Total expense of keeping 100 sheep 130

days • $106 37

It is generally estimated that ten sheep will
consume as much hay aa one cow, and
some think more, which, at li tons for
every ten sheep, would require filteen
tons for every 100 sheep, which, at $10
per ton, is 150 00

Then woidd there not be a saving of $106 37

in the keeping of 100 sheep for one winter?

Again. Suppose we compute the quantity of land
which would be occupied in these two cases. Fifteen
tons of hay, at an average yield of one and a half tons
per acre, would require ten acres of land to furnish
bay for the hundred sheep. But at a very moderate
calculation, one acre of coi n will furnish the 32J bush-
els, and the corn fodder into the bargain. And one-
fourth of an acre of turnips will furnish the 195 bush-
els. Thus have we not HJ "'•''''■■s "^ '"''"i appropriated
to other purposes ? Or, it you please, let us put eight
of the teii acres to corn, and the other two acres to tur-
nips, ancl we shall have the means of keeping eight
hundred sheep from the same quantity of land which
would be required to keep one hundred upon hay; and
the manure of the eight hundred sheep will keep the
ten acres of land in good condition.

But enough lor the present. Should you deem such
communications conducive to the agricultural habits of
the fanning community, you may expect again to hear
from your friend, NIAGARA.

Who is Independent!

Is that person independent who cannot satisfy the
demands of a rational appetite without having half a
dozen persons employed half ot each day in torturing
nature's plain, simple, healthy viands, into instruments
of dyspepsia, fever, liver complaint and consumption?
Is he independent who cannot eat bread unless it is
just from the oven, hot enough to burn out his very
vitals; or meat unless it is rendered diseased by stall
feeding and cramming, swine in gravy, and is covered
with mustard and pepper 1

Is it a mark of independence when a man cannot
drink nature's purest, simplest, best — nay her only
beverage — until it has been poisoned by a foreign
narcotic herb or embittered by some filthy drug, or
mixed with from four to fifty per cent of rank poison ?
Is he the independent man — whether he ploughs or
preaches — who cannot speak until his sounding box
has been besmeared with snuff, both internately and
exactly; or until he has cenverted his mouth into a sty,
his nose into a chimney, and his lady's parlor floor and
atmosphere into something which has no name in the
English language ?

Is he the independent young man, or she the inde-
nendent yovng lady, who cannot forego the delights of
celibacy, till able, not only to ride to church, but into
the garden, in a coach and six, maintain a dozen do-
mestics, and dwell in a palace 1

Is he independent who cannot walk on the legs
which nature gave hiin, except in dog-days, four rods
without being clad in a Greenland dress, for fear the
air should hnld in solution some staggering particles of
moisture, which might reach his lungs, or without In.
dia rubbers to keep the dew fmm the thick cuticle of
his feet; nor ride, unless tha cr.rringe is so tightly cov-
ered as to entirely exclude the air !

Is the robust young man of eiglhteen or twenty, in-
dependent, who cannot go abroad in winter without
wrapping himself up like an Egyptian mummy in a
cloak without sleeves, or cannot walk in summer with-
out an nmbiella ?

Is she the independent mother who has so much to
do of greater importance, that she cannot find time to
take care of her own babe; but must leave it to the
disposal of those who will only take care to ruin it ?

Is she the independtnt, valuable and happy house
wife, who cannot for the life of her, break an egg
without her husband to help her; or above all, stoop so
low as to wet her delicate hands in dish water ?

Is she the independent female, who, (worse than
the ladies of the Celestial Empire, that only brace
their feet, or the parents of Charles II., that only
braced — with stcelboots — his feet and legs,) under the
idea of affjrding support to her chest, dresses so tight-
ly as to restrain the motion of those vitnl organs the

lungs, and thus prevent free circulation of the crimson
tide whose purity is indispensable to cheerfulness, hap-
piness and health 1

Are they independent pupils at school who cannot
study unless their books are prepared in the way oi
quistion and answer; — and unless, to prevent mistake,
the questions and their appropriate answers are marked
by the kind, indulgent, and excellent teacher; and who
cannot read either at home or at school, a book that is
not presented in language so plain as to save all trouble
of looking into a dictionary 7 •

Are they independent, in short, who, though they
cannot deny themselves the smallest gratification, in
compliance with the requisition of God's laws, or to
promote the happiness of their neighbor, will yet sub-
mit to die by thousands and tens oi thousands, the
willing martyrs to the tyrant /asAwi, however uniea-
sonable may be her mandates, or hewevcr arbitrary
her decrees i — Moral Rtformer.

Speculation.

This word has become absolutely odious to almost
all the sober and retlecting part of the community,
and cannot sound very melodiously in the ears of many
who can lay no claim to being either sober or reflect-
ing. It is no better in general than arrant gambling;
and its tendency is to disturb all the common pursuits
of fair trade, and stop the operations of wholesome in-
dustry. A man who lives by specidation entirely, is
in general living upon the necessities or weaknesses or
ignorance or follies or vices of other men. This is a
poor trade; and such men are commonly the curse of
the community. A man buys a piece of land to-day,
ond sells it to-morrow for twice as much as he gave.
The next purchaser gets an advance upon it, and so
it passes on through successive hands, without any
improvement of any description whatever being made
on it. Now who is benefitted by such an operation?
The community is not, most certairdy.

A man buys into some public stock. He to-mor-
row sells his shares to another man at an advance; and
so it goes on, passing through various hands without
any change whatever in the property disposed of. —
Now who is benefitted by this operation 1 Certainly
not the community, for not a cent of intrinsic value is
added to the property. No wealth is created; and no
increased value is given to the property in question by
the operation, let the transfer of the property pass
through ever so many hands. But there is a serious
injury to the commuuity by all such operations. They
excite extravagant expectations. They induce men
to desert their farms ond their trades, that by some
chance adventure they may get rich without the slow
processes of frugality and labor. Successful specula-
tions of this nature, too often ruin the operator himself,
either by inducing him to hazard every thing in a sin-
gle cast of the die, or hurrying him on in his miscal-
led prosperity into deeper kinds of gambling, and too
ofteii impelling him into courses of extravagance, lux-
ury, dissipation and profligacy, absolutely ruinous and
dreadfully fatal. — Nao Eng. Farmer.

From tlte New Tork Sun,
Important Facts,

We observe with astonishment and regret, the con-
clusive evidence which appears in every direction, that
the business of agrictdture does not receive the atten-
tion due to it in this country, but is treated with abso-
lute neglect compared with other pursuits. This
ought not to be, and the inhabitants of this country will
yet learn, that they have committed a gross error by
abandoning the cultivation of the soil, for less indepen-
dent and more precarious modes of obtaining a liveli-
hood.

Who has ever heard of such a state of things as now
exists here? We have a soil as fertile as the sun ever
i^hone upon: a country almost boundless in extent, and
so cheap that any man may purchase a farm with the
proceeds of a few months labor, yet we are actually
importing for eonsumptinn, immense quantities of ag-
lucultural products from foreign countries ! A people
thinly scattered over a land unequalled in fertility, and
exhaustless in its resources, are buying their bread at
enormous prices, from countries so overburdened
with inhabitants, that political economists have feared
that the earth would fail to produce sufficient to sup-
port them. Such an extraordinary and unnatural cir-
cumstance should excite attention and awaken the in-
quiry as to its cause.

The fault, as we have seen, is not in the soil, nor is
the country overrun with inhabitants. It is, there-
fore, evident that thecnltivotionof the soil is neglect-
ed, otherwise we should be exporting agricultural pro-
ducts; but it is easier to show the fact, that agricul-
ture is neglected, than to find a eufiicient reason for
this neglect. We apprehend, however, that it will be

found to spring, in a great measure, from the same
causeswhich have produced much evil in this country,
and the bitter fruits of which we are now reaping. —
The first and chief of these causes is the inordinate
thirst for wealth, which pervades every class of socie-
ty, and induces men to abandon their legitimate busi-
ncss to engage in some wild, hazardous sjieculaiion, in
the hope of becoming suddenly rich. It is also too of-
ten the case that the farmer becomes tired of the moaS-
rato and gradual accumulation of property by the pro-
ducts of his land, and leaves the cultivation of it to
engage in the tiusiness of commerce or manufactures.
lie finds out his egregious mistake when it is too late.
The iiroperty he had accumulated is often squandered
and lost in cunsequenoe of his ignorance of his new
burfincds, and he again sighs for the cheerful and inde-
pendant mode of life which he has abandoned, when
it is out of his power to resume it. We have in our
mind numberless instances of this kind, where indus-
trious and prosperous formers have been lured to their
ruin, by being induced to lay aside the implements of
husbandry, and engage in the universal scramble af-
ter sudden wealth.

There is another great error prevalent upon this sub-
ject, and that is, the business of agriculture is gener-
ally looked upon as less respectable than that of com
merce, manufactures, or the professions; and wealthy
farmers, instead of teaching their sons their own bu-
siness, most usually transform them into merchants,
lawyers, doctors, or dominees. This is all wrong. — •
Agriculture is the very back-bone of all business,
the main-spring of all wealth, and should be regarded
as a profession of the highest respectability. It gives
those who are engaged in it a feeling of independence,
genuine nobleness without ostentation, honor, honesty,
and firmness, well calculated to perpetuate the free in-
stitutions of our happy country. "The truth of the el-
oqiu^nt panegyrics of the ancients upon this employ-
ment, moy be more cosily realized here, than in any
other country upon earth. We confidently hope to see
public opinion speedily righting itself upon this sub-
ject, and to find people seeking their permanent inter-
ests, and advancing .the prosperity and glory of our
wide domain, by engaging more generally in this
healthful, honest and independent business.
Balkey Horses.
"A truckman in Boston, that had a refractory horse
that would not draw or move foi-ward, beat him most
unmercifully. A gentleman came along,- who told
him he must not beat him any more. 'What shall I
do ?' said the man, 'my horse has stood here thcEC two
hours. Shall I stand here all the day ?' 'Oh no,
the horse must go, but you must not beat him any
more. Get me a rope, twice as long as the horse.' —
The rope was got, secured to his tail, and then passed
between his legs forwards, then a smart pull on the
rope was given. The horse was frightened and show-
ed symptoms of kicking, but tlie pulling was continu-
ed. Suddenly he started forward, and went off with-
out any more beating. The gentleman had seen that
method tried on that most refractoryof animals the
Jackass of South America. If you question this, you
that have obstinate horses, try it for yourselves."

GOOD SENTIMENTS.

Agriculture is the nursery of patriotism.

Agriculture, aided by science, will make a little na-
tion a great one.

Science must combine with practice to make a good
farmer.

A wise government will not be slow in lostering the
agricultural interest.

Let every farmer who has a son to educate, believe
and remember that science lays the foundation of eve-
ry thing valuable in agriculture.

The opposition against book farming rests on tha
shoulders of two monsters, ignorance and prejudice.

If you separate science from agriculture you lob a
nation of its principal jewel.

All the energy of the hero, and all the science of the
philosopher, may find scope in the. cultivation of ono
farm.

Kings never hear the voice of truth until 'they are
dethroned, nor beauties until they have abdicated their
charms.'

A gentleman observed upon an indilterent pleader
at the bar, that he was the most affecting orator he ev-
er heard — for he never attempted to epeak but he ex -
cited general sympathy.

The most foolish thing in the world is to bow to the
rich till you're unable to stand hefiire an hone.n man.

Honest industry is, after all, man's only sure depen-
dence for the double blessing of a contented mind and
a comfortable livelihood

An humble man is like a good tree, the more full o.
fruit the branches are, the lower they bend themselves.

40

THE N EW G E N E S E E FARMER,

Vol, I.

NEW GENESEE FARMER.

iVIARCH, 1840.

Ilints for the Month.

If ihe repairing of farming utensils baa hitherto
been neglected, it should now be attended to. Such
work may be done on etorniy dnya without interrup-
tion of other busincga. See that ploughe arc in good
condition for use, have good points, that no pins ore
lost out, the beam sound, and the handles firm. See
that your hoes and forks are well proviiled with handles,
your rakes and harrows with teuth, and that your har-
neas is well oiled and in good repair. In procuring
tools, be careful always to get the very best, though
they may cost a little more. A good tool, that is much
used, pays for its extra price a hundred times over by
the e.\tra work which is done with it. Provide a place
for every thing, and be sure that every thing is in its
place, by the time that the busy season of spring com-
mences, in order that no time may be lost in long and
fruitless searches.

Procure a pot of paint and a brush, and paint all
your tools, your hoes, rakes, forks, ploughs, harrows,
cultivators, spades, and shovels. The coat of this is
very trifling, and it wjU, in most cases, make them
laat many years longer, especially if eflTcctually done
at the jointa and accidental cracks, where moisture is
apt to penetrate and cause decay.

In open weather, repair fences, lay up the fallen
stones of walls, draw manure from barn-yards, and
clear away and draw off old chipa from obout your
wood houses,— if large, lay them aside for burning in
summer, and if small, put them on land for manure.
They are also excellent for putting round young fruit
trees, to prevent drouth and the growth of grass and
weeds.

In wet or thawing weather, examine the %vatcr fur-
rows in wheat fields, and see that they are not ob-
structed bypnow-banka, nor by crumbling earth. A
want of this attention is often followed by large pools
of water standing on the fields, and many a bushel of
wheat has been lost which might have been saved by
the work of as many minutes.

Every good farmer has doubtless drawn wood
enough for the loUowing summer — if it is not cut for
use, let it be done during stormy weather, and pile it
up neatly in the wood-house.

Now is a good time for cutting grafts — be sure to
get good kinds — it would be better to travel ten times
as far for them than get poor ones. Make grafting
plasters — unsized paper is as good as cloth for spread-
ing the wax on, and much easier made. Grafting may
be done in cold weather, by having eomething always
at hand to warm and soften the wax just before apply-
ing. Where but little work is to be done, a hot brick
or block of wood, or a vessel of hot sand, will do; but
we prefer a candle or lomp placed in a lantern. The
most convenient is the common glass lantern, the
plosters being held over the chimney in the current of
hot air, whore they become softened immediately.

Potatoes in heaps and in cellars shotdd be examined
ss e'&rly oa practical)le, to see if they have not suffered
from the frost. Whore they have been but slightly
touched they may be saved by sprinkling lime upon
them in sufficient quantity to absorb the water under
the skin'. Those more affected should be immediate-
ly cooked in a large boiler for feeding to cattle wvd hogs.
Every farmer should always reserve bis bo-st hay for
cattle to the latter part of winter, and see that their
feed is rather better than before. Let them enter the
summer season in good condition. "Cattle weU win-
tered ore half summered."

Horses and working cattle especially should have
every attention, in order that they may be pre|)arcd to
endure the labor which is soon to come heavily upon
thpm.

Cowe near calving, should be kept housed in fold
weather and at nights, and be well and regularly fed.
The iacreascd quantity of milk which they will give
in consequence, will be ample payment. It is of
greet consequence at this time that they be kept very
clean and well littered. The time of calving moy be
very nearly known by observing the time of gestation,
which is forty -one weeks with a buU-colf, and forty
weeka with a heifer cal^

Slieep should have eonbtant care ond good protec-
tion during the variable weather of thia month, ond it
possible^ well fed with roots.

CATTLE AJVD HORSE BAKX8.

We frequently bear the practice of keeping cattle
in stables, strongly discouraged; and the reason as-
signed is, that I he practice is less cleanly, and the con-
fined air unwholesome. This is indeed true, where
they arc neglected; but when they are properly at-
tended to, and their apartments sufficiently ventiUated,
we know this is not the case. A friend who has visit-
ed the dairy establiehmente of the Dutch in Ohio, in-
forma us, that the cow stables are thoroughly washed
every day, the animals cnrried every day, and more
pains taken to keep them clean and comfortable, than
any farmer here takes with his best horses; for which
they are amply repaid by the increased quantity and
quality of their products.

_Slables for horses, we believe, are very much neg-
lected both as relates to construction and subsequent
condition; and ao a small contribution to an improve-
ment in this respect, we furnish our readers with the
following excellent plan of a horse barn, taken trom
Loudon's Suburban Gardener, believing at the same
time, that many, if not the most, of the principles of
the constructions, will apply advantageously to stables
for cattle. We would remark that, in relation to the
latter, we consider it of importance, both on the score
of cleanliness, and for the manufacture of manure,
that clean straw litter he copiously used. If frequently
removed, we think the objection which Loudon makes
to its use, would not opply with much force to cattle,
especially during the cold of winter.

main drain under the gutter behind the horses! theae
drains having grated openings, each with a bell-trap,*^
to prevent the ascent oi bad smells: Tis the cast iron
manger; U, the bull's eye cast iron rock, the hay of
which is let down from the loft above, through the
open space behind. The mode tpf keeping hay in lofte,
over the horses, and letting it down through a space
over the racks, which is continually open, is very
properly objected to, as contaminating the hay by the
breath of the horse; but when there is a raised ceiling
with a ventilator, as in the section before us, the
breath of the horse riecs to the ventilator, and does the
hay no injury whatever. At the bottom of the rock,
there is, in the space behirvd, o grated floor, which re-
tains tlje hay, while it allows the dust and seeds to
drop into the open space ( ', whence they can be token
out at convenience by an openipg under each stall. —
There is a cast iron ramped cap, W, to the boarded
partition between the stalls: and a cast iron sill, X ,-
both cap and sill having grooves for receiving the ends
of the boards which form the partition. The partition
pogFt, y, is also of cast iron. That part of the floor of
the stable on which the horse stands, should always be
made perfectly level, with a grating ond bell-trap un-
der it, in the centre, for drainage. In general, the
floor of the stable should never be covered with litter
in the day-time, or when the horse is not expected to
lie down; because the litter retains moisture, horbors
insects, and produces an uneqitol surface for the horse
to stand on. Stnbles, as they are cimimnnly kept, eon-
tain an atmosphere, charged with an aninionipcal gas
from the urine, and carLionic acid gas from the lungs
of the horse, which, with moisture from the floor, and
other a;riform matters, are extremely disagreeable to
man; but if the stable were properly constructed, ven-
tiUated and drained, kept free from litter during the
day, and amply lighted, in the manner we have re-
commended, they would be as wholesome for a hu-
man being to enter and to remain in, as the living-
rooms of 0 dwelling-house."

* A "bell-trap is made as fbllowa: — A vessel ia pla-
ced immediately under the grating; through its bot-
tom a tube passes, and e.ttends upwards in the vessel
about h^f woy to the top, ao that the vessel can be only
about half tiilcd with water, as the rest escapes
through this tube. Directly over the upper end of
this tube, is ixrertfd a bcii-shaped vessel, somewhat
smaller than tLw other, so that iie rim dips in the wat-
er of the tower vessel, and prevents the escape of bod
air upwards, while it freely admits water to ran down-
wards through the tube. — Eds. N. O. F.

"The ground on which a stable is built ought to be
dry, either naturally, or by drainage; ond the walls
ought to be of siffl.-icnt thickeess to exclude tho ex-
treme of heat in e.^mer, and of cold in wmtcr.—
There ought to be abundance of light admitted, as well
for cheerfulness as for clconUness; and, independent y
of the doors and windows, there ought to be suital.le
openings for vtnilaiion. In the stable there ought to
be a wooden tube, at least six inches Bquorc, placed
over every stall, and reacbini; from the under surlace
of the ceiling to the ridge of the roof, with a capon the
outside to exclude rnin; and a slide in the ceiling, at
the lower end of the tube, to regulate the quantity ol
air admitted, so as to keep the atmosphere ol ihe.M-
ble at obout 50 ° in winter, ond from CO ° to (i;> in
summer. This flue will do for the stoblc of the horse,
what the chimney docs for the dwelling ol the human
beinc To give a palpable idea of this mode ol venti-
lating, we may refer to the figure in which the ventil-
hiung tube, with its protecting cover, isabownat HII:
2 is a corn bin, placed under one of the windovve, .' is
a drain under the floor of ench stall, which leads to a

Gardener's Work for March.

The severity of winter ia now mostly past, and this
month is called spring. The sun beg tie to make his
power felt, and will soon revive the vegetable world.
The gardener will now resume his lobors and direct
his attention to the production of on corly supply of
luxuries for the table. The first thing to be done by
those who wish to obtoin eorly vegetables, ia to con-
atruct a hot-bed. The time of doing thia may depend
on circumstances. If it is desired to produce articles
quite early, without much regard to the labor or atten-
tion required, the bed should be made early in March;
but for ordinary purposes the middle, or latter part of
the month will suftice. Every professed gardener
knows how to make a hot bed; but for the benefit of
the inexperienced ponion of our rendera, we will give
brief directions.

For Making Hot -Beds.
Select a site for the bed, on dry ground, where it
will be fully exposed to the sun, but sheltered from the
north and west winds. jNIark out the size of the
bed, allowing six or eight inches on all sides larger
than tho size of the frame. Then drive down a good ■
strong stake at each corner, as high as you intend to
build thebed. Then take the manure (which should
be fresh stable manure in a good stote of fermentation)
and commence building the bed by mixing the ma-
nure thoroughly, and putting on successive Ir.yers,
beating it down with the fork. Observe to place it
smoothly and fir vly around the outside, so that it will
not settle unevenly from the weight of the frame. —
The height of manure requisite, will depend on the
time at which thebed is formed, ond the purpose for
which ii is Intended. If mode early in March, and

n!o. 3.

ANDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

41

inonilsd for growing cuciimbr-re, &c., a good clenl of
icni will he required lor Iwo or three monthe, and at
-uast lour feet high of manure will be necessary. But
^ bed made early in April, for the purpose of forvvard-
iig early plants to be transplanted into the garden, will
lot require more than half that quantity.

The usual size of hot bed frames is cither four feet by
ight, or four feet by twelve. The former size has two
ishes, and the latter three. The frame should be made
f good Bound boards or plank, firmly nailed or bolted
)gether on corner posts inside. The front should be
ine foot high and the back about two, so as to give a
;ood slope towards the sun, and carry off the wet. —
The sash should be made without any cross-bars, and
he glass set so as lightly to overlap each other, in order
0 allow the rain to pass ofl' freely. (The crevices be-
ween the panes at the lapg should not be stopped up,
8 they allow the steam and wet to pass out from the
neide, which would otherwise injure the plants.) —
The sash and frame should both have a good coat of
aint, and they will last a number of years.
When the bed is made, put on the fiame, and then
utin about six inches of good fine earth; put on the
ishand let it remain two or three days for the heat to
;a€, wheit itTvill be ready for sowing.
Make the earth smooth and fine before sowing: if
ucumbera or melons are to be planted, raise slight
ills for them under the middle of each sash. The
rticles usually sown in hot-beds are cucumber, radish,
ittuce and cress, for early use; and cauliflower, broc-
ali, cabbage, egg plant, tomato, pepper, celery, &c.,

I transplant. The earliest varieties of each are of
surse the best for this purpose.

Every farmer can make up a small hot-bed, say four

set square, which may be covered with an old win-

awsash. Tliis would produce an abundant supply of

irly plants for the garden, by means of which many

xcellent vegetables may be obtained for the table, a

lonth or two sooner than they could be otherwise.

After a hot-bed is sown, it shoidd be carefully

atchfd iu order lo give the young plants plenty of aii,

id see that they do not get scorched by the sun or

lied by frost. It often happens that the heat in the

nl will be too strong at first, and iu that case the

ibh must be raised at the back, so as to let the heat

id steam escape. A mat should be placed over the

lening to keep out the cold wind. In simny weath-

the sashes -must be raised considerably, and if very

,. arm, the plants should be shaded during the middle

111- f the day. An hour of sunshine will often destroy a

i hole bed ofplants, if the sashes are closed tight. They

■e much more frequently destroyed by heat than by

>ld. In frosty weather, mats or straw should be laid

-■er the bed for protection, especially during nights. —

i-ep the bed moist by gentle waterings. The water

ir,uld stand several hours in one corner of the bed,

it: i|i as to become a little warm, before being used. As

jie ! le weather becomea warmer, and the plants increase

II size, plenty of air must be admitted.

I| Work in the Open Gronud.

,j ii I The weather during this month is so severe and

jilit Ihangeable in this section, that little can be done in

ij( jie open garden, except making preparation for ne.\t

„p lonth. Manure may be carried on, and dug in as

^,j I >on as the ground is sufficiently dry, where early

, Tops are to be sown. Towards the latter part of the

lonlh, on warm early soils, a few kinds of seeds may

esown, such as Peas, Parsnips, Lettuce, early Beets

id Carrots. Plant Top Onions or small onion sets

„,5^ i>r early use.

i(j jl i Asparagus Be<h should be dressed towards the lat-

lj,ll it part of the month, or before the shoots begin to

^.,_ tart. Clean off the litter, if any, and fork up the

uth carefully, so as not to injure the crown of the

' >ta. If the earth has become shallow, put on a dres-

ng of good rich mould. .

Currant and Gooseberry btis/ics should be pruned
this month. Cut out all old or decayed wood and
stragling shoots, so as to admit plenty of light and
air, and leave young and thrifty wood to produce the
fruit, which will be greatly improved thereby.

Raspbcmj bushes should also be pruned. Clean
away the old stem^, and cut off at the ground all but
four or five of the strongest shoots i# each lump, which
should be left for bearing. Shorten the tops of these
to three or four feet, and tie them to a stake. Keep
the ground about them mellow and clean from grass
during summer.

Grape Vines of the hardy varieties should be prun-
ed as early as possible, if not done last month. Tender
kinds which were buried in the fall, should not be un-
covered before April.

Rhnbarb or Pic plant may be forwarded by covering
the roots with bo.xes, or tubs, or large flower
pots, and surrounding them with hot stable manure
IFurthcr hin/s on Gardening, next month, ^

DesciipUve Catalogue of Turnips.

The proprietor of the Rochester Seed Store, while
in Europe last summer, took special pains to become
aciuainted with the different kinds .of turnips; and
oblaiuel in England and Scotland, Seeds of all the
most approved kinds. Some of liiese are but very lit-
tle, if at all known in this country, and the following
descriptions, with the accompanying engravings, will
give the reader a good idea of the principal varieties:
1 2 3

White Turnips.

Large White Flat Xorfolk, (No. l.J — This, or a
degenerate variety of it, is more commonly cultiva-
ted in this country than any other white turnip. —
When grown in perfection it is very large and produc-
tive; flat and rather irregular in shape. It is not
as firm in texture, or 88 sweet and juicy, however, as
many others; and is not very good for the table ex-
cept when young. It soon becomes liaht and pithy,
and consequently is only fit for use in autumn, or ear-
ly in winter.

White Globe, (No. 2.J — This is more generally
cultivated than any other in England; butowng to
the opinion which prevails among farmers in this coun-
try, that a goof/ turnip mustbe_/?a<, it is not much cul-
tivated here aa yet. Its true shape is nearly a globe,
with a fine smooth skin, and small neck. But like
most other kinds, it is very liable to be efiected and
changed by soil and climate. The flesh ie more firm
and juicy than the Norfolk, and nmch superior to it
for winter and spring use, whether for cattle or the ta-
ble. (Seed of this variety was imported two years
since, under the name of White Flat or Globe, and
sold as such at the Rochester Seed Store; but the
term .^(j* was an error, and should not have been ap-
plied to it.

Long Tankard, (No. 3.) — This turnip is but little
known in this country. The roots are long and smooth,
grow much above ground, and are sometimes bent or
crooked. The tankards are of very quick growth,
and consequently may be sown quite late. The flesh,
like the Norfolk, is soft and tender, and not good for
keeping, There are several sub-varieties of this
antl the preceding kinds: as the red and the green
top — liistinguished only by the colorof the skin above
ground.

Red Round or Red Top. — In shape this turnip is ra-
ther more flat than the globe. Roots medium size,
smooth, regular shape, bright red color above ground,
flesh fine and good. This excellent variety is partic-
ularly adapted to light hilly soils. The writer of this
saw fine crops of them growing on some of the poor
ch'dk landa in Kent, (Englnnd,) where, he was in-
formed, no other variety could be raised. It is well
worth a fieneral trial in this country.

Earhj White Flat Dutch. — This is an excellent gar-
den turnip fu' early table use; hut when nil grown, it

soon becomes light and pithy. It is of very quick
growth, medium size, form quite flat.

Early While Garden Utone. — This is a handsome
round turnip, rather below medium size, excellent for
the table. It is of very quick growth, but apt to run
to seed if sown very early.

Sercrat other rarieiies of icbite turnips arc uorthy
of trial, Iml do not differ materially from the prece-
ding.

Yellow Tunilus,
Rnta Buga or YeHow Hicedisli. — This is too wel
known to need any description. It is more productive,
hardy and nitritioiis, and will keep longer than al-
most any other kind of turnip. Coneequentiy it is
more valuable to the farmer, and more generally culti-
vated than any other. There are several varieties of
ruta baga, and it is liable to degenerate if great care
is not taken to select the best roots for seed. The kind
used a few years since, was the green oryellow-toji. —
This was superceded by the led or purple top variety,
whi( h has the upper part of the root of a dull red or
purple color. An improved variety of th.c is now most
in use, and found to be superior to all others: the
roots are more uniform in shape and size, have a email
ler neck, and a d'^eper purple color above ground — in-
side yellow and o "ine texture.

Dale's \ Jloic htjbHd — This is a mule or hybrid
between the white globe and rutabaga; and partaking
in some degree of ihequaiil'csof both. In hardiness,
firmness of texture, and keep.ng properties, it is next
to the ruta baga: but it requires shorter time of
growth, and may be sown later. C'unEequently, it is
valuable for sowing when ruta bagas ni.ve failed or
were not sown in season.

Large Yellow Scotch. Aberdeen or Bullock. — This,
and its sub-varieties, are deservedly much tsteemed
and extensively cultivated in Scotland. The roolp are
large, smooth and handsome; of a flattieh round form,
firm texture, hardy, and keep well ; very good for ta-
ble use as well as for cattle. There are yellow, green,
and purple top varieties of this turnip, with different
names.

Yelloxc Malta. — This is a most excellent turnip for
table use, when not overgrown or kept too long. The
root is very flat, with a peculiar hollowed or concave
form beneath — small neck and tap-root — flesh, a rich
yellow color, tender and juicy.

Yellow Attringham. — This also is an excellent gar-
den turnip. Form, globular, a little lattened. Skin
smooth, green above ground: flesh yellcv, sweet any
fine; very small neck and tap-root.

Yellow Stone. — Similar to the preceding; s much
esteemed garden turnip.

Early Yellow Dutch. — Similar to the two last, but
of a much quicker growth, and more suitable for ear-
ly sowing and summer use.

Seeds of several other, and nciecr kinds, may le
obtahud at tlie Seed Store, by any person disposed to
give them a trial. M. B. Bateham.

Giant Rhubarb.

The leafstalks of this improved variety of Rhubarb,
are much larger and better for pies than the common
kind. It is now generally cultivated for that purpose
in the best gardens in England, where the writer ob.
tained a supply of the seed.

There is still a larger and newer variety, lallcd
^^MyatCs Victoria Rhubarb,'' which was raised by a
gardener near London, a year or two since. This 'a
quite rare, as yet, and the roots are sold at a very high
price. It is said that the seed of this variety will not
produce the same kind. I could not learn that any
person had raised any of it from seed, or that any of
the seed was to be had.

*„* A correspondent of the "Cultivator" inquired
where this seed can be obtained. If the- ftlitors wiil
send us his address some seed shall be sent him. B.

New Species of White Clover.

Among the articles brought from Europe by the pro-
prietor of the Rochester Seed Store, is some seed uf
the White Alsike Clover, which was obtained of Mr.
Lawson,at the Highland Society's Agricultural Muse-
um, Edinburgh. It is said to be entirely a new species,
introduced from Sweden, and not yet disseminated in
Scotland or England. It is more perennial than the
red and larger than the common white — grows to the
height of two feet — stem branching — roots fibrous. —
Not much is known as yet respecting its value: but it
is ex|iected to prove a great acquisition. Only a small
quantity of the seed could be obtained. It will le
distributed for experiments. B,

42

THENEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol 1.

AURICI LTURAL SOCIETIES.

To the Fanners of Vie Stale of New Y'urk :

GESTLEAtEN — You must have noticed that when two
men ride on one horse, one muel ride behind ! It was
cetabliehed by that B^'ing who made the world, that the
producer or agriculturist uhould of right ride before,
and hold the reins of the common horse. And such
was evidently the condition of the producer and con-
sumer in the early agea of the world. As these com
panions were compelled to travel together, they en-
joyed for a time the order of nature; but when both
stopped to ttit in the early and dark ages, tlie consu-
mer seized the reins and mounted before, and the pro-
ducer has been compelled to ride behind ever since. —
Now this slate of things ought not to be; and a state
of peace and order will never e.\ist on earth, while it
continues. A majority of men never can be content
while the principles of Eternal Justice are violated to
their immediate injury.

We now call upon you to begin the remedy: to at-
tempt a cure for an evil which has long afflicted your
whole body, and to remove (Tburden which has lung
oppressed you. Many of your brothers and producers
83y to you that the remedy is easy, and will do injus-
tice to no one. Jl is plain and may be seen by you all.
It is only unitedly to say we will govern ourselves,
and not be governed: we will ride before on the com-
mon horse, or we will travel in ompany no longer !
We will say to those who are neither producers nor
manufacturers, God made men to work six portions of
time out of the seven of his active existence; and that
when he was not in want of so many, or much of the
fruit of labor as at present, God placed him in the gar-
den of this world, not to study politics nor metaphysics,
but to be an agriculturist. We will sny to the rest of
mankind, that while we follow the order which God
has entablisheJ, we are not to be looked into the shade
or ruled over by those who have abandoned it ! We
are about to tell you that that class on which all other
clashes of citizens are dependent for clothing and bread,
are not any longer to be ruled by the dependent ones.
It is not for want of inieUigence among the farmers,
but for want of confidence in the knowledge which
they have: a confidence which can alone be obtained
by associating with their fellows, and participating in
the business of deliberate assemblies, that they find
themselves neglected. It is a known fact, that a man
lost in the wilderness and a long time addicted to soli-
tude, will flee from every man that approaches him !
It is this principle of our nature, that makes us im-
agine that others are superior to ourselves, until we
become acquainted with their weakness: and this can
o;ily be done by associating with them, where we shall
soon find that their talents are diminished by compar-
ison; and your confidence will be increased by a dis-
covery of your strength.

This is not all that is tn be accomplished by associa-
tions. Your neighbors have made your laws and gov-
erned you, only because you have not placed betore
your eyes, common objects of action; and when you
have had them, you have not been united in the man-
ner by which these objects might be obtained; and
therefore they have divided you and ruled you.

In order that you may be united, you must nrect and
nssociale one with anDiher. You must form yourselves
into a 8 iciety. and enjoy a mutual interchange ot
t'lousrhts and opinions. You certainly can unite in
mutually aiding each other by a communication of the
results of your experience in farming; and union ot
Bcniiment and opinion in one thing, will naturally pave
the way for union in many things; and tho effect of
union in your agricultural pursuits will not fail to
mike you sensible of the importance of union in the
busincB3 of vindicnting your rigiits. We are well
aware that our bretheren of the field and mechanic's
shop are* extre rely averse to the business of society
makers in general; for they have often been to the
community, ami especially to the fanners, like dry
sponges; they have taken up and abairbe I ynur trea-
Bjres, and from them nothing afterward-? could be
8-iueezed. But still, you must know that the forma-
t on of societies is the only w.ny in which yon can act
i.\ concert, and make your influence to be felt.

We invite you to unite in agricultural societies tor
o'.her purpoi-cs more immediately connected with your
e nployment inlife. Nature is not yet half explored;
nit one hilf her capabilities brought to contribute to_
your comfort or happiness. Yes, farmers, it is true
that more than one half of the power of the state ot
New York is yet unused, and a large proportion of it
remains so only for want of practical and scientific
knowledge how to ui?e it to advantage. The forma-
ti m o f a society i« the only way in which the whole
c immunity of the state may be benefitted by the snpo-
r jr knowledge of the (ew. It is by coming together

and seeing the great improvements in husbandry, and
the adaptation to use ol^ the ditferent improvements,
that all can be eflectually I enefitted by them; and it is
by coming together and conversing on the best methods
of cultivating the earth, and adapting particular grains
to particular sods, and ascertaining the most valuable
seeds, that the knowledge of the few may become uni-
versal among you. Publications may do much, but
they cannot do all that is desirable to be done in this
respect. Many si^jccts of valuable information can-
not be 80 placed on paper as to be profitable to you all;
and what is wanted cannot be known to thote who
might be disposed to unite, without, such personal in-
terviews as may be had in societies such as those which
have been formed in your counties, and in which we
invite you to take a part.

We are sure also that by the existence of societies
such as have been formed in this state where due no-
tice will be taken of cveiy vualuable diseovery made
by its members, and due publicity will be given to all
the improvements that may be made, great encourage-
ment will be given to the enterprise of farmers and
mechanics to develoj) the powers of nature, and to
bring to light and useful application her hidden resour-
ces of wealth and means of happy living.

And what must greatly add to this spirit of enter
prise, will be the substantial reward that may be be-
stowed by the societies on those who make discoveries
in the arts, by which the toil of the farmer is diminii-h-
ed, and the amount of the productions of the earth is
iucreaoed. How much may yet be done by the discov-
ery of the application of steam power to the purpose of
threshing, ploughing,and performing other labors which
now occupy much time and strength, no man can tell I
Yet such things are on the eve of development, with
many others that will soon iiicilitate the progress of the
agriculturist in the acquisition of wealth and happiness.
Arid no one can tell what new seeds may be introdu-
ced fro'm some part of the world, which will double
the population of the state, when proper encourage-
ment shall be given to the discoveries of such things.
— N. V. Far. S^ Am. Card's. Mag.

From the Farmers^ Register.

Cliangc in Soil Effecting a Change in Plants.

A change of soil may he cfT'Cted either by removing
a plant from one sjiot of earth to another differing
from it in fertility, or by the addition of manure pro-
ducing a change in the character of the soil in whieh
a plant grows, without changing the location of the
plant. The effect of removing a plant from a compar-
atively barren to more fertilesoil, is to increase the size
of all its parts, and often to convert its organs of one
kind into those of another. Experience has taught
us that it is advantageous to supply food to jilants arti-
ficially. Where increase in the size of vegetables,
without reference to their magnitude is desired, it can
almost always be accomplished, by affording an increa-
sed supply of all the ingredients of the food of plants,
distributed in well pulverised soil, in such a manner
that the roots of the plants can easily reach it. The
effect thus produced, can be greatly increased by ad-
ditional heat and moisture; and by a partial exclusion
of the direct rays of the sun, ai as to moderate the
evaporation of fluids from the plant. Experience
alone can determine to what extent this may profitably
be carried in the case of each species of vegetable. —
The results which have been produced in some instan-
ces arc truly remarkable. Loudon stales that cabbages
have been produced weighing half an hundred weight,
apples a pound and a half, and cabbage roses of four
inches in diameter, or more than a foot in crcumfer-
enco. By cultivation and a change of soil, the ap-
pearance of many trees has been entirely altered. The
wild crab-apple, the original stock from which our vast
variety of apples have sprung, has its stem and bran-
ches thickset with thorns. On removing it to a more
fertile soil and more favorable circumstances, all these
thorns have disappenred, and their place has been
supplied by fruit-bearing branches. Yet all the dis-
tinctive characteristics of the tree, the structure of its
wood and bark, the shape and arrangements of its
Jenves, the form and aggregation of its flowers, indeed
Fill that a botan-st would consider characteristic of the
plant, have remained unchanged.

Perhaps the most remarkable changes which rcuult
tViim a change of sod, arc those of organs of one kind
into those uf another. It is by such channels that all
■our douWe. flowers have been obtained. The organs
which are most commonly converted into others, are
the etainens, and next to them the pistil. In the hun-
dred-leaved rose, and some other dnible roses, almost
all the stamens have been converted into petals; in the
flowering cherry the pistils have been converted into
green leaves; in the double collumbine a part of the

stamens have been converted into petals, another part
into nectarines, whilst a third part have retained their
original form. The perfect regularity with which the
changes have taken place in the last menlioncd flower
is worthy of notice. Whereevcr one stamen has been
converted into a petal, a corresponding one has always
been converted into a nectary; and so regularly have
these changes proceeded, that by careful dissection,
you may separate one oi these double flowers into sev-
eral single ones, each perfect in itself, and dcst tute ot
none of its appropriate parts. Where flowers have
been doubled by art, the only sure way of propogoting
them, is by some means by which the new plant
should be nothing more than a continuation of the old
one ns by slips or cuttings. Whenever the seed is re-
sorted to there is danger that the plant will revert to
its original type, and the flowers appear single again.
A change of^ color also frequently results from 8
change of soil. ReSpeeting the nature of this change,
no fixed laws have been as yet discovered. As a gen-
eral thing, however, the brightness of the colors of n
flower is injured by enriching the soil in whieh ii
grows; and hence liorists, when they wish to ^ocurc
tulips of very bright colors, prefer plnhting^he bulbs
in a light sandy soil, which Is rather poor than other,
wise.

; 'I
'I

Choice of a Profession.

It has frequently occurred to us that onr younj
men, on completing their studies in our colleges, mis
take the road to usefulness and comfort in pret'errinj
the study of some fashionable profession to the pur H'
suits and occupations of rural life. As soon as a youitf ei
gentleman is admitted to the degree of Bachelor c
Arts, his thoughts are turned on the future, and pel
haps the first xedling place they find is upon the ac
quirement of profeseioual knowledge of some kind
which to him seems the only road to wealth or distim
tion. Thus we see the science of agriculture neglec
ed by those who are capable of investigaling it as
should be; and every possible inducement to engaf
in the improvement of the soil, and to assist nature i
what she is wont to do for man is but a feather in tl
scale of reasoning. And through fear of edoptir
some pursuit that is attended with a little labor, an'
as some call it, di-udgery — but which is the greate
conducive to good health — resort is had to the study
some profession — which has done, and we fear is d- 1
ing great injury to our country. We wage no w
against professions of any kind; on the contrary, thi
are indispensable, but it is a fact that it is considcTr
an unpopuUir step now-a-days, for a young man <
completing his academic studies, to devote his tic I
and talents, if he possesses any, to the advanceme
cf the cause of agriculture.

We have before us an address, delivered before f
young gentlemen admitted to the degree of Bache!
of Arts, at the first commencement of the Universi
of Nashville, by its venerable President, Dr. Phi!
Lindsey — which deserves to be more extensively c |( 'i»[
culated than we fear it hns beefi — and nRn which i )
make the following extract. — Southern (j^iralor. H

"I know not what are to be your future professio h
or occupotions. Every honest calling ought to h
esteemed honorable. I addrefcs you as moral and : ft
tcllectual beings — as the patriot citizens of a great i « '•
public. You may be merchants, mechanics, farme K
manufacturers — and yet be eminently distinguish i' ^;i
and eminently useful, if you will persevere in sec''
ing after knowledge and making a proper use of it. (
The Medici — Necker — Ricardo — were merchants |i <"
bankers: lOrnnklm was a mechanic: Washington v'-i
a farmer. By fur llxe greater part of our conntrymi
are and must be fnrrn'ers. They must be educated; 1 1
wiiat is the same thing, educated men mu8tbeco:'i<
farmers, if they would maintain their just influer'ii^
and ascendancy in the Stole. I cannot wish for IjJ-il
alumni of Cumberland College, a more healthful, |>j *
dependent, useful, virtuous, honorable, patriotic e'W '*s
ploymcnt, than that of agriculture. Nor is there t"
condition in life more favorable to the calm pursuit!'!
science, philosophy and religion; and to all that pp
vious training which ultimately constitutes wisdil
and inflexible integrity. Should our college even[>
ally become the grand nursery of intelligent, virtui;» -
farmers, I shall esteem it the most highly favored 'f
stitution in onr country. I have often thought t!l
our college graduates often mistake the true path I
honor and usefulness, in making choice of a lean I
profession, instead of converting agriculture inti >
learned profession, as it ought to be, and thereby •
taining an honest livelihood in the tranquil shadeif
the country."

:;«

It is stated by tho Mayor of Boston that one-fit! 'f
the taxation of the c.ty goes to the public schools.

10.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

43

Fnm the Jvuniiil i,f the A. .S. .V,

Silli CuItare"Now is the time to begin.

The price of multicaulis trees having fallen to a very
'^\' rate, the present ie a moet propitiorji time for the
uiiiiienccnient of the silk business, by those who
I V , heretofore avoided it on account of the high pri-
:8 of the trees. Kvery thrifty farmer in the Union
dyht to plant at least one acre of ground — some out-
t-ihe-wuy old tield, some chestnut ridge, some incon-
C[iicnt hdl-sidc, that yields little or no profit in any
\in^' else. It will cost now but a trifle. A thousand
'LS should be obtained and planted either by layers
r luttmgs, and there will enough be certain to grow,

I .iceupy the ground. Plant them in rows, four I'cet
):in, and if they grow eo that they stand nearer than
V' ' feet apart in the row, take up Lntejvening trees
lul plant them where failures had left .open spaces;
mi it you have aliU more than the above proportion,
\'.i:ai the tield.

In .luly, they will have grown so far as to enable
our daughters, or your female servants or children,
i feed worms; and you niny then hatch 10,0(10 eggs.
tny common room will do to keep them in, and the
isl volume of the Silk Journal will teach you how to
. innage them. When the first crop is three weeks
Id, hatch 20,000 more, to be ready to take the place
t the first as soon as they spin cocoons. When the
?ioiid crop is three weeks old, bring out the last, the
laiu ciop of 50,000 to hatch. As 5,000 trees will
iiuluce 5,000 lbs. of leoves, and as each worm wiU

II one ounce of leaves, your 5,000 trees will feed 80,-
"I worms, which you will have fed in the above three
uci-ls. As soon as your first crop has finished the co-
" ius, seta couple of intelligent girls to reeling. You
ill teach them from the Silk Journal above referred
'. The Piedemontese reel should be need. In a fevv
reks, they will learn to reel as well as you may de-
le; and then let them take one or two other girls as
ilirentices to learn to reel. By the lime the last crop

I worms have spun cocoons, you will have four reol-

who will be able to nee up the cocoons speedily. —

result will be twenty- four to twenty-eight pounds

'. 1 raw silk, which you can either send to market, or

ifjr luse to be made into elegant silk dresses for your

lit aughters, who have so well deserved them. Ne.\.t

at , ear, double this amount may be made, and every year

ilj: ' om two to five hundred dollars worth of silks may be

liJ.' reduced without any cost to yourself.

OK Then why not begin? How hard mnst a farmer

,# 'ork to produce a hundred dollars in wheat, corn, or

;» ibacco; or in flour, whiskey or pork, or any other

Bi: I -oducl. Let us see. He must breok up four acres of

•.\e\ round, there is eight or ten days hard work at plough-

tffi ; 'S and seeding in October. During winter he ie tan-

dized with promises of good weather, that seldom

n'ji ippens, and in the spring he fears his wheat is 'win-

,a| r killed;' or, if it escapes that, in March i here comes

[jsJl season of freezing and thawing, that threatens to

pi^jiew it out of the ground. Well, it escapes even

■ at, and now the fly flits about, but even that spares

The spring passes, and summer with its cradles

I I rakes, and harvest labor arrives. Six or eight days
lore of hard labor is again required and performed. —
he harvest is in the stack. October again arrive8,''and
le flail now tdls heavily of six or eight days more
ard labor. But the wheat is in the sack, and two or
tree days more hard labor with the four-horse wagon,
I required to carry the one hundred bushels of wheat
I the mill. The wheat is ground, and the flour in
le barrels. Well, now we have two or three days'
ibor with the four-horse wagon again, to carry the six-

rj^en barrels to market, and somaiime in November,
»|te farmer returns home weary Sm hungry, with his
undred dollars. Here we have had hard work
nough, and time enough occupied too, for an hun-
red dollars surely. Let this picture be placed by the
de of the little cocoonery of 80,000 worms, and then
hose between them. But we would not interfere with
le growing of wheat, nor with the production of ony
ther staple. We would not take the hardy plough-
lan from his plough. But while he labors in the field
produce his hard- won dollars in wheat and corn, we
•ouJd enable the more delicate in ales of his house
add something to his income. And this they will
ill be able to do, if be Will only in the first instance
rinish them with a small mulberry orchard. Try it
jmers, try it. e. b ;

The Farmei-s.

The following just and eloquent tribute to thiemer-
onous class of American citizens, is from the pen of
n eminent New England clergyman:

"There is one class of men upon whom we can yet

ily. It is the same class that stood on the little green

J I- I^exington— that gathered on the heights of Biiuker

I'll, and poured down from the hills of New England

— which were the life-blood of the notion when the
English lion was ready to devour it,— I mean the
Fakmkrs. They were never found to trample on law
and right. Were I to commit my character to any
class of men, my family, and my country's safety, it
would be to the farmers. They are a class of men
such as the world never saw for honesty, intelligence
and Roman virtue, sweetened by the Gospel of God.
And when this nation quakes, they and their sons are
those who will stand as the sheet anchor of our liber-
ties, and hold the ship at her moorings till she outrides
the storm."

English Hay-Makijig and Hay-Makers.

The following liveTy and faithful picture of the rural
peasantry of England, is copied from Chambers' Ed-
inburg Journal, and cannot fail to interest many of our
readers.

One of the most remarkable peculiarities of the land
for a number of miles around London, is the large cx-
■*tent of ground kept in grass for producing hay for the
metropolitan market. The hay ie generally of aeweet
and nourishing quality, very unlike the harsh kind of
wiry grass and clover which prevail in the northern
part of the United Kingdom, where it would be called
by the name of meadow hay ; and its preparation forma
an important branch of rural economy. The hay-
making season, which is the busiest in the year, draws
laborers from places most remote from the scene ol
operations, in the same maimer as the grain harvest
attracts a tlnong of reapers in other quarters of the
country. Those who mow or cut the grass, are al-
most to a man English laborers ; but the other class
of workers are a mixture of English and Irish, the
former being about two to one of the latter. A Welsh-
man is rarely to be seen among either class, and a
Scotchman never.

The hay-making season is from about the middle of
June to the third week of July. In the beginning of
June, English laborers are to be seen on the diflerent
roads, travelling with their faces towards London, each
bearing his scythe and a basket or small bundle, the
edge of the scythe corefully protected against the ac-
tion of the atmosphere. These precursors are mowers,
men known to be good and worthy workmen, who,
year by year, work on the same farm, and until the
times of cutting are sure of other work. Day by day
the numbers of the travelling laborers increase, and
by the middle of June the roads are thronged with
them. Some of the English bear scythes, and moet
oS them a bundle or basket ; now and then one has a
fork, its points guarded with corks. Afewof the Irish
carry a bundle, but the majority bear no greater bur-
then than the clothes they wear. At home, and on
the road, the English term their emigration "going
upwards for work." The English labourers common-
ly travel alone, or in parties of two, three, or four,
and nsually leave home with provisioft eufficient for
the greater part or the whole of their journey, and
money to pay for decent lodgings at night. On the
otlier hand, the Irish, first congregated on board a ves-
sel, when they reach England, commonly travel in
droves, trusting mainly to chanee for food and lodging
during their travels.

The mowers are paid by the acre. A common
price at the beginning of th? season of 1839, was 4s.
fid. an acre without beer, but it afterwards rose to 5s.
and 53. 6d. an acre, with beer. The pay of a hay-
maker (in distinction to a mower) was Ss.. and 2s. 6d.
a-dayr and after wards rose to 3s. and 3e. 6d. a-day,
with an allowance of beer, some of them finding their
own forks. When the hay is spread, oris fit to carry,
and rain is expected, the farmers urge all bands to in-
creased exertions by extra allowances of beer, and
the promise of a supper. In this district, compared
with others, the women employed in hay-making are
tew, and their pay is commonly Is. a-day : this is not
fair ; for, although it is true that a woman cannot take
every place in the work, she will, in the lighter por-
tions, pel form as much as a man. The boys employ-
ed are also few. In fact, very few women ond boys
are employed but those belonging to the resident agri-
cultural population.

In the beginning and at the height of the season,
the public hnises and cottages in the district, where
lodgers are taken, are crowded with the migratory
laborers. Every chamber has as many beds ag can be
put into it, and the men sleep two, sometimes three,
in a bed ; in rooms of not greater dimensions than
fifteen fest by twelve, from eight to ten, and even
twelve men pass the night. The price of lodging to
a man who has a bed to himself, is sixpence a-night,
but when more than one sleep in a bed, the charge for

each is fourpence. If a man pays four nights conse-
cutively, he pays no more that week; at leii.st this is
the practice in some places. The Englishmen usually
sleep in beds, and the Irishmen in barns, etablea, or
outhouses, sometimes ensconsing themselves in a hay
cock. A prejudice exists against the Irish laborers,
that they are not so clean in their persons as the Eng-
lish, and some publicans make a point of refusing them
lodgings. When the Irish hay-makers have women
and children with them, they often camp in the lanes,
but without tents, there cooking their food, and taking
their evening meals ; such a case with an Enolish par-
ty is very rare. "

Beer is the hay-makers' usual drink. They very
seldom have recourse to spirituous liquors, and, com-
pared with the workmen on canals, railroads, and in
brick-fields, they are generally of sober habits. The
Irish are decidedly more sober than the English. When
lodging either at a private or public house, each man
buys his own food, the cooking being performed, and
pepper and salt being providec, gratis. The publicans
usually keep biead, cheese, and bacon, and sometimes
cooked meat, for sale ; at some houses soup is suppli-
ed, for which the charge is twopence a basin. Tea
and coffee are not commonly used.

Towards their employers and strangers, the hay-
makers are civil in manner and language, but with
each other jiracticid jokes are not uncommon. The
language of the English laborers among themselves,
particularly of the young men, is mixed up with many
oaths, and horrible imprecations. This species of lan-
guage is at present dreadfully on the increase, and has
not yet reached its climax; lor these laborers are still
behind the workmen on railroads and canals, inland
boatmen, brickraakers, and the like, from whom the
contagion has been caught.

Upon their way from home, and at their places of
destination, anxious are the inquiries and the mutual
talk of the men as to the probabilities of the weather,
the state of the crops, the numbers of workmen likely
to come up, the prices of labor, and the masters who
have and who have not engaged their complement of
men. The season fairly entered into, the merits and
demerits of the diflerent masters who give the best wa-
ges, whose beer is the best, who are most liberal in
giving that and victuals, and who look most sharply
after their people, are engaging subjects of conver-
sation ; but of these, "the beer" is the most frequent;
and it is impossible for strangers to conceive the im-
portance which hay-makers, in particular the English,
attach to beer, either as a source of pleosure or a help
to work. When elevated with this same beverage,
their own capabilities are boasted of; and how much,
in one day, a man can mow of grass, cut or thrash of
corn, feats of strength and agility, and the like, supply
matter for_ noisy but friendly debate. Sometimes the
meaning of words and phrases locally used in the neigh-
borhoods of their respective homes, and local peculiar-
ities in manners and customs, especially ae regards lo-
bor, beguile their leisure hours. With them Saturday
nights are times of carousal. Sunday is a tireebme
dtiy, not one hoy-maker in a hundred attending a place
of worship ; from singing, or any kind of play, they
usually abstain on Sunday, but often get tipsy ; ond
if their master required it, (as is sometimes the case in
wet weather,) they would not hesitate to work. To-
bacco, in smoking, is used in great quantities ; a few
chew it; but snuff ie only taken in fun, when tn
elderly mechanic or old woman offers a pinch. To_e-
ing halfpence, to decide which man Gball pay for beer,
or a game of skittles, the stake veiy seldom exceeding
a pint of beer, is almost the only gambling in which
they indulge ; cards are very seldom used, Over the r
jugs and pipes, a song is a favorite recreation ; the
music, hovvever, is never, and the words not frequen-
ly, of a refined order. Occasionally a song issurg
in praise of poaching, after the manner in which war
or sea songs set forth the hardships, pleosures, glories,
and honors of war and the ocean. The way in which
such songs are received, and the heartiness in which
all join in the chorus, prove that with the English ag-
ricultural laborers, poaching is not considered a crime;
though, in talking of poaching, they treat it as a mic-
fortune lor a man to have a propensity towards il, rrd
call him a fool for indulging therein. Politics tlty
never dicuss. If any portion of a weekly newepajtr
be read aloud, it commonly is something which reliilca
10 a murder, a robbery, or dreadful Occident. Qui r-
relling, likely to lead to fighting, is carefully avoided ;
and if a man in this respect lacks discretion, he is e-
pressed by his fellow-workmen, particularly a mow er
by fellow-mowers, and reminded, that a fight will
probably spoil him for work for a week ; not a slij ht
consideration with a laborer, miles away from home,
depending upon his daily work for his daily bread.

44

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. I

IMPROVE O SillOItT JlOltN BUIili SIR AVAIiTER.

The noble nnimal rupresented by ibe nbuve engraving, is owned by VVm. M'Knigut, Esq., of ibis city,
and kcnl on bis inrni at Parmo, in tliie county, by L. W. Metcalf. .Sir IV alter is now six years old and
w.-igba abi.ut •2,000 lbs. He wm raised by Mr. Chiiep, a celebrated breeder of improved cattle in Northum-
birland, England, and imported in 1S36 by Adam FergMon, Esq., of No son, U. C.

S/r IF«/to-waB got by JiatMor, (Herd Book No. 1616;) Dam Sprightly, hy Bamptorn, (No. 1677;)
Grand-dnin, by Warcrbj, (No. '■>>i\9;) Great Grand-dam, by a son of Washvgton (No. 6/4.)

It gives na pleasure to infirm our readers where such animals as the above can be found; and we hope that
the farmers in this section of country wdl avail themselves of such opportumties for improving their breeds
of stock. — CT For Terms, &c. see handbills.

will be an AgrictUtural Fair also.) A fund will be
raised for the purpose of awarding premiums for the
beet Vegetables, Fruits, and Flowers; and it is
confidently expected that all who are engaged in this
business, or feel an interest in the subject, will lend
their aid, eo as to make the exhibition highly inter-
esting and useful. A list of articles for which pre-
miums will be awarded, will be published in the
Farmer as early as possible.

Pfeminms for Early Vegetables*
In order to induce gardeners to e.xercisc their skill
in producing fine early vegetables, so that our mar-
ket may be earlier supplied with these luxuries, the
lollowing premiums will be awarded during the spring
and summer: —
For the earliest and best Asparagus, 2 bunciies of 23, ®1 00

" Radishes, 2 " . . . . 1 00

" *' l-eltuee, 0 heads

Cucumbers,

The Agricultural Society and Fair,

The su'ijcct of forming an Agricultural t^ociety for the
county of -Monroe, was brought before our readers last month;
and according to a suggestion then made, a number of farmers
ill this vicinity have given us their views on this subject, and
are de-idedly in favor of the project. We havp not as yet_
however, received as general an expression from the Influen-
tial farmers of Monroe, as to warrant any dc -isive measures;
and those who have given in their opinions in favor of a
Bocie'y, are not agreed as to the best time and manner of
forming it. Two plans have been suggested, both of which
are plausible, and cither of which will prove successful, if
the farmers will awake to their true interests.

The first is, that a public meeting be held this spring, to dis-
cuss the subject ; and if r.grned on, to organize a society, and
make arrangcmenis for holding a fair next fall.

Wo think this the most proper course to be taken, provi-
de! the farmers fc.'l sulKcieiit in'erest in the subject to in-
duce them to come together for the purpose.

The other suggestion is, th.it no attempt be made to get a
meeting or form a society this spring ; but let general notice
be given that an Agiicultural Pair will be held at Rochester,
next fall, at the time of the Mechanics' Fair; .at which all
kinds of choice stock and farm productions will be exhlbite 1
for sale and examination. This, it is thought, will bring lo-
(!e*her the best farmers in the county, and aw.aken a spirit
of improvement which will induce them to unite their efTurts
to form an efficient Agricultural Society.

This plan will succeed well if farmers will manifest suf-
ficient zeal in the exhibition without the stimulus of award-
ing premiums.

This subject is of so great and obvious Importance to the
farmers of Monroe, that we are unwilling to believe they
will not give it their attention. All that appears to us to be
wanting is, for a few well known influential farmers to lead
the way, and set others an example. There .are enough who
are ready to follow; and are there none wiUluK to lead? Are
there none who are willing to give a little of their time and
Influence for this purpose? Does not the present state of our
afr.'-lrs, the condition of our agriculture, and the credit of
our country demand it ? How many will answer during the
present month ? *

Horticultural Pair, and Premiums for 1840.

The important art of Horticulture has of late
received comparatively very little attention from this
community. When we consider how largely it
contributes to the enjoyment and comforts of lite,
t<j supplying our wants and furnishing our lu.xuries,
nil muat admit that it deserves more attention, and
ought to receive more general encouragement.

In view of this subject , it has been proposed that a
Horticultural Exhibition be held next full, at the time
Qi'hi'dins the M-chano' Fair. (It ia expo'tjd there

also remember, that this treatise was well-timed; b;
coming out, when we had no substitute in English. -*
Bigelow's Boston Floruln, and Muhlenburg's Cate
logue were our only guides, until the learned work o
Frederick Pursh appeared. This being in Latin
did not check the progress of the JManual. Yoo'al
united in its support, and carried it on by your libera
contributions, unto its ecventh edition in 1836. Fo
mote than a year it has been out of the book market
though loudly called for by you, and by those wh
have been dependant on your advice. The reason fo
so long withholding the 8th edition could be justified
but it is not necessary.

I now solicit your renewed contributions for a ver
few weeks. Localities are so very important, tht
every addition you can make of a rarr. plant, will be
valuable contribution. But my time for receiving sue
favors is short, Mr. Gates, the publisher (I never wi
be a proprietor) has now sent me a proof-sheet, extern
ing to page 120 ; and he gives me 48 pages per weel
The work having grown beyond the fair size of
Maniml, I now entitle it, NORTH AMERICA
BOTANY, and adopt the octavo form.

Age, and declining vision, have admonished m
that 1 must call in the youthful zeal, with talented e
ergies, to supply my loss by the wanings of years.
have been so fortunate, as to succeed in associating E
John Wright with me in this edition. He is a ve
zealous and accurate young naturalist. After sor
years of ardent devotedness to the Natural Sciences
this institution, he had the benefit of Professors Ivi
and Silliman's instructions at Yale College. He i
since been united with Professor Hall in a descripti
oitalogue of Troy plants. In the summer of 1838,
toUected and reported, the plants of Michigan as
ficial Botanist to the State Geological Commission.
Dr. Wright is going through all the generic and s
cified descriptions ; correcting and modernizing
language, as far as may be done, without depart
from the original simplicity ot manner peculiar to t
work. New and well authenticated discoveries
also added by him. He has before him the works
Lindley, Torrey, Darlington, Hooker, Beck, &c
The contributions of many friends, in catalogues,
tcrs, and rare plants, afford him many facilities.

I devote myself chiefly to the application of Li
ley's Natural Orders, New Medical Flora, &c., in
der to give the student, in a cheap way, a greatly
proved view of the properties and uses of Nt
American plants.

Most respectfully, your obliged,
Tnor, Feb. Ist, 1840. AMOS EATON.

1 00

Inzen 2 00

Second " }. .." 1 00

" Melons, 2 1 00

" *' Tomatoes, ^ dpzcn 2 00

Second " J " 1 O"

" Green Peas,l peck 2 00

Second " 1..." 1 00

" " String Beans. 1 " 100

" *' Green Corn, 1 dozen, 2 00

Second " 1 " 1 00

** " New Potatoes, 1 peck, 2 00

Second " 1 " 1 00

The articles are to be delivered at the Rochester
Seed Store, in the Arcade Hall, where they will be ex-
amined by the committee. All gardeners are nt lib-
erty to compete; but when two premiums are awarded
for the same articles, they must be from different
gardens. The size and quality, as well as earliness of
the articles, will be taken into coneiderntion. The
names of the successful competitors will be published.

M. B. BATEHAM, )

H. o'rf.ii.ly, ■> Committee.

T. M. WATSON, )

EATOIV'S BOTANY.

We have received a Prospectus from Professor Ea-
ton, for a new edition of hia Botany, which is to be
ready early in the spring, and he comprised in about
550 pages, large octavo. We cannot do better than to
give his Address to his former patrons without abridg-
ment. T.
"To Botanists and their Pupils, who have, conlril/iitid

to, and patronized, the Manutil of Botany llirovgh

tfie seven preceding EditioTis ;**

Most of you remember, that the first spark of zeal
for Botany, as an Academic study, was the scintilla-
tion, produced by legislative collition ; when tlie ques-
tion on the purchase of Dr. Hotnck'e garden was ngi-
in'.cd in the New-York legislntivc assembly. You will

*Thc last four editions gave two thousand copies ei

" llnfrequent Ploughing."

Under this head, in an agricultural Address by
Nichols of Belmont county, Ohio, — kindly furnii i
by the author — we find the foUowinj remarks :

" Unfrkquent Pi.ocghing. — A doctrine form f
prevailed that it is the division of the particles of
soil that causes fertility. This led to frequent plot
ing as tending to produce this division. Fallows •(
ploughed from three to four times. It operate!
make the first crop better, but continually diminii 'it
the strength of the soil. Philosophy, through
asricultural societies, came to the aid of the taimei
taught him that his great labor in ploughing was st(
ly exhausting his soil, by exposing to the evapora |
powers of the sun and wind, those particles which i-
stitute fertility, ati^by all allowing the fertilizing g *
to escape. The conBequence is, the intelligent far C
now argues : If I can increase my crop one fourtw
much by manuringasbyn second and third plougt
I had better manure than plough ; for the first
every year make my land rich and richer and theiif
increase my crops, and the second will contini|iy
make it poorer. The frequent ploughing of a
makes it an exhausting crop, but no means of 8\ 1-
ing it is yet known."

We should be glad to hear from some of ourpri «■
al fanners on this subject, as well as to have fu «
illustration of this theory from its respected anthor

Silk Publications.

We omitted to mention in our last, "The i •'
Cui.TURisT," an excellent monthly paper, publish «'
Wethersfield, Conn., by I". G. Comstoek, Sec' «'
the Hartford Co. Silk Society. Terms, $1 per "■
SubKcriptions received at the Rochester Seed Sto

Tin: Sii-K Growkr," formerly published at i'-
lington, N. J., is discontinued, and its subscri "H
list" transferred to the Jouinnl of the Am. S.Ik *■
The price of the Silk Grower was ij'i per year in-oH
of $1, as stiteJ in our last.

■J

<o. 3.

ANDGARDENER'SJOURNAL.

45

yuT the IScw Genesee Farmer.
Obseri'ations on the departing >Vinter.

it Gceme desirable thnt q emnll portion of l!ic **For-
cr" should be npproprinled to subjects of interest,
her thnn agriculturnl. If one page could even be
li J with the most pertinent and valuable literary
aiiiT, it would probably be most welcome to a great
lajority of its readers. There are many things which
»ve a pretty direct bearing upon farming interests,
hich are not strictly agricultural. The laws of
eather, or the laws by which the changes of wcath-

'• •, are directed, to advert to no other, are subjects of
reat consequence. Like all the other laws ol this
lendid system of nature, this wondrous and beautifid

li ibric of divine power and skill, they are to be
arned only from observation. Facts are the elements

" om which the general principles must be deduced. —
'he man who seems to know more about these chang-

id ;, and to have the wisdom to anticipate them more
lan others, has been a more careful observer of facts,
id talien a wider range of observation, and possessed
more happy talent of generalizing the principles,
.id forming special and important conclusions. Un-
able is the atmosphere, and hidden from the eyes of
len as are tlie causes of changes, yet it was said with

, nth nearly two thousand years ago, "ye can discern
le face of the sky." The same diecernraent is still
be acquired, and is to be the result of observation
ad deduction.

In the winter, which is now passing away from us,
lere has been a singular succession of facts. The
longes of the weather have been great and attended
ith great consequences. The barometer has shown

g reat diflerences in the weight of the atmosphere. —

Dl 'he winds have been uncommonly violent. Over a

[' Jge tract of the Northern States there has been an
aiisual fall of snow. The ground froze in autumn

^'ijsfore the rains had filled the earth with water to its
sual extent, and yet there has been little want of

'^' lis necessary of life and comfort.

^ , The mean temperature of 1838 for December, was

\ 1° 56, and for December 1839 was 28= 36, being
meiderable higher , from the first half of the month

,, 3ing unco-Timonly warm.

In 1836, the canal was closed by ice on November

il Ist, and remained closed through the winter. But in
339, the canal closed on November 2'<J, and was fully
)en in a fortnight and was not finally closed till Dec.
?. Hence it was that the mean temperature of the
8t half of December last was 34° 45. The last half
id a mean temperature of 23° 33, a little above that
the whole of December 1838.
The mean temperature of January 1839 was 25° 31,
id that of last January was 19° 54, a difference of
^arly^irc degrees for the month. This is a great dif-
rence, and shows the severity of the last month. —
he thermometer attests the correctness of the impres
una of the public on this subject.
In December 1839, there fell about Roche8ter/«r(y
!if inches of snow; in January 1840, about twenty
inr inches. In the whole winter of 1838 — 9, there
!1 about 00 inches of snow, but it did not fall in such
rge quantities at a time.

The mean temperature of the first half of February
b:j9 was 20" 22, and of the present February was

; 7^ 48, being warmer than the last year. Last year
le sleighing lasted nearly through February, while it

..il'as gone this February as early as the 18th, and

jrlhiefiy gone some days earlier.

'■'' The coldest weather in this city in 1839 was only

. our degrees below cypher ; and this winter only tliree

elow. In the cold change, January 1(3 and 17, when

ur temperature was three below; at Albany it was

, ,om 28 to 32 below in different parts of the city; in

;- I'ittsficld, Mass., 32 below, end at New Lebanon and

* 'haker ViUaje, cost of Albany still lower.

The winter has been nuicn more severe on the eiat
side of the Allegany ridge than on the west side. —
Thus Virginia has had extreme cold over the lower
country; the same also in New England and the eas-
tern part of the State of New-York. In the county
of Plymouth, Ma6sachusett8,thcre has been little snow,
and over the eastern part of the State of Ohio ; but in
the intervening distance, the snow has been deep, and
the eastern part of this State and Massachusetts have
been absolutely overwhelmed with it. Yet it is re-
markable that on the west side of the Green Moun-
tains in Vermont and in the northeaetern parts of this
State, there^ has been only a moderate fall of snow,
and the winds that have been so tempestuous in other
parts, have not reached that portion of our country.

More damage baa been done by storms along our
coast the past winter than usual; far more shipping
lost, and far more lives destroyed. The breaking up
of the ice and rise of the streams in the laat fortnight,
has made much desolation in several of the States. —
From Ohio and the ^7estern part of Pennsylvania,
from Virginia and Maryland, as well as from the Hud-
son and its tributaries, there are sad reports of great
destruction of property.

In this section of our country, have we so far shared
less in these sufferings. Even now the swollen Gen-
esee is a roaring, dashing, and harmless, stream, is
hastening to be lost in the blue waters of the Ontario.

Rochester, Feb. 25, 1840. C. D.

Wild Rice, (Zizania aquatica.)

A subscriber writes "I would ask as a favor any infor-
mation you or any of your subscribers can give through
your paper respecting wild rice of the northern and
wescern lakes and rivers, as I want some to sow in our
flowed meadows and swampa, having reason to be-
lieve it may be cultivated on such lands to good ad-
vantage. I think the experiment well worth trying."

We have noticed the wild rice growing on one or
two localities on the borders of lake Ontario, but not
very abundantly. If an opportunity offers we will ob-
tain some of the seed next summer, and send to our
correspondent. From what we have seen, however,
we should judge that it is decidedly a water plant, and
carmot be cultivated except on such lands as are most-
ly covered with water.

We are not aware that any experiments have been
made with a view to its cultivation, and if any of our
correspondents can give us any information on the sub-
ject we shall be happy to hear from them. In the
mean time we give the following extract from Lou-
don's Encyclopoedia of Agriculture, the only work
containing any thing on the subject, at this moment
at hand : "The Zizania aipiatica might be cultivated
on the margins of ponds for its seeds, which much re-
semble those of Polish millet. It is exccedinlgy pro-
lific, grows in great luxuriance, and produces abun-
dance of bland, farinacous seeds, in all the shallow
streams of the dreary wilderness in north-west Ameri-
ca, between the Canadian lakes and the hilly range
which divides Canada from the country on the North
em Pacific ocean. Its seeds contribute essentially to
the support of the wandering tribes of Indians, and
feed immense flocks of wild swans, geese, and other
water-fowl, which resort there for the purpose of
breeding. Productive as is this excellent plant, and
habituated to an ungenial climate, and to situations
which refuse all culture, it is surprising, says Pinker-
ton \_Gceg. vol. III., 330,] that the European settlers
in the more northern parts of America, have as yet ta-
ken no pains to culture and improve a vegetable pro-
duction, which seems intended by nature to become
at some future period, the bread corn of the North."

we find it asserted that Congress has not a right to
impose any duty op French silks, (which constitute a
large proportion of the manufactured silks imported
into this country, ) owing to a stipulation in n treaty
made bi tween France and the United States at tho
time of the settlement of the indemnity question, in
which the latter guarantees to the former that no du-
ties shall bo imposed on her silks. We have made
considerable search itir some record of a treaty con-
taining this stipulation, but have not been able to find
any. And further, we are unwilling to believe that
our government would shackle itself in such a manner,
merely to " induce France, not to be generous, but
just." Besides, in o late discussion of this subject in
Congress, Hesrv Clay declared himself in fav.jr of
imposing a duty as large as the compromise act would
allow, which is twenty per cent. And during all tho
debate, no allusion was made to the existence of any
such stipulation with France as that mentioned above.
We cannot but conclude therefore that the "Culturist"
was mistaken.

Duty ou Silk.

The subject of imposing a protective duty on silk,
for the purpose of encouraging its production and man-
ufacture at home, is a question of great importance to
this nation at the present time. Most journals have
recommended that petitions be sent to Congress on
the subject. But in theDcc. No. of the Silk Culturist

From the Ohio Farmer.
Maple Sugar.

We publish, at the request of a correspondent, the
following article on mople sugar, published in our
third volume. As the sugar season is now approach-
ing, it is to be hoped that many of our farmers will
follow the simple process here described. The superi-
or quality of the sugar will certainly justify every man-
ufacturer in exercising neatness and cleanliness, where
they involve no expense. And the higher price which
this fine sugar will bring iu market, will more than
compensate for tho diminution of weight arising from
the drainage.

We think the method of drainage here recommend-
ed, by far superior to the usual method with barrels. —
The conical shaped vessels are made of a clieap mate-
rial, and no man can be found who is n,'t suHiciently
acquainted with carpenter's tools to mnUe them for
himself — besides these considerations, experience has
fully shown us that small quantities of sugar are much
more easily drained than large ones. These small
vessels are readily handled, and can without difficulty
or inconvenience be placed in a warm room, and tho
form of them is the best that can be adopted for the
ready flow of the moisture.

Mn. Medarv — I send you a small specimen of
beautiful Maple Sugar, manufactured by Mr. David
Augustus, a very intelligent farmer residing in Tarlc
ton, Fairfield coanty. When you are informed that
this sugar derives its beauty from the particular clean-
liness exercised by Mr. A. in its manufacture, I trust
thnt with me you will wish that our sugar makers were
in general better impresocd with the propriety of at-
tention in this particular. Is it not to be imagined,
that in a pecuniary point of view they would be pro-
fitable 1 Mr. A. made, as I understand from himself",
about 4.50 lbs., all of like quality with this specimen.
The following description of the process of manufac-
ture, is in his own words. It will be observed that he
only varies from Chaptal in his language, and in the
want of technical terms :

"Be particular to have clean buckets for the sap,
and to have clean ketibs. Boil only one barrel of sap
to each kettle, and when boiled to a proper syrup to
strain it through flannel, take it off the fire, and cleau
the kettles'; — then pour in one pint of sweet milk to
each barrel of water evaporated, — put it over the fire,

and when it is about to commence boiling, take it ofl:

let it stand a few minutes, skim it and strum it
through flannel. It should not be suffered to stand off
the fire more than one night, then put it over the fire,
and for every three barrels of water, use at least four
eggs well beaten — skim it, and if it is not perfectly
clear, take it off', and strain it again — then boif it down
with a rapid fire, adding, if necessary, clean butter or
lard to prevent its boiling over; and when it is suffi-
ciently boiled to lift from a cup of water with the point
of o knife, take the kettle off' to cool, and let the crys-
tals form, for which purpose two days are amply suffi-
cient. Then put it in the cones made of poplar
boards holding from 15 to 2(1 pounds, bringing them
to a point at the lower end, and leaving a hole at the
point about the size of a shingle nail — set them in n
stove room, or some other place where it may be made
hot, so as to cause the molasses to separate from the
crystals ; leave it in the stove- room for a week, so that
it may become perfectly dry."

I send you this description with the hope that the
simplicity of it will induce others to make a trial.
I am yours, respectfully,

A. S. Chi,w.

46

THEN EW G E x\ E S E E FARMER,

Vol. 1

You I

Part of the Address ol the Rev. D. V. McLiaii
before the Ameiicaii Silk Soc-tty.

DILIVEEED IS THE HOUSE OF BEPKESE.NTATITES AT
WA'HISGTON, DEC. 12, 1839.

The December JVo. of the Journal of the American
Silk Society contnine this able address. As we read
it we could not help wiehing that it might be read by
every American citizen, especially every Farmer.—
At the same time we feared that its lengih would
deter many from its perusal, and also prevent our giv-
ing it a place in our columns. By the request of sev-
eral of our friends, however, we have concluded to
publish the most interesting and important portions of
it, which we are satishcd our readers will find well
worth an attentive perusal.

The Journal states that the "address was listened to
with wrapt ntteniion by a veiy large and respectable
audience. The hall of the House of Representatives
wad crowded with ladies and gentlemen, and among
the latter we observed Mr Clay, and many other mem-
bers of Congress, all of whom appeared to be much
pleased with the address. It is proper to say that the
twelve pounda of raw siili produced by JIk. Mc
Lean, from a quarter of an acre of land, was on the
table before the speaker, and gave great force to hio
arguments."

That our country is experiencing great and perplex-
ing embarrnssments, and that we are far from enjoying,
as a nation, the plenty, and the prosperity which our
almost boundless resources lead us justly to expect,
is painfully felt by all our citizens. We may blame
our government or our banks, but whatever agency
they may have in our difficulties, they do not directly
produce them.

Such are our real or imaginary wants, that we con-
sume more than we proilure, and as long as this is the
case, neither our government or our banks can furnith
us effectual and permanent relief. Our imports have
exceeded our exports; our consumption has gone be-
yond our production for years in an alarming degree.
The commercial balance against us, iJiis rtrij year, will
probablyfall littleshort of $.50,000,000; added to which
is the annual interest on state loans amounting to full

t 12,000,000 more. That is, we are this moment in
ebtto the amount of upwards of .*(50,000,000 — be-
sides a debt on time for somewhere near ,$200,000,000,
and this debt )«)(«( be paid; our creditors are them-
selves enibarraesed at home, and they must and will
have their money. Here is the cause of the melan-
choly prostration of business in our whole country, the
stoppage of banks, the ruin of merchants, and the
downward tendency in the price of all the products of
our soil. Look where we will no permanent relief
can be found, but in the actual production of thai
which will liquidate our present debt, and the posses-
sion of which will diminish our importations in time
to come — or serve as a valuable export in exchange for
foreign products. But what can we pro(luce that will
promise these desired results ?

After considering Wheat, Cotton, and Tobacco, and
ahowinf conclusively that these articles will not answer
the purpose, he proceeds :

Tiie3c indeed form a respectable item in our annual
exports, but they are utterly inadequate to accomplish
the results desired, and neither can be materially in-
crecs -d to advantage. Where then ehall we seek for
relief I Is it answered, diminish our imports. True;
but where shall we begin ? What do we import now
to any considerable extent that is not uhsohfidy neces-
sary to the red or imagiiuiry wants of a great and ra-
pidly growing nation '! Will a prosperous people —
with unlimited resources, submit to real or iwiginttry
privations — because we read to them homilies on po-
litical economy. Is it not morally certain, that as our
nation increases, our consumption must also imcreaBC,
and our importations in a corresponding degree. The
only hope of a diminution of imparts, is home produc-
tion. We nmst produce, for home consumption, some
important articles, and in this way lessen importations,
or we must produce somclhing largely for export, that
will balance our account current with other nations.
Once more, I ask, where shall we turn for relief? —
what shall we produce ? Plainly, whatever it is; it
ought to be Bomeihing which we largely consume,
which will command a high and certnin market abroad,
and which our uhok country can produce. And what

article, I csk, is this ? Vou auiicipate my anbwcr,
I fearletsly athnn, in my deliberate judgment, the pro-
duction of tiik alone, will meet the exigency of the
case. Silk muU become a grtut natiunal staple in
America, if we would secure and perpetuate individual
and national prosperity. When this becomes the case
— and, sir, I honestly fear not till then, under the
smiles of a gracious Providence, and the benign influ-
ence of a paternal government, we may walk abroad
with proud independence — secure from the vexations
and embarrassments which, to a greater or less extent,
invariably attend a debtor nation.

Here is an article which we largely consume, an
article with which we cannot diepenee, which the na-
tion 7nust and tcill have, either produced or imported
in annually increasing quantities.

Next to lood. the chief want of man, in every state
of society, is clothing. This, in all civilized countries,
is produced from wool, Jlax, cotton, and silk. The
increasing extent to which silk enters into the clothing
of the civilized world is amazing I In our own coun-
try it pervades every class of society, and enters large-
ly into the holy-day, and even daily habiliments of 12,-
000,000 of people. The average annual importations
of silk into the United States during the last five years,
was $13,273,114. In the year 1836, it rose to the
enormous sum of between 25 and $26,000,000. Now
the mere abstraction o{ such an item from our indebt-
edneas, would almost render us independent. * *

Here then certainly is an article which we largely
consume at home, and which will command a ready
market in any quantities abroad. But can we produce
it? Why, I aek in reply, can we not ? Nature has
surely thrown no insurmountable obstacles in our way.
We are nearly or quite on the same parallel of latitude
With the principal silk growing countries in the world.
The tree which furnishes food for the silk worm, we
know will flourish here; because, in very many por-
tions of our country it is of spontaneous growth. And
even the more valuable kinds, which have of late years
been introduced into our country, and which have
been supposed incapable of enduring the rigors of our
northern winteia, are found by actual experiment, ev-
ery thing their warmest friends could desire.

In the actual prodxiction of silk experiments have
been made iit every period of our colonial as well as
national existence — which have uniformly reeulted in
the production of silk of as beautiful texture and lustre,
and as strong a tibre as is produced in any country. —
Especially have experiments been made during the
last few years, from IVlaineto Florida, which triumph-
antly settles the practicability of producing silk in our
country. There is something in the dryness and elas-
ticity of our summers, which seem to adapt our coun-
try in a peculiar degree to the production of silk. We
can produce it therefore, just as certainly as we can
produce corn or wheat. But can we produce it to a
profit ? Are not the circumstances of our country
such, and the nature of the business such, that the cost
of production will equal, if not exceed, the value of
the article produced ? Here it must be confessed is
the consideration which must be decisive on the whole
subject, both in an individual and national point of
view. Individuals will not embark in any kind of
business, or having embarked, will not pursue it it it
is found to be unprofitable. Nor can the introduction
of any business benefit the nation, which does not ben-
efit individuals. The great reason why it is thought
it cannot be profitably produced in this country is the
fact that labor is here so much higher than in any silk
growing country on earth. IIow can we produce it
as cheap as we can buj^it when our labor, necessovy
to produce it, costsfrom three to eight tlmce as much as
the labor in silk glowing countries.

There is much plausibility in this objection, I will
acknowledge — and there was a time when it perplexed
me gveatly.

There ara facts, however, on this subject, which it
dies eeem to me triumphantly meet all objections to
this bus'ncs^, drawn from the comparative price of le-
bor': and I love to deal in facts.

la it not a fact that manufactured cotton goods are
furnished cheaper and better by England than by other
piirt-j of Europe ? Are not the manufactured silks of
England furnished as good and as cheap, if not better
and cheaper, than the silks of other countries where
labor is much lower.

I might instance the production of our fincpt linens.
They are furnit-hed cheaper and, better by Holland and
Belgium, than by other powers where labor is cheaper.
France can and actually dues -lurnish fine woollens
cheaper and better than they can be furnished by
Spain, although the price of labor is much in favor of
"Spain.

One great reason, undoubtedly, why the price of la-
bor is neutralucd, so toepcak, is the fact, which the

hietory ol the whole worhl will prove, that a dccidca.
superiority and akill is usually obtained in the produc-
tion of a given article, by those with whom the prict
of labor is dearer than with their rivals.

We know the price of labor in any country, othei
things being equal, is usually acording to the «AiW am
industry of those who perform it.

We do not pay a mechanic or laborer a high price
tor his labor merely because he chooses to ask it, but
because we know the product of his labor will furnish
us that which we kitow we can sell to a good profit af.
ter paying him his wages. Suppose the daily waget
of the East Indian is but a few cents per day, will this
advantage counterbalance his want of skill and his
destitution ot the labor saving machinery, w^hich pe
vade every branch of business in our own free anc
happy country ?

The inventive genius of Americana is proverbial,
and who can doubt the application of their skill anc
genius to the production of silk r* » » *.

But again, — how can the price of labor operate tt
our disadvantage, when the silk growing countries o
Europe generally, either owing to their negligence
or climate, are in all cases obliged to make large de-
ductions, for disease and death among their silk worms,
while our attention, and tlie balmy nature of our cli-
mate render it unnecessary for us to make any such
deduction. Some writers assert that even ffty pei
cent, is a reasonable allowance for the per centagi
which they lose. Should it, however, be but ihi
quarter of this, litis consideration alone more than bal
ancc* the dilference in the price of labor. If they cai
lose such a [yr centage, and atiU make a profit on theii
low priced labor, bow much greater profit can wt
make, even if our labor is higher, when no loss i
sustained ?

But again, I ask how can the price of labor operat
to our disadvantage when we are entirely free fron
every thing like excise duties on trees an silk ? J
burden which is borne heavily, indeed, by Euroiiea:
siik growing countries. Wg have it on the best au
thority, that in the Neapolitan territory every mulber
ry tree pays to the government an annual ta.x of abou
sixteen cents, and every pound of silk about thirty
three cents. Even the refuse and unprofitable part
oi the silk and cocoons pay about one per cent, to th
government.

Surely if labor cost even notliing there, and it
still profitable to produce silk, it may be vastly moi
profitable here with all the high price of our labor.

But if we can, as we actually do, grow and manu
facture cotton and sell it in India cheaper than the
can elsewhere procure it, why can we not do the sam
with silk ?

We know with all their disadvantages other m
tions produce silk to a profit, and while in other thinf
we yield to no nation on earth, why shall we in eil ' '
alone ?

But we are not left to such a course of reasoning
conclusive as it is, to my own mind, to prove that sil
may be profitably produced in our own country. I d
not believe we are warranted, as yet, from actual r-
suits — to speak with absolute certainty, as to theamou)
of profit per acre in the production of silk; etill sufl
cient is known from actual experiments to satisfy ar
reasonable mind that it can be produced to a profit.*

Experiments have been made in various sections
our country during the last few years, expressly wit
a view to test the profits of this bu^;ine66; and feelir
obliged as I do, to believe the statements of gentlemt
who have made such experimcitts, my only surpri.
has been that the results have shown such large jirofit i k
I could name experiments made in Ma-e'ichueett
f'onnecticut, New Vork, Nev>' Jersey, I'ennsyhani
Delaware, MarylaJI^, Virginia, and Ohio; but tb(
ore familiar to all, and they all go to prove that si |.
can be produced so as to yield a very large profit.

But on this subject I have otlicr evidence still, th
silk can be produced in our country, notwithstandir
the high price of labor, to a large profit — evident
which, to me at least, \s perfect demonstration, I bai
actually produced it myself to a large profit. La
year I actually produced silk at the rate of $104 p
acre. This year, valuing the raw silk at $4,50 pi
lb., I produced at the rate of $108 per acre; or valum
it ,<;G per lb. at the rate of $180 per acre. The prn- I
product this year was 520 lbs. of coeooni, or 48 liu /
reeled silk. The cost of producing which is $2. '2 \
per lb., or the value of one male and iwofemalehaud I
twelve weeks each, which, valuing the silk as abov
leaves the minimum profit $108 per acre. Now i
this I know there is no mistake. There, sir, bifu
you. is the silk — it will speak for itself. Nor was u
"knowledge or facilities and advantages greater thi
what is possessed by amj and every member ol t!

J.
t
It

So. 3.

AND G A I? D E N EU S J O U R N A L ,

47

ommiiniiy; 1 am perfectly persuaded every pnuleiu
lan mny realize tlie same.
Now, in view of the foregoing reasoning and facta,
an I doubt the practicability of our producing silk to
profit, notwithstanding the high price of our labor;
nd can I, as a patriot, a philanthropist, refrain from
irging my fellow-citizens to embark in this business 1
—and can any man who believes these facts, and this
■oasoning, fail to urge the same thing on his fellow-
itizens, by his example, as -well as by his precept. —
riiat demonslrdtion which results from the actual pro-
;uction of the article naoMiDiU convince.

It is not to bo supposed that individual cases of fail-
ire and disappointment will not occur.; some may un-
ertake more than they can accomplish, and fail. Uji-
5ward circumstances may prevent success in others;
he visionary and the grasping, who e.xpect, at once, to
mass a fortune in the production of silk, will be disap-
ointed, and will, doubtless, abandon the whole thing,
"hose who engago in the business, however, intelli-
;ently with common sense views, will, with patience
nd perseverance, infallibly reap a rich reward, while
ney will asfist in adding millions to the wealth of their
ountry. What more then, I ask, is necessary to in-
uce this whole nation to commence the production of
ilk.

I will advert to two or three considerations, which,
1 my own view, are of great importance in reference
3 this subject. The first is the employment which
le production of silk will furnish to that portion of our
ommunity which are destitute of profitable employ-
iient. All the meons of human enjoyment, and all
tie accumulations of wealth, are in one form or other
he product of human labor. The happiness and
wealth of nations are, therefore, promoted in e.xact
roportion to the active industry of the community. —
n order that readily extended prosperity exist, it is
bsolutely necessary that industry pervade every de-
ortment of society, and that this industry should be
irected to objects, adapted to those who labor, and
apable of producing wealth. Then something is pro-
uced by all. No community, as a mass, can grow
ich, no large number of families can permanently
irive, when one, two, three, or more members in
ach family are entirely nnpioductivc. Suppose one
uarter of the communit)', devote their energies to
peculation, in its thousand forms. They may grow
ich by their speculation, but all they gain is abstract-
d from others in some way, they produce nothing,
leir country must grow poorer — they must be sus-
lined by the labors of the other portions of the com-
lunity, and permanent prosperity cannot exist.

As nations and large communities are made uj) of

imilics ond individuals — in order to national prosp^r-

y it is absolutely necessary that industry pervade the

omestic circle — that all the members of our families

lould be usefully employed. In the present state ol

)eiely and the existing subjects of industry, however,

rofitable employment cannot befurnislied to the whole

f the domestic circle. In the days of our fathers there

■^'88 indeed no want of such employment — the music

if the spinning wheel, and the noise of the shuttle and

Jie distaff was heard in all our dwellings. The nu-

;'ierous labor-saving machinery— the product of the

" ist and preceding age — introduced into almost every

". epartment of business, has entirely superseded these

1 domestic life. The circumstances of a very large

onion of our farmers are such, and the state of eoci-

. ty is such, that there is now an absolute icant of suit-

,:. ble and profitable employment for the female mem-

ers of their families. They cannot, inconsistency

■ith their education and rank, take hold of the culi'-

ary deparment, and perform the drudgery of domes-

:. c duties. If there are many such in the family, even

:i,ai8 would not furnish thern employment; and theac-

<-• .lal consequence is, that many an nffectionote, pru-

. eiit, and laborious father, has actually sunk beneath

tint dearly cherished but unproductive part of his

^[harge. Every community, therefore, that would

.ecure permanent prosperity, must seek employments

n which they can piofitably bestow domestic labor —

ml where, let me ask, is there an employment that

1 onuses so much, in this respect, as the production of

illi ! The production of silk seems almost designed

ir loinale hands — it is suited to their ability, and'pro-

Bs large returns for the labor bestowed, as any

'iiiployment. In every period of the history of

.-, It has actually received the fostering encourasre-

v')it of female influence. Queens and noble ladies

avc been its patrons — and the noblest daughters of

iir Innd would be honored, by devoting a portion of

li' 11 time to the production of silk in some of its eta-

,, i,cB. May we not hope that nn article, which enters

.|0 largely into the wardrobes of our wives and our

slaughters— which, more than all other fabrics, adorns

jfieir persons— will receive their fostering care ? In-

deed vast as may ijc the im^ortam^e of the introduction
of silk culture to our country, 1 despair uf witnessing
its complete success until our lair country women ac-
tually engage in its production. And one of the most
cheering signs of the limes is, that this to some extent
is already the case. When your daughters and mine,
sir, shall walk abroad in silks, which their own
hands aided to produce, then the culture of silk, as a
source of national wealth, will no longer be doubtful.
* * * * But there are other members
of the domestic circle, besides those already referred to,
whose labor is almost or entirely unproductive, for
want of proper objects on which to bestow that la-
bor. In almost every family, there are children and
aged and infirm individuals, whose labor is of little
value on the farm, and these are the persons who can
aliiinst entirely take care of the cocoonery. With a
little direction aud superintendence, even children can
do much toward gathering the leaves and feeding the
worm, — even the aged and decrepid, with the aid of
ingenious contrivances for moving along by the shelves,
can perform the work of the most athletic laborer. —
Surely that community cannot bnt grow rich, when
the labors of all are made productive. Other comnm-
nities may be convulsed with every fluctuation in trade
— tins can smile with complacency in the midst of

plenty — while all are debtors to them, they to none.

■V if * # *f #

I know much mystery hangs ariund the whole sub-
ject of producing silk, in the midst of most of our
farmers and planters. Accustomed to deal in the
heavier products of the soil, the very delicacy of the
article causes them to distrust their ability and skill
in its production. They reader hear of large and ex-
pensive cocooneries, with nicely adjusted shelves, and
hurdles and spinning frames, with furnaces and flues,
with hygrometers, and thermometers, and aerometers,
and hourly feeding by day and by night — and they are
actually frightened fi^jm the undertaking, or even from
an honest and serious examination of its practicability.
But these appendages do not belong to the subject. I
can speak from at least some little practical experience
— the production of silk in the form of the cocoon, js
an exceedingly simple thing. There is not a farmer
or planter in our land, who has not sufficient accom-
modations, eithei in his house or his out-buildings, to
produce from one hundred to one thousand dollars
worth of silk, and no fixtures in most cases will be
needed, but such as he himself, with his hammer and
his saw, can furnish. Care and attention are indeed
necessary; but these arel equaly necessary in order to
the most successful results in any business. This is
'a business, concerning which experience alone can
give us our best and most valuable i nformation. Much,
undoubtedly, may be learned from books, and the ex-
perience of others, — etiU wo cannot hope for the most
successful results until wo have had some little expe-
rience. • • » * »

The advocates of eilk are far from wishing to see
other products of our soil diminished. These may,
and ought to be increased an hundred fold — but they
do wish by their example and by their precept to add
another to the existing list of our productions. They
do wish to develope our resources, and add to our pop-
ulation an hundred fold; they do wish to retain in the
possession of our own citizens the $1.3,273, 114 which
we annually pay for foreign silk. They do wish to
see i>roductive industry pervade every department of
life, and the condition and comforts of all our citizens
improved. For ever dumb be the tongue that would
represent our enterprize os inimical to the best interests
of the poor. If ever an enterprize promised joy ond
prosperity to the whole community, especially to the
poor, this is that enterprize. Is the immense produc-
tion and manufacture of cotton no advantage to the
poor? How then can the production of a rich and val-
uable article, the use of which pervades every clacs of
soci'tty, which will give employment to thousands and
tens of thousands of industrious poor, which will pour
millions into our treasury — how can this fail to better
the condition of the poor as well as the rich. Even if
it should curtail the production of bread itself, which,
however, it never will do, how could this operate to
the injury or oppression of the poor ? when the article
produced will buy more bread than they could, by pos-
sibility, have produced from the soil I

Mr. President, — Time admonishes me, I owe an
apology for trespassing so long on your patience, on
this subject I scarcely know where to stop.

In know% sir, it is difficult to introduce to the extent
of millions any new branch of industry among any
class of men. It is not the work of a day. Patience
and perseverance alone will accomplish it. But it is
doubly difficult to introduce such a business as that
which has called Us together, generally among the
farmers of oar land.

Than farmers, there is no more valuable class of
men in any community; cautious and distrustful as
they are of innovation.^:, they will, nevertheless, oct on
demonstration and convictiim; and may I not hope,
sir, we have demonstration in the beautiful specimens
of silk here exhibited that will produce conviction and
action.

Do I mistake the signs of the times, when I predict,
as 1 here publicly do, the si)eedy and triumphant suc-
cess of the silk culture in our beloved country. You
and your associates, sir, may have opposition. A
thousand fingers may point at you, and a thousand
tongues may exclaim 'what do these feeble Jews.'—
But wiser counsels wilt yet prevail in your halls of
legislation. Then clamors will die, faint and fainter
still will they grow, as year after year your bales of
silk shall count by hundred and by thousands, until
all the clamor of opposition is hushed to peace, and
. the voice of the croaker is heard no more.

O, sir, to my own mind the prospect before us is
bright with promise. I look forward but a little, and
my fondest anticipations are more than realized. I
behold this single product flowing to all our ports,
through a thousand channels, and peace and plenty
pervading all our borders, second only to cotton in tho
magnitude of its results.

An eminent senator, on a memorable occasion,
promised all our farmers silken purses filled with gold
shining through their meshes. But, alas, the worthy
senator gave us nothing with which to procure either
the purses or the gold, and no more would either come
at his call, than the ghosts of Macbeth. Buthcre, sir,
is the silk to make the purees, and Itcre is the gold,
the returns of silk, to fill them.

Allowance of Water to Horses.
It is by no means an uncommon notion that if hor
scs are to be got into condition for work, they should
bo allowed to drink but a very small quantity of water.
On what physiological basis this opinion is founded, I
confess appears to me a perfect mystery. Neverthe-
less, as many persons adopt this treatment, it is fitting
to notice it. For my own part, 1 have ever found
that it is an oxtremely bad plan to stint a horiC in his
water, and have consequently alwa;s made a piaotice
of leaving plenty of it at all times within reach of e\ e-
ry horse I have had. Of course I do not intend to
say that when a horse comes in, heated from exercise,
he should be suffered to drink, or should have a belly-
full of water just prior to being ridden; but if a hoite
be watered ad libitum in the morning, he will not re-
quire to drink again for some hours, and should never
be allowed to do so then unless perfecdy cool. Thofe
horses that are only supplied with a limited quantity of
water at a time, and are never permitted to slake their
their thirst fully, will be much more liable to he griped,
if at any time they by chance should drink their fill,
than those who are always suffered to take as much eb
nature dictates to them: but should a horse have been
hard worKed and come into his stablo very hot, I wo'd,
after having seen him well dried, only give him a
small quantity, for two reasons; first, because his ea-
gemees for water, may lead him to drink more at a
time than is good for him; and, secondly, because a
large quantity of water will probably cause him to
break out into a cold sweat, in which he may remain
alPnight if not looked to. After having taken a third
or less, of a stable pailful of water, he should be kept
without any for some time, and then be allowed to take
what he pleases. When, however, you intend to
stint your horses, do not sufler your groom to offer
them a pailful of water, and to take it from him when
he has drunk a small portion of it, but let jusi the
quantity you wish him to have, and no more, be g'v. n
to him; he will then feel to a certain degree satisfied
with wha'ihe gets, whereas by taking from him what he
expects to have, he becomes fretful and discontented.
In the first instance he makes up his mind to slake h'8
thirst with a short allowance of water; whereas in the
second his just expectations are baulked in mid career,
and his imagination cheated as it were in the height of
his enjoyment — and there is much more in this than
may be supposed. Physiologists are well aware of the
connexion existing between the stomach and the
brain; and those who have not enquired into this fact
must either do so before they attempt to , refute it, or
take what I have said as proved.

"If youth were to come again," said an aged gentle-
man, "I would be a scholar." Ay: and how many
more would be ? What a useful hint this is to youth.

If every youth would . keep in view the fact that
"sixty minutes make an Hour," how much wiser than
the past V ould be the rising generation.

Time is the cradle of hope, and the grave of exis-
tence. It deprives beauty of her charms, while it
transfers them to her picture.

48

THE NEW GENESEE 1 A R M E R,

Vol. 1.

r

Fur the Stw ticitesce ytirmer

Female ReadeiS"Farmer's Daughters.

Mr. Editor. — As ihe object of your paper ie to
promote the imerests of the Farming Community,
permit me to direct your attention to a large class of
that community, who, I thinli, have been loo much
overlooked by your predecetsore, aa well aa by moet
other writers of the day. I allude to the female por- |
li-^n of the agriculturol population; particularly to
Fanner's Davghtfr : of whom I am proud to call my-
self one. 1 am owaie Mr. Editor, that you will pro-
bably think I am alcvt to introduce a aubject which ie
not exactly adapted to your columns ; but sir; I hope
to show that it is not only adapted to ihcm, but
that your paper of all others is the most proper medium
through which to discuss the subject.

I have been a reader of the Genesee Earmer for
several years past, and have often imagined that its
editors did not e.xpect it to be read by any persons ex-
cept our fathers. But from my personal knowledge
I am convinced that it is read as much by the female
rfiembers of families as by the other portion. And as
it has a more general circulation than any other peri-
odical in this section, it is capable of exerting a wider
influence on this community than any other paper. 1
can assure you that your paper is not thrown aside or
destroyed like common political trash ; it contains so
much instructive and interesting matter in relation to
our daily avocations and the scenes which we vvitnees
around us, that it is carefully read by the whole fami-
ly and preserved for future reference. Thus you see
thit it e.terts an influence, not only on the minds of the
sturdy farmers them6elves,but on their whole families.
The sentiments and instructions which it contains
will affect the character, and the happiness of the
rising generation ; and therefore it is that I wish to
engage a portion of your attention in favor of that
class to which I belong, and which I am fully con-
vinced have much need of such influence. Had I time
and space I think I corld plainly show that Farmer's
Daughters may 'c greatly benefitted by means of your
paper : and also thut it would be within the proper
sphere of such a journal to devote a portion of its col-
umns to their use, in such a manner os will lend them
more properly to understand their privileges and ad-
vantages, and to appreciate, improve, and enjoy the
numerous means of happiness by which they are sur-
r junded.

If it meets your approbation, Mr. Editor, I will here-
after endeavor to point out a remedy for some of the
difficulties which exist in country life, and show that
we possess great advantages and the means of true en-
joyment within the reach of all. I am aware that ^is
is a task which I. am poorly qualified to perform, and
therefore hope that some abler pen than mine will ere
I jng he induced to enlist in this cause.

Very respectfully yours,

AINNETTE.
MapU Grove, Feb. 14, 1840.

P. S. I was encouraged to write the above letter
to you Mr. Editor, by reading an article in your last
paper which led me to infer that, (though not likely
to remain such long,) you are at present a Bachelor
and disposed to favor the Ladies. If it was a mistaken
inference I shall not expect to see any notice taken of
my communication. A

Remarks. — It is with much pleasure that we add to
out list of correspondents the signature of Anncite, and
we are highly gratified to learn that our paper is so
much rend by females, especially by farmer's daught-
e e. When we consider the immense influence, which,
as wives and mothers they aie soon destined to exert,
not only over the eharncter-and happiness of farmers
and the advancement of agriculture, but over the des-
tiny and prosperity of our country ; we are constrained
to admit that their improvement is on object of ihe

highest importance, and deSbrving liiorc S|)ccial atten-
tion than most writers have bestowed upon it. As far
as is consistent with the character of our journal, we
will gladly afl"ord some space for such communica-
tions as are calculated to promote the interests of our
female readers. And as their improvement is inti-
mately connected with subjects relating to agriculture
and horticidture, we have no doubt that much good
may be accomplichcd.

The above epistle from Annette, was addressed to
our junior editor, and her postscript would have re-
ceived a jirivate answer had he known exactly the xeho
and icliereabouts of the fair writer. As it ie he would
say that Annette is neariy right in her conjectures re-
specting him ; but he does not intend to change his
condition until he has had an opportunity to become bel-
ter acquainted with some Farmer's Daughters. — Ed'rs
New Gcncses Farmer. *

[Hr " Lime as manure for wli^t," "Descriplive list of
Beets," ami a number of cominunicnlions are oniillcd for
waiil of room. They will appear next month.

ARNOLD'S IMPROVED PORTABLE
HORSE POWER.

THE Paftntee of this machine, intended to have furnished
to llie readers of the " New Genesee Farmer" litis
month, Willi some important facts relative to his recent im-
provement in his Horse Power ; sliowing Ihal all the ditfi-
cullics or ohjeclions which the experience uf one year has
discovered, are entirely icmoved, and Ihal he is now prep:;red
to challenge any person to find a fault in it that is worthy of
notice, or to produce a Horse Power ^Machine that can com-
pare Willi it in point of utility. Bui for the waul of room
the article must be deferred until next month, In its present
stale of perfection it would seem that nothing is wanting to
make it the most desirable and niost«seful Horse Power in
the country. They are now made for one or two horses, and
surticienl power is obtained fur all ordinary purposes with
only one horse. W. C. A.

RachcsUr, Feb. 2?, ISiO.

IMPROVED BERKSHIRE AND CHINA
PIGSS.

THn subscriber will have on hand for sale in the month of
IMay next, and during the summer season, pigs of the
above breeds, of perfect purity of blood and from ihe largest
sized and best slock in the counlry.

A new iniporteJ Boar, direct from Berkshire county Eng-
land, was added to Ihc pigaery last Fall and stock of his get
will be ready for delivery from the first of July. This boar
possesses all the requisite fine points of a good Iiog, and has
great length for his age. He was descended from large pa-
rents, and said by his shipper to be totally unrelated to any
tiling yet sent out to America. His color is nearly black,
and al'l olher characteristics like the best of the old strain
originally imported by Mr. Hawes. His slock is recommend-
ed for a fresh cross to those already jtossessing Berkshires.
The suhsribcr lias also of the gel of Mr. Lossing's importa-
tion ill the Fall of ie38.
Price, ]ier pair, of Berkshires, caged and delivered on

hoard steamboat, $20.00

Price, per pair, of Chinas " ". . . .15.0U

All risk, after shipping, with the purchasers.

When something of a uumtier are taken and it is desirexl,
they will be delivered at Porlsniinith on the Ohio river, or
any intermediate point on the Oiiio Canal, lU to 1-2 weeks
old, fiir $30 to ®3.'i per pair, free of all other charge Money
must be reniitted with the order for stock, or it will not be
attended to. Those first remitting will take precedence in
point of time. Bill at par at this place, or nearly so, will be
expected. Addiesa, post paid. A: B. ALLKN,

Feb. 1, 1S40. Buffalo, Erie countj-, New-Vork.

PURE CLOVER (SEED.

BOTH the large and the medium kinds f
true In its name, and free from inju
h:ul .It the Itochesler Peed Store. This
well known reseeclable farmers, and may I e relied on.

M. B. BATEHAM.
March 2, IMO.

(SEED. ft

nds of Red Clover £?ced, ' ' I
njurious weeds, may be ■ B
his seed was raised by ^

SPRING GRAIN.

CJIBERIAN Bald Spring ■\\nieati Spring Kye ; English
O Potatoe Oats, — and true Chevalier Barley, for sale at tha
t-eed Store. M. B.' B.\TEHAM.

GENUINE ROHAN POTATOES,

THESE celclirateJ potatoes are for sale at the Rochesle*
Seed-Store, at ibe following low prices:— $2 per bushel
— 85 per barrel, {'2l-i bushels.)

As the price wilt undoubtedly adv.ance in the spring, Ihose
who wish to obtain Ihem will do well to order ijjem soon. —
They will be safely kept till spring, if desired, and sent ac-
cording to order. M. B, BATEH.\.M.
January, 1, 1^40.

Agents for the Rochester Seed Store.

A full assortment of seeds, put up at the Rochester
Seed Slore, may be found at each of the following
places. Subscriptions will olso be received therefor
ihe "New Genesee Farmer and Gardener's Journal:"

Biulalo, W. &.G. Bryant,

Lockpon S- H. .Marks &, Co.

Albion, Ratlibun &. Clark.

Brockport, George Allen.

Scotsville Andrus & Garbutt.

Le Roy, Tompkinsjfc IMorgan.

Batavia, J. V. I). Verplanck.

Attica R- & N- ^Vells,

Perry^ L. B. Parsons & Son

Mount Morris, R. Sleeper.

Geneseo, J . F. & G. W. Wyniao.

Canandaigua, ^. ..J. B. Hayes,,

Geneva J- N Bogert.

AVaterloo, Abram Deuel,

Auburn T. M. Hunt.

Palmyr.a, Hoyt &. May.

Newark, Doane & Parlridge,

Syracuse T'. B. Filch & Co.

ttica J- E. Warner.

Oswego M. B. Edson

^ M.

KoeheBler Seed- Store, March 1, 1640.

Gil soil's Straw Cutters and Root Slicers.

FOR COTS AND DESCRIPTIONS, BEE I'AOE 25, N. O. FARMER.

THESE MACHINES are now manufactured by the Sub-
scriber at ills machine shop, near the east end of the Ac-
queduct, Rochester, where a supply will be kepi for sale, and
also at the Rochester .*e(^ Store. Farmers are respectfully
invited to examine these machines before pnrch.asing others,
as it is confidently believe! that they are superior to any oth-
er machine of Ibe kind now in use.

The price of the Straw Cutter is - - $20
Of the Root Slicer, ..... u

JOSEPH HALL,
Rochester, Feb. 1840.

BUFFALO NI'RSERY.

LARGE ADDITIONS are constantly leiiig made to this
establishment, and it now embraces a large collection of
choice varieties of the Apple, Pear, Plum, IVach, Cherry,
Aprico', Quince, Almond, Grape, (Currant, tiooselerry, Rasp-
berry, Slrawlicrnt', ic. Also, a fine collection of Ornamen-
tal Trees and Shrubs, Vines, Creepers, Bulbous Roots, Her-
Iiaccous Perennial Flowering l*lanls; 100 kinds of the finest
hardy Roses; l.'i kinds of Peonies i 75 kimls of the most
splendid doiilile Dahlias. Also, a large cidleclioii of choice
Green House Plants, in fine order. !tir.\ few tliolisand Mo-
rus Mullicaulis, at low prices.

The location of this Nursery is well adapted to supply
Western orders; .as the numerous Steam Boats on the lakes
enable llie proprietor to shi(i all packages direct to port with-
oul delay. Printed catalogues forwarded grails to any per-
sons on receiving their address. Orders will receive prompt
Btlenlion. B. HODGE.

Bupit", Feb. l!(., teio.

1-

B. BATEHAM.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

CORRECTED FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, HL^RCH 2, IgtO.

WHEAT
CORN, . .

OATS

BARLEY

RYE

PEAS, Common
BEANS, White,
POTATOES, . .
APPLES, Desert,

per bushel, .

31
44

87Ja $

44

2S

38

6-2S

50 75

75

19 25

50 63

Cooking, " 38 50

Dried,... " 1,00 1,25

CIDER, barrel, ... 1,75 2,00

FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,50

" Fine, .... " 4,00

SALT, " 2,00 ,

PORK,Mess, " 13,00.... 13,50

" Prime,.... " 9,50 10,00

" Hog, lOOlbs 4,50 5,00

BEEF, " 5,00 5,50

MUTTON, Carcase, pound, . . 4 .

POULTRY, " ... 8...

EGGS, per dozen, 15...

BUTTER, Fresh, . . ^er pound 14. . .
" Firkin "... 12. .

CHEESE, " ... 6...

LARD " ... 7...

TALLOW " ... 10...

HIDES, "... 5...

SHEEPSKINS each,... 50..,

WOOL, pound,.. 38...

PEARL ASHES, ..IQO lbs.. 5,00...

POT, " ....".. 4,50...

HAY, ton, . . 9,00. . ,

GRASS SEED bushel,.. 1,00...

CLOVER, " " ... 6,00

FLAX " " ... 75..

PLASTER, fin bbls. ) per ton, 6,00. . .

" bulk, fat Wheatland) 3,00

Remarks. — We are sorry to say that it appears by the Ir
news from England, that the deni.and for flour from 11
counlry is not as great as «'as anticipated ; and consequei
ly Ihe price in the Atlantic cities has somewhat de(:lined.
This has checked for a lime the anticipated advance in o
market, and prevented any improvement in our report.

Provisions of some kind have aij^'nliceil a little, and soi
kinils of produce bring a fair price; but still business in ge
eral is quite dull, and people still complain sorely of ll:i
times. The hanks have got in the greiitcr part of their c
culalioii, and are afraid to let it out. So that our snfferlii
are not owing to any scarcity of the necessaries of life I
from want of circulating medium wilh which to transact c
business. It is needless to say, that we believe It impossil
for this 6l,ile of things to last'long ; the inventive and elm
powers of this people will soon devise a remedy ; and thil
energy and enterprise will carry it into effect.

. .'. 63
...50

'."5,00
.10,00
. 1,25
..7,00
. 1,00

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL

B. BATEHAM,

F. MARSHALL, Proprietors.

VOIi. 1.

ROCHESTER, APRIIi, 1840.

•Kin, M S JOHN J. THOMAS,

JIU. 4. ^ ]yi jj BATEHAM, LdUo:t.

PUUIilSHEU MOAfTHIiY

IM CONNECTION WITH THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE AND AORl-
Cfl-TL'RVL REPeSlTOr.Y.

Tbrms— FIFTY CENTS, per year, payable aways in ad-
vance.

Post blasters, Agents, anil others, sensUng money free of
postage, will receive «i:cn copies for $3, — I'lcetve copies for
05, — 'firenltf-Jiie copies for SIO.

Tlit poalai^e on this paper is only one cent to any place
vrithin this state, and one and a half cent to any part of
Ihe United Suites.

CONTENTS OF THIS NL9IBEK.

Pulilishera' Notices, to Agents, &c AW

Hints for the IMonth— Farmers' 31cetiug 49

Agf icultnre in Vpper Canada 49

LitQie as iVIaunre for Wheat — , 50

Destroying Couch Grass — Profits on Sheep, &c .50

Kxper'mients with Potatoes for 1S40 , 50

Rearing Calves — by Cultor 51

A Large Green House — .Management of Fruit Trees . . . .51

Culture of tlte Bush Cranberry 51

The New Genesee Fanner was honorably commenced —

Letter from Dr. Smith — 'SI. B. B.ttehnni's Statement . . .52

IjCtter from Niagara — Hints for the times 53

Fictitious Signatures — Agricultural Society ■ 53

The Past Fall and Winter in England , . .54

Lucerne, or French Clover — Dialogue .54

E.\hibition of American Silk Goods 5.)

Report on Beet Sugar Premiums in Massachusetts .55

David Ij. Child's Work on Beet .Sugar 55

Our Editorial arrangements — To Correspondents 50

Gardeners' Work for April— ..Sowing Garden Seeds ... ..50

The First Flowers of Spring .56

Spring Rye— Gr.ass Peas .56

Planting Early Potatoes — Seed Store Noticed 50

Locklin's Pc.tcnt Plough— Pr-llrlc do .57

Arnold's Horse powBr Machine 57

Merchant's (Baldwin's) Corn Planter 57

Inquiries about Beet Sugar o7

Descriptive list of Beets, Mangel Wurtzel, &.c 57-8

I,arge While Carrot — Long Altringhanr do 5^

New Species of Birds and Quadrupeds 58

Retarding the Bloom of Fruit Trees oS

Miscellaneous Items — Black I.,ead for Stoves, Johnny

Cake, Dough Nuts, Ink Spots, Frosted Feet, Ardent

spirits for lints— Boots 5^

Boot Culture, Advantages of 5!1

Cutting Timber, best time for jlt

Monroe County Agricultural Society 00

Formation and Constitution of Yates Co. Ag. Society . . .60

The Travelling Agd^it- a dream 61

Rules for a Good Ncightionrhood 61

Devon Cattle in Genesee Co 61

Grinding Corn in ihc Col) — VirginiaCorn and Cob Crusher 6-2

Ditching and Banking Machine 6-2

Sowing Seeds, and Causes of failure^^oaking Seeds —

Rolling .Seeds 02

Education of Farmers 6-2

Usefulness of Birds and Toads 63

Small Comforts — by Susan 03

To spice Beef, Irish Fashion ■•••...•■•• 63

Short Collars :for horses — To preserve Eggs 63

Fanners Daughters — Death ii( John Loweir 04

Garly Asparagus — Names of Grasses (M

\gri.;ullural Museuiu^Horse .Medicine 04

Important Advei-tisaments— .Seel S-.o-e .\gents 04

Socheslcr Prices Current— Kemarks C4

Our Success.

Our most sincere ncknowle'igements are due to Agents,
?oa\ Masters, and the friends of Agriculture generally, for
,he kin.l and effl.'ient aiil which we have received during the
past month. It is with great pleasure we inform thein lliat
ft-e receive.i. during the month of March, very nearly ficy
Jtmuand suhscrihtrs. And although many more will be rc-
]uired, in order to defray the cvpenses of the present year,
enough has been done to convince the most sceptical, that
(his paper can aiul will i e euslaincii, notwithstanding
9orae opposition, and the pressure of the time.s. Let the
ft-iends of the cause continue to e-xert themselves a little
longer, as ihey have thus far, (which we iu^e confident they
will do,) and we will soon show that the Genesee country is
not on the retrograde, 1-ut is still able to sustain the cheapest
ftnd one of the best agricultural papers in tf.e Union.

Be Particular.

We ag.ain have to caution our friends not to send letters
fiddressed to the " Editor of the Genesee Fanner," (without
attaching the word A'eic,) aa thej- are clatnic.l by .Mr. 'Tucker
it his agent, an 1 we da no: receive Ihem. ^Vo have lost a
nuniLcr of remittances in this way, and .Mr. T. being now
Kbsent, we have bef n unul.dc, as 'yet, to recover them, .tl-
thongh informed of the circumstances.

AdJrcss papers, " New Genci'ce Farmer," and letters to
BATEHAM .t MARSHALL.

, A FEW F.x TRA Copies of this paper are distributed on ac-

ii eount of the advertisements and other juattera which it

contains. Any persons who may receive it, who are noi

suliscribers, need not consider themselves urge 1 to subscribe

I if no! disposed to do so. Any subscribers who m.ay receive

t an extra copy, are requcj;e I to eive it circulation.

! D" The friends of the GeiiCEee Farmer are particnlarlv

[ reiue-tc 1 lo ir -.d the nrti.'l.; on pa;e J?.

The Public Pre.s.o.

We feel under much obligation to many Editors for the fa-
vorable manner in which they have noticed our effort, and
their liberality in otTering us exchanges. The price of our
pajieris go small, compared with most of theirs, that we do
not ask, or expect them to exchange with us; but we will
scud our paper to all who will notice or advertise It, men-
tioning the character, terms, and agents, and send us one pa-
per, marked. Agents for the Rochester Seed Store, and alt
Post Masters .'ire agents for the "Fanner."

All Aifricutturat Papers are reiiuestcd to exchange with us,
and may draw for any dltference in value.

XT Will the A.MERICAN Farmer (and others) please give
credit to the ,Vcir Genesee Farmer for whatever it extracts
from our pages, and not to the "Genesee Farmer." Anil
will the Yankee Farmer please inform its readers where it
found the article in its No. 1'2, headed "Rohan Potatoes in
Wheatland," and signed R. ILrmon 7 It looks very much
like something that we have read before somewhere, and w c
gvess the Yankee did not mean to call it original.

Agents For the New Genesee Farmer.

It does not appear to lie understood by all of our friends,
that Post Masters generally are authorized to act as Agents
for this paper, and most of them very kindly consent to do
so. Consc(]Ucntly our rerulers who feel disposed to aid us.
and do their neighliors a favor, have only to hand their
names, with the money, to the Post JJ.aster, and request him
10 forward them to us.

Persons residing near the towns mentioned on our last
page, can m.-.ke p.ayments to, an.l get the hack numbers of
the Seed Store Agents.

Hints for the Mouth.

At the opening of this month the farmer should pre-
pare to drive hia business energeticnllj- — to take tiinc
by the forelock, and to keep well 'ahead of his work.
The success of eomo crops greatly depends on their
being carZ// put in, and icell put in.

There are many places, on heavy soils, where large
patches of wheat have been winter-killed; let these
patches be sown with spring whmt, and this vacant
ground will not be lost.

Take early measures to cart out all the manure
which has been collected during winter, to be applied
to corn and root crops. A farmer might as well
throw away his pocket-book, as to leave manure wast-
ing by fermentation, when it can be applied with so
much advantage.

As good crops depend much on ploughing well, and
getting ground in good order, hasty and auperticinl
ploughing should always be avoided, and thorough
work only performed. In ploughing ground already
broken, instead of attempting to cut slices a foot or
eighteen inches wide, they should be only ei.x or eight
inches. Let the farmer try this mode, and the appear
aiice of the work will convince him of its advan-
tage.

Plaster operates lo the greatest advantage by being
sown early.

Meadows should be early and carefully shut up, and
all animals excluded from them. New ones shou'd
be cleared of stone, and rolled.

Draining, on hard soil?, where not too wet, may be
done much more easily and chea;)ly in spring, than in
autumn when the soil has become hard and dry.

Young fruit trees thai stand in grass ground, should
have the earth spaded two or ihree feet around them,
and kept clear from grass and weeds during sumaier.

Peach trees should be examined at the roots, for the
worm, which eats ond remains in the bnrk; its pre-
sence is generally indi.?ated by the oozing gum at the
surface of the ground.

Plant ornamental liees and ahrubs whenever oppor-
tunity pcrmiii- — a farmer who nttpnde only to making

money, and not to the appearance of his dwelling, neg-
lects an important comfort of life.

Let strict accounts be kept of the farming opera-
tions for every day in the year, and of every Held on
the farm, that the profit and expenses of each crop may
be known. *

Agriculture in Upper Canada.

Notwithstanding the numerous disadvantnges under
which the farmers of Upper Canada have labored for
several years past, we perceive that there is still a most
praiseworthy spirit of improvement existing there.—
The numerous scientific English and Scotch agricul-
turists who reside in that rich province, are too intel-
ligent and fond of reading, to remain uninformed res-
pecting the improvements of the age; and loo enter-
prising and public spirited, not to carry them into prac-
tice, aa soon as the means are brought within their
reach. A number of efiicient Agricultural .S.icietica
exist in the province, and appear to be conducted with
much ability and usefulness. Many very fuperior
domestic animals have been imported, and improved
implemenls, seeds, &c., are annually introduced.

Above all, we arc happy to see that agiicullura! pa-
pers are receiving on increased patronage in Upper
Canada. The New Genesee Farmer, owing to its
low price and perfect adaplcdness to the climnte, soil
and system of farming, is fast gaining circulation,
both among individual farmers and societies. We
hope soon to find some valuable correspondenus among
our Canadian friends; and we would suggest to the
officers of Agricultural Societies, the expediency of
making this paper the organ of their comiimnications,
with which they can most readily promote the inter-
ests ol Agriculture in Upper Canada. Our terms to
companies are so extremely low, that a mere trifling
sum would place the paper in the hands of each mem-
ber; and if a largo number are taken, we wdl send
the packages by steamboats, during navigation, if de-
sired, so as to avoid postage; and we will also devote a
portion of our columns to the more parlic'-ilar interests
of Canadian readers. 'We hope this subject will re-
ceive prompt consideration; so that if desired, we may
furnish thoiu all with the back numbers.

The following notice, copied from the Cubourg Star,
is a good illustration of the spirit which is manifested
by the people of Upper Canada. Let this spirit of im-
provement be cultivated and increased, as it easily
may be, till it pervades the whole farming community,
and the character of that naturally fine counirj', will
soon attain an eminence, which will surprise those ili-
informed minds who imagine Canada to be a cold,
unfruitful region; and who suppose that its farmers are
behind the age in agriculture. It is true they may
make less noise, and appear to move more elo.rly in
the march of iinprovements; but it will be found in
the long run, that their progress was more sure, and
their success more permanent, than that of many of
those who think they are making the most rapid ad-
vancements.

"We understand that at a commiltec meeting of the
Northumberland Agricultural Society, held at Graf-
ton last Wednesday, it was resolved to import a large
quantity of Phister vf Paris, to be sold at cost and
charges, to members of the society; and aho a quan-
tity of the celebrated noha7t Potatoes, to be distribu-
ted among them gratuitously. No member, however,
is to be entitled to avail himself of either of these ad-
vantages, unless he shall have become so, and paid his
annual subscription of one dollar to the Treasurer,
previous to the first day of April next. We hope that
our farmers will profit by this information. Graftvn
Fair, for cattle, all sorts of live stoc-k, manufncturrs,
&c., we would remind our readra, will take place on
Wednesday, the loth day of April."

Farmers' Meeting .
Just aa this paper was going to press, we had an
interview with Mr. T. Weddic and one or two others,
who were desirous that a call should immediately be
published for a meeting of farmers and the friends of
AgricuUure, 10 take into consideration the subject of
forming an Agricultural society in this county, end
discussing any other matters of interest to the Farm-
ing community. The time and place were not agreed
on before our paper went to press. If ij is decided in
have the meeting before next month, notice tliertui
will br? given in the Ronheslcr Vrw^nap.'rs.

50

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. I

Lime as Manure tot Wheat.

Our correspondent " Seskca." in our eccjnd No.,
inquires for the best method of testing the presence
and quantity of lime in soils, and whether the use of
lime on whnt are termed limeetone soils, is beneficial.

It is much to be regretted that accurate and syste-
matic experiments have not been made to a greater ex-
tent in this country on the use of lime; but that it is
greatly beneficial to many of our soils, has been sufTi-
ciently proved, and none appear to doubt. Experi-
ments have especially proved its value in the culture of
wheat.

In order to ascertain the presence of lime, (carbo-
nate of lime), let a handful of the soil be put into a
glass containing water sufficient to cover it; stirring it
until it is entirely fieed from atmospheric air, and re-
moving what vegetable fibres and scum may appear
upon the surface. Then pour in a quarter or half an
ounce of muriatic acid, which, by its greater specific
gravity, will sink and mix with the soil. If any lime
be present it will immediately combine with the muri-
atic acid, and effervescence will follow from the escape
of the carbonic acid. This method will indicate a
very minute proportion of carbonate of lime, as, ac-
cording to Ruflin, "the gas that only eight grains of
calcareous earth would throw out, would be equal in
bulk to a gill measure. Indeed, the product of only a
single grain of calcareous earth, would be abundantly
plain to the eye of the careful operator, though it
might be the whole amount of gas from two thousand
grains of soil." If no effervescence whatever is visi-
ble, we may bo certain that the soil does not contain the
smallest portion of carbonate of lime.

To ascertain the precise ijuanliiij of lime, when pre-
Bent, one of the best methods is by means of the pneu-
matic apparatus of chemists, which measures the quan-
tity of carbonic acid gas liberated; the quantity which
two grains o( the carbonate of lime will yield, being
equal in bulk to one ounce of water. Its proportion
in the soil can hence be readily calculated. It is to be
observed, however, that in this experiment, the soil
must be thoroughly dried before the operation, other-
wise, in weighing it, the presence of water would
cause inacciuacy and spoil the result. Care must also
be taken that a sufficient quantity of muriatic acid is
added, and that it acts thoroughly on all parts of the
soil.

The second inquiry of our correspondent is, "Does
all land in limestone countries contain as much lime as
is advantageous, and what experiments have been
made to ascertain the effects of applying lime as ma-
nure, on limestone, or other lands of our country V
We believe that Edmund Ruilin, author of the essay
on calcareous manures, was the first in this country
to prove that many fertile soils; those in the immediate
vicinity of limestone rocks, were entirely destitute of
carbonate of lime. In Cayuga county, soil from the
most fertile fields, when taken near the surface, gave
little or no indication of its presence, although in the
immediate vicinity of immense beds of limestone,
fragments of which were scattered over the ground. —
Such soils have consequently been greatly improved
by its application. Very productive soil in Wayne
county has yielded the same results, although in both
instances, the siihsoil indicated, by its effervescence
with acid, a considerable portion of lime.

Experiments in the improvement of such soils by
lime, have been very limited, but they have sufficient-
ly proved its beneficial effects. We hope, in a future
number, to notice these experiments more at length;
and, in the mean time would earnestly recommend all
farmers in Western New Yoik, with whom it may be
practicable, to make accurate experiments on this sub-
ject, measuring the results, the communication of
which to the public would doubtless be of essential
benefit. There ii probably little, if any, Iniid in the

western part of the state which would not be much im-
proved by its proper application. We believe that slicll-
marl, equally efficacious with lime, (and which is, in
fact, nearly pure carbonate of lime,) may yet be found
in many places in great abundance, in the northern
portions of Western New York; — it occurs in immense
beds under the Cayuga marshes, and has been found in
many swamps, as, for instance, in Junius, Seneca
county; in Macedon, Wayne; and Farminglon, On-
tario. Its presence may be easily ascertained by thrust-
ing a sharp pole through the peat of the swamp sever-
al feet downwards, and if mail be present it will cover
the lower part of the pole, and is readily distinguish-
ed by its whiteness, by the numerous small shells it
usually contains, and by its powerful effervescence in
acids.

We close our remarks on this subject for the pre-
sent, by the queries proposed by the English Agricul-
tural Society, which %ve copy from the first volume of
the Journal of the society, published last year, with the
request that if any ot our readers or correspondents can
now, or in future, answer any of them from experi-
ment, they will give us the results.

1. How many years have you used lime as a ma
nure i.

2. How many acres have you limed each year ?

3. What quantity have you put on per acre ?

4. On what sort of soil 7

5. At what time of year 1

6. For what crop ?

7. Whether with or without manure ?

8. In what manner applied ?

9. What effect on the crop 1 .

10. What effect on the succeeding crop 1

11. What was the price of the lime ?
13. Do you continue to use it 1

13. What is the chemical description of the lime
you use ?

14. State generally any particulars with respect to
lime. "• *

Destroying Couch Grass.

The following method of destroying couch, quitch,
or xcilch grass (Triticum repens,) if effectual in
thoroughly eradicating this obstinate intruder, will be
of great value, as it is becoming abundant in some
parts of the state, our fertile lands being doubllefs fa
vorable to its increase. The method which has for-
merly been practised, was by frequent ploughings in
hot, dry weather, and harrowing between each plough-
ing, that the roots might be all worked to the surface.
Sir John Sinclair says, "It is one of the greatest
banes that husbandry has to cantend with;" and, "is
so interwoven in the soil, when land has been long
under tillage, as to form a perfect netting." Loudon,
in his Encyclopcedia of Plants, also says, "It is one
of the worst weeds in arable lands and gardens; and
in the former it is only to be destroyed by fallowing or
I'allow crops, or hnjiyig down to grass ; and the latter
by hand picking or very deep trenching." *

Quitch Grass. — Ma. Eiiitok — Some of your cor-
respondents have been striving to rid themselves and
their neighbors of that troublesome weed, quitch
grass. Now, I happen to know, from experience, one
of the easiest and most profitable methods of destroy-
ing this grass. This grass will never increase in pas-
tures. It always t'mtU its way into such land as has a
warm light soil, and is most cultivated. Land abound-
ing in this weed should be immediately converted to
a sheep pasture, and in a few years it will be entirely
eradicated.

My father once took a piece which was thickly set
with it, ploughed it late in June, sowed it with winter
rye, and turned it into his sheep pasture.

The rye continued to come up for a year or two and
was kept closely fed by the sheep, and in a few years
the quitch grass was exchanged lor sweet clover and
red top. I doubt not but that this plan might be adopt-
ed to advantage on many farms that are overrun with
this useless weed. It is folly to talk of digging it up
when it has obtaimd a linn Ibothoid. Land that is of
a light thin soil can be changed from tillage to pastu-
ring to great advantage. Pastures would be improved
in this way, for it is bad economy to po^s^^^ a pasture
that will give only now and then a Bpot th'it cattle will
ouch.

Another method I have seen practised in riddii
small garden spots of this grass, which is by layij
boards over the ground for a season. This is mm
easier than to dig it up. While on this point I cann
help noticing one fault among gardeners. They a
very anxious to prevent the weeds from going to sei
during the first part of the season, but as soon as tl
plants get a little start, they suffer the weeds to la!
their own course. Consequently there isa fresh su
ply of seed for the succeeding spring.

If some of your correspondents will counsel me
kdling thistles with as little labor and as much profit
I advised them in killing quitch grass, they will i
ceive my sincare thanks. — Farmer's Register.

For the Xew Genesee Farmer.
Profits on Sheeep, &c.

Messrs. Editors — It was with much pleasure tl
1 placed my name on your list of subscribers; — det<
mined, as I was, to have an agricultural paper, I si
scribed for the Cultivator before your prospectus ar
ved. It was not known here, till then, that thi
would be a new Genesee Farmer, but one and
of the old subscribers have enrolled their names for i
New, though many had ordered the Cultivator. S
cess to your undei taking, gentlemen, is my most c
dial wish — such a paper as yours is much needed
this part of the state, and I hope that every farmer
the Genesee country will not only become a subs'
ber, but a reader also.

As I have noticed invitations given to farmers
furnish results of their observations, I would give sc "
statements relative to a flock of sheep which I have
the management of for a few years. They were r
ed from a flock of ten coarse ragged sheep, purchc
in 1831. This flock was crossed with the best blc
within reach, up to the present time. It now cent
f jrty-six; and for weight of carcase and fleece, it
surpassed by any in our neighborhood. The follow
will show the profits of this flock for the past year:

For 10 fat wethers at $3 per head, $3C

"11 coarse yearlings and lambs, $1,25. . ... lo

' ' wool sold at 37 J cents, 1"

" 120 lbs wool at"40 cents, 4i

" 2 wethers slaughtered, worth $3 per head, (

$11.

Besides the above, there still remains the orij
number of forty-siz, of as much real value as
were last season. I lost but one lamb last year. T
are no ticks among the flock; I follow them too c
ly with tobacco, which I apply, by steeping inw
to the lambs a few days after shearing; for then
will have left the old sheep and have fled to the lai
for better protection among their thick coat of woi
A very httle care in this way will often save n
wool, besides making it easier to winter the flock,

Enclosed is a sample of silk, manufactured the
season. The worms were fed from the leaves o;
while mulberry. We fed but a few hundred,
enough to obtain some knowledge of the businet
We intend to engage in it to some extent hercafte
I have no doubt it will prove lucrative.

Will any one who is acquainted wiih raising
grape among the readers of the Farmer, give info
lion through its colunis, of the best mode of cul
pruning, &c., and the soil best adapted to it, tl
may bear soon ? I have some choice varieties o
large purple, but know nothing in panicular of
culture.

I'ilie, Feb. 14, 1840.

I''*jr the Xew Ginesee Fam^
Evperiinents with Potatoes lor 18-10.

Messrs. Euitoks — Many experiments have
made with a view of ascertaining the best and
economical method of cutting and planting seed
toes; but still I do not think the subject is full;
derstood. For instance, it is not generally kl
how large a quantity of seed can be advantage>B^^'
used when potatoes are very cheap; nor how iH

li'i;

sliw

UO!

nil;

ilKl
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Sltt

lltr

Sit

Btll
Btl
IS

1b
i;s

11;

fcii

u

k

|>. 4.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

51

cen they are very dcnr. I would tbcrelbrc BUggest
,t as potatoes are very cheap this year, it would be
11 for farmers to try various experiments on this
iject. Let them prepare a good even piece of ground,
1 mark out the rows equally with a given number
mber of hills, then plant each row with a diflerent
intity of seed, or with seed cut in a different man-

for instance,
No. 1. Put one whole potatoe in each hill.
No. 9. Put two whole potatoes in each hill.
No. X Cut the potatoes into two, three, or four
rls, and put four pieces in a hill.
No. 4. Put one, two, or three of the same pieces in
bill.
No. 5. Cut off the seed ends and put one piece in

hill.
No. G.
No. 7.

No. 8.

The same, with two or more in a bill.
Cut out single eyes and put two in a bill.
The same, with three or four in a bill, &c.
In this manner a large patch might be planted, each
w in a different manner. The number of the rows
id the manner of planting each, should be sot down
a memorandum book. Then let them be well cul-
vated, and not allowed to be disturbed until harvest,
hen each row should be carefully dug and measured,
ji id the result given to the public, mentioning the
imber and distance of the hills. Care should be ta-
rn to have all the seed potatoes of one kind, and
3arly of a uniform size; and if the weight of the
^ed put in each row Ctuld be given, it would make
le experiment more complete.

SAitfUEi Strowgek.
PenfiM, Feb. lOtk, 1840.

For tlie IS^cvi Genesee Farmer.
Messrs. Editors — The 1st. and 9d. Nos. of the
few Genesee Farmer came to hand this evening. I
ad passed away some two or three hours very agreca-
ly, in reading the views and opinions of others in re-
ition to the different branches of farming, when the
lought occurred to me that I might contribute my
mite" to the pages of your new paper, which, by
ic way, I am confident will attain as high a reputa-
on, as regards talent and usefulness, as did its prede-

Reaiinsr Calves.

For a beginning, I shall be under the necessity of ta-
ing an exception to the opinion of "W. S. T.," in re-
ation to "skim milk calves." He says, on page 19, "a
:alf will live through the summer on skim milk, but as
oon as cold weather comes, he will begin to fail, and ten
hanccs to one whether he will surtive the ivinter. It
8 a very poor plan, in my estimation, to try to bring
ip calves on skim milk. They will never look half
18 nice as those brought up on sweet milk, or those
that suck the cows, nor make half so good cattle at
three years old."

INow, if what "W. S. T." lays down hr fact, be
true, there is not a farmer in our section of country,
who understands or consults his own interest. All
onr calves are what your correspondent would call
"skim milk calves;" but I believe tbey pretty genc-
mlly survive the winter," and when "three years old,"
are more than "half as good cattle" as his "sweet
milk" calves, or those that have "sucked thecovve."
The farmer who keeps cows and rears calves, takes
into consideration (or at least ought to) the profit to be
derived from them. Making butter and cheese, if
rightly managed, is profitable business. But if the
calyes are fed on new milk, or suck the cows, the ma-
king of butter and cheese must be postponed at least
three months, say four. Well, what then? His calves
are three or four months old, as the case may be, and
look fine — yes, stately and handsome. But that is a
long road that never turns. Here the calves are ta-
ken from the cows, or, as the saying is, "weaned,"
"nd are turned out to graze. They have now to get

their living another way. A change of diet takes
place, and a change in the looks of the calves is soon
discoverable. The fall arrives, they begin to lose their
nice and stately looks; that beautiful symmetry given
by a good coat of flesh, gradually disappears; winter
now sets in, and the calves that have swallowed so
much of the nutricious beverage, milk, are in none
too good condition for its pinching cold.

Now for the other side of the case, to wit., "skim
milk calves." They are to be taken from the cows
when about one weok old. The milk, for the first
and second week, should stand 12 hours. It is then
skimmed and scalded. After it has cooled to the
temperature of milk from the cow, a handful of ca-
noU' is to be added to each calf's mess, which at first
should be five or six quarts. This quantity is to be
increased as the calf grows older, as judgement will
direct. Whey, with shorts or canell added, may be
given, after ten or twelve weeks, with good success.
Calves, reared in this way, soon forget their dams, be-
come docile and manageable, and continue gradually
to improve, without any checks or pull-backs; will
winter equally as well, and be in as good condition the
following spring as those reared according to the direc-
tions of "W. S. T." But ibeie is an item yet to be
added to the "skim milk calf." The butter or cheese
amounts to something. And, in order to be correct,
we will allow "W. S. T." a surplus of one-third to
add to his; then we shall have the remaining two-
thirds. Wo will now suppose the butter or cheese to
be worth six shillings per week, and the time fifteen
weeks. "W. S. T." will have thirty shillings and
we shall have sixty shillings, which will leove thirty
shillings in our favor, and this we shall add to the
value of our "skim milk calf."

As it respects shelters for calves, and in fact all oth-
er stock, I agree in fidl with "W. S. T." I am
abundantly satisfied that they are not only a great sa-
ving of fodder, but have a very great tendency to keep
the bones or frames of stock, of all kinds, well coated
with that very iitdispensable article, flesh. I also
agree with him, that farmers are apt to keep too much
stock, and consequently they are not sheltered and ta-
ken care of in the most profitable manner. The far-
mer who manages judiciously, will take into conside-
ration the quantity of fodder, or keep, he has on hand,
or, at least, intends to have; then calculate the amount
of stock this will keep in good condition through the
winter. lie will reserve enough of the smaller ears
of hie corn to feed his calves regularly once or twice
each day, in order to keep their fleeh up, and avoid the
disagreeable task of raising than vp ly the tail every
time they lie dow n to rest their weary and feeble limbs.
His shoats will be supplied with a good comfortable
place to lie in; they will bo well fed and kindly treat-
ed, when he will have the satisfaction of knowing, that
this animal, if rightly taken care of, is not so much of
a hog as his appellation generally seems to indicate. —
And, in fact, all his stock will be provided with shel-
ters, and well fed. Shouldfall farmers thus manage,
we should not see so many "pitiable sights," as com-
plained of by "W. S. T." Instead of long-haired,
raw-boned horses and cattle, lank, lean-looking,
squealing hogs, and "eheep with their fleeces almost
torn off, others, as the old saying is, 'about ready to
kick the bucket,'" we sbotdd have the sleek and
prancing steed, the well-proportioned and handsome
ox; a good-looking, decent hog; and well-clad and
healthy sheep. Happiness and comfort would be dis-
pensed to nil the farmer's stock, and he would expe-
rience his share in knowing himself to be the dispen-
ser of their comfort. CULTOR.
*A kin J of fine mill feed ormidlinga.
Cai/uga Co., Feb, 2lst., 1840.

A Large Green House. — The London Ilorticidlu-
ral Society are building a Green House, which covers
one acre of ground; frame work, iron; cost, .'f 100,000.

For the New Genesee Farmer,
Alauagemeut of Frait Trees.

Preparing the ground for planting. — The first re-
quisite to procure a good orchard is to select a dry
piece of land. A sandy loam is preferable, but any
land will answer if it is sulficiently dry. The land
should be manured, ploughed at least to the depth of
one toot, and planted with some hoed crop the year
previous to setting the trees. Potatoes are preferable,
as they leave the ground well pulverized.

Trimming the top in transplanting. — Trees when
first set should be very cautiously trimmed, and all or
nearly all the top should be left the first season. I
know that in this particular I differ from the commonly
received opinion. But I have learned by sod experi-
ence, that cutting off and mutilating the tops at the
time of transplanting, retards their growth at least one
half, for the first five years. I shall here adduce some
reasons why I think it a bad practice, setting aside my
experience on the subject'. The leaves of trees and
vegetables are the lungs, through which the sap is
elaborated and converted into vegetable fibre. This
process "consists in the decomposition of carbonic acid
ga», is either brought to the leaves by the sap, or ab-
sorbed directly by the atmosphere. The substance of
all plants is mosdy carbon; and as carbon in its com-
mon state, however minutely divided, is mostly taken
up by the sap of plants, this most essential ingredient
isobtained in the form ol carbonic acid gas, from which
the oxygen is separated by the leaves under the action
of light, leaving the carbon ready for assimilation or
conversion into vegetable fibre." From this state-
ment, it will be seen thot the leaves and roots act mu-
tually; the one is as necessary as the other to promote
the growth of the tree, and without this concert of ac-
tion the sap would ascend and descend without adding
any thing to the tree ; and when the sap returns with-
out being elaborated in the leaves the roots cease to
grow, or at least grow very little the first season.

Washing the trunk. — Trees should be washed an-
nually with soft soap, and well rubbed with a woolen
cloth. This is the best preparation that I ever tried to
destroy lice and give a healthy appearance to the
trees.

Orchards should be well ploughed and planted to
some hoed crop for four or five years, A. W. B j

Erie co., 1S40.

For the New Genesee Farmer,
Culture of the Bush Cranberry.

( Vahuriinm oxycocciis. ]
Messrs. Editors — It is probably not generally
known, that every garden may, with little trouble or
expense, be supplied with this valuable fruit. The
high bush cranberry is found in many parts of Allega-
ny and Cattaraugus counties, and may, with great
ease, be transferred from its native forest to the yard
or garden. Indeed, I know of no s'urub that bears
transplanting equal to this, and have never seen it pla-
ced on any soil, wet or dry, sand or clay, where it did
not flourish. The shrub so much resembles the snow
ball as to be dislingui-3hed from it with great difficulty.
A friend of mine once took great pains to procure a
fine large snow-ball from an old garden, and was
much su, prised, in the next season, with a fine supply
of cranberries. The fruit is not at all inferior in fla
vor to the cranberry of the swamps, and can be dis-
tinguished from it only by a small pit, which, for some
uses, makes the swamp cranberry preferable. The
fruit grows in large clusters, and will remain on the
bush during the winter, and is of a beautiful crimson
color. I do not know how extensively this fruit is
cultivated in this part of the country; but I never saw
it until I came to Allegany. Should you think this
shrub unknown to any of your readers, you might
confer a favor by publishing this.

Yours, &c., Allegany Farmeb.

Angelicn, Allfgnny Co., Feb., 1840,

62

T H E N E W (i E N E S E E FARMER,

OL.

t

The

New Genesee Fanner was Ilouorably
Commenced.

"The following letter wc received from Dr. I. W.
Smith, of Lockport, who is well known ns one of the
earliest friends of the Genesee Farmer, and was a fre-
quent contributor to its pages. We had an interview
with him a tew days since, and learned that, in com-
mon with some of his neighbors, he had got an im-
pression that the New Genesee Farmer was commen-
ced in an unfair and dishonorable manner, and there-
fore was unworthy of their support. We related to
hira briefly the facts in the case, and he soon be-
came convinced that there was nothing wrong in the
matter on our part, but on the contrary, the Sew Gen-
esee Farmer was lionorably established and ought to
be well sustained.

Wc informed Dr. S. that we intended to publish a
short statement, in order to overcome the erroneous
impressions which we find exist in the minds of many
of the farming communiiy. This he thought was ne-
cessary and proper, but he was fearful that it would
cause unkind feelings and remarks, where it was de-
sirable that mutual good will should exist. The let-
ter will explain itself, and the statement which fol^ws
it, wc hope will satisfy the minds of all those who
Blill feel any doubt on the subject.

To the Editors of the New Genesee Farmer —

''Lei there be no strife, I pray thee, beticeen me and
thee, and belwan ntij herdmen and thy herdmcn —
for we be brethren." That they were brethren, was,
by the patriarch Abraham, deemed a sufficient reason
why there should be no strife between himself and
Lot, or their herdmcn.

When the former conductor of the Genesee Farm-
er proposed breaking up the establishment at Roches-
ter, and going to Albany, and there unite its destinies
with the "Cultivator," I freely confess I viewed the
movement with regret. Perhaps local attachments
and piejujices, had somewhat to do with my regrets.
This was natural. From early infancy I have been a
resident of thu Genesee country — have mingled with
its inhabitants under the various circumstances con-
nected with the settlement of a new country — have,
with them, known and felt the stings of adversity —
with them have rejoiced in our common prosperity —
with them I have crossed the Genesee River when
not a bridge spanned its waters — and have traversed
the long Ridge mad when scarcely a house en-
livened the sad sJitude through which it passed. —
With them I have seen this Uten wilderness and
Bolitary place blossom as the rose — a city rise from the
wild wastes of nature as if by enchantment, on the
lovely borders of the Genesee — and with delight, bor-
dering on rapture, hove listened to the sound of the
"church going bells," mingling with the voice of its
many waters, where once we heard the sullen plunge
of the solitary flood, enlivened only by the scream of
the eagle and the yell of the savage.

It was natural, therefore, that anyindicationa offal-
ling ofi' or retrograding, sliould be viewed by a person,
ibiis circumstanced, with feelings of regret. 1 was
conscious that the Genesee Farmer had done much to
promote iheee wonderful improvements; and the past
lis well as the future reputation of the Genesee coun-
try,was essentially dependent on the continuance and
character of its agricultural journal. With these feel-
ings, I could not but regret the determination of Lu-
ther Tucker to remove the Genesee Farmer from the
land of its name and nafimtij, and to merge it into an-
other, some hundreds of miles distant. 1 schooled my
feelings into submission, however, ond became recon-
ciled to the "union" — nay, more, I became a subscri-
ber and advocate of the "Cultivator," and oven felt
an honest opposition to your "Xew Genesee Farmer."

This feeling, however, oro e mostly from a belief
that sometliing like uvfuirnrss had been resorted to
by those concerned in getting up the new poijer. —
This view wns strengthened in my mind by com-
plaints which I frequently heard from others: so that
ou receiving a prospectus from its originalors with a
request to lend them my aid, I, too hastily, determin-
ed to have nothing to do with it, not even to read it. —
1 was led to suppose that it would have but a brief
existence, nnd would serve only to injure the cause of
agriculture. But in this, as in many other things, 1
h»ve btin mistaken; and I am now happily convinced
that both papers may be eminently useful nnil well sns-
( oined. While (he one **nibrflees more of science anil

scientific subjects, suited to the taste of the more edu-
coted and scientific portion of the agricutural commu-
nity, and to "gentlemen farmers;" the other may be
no less useful to another and more numerous class,
equally deserving of attention, and more needing such
assistance — I allude to the practical, working, every
day farmers. Not but that many of these would un-
derstand and profit by scientific research as well as the
others; but that from the mere force of circumstan-
ces, they have less of leisure to attend to the details
connected with scientific experiments, however much
they might desire it. Another important considera-
tion in these limes, is the price — 50 cents a year. —
This certainly places it within the reach of all. One
cent a w-cek saved from tobacco or some other useless
or hurtful indulgence, will cover the whole expense.
1 have no fault to find with the price of the Cultivator
— it is richly worth its cost, and, for one, I v\'ill here-
otier have them both — so say some of my most intelli-
gent neighbors. Let every farmer toko one of them,
and both will be amply sustained, and the country im-
mensely benefitted 1. W. S.
Lockport, March 'iOlh., 1810.

!tl. B. Bateham''s Statcraenti

The commencing of the New Genesee Farmer,
was a matter almost exclusively of my own mana-
ging; and if there is any blame connected with the
affair, 1 am the one on whom it should rest; and con-
sequently I am the proper person to give any explana-
tion concerning it v.liich maybe required.

In order that my conduct may be rightly judged, it
is noces?ary that my motiecs should be understood and
appreciated: and to do this, it is necessary to look at
the circumstances in which I was placed. For 6vc
years, I and a partner, had been proprietors of the
Rochester Seed Store, and during that time had al-
ways been on the most friendly terms with Mr. Tuck-
er. The Genesee Farmer and the Seed Store were
both calculated to promote one object, and oseist-
ed each other. We considered the influence of that
paper indispensable to the success of our business; and
with that influence in our favor, we found it increas-
ing and improving each successive season.

Rather more than a year ago, my partner desired to
remove from town; and I purchased his interest in
the concein, and took the entire control of the Seed
Store. Last Spring, I found a still greater increase of
the business; and I saw plainly that it was necessary
for me to make larger arrangements forobtaiuiug sup-
plies from abroad, i was determined to make the es-
tablishment commensurate with the wants of the com-
munity; and observing the increasing and beneficial
influence of the Genes3e Farmer, I was fully con-
vinced that my arrangements for obtaining supplies
were inadequate to the demand which would exist
this ond succeeding years. Accordingly I resolved on
going to Europe; and after collecting in all the re-
sources at commond, I embarked; and spent sever-
al montbg, and a number of thousand dollars, in trav-
elling, obtaining information, fuming acquaintances
and business arrangements in England and Scotlaitd,
and purchasing a very large supply of such seeds as I
supposed would be wanted here this spring. I return-
ed to New York in the fall, and there procured an ad-
ditional supply of American seeds, so as to be sure to
have my stock complete and adequate to all demands.
Thus I invested, not only a large amount of money,
but credit also, lor the purpose of extending my busi-
ness so ns to meet the increasing wants of the farming
community. It may be judged then, vs'ith what feel-
ings of disappointment and regret I learned, en arri-
ving at Albany, ihot the Genesee Former, on which
my business so much depended, and on which I had
so confidently relied, was to be discontinued, and my
friend Luther Tucker was to remove to Albany. At
first, I could hardly believe the report. On my arrivul
home, I remonstrated with Mr. T. and endeavored to
dissuade him from the arrangement. But be thought
it would be for hig interest to go, and it was too late to
re-consider the matter. I told him he must not ex-
pect that this place would long be without such a pa-
per, os some person would dotibtless commence one,
if he gave it up; and the paper being almost indispen-
sable to the success of my business, I should of eouree
assist it if commenced, although I bad enough business
on band already, and did not want to undertake the
publication myself.

A day or two after this, to my surprise I was shown
a i>rospcctu8 for a " Genesee Farmer, New Series,"
headed by .1. E. Force and N. (ioodsell. The former
I had seen in Mr. Tucker's oflice, but knew nothing
of his character or nbilities- The latter was one whom
I had good reason to believe would use all bis influ-
ence to break down my establishment, in order to
liuild up one of bis own (f have sin'.-c learned thai

he had oidered a supply of seeds from a distance,
lodging that he was going to edit the Genesee Fan'
er, and open a seed store in this place.) I therefo'
saw at once that if this project succedcd, it would
decidedly injurious to me, if not to the public. I wtl
to see Air. Tucker in relation to it. He complain
greatly of Force's conduct in getting out a prospel
tus, and said he should caution the public against it '
an imposition — which he accordingly did, as is v.
known.

After Mr. Tucker had issued his "caution," M
Force came to me, and asked if I would like to cngaj -
in the project with him, either as part proprietor or i '
a compensation; to which I replied, in view of wb '■
Mr. Tucker had said, 1 did not consider that he It '
acted altogether honorably in the matter, and thei*
fore I would have nothing to do wiih it, but would a<
vise him to abandon it. He replied, that Mr. Tuc'
er had misrepresented the affair and had injured hii
and he would not give it up, as ho could get suflicip
hdp without my assistance: and further, that he ':
already engaged an office, ordered type, &c.

A few days after this, I informed Mr. Tucker v
had passed between the and Force. He appco
very indignant on. the subject, and said /le should n'^
have complained if any respectable person had coi '■
menced a new paper in an open and honorable ma ',
ncr, but this afiair was an imjwsition vpon the puU ■^■;.
and he considered it his duty to do all he could too S'
pose it. I explained to him fully my situation, ai
then told him that some of my friends had advised ji
to commence a paper: and I felt much inclined to •
sue a new prospectus, in order to defeat the other.*
He said he had no objcctuM to tliut, as I had a pcrfei
right to do so, if I chose; tho' he was conlident the
would soon regret it: and he did not believe I coi
make the paper sustain itself.

I was now fully convinced that I must either f
this matter into my own hands, or sufi'or my busin
and my credit to be greatly injured. I therefore, ai
consulting my friends on the subject, came to the o
elusion that duty to myself, my friends and the c-
munity, required that I should engage in the en:
prise, provided I saw any prospect of success. 1
friends of ogriculture with whom I conversed, felt c
vinced that the project of J. E. Force was unwor ;
of confidence — would doubtless end in failure, 1 1>
jirove an injury to the cause it professed to advocate

I consulted J. J. Thomas and some others, and foi
that there would be no great difficulty in obtain
Editorial aid and correspondence. In the meantii
Mr. Force had been endeavoring to engage help,
did not appear to succeed. He again applied to i
I told him I could not assist him, but if he would /j
iij> his project cntirclij, 1 would see what I could de
This he declined, in the belief that he coidd still e
ceed: but, learning that I and E. F. Marshall had
termined to issue a new prospectus, he came and ol
ed to abandon his effort, if we would agree to
the expenses of his prospectus and give him a g
salary to mail onr papers. This I refused to do,
he left me. I then learned that he was beginnin;
receive considerable money froni suhscribers in
tant places where he had sent his prospectus. It
of course desirable that they should not be disappo
hd; and as we wished to get the matter out ol
handa, I proposed to him, that if he would hand t
to us all the subscriptions which he might recei\t
his prospectus, we would pay the balance due f
him for engraving, and for printing it; ond we wi
give him the job of mailing our papers at such ci i
pensation as we thou^ut it was worth, or such os ( '
ere were willing to do it for- He finally agrees
this proposition, and a contract was signed nccordin

I have been thus particular in explaining the
rangement with Mr- Force, because it embraces
principal charge which is brought against us.
have been accused of buying out his unjust pm
and forming a secret arrangement with him, by wl
he fhouUl be interested in the new paper. "To this i
reply, ^\iJ\\.tcr never ^are nor agreed to girehim ^*^
f/o//((r,e.xcept whathe should cam by lailhful labor; tt^'t
he has no interest irhaterer in the xVcir ilcncsee Fam ^^^

It has been further intimated, that Mr. Force t .
from Mr. Tucker's ofVK'e a copy of his list of agi ' ''
or subscribers, and that it has been used to promote '"J
circulation of our paper. We have only to say, liujj
we do not believe that he took ony such list, and „ti
are sure that no such thing has been used in any
to benefit the New Genesee Farmer. Our pai *!''
hove only been sent to I'ost Masters, and such trie fc«i!
of the coiise as we happened to know.

Another ground of complaint is, the name of
paper. B\it this also appears to us unreasonaUi
We admit thot the name Genesee Farmer of right!
longed 10 Mr. Tnoker. so .lone as be eliose to e< otHigj

ghtWii

1

li.J^

A N D a A R ]) E N E R S J O U R N A L

o:i

ftl Farmer in the Genesee country. But as the
rM e is strictly local, and confined to a certain tcrri-
n , he could not justly claim an exclusive right to it,
lai ■ he had reniored some hundreds of milceyro7?( that
c ity. In order that we might not appear to build up-
Ill le reputation ol'hie labors, however, v.'C toiicluded
hange the title sufficiently to convince all who
"d see the paper, that it was ecrraething ncic and
■ent from what had hCrtofore been. We there-
ladopted the title " Kac Genesee Farmer," as be-
"le most, if not the enly appropriate one we could
se.

ut there is still another objection brought against
jivhich, although hardly deserving a reply, we find
considerable weight with some. It is intimated
there was some promise or agreement with
nductors of the Cultivator, that there should not
[nother paper established here. It is very proba-
"iBt Mr. Tucker made such n promise on his part,
lihat any other persons did, we think, he will not
lend. It is true, I told him that I should not aid
;)roject of Force and Goodsell: and I believe J. .1.
maa said he would not assist any effort of the kind,
S8 he was convinced that it was honorably conduct-
This is the substance of all the promises which
\> been made on the subject, by those concerned in
Wew Genesee Farmer.

ut I find that I am occupying too much valuable
and cannot reply to all the petty insinuations
;h are thrown out against us. I hope that enough
jeen said to satisfy the minds of all, and set this
r.ei forever at rest. Still, if any of our friends de-
further explanation, I will freely give it, as there
othing concerning it which I am <inwillin» to pub-
if necessary. With regard to iMr. Tucker, 1
! long esteemed him as a friend and fellow laborer,
I deeply regret that a separation of interests should
e any separation of feelings between us; espcci-
while both are engaged in the same honorable call
I am aware that any thing which conflicts with
'e interests is apt to afiect his temper, and therefore
ough I have thought'that Mr. Tucker was doing
njiistice, I am still an.xiou3 to lay aside all animos-
and adopt the motto borrowed by our friend Dr.
th : "Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between
and thee — for we are brethren."

M. B. BATEHAM.

j< ttcr from Niagara— Hints for the Times.

C x)rs Ncio Genesee Fiinner :

■ I ENTLEMEN — I havc received the first three num-
fei of your paper, and have perused them, for the
« t part, with much satisfaction. Be assured, gen-
It en, the effort you are making to re-establish an agri-
Jl aral paper in Western New York, receives the un-
ified approbation of the great portion of the friends
J predecessor. I most sincerely wish you success,
on fail to obtain that patronage necessary to the
aining of your eflijrts, I hope and believe the rea-
may be any other, than that they should be
•orthy of being sustained. And besides, the thou-
Isof farmers who are yet unsupplied with anyagri-
tural paper, and who would be greatly benefitted by
1 8upply,could one tenth part of them be induced to
icribe for the New Genesee Farmer, it would af-
. you a very liberal patronage.
But the hard times," says one; "the unparalled
1 times", says another; "I cannot afford the ex-
seof an agricultural paper," says Mr. W. , and Mr.
says, "we raise so much produce already that the
■ket is overstocked, and we cannot sell it."
Jow this may all be true, and that a part of it is,

re is no question. Hard times — money scarce

duce low, &c., &c. Well, what of all that?

Jl we neglect our farms, because the productions
reof bring but low prices 7 Should we not rather
ve to increase the quantity ? If I wish to raise
hundred dollars from the produce of a certain
le of land, if the price of produce is low, this de-
!ncy of price must be supplied with an increased
iber of bushels. Sly neighbor N. planted, in 1836,

t< acres of potatoes, for market. He obtained 400
hels, and sold them at 50 cents per bushel. The
t year he plants the same number of acres, and oh- I
hied 60!) bushels, but can sell them at only as cents. '
»■ 61:11 he is receiving the .=fimc an!0\;nt of numev !

from the two acres of land as he did when the price
was 50 cents. Not only so; but shall we not consid-
er the great advantages to the consumer ? The poor
laborer when he was obliged to pay 50 cents per bush-
el lor potatoes, $8 per barrel for flour, $8 per hundred
for pork, &c. &c., found very hard times. But now,
when these articles can be obtained for half those pri-
ces, ihe producer complains of hard times.

But I am not quite certain that the evil in this case
is because we raise too much produce. There are un-
doubtedly other causes which have produced the pre-
sent stagnation of business. We have too much, both
at home and abroad. The balance of trade is against
us. The general want of confidence— suspension of
specie payments at the south, and a combination of
circumstances, have produced the present state of the
market.

But farmers should be the last to complain. An
unprecedented course of prosperity has attended our
labors for the last five or six years; and now, when
we have an overflowing abundance; and, forsooth, be-
cause others have a tolerable supply also, we com-
plain ! Oh ingratitude I I And tnoreover, com-
plaining will never remove the evil. We must begin
at the root of the disease. We must learn, as did our fa-
thers in that great struggle to establish our national
independence, to become, m fad and tiuth, Indepen-
dant of foreign nations.

Are your readers aware that all the wheat, corn,
flour, meal, beef, pork, lard, butler, cheese, timber,
and, indeed, every other article exported from the
United States, (except cotton and lobncco,) will not,
by several millions of dollars, pay for the silk goods
which we import for our own use 1 And this foreign
debt against us, although it is at present enormous, is
constantly increasing, and probably will continue to
increase, until the people, by refusing to purchase for-
eign goods, apply the remedy; or until it is applied by
our national legislature, by the establishment of such
a tariff, as shall prevent their introduction, and thus
protect our own manufactures.

But enough of this: I have wandered from my
mark. When I sat down to write you, I intended to
have made the subject of mixed hnsbundry my princi-
pal topic; but I have wandered so much that it is
hardly worth while to embark in that subject on this
occasion. I will only add this request, to wit: just
enquire of your readers whether they have got a good
lot of ruta baga turnips, or mangel wurtztl, for their
sheep during the month of April 7 Do their cows
fare well ? How are the pigs 7 Are the calves kept
in a warm stable, well littered 7 Are the ploughs,
harrows, hoce, forks, roller, chains, &c., all in good
order 7 Is the wood for the coming season (not forget
ting the oven wood) fitted for the convenience of the
cooks 7 If so, very well. Yours truly,

Lockport, March 27, 1840. NIAGARA.

For the JSetc Genesee Farmer.

Fictitons Signatures— Agrlcnltnral Society.

Messrs. Editors — I wish to make a suggestion to
your correspondents, respecting the propriety of affix-
ing their real names and places of residence to their
communications for the New Genesee Farmer.

The writers for such a paper, engaged in similar
pursuits, and laboring for the same cause, naturally
feel a peculiar regard for each other; and it is very
satisfactory to know each others names and places of
abode, even though we may never have the pleasure
of seeing them. We feel like familiar old friends,
and we read each others remarks with a degree of re-
al pleasure, which we cannot, feel when the writer
hides himself behind some fictitious cognomen.

But there are other reasons why writers should not
only give their names and pieces of residence, but al-
so mention the nature of the S'jil they cultivate. Our
csunlry cnibracrss" great a variety of soil and climate,

that, without this information, when a writer gives us
an account of his success in cultivating any crop, we
cannot tell whether his practice is adapted to our cir-
cumstances or not, and the principal value of his com-
munication is lost.

A farmer, located on the rich alluvial soil of Ohio,
or even this state, will adopt a very different practice,
and different views of agriculture, from one located
on dry Oak openings; and both will differ essentially
from hint who cultivates the ordinary loamy soil of
this region.

The communication of X. Y., in yoitr second num-
ber, was worthy of the writer's name. I fully agree
with hini respecting the necessity of fortning an Agri-
cultural Scciety in this county, and beheve the sooner
it is commenced the better. The extreme scarcity of
money will deter many from co-operating at present,
who imagine that money is the main thing required;
but I believe it can succeed, and if my name, with a
reasonable contribution, can assist in the matter, it is
at your service. R. HARMON, Jb.

Wheatland, Monroe co., N. Y., March 1840.

Rcmarlis. — We like the suggestion of our esteem-
ed correspondent respecting signatures; and we hope
our friends will duly consider the subject. At the
same time we can fully appreciate the motives of many
writers in choo»ng "fictitious cognomens." We do
not insiiit on it, but we greatly prefer that our corres-
respondents should give their names and places of resi-
dence in full— especially when writing on practical
agriculture, or giving an account of crops, &c.

In relation the Agricultural Society, we apprehend
that friend Harmon, in common with many others,
has got a mistaken impression respecting our wishes
on this subject. We do not care so much about names
or money, (although these are somewhat necessa-
ry,) but we want to see some aclivn on the subject. —
Let farmers take the matter into their own hands,
and organize a society, and conduct it their own way
for their own benefit. A little effort on the part of
such men as Gen. R. Harmon, Jr., would do more
to set this thing agoing than all we can say or do in its
favor. We only consider ourselves the servants of
the farmers in this matter,and hold ourselves in readi-
ness to obey their orders. Our pajier is only a niedi.
um through which they can communicate with each
other. At the same time wc are willing and anxious
to do all we can consistently to promote the object in
contemplation. — Eds. New Gen. Far.

The Past Fall and Winter in England.

The following is the postcript to a letter which we
received from a friend near London, dated Feb. 10th,
1810.

" We have had agbad season in this country, for the
four or five months past — almost incessant ra.ns, with
the exception of about 11 days of frost, in January. —
Mich of the wheat intended to have been sown could
not be g'ot in, and much that was sown, has been in-
jured or destroyed by the wet. Gardeners' and Seed
Growers' work is much retarded. Floods have been
very frequent, and done great damage in some parts.

'This is the day of the Queen's Marriage, and all is
hustle and confusion in London. Sevvral persons
have been killed in the crowds, although it rained most
freely (as usual)."

Wccopy from the Toronto Patriot the following ex-
tract from a letter, written by Dr. Tnomas Rolph, and
dated London, Feb. 18th.

"Will you say to all the farmers you know, that th«
wet season in England, not only prevented the wheat
from being Sown in the fall in many parte if ibc Uni-
ted Kingdom, but that the long continuance of it has
proved exceedingly destructive to that which has been
sown; and the weather is still so unpropitious, that
ploughing cannot be proceeded with; the lauds are
saturated with water, and the rain still falls. The
Farmers in Upper Canada, I think, should sow as
much spring wheat as possible, as it will be in greft',
demand. '

54

'1' H E NEW (i E N E S E E FARMER,

Vol. U-

Lueerue, or French I'lover.

A correspondent asks for information respecting
Lucerne, particularly whether any experiments have
been made with it in this section of country. We
wish some of our friends would give us information on
this subject; in the mean lime the following selections
afford the beat answer we can give our friend at pre-
sent.

"I have read with great interest the letter of Mr.
John Lowell, in the Monthly Genesee Farmer of No-
vember last, and quite concur with him in his opinion
of the value of Lucerne. My imprestion is that two
or three acres of it used for soiling Cattle, would add
one-third to the produce of a farm of one hundred acres,
both from the greater number of Cntilc that could be
kept on the farm, and the larger tiuantity of manure
that coiUd in consequence be made, so that its iinod ef-
fects would be seen in all the crops. I beg to offer you
the result of my experience in cultivating it hiTc.

The very rapid growth of weeds in this country is a
very great difficulty in the way of the culcivation of
Clover ; so much so, that I have found it impossible to
grow it in drills, as the practice is in England. I sow-
ed three quarters of an acre of it in drills in 18'M ; in
1835 it cost me $53 to weed the crop, yet in X8o7 half
of it was already choked by the growth of grass, clo-
ver,and other herbs. Part of it too was killed in hol-
lows where the water lodged in winter. Seeing the
culture by drills so unsuccessful, I sowed some Lu-
cerne seed broadcast and thickly, in a stjunrc jilot of
sandy loam, in my garden, on the 19th of July, 1836.
In two months after it was sown I pulled out a root,
which then measured iiU inches from the top of the
leaves to the point of the root. In 1837, it was cut on
llie 9th of June, and on the 9th of every subsequent
month to October, growing in each month about 18 in-
ches. It was cut also live times in 1838, and if the
spring had not been so cold, I think it would have
been ht to cut by the middle of May, as it began to
sprout in April, but was choked by the cold ; the tem-
perature having decreased in the latter half of the
month of April. The conclusions which my e.xperi-
cnce seems to afford, are the following : Ist. That
Lucerne should be thickly sown, (Mr. John Lowell
says 20 lbs. to an acre,) upon sand or sandy loam, with
elopes tiuffieient to carry off water, and without hol-
lows in which water can lodge. 2d. That in order
to prevent grass and weeds creeping into the Lucerne,
there should be a border round it of 5, 6, ormore yards
in width, in which should be grown every year, man
gel wurtzel, potatoes, or other roots which require the
soil to be well weeded.

Lucerne would be best, preceeded the previous year
by a crop of potatoes to prepare the land, and as it needs
not be sown till the end of May or early in June, the
land might be ploughed once or twice previous to the
sowing.

Lucerne will grow vigorously on pure sand ; for a
gentleman who has recently resided at Dunkirk in
France, tells me he was surprised to see its great growth
on the pure sands adjoining that town.

I have known Lucerne to continue to grow for six-
teen years in England.

Genesee Fatmtr.

The following Dialogue is from the pen of the au-
thor who furnished those published in our previous
numbers. We take it from the "Cabinet of Agricul-
tural Knowledge."

We are happy to announce that the author of those
interesting dialogues is about to publish them in book
form, revised and enlarged. The book will be a valua-
ble one in every Farmer's family. — Farmers' Cabinet.
Dialogue between a Father and Son-Lucerne.

Frank. — Father, you said you would tell me more
about the Island of Jersey — since then, I have seen
an account of the growth and produce of Lucerne — a
crop which you say grows there — which is truly aston-
ishing. I find that it yields four crops for hay during
the summer, and after that, abundance of feed for
cows and sheep. Is it a species of meadow grass or
clover 1

Father. — It is much like a narrow leaved clover, but
the blossom is very unlike, being of a beautiful blue
color. The growth and produce is, as you sny, truly
astonishing; and having had repeated opportunity to
make myself acquainted with the crop in every stage
of its growth, from its cultivation, I am able to speak
very decidedly to its great superiority over every oth-
er, provided the soil be suitable, and the culture well
attended to. The crops to which I allude were so re-

markably productive, and I had such constant access
to them, that I was induced every evening to enter in-
to a journal, whatever had tranqiired during the day,
worthy of observation; but for this circumstance, it
would be out of my power, at this distance of time,
to speak so decidedly as to their rapid growth and
large yield: I have now, however, an op|iortunity to
quote cluiptcr and terse from this journal, which I will
do, for your information.

The Rev. Mr. T. having a field of an acre and a
quarter, which had been suffered to run to weeds and
bulrushes, determined to clean it, and seed it with Lu-
cerne; he had it therefore trenched with the spade, to
the depth of the staple of the land, which was in some
places very shallow, the substratum being a hard gra-
vel. By this operation, the richest part, or surface
soil, was turned down on the gravel, and the subsoil
was brought to the surface, to be enriched by future
dreasings. The work was done for fifty cents per
perch, of twenty-two feet square, and the seed was
sown broadcast and harrowed in by hand. On the ap-
pearance of the plants, they were not supposed thick
enough to form a crop, but by careful management the
field has produced immense crops, both oi green food
and hay. The journal commences with

KIKLD NO. I.

September \Zth. Mr. P's field of Lucerne, measu-
ring one acre and a quarter, after soiling two horses
and a cow during the whole of the summer, has alrea-
dy given three crops of hay, on that part of the field
which hos not been cut for soiling, to the estimated
quantity of five tons. The fourth crop, now glowing,
mea'iures two feet in height.

Sept. ilst. The fourth crop of Lucerne mown this
day tor hay-

Sept. 'Mth. The hay carried in in excellent condi-
tion: the weather having been dry and hut, the only
preparation requisite was, to turn the crop once; this
crop is equal to any of the preceding cuttings.

Sept. 2Gth. A portion of the field from whence
gravel had been dug, and the part levelled, has always
dried up after producing one crop of hay in the sum-
mer, the substratum being impenetrable; that spot has
this day been covered to the depth of five inches with
fresh earth, preparatory to trenching and re-sowing.

Oct. IStJi. The trenching of the gravelly spot has
been delayed, but the shoots of the Lucerne have pen-
etrated the earth through a space of five inches, and
it is now determined to allow it to remain unlrenched.

A^ov. 2dd. A fifth crop will not come to sufficient
maturity for hay, but there is excellent food for horses
and cattle.

April Sth. The gravellv spot is the best and earliest
part of the field; scarcely an inch in space, without a
vigorous shoot of Lucerne.

3Iu)j Gth. Commenced mowing the crop of Lucerne
for soiling, a remarkably heavy crop, more than two
feet in height.

11th. The first crop mown for hay this day. A
space six feet square, taken as a fair average of the
field, yielded twenty-three pounds in weight as soon
as cut; after one day's exposure it had lost eight
pounds in weight, showing that a gallon of water had
evaporated in twenty-four hours from this small quan-
tity of green food."

23rf. The hay carried in good condition — not in-
jured by five rainy days, the crop lying light, by means
of its large stalks, requiring only careful turning now
and then.

June 26(/(. A second crop mown for hay, measuring
two feet eight inches in height. The weather has
been remarkobly hot and dry, the result has been, a
growth in the crop of two inches in height every
twenty-four hours, the last four days.

Ji'hj nth. The third crop of Lucerne measures
seventeen inches in height; the weather is extremely
hot and dry, all the meadows are parched, and far-
mers are compelled to feed their cattle on hay; the
Lucerne grows away as though it had a shower every
night.

22(A The crop on the gravelly side has again failed;
a first and second crop come earlier and grows more
vigorous on this part of the field than on any other;
but after that, it suffers from a want of depth of soil,
affording a familiar illustration of the parable of the
sower, (Matth. .\ii. olh and Cth verses.^ The seed
which fell on stony ground immediately sprang up
because it had not much depth of earth, and conse-
quently soon felt the influence of the sun, but when
the sun was in full vigor, it was parched, and for
want of nourishment, withered away.

Alls, "ilh The third crop of Lucerne, mown this
day fur hay; a very heavy crop, many of the plants in
lilopsom. From the first to the second inowinsf, one

*Twefve tons, eight fmntlreJ and fifty lbs. per acre.

T.

ad,

an

month aitd fifteen days; from the second to the thirci
cutting, one month and eleven days; and after this ibj
field was rented to a tenant for £30 sterling per an
num.

-.FIELD NO. II.

Sept M. A piece of land was sown this day witj
Lucerne seed of this summer's growth, unaccomps
nied with any crop.

March 20th The Lucerne sown on the Sth of
September, with seed of that summer's growth, ha .,
stood the severity of the winter, and the crop measure
six inches in height this day.

May 4th. Cut the first crop of Lucerne this day
two feet in height.

June lith. A second crop mown this day, equal ti
the first. .

July 14th. The third crop mown this day, twentj
six inches in height.

August 24th. The fourth crop was mown this day
equal to any of the preceding.

Sept. ath. It was on this day last year, that thf i
crop was sown with seed of that suumier's production K-
the fifth crop from which meafiurea a foot in heigh
this day.

FIELD NO. III.

Major T. sowed a field with Lucerne, in May of lot ^
yeaj, unaccompanied with any crop; three heavy crop
weretalien for soiling during the summer, and on th
fourth of May of the present year, it was mown fo ''■
hay, a very heavy croji: thus giving four crops in th ''
space of one year from the time of sowing the seed,

FIELD NO. IV.

Colonel T. has a field of Lucerne, of four acres, i
full vigor; the crop, after cutting, measured three fe» i^
seven inches in length. He mowed a third crop fo^;
hay from this field on the 21st of July.

FIELD NO v.

M. A., Esq., in breaking up an old unproductii
meadow, for the purpose of seeding it with Lucernf
adopted the following mode. In September, the loi
was ploughed to the full depth of the soil, and sowe
with winter tares, or vetches: these were cut for ho
in May, and yielded three tons per acre. The Ion
was immediately ploughed and repeatedly harrowcc
and the weeds were collected and burnt: a plentili
crop of seed weeds soon made their appearance, whit
were ploughed down; the land was again horrowei
and the weeds were again collected and burnt: th
was repeated until the soil was as clean as a gordei
when it had a very thick coat of well rotted stable dun;
which was very carefidly turned in, and Lucerne sei
was sown in September, without any other crop; av
during the next summer it was cut five times, eithi
for soiling or for hay: the fifth crop for soiling wi
commenced cutting on the 25th September.

So far the journal, which needs no comment.

From tlie Zitnutilte Gaitttt.
Lucerne, or French Clover.

Lucerne, sometimes called "French Clover," is
kind of grass, which, in some situations in Europe,
cultivated with great advantage, and has been trie
in some instances with great success in this countn
It is not, strictly speaking, a clorcr, though in som
respects similar. It is perennial — in favorable soili
the roots are said to live and flourish a hundred yean
Its advantages consist in affording a greater amount <
foliage for any kind of stock, than any other plan
according to the expense of producing it. Seven
years since, while residing in the State 'bf Maine, w
made several experiments with Lucerne, which, a
though some of them terminated unfavorably, satii
fied us that the most favorable soil for it is a deep sar
dy loam; and as the alluvial soils on this river are ger
erally of this character, we last spring resolved o
giving it a trial here. We procured from Boston,
small quontity of seed, which was sown on the rive
"bottom," the last week in May. As the soil ha
been badly managed for several years previous, w
had feared that the great growth of weeds would checl
and smother the Lucerne, and to guard agoinst this
and get a chance to extirpate the weeds, we sowc
the seed in drills. This was done very expediiiousl
and exactly, with one of Rugglcs, Nourse, &. Mason'
seed sowers.

In the latter part of the month of July the LucerU'
had reached the height of 18 inches on nn average
and bad considerably blossomed. We cut It and fS'
it green, pardy to hogs and paitly to milch cows—
both ate it voraciously. — In just/o«r weeks from th
time it was cut, it had agoin grown to nearly ihe sani'
he ght as before, and was cut a second time — and th
first of November it was cut a third lime — the cro)
being heavier than either of the preceding. \ piec

.0. 4,

AND GARDEN ER'SJOURN A L.

55

rnmiiiDn red clover [very flourishing] imnieciiatcly
aining, tlie soil precisely similar, did not yield near
'f ns much, in proporiion, as the Lucerne.
We hnve no doubt that it may be cut five times an-
ler year, and will yield at the rale of a ton and a
If of Imy to the acre, at each cutting.

American Silk Good^t'.

At n meeting of the American Silk Society, held
Baltimore, the 19th of Feb., a quantity of Silk
oods were e.\hibited from the establishment of Mr.
app, of Economy, Pa., and Mr. Gill, of Mount
easant, Ohio. The following account of them is ta-
rn from the Journal of the Am. Silk Society :

BUSS RAPV'S SILK GOODS CURING COCOONS.

The editor of this Journal having solicited of Miss
app, of Economy, Pa., the privdege of exhibiting
me specimens of her silk manufactures, he received
bm her a case containing the following articles, viz:
'5 yards black figured dress silk, 12 do. lavender figu-
id dress silk, IJ yards green velvet, IJ yards black
ilvet, 3 yards plain black satin, 12 yards figured satin
jstings, 13 pieces fancy ribands, (165 yards,) 4 pie-
ja of plain ribands, and a raw silk handkerchief. —
'hess goods are all of first rate quality — heavy and
arable. They were exhibited at the public meeting
the American Silk Society on the evening of the
Bth of February, and elicited expressions of surprise
ad astonishment at the progress already made in the
roduction of silk in this country. They furnished
jnclusive evidence of the important fact, that we can
ot only furnish all the raw material, but even the best
lanufactured silks from our own resources, and that
II that is wanting to accomplish the great object is
iflfiision of knowledgo among the people, and for the
eople to say that they icUl do it.

The following are extract^from the letter of Miss
lapp, that accompanied the siUcs. We publish them
■rithout her permission, because it will do the public
uore good than it can ilo her harm. We would re-
ommend attention to the extract on curing cocoons
irith camphor. This is an important and an interest-
ng item of inlbrmation.

EcoNOMV, Pa., February 7, 1840.
3rU)E0N B. Smith, Esij. —

Dear Sir — There is so great a demand for our silks,
hat, after supplying the wants of our society, we
an never manufacture as much as our store couid sell
t the annexed prices. There is, therefore, no neces-
ity to seek a distant market. Notwithstanding this,
ve thought we would send you all we had ready made;
s these specimens (together with those you will prob-
ibly receive from other quarters) may assist you and
/our society a good deal, to conmnce eoenj patriot tUut
Turmcn, and our oina people's hands thevisdrcs can
'rro'liiee and mnnnfaeiurc this so highly beloved arti-
:le of luxury, with which we are so fond to adorn
jurselves, and clad in a garment of which, if thus
obtained, we may justly feel a noble pride, — but,
if Ike product of foreign hands, we have the best
reason in the world to feel great shame, when we
reflect, that by the way of obtaining it, we have
BO much and so unpatriotically contributed to squan-
der our national treasure, burden our country with
an enormous debt, and thereby lay, the sure foun-
dation of ruin and misery. These specimens have
all been maie of silk raised within our society in the
summer of 1^39, (we never wove a thread of purcha-
sed silk.) In strength and durability they will sur-
pass any imported article. The handkerchief of silk
floss, or tow, you will please to accept as a small con-
tribution to your collection of specimens; it is to show
that that part of the cocoon is valuable too.

As you wish me to make any communication which
I consider useful, I will ofler a few remarks:

1. On the curing of cocoons. 2. On the mulberry
tree, the foundation of the whole business.

]. Since we are killing our cocoons with camphor,
we find them as easy to reel, at any time after the reg-
ular season, as when freshly taken from the spinning
shelves. We do it as follows: for 100 lbs. of cocoon^
in the floss, we take a v/ell made box, large enough
to hold them, then we take about 3 oz. of camphor,
which we moisten with as much alcohol aa is ne-
cessary to rub it into a powder, a part of which we
eprinkle on the bottom of the box, then we fill the box
by making 5 or 6 layers of the cocooie, and spread a
proportional part of the ca phor between each of
thera: then we screw on the lid and paste strips of pa-
per on all the splits and joints, to make it air-tight. —
After 3 or 4 days, we take them out and dry them in
the shade until perfectly light. They must be assort-
ed before camphoring, or else the bad cocoons will
Bpoil the good ones.

2. In regard to the mnlberry, I would earnestly re-
commend, especially to the silk growers of tlit nor-
thern and middle states, not to neglect the cultivation
of the white Italian or a similar mulberry as by rais-
ing the nmlticaulis only, the best crops (which are
produced in the fore part of the summer) are lost. —
The multicaulis is a most excellent addition to, but
not a perfect substitute for the other kinds. They
ought to go together. Several years ago we received
among others a kind of mulberry under the double
name of morus l/russa or erpansa, which we now en-
deavor to multi^ (by grafting) as fast as possible, as
it possesses all the excellent qualities of the Italian,
besides having large, heavy, glossy leaves, which are
gathered with less than half the labor required for the
foliage of the white Italian. Such silk growers as
possess this kind, would undoubtedly do well to prop-
gate it as fast as possible with the multicaulis.
ReepectfiUly yours,

Gertrude Rapp,
for George Rapp.

From ttte Native American.
Exhibition of American Manufactured Silks.

We were taken quite by surprise on Tuesday, Feb-
ruary 18, upon entering the Rotunda at the Capitol, to
find a large table spread out with silk velvets, &.c.,
which, upon enquiry, we found to have been made by
Mr. John W. Gill, at Mount Pleasant, Ohio,«during
the past summer. The articles exhibited consisted of
large pieces of silk velvet, Terry velvet, tippet plush,
hat plueh, &c. &c. were all trnly beautiful, and would
not suffer in comparison with the most costly import-
ed silk fabrics. Mr. Gill informed us that he commen-
ced the silk business about a year since; that his vel-
vets were all made from trees produced from the first
year's planting; that a vest he had on was made for
him in thirteen weeks from the day he planted his mul-
ticaulis buds: that he had no difficulty in finding a
market for his goods; indeed some of them were sold
in our presence at six dollars per yard, and, from an
exact calculation made by Mr. Gill, he finds that eve-
ry acre of ground planted by him in mtdticalis buds
last year, has yielded him .f!3.50 net. This little exhibi-
tion, and the facts connected with it, aflii-irded us addi-
tional evidence, that 'silk may be grown in all the Uni-
ted States, not only Pir domestic purposes, but also as
an article of commercial export.'

From the Neic England Farmer.
Report on Beet Sugar Premiums.

The Trustees of the " Mnssachuset'.e Society for
the Promotion of Agriculture," impressed with the
consideration of the important advantages that might
be derived, as well for the benefit of the agricultural as
of the manufacturing interests of the country ; and
being also aware that the attention of many eminent
men in several foreign countries has been zealously de-
voted to this subject, whereby great improvement in
the production of the beet and the manufacture of su-
gar therefrom, was in progression; were thereby induc-
ed in their proposals of premiums the last year to offer
as follows, viz :

" To the person, persons, or corporation who shall
raise the greatest quantity of sugai- beets by the acre,
not less than two acres, %vhich shall be manufactured
into sugar in the year 18.39, giving a particular account
of the soil and the manner of sowing, cultivating and
gathering the beets, a premium of One Hundred Dol-
lars."

This premium was not claimed, although the prin-
cipal objects aimed at by the Trustees, viz : the soil
best suited, the manner of cultivation and ingathering
of the beets, are fully made to appear in the applica-
tion made for the next proposed premium, having re-
lation to the same subject, which was aa follows, viz :

"To the person, persons, or corporation who shall
manufacture from the sugar beet, (denominated Siles-
ian white beet,) sugar iiTthe greatest quantity and of
the best quality, in the year 18.39, giving n full and
particular account of the process of manufacturing it.
One Hundred Dollars."

For this premium there was only one claim prefer-
red, which was from the Northampton Beet Sugar
Company, by their agent, David Lee Child, Esq.,
wlio presented two several samples of common brown
sugar of the usual flavor of such low priced commod-
ity. An excellent samjilc also of loaf sugar, a very
bright color, well grained and crystalized, and no wise
inferior in appearance to the best loaf sugar manufac-
tured from the cane. The sugar of each quality was
carefully examined by the committee. It was also in-
spected as made u*e of in different articles of confec-
tionary, by one well eenversant intheart(Mr. Duioy,)
who commended each sample, considering it as fully
equal to e»gar of the like quality from the cane.

Tliere were also two samples of molasses, one of
which appeared to be of good flavor and quality, and
it was thought well suited for those purposes to which
this well known article is applied for domestic use or
for the Bakery.

The article of second quality may be used for the
d'siiUery, or for various gross purposes, as well as in
aid ol the vinegar cask. Its properties are also thought
well of as nutritive for animals.

The whole process of sowing, cultivating, ingath-
ering, and preserving the Silesian white beet,coneider
cd as the most replete with saccharine matter, and of
course most suitable for manufacture, with remarks on
the soil best suited for production, and a full and par-
ticular account of the whole course of the manufac-
turing the beet sugar through its several processes,
arc very minutely set forth in a pamphlet of 150 pages.
This work of careful research, the committee are led
to expect, will hereafter be so far abridged as to diffusa
a more general knowledge than might otherwise be
had.

For the several wished-for objects thus brought into
notice, the community are indebted to the praisworthy
enterprise of the Northampton Beet Sugar Company,
and the assiduous application and zeal of their agent,
Mr. Child.

The measures thus taken in this establishment may,
it is hoped, lead to a course of experiment and im-
provement which may, if persevered in, lead to their
benefit as well as that of the public.

The Northampton Beet Sugar Company, having
produced through their agent, Mr. Child, the requi-
site certificates as to the quantity and quality of beet
sugar manufactured by them, and the same having been
carefully examined and found to be severally of good
quality, as herein represented, and having, also, sub-
mitted a full and particular account of the whole pro-
cess of the manufacture, the committee were induced
to report that they are entitled to the premium of one
hundred dollars.

It may be considered, perhaps, incumbent on the
committee, in closing this report, to state some facta
which the treatise furnished in concexion with this
subject, will if referred to, more fully show.

'The cost of the brown sugar as manufactured ap-
pears to be from 5 to 6 cents per pound. In France,
where nearly one hundred millions of pounds are said
to be annually manufactured, being about three pounds
to a person, labor, generally, much lower, and a great
partof itis performed by women and children; it is
done, too, at a rate less than half what is paid here. —
This, as far as labor is included in the calculation,
would add essentially to the cost of the sugar. Thero
are, however, circumstances which are reasoned upon
in this communication, which go far to counteract
these disadvantages, viz : the cheapness of fuel, rent,
buildings, &c.

The value of the pulp, too, or residuum of the beet
may be of great advantage, if well distributed, in the
fatting of cattle, swine, &c. _

There is, in conclusion, one important object to be
hoped for from the great efforts which are making in
Europe as well as In this country, that the research and
experiments now in exercise, may conduce to a more
simple process, by which the manufacture of beet su-
gar may be availed of by domestic industry. This is
by many winfidently anticipated.

It is, however,.much to be regretted, that this de-
sired object has, in this respect, thus far, wholly foiled.

All of which is submitted in behalf of the Com-
mittee. JOHN WELLES, Chairman.

Boston, 1839.

Mr. David L. Child's work on Beet Sugar has
been published in Boston. The Massachusetts Agri-
cultural Society have awarded him .flOO for his suc-
cessful experiments in this town. We have not had
time carefully to examine the work, but one item of
importance is dcducible from his publication. In
France, 100,000,000 pounds of Beet Sugar are made
annually, 0,000 acres of land devoted to raising Beds,
and the fixed and floating capital engaged is $28,000,-
000. Contrasting with this, the Cane Sugar made in
the United States reaches only 60,000,000 pounds an-
nually, 15,000 acres are cultivated with Sugar Cane,
and the fixed capital employed, reaches 45,000,000 I
We learn a company ie organized and funds subscri-
bed in Boston to carry on the manufacture ol Beet
Sugar. — Xortha7npton CMa/s.J Cour.

Those who suffer their own grounds to be seeded
with weeds permit thieves to be partakers of their
substance.

A Western Lady. — Mrs. Stump.on White's creek,
Tennesee, has manufactured a beautiful shawl from
ilk, grown in her own garden.

•A)

i i i i. -\ L vV o L -\ t:. ,s ii i:: i- A k Ai E li

\ oL. I

APRIL, \fiiD.

Editorial Arrangements.

Some (if our correspomlents and pergonal fricmls wish in
formation respecting our editorial arranpenients — we there-
fore state as fultows : —

M. B. Batkham resides at Hociiester, and is tlic pultlish-
ing Editor. He receives all letters and communications, re
viscfl some fur publication, raaltcs selections, assists in cor-
recting, &c. lie writes short notices and other matters
which will hereafter have no marii or signature.

J. J. Thomas resides in Macedon, Wayne county. He
examines and revises, or rcmar]tson,sucti communications as
are Rent out to iiini, makes sc!e:tions, and writes Hints for
the Montlis, and otiicr seasonable articles, wlitch \vill liere-
nf;er be rnarj^cd tfiua, *

Uavid Tho.mas resides near Aurora, Cayuga county. He
will write on Horticulture, Floriculture, and the -Natural
Bcicnces, answer Inquiries, &c. His articles will l.'C signed
T. or marke.l thua, f

Other gentlemen may occasionally contribute Editoral ar-
ticles; thsac will liavc various marks.

To Corre-spondents.

AVe are constrained to offer renewed acknowledgements
for the vuluaide assisiance we liavc received. Cvery sucees-
flivc nurn'er of the Farmer adds new, and liighly respecta-
ble names to our list of corresponilents; and the consequent
increasing interest of the paper must afford great satis-
faction to our readers.

Several valuable communications arc omitted for want of
room; and others were received loo lale for this number,
ehall appear ncxtiiionth. We have received several, on tlie
■Winter .Alannirenieut of rljtock, dec. ; but as we liave already
published considerable on this subject, and as our space is
ne'-e^sarily limited, wv hope our correpondents will excuse
Ob f"r deferring those at prercnt.

(iaidcnev's Work for April.

Wc had prepaix'd 6omc dircetiona for pcrl'onning
the principal operations in the garden this month, but
our eoluninslmd nliendy become so full that wc have
only room lor a few brief hints. The tvenlber in this
euction is usually chnnijeablo, and frequently wet and
cold durinu' this month; so that seeds and plants put
into the open ground vcr-y early, are often destroyed.
It is not advisable to bow or i)lanl many, except the
most hardy kinds of vegetables, and such as are want-
ed for early us?, until the weather has become fine
and settled, and the ground a little warm.

Teas, I'arsnips, Lettuce and Salsify, are very hardy
plants, and will not suffer from a little wet or cold —
BOW them ns early as possible. Sow some Marrowfat
Feaa at ibe same time as the smaller earlier kinds, and
they will come into use in succession.

Plant Onion sets as early as possible — sow the seed
about the last of the morah. Beets and Carrots lor
summer use should be sown now, but those for winter
will be better if sown later. Peppergrass, Parsley
and Endive, should be sown this month.

Cabbage, Cnulillowcr, Broccoli, Celery and Toma-
in, if not sown on a hot-bed, as directed, may be sown
this month, on a warm border of fine earth, where
they can be protected by a mat in severe weather and
frosty nights.

Beans, Corn, Cucumbers, Melons, Squashes, &c.,
wdl not bear fr-'Sl, and shotild not be planted till ne.\t
month. (Some of these seeds will invariably rot, if
the weather be cold and wet.)

Radishes and Turnips are hardy plants, but need
to grow rapidly in order to be good; and therefore
should not be sown till warm weather.

Flower stcds may be sc)wn the latter part of the
month, if the ground is dry and the weather warm. —
The foUowmg remarks on this subject, are by one
whose experience and success in the culture of fiow-
ers, entitles him to much deference:

Sowing or Plantins; FloAVer Secd.s,

For large seeds like the Bean or the Pea, a coarse
eoi! is well adapted, as they can force their way to the
surface from any moderate depth; but small seeds re-
quire difi'crenl treatment; and we lay it down as a
iifo rule, the finer the seed, the finer should be the
eoil.

How iiaea Nalurc, exemplifying Supreme Wisdom,
BOW her more delicate seeds ? She scatters them on
the shady ground, trusting to the rain or the fropt to
(Mver them, (of course slightly,) and they gcrminnte
bef tre the sun has acquired power enough to Hcoreh
them. The dua-ldte seeds of the Orchis and ('ypri-
pf^flium sometimes grr.vw in beds of damp niofs.

Common gtrdtn loam, whether clayey or sandy, is
much impro'-'sd by n dressing of v<"gclab!« earth fp'ni

tue wooas, wen inixea oeiore pinntmg. It prepared
in the preceding autumn, and pulverized by the frost,
all the bettor.

Such a soil ia farorahlc to seeds of almost any kind,
but essentuU to the finer and more delicate sorts. The
preparation of the soil alone, however, is not enough.
Fine seeds may be smothered if covered more than
from one-eighth to half an inch deep: and iheir short
roots may be parched if exposed to the sun except in
morning and evening. To a Jinc soil, therefore, wc
must add the protection of shade, aiwl in time of
diought, a regular supply of moisture. Tf the seeds
are sown in an open border, a sprinkling of water in
the evenings is best, but carefully abstain from apply-
ing so much as will bake the ground.

In gardens of considerable extent, wlien new seeds
are to be sown, and nothing is known in regard to
their germination, it would be prudent to try them in
difiercnl soils and situations. We have succeeded in
one spot and failed in all the rest.

It is generally safer to plant or sow when the dan-
ger from severe frost is over. Deposit the seeds in
shallow drills made by pressing down the edge of a
board on the loose siil, and cover by sprinkling the
earth over them. Drills have two advantages: we can
better determine how deep the seeds are covered, and
we know where to look for the young plants, as we
watch for their appearance from day to day.

IVlarkiniielicks, or labels, are conveniently made
from shingles, and may be made one inch wide and
a foot long, with one end sharpened, more easily to
penetrate the ground. For amuiah, nothing more is
wanted than to moisten the part to be written on, and
draw it across a dusty sleeve. The fine grit tiius im-
parted will wear off the black lead as the pencil passes
over, and it will be legible for the season at least. —
But where the mark is wanted for two or more years,
the stick should be painted, and then the letters will
be durable.

Some plants are coarse feeders, and do best when
well supplied with manure from the stable. Of this
kind is the beautiful Cypress Vine, so rei. at' itle fo-
the delicacy of its leaves, and the brightness of itu
flowers. T.

The First Flowers of Spring.

0.\ THE 20th. of L.IST MO.NTH. (MARCH.)

The snow drops are early risers — in the season; and
for more than a fortnight have hung out their white
bells over the cold or frozen ground. Closely follow
ing in the order of time, is the Winter Aconite with
its tuft of green leaves and yellow bloom; and next the
little Crocus (cloth of gold) just peeping above the
soil. It is of a deeper yellow than the Aconite, and
on the outside it is striped with dark purple.

A few days more of this fickle season pass away,
and the Scotch Crocus appears. Its fine ichite cvp is
alsi striped on the outside with purple: and soon after
the large yellow Crocks opens. To this succeeds the
Siberian Squill, just raising its beautiful blue above
the earth.

Again the garden is whitened with snow, which
melts in the morning beam, and the purple Crocus
striped with white, the large rich blue-purple, and the
purcwhite Crocus, stand together iii colors beatifully
contrasted, while the rosy corols of the Bulbo-codium
increase the variety. But we will not go in advance
of the season.

The pleasure of viewing those stars of the earth —
the first flowetB of the spring, — iea rich reward for
cultivating them, and truly they belong to a class
"that asks but little room." A bed, three feet wide,
and twelve or fifteen feet long, would exhibit them in
masses, nearly all at the same time, from which no
well balanced inind, no correct taste, and no well-or-
ganir.cd vision, can turn away with indifTeionce. t

Sprint; Rye.

Wc are linppy to say there is not mtvlt really poor
land in this section ; but if any of our readers should
happen to have a piece " too poor to grow beans," we
would advise them to try Spring Rye. The seed can
be obtained at the Seed Store, of a quality superior to
many samples of the \Vinter variety. It should be
sown ns early as the ground will readily admit (p-ay
the middle of April or before); and at the rate of o
pecks of seed to the acre. The produce will depend
on the quality of the soil — but 20 bushels per acre
may be railed an Bvcrn!.'c crop on |ioor land.

Grass Peas.

These peas we believe will be found vtduable to
farmers, as soon as their proper use is understood. —
They are not liable to be injured by bugs or mildew;
and the straw being fine and sweet, it makes excellent
fodder for sheep or cattle, whether fed in a green or a
dry state. A good way to use them, is to mow them
as soon as the peas begin to ripen, and before the straw
is dead, and after curing like clover, put them into a
Mow or Stack, and feeil them out wiihont threshing,
to Sheep and Cattle in Winter. They will eat them
readily, and the grain being in the straw, it makes
very wholesome and nutritious food.

These pens are small and hard, and grow so crowd-
ed in the pods as to flatten the groin aitd give ita pecu-
liar nppeorance. The plants tiller very freely, and
one bushel seed is sufficient for an acre. Sow early in
the Spring — and the crop will comeofl' in season, and
leave the land in good order for wheat.

Planting Early Potatoes.

A soil is rendered warmer by a fresh dressing of
stnl'le manure; and also more loose for the roots to
spreatllthrnugb, &. the potatoes toexpandin. This iaof
great necnunt in obtaining them early. There is an-
other thing, however, of great moment. Full-sized
potatoes should be selected for planting; and of these,
only three or four of the most prominent eyes should
be jiermitted to grow, the rest to be carefully cut out
or destroyed. Thie precaution will hasten the growth
of the stems, by turning all the nutriment of the tu-
ber into them, and by preventing its being wasted on
the feebler shoots.

Two or three years ago, we obtained a rare sort of
potatoes; and desirous to make the most of them, we
cut each of them into several pieces, and planted them
in rows without having assorted them. The result
was a great inequality in their growths. Some were
six incheshigh before others appeared, especially those
that were from buds near the stem end of the potatoe;
" H the prospect wa3 rather discreditable to the gor-
iffner. But this was not all: there was quite as much
ditierence in the time of their producing potatoes.

In a light rich soil, not much infested by weeds, we
have had the hills made at the time of planting; but
the hilling can be done afterwards if care be taken not
to cut or disturb the roots when the young potatoes
are forming. It shotild be remembered, however, that
this plant, though impatient of stagnant water, re-
quires much moisture to mature a good crop; and as
its leaves turn off the rain from the base of the stems,
the hills sh-'uld be made disliing, that is, hollow in
the middle, in order to collect the rain and turn it in-
wards.

Now who will have the first mess of early potatoes?
It is always a fine treat; but to have them, we must
have the earliest sorts as well as horticuliural skill. •

Seed Store .\gencies.

The Agents for the Rochester Seed Store, (as mentioned
on our last page,) are now all supplied with fine assortments
of Garden, Field, and Flower Seeds. The Garden Seeds are
put up in small papers, and the Field Seeds in packages, by
weight or measure. Any Seeds which they may not have
on hand, may be ordered, through tiiem. from the Rochester
Seed Store. The proprietor pledges his reputation, and that
of his establishnienT, for the good quality of the seeds fur-
nished by liim this season. Seed Catalogues, and back num-
bers of tile \ew Genesee Farmer may be had of the agents.

Agents and Correspondenia for this paper, who wish to ob-
tain rare seeds for trial, (gratis,) will please inform the pro-
prietor of the ScedStorein what way they can be sent; and
name what particular kind would be preferred. Or whether
Grain, Grass, Vegetable, or P'lower Seeds, would be most
accceplable.

M. B. BATEHA.M.

Seed Store Correspondence,

The subscriber is always willing to communicate informa-
tion to all those who desire it by letter, (except those who
tax him with postage,) but at this season of the year he re-
ceives siK-h a multitaite of letters of inquiry, (beaides or-
ders,) that it is sometimes impossible for Itint to bestow that
immediate and particular attention which is desired ; and hiu
answers may sometimes be rather too brief to give satisfac-
tion, or too' abrupt to appear courteous. Notwithstanding
he has good assistance, lie is often compelled to burn the
mnlvighl ml in writing letters; and he legs, therefore,
Ihtit liis friends will not attribute a little delay, or a short re-
plv, to any want of.tttenlion or courtesy on his part.

Information which is often asked of him by letter, is pub-
lished in the New Ciencsee Farmer, and therefore persons may
recei\'e a jiapcr when they expect a tetter. l( any man can-
not .-ilVord to pay fifty cents a year for the information which
this paper contains, I cannot nflbrd to write letters for his
especial benefit.

IVrsona sending Newspapers to the SuliHcrier, are re-
quested to address ihem to the ".\ew f:eiie.>.ee Fi.rmer," aa
be then receives them free of postriire. He is always tliank-
ful for papers conlaiitiiic any uu't'ers of interes' to him or
the agricultural community. ' I\I. B. BATEHAi\T.

Correction. — (_>ii page .^1, (ibis number,) ^it. coUiinn, at tbc
brad of the article on the culture of Bufh Cranl-errie-:, Va-
'urrnun :hnul I read yxlv^nvm.

I

Mo.

A N J) GAR JJ t: S E K ' S J O IJ R N A L

57

THE liOCKIil^' IMTEBiT PliOUGH.

The Plough rpprcsentcd obovc, is mnnufactiircd in iliia city, by A. J. Langwortht, who informs lie that
he demand has been eo great for them heretofore, that he could not posBibly supply it; and be has now made
irrangements for building Tiro Thousund. They have been known in this section only two years; but are
ilready in use by many of the beet practical farmers in this county, all of whom, wc believe, give them a de-
:ided approval. The ploughs are well made, strong, and handsome; and, from their peculiar form, they are
aid to run much easier than any other kind; while, at the same time, they do as much work, and do it ae
irell, whether in sward land or any other.

Mr. L. also po6se^?see the right, and manufactures "Tf'//;rtng''s Prairie P/oJ'g/i," which has not yet been
Buch used here, but has obtained great celebrity in some parts of the country. It is not only calculated for
lairie or sward land, but is well adapted to all ordinary soils.

Both kinds may be examined at the Rochester Agricultural Repository and Seed Store, where they are kept

r Sale. Price, $9 each.

ARiVOIiD'S HORSE POWEIt MACHINE.

This Machine was somewhat prematurely brought before the public Inst year; and, owing to the ill adapla-
lon of the Thrasher, and some other defects in the Machhinc, it did not fully meet the expectations of the
-irchaoers. VVe are happy, however, to state that we believe these diificulties now to be entirely removed,
nd that the Horse Power and Thrashers, as now constructed by Mr. Arnolu, will be found superior to all

"ler machines for the purpose — give general satirfaction to purchasers, and prove of great benefit to the far-
ling community.

Farmers have long felt the need of some machine like this, which, while it is not very expensive, will do
IC work well and with sufficient expedition; is light and portable, occupies but little space, and can be used
I any barn; and by means of which the farmer can thrash his grain whenever itsin'ts his own convenience,
without being dependenton his neighbors for extra men or horses. We therefore take pleasure in recommen-
ing Arnold's Horse Power to the attention of all who feel that such n machine is a desideratum; and wc
sk them to give his advertisement a candid perusal. f.S'cc Inst page.)

For the New Genespe Farmer.
IMerchant's Com Planter— ("Baldwin's.")

Messrs. Editors — In the notice of a Corn Planter
I your first No. of^the New Genesee Farmer, there

an error in the name, which we w.sh to correct. —
fhe machine was invented and patented by N. R. &
I, G. Merchant; we have now sold the right to Al-
'ed Baldwin, but the machine should retain the name
f the Patentees.

Comnninicatione to be addressed to Alfred Baldwin,
lUilford, Chenango Co., N. Y.
Wlford, March 0, 1840. N. R. & O. G. Merchant.
\> tlu Editors of the New Genesee Farmer —

Accompanying a sketch and notice of a Corn Plant-
: (invented by N. R. & O. G. Merchant, of Guil-
»rd, N. Y.) in the "iret No. of the New Genesee Far-
ter, is a request that those who have used it would
ITC some account of its operation. I take pleasure in
ating that I have frequently examined it, and have
»n it in operation, and am fully satisfied that it is one
F -the greatest labor-saving' machines that has been
resented to the farmer. Its construction for durabil-
f, and Bccuracy in p'.rtoruiiiig; the work, is not ex-

celled by any thing that I have seen. Itdrops regu-
larly, at !), 12, 18, 24 and 36 inches distance, at any
required depth, or any quantity at a time.

Yours, Respectfully, Alpheus Joh.nso.n.

We have seen the operation of Merchant's Corn
Planter, and fully concur in the above recommenda-
tion. Wm. W. Cable,

Guilford, Marrk 11, 1840. Lewis H. Nash.

Rejiarrs — Since writing our former description
great improvements have been made in the construe
tion of this machine, and it is now made in a very per^
feet and durable manner. We think it will be found
well adapted to the purpose designed. It is intended
principally for planting corn, but will plant most oth
er kinds of seeds with facility. The only important
objection which we can discover, is the price: stdl
any t'nrmcr whc has much corn to plant, or any two
or three firmcrs together, may save much more than
the cost of the machine, by a few days' use of ii.

Mr. Baldwin has left several of the improved n:a-
cbincent the Rochester Aeiicu'tural Repository, where
vhcy can he cxnuiincd. The price i.* §'-'it.

Beet Sugar— Inqnirj'.

In the year 1838, Joseph Hurd, Jr., of Boston, ob-
tained a patent for making sugar from beets. In his
specification, ho says, "what I claim as my invention,
is the preparing of the beets by exposing them in thin
slices to the action of frost, after which they may be
directly thawed and submi'ted to pressure; or they
may be dried by a current of cold air, and" at any con-
venient time steeped in pure water, which will extract
the sugar.

In another part of the specification he snys the thick-
ness of the slices should not exceed the eighth of an
inch; and that the slicing should he done in a freezing
temperature. "This /ceci/ng' is an essential point in
my process; this, together with the dispensing leitk
thr.vse of lime, and the piodiicivg of sugar withovt
molasses, — may be denominated its-characteristic fea-
tures."

Now what I wish to learn is, whether this plan has
been brought into successful operation 1 X.

Another Inquiry.

Messrs. Editors — Will you or any of your corres-
pondents informs us how to make Beet Sugar to the
best advantage, on a small scale for family use 1 I
tried a small experiment in the business last fall, but
did not succeed. I made molasses very readily, but
how to get it into sugar, I could not devise. It seem-
ed to require some peculiar process to make it ehrysta-
lize; and if you can inform me what that process is, I
will try it again next fnll. L. L.

KcmarL'S. — We could furnish L. L. with a partial
answer to his inquiry, but as he is not in a hurry, we
will defer it for the present, and request some of our
friends, who can speak from ciperience, to favor us
with an answer.

Descriptive list of Beets, Mangel Wurtzel, &c.

The beet family is one of great ond increasing im-
portance to both farmers and gardeners in this country.
The following list contains some new and valua-
ble kinds, not heretofore known in this section, the
seeds of which have been obtained at a great expenec,
by the proprietor of the Rochester Seed Store.
Field Beets,

Red Mangel Wurticl. — This beet is too well known
to need any description. It is much cultivated for
feeding stock, and is found to be a very productive
and valuable crop. The roots are large, long, and
grow much above ground; are of a reddish color, tome-
times clouded with white. The flesh is firm, sweet,
and juicy, but rather coarse and unfit for table use ex-
cept when young. They are of quicker growth than
many of the garden beets, and are excel 'ent for the
table early in summer. The father of the writer
sold large quantities of them in this city, as early btets,
twelve years ago, when the name of mangel iciirtzcl
was as little known here as mortis 77111 Itieau lis.

The TurTiip-rooled Mangel WuTtzclU a new varie-
ty, cultivated to a small extent in England, but not as
productive as the preceding, and not thought to be
worth introducing.

YclloiD Mangel Wurtzel. — This is an improved va-
riety of the yellow sugar beet, found in cultivation
near London. The roots are longer, larger, and grow
more above ground than the sugar beets, and are bet-
ter shaped, of fine texture, sweeter end more nutri-
tious than the common mangel wurtzel. They do not
grow as large, but they will bear planting thicker, end
probably produce as much per acre, as the red variety

Whiie and Yellow Sugar Beets. — These two vari
eties are very much alike in all respects except color.
They have been found to contain more saccharine
matter than the other largo kinds, and consequently
arc most cultivated for muking sugar. The yellow
was formerly most catceioed I'or this purpose, b\U cf
late the white variety has been most used The diflcr-
ence, however, is admitted to be very email. Tho
sugar beets are by many farmers preferred to the man
gef wurtzel, fir feeding stock; as they are thjttgbt to
be sweeter and more nutri'-ious, and equally produc
tivc if rit;hily plnnled. A good tupply of i/iiported
seed is OH hind.

58

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol 1.

(iardfu IK'Cbi.

Common Long Mood. — This variety is most com-
monly cultivated and well known. When true and
perfect, the roots are of good size, long, smooth, and
of a uniform dark red color outside and within. —
From some causes, however, not well understood, it is
very opt to degenerate, and lose its t:uo form and color,
even when great rains are taken in the selection of
roots for seed. So that it is extremely difficult to ob-
tain seed of perfect quality.

lA>na Dark Blood. — This beautiful variety was first
seen by the subscriber in the London market, last Sep-
tember. It is there suld principally for garnishing dish-
es of meat. &c., on the tabic, on account of its rich
deep color. The roots are not quite as large or as
long as the comnnn long blood: but the lleah is finer
and of a mnch deeper color. The tops and lenves nre
mall, and of uniform deep red color. A good supply
of the seed was obtained, and it is believed it will prove
a valuable acquisition to our gardens.

Superb Dark Blood. — This seed was obtained at
the Highland Society's .Agricultural Museum and
Seed Store, Edinburgh. It is said to be still darker
than the preceding; roots and tops rather smaller.

Enrhj Bnssano Beet. — This is an entirely new vari-
ety, the seed of which is from the same source as the
last. The roots are round or turnip-shaped; of a bright
red color outside, and pure while within; fleeli fine,
sweet and tender. It is of q\iick growth, and will
probably be found a very superior early beet.

EnrUj Blood Turnip. — This variety is pretty well
kinwn in this section, aiul generally esteemed for ear-
ly tabic use, The roots are short and round, of fin'?
texture and deep blood color. Unlike most of the ear-
ly bests, this variety is not apt to become hard or
sticky, but is equally good for late or early use.

Eiirhj Long lied. — This is a very handsome and
good early beet, well calculated for market gardeners.
The roots are large, long, and of a bright red color,
but arc apt to be:ome coarse and hard when old or
overgrown.

Early lied Scarcitij — Similar to the preceding; but
rather earlier, and not quite so long and handsome.

Earhj While Scarcity. — Like the while sugar, but
more early, rniher smaller, and of finer texture — ex-
cellent for greens and early use.

I>!irge White Green Top Carrot.

This is a new variety of the Carrot, recently intro-
duced (rom France. The roots are large, smooth, and
white, exce|)ting the up|)er part, which stands out of
tho ground, and is green. I first saw them at the
Horticultural Exhibition at Canterbury, (Eng. ) where
a premium was awarded them. Mr. C. N. Bemcnt
exhibited half a dozen of these carrots at the Albany
Horticultural Fair, Inst fall, where a preinium was
awarded them. They are said to be sweet and good
for the table, and they will probably prove a valuable
kind for stock.

Long Altriiisrham Carrot.

When genuine, this is a largo handsome carrot, and
in England is commonly considered the moat profitable
kind. The roots arc of a finer texture than the
orange variety, and have a smaller heart. The upper
part of the roots grow above the surface of the ground,
and are of a greenish color. This variety is very apt
to sport and degenerate, so that it is difficult to ob-
tain it genuine, even when care is taken to lelect the
roots for seed.

New Species of Birds and Quadrupeds.

Many of our readers will recollect the notices
which appeared from time to time in the Genesee
Farmer, relative to the enterprising young naturalist,
John I(. Ti>inn..tcnd, who went in company with
Professor Nullall up tho Missouri, and across the
Rocky M>unlain9 to the Western Coast, visiting the

Sandwich Islands on their way home. He has since
published a volume of Travels, but the number of co-
pies printed was too limited to supply the demand,
and we have failed to procure one. A letter written
about lw6 years ago by one of his friends, however,
mmediately after a visit to this distinguished traveller,
is now lying before us, from vshich we learn the fol-
lowing particulars: —

"I saw two Condors which he had killed and (k'U-
ncd — they are male and t'enmle. The male meiAires
twelve feel" across the wingo — the other nine feeu —
Except a young one, these are the first specimens bro't
to this country. 1 also saw some fine wolf skins of a
new species, and various other (juadrupcds. He discov-
ered about t/tirty new species of birds on the Western
Con.-il and on the islarids. Twelve of these have been
figured by Audubon in his splendid work on Ornithol-
ogy, but the descriptions were written by J. K. T.,
wlio has forwarded twelve more new species.

"Near Fort William, on a branch of the Columbia
river, he saw a inummy, and her preservation was
complete, although she had been suspended on a large
tree for twenty years iti a canoe.

*'Among--it a great variety of accoutrements and
uttneils, I saw a splendid dress of bird-skins and fea-
thers, beautiful stone pipes carved out ot a kind of
slate, and a stone adze thjt would cut the hardest oak
with expedition. — But there is not room in a letter to
give even an idea of his curiosities, natural and arti-
fiicial." t

*Ue.-!iiiareIiJiin gave tiie wings of the Condor a streidi of

eigh'cen feell

Betardiiig the bloom of Fruit Trees.

Apricot and peach trees tmm more frequently render-
ed unl'ruitful by the buds starting to grow early in win-
ter, and then perishing by the intense cold that fallows.
We had a remarkable instance of the truth of this re-
mark, a lew years agi. About mid- winter, a thaw
came on, and continued several days, with so high a
temperature, that most of the buds swelled, except a
few near the tops of the trees, which were more re-
mote from the reflected heat, and the buds on some of
the low branches which were enveloped in snow-drifts.
In regard to the latter more especially, the appearance
in summer was very singular, for those limbs were
loadoJ with fruit, while there was very little on other
parts of the tree.

But whether the winter or the spring be most fatal
to the buds, it has been considered by some gardeners
a good application of labor to cover uj) the snow round
the tre:e with straw, or litter from the birn-yard, in
order to chill and retard the ascent of the sap; and on
sandy soils we have had strong testimony in favor of
it efficacy. It bas been suggested, however, that too
much credit has been allowed to these exi)crimenl8,
and, as a proof, it is stated that a rose standing on the
outside of a Green House, had a stem that bloomed
ini the inside while its roots were exposed to the froat
and snow of winter. From this circumstance it has
been argued that peach buds would start in warm air
if the roots were cased in ice.

The following fact, however, bears the other way:
A year ago one of our apple trees had several cords of
wood piled round it, on end, and the pile remained
there until the spring was past. The consequence
was that the tree was a full fortnight later in coming
into bloom. |

Itliscellaueous Items.

Economy is generally despised as a low virtue, tend-
ing to make people ungenerous and srljlsh. This is
Irac of avarice ; Imt it is not so of economy. — L. M.

ClIlLI).

Black-lead for Stoves. — Mix powder of black-lead
with a little common gin, or the dregs of red Port
wine, [would not pure alcohol be better?] and lay it
on the stove with a piece of linen rag; then with a
clean, dry, and close, but not hard brush, dipped in
dry black-lead powder, rub it to a beautiful brightncPS.
This will bo found to ju'oduce a much finer and richer
varnish on tho cast iron, than either boilinj the black-

lead with small beer and soap, or mixing it with white
of an egg, &c., which ore the methods commonly
practised. — Domestic Encyclopedia.

Indian Cake.— ^Johnny Cake.'\ — One quart of sifted
meal, two great spoonfuls of molasses, two ^ea-spoon-
fuls of salt, a bit of shortening half as big as a hen's
egg, stirred together; make it pretty moist with scald-
ing water, put it into a well greased pan, smooth over
the surtace with a spoon, and bake it brown on both
sides. A little stewed pumpkin, scalded with meal,
[much] improves the cake. Split and dipped in but-
ter it makes a very nice toast. — Frugal Housetcife.

The above, it will be perceived, can be made in tho
absence of milk; and a lady of our particular acquain-
tance who has tried it, assures us of its excellence. —
She has also furnished us with the following: —

Dough Nuts. — Nine pounds of flour, three of sugar,
two of butter.one quart yeast, and one table-spoonful of
of cinnamon. The yeast, (or two tea-cups of hop
emptins,) with one quart of the flour, and three pints
of water, should be mixed at night, and the rest of the
ingredients added in the morning. After standing
several hours to become light, they are fried in the usu-
al way. Aflthey absorb less fat the hotter it is, and
as a small quantity of fat becomes sooner cooled as
they arc thfown in, the more they are fried in the leea
they will absorb.

To remove Ink Spots. — Ink spots on the pages of a
book maybe removed by washing them with a solu
tion of oxalic acid in water, and aftcwards with pure
water. Oxalic acid being a poison, caution is reqtii-
red in using it. We have in this way completely re
moved fresh ink spots on books and left the type fair
and white, and old ink spots have been nearly oblitera-
ted.

Frosted Feet. — The troublesome inflammation and
insupportable itching produced by freezing the feet,
we have found to be very effectually removed by tho
application of oil of peppermint.

Ardent Spirits for Rats. — It is said that an inn-
keeper, who was much trijjibled with rats, observing
the efTeets of spirits upon hie biped customers, resolved
to try the same experiment upon the rats. He accord-
ingly made an alluring preparation of alcohol, set it
in his cellar, and waited the event. The next morn-
ing he fonnd fourteen of these interesting little fel-
lows lying around the vessel. He pursued the plan till
he eflectually routed them. "

Boots.

My boots have no holes in them, and yet when I go
into the snow, the cold strikes right through them, and
my feet become damp.

Have they been well greased ?

Yes — but I don't like to soak them so much with
grease as to soil my socks as soon as I put them on.

Well, there is a way to avoid all that, 1 lately applied
grafting w^ax to my boots, and now no water can pass .
through the leather — my feet are kept dry, and of
course much warmer.

How is grafting wax made ?

Two and a half pounds of rosin, one of becs-wa-x,
andone of tallow, melted together, makes a fine batch.

But will it soak into the leather ?

Not unless the leather is made very warm. It must
be made much warmer than when we apply tallow,
(be careful not to burn it) and then it will readily soak
in. One, two, or three coats, may be applied imme-
diately one after another.

May I communicate this for the iViia Genesee Far-
mer?

I am willing, but I am not certain that it is new.
The " fishermen of Marble Head," or some others-
down east, have long had a way to render their boots
i mpervious to the water, but 1 believe they use fish oil
instsad of tallow.

^'o. 4.

A N D G A R D R N E R S J O U R N A L .

59

That constitutes no objection to my sending this to

ihe "Farmer." Such papers, like the treasure of the

, householder mentioned in scripture, ought to contain

■ "things new and old." Old things are new to them

who have not learned them. t

For the New Genesee Fanner.
The Root Culture.

There are many, and urgent reasons why farmers
generally should engage more extensively than they
have yet done in the business of Root Cultivation. —
That it is both practical and profitable, no longer ad-
mils of a doubt. My own experience, and the testi-
mony of hundreds of others, has fully satisfied me on
this point. In order to induce farmers to engage in
this business, it is necessary to convince them that it
will be for their interests. Let ua loali therefore nt a
few of the. advantages which will arise from aii e.xten-
Bion of the Root Culture.

First, then, let it be remembered that our staple
commodity in Western New York, is icheat. To in-
crease his funds, the farmer is constantly studying to
bring the greatest possible number of acres into the
production of wheat— consequently he cuts but little
hoy, and, of course, he keeps only a few cattle; and
these he is often compelled to winter principally on
straw; or, to keep them from viisery and starvation,
he is compelled to purchase bran and shorts of the
miller. When business first took this turn, bran could
be purchased for 3 cena per bushel; and then the cat-
tle and sheep could be wintered without running down
in flesh, and the cows would yield geiierous messes of
milk. Every farmer, therefore, pressed forward to
the miller to lay in his winter store of shorts and bran;
consequently the demand for these articles increased
beyond the supply; the prices increased, till shorts
were from sixteen to twenty-five cents per bushel. —
What then was to be done 1 Every one, in the city,
the village, and the country, the farmer, the merchant,
and the mechanic — every one who kept a horse, cow,
pig, or sheep, must have something to feed it on.
So many acres were in wheat, that hay was scarcer
and now there were so many farmers feeding their
cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs, on shorts, that they al-
so are scarce and dear. What then is to be done ? —
Either give up the raising of stock, or keep them poor
'and miserable, which no good farmer wiil conset to do;
or produce your own food for them. But what can
they produce, and yet not diminish the production of
wheat !

To answer this question, and to remove all these
difficulties, the root-cultnre comes directly to our aid.
This system will keep all our stock well, and yet ena
ble us to lelttin our coveted acjes for wheat. It comes
to the farmer's aid when he wants relief from the high
prices of mill feed;, when he wants to continue keep-
ing his stock, and especially when he wants the means
to increase the fertility of his land.

In reference, therefore, to the root-cuhure, it arose
from the necessity of the case, and herein is verified
the old maxmi, that "necessity is the mother of inven-
tion." The advantages arising fiom this system are
numerous.

lot. It affords a large amount of food for stock,
from a comparatively small extent of land. This has
often been fully verified by experiments and estimates.

2d. It relieves the farmer from the difficulty of rai-
sing monsy to purchase mill feed, and enables him,
by his own labor, to turn his produce into money. It
increases the amount of his beef, his butter, his pork,
and his mutton. One of the first and most important
principles of domestic economy is, to feed the farm
stock on the produce of the farm.

3d. The root-culture improves the condition of the
land by its deep tdth, and in its tendency to keep the

land clean. Every field, suitable for a hoed crop,
ought to receive one as often as four years. Where
the June and Blue grasses prevail, they arc very per
nicious to all other plants, by monopolizing their food.
Unless these grasses are exterminated, no crops can
flourish; and certainly the most effectual instruments
of extermination are the plough, thecultivatoi',andthe
hoe.

4th. The root-culture also enriches the land. Land
may be dry and clean, but if it is not also rich, it does
return a heavy crop to the laborer. The application
of manure to land intended for roots, is, on all bonds,
admitted to be absolutely necessary. Without its ap-
plication, the business is slim and unprofitable.

5th. This system renders the application of manure
practicaile to a far greater extent. Its quality is im-
proved and its quantity much increased. Every far-
mer knows that the manure of cattle fed only on dry
straw or bay, is dcy, and very much destitute of thoee
enriching and nutritious properties contained in the
manure of cattle that are fed on roots.

I will now give some account of my own experi-
ments in the root culture. In the first place, I have
become fully convinced of the necessity of having the
laud free from grags and weeds. In ^f^^ I sowed
about an acre of rutn baga, on good sandy loam soil,
somewhat infected with June grass. The land was
well prepared, but the weather being moist, the grass
was not killed, and it soon sprang up very thickly. —
This rendered the after culture very difficult and vex-
atious; and, with all my patient and persevering ef-
forts, I found it impossible wholly to subdue the June
grass, and I fully coincide with friend Garbutt in the
belief that it wouUl be well for Western New- York it
this grass could be entirely exterminated. From my
sad experience with this grassy patch, I became fully
determined never to be caught in this same way again.

1 last year selected a clean piece of land for my ru-
ta baga crop; ploughed in a dressing of good manure;
ploughed it shallow the second time and harrowed it
smooth. I then took a light plough and made ridges,
afjout two feet apart. I had no drill-barrow, but took
a common wheel barrow and rolled it along on the top
of the ridges, so as to make a small furrow or drill,
into which the seeds were sown by hand. A third
person followed with a rake, so as to cover the seed,
and leave the top of the ridges smooth.

I prepared my seed by putting it into a basin and
mixing with it about halfa pound of sulphur; because
I had read, either in the Farmer or in the Cultivator,
a recommendation of sulphur to be used in this way,
for the purpose of fi.xing its flavor in the seed to keep
oft' the fly.

The seed soon sprang up. The turnips were not in-
jured by the fly; and whether it was the sulphur
which prevented the depredations of the fly, I know
not. The season was not dry, and therefore unfavor-
able to the propogation of the turnip fly. I thinned
the plants to ten or twelve inches apart. They grew
rapidly and flourished through the whole season. —
They were hoed thoroughly, twice. They were
harvested towards the last of October, and deposited
in trenches three feet deep and four wide, and the tur-
nips were raised about a foot above the surfsce of the
earth. However, before putting the turnips iirto the
trench, I put crotches into the middle of the trench,
about eight feet apart, mid rising above the surface
eighteen inches. I laid a lidge pole on the top of
these crotches for the purpose of t'orming a roof, of
small sticks, brush and straw, and lastly earth. The
roots being stored in this manner, a boy can enter the
trench with his basket at any time in the depth of win-
ter, and is never exposed to the inconvenience of a fal-
ling roof. Precautionary steps against their heating
are always to be taken, by leaving small apertures for
the escape of heat and admioeion of air.

After having produced and stored your crop of Ru-
ta Baga, what use do you make of them ? Hogs that
are three or four months old and upwards, will live
well on them; but if they are younger, they ought
not to be confined exclusively to them. Cooking them
renders them much more nutritious for hogs and pigs.
They are excellent for cattle and sheep of every age.
When sheep are confined for a few weeks in the yard
for winter, they pine to be grazing in the field unless
they are fed on roots; but when permitted to enjoy
this food, they have not half so much hankering for
the field.

Iwill take the liberty of mentioning one thing,
among many others, which may be of considerable we
to the inexperienced; and that is, it is of no use to cut
up the turnips small and fine for the sheep. Scatter
them over the ground or hard snow, and then follow
with the shovel and slice them a few times each, for
sheep delight much in gnawing the turnip. For two
winters I was in the habit of cutting my turnips into
small pieces, not larger than a hickory nut for my
sheep. I have since found this to be entirely un-
necessary.

I will furthermore add, for the benefit of the inex-
perienced, not to dig trenches for the reception of roots
where they will be exposed to be filled in with water,
when the snow melts, and the earth is filled with
water.

One corner of my ground was considerably inclined
to clay, and here the turnips were quite small. That
kind of soil is wholly unfit for them. P.

Chili, March \5th, 1840.

For the New Genesee Fanner.
The best time for Cutting Timber.

This is a subject in which every farmer is deeply in-
terested. If limber cut at one season will last years
longer than that cut at another — if onetime is prefera-
ble to another, as regards its durability — then certainly
it is a subject well worth the notice and consideration
of every fanu«r. There seems to be a diversity of
opinion as to the right lime. All agree, however, that
here is a right seaton, but disrigree veiy materially
as to that partii:iilar time. It is stated in the Gen. Far.,
vol. 5., p. 41, that February is the best lime. Also,
in vol. 4., p. 97., "In a hook printed at Philadelphia,
soon after the revolutionary war, the author says,
*Long experience, I tliink, hath sufficiently ascertain-
ed, thai limber cut down in the spring of the year,
when fuU of sap, and the leaves fully expanded, is
much more durable than when cut atany other time.' "
Dr. Deane, in his New England Farmer, says, "An
abundant ma«s of evidence has been produced to show,
that timber should be cut or fel'ed in mid-Eummer,
with a view to its durability;" but, abundant as it ie,
we irfiist lake the liberty to add to the "mass." In
the same article, the Ed. says, "One of our neighbors,
a practical farmer and close observer, lately informed
us, thot twenty-two years ago he had a fence made
chiefly of basswood (linden) rails, cut just about mid-
summer, and at this time they are sound and good. —
In conversation, not long since, with another excellent
farmer, he said the best time for cutting timber was in
autumn, about the fall of the leaf, or coon after, and
that it was not only more durable, but more compccl
than after it had been loosened by freezing."

I was conversing, a few days since, with an intelli
gent farmer, who said the best time to cut rail timbe;
was in January and February. Also, with another wh>.
was of the same opinion; the latter said this was the
time that all cut their timber "down country." An-
other farmer very lecently informed me, that mid-
summer was, beyond all doubt, ihe right time. He
said that his practice was to pull ofl'the baik, and keep
the rails oft" from the ground; thai they would si. on
season, and la£t many years longer than if cut at any
other season.

60

T H E N E W G E N E S E E F A R M E R,

Vol. i

Porhopa ihc majority of farmera ihink February the
best time, at least it ie to be judged they do, by their
practice. 1 am convinced, however, that this is not
the right season. From the information I have ob-
tained, and by the little experience I have had, I am
induced to bdieve that mid-summer is the right lime.
It is very evident that rails (or any timber) decortica-
ted or peeled, will season quicker and last longer than
they will if the bark remains. I will now conclude
by adding an extract from a communication of Joshua
Howard, [Gen. Far., vol. 5, p. 300.] "During the
last twenty years I have been engaged, more or less,
in the preservation of limber; and, I'rom my experi-
ence, am able to say with confidence, the old opinion
of Englidb writers to the contrary notwitbftanding,
that the best time to cut timber to ensure its durability
is when the tree is in its crkatkst vKion, and, in this
latitude, say niiddlcof .lune; then the sap is in its most
fluid state, and entirely e-cnp"a through the several
pores of the tree. ' CULTOR.

Cayuga Co., Feb. 21st., 1840.

fFor the l^'ta GeneKte Farmer,
Mouroe County Agricultural Society.

MtssRs. Emtors — Noticing in the second number
of your paper an ajipeal to the farmers in this county,
calling their attention to the importance of a society
for the improvement ol agriculture, and soliciting
those who feci an interest in the subject to moke it
known to you, I am induced to addresa you in favor
of the proposed society. Not that I would take my
pen thinking to instruct my brother farmers, but be-
cause I think an Agricultural Society in this county
BO highly important, that I am anxious to vo.'untecr
my aid in promotion of the object.

We do not rightly estimate the advantages which
arise from such nesociations, when we merely consid-
er our own immediate interests, as we are very apt to
do. The benefits o( such a society will be seen long
hereafter, perhaps more so than at present; ami this is
one reas'in why many farmers are inilifferent on the
subject. The desire to rcnp immediate rewards our-
selves, regardless of ihe future and the good of others,
is one great reason why so little is done for the im-
provement of agriculture, or the real benefit of the
community. The dilTlcnlty is not so much the result
of ignoranec as it ie of seljishicss. A want o( inftrr-
mation is one, but a want of the principles of enlarged
berucolcncc and enU^hiened philimthro/iht/, is a much
greater hindrance of agricultural as well as moral im-
provement. And how can we better cultivate and
dlsaeniinate those principles, which we deem so im-
portant, than by associating ourselves together for mu-
tual improvement and encouragement, and with a
view to the general good of the community — the bap-
oiness and prosperity of man ?

The importance of an Agricultural Society is not
altogether in the amonnl of new and useful knowledge
which might be gained, (although this might be no in-
Cmsiderahle item,) but in the general spirit of im-
prorement which would be diffused ihroughmil the far-
ming community. We do not want knowledge so
much as we do something to excite us to action, and
put in exercise the knowledge which we already pos-
8033. We all know that to till our land well, and
keep it richly manured, to adopt a judicious rotation of
crops, select the best kinds of seeds, and the best
breeds of stock, are matters of much importance, and
indiepcnsible tc a perfect system of farming. That
th«re are better varieties of grain and seeds, and finer
breeds of cattle, than those in common use, all will
admit, although some may not possess the means of
availing themselves of these improvements; but the
ti that is wanted is a proper stimulus to set them
about the work.

It is not an eajy task for n man to abandon his for-
mer views and prncti^'-, and adopt new ones, dilTering

from his neighbors, although he may be well convin-
ced that it would be an improvement. Especially is
this the case, when others, all around him, his friends
and brother farmers, are looking on with indifTerence
and neglect. But let others around him engage in the
business of improvement— let it become a public busi
ne<:3 and a popular subject, and how easy and pleasant
it is lor all to engage in it ? Let us therefore form an
efficient Agricultural Society, and see that it is well
sustained, as I believe it may be, and we shall soon see
a spirit of improvement, pervading the whole farming
community, and not only shall we and our children
reap an abundant reward, but its beneficial influence
will be felt throughout all classes, and extend to every
interest of the community. Elevate and improve the
yeomanry of our country, and we promote the happi
ness and prosperity of the nation.

The commencing of such a society must depend
upon a few influential farmers — many will unite in
sustaining who are unwilling to assist in forming it —
and the sooner an effort is made I think the better,
am of the opinion that it should be commenced pre-
vious to the hurrying of farming operations in the
spring. Yours, &c. R.

SweilcH, l^Rrac co.

P. S. Messrs. Editors — What I have written is un
fit for publication; but it may shew yon one more
friend of improvement, and one more name in favor of
an Agricultural Society.

llcmarks. — We think R. has taken a very correct
view of the importance of an Agricultural Society,
and we hope his remarks will stimulate others to take
an interest in the subject. We wish to contradict two
staiemcntB in his postscript, however. 1st. It is not
true that what he has written "is unfit for publica-
tion." 2d. We deny that he has shown ns "one
more name in favor of an Agricultural Society" — for
the simple reason that he gate vs no name, and is en-
tirely unknown to its. We hope R. will let us hear
from him again, and supply this deficiency. — Eds.
New Gen. Far.

Formation of the Yates County Agricultural
Society.

It gives us pleasure to notice any efforts which are
made for the promotion of the great cause in which
we arc engaged. Especially are we pleased to receive
accouMt-i of the formation of new -Agricultural Socie-
ties. Agricultural is the I'.fe and support of all other
arts and professions — the foundation of onr National
as vveU as individual prosperity; and there never was
a time when there was more need of united efforts
for its promotion than at present. Let efficient socie-
ties for this purpose be formed in every county, and a
spirit of improvement be awakened among the farmers
— let a knowledge of improved farming be generally

circulated, and the most approved systems adopted

let Agriculture be elevated to that high rank in the
public estimation to which it is justly entitled; and
let those who now hang about our cities idle consu-
mers of the public wealth, become industrious produ-
cers, and this nation would soon recover from the ru
inous cdccts of profligacy and axtravagance — the dole-
ful cry of hard times would cease to be heard, and
as we are the most highly favorefi, we should soon be-
come the most bappy and prosperous nation in the
world.

From Iht Yates Co. ti'kig.

Agricultural i^Icetin^, &c.

At a meeting of Farmers, convened pursuant to
public notice at thff American Hotel, in Pcnn-Yan, on
the Hthof March, 18U). JIknrt Spence, of Star-
key was colled to the chair, and Charles Lee, of Milo,
appointed Secretary. Thcobjcctsof the meeting were
tiieii stntcd by John Hatmakcr, upon whose motion it
was

llcsulrcd, That the meeting proceed to organize on
Aijiricuhurol Society, to be ouxihnry to the State Soci-
ety, an 1 to be called the Yates County Agricultural
S:iC'Ctv.

After some appropriate remarks by the Chairman
and several other gentlemen, it was, on motion of D.
A. Ogdon,

Hesolted, That a committee, to consist of one from
each town in the county, be appointed, to report a con-
stitution, for an Agricultural Society.

Whereupon, D. A. Ogden, of Milo, Elisha Double-
day, of Italy, Henry Husted, of Potter, George Wag-
eiver, of Jerusalem. Joseph McCain, of Barrington,
B Tuthill of Starkey, F. Harkncss, of Middlesex,
and A. F. Whittaker, of Benton, were appointed said
committee. On motion, the Chairman of this meet-
was added to the committee.

The committee, after a short absenee, reported the
following constitution, which was adopted.
Constitution.

Sec. 1st., This Society shall be called the Yates
County Agricultural Society, .Auxiliary to the New
York State Agricultural Society ; and its object shall
be to promote Agriculture, Horticulture, and House
hold Arts, in Yates County.

Sec 2nd, Any person may become a member of
this society, by paying one dollar to the Treasurer
thereof; and he shall thereafter pay one dollar, on or
before the 1st day of Sept. of each year, so long as ho
shall continue a member. Any member moy with-
draw from this society by giving notice to the record-
ing secretary ; and paying allmonys due from him tlic
society.

Sec. 3rd, The officers of this society shall consist of
a Pre^idenl, 8 Vice Presidents, a Recording and Cor-
responding Secretary, a Treasurer, and an Executive
Committee, of one from each town in the countj',
those officers to be elected by a majority of votes, at
the annual meetings of the society, and to hold for one
year, or until others are elected in their place, except
the first, who shall be elected immediately, and hold
their ofiiccs until the first annual meeting. ■

Sec. 4th, The officers of the society, 5 of whom flj
shall form a quorum, shall constitute a board of man- "^
agers; it shall be their duty to exercise a general en-
pervision over tbeoffairsof the society — to appropri-
ate the funds of the same, in such manner as shall in
their judgement best subserve the interests, and for-
ward the objects of the society, — to call special meet-
ings,— to appoint committees. — to award premiume
and determine all motters connected therewith, — to
distribute all Seeds, Plants, Books, &c , received for
the society, — and to hold the Annuol Fair or Exhibi-
tion, and moke all n^eespary preparation therefor.

Sec. 5th, The President — in his alsence, one of
the Vice Presidents — shall preside at all the meetings
of the society, and of the Boord of Managers.

Sec (itb. The corresponding secretory shall, un-
der the direction of the Board of Managers, receive
and answer all communications addressed to the soci-
ty, or ony of its officers.

Sec. 7tb, The recording secretary shall keep arc-
cord of the members of the society, and ofits proceed-
ings ; he shall also be secretary to the Board of Man-
agers, and keep a record of their j)roceedings, and be
shall perform such other duties as the board may from
time to time assign him.

Sec. rfth. The Treosurer shajl receive all the mon-
ies of the society and expend the same only by the di-
rection of the Board of Managers ; he shall keep a
correct account of the receipts and expenditures, ond
make a report at each annual meeting of the society,
of his affairs 08 Tieasurer ; he shall gtve a bond for
the faithful performoace of his duties, in such penalty
and with such surety as the Board of Monagers may
require.

Sec. 9th, The Board of Managers shall have pow-
er to till all vacancies in the offices of the society, and
the persons thus appointed shall hold their officne until
the next annual meeting.

Sec. lOth, No person hut such as has been a mem-
ber of the society for 30 doye before any fair or exhi-
bitiiui held by the society, shall compete for premiums.

Sec. llth. This society shall hold its annual meeting
ontheSid Wednesday of October, in eoch year, and
there sholl be, once in eoch year, at such lime and
place as the Board of Managers sholl direct, a meeling
for the exhibition of domestic animals and the agricul-
tural productions of Yatea County, and for the award-
ing of premiums.

Sec 12th, This constitution may be amended at
any annual meeting of the Society, by a vote of two-
thirds of the membere present.

On motion, it was

Hcsolecd. That the meeting now proceed to elect
oflicers for the eocicty.

The following persona were then elected.

JoK.N Hatmaker, of Milo, PrcFident.

JVcc Presidents — Henry Spence, of Starkey: John
Spiccr, of Barringtin; Henry P. Sariwcll, of Milo

No. 4.

A N D G A R [) E N E R ' S JOURNAL.

61

Samuel Wise, of Benton; Henry Husted, of PotUT;
D. B. Lindsley, of Middlesex; Uriah Hnni'ord, of Je-
rusalem, and Elisha Doubleday, of Italy.

Executine Committee — Charles Lee, of Milo; Bcnj.
Tuthill, of Starkcy; A F. Whittaker, of Binton;
George Wagener, of Jerusalem; James P. Robinson,
of Potter; Joseph McCain, of Barrington; Alexander
Basset, ot Middlesex; and Elisha Borker, of Italy.

Corresponding and llctording Secretary, U. A.
Ogden, Pcnn-Yon.

Treasrurer — Ebon Smith, Penn-Yan.

On motion of D. D. Van Allen, of Starkey, it wos

Kcsolced, That the persons who shall now become
members, and those who join the society previous to
tho first of September next, be not required to pay
their initiotion fee of $1 wntil that lime.

On motion of D. A. Ogden, of Milo,

Resolved, That copies of the proceedings of this
meeting, together with the Constitution here adopted,
be presented to the papers published in this county,
with a request to publish them, and also that they be
sent to the Cttlticator and the New Genesee Farmer,
with 0 similar request.

On motion of A. F. Whittaker, of Benton,

Kesolrcd, That this meeting adjourn, to meet again
on Thurslay, the 4ih of June next, at 2 o'clock P. M.
HExN'RY SPENCE, Ch'n.

Cha's. Lee, Secretary.

For the New Genesee Farmer.
The Travelling Agent— A Dream.

Messrs. Editors — Some weeks ago, having spent
the evening in reading the 2d. No. of your paper; in
which you say so much about agents and corresjion-
dent«, patrons, «fec., I went to bed, thinking that,
whatever others might do, I would sooner give a dol-
lar for your paper than fifty cents for the "Cultivator."
As I had already subscribed for the "Farmer," and
paid in adrance, my conscience was clear, and, as a
natural consequence, sweet slumber, — the working
man's friend, — soon transported me into the :Erial re-
gions of fancy.

I thought that, on coming home with my wife from
an afternoon's visit, we found a man awaiting our re-
turn,who, although for my life I cou!d not recollect
that I had ever seen him before, seemed overjoyed to
Bee us; and forthwith began to call ue his dear friends,
to tell us how happy he was when travelling to pass
the night at a neat, quiet farmer's house, and particu-
larly at the houee of a Christian brother; that he had
nothing to do with taverns; as he could not in eon-
science patronize them whilst they persisted in selling
liquor: he was not disposed to cousin his living out of
any body, — was as far from being a spunge as any
man on cartn; but as Christians, real erangelicul, ex-
perimental Christians always esteem it a privilege to
entertain each other, he had no doubt we would be glad
to see him: and moreover, as he wanted me to sub-
scribe for some periodicals, books, &c., he had taken
the liberty to put his horse in the barn, bring in his
tranks, and await our return.

By this time I recognized him as the man of whom
I, several years before, had bought some half a doz.big bi-
bles; and my wife, who always sees things sooner than I
do, had got tho tea-kettle over and some ham and
eggs cooking fjr his supper. At the table he compli-
mented hsr highly for her skill and taste in otilinary
matters; — said she had provided for him just such a
repast as his circumstances and appetite required, for,
in fact, he had had no dinner, and was as hungry as
Q wolf. — Indeed, said he, I never sat more than twice
a day when travelling, luiless by chance I happen at
an old friend's house about dinner time. My horse
loo — poor creature — generally gets nothing from
morning till night; but then he holds his own very
Well, for I always give him a peck of oata at night
and as much in the morning. Your boys, I suppose,
(turning to me J go to the barn before they go to bed,
and I am so tired I believe I won't go out to night. —
My wife remarked that, as he travelled so much, she
should think his acquaintance with the world would
be extensive. O, yes, said he, I have travelled no
much and read so much, that I know 'most every body
and every thing. I enquired if he brought any news
from the city. Yes, said he, glorious news ! — great
revivals in religion ! ! I enquired in what churches ?
He answered in all the churches of the evangelical de-
nominations;— all but the Roman Catholics and Epis-
copaliann; and, indeed, in one Episcopal Church; hut
iheir minister was not, in sentiment, an Episcopal, an
— or R imnn ("atholic — (for he considered them all
one.) He was the only ecangelical minister in these
denomination) which h.^ in his extensive acquain-
tance, had ever met with. He said the good man had
b-e;i IVeqiienily mliclted to lake [he ofTire of ,t liisbo-i;

but his conscience constrained him to decline it; fur he
well knew that it was a mere figment of popery; — a
device of the "man of sin."

Supiier being over, he said he would now enter up-
on business, and forthwith presented me with a sub-
scription list for several periodicals and books, such as
the "Friend of Man," the "Advocate of Moral Re-
form," the " Downfall of Babylon," &c. But his
principal object was to obtain subscribers for the "Cul-
tivator." This he was the more anxious to do, be-
cause, since ftlr. Tucker had agreed to transl'cr the
"Genesee Farmer" and its patronage to the Cultiva-
tor, a worthless catch-penny concern had been got up
at Rochester, which, as it had neither funds, editor,
correspondents, nor any thing else to sustain it, must
prove a disgracelul failure.

He ne.vt opened his large trunk and displayed his
books; consisting of bibles, large and small, — testa-
ments and p<)alm books, — histories and biographies, —
voyages and travels, — dream-books ond fortune tellers,
— complete letter writers and jovial songsters, — Ma-
ria Monk, with plates, and the Horrors of Slavery,
with cuts, — Fair Rosamond and the Sorrows of Wer-
ter, — Pamelia and Clarissa Harlow, — Jack, the Giant
Killer, and Tom Thumb, together with many more,
too numerous to detail.

While tumbling over these with a great deal of
pleasure, my little dog, (a worthless cur: I nni deter-
mined to shoot him for it,) set up such a barking as to
awaken me to the provoking reality that / luid all this
time been dreaming I Yes, dieaming^ if you will
believe; — nothing on earth but dreaming I !

HOSPITALITY.

Remarlis — What amusing images does fancy some-
times place before the mind during its nocturnal revcr-
iesl If " Hospitality" had not assured us that the
above was "all a dream," we should have declared
that he wos relating an actual occurrence. The lively
sketch he has drawn of the " travelling agent," bears
such a Strong resemblance to one of that class who is
well known among farmers in t'uis section, that our
readers will not fail to perceive the likeness. Should
any of our friends chance to receive a visit from this
character, we wish they would have the kindness to
request him to read one of hie "big bibles" a little,
before he sells any more of them; as from what we
have heard of his assertions respecting the A'cio Gene-
see Farmer, we think he cannot have read ony such
precepts as, " Tliou shalt not bear false witness against
thy neighbor." — F.ds. New Genesee Farmer.

For the New Genesee Farmer.

Rules for a Good Xeighborhcod.

1. If you would enjoy the blessings of a good
neighborhood, take care that you furnish your share of
the capital stock: — put into the concern one good
neighbor, and your object is half attained already.

2. Consider that Providence has wisely, (and may
we not say mercifully ?) subjected the family of fallen
man to a slate of mutual dependence. Avoid then
the vain chimera of undertaking to set up that rnoibid
kind of independence which is adapted only to the
condition of the misanthrope or the hermit.

3. Keep good I'ences and ordeily cattle. If you
have an unruly beast, get rid of him immediately, for
your own sake as well os your neighbor's: belter kill
him and throw him to the dogs than keep him on
your farm.

4. Ask ol your neighbor such favors, end such on-
ly, as (all things considered) appear to be reasoncble;
avoiding on the one hand a rude onnoynnce of nir.n-
ner,andon the oth^r a cringing servility. And take good
heed that you ask of no ons aught which you could
not prudently, or would not c'rveei fully, recprocato in
kind. If you cannot safely underwrite him aa securi-
ty, don't ask his name upon your paper.

5. Refuse no decent man any thin;' within the
bounds of reason; with a real good neighbor go even
farther. If you see him in want of any thing which
you can conveniently spare, offer it to him: — if his
grain is standing in the fiehl after yours is secured,
turn in with all your forces ond help him. If you p"?
his team accidenially broken up in the pressing i...-
geney of seed time, cast about and try to get it started
again. With such a man (for I am now speaking of
"a rcrt/ j^oo./ neighbor") keep no accounts for "use of
h.arrow | day, S.} lbs. mutton lent," &«. When you
butcher," send him a piece of meat: never stand about
steelyards or memorandum book. If your green pens,
encumbers, or any other vegetables or fruit, chance to
b.: earlier tli.tn his. or if his should happen m fail bi;n.

look to it, consider the matter, and do as ) ou would ha
done by.

G. Should you chance (and very like you may) to
have a neighbor, (or rather a person liring near you,)
who decidedly prefers borrowing to buying, who, de-
void of all shame or decency, is fully bent on sponging
his living out of his neighbors, who is determined lo
sell every Thing and buy nothing, who borrows sharp
tools and returns dull ones, borrows sound tools and
returns broken ones, makes a granary of his neighbor's
bags, &c. : even such an one give a fair trial. "Heap
coals of lire upon his head." If these don't thaw him
out; if you can't by kindness, or any other means,
start his bristles, (and it is not probable that you will,)
then, frankly, but kindly, tell him his faults; tell him,
moreover, that you cannot recognize him as a neigh-
bor; consign him to his kindred spiiita for society, and
cut his acquaintance.

7. Should you unfortunately, as possibly you may,
find vour neighbors exclusively made up of such char-
acters as last described, don't wait to be murdered by
inches; write " Farm for Sale" upon a shingle, noil it
on your barn po.«t, take the first otfer you get, (for a
farm in Sodom can't be worth much,) and "flee for
your life."

8. If you have a good-hearted, reasonable neighbor,
who, not by his fault, but by sheer misfortune, is un-
able to furnish himself with all the necessary imple-
ments for his business, and who cannot, by reason of
his poverty, return you measure for meesure, turn
not your back upon him because he is poor. Remem-
ber you are but a steward, and thot to Him "who hoib
made you to differ" you must give an account of
your stewardship. "If you lend only to them of
whom you hope to receive what thank have you ?"

9. Don't charge your hired man, (if he is a faithful
servant,) or your neighbor, on whom you depend for
like favors, a few shillings for the hire of a horse or
the hke; but if your neighboring tradetman or me-
chanic should have your horse and butgy to go to
town, or your team to plough his garden, charge him
for it: not, however, because he is a mechanic, but
because he is not at the expense to keep such things
himself, and can therefore aflbrd to payfortheni;
and also because he (very properly) charges you for
every patch he puis on your shoe, or for evcryl inch-
pin he puts in your buggy.

10. In all your neigh'oorhood intercourse remember
that seliishnces is a universal innate depravity; mid
make rcaeonahle allowance for its influence upon both
parlies. I will not undertake to impose an arbitrary
larifl'ofduty upon this insidious evil; but will suggest
that you ollow about 10 per cent, for each parly:— e. g.
your neighbor says "I have broken your axe, what
shall I pay you for it V Now, if you candidly think
the tool was woith '20s., allow 10 per cent, for your
own selfishness, i. e. 2s., and as much more for his,
and this will give you $2 for the price of the axe. —
Don't say you are not accountable for his selfishness.
He may be blind to it, and yet in the main a kind,
good-hearted, generous man. Many a man has lost a
good ni'igl.bor by being "more nice than wise," — by
being, in fact, "penny-wise and pound-foolish."

11. Should the foregoing rales, by reason of their
imperfections, fail you as a guide, under peculiar cir-
cumstances; or should you meet with any difficulty in
applying the principles of them to any particular cose;
then, (taking care to allow as above directed for sel-
fishness,) change places, in imagination, with your
neighbor, — assume hie sit lalion in the transnction, —
and enquire of your own conscience of whot, in view
of all the circumstances, you would hove reason to ex-
pect at his hand, were your circumstances and situa-
tions reversed- and as that honest monitor shall ad-
judge, do you even so: — for "all things whatsoever yo
would that men should do to you, do ye even so lo
them; for this is the law and the prophets."

A Young Dc'Ton Bull for Sale.

Messrs. F.DiTOKS — If any of your numerous read-
ers wish to purchase a full blooded Devoufihire Bull,
plehse infornt thdn that E. P. Beck, of Sheldon, Gen-
esee County, two miles S. W. of Varysburg, hastn
excellent yearling one for sale. Ilia of a bright icJ
color, ond but lilt'e, if any inferior in size to the im
proved Durhams. Those who imagine the Devons to
be diminutive, would do well to call and see Mr, Beck's
stock of ihat breed, Rearcctfully, yours,

W. GinKl'TT,

62

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1

Griudins; Corn in the Cob.

We commend the following communication from
Dr. A. H. Ty60n, yjuUishcd in the American Farmer
of Jan. 8, to the attention of our readers, and would
recommend, in addition to crushing the corn in the
cob, to have it thoroughly ground into«ineol, aa we
have found, from our own ciperieiicc, a very decided
advantage from ihia mode of feeding it even to domes-
tic animals, and arc fully satisfied that it is not oversta-
ted. It is almost universal among our farmers to feed
com lo fuileiiing hogs in the ear; but experiment has
snti^fied Ui, that a given quantity of corn, ground in
the cob, will accomplish as much as twice the quanti-
ty fed in the ear, provided that the meal is fermented
by a mi.xture for a few days with water. A cast-iron
crusher is attached to a mill in the neighborhood, and
the expense of the operation very trifling. *

The Virginia Com and Cob Crusher.

Mr. Skinner — Your notice in the Farmer of the
If^th insl. of what we esteem one of the most valua-
ble agricultural machines within our knowledge, has
induced us to add our experience of two years ]n feed-
ing work horses. Previous to the purchase of the
Crusher, we averaged 214 ears of corn. Our stock
then and now average seven head. One hundred and
sixty ears of the ordinary size are now run through
the crusher — they make 9J heaping bushels of crush-
ed corn and cob. The different appearance of the
horses, and their better ability to work, prove beyond
a doubt, that the crusher affords a more nutritious and
heaUhy fi>id. It will be seen that it also places to our
daily credit, 54 cars of corn, upwards of 30 barrels
a year, worth, at the avcroge Baltimore price, nearly
doiible the cost of the crusher. You state that two
men can do tolerable work with it. Our experience
would say you are mistaken, unless you mean to se-
lect two of your stout-hearted and strong-handed Ken-
tu"ky friends; then, ofcourse, we knock under. With
four men to turn, and a boy to feed, from 4 to 5 bush-
els per hour can be crushed. To work the machine
eJectually an 1 economically, it must have velocity,
which cannot readily be effijcled by manual power. —
With a two horse power, a mon to feed, and o boy lo
drive, 1 3 bn A< Is of corn and cob Can be crushed in
one hour. The crusher in question came from the
manufactory of R.. Sinclair, Jr. & Co. During the
two years we have had it in use, and quite roughly, it
has not cost one cent for repair, and is now in as good
order as when pur-.-hased. The workmanship and
matorial fairly considered, the machine is certainly
n'lt dear at §1"). VVc have seen $VyO given for a
horse-power with about the same quantity of material
as the crusher, hut not half the workmanship. If ma-
chinists w lul 1, as they certainly can, afford their
work for less than their present prices, their increased
sihs w.>iiH mike them, eiually with the farmer, the
gainer by it. From the many evidences of the nutri-
ment contniUi'd in the corn cob, the experiment by
distillation, of Mr. Minor, of'Virginin, is decisive. —
fSoo Am^Tican Farmer, Vol 1, p. 3-24.) Mr. M.
found .5 bushels of cob yielded 4 gallons of spirit —
He also foimd other nutritive matter than the saccba
rinj which is converted into alcohol, aa mucilage and
Dili. Your Friend, A. II. T.

Biltimore Co., D^. 'ii, 1839.

Ditching; and Bnnliiug Machine.

The fillowingis an e.vtructfrom an editorial article
in a late number of the American Farmer. The ma-
chine spokeo of would be of great value upon alluvial
landj not annually overflowed; and even on these,
l^iight, in many cases, bo highly advantageous. When
it ia rcollected that many thousand acres of low
g.-oundi, even in Western New York, arc now nearly
useless, and which might be rendered productive in an
exirao."diiiary degree by thorough draining, the im-
portance of such a machine will be evident. The in-
ventor states, in the same paper, that it "has been in
Biuccjsful operation more than one year, and that
i:i U'e than iiosiUy ^niUs ot ditch bus been cut with one
machine the hwtscasjn, by one man and one horse;"
and luut one for two or four horses will cost about 75
or :ji 1 UJ. »

"Among others, we have various thi'eshing ma-
chinos, cjrn-shellers, corn-crnshera, reaping ma-
diines, Mnrr.'ty's tobacc<i press, and others, now get-

ting into general use. The machine mentioned at
the head of th.s article, is not yet so generally known
—it is of more recent invention, and being costly,
must make its way slowly — at the same time it must
be admitted, that no object is of more importance, than
the one which itis designed to accomplish. How ma-
ny thousands of acres of lands have we, even in Ma-
ryland, too flat to be drained with the plough — yet ev-
ery one knows that thorough draining is indisjiensible
to good husbandry — Surplus nrotsturc is as destructive
to all sorts of crops, as a proper degree of it is neces-
sary to their growth — yet what agricultural process is
so expensive as thorough ditching by manual labor ? —
And then it should be borne in mind that the lands
which lie waste, and are lost, lor want of draining,
are by far the most fertile of the state — such as are nut
only the richest, but the most inexhaustible. And,
again — there is nothing in the wants of the farmer, so
conspicuous and of such universal prevalence, as the
want of huij ! The lands that require draining, being
once well cleaned and ditched, would yield perennial
crops of huy, without the expense of frequent cultiva-
tion— another consideration this to show, that ditch-
ing, if it can be dune, within any reasonable bounds,
is, in fact, economical, although costly in the begin-
ning. To make annual crops requires annual plough-
ing, over the whole surlace; whereas, a single ditch
may reclaim, without further cost or cultivation, ma-
ny crops, in successive years, from a great number of
acres, without any farther expense than that of cut-
ting and ewing. These considerations are suggested
to show the importance of ditching in it£elf, and of all
inventions to reduce the cost of it; and such is the in-
vention of Mr. Page for ditching by horsc-puwer.

The work done by it is beautiful and mathematical
ly exact — The machine is calculated to be most valua.
ble in the Prairies of the West, as it is designed to
drain and inclose at the same time. The farmer may
open one ditch, depositing the earth close along the line
of it, or, if he please, he can make two ditches (not at
the same operation) embanking the earth between the
two.

The machine is worked by one horse, and a man
and boy — To any one desiring to see a drawing of the
machine, and applying by a postpaid letter, we can
send one, though it is not of a kind to illustrate the
subject. In the conclusion of his description, the in-
ventor observes, '^Tlic ahovc vi-aclnnc, when in com-
pute operation, icill ait and finish in soft aUuviul soil,
twenty inches per minute, or bi hard clay soil, from
ten to ttoclcc per minute, a ditch of the following di-
mensions ; three to four f est icidr at top, eighteen inch
es at bottom, and three feet deep,*'

We hope to be able soon to speak more positively,
and from a better and more practical knowledge of
the machine — For the picseiit, we submit the follow-
ing letter, trom a gentleman whose use of it has been
very extensive, and, as it seems, altogether satisfacto-
ry:—

Baltimore, Jan. }Sth, 1840.
Mr. Gf.orge Pack — Sir — I take pleasure in sla-
ting thot I have extensively u>ed the Dilching and
Banking Machine purchased from you'some time since,
and find it to answer in every respect, the purposes
required; and will freely say thai it is far superior to
any thing now in use. I have had it in operation on
my planlotion, and have cut at least three miles of
dileli— I think there is no hazard in asserting that it
will save the labor of at least ten men.

JoH.V B. Steenbkrgek.

From the Uoeliesier :Sccd Store Catalogue.
Sowing Seeds, and Causes of Failure.

Much of the complaint which ie made of the failure
of seeds, is owing to the want of proper care in sow-
ing them, or lo other circumstances than their bad
quality. Many kinds of seeds are very small, and if
these have more than a slight covering of earth, they
will not vcgclate. And, on the other hand, when
slightly covered, one or two days of hot sun will dry
the earth, so that il they have sprouted they will be in-
evitably destroyed. S.one kinds of small seeds will
not vcgctnte well unless the earth is rolled or pressed
firmly in contact with them. (Thus it will be seen
that small seeds shonld be sown in fine eorlh, coveixd
lightly, and rolled or pressed down; anil the bed
should then be shaded from hot sun and watered fre-
quently in dry weather. ) Some seeds have a hard
shell or pericarp, and requii'e sevei'al days soahing be-
fore sowing, in order lo cou.e them lo vcgclate fretly.
If these are sown wiihoiu any preparation, and dry
weather ensues, they will invariably lail. Other kinds,
natives of warm climates, will be sure lo rot if sown
when the weather is cool and moisl; and some even
require a good hot-bed to cause them lo vcgclate. On
the other hand so'iie kinds, require cool moist weather.

and will not grow if sown late, when the weather is
hot and dry. Again, sometimes the seeds vegetate well,
but before the plants have become fairly visible, they
ore destroyed by the myriads of insects which often
infest the ground in summer. These are a few of the
many causes which every experienced gardener knows
frequently prevent the growth of seeds; but the failure
of which is often attributed lo their bad quality*

The proprietor ot the Rochester Seed Store docs not
pretend that his seeds arc 7i«'cr at fault; on the con-
trary, he is fully aware, that notwithstanding all his
care to avoid il, there has, in some cases, been just
cause of complaint. And although he intends to use
greater precaution hereafter, he cannot hope or expect
but that mistakes will sometimes occur. All he can
say is, be will do the best he can to give satisfaction:
and he hopes that any person who may have any arti-
cles from his establishment, which do not prove good,
will inform him of the circumstances, in order that
restitution may be made.

Soaking Seeds.

Nearly all kinds of seeds will vegetate sooner and
more freely, if well soaked before sowing; particularly
if the seed be of a hard dry nature, or the weather at
all dry. The frequent complaints which are made of
the failure of Mangel Wuiizel and Sugar Beet
seeds, usually arise from a neglect of this prepara-
tion. The most extensive and successful cultivators
of these roots, always soak the seeds three or four days
before sowing.

Rolling Seeds.

The rolling or pressing down of seed beds tfter
sowing is too often neglected, although very neccfsa-
ry in some cases. Most seeds are very small things,
and when sown on a loose soil it frequently happens
that many of them are not in close enough coniao
with the earth, to be kept moist and excluded from
the light; consequently they will not vegetate freely, it
at all, and the young plants, if any, easily dry up and
perish.

From the Xcw Engl.inJ Farmer.
Education of Farmers.

Mr. Breck — In your notice in the New England
Farmer, of the highly cultivated and productive farm
of that very useful and distinguished gentleman, E.
Phinney, Esq., of Lexington, you remark that his at-
tention was first called to the subject ol" agriculture
by reading the New England Farmer, and that at his
establishment you realized all you had expected to see,
where the science of agricultirre, guided by the hands
of learning and practical skill, was brought to the aid
of practical farming.

This recalled to my mind a subject of vost moment,
not only to the agricultural interests of the United
States, but to ever>' interest and crafi into which hu-
man society is subdivided: I mean a radical defect in
our whole system of education, front the common
school upward to the final graduation at our colleges,
during the whole of which important period of human
life, the attention, the tastes, the sympathies of the ed-
ucated class are systematically diverted and estranged
from the subject of agriculture and the pursuits of the
gieat mass of our people, as if an evil spirit rather
than a good and bountiful God, had first assigned to
man the cultivation of the earth os his highest and no-
blciri pursuit — as if lo keep up the humbug importance
of the learned profcL-sions, as if the statesman, .he
scholar, the lawyer, and divine, need know nothing
or care nothing about agriculture — the pursuit, per-
haps, of sixteen twentieths of our population, ond by
which oil classes "live ond move and have their be-
ing;" as if national wealth, independence, happiness,
and morality, had nothing to do with the increaseil
products of the earth.

Now, sir, how comes it lo pass in this boasted re-
public, of almost boundless extent, of every variety of
climate, soil, and production, that the principle of
equality is entirely reversed — that which is showy
takes the precedence of that which is substantial.— iLra
he who lives by professional quackcrj', the houtsl
chcateries of trade or gambling speculation, is admit-
ted by common consent to a higher rank in the public
estimation than the farmer ? I answer, our system i 1
education lays permanently ot the foundation of thi
very stale of things. Admit the science and art > i
agriculture to an equal importance in our instiiulioiis
of learning with chcmitlry, architecture, lavv',and the-
ology: let it be considered one of the sister sciences,
and lot stated lectures be delivered lo our young men
during the jieriod of their collegiate education, on the
science of agriculture as on chemistiy, compnrativt
anatnmV; or oriental literature, ond o new day wouU.
dawn on the agriculture of the country and the coiuli

No. 4.

AND GARDENERS JOURNAL.

63

tion of llie husbandman. When these young men go
forth through the length and breadth of the land, to
exert that intluence upm society, which belongs alone
to education and intelligence, to direct public senti-
ment, make laws and rule the land, in the walks of
private life, in the halls of legislation, agriculture
would find warm and hearty friends, and staunch and
bold advocates in the learned class, and grants and
aid from the States would be as common to agricul-
ture as they have been to learning, law, medicine, or
theology: and the now unhenrd-of donations for agri-
cultural learning, would become as common, and more
honorable atid useful than the foundation of professor-
ships of Greek, Latin, oriental, or polite literature.

le not agriculture as much n science as law, medi-
cine, theology, or moral philosophy ? Is there not
as much in agriculture to form n good, useful, and
virtuous character in our young men, as in the discus-
sion and lectures on mere abstract morals or modern
literature.

Had our legislators of the present day enjoyed the
benefit of agricultural lectures in the course of their
education, and been made early in life to realize the
importance of agriculture as the true source of nation-
al wealth and independence, can you believe for a
moment that by a partial system of legislation, predi-
cated on the superior claims of commerce, the mechan
ic arts, and manufactures to state and national encour-
agement, they would have made the country depen-
dent on the monarchies and despotisms of Europe for
the supply of their daily bread ? Is not our republic,
by the annual importation of from 15 to $20,000,000
of bread stuffs, reduced to the condition of a farmer
spending annually more than his income, and in case
of foreign war, unbalanced and diverted from its true
and natural channel, as the industry of the country
now is, must not famine and distress invade many
portions of our now glorious and happy country ?"

It is said by some that the idea of an agricultural
professorship is Utopian and visionary. Other coun-
tries have found it itecessary to enlist learning on the
side of agriculture. In despotic Russia, in the colle-
ges at Petersburg and Moscow, arc agricultural pro-
fessors at the expense of government, and in the com-
mon schools and colleges in Prussia, agriculture is a
part of the regular course of studies: In the German
states, in France and Scotland, similar attention is
given to agriculture.

Now, we have public spirited men among us with
untold thousands, designed at last for some public
benefaction, to perpetuate the usefulness and benefi-
cence of its pres'nt owners, after they shall have pas-
sed from the S'jenes of this mortal lite to the rewards
of the just made perfect. Now what object to such
men can be presented, with higher claims to their be-
neficence, than agricultural education ?

Very reepectfuUv, your ob't serv't.
■ H. C. MERIAM.

TJsefulness of Birds and Toads.

Mr. Editor — I see it stated in your paper of Fri-
day, that the probable reason why the canker-worm
commits small ravages in *Flob,' is found in the care
with which the birds are protected. I was reminded
of a remark in Peabody's Life of Wilson. "He en-
ters into a deliberate calculation of the value of the
services of the red-winged blackbird, which certainly
bears no good reputation on the farm; showing that,
aflowing a single bird fifty insects in a day, which
would be short allowance, a single pair would consume
12,000 in four months; and if there are a million of
pairs of these birds in the United States, the amount
of insects is less by twelve thousand millions, than if
the red-wing were exterminated." Let any one, du-
ring the brooding season of robins or other birds, rise
by break of day and count the number of times old
ones return in one hour with worms and insects, or, if
he can, let him count through the day, and the number
will be found almost incredible.

The practice of killing birds for mere amusement,
is not merely indicative of cruelty and want of feeling,
bat is exceedingly detrimental to the interests of the
community. If the farmers reflected and made calcu-
lations upon the subject, they would discourage and
oppose it as one of the greatest scourges, and would
pay u prumiimi to their boys to let the birds alone, ra-
ther than famish them with powder and shot to kill
them.

And, now that I am upon the subject of insects and
worms, let me add, that there is a very unreasonable
prejudice against toads. They are exceedingly valu-
able in gardens, and other places, in consequence of
the exterminating warfare they are continually waging
against the bugs and worms. Any person who has
them in his garden has a treasure there; and if he will
wfiicj them closely; he will find them accomplishing

more in the way of preserving his squash and cucum-
ber vines, and other vegetables, than he can do with
all his troughs of Uquid. I think these subjects will
bo brought more fully into notice by the gentlemen
commissioned by the state to examine into its Natural
History; iitdeed I know that one of them, at least, has
been at great pains for two years, to collect from all
parts of the country what information he could upon
the subject, which would be likely to secure the farmer
from the ravages which his trees, his grain crops, and
all the products of his farm eufier from insects and
other causes. I would suggest that this subject be
brought up at the weekly agricidtural meetings, and
that persons acquainted with these matters be invited
to communicate their information upon them. For,
notwithstanding all the outcry about retrenchment,
and useless offices, it seems to me that no offices in
the end are likely to be more valuable to lie, than those
which will bring to light the hidden resources of this
state, and collect all the information, both scientific
and practical, which will secure to the agricultural
population relief from every thing which blights and
diminishes their crops. S. Y.

Boston Courier.

From the Farmers' Cabinet.
Small Comforts.

Women's icorh is never done, tliereforc you ought to
lend a hand.

The Cabinet, and other agricultural periodicals,
have made our men folks very learned on the subjects
of manures, crops, short-horned cattle, sheep, swine,
&c. We hear them often discussing these topics, and
they really appear to derive benefit from it, for they
seem to talk less of politics, and other everlasting sub-
jects about which they never could come to any satis-
factory conclusion, since agricultural papers have been
generally introduced into our neighborhood. But
there are some matters that we women folks, who con-
stitute a part, and we think no unimportant part of
the agricultural community, are desirous should claim
a share of the attention of the Editor of the Cabinet;
just give us a page or two of your useful journal every
month, in which to discuss such subjects as may more
particularly appertain to our department of the duties
of house-wifery as connected with agricultural life.

If you will agree to furnish us with the use of a
chimney corner of the Cabinet for our men use, we
will accept it with thanks; if not, we will have a pa-
per of our 01071, for our own use, edited by one of our
oicn number, and then look out and stand clear when
the hot-water begins to fly about your ea'-s.

I will now tell you some of the matters we want
brought before the public, with the view of meliora-
ting our condition, and promoting the interest and
comfort of all concerned. You may call these small
comforts, but of small things great ones are composed;
grains of sand make mountains, drops of water con~ti-
tute the ocean, and little babies make men and women
all the world over; no exception, Mr. Editor. The
great matters of agriculture are ably and amply dis-
cussed in your journal, but we want something said
about our own wants and wishes. A year or two ago
you puplished a very good essay about a "wood-
house," for the comfort and convenience of females;
it was much talked of, and every man in our neigh-
borhood, except an old bachelor, approved of it, and
most of the men said they would build a receptacle for
keeping the fuel dry forthwith; one even went so far
as to get the stuff" for it, but afterwards used it for an
other purpose, and to this day there has not been built
a wood-house in our township; so we have to burn
wet wood, and go out in the rain and snow to get it;
sometimes the breakfast or dinner is delayed beyond
the usual time in consequence of the fuel being wet
and green, and whenever this happens, we are sure
to hear of it in the way of complaint, although the
fault lays precisely where the complaint comes from.
Baking, you know, can't be done right without dry
wood, so we want you to write another es:ay about
keeping wood in the dry, and having it cut and split
to proper sizes tor current family use. Many of us in
our neighborhood are bad ofi' for water, and the men
don't take it to heart as they ought to, or things would
soon begin to mend. Carrying water a long distance
is real work, and so is drawing it from the bottom of
n deep well, and a tall pumi) don't work easy. A few
of our neighbors have good large cisterns with pumps
in them that save much time and labor; and besides,
the fine soft rain water they contain is so good for
washing, that I wish you would give us a lift in the
Cabinet, so that every family may be furnished with
one, even if it should bo thought to be for our sakes
alone. Now there is the milking, which you know
must be done, ram or shine, no matter how great the
storm, or deep the mud or fifth of the path, or barn

yard, or stable; try to help us along a little in this im-
portant matter; the path might be paveil, tir gravelled,
one would think, without much cxpenee or labor; and
the stables, can't you teach our rfearmoi/crs how they,
as well the cows, can be kept clean during the winter
season. It is said cows give much more milk when
they are kejyidy and clean, I think it 6tandn to rea-
son that thc^hould. If I was a cow I wouldn't give
a drop of milk unless I was kept neat and clean, and
well fed in the bargain, for I hate these lazy, stingy fel-
lows, that are always trying to cheat and get some-
thing for nothing: do give them a touch on these sub-
jecte, and if you do it handsomely, I will write to you
again, and tell you a few more of our grievances, un-
der which we have long been laboring to our great
discomfort, and the great injury of our constitutioaB.

SUSAN.

*Wc invite "Suenn'" to occupy a place in our columns ev-
ery nioiitli; and would extend uur invitation to other Indies,
who sustain the cnviiible relation of wives and djmghtcra
to llic true noljjlily of the country, to tuke *'t*ii8!in'i>*' com-
iiinnication, or their own experiencec for a te.\t book, .ind
forward to us their productions. We pledge more than the
iininlier of pages for which "Susan" asks, ami should tiiere
he any want of room, we will puhlish an occasional extra, aa
a less evil tlian that of being subjeclcd to a sprinkling of "hot
water," or entering into conijietilion with uur fairfricnds. —
Fd. Farmers' Cadi.n-et.

Poor man! no wonder that he surrenders the use of hia col-
umns to liis "fairfrievds.^' Who would have expected to hear
such warlike tlireateninga from the descendants of tho
peaceful Wm. Penn, and uttered towards an editor in tho
city of "hrotherly love?" Our fair readers employ more
gentle means, and liy the force of kind persuasion, induce
us to olfer them the same privilege — tlie free use of our col-
umns for their own benefit. — Eds. New Genesee Fanner.

To Sjiice Beef — [risk Fashion. — Suppose your
round to weigh 05 lbs.; take li ounces of saltpetre,
2 table-spoonsful of brown sugar — pound them both
very fine, and rub your beef remarkably well — put it
into a tub as near the size as you can, and let it le-
main 48 hours — during which time turn and rub it
two or three times — then have prepared IJ ounces
ground pepper, 5 ounces alspice, 1 ounce cloves, and
three or four handsful of salt, all ground and mixed
well together, with which rub your beef well, and for
a week after turn and rub it every day, taking core to
preserve the pickle. It will be ready for use in twu
or three weeks, according to the weather.

To dress it. — Chop about one pound of fresh suet,
place a few sticks at the bottom of your pot to preserve
the beef from burning — lay it on them and throw the
suet over it as well as the pickle — pour in about two
quarts of water at tho side of the pot, cover it very
close, and let it stew very slow till done.

T/(C sa7ne. — Boil some carrots and turnips, chop
them fine, make some thin drawn butter, season it
with some of the liquor that is about the beef, garnish
your beef with the carrots and turnips, and send your
sauce in boats to the table. — Am. Far.

Beicare of Short Collars. — Mb. Holmes — On Sa-
turday afternoon last, a man put up at my hous-c, who
had a sick horse. The horse did not appear to be in
much pain, but would not eat any thing; he had been
travelling in a team, perhaps 70 miles. On Monday
afternoon the horse died very suddenly. He was
standing in the stall, and as I supposed was about to
lie down. I went out at the great door and in at iLe
stable door as soon as I could, and found him dead. —
He must have died without a struggle. The owner
engaged one of my horses to complete his journey. —
On harnessing, I observed that the collar which the
sick hirechad worn was too small, and objected to iis
being put on my horse. It was shifted and put on the
other hone.

On making a post mortem e.xr.mination of the dead
horse, I found that the breast on the inside, and tha
lower part of the shoulder appeared to be much alleci-
ed, as were also the lungs, a quarter pait being turned
black, with the appearance of great internal inllnmmn.
tion. There was no other appearance of disease or
injury to be found in him, and from this I am led to
infer that his death occurred in consequence of his
wearing the small collar — nothing more. This should
lend others to beware, nnd know that their collars ar«
sufliciently large, nnd they may perhaps prevent much.
Insj to owners, and much needless tuffering to that
uteful cnimal — the horse. John Laud.

Wimhrop, Jan. 18, 18-10. Maine Fur.

To Prksebve Eggs. — Apply with a Lrush a solu
tion of gum Arabic to the shells, or immerse then.
therein; — let them dry, and afterwards pack them in
dry charcoal dust. "This prevents them bffng afl'ected
by any change of temperature.

64

THE NEW GENESEE FAR M E R,

Vol 1

Farmers' l>au^hters.

Wc have received another ciceilent letter from our fair
incog. Annette; but unfurlunalely it dt.l notarrive until the
end of the month, when our pages were full. VCc wish A,
would not wait to send her letters "l.y a friend," hereafter,
but trust them to Unrle Sam. Wc are aware that he is rath-
er slow these limes, but he U pretty sure^^i we will gladly
pay his fecfoT such letters.

Our female friemls will perceive that wc have not forgot-
ten them this month, and we hope wc never shall; but for
fear that a multiplicity of business should drive them from
our thoughts, we advise them to write more frequently.

Death op John Lowki.l.— A late number of the New
Knglarid Farmer containH the announr-cnientof the death of
John Lowell. Ewij., cif Koxbury, Mass., distinguished, du-
ring a long life, for his talents and eminent services in ci-
vil society, and more especially, in the improvenienl of agri-
culture and horticulture, and their kindred sciences.

EaRLT Asparagus— The first pjcmium this Spring, for
early Vegetables, was awarded to James l^nnen, for two
bunches o? AspuriiRUs, raised by him in the garden of Dr.
Kelsey, and delivered at the Uochcster Seed Store the27lh
of March.

Names of Grasses— A CoiTeclion.

Much confiieion often nrisee from the circumstance
that the common names of many grnsses (and other
plants) are entirely different in diHerent eectione ot
country. Thu8 June Gra:>s, Red Top and Herds
Grass, are terms comt-timcs applied to various Bpecies,
aitd it is often impossible to decide what particular
plants are intended to be designated, unless the true
botanic names are given; and as these are not known
by farmers generally, it is easy to account for any mis-
takes which may be made on this subject.

We committed an error of this kind ourselves, on
P. ?,6 in our last number, which our readers will
nlease to correct. We called June Gross, Agrosiis
Vulgaris — it is Po(i Pratenss. We called Red Top
Agrostis Stricta — it is Agrostis Vulgaris.

The number of species of grasses found in this sec-
tion is or<;ro7ic/(/m(/ra/. We intend tofoimacom-
plete collection of dri<d specimens next summer, and
have them correctly labeiled and arranged for the pro-
posed Agricultural Museum, in connection with the
Rochester Seed Store*

The Ai^ricultmal Museum,

The proposition for farming an Agricultural Museum
as mentioned in our first lumiber, appeals to receive
universal approbation; and a number of our iriends
huve promis'.'d to contribute something towards it. —
Any appropriate dountiou'^ will be moat thankfully re-
ceived and duly acknowledged. It is not expected
that much can be done towards it, until after hiirvcst.

IIovs2 Medicine— Quackery.

We have received by mail un anonymous letter re-
questing us *'t5 introduce to the acquaintance of our
readers, a medicine for horses," which is prepared by
one G. W. Merchant, and for sale (not ^•o/r/, we pre-
sume) "by mjf^tof the Dfugg:s;s in the country."

We know nothing about this meJicine; but we do
know thalujc tccrc taxed with thcpostage on the letter,
and we think it bcvi to give our readers some beitefit
from it. We pherufuro caution them, one and all, as
they value their mi)nry and ih^ health ot their horses,
not to hate anij thing to do with Uiis medicine; ibr we
feel well convinced thit it is all quackery and iuipnsi-
lion. Valuable nit-d cinea, like honest men, do not
require such meaaurea to be taken to obtain public fa
or.

^ilBPilERDS' DOGS.

Pl'PPIF.S. of the true brecJ of Scotch Collies, maybe
had on application to \Vm. Hlaikie, Haniitton, U. C. —
Price, I-'ivp DfiHars e.'^'-h, at sit weekd old, delivered at IjIs
farm; ur si.t dolbits if sent by SteamlMJr.t or stage.

A remittunoe will ensure a puppy of tlie first ensuing litter,
being scji: as ordered.

Wm. blaikie.

Hamilton, V. C. Mnrrh 20, 3=40.

MANY ornamental r5hruba an-l leiLiitifiil flowering Plan's,
adapti?- 1 to the peMiliariiles of this region, may Lc had
a', very modrr.ite prices by applying to

UAVID THOMAS*.
jVf/ir Aurora, Cayuga Co.
Letters, poit paid, and eni^losing remittances, wiU receive
due i.t:cnlion.

Hoxes or bun Ue<i forwarde.lby the Cinnl.
AUn I'ur sale, B ur lufine.-ior'.s of Pcara, graf,.e^l from bear-
iD rces : and a few other fruit trees.
Athrtio., 1^10.

ARNOLDS IMPROVED PORTABLE HORSE
POAVER.

THOSE who are interested in ibe use of HOUSE POW-
Kit MACllINliS, for Thrashing, Sawing, or oilier me-
chanical purposes, and who wish to avail theinwelves of the
most approved article, may find it greatly to tJicir tdvantagc
to read liic following nolU-e i —

1 have devoted more than ten years exclusively to tJic stu-
dy of Horse Powers, and expended over twenty thousand
dollars in expcrlmentina, with a fi.veJ determination lu fur-
nish the public with a ilor^e Power that should not only ex-
cel all otiicrs. but meet the wan.'s of an industrious and eti-
lc|»rising people. Thus far my efforts have been direcied to
the consiruciifn of a machine for ONE OR TWO HOU-
SES, that would secure ample power for all ordinary purpo-
ses, and at the same time be portable, cheap and durable. —
And af:er putting In operation a greater vuneiy of Horse
Powers than all hitherto known by the public, \ have at
length discovered a principle which I am confideni must be-
come the standing one for the construction of Horec Powers,
forages. It is secured to me by letters Patent, a)* i I have,
during tlie past year, made and sold a lar|;e namber of the
machines, whicli have been applied to a variety of mechani-
cal purposes — aliorilingme every facility for testing its use-
fulness. And although wc were unfortunate in our first at-
tempts at trashing, having to contend with a ihraslier that
proved to be literally good for nothiDg, it is now used with
greater success, and its claim to superiority fully established
I.eyond all controversy, lint, until now, I have not been
ready to introduce it to the public through the medium of the
press, though some of its t'riends have taken this method
to invite the attention of theconnniniity to its merits.

Experience has suggested some alterations and improve-
ments in the machine, not affecting its general principle,
which it may be necessary hereto notice.

The flooring for the horse coiisistt-d of ten cast iron pla'es,
entirely disconnected, lying upon friction rollers and passing
from end to end of the nuichine. by means of a small gear
wheel and guides, without clianging the surface. Here were
two important objections that wc iiave fully overcome The
guides were in separate pieces and liable to get loose, tliere-
by causing disonier. This diftlcuhy is obviated by casting
the guides and boxes all in one. Again, the gear wheel
played through the centre of the plates, exposing them to
dirt from the horse, and danger from a loose shoe or other
hard substance that might accidentally get upon the plates and
pass under the wheel. This is fully remedied hy removing
the gear wheel to the side of tije plates, wliere ibey are out
of sight and dr.nger.

Some o'ljcciions were also made to iron for the horse to
wa'k on; the plates or treads are now so i-onstruclcd, that a
dural>le wood floor is easily fitted, at a trifling expense. In
short, the machine is so pcrfc-teil. that nothing is wanted to
rpnlt-rit the most desirble HORSE POWER, that can be
found in any country ; and I am ready to warrant all that I
mav sell, either for one or two horses, and bind myself to re-
fund the moaey in all cases where they do not full}- answer
thp contract.

Two thrashers have been conBlructed to accompany tlie
Horse Power, one over and the other under-shot, either of
which eive uviversal satisfaction.

Certifi-'ates relating to the utility of thr- Horpe Power, or
anv inforuiation desired, may be hr.don applying to the sub-
scriber. Rut the machine in all c;usl-s. is its best recommen-
dation. The Riglit for a large amount of territory has al-
readv been soltl. and the whole country will soon be aide to
judge of its merits.

All communications addressed to me, Post paid, will re-
ceive due attention.

WILLIAM E. ARNOIJ>.

N. B. Those who wish to availtheniselvea of Mr. Arnold's
improvement in the States of New H-vmpshirc, Vermont, or
Missouri; or in the counties of York, Cumbcrianl. or Ox-
ford in the State of Maine; or in the counties of Alhanv.
Rensselaer, or Green, in the Str.tR of New York; or Madi-
pon country in Illinois; may apply to Dr. Moses Lonsr, of
Rochester, N. Y., as the exclusive a?ent for thosp districts.
Dr. L. is also interested in the manufacture of Horse Power
!\LT.?hines, and sales of p.-itent ritdits In thirteen other States,
and in twenty-one other counties in New York.

Rochester, April, 1640.

SlfiK WOR.W EGGS.

THE Su'i^d-rili-T has on ban I a juunti'y of the .Mammoth
Sulpliur var:c*.y ofSilkworm Eggs, in fine order, whl;:h
he will sell at readoji..blc priced, iterfidence, corner of Hi^^h
an I Sprins-slreei-.

THP-ODOUR RACKEP.
Uoi-hesler. M.irrh 3'i. 1t^4J),

A PARTNER WANTED.

AN Experienced Nurseryman, who has a'reaiv a good
Cireen House and Youn</ Nursery, where there is an ex-
cellent chaULC for an extensive business, wishes to form a
co-partnership with some person who can invest a ^cw hun-
dred dollars to increase tlie con'-rrn, and who would t c wil-
ling to devote his attention to the business.
O" Enquire at the Rochester Seed Store.
April 1. 1630.

SJLK WORM EGGS.

AVERY lar(/» quantity of Silk Worm Eggs, of the
!VIanininth Sulidiur, and other varieties, are for sale at
the Sefd S'ore. at re hiced prlrea.
N. R. "Dennis' Silk M.nnual,'' Price 25 cents, also for sjile.
April \, 1^10.

SITUATIONS WANTED I'X several dardeiirrs.—
Enquire at the Seed Store.
April I, 1?40.

GENUINE ROHAN POTATOES.

AFRESH suppU, warranted prnuine, received at the
Seed Store — Pri'-p $r2 i«*r bushel — S-> per barrel. A
reniillan-'i* will ensure their brtn^ pent according to instruc-
tions ; and if a large quantity is desired, a reduction will he
made M. B. BATEHAM.

DI^RHAM C.ATTIiE.

THE suli-^criber offers for srde. at his Rtnck farm, one
mile east of the village of Alexander, fJeriesce County,
'diirteen one and two year old Bulls, rarigin? from fne to
seven eighths blonled, reare ! froai Ills Hill liloode 1 Durham
importation of 18.14, eros:^ed with the Oito an 1 Devonshire
hresls. Terms mnJeraV. fi

■March :il. I-^l". rr/PER \ REMSE.N.

CARTHAGE NURSERY.

ROHAN POTATOES.— The subscriber has for sale thii
most prolific and excellent potatoe, which he will put up ,
to order, either in small or large quantities, together with |_
other kinds of first rate table pot.atoes. Also, as usual, r
Fruit Trees, .of the most approved kinds, anil Grape Vines ■■ \
of celebrated varieties. All of which will be sold at prices ;
suited to the time".
N- B. 100,000 Silk Worm E-ggs for Sail*. •

Address, through the Rochester Poet Office, to

H. N. LANGWORTHA'.
Jrondequoit, Smiles north of Roche$ttr. ,.

March 31.

lUillet and Hemp Seed Wanted at the Rochceter

Seed Store.

Fresh liUCerne Seed, imported last fall, and its vital-
ity tested this Spring, for sale at the Seed Store. Price,
37 .J cents per pound.

AGENTS

FOR THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE
AND NEW GENESEE FARMER.

A full assortment of seeds, put up at the Rochester Seed
Store, may be found at each of the following places.—
Subscriptions will also be received there for the " New Gen-
esee Farmer and Gardener's Journal :"

Buffalo W. & G. Bryant.

Eockport S. H. Marks & Co,

New Fane, J. P- Lukens,

A'bioii, Rathbun &. Clark.

Brnckport, George AUen.

Scotsville, • Andrua &. Garbutf.

I^e Roy, .Tompkins &. Morg.Tn,

Batavia, J. V. D. Ycrplanck.

Attica, R. & N. Wells,

Perry, L. B. Parsons d; Son-
Mount Morris, R. Sleeper,

Gencseo F. & G, W^ Wymaw.

Canandaigua, J-'B Hayes,

Geneva, J- >• Bosert.

W.aterloo Abrani Deuof,

Aulmrn T. M. Hunt.

Palnivra Hoyl & May.

Newark *• -.Doane St Partridge.

Svracuse, T. B. Fitch & Co,

Itica, J. E. Warner.

Oswego, M. B, Edson.

M. B. BATEHAM-
Roehcster Seed-Store, March 1, leiO.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

COKF.KCTEn FOR

THE NXW GENESEE FARMER, APRIL 2, 1^10.

WHEAT, perbuebcl, $ 61 a §

CORN, '* 44

OATS, ** 28 31

BARLEY, " :^ 44

RYE, '' 0-4

PEAS, Common, . ** 50 75

BEANS, White,.. *' 75

POTATOES,.... ** 20 25

APPLES, Desert,. " 75 1,00

*» Cooking, " 50 Oi

*' Dried,... '* 1,00 1,2S

CIDER, barrel, ... 1,75 2,00

FLOUR, Snperfine, '* 4,23

Fine, .... *' 3,75

gj^^'p ** !2,00-

PORK',Mes9, " ..WW. 14,00.... M^.SO '

*i Prime,.... " 10,50 11,00

" Hog, lOOlbfi 4,50 5,00

BEEF, " 5,00 5,50

POULTRY, " ... 8 9

LOGS, pcrdozon, 12^ 15

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per poimd 12i 15

" Firkin, "... 127

CHEESE, " ... 6 8

LARD, " ... 7 6

TALLOW, '* ... 10

HIDES, " ... 5

SHEEP SKINS,.... each,... 50 6:?

WOOL, pound,.. 38 50

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00

POT, '* .... " .. 4,50

HAY, ton,.. i),00 10,00

GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. 1,95 1,50

CLOVER, *' " ... 6,50 ....7,5i>

FLAX,.... " " ... 75 1,00

PLASTER, (inbbls.)perton, 6,00

'' bulk, rat Wheailnnd) 3,00

Rf.«ark-<». — The Roeliester rvtarkft is at present in a very
un«e.tled state, — spring business an:I navii^rtion not yet ron -
niencc I. The rnatls are very lad— tlie times areboil. nuiI Un-
people leel had— prices are low, and purchasers are si-a.jcc—
I e^an^e money is scarce.

Uurinsthe past month, the price of wheat deelined : but
tb** lalp-st news from England has a?ain revived it a lif.Ie,
and it is now expected tn advance. Piin-hasers from Canada
Iiaveeomeinto this and the Western Staips, and are Ituyln?
wheat for tlie Canadian and Engiish nuirkct^ ; hut there !«
liitle oonipetition, and hisl) prices niUFt not In* e-Npecte^i.

(►wing to ll'e had state of ihe roads, some kind--; of pro-
(hi -c are n ptiol demani ; hut laifiiness (generally is very
dull and nin^t remri-^ ^o until after naviaa*i<>n opens, wh.'-n
\\i' "Mrt!! I'eri.'iinly e; m">re Irvly, if noi l-ctier tin f^.

THE NEW GENESEER FAMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATEHAM,
E. F. MARSHALL, Proprietors. \

VOIi. 1.

KOCHESTER. MAY, 1840.

14,^ ^ , JOHN J. THOMAS,

J>iO. .J. < jyj jj BATEHAM, EdUort.

PUBLISHED MO]VTHLiY

l« CONNECTION WITH THE ROCIIESTEE SEED STORE AND AORl-
CL'LTURAL REPOSITORY.

Terms— FIFTY CENTS, per year, paj nblc awnys In ad-
Vance.

Post Masters, Agents, and otliers, sending money free of
postage, will receive seven copies for 83, — 'VwcUe copies for
Q5, — TwetUy-Jive copies for $10.

The postaire on tliis paper is only one cent to any place
vrltbin this state, and one and a half cent to any part of
the United States.

CONTENTS OF THIS NrMBER.

Gall for a meelinp of Fanners at Rochester 65

Gardening work for May 63

Cutting Clover, hy Win. Garliutt 66

Selling Uolian Potatoes, hy John .\orth 66

RootCultnre — The Potatoe. Important Discovery 66

Use of Long manures. Ontario county Waliing up. Iiu-

proveuienL of Horses. Inipro\eJ slock in Henrietta. —

To prevent Sinut in Wheat 67

To prevent had tjistc in Milk, Butter, and Beef 68

Seed Corn. Disease in Cattle 6S

Pumps for Wells. Preserving Fence Posts, &c, Sunllow-

er Seed Inquiry, Oil, Slc. Edging for Borders. New

Varieties of Piunis 69

Expense of Improvement. Kepiy to ''Old Farmer." 70

Encouiaging Improvements, Book Farming 70

United States Census of Agriculture 70

Beat Varieties of Corn. Scotch Oats. Chevalier Barley.

Annat Barley ",70

Tares or Vetches. The Borer in Quince Trees. Slugs

on Frnit Trees. The Curcnlio 71

Hints for the Month. Different Soils 72

The Flowers of Spring. Clearing New Lands — Inqulry7'2

The fleeting at Rochester. Acknowledgements 73

A Donation for the Museum. To Readers, &c 73

Beet Sugar in Michigan 73

An Essay on Grasses, hv Professor Dewey

Mulberry Trees. The Silk Culture 74

Silk Culture. Market for Cocoons. Green House Inquiry 75

Farmers' Daughters. &c.. by Annette 76

Poetry. — N.ature. Morning in Spri ng 76

Victoria regalis. Beet Sugar Experiment 77

Caking of the Udder. Gold Vine Peaa 77

Chopping Hay. To Preserve Fence Posts 77

Sheep buried in Snow. Weight of Snow. What will

you Have? 77

Razors, Shaving, and Improving Cutting Instruments. . .78

Farm Accounts ami Farm Profits 78

The Preservation anil use of Roots 79

On Stripping Cows— Rearing Calves— Preserving Hams. .79

Successful Farming. Employment 79

Pnliltsher's Notices. Unciirrent Money, &c SO

Advertisements. Prices Current — Remarks 80

FAKMERS' MEETING AT ROCHESTER.

To tjie Far7iiers of Monroe, and the adjoining Coun-
ties : —

A meeting of famieis and the frienda of Agri-
culture, in Monroe, and thendjoining counties, will be
held at the Court House, in the city of Rochester, on
Thursday, the 28th inst., at 10 o'clock, A. M., for
the purpose of considering the presenl condition of
ngriculture and the farming interests in this section-
of country, and for devising means for their improve-
ment. The good which has resulted from Agricultu-
ral Societies in other places, it is thought, nflbrds
strong reason for the belief that an association can be
formed here, which will elevate and improve our ag-
riculture— give a new impulse to the prosperity of
Western New- York — and render the business of the
farmer more pleasant as well as more profitable. This
subject has been discussed at some length in the "Nev\-
Genesee Farmer," and many have e.tpreesed a desire
that an association should be formed without delay; or
ot least that a meeting should be held for an inter-
change of views respecting it.

We, therefore, whose names are hereunto attached.

respectfully invito our brother farmers in this section
of country, and all those who feel an i merest in the
cause of agriculture, to meet for this purpose at the
above mentioned time and place.

Thos. Wedule, Jno. W. Peckham,

.Ino. Lake, David Darli.'sg,

L. B. Langvvorthy, Ralph Thrall,

IVLiTTHiAs Garret, Joshua Tripp,

E. M. Parsons, Amos Cole,

H E. Rochester, Rkfus W.vrsek,

Isaac Moore, Wm. Pixi.ev,

Oliver Culver, David Bangs,

LisDLEV M. Moore, B. Richmond,

\Vm. Pitkin, Henry Fellows,

Wm. McKnight, Alexr. Voorhees,

Wm. Garbutt, E. H. Barnard,

R. Harmo.n, Jr. Ira Bellows,

Elisha Harmon, E. H. Vanduser,

Geo. Sheffer, A. Goodell,

Asa Rowe, G. Ramsdell,

Jas. Upton, Chas. Burr,

G. H. HoLDEN, John Ayrault,

John Moxen, Zerah Burr,

H. HosMER, Ira Mekrill,

Allen T. Lacy, Erastus Root,

Ephraim Finch, Joseph Randall,

Same. Wood, James Smith,

Geo. Wood, Henry Quinby,

Thos. Brown, C. Cady,

Wm. M. Wooster, Lafayette Collins,

W. C. Dwight, H. Holden

J. HosFORD, W. L. Field,

W. T. CuYLER, Jno. L. Bartholf,

Same. Webster, P. C. Shebma.n,

Martin S.mith, Jno. F. Plato,

Wm. C. Cornell, Wm. Mitchell,

C. Lngersoll, R. N. Smith,

S. Wight, Rufus Robertson,

N. Draper, Timothy Fitch,

H. N. Langworthy, Jno. B. Skinner,

H. M. Ward, Saml. C. Stevens,

A. Kelsey, Edwd. Wilbur,

L. W. Metcalf, Wm. R. Smith,

Saml. Whitcomb, John J. Thomas.
*»* Publishers of Newspapers in the sevcial coun-
ties adjoining Monroe, are requested to give the above
one or two insertions,
Rochester, May 1, 1840.

Gardening for Alay.

Many persons in this latitude do not commence
planting or sowing their garden before the first of May;
but it is an advantage to sow some kinds of vegeta-
bles earlier, as diiected last month. Those who have
not yet pertorraed the work there specified, should do
it without delay. The weather during the past month,
has been very favorable for gardening, and vegetation
is more forward than usual — the 1st of May. It must
not be forgotten, however, that Jack Frost has not yet
paid hie farewell visit for the season, and that it is not
safe to plant tender articles in the ground before the
10th or 1.5th of the month.

Asparagus beds, when new ones are wanted, should
be made as early as can be. Deep rich warm soil is to
be preferred — mix in plenty of manure, to the depth
of two feet, and set the plants one foot apart. If seed
is to be sown it had better be done on a small bed or
border of rich earth, where the plants can easily be
kept clear of weeds. Transplant when one year old.

Beans. — The early kindu may be plan.ed early in
the month, and the late kinds about the lOlh or loth.
The Litna Deans require a warm, sandy soil, and
should not be sown during wet or cold weather, as
they are liable to rot.

Beets, Carrots, Parsnips, Onions, ifc., may now
be sown for the main crop. Those sown last month
should be thinned out n^ soon as the plants will per-

mit. Stir the ground frequently, and be careful to
keej) it clear from weeds-now is the time to kill them
easily, and a few days' neglect may spoil the crop.

Broccoli, CauUfiowcr, and Cabbage plants, raised
in hot-beds, if of sufficient size, should be transplant-
ed into the open ground early in the month. Take
them up carefully, and immediately immerse the roots
in mud, to prevent their drying: this renders it unne-
ceesary to defer the operation till a rainy ilay. The
early York and other email cabbages, need not be set
more than half the distance apart of the Drumhead
and the Cauliflower. These ought to be three feet
apart, and on very rich land. The purple Cape Broc-
coli is an excellent vegetable, and easily raised. The
seed may be sown in the open ground; early in May,
and if the soil and cultivation are good, they will head
finely in autumn.

Cavliflower seed may also be sown in the open
ground early this month; and if a favorable season, it
will do well.

Celery, if sown early in a hot-bed, will now need to
be transplanted in a nursery bed, where it can gain
size and strength, and be fit for setting in trenches
next month. Set the plants four inches apart and wa-
ter fraquently. Shade from hot sun till rooted.

Tomato, Egg Plant, and Pepper, should be remo-
ved from the hot-bed about the middle of the month.
1 1 the plants are getting large, they may be removed
earlier, but must be protected during cold and frosty
nights. Egg Plants and Peppers require rich land;
but a light, sandy soil is best for Tomatoes — if it in
rich and moist they run too much to vine, and do not
bear well.

Turnips. — Sow a little of the early White Flat
Dutch Turnip, as soon as may be, and if the soil is
free from worms they will do well. Sow again the
latter part of the month.

Radishes may be sown now, and repeatedly during
spring and summer.

Lettuce should also be sown often. Transplant
some of the earliest sown, in order to have fine large
heads for summer.

Pens. — Sow Marrowfat, and other large kinds re-
peatedly, during this and next month.

Indian Corn. — Plant some of the early golden va-
riety as soon as possible — if it escapes the frost, all ia
well. Plant some Tuscarora and SvN'cet Corn as early
as danger from frost will permit; and again about the
last of the month.

Melons, Cucumbers, and Sijuas/ics. — Plant early in
the month, for early use, and about the 1.5th for the
main crop. If planted on highly manured ridges or
mounds, they will bear much better than in the ordi-
nary way, especially if the ground be cold and heavy.

Flower Seeds may now be sown in the open ground.
Those forwarded in hol-beds should be transplanted
about the middle of the month. (For remarks on
Sowing, &c., see April number.)

Watering. — Do not neglect watering in dry weath-
er— it should be done in the evening, so that the water
may sink in and not dry up.

Shading. — When plants are removed in sunny
weather, it is of great advantage to place a shingle or
some such thing, on the south side of the plant, to
shade it from the mid-day sun. Severe winds are al-
so injurious to tender plonts.

Destroy weeds while young, or they will g«t the up.
per hand, and be apt to keep it during t e smmcr

€6

THE N E W G E N E S E E FARMER,

V

OL.

2

Catting Clover, &c.->By Wm. Garbutt,

Mkssrs. Editors. — In my remarks on Grasses and
Clorer in your 3d number, I find there is on idea con-
veyed wbich woe not intended, owing to my error, or
year's, or the printer's. It says that the small kind of
clover "should be mown early, and it may be cut a se-
cond time in October, or it will afford good pasture in
autumn. This is an advantage to those who have time
to make hay before harvest." Thus it would be in-
ferred that I usually cut the large kind afur harvest,
wbich is not the case, for it should be cut in July;
and last year was the first lime that I have cut it so
late as August. It is my present impression, howev-
er, that it would be a good plan for us to pasture a part
of our large clover pretty late in the spring, and then
cut it for hay after the bustle of harvest is over.

But the idea I meant to convey is this: — When the
Boil is moist, or the season wet, the small kind of clo-
ver yields more pasture in autumn, or it may be cut
twice in o season, which is an advantage to those who
have time to cut hay in June and October. But for
my part, I have no time to make hay in these months.
In June my time is fully occupied in hoeing corn, &c.,
and breaking up land for wheat; and in October I am
always very busy securing my corn and root crops,
fall ploughing, &c. The time for haying is July and
August, and I generally find it best to be occupied
about one thing at a time, as much as possible.
1. Yours, &c.,

W. GARBUTT.

Wiheatland, March 15<A; 1840.

For tht New Genesee Farmer.
8eUing Rohan Potatoes—By John Xorth.

Messrs. Editors — In your last paper, R. Harmon,
Jr., expresses considerable surjjrise at the high price
which I obtained for my Rohan Potatoes; and sajs
he should be glad if I would inform him how I dispo-
sed of them to so good advantage. You will there-
fore please inform Mr. Harmon, that in the town of
Alabama, Genesee county, which is nearly fifty miles
from Rochester, there was never such a thing seen till
last year, and but very few persons had ever heard oi
them. Some had known them sell, or had bought one
or two at about 25 cents each. All were astonished
at their productiveness; so that they willingly offered
and gave the prices which I mentioned. It should be
borne in mind also, that the Genesee Farmer is but
little known in that neighborhood, and Mr. Harmon's
advertisement had probably not met the eye of any
there; so that they did not know at what prices the
potatoes were selling here.

Those engaged for the west are going to a neigh-
borhood where a very few were raised last year, from
seed which cost an enormous price; but so sotiefactory
were the results, that many can be sold now in small
lots, at very high prices, notwitlistanding they are sel-
ling so low here.

Messrs. Editors — If all of our farmers would take
an agricultural paper; they would not only learn how
to buy Rohan Potatoes at the lowest price, but also
how to obtain and cultivate many other things which
would greatly increase their profits, and of which they
will otherwise remain in ignorance. I have induced
several to subscribe for the New Genesee Farmer;
and when I see a man pay over his fifty cents for it, 1
always feel that he is doing himself greater good than
he could possibly do with so small a sum in any other
way. It was by reading the Genesee Farmer that I
was induced to make a little outlay, which resulted in
a profit more than equal to the cost of your paper du-
ring an ordinary life time.

I am, respectfully, yours, &c.
JOHN NORTH.
Rochester, March, 1840.

Note.— The ;i.bove communlcatioiH were written for lost
Dpntb, but omittel Cor ntfX of room.— £iif.

; For the New Genesee Farmer.

The Root CnItare~The Potato.

Messrs. Editors — I am not quite through with the
subject on which I commenced, which was the con-
siderotion of the Root Culture. To show to the far-
mere in the clearest possible manner, how much it is
for their interest to turn their attention to this system
of forming, I exhibited, in my former communication,
the circumstances in which they were placed, particu-
larly in relation to the high prices of mill feed. —
Wheat was their hobby, because it wos the crop,
which, more than any other, increased the amount of
their funds. So much, therefore, ol their land was
put into wheat, that it was impossible to keep stock to
much extent, without changing the system of farming.
And hence arose, among the Farmers of Western
New- York, the necessity of cultivating Roots; be-
cause a very few acres in Roots, properly managed,
will furnish the greatest amount of the best kind of
food for farm stock.

One prime article ol this kind is the Potato ; be-
cause it is eosily produced, it is adopted to our soil and
climate, a large amount con be produced from a small
quantity of land, and because it will endure rather
longer for late feeding in spring, and summer.

For six or eight years I have very eucccessfully culti-
vated the mercer potato, for various reasons, let.
Because, for the table, they are of the first quality. —
2d. They fetch the highest price in market. 3d. They
ccme very early to maturity, requiring only a short
season, and at the some time they are of the first qual-
ity to use late in the season, or before new potatoes ore
fit for use. 4th. They can be planted thicker than
any other potatoe, on account of the smallncss of their
tops. Each eye puts forth a shoot which comes very
early to maturity, and then dies down, without put-
ting out any side shoots like the Pinkeye, the Rohan,
and most other kinds. 5th. Though they are no bet-
ter flavored than the Pinkeye, yet in other respects
they are superior; their tops are so much smaller that
you can plant more upon an acre and produce more;
they are more easily harvested, because the tubers are
not scattered all over the hill like those of the Pink-
eye, but they lie close together in one snug family —
6th. You con also harvest them very early, and thus
have them out of the way of early frosts.

But when potatoes are extensively grown, it is best
to cultivate two kinds, one kind for the table, and one
kind forearm stock. Should the Rohans continue to
maintain the extraordinary high character which they
have hitherto had, I should decidedly recommend them
for stock and the mercer for the table.

Soil. — So far as my experience goes, potatoes flou-
rish on every kind of soil in this vicinity, except a
stiff clay. As often as I have plonted on a stiff clay,
I have lost my labor and almost all of my seed. —
Therefore, for the last two years, I hove avoided
planting on cloy entirely. And, in case there happen
to be any small patches of clay on my potato ground,
I plant them with some of the Royal White Bean.

Preparation. — I select a clover sod. Early in the
month of April, haul on and spread twenty loads of
long manure to the acre. Plough under the manure
deep and clean, laying the furrow-slice over flat. Roll
it down and harrow it with the furrow. On or about
the first of May, work it with the cultivator till the
surface is finely pulverized and mellow. If y.iu in-
tend to plant mercer potatoes, mark out the rows shal-
low, with a one horse plough, three feet apart. But
if you intend to plant the Rohan, let your rows be full
three feet and o half apart.

Planting. — Cut your mercers to three or four eyes,
and your rohans to only one or two. Drop ynur mer-
cers one foot apart in the row, and the rohans full
three and a half feet apart in the row, with only two

fci

eyes in a hill. Then cover the seed either with the
plough or hoe.

After Ciillvre. — As soon as the Potatoes come up
two or three inches high, run the cultivator once or "';
twice between the rows, and give them a dressing with H '
the hoe, so as to slir the earth next to the shoots, des- i^-'
troying the young weeds, and earthing up the young s*--
plants only a trifle. Then, before the potatoes are in ? ■■
blossom, and before the younj tuberf begin to be form- *'■
ed in the hill, go through, twice in the row, with fe"
a one horse plough and turn the earth toward* the ni'
potntoes; and then follow with the hoc, to complete [1
the eorthing up, to put the tops in the proper position,! iiiV;
and to destroy the remainder ol the weeds. After H-
this it is very improper tu be moving the soil around Jje
the hills, because, to disturb the young tubors aftei jfji
they are set and before they have como to maturity, i^ j, i
very injurious to their growth. y;;

Harrcsting. — Never commence harvesting your po- im
tatoes till they have come to full maturity, or till th( ifii
frost has killed the tops down. While the tops an k'l
green, the tubers nre growing and improving: there meti
fore, unless you wish to harvest your potatoes fortbi iiij
purpose of malcing room for a wheat crop, let them re |itci
main in the ground as long as they continue to grow ijiji
In digging them, nse either the plough or the potat joje.
hook. As soon as ihey are out of the ground, le jgii
them be picked up. Never permit them to remain ou iilji
in the sun or air longer than you can possibly help.- ai
I am well aware that this direction is at once in oppci ^i;
sition to the rule of many farmers, which is, to a!lo> (i, t
their potatoes to remain out in the sun, drying as Ion es:
as they can, and yet have them picked up on the sair rss:
day they are dug, in order that as much of the earth i iai
possible may cleave off from them. This is very hi f;.;
management for potatoes designed for table use; b ^.
cause it renders them strong, or acrid in taste. . ,

Every attentive observer has noticed, that that pa ^...-s
of the potato which happens to be uncovered in tl , p-;
hill, changes its color to a dork green. This portic [eh
is very much injured in taste; in fact it is unfit for ue h;„)
because it has imbibed, 'firom the atmosphere, deleter Ly:i

ous qualities. As soon as potatoes are dug and exp
sed to the light and air, this change begins. Eve
attentive observer hoe also noticed, that potatoes are
the best flavor and quality after they have come to K
turity and while they are yet in the ground. The Ic
ger they are dug and exposed to light and air, t
more of this high flavor is gone, till it is wholly lo
and they become unpalatable and unwholesome. ]
tatoes that remain in the earth where they grew,
winter, are in excellent condition for the table in t
spring. In view, therefore, of all these facts, let
prescribe a rule in harvesting the potatoes, which v
tend to perpetuate through the whole season, these
cellent qualities. As soon then as practicable af
digging, remove the potatoes designed for the table
a dark bin in the cellar. After depositing thus
whole crop, or as many as ore designed for the tab
cover them over with earth or sand, and they will
tain their excellent qualities till they begin to spn
in the spring, and require to be removed. Wl
shipped for seo, they ought to be put into casks i
covered with sand.

Where potatoes are boiled for hogs, the water
which they are boiled should neter be given them, 1
thrown entirely away, because it contains deletere<
or poisonous properties. P

Chili, March 15, 1840.

m\

ililil

ilil

II, UK

awf

Xii

111 11

"tltll
•litif

Hen

Important Discorcry.—A very important discovi
in Poris is spoken of. A gentleman has «occeededI
making very excellent bread from beet root, mi:l
with a small portion of potato flour. It is said tl
this bread is of very excellent quality, and can \
sold to the public at so low a price aa two sous
pound.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

67

For the iVew Genesee Farmer.

Use of Long Alauure.

•: rluch haa been said in ihe Genesee Farmer and
<oor agricultural journals, during the last four or five
yrs, to show the great advantage of using manure
ii to fresh and unfermented state. It has often been
niicd that by the process of feroientation in the
h 1), or lying in the yard until partially rotted, much

0 ts strength escapes and is lost, that might be saved
S J 'positing it in the ground in its fresh state, there
timJergo the process necessary to prepare it as food
:i iMints. This new practice seems to have obtained
J \[\ generally, and the results have proved eatifacto-
r 10 those who have published them.

Jcing fond of new things myself sometimes, I sub-
k li' J practically, and without further inquiry to this
. and have for several years used large quantities
J —rse manure from the horse stable and yard, in its
r k btate,and tried it on a variety of soils and crops until
( II fully satisfied it is not best for me, whatever may
ii:lic opinion or practice of others. I have, in some
iiauces, put from GO to 70 waggon loads upon an
<: of ground, ploughed it under and covered it well,

1 i received but very little benefit from it to the crop
t fust year, especially if the season proved rather a
i une. Nor could I ever trust to its mouldered re
ins for a crop the year following, for on ploughing
i ) the siirface there tppeared lo be but very li ttle sub-
I ice remaining to benefit a second crop; but like a
b ni rag the air dissolves it, and the winds blow it
I \y, and its principle effect has been successive
; J? of grass and weeds, increasing my labor in hoed
c s at least four fold, and entailing a more serious
c unity in the multitude of cut- worms and grubs to
\ icU it gives birth.

was taught, when young, by an experienced far-
t ■, never to use unfermented manure, especially from
I horse stable, for any kind of crop, if other could
t ibtnined; yet it was considered better than none at
B and often valuable help to corn, potatoes, and some
: :r coarse feeding crops. 1 have seen corn mate-
T ly injured by using it in the hills in a dry season.

'or the last four years I have dug into the same
[ .-ea of ground, large quantities of coarse rank ma-
I e, when preparing my garden for early vegetables,
I have always been disappointed in not realizing the
t efit I expected either to the crop or soil; and have
t n surprised, when working the ground, to find so
(. e remains of the liberal dressing of the previous
> r, and that little, if it had been buried with the
I lo "even or eight inehes, instasj of being decom-
I '. i, was often dry and mouldy.

l\jcrience has convinced me that half the quantity

1 ;,.:i:uire that has undergone the process of fermen-

' on in the yard or heap, or has become partially rot-

.ile exposed to the weather, will produce the lar-

, ;-ragc crop, and v/hether the season be wet or

, no disappointment will ensue on account of its

I am resolved never to use any more in a raw state,
!--8= it be in the potaloe drill, considering it, as I do,
-ibs of at least half the value, when compared with

II which has been turned over once or twice, and
iroughlv fermented in the heap, and prepared for
; immediate use of plants intended to be nourished

ii, and the seeds of weeds entirely destroyed.
The greatest advantages I have realized from the
■ ri short, unrotted mauure, has been by spreading
m the surface of the ground when prepared for seed,
d mixed with the soil, but not ploughed under. In
is way it protects the crop in time of severe drought,
d in a wet season benefits it more than if ploughed
liar and covered with more than six or eight inches

soil, with little or no action of weather upon it.

' Iter remaming on or near the surface fir one sea

son, I .think it worth more to turn under with the
plough, for the benefit of future crops, than it was in
its first state. The experience of every gardener must
certainly be against the use of the raw material.

Too much cannot be said in favor of cooking food
for hogs, and other stock; and I would as soon feed
my hogs with uncooked potatoes as my plants with
raw manure. I have tried both, and I think the loss
in both cases about the same. A. BRYANT.

Eric CO. Nursery Buffalo, 1840.

Ontario County Waking Up!

The following letter breathes the true spirit of im-
provement; and the proposition of the writer is indeed
a liberal one. We hope his praiseworthy example
will soon be followed by enough others to ensure the
desired result.

Messrs. Editors — Having seen and read much in
your valuable journal in relation to Agricultural So-
cieties and Shows or Fairs, and believing them to be
of vital importance to the farming community, and in-
deed to the people in generol, I am anxious to see them
becoming more common, so that their influence might
be felt by our worthy farmers of the Genesee country.

It is an error with many to suppose that it required
large appropriations or subscriptions to maintain an ag-
grictilturtd society; sufficient only being required to
pay the annual premiums, and othei- incidental expen-
ses, which may be limited or expanded according to
the views of the society. The great object is the as-
sembling together of the cultivators, lo converse and
consult on the affairs of agriculture in general, and
every thing connected with it.

I have witnessed, as I dare say also many of your
readers have, the good effects these societies have pro-
duced in the old country, and indeed many places in
our own; and I really consider them of the greatest
importance to the prosperity of the farmer, and should
wish to impress upon my brother farmers in Ontario
County in particular, the importance, nay, I might
say, the necessity of forming a society of this kind
without delay; and as we have many agriculturists in
our county of known wealth and influence, it is to be
hoped they will come forward and begin the good
work. Although I am a new settler, and almost a
stranger in the county, I will commence with a sub-
scription of $50, and if nine others can be found to
subscribe $100 each, I will make a tenth to complete
the thousand dollars, which would place our society on
a good and firm basis. I am, with many others, de-
sirous that this society should go into speedy opera-
tion; for really this county, which is one of the most
desirable counties in the State, requires it.

Without intruding more upon your time, I shall
conclude by wishing you every possible success for
your new and laudable undertaking, and you may re-
ly upon my individual exertions in rendering you all
the assistance I am capable of.

GEORGE HENTIG.

Gttiera, April, IS-IO.

P. S. Would it not be desirable that where socie-
ties are now forming, and Shows or Fairs contempla-
ted, that farmers who have good stock, or more
than they wieh to keep, should expose them for sale
on these occasions, and persons who are replenishing
or increasing their stock, will then have an opportuni-
ty of obtaining the beet blood in the country 1

For the New Genesee Farmer.
Improvement of Horses— A good Stallion.

I know of no subject which more demands the atten-
tion of the farmers in this section of country, than the
proper selection and improvement in the breed of hor-
ses. Sufficient care is not always taken to procure
good sires; and less attention still, is paid to selecting
horses adapted to practical farming purposes. Horse'

ought to be selected with reference to strength, as well
as beauty. It is no doubt apparent to the mind of eve*
ry farmer of common observation, that eomo horeea
unite in their qualifications, adaptotion for teaming and
travelling, together with beauty of appearance.

There is a Stallion owned and kept near this place,
which appears to unite these qualities, and as such, is
almost 0 desideratum in this part of the country. It
is an imported horse, and produces the best of stock-
I take the liberty to send you a description of this
horse, which I have procured for the purpose, in order
that you may know how to speak of him to such as
may make reference to you on the subject.

If some person, well acquainted with the different
breeds uf horses, would give us a little of his expe-
rience in this matter, he would greatly oblige many
subscribers. R. N. B»

Medina, March 18th., 1840.

Remarks. — The horse referred to- above, is the im-
ported English horse "EmigraiU," which was bro't
to this country in 1839, by the late John Walking-
ton. He is called of the Cleveland Bay breed, and
is said to be of a beautiful form and color, ond to pos-
sess many desirable requisites. We hope all of our
readers in that vicinity who have horses, will call and
see for themselves, at the stable of C. Ashton, one
mile west of Medina, Orleans co. — Eds. New Gen.
Farmer.

Improved Stock in Henrietta.

It may be an advantage to our readers in th« town
of Henrietta and its vicinity, to be informed that Wm.
C. Cornell has an imporvej Short Horn Bull (You.vo
Capsos, ) which is from the best imported stock of the
late Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, and is a very
superior animal. His pedigree is good, and his stock
is said to be unsurpassed by any in this country.^
Farmers should not neglect such opportunities for im-
proving their breeds of cattle.

Wm. C. Cornell's farm is about half a mile south
east of West Henriettas-one mile west and two south
of Henrietta Corners — and two miles and a half north-
west of Rush; on the middle road leading to Roches-
ter. For particulars, see handbills.

Sy We also invite the attention of our stock-raising
readers, to the advertisement of Mr. Weddle, on our
last page.

For the New Genesee Fanur.

To Prevent Smut lii Wheat.

MessRs. Editors — As many farmers are slow to_ be-
lieve in the efficiency of brine and lime in preventing
smut in wheat, I am induced to give additional testi-
mony in its confirmation.

As our winter wheat is rarely smutty to any extent,
we have never prepaied that seed by brining and lim-
ing. But our Spring wheat having formerly been
more or less smutty, we now prepare our seed in the
following manner: After putting our seed into water,
to separate the light kernels and oats, if there shoui4
be any amongst it, we put it intoa tub, and pour strong
brine, about blood worm, on to it till it is completely
covered. After it has steeped three or four hours, we
take it out in baskets, in which we let it stand until it
is sufficiently drained; then we spread it on a barn
floor, and rake in fresh slacked lime until the wheat
becomes dry, when it is fit for sowing.

The past two seasons, we have prepared our seed
wheat in this way, and not a kerne! of smut has been
found in the crops raised from it; while our neighbora
who neglect this preparation, are generoily troubled
with smut.

We sow our spring wheat about the first of May.

Cassandeb,
Hvmr., Mirrch 14, 1840,

68

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1

For the yeu Gsnescc Farmer,

To prevent Bad Taste in Milk, Batter & Beef.

Hiving observed tbal one of your correspondenta
wiebes to know if there ie any method of feeding rii-
ta bags to milch cows, without having the miUt and
butter taste of the turnij), I am happy to say, I can
give you an answer, which I think, upon trial, will
prove satisfactory. Never allow the cow to taste
of the roots within 6 or 8 hours of milking ; but feed
her immediately after each milking, and do not give
her any more of the roots at a time than sLe will eat
in 2 or 3 hours; and be careful that she does not get
any more till alter she is milked again. By this meth.
od cows may be fed on ruta baga or other turnips, and
and no person will be able to discover the taste in the
milk or bu;ter.

Upon the same principle, those who wish to feed fat-
ting cattle upon turnips, may do so without any dan-
ger of affecting the taste of the beef, provided they
will omit feeding this kind of food, two or three days
previous to killing. I have heard of coses where the
beef was rendered unfit to eat, on account of the ani-
mal's eating a few turnip tops or cabbage leaves just
before being slaugDtered. The dilEcully may be obvi-
Bted, ae mentioned above. Your friend,

Jonathan Dennis.

Portsmout/i, Newport Co., It. I., March, 1840.

To prevent the Taste of Turnips in Butter.

Messrs. Editors — One of your correspondents
wants to know how to prevent the taste of turnips in
the butter from cows fed on these roots; and having
had some experience in the matter, I will give you
an answer to the inquiry. If it meets your approba-
tion, I may hereafter give your readers some further
observations relating to the dairy. In some of the
best districts in England, the taste of the cream and
butter is affected by tlie manure used on the pastures,
and the following means are adoiited to prevent it. —

The first method is almost universally practised on
the milk and cream brought into the London Market,
in order to prevent the taste being affected by the dif
ferent kinds of food on which their cows are fed.

\st Method — Dissolve an ounce of nitre (Salt Petre)
in a pint of pure water, and put a quarter of the pint
into every fifteen gallons of milk as brought from the
cows. This will effectually prevent any bad flavor,
and cause the milk and cream to keep sweet a longer
lime. The quantity of nitre is so very small, that it
does not at all affect the wholesomenessof the milk.

2d Method— hel the cream get well sour; and be-
fore churning, takeout a quarterof apintof the cream
and put it into a well scalded pot or jar, into which
gather the next cream, and stir it well; do the same
with each successive gathering, until enough is saved,
and well soured, ready for a second churning; then
take out a small quantity and commence anew as be-
fore.

The cream being sour before churning, is no detri-
ment to it, and this method will prevent any bad taste
in the butter. Yours, &c.,

Rochester, March, 1840. W. R.

The taste of Turnips in Milk.

A correspondent in your 'M number asks informa-
tion for preventing the flavor of butter being afl'ected
by the turnips upon which the cows are fed. I
have had occasion to feed the Ruta Baga in large quan-
tities to my milch cows, and have seen several remedies
for the turnip flavor, some conlidenlly recommended,
but none have proved effectual. I have found how-
ever, that very thorovgldy working the butter, and
Baiting it as much as a regard to itj taste will admit, is
by far the beet remedy. In moat cases, it has nearly,
if not entirely, removed the unpleasant flavor, even
when the cows have been fed upwards of half a bushel
per day. I suppose from this, that the turnii> fla-

vor is chiefly in the buttermilk and not in the pure
butter itself; and that as the buttermilk is removed
from the butter by successive workings, this flavor
gradually diminishes, until, as the process is perfected,
it entirely disappears.

Persons of reputed acutcness of taste in this respect,
whom I have supplied with butter from tumip-fed
cows, and which was thoroughly treated according to
the preceding mode, have pronounced it of first-rate
excellence, and have been unable to detect the pecu-
liar flavor of the turnips. T. J.

Seed Corn.

Every farmer should be very particular to select the
most perfect corn for his seed, for the more perfect the
seefl the more vigorous will be the plant. Seed corn
should be selected in the fall, before the crop is cut up.
By walking between the rows, the earliest and most
perfect ears are easily seen, and in a very short time a
supply can be gathered. A few of the husks are to
be left on each ear, then braided together, ond hung up
in a dry and safe place. When planting time arrives,
the seed is ready and the time and trouble saved of
overhauling some forty or fifty bushels in the crib, to
make a selection.

The earliest verieties are undoubtedly in the main,
the moat profitable. The yellow and white Canada,
perhaps, would generally be considered too small. If,
however, the soil is rich and it is planted one way
much nearer than the large common corn, a medium
crop can be obtained.

The Dutton corn is considered to be an excellent
kind by most who have cultivated it. It was obtained
by Judge Buel, in Vermont, of a gentleman whose
name it now bears. It is yellow, twelve rowed, and
earlier than the common twelve rowed varieties.

The eight rowed yellow is an early kind, qiute pro-
ductive, and is now pretty generally raised in our
section ot country. The true name is not known to
the HTiter. The kernel is large, broad, and of a pale,
yellow color.

Preparing the Ground. — If the soil is not naturally
rich, it should be made so, by a good dressing of ma-
nure. Much depends on the richness of the ground.
Good seed, and the best of attention, will not secure a
good crop, if the soil is worn out, or poor. A farmer
had far better plant but half, or one-third the number
of acres, if, by so doing, he can thoroughly manure
his corn ground. He will save much labor, and have
more and better corn.

The ground should be ploughed no earlier than is
necessary, to be in readiness for planting, and then the
work ought to be well done. The furrows cut narrow,
in order more finely to pulverize the earth. If the
ground is naturolly low and wet, it shonld be drained;
if not, ploughed in narrow lands, not to exceed one
rod in width; then thoroughly harrowed and marked
out one way. Great care should be taken in planting,
to cover the corn with fine earth. Corn, well planted,
will be ready for the Cultivator, one week earlier than
that carelessly planted, or covered with stones, lumps,
or coarse, dry earth. If the soil is clayey, avoid, if
possible, planting in wet weather. The practice of
planting when you have to cover the corn with mortar,
is a very bad one. When the weather becomes dry,
the soil bakes, and it is almost impossible for the young
plants to force through its crust. As soon as the rows
are readily seen, the cultivator should be started, the
weeds and grass destroyed, and the earth lightly stirred
around the hills. If hoed but twice, and on old or
stubble ground, the plough should be used the last hoe-
ing, possing the right way the last time, to drain off"
the water after heavv rains.

JOHN B. BOWEN.

Messrs. Editors — Will you, or some of your cor-
respondents give a description of the Italian Spring

Wheat? Whether it is, or is not bearded, and thcj,
color of its berry? I purchased some for seed ihisj,,,
spring, said to be the Italian. The berry is red,j'
whether bearded or not, I do not know, I have no. „
ticed since, in the old Gen. Far., ond also been in- j,,
formed by some of my neighbors, that the Italiar ,
Spring ^Vheat ie unbearded, and the berry is white ^.
resembling the White Flint. J. B. B. ui

Ledyard, April 20, 1840.

Ucmarks — The Italian Spring Wheat is heavilj
bearded. The berry is rather dark colored, and ap
pears somewhat transparent. The common Siberia}
is very similar to the Italian, but does not grow si
strong or produce as well, and the flour is said not ti
be as good. The variety called Bald Sii/crian, differ
from all other kinds of spring wheat with which w
are acquainted, in its being almost entirely destitut
of beard. The berry is rather lighter colored tha
either of the preceding, and is said to make very goo
flour; but it bears no resemblance to the flint whea'
and if there is any kind of real Spring wheat answe)
ing the description given by friend Bowen, we ahoul
consider it "something new under the sun." — Eds,

Disease in Cattle.

Messrs. Editors — A neighbor's ox was taken sic
when in good flesh and died. The symptoms were,
want of appetite, constipation, and a cautious mov
nient of the head. His horns, at first cold, were i
terwards warm; his eyes were shrunken and dim, ai
he gave strong manifestations of severe pain in t!
head. During the whole course of his sickness !
eat but two ears of corn and three or four potato)
and drank but little water. Several gentlemen pt
nounced the disease to be the "Hollow Horn." Ti
Dentine was put upon his head, his ttil split, phyi
given him, and his horns bored. When the horn w
penetrated, there issued a thin liquid, nearly theco
of water and mixed with blood. The physic did i
operate, and all that was done, seemed not to allevi
bis sufferings. The ninth or tenth day of his iUn
he suddenly expired. It may not be improper to sta
that he had been able to lie down and rise ot pleasu
until within o few hours of his death. Upon a p
mortem examination, it was found that a portion
the pith of both horns, was in a fluid state, and ot
portions softened, and of a yellowish color. BetW'
the two plates of the skull was a fluid, resembl
that found in the borne, and olto matter, onalagoui
pue. Between the dura mater and arachnoid mi
branes, was a quantity of water, and also in the T
tricles of the brain. The membranes on the poste
lobes of the brain, were highly injected with blc
and somewhat thickened. His tongue was consi
rably swollen towards the base, but no lesions of
kind were discovered. The lungs crepitated throi;
out their greater part, but the lower lobes were
gorged with bljiod as to be jmpermeable. In a wi
there had been inflammation of those lobes. On
pericardium wos found quite o quantity of f
growths, quite unnatural to it. The whole Circ'
ference of the heart in its largest diameter, presei «_^
a knobbed apppearance,and when these were cut, ^
presented a mi.vture of tatty matter, and red, part:
organized subslanc.:. The whole heart was in a i
of hypertrophy, and its ouricles, ventricles, am I
the vessels leading from it, were distended with fii :
coagulated blood. .The intestines were not exom li
for wont of time.

Now the question arises, w hat was the disease ? .i-
where its original seat? I am not familiar wit i'
diseases of brutes, but from the sympton:S while lii g,
and the post mortem appearances, I do not hesitt ">
state my belief, that its original location was ii b*
membranes of the brain, and by a rapid exlei w

iii!

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il

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be

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ttet.

*»lii
hniii

klie;

l)B

No. 5.

A NDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

69

of iho inflammation, dieorgnniznlion of the pilhoflbe
horns was the consequence. The peculiar look of his
eye, coneupation, the motions of his heod, and exami-
nation; all go to prove conclusively to my mind, that
the disease was highly inflamatory, and located in the
membnsnes of the brain. His lungs and trunk were
affecied sympathetically, and the disease of his heart
bed undoubtedly been of long standing. As I am
not acquainted with the disease called " Hollow
Horn,"' I know not whether this was the disease; but
if it was, the treatment generally pursued will prove
unavailing. It isa notorious fact, that for high grades
of inflammation, no mild means will reduce the circu-
lation to its proper standard, and that what is done,
should be done quickly, and with o bold hand. For
this disease, I would recommend in the first stages
copious depletion, the amount of blood taken to de-
pend upon the size and condition of the animal; and
for an ox, one gallon would be little enough. If the
bleeding did not make a sensible alteration for the bet-
ter, during the first ten hours, it should be repeated,
though not so much as at first. In conjunction with
the bleeding, a smart dose of cathartic medicine should
1)6 administered, and cold water poured from a height
upon the head, once in two hours, during the first

aliaye of treatment. Boring the horns in this disease
ain be of little use, os the matter between the tables
)f the skull will not be evacuated by the means; and
lurpentine on the head will only increase the inflam-

I oiation. Providing the original seot of disease isbe-
iweenthe tables of the skull and in the horn, boring
Jiem would probably afford some relief; but when the
>ra>n, or its membranes, are the_ seat, this measure
will prove futile. Whether this disease is of frequent
jccurrence, I know not; but oxen are valuat)le prop-
erty, which was an inducement for me to examine the
tnimal, and pen this article, in hopesj it might prove
iseful to some of your numerous readers.

R. R. S.
Scipio, April 2lst., 1840.

For the yew Genesee Farmer.

Preserving Fence Posts, Wooden Pavements,&c

Messrs. Editors — Observation has taught me that
leached ashes are an excellent preservative of tim
ber. I have noticed that the staves of old leach tubs
used 20 years since, and left standing partly in the
ground, exposed to the full effects of air ond water,
are preserved in perfect soundness by reason of the
lye with which they are saturated and the ashes which
surround them. An oak well crotch, on the premises
of S. GiUet, in Avon, had, in 1838, stood 36 years,
and was still hard and sound, having been preserved
from decay by a quantity of leached ashes being
thrown around it, from a leach that stood near. 1
have tried the experiment on my own fence posts for
15 years, and those which were surrounded with ash-
es would be perfectly sound, while others which had
no ashes applied would bo entirely decayed.

I now set my fence posts 2J to 3 feet deep, put two
quarts of good house ashes at the bottom, then fill up
the hole with small stones and earth to within four in-
chos of the surfoce, packing it down firmly with a
driver; then fill up around the post with ashes, a little
higher than the surface of the ground. This will take
less than half a bushel of ashes to a post, at an ex-
pense of three or four cents each, and will render the
post at least doubly durable. By renewing the ashes
at the surface, once in two or three years, either from
the house or the aehery, I have no doubt that the Oak,
Red Beech, and other kinds of timber, would last as
long as Red Cedar. I have 100 rods of board fence,
built in the spring of 1839. The posts are Oak, ex-
cept a few Chestnut ond the Red Cedar mixed in. I
set them according to the above plan, and shall there-
fore give the subject a fair trial. Tours, &c.,

HALL COLBY.
Greece, one mile west of Roioe's Nvrsenj.

Pamps for AVclls,

Messrs. Editors — Water, being one of the most
mportant elements which enter into the composition
if the onimal and vegetable kingdom, and being in-
lispensible to our subsistence, the great Creator has
:BUsed it to circulate freely everywhere through his
¥orld which we inhabit. I would, therefore, inquire
That are the means generally employed for drawing it
rom the world's reservoirs 1

This question might be answered by a person of but
rery limited observation; for you moy trovel from
tfaine to Georgia, and, I venture to say, you will not
, on an average, one pump to five hundred wells.
But you will see crotched trees and well poles, wooden
'*' :ianks and gudgeons, chains and buckets, all of which
^ will answer the purpose, if something better cannot
'" je obtained. I have myself labored many a year with
I" die above-named well tackling, and but recenUy found
"'"m easy and rapid method of obtaining water from my
< ^'well, which is by means of a Pump.
i«l Permit me, through the columns of your journal, to
lesl-ecoramend to my farming bretheren, an immediate
li^'lreimneiation of well poles, cronks and buckets, and
vsnlie adoption of the pump. I am confident that one
r.i'lfear'a use of it would more than compensate them for
, a liny eitra expense.

ain I am now using "Minor's hnprnrcd Patent Pump,"
[liKlnfiade in Rechester, by W. A. Langworthy & Co.,
and it lifts water with such great facility, that it is
,^;i|inere pleasure to work it, and were it not for appearing
, jjijboyish, I am not aut« but I should throw out every day
. .jjaeven times os much wai«r «b is necessary. In short,
, iJitUthe most perfect and durable article of the kind
^'jjthat I have ever seen. <^;ORRESPONDENT.
jjfll Jmrtdf^uaii. Af«rcA2<5. 1610-

Sunflower Seed— Inquin'«

A friend in Niagara county asks for information res-
pecting the value and use of Sunffower Seed, for ma-
king oil or for other purpases. Also, the best manner
of cultivating, and the amount of produce per acre.

The following article, from the Madisonian, is th^
latest information we have seen on this subject:
The Helianthns, or Sun-Flower Plant.

We presume it is not generally known that this
plant, which is so often regarded as worse than a use-
less cumberer of the ground, is cultivated extensively
in some ports of the United States, and turned to a
very valuable account in a variety of ways. We have
be'bre us a letter from a firm in the interior of Penn-
sylvonio, which gives us some interesting facts, which
we think worthy of publicity.

The oil derived from the sunflower scM is pretty
well known. Its excellence for fancy painting and
druggist use, is sold to be confirmed, and we are even
told that it is equal, if not superior, to almond or olive
oil for table use. One acre of ground will produce
from forty to fifty bushels of seed, sometimes much
more. Good seed will produce a gallon of oil to the
bushel, and the oil has been sold ot $1,50 per gallon,
when flaxseed oil stood at ninety cents.

The refuse, after th^ oil is expressed, is said to be a
valuable food for cattle.

The leaf is manufactured into eegars, of a mild,
pleasant flavor, possessing, it is said, powerful pectoral
properties, highly commended by physicians in many
diseases of the chest. The leaves, properly cured,
will bring from five to fifteen cents per pound.

The stalk, when stripped of the leaf and seed, may
be burnt, and a superior alkali made from the ashes.

The, eomb of the seed, or properly the filaments of
the flo-.ver is excellent feed for cattle or hogs.

The Helianthua is cultivated in the vicinity of York,
Pa., and a gentleman in North Carolina, in 1839, cul-
tivated one hundred acres.

Edging for Borders.

M. A. W., of Athens, in Georgia, has given us in
a late number of the Magazine of Horticulturfl. an in-
teresting article on edging for flower beds. After

enumerating various plants for this purpose, and re-
jecting them along with the box, because the ever-
green, as he alleges, soon takes up too much room,
harbors slugs and other noxious vermin, exhausts the
soil by its fibrous roots, and is apt to be winter-killed
at the north, and summer-killed at the south. — he pro-
poses a new plan: —

"I planted in the same line, and so close as almost
to touch each other, one bulb of ear h, repeatedly,
three kinds of Amaryllidca of nearly the some habit,
and which multiply by offsets so fost, that they can bo
easily obtained in sufficient quantity, viz: Zephyran-
thes* Atamasco, Z. rosea, and Stenbergiat lutea. —
Early the next spring, my row of Atoniasca flowers,
of the most brilliant white, changing to pink, was the
admiration of every passer-by. They continued to
push forth for several weeks, and for a consider-
able time after, their leaves formed as fine a margin of
green as one would wish to see. These leaves had
scarcely begun to die away, when the flowers of Z.
rosea began to appear, and kept flowering nearly all
summer. The leaves lasted till late in the fall, when
the Crocus like golden flowers of the Sternbergia
took their place, and had a doubly cheerful effect from
all the adjacent vegetation having " fallen into the
sere and yellow leaf."

We can easily conceive the beauty of such edging;
but find in this district insuperable obstacles at the out-
set. Sternbergia, lutea, though hardy with us, and
remarkable for the rich glossy green of its leaves, in-
crease very slowly in the limestone soil of the Gene-
see country; and Zephyranthes atamasco fares still
worse: we have not had it to bloom more than once
before it has declined, and eventually perished. Z.
rosea we have not tried, but it appears not to with-
stand the severest winters even in Engalnd.

With all due deference, however, we must think
that Box is the best plant for edging in this climate,
whatever moy be the cose in Georgia. It is neither
damaged by the cold of winter nor the heat of sum-
mer; and we know not that any noxious vermin have
found a harbor amongst its leaves. Neither ought it
to exhaust the soil by its fibrous roots: a spade passed
down near it on the inside of the border, would lim-
it their extent in that direction; but Box lor edging
should be kept in a dwarf state, not exceeding three
or four inches in height, ond trimmed to a straight
edge like the roof of a building. In this condition it
is not found to be troublesome. We hove nothing so
permonent that is so easily increased^nothing that
has leaves of so fine a green through all the vicissi-
tudes of the year. X.

* Ani.vyllis lute.t. t Amnryllia filamasco.

New Varieties of the Plant.

From a late number of Horey's Magazine qf Hor-
tiailturc, we learn that Henry Corse, Esq., of Mon-
treal, has made the production of seedling plums
a study for some years, having raised thousands
of seedling trees, with the hope of obtaining some-
thing that should excell every existing variety. —
To three or four of these he has appended names. —
It appears thot his Nota Bena is known as a supo
rior plum in some of the collections near Boston; but
his Didtator is one of the largest and finest pluma
ever produced — exceeding in size the Magnum Bo-
num, or Bolmer'a Washington, and equalling the
Green Gage in flavor. It is a brownish purple, cov-
ered with a beautiful bloom — ^juicy, rich, and high
flavored.

We also learn from the same valuable work, that the
Reine Claude Violette — already introduced into one or
more collections at Salem, — is one of the (ev; purple
plums of which the flavor will bear comparison with
that of the Green Gage. Another new variety — the
Royal Hytive — also purple, with on exceedingly rich
flavor, larger than the Reine Claude Violette, and ri-
pening a fortnight or 'three weeks before it, — is in
possession of the London Horticultural Society. We
I believe both these '.ariirtlea are of French origin. *

70

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1.

Exi)ense of Improvement.

We have receive! ved for publication, a communica-
tion signed "Old Farmer;" but as it is written in a
Btyle which we should be sorry ever to see introduced
into our columns, we shall make only a brief abstract,
and reply to the objections of the writer. He com-
plains chiefly of the practice of charging for the in-
troduction of improvements in agriculture — objects to
the high price of Rohan Potatoes, and of Durham,
and other improved cattle — and seems to consider it
extortion for the owner of a fine bull, to ask five, ten,
or twenty dollars for his use. Many of his remarks
we perfectly just; but be has condemned, indiscrinii.
nately, the innocent and the guilty. His attack is not
eo much upon impositions — humbugs — as upon the in-
troduction of really valuable improvements.

We believe that if "Old Farmer" will candidly ex-
amine the subject, he will find that the charges of "sel-
fishness," "avarice," and a disposition lo "strut and
gobble," which he so freely bestows upon all advo-
cates of improvement, arc far from being just. We
think "the laborer is worthy of hie hire;" and that
when an enterprising individual has, at great expense,
made or introduced an improvement, he deserves, at
least, some compensation. We know, as a general
rule, he never gets a full one. Charles Collinge spent

a life in the improvement of the breed of cattle he

surely had a right to ask something for his labor. Oth-
ers have spent thousands of dollars in the importation
of that breed to this country — with what face of libe-
rality or honor can "Old Farmer" ask such men to
pre him the cost of their fortunes? He reminds us
of « parsimonious traveller who complained that the
inn-keeper charged more for a peck of oats than they
cost him— not remembering that the inn-keeper had
house-rent, stable-rent, and ostler, to pay, besides
making a living for himself and family. A young man
purchased a bushel of Rohan Potatoes, for four dol-
lars, and as long as his neighbors thought he had paid
dearly for his whistle, they were willing to ridicule
him for his "book farming;" but as soon as they
found that this variety posseessed extraordinary pro-
ductiveness, they magnanimonslij came forward and
asked him to give them some to try. "Old Farmer"
should not ask improvers to give him the result of their
labors, without reasonable compensation, until he has
gicm away the result of his labors, — his crops of
corn, wheat, and oats, and his cattle. But even ad-
mitting that money has been actually made in some ca-
ses by the introduction of new and valuable improve-
ments; a man who risks much, and often loses much,
is certainly entitled occasionally to some profit. Is a
man never to make any thing ? Must he always sell
every thing at cost ? Would "Old P'ariner" be wil-
ling to do this 1 If the actual cost of his crop of corn
is only twenty cents per bushel, would he be willing
to sell it at twenty cents per bushel ? If his wheat
crop of forty bushels the acre, has cost him only ten
dollars an acre, is he willing to sell his wheat at
twenti/'five cents per bushel ? Until he has done so,
we hope he will retract his charges. *

Enconraging Improvements !

I am surprised, sir, lo see the great lack of that true
spirit of improvement amongst my neighboring farm-
ers. They call nic the Book Farmer, because I en-
courage the American Farmer, the Cultivator and the
Register; and yet I find they are, (many of them)
pleased to borrow occasionally, which gives me an op-
portunity of ruiibing them now and tlien. If I suc-
ceed in my experiments, they say nothing; but if I do
not, then they say, " I told you so."

I purchased a Rohan potatoe last Spring, and tried
•» keep it a secret from them, through fear of ridicule;
but it leaked out, and I had not only to show it, but
tell the price — I paid a dollar for it. "A dollar," tliey
exclaimed, and I believe one of them would have call-
ed me a fool, if he dared, ibr he got quite in a rage
about it, wondering that I could allow myself to be

so imposed upon. Well, sir, the potatoe was cut into
sixteen pieces, and I gathered from these sixteen hills,
two bushel baskets full — but when I told my Iriend of
it, and assured him by my witness, he made no fur-
ther remark than "I must aek you for two or three
to try ! ! !" Spirit of Buel ! what feelings for an A-
merican Agriculturist I Respectfully,

AmeTican Farmer.'] A Yot so Book Farmer.

United States Census of Agriculture.

It is known to most of our readers that this is is the
year for taking a new census of the United States. —
We have been favored with a copy ol' the instructions
given to the marshals and their assistants, by which it
appears that the reports are to embrace a vast amount
of highly important information, which has not hereto-
fore been obtained. We are particularly pleased to
find that the statistics of our agriculture are to occupy
a prominent place in the census. We annex a list of
interrogations which are to be proposed to every farm-
er, and we hope all will be prepared to answer them
correctly. Had this been done every ten years, what
a vast fund of interesting and highly important infor-
mation the successive reports would contain !

The marshals and their assistants will commence
their operations in June next, and proceed through
their respective districts as fast as due regard to cor-
rectness will allow.

The interrogations respecting the number of inhab-
itants, and cattle, horses, &<;., are to be answered
with reference to the Ist. of June, 1840; but those re-
lating to crops, value of produce, &c., are for the
past season, 1839.

Interrogations— Agvicnlture.

What is the number of your horses and mules ?

How many neat cattle have you ?

How many sheep ?

How many swine ?

What is the estimated value of your poultry of all
kinds 7

How many bushels of wheat did you grow in 1S39 1

How many bushels of barley ?

How many bushels of oats ?

How many bushels of rye ^

How many bushels of buckwheat ?

How many bushels of Indian corn ?

How many pounds of wool ?

How many pounds of hops ?

How many pounds of wax ?

How many bushels of potatoes?

How many tons of hay ?

How many tons of hemp and flax ?

How many pounds of tobacco 1

How many pounds of rice 1

How many pounds of cotton have you gathered 1

How many pounds of silk cocoons 1

How many pounds of sugar ?

How many cords of wood have you sold 7

What is the value of the products of your dairy 7

What is the value of the products of your orchard ?

How many gallons of wine have you made ?

What is the value of your home-made, or family
goods 7

Horticulture.

What was the value of the produce of your market
garden in 1839 7

What was the value of the produce of your nurse-
ry and green-house 7

How many men were employed by you 7

What is the amount of your capital invested 7

Best Varieties of Corn.

We believe that a very common error in the culture
of corn, is the selection of too large and late vaTietiee.
The result is a large growth of stalk and cob, at the
expense of the grain. Farmers cannot bring them-
selves to think that a field of small, insignificant looking
corn, can produce like one of large and broad-leaves,
and luxuriant appearance. The largest crops, howev-
er, which have been cultivated in this country, have
been raised in tlie northern states, with the smaller
varieties.

At a late agricultural meeting at Boston, E. II.
Derby, Esq., of Boston, gave a statement of his tarm-
ing in New Hampshire, and more particularly of his
culture of com. He had six seres; the product of

which was 400 bushels. Of this one acre yielded 131
bushels. The variety he plants is the Golden Sioux.
This, it is well known, is one of the very earliest and
smallest varieties, being more so than the early Cana-
da. It was planted in hills of three stalks each, at a
distance of two feet, by two feet eight inches. Lar-
ger varieties planted so thickly, would be dettitute ol
ears; but with this, the small size of the stock admits ol
a greater number. We haye cultivated it successfuUj
in drills two feet apart, and si.T inches asunder in th<
drills.

A very important advantage from the culture of thl
smaller varieties, is their early maturity, and consf.
quent escape from early frost. This quality is also a
very great consequence, when it is intended to folio*
the corn by a crop of wheat.

Scotch Oats.

Mr. E. Hakmo.n, of Wheatland, has left at tht
Rochester Seed Store a few bushels of a variety o
Scotch Potatoe Oats, which are the heaviest we havi
ever seen raised in this country. They weigh 44
pounds the bushel. Mr. H. has raised this kind foi
three years past, and thinks very highly of them.—
The seed was first brought from Scotland, and fron
less than half a bushel sown, he obtained 33 bushels
He has grown them in connection with common oats
and gives the Scotch a decided preference. The;
yield with him from 60 to 70 bushels per acre, whicl
is more, by measure, than the common sorts produce
besides which there is the great diflerence in weigh)
The straw is tall and strong, they are not more liabl
to lodge than other sorts, and if cut at a proper time
before over ripe, they are not apt to shell off in hai
vesting. They ripen rather earlier than common oati
and should be cut as soon as fairly ripe.

Chevalier Barley.

This variety of Barley is now the most generally a]
proved in the best districts of England and Scotlani
It is much superior to the common kinds, both in qua
ity and productiveness, and sells for a higher price i
market. The following account of its origin, is takt
from a book entitled, " tho present state of Agricii
turein England."

" An extraordinary fine ear of barley was observi
and selected by a laborer of mine, in the parish of U
benham, in 1819; in the spring of 1820, I planted '.
grains in my garden; in 18251 planted half an ac
of this species, and half an acre of the common sp
cies, the laud under precisely similar cultivation. -
The product of the first amounted to eight ai
a half crambs; and of the last to six and a hi
coombs; (34 and 26 bushels.) The ears of the fit
averaged 34 grains, the second 30; the grains of tl
first heavier as four to five. In the course of 5 or
years, it was generally accepted and approved in n
neighborhood, and I promoted its fair trial, chargit
only the current market price for it."

A good supply is for sale at the seed store.

Annat Barley.

This is a newer variety, an improvement on tl
foregoing, and we believe has not heretofore been ii
troduced into this country. The following account
taken from Lnwson's Catalogue of the Agricultur
Museum at Edinburgh,where the writer obtained son
of the seed.

" This new and very superior barley is the produ.
of two ears picked in a field on the farm of Flawcra
Carsc of Gowric, in 1830, since which period it h
been grown by Mr. A. Gorrie, at Annat Garden (hen
its name). Last year it was sown on a ridge in tl
middle of a field, with Common Barley on the ol
side and Chevalier on the other. In bulk of straw
seoms to have the advantage of both these kinds,
was five days ripe before the former, and about a foi
night before the latter. It was about 2J lb. per bush
heavier than the Chevalier," &c. (See Quarter
Journal of Agriculture, Marchl835.) The grain
even more round and plump than that of the Chev
lier, of a bright yellow transparent color.

Sample in grain and straw by Mr. A. Gorrie, weig

ttli
milt,
liiii

til!

Ilk

lIlO!,

Nli

*tils
iOgs

xVo. 5.

ANDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

71

per biiahel, 57 lb., grown beside the samples of Chev-
alier mentioned above as weighing 54J lb.

As only a email quantity of the seed was procured,
itwillbo distributed for experiments. (Agents and
Correspondents of the "New Genesee Farmer" can
obtain rare seeds, gratis, on application at the Roches-
ter Seed Store.)

Tares or Vetches.

We should be glad if some of our readers would
favor ua with the results of their experience in the cul-
ture and use of Tares in this country. They are
much used in England, and highly esteemed; and we
believe sume English farmers are in the habit of grow-
ing them in this country and in Canada. Still they
are but very little known aa yet, and we believe de-
serve a.niore general trial. We extract the following
remarks from "Loio's Elements ofPraHkul Agricul-
ture :"

"The Tare, Vicia satita, is one uf the most esteem-
ed of the leguminous forage-plants of this country. —
It is an annual plant, indigenous, and hardy. There
are several varieties of it, one of which is distinguish-
ed by producing yellow seeds.

"Tares, when used as green foroge, are cut after
the pods are formed, but long before the seeds become
ripe. Tares, therefore, being in the class of crops
not allowed to mature their seeds, are not exhausting
to the soil. On the contrary; in relation to the farm,
they arc to be considered as restorative crops, from
the quantity of manure which the consumption of
them affords. They are exceedingly nutricious, and
supply a larger quantity of food, for a limited time,
than almost any other forage-crop.

"All the animals of the farm arc fond of this le-
gume, and all thrive upon it in an eminent degree. —
Hogs may be fattened entirely upon it. It is suited to
milch-cows, causing them to give more butter than
any other species of food, and it is employed extensive-
ly in the feeding of horses. All the English agricul-
turists are impressed with a high opinion of the value
of tares. They are not only casually employed, as in
Scotland, to till up the intervals between the cuttings
of clovers, but they are often the principal source of
feeding from the month of May to November."

The Borer iii Quince Trees, &c.

The Borer is very destructive to the Quince tree,
be Mountain Ash, and not unfrequently injures young
apple trees. We are not certain that it is the same
worm that infests the Locust tree.
Its presence may be easily determined by cxaming the
tree near the ground, when its filth, somewhat resem-
bling saw-dust, will be visible. Remove these ob-
structions, and its hole, cut through the solid wood,
may be discovered. We have drawn them forth by
means of a barbed wire, in considerable numbers. —
We believe this plan, though original with us, was
first practised near Boston; but it is rather an irksome
operation, and in consequence we have devised a plan
to supersede it. So far it has answered well. Apply
a coat of tar to the bark from the surface of the ground
to the height of two or three feet. It is most readily,

I evenly, and thoroughly done, by dipping in the hand.

II A newspaper is then rolled round the tree, so as to co-
ver up the tar, and tied with a thread in several places.

■ We have found it to protect the tree for one year,
when the application should be repeated.

Now is the time to perform the operation, as the in-
. lect in its perfect state, will soon be abroad to punc-
ture the bark and deposit its eggs. No time should
be lost. t

For the Aew New Geneaee Farmer.
Slugs on Fruit Trees.
Messrs. Editors — In strolling a few days since
through the pleasure grounds of my friend T., of this
place, my attention was directed to a number of once
beautiful and thrifty cherry trees, which had been com-
pletely destroyed by the operation of a small worm, or
slug, of a dark, slimy appearance, on the leaves of the
tree in summer.

Mr. T. informs me that they made their first ap-
•" pearance in July, 1838, and that their operation was
confined wholly to the leB^ea whero they were first

1

discovered. After remaining on the tree about four or
five weeks, they suddenly disappeared. The trees
soon exhibited every appearance of decay; but, inas-
much as they seemed to prey on the leaves alone, it
excited no fears for the vitality of the tree. lie had
the pain and mortification, however, of seeing them
return last summer, apparently with renewed vigor,
and an increase of strength, when they Boon comple-
ted their work of destruction.

A few thoughts on this subject, by myself, were
published in the Gen. Far. in August last, when the
"little monster" was imperfectly described, and a
brief account of his ravages on the trees in this vicini-
ty. I offer them again for insertion, almost verbatim,
in hopes that they may lead to the discovery of some
preventive, or remedy for the evil.

About three weeks since (July 1st.) I discovered
them on my trees of the same kind. After a few un-
successful expori .-nente to destroy a few of them (ta-
ken from the tree) I came, reluctantly, to the conclu-
sion) that there was no remedy, and that I must lose
my trees. You can hardly imagine my surprise when,
about ten days after I first discovered them, nearly, or
quite all of them, had disappeared. I have just drop-
ped my pen to examine them again, (August Ist.,)
but, after diligent search, I cannot find one remaining.
The leaves arc much eaten, and I believe the trees
are materially injured. '

The query in my mind is, what should have caused
their sudden disappearance, as no means of any kind
were used to remove them from the leaves, or trees 1

Messrs, Editors, I should still like to know some-
thing of their origin, as well as what means would ef-
fectually destroy them, without injuring the trees. —
If you, or your valuable correspondent, D. T. or any
other person, can give the desired information through
the medium of the Farmer, they would save the lives
of many fine trees, and confer a favor on the pubdc,
especially on ALPHA.

LudlovytiUe, March, 1840.

I was much pleased with the remarks of your fair
correspondent, "Annette," in your last number, and
agree with her that your paper should, and does, exert
a mighty influence over the wlwh farming communi-
ty. I hope she will not soon lay down her pen. I
met with your paper accidentally, and adopt her Ian
gnage, when I say I found it to "contain eo much in-
teresting and instructive matter," that I was induced
at once to subscribe.

Remarks. — We know nothing of the history of this
slug, except that its ravages on the leaves of the cher-
ry tree, have been obeerved for several years in many
parts of the country; and that in a brief editorial no-
tice in the Gen. Farmer of July 1835, it was sold
they infested the leaves of several kinds of fruit trees,
in the vicinity of Rochester. We think it evident
that this slug is in iu larva state, and that the perfect
insect has wings, — from the circumstance that it has
suddenly appeared at the distance of several miles
from any of ita former localilies. Last season we ob-
served it in our nursery for the first time: but could
discover nothing of it on the cherry trees in our fruit
garden, eighty rods to the westward.

From the editorial notice mentioned above, we learn
that "it is only neci.esary to duet them in the morning
while the dew is on, with lime, or aslus, which may
be easily done by throwing a few handfuls of either in-
to the tree. Another effectual method is to sprinkle
them with a decoction of tobacco."

Two days after that number of the Gen. Farmer
was printed, our friend L. A. S., of Lockport. wrote
a very interesting article on this subject, which ap-
peared a fortnight after in the same paper. He says,
"I applied soap suds — a strong wash of lime water —
but without the least apparent cflfect. I heard it sug-

gested that as the slugs wore a slimy coat, a dry ap-
plication would be better than a wet one. According-
ly I threw over the trees with a shingle, a quantity of
dry unleackcd aslies, while the dew wos on the leaves,
and every one coated with the ashes was destioyed.
My trees now appear nearly free from them — the
leaves green, and I am highly gratified with the experi-
ment. It is now three weeks since I commenced op-
erations, and I am satisfied that this remedy is com-
plete. It should be repeated on the trees attacked,
twice a iceck for tJircc or four weeks, and cannot fail of
being eflcctual. I also applied slacked lime to some of
the trees, but the ashes arc sufficient, and within the
reach of every one."

In regard to the cause of their sudden disappear-
ance, mentioned by "Alpha," we can only speak cou-
jecturally. Many insects hove insect-enemies which
devour them, and keep their numbers within certain
limits: the enemy increasing in proportion to the food
that he finds. Thus the Hessian Fly is destroyed by
a minute insect called the Ceraphron destructor by
Say; and trees are often disencumbered of plant lice
by the inroads of the Surphus, or the Hemcrobius. It
may be further remarked that iarca, when ready to en-
ter the pupa state, often disappear suddenly; but if
this was the case with the slugs, there must be sever-
al generations in a season. T.

The Curculio.

In a late number of the Farmers' Register, there are
two articles on the Curculio, copied from the New
England Farmer, and written by Joel Burnett, which
are particularly deserving of attention. He considers
this insect as the only obstacle in the way of raising
plums; and lays down foui propositions which we eo-
py for the purpose of comment:

"Ist. I have found that the Curculio is on the tress,
ready for its operations, very early, even before the
plums are large enough for it to deposit its eggs in
them."

This information may be turned to good account, by
destroying the insect before it commences operations;
and this may easily be done as soon as they are found
on the tree. Spread two large sheets under the tree,
(we had a pair made for this purpose)— jar the tree by
the stroke of a mallet and most of them will drop on
the sheets, and lie still for some seconds, protending
to be dead. Their dark color contrasts with the white-
ness of the sheets, eo that they are discovered at a
glance, and easily secured. In this manner aeveral
years ago, we destroyed about three hundred in the
course of an hour. As a stimiUus to timely opera-
tion, we should remember that they are as easily kill-
ed before the mischief is done, as afterwards.

These particulars were communicated in the second
volume of the Genesee Farmer; but it moy be well to
repeat that shaking the tree with our hands will only
bring down a yar< of these insects. The small num-
ber that we caught in this way, induced us to believe
there were very few on the trees, until we saw that
much of the fruit was punctured; and it was this that
led us to suspect that our work had not been thorough-
ly done. Wc therefore spread the sheets under the
tree, and made the following experiment:— On s/ui-
king it icell we caught five curculioee; on jarring it
icilh the hand, we got twelve more; and on striking
the tree with a stone, eight more were dropped on the
sheets. We then revised our work, and found we had
been operating to great disadvantage.

"2d. It continues its labors into August. — The
same curculio that stings the plum and peach, I have
found repeatedly operating on the apple."

Dr. Tilton, who first made us acquainted, by his
publications, with the manners of the curculio, — was
of the same opinion; but we are inclined to doubt its
correctness. In the year 1831, Noye* Darling, 1st*

n

THE N E W G E N E S E E FARMER,

Vol. 1.

Moyorof iheciiy of New-Haven, stated in the Xew-
York Farmer, that the worm which infeels the apple,
becomes a moth or miller. We immediately repeated
his ctperimcnt, by putting these worms with part of
the apple, amongst moist earth in a tumbler, and cov-
ering them with a piece of window glass. In due
time the perfect insect came forth, very different in-
deed from the curculio. The result was published at
the time.

"3d. It gets on the tree knf flying, tnough it may
crawl up the body at times."

We believe they more generally get up by crawling.
Dr. Tilton says " two trees of the same kind may
stand in the nearest possible neighborhood, not to
touch each other, the one have its fruit destroyed by
the curculio, and the other be uninjured, merely from
contingent circumstances, which prevent the insects
from crawling up the one, while they are uninterrup-
ted from climbing the other." We have also been
told by a neighbor who had tied by the upper end, a
large bundle of unbroken fla,\ round the tree, three or
four feet from the ground, while the lower parts of
the stem hung loose, — that it saved his plums. Yet
we have seen the curculio fly away from the sheets on
which they had fallen. When sufRred to remain undis-
turbed.

What follows, whatever may be its bearing on this
mooted point, should be extensively known. As this
little animal is easily annoyed, trees standing before a
store, or shop, or any frequented place, usually more
or less escape inj\iry. I have known trees standing
near a hog pen,mature their fruit year after year, while
others standing four rods distant, as surely failed.

"4ih. Itstings the fruitmoslly in the night."

This fact is new to us; but such a habit would well
agree with the timid nature of the insect.
' We make another extract:

"The plum tree is subject to a disease on the limbs,
a kind of excrescence or warty appearance, which Dr.
Harris says is caused by this same curculio, punctu-
ring the bark and depositing its eggs under it."

We hope this is not a fair specimen of Dr. Harris's
labors in Entomology. The absurdity of tbe charge is
evident, from the fact that the curcolio infested the
plum trees in this part of the State more than thirty
years before any such excrescence disfigured their
branches.

We cordially appiove, however, of what follows:
"Dr. Harris recommends cutting out and extirpating
these excrescences, and burning tJusm btfore the lust of
Junc.j-W t

Hints for the Month.

This is a most important month to tbe farmer. On
the proper direction of his work at this time, his suc-
cess for the season greatly depends. Every thing
should be conducted with energy, and every thing
well finished. All the ploughing should be thorough-
ly performed, and planting done in the best manner.
Slighting work, is the most costly operation the farmer
can perform.

It is of vital importance, during this busy season,
that horses and cattle be well fed, and kept in good
condition, to accomplish properly the work assigned
them. Animals constantly supplied with water, work-
ing or otherwise; regularly fed; regularly worked;
and their wants always attended to, — will keep fat on
a far less quantity of fooil, than when they are occa-
sionally neglected, and suffered to pass their usual
lime of feeding, or overdriven, or deprived of water.

Those who own small farms, where land is high pri-
ced, will find the practice of soiling for domestic oni-
mals, a matter of economy. Loudon says, "A field
"I meadow in good heart, mown ond cntcn green,
will, at ■> rough eslimati?, produce treble the quantity
of milk it would hsvo done if pastured, ond four times

as much as it would do in the form of dry hay." The
value of the manvrc made this way, would overbal-
ance the cost of cutting the grass.

Let no manure remain in the barn-yard after the
present time. If not dor.e already, direct all your
force to accomplish it now. The large crops of corn
which are sometimes raised in this country, are great-
ly indebted for their success to very copious manuring.
We have, it is true, o very fertile soil, but corn can
scarcely be overfed with manure; every load tells.

Corn may be planted too early; but to one error of
this kind, there aiea hundred by planting it too late.
Tbe precise time of course must vary in different re-
gions. The first e.xpansion of the oak leaf, is an old
and very good rule.

Straight row^s — these arc the thing. How much
more thoroughly and evenly the crop might le culti-
vated, if this were always attended to. When row^
are crooked, one hill is run over, and another neglect-
ed,and the hoping rendered laborious. But where tbcy
are straight, the cultivator paeecs evenly and safely,
within an inch of each hill, and little is left for the hoe.

But the crows — who has not had a fine crop greatly
injured by these black rogues? The remedy by tar-
ring, we have never known to fail, when well per-
formed. When slighted, it of course fails. The
best way, by far,^ is to pour hot water on the corn to
heat it, pourmg itolf again in a few seconds, and then
put on the tar ana stir it thoroughly. Every grain
thus becomes coated with a fine and even glazing o(
tar. Roll the corn in air slacked lime, and it is ready
for planting. A pint of tar will do for a peck of corn,
though perhaps more would be safer.

Make large preparations for root crops — for mangel
wurtzel and sugar beets, ruta bagas and carrots. The
best variety of the eugar.bcet, the Silesia, is to be pre-
ferred to the mangel wurtzel. It is most admirably
adopted to the feeding of cows, and is good for hogs.
The farmer should calculate on at least one hundred
bushels for every milch cow, — to be fed during win-
ter— the richness ond excellence of the milk and but-
ter thus produced, ond the greatly increased quantity,
will soon decide any doubt of toe advantage of this
root. Failure is commonly owing in the first place
t" poor soil, and in the second to neglect of weeds. —
The ground should be as rich ond mellow as a garden,
and the seeds will vegetate; and the weeds should be
kept down at the outset, and the growth of the plants
will not be checked. Seven or eight hundred bush-
els to the acre may be expected if these things are
strictly observed.

Many days of labor in cutting weeds, may generally
be saved in the culture of all root crops, by a previous
fallowing for a month or two, to destroy all the wceib,
and rendering the soil finely pulverized for planting
and hoeing. By a little lobor in this way, ^-cutting
the weeds with a cultivator and one horse as they first
appear, for a few time.«, in the early part of sum-
mer, and thus almost superseding the necessity of hoe-
ing, we hove roised the white globe turnip at the rate
of 750 bushels to the ocrc, at a cost of about tico cents
a hushcl.

Ruta bogos ore especially valuoUe tor tbe winter
feeding of horses, oxen, and young cottle. Let every
former appropriate a portion of land now, for the cul-
ture of a crop, — monure it well, and keep it stirred to
kill the weeds. Mony suppose they necessarily re-
quire n sandy soil; but if very rich, ond not ipet, they
will succeed about as well on a cloyey os on a sandy
loam. The onlv disodvantogc of the former is, the
cloddy surface is opt to offoru-a shelter fir the turnip
fly, hence crops on such soils are more frequently cut
off by this insect; but this doubtless might be prevent-
ed by rolling the surface after sowing. If the farmer
has no drilling machine, ho may sow the ruts bnga

broadcast; this, though not so good, is succetsful. —
We have seen a broadcast crop of 1200 bushels to the
acre. Manure was the secret. '

Different Soils.

Last month we spoke of tbe importance of a Jitia
soil, of shade, and of a regular si;pply of moisture for
delicate seeds; but another view of tbe subject may be
token. Among the myriads of plants that embellish
our globe, varying in form, in substance, and in color,
great constitutional differences exist. Some, like
the sea-weed, only vegetate in brine; others, like the
wild rice of the west, flourish most in fresh water. —
The truffle tflways remains under ground, while the
mistletoe only germinates aloft on trees, and seems to
feed on air.

But between the thousands that spread their roots
through the earth, and their leaves to the light depen-
ding on timely showers for iheir nourithment, grent
differences exist in regard to soil. The yellow bloom
of the Hypoxis, is only seen on close cUitis ; the pe-
rennial Lupin confines itself to beds of sand: and the
locality of the Talinvm in Pennsylvania is on naked
magnesuin rocks. Ltme is essential to the chief ob-
jects of the farmer's culture; and a species of Veroni-
ca from its attachment to this mineral, is called in Vir-
ginia, the "Marl Indicator."

Besides the mineral constituents, however, there
are vegetable principles derived from the decoy of par-
ticular plants, which become a part of the soil, and
give it a peculiar character. We may separate the
sand from the clatj, ond both from the lime and mag-
nesia or iron — weigh tbe vegetable matter, ond then
attempt to make a similar soil of new material in the
proper proportion; but unless we have the recrements
of similar plonts, i". cannot successfully be done. —
We have seen no artificial soil that would suit the rose-
flowering locust; and the heaths only grow in peaty
earth, or something analogous. The decaying leaves
of the sour pine, so pernicious to the cereal grasfes, is
a rich manure for the red sorrel.

Among the great numbers of ornamental plants
which are collected from so many points of the earth's
surface, it is not reasotiable to expect that land of tho
same quality can accommodate them in the best man-
ner. Some will flourieh in their new abode; others
will vegetate for a time, while a third class will spee-
dily dwindle and perish. Various soils, therefore,
differing in both their mincrnl and regetabU composi-
tion, are necessar}' in extensive gardens. Small spots
of two or three feet diameter, in many coses will bo
sufficient. Some anncal flowers will doubtless re-
quire them as well as shrubs and heibaceous peren-
nials; and the greater tbe variety of soils, the greater
will be the chance of success. On a small bed of eond-
carried more than twenty miles, we have Pinvs rigi-
da and Magnolia glauea, growing in luxuriance;
though every attempt to cultivate them in our com-
mon soil, had failed- Many beautiful plonts require
peat from the marshes; ond a small cask of the right
soil, would impart health and vigor to theKalmias and
Rhododendrons. t

The Flowers of Sprln§r.

(is a lf.tter of the 25th. i'lt.)
In cool weather, the snow-drop and other early
flowers, continue long in bloom; but a few warm days
dismiss them, ond call forth others in more rapid suc-
cession.

The Persian Iris, so beautiful, perfumes the garden
for a time, ond the Mezereon — the first shrub that
blossoms in spring — adds its frogroncc. Its acrid
fruit, however, causes some to reject it; but that
might speedily be stripped from its branches, and chil-
dren might b« taught to keep ihcir f^nKers lo ibcm-

So. 5.

A N D GARDE N E II 'S JO URN A L.

73

elves, (a useful lesson in later life. ) Tben mich an
cquisition would be enjoyed.

The bloom of early flowers, however, may be much
irolonged by planting In different situations. Give
hem the reflected heat of a wall or close fence, and
irotcct them at night from the frost, and a week or
nore may be gained in earliness. Plant them on
he opposite side of such a wall or fence, so that
hey are shaded through most of the day, and they
vill come forth a week or two later than those in the
pen border. To see the nrst flower of its kind, does
as good, and we love to prolong the stay.

The genus Conjdalis, like Eschschollzia, is remar-
kable for the delicacy of its leaves. C. aicullaria and
C canadensis, ( the latter fragrant, ) are natives of our
woods. C. cava and C. nobilis are from Siberia. All
lliese add to the beauty of the border.

Eryllironium dcns-canis is a native of Europe, and
lecidedly prettier than either of the species indigenous
o this region. There are two varieties, white, and
'ed-purple. The flower is soon past, but there is
beauty in the leaf.

The primrose or polyanthus (Primula ccris) nrns
nta many varieties. We have selected a dozen or
oiore of the finest we could procure or originate, and
ionie of them are very pretty. Deep red-purple, pale
lac, jrellow, and almost white, are among the colors.
The double varieties are highly valued.

Narcissus is an interesting genus of more thansi.t-
.y species. It includes the Dafibdils: the single yel-
ow, the double yellow Ajax, and the double phoeni-x
jfith white petals and orange centre. The Trumpet
najor, in two varieties, however, is our earliest kind,
[t also includes tlie Jonquil with two or three rich
'ellow flowers on a stem. .V. angustifolius, white
with a crimson-tipped nectary, and N. fioiibundis,
dso white with a yellow nectary, are fine. The latter
'rom Spain, requires some protection, and is scarcely
luitcd with our common soil.

The English Violet, ( Viola odcraia, ) white, blue,
md double, is very modest and very sweet. It has re-
seived many encomiums from thefoets.

Hyacinths are a lovely group of plants; and come
nearer to being of all colors than any other flower that
we know. It should be planted in a rich soil, that its
aunches of blossoms may he large and fine; and when
jet out late in autumn, the earth slwuld be firmly pres-
sed down over it, to prevent the frost from heaving up
;he soil, and separating the stem from the bulb.

Of all the flowers of this month, however, we doubt

If any makes a finer display than the liver-wort (He-

'' padca triloba.) It only opens in the warmer part of

■■ the day. From the woods, we have procured them of

many colore, and with a considerable approach towards

a duplication of the petals; but so far have found none

that could be called double, fy'anguinaria canadensis,

also from the woods, with pure white blossoms, should

' be associated with them.

The Crown Imperial is a magnificent plant, admi-
' rable for its form and singularity. The double varie-
'' tie3, however, are mere distortions, and not worth cul-
tivating.

When llola tricolor has passed tlie winter withoui
damage, (and snow is its best protector,) it blooms
very early. Many of the new varieties are very showy
and very pretty.
' One more, and we have done. The periwinkle,
" ( Imca minor,) an evergreen trailer, begins to open
its fine blue flowem. t

Clearing New Lands"Inquir)'>
Mrs5F3. Editors — I am about to remove on to a
new farm, and if you, omirour correspondents, will
give some hints respecting the best method of clearing
and cultivating new lands, you will confer a great fa-
vor on A SUBSCRIBER.
. Henderson, Jefferson cc, April, 18(0.

The Meeting at Rochester.

In amthcr column will be found a call for a public
meeting of farmers and friends of Agricu'ture, to be
held at Rochester on the 28th inst. We believe it is
not necessary to remind our readers of the importance
of this meeting, in order to induce them to attend. —
But we wish to remind them of the necessity of being
there prompily at the hour, and having their minds
somewhat prepared to speak and act underetandingly
on the tubjects which will be discussed. We do not
mean by this, that rhey should be prepared to make
long speeches; for time will not admit of it. The
meeting is for the transaction of important business,
which will need to be done " with accuracy and des-
piilc/!;" and theretore it is necessary that every farmer
who attends, should be prepared to do his part.

The following arc some of the leading topics which
will probably be dicussed, and the questions which
will need to be decided : —

1st. A consideration oftthe present condition of ag-
riculture, and the farming interests in this region o(
country; and 2d. what arc the best means of their ad-
vancement ? This will give rise to the question, 3d.
Shall an Agricultural Society be formed ? and if so,
4th. What shall be its name and character, and plan of
operation ^ What extent of country shall it embrace ?
(This will depend upon the attendance from adjoining
counties.) 5th. Is it advisable to have a Fair, or Ex-
hibition, next fall ? if so, shall premiums be awarded?
and how shall the funds be raised? These, and ques-
tions growing out of these, will most likely occupy the
whole attention of the meeting.

Acknowledgments.

We are indebted to the Hon. T. Kesipshall, M. C
for several interesting documents, and a package of
seeds, kindly sent ue by him from Washington.

Also to Hon. H. L. Ellsworth, Commissioner of
the Patent Office, for a package of seeds of West India
Plants, just received from him. We shall immediately
sow them in a hot-bed, and transfer them to the
Green House.

A Donation for the Maseum.

Professor C. Devvet, of this city, has presented us
with a collection of dried specimens of grasses, which
we shall add to and arrange during the summer, for
the proposed Agricultural Museum. Our readers are
indebted to his able pen for several interesting com-
munications which have appeared in our columns, and
for the essay on Grasses, part of which appears in this
number.

To Readers and Correspondents.

Several communications which need revising are
unavoidably deferred for the present; and a pressure
of business must be our apology for the omission of
seme cuts, and other matters intended for this month.

From the Kalamazoo Gazette.

Beet Sugar in Michigan.

New Genesee Farmkr. — The first three numbers
of this new agricultural sheet is now upon our table.
We think it is fully equal to the old Genesee Farmer,
and will prove an invaluable work to the agriculturist.
It 18 nearly as large as the "Cultivator'" and costs only
half as much; and we think will be more valuable to
our farming community.

In answer to the "Farmer's" inquiry, in reference
to the manufacturing sugar from the beet, in this
State, we would say, what we have heretofore slated,
that the company established for that purpose in the
adjoining county of St. Joseph, did not meet with suc-
cess the last season, on account of the incapacity of
their workman. They have now sent an agent to
France to secure an experienced workman to take
charge of the business. If they succeed in getting a
competent workman, as they undoubtedly will, we
presume succ^-ss "''ll intend liicir efforts this scnson.
as they 8iir'*ee.lr<i «> far last as t'> make mOiassf s.

For the AVw Genttce Farmtr.
THE GRA8.SES.— Xo. I.

In common language, the grasses include all those
herbaceous vegetables, which arc used, or may le usB'J,
as food for our domesticated animals. Turnips, peas,
and the like, would be considered as excepted. In the
anguageof botanists, the grasses embrace those plants
with hollow and jointed stems, with solid joints, with
long, parallel-veined leaves, rising from slit sheaths, and
with one or two, or more, chaff"-like leaves, or glumes
about the flower. While this description excludes
the rusli-likc and sedgi/ grasses, some of which are
eaten by cattle, it comprehends the most important
vegetables; for it includes wheat, rye, barley, oats,
sugar-cane, rice, wild rice, Indian com, «Scc., as well
as timothy, red-top, and all the common grasses. It
excludes indeed, clover, pea, buckwheat, and the like;
but it evidently embraces the most importont articles
of agriculture.

In the views now to be presented to the farmer, the
grasses used for food for our animfJs, alone are res-
pected. Those which are intentionally cultivated are
very few; but several others are mixed with these in
more or less abundance, and some of them are worthy
of more attention than they have yet received, and
otheis may be soon introduced.

Vast provision has been made in the multitude of
grasses, for the support of the graminivorous races of
anim.ila. More than eighteen hundred species have
been described by botanists; more than three hundred
are ascribed to North America; and more than orus
hundred and ticcntij are found in the State of New-
York. While thtsc are useful for the food of cattle
to some extent, is it not probable that far more will
ultimately be found valuable to the agriculturist ?

The value of the cultivated grasses for our working
animals, as well as for those that graze only, is inesti-
mable. They cannot be sustained on wheat, rye, oats,
corn, and the like, but must have more volume put
into their stomachs. Whether it is that grain baa a
nourishment too concentrated to be used alone, or that
the stomach of the graminivorous is adapted, by its
capacity, tor the uee of the leaves and culms them-
selves, which is the mopt probable, and that this capa-
city must be filled up by the food, it is very clear that
they must have a coarser food with the finer, for
their support. Hence comes the advantage of even
the innulritiovs cut-strnic of wheat, or rye, or cats,
mixed up with their grained provender. There must
be volume, as well as nutriment, in the food of our
animals, and especially of those which are to do the
hard work for ue. For pnsiurage, as well as hay, the
grasses have an imnicn(?e value.

In the selection of grasses for cultivation, the object
to be ertected is the first thing to be considered, and the
adaptation to this object is the first business of practi-
cal agriculture. For the early pasturage of spring, or
the late feed of autumn, we need the grasses most ap-
propriate to those parts of the year, as well as for the
hay of summer. One grass maybe more nutritious
in the early stage of its growth, and another in the la-
ter, while some are bettor fitted to be food for horses,
and other.? for cattle and sheep.

The quantity of nutriment in the diflferent grasses,
is probably very djfierent, and is not very easily as-
certained. The experiments made under the order of
ihfi DjUc cf Dcdf<-.r<l. at W^burn. Englnnrl. nnd often

74

THE NEW GENESEE FA R M E R,

Vol. 1

referred to as the Woburn resnlla, or experiments,
have thrown the most light upon the subject. They
are not indeed perfectly satisfaciory, ae the laboratory
of the Btomach may find better and more useful coin-
binatione of matter in a vegetable, than can be J'uund
in the laboratory of the clicmist. Still, they may be
of great service now, and lead to other and more de-
terminate results. The farmer who is intelligetU aiid
nice in his obsercations, will be led to very certain and
definite conclusions on the relative value of the difler-
ent grasses, by watching, for sufficient periods of time,
the condition if his animals, as they are supported up-
on difTerent kinds of food. If attention is paid to the
season and soils, to ihe relative ages and vigor of the
animals, and to the quantity of labor performed by
the working animals, and of butter, cheese, beef, &c..
by those that are not workers, and accurate records
are kept of all those for comparison, it will scarcely be
possible that fifty of the best farmers in a county, pur-
suing a similar course, can come to diilerent conclu-
sions. Soon, at least, other observations will make
the necessary corrections; and the relative value of
the graeacs will be ascertained. It was shown by Sir
Humphrey Davy, in his important work on Agricul-
tural Cbemi.stry, that vegetables contain five substan-
ces, on which their power of nutrition titaij depend,
viz : saccharine, muciUiginovs, bitter extract, allu-
minous, and saline, matter. The first of these is well
known to be highly nutritious, and the second and
fourth are probably little less valuable. It is probable,
indeed, that more or less of the vegetable fibre itself
is converted into nutriment in the process of digestion.
To aid the farmer in coming to the moat valuable
conclusions, and to guide him in experiments for im
provement in ngriculture, it may bo advantageous to
contemplate the properties and history of the more im-
pnrtant grasses, with reference to their relative value
already ascertained.

1. Tiinotlnj Grass, or Herd's Grass, as it is often
called, Phleum pratense of botanists, and Cats-tail
grass of the Knglieh, is too well known to need des-
cription. It is said to be common over the fields of
Europe. It took one of its names from Timothy
Hanson, who carried the seed from New- York to Car-
olina in 1780, and another from its value bs food for
herds of animals, and another name from the fona of
its spike or long head of flowers. The botanists gave

to it the Greeh name of an unknown ancient plant.

According to the Woburn experiments, it is a very val-
uable grass, containing more nutriment when the
seeds are mature, than any other grass in that state,
•nd being in the proportion of 23 to 10, or more than
*wice as much. If it stands too long, however, it be-
comes too dry and hard to be relished by animals
•nd forms poorer hay. If the season is not a wet one,
it should bo cut earlier for hay. The high relish of its
hay by horses, if it is cut in the time of flowering is
well known. In England it is considered an early
grass for feeding, and yields much herbage, and will,
after being fed iiiion, send up its cidms and flower
abundantly upon rich soils. If it is cut for hay too
late, animals select only the finer end more delicate
parte.and leave the rest, .^s a general fact, there is no
doubt that it is cut too late in the season to make the
beat hay. The farmer has a deep interest in having
his hay of the best quality. In the market it will give
him a higher reward for his labor. When it can be
depended on, the better quality ever brings the higher
price. Waving over the fields, this grass presents a
beautiful appearance.

There is one defect in this grass; it springs vp very
slowly after it is mown, and therefore the second crop
is liable to be small. This is specially the case, if it is
cut much after the time of flowering, and gives an
•iditionsl rensot fcr an early mowi,i^. This fact, and

90 me others, appear to have given Timothy grass
much less estimation in England than in our country,
though it is said tobcrisingin value there. Our climate
may be more favorable to its growth; besides, a smal-
ler variety seems generally to have been cultivated in
England, which yields much less bay, and is inferior
to the larger in the proportion of twcnty-Jice to eight ;
a circumstance which shows the advantage of know-
ledge, and the necessity of care in the selection of
seeds.

2. Meadow Fox-tail Grass. This is the true Fox-
tail, Alopecurus pratcnsis, of botanists, and named,
both, by the common people and the botanists, from
the resemblance of its huaJ or spike of flowers to the
shape of the tail of the Fox. It is more loose and
bushy than that of Timothy grass. This is a favorite
grass in England, and cultivated both for pasturage
and hay, and is indigenous to Britain and other parts
of Europe, from which it seems to have found its way
into our country. 1 have not known it cultivated; hut
small patches of it are fouiid' frequently in the mead-
ows of New-England and this State. It is said by
the English to possess the '-three great rerpdsiles of
quantity, quality, and etirliness, in a superior degree
to any other. It is often fit for the scythe by the mid-
dle of May, (in England;) it flowers twice a year,
and gives more bulk and weight of hay than any oth-
er grass." — London.

These properties commend it to the attention of the
agriculturist. The second mowing is said to give n
greater yield than the first. The soil, in which the
meadow Fox-tail lu.xuriates, is that of a rich clizyty
loam, which is so common in our section of country.
The quantity and quality of this grass, on a sandy soil,
is found each to be only two-thirds of that on the loam
just mentioned.

It is highly recommended for pasturage, and in lay-
ing down pasturnge, it is said, by Sinclair, that one-
eighth of the seed should he of this Fox-tail grata. It
is slow in coming to full perfection, so that a field of
it should stand and be mowed or pastnied for several
years. Its permanence, nutriment, amount of pro-
duce, and early growth, give it, in the language of
Sinclair, a decided prefercnee.

Who has known of any adequate trial of this grass
in our country, to lest its excellence or adaptation to
our soil and climate 7

There is another Fox-tnil grass, the Alopecurus
gcniculatus, of botanists, which is rather more com-
mon in the meadows than the preceding. It is bent
at the joints, so that the stem continually changes its
direction, and has a distinct sea-green color, even more
so than that of Timothy grass. It likea a moist soil.
In England it is considered a valuable grass for the
produce of hay, as well as foi pasturing. Because oui
well known Timothy grass is so excellent, the farmer
should not be preventen from giving those grasses an
experiment which shall decide on their importance in
agriculture. Both should be cut for hay in early flow-
ering. They seem to give the promise of more ten-
der stalks, and more delicious hay. Certainly the
English agricultuviets give few grasses a superior com-
mendation.

3. Orchard Grass, Cock's foot Grass, the Dacty-
lis ghmerata of botanists. It is often found in the
ehady memlows "f orchards ond about bams. The
botanists have named it from the growth of its heads
of flowers somewhat like the fngers and Ommh, and
the English from the resemblance to the foot of the
barn-fowl. It is a tall, large, and pretty coarse gmss,
with its flowers growing rather one sided. It yields
a large amount of herbage towarde the roots, and is re-
ported to be very valuable in England for pasturage,
and has indeed received the highest commendations
Its seed might be easily gathered. In Eng'.ind it is

led upon immediately after the eeasJB for turnips has
passed, as it is an early gtass, and grows with much
rapidity To get the full benefit of the grass, it should
be raised on a light soil, and should be kept fed d»wn,
as it is too hard and coarse for hay. It is self-sown
in our meadows, but may be deserving of higher con-
sideration as a grass for pasturage. It is certainly one
of great bounty, as it waves its heads in the wind
above the ordinary grasses of the meadow. It is found
over nmch of Europe. From the Woburn experi-
ments, the produce at flowering is about o%t-twenticth
more than when in seed, end great at both times. But
even for the early cropping of spring, it waa ibund to
be some inferior to that of Timothy grass. Still, it
grows so rapidly, and is so readily eaten by sheep,
hor6e's,and cattle,that it is superior for cropping to most
of the grasses, cultivated in England. The seed i»
now for sale over our country, and the grass is in the
course of trial It is hoped that the experiments will
be made on a scale adequate to determine the advan-
tages of the grass to the agriculturist.
(To be Continued.)

Mulberry Trees.

Whatever inconvenience or disaster may result to
individuals from speculations in the mulberry, we ap-
prehend that the nation will be benefitted by that ex-
citement, to a much greater amount; and wherever
these trees withstand the winter without damage, and
the expenditures have not been too great, we think
there is nmch to encourage the proprietors. We do
not believe that land can be appropriated to a more
profitable culture.

A gentleman, near Baltimore, who has a large stock
of the multicauliB, says, in a note to us, "I expect to
make two hundred pounds of silk next summer," and
another, near Philadelphia, informs us that he intends
to feed ae many eilk worms as he can find food for. —
He has many thousands of the multicaulis standing
out in the open field, uninjured by the late severe win-
ter. "Indeed," he adds, "they look better than
some which were put into the cellar last fall."

The climate of the Genesee country, however is not
so well adapted to this tree, though we think it will do
better here than many persons apprehend. Eager to
increase it, we have planted it in the richest soils which
have stimulated its growth till the frost struck it. —
This was most strictly the case with a few which wo
raised from cuttings; while some which sprung from
old roots in a thinner soil, were not damaged, and re-
main so, in the open ground. It is true that we bent
them down after the deep snow fell, and threw soma
of it over them, keeping them down, out of harm's
way, till the severfsl weather was past; yet it is well
known that the multicaulis is much hardier when bud-
ded or grafted on the white mulberry; and perhaps it
would be still more so if it stood on stocks of our na-
tive mulberry.

To those who intend to prepare for the culture of
silk in this district, we would say, appropriate for
it the poorest ground on the farm. Drain it thorough-
ly if nature has not done so, either under ground, or
by ridging the surface, as the case may require. Give
the multicaulis a fair trial on its own roots; and also
on hardy stocks; but the introduction of some hardi-
er variety would be prudent. T

The Silk Culture,

Mxssns. EunoRs — In expressing your views of the
Silk business, in the 2d No. of your paper, you say
that you think it to be one of the most important sub-
jects which can at the preset time engage the atten-
tion of the Amrican people — that you think it is soon
to form a new era in the prosperity of this nation, and
that you have no doubt of its ultimate success. But,
at the sams lime you say, that sa not more thaft OB*

No. 5.

AND GARDEN ER

SJOURNAL.

jR a hundred of your readers are particularly engaged
n the business, justice does not admit of your saying
■Bcli on tbc subject.

Now, Messrs. Editors, I do not wish to criticise
whot you say, nor presume to lay down a rule for you
to adopt in conducting your very valuable paper, for I
■ball be saiisfied with it even if you soy nothing on
this subject. But, at the same time, if this business
be of so much importance to th« nation, it must be
important to every individual; and therefore I cannot
see any injustice in your saying much on the subject.
A great deal must be said before the community will
became properly awake to this subject. Every farmer,
and every man who has an acre of land should mani-
fest some interest in the culture of silk, and should,
more or lees, engage in the business. But before this
can be done there is much of ignorance to be removed,
Bnd prejudice to be overcome. Many people, perhaps
the majority, have got an impression that it is all a
"speculation," or "humbug," because some individu-
als have been engaged in raising and selling morus
multicaulis trees at high prices, and made unreoaona-
ble profits; therefore the whole silk business has been
ridiculed, as a visionary speculation unworthy of con-
fidence. Now, gentlemen, I have no morus multi-
caulis trees for sale, but wish to purchase, therefore
my motives need not be suspected on that ground. —
But I am firmly convinced, and the more I consider
the subject the stronger is my conviction, that this bu-
ainees is soon to become second to none in this coun.
try, cotton not excepted. I think so, because I see
nothing to prevent it; but much to encourage it. To
me it seems impossible that this nation should long
consent to pay to foreign countries twenty millions of
dollars annually, for silk, when it can be raised at a
much cheaper rate at home. The business has been
fairly tested and proved, that silk can be raised in the
United Slates of a superior quality, and at a cheaper
rate than in any of the now greatest silk growing
countries. It has farther been proved that persons of
a small capital and small farms, can receive a ten fold
greater income than by any other process of farming.
Now, Messrs. Editors, if this be case, is it not right
for you to press the truth upon the minds of your rea-
ders 1 If this is a business which interests them all,
ought they not to have the subject frequently laid be-
fore them ? But I did not design a long article upon
the subject. You will please excuse me for conflict-
ing with your view of the thing. My excuse is, my
ardent attachment to the silk-growing interest. But
no more of it. Permit me to express my high esti-
mation of your very valuable paper; and as you give
all, the wealt as well as the strong, an invitation to be-
come its correspondents, I think you may hereafter
occasionally receive my mite as a contribution to its
pages. Yours, &c., K.

U Roy, April, 1840.

Remarlcs. — We fully coincide with K. in relation to
the importance of the silk business; but we think he
misunderstood, or at least has given rather a distorted
view of our remarks on this subject, 'to which he al-
ludes. We think that what we then said, and what
we have since published, is as much as the warmest
friends of the cause could reasonably ask; and as
much as justice to the mass of our readers would ad-
nit. We shall continue to publish such articles, and
Buch only, on the silk culture, as we deem best calcu-
lated to awaJicn interest, and remote prejudice on the
subject; but until a larger proportion of our readers
are engaged in the business, we cannot occupy our
pages with the detail of practical silk culture, especial-
ly when there are papers exclusively devoted to this
subject. — Eds. N. G. Far.

75

With strength and counsel joined, think nothing
hard.
In making innovation* :he utility ehonld be clear.

For the ISitD Genesee Farmer.
The Silk Culture.

Messrs. Editors — As you seem disposed to pub-
lish some articles on the subject of the silk business, I
will put in a mile, which you will dispose of as you
may think advisable. The articles you have publish-
ed in former numbers on the subject, especially Mr.
McLean's, are very interesting, but they do not op-
ply particularly to the Genesee country, and my ob
ject in this communication is to endeavor to arouse the
agriculturists in this region to a sense of the fact, that
they are not located in a part of the country where it
is useless to attempt to innke silk. Yet I must ac-
knowledge that the State of New-York is far behind
many of her sister States in this businees. But I
hope that it shall not be said much longer that the Em-
pire Slate is in the back ground in relation to so im-
portant a branch of agricultural and manufacturing
pursuit.

1 have for several years past been making silk in a
small way, for the purpose of gaining a knowledge of
the proper course to pursue, whenever I should think
it advisable to enlarge the business. I commenced
without any knowledge on the subject, except what I
had gained by reading some publications. My wife
never saw a silk worm until she raiLiod them, and nev-
ereaw a skein of siik reeled until she did it herself;
and had no other than the common leel and spinning
wheel; yot the first she ever made was pronounced
by good judges, of superior quality; and every step
we have taken in the business seems to strip it of the
great mystery that is thought by many so much to en-
velope it, and render it vain to attempt it in this coun-
try. The raising of worms is as simple as raising chick-
ens, and the entire management of them, and reeling
the silk, is no more a mystery than the management
of sheep and spinning their wool. Yet a great portion
of our people remain ignorant in this particular, so
much so, that I am often asked, "How do you keep
your worms through the winter ? — how can you spin
the silk, &c. 1" and there still may be some who read
your paper, very ignorant on this subject, but who are
well informed on almost every thing else. To such
I would say, Wake up ! — be not so drowsy over a sub-
ject of such vast importance. 1 would here just re-
mark that worms are not kept through the winter,
but hatched from eggs when the proper time arrives
for feeding them; and as to the spinning of silk we
have nothing to do — the worms do that part of the
business — it is post the art of man to do it. The
worms must spin it or we have no silk; and they not
only spin but wind it into balls; and our first business
with it, is to reel it from the balls; and here is no myste-
ry. What woman would not suppose you thought
her a novice indeed if you were to tell her she could not
reel a boll of yarn ^

I will not occupy more room on this topic. I would
gladly impart to any one that will take the trouble to
call on me, any knowledge I possess in relation to the
management of worms or silk; aud also to the propo-
gation of the mulberry, in which I have had some ex-
perience. Perhaps some will now begin to think that
I am in the multicaulis speculation, and Iwish to sell a
few trees. Not so. I have no more tlinn I want for
my own use. The multicaulis speculation, although
some may have lost money in it, will prove a very
great benefit to the country, filling it with a very val-
uable tree to much greater cx.ent than would have been
done, had they not for a time commanded a very high
price.

And now in conclusion, I would say to every form-
er in the Genesee country, do not let the present sea-
son pass without each one having a few mulberry trees
planted. Improve the present depressed price of the
multicaulis for making a beginning. You probably

never will procure them cheaper. The white Italian
mulberry is not to be despised. This is the tree that
I have used for feeding worms, but shall hereafter uso
multicaulis in connection. Let every farmer, I say,
set a few trees, obtain a few eggs, and make a little be-
ginning. Make your own sewing silk, if nothing
more. If you have children ten years old, they can
gather the leaves and feed the worms. Every farmer
might moke $50 to ,fl50 worth of silk, and hardly
know that he had been to any expense. The inquiry
may be made, "Where shall we find market for silk if
we make it V Never fear on that subject. Let the
farmer make the silk, and a market will soon be found
near at hand. If it were known that ihere was silk
enough raised in the county of Monroe to establish a
factory, we should not be long without; and you need
not be troubled about your silk rotting on your hands,
if we should not have such a market for a year or two.
As I have said, make your own sewing silk, even if it
is for your common coarse work; it is cheaper than
you can make from flax, and if you have an overplus
which you cannot dispose of to advantage, weave it
into cloth either all silk, or mixed with cotton or wool.
There is no more difHculty in weaving silk than col-
on. It will readily be perceived, that if farmers make
a beginning in this way, they would be prepared
when a market opens to take advantage of supplying
it immdiately, while those that have not so done will
be left in the back ground, and will have to lament
when they see their neighbors selling their bundrcda
and perhaps thousands of dollars worth of silk yearly,
that they had not been as wise. But after all perhaps
the inquiry maybe made whether there is any assu-
rance that there will be any profit in making silk for
market; and in answer I would say, that actual exper-
iments made by many individuals the lost season,
have shewn, even at the lowest estimates, that the
amount of clear profit per acre far exceeds that of any
other crop.

If I should perceive that our farmers are making
any movement preparatory to making silk, I may
give a few hints in relation to the management of the
worms, &c. in a future number.

A. GOODELL-

Perrinton, March 30, 1840.

Market for Cocoons.

Messrs. Editors — Can you tell me whether there
will be any market for cocoons in Rochester or its vi-
cinity next summer ? I am one o( thnt fortunate closa
who happen to have a good stock of monis multicau-
lis trees on hand, and as there does not appear to be
quite as many buyers as sellers this season, I have con-
cluded to plant mine, and amuse myself by feeding
silk worms, provided I can dispose of the cocoons
when produced. I know nothing about the business
of reeling, twisting, &c., and do not want to under-
take it.

It appears to me that if some person who has some
knowledge of, and taste for the business, would pro-
cure one or two approved reels, and buy our cocoons,
and reel and sell the silk, it might be made a very
profitable business. If notice of a demand was given
this spring, there would be an abundant supply ot co-
coons next fall; and much would thereby be done to
encourage the commencement of silk culture in this

vicinity. MONROE.

Greeu-Hoi:se~Iuquiiy.

Messrs. Editors — Will you, through your useful
paper, give your readers a plan for building, and the
necessary information for managing, a Green-House
on a small and economical plan ? If you do, you will
much oblige at least one SUBSCRIBER.

GrenviUe, O., March 13., 1840.

We have not time at present, but will do it soon. —
Ed3.

76

THE NEW G E N E S E E F A R M E R,

Vol. 1.

Fanner's Daughters— Female Influence and
Education.

Mr. Editor — I am truly groleful for the kind re-
ception which my lormer communication received;
ond the regard which you manifest for your female
readers, encturages me to ofl'er a few moie remarks
for the benefit of Farmers' Daughters. — In order to
excite them to nffort, and induce them to aim at a
higher standard of e.'scellence, it ia neceesary to im-
press them with a more elevated idea of themselves,
and remind them of the important influence which
they iiiuai exert upon the community.

One of the greatest discoveries of modern times, is
the truth of the position, that females are capable of
high intellectual attainments, and that the good of
community requires that they should have great men-
tal culture as well as the other sex. The idea once
geneially prevailed, that female minds possessed so
lit le energy, and their influence in the world was so
email, that the education of daughters was a matter of
comparatively little importance, and it was only ne-
cessary to give them a superficial education, more
showy than substantial. Happily, however, this bar-
barian error is now exploded, and a host of living
proofs can be found to demonstrate the fact, that with
proper education, our sex are capable of acquiring ev-
ery branch of human knowledge which can improve
or adorn the mind; and men begin to fee that it is ne-
cessary for the improvement of mankind, and deman-
ded by the spirit of the age, that the intellectual stan-
dard of iae female sex should be greatly elevated.

An eminent writer has said, "The females of Amer-
ica hold in their hands the destinies of this Republic;
nnd on their influence depends the happiness and
prosperity of the nation, as well as of every family."
Another remarks that "Nature has given woman an
influence over man more powerful, more perpetual
than his over her. From birth to death he takes
health and healing from her hands, under all the most
touching circumstances; her bosom succors him in
infancy, soothes him in manhood, supports him in
sickness and in age. Such influence aa this, begin-
ning at the spring time of life, and acting in all its
most trying moments, must improve or deteriorate
man's character, must increase or diminish his happi.
ncss, according to the moral and intellecutal grada-
tion of woman. This upon her improrcvicnt in par-
ticular, dipends human improTtmmt in general."

I do not introduce these quotations for the sake of
complimenting my sex, but because I believe that
they contain important truths which ought to be
impressed on the minds of all. If such is the power
of female influence, what a mighty agent it can be
made for the improvement of the world, and how im-
portant it is that this influence should be rightly ex-
erted I Yet how generally has the subject been over-
looked by the majority of writers ! There are some,
however, who have most ably and eloquently advoca-
ted this cause, and whose labors have done much for
the improvement of our sex. The writings of Mf.s.
SioouR.NET, to mention no others, are exerting an in-
fluence upon the mothers and daughters of America,
which entitles her to a nation's gratitude. While on
thin eubjuct I cannot refrain from quoting a few re-
marks from her powerful a;ipeal to the guardians of
female education.

"Ia it not important that the sex to whom nature
has intrusted the mouldmg of the whole mass of
mind in its first fornntion, should be acquainted with
the structure and developments of mind ? — that they
who are to nurture the future rulers of a prosperous

of good or evil 1 that they who are commissioned to 1 be a blessing to all around them. It is a most ruinous

light the lamp of the soul, should know how to feed u
with pure oil ? — that they in whose hands is the wel-
fare of beings never to die, shuuld be fitted to per-
form the work, and earn the plaudit of Heaven ?

"That the vocation of females is U) teach, has been
laid down as a positiim which it is impossible to con-
trovert. In seminaries, acndemies, and schools, they
possess peculiar facilities for coming in contact with
the unfolding and unformed mind. It is true, that
only a small proportion are engaged in the departments
of public and systematic instruction. Yet the hearing
of recitations, and the routine of scholastic discipline,
are but parte of education. It is in tbe domestic
sphere, in her own native province, that woman is in-
evitably a teacher. There she modifies by her exam-
ple, her dependenis, her companions, every dweller
under her own roof. Is not the infant in its cradle,
her pupil I Does not her smile give the earliest les-
son to its soul ? Ia not her prayer the first messenger
for it in the court of Heaven ? Does she not en-
shrine her own image in the sanctuary of the
voung child's mind, so firmly that no revulsion
' can displace, no idolatry can supplant it 1 Does she
not guide the daughter, until placing her hand in that
of her hubband, she reaches that pedestal, from
whence, in her turn, she imparts to others, the stamp
and coloring which she has herself received ? M.ght
she not. even upon her sons, engrave what they shall
take unchanged through all the temptations of time,
to the bar of the last judgment ? Docs not the influ-
ence of woman rest upon every member of her house-
hold, like the dew upon the tender herb, or the sun-
beam silently educating the young flower? or as the
shower, and the sleepless stream, cheer and invigorate
the proudest tree of the forest 1

Admitting then, that whether she wills it or not,
whether she even knows it or not. she is still a teacher
— and perceiving that the mind iit its most plastic state
is yielded to her tutelage, it becomes a most momen-
tous inquiry what she shall be qualified to teach. —
Will she not of neceseily impart what she most prizes,
and best understands 1 Has she not power to im-
press her own lineaments on the next generation t If
wisdom and utility have been tlieobjectsof her choice,
society will surely reap the benefit. If folly and self-
indulgence are her prevailing characteristics, posterity
are in danger of inheriting the likeness. • • •

"Of what unspeakable importance then, is her edu-
cation, who gives lessons before any other instructor
— who^ireoccupies the unwritten page of being — who
produces impressions which only death can obliterate
— and mingles with the cradle-drenm what shall be
read in Eternity. Well may stalesmcn and philoso-
phers debate how she may be best educated, who is to
educate all mankind."

I am afraid, Mr. Editor, that you will think I have
forgotten the hint which you gave mo respecting your
journal; but, Sir, I believe this subject is most inti-
mately connected with the cause in which you are en-
gaged. Improve the taste and elevate the minds of
farmers' daughters, and you will soon remove one of
the greatest difBculties in the way of agriculture and
horticulture. The greatest obstacle to be overcome, I
imagine, is the want of an active, enquiring mind
among the mass of farmers. From want of early
training and proper example, the minds of the major-
ity have grown up in habits of thoughtlessness, or
become blinded by ignorance or prejudice, so that you
cannot arouse them to eflort or convince them that
improvement is desirable or possible. It is therefore
to the younger portion of the community that you
must look with the fulle.it hopes of success Let the
rising generation of farmers be properly educated — let
them have mothers and sisters who will early teach
Uiem to think — let their mmda be so trained, that they
will become intellectual, thinking, reading farmers,
and there will be little difBculty in the way of improve-
ments,or in reforming the evils which exist in onrland.
But first of all it is necessary, as we have seen, that
farmers, who consUtute three fourths of the commu-

mistake for young persons to suppose that attending
school for a few years is getting an education. A ve-
ry important part of our education is obtained before
we enter school, and much more after we have left. —
The duty of the school teacher is only to unlock the
gates of knowledge and direct us a few steps in the
path where we may travel on, by our own efTorte, and
gather the flowers and fruits of wisdom with our own
hands.

But I have already occupied too much space for thia
time, and will therefore close with a promise that in
my next I will endeavor to show that there are some
radical defects in the present system of educating far-
mer's daughters. Very Respectfully, &c.,

ANNETTE.

Maple Grove, 1840.

NATt.'RE.

BY ROBERT C. WaTERSTOJI.

I Love thee, Nature.— love thcc well-
In sunny nook and twilight dell,
Where birds, and heea, and l.lossoms dwelV

And Icnves and flowers ;
And winds in low sweet voices tell

Of happy hours.

1 love thy clear and running streams.
Which mildly flash with silver gleams.
Or darkly lie, like shadow dreams,

To bless the sight;
While every wave with tieauty teemt.

And smiles delight.

I love thy forest deep and lone,

AVhere twilight shades arc ever thrown.

And murmuring winds wilh solemn tonoi

Go slowly by,
Sending a peal like ocean moan.

Along the sky.

I love to watch at close of day.
The heavens in splendor melt away.
From radiant gold to silver gray.

As sinks the sun :
While stars upon their trackless way.

Come one by one.

I love, I know not which the best.
The little wood-bird in its nest,
The wave that mirrors in its breast.

The landscape true,
Or the sweet flower by winds caressed.

And bathed in dew.

They all are to my bosom dear.
They all God's messengers appear —
Preludes to songs Ihat ansels hear —

Mute prophecies —
Faint tyres of a resplendant sphere
Beyondthe skies I

poople, should be able tn domonstrnte from the brond nity, ebould give their daughters a better education. —
ennnia of hietory. the value ol' jiist lavvd, and the duiv i By this I do not mean that all should have more school-
ofobaervaiion-'.he bleedings which they inherit, and ing, although that ia nocc6Bnry wilh mr.ny, but thai

the danger uf their nbiipe 1 Is it not requisite, that
they on who^e bosom the infant heart must be chcriah-
e-i, should bo ^igiIantto watch its f-arlicst fulsaiion*"

they should have such mental culture as wdl fit them to
fill thoir etntionfi in life with plesEurc to thpm8eI''Ci,A'.

THE MOU.MNG OF SPRING.
Once more the genial sun appCRrs,

His bright beams glance from hill and stream.
And all a chastenei radiance wears

Where wlmcr in his path has been.
I love to see the first sweet smile

That lightens up the joyous wood —
It hath a spell tliat can begui'o

The spirit of its solitude.
And oh I to feel the southern breeze

Fan from the brow the flush of care.
To list the music in the trees,

W^hich its warm breath \s waking there.
Hath more to cheer the spirit's gloom,

To check the all unbidden sigh,
Than all the pride of summer's bloom.

Or radiance of its golden sky.

A mystery is the human heart.

A mystery arc its secret tones.
That waken only to ihe touch

Of Naxl're's magic hand alone;
And then a Thrill of kindre i feeling

Bursts o'er the soul with rapture's spell.
And sorrow flies its rich revealing.

Yet whence it is we cannot tell,
But this we know, that lone nnd sad,

AVc feel it— and our hearts are glad.

ff^hitc Pi^on Repihliean.

No. 5.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

77

Victoria rrgalis.

Dr. Robert Sckomburgh, a German naturalist, tra-
velling on account of the Royal Geographical Society,
and patronized by the English Government, — has dis-
covered in British Guiana, a plant, * so different from
nil others that are known, and eo magnificent, as to
savor strongly of the rosrv^Uous. He has furnished
the following account !—

"It was on the first day of January [1839] while
contending with the difficulties nature opposed to our
progress up the River Berbicc, that we arrived at a
point whore the river expanded, and formed a current-
less basin, — some object on the southern extremity ot
this basin, attracted my attention. It was imposfeible
to form any idea what it could be; and animating the
crew to increase the rate of their paddling, shortly af-
terwards we were opposite the object which had raised
ray curiosity. A vegetable wonder ! — all calamities
were forgotten — I felt as a Botanist, and felt myscll
rewarded. A gigantic leaf, from live to six feet in
diairieter, salver-shaped, with a broad rim of a light
green above, and a vivid crimson below, resting upon
the water. Quite in character with Ihe wonderful
leaf, war the aliernate tints, from pure white to rose
and pink. Thesmooth water was covered with them,
and I rowed from one to the other, and observed al-
ways something new to admire. The leaf on its sur-
face is a bright green, in form almost obiculate. —
Around the whole margin extended a rim from three
to five inches high 1 on the inside, light green, like
the surface of the leaf: on the outside, like the leaf's
lower part, of a bright crimson."

A colored engraving of it is copied into the (Lon-
don) Florticultural iSIagazine, and the editor gives this
additional information: —

"The stem of the ilower is an inch thick near the
calyx, and studded with elastic pncklee. The calyx
is four leRved; each [leal] upwards of seven inches
in length, and three inches in breadth. The diame-
tei of the calyx is from twelve to twenty-three — on it
rests the magnificent flower. When it first opens, it
is white, with pink in the middle, which spreads over
the whole flower the more it advances in age, audit
is generally found the next day of a pink color. It
would appear that the higher this gentleman advanced
up the river, the more gigantic they became; and he
eays they measured a leaf which was six feet five inch-
es in diameter, its rim five and a half inches high, and
the flower fifteen inches across."

It is said the Loddiges of Hackney have this most
extraordinary plant already in their collection. t

* Named In honor of the British Queen.

Geld Vine Pens,

This name waa given to a small variety of field
Peas in Canada, which it was certified would not mil-
dew. A quantity of them were imported last spring,
and sold at the Rochester Seed Store, and we believe
Wc have not learned that any of them were injured
by mildew. In one or two instances they were sown
rather late in the season; and, in order to test them,
some common peas were sown by their side; the re-
sult was, the gold vine peas produced a good crop,
while the common were not worth harvesting. It is
certain, that they are a very good field Pea; and
those who wish to sow them can obtain imported
seed at the Rochester Seed Store.

Chopping Hay.

The foUowing-is a statement of Benjamin Hale, pro-
prietor of a line of stages running between Boston
and Newburyport. It is a correct statement of the
saving made by the use of Straw Cutters in preparing
the food for his horses.

"The whole amount of hay pur-
chased from April 1, to Oct. 1,

183G, (six months,) and used

at the stage Etnble, was
At $25 per ton, (the lowest price

at which hay was purchased in

1816,)

From Oct. ], 1816, to April 1.

1617, whole amount of hay

and straw purchased for, and

consumed by the same number

of horses, viz:

T. cict. qrs. lbs. Cost.
Straw 11 13 3 10 $16U 22
Hoy 13 14 1 00 $350 00

Tons cwt. qrs. lbs.
32 4 0 00

$800 01

Beet Sugar EJxperiment.

A farmer from Genesse county, whose name we
have mislaid, gave us a verbal account of a small ex-
periment which he tried the past season, in making
sugar from beets.

He took two barrels full (about 5 bushels) of yel-
low and white sugar beets to a cider mill, and ground
them, and pressed out of them a barrel of juice. This
he boiled down in the same manner as for maple sugar,
and it yielded twenty pounds of good sugar. A little
milk and the white of an egg was put into the syrup
to clarify it; but the sugar was of a dark color, and
evidently requires some other process to purify it. —
He is convinced that beet sugar can be made with pro-
fit by common farmers, without any other apparatus
than a common cider mill and press, and two kettles.
He intends to try a larger quantity this year, and
hopes to succeed in making a better quality of sugar.

If any of our correspondents can inform him of the
proper manner for clarifying the sugar, it would be
esteemed a favor.

S310 23

Deduct on hand, April 1,
1817, by estimation,
four tons more than
there was Oct. 1,1816,
at $25 per ton, $100 00

Saving by the uce of Straw Cut-
ter, four months of the last six
months, or the difference in
expense in feeding with cut
fodder and that which is uncut

Whole amount of hay used for
the horses of the Salem stage,
twenty-five in number, from
April 1, to Oct. 1, 1816, viz:

At thirty dollars per ton, (the
lowest price in Salem,)

Whole amount consumed by the
same number of horses, from
Oct. 1, 1816, to April 1,1817,
T. act. qrs. lbs. Cost.

Straw 15 13 0 0 $137 80

Hay 2 15 0 0 $ 81 00

$410 23

389 77

be immOdeft and ihfil all lady-like to be presumed to
know, whether the milk comes from the udder or th
horns. "The rosy milk-maid," the title of a song
wh'ch we remember to have heard vvlu n a boy, la an
animal not known in modern natural hiatory; and re
to a young lady with thick shoes, a checkered apron,
her sleeves turned up, and a handkerchief tied o'ver
her head, ihutigh the apron should be as clean and the
handkerchief as white- as snow, and never so pretly a
pair of black eyes and rudily cheeks peeping from un-
der it, it would be an idea too shocking for one of our
modern exquisites even to dream of; and if presented
to her abruptly, while looking iu the glaes, in her
mmtslin dc laines, with her satin shoes, her gilt hair
comb, her paste earings, and her insect waisi, as crook-
ed as the limb of a scrub oak, she would probably not
recover from the fright for a week.

We say we have no hope of recovering the good old
habits of former days. Revolutions never go back. —
Yet in this respect we have lost a great deal. Men
are seldom neat enough in their habits to be trusted
with milking. They have not patience to wash their
hands or to wash the udder before milking. They are
not gentle, and often abuse the animal by their kicks
and tiiumps. They are in a hurry in the morning to
get through a business which they diiJike; and they
come home tired at night; the cows are unnecessarily
milked at on unseasonable hour: and the busineess is
very often badly performed. Women, on the other
hand, are more patient, more gentle; more neat; and
we were about to say — they ought to do the milking.
The morning air would be bracing to their muscles,
(if the modern girls have any muscles, for there be-
gins to be a reasonable doubt in this matter;) and the
odor of the cow has been long known to be, and is of
n recommended by physicians as medicinal But
we will not say what we were disposed to say, be-
cause it would be useless. It is utterly vain to attempt
a contest with fashion; for according to Franklin's
proverb, "he that spits ogainst the wind spits in his
own face." We must, however, be just: ond in ri-
ding through Dedham lost week at the close of the
day, it was quite refreshing to see in at least four cow
yards, woman in her appropriate sphere; and by her
pleasant looks and gentle conduct as the sat at the
sidr of the bountiful cow, evincing her gratitude to
Providence for the riches, of all the benefactors which
Heaven has given to man in the form of a quadruped.
— N. E. Fanner.

Caking of the Bag, or Udder.

In newly calved cows, the udder sometimes hardens
or cokes, (as it is called,) and a remedy should be ap-
plied without delay. One of my cows, in this con-
dition, was lately treated with soft soup, externally
BppUed in the evening, and the next morning she was
well. I have beard no complaint of her since.

A FARMER.

Saving in using chopped fodder
five months

Total saving in using the Straw
cutter nine months, viz: at
Newburyport, four months.

At Salem, five months,

Tons. cwt. qrs. lbs.
22j 0 0 0

$660 00

268 80
391 20

389 77
391 20

Total, .

$780 97

To Preser\e Fence Posts, &c.

It is often the case where lime is used for plastering
and other purposes, the sittings and refuse are thrown
away as useless. But it is fjetter economy to put it
around fence and gate posts, as it will greatly preserve
them from decay. Leached ashes are very good for
the same purpose If slacked lime or leached ashes
were sprinkled over the wooden pavements in our
cities when first pui down, it would render them much
more durable than when sand or gravel alone i8Ui=ed.

S. S.

Hole long irill sheep live buried in snow ? — We are
informed by Mr. Perhani, of Athens, that during the
late snow storm two of his sheep were buried beneath
a drift near the barn, and remained in that situation
nine days and ten nights. They were missed at the
expiration of the tenth day, and found by accident,
some of the cattle having trovelled over the drift, and
by stamping, mode a breach in the snow bank, by
which the animals were discovered.— One of t'uem, on
being released, immediately went into the yard, and
commenced eating, as though nothing had happened
— the other was a little dumpish, and did not so readi
ly realize the value of liberty. — Bellows' Falls Gaz.

Weight of Snow. — It has been demonstrated in
Baltimore that a cubic font of snow well saturated
with water, will weieh 3l)J pounds — and that there
was at one time [22d of December] on one of the
large churches in that city, fifty-fivt tons of snow,
the depth being ten inches, computing it at only 16
lbs. to the cubic foot. People are not generally aware
of the danger of having buildings crushed with large
bodies of snow upon them.

How many young ladies are there who would be
mortified to the last degree if a frill or a collar, or oth-
er ports of their dress were misplaced, but who, on be-
ing detected in ignorance even in the history of their
own country, would own it without a blush ?

Women jHilking.

Thirty years ago it would have been almost as difH-
cult to find a man milking os to find a woman mowing,
excepting in cases of very large dairies. In this res-
pect matters are greatly changed: and any hope, for
iiught we see, of getting back to the old practice,
would be vain. Half of the young girls, now-a-days,

fVUat will you hare ? — As a person once agreed to
produce the w'eather that might bo unanimously pro-
posed by the audier.ce, eo we agree to luriiieh tha
kind of reading which may be decided upon by a gen
eral convention of readers. In the mean lime, wo
shall continue to vibrate, as we have done, over a
field of variety, and thereby come in contact with the
favorable tastes of many. Reader — do not condemn
that paragraph which finds no I'avor in thine eyes; but
pass it over to him for whom it is prepared:-you must,
not monopolize. Ii requires sonie genius to read a
paper scientifically, as well os to make one. — .V. Y.
Svn.

hardly know, at least they would pretend that it would ' iimes

O* A Fathf.r wishes ANvFTTEWoul.i pive bis daughtera
some hints on Industry and Economy, during these tiord

78

THE NEW GENESEE FARM ER,P^

Vol. 1.

Razors, Shaving, and Improving Cutting
Instrnmcnts.

Tliere nre but few fnrmere who are not more or lees
Interested in the operation of cutting the beard. This,
we hope, will be a Eufficient apology for introducing
an abstract of a communication, which appeared some
time ago in the Farmers' Register, from the pen of
Dr. Robert R. Harden; believing that tome of the
poeitions advanced deserve further investigation. The
fact that a warm razor cuts better than a cold one, is
commonly known; and the reason is supposed to be
the same as that a hot knife cuts butter more easily
than a cold one. It is also a very common opinion
among mechanics that an old tool cuts better than a
newly made one. But the improvement of the temper
by magnetizing is entirely new to us. If such is the
case, may it not be owing to the improved tenacity of
the edge ?

Dr. Harden lays that the loadstone improves a ra-
zor to an astonishing degree, and that therefore the
fjtat step towards taking off the beard etisily, is to
magnetize the edge. With regard to its shaving more
easy when dipped in hot water, he says, "It cannot be
from Its softening effect on the beard; for after the
beard has been well lathered with soap and warm wa-
ter, it is hardly presumable that the heat of the razor
would soften it much more. Besides, the razor will
not shave so well if it is too hot ; to shave easy, it
must be dipped in hot water, and then getting cool be-
fore it :s applied to the face. Two reasons should be
given; first, because when the razor is used cold, the
temper is so high and the edge so fine, or thin, that it
will fly and become full of little gaps; whereas by dip-
ping it in warm water, the heat gives it a little tough-
ness, and takes away that extreme britdenesa which
makes it break. Shavn with a razor that ia hot and
one that is cold, and examine them with a powerful
microscope, and the difference will be very plain.
In dissecting out large tumors, and other surgical op-
erations, where very sharp knives are requiied, I have
always kept the knives in a bowl of hot water, and
changed them as they became cool."

Dr. Harden relates a number of interesting experi-
ments, rather accidental, showing how the temper of
steel is improved by age. He says newly tempered
steel ia always defective — that it is the common belief
among surgeons, that old London instruments were
better made than they were in thiscountry; "that they
are better is certain; but it is age that has improved
them." He relates, among others, the following oc-
currences:— "More than 25 years ago, I had a set of
dis-:ecting knives, made by Brown, of Philadelphia.—
He was directed to make them as good as they could
be made, and to charge double price for them. They
were found, upon trial, to be good for nothing, were
thrown aside, and after remaining for many years ne-
glected, I had the rust cleaned off and sharpened. —
They are now as good as the best I ever used. About
twenty years ago, I had a couching needle made of a
Bingidar form, by a blacksmith. The operation of
couching for blindness requires a well tempered in-
strument; the point must bo perfect. After having it
several times tempered over, I found it impossible to
bring it to a perfect point It was thrown aside as use-
leas; not leas than half a dozen times I sent to the
north ami had new needles made, directing two or
three prices to be offered for them, so that they might
be made of the best kind; none of them were as good
as I wished them to be. As I frequently practice this
operation on dead eyes, as well as on brute's eyes, to
save my new instruments, this old needle was cleaned
of rust and sharpened again; and upon trial, it waa
found to be the best instrument I have." • * * "|i
may be laid down as a fact, that a newly made razor
ill seldom shave well, and that the older the better.

Time or age, has an elTect on the edge of a razor, that

no art can p'^oduce. * * Therefore, when we buy a

new razor, (for this new razor may have been made

' years,) we should select a sharp one, for we my never

I get as good an edge on it again; this edge shoiUd be

[saved as long as possible, never putting it on a strap

while it will do without. By only strapping it on a

clean silk handkerchief, or the palm of the hand, if

the razor is a good one, it will keep its edge a long

time."

The communication contains minute directions for
sharpening razors after they have lost their edge. The
hone must of course bo good; a very fine oil atone is
said to be best, and castor oil better than olive od. —
We are told that a good razor can never be well shar-
pened while cold, from brittleness; that it should be
dipped in boiling water, and laid on the hone with lit-
tle more than its own weight, and in^ead of having a
rough, broken, and irregular wire edge, it will have a
fine, uniform wire edge. To attempt to strap this off,
breaks it irregularly, and sticks the strap full of frag-
ments which spoil it; nibbing it acroES the thumb
nail, breaks it off in some places, and turns it up and
mal;es it worse ino'.hcrs. Time, is the only remedy.
Therefore after honing it, wipe it perfectly dry, not
ouching the edge with any thing, and above all things
not touching it by a strap; and put it away. After
remaining at least three months, the longer the bet-
ter, strop it some time on a stretched silk handker-
chief, then on the palm of the hand. This should be
done cold. "Now dip it in boiling hot water, and ap-
ply it to the smooth side of one of Mechis' magic
straps, lathering the face, and dipping the razor in hot
water as ueuol; and the beard may be mowed off, not
only so easily that it cannot be felt, but the razor will
shave so perfectly easy and smooth, that it will shave
the beard lower than the surface of the skin. It is ab
solutely necessary to dip the razor in boiling water
while strapping as while honing it." There are anum-
ber of theoretical, or ra;her hypothetical remarks,
which we omit.

Should any think we have devoted too much time
to this subject, we can only say, that ihe aggregate
time which many farmers spend in shaving their faces
during life, is about one entire year; and that the
amount of time consumed annually at this business by
all the farmers of the State of New- York, cannot be
lees than one thousand years, or three hundred thou-
sand dollars worth of time. This we hope is some
apology.

From the Farmers^ Oaiimt,

Farm Accounts, and Farm Profits.

Mr. Editor — I was much pleased with the com-
muniention in your last number, from A. E. T. , of
Philadelphia county; and I am glad that an article eo
plain, interesting, and calculated to place the profits of
agriculture in a fair tight, is to be followed up, as I in-
fer from the heading of the article, which is No. 1. —
Now, 1 do hope that this writer, who, it appears, can
hoUl the pen as well as the plough, will continue his
essays for the benefit of his brother faimers. There
are many subjects of great interest to Uic farmer, that
hove as yei received little or no attention from agricul-
tural writers. The subject of Varin Accoimts is one
of great importance, and 1 trust that A. E. T. will fur-
nish H9 with a "bird's eye view" of his system, which
I presume is a good one.

The system or practice of farming with us in Mont-
gomery county, is not essentially different from that
in the more immediate neighborhood of Philadelphia
— but our great error has consisted in not farming iCtW
enough; we have been too an.xious to have large
farms, even if partially cultivated, in preference to
smali ones in a high state of fertility. The desire to
obtain many acres, has been the ruin of hundreds, and
was the rock on which I was nearly shipwrecked. —
Some years since, when money was cheap and every
thini; tnleable dear, I was induced to believe that my
farm of ninety-live acres was too small. True, I had
lived above board, was entirely free of debt, and had
abundance of employment; but still my farm was

small, very small, indeed almost insignificant in com-
parison with some of my neighbors. Instead of being
contented with what I had, and by still greater atten-
tion causing it to produce more abundantly than it had
previously, the spirit of grasping after more, aiiibition,
speculation, or whatever you may please to call it, took
full possession of my luind — of course my days of
tranquility were ended.

About this time it so happened that an adjoining
neighbor had become a victim to the spirit of emigra-
tion, and having settled on locating in the west, offer-
ed his farm for sale. He had been revolving in bis
mind the propriety of this step for several years, and
as it worked upon him, his farm became more and
more neglected, until, in some measure, he lost the
character ot a clean farmer. The buildings on the
place were so old and decayed, that thej- were consid-
ered of no value. The farm consisted of two hundred
and twenty-eight acres, subject to a mortgage of six
thousand dollars, at six per cent., payable half yearly.
This was no obstacle in my mind, "as the mortgage
may remain for years." The day of sale came, and I
was the fortunate purchaser; it being knocked down
at eight thousand one hundred and twenty dollars, sub-
ject to the aforesaid mortgage. My farm of ninety-
five acres, had, in the nine years that I tilled it poorly,
yielded me about two hundred dollars profit per an-
num so I had about eighteen hundred dollars at com-
mand, but was compelled to borrow, a thing I never
did before, about four hundred dollars.

I had now attained apparently the Eummit of my
wishes — I was now a large landed proprietor ( At
first, I little thought of the collar on my neck, in the
shape of a mortgage, and sundry small obligaliona
shortly to be met. I enjoyed myself finely indeed,
but only for a short time, as the "bubble burst," and
I awoke to the cold and sober realities of my situation.
True, I was a large proprietor, but that did not give
sleep to my eyelids. My six months' interest came
round, and was paid after many days' vexation. My
coming crops, which fortunately were pretty fair, ena-
bled me to keep along for that time, to support my
family and pay off the four hundred dollars; but it
took all, and when that was gone I was in a deplora-
ble condition. A large plantation, mostly in a bad
state of cultivation, with poor fences, going rapidly to
decay — the soil requiring a liberal application of en-
riching manures to give it life, and no money to pur-
chase it, or to pay for sufficient help. But I resolved
not to be discouraged, and though, by going into debt
for various articles where I had credit, I was compel-
led to pay an enlarged price, yet I pushed on, resolved
to do my best to weather the storm, and improve the
purchase, at least in appearance, such as fences, &c.
But instead of cultivating but a part, I very foolishly
— as I fear is the case with too many of my brother
farmers who occupy too much land — undertook to cul-
tivate the whole — the consequence was that my crops
were generally light, especially on the new purchase,
and not so good, by odds, on the homestead. I saw
my error, and determined, if possible, to retrieve it. —
By perseverance I was enabled to continue and make
both ends meet, but as to laying up a dollar, I did not
and coidd not, and I had almost become reconciled to
my toilsome and care-worn life, when I waa started on
a new track.

In li?3G a yoimg man, a stranger, who was solicit-
ing subscriptions for an agricultural paper, called at
my house about evening. I bid him stop for the
night, which he did. In the course of the evening,
our conversations-confined as it was to agriculture-
turned upon my emborassmenls. Why, said he, it !•
the easiest thing in the world for you not only to slip
the collar, but to do it to some purpose. I inquired
how; he replied, sell enough not only to pay your
mortgage, hut to enahle you to lay in a noble stock of
manvrr, and derate tlic same cost, labor, and attention
on what you hare left as you did on the ichoh, and I
will guarantee you success. But I can't sell — I have
tried the neighbors for years, to no effect. But that
is not the way — advertise, yes, advertise Tery extcn-
sirely, not only in your country papeis, but in those of
the city, and the surrounding country; make your
farm known every where. Sell off the first chance.
He read me several articles about the profits of small
farms well managed— of the great improvements in
agriculture, Ac.

In the morning I subscribed for his paper. He
went his way, and I turned my attention to the duties
of my farm. But his advice made so great an impres-
sion on my mind, that I could not rest until I had
•"ado the effort to sell in the manner he proposed. I
acc.itlingly encountered the expense; and one of the
advertisements fortunately brought me a purchaser,
cash in 'land, who took two himdred acres at forty-

i\o. 5.

A NDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

79

three dollars per acre, or eight thousand six hundred
dollars; so I bad a trifle left, besides twenty-eight
acres of wood land. 1 was at once released from my
trouble — but the gain — much as it may seem to some,
can never recompense me for the intense suffering ot
mind which for years I had endured.

I promised my wife and children that if ever I got
will out of that speculation, that they would never
find me engaging in another: and I will preserve my
word inviolate. I immediately set about arranging for
future operations. I was liberal in the application
of manures to my old place — my fences were all put
in excellent order — outhouses repaired, and all about
orarouud the dwelling neatly whitewashed — better ac-
commodations were made for cattle, &c., and now the
old homestead not only looks as pleasant as ever, but
is the abode of real contentment and rural enjoyment.

But this is not all — reading my agricultural works
has stimulated iTie to keep pace with the improvements
—and what is a mystery to some of my neighbors is,
that now, on the old '•nincty-Jhc," as they call it, I
raise mDrc saleable or dieposeable produce than I ever
did, with the addition of the large farm. This is a
fact. But is easily explained; the three hundred
acres were partially cultivated — the homestead is no\\'
in the highest state of fertility, and I have, from the
free use of lime, been under the necessity of contract-
ing for an additional barn on the piemises. Before I
purchased the addition, I laid by about two hundred
dollars a year, but when I cultivated the whole I could
scarcely make both ends meet. Now I am, thnnk
Providence, doing better than ever. "1 am doing
well, and intend to let well enough alone," and not be
led away by a spirit of emigration, the mulberry ma-
nia, or tho making of beet sugar. I shun '.hese things
as I would a pestilence, but shall content myself with
raising the sugar beet for my stock, which is increas-
ing, satisfied that nothing is better calculated for them,
or more advantageous for the farmer — the stock I'arni-
er especially.

Now I am going ahead without keeping accounts,
save certain memorandum books. I feel the want of
a correct system, and I hope that your correspondent,
*'A. E. T.," or some person competent to the task,
will furnish, through the Cabinet, the information de-
sired; for I consider it almost as important for the
farmer to have a correct system of accounts, as it is
for the merchant or mechanic. j»»«*» j»*»«.

From the American Fanner.

The Preservation and Use of Roots.

On this subject our readers could be referred to no
better authority than Mr. Barney, the emigrant grazi-
er. His experience is as extensive as his judgment is
sound — His name kindles up agreeable associations in
our mind — He was among our chief counsellors and
friends in getting up the American Farmer more than
twenty years since, when it was a matter of doubt
whether we could get interesting materials or adequate
patronage, for a weekly paper, devoted exclusively to
Agriculture and Horticulture. A reference to the pa-
ges of the first volume will show that Mr. Barney cast
much light on the untrodden path, and enabled us to
publish many things calculated to awaken attention to
« hat had been, and what still might be, done to im-
prove the common practice in matters of agriculture,
and that very interesting branch of it, rearing, grazing,
and fattening domestic animals.

His testimony in favor of root culture as subsidiary
to rearing of cattle and sheep, and preparing them for
the oiarket will go far to augment the disposition in
every quarter to extend the culture of roots, as evin-
ced by cur correspondence. We anticipate more im-
provement in this branch of American Husbandry
within the nest few years than in any other, and feel
convinced that no judicious husbandman, having once
enjoyed the benefit of a good supply of roots for his
cattle and sheep for the winter, will ever after forego
its advantages. But to the extract from Mr. Bar-
ney's letter.

Philadelphia, Feb 24, 1840.
J. S. Skinner, Esq.

Dkar Sir — I was truly pleased to find that you
had taken up your old task, and become the Farmer's
and Grazier's guide. I have not forgotten the good
gone-by times in which you and I held consultation
respecting commencing the good work of the first
volume of the American Farmer. Well do I remem-
ber the hospitality received at your mansion house, in
company with your good lady and two little sons; and
although I ha\'e now advanced to between three score
years and ten, gratitude speaks louder than words. —
One little article which you pubUshed in the first vol
ume ot the American Farmer, and I have no doubt
you were the author of it, and wrote it down with

your own pen, I horded up in my mind and put in
practice, and it has been a source of profit in my cal-
ling to this day; and I have thought the least I could
do waserer to cont'nme a subsfribcr to this useful pvh-
licalion — I have thus far done so, and paid vp all my
arrearages, and at this needful time 1 send you a little
of the needful, $5, in payment for this present and the
ne.\t volume of the Spirit of the Agricultural Jour-
nals of the day, with the request, you will in future
direct my paper to Port Penn Post Office, Delaware.

I commenced last year to improve a large tract of
marsh land on the river Delaware, about three miles
below my former residence, and if spared a little lon-
ger, intend spending most of my time there. I want
to give you a few bints on my success in raising and
manner of preserving and feeding the good Roots, the
sugar beet in particular, mangle wurtzel and ruta ba-
ga. I sticceeded in raising a large quantity last season
of all the three kinds, and fed them to a large num-
ber of cattle, sheep and horses; they arc incaciilably
valuable to all kinds ef slock, judiciously fed. I use
them as follows: — Cut hay of Uic very best kind, oats
in the sheaf, the roots chopped fue, a small quantity
of Indian meal and oats ground, two-thirds oats, and
one-third Indian meal or bran, a small proportion of
pure water just to make it moist I preserved them in
a large stone vi'all cellar, commencing as follows: —
Provided a number of cart loads of sandy lime, pla-
ced it so as to be handy, placing my beets three tiers
thick against the wall all round the cellar, between
every stack of beets a little of the lime eand, aud so on
as high as a man could pack them, the middle of the
cellar left for the turnips. I have been taking them
out cvercince the middle of December, from five to
six bushels per day, and expect so to do till grass takes
their ploce; as my eice sliecp begin to lamb, I expect
my roots will allow me to increase the number of
bushels per day. In warm weather 1 open my cellar
doors and windows, but am cnrefid in having them
closed in cold frosty nights. In this manner I have
preserved my roots for several years, and I feel persua-
ded it is worthy of patronizing. I wish you much
success in your useful calling.

Yours, most truly,

JOHN BARNEY.

On Stripping Cows.

WINTER PRODUCT OF A DEVON COW.

Every milk-maid has been cautioned that the last
milk yielded by the cow, at any one milking,is richer
than that which is first obtained — but this is not the
only consideration which shows the importance of
thorough milking. The more there is left in the ud-
der, the less will the cow give at subsequent times, and
the sooner will she 'go dry.' Afteronce going through
the cow pen, the milk woman, or man, for in New-
England the men milk the cows, ought to be compel-
led to go round again and completely strip each cow.
The importance of this will be better understood if
there be truth in the statement which we have lately
read, apparently on good authority. We confess we
were not prepared to believe that the difference was so
great as there stated, between the first and last portion
of the one milkirg. The stotement is that-
Several large coffee cups, having been successively
filled from one cow, till she was quite dry, the follow-
ing results appeared, great care having been taken to
weigh the cups when filled, to ascertain that they held
exactly the same quantity.

In every case the quantity of cream was found to
increase, in proportion as tho process of milking ad-
vanced. In different cows the proportion varied, but
in the great number the excess of cream in the last
cup, as compaied with the first, was as sixteen to one !
In some it was not so considerable, therefore as an
average it may be called as ten or twelve to one.

The difference in quality of the two sorts of cream
was no less striking: the cream given by the first
drawn milk, was thin, white and without consistence,
while that furnished by the last, was thick, buttery,
and of a rich color.

In the Philadelphia Farmers' Cabinet, we have the

WINTER PRODUCE OF A DEVON COW.

Abraham P. Holdrich, of Spencertown, had an ac-
curate memorandum kept of the butter made from a
Devonshire cow, which calved last autumn. The re-
sult was,that from the tenth December to the 10th Jan-
uary, including both days, there wos made from her
milk 56 lbs. of well worked butter, nearly equal to
tv> o pounds a doy. The cow was fed with roots, hay,
and buckwheat bran. Estimating itat25cts. a pound,
the butler made in the depth of winter was worth
$14, and we consider this the average product of eight
months in the year, the aggregate amount for that pe-
riod would be $112.

This shows the importance of keeping a good breed,
and of keeping it well — Like cultivating rich land in-
stead of poor — it takes no more labor to milk ond take
care of a good cow than a bad one. — Am. Far.

Rearing Calves on Milk and Meal.

Messrs. Editors — In the last number of the Cul-
tivator you published some remarks of mine on the
mode of feeding calves by Mr. Hearsey, by giving
skimmed milk with some meal, &c.

Mr. Hearsey says that it is necessary to explain the
manner of mixing the meal — that if the raw meel ia
put into the milk it will scour the calf. He makes
the meal into souppaan, heats the milk over sieam to
the state of its coming from the cow, and then mixes
about one pound of the cold souppaan in the milk, and
feeds the animal in this way three meals a day. His
calves thus fed, at the end of the year are more than
double the size of those calves that suck the cow. —
He now makes 12 lbs. butler a week from two cows,
and uses six quarts of milk daily from the same cows.

He adds a pint of boiling water to a pun of milk
when set, holding six quarts, and the next doy the
cream will all be floating on the top, and skimmed off
and churned. " DAVID TOMLINSON.

Schcneclada, March 10, 1840. [^Cultivator.

Preserving Hams lor Summer use.

Messrs. Gavlord & Tucker — As the time is now
come to put up hams to bo kept for summer use, I
will now state to you my mode. I believe we have
tried all the methods in practice, and must prefer the
one here described.

We take a dry cask or box, say an old flour barrel,
put a good layer of coarse salt in the bottom, and then
put down a ham; cover that with coarse salt, and put
down another ham, and so on till the cask is full or the
bams all deposited. Set the cask in a cool, dry place,
and whenever a ham is wanted, take it out, and it will
be every way as clean, clear from vermin and all oth-
er impurities, as when put down. This is attended
with very little trouble or expense, as the salt is not at
all injured for any other use in the fall. My cellar be-
ing a very dry one, we put the cask of hams in a cool
place in that; but a damp cellar would be apt to dis-
solve the salt. The hams should be well dried before
being put down. — [lb. Yours,

CALVIN BUTLER.

Plijmovth, Conn., Blareh 14, 1840.

Successful Farming.

Messrs. Gati.ord & Tucker — I think I have been
very successful in farming the last years, and will
give you an account of the different crops I have rais-
ed and their product from 38 acres ol limestone land.

1 do ntit mean to boast of raising more from an acre
than other farmers, or of having raised any very
superior crops; but on the contrary I am awore of hav-
ing committed many errors in my system of farming,
and am convinced that my crops lost year ought to
have been one fourth heavier, and that in future I shall
increase the product from year to year above what I
have raised last year.

4 acres of Barley, 180 bueh.
7 do do 980 do

5 do do 225 do

685 bushels at 70c $479 50

4 acres L Spring Wheat, 125 bueh. at $1,10 137 12

5 J " of Rye, 244 bushels at 75 c 1 83 00

10 " of clear Timothy, 20 tons, $15. . . . 300 00

2 " Lucerne and red clover, fed green

for soiling, cut three times and valued 60 00
1 J acre in Potatoesand Cabboges, 105 bush-
potatoes at 25c 26 25

700 heads of cabbages at 3c 22 60

Yours respectfully, $1,208 37

FREDERICK SEITZ.
Easton, Pa.. March, 1840. [lb

Employment.— Aesnte yourself that employment is
one ot the best remedies for the disappointments of
life. Let evenyour calamities have the liberal effect
of occupying you in some active virtue, so shall you
in a manner remember others till you forget yourself.
— Pratt.

It is a false and indolent humility, which makes
people sit down and do nothing, because they will not
believe that they ore capable of doing much, for every
body can do something. Every body can set a good
example, be it to many or to few: every body can, in
some degree, encourage virtue and religion, ond dis-
countenance vice and folly; evesy body has some one
whom they can advise ond instruct, or in some way
help to guide through life. — Mi3S Taibot.

80

t H E N E W G E N E S E E FAR M E R,

Vol. 1

Western and Canada Money, — Agents in Canada,
and the We3tern Statea, who cannot obtain bilk of
this or the Eosiern Stales, may remit us bills of any
specie paying banks. Wc have to lose a discount of
from five to ten per cent, on them, but will ofH-et this
fur their commission.

Lost Numbers. — Post-Masters will please inform us
if any subscribers have not received their papors cor-
rectly, that we may send them again.

Rohmis* — Anson .Arnold, at llonpoye Fan's, Mooroe co.
lias a fine lot of Rollan Potatoes for sale, chrap.

Millet and Hemp Seed Wanted at the liochester

SeeJ Slore.

Fresh I.nceme Seed, importel In^t fall, ami its viial-
Jty tested tills Spring, for sale at llie Seed Store. Price,
3?i cents per pound.

M^

"^-iiL'ij-'^I ^i^-

trVER'S PATE\T PmiPS, for Wells and
Cts'erns, improved. During the last few nmnlhs tlic
■ uliscriliers have made severnl iiuportiint iuiproveiuenia in
the conairuclion of this pump, which renders it the cheapest
and modi durahic article now in use, They have no hesita-
tion in sayini; that they are decidedly preferable to any other
article now in operation- Many ic5tinionials of scientific
and mechaniral men misht he given to show the simplicity
and durability of the construction of this pump, and its supe-
riority to nit others, hut as a personal e.vauiina'ion niiffht
give a more correct idea of them, 'hey inviie all who may
have occasion to purchase, to call before supplying them-
belves elsewhere.
They arc now mnnufitctured and sold wholesale and retail,
I at prii.es o correspond with the timers, at the Warehouse of

the Eafr'e Furnace, near the Falls, hy

W. A. LANGWORTHV &. Co.
Rorhester, April i.

SHADE TREES.

0\E Hundred European Linden Trees, 1.5 feetbish, were
re eived in fine order, hy tirst boats from New- York.
These Trees are perfecUy hardy, of rapid an I certain
growth, and beautiful form. 'I'he foliage is abundant, and
of fine color; and every thing cunsidered, they arc admira-
hly adapted to planting in stree's, parkw, arnl pleasure
grounds.— Price, ®l,2.'i, to ©1,50.— Orders should be left iui-
medialelv at the Rochester Seed Siorc
liochcstfr, Matf 1. M. B. BATEHAM.

EA Rl. V POTATOES.

EARLY White Kidney, Early Manly, Early Frame, Mer-
cer, Fo.\i;e, and several oilier clmice varieties of pota-
toes, fur sale at the Rochester SceJ £j:ore.— Price, .50 cis. per
bushel. M. B. BATEHAM.

Mai/ 1.

TiiE IMPORTED HORSE, ALFRED.

"IXTILL stand this season, commencine on the C'h of ;VIay,
VV at the old Xorton Fnrm, East Eloomfiehl, Ontario
cotmty, N. Y., as follows, viz:

From AVeJnesdav, Ma\ 6th. to Tuesdav, May I'ifh; from
Wednesday, May -iOth, to Tuesday, May '26ih ; from Wed-
nesday, June yd. to Tue:day. June Dth ; from Wednesday,
June 17th, to Tuesiiay. June 23; from We Jnesday. Julj 1st.
to Tuesilay. July 7th ; ajid at .Mr. Forden's, wear Geneva,
the intermediate time.

JZ7" Ter.mb. — SIO each mnre, for Ihe season, to he secured
by nppro\eJ note.s, pa> able on the 1st of Decender. ?-houId
any of the mares prove not to be with foal, the owners to
have the privileee of puttinf: them the uexi season, if the
horse remains in this region, or, in the event of his removal,
to liave ojic half the amount returned.

THO^IAS \VEDDLE.

Eoit Bttu,mfie\d. Jpril, IMO.

AMERICAN COMET.

THIS full Moo led improved Durham Short Horn Bull, is
now at my farm, in the town of Greece, 6 miles from
Rochester.

Pedi^rree.

Color, white, calved April, 1p39, bred by Thomas Weddle,
is by imported Rover, (ISltt;) diim, Primrose, l>y Pioneer,
(1321;) gr. d;im. Providence, by Candor, (107;) gr. gr. dam
by Ketlon, (34(J;) gr. lt. gr. dam by l%\pectation. {241 -,) gr.
gr. gr. gr. flam by Cul. Trotter's Magnum Bonuni, (i^S**;)
gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. dam by Lt. Chapman's Son of Punch, (I'ii;)
gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. dam by Ralph (Irimson's Bull by Char-
ger's s<»n of Favorite, (istl;) gr, gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. dam by
son of Dal on Duke, (1^ ;) "Rover." or Charles, bred by the
Earl of Carlisle, was hy Rockingham, Ci^.KJ;) dam. Cherry,
hv Wonderful, [70(1;] gr. dam by'Alfrcd, (*i3;] gr. gr. dam bv
Chilton's old Red Bull, &c. &.c.

Terms. — g.i each cow. — Further information may be ob-
tained by ailUrcBsing mc at the Pout Office, Rochester.

TIIO.-NLVS WEDDLE.

Jprtf'2.X1^0.

IMPROVED BERKSHIRE PIGS.

THE Subscriber has on hand, ajidwilt have, during the
Summer, Pure Berkshire Pigs — also a cross of the Lei-
cester and Berkshire. These Pigs are eiiual to any in the
Stale, and will be sold as cheap as anv.
Rochester, May 1st.. 1^0. AMOS SAWYER.

TIMOTHY SEED WANTED. ^

YERY high price will be paid for Timothy Seed, deliv-
ered immediately al the Rochester Seed Siore.
May 1. M. B. BATEHAM.

A

IMPORTED ENGLISH DRAUGHT HORSE
.SAMSO.\,

WILL stand tills season at the suliseriber's stnljle in Pal-
myra, on the Isl, aj, l-2th, :3th, 14th, lj5*i. 16 h, 'JBlh,
27tb, 2^th, U9th, .andSOth, of fiflh month. At John Iloath's.
in Pit'.sford, on the 4ih and IPlh of ihe same nionih. At
Hall's c'orners, in Wh'-atlaiul, on the Olh, 7th, 8th. aoth, 'i\s:,
and*2'2d, of tlie same iiioiilh •, and at George Marsh's, in ."Hen-
don, on the 9th and 23d of the s.anic month.

Again lit home on ilieOtli, lOtli, 1 Itli. 12;h, 13th, and, 24th.
•ijlh, anrl'JC h of Ij'.li month. \l Iloath's on the Isl, 1.5th, and
291b of the samp month. At Hall's corners on the 3d, 4th. Jlh,
17lli, ISlh, and 19'.h, of the same month ; and at Marsh's on
the 6'.:i and 2Uth of the same month.

Ag-iiii at Hall's foniers on the 1st, 2d, and 3d, of 7th month;
and at ^larsh's on the 4tli of the same month.

:iam3on was imported by his present owner, with a view
to Improve the breed of Africultiir.-il and Draught horses in
this country. His stock, of the two seasons be has stood here,
promises to possess .ample share of muscular power, so
much needed in the various purposes to which horses are
applied. They m.ay lie found in the ncigbliorhood of Palmy-
ra. Henrietta, .Mcndoii, Whe.atlancI, &,-., .and farmers are
respectfully invited to call and see f.ir tbciiisplves.

Ter-is— 810 each marc, fur the season, to be secured by
approved notes, p.iyalile on Ist of Utb month next. In case
any mares sboubl not be with foal, the owner may have ihe
privilege of putting Ihcin next season, or if the horse sbonbl
not Btiiiid In this part of the country, to have balfthe money
retiirn&l. JOHN ROBINSON.

Pttlmyra, ;:'10.

SPI.E\DID DOUBLi: DAHLIAS.

4 SUPERB assortment, embracing over one hundred na-
Xi. meJ varieties of Double Dahlia Roots, are just received,
in tine order, and for sale al the Rochester Seed Store, at
very low prices.

This magnificent and much admired flower is of easy cul-
Uire, and with little care will flower in almost any garden. —
The moHt proper soil is a deep, san'Iy loam. A place should
be prejiiired for each root, by diggine to the depth of 15 or 18
inches, and rnixln? in a shovelful) of dei-omposed manure. —
The roots are kept in a cellar during the winter, and as the
weather bc'-omes warm in spring, they begin to sprout like
potatoes. Plaiit in the open ground any time in IMay ; water
occasionally when the weather is dry ; and when the shoots
have attained the iieight of one or two feet, place a neat
stake, four or five feot high to each plant, and tie tlie stems
ns they advan'*e in growth, to prewnt their being broken by
the wiud.-i. They will commence flowering in August, and
I'ontinue till ilestroyeJ by frost, when the roots should be ta-
ken up and placed im a slielf in a dry cellar.

A catalogue, describing eolors, ic, may lie seen at the
Seed Store. Price of roots from li'r cents to ®1 each. A lib-
eral discount bv the dozen. M. B. BATEH.VM.
Ronhesler, May 1, 1^40.

IMPROVED BERKSHIRE AXD CHINA
PIGS.

THE subscriber will have on hand for sale in the month of
May next, and during the summer season, pigs of the
above breeds, of perfect purity of blood and from the largest
sized and best stock in the country.

A new iniported Boar, direct from Berkshire county Eng-
land, was added to the p;gi?ery last Fall and stock of his gel
will I c ready for deliver)' from the first of July. This hoar
possesses all the requisite fine points of a good hog, and has
great length for his age. He was descerul^ from large pa-
rents, and said by his shipper to be totally unrelated to any
thing >et sent out to America. His color is nearly black,
and :Ul other characteristics like the best of tlie old strain
originally imported by Mr. Hawes. His stock is recommend-
ed for a iVesh cross to those already possessing Berkshtres.
The tfuhsriber has also of the get of Mr. Lossiiig's importa-
tion in the Fall of lHa«.
Price, jicr pair, of Berksliircs, caged and delivered on

boanl steamboat ©90.0O

Price, per pair, of Chinas, " ". . . .15.00

All risk, after shipping, with the purchasers.

When something of a number are taken and it is desired,
they will be ilelivercd at Porlsnmuth on the Ohio river, or
.■my intermediate point on the Ohio Canal, 10 tt) 12 week»
old, for S3U to ^Xi per pair, free of all other charge IMoncy
must be rcuiitted with the order for s"ock, or it will not be
attentleil to. Those first remitting will take precederKC In
point of time. Bill at par at this place, or nearly so, will be
expected. AtliUas, post paid. A: B. ALLEN,

Feb. 1, 1B40. Buffalo, Erie county, New-York.

AGENTS

FOR THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE

A full assortment of seeds, put up at the Rochester Seed
Store, may be found at each of the following place*.— .
Subscriptions will also be received there for the " New Gen*
esee l-'aimcr and Gardener's Journal ;"

Buffalo AV. & G. Bryant.

Lockport, S. H. Marks Al Co.

New Fane, J. P. Lukens.

AlbioT Ralhbun & Clark.

Brnckporl, George Allen.

Scotsville, Andrus Jc Garbutl.

Le Roy Tompkins Jt Alorgan.

Batavia J. V. D. Vcrplanck.

Attica, R. & N. Wells.

Perry L. B. Parsons &. Sou.

Mount Morris R. Sleeper.

Geueseo, F. & G. W. Wymon,

Canandaigua J- B Hayes,.

Gf-nevii J.N Boscrt.

Waterloo. Abram Deuel,

Auburn T. M. Hunt.

Palmvra, Hoyt & May.

Newark, Doane & Partridge.

Syracuse T. B. Fitch & Co.

Utica J. E. Warner.

Oswego, .M. B. Edson.

Rochester Seed-Store, March 1, 1840.

M. B. BATEHAM.

BERKSHIRE PIGS FOR SALE.

THK Subscriber, in consequence of returnins to England,
olfers for sale the residue of his stock <Tf Berkshire Piss,
at a price conformable to the times, viz; ®10 per pair, when
H weeks old, caged and delivered on board any vessels in
New Vork, free of extra charges. Cash, in all cases, on de-
livery, anil no communlcaMon replied to, unless post paid. —
The Pigs delivered about the 1st. of Mav next.

BEN.1AIVI1N BllENTNALL.
English JVeiffJiharhood. Screen Cjunttf, Netc Jerseu, 5 miics
from .'VVie York, or at 79, Barctay-st, N. Y.
March 10. 1*40.

SILK WORM EGGS.

AVKRV large quantity of Silk "Worm Effps, of the
Mammoth Sulphur, and other varieties, are for sale at
the Seed Store, at reduced prices.
N. B. "Dennis* Silk Manual,'' Price 2j cents, also for sale.
April \. \<^W.

SILK WORM EGGS.

THl'^ .Subscriber has on hand a qilantiry of The Mammoth
Sulphur variety of . "silkworm Eggs, in fine onicr, which
he will sell at reasonable prices. Residence, corner of High
and Spring-streets.

THEODORE BACKUS.
Rachcsler, March .10, 1?4II.

GENCINE ROHAN POTATOES.

AFRESH supply, warranted penuine, received at the
Veed Store — PricejJl.jO per bushel — ^4 per barrel. A
remiltan'iH will ensure their being sent according to instruc-
tions-, and if a large quantity is desired, a redm-tion will be
made. M. B. B.\TEHA.M.

18....

"r?,

..20

. 1,00

1,25

2,00

.4,50

DlTtHAM CATTLE.

TIH^ sub.;crlber offers for sale, .at bis stock farm, one
mile e.ist of the village of Alexander, Oenesee County,
thirteen one and two year old Bulls, ranging from five to
seven eighths blooiied, reared from his full hloodel Durham
importation of 1^3-1, crossed with the Otto and Devonshire
brects. Tej*ms moderate. fi

March 31, 1B40. PETER A. REMSE.N.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

CORRECTf.D FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, M.W -2, 1840.

\VHE-\T per bushel, $ STJo $

COR-N " 44

OATS, " 28

BARLEY " 38 44

RYE, " 6-2J

l'E.\S, Coitimon, . " 50 75

BEANS, White,.. " ....

I'OTATOES, .... " ....

APPLES, Desert,. " 70

DrietJ,... " 1,00

CIUER, barrel, ... 1,75

FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,25

" Fine,.... " 3,75

SALT, " 2,00

PORK.Mess, " 14,00.... 14,.50

Prime " 10,50 11,00

Hog lOOlbs 4,50 5,00

BEEF, " 5,00 5,50

EGGS perdozen, ... 9. ...121

BUTTER, Fresh, . . per pound 12j 15

" Firkin "... 12T

CHEESE " ... 6 8

LARD, " ... 7 8

TALLOW " ... 10

HIDES, " ... 5

SHEEP SKh\S,... .each,... 50...

WOOL, pound,.. 38...

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00...

POT, " ....".. 4,.'S0...

HAY, ton, . . 0,00 . . .

GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. 1,50...

CLOVER, " " ... 10,00..

FLAX " "... 75...

PLASTER, (\r\ bble.) per ton, 6,00...
" b iilk, fat Whcotlanil) 3,00. . .

flcmnrfai.— There has been considerable improvementil
business afl'iirs in this city since our last. The spring's '
siness has commenced quite briskly, and money circulo
more freely than it has done for some months past. A pi
deal of wheat has been bought, at what may becallel
fair price, all things considered. Large i|iiantities of fl?
have been shipped for New-York, and the Banks seen fr
have more confidence in each other, and in ImsTness mei
Vpnu the whole, wo think that farmers have lilt'e rett i
soon to expect higher prices or bctrer times, Ihaa at pre*( ;

63
50

..10,00
. . 2,00
. 12,00
. . 1,00

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATEHAM, } ..„,

E. F. MAliSUALL, Proprietors, y VOI'-

1.

ftOClIESTER, JUJVE, 1840.

T«rrt a S JOHN J. THOMAS,
X«U. «. ^ jyj g BATEHAM, EdUort.

PUBIilSHEI* MOJVTHIiV

.IM CONNLCTION WITH TUB ROCHESTER SKED STORE AND AGRI-
CULTURAL RErOSITORY.

Terms— FIFTY' CENTS, per year, piiyable always in ad-
vance.

Post M.-isters, Aceiita, and others, sciuling money free of
postage, will receive seren copies fur S3, — Ttctlte copies for
l^o^-^Twcr-Oj-Jite copies for ©10.

The postage on this paper is only one cent to any place
within thra et;ite, and one and ii lialf cent to any part of
t)ie United folates.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

To the Friends of Agriculture, &c 81

Door Vard Scenery 91

Culture of Fruit. Varielies of Apples 82

Lettuce. Ridging for Rntu Biiga. Breaking Steers . . . .e2

Sugar Beet injure 1 ?)y fresh Miinure 83

Sugar Beet, by S. \V. Harvesting Ruta B;iga S3

Improveii Horses wanted in Oneida Co B3

Kural Taste — Insects (Aphis) on fruit Trees 83

Domesiic Manufactures — Protective Tariff'. . 84

First Manufacture of Beet Sugar in New England 84

To prevent Hens scratching — the Hessian Fly 85

Hay and Hay Making— Plugging Fruit Trees 8o

Horn Disease in Cattle 8j

The A. B. C. of Silk Culture 86

Breaking a Colt by kindness 86

Poultry— "The Birds of Aniprica"— Salting Butter . . . .87
Machine for Husking and Shelling Corn — Lulior Saving

Soup — Beet Sugur in Fran-*** ^87

Agricultural Convention al Rochester j Formation and

Constitution of the Genesee Agricultaial Society 88

Culture of ^\'■hcat 88

Scalding Seeds before planting 89

Brief Hints for June— Wasliing Sheep 89

Bittersweet Ointment for Cowo' Teats, &.c 89

Sunflower Sccil Oil inquiry 89

View of the Grasses by C. D 89

Signs of the Tinier jtO

The Flower Boy (Poetry) 91

Care of Horses— Popular Errors 91

The Flowers of Spring 02

The proper time fur cutting Timothy 92

TJicCurculio— Red Root 92

Child, on Be«t Sugar — Oyster Corn Cakes 92

Hints on Gardening for June 93

Slug^ on Fruit Trees, again 93

Early Vegetables— E.r~y Wheat and Rye 93

Transactions of the Es^ex Agricultural Society 03

The Farmer's Cabinet— Pork Eating '. 93

Culture of Grapes— English Market's- Errata 93

Dialogue between a Father and his Son 94

l>rainage of Land by Steam Power 9.»

Genesee Agricultural So.:iety Notice 96

To Correspondents — Notif:es 90

Advcitisements — Prices Current 9G

i„^S?^f##€^

To Post Masters, Agents, and Others.

Thoae who have not remitted the amountdue forsub-
rcriptions, are respectfully requested to make anefiort
to increase the amount, and remit without delay — If
Vew York or Eastern money cannot be had, send the
oeat that can.

Canada Agf.xct. — The Postage on letters from Up-
>er Canada has been a sore ta\ upon ue, and at our
lolicitation, the Post Master at Port Hope, D. Smart,
Esq., has kintlly consented to act a^ General Agent
for us. We therefore request all Post Masters and
Uhers in that province, who wish to order the paper
)r make rctnlttances, to do so through him, and he
will transmit to us by steam boat, so as to save ex-
jense on both sidee.

To the Friejids of Agriculture in the Genesee
Conntrj".

This number of the New Genesee Farmer com-
pletes the lust half Volume: and the publishers offer
;heir sincere thanks for the effiLient aid which many
Tiends of the cause have rendered them in the underta-
iing. We regard the successful establishing of this
paper, as a proud triumph on the part of the farmers of
iGenesec, over ignorance, prejudice, and opposition.
At the same time, we are sorry to eay, we feel the full
:orce of opposing influences from many quarters, and
^ur friends must e.xert themselves anew in order to
RRure complete succees.

We have still on hand some thousands of back
lumbers, which we hope to see speedily disposed of to
Tpw subscribers, by the assistance of our friends and
-he "Genesee Agricultural Society," a resolution of
which wo recommend to tlie attention of our readers.
The paper has now been six months before the public,
md has received the mostunqualified ajprobation from
.;j jse who have examined ita pages; so that we feel a
ight to a-jk our readers and all who wish the cause
'success, to make some effort to circulate the present
'sdition, and plai'e the paper on a permanent footing.
BATEHAM AND MARSHALL.

Door Yard Scenery.

The following extract from Loudon's Huburlan
Gardaicr, contains so many useful hints, that we pre-
sent it to our readers; more especially as the orna-
mental planting recommended is not expensive.

Vtirictij in the I'icics obtained from the Honsc, avd
from tlte different Walks conductal through the
Grounds, is one of the grand desiderata in every place
laid out in the modern style, whether its extent may
be large or small. AVilh respect to the views from the
house, the first thing to be attended to is,thediepofition
of the rooms, so that their windows may look in differ-
ent directions. Unless this has has been studied by
the architect, it will be impossible, even in the finest
situation, to produce much variety in the views. —
Suppose a house placed nn a slope, commanding an
extensive prospect; if all the rooms looked towards
that prospect, all of them would have good views, but
these views would not be varied; whereas if, from one
side of the house, the windows of one room (soy the
drawing room) looked out on a level flower-garden;
and if, on another side, those of the dining-room look-
ed up the slope; while, on a third side, those of the
library, or breakfast- room, commanded the distant
prospect; there would be three distinct characters of
view. Now, in very small places fsay a quarter of an
acre, or even less, in extent) this varied disposition of
the rooms, or, rather of the manner of lighting them,
ought never to be lost sight of; because, altogether in-
dependently of distance, or of any object beyond the
boundary lence, the views may be rendered of different
characters by the diflerent kinds of trees and shrubs
planted, by their different disposition, by a difference
of form in the ground, and by a difference in the ar-
chitectural ornaments, or by the ::bsence of architec-
tural ornaments altogether. Even a difference in the
form and size of the window, or the absence or pre-
sence of a balcony or veranda, will altogether alter the
character of the scenery. Wherever, therefore, a
house stands isolated, and has a clear space of a few
yards on each side of it, it may always have at leost
four different characters of view, independently of the
effect produced by balconies, verandas, or other chan-
ges in the windows or foreground. Hence, also, in
limited plots of ground, whatever is their shape, grea-
ter variety of view will be produced by placing the
house nearer one end, or nearer one side, than in the
centre. In the latter case it is impossible to get depth
of view from any side, and thus a great source of
beauty is lost. A deep view includes a greater num-
ber of objccle, and, consequently, admits of a greater
variety of effect of light and shade; it increases our
ideas of extent, and, by concealing more from the eye
than can be done in a confined view, it gives a grea-
ter exercise to the imagination. Add to this, that, in
a small place, depth of view is not expected; and, con-
sequently when it does occur, its effect is the more
striking, by the surprise it occosions, as well as by its
contrast with the other views, which must necessarily
be very limited. In^o' 45., a is the house, placed at
one side of a plot; B, the drawing room, having a view
the whole length of the garden; c is the dining-room,
having a very confined view, and, in short, looking
across some bushes, to a screen of evergreens (say
hollies or evergreen oak;) d is the breakfast-room, or
common sitting-room of the family, looking on a flow-
er-garden, to which there is a descent from a balcony
by three steps. The other small room may be tised
as a business, waiting, or gentleman's room; and the

situation of the staircase is indicated. The central
hall is large for the size of the house, and may, in sum
mer, be used occasionally as a music-room, or as a
play-place, or dancing-room, for children. All the
offices are on the basement story, and the first and
second floors are bed- rooms. If the garden were lar-
ger, or even of its present size, if circumstances were
favorable, a small piece of water, supplied from a drip-
ping rock at,K. would have a good effect; and there
might be a statue on a pedestal, surrounded with tozza
vases of flowers, in the centre of the flower gaiden;
or, if water vere abundonl, a fountain might be sub-
stituted for the statue. The rest of the garden, with
the exception of the surrounding border between the
walk and the boundary wall, is entirely of turf, varied
by choice ornamental trees and shrubs, including some
fruit trees and fruit shrubs. The standard roses, and
the fruit shrubs, such os gooseberries, currants, rosp-
berries, vaccinniume, &c., of which there cannot be
more than two or three plants of each kind, stand in
small circles, kept dug and manured, in order that
they may produce their flowers and fruit of good size;
but the mulberry, the quince, the medlar, and the few
apples, pears, plums, &c., for which the space con be
aflbrded, may stand on the grass. Against the walls
are planted one or two peaches, nectarines, end apri-
cots; and against the house, a fig tree and a vine. —
The remainder of the walls and of the house may be
varied by roses and flowering creepers; except the
more shady parts of the surrounding wall, which may
be covered with the common, the giant, and the varie-
gated ivy. The surrounding border between the wall
and the boundary walk is wholly devoted to bulbs, in
spring and the beginning of snmmer; with a row of
Russian violets inside the box, for producing fragrance
in winter; and potches of mignonette at regular dis-
tances, to scent the air during summer. Among the
groups of trees, and close by their roots, tomftion cow-
slips, snowdrops, wild violets, and wood anemones
may be planted to come up among the grass; and, be-
ing only plonted in a few jilaces, and these near the
roots of the trees, they may be easily avoided by the
mower. In such a garden as this, small though it be,
a great variety of trees and shrubs might be grown;
and the flower garden is sufficiently large to produce a
very good display of the finer kinds of hardy flowers.

Inqiiiries—Heaves in Horses.

Messrs. Editors — Have you, or any of your sub-
scribers, noticed that there are more horses than usual
troubled with the heaves this spring ? If so, what is
the cause ?

If any know of n cure, they will confer a favor on
the public by making it known through the colums of
your valuable paper. SOUTH WEST.

Cure for Garget—Inquirj'.

Messrs. Thomas and Bateham — I have a cow
which is nearly ruined by the Garget. Can any ol
your correspondents inform me how to cure her ?

Yours, &c., E. F. M.

Yellow Water In Horses.

I have tried with complete success the following
cure for this dangerous disease: — Take half a gill of
spirits of turpentine, half a gill cane molasses, and one
gill fourth proof rum; mix them well together in a
bottle. After taking it the horse should be kept from
water twentv hours, g. N,

82

THE N E U GENESEE F A R M E R,

Vol. 1,

Culture of Fruit.

Believing it will not be unacceptable to our rcaderoi
we purpose to devote a little space to remarks on some
of the varieties of fruit, witb the cultivation, propaga-
tion, diseases, and enemies to which they are subjec*.
With comparative few exceptions, almost nothing has
been done in thii region by farmers and others, to-
wards supplying themselves with the best kinds. We
have known very intelligent men, who did not seem
even to have ever seen the finest varieties, and who
cultivated largely very inferior ones, believing them to
be the best, known in the country. To introduce
more generally the finer fruits, and to facilitate their
culture, if our present object.

Much is said of the prodiirtions.of tropical climates,
and of other countries; but there is every reason to
believe that the fruits of our own country, and of this
part of it, are not inferior to any. The reputation of
the fruits of other countries, is in a great measure ow-
ing to the privations and hunger of the travellers who
describe them. A keen appetite, rarely gratified, adds
greatly to the flavor of inferior productions. Our re-
sources at home, if but known, would be much more
highly appreciated than they now are.

By a selection of proper varieties, good fruit may be
hod throughout the year; and during a large part of
the time many highly delicious ones will be afforded.
The apple alone, will fill the yearly circle, if early,
long keeping, and intermediate varieties, are properly
selected. Pears afford a succession of delicious fruit
through the latter part of summer and the whole of
autumn, andby alittle care, till spring. Pcaehesmay
k« made to furnish a constant supply from the middle
of summer till frost. Apricots ripen through the
course of one month or more in the middle of siun-
mer, furnishing a fruit but little inferior to the peach,
and at a season before the larger ones appear. Straic-
berries, raspberries, dierrics, and several others, fill up
the early part and middle of summer.

We shall briefly notice a few, among many, of the
best and most desirable varieties.

Among apples, the Yellow Harvest is one of the
best early varieties. When fully ripe, it is a yellow,
flattish apple, of medium size, somewhat acid, of a
fine flavor, and ripens about the time of our wheat
harvest. It is a good bearer, and should be in every
collection of fruit trees, however small. Woolman's
Early, is similar in shape, rather smaller, is shaded,
or clouded, (not striped) with purplish red, of a deli-
cate and rather breaking texture, and of a slightly acid
and agreeable, though not uncommonly rich flavor. —
The fruit ripens from wheat harvest until a month la-
ter; the ripe fruit is dielirtguished by a change of col-
or from green to red. The Early Sweet Bough ie
well known, and is one of our most valuable varieties,
not only on account of its great excellence, but its
uniform productiveness. Biiffingtm's Early ripens
two or three weeks after the Yellow Harvest, and is
remarkable for its delicate texture and its very fine
sub-acid flavor. It is flat, nearly white, with a very
slight blush next the sun. The Summer Queen is ra-
ther too acid for most palates, but is the best early ap-
ple for cooking, being of a remarkably rich flavor. It
is a good bearer, the fruit somewhat conical, and stri-
ped with orange-red. The Strawberry apple, which
ripens early in autumn, is unsurpassed by any apple
we have seen as a table fruit. It is very slightly acid,
of fine texture, juicy, and of an exceedingly agreeable
flavor. It is of medium size, its shape is oblong-coni-
cal, and is striped copiously with dark red. The Fall
Pippin is one of our finest autumn and early winter
apples, is often very large, weighing frequently a
pound, and in rare instances, has weighed nearly a
pound and a half. When ripe it is yellow, and of a
Am very slightly acid flavor. It is liable in unfavor-

able seasons, to spots of mildew, which diminish its
size. The Spilzciihcrg, Rhode Island Greening, and
Tallman Siceeting, are well known, and are among
our best winter apples. The Svnur, though common,
is less known, and is hardly equalled in quality by any
winter apple. Many consider it superior to all oth-
ers. The Belljiower is of first rate excellence, quite

acid, very rich in flavor. It is oblong, and conical at the
apex, yellow, and when well grown, rather large in
size. The flavor of the Newton Pippin is hardly
equal to many others, but it keeps well till spring, and
retains in a remarkable degree its freshness at that pe-
riod. The Roxbury Russet, though hardly of first
rate excellence, possesses eminently the quality of
keeping, and may be preserved without difliculty till
mid-summer. Those who wish to preserve apples a
long time, would find it much easier to procure and
raise this variety, than to waste their time and eflorla
in endeavoring to keep our more common varieties.

The introduction of European apples into our coun-
try has proved in most cases of little value. Many
fine varieties appear to lose in a great degree their val-
Hible qualities, by the change of climate. A few,
however, among many imported varieties, wc have
found tobeexellent and worthy of cultivation. Among
these may be mentioned the Alexander s Gravenstcin,
and Ribston Pippin. But still they do not equal our
best native varieties. The Swaar and the Spitzcn-
berg still stand pre-eminent.

Most of the varieties which we have just mentioned,

are cultivated to a greater or less extent by many of

our farmers. But the best among the peach, plum,

cherry, &c. , appear almost wholly unknown to them.

(To be Continued.) *

Lettuce.

CoEBETT, whom GouRLAY Stigmatized as "a quack
in every thing," was a shrewd, though often an inac-
curate, observer; and in reading bis "American Gar-
dener," we arc sometimes surprised at his reckless
blunders, and at other times pleased with the justness
of his remarks. His account of the Camellia proba-
bly betrays more ignorance than was ever shewn by
any other writer on gardening, within the same
space.

Our object at present, however, is not to criticise
that work at large, but to notice his paragraph on Let-
tuce : —

" This great article of the garden," he says, " is
milky, refreshing, and pleasanter to a majority of tastes
than any other plant, the Asparagus hardly excepted.
So necessary is it as the principal ingredient oiogood
salad, that it is, both in France and England, called
" ealad," by great numbers of people. It is good in
stcics ; good boiled with green peas; and even as a
dish boiled as cabbage is, it is an excellent vegetable."

He continues; — "I never saw a really fine lettuce
in America. The obdtoclcs ore, the complete impos-
sibility of preserving plants of the fine sorts in the
natural ground during the winter; and the great heat
which will not sutler these sorts to learc, if they be
sowed in the natural ground in the spring."

America ie as easily written perhaps, as any other
name of four syllables. Cobbett's knowledge of even
the United Slates, of which he speaks so familiarly,
appears chiefly to have been confined to narrow circles
round Philadelphia and New-York. The great heat of
our parching summers was an idea that seemed to haunt
him; and the long continued rains of a north-easter,
or the refreshing coolness of the west wind after a
thunder shower, appears not to have left a trace on
his memory. Good lettuce, however, may be grown
on land properly prepared and cultivated, at any time
from Spring till Autumn, inordinary seasons. It is a
fact capable of proof to every one who has eyes to ob-
serve the weather, that one of the principal defects of
our climate, is excessive moisture; and that from this
cause, our crops generally suffer much more than they
do from the opposite extreme. But Cobbett's notion

is refuted by the following remark of Loudon's : —

" The lettuce, unlike the cabbage and spinach, is a
vegetable which can be grown to as great perfection in
a warm, as in a temperate climate, provided it be grown
on rich soil, and abundantly supplied with water. —
Hence the lettuces of Paris, Home, and Calcutta, are
as large and as tender as those of London and Am-
sterdam."

In speaking of Cos lettuce, Cobbett says, " When '
you cut one of these from the stem, and pull off ita
leaves, you have a large lump of white enough for a .
salad for ten people. Every body knows how to sow
lettuce — seed along a drill in the spring, to let the
plants stand as thick as grass, and to cut it along with a
knife, and gather it up by bandfuls. But this ie not
lettuce. It is herbage, and really fit only for pigs and
cows. It is a raw, green Dandelion, and is not quite
so good."

We should not have suspected, that lettuce by stand,
ing too thick, change into Dandelions I — yet we fully
agree that head lettuce is a superior article. To have
it early, the seed should be sown in a hot-bed; and as
soon as the danger from severe frosts is over, the
plants should be set out in a border thoroughly prepa-
red. Cobbett advises "not to put them in a place /uW
to the sun, but in the east border or the west border;"
and adds, " Be sure to make the ground rich."

Loudon says, lettuce " is sown monthly, or oftener,
throughout the year, in order to have a successional
supply, and thinned out or transplanted to increase
the size and oucculency. The latter quality is greatly
increased by watering in summer; and blanching, an-
other desirable property, is promoted by tying up the
leaves when the plant has attained about two-thirds of
its usual size." In doing this, however, great care
should be taken not to break t>r bruise the leaves; and
not to tie them too tight which would cause them to
rot. Indeed, after giving them a curling form, they
can hardly be left too loose.

We wish not to interfere with the prerogatives of
others, and hope that all our readers will eat lettuce in
the manner that is found most palatable, — whether with
sharp vinegar applied to the crisp leaf, or with cream
and gravy, previously applied in a scalding state. Our
method, however, varies a little from what we have
seeeneslewhere. We cut the lettuce fine and sprinkle
it sufficiently with powdered sugar, (rejecting that
which comes from unpaid labor.) Cream is then
poured on, and vinegar, just enough to impart a zest.
To our palate, this is delicious. Please to try it t

Ridging for the Ruta Baga.

The Ruta Baga, in common with most other root
crops, succeeds best on a deep as well as a rich soil;
and a frequent cause of the partial failure of many
cultivators, is the want of suflicient depth and rich-
ness. This difliculty may, in a great degree, be obvi.
ated by ridging. This throws a large portion of the
fertile surface together, and gives quantity and depth
at each ridge. Ridging also proves beneficial where
soils are liable to prove too wet.

As a large portion of the soil of our country ie a
clayey loam, we would recommerKi those who poes^fs
such soil, except it be deep and rich, and in a dry sit-
uation, to prepare their ground for ruta baga as fol-
lows : — Plough ridges by throwing two furrows to-
gether, about two feet and a half apart, fill the inter-
mediate furrows with manure, then split the ridges
with the plough, throwing the earth upon and form-
ing new ridges over the manure, Pass a roller over
the whole to flatten them, and then sosv the seed in
drills along the tops of these flattened ridges. This
treatment, with subsequent cidtuie, can hardly fail to
ensure a good crop. *

Breaking Steers— Inquiry.

Messrs. EniTORS^Will you, oranyofyour corres-
pondents, inform us how to prevent steers from being
sulky when breaking them for the yoke ? I find it to
be a very serious difficulty in learning them to work.

E. H

*SI1

lias
'•41

•110(1

I..

So. 6.

AND G A R D E N E R 'S J O U R N A L.

85

Sugar Beet, .

INJURED IN ITS QUALITY BY FRESH STABLE MANURES.

All nrticle in the North American Review, on the
history of Sugar, contains the following hints : —

"In 1809 — 10 experiments were recommenced in
France, particularly by M. Deyeux, oF the Institute,
which resulted in the production of n ccnsiderable
quantity of sugar — [but] — no more than 2 per cent,
was obtained, — the beets being of a bad sort and rais-
ed in the neigborhood of Paris, whore a vast deal ol

AM5I0NIACAL MANURE, hostUc tO l/lC production (</" SAC-
CHARINE, is used."

"In 1811, M. Drappier, of Lille, obtained 2i per
rem. of sugar. In the winter of the same year, an
experiment at Paris succeeded in obtaining 4i per cent.
from WHITE BEETS, raised at a considerable distance
from Paris, and tcithout uny vianurc."

These hints arc all that I tind on the subject by this
writer; but C. L. Fleiehmann, in his memorial to
Congress on Beet Culture, says, " The beet requires
a deep soil, sufficiently provided with f/cco//y70>-e(/ ?«rt-
nurf, as lohen planted in green \fre^K] manure, they
i/icld much less sugar." He therefore reconmiends
manuring the previous year, and planting with In-
dian corn and pumpkins, which are also to be manu-
factured for sugar.

Have we then the curious fact that '"ammonical ma-
nure" is not " hostile to the production of saccharine"
n Indian corn and pumpkins, while it is decidedly in-
jurious to the beet ? How, when, where, and by
whom, were these discoveries made ? and what wri-
ter has treated of the subject at large ? X

Sugar Beets.

After all the eulogisms on the proiil of Sugar Beets,
I think I can eay it is the very thing for this region,
Seneca county.) Our climate is too subject to
summer drought for ruta baga to succeed every year.
?otatoes suffer from the same cause. But sugar beets,
iven when planted on clay, (well ameliorated,) shade
lie ground so much by their large leaves, that drought
Iocs not affect them. Plant early. I have had trans-
ilanted beets grow larger than from the seed; the
ransplanting was done m a wet time, about 5th June,
.nd done with care. Some of the beets weighed 91bs.
.nd grew mostly above groimd. Ruta bagas, planted
ide by side, were small,' and worm eaten. S. W.

Harvesting Ruta Baga.

Messrs. Editors — I do not remember to have
sen any description of the method which we have
tractieed for the last two years, to harvest the ruta ba-
;a. It may not be new to all your readers, but if to
me, it will do some good, and will pay that person for
lis year's subscription.

We cut the tops before pulling, with a common hoe,
;round sharp; then rake them off into heaps, and pull
he turnips with what is called here a dung hook,
leing much like a two pronged fork bent at right an-
jles to the handle. I think we save at least half the

jf oh^pf harvesting in this manner.

,rii. ^5 we did not raise beets, or carrots, I cannot say
vhether the same plan would work equally with them,
« far as cutting off the tope.

We lost several bushels of our roots by their being
niried too deep, I am satisfied there is more danger
a be apprehended from too deep than too shallow co-

,Jfering.

From the experience which we have had, I believe
iere is not sufficient attention paid to the root culture
n this section of the state. It is gaining favour slow-
y with the farmers, and has increased within the last
5ve years in this region nearly an hundred per cent.—
The public favor is at present divided between the su-

0 5«r beet, the carrot, and the ruta baga. Large crops

',.. if each kind have come under my knowledge in the

farmer to make his straw a good substitute for hay,
and thus add greatly to the productiveness of his
farm. Sincerely Yours,

J. C. PETERS.
Darien, May 16, 1840.

ImproTed Horses Wanted in Oneida Co.

Messrs. Editors — I am n farmer residing in Onei-
da county, and believing that there is great need of
improvement in the breed of our horses, I regret that
no more has been said in our agricultural papers on
the subject. It costs about as much to raise a colt that
will sell for only fifty dollars, as it does to raise one
worth one hundred and fifty. In the counties of Mad-
ison, Herkimer, Cayuga, and Oneida, I do not be-
lieve there is one really good stallion. And there
are many wealthy farmers in these counties, who
would willingly pay a handsome price for the services
of a first rate horse. I cannot but think that if some
person would introduce such a horse into the county of
Oneida, he would be well remunerated. The kind of
horse we want is one whose stock would, make what
are called ^^rs* rale carriage horses. We do not want
the unwieldy English cart horse; they are too alow
and too heavy for our use. Neither do we want the
breed of race horses; they may suit the sporting gen-
tlemen of the south, but we eastern farmers want
a horse that will combine the most usefulness with
activity and beauty.

If you or any of your readers can inform us where
such a horse can be found, within any reasonable dis-
tance of Utica, and will insert a notice thereof in your
next paper, you will confer a favor on more than one

May 6, 1840. ONEIDA FARMER.

jut two years. On wheat farms I consider the root
RUlttire as indispeneible, inasmuch as it enables the

Rural Taste.

When at Newport, R. J., last summer, in passing
up Prospect Hill, a walk which gives one of the thou-
sand and one enchanting views of that "fairest Isle of
the Ocean;" I noticed a beautiful cottage whose piaz-
za in front instead of being supported in the usual
way by white Grecian columns, there was used as a
substitute, rough cedar posts, around one of which
clambered an Ivy — around onolher a Woodbine — then
the Azalea Japonica, Glauca, &o. &c. The rough
exterior of each simple poet was thus made the con-
ductor of Nature's own architecture, which, together
with the other "surroundings" of shrubbery and flo-
ral decorations, gave me a kindly feeling, mingled
with respect, for the unusual good taste of the inmates
or proprietor of the cottage.

On inquiry, I learned that this was the summer
retreot of Finn, the celebrated comedian, who was
since lost in the Lexington. 'Tis said that this man
"loved nature for herself, and rural nature above all."
But, like Fanny Kemble Butler, he loathed "oronge
peel and paint," and the other factitious things of his
profession, from the very bottom of his heart.

In riding about our beautiful lake country, I am al-
ways astonished at the evidences of uncommon agri-
cultural wealth. We have no precipitous, cold, wet
mountain land, no rocks of the sandstone family, no
swamps, no barren heaths, the whole substratum of
our region is a continuous fertilizing fossil. Nature
seems to have decided that our country should be the
most salubrious and fairest portion of her great do-
main.

Of late it has been discovered that the deep chrystal
waters of our lakes are inhabited by numerous shoals
of the largest Trout. As our wood decreases, we
have the bituminous coal of Western Pennsylvania,
brought by rail road and water to our own door. Our
main rail road and steam boats on the North River,
has almost annihilated the distance between this region
and our great commercial New- York. But what
has man done to second nature — by improving all her

blessings — liy the proper study of her simple, yet al-
ways impressive lessons in rural taste ? I answer,
nothing.

If I had ever seen ten modern farm houses, built in
the form, or copying the simplicity of that which the
proprietor might have felt to he, Shenstonc or Wards-
worth's hcau ideal of a rural tenement, 1 would be
less severe in judgment.

The village copies the city, and in like, (ht me call
it distempered J taste, the country copies the village.
How often do we see a farm house painted white, with
green blinds, standing on some bleak eminence, end to
the road, high proportions, as if the proprietor expect-
ed to lay out his whole front line in village lots; not a
tree of the original forest around it, or if perchance a
single oak has been spared, the axe of modern vanda-
lism, has made deep incisions into its trunk, the dead-
ly effects of which, nothing but the superior power of
its parent soil enables it to overcome. In the front
windows you see perchonce two or three dusty, star-
ved house plants, tended by unskilful fingers, or lan-
guishing neglected in clay pots, as if the farmer's
daughter meant only to imitate, or perhaps caricature
the fashion of the village, without a single impulse of
taste or enthusiasm in the matter. Not even a stinted
lawn, not a bush or clambering vine, relieves the eye
from the sepulchral whiteness of the house. Perhaps
a cabbage garden thrust out to the road side, is the on-
ly thing that brings the imaginotion back from the ten-
ements of the dead, to the edible comforts of the liv-
ing. S. W.

Scnccaco., May 10, 1840.

Insects (Aphis) on Fruit Trees*

Messrs. Editors — Some of my fruit trees are cov-
ered with small insects resembling Uce, which I am
fearful will kill them. I have applied no remedy, be-
cause I know of none which I think will destroy them
without injuring the trees. I therefore apply to you,
and if you, or your correspondents, can give me some
information about these insects, with the means of
their destruction, you will oblige many readers in this
county, where trees are infested with them.

Ontario CO., 3Ia.y, 1840. W".

Remarlcs. — The insect mentioned above is too well
known to farmers and gardeners in this vicinity. The
genus Aphia embraces many species and varieties
commonly called lice, which infest trees and plants. —
In the green house and nursery they are very trouble-
some, and many kinds of garden vegetables, as cabba-
ges, &c., are frequently infested with them. They
sometimes attack fruit trees in the orchard or garden,
and greatly injure, although seldom destroy them. Va
riousmethods have been recommended for destroying
these insects, but all that we have seen are either difE-
cult of opplication, or but partially effectual. The fol-
lowing extract fr»m the Cultivator, contains some in-
formation on this subject :—

"The true aphis are nsuoUy very small, their bodies
of a short consistence, the eyes entire, and the abdo-
men furnished with two horn-like projections at its
posterior extremity. Their movements in wolking are
slow, they cannot leop, and during a large part of their
lives are without wmgs. They have no proper
mouth, but are furnished with o sucker which they
use in extracting the fluids of plants which constitutes
their food. When the ophis first appears in the spring,
they are usually solitary, and all females. These give
birth to living young, and these, too, are females — the
males not being produced until late in the season.—
Unlike any other known insect, the females thus
produced continue to multiply their numbers without
connexion with the male — the effect of the parental
impregnation extending, according to Huber and
Bonnet, to no less than eight gcneraiions. The effect
of this singular mode of re-production, ia a multipli-
cation of such rapidity, that Remur calculates a single
mother in five generations may be the means of pro-
ducing 5,904;900,000 I Every farmer witnesses in-
stances of this rapid increase. A single female fixes

84

THE NEW GENESEE EAR M EK,

'OL. 1.

herself on the leaf of a turnip, cabbage, or tbe tender
shoot of a tree. In a tew ilnys tbej' can be numbejed
by thousands, each vigoroubly employed in pumping
out the juices of tbe plant, and thus injuring, if not
wholly destroying it. The leaves curl and wither,
and if they fix on plants intended for seed, the seeds
are not perfected.

Another striking peculiarity in the aphis, is tbe hon-
ey like product it furnishes in such abundance; and
which, during the summer months, constitutes the
principal food of the ant. The two horn protuberan-
ces just mentioned, are hollow; and while they are fix-
ed to the leaf or twig, small drops of transparent li-
quor exude from the opening, and if not taken otf by
the ant are thrown off into the air. A few years since
a magnum bonum plum tree, standing in our garden,
was infested with millions of ai>hidef, the under side
of the leaves being encrusted with ibem. From this
tree there fell a continued shower of these minute
drops, looking, when tbe sun was in the proper direc-
tion, like falling mist. The currant leaves, grass,
itc., below, was frequented by flies and wasps, as the
tree itself was by numerous ants — all partaking of this
animal nectar.

Tbe destruction of these insects is a matter of ranch
difficulty, after they have once obtained possession of
a plant. Close fumigation of sulphur, wash ng or
sprinkHng with soap suds, tobacco water, &.C., may
sometimes succeed; but the surest remedy is to watch
their appearance, and whenever a colony appears, crush
it at once, by destroying the leaf or twig. The fig-
urea we have given are those of the Aphis rosca^ a fair
representation of the species generally; green, and
preying on the shoots of the rose bush, the flowering
of which it damages or prevents. The figures are
much magnified."

Domestic Manufactures—Protective Tarifl'.

To Oie Editors of the Neio Genesee Fanner:

Ge.vtlemen — I owe you an apology for so long de-
laying to answer the circular, in which you did me
the honor to ask my name to a call to a public meet-
ing, &c.

My apology in this, as in all other business matters,
is, alaa ! a permanent reality; — I am, unfortunately, a
confirmed valetudinarian, confined by illness at, or in
■' " immediate neighborhood of, home. As I could
not attend the contemplated meeting, I thought it
would be improper for me to join in the responsibility
of call ng it. 1 am, however, happy to see it most
substantially called; and doubt not that this incipient
step will result in the permanent establishment of a
society, which will do much to promote the honor, in-
fluence, and interest, of our humble and self-degraded
profession.

The respectable list of names appended to the call
IS a sufficient guarantee that all things will be well
done; yettheieis one subject which bears so promi-
nent a place in my mind, that I must beg you will al-
low me to suggest the propriety of presenting it for
consideration at the meeting. I allude to the impor-
tance to the interest of the agriculturist in particular,
— as well as of all classes in general, — of a sufficient
and permanent protection by government of tJie manu-
facture in our oicn country of allfabricsfor which we
ran furnish the raw materials.

But how is this important object to be attained ? I
■ answer, by organization and systematic action:^by
union and zealous perseverance: — by supporting agri-
cultural papers and forming and sustaining agricultu-
ral societies throughout the whole length and breadth of
the land: — by stimulating these to discuss the subject
far and wide, and show its importance to every farmer
in the country. Show each individual hie self-inter-
est in this matter; — tell him, and prove to him, that
when we use foreign goods we have no market for the
produce of our fairs, and when we use domestic
goods our market is good, money is plenty, and prices
arc high; that this ever has and ever will be the case,
as sure as cfiict will follow cause.

Why may not your paper and your society take the
lead in diffusing information and eliciting interest and
action upon this important subject 7 Open an exten-

sive couesjiondcncc with other periodicals, societies,
and individuals; — wake up the farmers, the manufac-
turers, the tradesman, the every class and profession;
for we are deeply interested in this matter. — Prepare
then for selecting members for the next Congress with
particular reference to the subject; and for memoriali-
zing the present Congress, next winter, with a zeal
and numerical force that shall command respect and
action.

Who can contemplate the present and increasing
political power of a comparative handful of abolition-
ists, and doubt that the host of agriculturists in this
country can, by organization, nnanimity, zeal, and
lierscveiance, carry a measure which the bcstinttreet
of a vast majority, if not indeed the whole of this great
nation demands ?

Hoping and trusting that your conttniplatcd society
may be organized " upon the best and surest founda-
tion" for laating happiness and prosperity, I will close
this letter, — already too long, — with the following
sentiment : —

A rnoTECTiVE T.iRiFF: — Otc corner stone of agri-
cultural prosperity, and tite sheit anchor of national
independence. CHARLES CRANE.

Centerfield, Ontario CO., May i^, lti40.

From the Buffalo Commercial Adrertiser.

Domestic Manufactures.

Passing by the miserable condition of the currency,
our country was never so well prepared to engage ex-
tensively in all the more use'ul branches of substantial
manufactures, as at the present time. Cotton and wool
are abundant and very cheap, and such are our facili-
ties for growing these great staples, that the price can
be maintained at a very moderate range, and still af-
ford a fair profit to these important branches of agri-
culture. Our western prairie farmers, whose planta-
tions often exceed in extent many German principali-
ties, and supply our manufactures with any desirable
quantity of wool, at the lowest rates, as the carcases
of their sheep will more than pay the whole expense
of their keeping, which will render the money recei-
ved for their fleeces, clear profit. Provisions to feed
operatives are now very abundant, and such is the im-
pulse lately given to the great business of cultivating
the earth, that the price of its products must range
very low for many years to come. Those who imag-
ine that England will need much of our bread stuff's,
for the next ten .years, are but little informed as to the
decided improvements and increase in the agricultural
operations, both in Great Britain and the Continent.

Our farmers, ipAo control the ballot-box, must, by
judicious legislation, provide a stable home market for
the products of their industry. We beseech them to
weigh well the fact, that there was brought into the
United States and sold, no less than one hundred and
fifty-seven millions' worth of foreign goods in the year
18:S9. And in this connection, remember that the
duty on American flour in English ports, on the 15th
of April, 1810, was two dollars and fifiy cents per
barrel. This is more than the flour is worth in the
wheat growing sections of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana,
and Illinois. Shall our own agricultural interest have
no countervailing protection ? We imported, last
year, twenty-one millions of s!!k.o, dutyfree. Sup-
pose, instead of sending abroad twenty-one millions
of specie, or its equivalent, to pay for these silks, we
had manufactured that amount more of goods at home,
at least ten millions of provisions, in <uie shape and
another, would have been consumed in the operation;
and all the profits of the manufacturers, the producers
of the raw material, mechanic labor, and the food
consumed by all, would have enriched our own citi-
zens.

Our mechanics, such as shoemakers, blacksmiths,
carpenters, tailors, and the like, have a deep interest
in the encouragement and protection of domestic
manufactures. Indeed their interests are the same
with nearly all other classes, who must depend on tlie
productive industry of the country for their own indi-
vidual prosperity. Hence, tbe great national impor-
tance of encouraging, by all suitable means, every
man, woman, and child, to be both industrious and
economical. Hence our republican family should not
so disgrace themselves as to madly run into debt to
Europe 157 millions a year, for worthless aristocratic
finery, and then have one half of the property in the
Union sold under the hammer to foot the bill. All
sensible men should insist on an effectual protective

tarifl', that shall cut uff this disastrous extravagance.
If the rich will have one bundled milhons worth of
silks, wines, and tbe like, from abroad, let them pay
into the national treasury at least forty millions, which
can be well expended as a common school fund, as has
been done with the surplus belonging to the Stale ol
New-York. This will be a tax upon luxury for tho
benefit of education, general science, and intelligence.

Fiom the yeKEngland Farmer.

First Manufacture of Beet Sugar in New
England.

The subjoined communication has been some time
held in reserve; under the expectation that we should
have been sooner prepared to make a full report on
the subject of Beet sugar. As that is now necessarily
postponed, we give it as an interesting account and
memento of the first attempt made, in New England,
to nianulacture Beet Sugar. The sugar produced was
much of It of a very good quality. We know the
communication will be received with pleasure. We
have at this moment no time for farther remark.

May -M, If-lO. H, C.

Rkv, Henry Colman — Sir — In compliance with
your request, 1 hand you herewith a description of the
process pursued by Mr. George A. Perkins and my-
self, in monufacturing the beet root sugar, of which I
gave you a specimen in the autumn.

The beets raised by me the last season, are the vari-
ety known as the Whitg Silesian, yielding a light
cream colored pulp, and recommended, both by
Achard and Dombasle, as the best and most produc-
tive.

The first process to which we subjected our beets
was cleaning. This we effected by scraping with
knives, which is, however, a long and tedious opera-
tion, and we are inclined to give the preference to
washing in wooden cylinders, which would be a great
saving of labor, where a sufficient supply of water
could be obtained.

Tbe machine used for rasping the beets, was the
common grater cider mill, upon which we have made
a slight improvement, by inserting several rows of
teeth upon the face of the cylinder, by means of which
we obtain the pulp in a finer state; and with an iron
screw press, which we substitute for the lever we at
first used, have extracted 55 per cent, of juice, instead
of 35, which was our first maximum. Above the cy-
linder of the rasp is fixed a deep wooden hopper, of
sufficient size to admit the largest beet, each one of
which is held and pressed on by hand separately. The
rasp is turned also by band, the labur of which is ren-
dered comparatively light, by affixing the handle to
the centre of a large wheel, fiUr feet in diameter, over
which runs a band drawn tiglily into a drum or pulley
upon the axis of the rasping cylinder. The pulp falls
into a box beneath, whence it is taken byshovelsard
turned into the bags, which are made of strong Rut-
sia duck. Those which we use are 18 inches long
and 12 inches wide, containing about 10 pounds of
pulp, and when taken from the pi ess are not more than
half an inch in thickness. The manner of folding
them, by turning down tbe two upper corners and lap-
ping over the whole, is similar to that practised in ex-
pressing oil. In our experiments we generally press
five bags (say 50 lbs. of pulp) at a time, the bags be-
ing separated from each other by boards, instead of
hurdles. From 4 bushels of beets we obtain about
10 gallons of juice, which has ordinarily yielded us 8
lbs. of sugar.

Having poured the juice into the boiler, a common
brass kettle, containing 15 gallons, set in brick work
over a furnace, we immediately kindle tbe fire, and 't^
juice being heated to 180° of Farenheit, pour into iWr
cieam of lime, formed by dissolving two ounces of
lime into a small portion of warm water, and stir it
cmstnntly for the space of fifteen minutes. Then in-
crease the fire until the juice reaches the point of ebul-
lition, when we pour from a pitcher a portion of tbe
juice, reserved for the purpose, upon any bubbles
which may show themselves, for the space of thirty
minutes. The entire surface of the boiler being now
covered with foam, extinguish the fire by throwing in-
to the furnace a pitcher or two of water, permitting
the juice to remain undisturbed, until it deposits a sed-
iment and becomes clear, which it wdl generally do in
the space of two or three hours. This process is cal-
led defecation of the juice.

The next step is to concentrate it. When the juice
has become perfectly clear and limpid, but not before,
we draw it off by means of a syphon, leaving in the
bottom of a boiler a black aroiic matter, which was
precipitated with the molate of lime. Should the
juice have undergone any alteration by an excess of the
use of lime, it will be necessary to neutralize it by

No. 6.

ANDGARDENER'SJOURNAL.

83

i

pouring in a emnll qunncily of sulphuric ncid, diluted
with water. We determine the point of saturation
by using Tumeiick paper, which, if there is an excess
of ihne, ia colored of a reddish brown. A little prac-
tice will soon make one familiar with this part of the
process. Having neutralized the excess of the lime,
leaving the juice slightly alkaline, and the kettle hav-
ing been thoroughly cleansed, we return it again to
the boiler, and find that it is reduced to about seven
gallons, in consequence of concentration and the loss
of the black sediment.

Rekindle the tire, and the juice being at 100^ of
Farenheit, commence adding slowly 2 lbs. of animal
charcoal, etirring it briskly the while. The syrup
, having been kept in a state of ebullition some minutes,
a thick white scum of a waxy nature appears, which
having been skimmed off, we throw into the kettle a
pint of cold water to abate the ebullition, and immedi-
ately add the whiles of ;{ eggs, beaten in water. In-
crease the lire, stir briskly, and skim for half an hour,
or as long as the scum continues to rise; at the expi-
ration of which time, extingnlsh the fire, and draw
ofl' the syrup into the filters, to remain during the
night, ill the commencemt of our experiment we
used conical Hannel filters, for which we have now
substituted two and even three thicknesses of woolen
blankets, secured upon a wooden frame or stand,
which we find answer a belter purpose.

11 the operations of the first day have been success-
fully performed, the liquor in the morning will be
found clear and transparent, marking dO ° on the hy-
drometor, at which point we commence the clarifying
process. The syrup is now reduced to 2J or three
gallons, and returning it again to the boiler, having
first greased the sides thereof with a morsel of butter,
to prevent its burning; rekindle the fire, and should
there appear any impurities, we add, before healing,
the white of an egg, well beaten, removing them care-
fully with the skimmer. The fire requires to be
watched very closely, as there is at this stage, great
danger of burning the syrup, which should be kept
moderately boiling, until it marks 4.5 ° on the hydrom-
eter, when the proof by the thread should be taken,
bycoolinga portion of the syrup between the thumb
and fore finger: separate them suddenly, and if the fil-
ament breaks that, curiing itself into a horn or spiral,
the process ia completed. The fire is immediately ex-
tinguished, and the syrup conveyed to a tub or coolei,
in which chryslallization commences, when it must be
thoroughly stirred, and thence turned gradually into
the moulds, the points or cones of which have been
previously stopped with a peg, and the moulds them-
selvea saturated with water, in order thut they may
not imbibe any portion of the syrup. In the course of
an hour or two, a crystallized crust forms itself upon
the top of the moulds, which must be carefully stirred
and broken, in order to collect the chrystala into the
centre. At the end of three days remove the plugs
from the points of the canes, set them over the pots to
drain, where they are to remain ten days or a fort-
night, by which time the EUgar will be found to be dry
an.l perfectly chrystallized.

I have thus detailed to you, I tru t with not too
much minuteness, the method pursued by us in sever-
al experiments of manufacturing sugar from beets, in
which we have been principally guided by the direc-
tions of Chaptal and Fontencl e. When one has be-
come acquainted with the process, I am convinced
there is nothing connected with it, which an intelli-
gent farmer cannot comprehend and practice; and I
see no reason why every man who cultivates fit'ty acres
ot land, should not have his acre or half an acre of
beets, and raanfacture not only sugar enough for his
tamily, but a i'ew hundred pounds besides, which he
might exchange to advantage vvitb his grocer for ma-
ny of the comforts, or it may be, luxuries of life.
1 remain respectfully.
Your friend and servant,

PICKERI.NG DODGE.
Salem, Jan. 30, 1838.

To prevent Hens from Scratching. — The Phila-
delphia Ledger says that a yankee has invented a
method of keeping hens from scrarcbing in gardens.
The plan ia to tie two of the toes of one loot. The
hen cannot scratch with the tied foot, and she cannot

stand on that foot alone to scratch with the other.

This is the age of invention.

TkE Fly. — The Easton (Md.) Gazette says that
the Hessian fly is doing dangerous injury to the wheat
in that and the adjacent counties.

The Worcester (Pa.) Star states that the Hessian
fly is ravaging the wheat fields of that neighborhood,
to a oonsiderabL' extent

Hay and Hay lUakiug.

Fiist, as to the lime of cutting the crop. In Mas-
sachusetts, Herds Grass or Timothy is the principal
grass grown. What now is the best time for mowing
this grass ? The general answer given by the farmers
is to cut this grass when it is in the flower; or when
the blossom begins to fall. By some it is maintained,
and this too upon high authority, that Herds Grass is
most nutritious, when it has become completely ripe;
and the seed is in that state that it would vegetate
perfectly if planted. We deem it a matter of consid-
erable importance to determine this point. We do not
expect from our farmers a critical exactness; but we
have no doubt that many of our experienced and in-
telligent farmers have made very careful observations
of this matter, and their opinions are what we want.
Let the farmers, if they can, say then what trials they
have made, or what they have observed in this matter.
Some persons insist that the appetite of the cattle is
the beet criterion; and that what they like best must
be best for them. We have not the same confidence
in the wisdom of this bench of judges, though so
much given to reflection in their ruminating hours. —
It is certain that if left to them they would much pre-
fer to eat Indian corn for example, in a green and
half formed state; but will any farmer say that corn in
this condition would yield as much nutriment os when
perfectly ripe ? We have great respect for animal in-
stinC; but we have much more respect for the reason
and experience, and sound judgment, based upon
caieful observations, of intelligent men.

A second matter of imjiortant inquiry respects the
curing of clover hay. Some years since an ex[ieri-
ment wns made by the Rev. Mr. Packard, of Mailbo-
ro' — and another by Samuel W. Pomeroy, then of
Brighton, a gentleman possessing one of the most ob-
serving and acute minds that are to be met with, of
curing clover hay by salting it, the details of which
experiments were given in the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Repository. In these cases the clover was cut
in the morning and carried in the afternoon, and when
packed away, abundantly salted. It is said that this
hay cnnie out green, fair, and in fine condition. But
there is a prejudice against this mode from a notion,
perhaps not without foundation, that the quantity of
salt necessary to be employed in such cases destroys
in some measure the nutritive properties of the hay.

Be this, however, as it may, another mode has been
adopted to some extent in this and neighboring states;
that of cutting the clover while dry or free from wet-
ness, and after a few hours sun upon it without sha-
king it abroad much, putting it in a cock; allowing it
to remain until it becomes well made in the cock, and
merely turning it over the day of its being carried in,
that the bottom of the cock may become dry; then ta-
king it into the barn. We are not certain that we
have described this method intelligibly and properly;
but we hope that some of the farmers who have cured
their clover hny in this mode, will set us right both as
to the mode and the results.

There are other points in regard to hny whicli we
wish could be determined. P'or example, is hay inju-
red by sweating in the mow or not 1 Mnny of the
farmers on the Connecticut river, who were in the
habit of "making their hay a great deal," have olter-
ed their course, and now get it in in a much shorter
time, and in a comparatively green condition. They
say much labor is saved, and the hay spends better fir
their cattle. It does mt come out so bright: the top
of the mow will appear even discolored and injured;
and it would scarcely pass for merchantable hay in
Boston, but the stall-fed cntdo eat it better and thrive
as well upon it; and therefore they consider it more
succulent and nutritious, than if it was as thoroughly
sun dried as possible. An exiiericnced English farm-
er, upon whose authority we place some reliance, was
accustomed to say that hay wns always better, to use
his own expression, for "sweating well in the mow."
It will certainly not do to get hay into the barn with
any wetness upon it from the dew or rain; but with
how much of the natural moisture or sap remaining in
it, il may be safe to put away, is the point on which
we solicit information.

Another point of importance respects the spreading
of hay. Should it be given in a long state, or should
it be cut; and if cut should it be cut finely orcb'scly 1
We ha%'e many fncts on the matter of cutting all feed
for stock ; but we want more facts from the careful and
observing. One of the agents of the Eastern Stage
Company, who had under his charge a large number
of horses, said that he preferred to give them hay cut
about four inches long rather than shofffer. It compel-
led the horses, he said, to chew their feed, whereas,
when cut short, an inch or three-quarters of an inch
.n length, mastication was imperfectly performed.

Men in all such cases are seldom without a reason;
but perhaps the true reason was that his machine was
not adapted to cut his feed shor.er than four inches in
length.

Another matter which we wish could be ascertained
relates to the shrinkage of hay. How much will a
quantity of hny weighing one ton when put into the
barn at haymoking, weigh in the month of March en-
suing; or fcow soon does it arrive at a condition where
it may be expected to hold its own ? Wo have gene-
rally beard it estimated at one-fifth loss in that time.
We have no facta in the case; but it is obviously a
point of much importance in determining the farmers,
who sell hay, and the persons who buy hay, how the
price should be made up; and at what rate they can
afford to sell hay from the field, compared with what
they expect to obtain for it in the spring. — New Eng-
land Farmer.

Plugi^ins; Fruit Trees.

Messrs. Editors — Some seven or eight years ago,
yon doubtless recollect there was considerable said a-
bout plugging fruit trees with sulphur and other sub-
stances, to protect them from disease and insects. I
had thought however that this was all a humbug
which had lived its day ond received its doom; till n
a few days since a respectable looking man told me
he had practiced a similar method with the most per-
fect success, on many trees in Livingston Co., for sev-
eral years past; and that he had discovered a com-
pound which on being inserted into the body of the
tree, would in a few hours expel all borers, caterpil-
lars, curculios slugs &c. &c., and would efTectually
prevent all injury to the tree or fruit from these depre-
dators for many inonths after the application. I ask-
ed him if so powerful an agent would not injure the
tree or render the fruit unwholesome. He replied it
would not, as the ingredients were all used by men as
medicine, and the quantity absorbed by the fruit was
so very small that nothing but an insect could possibly
discover it I He evidently did not belong to the Thom .
sonian school of medicine however, for he informed
me that Calomel and raw quicksilver were among the
substances employed. How they were to be dissolved
and made to circulate in the sap of the tree, is a mys-
tery which he did not explain to me.

If there is any truth in his statements, some of your
renders in Livingston Co. must possess information on
the subject: and if so, I should be glad if they would
give some testimony concerning it, througli the New
Gencece Farmer. MO.XROE.

May 27(/i 1840.

Horn Disease in Cattle.

Messed. Editors — I saw a statement in your last
number, of an ox that was taken sick and died, suppo-
sed from the horn disease. Now, I am not a farrier
nor a farrier's son, bu; I learned forty years since how
to cure the horn distemper, and can do it without risk
or failure if applied to in season. I have cured thom
when fat, and past standing, and in winter when they
were poor. You will easily discover when it is the
horn ail, by their dull and sunken eyes, dry nose, cold
horns, and refusing to cat.

The following is my remedy : — Take half a table-
spoonful each of spirits oi turpentine, camphor, fine
salt and black-pepper made fine, and one gill of sharp
vinegar. Mix them together, warm them to a blood
heat, turn the animal's head so that the ear will be up-
permost— take hold of the ear and put into it as much
as you can, hold it tight, and pull it up several times;
then serve the other the same — do it once a day lor
three or four days — split the tail if necessary — and the
cure will be effected. There is no mistake about it.

A. DIBBLE.

Byron, Gnirscc CO., N. Y.

Life is a flower garden, in which new blossoms are
ever opening as fast as others fade. Nature is th%
mirror of the Invisible One

86

T H E N E W GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1.

The X, B, C, of Silk-Culture.

There will be hundreda of individuals in Virginia,
who will feed silk-worms during the next season, eith-
er on a large or email scale: still, there will be a far
greater number to whom it would be fully as conve-
nient, but who will be deterred by different considera-
tions from attempting the experiment As we leel
assured that every one who will make a, fair trial will
be pleased with the result, and that eacti small trial
will induce more extended operations, we are anxious
to persuade as many as possible to make experimentu,
no matter on how limited a scale of operations. With
this view, we will offer a few suggestions, or smaller
matters of advice to beginners, which may possibly
help to smooth away some supposed difficulties. —
There are no important difficulties if proper care be
given.

For a small beginning, and for success, it is not ne-
cessary to have the morus multicaulis, nor even the
white mulberry, if the experimenter has (and who in
the country has not !) enough leaves of the native
mulberry tree. It is true that this is inferior as food
to the white mulberry, and that again as much infe-
rior to the multicaulis. But the worst nf the three
will serve well enough to make a successful rearing.
Therefore, the want of the best, and by far the most
proper and economical kind of food for large opera-
tions, need not prevent a beginning, and doing well,
on even the worst kind.

For such small operations, it is not necessary to
have any shelves, hurdles, stoves, or other of the ar-
rangements suitable and requisite for a regular busi-
ness. A common dining table will afford enough sur-
face to feed one thousand worms to their full growth;
and a table may be easily and effectually secured from
the invasion of rats and mice, and ants and other in-
sects, which very often destroy the worms and the
hopes of the experimenter. The table is bo secured,
by being placed a foot or two from any wall, and far
enough from any approach, whence rats can leap tloicn
npon it, and the legs of the table being set in tin-pans
of water. Two such tables, connected by rough
planks, laid from one to the other, would afford a sur-
face sufficient for f)000 worms, which would be enough
for a tirst trial. Thus the second, and what is deemed
a great difficulty, may be removed.

But supposing that these and all previous obstacles
have been obviated by such or better means, and the
worms hatched for a rearing, there still remains an-
other difficulty which almost every young culturist
brings upon himself, and which causes so much unne-
cessary trouble and loss of worms, as to weary and
disgust many a beginner, before the commencement
flf the time when much care or labor is really want-
ing. The young worms are fed so lavishly, that nine-
teen-twentiethsof the food, (if not much more,) re-
mains unconsumed, and forms a great accumulation
of litter, which soon needs removal. Again, to save
trouble, (as it is thought,) the leaves are usually given
whole. If the leaves are very young and tender, (as
they ought to be for very young worms,) they speedi-
ly contract in drying, and each, as it curls up, encloses
the worms which may be feeiiing on it. The worms
being so supernbundnntly fed, have no inducement to
move, until after being thus imprisoned, and the leal
has become too dry to be longer fed on. To make this
• result the more sure, the young worms eac only the
tender, green part of the leaf, leaving the numerous
and closely crossing fibres like fine net-work. By the
time that the leaf is dry and unfit for food, it thus forms
a net, or sack, from which the worm cannot always
escape, when impelled by its renewed appetite. Thus
many worms ore concealed or damaged, and will suf-
fer, and many will even die in their confinement, un-
less searched for and relieved; and that operation,
with the cleaning away the great quantity of litter in
and among which tbey are enveloped, will, in the first
two ngea, give more trouble, and cause more loss,
than ought to be met with during the whole rearing.
Now all this trouble to the feeder, and injury to ond
loss of worms, may be avoided by simply cutting the
leaves into fine shreds, and sprinkling them on thinly.
Then, even, if greatly excessive feeding be not avoid-
ed, it will do no harm. The worms are not restrain-
ed by the breadth or weight of the leaf, and they can
easily climb to the upper surface, as is always their
disposition. The unconsumed shreds xoon dry, which
is a great advantage for all which must remain in
waste. The dried litter is loore and open as any bed
can be, and when quite dry ai d s.vect, (as it will be
usually,) need not he removed until after the end of
the second age, at about ten or twelve days after the
hatching. But it is very easy to remove this litter. —
By feeding the worms at first in narrow atrips.or in
mall squares or circles. and sprinkling the fresh food at

the outer edges of the space, the worms will crowd to
the fresh food, and soon leave naked the greater part of
the old litter, which may be taken up in masses and
separated from time to time, and thrown away, with-
out picking off or disturbing a single worm. Such
will be the course of things even with the most waste-
ful feeding, (and it is always given wastefuUy to
young worms;) but if tlie. excess of food be lees, even
this small amount of trouble will be still more reduced.
It is not designed that these suggestions should
serve as full directions for feeding, even through the
two first ages; nor by any means to substitute the lull
directions to be found in most treatises on silk-culture.
The young culturist ought, of course, to read and con-
sider these, though it will not be necessary to follow
each rule. The object aimed at here, is merely to re-
move early and unnecessary obstacles, which serve
either to deter from beginning, or to discourage after
beginning, nearly all who are inclined to make a trial.
These remarks apply to no more than the two first
ages. The feeding through the third, fourth, and fifth
ages, requires much more care, labor, and cost; but
still will not be difficult to those who have gone prop-
erly through the earlier feeding. Every treatise (of
which several are in previous volumes of this work,)
will furnish rules of conduct, which, if modified and
corrected by the feeder's judgment, according to exis-
ting circumstances, will serve to conduct him to a
successful result.

But by success it is not meant that the experimenter
who feeds 1000, or even 10,000 worms, will make a
net profit from his expenditure, and his care and trou-
ble for the time. Such an expectation would be most
unreasonable, from any business so small, and yet re-
quiring such frequent and careful attention. Perhaps
50,000 worms, with proper facilities and method,
would not require more than twice as much labor or
time or attendance, as 5000 only; and the mere was;e
of the food of 1000, as usually bestowed, might feed
5000, and yet save labor (in clearing away the litter,;
instead of causing more therein. If the young feed-
er loses very few of his worms by accidents or disease,
and generally obtains very good cocoons from all oth-
ers, and finds no great or insuperable difficulty in any
part of the operations, then it may be deemed a suc-
cessful issue, and indicating, with sufficient assurance,
a net profit upon hie next and sufficiently large opera-
tions.

There is one caution necessary to be added. It is
all-important to have eggs from a healthy stock of
worms, and that have been well kept during winter.
Whoever has to purchase eggs, incurs great risk of loss
on this score. Eggs from a sickly stock will be sure
to produce a sickly and worthless progeny; and even
if from healty stock, still improper managment in
keeping, and especially exposure to too great and too
frequent alternations of cold and heat, will cause the
worms of eggs so treated to be unhealthy. From such
causes, induced either by ignorance or by fraud of the
salesman, nearly all the eggs in this market la.^t year
were worse than worthless. Though the danger will
be less this year, still theie is enough ground for fear
to make every buyer very cautious. Many beginners
at rearing silk-worms, have been discouraged by their
mishaps proceeding solely from this cause; and all
would, and very reasonably, have been thus discoura-
ged, and made to consider the business hopeless, if
other experiments had not been made with good
eggs, which served to show the cause of difference. —
If disease from hereditary taint, or because of diseased
eggs, begins to show among silk-worms, it is best at
once to throw awav the whole; for they will seldom
be worth saving. But in this excellent climate, and
with proper care in feeding and cleaning, there is lit-
tle dancer of disease from any other source than he-
reditary taint, or bad keeping of eggs.

a Colt by Kimluess.

Bieakin;

Some good people who raise colls are not aware
that they are thinking animols, and have feelings, pas-
sions, and oflections very much like human beings. —
They cannot talk — that's all. People who do not ap-
preciate the character of horses, are apt to treat them
like brutes, without love or mercy, and without any
appeal to their glorious intelligence. "The horee
knoweth his owner;" — and he knows much more, —
he knows when he is treated as a Christian's horse
should be — and in respect of treatment the Turk and
Arab have much the advantage of us in civilization. —
Those pagans make friends of their horses— they love
each other, and in the sandy desert or the wide plain,
they lie dowH side by side, and each is equally ready
to resist the approach of an enemy.

It is not often so with us. The Colt is left to grow
lip to manhood wild in the pasture, with very liitle ac-

quaintance or sociability with his master. As soon as
be is thought strong enough to work, he has a saddle
or harness slapped upon him, so hard as to nialtc him
tingle again. He is put into some strong cart or wag-
on without understanding what is wanted, and being |
bewildered in his ignorance, and exasperated at such ]
rough handling, it is generally the case that he exeru
his strength to get out of the scrape and avoid his ene-
mies, by plunging, kicking, throwing himself down,
and sundry other such rile tricks, (os they are called,)
OS would naturally occur to a poor beast who thought
himself villanously abused. While this is the opera-
tion in the mind of the unsophisticated colt, the hoTse-
(irea/teris swearing at his' vicious obstinacy, laying on
the licks with the string or the butt of the whip han-
dle, and doing bis best to draw blood at every stroke.
His intention is to subdue the beast to obedience. He
may succeed, but it will only be by destroying his no-
ble spirit, and rendering him a -tame, passive beast ol
burthen, working only os he is forced, but without am-
bition or good will. The man is the most ignorant
brute of the two. He is destitute of all proper know-
ledge of the animal "who knoweih his owner," and
should be beaten with many stripes himself

The fact is, the colt should be treated with unvary-
ing kindness, except when he is manifestly vicious,
contrary to his own knowledge, after having been
fairly taught. When he is taken up for brealting, he
should be kept hungry, and be fed from the hand of
his master; while all the little tokens of praise, fond-
ness and approbation, which are as gratifying to a
horse as to a woman, should be liberally bestowed up-
on him. No act of rudeness or unkindncss should in-
spire him with fear; — and in a short time he will coma
to his master as to his best friend. Let him feel that
he is safe in the hands and care of man, and he will
place confidence in that attention which is bestowed,
and with a light heart will exert himself to please hia
rider. Bestow upon him the whip, and jerk him
about with the halter and bridle, and his temper will
rouee to resistance, or sink to stupidity.

A horse may bo taught, like a child, by those w^o
have won his affections; but the method of teaching
is by showing distinctly what you wont him to do, not
by beating him because he does not understand and
perform at the outset. Judicious arrangement is re-
quii'ed in the course of instruction, for these creatures,
like men, have very different intellectual capacities
and tempers; but all may be mastered by kindness,
while the best, the most high spirited, the most gene-
rous, will be ruined by beating.

To illustrate this, which we meon to enlarge upon
hereafter, we will relate a little circumstance that oc-
curred during a tour to the White Hills. Having a
horse — a fine light grey saddle poney, we undertook,
with a friend, to ride to the summit of one of the
mountains. Federal — that was his name — and he be-
longed to Niles — would have done any thing for me,
and he and I had become well acquainted, ond he wos
a most noble hearted fellow. Federal clambered up
according to my directions. I thought I could see the
beet way, and guided him accordingly. We gotot last
upon the peak, where was a level of some yards
square, and Federal, who had never been up so high in
the world before, as we slacked the rein, turned three
times round to look at the prospect, ond then set up
a scream of delight. It was not a neigh nor a whin,
ner, nor any common mode of talking for a horse, but
it was 0 regular hurroh, as much -as to soy "O ! thun-
der ond lightning ! Aint this glorious 1"

After a while we turned to descend, and I gave Fed-
eral his own way. It seemed at times rather a tick-
lish job; but he managed it well. The little rascal
stopped now and then and made a survey as carefully
ae could be done by a civil engineer. He turned and
tacked, and worked ship, like an old sailor among the
breakers; and being careful and surefooted, he came
down safe os a tortoise. But we brought up at last
against o fence — having taken a different direction
from that liy which we ascended. We rode at the
fence fairly, but Federal stopped short. "You fool,"
said I, " con't you jump V Tried it again — no go
1 stopped 0 moment, and thinks I to myself this horse
bos never leaped a fence in hie life. I felt sure he
would have tried his best for meat ony time, and we'd
hove broken his neck sooner than have refused — if he
had known exocdy what to do. I talked kindly to
him — coaxed him — patted his neck — and ae eoon ae I
eaw his head raised obout two or three inches, and hifl
ears pricked up brightly, and felt the muscles of his
side swell under the saddle, I knew he had caught the
idea — that was all he wanted — I gave him the hint to
try it, and over he went, like a swallow, at least two
feet higher than was necessary. The little scamp
i meant to make a sure job of it. He was no sooner

No. r>.

ANDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

^87

down, than he wheeled about, looked at the fence and
snorted, ae much as to say, "what do you think of
that ?" and trotted off. Ever afterwards, during our
journey. Federal was on the look out tor some excuse
for leaping. A log, a run of water across the road,
even a stone bridge, he uniformly pricked up his ears
ot and leaped across — giving a snort each time to an-
nounce his joy at having performed a new feat.

The moral of the matter has been stated at the out-
set. Federal only needed to understand what we
wanted, to do all in his power for its accomplishment.
He was only a hired horse, but we understood and
loved each other. He was little, but high-spirited,
noble, generous — no whipping on earth could have
managed that horse so readily as kindness and encou-
ragement. Pulling, jerking, whipping, spurring,
might have been tried in vain to make him leap the
fence — with a moment to think about it, and a nice
dose of flattering applause, he flew over like an expe-
rienced hunter. JNIore about this hereafter. — Boston
Times.

Poultry.

Dear Sir — At your request I furnish for your pa-
per a few remarks on the subject of chickens.

1. Never allow more than twelve hens to one roos-
ter, a smaller number, say eight, would perhaps be
better.

2. Never allow the roosters to go together; they
are very jealous, and always pugnaciously interfering
wiih each other's rights. The strongest load away
the hens; the consequence is, the eggs are fewer and
do not hatch so well. Hence the universal complaint
that a large number of hens are not as profitable, in
proportion, as a smaller number.

3. Chickens require a good deal of water to soften
their food, and gravel to grind it. They also require
animal food. In winter they often cannot get water
nor gravel, nor insects or worms. They are all fed, it
may be, with grain, yet do not lay. Supply their nat-
ural wants. Give them water, gravel, and animal
food, such as fat meat, liver, or indeed any kind of
fresh meat. Keep them warm, not permitting them
to become chilled, and they will lay as well during the
winter as in any season.

Do not permit your hens to set at different times, or
rather only a few at a time. This causes .broods of
different ages, and the younger are usually injured or
deprived of a fair quota of food by the older. When
your hens manifest a disposition to set, let them re-
main on chalk eggs until as many asj'ou intend to set
are ready. Then place fifteen eggs under each hen.
Select your eggs by holding them up to the light. —
Those which have bluish, watery specks in them had
best be rejected. They do not hatch as well, nor arc
their chickens as healthy as the eggs that have no
blemish.

5. When the young are hatching do not interrupt
the hen. When hatched, feed them with Indian
meal, with a large portion of pounded egg shells. —
Hens that set " out," as it is called, generally have
healthy chickens. I often have examined their nests,
and seldom found any remains of the shell in them. —
The little ones eat them up. I have found that egg
shells greatly advance their growth and health.

6. If all the little chickens could be taken from the
hen and kept in a room warmed by a stove, I am satis-
fied from experiments, that they would do much het-
ler than to be with the hen.

7. Never allow the young chickens to get wet, nor
to become cold. See that they are supplied with
ground worms (fishing worms.) They will repay you
for this trouble.

8. Three tim'es a year, at leas, grease the head,
throat, and under the wing of your chickens. A ve-
ry small proportion of precipitate added to the lard is
o{ service. You will never have your hens troubled
with lice if you follow this rule and keep your hen
house clean.

9. Never allow your chickens to be without food. —
.1 have often been asked what is the best food to make

hens lay ? I have made several and repeated experi-
ments to decide this question. The result is, give
your hens and rooster, (who, by the way, requires as
much, nay more attention than the hens.) water, gra-
vel, and animal food, and they will lay os well on one
kind of fond as on another. Potatoes, corn, wheat,
rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, and any thing that they
will eat, will do. Boiled food is cheapest and best for
henSf especially if kept up all the year, as they should
be. I have fallowed the above rules ever since I own-
ed chickens. We have always had more eggs than
was required for use; and our chickens have never
had any epidemic among them. With the exception
of moulting season, that is when thej' shed their fea-

thers, with judicious management, hens will lay for
2(ji) days in the year.

lU. Hens lay well and do well for four years. How
much longer they woiUd continue fruitful, I know not.

11. There is a great difference in hens. Some
lay every day until they empty the ovary. Others
twice in three days. Others only every other day. —
The Creole breed are the best layers I have seen, ex-
cept a breed of Judge Burr's, in New Jersey, called
Buoby chickens. They (ay every day. Eggs large;
chickens strong, large, and of quick growth. Hens
sel well.

12. Never frighten nor chase your chickens, unless
they get into your garden. In that case I have found
the crack of a whip more effectually deterred them
than any thing else, from venturing into forbidden
ground. I do not know why it is, but they seem more
afraid of the smack of the whip than any one would
suppose who never tried it.

If these remarks are not deemed sufficient, any oth-
er addition will be cheerfully made when required, by
THOMAS P. HUNT.
Wyoming, Penn.

.}.

Tlie Birds of America*

From Drawings made in the United States. By 3

Audubon, F. R. S. J. P. Beile, Agent.

It is now admitted in Europe, that the Birds of
America are better figured and described than those
of any other portion of the world. The labors of
Wilson and Bonoparte were succeeded by those of
Audubon, whose inimitable drawings and accurate des-
criptions have brought this branch of science to a high
state of perfection. He has now commenced publish-
ing his great work on American Ornithology, in a re-
duced size, and according to a scientific arrangement,
giving good figures on elone, and all the information
contained in the larger work.. With this book in his
hands the school boy may become an ornithologist.

The drawings, coloring, and printing are all execu
ted in America: the former reduced by Audobon from
his large plates; the figures, although in miniat'ire,
are the same. It is published semi-monthly, atone
dollar per number, and is decidedly the cheapett work
on natural history ever published in any country.

The advantoges possessed by this work over all oth-
ers of the kind are the following ; — It contains nearly
double the number of species than are found in Wil-
son and Bonaparte. These naturalists omitted many
species which have since been discovered by the in-
dustry and discrimination ot Audubon. Whether
these species existed at the time their works were pub-
lished, or have since taken up their residence in our
country, cannot, with certainty, be decided; but it is a
notorious fact, that species which were never given till
Audubon's work appeared, are found in the vicinity of
Charleston. That this work may be relied on as au-
thentic, the following facts will shew: — The speci-
mens were carried to Europe and submitted to various
societies and learned naturalists, and all the species
Were admitted to be genuine. Waterton, a violent
opponent, who has no knowledge of natural history,
was proved to be in error, and his subsequent papers
refused admittance into the Zoological Journal. In a
recent catalogue of the birds of Europe and America,
published in London, by Bonaparte, all the species of
Audobon are admitted, and he refers to that work as
the only standard. The specimens are found in the
British museum, and those of Paris and Lyden are
labelled with the names given by Audubon.

Some additions will probably be made to our num-
ber of species of birds, and these may from time to
time be added in future additions, but the work can-
not be superseded by any other, and it will remain n
standark work for ages to come. — Southern Cabinet.

Salting Butter.

On some occasions, a part or a whole of the butter
may, perhaps, be disposed of fresh; but in general it
must be salted before it can be carried to market; and
as this part of the process requires as great nicety as
any other, a few remarks on the subject shall be added.

Wooden vessels are upon the whole, most proper to
he employed for containing salted butter. These
should be made of cooper work, very firm and tightly
joined with wooden hoops. It will be advisable to
make them verj- strong where circumstances permit
them to be returned to the dairy; fo' as it is a matter
of considerable difficulty to season new vessels so well
that they shall not afiect the taste of the butter, it is
olways advisable to employ old vessels rather than
make new ones, as long as they continue firm and
sound. Oak is the best wood for the bottom, and
staves and broad Dutch split hoops are to be preferred
10 all others when they can lie had. Iron hoopesho'd

be rejected, as the rust trom them will in lime sink
through the wood, though it be very thick, and injure
the color of the butter; one iron hoop, however,
should be put at the top, and another below beyond
the bottom, the protection below the bottom being
made deep for this purpose. No form is more conve-
nient than that of a barrel, unless, perhaps it be that
of a truncated cone, with the apex uppermost; as in
this case the butter can never rise from the bottom
and float upon the brine, which it will sometimes do
in the under part of a barrel when brine is necessary.
But this inconvenience may be easily obviated, by dri-
ving a wooden peg with any kind of a head, into the
bottom, before it be filled with the butter, closely em-
bracing the butter all round, will be kept perfectly
firm in its place. An old vessel may be prepared for
again receiving butter, by the ordinary process of
scalding, rinsing, and drying; but to season a new
vessel requires greater care. This is to be done by
filling it frequently with scalding water_, and allowing
it to remain till it slowly cools. If hay or other sweet
vegetables arc put into it along wilh the water, it is
thought to facilitate the process. But in all cases fre-
quent effusions of hot water are very necessary, and a
considerable time is required, before they can be ren-
dered fit for use. The careful dairyman ought to bs
particular or he will soon lose his character in market.
After the butler has been beaten up and cleared
from the milk, as before directed, it is ready for being
salted. Common salt is almost the only substance
thot has hitherto been employed for the purpose of pre-
serving butter; but I have found by experience, that
the following composition is, in many respects prefer-
able to it, as it not only preserves the butter more ef-
fectually from any taint or rancidity, but also make*
it look better and taste sweeter, richer, and more mar-
rowy, than if the same butter had been cured with
common salt alone. I have frequently made compar-
ative trials with the tame butter, and always found the
difference much greater than could be well conceived.
The composition is as follows: — Take of sugar one
part, of nitre one part, and of the best Spanish great
salt, or best rock salt, two parts: beat the whole into a
fine powder, mix them well together, and put them by
for use. Of this composition, one ounce should be
put to every sixteen ounces of butter. — Anderson' s
Essays.

Machine for Husking, or Shucking, and SlieU
ling Com.

It is stated in the Maryland papers that a machine
has been introduced for husking, or (as we Tnckahoea
say) shucking corn. A correspondent of the Ameri-
can Farmer saj's that this machine "which has excited
much admiration on the Eastern shore of Maryland
for two years past, was invented and put in use by Mr.
Huesey, the inventor of the reaping machine," of
which statements have been given in the Farmers'
Register. The same writer says that many farmers
there, with the former machine, have shucked and
shelled their coin, "at the rate of 40 bushels of shel-
led corn per hour; and of 100 bushels per hour of corn
previously husked." This, if correctly describsd,
must be a very cnrious as well as valuable machine;
and we are surprised that so little progress has yet
been made in extending information concerning, as
well as the use of, both those machines of Mr. Hus-
sey's. If he will bring them and exhibit them in op-
eration in lower Virginia, and they prove deservingof
their recommendations, he will find many purchasers.
— Farmers' Register.

Labor-saving Soap.

The following is a recipe for making the labor-sa-
ving soap, (so called,) which is an excellent article
for washing, and a saving of labor. The recipes for
making have been sold at from $5 to $10, and the
soap seven cents per pound; but can be manufactured
for about two cents. Take two pounds of sal soda,
two pounds of yellow bar soap, and ten quarts of wa-
ter; cut the soap in thin slices, and boil all together
two hours, then strain it through a cloth; let it cool,
and it is fit for use. Directions for using the soop: —
Put the clothes in soak the night before you wash, and
to every pail of water in which you boil them, add one
pound of soap. They will need no rubbing; merely
rinse them out, and thej will be perfectly clean and
while.

It is estimated that 100,000,000 pounds of Beet
Root Sugar has been manufactured in France the lasl
year, ond in Prussia and Germany 30,000,000 pounds.
The Troy Whig states that in the Western pa< o
Michigan, 240,000 pounds were manufactured the-
past season.

88

THE NEW GENESEE F A R M E R,

Vol. 1.

Agricultural Convention at Rochester.

We give below the record of the procccJings of the
Conveniion, held in ihia city in pursuance of the call
published in our lost number. The meeting was well
attended, and much spirit and energy evinced during
ita transactions; and we doubt not, through the exer-
tions of the Executive Commitee of the newly formed
Bociety, with the assistance of the friends of the cause,
an exhibition and fair will lake place in the autumn,
such as our citizens have never before witnessed; and
wo would respectfully and most urgently request all
to lend tboir exertions in support of the Executive
Committee, that the new society and ita fairs may be
well worthy of the character and reputation of the far-
mers of Western New- York — the original " Genesee
Country."

To prevent any misunderstanding, we would brief-
ly state, tbnt the territory intended to be embraced by
the Society, must be in some degree defined by cir-
cumstances. It is intended to exclude no one who
may wish to join; at the same time the society distinct-
ly disclaims any intention of interfering in the least
degree with county societies already formed, or which
may be organized hereafter. While such a vast and
abundant field of labor lies before us, we bail with
pleasure any accession to the numbers of those whose
efforts are directed, in whatever channel, to the beet
means of ensuring the agricultural prosperity of our
countrv. •

lowing, which was considered and discussed by sec-
'lons, and adopted, viz :

Constitution.

Art. 1. This society shall be called the Genisee

GEIVESEE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETV.

In accordance with a call published in the New
Genesee Farmer, and various other papers in the Gen-
esee country for several weeks past, n convention of
Farmers and friends of Agriculture, assembled at the
Court House in the city of Rochester, ]\Ioy28th 1840.
On motion of Gen. Harmon, of Wheatland, GEN.
MICAH BROOKS, of Mount Morris, was chosen
Chairman, and ELIHU F. MARSHALL, of Roches-
ter, Secretary.

The Chairman made some very pertinent remarks
explanatory of the Convention.

After some interesting discussion ond remarks
from Gen. Harmon, VVm. Garbutt, Hon. Enoch
Strong, Isaac W. Smith, and others, —

On motion of John J. Thomas, of Macedon, a
committee of seven was appointed to present for the
consideration of the meeting, a Constitution for an
Agricultural Society. Wm. Garbutt, Amos R. Cole,
Rawson Harmon, Jr., John J. Thomas, Isaac W.
■ Smith, Henry E. Rochester, and M. B Bateham were
the committee.

On motion of Lorenzo Hathaway, of Perinton, a
committee of seven was appointed to report resolutions
for the consideration of the convention, composed of
Enoch Strong, John Ayrault, Lorenzo Ilathaway,
Matthias Garret, John B. Smith, Elihu F. Marshall,
Oliver Culver, Henry M. Ward, and Tho's. Weddle.
The committee, after a temporary absence, reported
the following, which, on being commented on, were
unanimously adopted, viz; —

L iiV™/ra/, That agriculture stands first in the
scale of human pursuits; — that the products of agri-
culture constitute the basis of all individual and na-
tional wealth; and as the prosperity and consequent
happiness of a people depend greatly on their skill in
husbandry, we would unite in every effort to promote
the farming interests of the country.

2. Resolved., That our common country is emphati-
cally an agricultural country— that as we possess with-
in the limi's of these United States the soil and cli-
mate adapted to the produeiion of all the necessaries,
and raos'.of the luxuries, of life, our independence and
ultimate destination among the nations of the earth,
depaml upon our proficiency in agriculture.

3. R.soliT.r/, That although great improvements in
skill and maiuigement have been made within the last
tew years, there still remains a great and manifest de-
ficiency in our knowledge and practice of agriculture.

4. Hcsolccil, That the interests of the farmiu"
community will be best promoted by the united ef^
forts of farmers in their intercourse with each other.

5. lirsolrcd, That wc therefore proceed to the
formation of an Agricultural Association, by the

f the Genesee Agricultural Society.

f immittee on a f^onstitiition produced the fob

nanif
The

Agricultu RAi, Society, for the advailcement of Ag
riculturc. Horticulture, and the Domestic Arts, in
VVejtem New York.

Art. 2. Any person may become n member of this
Society by paying into its treasury one dollar on ad-
mission, and one dollar annually thereafter, on or be-
fore the annual meeting, during his continuance as a
member. Any person paying twenty-five dollars on
admission, may become a life member.

Art. 3. The Officers of the Society shall be a
President, three Vice Presidents, Recording Secretary,
Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer, end seven Man-
ogers, who shall, together, constitute the Executive
Committee. They sholl be elected annually by a
majority of votes, and shall have power to fill vacan-
cies in their own body.

Art. 4. The Executive Commiitee shall appoint
local committees in the various sections of the terri-
toiy embraced by the Society, whose duty it shall be
to examine forms and crojis which may be offered for
premiums, and report the same at the annual meeting,
to obtain members, collect all sums due the Society,
ond perform all necessary labors connected with the
operations of the Society, in their respective sections
of country.

Art. 5. It shall be the duty of the Executive Com-
mittee, five of whom shall constitute a quorum, to
exercise a general supervision of the affairs of the So-
ciety,— to appropriate the funds of the same, in such
manner as shall in their judgment best subserve the
interests and forward the objects of the Society, — to
call special meetings, — to ofl'er premiums, and to ap-
point committees to award them, — ond to distribute
oil seeds, plants, books, &c. received for the Society.
Art. G. The Executive Committee shall determine
the time and place and make the necessary prepara-
tions for an annual fair, and give sufficient previous
notice of the premiums to be awarded thereat, at
which time the annual meeting shall be held, for the
election of officers, and at which the Executive
C'ummittce shall make an annual report.

Art. 7. All competitors for premiums sholl be mem
hers of the Society

Art. 8. This constitution moy be altered at any
annual meeting by a vote of two- thirds of the mem-
bers present.
On motion of John J. Thomas,
R. Harmon, Jr., Thomas Weddle, M. B. Bateham,
Lorenzo Hathaway, John Ayrault, Charles Burr, Da-
vid Bings, John B. Smith, and Elihu F. Marshall,
were appointed to nominate officers for the Society the
ensuing year. Af'er a short absence, they reported
the names that follow, who were unanimously chosen :
For President — Lyman B. Lancwortht, of Greece.
Vice Presidents — Micah Brooks, of Mount Mor-
ris, Isaac W. Smith, of Lockport, William Gar-
butt, of Wheatland.

Recording Secretary— Henrv M. Ward, of Ro-
chester.

Corresponding Secretary — M. B. Batkham, of
Rochester.
Treasurer — Henry E. Rochester, of Gates.
Managers — Oliver Culver, of Brighton, Rawson
Har.mon, Jr. of Wheatland, Enoch Strong, of Per-
inton, John J. Thomas, oI Macedon, John B. Smith,
of Ogden, Thomas Wediile, of Greece, John H.
Robinson, of Henrietta.

After the appointment of officers, the following res-
olutions were offered and after some discussion unani-
mously odopted.

On moti.in of H. M. Ward,

Resolved, That we consider a well conducted ond
well suppor ed periodical devoted to the farming inter-
ests, of the first importance to the advancement of
agriculture ; that the " New Genesee Farmer" being
emphotically o;;r o«'?»7w;7cr, merits and sholl receive
our cordial opprobation and support ; that it shall be
cmsidored the organ of this Socio y ; and that it shall
be the duty nf the officers and members of this Socie-
ty to make prompt and vigorous efforts to increase its
circulation, by obtaining subscribers for the same in
their respective neighborhoods.

On motion of Wm. (Jnrbutt, accompanied by re-
marks from many other gentlemen, the following was
offered and unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the Executive Committee be direct-
ed to appoint and make the necessary preparation for
eemi-onnual fairs, fir the sale and exchange of farm
stock and produce, one to be held on the day next fol-
lowing the onniial fair, and ibe oiheraboui ihe middle
of Apri\,

Resolved, That the proceedings of this convention
be published in the New Genesee Farmer, and that
the different papers in the "Genesee Country" be
requested to copy the same.

Micah Brooks, Chairman.

E. F. Marshall, Sec'y.

Culture of Wheat.

In the southwestern part of Cayuga county, where
the elope of the land is not greater than a hundred leet
to the mile, from the smoothness of its surface, a
stranger, walking through the woods, and not obser-
ving the fall in the streams, would be likely to con-
clude it wos nearly level; and we remember, many
years ogo, to have heard a rover from the hills of a
neighboring state, declare that this district was noth-
ing but a maple swamp ! Indeed in times of heavy
rains or melting snows, there wae some countenance
for that notion; yet when the land was cleared, and the
wheat simply harrowed in, — without any plough hav-
ing been brought into the field, or any ditch cut to turn
off the surplus water, — the crops were often very hea-
vy. The interlocing of the fibrous roots of the trees,
through the deep vegetable soil, prevented the young
wheot from being lifted out by the frost.

But that state of things has passed away. The
stumps with oil their roots, have long since dieop-
peared from most of our fields; the muck is much ex-
houstcd; ond a portion of the harder subsoil bos been
turned up ondmi.xed with it, rerdering the moss more
compoct and heavy. The consequence is, that the sur-
face water soaks away with more diffieulty, and the
plants ore much more lioble to be damaged or destroy-
ed in winter when the ground becomes frozen.

Another cause, however, has had something to do
with this deterioration. The lots in Western New-
York were generally laid out in rectangles conforming
to the meridians and parallels of latitude; ond the fields
more frequently occord with the original boundaries.
It is different, however, with the course of the swales,
or noturol drofts in the land. These generally cross
in a diogonal direction, and the ploughman therefore
in forming his lands, has obstructed, more or less, the
free possoge of the water.

The remedy for this error is ploin. First, " cease
10 do evil;" then "learn to do well." Plough the
furrows parallel to the swales, so as to deepen these
natural depressions, and make them serve for the col-
lection and discharge of the surplus water. It will
frequently happen also that the bottom of each furrow
will be a drain of itself, allowing the water to posa
under the inverted sod, or sook away more freely
through the mellow earth. We may be met indeed
with the objection that such diagonal ploughing would
cause many short houfs ; but it is better to have short
Ijouts than short crops.

We odmit, however, when the swale is narrow ond
deep, compored with the adjoining loud, tbot o furrow
or two well cleoicd cut with the shovel, may be suffi-
cient; but in broad swoles, very little below the gen-
eral surface of the field, such process will be found a
very inadequate remedy. We must increase the ine-
quality of the surface by gathering broad lands with
repeated ploughlngs, and then carefully abstain from
filling up the deep furrows between them. The ben-
efit of this practice, wc know by experience.

These remarks ore not intended to prevent a more
thorough system of draining Jjy open ond covered
ditches, which we would recommend to the general
attention of farmers. On the upper side of fields es-
pecially, open ditches ore very beneficial by intercept-
ing the surface water from higher ground. Of whot
great consequence this would be to many forms, may
be known in some measure by observing what Hoods
are discharged during continued rains, by the ditches
which ore cut alonj ilie upier side of the roods: and

1

^ h. G.

A x\ D G A R D !•: N E R 'S J O U R N A L.

80^

I -efloeting that all this surplus water is a nuisance

I be land,
■■he practice of ploughing-in seed wheat is of nn-
it (late; and though it was superseded By the harrow

r ly years ago, it is a practice that ought to be icsto •
The deterioration of our fields especially re-
■es it. To do it in the best manner, the lands
iild not exceed nine feet in breadth, nor the fur-
8 more thon three or four inches in depth with half
r ordinary width. We know that this is a sloiccr
:eEs than many farmers are used to; but let them
ember that "once done is twice done" — that is,
nee [well] done is [better than] twice done [to
halves.]"

iVe may be expected to say something in regard to
benefits of this practice. Inlhe first place. e.\cept-
sode, stcnes, and hard lumps of clay, tlie rougher
\surface fJtc better it is for tfte young wheat — the
"e it is protected from the sweeping winds of win-

t and spring. In the seeond place, the seed is buried
per without the danger of being smothered, as the
h lies on it in a narrow ritlgc, and llie roots have a
nger hold on the soil. In the third place, the fur-
s, at the distance of every eight or nine {eel, serve
Irains for the surplus water. This is the theory,
experience fully justifies it. In several instances
Ich have come to our knowledge, the wheat, which
Id land was ploughed-in, has stood the winter well,
le that in the same field which was harrowed in,
suffered greatly from frecz'ng out.
here is another thing, however, that must soon
in more of the farmer's attention. Many of our
Is have never received any manure from our hands,
!pt a little plaster; and yet they produce crops of
tat in frequent succession. But the young plants
!a feebler hold of the soil; and we shall have to
art gi'eatcr vigor that they may resist the heaving
Dn of the frost. Our barn yards must supply the
ulants; but sowing early in the season so 'that the
8 may become strong before winter, will be a wise
:aution in this district. t

Scalding Seeds before Plantiug-.

rent losses are often sustained by neglecting to
i seeds before planting, for some entirely fail to
V, and others remain a long time in the ground,
nant, when they ought to be up and growing. —
ut a fortnight ago, we planted some seeds of the
iress Vine, and being in haste, we could not take
3 to Ecald them — ihey ought to have remained un-
shed. A week after %ve got time to scald some;
these are now up, but liie former have not yrt
;ared.

ut we write kr farmers as well as gardeners. —
r days ago, we scalded some seeds of the Sugar
t, and let them remain in the water. This morn-
we planted them, and many of them were sprout
Lnst year we planted jMnngel Wurtzel wi hout
ding; but we shall not d» so again: in the wettest
and, they germinated freely; but in the driest and
est part, they stood far asunder — not half a crop.
Ve are not aware that any seeds are injured by
ding, though there may be many; and we should
gratified to have extensive experiments instituted on
subject. Some seeds would probably bear more
t than others — we know that some are more bene-
id than others. The duration of the heat applied
1 be regulated in some measure by the quantity of
;er, and the kind of vessel into which it is poured,
le cooling much sooner than others. Several
irts of Indian corn may be safely scalded at once. —
jer seeds may not need more than a tea-cupful of
ter; but let it b? fuming hot. Remember, howev-
there is a wide difference between scalding and
Kng- : and after tlie water is applied the vessel

should be set away from the fire. On seeds untried,
it would be prudent to use but little water.

Some years ago, we planted seeds of Cercis cana-
densis. Part were scalded and part pinnted without
that preparation. A difference in the germination of
perhaps twenty to one, was the consequence — very
few of the unecalded seeds growing.

One week in the advancement of a crop of corn or
pumpkins is frequently of great account; and farmer
maybe prevented from planting at the right time by
accidents, or bad weather. In such cases, let them
try this remedy. t

BWef Hints for June.

Moat of the farmer's crops being now sown Or
planted, the chief care is to keep the grotind in good
condition and free from weeds.

Mangel wurtzel crop, planted last month, will now
need hoeing and thinning. Muc'i of the success of
the crop depends on doing this early, before the young
plants are checked in growth by being crowded to-
gether, or overshadowed by weeds.

Corn fields may be kept clean at less expense than
usual, by keeping the weeds completely in subjcc
lion, cultivating, and hoeing it frequently. Five or
six dressings in this way, may be given with lees labor,
and with far greater advantage to the crop, than one,
when it is done late.

A great deal of labor may be saved, and hoeing ex-
pedited, by keeping '\iocs sharp liy frequent grinding.

Wheat fiel Is should be. weeded. Rye, which is of-
ten scattered through them, may now be readily seen;
and cockle and mustard when in flower, are easily dis-
tinguished and extirpated. Portions of fields, intend-
ed for seed, should be also cleared of chess. Red
root, if in small quantities, should be very carefully
eradicated before it spreads aity further; the work
should be done immediately, care being taken not to let
the seed fall, if any have ripened; and the plants
should be collected in a basket, as when thrown upon
the ground, the moisture from the earth will cause th
seeds to ripen and grow.

Canada thistles should be mowed,to prevent seeding.
This formidable weed is most easily disposed of by ut-
ter extirpation. Never allow them to put their lieads
above ground, and they will die. Tiie leaves are the
lungs of the plants, and if they are not permitted to
breathe, they cannot live. A good way to destroy a
patch, is to let it grow till about the time of flowering,
that the roots may become somewhat exhausted, then
turn the whole under by deep ploughing, subsequently
harrowing, and never allow the thistles again to peep
above ground. This will be effecluol the second, if
not the first year.

Ruta bagas should be sown in the early part of the
month.

The curculio will soon commence its operations on
smooth etone fruit, and if bogs have no", been permit-
ted to run under the trees the past sea.ion, the fruit
must be constantly examined, or it may be lost. —
Spread white sheets under the trees, and by striking
or jarring them, the insects will fall, and are destroyed
atono*. Thisoperation will be efiectual if peiformed
twice a day for a month, or less. *

Washing Sheep,

la deferred by mnuy farmers, advantageously, till
the early part of this month. A very good way of
performing the operation, is to provide a large plank
box, not quite breast high, and allow a brook of water
to run in at one end, and out again at a hole through
the bottom of the other, to carry off the dirt.. This
hole should be just so larg.^ that a small part may run
over the top, in order to keep the box full. The work-
men stand, dry, by the side of this box, and wash the
sheep in the water within. A large bt.iad sugar higs- I

head, is much cheoper than a plank box, and m ny be
made to answer the same end.

Bittersweet Ointment for Cows' Udders «nd
Teats.

The best and most efficacious remedy which I hav«r
ever found for caked bags and sore teats of cows, iji
the following : — Take the roots of bittersweet aUtd
seethe them in hot water till the strength is extracted,
add hogs lard to the extract, and simmer together till
the water is evajiorated, then let it cool and it is G\ ^or

use. ^^____ Canfies d.

Inquiry.

Messrs. Editors, can you or your correspon dcnta
inform me of the best method of extracting oil from
6un flower seeds ? C.

liemarhs. — The letter from C. was received just as
our paper was ready for the press and we had mn lime
to attend to several inquiries which it contoincd.— -/■'rfs.

4 5 JL)

For the yiw Genecae Firmer.
View of the Gr.isses.~Xo, 2.

4. Sweet V,rnal Grass. Anthoxnntum erratum,
of the botanists, and Spring-Grass, of the Kuglish.
As it is an early grass in England, and has the fine
odor of the so called Spanish bean, the reasons for the
English name are obvious. The botanists hove named
it from the yellowish appeaiance of the spikes of flow-
ers. Soon after it is cut, and even before, it diffuses
its fine odor far around, giving to the new made hay
that delicious flavor for which it is famed. In Eng-
land it is said to be one of the earliest grasses to blos-
som, and to delight in a rather diy but rich soil. In
our meadows it is rether rare; its culture ought to be
encouraged, if only its fine odor ie respected. It is
a tall, erect grass, rather stiff, and should be mowtd
early for hay. This grass seems to have been intro-
duced from England among other seeds. It is not a

vr.'ii.bh grass for hay.

5. Von pratcnsis, L. Smooth-stalked Meadoic grass.
of the English, and Jrne. Grass, of our farmers. —
This has rather n poor reputation in England, and is
condemned also here. It has considerable foliage to-
wards the root, and springs up early in the season. It
is better adapted, therefore, to early pasturage, and the
more so, as it sends up but few culms, and those rath-
er sli'nder. When mixed with other grasses for raow-
ng. it comes t^ maturity so much earlier as to he in-
jurious to the hay. Its fluwers are borne on a loose,
spreading panicle, on an «reet stem. Its roots are
creeping, and not fibrous, and therefore it binds the
soil and exhausts the nutriment, and it becomes rather
difficult of eradication. Its later foliage iS much less
than the early. This grass seems fitted for rfry.'oiis:
probably on account of its creeping roots. It often
grows to the height of two feet; but a smaller variety,
with thicker spikes and flowers, is more common in
open roads and about fields. The smoothn.'sri of its
sheaths and stems, and the form of the root, make i t
pretty easy to be distinguished. It is generally con -
sidered more detrimental than beneficial by our (orni-
ers.

This Pjb Is now (May 20th) in a very flourishing

•90

THE \ E W a E .\ E S E 1-: !• A R M E 1(,

\'

OL.

Btat e, in the fields, yards, ond pastures in this vicinity. I Uiil form of the spike of flowers,
[is nppearnnce, nearly reedy to blossom, and abound- | 10. Meadoto Fescue. Botanists name it Festuca
infj with Tudical foliage, indicates its value as a grass j priilciisis. It is found in our fields only sparingly — its
fov early pasturage, not for mowing. seed is now imported. It is nearly erect, branching.

The kinds of Poa are many, and some are very I ""d its flowers are somewhat inclined to one side. It
valuable. The generic name is the Greek word for ' i^ «'"^'i «" "^"'V """i valuable grass by the English,
forage or feed.

6. Rtmgh- Stalked Mcadoio Grass. Poa tiiralis, of
bC'tanists. This appears to be a more valuable grass
thliu the preceding,and not to be common in the fields.
It8 flowers are in a rather spreading panicle, and the
bpikelels rather small,- the culm and leaves are rough,
and the roots ftljrous ; so that it is readily known. —
The value of the crop cut at seed time, is considerably
greater than when in fljwer. This grass is suited to
moist soils, where it forms a dense sward. The Eng-
lish describe it as a favorite grass of horses, cattle,
and sheep. As it does not spring up soon or abun-
dantly after being mown, it should be cultivated with
■olhor grasses. — Sinclair. The seed of these two spe-
cies have been introduced for cultivation, and are sold
at Boston.

7. Flat-slalked Meiidoxo Grass. Poa coviprcssa, of
botanical writers. Two varieties of this grass are
spoken of by Sinclair, one of which grows more erect
and yields more culms, and is much more valuable. —
This "variety is not probably in our fields. The smal-
ler variety, and lees erect, is common about open
hedges, and along banks, and is a fine looking grass,
of a dark green. The culm is very much compressed,
and the flowers have a web-like connecting substance,
and are rather onesided. The other variety forms a
fine iward. Neither of them will compare, for utilitvi
with many other grasses.

This is the Blue Grass of botanists, and the Kcii-
tuchy, or Southern Blue Grn.5s, is supposed to be a va-
riety of it. It is diflicult to decide from the English
name what grass is intended. A gross of this name
is considered very valuable by some farmei's, yielding
a good crop of the best kind of hay, rich in quality,
heavy, and highly relished, especially by horses. We
hope to be able to determine what of doubt now ex-
iBls on this subject in the course of a few months.

8. Annual Meadow Grass. — This is the low, small
grass that springs up about our houses, and yards, and
walks, every where forming, when unmolested, a
dense mat of short leaves and culms, of a yellowish
gieen color. AVhere it is needed, it is considered a
beautit'ul grass, and whore not, a troublesome weed. It
is calied Poa annua, by the botanists, probably because
it flowers and ripens its seed through much of the year:
Eaily in spring its flowers appear, and late in aulvmin
they are scarcely gone. It is readily cropped by sheep.
Il can scarcely bo called a meadow grass, but is wor-
thy of being known as forming some of our beautiful
award. " This, and I*, trivialie, arc almost the only
grasses that will thrive in grass plats in towns." —
Loudon.

9. Crested Dog's tail Grass is a^caufiful species,
With deeply parted floral leaven, so as to give the long
apdte a bristly appearance, especially as the leofets of
the cnly.t arc owned. The latter eiop was found, by
the Wohurn experiments, to be about half that of the
:(iowei'ing c;-ip, and the nutriment o( this grass in
flower is to that at seed time as seventeen to ten. —
Hence it should be mowed early in the season. It
yield.-i much early pasture. It delights in soils rather
tenacious and somewhat iiioisi, or in meadows that
are irrigated. Raised iVom the seed, it does not soon
come to its full perfection, and is not a grass that can
be profitably changed or broken up. Its cidni is used
ijl the mnnufaclure of straw honnels. The sward is
den?e and fine, and with some other grobbce, must be
'Valuable for culture. — Sinclair. The botanists call
lUis grass Cyitoeurus crislatus, from the crested dog-

fS-"

as it yields a larger quantity of foliage than even the
Meadow Fox-tail Graaa, ( alopecurus, ) so highly com-
mended by them. It contains three times as much
nutriment in flowering time as in the seed. It is adap-
ted to a clayey soil. It is found to grow slowly after
it haa been mowed. It is one of the six grasses re-
commended by Curtis for pastures. — London. Next
to the true Fox-tail Grass, it seems to be desirable to
make a trial of it in our agriculture. Its seed is being
introduccdinto our country. Festuca is from theCeltic
for pasture. — Loudon.

II. Hard Fescue Grass, Festuca duriusaila, of
botanists. The flowers grow onesided and spreading.
It IS found, in small quantity among our grasses, on
light soils, ond in rich pastures. It is a pretty early
grass, and is in flower here in May. The first crop is
enid, in the Woburn experiments, to be three times
greater than the second, and to be one filth greater in
flower than in seed. The first crop is only one-tenth
less than that of Fox-tail, ( alopcctirus, ) and two-
thirds that of Doctylis glomeroto, panielcd cock's-foot
grass. In English agriculture, the Hard Fescue is
considered a very valuable grass, and very important
to be mixed with other grasses, to form one of the most
valuable combinations of the grasses for hay or pastu-
rage. It is probable that the seed will be imported in
quantity, as some has already been introduced.

Several other species of Festuca are scattered over
the country; F. clatior L., tall and large in wrt places:
F. tcnella, Willd., dwarf fescue, on dry soil in open
woods and along hedges, are common, hut not abun-
dant. The latter isa beautiful, though not a very use-
ful grass. F. orina, W.' Sheep Fescue, is a "fine,
short, sweet" grass for sheep, and offbrds "delicate
mutton," while it aflords a thick turf: it is beginning
'.0 be cultivated. C. D.

CTu be continued. J

i.t

From tht Maine Farmer.
Signs of the Times. *

Although we have put a poliiicul caption to the
head of this article — or rather, one which politicians
love to use, we are not about to enter the battle ground
of either of the contending parties as they ore at pre-
sent organized. We wish, however, to call the atten-
tion of the friends of our own country to some of the
signs now rising in the distant horizon, which indicate
that belure many years there will be a change in the
existing tnrifl", and that thooe who live south of Mason
ond Dixon's line, and who so bitterly opposed that
portion of tlie tarilT which aflforded encouragement to
Northern Manufacturers and Northern Wool Grow-
ers, even to threatening a dissolution of the Union,
will ere long change positions and beg right heartily
for such an alteration as shall also protect them — aye,
protect them in their own staple products, viz; cotton,
tobacco, and hereafter, silk. And we much mistake
if they will not then be willing to shake hands with
their brcthercn of the North, and unite in forming such
a schedule of duties as shall be mutnnlly beneficial to
all sections of the Union. This is what they ought
to have done hrtore — this is what nature itself points
out should be dune. The t^\•o extremes of our couit-
try, enibrncing as it does, such an extent of territory
— stretching through such a voriety of climate, are
well adapted to sup|ily the wants of each other, and
one would suppose that it would be on ohjoct for each
to study the other's welfare in accommodating each
other. The North is well adopted to the growth of
wool, lumber, hay,oots, ond to manufociuring. The
South to the production of cotton, rice, eilk, sugar,
&c.- Why not then arronge our tarifl" that each
branch shall bo encouraged 7 But the Snuth, by their
opposition to those points which were bencficol to the
North, have virtually said, \vc core nothing about you
— we had rather trade with Europe— she will occom-
modflte us on most any terms — and we are not going
j to assist in building you up when our mother country

is so kind to us. So off with your duties upon w
lens, &«., or we will blow up the Union. Engli
too, when she saw that she could occomplish two
jects with one act, namely, sow dissension anion ^iitt*.
and hove our duties reduced, sung cheerily the s; . -
song of free irode to us, but at the some time shut
own ports to the -n-hole world, except in such c
and in such times as it woidd be for her own pan
lor benefit to open them or change her restriction
So, to keep the peace among ourselves, the dutiei ' ^.^^
woollens, &«., were reduced — litllcorno duty put *_
on silks, and some other articles. But to the si • '
what are they? We see, by the American Fan '^"°
that there is to be a grand convention of tobacco gi >' ''"
era in Washington city next month. What ie »"
matter? Why it is found that this article, which is s;-
an immense article of trade throughout the world.ii r
stricted in some countries. France, lor instance, [:
fer to encourage her own people in this business u
great detriment ot the growers of the United St: ;
and while we have been so good natured as to ac ,
her silk almost duty free — she has been so ill not -
as t:* hamper our tobacco trade in euch a \s*ay, ai
give her own people the monopoly. And
Southerners begin to think that it will be best to
down the gates upon their silk?, unless they ^
change their course in regard to tobacco. Besi
the culture of silk is coming into vogue in the So •
and may be made so extensive as to put Europe ir
shade, if it could be encouraged, or the French
other silks kept back.

Again, England is waking up to the culture of
ton in her East India possesions. She has sent c
gent into this country and has engaged nine prai
cotton planters to go and take charge of as r :
plantations in India. They are to have o solo ;
twelve hundred pounds per annum each. Nativ '..
borers can be employed to any extent in India fo: ■
dollars per month. Greot Britoin has oppropr
twelve thousand poundj to push forward the e
prise, and it will not be long before the Nori
manufacturer can obtain his cotton from India, cl
er than from Georgia or Alabamo. In addition to
Texus will be pouring it into the market also,
not the Southern planter cry out for a prohibitory
on cotton ? We have no doubt of it — and for on
should be willing to give it, provided they would
consent to such on orrangement that all sections i
be miftually encouraged in the ci^ops and manufac
peculiar to their climate and situotion.

Our farmers, who control the ballol-boi, mus
judicious legislation, provide a stayle home mark'
the products of their industry. We beseech tht
weigh well the fact, that there was brought int
United States and sold, no less than one hundrc
fifty-seven millions' worth of foreign goods in tht
1839. And in this connection, remember tha
duty on American flour in English ports, on the
of April, 1840, was two dollars and fifty cent
barrel. This is more than the flour is worth i
wheat growing sections of Ohio, Michigan, Ind
and Illinois. Shall our own agricultural interest
no countervailing protection ? We imported
year, twenty-one millions of silks, dutyfree.
pose, instead of sending abroad twenty-one mil
of specie, or its ei]uivalent, to pay for these silki
had manufactured that amount more of goods at b
at least ten millions of provisions, in one shop'
onother, would hove been consumed in the open
and oil the profits of the manufacturers, the prod
of the row moicriol, mechonic labor, and the
consumed by all, would hove enriched our own
zens.

Our inechonics, such os shoemakers, blacksn
carpenters, tailors, and the like, have a deep ini
in the encouragement and protection of don
manufactures. Indeed their interests are the
w ith ncorly oil other classes, who must depend o'
productive industry of the country for their own j
vidual prosperity. Hence, the great national ini
tance of cncouroging, bv all suitable meons, t
man, woman, ond child, to be both industrioui
economical. Hence our republican fnmily shoul
so disgrace themeolvos as to madly run into d(
Europe 157 millions a year, for worthless aristoi
finery, and then have one half of the property i
Union sold under the hammer to foot the bill,
sensible men should insist on an eflcclual protc
tariff", thot shall cut ofl" this disastrous extravag
If the rich will have one hundred millions woi
silks, wines, and the like, from abroad, let then
into the national treasury at least forty millions, >
can be well exiiended as a common school fund, n
been done with the sui-plus belonging to the S'
New-York. This will be a tax upon luxury i
benefit of education, general eciencc, and intelliS'

%.

0.

ANDGARDENER'SJOURNAL.

91

THE FLOWER BOY.

TUTENILE RECITATION, WITH A BASKET OF FLOWERS.

melailies, I've rosea and posies to sell,
a ihe flower boy ki own Iicre:ibuuta very well ;
t my sweet daily lask I nm conslant and true,
id I gather my itowers while wet with the dew.
Bl look how liiey f:purkle with tlie liright morning gem,
nicely bunch'd up, too,— nut one broken stem.
ley'II keep fresh and fragrant, I'm sure, the day through,
ily buy a few bunches, dear ladies, pray do.
)me buy my primroses and lilliea so fair —
ily see — what a sweet lillJc bunch I have there;
lavs all sorts of nosegays, to suit every one,
oni the shade, paly-flowers — some bright from the sun.
umbic Miss, here are lillics, and violets, loo,
licy are meek, lowly flowers, just suited to you ;
|i3 half-opened bud, too, has something to say-
Be modest, retiring— though cheerful and gay."
irc'g the hide away cowslip, you'd know its sweet breatli,
itiioul looking for it, to twine in your wreatli.
h \ good humored lady— so merry and gay—
his bunch will stilt you. AVhat a splendid display !
ouhle roses, and scarlet bells, mijted with bright green,
ritli sweet yellow jessamine peeping between!
nly see the moss rose buds, and wild flowers, too ;
ome, ladies, for charity's sake, purchase a few.
ve fragrant sweet briar, and here's mignionette,
'Is the freshest and sweetest you've ever seen yet.
orning glories, ond stars, scarlet runners so gay,
or those who rise early and are busy all day.
or the careless and idle I've a sly cunning gift,
,9 bunches of hops, mixed with speerl-well and tlirlH;
y way of reproof, too,— just to give them a hunch,
ruiupet creepers and sloe berries, ail in one bunch '
or the fretful and headstrong, only see what a show—
igeriiliies, passion flowers, and snap-dragons, too!
i^itli snow balls and snow drops, for keeping them cool,
[•is as much as to say, never let passion rule-
or gad-about-gossips iu other folk's matters,
:ere*s touch-me-Rot, thistles, and loose-strife, and medlars.
*oung spinsters of fifty I think I could please,
Vith lovc-lles-a-bleeding, and spriggs of heart's-ease,—
ome teazing fine coxcomb, with sweet wilUains, gay ;
weet-balm, johnny-juuipers, and bob-run-away!
or youn^ men of forty, liere's a bunch that would do,
.bright mnry-gold, with a blue-bell or two —
T a few ladies tresses, their hearts to ensnare,
jid a sweet polly-anthus, with bright-golden-halr,
agged-Iadies, romantic vines, fly-traps, and old-maiJ,
Tith jump-up-and-kis9-me, in purple arrayed!
ladies-slippers, and tulips, of every bright hue.
»nd for-gct-me-nots, smiling in bonnets of blue!
'hen bachelor's-buttons, with ladies-in-green,
Vith rue, and some bitter-sweet, bunched in between •
ind if these will not suit them, I've something more yet,
i. little rose-mury, and a great bouncing-bet!
*or pert, forward IMisses. I've all sorts of stocks,
.Vith flowers of elders, and a little green-box !
■"or n neat, sprightly girl, then— what would you think
)f that bunch of white lat-k-spice, with a rose and a pink !
''or patriots, I think, I've a bunch that will do,
Jome flaunting night-rockets, with flags red and blue.
To please our young patriots, too, I will try,
•lerc are plenty of flag for the Fourth of July 1
For members of Congress, your stentorsso tough,
I am sure I have throat-wort, and lung-worl enough ;
For stock-jobbers, too, here's a bunch gives a hint,
Some fine golden crowns, with plenty of mint.
For studious young IMisses, who love much to learn,
('veever-green-laureis, with thyme, sa^e, and fern.
For yotir regular folks, sun-flowers and phlox,
With evening primroses and bright four-^'-clocks.
Tve bright crown imperials for such as tell truth,
And flowers immortal, for virtuous youth.
For such as look forward to Eden's pure bowers,
Here are evergreens, changeless, and amaranth flowers.
For Sunday School children— ye high favor'ij youth.
So blest in the sunshine of lieavenly truth I
I've branches of palm, with Lebanon's pride,
With the fir, and the boxwood, and the myrtyle beside. —
The lilly of the valley, in purple arrayed,
With the sweet rose of shnron, in glory displayed I
Tve a great many more of each difierent sort,
By their name and their nature some moral is taught ;
The language of flowers has bright things to say ;
Xdo wish you would take a short lesson to-day.
Come buy my sweet posies, 'twill charily be.
Twill help my old dad. and will surely suit mc,

N. Y.fVetkly Messenger.

Care of Horses,

There are a great many ftirmers who tnkc btit poor
core of ibeir horees in the winter season. Iu the short
days ihey have water befoie dark, and then have to go
without until nine or ten o'clock the next morning,
or ii" they have water early in the morning, ihey will
not usually drink, aa iheir time of thirst is past. —
Horses seldom refuse water after ihcy hove eaten their
evening meal, though if they do not hove it then, they
will usually drink but little the next morning until niter
eating. So if a burse will not drink early in the
morning it is no indication that he has not been thirsty
the previous evening.

We have been particular in our observation on this
point. We have turned a horee out to drink nt nine or
ten o'clock in the evening, and eeldorn known him to
fail of drinking heartily. Then, for experiment, we
omitted to give him water at night, but attended to it
in the morning before he was fed, and he would sel-
dom drink. If it be best for animals to have free ac-
cess to water at all times, as is generally allowed, then
they ought Eurely to have a supply immediately after
eating, when they are usually thirsty: though the su-
perficial observer who finds that they will not drink
early in the morning may think that all has been well.

There is not a man probably, who has not at times
been very much in want of drink, and yet, without
being able to obtain it, his thiist hnrf gradually abated.
In this case the juices from other parts of the body are,
in a measure, put \n requisition to supply moisture
when it is wanted, so by nn equolness the thirst is a-
bated or done away, but there is a deficiency of mois-
ture in the system — a drought, less severe, but more
extensive, which, ii experienced daily will prove un-
favorable to health and strength: and in animals it will
injure the growth of the young, and operate against
the fine, healthy condition of every creature. They
must have water when they need it or they will not
drink; like men, they do not eat and drink according
to fashion and custom.

Some farmers will use their horses till they are warm
and sweaty, and then put them up, perhaps in a cold
barn, without covering them with anything to keep
them w^arm; this evil is often increased by allowing
the horses lo drink freely of water, while w^arm, in or-
der to save the trouble of watering them after they
have stood till cool; a great many horses sufier in this
way, and some are ruined. For a man or beast to be
inactive and exposed to cold after exercite nnd perepi-
ralion, is dfi.structive lo health, and will destroy the
strongest coustitutione. Every man knows the im-
portance of guarding himself against expo.^ure lo cold
after peispiration, nnd how a drink of cold water in
this slate, will send a chill through the whole frame.
Though a man is not like a horse, he resembles him
in his ability to do a great deal of labor, with proper
management, and in his liability to disease if his len-
der frame is not guarded with care.

It was observed in the Farmer some months ago,
thaftt was better for a horse to have, a place in the
winter where he conld stand upon the manure, and
walk round at ease, than to be confined to a stall and
eland upon a hard fioor. But in this case, aa ihe
horse will generally stand in one place to eat, the ma-
nure will accumulate under liishind feet so that he will
stand uneasy, unless it be levelled frequently so that
it Will be as high or higher under his fore feet.

Currying horses is very much neglected by some
farmers. This operation is very important, as it con-
tributes both to the pleasure and health of the animal.
In some cases this business is hardly attended lo, being
performed only a few times in the course of the win-
ter.

Many a farmer's horse that is now stupid end lazy,
and of a miserable appearance, would, under the care
of a good hostler, without extra keeping, become so
changed in hie appearance and spirits, in a few months,
though performing the same amount of labor, that his
owner would hardly know him. — Yankee Farmer.

The town of Springfield, 111., has become n cliv.

Popular Errors.

Messrs. Editors — It would be amusing, were it
not nn incontrovertible proof of an ignorance that
ought not to exist among any body of men, certainly
not among the farmers of the United States, to read or
hear the strange, not to say ridiculous, notions which
some of them entertain. These errors in moat cases,
may be traced to two causes: ignorance oi the most
common laws of nature, or inaccuracy of observation.
With your leave I wilt point out a few of these, some
of which have long been naturalized among us, and
some of which appi^ar to be of indigenous or. gin.

One of these errors which occur to me now, relates
to the fecundation of plama, and may be fjund on the
176lh page of the Silk Grown, in an uni-^le on hor-

ticulture. After a long argument to prove that the
impregnation of Indnn corn does not take place from
the pollen as is usually supposed, and as is so easily do-
niongirated, the writer goes on to say : " Oh, no, this
is much loo clumt-y and bungling work to be believed
in. The ellect, [imprecnalion] is, doubtless, produ-
ced by scejtt or smdl ; for, observe, the ear is con -
structea, and is at this season, so guarded, so com-
pletely enveloped, that it is impossible for any malter
whatever to get at the grain, or at the chest of the
grain, without the employment of mechanical force.'*
The error, in this case, arises from the supposition that
the pollen must be conveyed to the grain, whereas it
is only necessary the fertilizing dust shouid rench tl)e
silks, which are the organs of impregnation belonging
to the ear.

In another agricultural paper, I not long since noti-
ced a paper from a farmer on the culture of corn, in
which he earjieslly contended that the impregnation
did not take place by the pollen, b^t that certain fila-
ments or threads, invisible, except at particular times,
extended from the blossoms lo the silks, which efiected
this fecundation. Thetc spider's webs, for such evety
attentive observer is aware they must be, must be
about as efiectual in the process of impregnation as the
' scent' in the first writer's article.

On u par with these, is the theory of transmutation,
or the change of one species of plant to another during
the period of vegetation. Of these believed transmu-
tations, that of wheat into chess, is perhaps the mo8l
common, and certainly the most pernicious, as the be-
lief has the effect of rendering the believer careless in
cleansing his soil from the weed, or sowing pure seed
in his field. Few men would believe that cutting ofT,
or bruising the top of a young oak would change it lo
a sugar maple; or that the eame operation performed
on a yonng pine, would convert it into a tamerack; yet
e.ther of these suppositions is just as feasible and con-
sistent with the law of nature, as that any other plants
should undergo a similar trtinsmuiation. There are
some flowers that mny be changed by the action of
mineral agents in the soil, from one color lo another;
but the seed of such a flower, the chrysanthemimi for
instance, nei'er produces a rose or a geranium.

Another common error relates to the migration or
hybernation of birds, particularly the barn swallow,
or the chimney swallow. It is supposed by many that
these birds descend to the bottom of ponde, lakes, &c.;
in the mud of which they lie torpid during the winter,
as it is well known the toad, frog, and lizard do, and
as the bat does in caves or other dark recesses. These
birds migrate, as their presence in the equatorial re-
gions, during their absence from ours, conclusively
proves; and the idea of their being torpid has been
countenanced by the fact, that the flight of most mi-
gratory birds lakes place daring the night.

In many parts o[ the country there is an impression
among farmers, that a kind of vegetation lakes place
among the while grubs, the product of which is the
common blackberry buoh. That a species of vegeta-
tion some times telvea place on the bodies of insects, ia
doiibiees correct; and the larva? of the Meiolontha,
and the vegetating wnsps are examples of this. The
plant produced, however, ise species of the fungus
tribe, and not any way related to the higher order of
plants.

In the last number of the sixth volume of the Culti-
vator, is an aitempt to show that the Hessian fly and
the Chinch bug, two of the greatest enemies to the
wheat crop and the farmer, that this country has, are
the same insect, or rather that they have the same pa-
rentage or origin: and from the remarks there made, it
would seem that this opinion is quite common among
our southern ngricuhurnl friends. This, it would
seem, is the doctrine of transmutation applied lo ani-
mals, instead of plants, and appears to involve tee
same absurdity. In a reply to an obiector in tbe-
Americnn Farmer, the advocate of this transmntation
of animnla, gives the following as proof and illustia-
tion : —

"Agiicultor may think it strange and contrary lo
the order of nature, that the large white grub worn:9
could be transfDrmed or turned to graishoppers. Bui
such is the fact. A gentleman of highly respectable
standing in this country, who caught one of ihc.-e long
white cut worms, and placed it in a box with souio
loose earth, and after it was confined for some day.-', he
examined it one morning, and found it had changed
or produced a grasshopper. Is it more strange for a
cut worm to be transiormed into a grasshopper, than
that a Hessian fly should deposit an egg which should
produce a Chinc'a bug V

TBai the large or long white bug is the larvae of the.
May bug, ia a fact so easily ascertained, and well
known, that the mistaking of thai insect for a grass-

T 1 1 E N E SV G EN E S E E FA li M E R,

Vol

hopper, though it might n'lt ntl'ect the standing of tte
gentleman nlluJefl to, miiat have (i tendency to impench
hid knowledge of entymolog}'. The grni=6hopper,
when it first oppenre, is an insignificant, feeble animal,
and it id only by long feeding and growth, that it be-
comes formidable. The May bug or Meloloinha, on
the contrary, emerges from the earth, like the other
beetles of full sizf, and commences the business of
procreation with little delay. To suppo^^e thatauoii a
large and formidable insect as the red headed grub,
should be the parent of the tiny grasshopper, is having
the mountain labor with a mouse, in good earnest. —
The Chinch bug and the Hessian fly are both perfect
insects, and to suppose that they can hove the same pa-
rentage is preposterous. Insects in*lheir several sta
ges, appear under such different forms, that unless tra-
ced through the series of transformations, mistakes
may well occur; but in their perfect state, as the
Chinch bug and the fly, such mistakes are unnecessa-
ry. The theory is as incorrect, ns to suppose that the
progeny of the same Durham bull should in one case
be like hinitclf, and in another a rhinoceros.

Perhaps I have occupied enough of your valuable
columns for this time. I may possibly refer to this to-
pic hereafter. — Cultivator. M. S. D.

The Flowers of Spring.

Phlox is a very interesting genua to the florist. The
sniuller, or more humble species, are evergreen, Lou-
don I.) thj contrary, notwitstnnding; and P. subulate
(mountain pink) ami P. Sttacca, cover the ground
like a mat. The dwarf species a'so come first into
flower. When planted on a mo and, the better to ex-
hibit their maj^03 of bloom, the sorts just named are
ornamental in a very high degree. Indeed we have
nothing m >re brilliant at this period.

A variety of the latter, (P. nivalis,) from Georgia,
requires some protection in winter, but it deserves it;
and when in full bloom, so numerous are the flowers,
that it resembles a flake of snow.

P. reptii s, nearly red, — and P. diraricula varying
from white to different shades of pale purple, — are al-
83 very showy. The latter often abounds in our
woodlands.

The Jnpon Quince, splendid nnJ continuing long in
blossom, — :3 almost an indispensiblc ornament to the
garden. The flowers of one variety are scarlet-crim.
son; those of another, creamy-white, slightly tinged
with red: ond by grafting, an intermixture of both
kinds appear on one bush. There is also a double
flowered variety.

The bolly-kaved Barheiry ( Berheris AquifoliumJ
from the region of the Rocky Mountains, is an ever-
green With large pinnated leaves. Scorcely exceeding
eighteen inches in height, it is sale under the snows of
winter; but like the Tree Pseonia occoEionally suffers
in its blossom-buds from the severe frosts of early
spring. Its yellow flowers ore presented in masses
from the ends and a.xlls of the bronches, — showy, or-
namental, and singular.

Narcissus hijlorus; whitish yellow — jV. jnnqailla,
(true jonquil,) deep yellow— and lY. jiatlicus, (poet's
narcisjUB,) pure while with a crimson rim — and o dou-
ble white viiriety or species, — are al! very sweet ond
bc'Ui'.tiliil.

f<axij'rngii crr.ssifolia, with its naked stems o foot
bigli, crowned with rose-colored flowers, is worthy of
a place; and CoTijdalis nubdis, si rich in its folioge,
may glow by its side. Both will do best in a shady
bolder, as well as C. /ormosa.

Silai ? pmnisi/lrmiira, pnle red, is neat and pretty;
I'erbrnii multifida, pale blue-purple, iucreascs the vari-
ety of the border; and Pellaria idliacra, adds the dcli-
coie whitencBJ of its corymbs.

The white Aspho.le! oflwo tpecies, cjrhibils its ftnr-
like blossoms; Hemcrocul/s irnicilis, its yellow bells;
and Ragged Robin, its laceiatrd floweisof o line red,
ond very double.

Iris cristatu, pale bhicpurple, and / liicustiis of a
rich vioh't, both variegiited, form themselves into tuft-

ed beds. The Florentine Iris displays its white blos-
soms and diffuses its odors. The Flower de Lis more
gaudy, expands into blue and purple; and the Sibe-
lian Iris, equally toll and fine, has the attrocuon of
greater neatness.

Penstcmun gracilis with evergreen leaves, is one of
the smallest and prettiest of the genus. Delphinium
tricorne, dark purpie, is the eorlicst of the Larkspurs.
Dodecalkcon Meadia in three varieties, posses from
white into red-purple, and by its shape reminds us of
the Cyclamen. The double Ranunculus glitters in
yellow;, and the purple Vcrbascum daily presents new
tiowcrs in succccsion as the stem ascends.

The Tulip in many varieties gives brilliancy and
fragrance to the border; and only abstains from blue
or violet in the selection of its colors.

The Pceonias odd their splendors. Three double
varieties of the Tiee Psonia, all very different, come
forth near the close of the month, besides ihr&^ double
varieties of the officinal Pseonia, uU varying in color;
three double varieties of the Chinese herbaceous Paeonia
still more interesting, will soon appear, with one dou
ble Piionia parudoza bearing purple flowers. Having
generally no seeds to mature, double flowers are more
durable; and possessing all the fragrance and delicate
coloring of single flowers, why should we not desire
them? There are however, many single varieties and
species of the PcEOnia now in bloom.

A few favorite shrubs may he noticed. The Japan
Globe Flower is of the richest yellow; the snowball
and double cherry of the puiesi white; but nothing
can excel the dwarf Almond in its varied tints. The
Lilacs are a glorious family; but the red is decidedly
the finest of the common kinds. Scarcely inferior is
the Siberian Lilac, presenting long masses of bloom ;
and though the Persian is smaller, it is worthy of a
place.

Aquilcgia atropurpurea is the most beautiful Co-
lumbine that we have seen — but we have not room for
further notices this month. X.

The Proper Time lor Cutting Tiiuothy.

We are much obliged to our correspondent " A
Cayuga Farmer," for his remarks upon this subject
The lime for mowing Timothv, which he considers
the best, viz: "when the seed has attained its size, and
the blossom is gone," ia not much later than in fact
intended by the writer on the grasses. Having seen
much Ti'moM;/ stand too long, as he thought, and as
the observations of others had shown, he designed to
call the attention ol farmers to a somewhat earlier
mowing than he 'Lclieved to prevail. This led him io
use a stronger expression thon the ca.>!e made neceeso-
ry where an cjirlier mowing is practiicd. The cloee
of blossoms, ond not the beginning, would doubtless
be the safer and more profitable lime, and is the time
actually intended. He is glud to hear that farmers
have in any section come to cut this gross sufficiently
eiily; he would encourage a cutting neither too early
nor too lute.

It must be a great defect, arising from early cutting,
if the hoy is '• very liable to be dusty and smoky," as
our correspondent states; and such a result is to be
prevented by thorough curing. The gross will then
have more juice in it, which will be dried in it, if cut
not too late, and this will not pass to the maturing of
the seed, but be retained in the hoy. The roots, loo,
will the sooner send up nev\' shoots, when the gross is
cut before inalu.ity.

We trust ihat "yj Caijiig.i l-'urmcr" will be satisfied
that we are hiboring for the same end that he intends,
and tlnit with our acknowleJgnieiils to him, the broth-
erhood will be careful to cut th -ir grass obout the right
Urn -J. D.

isllii'

JiJ'l

The Curcullo.

The fruit-garden is a delightful promenade ins
mer ond outumn; but too many freeholders forg
about it in the planting season. Where the enclo
is large, plume, apricots, and nectarines, ougl
stond in 0 quarter by themselves, so that the hogs
be confined among them ot the lime when the Curt „,j.
is most octive. This suggestion hod not occurred) k ]^
when we planted our fruit-garden; and the benet ],{
be derived from the presence of the hogs, ore in B ,
measure, lost. As a remedy, however, we havi ,
screening ond other small grains, under some ofi
trees; ondo few days ago we vs'ent to ascertain th ' '
suit. A sheet was first spread under several treei •*
remote part of the garden which had received d ^H"'
tention, and from these v;e got more than tweai"'' "^
these insects; but not a solitary one was
where the hogs hod trodden the ground hard.

Since thot time wo have frequently gone intoj
fruit gorden with a basket of giain in one hand, i
mallei in ihe other, the whole drove of hogs falloi(
Hoving jarred the tree with the mallet, by slrik
gaintt the stump of a limb cut off" for the purposi
strewed the contents of thb basket without delaj
This insect is timid, and its danger in lying on
ground at this juncture is not merely ideal, for a f
ful trompling succeeds; ond if it should not be inst
ly cr.ithed, we hope it will not soon return to the s

Red Root. *

This truly formidable weed in our wheal crop,
we perceive, yearly increasing. AVhen it first
tains possession of a field, it may be removed by c
fully pulling it, while in flower. Afier it gets
possession, it is difficult to destroy it, as the seedi
ten remoin several years dormant, especially if bu
deep by the plough.

One of the best methods of treating it, is to har
or lightly plough the wheat stubble immediately i
harvest, to cause the fallen seeds to vegetate, and
troy the young plants the next season by sum
crops, which should be repeated for a year or I
when th<i land may be summer fallowed for whea
Successive crops of buckwheat are said to be ad^
tageouB. We hope those of otir correspondents ^
have had experience in the destruction of this wi
will communicate to us the methods aitd lesulte.

* Ijilhospcrmuni arvense.

Child, on Beet Sugar.

^Ve have already presented our readers with a b
notice of the new work on the culture of the Su
Beet and the manufacture of Beet Sugar, by Do
Lee Child. As it is the rtsiHt of three year's cl
observation and experience, we purpose, as soon
practicable, to comply with the frequent requestsof'
readers for information, by publishing some inten
ingand voluoble extrocts. In the mean time we wo
recommend our subscribers ol large, who may hi
opportunity, to procure and examine the work, ai
contains many useful hints relative to ihe culture
the sugar beet, which would apply to this and oil
root crops, when cultivated as food for domestic a
tnols.

m

IMTi

For the Ntw Oenfset Farmtn
To make Oyster Corn Cukes.

Take one quart of green corn rasped with o coa.
grater, two teacupe-fuU of new milk, one teacup-f
ol flour, mix them together and add two eggs w
beat up, season the baiter with salt and pepper, »
bake upon a griddle. These cakes afford as good,,
imitation of the taste of oys'.ers ss can be made wi
salbily. The corn should be such o^ is moat suiiab
for rjOiting or boiling. C.

6.

A iN 13 G A R 1) E iN E R 'S J O U R N A L.

93

Iliuts on Gardening for Juiie>

iiionlh of Mny has been unusually propitious for

: iltncr. No long continued rains have greatly

:r I til hie opperations; and no late frosts have de-

.tjCj his labor. Most gardens have been planted

lod season, and every thing seeme to promise o-

ant crops of vegetablcs,fruit8 and flowers. Much

emains to be done, however, ond the Gardener

still bo active and watchful, in order to ensure a

reward for his labors. Much of the work di-

d for last month may, with advantage, be perfir-

early this month.

UMtnicrs, Com, Be.tJts, Beets, Carrots, Turnips,
skcs, Lclluce, and somo other seeds, may still be
I wheerreinircd.

le middlcr or latter part of the month, is a good
to plant Cuannbers for pickles, as they will es-
the bugs, and grow faster and bear better than if
led early — Beets, sown this month, will be better
.winter use than if sown early — observe to soalc
ectfs two or three days before sowing, else they
not vegetate in dry weather. Turnifs require
and rather moist land, and if free from insects or
ns, they will do well, sown this or next month.
ibbage, CaulijloweT and Broeeoli plants should be
iplanted when of sufficient size as directed lust
tb,

sierj, sown early, and transplanted into a nursery
last month, may now be set into the trenches. —
soil for celery trenches should be deep and rather
it, with an open bottom. If the soil is not deep,
e the trenches shallow, so as to allow six inches
;ood earth, mixed with rotten manure at the
im; on which set the plants, six inches apart in a
. Water freely and frequently in dry weather,
shade the plants fora few days after transplanting,
placing a board over the trench. Do not coin-
ce earthing up till tlie plantshave inado considera-
»rowth, and be careful not to let the earth get into
heart of the plants.

lUnning Crops. — The young crops of vegetables
now begin to grow rapidly, and wheie too thick,
slants should be thinned as early as possible. A
beets, onions, and such things as are used early
be table, may be left and thinned as required for use.
Veeds v:i\\ now spring up in abundance, and mnst
estroyed while young. S'>nie persons pretend to
sve that weeds are an advantage, as a shade to
ng crops in dry weather; but this a great error and
a subterfuge for ind^'lence. It is well known that
'de rapidly absorb the moisture and nutriment from
soil; and on examining beneath the surfarce in
weather it will befijund that the ground ie much
3r where covered with weeds than where kept clean.
1 to this, their unsightly appearance, and the dif-
Uy of destroying them when full grown, and we
ik all will admit that weeds must be destroyed
le yoting.

Stirring the ground. — Nothing conduces more
lie growth of crops that frequent stirring of the
iind, especially is this' necessary in dry weather
where the soil is inclined to bake or become bard.

* 3und which is frequently stirred in dry weather,

• I be found moist, while that which is not stirred,
' 1 become perfectly dry. We say then, stir oftin,
1 1 the hoe, rake, cultivator, whatever you please, but
iiou want great cro| s be fure and krt^i slirrirg.

U'lileriiig must not be reglectrd in dry weather, if
!1 water is used, it should aland all day in a tub or
Tcl, exposed to the Sun. Evening is the best time
watering.

The foicer Garden should of course be kept free
m weeds, and the soil loose and fine. Perrenial and
innial flower seeds may now be sov^•n. Annual?,
Wn early, will now begin to need thinning and

transplanting. Take up the plants with a scoop trowel
and it can be done without injury. ]f delicate kinds
are removed, they should be «hadcd from hot eun.
Water every evening in dry weather.

I

Slugs on Fruit TieeS"Again.

These unwelcome vioitora are now making prepara-
tions for another attack on our fruit t. ecs near this
city. We have just noticed sonic leaves of a pear tree
on whiL'h are numerou«; small thin eggs like scales,
adhering closely to the leaf, which we have no doubt
will soon produce our slimy enemies. Wo had but
Utile time, and could not discover the perfect insect,
(which is doubtless some kind of a fly or moth) but as
the eggs are newly deposited we believe the depositors
may be discovered ; and we hope some of our friends
will capture a specimen or two, in order to gratify our
curiosity.

Early Premium Vegetables

DELIVEKEIl AT THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE.

First half doz. cucumbers. May 7th, by Richard
Oram, East Mendon — tor the Eagle Tavern. Second
half (loz. cucumbers. May 8th, by Gei. Ellwanger,
Rochester — for the Arcade House. First peck green
peas, June 1st, by William Elliot, Greece — served up
at the Arcade House. M. B. B.

Rocheyer, June 1st, 1840.

Eaklv Wheat, and tall Rve. — Gen R. Harmon
of Wheatland, brought into the Farmers' Meeting on
the 2Stb inst. , some stalks of Wheat olready in head,
three feet high. It is called the White May Wheat
from Virginia.

Mr. laaoc Moore from Brighton, brought in a root
of Rye with stalks six feet high.

Essex Agricultural Society.

We are indebted to Henrv Colma.n, Commission-
er for the Agricultural Survey of Massachusetts, for a
copy of the transactions of the Essae Agricultural
Soeiely tor 1839. It contains the address delivered
before the Society by Allen Putnam, of Danvcrs, re
ports of the several committees to award premiums,
with the statements of the several successful competi-
tors, and other interesting matter. It also contains
the speeches of Daniel Webster and Prof. Sdliman
before the Agricultural meeting in Boston, with copi-
ous additional notes by the commissioner. We hope
hereafter to enrich our columns by extracts from the
work.

The Farmer's Cabinet.

This excellent periodical, (published at Philadel-
phia,) has passed into the hands of Kimber & Siiarp-
less, as publishers, and James Pedder, as Editor. —
The well earned character of the publishers, as busi-
ness men, and the high reputation of the Editor, as a
practical man and a wiiter, gives the best assurance o
the future excellence and success of the paper. The
" Dialogues between a Father and Son," one number
of which we have transferred to our columns this
month, Irom the pen of the Editor, are in themselves
worth more than the price of the paper, one dollar per
annum.

Pork Eating.

Mr.ssKs. Editohs. — Do we not eat too much pork
.in this country ? I have been subject to the rheuma-
tism for several yrars past. From August to Februa-
ry last, I left off" the use of pork, and the rheumatism
left me. From February to April I used pork again,
and my rheumatism returned. From April to this
time I have dispensed with pork again, and am again
free from rheumatism. Farmers are much suhject to
rheumatic complaints, and if any particidar kind of
diet is calculated to cause or increase disorders, they
iiu" ht to be informed on the subject. I therefore men-

tion my own case as a hint to others, in order that
any who may be afflicted as I have been, if they feel
disposed to do so, niay try the same experiment, and
observe the elTecte. Cakflei.d.

Ohio, May S.^, 1810.

Culture of the Grape.

Messrs. EriiTons — A correspondent in the fourth
number of the Farmer wishes to know the best meth-
od of raising the grape. My way is to trim those
vines that have been growing some years, in the win-
ter, so as to prevent the sap from running in the spring,
which is apt to retard their growth. When the buds
bei^in to start, I rub all from the old part, leaving
those on the las: year's growth only which will pro
duce grapes. After they have grown to the size of
shot, I clip the ends of the vines and free them from
branches, leaving a few of the thriftiest which I keep
free from branches, so that in the fall I have a number to
raise a crop from the next season. By the middle of
August 1 take the leaves from the vines that hove
grapes on, and by this means gel them ripe before fiost.
If the buds have not been taken off" when they first
started, the surplus branches of the present year's
growth may be clipped off' in the forepart of June. By
pursuing this course, my grapes ripen without being
frozen. • C.

Port Gibson, N. ¥.

The English Markets.

The foUow'ing account of the prices of agiicultuial
produce in England, is gathered from papers of the
last week in April, received by the British Queen —
\Vc copy from the Yankee Farmer.

Wheat $2,06 per bushel; Barley .$1,18; Rye $1,-
12J: Oats 75 cents; American Flour, in bond, |iP,75
per bbl.

The prices of fat stock, in Smithfield cattle market,
per lb. ' to sink the offal,' are quoted as follows:
prime large O.ven 10 cents per lb; second riuality 9;
coarse and inferior Sheep 9; prime South Down;
12; Lambs 15; Large Hogs 12.

New Irish Butter, per 112 lbs. $29, ."5^; Cheese,
$22,56; Bacon (new) .$14; Hams, Irish, .$16 a 5U;
Potatoes, per. ton of 224U lbs. $14,40; Hay, coarse,
meadow, per ton, $19; fine upland and Rye Grass
$21,50, clover Hay $24.

The price of wheaK-n bread in London, was from
18 to 20 cents, per 4 lb. loaf.

XVovl. — British fleuccs were quoted at 30 to 38cta.
per lb; Flannel Wool 25 a Slcts. per lb; Blanket
Wool 14 a 25; Merino flce&sSS a 42c; German Sax-
on and Silesinn 1st and 2d Electoral. 74 a 120c. per
lb; Prima 56 a 74c; Sccunda 42 a 56c; Moravian,
Bohemian, and Hungarian Electoral 90 a 116c; Pri-
ma 56 a 72c; Lambs 48 a 96c.

Cattle Bones are quoted at $15 up to 30 per ton,
ond the Farmer remarks that large quantities of bones
have been purchased in the United States at $4 per
ton, for the English market.

Errata.

The "A. B. C. of Silk Culture" on P. 86 of this
paper should be credited to the farmer's Rigister.

In the article on the culture of fruit P. 82 second
column, second jiaragrnph, for Alexander's Graven
stein read Alexander, Grarcnstein.

ICr The two last paragraphs on P. 90 do not belong
to the article with which they are placed. They are
properly inserted on P. 84.

In lost month's paper page 69, column 3, line 2, lor
Uie evergreen, read this evergreen. Page 69 col, 3
line 6, lor the peSod (.) insert a comma I,). Page 69
col. 3 line 10 read Amaryllide. Page 69 col. 3 line
13, Z. Atamosco is synonymous with Amaryllis Ata-
masco ; S. lutea is synonymous witj Amaryllis lutes.
Page 69 col. 3 line 14, for Atomiisca. read Atamasco.
Page 69 col. 3 line 29, Sternbergia lutea is one name,
and should have no comma between. Poge 69 col. 3
line 31, for mcrcosc read irecreajcs. Page 69 col 3 line
5/rom bottom for Uylize read Hatirc. Page 69 col.
3 line 20 for excell read excel. Page 72 col. 1 line 28,
all the words from " As this little," &c. to the end ot
the paragraph were quoted from J. Burnett's letter,
and should have been so marked by the compositor.
Page 71 col. 3 line 23, for Hurphns read Syrphvs.
Page 71 coj. 1 line 27 for allummovs read albumi-
nous.

04

1' ] I E x\ E W G EN E S E E E A R M E R,

Vol. 1

XT'

From the Farmf.rs' Cabinet.

DialoKQe between a Father and Son.

HART 1.

Supposed Conversation between a Prorident and fm-

prariUent I'lirmcr, and their respcclite crops, stocks,

4-c.

Frani.— Father, which m the most profitable breed
of sheep for the farmer 1 I should eiippnee the largest,
as a sheep is a sheep you know, and a large one is of
more value than a small one.

Father. — A prudent man will advise with his land
on that subject.

Frank. — But can his land advise with him ?

Father. — Yes, and the lesaons which a farmer is
taught by hie land, are not soon forgntten, ns, accord-
ing to the old adage, •^bought icit is best." I Eome-
times fancy that my crops converse with me, when 1
visit them of an evening, and if I could do justice to
those fancied dialogues which I seem to hear, and
could commit them to paper, they would, i think,
make a pleasant addition to your book.

Frank. — O, do try, " nothing is impossible lo a
icilling mind,," ynu know.

Father. — M'i8t opportunely quoted the text — now
for the SKioioN.

We will suppose then that a slovenly /^rocraj^iTiator
is visiting his fields on just such a glorious evening as
the present, in jupt such a fruitful eenson as we are
now blest with. He goes up to the field, No. 1, which
IB wheat, and begins —

Grabb. — Good evening; fine weather this: but I
don't think you look quite as well as you did the last
time I visited yon.

Wheat. — I wonder how I should — do you not see
'how I am choked with weeds ? how the thistles are
goading me with their spikes, and the rag weeds are
taking the food out of my mouth, while the bind
weeds are dragging me down to the earth; and bow
that T am smothered with evils innumerable 7

Grabb. — But I allowed you a fallow and plenty of
manure; you ought at least to have been able to cope
with the weeds.

Wiieal. — You forget that "the earth is own mother
to the wee:]e, while she is only nioiher-in-law to the
crops that are planted in her bosom:" besides, you
talk of a fallow — why this grent thistle on my right,
and which baa one of his spikes fixed in my side, has
jU5t informed me that he ie one of the progeny which
was reared in this same fallow of yours, — his parent
being the identical thistle under which the farmer sat
on horseback, and escaped a drenching, while his
neighbors were wet t:) the skin ! Yon seem to have
forgotten that "one year's seeding is seven year's
iBeeding."

Gr:M. — Ah well I I'll gel these weeds pulled.

Wheat. — As you said a month ago, and will say
again, and never do it !

Frank. — E.\cellent I But you never fallow or
dung for wheat.

Falher. — Nor have 1 ever such fine thistles. I al-
ways dung for green crops, and insure two things at
the same time — more food for the cattle, and of
course, larger dunghills. My object is to retard the
growth of the wheat, that it might be strong in the
stalk, and I therefore do not encourage its lavish
growth by manure and fallow. Now for No. 2.

2. Cfirn. Grabb. — Why ynu look very sickly;
I thought you would do better, judging from the ap-
pearance you put on at first coming up — how's this 7

Com. — Ask yourself ! Y'ou thought you were
cheating me. when you sowed without manure — a fa-
vor you always promised me; I relied upon that pro-
mise and came up, with the expectation that I should
find it when I needed it; but after sending my roots
below in search for it, I find your promises ai-c lalse —
you compl.iin of my sickly look ! I can only say, if
you had no more to feed upon than I have, you would
not have shelled the three lower buttons on your waist-
coat I Grabb tucked the shucks into the holes and
walked on.

Frank. — I now find that crops can advise, and ad-
monibh ti>o: but could not the farmer do something in
the way of top dreeing to remedy a part of the evil 7

Falher. — Yes; but he had no manure.

3. Barley. Grabb. — Ah! you'll come to nothing.
Barley. — T thank ynu, and return the compliment.

But what did you e.xpcct when ynu sowed me after
once ploughing, on a stiff and wet soil 7 "Nothing
venture, nothing have." I only wish that you had to
work so hard as I do for a living. You woidd then
feel for me.

4. Oau. Grabb. — Well, I think you might do a
little better than you do, if you would try; why, I shall

• not get the value of the seed back — thot'e loo bad !

Oats. — Nov.', that's thrice bad of you ! Y"U know
that you have had si.\ groin crops in succession from
the land on which I am sown, with not a sjiadefull of
manure of any kind for the last six years I Why,
even the weeds have been starved out, end you have
put in practice the lazy farmer's recipe for ridding his
land of weeds — "maJie it so poor that they will not
grow !" Now that's practical liirniing without theory.
6'ra44.— But what ehall I do for want of the straw,
which I depended upon as fodder for niy cattle during
next winter 7

Oats. — I? that all your dependence for the next
winter 7 Why your cattle will be ready to eat yoa !
and you will have to practice the other part of the re-
cipe, "to prevent cattle from dying of starvation —
kill them." But ] give you warning; niiihcr they
or you must expect any thing from me; if 1 can hold
my own, 'twill be as much as I shall do.

5. Clover. Grabb. — AVhy you look healthy and
well, but how is it thot you have made so little pro-
gress in height 7 There's Farmer Sykes' clover as
high as my knees, and will be soon fit for the scythe I
but 1 um unfu Innate in every thing !

Clorcr. — That's a true word, although not spoken
in jcsl. Why you seem to forget that as soon as 1 had
made a litile progress in growth, you turned in all
your starving cattle, horses, and sheep, which not on-
ly eat up the branch, but aUo the root !

Giahli. — Ah ! that I was compelled to do to keep
'hem from starving — but you had all the benefit of
their manure while they were feeding you.

Clover. — Y'ou call that manure 7 why it was, the
greatest part, nothing but worms and hots — and the
little good that remained was soon carried ■ofi' by the
grasshojipers and bugs, which were about as much in
want of it as I ! My fear is, that the hot weather,
which seems now to be setting in, will scorch the
land, so tmprotectcd by foliage, and dry up the scanty
crop which is left, before it is high enough for the
scythe — and then, what do you think your horses will
say to you I If you had done what Farmer Sykes did,
you would have deserved his success; you must re-
member, how, that instead of feeding off his young
crop, he top dreseed it with a compost of lime and
earth and dung, which had been carefully prepared in
the winter and well pulverized; by which, not oMy
his present crop is doubly benefitted, but it is also pre-
paratory to on autumn sowing of wheat on the lay. —
Now put this and that together, and calculate the re-
sult. Fiist, two tons of hay per acre, the first cut-
ting; one ton per acre, the second, with a capital af-
termaith for his dairy; and if wheat is sown by the
2i)ih of Soptember, a yield of forty bushels per acre
might be expected at next year's harvest; and this is
not all — for after the wheat is carried, the land will be
turned, and the clover stubble, perfectly rotted, will
form an excellent seed bed for buckwheat, with the
expectation of a heavy crop. Now I will leave you to
calculate the value of my second crop, (remember you
have already had theirs* cutting, and a severe catling
It was,) and of course you do not expect much at the
third; while seventeen bushels of wheat per acre, next
harvest, will be quite as much as you have any right
to expect; and common justice will not allow you to
sow buckwheat after.

Grabb. — Why, you are one of Job's comforters !
Clorcr. — But I cannot see that you have any claim
to the character of Job — for "In all this. Job sinned
not," remember.

C. Potatoes. Grabb. — Well, I don't know how it
is, but while others ore digging new potatoes, it does
not appear that 1 shall ever have any to dig ! I think
I tuny OS well leave you to your fate, tor you'll cer-
tainly never be worth the labor of cleaning.

Potatoes. — Now ynu cannot be ignoi'antof the fact,
that for two months alter the crops of others were up,
you were only talking of planting your's; on<i all the
while the weeds were growing on, what you called
your fallow, until some of them wore as high os your
head, and full of seed; we were then tumbled in all
together, and have ever since been struggling (or the
mastery; but you have now scaled our fate, and must
take ihe consequences. 'Twas fortunate for you, was
it not 7 tlinl your father lived before yon, for he would
find it dijjirult to live after you !

7. The Cows in pasture. Grabb. — Well, yo« have
more gross thon ynu can eat, however, you can't grum-
ble— that's one comfort.

Coics. — Grass, do you call it 7

Grabb. — Y''es I do; — and what do you call it 7

Coirs. — Why, we were just saying, it would puzzle

aPhilodelphia lawyer to say what it was; but judging

by the smell as well as the taste, it might be called

garlic, without ofTcnding against the statute of truth.

Grabb. — Well, you are all alike I Did'nt I let you '
feed off the crop of clover, almost before it was out of
the ground 7

Coics. — 'That's a fact I Indeed we were at last ob- !'
liged to dig for it, and you will feel the effects nelt (
winter, or we are no conjurers.

Grahb. — -\h, I had need be a conjurer to know how
to satisfy you all; but what have you done with the
sheep ?

Coics. — What, these large bodied, long wooled an.
imals, for which you gave in exchange, your small
breed, which, even they, could only just keep bo ly and
soul together, by picking the short herbage of the pna- ,
ture 7 Oh ! we have done nothing with them, but \
they have at last been able to do something for them- f
selves, for finding it impossible to subsist on such short
commons, and that they were growing less every day,
they sought for a hole in the fence, and by waiting
until they were reduced so nnich in size as to be ah:-
to creep through, they at length passed into yonr
wheat, with the intention of returning after they hod
filled themselves, but this they could not do then, and
it is not probable that they have attempted it since, eo
you had better look for them, for ere this, they hav«
cost you as much as they are worth, in the damage
they ha\ e done to the wheat crop.

Gabb. — Well, 'tis no use to try to do any thing
more, and so I'll go straight home — no, not straight,
for if I do, I shall get amongst the porkers, and they
are grumblers by profession.

9. Pigs. — Porkers, did you call us 7 'Twill b'
long before we have any pork about us, with our pre-
sent mode of living — call us grunters, for so we are,
and with reason; we wonder you are not afraid to
meet us after dark, for we ore but the ghosts of thingB
that have been. "There is this consolation in it, how-
ever— our lives will be spared, for we shall never be
worth the trouble of killing; indeed, that, in a little
time, would be no "murder," as it would be like one
of your neighbors, who killed his pigs to save their (ki^
lives !

10. Grabb. — Ah 1 well, here come the Horses,
they are the only generous animals upon a farm: but
where are ye all going in such a hurry !

Horses. — We have come at last to the resolution of
no longer starving quietly, so we are going in a body
to break over the fence into Farmer Clement's clover;
we know where the weok place is, lor we have heard
you promise for the last three months to get it mended,
and, of course, it is not done yet. We do nol in-
tend to break into your own clover, as ihat would be
punishing ourselves the next winter, for we calculate
there will not be more food than enough for us all, if
we eat stock and block of the whole farm.

By this time the farmer had reached his house, and
going in, said to himself, there is no comfort out of
doors, let us see if we can get a little within — wife,
bring the rum bottle and a pipe. Talk of the ind" '
pendence of a farmer's life indeed! 'tis all a hum-
here am I", with the best intentions in the world —

Wife. — Not the value of a cent ! all your i'li^cn-
(io7i5 never grow into actioits ! Now just sit down,
and I'll sum up the thousand and one promises thot
you have made me to do the necessary repairs about
the houee — and to begin with the roof of the dairy,
which was stripped ofl'by that storm last autumn, and
there it remains in the same state to this day —

Grabb. — Take care, let me get to bed, out of the
way !

Frank. — Oh ! thank you; but now to make a per- i r
feet picture, we should visit his fields with a good
farmer and husbandman.

Father. — That indeed would be much more agreea-
ble, and some day we may do so: but it is now late —
Ut us get to bed, as Grabb said, but not for the same
reason, blessed be God I

P.lltT II.

Frank. — Well, Father, you see the book is right—
"nothing is impossible." When shall you be ready
to give us the other side of that picture which you
yesterday diew for Farmer Grabb 7

Fatlicr. — The twin brother of the above proverb, is,
"nothing like time present" — by means of both, wp
moy perlbrm prodigies; so let us try at once. We
will take our neighbor Sykes for the conversation of
the picture, and suppose him going into his fields to
"meditate at eventide."

No. 1. Wheat. — Ah, Farmer, I om glad to see you;
'tis not often that you are absent for two evenings, I
was afraid you were sick.

Sykts. -Vfby, you see I had promised my wife to at-
tend to some little alterations about the house, and that
has prevented me from seeing you as usual — we must

u

AND GARDE IV E R '8 JO U RiN A L.

9c

la core of tUe women, you know, or they will noi
•( lor us^but aou look well.

Iiial. — Yt'S,"tbnnk8 to your bounty. I am now
s'e :n_; on tbat ningnificent coat of manure wbich you
rj 1(1 the young clover last spring, anil juet at lUe
it )i', when It is needed, for ii" you will examine
!■ .li.inia on your left, you will find that the car is nl-
r li f.Tmed in the blade, and that they are all Jicc'
rv 1. If too.

'///,ij. — That's capital 1 Now that comes of being
^ i to the soil.

riiciil.. — And now, will you cost your eye over the
ri:-S, and say if you see any piece of wheat in the
ai'Ui y so uniform and regular in its gnnvth / The
a-r of the plants on the sides of the ridges, in, if
thing, of a deeper gieen than those on the top or
rn of the ridge — a sure prognostic at this eeaeon
he year of a heavy crop. The field juet below is
sat, sown after il whole year's fallow, with dung;
there the order is reversed, for the plants which are
r the furniW8 on the sides of the ridges, are weak
yellow. And only trace the rows of green spots,
traight lines across the fields ! they were occa-
led by the heaps of dung wbich remained uuspread
weeks, until they were overgrown with weeds,
n what was termed a fallow I The weeds now
sturdy witnesses that the cultivation and dung
e done much more for them than for the wheat,
yet it ie probable that Farmer Grabb e.xpects to
3 a profit from hie crop !

iykes. — I dot think that ue will either have a reap
1 profit. Your present appearance warrants an ear •
larvest, by the blessing of a good seagon, and I am
ghted with the prospect. Can I do any thing more
you ?

Wheat. — No, but there is something that you must
for yourself — you must increase the size of your
:k yard — I go for nothing less than forty bushels
acre.

!, Corn. Sykes. — Well, I am glad to see you
i so much better; your first appearance was very
ik and sickly, and ray neighbors wanted to per-
de me it was because I sowed the seed with Buck-
tster's drill, but I knew that could not be the cause,
I never saw any machine operate better; 1 only
ih the handles were a little longer and lower.
Jorn. — My sickly appearance was owing to your
n good management.
^kes. — Why, how could that be I
IHom. — You know that you are in the habit of
ughing a lectle deeper every time, and thus a small
tion of the sterile subsoil was brought to the eur-
3, and in this the seeds were sown; and the roller
the drill passing over, (a capital invention,) pres-
them so closely into the clay, and rain falling im-
diately after, and following the track of the roller,
surface became so hard and dry, it was with diffi-
ty that I could penetrate it, and for a few days I
3W I looked miserable: I, however, soon got to the
nure below which you had so bountifully supplied,
Inow I feel as though I could mount to the height
ten feet. If the season should be favorable, you
y put me down for 110 bushels per acre. I am in
fear of the weeds which I see springing up around
, you'll take care of them, I know.
5. Sugar Beets. Si/kes. — Ah I Mons. Sugar Beet,
w do you do ? How do you like our country and
uate 1 How do you like the exchange ?
Beets. — Ah ! Mons. Farmer, I like your country '

4. Potatoes. Sykcs. — Well, the progress which you
have uuidc in growth during the last two days, sur-
prises mc ! But never, ior a moment, have 1 doubted
the fultilment of my most sanguine expectations res-
pecting this, my favorite crop.

Potatoes. — But you have left us nothing to do but
to grow: your labors begun last autumn, when you
ploughed the land deep, and laid it high and dry iiir
the winter; and before others could get on their land
in the spring, you had planted your crop. Then
again your judicious management in not moulding un
up — we have only to go on to maturity, while the
crops ol those who keep moulding, never know where
to be, or what to be at; for just as they have discover-
ed the height at which to form the bulbs, conies the
hoe, and buries them so deep as to ruin them: they
are therefore compelled to begin to form their bulbs
higher, to be within the influence of the sun, leaving
their first formed bidbe to their fate: but exhausted in
a degree, by the double exertion, they are weakened,
so as not to be able to bring the higher crop any more
than the lower, to perfection, and bo both are re
duced, both in quantity and quality, having many
small and useless bulbs; happy, however, if they es-
cape a third, or even a fourth moulding. Men are
very silly to suppose that potatoes do not know iheir
own business best; their fear, that without moulding,
they would form their crops on the suriace, is very
childish; W'hy, crcn iheij themselves would not be
guilty of any thing so thoughtless; their desire is,
only to find the spot where they shall be within the
reach oi the sun's rays, and men need not fear that
they will get above it. All the crops that arc not
moulded up are free from those half formed bulbs, or
warty excrescences, which are so apt to deform those
which have been nursed into the rickets: and there
are very lew small bulbs, for the root is not anxious to
form more than it knows it can bring to perfection. —
By your e-xcelltnt management, you will secure a har-
vest ten days earlier than your neighbors, a crop lar-
ger in quantity, and superior in quality, and which
will command an extra price in the market — put us
down for 780 bushels per acre.

5. Clover. Sijkes. — Well, this is the finest crop of
clover in the country, and will be soon fit for the
scythe.

Clocer. — No thanks to me, for you made me what
I am, by that magnificent covering of compost, by
which 1 was literally buried alive. If the season re-
mains favorable, 1 can promise yon two tons of hay
per acre the first crop, one ton per acre the second,
and a capital aftermaith for vour dairy, and if tbat
won't yield you u profit, w^ then quit, and go a
fishing !

6. Cows in Pasture. Sykes. — Well, Fanny, Kit-
ty, and Judy, what have you done with Bill ?

Cows. — Oh ! he lies under yonder hedge, com-
plaining it is easier to lie down than to rise, and
thiidis it hard to have to accompany us twice to the
yard when we go to be milked — indeed he %vill soon
be too fat to be healthy.

Sykes. — Well, I think you all live in clover, and the
return which you make of ten pounds of butter each
per week, is a proof of your gratitude fur good treat-
ment.

Coies. — We are very happy, and the proverb says,
''without comfort you can't make butler." But our
happiness is owing to your excellent care of us, espe-
cially in dividing our pasture into three compartments.

.S/iir/j. — Tons it was "ad 'lother way," as Fornser
.\thtield says, but Grabb's sheep declare it wos robbe-
ry, rank robbery; for they have been robbed of Uic
means of existence. j,

^yket:. — To me it has been advantageous, end has
proved the truth of the calculation on proportioi\ing
sheep stock to land: "The same land which carried
indilferently, forty-five long wooled sheep, maintatitcd-
in good plight jne hundred and liiiy Rylands." I am
theretore saiieiied with the exchange.

y. But here come the hoibcs. Well, my beautitiB i
why, where are ye going in tbat frolicsome mood 1

Horses. — Oh, we have eaten our supper, and Bra
now going to rest in the upper pasture; we say to Test
— Farmer Grabb's horses go to luhor, for as they get
no food in the stable after their duy's work, they are
compelled to gather their supper liclure they eat it, and
bard work it is with a bite so short: and after laboring
all doy at the plough, and all night at a short bita, 'tis
no wonder that it cosis him more in whips than in
corn. We shall therefore be ready by break of day
for whatever you will put us too, for "horses who are
kept above their work, their labor is play."

Sykes. — Well, take care now, and if you raeet
Grabb's horses down the road, don't go to play with
them, for they have si meihing more serious to tbink
of. Halloo ! where did that groan come from 7 —
•'And yet another, and another," as the man says in
the play. Oh ! 'tis only the hogs, who have ovsrtat-
en themselves again ; this is butter making day, and.
ihey are alwoys a little uneasy after that."

Hogs. — And so would you be, if you had swilled
as much os we have; but you men have no feeling.for
poor dumb brutes !

By this time Sykes had reached his house, and en-
tered, singing the last verse of that fine old song,
"No glory 1 covet;" it runs thus —

;' How vainly through inrlnile strucgic and 6trif«,

The many their lajjors employ !
Since .111 that is truly delightful in life,

Is wh.1t all, if they will, may enjoy."

Sykes. — Well, wife, your elegant supper table Looks
very inviting.

Wife. — Frank, get your Father's slippers.

Sykes. — And my beltermost " Blouse," ^ I mean-
now to "rest and be thankful." And Frank, after
supper, and while your mother and sister are "plying
their needles," you shall read to us " The Yellow
Shoestrings," which I read when I was a boy; Br.d to
the golden rule contained in tbat little book, "Noth-
ing IS impossible to a willing mind." I owe the chief
blessings of my life, dun't 1 wile ?

Wife. — Well, I confess that if it had not been for
your perseverance, the diHieulties which opposed eur
union would never have been surmounted, and that, I
guess, would have been unlbrtunate for both of us.

Sykes. — Well, after that, I tbink we may go to sup-
per !

Frank. — Thank you, Father, these stories will
inake a beautiful pair of portraits, ond shall be preser-
ved by me with gratitude; together with those beiuii-
ful lines which you gave me yesterday, and which
have since been continually in my thoughts —

Fur every evil under the sun.
There is a rcnie'ij', or there ic none ;
If there be one, try to tiud it,
If there be none — never mind It.

ike your fine, light, and sunny days— they make and changing us oi'ten— if men were but sensible of

xharine; I like the exchange too, 'tis all in favor

America. But what for you not make sugar ?
ike plenty sugar — more than in France; great re-
oneration ! sweet recompense — no trouble, all plea-
re, all profit.

Sykes. — I am not prepared to make sugar this year,
;xt year I will do it, without any fear for the result.

the mean time, unlike most other speculations, the
owth of the sugar beet is about the most profitable
op which a farmer can grow for winter fjod; hor-
B, cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry, all are fond of it;
id better than all, it ad'is, in a surprising degree, to
efarmer's comfort during the dreary time of winter,

it enables him to meet hie animals without reproach,
vd gives him the means of fattening his stock, at a
ipe that others are starving; and he can rear house
mb, which, about Christmas, would bring a fine
ice in the market. In the introduction of this crop

notice, there has been no mistake, and in substitu-
""ng it for a crop of barley, I have relieved the land of
1 exhausting crop, and adopted one that is ameliora-
ng; requiring neither fallow or dung, when the land
1 in good heart — so farewell, Mons. S. Beet.

Beets. — Adieu, Mons. Farmer, "vive la Republic
tmerica !"

the advantage this is to the dairy, their cows would
not be compelled to lie in the same pasture until the
very atmosphere is contaminated with their filth; the
milk would keep longer, and the butter would not be
so soft in hot weather, to say nothing of the Irijiing
circumstance of about two pounds of butter a week
from each cow, in favor ot your plan.

Sijhcs. — Well, I never heard cows talk so reasona-
bly before ! and I wish you would read Grabb a lec-
ture upon Dairying; but unless he is the merest idiot
nlive, he must sometimes have heard and read, and
felt the reproachful looks and low murmurings of his
poor, half-starved animals in the garlicky meadow be-
low; but he is sunk so low that it must be up-hill
work for him, I know. .

7. Sheep, Sykes. — It is remarkable, that just as
I had determined to dispose of my Leicestere, and
purchase sheep of a smaller breed, more suitable for
short pastures, that Farmer Grabb should decide upi>n
parting with his Southdowns, on the principle, that
"as a sheep is a sheep, you know, (glancing his eye
at Frank,) a lorge one must be more valuable than a
sinoll one" — (Frank.) (That's a capital hit at me !
I shall never forget the lesson which I have been
faughfi go our exchange was no robbery.

* The French Frock, a most convenient and suitable Drees
for farmers.

Drainage of Lands by Steam Power.

The drainage of lands by steam power has been ex-
tensively adopted in the fens of Lincolnshire, Cam-
bridgeshire, and Bedfordshire, and with immense ad-
vantage. A steam engine of ten horse power has
been found to be sufficient to drain a district compri-
sing 1000 acres of land, and the water can always be
kept down to any given distance below the plants. If
rain fall in excess, the water is thrown off by the en-
gine; if the weather is dry, the sluices can be opened
and the water let in from the river. The engines are
required to work four mouths in the twelve, at inter-
vals, varying with the season, where the districts are
large: the expense of drainage by steam power is
about 'is. 6d. per acre. The first cost of the work^
varies with the different nature of the substrata, bat
generally it amounts to 1/. per acre for the machinery
and buildings. An engine of forty horse power, with
scoop wheels for draining, and requisite buildings,
costs about £4000, and is capable of draining 4000
acres of land. In many places in the fens, land has
been purchased at from .£11 to £20 per acre, whicb.
has been so much improved by drainage, as tG lie
worth from £60 to £70 per acre.— Durham ,MveT
tiser.

-96

T U E N E VV GENE SEE F A R M E R,

Vol. I

Geucsee Agricultural Society.

On another poge of this paper will be found on ac-
count of the proceedings of the farmer's Convention ni
Ilochester, ond the formation of the Genesee Agricul-
tural Society. It will be seen that the constitution pro-
vides for the appointment of local committees to
attend to the afl'aire of the eociety, in every town
or neighborhood where sufficient interest is felt in
the cause, and suitable persons can be found to at-
tend to it. It is very dceirable that the organization
should be completed as speedily as possible, in order
that proper arrangements may be made for the fall e.x-
bibition. Circulars will be sent in a few days to
such as are known to the Executive Committee, and
any other persona whD desire a committee in their
neighborhood, and think they can obtain a good
number of names for membershiii, are requested to
addretsa line to the Corresponding Seetetary.

W. B. BATEHAM.

Rochester, June Ist, 1840.

To Correspojuleuts.

We have received a "number of communications,
•chiefly occupied with matters foreign to the objects of
this paper, touching on disputed points in party poli-
tics,— commending our journal, &c. Our object is
chiefly to improve the culture of the soil; and the
statement of facts, e-xperimente, ond suggestions on
this subject, will of course, be of more real value,
than the mere expression vi' opinion on other subjects.
We hope those correspondents to whom these remarks
«pply, will cx'juse us, if, in place of their communica-
tions, matter more proctieul occupies our colunms;
and to remember the anecdote of the man who prom-
ised to give the country such tcciitlier as was wanted
when the peeple nimnimously agreed what it should
bo. When our readers all agree in relation to what
we shall publish, we proinise to satisfy them; and in
the mean lime we reiuest them to c.xerciso forbearance
vs'itb regard to th's subject.

We have received a communication from W. S. T.
in reply to " Cullor" on the subject of rearing calves,
in which he very jut tly ohje-jts to the frequent practice
and bad ecianomy of imperfect feeding. But as hisre-
niorks are directed more particularly against feeding on
**skim milk" alone, and not against the method pursued
by " Cultor," and as his communication is of some
length, we hope he will excuse us for not inacrtingit.

"Ci.vci.vNATUs" is received and we will endeavor
to profit by his advice. We hope to hear from him
•gain.

Annette informs u^ that she is to be absent some
weeks on a visit to New England, so we have taken
the liberty to defer her communication till next month,
in order to make room for the agricultural proceed-
ings, &c.

JuvENis will also appear next month. K. ditto.

A Hint. — We wish our corrc-^pondenta would bear
in mind that we always want a tide or he<id to each
article in our paper ; and writers should always place
a heading to ih^ir communicntions, and confine their
remarks to one subject until the heading or title is
changed. Sjme of our correspondents endeavor to
embrace several subjects in one comnmnication, with-
out any heading, ond the consequence is, we have to
divide and revise it all ; or, what is more cmimon,
reject the whole.

M. B. Batkham will commence this month and
spend several weeks travelling in Western New York
and Upper Canada. lie hopes to hove the pleasure
of calling on a goodly number of our friends and
readers, in order to obtain more personal and particu-
lar knowledge of the condition of ogricullure and hor-
ticulture in this region of country. Such intercourse
will doubtless be mutually beneficial, and better fit
him for the duties of his station.

English Seed Wheat.

One or two bushels each, of eight or ten of the
finest new kindd of English Wheal, have just arrived
from England, and will be distributed to the mem-
bers of the Genesee Agricultural Society previous to
next fall's sowing.

Lo:;t Namhcrs. — Post- Wasters will please inform us
f any subscribers have not leccived their papers cor-
rectly, that we may send them again.

Seed Buckwheat for sa'e at tiie Seeii Store liv

M. B. BATEHAM.

A DURHAM BULL CALF,

Or FliVE FORM and undoubteri pediffree, for sale at o
rensma'jle pri.ie, liy THO.MAS WKIGHT.

Mm c Ion, Wayne CO.. 5 mo. 17th, 1640.
Also us a!:ove, some pure Berkshire pigs of the Bcmcn!
stock.

NEW ARRIVALS !

Jt'ST received at the Rochester Seed Ptore hy the Steain
IShlp British Queen from England, a large supply of lest
purple top Kula Ba^a, and a general assorlment of English
and Scotch Turnip Seeds. ZIT Merclianls supplied at ver\
low prices. M. B. B.\TEHA.M. '

June iBl, If 10.

NEW BOOKS.

CIHILD'i? work on Beet Suear •, Buel's I'arnicrs' Coni-
/ panion ; tlie American j?\viiic Breeder's Companion ;
Bridgpinan's Gardener, new edition ; and a fresh supply of
sundry otlier valuable books, for sale at the Seed .S^ore.

M. B. BATEHA.II.
June 1st, 1?40.

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE,
VOrXG IIE.XRY.

THK PiniJCurpinforiiicd that the above thorouftli lire I
Horse, raisetl by H. Wooley, Lonij. Island, and now
owi-c I by the subscrilier, will stanu at O. Culver's, Brighlon,
Monroe CO., and will be let to mares at fifLCcn dollars llie
se.iso.i. Enclosed and eood pasture will be provided, and
all possib'e care and attention will be paid to mares brouglit
from a distance and left wi h the horse; but no re3ponsibili;y
for accidents or escapes, should any occur.

Pedigree.

Vounj; Henry was eot by Henry, the coniiietitor of Eclipse-
out Oi Saniihole, by ^*cUp5R Voung Henry is now six years'
old on the 4*li of June ne\*: he is a splendid fienre, with his
points finely develope I -, he is a dark sorrel, and somewhat
over 16 bauds high. For further particulars, appiv to

OLIVER CULVER.

Brighton. .Monroe Co,, >'. V., May '20, isVl.

IMPROVED BERKSHIRE PIGS.

ry^HE Suhscri! cr has on hand, andwill have, during the
X Suninier, I'ure Berkshire Pigs — also a cross of the Lei-
cester and Berkshire. These Pigs are equal to any in the
Slate, and will be sold as cheap as anv.
Rochester, Jlay 1st., 1910. AMOS S.VWYER.

IMPORTED ENGLISH DRAUGHT HORSE

WILL stand this season at the subscriber's stable in Pal-
inyra, on the l^t, 'id, l-2;li, 13th. Ulh, ISili, lOih.'JOth.
27lli, 'irtii, '29tli, and 30th, ff lil'ih month. At Jolin Hoath's.
in Pitlst'ord, on the Irh anrl I^tll of ihe same month. At
H.ill's corners, in Whc.itland, on the ll'h,7th, Hth, '2Uth, -ilst,
and 'i'^d, of the same month ; and at Gcor^re -Mar-'^h's, in ,^Icn-
don, on the Otb and *i3d of the same month.

Again at home on theUth, lUth, Uth, 12th. 13th. 2!d. 21tli.
'25lh, an I -JO. h of 8th month. At Hoath's on the lsl,15Ib, and
'21>tli of the same nmnth. At Hall's corners on the 3d, 4th. 5lh,
17th, l«h, and Itlth, of tlic same inontji ; and at Marsh's on
the 0th and 'Jdth of the same month.

Again at Hall's corners on the Ist, '2d, and 3d, of 7th month-,
and at .Marsh's on the 4th of the s.Mne month.

Sflm5u« was imported by his present owner, with a view
to Improve the breed of Aericultural ami Oranght horses in
this country. His stock, of the two seasons he has stood here,
promises to possess ample share of muscular power, so
much needed in the various purposes to which horses arc
applicrl. They may be found in the neighborhood of Palmy-
ra, Henrietta, .>Iendon, Wheatland, &c., and farmers are
respectt'nlly invile'l to call and see for themselves.

Terms — $10 each mare, for the season, to be secured by
approved notes, payable on 1st of Hth month ne.vt. In case
any marea should not tie wi'h foal, the owner may have Ihe
njivilegeof putting them next season, or if llie horse should
•if^t Bland in this part of the country, to li,ive ha'f'be money
eturncl. JOH.\ ROBIX.SON.

rii::nyra, ISIO.

THE IMPORTED HORSE, ALFRED

WILL sttind this seosim, commencing on the Glh of Ma;
at the old Norton Farm, East Bloomfield, Ontar
county, N. v., as follows, viz;

From Wednesday, May 6th, to Tuesday, ^lay 1-2lh ; froi
Wednesday, May '20:h, to Tuesday, .May '2eih •, from Wo
nesday, June 3d, to Tuesday, June tith ; from ^^*ednesda,
Jiine I7th, to Tuesday. June '23; I'rom Wednesday. July Is
to Tuesday. July 7th ; and at .Mr, Forden's, near Gcaev
thelntemietliate lime.

XT Tkrms. — ©10 each mare, for the season, to be securf
by approved noted, payable on the 1st of Uecemi er. Shou
any of the mares prove not to be with foal, the owners 1
have the privilege of putting them the next season, if tl
horse remains in this region, or, in the event of his remova
to have one half the amount returned.

THO.MAS VVEDDLE.

East BloamJieU, JprU, 1S40.

AMERICAN COMET.

THIS full blooded improved Uurham Short Horn Bull, ;
now at my farm, ill the town of Greece, 6 uiilea froi
Rochester.

Pedigree.

Color, wliite, calved April, ItO;', bred by Thomas Weiidl.
is by lmporie<l Kover, (1616;) dam, Frimrote, by Fionee
(13'2I;) gr. dam. Providence, by Candor, (107;) gr. gr. d,-i
by Ketton, (340 ;) gr. gr. gr. dam hy Eipectation, ('217 ;) g
gr- gr. gr. dam by Col. 'frotler's Magnum Bonum, (26e'2
gr. nr. gr. gr. gr. dam by Lt. Chapman's Son of Punch, (122
gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. da'm by Italj'h Crimson's Bull by Cha
ger's son of Favorite, (■2f2;) gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. gr. dam I
son of Dalon Duke, (If? ;) "Rover," or Charles, bred by tl
Earl of Carlisle, was bv Rockingham, ('2.550 ;) dam, Cherr
hv Wonderful, [700 ;] gr. dam by Alfred, [33 ;] gr. gr. dam 1
Chilton's old Red Bull, ic. &.C.

'1'er.m8.— gJ each cow.— Further information may be ol
tained by addressing me at the Post Office, Rochester

THO.MAS \VEDDLE.

April '23, 1640.

AGENTS

FOR THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE

A full assortment of seeds, put up at the Hnchestcr Se<
Store, may be found at e.nth of the following places.
Subscriptions will also be received there for tlie " Aew Ge
esce Farmer and Gardener's Journal ;"

Butfalo ^V. & G. Bryant.

Lockport S- H. .^larks .t Co.

New Fane, J- T. Lukcns.

.^Ihion, Rathliun ,t Clark.

Brockport, George Allen.

ScotsviUe, Andrus .t GarbuV.

Le Roy, Tompkins &. Moignn.

Batavi.i' J. V. D. Verplanck.

.\lticii '. R- & i^- Wells,

Perrv,' L. B. Parsons &. Sou.

Mount .Morris R- Sleeper.

Geiieseo F. t G. \\ . Wyman.

Canandaigu.i J- B Hayei',

Genevi J- ^ Bogert.

Waterloo Abr.-im Deuel,

Auburn T. iM. Hunt.

Palmyra '. Hoyt & iMav .

Newark Doane & I'artridge.

Syracuse T. B. Fitch & Co.

\]\\c^ J. E. \\ arner.

Oswe'O -M. B. Edsori.

° ' . M. B. B.\TEHAM.

Rochester Seed-Stiire, March 1, 1840.

41

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

CORRECTED FOR

THE NEW GE.NE.SEE FAR.MER, JUNE 2, IflO.

WHEAT per bushel, $ 81 o $

CORN, " 37i

OATS, " 28

BARLEY " ^^■

RYE " 50.

PEAS, Common, . " 50.

BEANS, White,.. " 75.

POTATOES " 18.

APPLES, Desert,. " 75.

" Dried,... " 1,0(1.

CIDER, barrel, ... 1,75.

75

FLOUR, Saperfine, " 4,00.

..20

.1,00

1,25

2,00

■.4,25'

3,50,

1,76

1-3,00.... 13,00

9„S0 10,00

4,00 4,50

5,50
,.10
. 12J

Fine,

SALT, " ..

PORK, Mesa "...

" Prime " ...

Hog 100 lbs

BEEF, " 5,00.

EGGS, per do2en, ...

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound 10.

" Firkin " ... 10

CHEESE, " ... 6 8

LARD, " ... 7 $

TALLOW " ... 10

HIDES, " ... 5

SHEEP SKINS each,... hO 63

WOOL, pound,.. 38 50

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00 ,

POT, " " .. 4,50

HAY, ton, . . !), 00 1 0,00

GRASS SEED bushel,.. 1,.50 2,00

CLOVER, " " ... 10,00.... 12,00

FLAX " " ... 75 1,00

PLASTER, Cin hbls.) per ton, 6,0P,

bulk, (■atJWhe8tIand)3,00.,

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATEHAM,

E. F. MARSH.ILL, Proprietors.

VOL,. 1.

ROCHESTEK, JUIiY, 1840.

3VO. r.

JOHN J. THOMAS,
M. B. BATEHAM, Editors.

PUBIilSHED MO^THIiY

IN CONNECTION WITH THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE AND AORl-
COLTURAL REPOSITORY.

Terms— FIFTY CENTS, per year, payable always in ad-
vance.

Post blasters, Agents, and others, sending money free of
postage, will receive secen copies for $3, — 'PictUe copies for
©5, — Ttccnt'j-Jive copies for filO.

Tht postage on this paper is only one cent to any place
within this slate, and one and a half cent to any par tof
tbe United States.

CONTEIVTS OF THIS NU9IBER.

Genesee Agricultural ^^ociety Notice 97

Hoeing Rata Ba^a. Packing Butter 97

Sunflower Seed Oil. Kcvolving Horse Rake. Bad Seeds. .97

Culture of Fruit. Tuscanv Wheat 9!-

A Protective TaritT. A Durable Cider Press 9S

Heaves in Horses. Hoof .\il, or Foot Kot 99

Experiments in .Sub-Soil Ploughing. Agricultural Papers

and Warehouses. Instructions to Young Mowers. . . .99

Child, on Beet .Sugar 100

Rust, or Black Blight on Wheat 100

Importance of -Agricultural Experiments 101

Notes on L^uropean .-Vgricullure lO'i

Native Varieties of Ajiples 103

Brief Hints for the Month. Turnip Fly 104

Lightning Bods. Electricity, is. 0:ik Tree 104

The Flowers of Spring 104

Improved Plough CIcvice. Slugs on Fruit Trees. Silk

Business 105

Caterpillars The Striped Bug. Views of the Grasses. .100

Fire Blight. Annual Fairs and Intelligence Olfice 106

Influence of the Sloon. Sunflower Seed Oil 106

The Slug. Reeling Silk. Silk Bounties 107

Agriculture in L'jiper Canada. Breaking Steers 10?

Scalding See.is. Garset — Heaves lOS

Cure for Fistula on Horses. Hoof -Ail and Foot Rot.. . .109
Ejccrescences on Cherry Trees. Sulphur Showers. Mis-

educatiouof Fanners' Daughters 109

Dialogue on Cultivation 110

Notes on European -Agriculture. The Boons (Poetry). .111
The Crops and the Season. Early Piemium Vegetables. .11*2

Kducation of Farmers' Sons. A Large Calf. 11*2

Transplanting .Annuals. Advertisements, &.C. 112

Genesee Agricnltiiral Society Notice.

Circulars containing the Conetittition of the Socie-
ciety, &c. have been sent by mail to the different
Post Masters, and to many known friends of agricul-
ture in several counties in Western New York, with a
request that they will use their exertions to obtain the
signatures of members, and report the same to the
Secretary of the Society as soon as the 20tli of the
presentmonth. It is hoped that every friend of im-
provement will give the subject prompt attention; as
the E.xeculive Committee desire to make early and
liberal arrangements for the coming Fair; and in
order to make oat a list of premiums, &c., it is ncces-
aary to know about what number of members can be
obtained. Any person who can obtain signatures, or
who wishes to sign, and who has not seen or received
a circular, can apply to the nearest Post Master foronc;
or to the Secretary of the Society, or to the New
Genesee Farmer Office, and the Rochester Seed
Store. H. M. WARD, Sec'y.

Koehcster, July 1 , 1840.

Cr The Executive Co.mmittee of the Gtenesee
Agricultural Society will meet for the transaction of
important business, on Tuesday, the 28th inst., at 11
o'clock, A. M., nt the Arcade House, Rochester.
H. M. WARD, Secy.

English Seed Wheat.

One or two bushels each, of eight or ten of the finest
new kinds of English Wheat, have just arrived from
England, and will be distributed to the members of the
Genesee Agricultural Socisif previous to next fall's
sowing.

Hoeing Ruta Baga.

An ine.xperienced cultivator of the ruta baga, may
commonly be known by his leaving the plants about
four times as thickly together as they ought to stand.
On ground of any tolerable degree of fertility, the
distance of one foot at least should be allowed between
the roots, e.\ccpt they be in drills three feet asunder,
when they may be suffered to stand n little nearer. If
sown broadcast, eighteen inches square should be al-
lowed to each root. If the land is rich enough, they
will be so much larger in consequence of this increased
space, as considerably to increase the amount of the
crop, and greatly to diminish the labor of harvesting.

We have observed, on the best soil, well manured
previous years, where the crop had been sowed broad-
cast, and two feet square allotted to each plant, roots
weighing from ten to fifteen potmde, and yielding
about fifteen hundred bushels an acre.

If the soil bepoor,lhe above remarks will not of course
apply, and the roots must be much nearer together, as
they, cannot be made to grow large, and number must
be made to compensate, in a small degree thongkit be,
for a want of magnitude. *

Packing Butter.

The increased price of butter in autumn, as well as
its scarcity in winter, renders the beet mode of pack-
ing it a matter of some importance. There are seve-
ral particulars of min-^r importance to be attended to,
to which greater or less attention is given by good but-
ter makers; but the two leading requisites without
which there must be failure, and with which there can-
not easily be, are clean vessels, ond thorovghicorking.

The importance of the former, in obtaining perfect-
ly sweet butter, must be evident to every one; hence
the necessity of washing vessels by scalding; and
where they become rusty from disease, of employing
chloride of lime.

In order to keep the sweetness, it is indispensably
necessary that every particle of buttermilk be worked
out before packing down. This is ascertained when
none ceases to flow from it. Inexperienced butter ma-
kers generally perform this pan of the operation very
imperfectly. Work the butter four times as long as
you think necesssary, and then perhaps you will have
half completed it. When it is thoroughly worked,
pack it down, by beating, in a strong pot, cover the
top with an inch of very strong brine, and keep in the
coolest part of the cellar, and you need not fear its be-
coming injured by keeping before next winter. *

SunfloAver Seed Oil.

Messes. Editors — Wm Wood, an Oil manufactu-
rer here, has make 27 gallons of good oil from 19
bushels of Sunflower Seed, without hulling, with Wil.
liams & Finder's Hydraulic Press. He also made 2i
gallons of oil from 2J bushels of common Pnmpkin
Seed,

The above was manufactured in the usual way of
managing flax seed, except that the crushed seed was
not subject to as much heat in the revolving cylinder,
before it was pressed. S. W.

Waterloo, June 15, 1810.

The Revolving Horse Rake.

This is an implementof very great utility, especially
on large farms and smooth lands. The expedition
with which hay can be gathered with the revolving
rake renders it a great saving of labor ; and not un-
frequenily it enables the farmer to secure his hay in
good order, which otherwise would be damaged or do
stroyed by wet. They are fast coming into very gen-
eral use.

In answer to several inquiries, we mention that these
rakes are for sale at the Seed Store in this city, and at
various other places in Western New York — price
from eight to ten dollars eoch.

For Oit New Genesee Farmer.

Bad Seeds.

It not unfrequently happens that after bestowing
much labor upon the preparation of, and seeding his
ground, the farmer is sadly disappointed in finding too
scanty a growth of plants to ensure a sufficient crop.
With the field beet especially, failures so often occur,
that even an honest seedsman must expect occasionolly
to shoulder the reputation of "never having any old
stock on hand;" that is, of selling old seeds lor new.

From a little experience, I have concluded that it is
best to have as much charity as possible, at least until
we have ascertained who the culprits are; and if it
should so happen that the mischief has occurred
through our own negligence or inexperience, why,
then, we may complain as loudly as we please.

This spring I planted half an acre with two pounds
of Mangel Wurlzel, from the Rochester Seed Store.
In a few days, some scattering pjants made their ap-
pearance. I wailed patiently for some time after-
wards, when my friend, John Robinson, from Palmy-
ra, (who, by the way, is one of the best farmers in our
eetion,) called on me, and said that my success was
much belter than his; he did not expect one-tenth of
a crop; and inasmuch as our seed probably came from
the same hogshead, we unanimously came to the con-
clusion, that while it was certain that Bateham could
not be to blame, there were some men in London
who were no better than they should be.

Well, accidentally, I could not work in the Man-
gels for nearly two weeks after; when I was surprised
to find a fair number of plants just peeping through;
and, from their weak and thin oppearonce, evidently
wearied with their long journey to the surface, which
they never could have reached, if the soil had not been
light.

I resolved to be careful in future in what manner
my seed was planted. WM. R. SMITH,

Macedon, 6 mo.. 20, 1840.

102

T HE N E W G EN E S E E i A K M E R,

Vol. 1

Xotes on European Agriculture.

[The following extracts from the tSouOitrn Cabinet,
indicate excellent judgment in ngriculturc, ond it is
withpleasuic that we present them to our readers.]

As a general remark, I am disposed to believe that
Europe in generol, and England in particular, Is more
favorable to the cultivation of wheat, and other grains,
which go under the denomination of corn, than the
United States, with the exception perhaps of our
Western country; but that our own soil can, by a
proper system of tillage, be rendered twice as pro-
ductive as it is at present. That improvements in
implements of husbandry can be more easily introdu-
ced among us than in Europe, where it is ditiicult to
induce the laborers to lay aside the old heavy ploughs
and wooden toothed harrows, which we have aban-
doned for half a century; and when I have seen the
miserable hoes, spades and rakee, used by the peasants
of France and Austria, I have sometimes wished that
0 revolution (not political, but agricultural) might
sweep them and their wooden shDcs into oblivion to-
gether, to be known only as the relics of a clumsy, if
not a barbarous age.

In fine breeds of horses, horned cattle and sheep,
suited to the different climates and pastures — and in
the careful manner which these distinct varieties are
kept separate. Great Britain takes the lead of the
world. The black faced sheep of Scotland differs so
widely from the varieties found in the downs and low
countries of England, that -hey would scrccly be re-
cognized as the same species. The same may be said
of the black cattle driven from the highlands to the
markets of Edinburgh, when compared with the dif-
ferent breeds found in the Lothinns of Scotland, and
in the level, rich counties of England. Each variety
is coulined to localities suited to its size and habits. —
The mountain cattle and sheep woidd not succeed well
in low countries, nor would the breeds of the downs
thrive on the mountains. No traveller in England
who knows a horse from a donkey, can fail to admire
the distinct breeds of horses, each in their nature ad-
mirably adapted to the services required of them. —
The carriage-horse, the hunter, the dray-horse, and
the race horse, con be distinguished at a single glance.
The dray-horse, in the streets of Liverpool and Lon-
don, unwieldy as the elephant, with a f lot of the size
of a peck tub, could scarcely be conceived to be the
same species as the little Shetland pony, that is seen
carrying the groups of gay travellers to the top of
Ben-Lomond, climbing over the rocks and up the
mountains like so many squirrels. I witnessed at
Ratisbon, in Bavaria, one of the finest collection of
horses I ever beheld. They were owned by the
Prince of Taxus, whose expensive stables were more
magnificent than many of the palaces of Europe — fit-
ted up with marble troughs — fountains for bathing —
the name, country, and pedigree of each, placed in
gilt letters on the wall. The number of grooms, and
careful attendance, and other foolefiee, reminded me
of what I had read of the honors paid to the sacred
Bulls of India, or the white Elephants of Ava. —
Among these were horses not only from Mecklenburg,
Saxony, and France, but from England and Arabia;
and to me the English courser appeared not only the
most elegant in form, but was admitted by better judges
than myself, more active and fleet than those of Ara-
bia itself.

In the preservation of seeds of grain ond vegetables,
infinitely more pains are taken to preserve the varie-
ties distinct and unadulterated than with ue. In the
mountains of Scotland' there are certain districts op
proprioted solely to the cultivation of Garden Seeds—
and no two varieties that are in danger of becoming
adulterated by being placed near each other, are allow
cd to be cultivat'.il in the same district. 1 noticed at
Edinburgh, in the collection of Lawson & Sun,
Seedsmen and Nurserymen to the Highland and Ag
ricultural Society of Scotland — 83 varieties of Wheal,
62 of Peas, fA of Turnips, 140 of i'ototoes, ond on
immense number of species and varieties of Gross
seeds, some of which may probably be adopted to our
southern country. In a subsequent number I will en-
deavor to recur to this latter subject, ond point out
those species on which it would be advisable to make
experiments.

The benefits of Societies for the promotion of agri-
culture, in stimulating industry and ambit.on, I saw
exemplified in Scotland, England, and at the Fairs of
Germany. The Highlond S iciety of Scotland has
existed sixty-one years, and from one of the bleakest
and most sterile countries of Europe, Scotland has,
■with all its disadvantages, risen to a state of agricultu-
ral prosperity, far beyond any thing which could have
been expected from such a soil ond climate; and some

of tSc counties, especially the Lothions, are not infe-
rior, in point of cultivation and product, to the richest
in England. Alamcetingof that Society, held a f^w
weeks previous to my arrival, 177 members were added
atone time, paying three guineas entrance, and one
guinea annually, and these including the names of the
most respectable men in the country. At this meeting
there was an additional sum of £1,500 ($7,000) sub-
scribed to promote the interests of the Society. Ev-
ery agricultural county mokes an annual report, and
thus thirty-three reports, embracing every object of
agricultural interest, arc annnally submitted to the so-
ciety. '

* This Society was formed in 1784, by a few gentle-
men, who " formed themselves in a hole and corner
club, in a cofl'e house called the Exchange," in Edin-
burgh. From a most wretched state they have raised
the agriculture of Scotland, until it has reached the
topmost rank. The means which were employed by
this Society, are thus detailed in the Edinburgh Quar-
terly Journal of AgriciUture:

" In the days of its youth and feebleness, the High-
land Society sent the leaven of the turnip husbandry
into all the glens and straits of the north, by oflisrs of
small prizes to certain Highland Parishes; and the
same may be said as to the growth of clover ond the
finer grosses. As it advanced in strength, (as to num-
bers and to cosh, ) attention was to premiums for stock,
then came oilers of reward to men of science to dis-
cover better implements and machines, to diminish
friction and consequently draught, such as in the
thrashing mill ond other ports of agricultural machi-
nery. Still advancing in the scale of intellect and of
science, premiums were ofiered for essays to bring to
light the facts connected with chemistry and natural
philosophy; and, under the auspices of the society
was set up the ' Quarterly Journal of Agriculture,' a
woik which has been the vehicle of conveying so much
useful information to the agriculturist, that we humbly
venture to say it ought to appear on the table and book
shelf of every farmer's parlor. After this, the great
stock shows were resolved upon, as another link of
union between the society ond the practical farmer,
at the some time throwing aside all party feeling, and
making them open to stock from both sides of the
Tweed, [i. e. from England as well as Scotland.] —
How well they have succeeded, let the last one at
Scotland bear witness. (This was the most splendid
show of fine cattle ever exhibited.) Nor has the so-
ciety forgotten the beauty of the country, as the pre-
miums offered in regard to planting trees and such like
subjects fully testify; and to sum up all, it may be said
the Highland Society has been a point d' apj)ni, a ral-
lying point, to which the agriciUturists of Scotland
might look, and a fostering mother to all who, al-
though sti ong m talent, were weak in interest to make
it public."

Premiums to the amount of $17,000 were offered
the last year, under the following classification:

" Class I. — Agricultural machinery, 500 sovereigns
and a gold and silver medal.

Class II. — Essays and report on various subjects,
embracing thirty-one subjects of high interest to the
farmer, viz. :

1. Geological surveys.

2. Reports on coal districts.

3. Mines ond niinerols.

4. Produce of pent moss, &c.

5. Comparison between different kinds of manure
in raising potatoes.

G. Extended application of water and other power
to farm purposes.

7. Comparative efiicacy of the two modes of tho-
rough draining.

b. Reports on irrigation.

!). Forest planting.
U). Sheep pastures at high elevations.

11. Improved sheep salve.

12. On crossing the Chevoit with the New Leicester
ram.

I'i. Cultivation of the recently introduced correal anli
other grains.

14. Feeding farm horses on raw and prepared food.

15. Early reaiing ond fattening of lambs.

16. Insects injurious to ogricultural plants.

17. Insects injurious to forest trees.

18. Comparative nutritive property of grasses.

19. Extirpating (erns from pastures.

20. Thorough draining.
Subsoil ploughing" of thorough-drained land.
Mole plough.

Experiments with manures.
Analysis of bone or rape dust.
On the effects of altitude on vegetation.

21.
22.
2a
24.
2.'-..

Enghbh Agricultural Societies, although with lets
imilormiiy, are seduously engaged in the same cause,
and the result has been the generol diffusion of agri-
cultural knowledge. The different soils have been
analyzed — the kinds of luanures and modes of cultiva-
tion adopted to eoch, have been pointed out. The
steam engine has been introduced in threshing and for
other agricultural purposes, and Great Britain, inclu-
ding Ireland and Scotland, which formerly averaged
only nine bushels of wheat to the acre, lost year pro-
duced in the aggregate, I9J bushels; and three of the
counties of Scotland-, and several of England, avera-
ged 51 bushels to the acre. A Farmer by the name
of Thomas Oliver, residing five or six miles from Ed-
inburgh, leased a farm for the last twenty years, of 150
acres, paying annually a rent of 10 guineas per acre,
($7,500,) on which he raised grain, hay, and vegeta-
bles for the market of Edinburgh. This lease he has
recently renewed for nineteen years, (the usual time to
which leases jun,) on the same terms, and from a poor
man he has become independent in his circumstances,
and rides in his corriage. What American Farmer
could make a profit that would enable him to pay such
an enormous rent ? All may be accounted for on the
principles of judicious manuring and careful, industri-
ous cultivation.

From a cursory review of the cultivation of the va-
rious kingdoms of Europe, it ajjpeared to me that
England was in the highest state of cidtivution, and
which, from iis beautitul thorn hedges — its neat cotta-
ges, adorned by the eglantine, honeysuckle and ivy,
checkered here and there by the park and lordly pal-
ace, rendered the whole land a picturesqe garden.

In additioit to a favorable climate, the soil of Eng-
land has the benefit of a judicious tillage. I was par-
ticularly struck with the system almost universally
adopted in regard to the rotation of crops. It should
he remarked that they never cultivate two successive
crops of grain on the same field. Although physiolo-
gists have not been able fully to account for the fact,
that the successive cultivaton of grain or vegetables
exhausts the soil, whilst a change to a different pro-
duct does not impoverish the land to any considerable
extent, yet, it is now universally admitted, by all good
husbandiuen, that this is the case. Some have ascri-
bed this to the exhaustion of the proper food of the
plant in consequence of its cultivation during succes-
sive years, whilst DecandoUe, Mocaire, and others,
have accounted for it on the doctrine that plants exude
from their roots eertoin substances, poisonous to
plants of the same variety, which in time renders the
earth unfit for their cultivation. As toujour perdriz
cloyed on the appetite of the Frenchman, so the teem-
ing earth longs for a change of food, and withholds
her fruitfulness unless she be indulged. It has often
been remarked why is it that a forest which has long
been covered with a growth of pine, when cut down

26. Feeding of Cattle.

27. Forests of larch.

28. On raising improved varieties of grains.

29. Reports on improved rural economy abroad.

oO. Honorary premium for reports in several districts
in Scotland.

31. Investigation of certain points connected with
the science of agriculture, viz:

An essay or memoir explaining, on scientific princi-
ples, the mode in which soul operates in producing or
facilitating the germination and growth of vegetables.

An essay or memoir describing and proving, on sci-
entific principles, what is the best admixture of the or-
dinary elements of soil, for promoting the germina-
tion and growth of particular vegetables.

An essay or memoir describing, on scientific prin-
ciples, the mode on which lime operotcs in rendering
the soil better odapted for the germination and growth
of particular vegetables.

An essay or memoir explaining, on scientific prin-
ciples, the effect of drainage in altering the constitu-
tion or qualities of the soil, and increasing its fertility.

An essay or memoir, showing the natuie of the at-
mospheric influence on soil, in promoting its fertility,
including the modification of these influences arising
from heat and cold, dryness and moisture.

Class III. — Waste lands — their improvement by
tillage.

Class IV. Crops and culture.

Class V. Pastures — their manogement.

Class Vr. Live Stock — districts coiiipeutors.

Class VII. Products of live stock — butler and
cheese.

Class VIII. The best kept cottages and cottage gar-
dens.

Class IX. Woods and plantations.

Class X. Genera! show of live stock, and agricul
tural meeting at Inverness." — Ed Sou. Ciih.

No. 7.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

103

does not spring up again in pine, but in oak, gum, and
hickory, and cka versa. Tlie facts, in a ninjority of
instances, are so. All plants spring from seed — there
can be no spontaneous production. Omnia ad ova is
a doctrine as old as the days of Linnffis, and nature has
never departed from it. May it not then be that na-
ture, after having for ages nourished one kind of tree,
has exhausted the properties of the soil adapted to that
kind of production, and when a new forest is to be
created, imparts its influence to trees of a different
kind, better suited to its present state, and withholding
its fertility from that to which it is no longer adapted.
Be this as it may, the English farmer acts on the prin-
ciple of the necessity of a rotation of crops. The re-
sult from this and other judicious modes of culture,
has been an increase of three fold. In Carolina we
have adopted the opposite course. Many fields have
been planted in Indian corn since the days of the revo-
lution, and the result has been that we have retrogra-
ded from forty bushcU per acre to eiget, and often less.
I will now give the method of English culture in
regard to the

ROTATION OF CROPS.

1st. year. Fallow crop. Irish potatoes — beans or

turnips. The potatoes, as is the case in high north-
ern latitudes, produce small stalks, and are conse-
quently planted much nearer in the rows than with us.
Endless varieties have been produced from seed.

The beans, adapted to field culture, are the kinds
usually called horse beans, (Faha vulgaris. J Hun-
dreds of acres are cultivated with this bean, and its
numerous varieties, and the product is immense. It
is used as food for cattle. I have never known it to
thrive equally well in any part of America, probably
owing to our warm summers. In our Southern
states especially, the pods in general do not lill well,
and I doubt wiaether it is calculated to be a productive
crop. There is, however, one variety, from the south
of France, called the Winter Bean, (La I'acroU d'-
Hicer,) which is lemarkably hardy and prolific. It
is planted late in autumn, and stands the winters of
France and England, and might be experimented on
as a winter crop, when nothing else can be cultivated
with us, and it would not interfere with the crop of the
following spring. The Heliogaland bean — Purple
Field bean — and Alexandrian Field bean, are also va-
rieties which the agriculturits of England and France
recommended to me as probably well adapted to win-
ter cultnre in our Southern climate.

The turnip crop is considered as the most valuable
in England for feeding cattle. These diflerent pro-
ductions, however, require to be noticed under separ-
ate heads. I will endeavor to return to the subject in
a future number.

2d. yeor. Wheat — the varieties are yearly increa-
sing. At present the kinds cultivated almost uni-
versally in the higher grounds and lighter soils of
Scotland, are the Golden Drop and Blool Red. The
skins are thicker than in most other varieties, and
shey yield more bran. These varieties would, I think,
answer well on our elevated mountainous regions. —
The average crop is said to be about fifty bushels to
the acre. In the Lothians — the Carse of Sterling,
and in the low rich soils of England — in Denmark —
and the alluvial soils of Germany, I remarked that the
varieties called Uxbridge and tfunter's Wheat, were
most cultivated, and considered most productive. —
The yield is froui fifty to sixty bushels per English
acre — the average weight per bushel is from 62 to C3
lbs. — the finest 65 lbs. Tlie Mengoswell's wheat is a
variety of Hunter's and is cultivated on the Carse of
Gowrie as a superior grain. Three new varieties
have been very recently introduced. The Whitting-
ton wheat from the south of England — the Chevalier
wheat from France — and the Hieklings — the latter is
white in straw, but yellow in sample. Rye is not
ciUtivated. Grass seeds are sown in the fie'ds in the
month of April, These are red clover (Trifolium.
praicnsc) and Rye grass (Lolium pcrcnc and Itali-
cum.) Calves and sheep are allowed, in autumn and
winter, to feed on the young grains.

3d. year. This is a Grass crop — usually a heavy
one. It is sometimes cut twice, but usually only once
a year, and serves as pasturage in the fall.

4th year. A crop of Barley or Oats is now raised.
This is once more succeeded by a fallow crop. In
this manner crops succeed each other by fours in good
lands, or where the soils is inferior, another year is
added for grass and pasturage — afibrding a wheat crop
only once in four or five years, but producing in the
mean time, other articles equally valuable to the far-
mer.

Electricity vs. Oak Trees.
After a philosophical investigation of some months,
a writer says that species of trees arc allied to iron. —

It is well known to chemists that oak contains a con-
siderable portion of iron in its composition. It is pre-
sumed the metal is held in solution by the sap, and
cquolly distributed throughout the tree. This may
account for the fact that among a copse, the oak is in-
variably struck by lightning, while other trees of equal
magnitude escape destruction. — On this subject a wes-
tern editor says:

Our own observation confirms the fact that oaks arc
singled out from other trees, by electricity, and prob-
ably most of our citizens have seen its effects in this
vicinity. At one place, within a few miles from this
village, some twenty ook trees can be seen within the
space of a few rods, splintered by the subtle agent,
while other trees in the immediate vicinity remain
untouched. — Blanch Clamk Courier.

Native Varieties of the Apple.

We entirely agree with the editor of the Mogazine
of Horticulture, that " many of our native varieties
have not been surpassed by any foreign fruits;" and
in regard to apples we are prepared to go one step fur-
ther, ond say that we know of no foreign variety that
equals many of our native sorts. The Swaar and the
Spitzenburgh may be mentioned as examples. We do
not suppose, however, that these kinds, if tronsjjlant-
ed in Europe, would yield fruit equal to what they
produce here; for a slight difference of climate often
works great changes in the flavor of fruits. The St.
Germain, considered an excellent winter pear near
Philadelphia, has been a mere incumbrance to the
ground in our fruit garden; and the Rambo, the Pen-
nock, the Vandiver, and the Queen apple, are much
inferior to those produced in that region.

We ought not to be discouraged, however, by the
partial or absolute failure of a few sorts, from extend-
ing our enquiries and experiments. They cost but
little; and the introduction of a superior variety, well
adapted to our climate, is a public benefit. Our pre-
sent success ought to stimulate us to further exertions.
The Seckel pear and the Bellflower apple, attain great
excellence with us, as well os in their native land,
three degrees to the south.

Some persons believe, indeed, that only a few kinds
of fruit are necessary; and comfort themselves with
saying " We want nothing better" — ^just as if sum-
mer fruits would keep throughout the season; and just
as if we all did not lo^e variety. Let us go into a
well furuiehed cellar in Winter, guided less by thought
than by instinct, and the kinds that we chose to-day
may be neglected to-morrow. * Besides we want ap-
ples and pears for various purposes, and the best for
stewing or baking, are often rejected as table fruits.

But many of our best apples decay rapidly in spring,
as soon as the season becomes warm; and yet it is de-
sirable to have such as are very good through more
than half the summer. The Roxbury Russet will
keep for that length of time, and is much superior to
the American Pippin I but we hope and believe there
is something better still.

Last winter we received grafts of more than thirty
kinds of apples from Ohio, and we apprehend thot
but few of them are known here, several having orig-
nated in the south eastern ports of that state. Twen-
ty kinds of this collection are growing in our nursery:
but as only one small graft of each sort was furnished,
we have to record that the remainder have not yet
started, and probably will not. Of these, we shall
hope for a new supply from our respected correspon-
dent next winter.

K!j° We would apprise our readers that these noti-
ces were written in great haste as each scion was
marked and packed away; and without ony idea that
we should lay them before the public.

"1. Dumpling. Very large, cooks well when half
grown — before any other, brittle, sub-acid and fine
flavor. Ripe from the middle of July to the middle
of August. Brought hither from Cincinnati.

2. Ruse. Not large, red, very sweet, excellent.—
Ripe, Aug. 21, 1839.

3. Cluster. Middle size, brownish red, sweet, ex-
cellent. Ripe, Aug. 25.

4. Cash. Over middle size, sweet; bakes well;
fine to dry ; first rale. September.

5. Monarch. Large, agreeably acid; admired for
the table; first rate to cook and to dry, decidedly the
most valuable of its season. Ripe Sept. — Oct. A
seedling of Belmont county. A noble tree — one of
the largest I ever saw.

6. Angle. Over middle size, very sweet, and of
highly agreeable flavor. Sept — Oct, Oiiginatcd
near St. Clairsville.

7. Lady Finger. Middle size, egg-shape, sweet,
first rate. Oct. — Feb.

8. Fall Sweet. Good size. Oct. — Dec.

9. LoTillc. Quite large, reddish brown on the sun-
ny side, sweet; fine for apple butter, for opple molas-
ses, and to dry. A great beorer, and a noble tree.

10. Ohio Sweet. Middle size, red on one side,
very sweet, good flavor — the best sweet apple of its
season that I know. Originated in Belmont county.

11. Neeer/ail. Middle size, brittle, sub-ocid, good
flavor. [It appears to have been named from the cir-
cumstance of its coming into blossom a fortnight later
than other sorts, — a property of less value to this
country than in the south.]

12. FaU Vandirer. Good size, reddish brown, ra-
ther fiat than long, unsurpoesed for the table, and
cooks well. Ripe, rather before other winter apples,
and they fall if not gathered early. [It is also called
Spitzenburgh, but doubtless very distinct from the
Spitzenburghs of New York.]

13. Pike. Good size, sweet, one of the most plea-
sant I ever eat. A great bearer, but more so in alter-
nate years. A large tree.

14. Red Romanilc. Rather under size, sub-acid.
The prince of keepers.

15. Roman Stem, Middle size, yellow, sub-acid,
among the very best. A good bearer.

16. Mound. Good size, reddish brown, sub-acid;
keeps lill July or August; fine for the New Orleans
market. Rather a spare bearer, or it would be very
valuable Originated in Belmont county, and takes
its name from an orchard of them near the great
mound at the mouth of Grave creek. [It may be a
good bearer in this climate, however.

1 6. Red Vattdiear. Middle size, much celebrated
by some. A great keeper.

IS. White Vandirer. Middle size, valuable, keeps
well.

19. Black Vandirer. One of the very b st apples
here. A great keeper. [This graft, though set on a
young stock, has several apples on it, and seems to
promise to mature them. 6 mo. 12.

20. Siccet Vandiver. Middle size, reddish brown,
a choice fruit. Nov. — Feb.

Several grafts were sent at our request, that we
might test the quality of the fruit; but our correspon-
dent thinks they are inferior to those which he select-
ed. He adds, "I am of opinion thot too little sweet
fruit is cultivated. It might save much sugar and
molasses. Good sweet apples dried with good acid
ones, and mi.xed, make pies of very fine quality. —
Sweet apples boiled or steamed, and then pressed,
yield a juice, which, when clarified and concentrated,
is very superior for table use to West Indian or Or-
leans molasses. Hence I am taking much pains to se-
lect sweet fruit."

These remarks accord with our own views ajid ex-
perience, t

I * This is a good way to teat their comparative excellence.

Do you want to know the man against whom you
have the most reason to guard yourself? your looking
glass will give you a very fair likeness of his face.

100

T H E N E W GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1

Child, ou Beet 8iigar.
We gave n brief notice of this work lost month, and
we now present our renders with some extracts from
'ts pages. It is impossible for us however, without
far transcending our limits, to give futl directions for
the manufacture of beet sugar ; those who wish to en-
gage in it, are strongly recommended to purchase the
work before us. The following contains a statement
of some of our author's own experiments at North-
ampton. The e3.nbliehment erected there was on the
principle of the lUssicution of the beet, a principle first
successfully applied by J. Schuzenbach, a chemist re-
siding in the Grand Duchy of Baden.

The experiment at Northampton is an attempt to
carry out tbe principle o{ dessication by machinery,
contrived by ua for the purpose, Mr. Scbuzeiibach hav-
ing declmed to impart any inlbrmation unluss the privi-
lege of using his invention in the whole United States,
wore previously purchased and security given for the
payment, in case the truth of bis pretensions should be
demonstrated by the results of a model factory. There-
fore, in stating the results, wliich we hove obtained,
wo do not implicate the system of Mr. Schuzenbach,
not knowing what bis apparatus or processes are,
but pursuing the same principle, by ways and means
of our own. We have dried the beet in a kiin of small
dimensions, by establishing therein a current of air,
heated from 150 ° to 1S5 = , and equalized by a dia-
phragm, pierced with holes. By this means we were
able to dry 800 lbs. in 24 hours. The material having
been cut into 'ritters ^ of an inch thick by a machine, is
placed above the diaphragm in bo.xes, having wire
gauze bottoms.

For tbe purpose of pulverizing tbe dried beet, we
have used, first a small cylinder set with diamond head-
ed nails, and turning upon an inclined plane sheathed
with iron ; and, secondly, a coflee-mill upon the com-
mon principle.

The powder, about as fine as ground coffee, is de-
posited in a tub, and cold water introduced in the pro-
portion of 3 lbs. to 1 lb. of powder. This gives a liquor
nearly twice as rich as the natural juice of tbe beet,
and just about na rich as that of the sugar-cane. This
liquor contains 1^ to li pounds sugar to the gallon, —
In 20 minutes the sugar is dissolved. The whole is
then thrown into sacks 8 lbs. to a sack, or so as to be
1^ inches thick when leveled in the sack. The sacks
must oe made of some very closely woven fabric. Of
various materials, which we have tried, twilled cotton
alone has answered the purpose perfectly. The sacks
are arranged alternately with osier hurdles, in the same
manner ns those lilled with green pulp in France —
One preasion with a hydrostatic press would be suffi-
cient to exhoust th« ptilp ; but having only a screw
press, worked by band, we have found it necessary to
press twice, moistening the pulp between the pressions.
At the second pression the liquor Etands at 7 ° to 9 °
by the eaceharomeler, instead of 10 * to 12 ° as in the
first instance.

The defecating pan contains 30 gallons, and is usual-
ly charged with 25 gallons. It is healed by steam. —
The delineation is operated as in the natural juice, ex-
cept that the proportion of lime is greater. The smal-
lest which we have found sufficient, is 300 grains to a
gallon of liquor. The subsequent operations are es-
sentially the same as in the French sugar-houses. For
the purpose, however, of economizing the animal black,
for making and revivifying wbich our apparatus is
small, we tilter but twice, viz., first the defecated juice,
and secondly the eyrup at 20 ° . Tbe concentrating
pan is heated by steam, circulating, asin the defecating
pan, through a series of pipes.

We have cons'antly obtained from 7 to lOJ pounds
of saccharine to 100 pounds ol greeit beet, or to 14 lbs.
of dry. ThcbO products included the molasses, which
has varied from J to ^ of the whole. The unusual pro-
portion of molasses resulting in some instances, has
been owing to injury, which the beets received by frost
end decay before the drying, or by smoke and burning
during that process. Frost does not of itself injure the
sugar of the beet, but on the contrary facilitates its ex-
traction, and increases Its purity ; yet, as soon as tbe
root begins to thaw, the diisiruftion t>f itscrystalizable
sugar, sets in with frightful rapidity. The frozen beet
when sliced is of a pure and beautiful white, but witb
whatever care it be dried, it becomes in the course of
the operation perfectly black. This is the effect of
fermentation. Theelfeetofcarboniziition is still more
injurious. These evils were the result of inexperience,
and have been found completely susceptible of remedy.
So far as crystalization took place, (and in many in-
Dtances ti was abundant,) the sugar has proved of ex-

cellent quality, freecvenin its raw state, from ony bad
taste, ond of a pure and sparkling white when refined.
Old and extensive dealers have pronounced it in both
states capable of successful competition with any sugars
in the market. The best result obtained from the
beets of Ib^iS, was 7 lbs. of sugar from 14 lbs. of dry
beet (representing 100 /As. of green,) and 3J lbs. of mo-
lasses. In this instance the beets had been dried with-
out mucb injury except a degree of discoloration. The
grain was strong and brilliant but the color deep. It
was deemed best to leave a c(uisidcrab!e portion of the
priivision of dried beetof lt^38 — Lt untouched, until on
enlargement of the apparatus should enable us to work
it up with more ease and economy. The quantity of
sugar which we have drained and cured, is 309 pounds.
There remains in crystulizers and moulds, not cured,
and some of it not sufficiently grained, 1000 lbs. more,
ond 2000 lbs. of molasses.

Several points of importance were settled to our
satisfaction by the labors of 1838 — 9.

1. That all the saccharine contained in the beet can
be extracted by the method of dessication.

2. That the raw sugar can bo obtained without any
bad table, and fit for immediate consumption.

3. That American beets, though generally inferior
to the European in saccharine richness, can by suitable
cidture be made inferior to none.

4. That 50 jjer cent more of crystalizable sugar can
be obtained by the method of dessication, than has
generally been obtained by grating and pressing, or
macerating tbe green beet.

5. I'hot tbe beet, once dried, may be kept an in-
definite lime without liability to injury.

The general result of the first season was, however,
unsatisfactory. Tlie quantity of stiuar obtained, ex-
cept on particular days, when tbe operators were upon
select material, was too small ; the molasses super-
abundant, and very bad.

The coming in of the crop of 1639, opened a new
era in our enterprise. An improvement in the drying
apparatus, by which the access of smoke, and better
acquaintance with the management of it, by which fer-
mentation on the one hand and carbonization on the
oilier, were prevented, gave us nearly unexceptionable
material ; the liquor was light colored and tranep'oreiu,
the projwrtion of lime required less, the defecations
more prompt and complete, ond the concentration al-
most without scums. Tbe sugar, graining in a few
hours, drained well, and is not inferior in flavor or ap-
pearance to the finest West India muscovados. The
quality of the molasses has been a inatter of utter sur-
prise to us. In France the molasses is considered of
no value except for feeding animals, or for distilling ;
and it sells at 4 or 5 cents a gallon. The molasses
from the sugar in question, is of- a bright amber color,
and so pure and pleasant, as to be preferred by many
to any but sugar-baker's.

The quantity of saccharine obtained from the beets
of this year, has not been so great as from those of the
lost year. It has in no insionce exceeded 8J per cent,
(i of which was sugar and 2i molasses. W"e attribute
the difference to the extraordinary wetness of this sea-
son.

It will be readily conceived that a small establish-
ment dependent upon farmers for material, paying (or
it twice the cost of its production, and executing by
hand several heavy and tedious operations, which
ought to be performed by steam, water or horse-power,
cannot furnish acenrole data for determining the ex-
pense of making beet sugar. Tbe actual cost, when
the material was good, has been 11 cc7t(s per pound,
the pulp and manure not taken into the account. We
ore of opinion that with proper ond sufficient mcons,
beet sugar mjy be manufactured in the United States,
at 4 cents per pound. When the manufoeturc shall
hove become domesticated among us, it will probably
be produced at a cost less than that.

We hove recently made some experiments with tbe
aid of 3/r. Martial Duroy of Boston, upon beet dried
by steam. The result has been a white sugar ob-
tained at once, fully equal to the clayed sugars of Ila-
vonn.

Other plonts usually grown in our soil are capable
of furnishing sugar, and some of them may be found
worth cultivating for that and accessory products. —
Wo have tried Indion cornstalks and the pumpkin, and
have obtained from them good sugar ond molasses. —
Perhaps those crops nioy allernote ailvantageously with
the beet. If the manufacture of sugar fruni the stolks
of Indian corn can be reconciled, as we believe it may,
with the maturity or near moturity of the cars, this
source of siecharine may supersede the beet-root. —
The seeds of the pumpkin yield a fine sweet oil, but
we have no means of judging, what quantity of this
product con be obtained from a given e.xtent of land. —

If it should turn out sotisfactorily in this respect, the
pumpkin may one day overshadow thesugor-cone.

It has recently been stated in an agricultural jour-
nal* that Schuzeiibaeh's system has been tried in
France and failed. We could not credit this announce-
ment, because we had tried the system, and were per-
fectly satisfied that it is capable of producing results far
superior to those of any other system, which has yet
been tested. The fillowing letter from the brother of
the inventor, gives timely and satisfactory information
on this subject.

PhiUdcljjhia, Oct. S9, 1839.
D. Lee Child, Esq.

Di;ar Sir, — [ received some days ago o letter from
my brother in Germany, who writes to me the follow-
ing regular results, such as they arc obtained on a
large scale in the beet-sugar manufactories in Polen,
South Germany, Ratisbon, Wayhoueel, Paris, Tou-
louse, &c. &c., and os I believe they will be inter-
esting to you, I address you the present for your infor-
mation.

To produce 100 lbs. of beet sugar of the quality,
which is known in I'ronce by the name of bonne qua-
trlemCj (good brown) there is required : —

1. 1,250 to 1,300 pounds of fresh beets, such as
they come from the fields.

2. 350 to 360 pounds of stone coal.
8. 100 pounds of animal charcoal.

4. 1§ day's works.

5. Lime, acid, light, &c. &c., for 22J cents.

To this must be added the interest, the use of the
buildings, utensils, &e. &c.

By this method, the cost (prixderevient)of 100 lbs.
of this sugar is in Germany, owing to tbe high price
of tbe row material, fr. 9J or 10, or $3,50 to $4; and
in the north of France fr.'"l8,20c, or about $3,45, after
deducting the price of the molasses.

My brother has made the following important im-
provements, which have completely succeeded on a
small scale for the lost five months. They are now
brought into operation in two of the most important
factories on a large scale, and will, as my brother
thinks, succeed there also. By this process a quality
is obtained, which will not be inferior to white Havana,
J more valued than bonne qvarterime, and the expen-
ses will be reduced to the following : —

a. 1250 to 23 pounds of beets, as above.

b. 250 to 300 pounds stone coal.

c. l(i to 20 cents animal charcoal.

d. One day's work, ( 12 hours including meal-time. )
c. Small costs, same as above.

And, what is of the greatest importance, the stock
capital, which is required for buildings, utensils, &c.
of the factory, will be J, perhaps 3 smaller, the manu-
facturing process more simple and of consequence,
more certain.

I remain. Dear Sir,
Respectfully yours,

JOS. SCHUZENBACH.

It appears therefore that Schuzenbach's method is
already practised on a large scale in France, turns out
good brown sugar at a cost of less than 4 cents per
pound ; and promises to do still better than this, both
as it respects price and quality. Mr. Schuzenbach's
last results, os here described, ore strikingly like those
we obtained in working upon steam dried beet.

* New England Farmer.

From the Farmer^: Cabinet.
On Rust, or Black Blight iii Wheat.

Sir — As the season is fast approaching when the
rust, or block blight on wheat will, in all probability,
make its appearance in many parts of the country, 1
would coll the attention of your reoders to an exomi-
nation of tbe cause of the malady, and thus enable
them to provide a remedy for tbe future in the shape of
prcrentton, wbich is in all cases, but more especially in
this, much more cosy than cvre.

1 remember, on the fourtii day of last .Inly, seeing e
lorge field of wheat on the borders of the mill-race on
the Brandy wine, near Wilmington, Delaware, so com-
pletely covered with tbe rust as to be scarcely worth
tbe expense of harvesting, but wbich was, even in
that early period, in the midst of that operation — it
was, indeed, a caution to behold I I understand that
this wheal had been sowed on a lime and monured
fallow, o cause alone sufficitnl, in that situation, to
account for oil the evil.

An excellent writer observes, "according to our un-
derstanding of the principles which regulate ond de-
termine the pre]iarotion ond application of the food of
plants, must be our notions of the diseases of plants,
and our ideas of the beet mode or course of cultivating
them. A wide Jdifl'erence undoubtedly exists in the

No. 7.

AND G A R D E N E R S JOURNAL.

lOl

formation, functions, and peciilinr nature of animals
iind vegetables, but yet lliey may, in many rCBpccts, be
neeimilatetl; and thus, by comparison, the proper treat-
ment ol plants be etnipliged, and rendered more easy
of explanation and comprehension. I shall take leave
to state that the observations ajid e.vperience of many
years, have convinced me, that the opinions of the
great reformer of the medical profession, Mr. Aber-
nethy — " that the most nllhcting diseasea to which the
human species are subjected, ore generated in the
stomach, and consequently ore to be remedied by the
fltomach," — are perfectly just and well founded; and
I am also convinced that most of the diseases of ani-
mals and plants may be accounted for and remedied on
the same principles. From what has been said, il is
clear that vegetables cannot be supported without a due
supply of food, and that with those, as with annnals,
the quantity and quality of food must possess an equal
iuHuencc. Now, every man is aware that the qiialiti/
of the food he consumes is equally as determined in
its effects as the quaniitij, and such, no doubt, is the
case with plants, as above observed; and when an an.
imal is constrained to live on meagre, impure food, it
is induced to consume a greater quantity, to make up
as much as possible for the deficiency of quality, and
the consequence is, a distension of the stomach and
bowels; and this is often followed by a poverty and cor-
ruption of the fluids, which produce disease and de-
bility; and the body is wasted by eruptions, and be-
comes a prey to rcrmin ; and when an animal is glut-
ted with ^r<?s5 and rich food, a Siirfeit is the conae-
quence, and it is subjected to a stagnation of the fluids,
inflammations and eruj^tione, which often end in mor-
tification and death; and plants, under the same cir-
ctimstances, are subject to the same consequences; and
tbess observations will be found correctly to apply to
ond afford a clear exemplification of the rust, or black
blight in wheat.

On this subject Sir J. Sinclair says, " It appears
from an able paper, written by a distinguished natural-
ist, (Sir Joseph Banks,) that this disease is occasioned
by the growh of minute parasitical fungus, or mush-
rooms on the leaves, stems, and glumes, or chafi' ofthc
living plants; and that the roots of the fungus, inter-
cepting the sap intended by nature for the nutriment of
the grtin, render the grain lean and shrivelled, and in
some cases, rob it completely of its flour; nor is this
all, the straw becomes black and rotten, unfit for fod-
der, or little better than a caput inortuum, possessing
neither strength or substance." Andagain, "several
of the accidents above enumerated, may contribute to
the production of rust, but there are two additional
circumstances which likewise tend to promote it: first,
having the land in too rich a state for grain crops, and
y Becondly when too frequent a repetition of ciops of
wheat takes place; and it has been well observed, that
when crops intended to ripen their seed, are objects of
culture, there is not only wanted a degree of vigor and
luxuriance in the plants suflicient for the purpose, but
if the fertility of the soil be raised to a higher pitch
ihnn is necessary or coHsistent with the object, inju-
rious, rather than beneficial, consequences may be the
result: land may be too rich for grain crops, and it is
batter to keep it in a well balanced condition or in a
medium slate of productiveness for this purpose, than
jii too fertile a stale. The great quantity of sap and
juice in vegetables growing on highly cultivated lands,
it is evident, must necessarily render them more sus-
OGjUible of theefli^cts of sudden and extrenie changes,
and consequently, more liable to disease; besides, as
mushrooms are produced on beds of dung, gieat
quantities of manure must promote the growth of fun-
gi or para.iitical plants on the crops of wheat, if they
are once inf'ected — the wheat produced on the site of
.a dunghill is abcaijs rusted, even in the most favora-
ble seasons, and if the whole field is a species of dung-
hill, how can it escape ?

A too fiequent repilion of crops of wheat, more es-
pecially when accompanied by great quantities of ma-
nure to force a crop, will often have the same eflfect.
The rust was but little known in the western or nor-
ihern parts of England, or the southern counties of
Scotland, until of late years, when every exertion has
b''en made to increase the quantity of that grain in
tho.^e countries.**

T. A. Knight observer, " by crossing the different
vni ieties of wheat a new sort may be proilunA, which
V. ill coniplolely escape being rusted, although crops in
ihe neighborhood and in almost every district in the
c lunlry, may suflcr for it in the same year;** and he
then goes on to argue, " these circumstances tend to
prove, that the rust docs not depend solely on at-
mospheric influence; otherwise it could not be prevent-
^(i by change of seed, or by the crossing of different
varietii-s." .Vow, this theory of Mr. Knight's is

grounded on a superficial view of things, and is a
mere fallacious hypothesis. Indeed, all these great
naturalists appear to have bewildered themselves in
specious theory; ond |(pm not having traced the ope-
rations of nature to its source, have throughout, mis-
taken the effect (or the cause.

Now, suppose a farmer was to find a sheep unhap-
pily reduced, and preyed upon by maggots, or the lar-
va of the fieeh-lly, he may very justly suppose that the
maggots reduced the sheep, and as justly expect that
whatever sheep were subjected to the maggots would
be reduced in the same manner — then what would be
the best and proper remedy ? Knowing the mag-
gots to be produced fioin eggs deposited by flies,
would he try to cover his sheep from the flies or at-
tempt to remove them where there were no Jlics ? —
Now, where is the fariuer or shepherd that does not
know that flesh • flics i^/7/ liot deposit their eggs on a
healliy part of a sheep, or if they do, that they will
not produce maggots 'I they know full well, that if a
sheep be diseased by eruptions, or if wounded, the
flies will find out those places, and there deposit their
eggs; and therefore the remedy is simple — cure and
prevent the disease, or protect the wounds, and the
evil is avoided — remove the cause and the effect ceases.
And very similar will be ibund the diseoee in wheat,
called the rust, or black blight, and its cause. The
fungus undoubtedly prcye upon that which is intended
to nourish and sustain the wheal, but what afforded an
attraction and lodgement for the fungus? tltis is the
grand question. It is staled thai the fungus is a par-
asitical plant, like the misleioe, but this is not the fact,
for the fungus has no power to attach itself to, or pen-
elrate the healthy stalhs of the wheat, any more than
the larva of the flesh-fly have the healthy shin of the
sheep.

Any one who will examine the stalks of wheat grow-
ing on a luxuriant, rank soil, about the time of its first
showing the swelling (.f the ear, will perceive the
vessels to become ruptured, either from the luxuriant
flow of the sap upon the tender tops of the plants be-
ing checked by cold winds, or an unhealthy overful-
ness, or some other casual obstruction; and the sap
being thus suddenly checked, will rupture the vessels,
and ooze out through little slits, or longitudinal fis-
sures; the discharged matter will soon assume the ap-
pearance of a white jelly; os il dies, it will become
yellow, and then brown, and of a hard texture; and in
proportion as the sap-vessels are injured and destroy-
ed, and this exudation takes place, the plant must, of
course, more or less fail in its supply of nourishment
for the grain. In some cases, the strongest stalks will
not be able to push the ear beyond ihe leaf, and the
corn consequently, will be starved: and whilst the
season continues dry and cold, the exuded sap will re-
main like dry gum; but as it advances, ond the wea-
ther becomes warm and moist, the gum becomes moist,
soft, and putrefying, and then it forms and affords a nu-
tiitive bed for the mold or fungus, which grows and
increases until il is deprived of moisture, or is so re-
duced as to be insufficient to sustain it, when it dies;
and according as the season is favorable or unfavorable
to its growth, it produces a brown or black powdery
substance, in a proportional quality. Thus then, th".
foundation or cause of the rust of fnigus, is the pa-
trefijing matter discharged front tlie ruptured sap res-
sels of the plant ; and although the ruptures may be
occasioned by a contraction or obstruction of the ves-
sels by atmospheric influence; the over-fulness or
over-luxuriance of the plant produced by surfeit; or
the being glutted with rank and unwholesome food,
and Its incapacity of digestion, and unhealthy obstruc
tions lender it more liable to such injuries; and may
therefoje be considered as the general cause of the
diseose, blight or rust.

I have planted wheat on a rank compost of dung,
which from its first appearance in the autumn, during
its growth in the winter ond in the spring, maintained
excesfcive luxuriance, but which was ultimately so re-
duced by rust as to be lendered weak, and incopable
of bringing its seed to perfection. At the same time,
and close alongside, I also planted wheat in a pure and
sweet sand, and supplied it with a solution or infusion
of rotten dung by way of fond; this never appeared
half so Inxuriant as the other, but the stalks nf straw
grew perfectly healthy, ond free from disease, and the
grain was of good quality.

I would urge upon your numerous readers a serious
consideration of the above remarks: they are upon a
subject little understood, but which deserves the ex-
amination of every agriculturist throughout the Union.
The greatdiversity of opinion on this subject of blight,
must have arisen from the fact that the effect has been
mistaken for the cause, ond whilst that error continues,
there will be plenty of crups of rusted wheat. Will

our friends look out for theai, as the almanacs say,

now about. JACOB LIST.

Fritm the Maine Farmer,

Importance of .\gi'icultui'al Experiments.

Mr. Holmes : — A spirit of agricultural improve-
ment is abroad in our country, and ihe subject is be.
ginning to excite tfio attention of government. An
abundance has been said, ond justly too, in praise of
agriculture. Other branches of industry are indeed
necessary in order to advance the great interests of the
country, but it is truth incontrovertible, that agricul-
ture lies at the bottom of every other interest. Agri-
culture furnishes Ihe means of increasing or extending
every other branch of national industry, also the means
of prosecuting every kind of public improvements ;
some political economists have attempted to prove that
commerce is superior to agriculture in point of utility,
and some writers have placed the mechanic before the
farmer, but the arguments of both crumble at the touch
of truth. The farmer and the mechanic are creators
of the materials from which the merchant derives his
wealth, ond the mechonic, what is he if the farmer re-
fuses his aid 7 A skillful mechanic (especially one
who manufactures superior implements of husbandry)
is a public benefiictor ; but of what avail is the most
consummate skill, if the farmer neither purchases nor
consumes t Agriculture furnishes a healthful and
profitable employment to three-fourths of our popula-
tion. No employmentconduces in so high a degree to
preserve the moral health of the community. Where
can rational liberty find a safer asylum than in a coun-
try where the great body of the people ore actively en-
gaged in agricultural industry and in agricultural im-
provements 7 Every branch of industry, except agri-
culture, is liable to be overdone, and when this hap-
pens, distress more or less severe is sure to follow. —
This counti7 is now groaning under the eflects of ex-
cessive foreign trade. Who ever heard of a national
distress occasioned by a spirited agriculture ? If the
merchants who imported silks and other gewgaws from
Europe, ond by so doing involved our people in debt,
had been skillful industrious farmers, who will pre-
tend that the country would have sufl'ered as it now
does ? Science is indispensable in order to the suc-
cess of agriculture, but experiment is the great lever
of improvement. The business of science or theory is
to reason on facts : who can be o good farmer without
reasoning 1 The business of experiment .s to test the
truth of theory, and thereby come at certoin knowl-
edge. Every fanuer who tries experiments in agri-
culture for the public good, deserves the gratitude of
the whole country. But individualjefforts ore insuffi.
cient, there must be union of efforts in order to meet
with great success. Suppose that 100 farmers in dif-
ferent parts of this State can be found, wbo would be
willing to appropriate each one half acre of land for the
purpose of trying some experiment in the culture of
wheat. Suppose these 100 farmers can act in concert,
and each agree to try some different experiment, and
continue their eflorts we will say for 5 years, varying
the mode of experiment each year, only think! fi\e
hundred diflbrent experiments skillfully conducted :
who can tell what such a course of manogcment may
accomplish ? But if 100 formers acting unitedly con
accomplish so much or try so many experiments v/ith-
out imposing a heavy burden upon any individual of
the association, what may not the whole State accom-
plish for every branch of agriculture, if backed by the
energies of government. That government which
produces the largest amount of human happiness is
certainly the best, whatever may be its style or ihe nome
by which it is known. Human happiness should cer-
tainly be the object of every good government. In this
country more than ony other, we expect the measures
of government to be such that the happiness of the peo-
pie be directly promoted. Every person in the com-
munity is directly or indirectly benefited by on im-
proved agriculture : and if we hove ony regord (or the
democrocy of numbers, certoinly the agricultural in-
terest should be always in the front rank. An active
government in a country possessing such facilitiesaa
the State of Moine, con not fail to couse to le mode agri-
cultural improvements of a very high order. How-
ever the case may be with a sluggish government,
some inded may be found in our Stale, who think ihat
the government ehould do nothing to push forward
agricultural improvements; but whether such opinions
arise from " eonslitutiona! scruples," or whether it is
thought to be bad policy, in which the Stale should not
engage, I am not able to determine. 1 think thai
sound policy and justice require that the government
give a spirited support to the agricultural interest : —
Let the united voice of our yeomanry from one ex-
tremity nf the Stale to the other be, We ilemand it of
yoii- JOHN E. ROI.FE.

98

THE NEW GENESEE E A R M ER,

Vol. 1.

Culture of Fruit.

Among the best varieties of the poor which have been
proved in Wettem New York are the following:—
The LiUle Musk, (or PrimitireJ ripens at early
wheat harvest, it is small, yellow, with red next the
Bun, of a pleasant, hut not high flavor. The tree ia of
vigorous growth and is an abundant bearer. Its early
maturity renders it well worthy of cultivation. The
Madeleine, (sometimes called Me harvest pear,) ia
the earliest first rate fruit which ripens. It fellows im-
mediately the preceding. It is of about medium size,
green, with a slight tinge of yellow when ripe, flesh
white, with a slightly acid and very agreeable flavor.
The tree is very rapid in growth. The early Rousse
let ripens about two weeks later — rather small in size,
russetly brown, like the Seckel, which it somewhat
resembles in flavor, though greatly inferior. Except
with good cultivation, and eaten ripe from the tree, it
is hardly a first rate fruit. Nearly the same time the
Skinless ripens, which though not very high-flavored,
is one of our best early pears. It is rather small, ve-
ry smooth and thin skinned, with a juicy and sweet
flesh and is a very abundant bearer. The Jargonelle is
rather large, with a slightly acid and excellent flavor,
and though ripening later than the Madeleine, may
be classed with it in excellence. The September is
one of our best autumn pears, possessing a sweet and
remarkably agreeable flavor. The fruit has been
somewhat subject to mildew, but in every instance
we have seen, it appears to have resulted from neglec-
■ ted cultivation. The Seckel is well known to culti-
vators of fine fruit, and for richness and delicacy of
flavor, stands unrivalled among American pears. The
tree is small, and the fruit small and uninviting in ap-
pearance, as commonly cultivated. To obtain the
fruit large, and in perfection, the ground ehou'.d be
rich, and the tree pruned to a more open head than
usual. The Virgalmi, (known also by the names of
xhe Butter pear, St. Mich<il, and a dozen others, ) is
one of the very best of our late fall pears, nnd is well
known among cultivators. It appears, in AVestern
New York, to have lost none of its orignal excellence,
though the variety is said to have "run out" in some
parts of New England. The Napolcan, one of the
new Flemish pears, promises to be one of our best
autumn pears, being not inferior to the Virgnlieu.

Robert Manning, of Salem. Mass., who has given
more attention to the culture and proving of fruit, es-
pecially of pears, than any other mon in America,
says the Amirc Joannet ripens about ten days before
the Little Musk, to which it is superior in size and
flavor. It consequently deserves general cultivation.
He also mentions the following, among those he has
proved, as fruits of uncommon excellence: — Wil-
liams' Bon Chretien, Dearborn's Seedling, Antlreics,
Belle Lucrative, Surpass Vcrgallcu, Petrc, Urbanisic,
Marie Louise, Passu Colmetr, (early winter,) Eastern
Bmrre, (late winter), and others.

Among the best peaches, and which also afford a
succession from harvest till frost, are. Early White
Nutmeg, which is a very small peach, and cultivated
only on account of its early ripening; Early Ann, a
little later, much larger, and far superior; Tillotson's
Early, a very early variety of the Red Rareripe, Ear-
ly York, Noblesse, White Imperial, (new seedling^
While Rareripe, Red Cheek Malocoton, Royal Ken-
singtoji, Yelloio Alberge, Malta, President, Lemon
(or Kenneily's) Cling, Old Newington Cling, Old
Mixon do., ond late Heatli. The latter, to ripen well
and attain perfection, should be in a warm situation,
and the fruit, while small, should be thinned on the
branches to six inches asunder. Without the former
the fruit may not ripen before early frost; and without
the latter it may be smoU and without flavor, but
with it we have seen trees bearing fruit averaging from

If taken

two and a half to three inches in diameter
in before frost, they will keep till winter.
(To be Continued. )

Tuscany wneat.
Mkssrs. Thomas & Batehvm— According to your

request, I send you an account of the Tuscany wheot
which I have raised the three years past, and some of
which was sold in your city last fall.

In the fall of 1837, Mr. Abram Ilanford, of Scotts-
ville, gave me 7lbs. of seed wheat, which he bought in
New York, from a vessel that hod just arrived from
the Mediterranean wiih a cargo of wheat, nnd had a
small parcel of this kind on board. I sowed it on the
18th of September, 1837, on a clay soil, after corn,
once ploughed and well harrowed. On the 10th of
June following it headed out, and on the IGlh of .July
I harvested it, and thrashed out 207 lbs. of uncommon
fine large wheat. In harvesting I perceived that there
were four varieties in small quantities, and I was care-
ful to separate them; and the next fall I sowed
each kind by itself. In the spring following I found
that two of the varieties would not stand the win-
ter, but were mostly killed, so I did not preserve
them. The other two, one a bearded and the other a
bald variety, stood the winter well. The bold was
much the larger quontily, and this I sowed on o very
bod fallow; the soil a stiflT cloy, broke up very late,
leaving it in hard lumps. This was the only piece of
land I had which was not in the immediate vi-
cinity of some other wheat; and I wished to keep it
quite separate: besides I did not mean to give this any
better chance than other wheot. But at harvest I found
I hod lost considerable by not showing this kind more
favor. On thrashing I hod 40 bushels of fine large
wheat.

I sowed ten acres of this wheat the middle of Sep-
tember last, and on the 28th of May it was nil heoded
out. The crop now looks finely, (although sown ra-
ther too thin,) and I have no doubt will be fit to har-
vest by the lost of June. It stonds our winters well,
ond is considerably earlier than the common wheat,
which is a great advantage to our farmers os it will be
less liable to injury from rust. Its growth is much
larger and stronger than other wheat, nnd the berry is
very large nnd of fine quality. I will send some of it
to the Rochester Seed Store when thrashed, and I
have no doubt that nil who exomine it will pronounce
it superior to any other wheat in the country.
Respectfully Yours,
W. T. CUYLER.
Woodlands, near Moscow, June, 1840.

with its double duties, gave the manufacturers enor-
mous profits. But peace took ploce, the double duty
come off, ond foreign competition wos about to ruin
the young manufocturer, when the generous South
consented to the tariff of 1816. Even Mr. Calhoun
tells us that " he nt that time had the simplicity to con-
sent to a tarifTof protection."

But it is too much the custom of our northern farm-
ers to decry and undervalue the southern planter; 'tis
true the people of the slave states are great sinners,
but we rend that those were not the greatest sinners
"on whom the tower fell."

Without the cotton of the South, our country would
make but a slim figure in the mercantile world. 'Tis
doubtful whether we should have had a single rail
road or atlantic steam ship to this day, if the South
had made no cotton. New England is shrewd enough
to understand her interest — the South is her great cus-
tomer— it is the only goose she has which loys a gol-
den egg.

The South is very sensitive on the subject of tariff:
we con only hope that her present poverty and great
embarassments will make her of a better mind, and
open her eyes to the best interests of the nation. Mr.
Calhoun has long made free trade his hobby, and nev-
er man had a hobby who wns better able to defend it.
His inventive genius nnd graphic mind can always
make the " wrong appear the better reason."

The probable continuance of low prices for all the
necessaries of life, must give a great spur to manu-
facturing enterprise. This will be quite as legitimate,
and less hazardous than a highly protective tariff", with
high prices, induced by an inflated, unstable cur
rency. S. W.

Seneca co.

June 7th, 1840.

A Protective TaritT.

Messrs. Editors — I see that some of the corres-
pondents of the New Genesee Farmer advocate a high
tariff on foreign fabrics, in order to encourage home
manufactures, and create that market for the products
of our own agricultute which cannot be found abroad.

Hezekinh Miles, the great champion of a protec-
tive tnriir, is dead, but the good he did to our cotton
manufactures lives after him. He was in favor of free
trade with all nations, so far as they would receive our
raw material and bread stuffs in payment for their
manufactures and staples, but no further. Had this
nation adopted his rule, instead of running in debt
,f!200,000,000 to foreign nations, we should have es-
caped both panic and revulsion, with the consequent
appalling deterioration in morals which they hove
engendered.

As long ago as the first embargo, in reply to the
complaints of New England in Congress of the ruin-
ous elTect of that measure on her commerce, the lan-
guage of the South was, "goto manufncturing." —
New Englatid did mannfacture, the non-intercourse
gave her protection, and the war which succeeded,

For the Ntu Genesee Farmer.

A Durable Cider Press.

Messrs. Editors —

Having occasion to repair the Cider Mill in 1835. I
found the press which had been constructed in the old
fashion, very much out of repair. The posts, though
under cover, would rarely stand more than two sea-
sons ;" I concluded to put up two presses with iron
screws. The new press I made after my own fashion,
nnd though much laughed at while constructing it,
because of its novelty, I hove had the pleasure of seeing
it overcome all opposition, nnd become a decided fa-
vorite.

The bed pieces, and beam, arc accoiding to your
fancy as to size. The beam should be a very heavy
one, else it may spring. The beam is framed to the
centre sill by two 4 inch hard- wood scantling at each
end, ns near the outside ss possible. In the centre is
nnother piece of scantling at each end 3 by 4 to serve
as a guide for the follower. I then took two bore of
iron, an inch and a quarter square, for each end. Upon
the upper end I made heads, and fastened the lower
one with a key. A plate of iron was put upon each
end to prevent the rods from drawing into the wood.
These rods were put through the beam and sill on each
side of the centre scantling, and ns nenr the posts ns
possible. They kept the frnme together when making
the press. The posts kept the henm up, and protected
the rods. The screws were of iron, and were worked
wilh a bar about seven feet long. This press was in
operation five years, and never cost one cent for re-
pairs. It wns token down the winter post, and every
part as sound and ns good as when first put up, except
the sills — and they would have stood some years yet.

If any of your readers should have occasion for n
new press, I think they will find this much the mos'
durnble, and the cheapest.

Respectfully yours,
Darien, June IT: 1840. T. 0. PETERS.

iNo. 7.

AND G A R D E N E R 'S J O U R N A L.

09

Heaics in Horses.

Messrs. Editors — A correspondent of yours wish-
es to know of a cure for the henvea in horses. I have
heard a medicine recommended as an eflectiial cure;
but 1 think, that, like the asthma in mankind, it
cannot be wholly cured. This, however, is the
most cflectual of any thing I am acquainted with. —
Take a small portion of slacked lime, sny a handful;
throw it into a pail of water, and give this to him as
long as you perceive any signs of the heaves, which
will generally be two or three days. This is very
simple, and within the reach of every one.
Yours, &c.,

Greece, June 14, 1840. HOSTLKR.

Hoof Ail, or Foot Rot.

Messrs. Editors — In perusing an old English ag-
ricultural work a short time since, I noticed the fol-
lowing highly approved cure for the hoof a.l, or foot
rot:—

" Bleed copiously. If the disease firet oppears be-
tween the claws, wash the part clean; when dry, rub
a tar rope to and fro between the claws 1)11 an evident
warmth is produced; then dresa ;he part with a wood-
en skewer dipped in butter of antimony, oil of vitriol,
or nitrous acid. Let them stand dry for an hour or
two, ond them turn them on a dr>- pasture. Repeat
this for three or four days successively.

** If inflammation appears, reduce it by a poultice
of linseed meal, or rye flour. The cure will be accel-
erated by administering the following saline purgative:

** Take of glauber salts, one pound; ginger, pow
dered, two ounces; molosses, four ounces; add two
pints of boiling water, and when of new milk warmth,
give at one dose. Particular care is requisite to keep
the animals on dry pasture for a week or two."

Knowing that this disease is considered by many
farmers in this section as inctirablc, I thinlc the re-
cipe may be of timely aid. W. N. H.

Yates Co., June I5th, 1S40.

claiming wot lands, it will greatly improve light soils ;
it will deepen the active soil which will be of immense
advantage in root culture, and prove beneficial to most
all crops ; for there is hardly any plant cultivated, the
roots of which would not penetrate below the usual
depth we commonly plough, if a tine mellow soil was
prepared for tlicni ; and where there is much depth
there is less injury from drought, for in thorough cul-
tivation the loose soil at the surface prevents the eva-
poration of moisture from below, where the roots of
plants freely penetrate and find nutriment.

As the sub-soil ploughingaud its advantages become
known in this country, it will be practised where land
is dear, as it will gready increase its capocity for pro-
duction, and farmers generally who are able to expend
something for improvement in this way, will find from
the copilal thus invested a good and permanent profit.
The profit from sub-soiling is like that from clearing
a piece of land from stones and putting into wall ; it is
at first attended with considerable expense, but it pi'o-
duces a lasting benefit. It is in fact only carrying the
same principle to a greater depth.

Mr. Fcnno, and Mr. Worcester of the Cary farm,
are entitled to credit for their generosity in the cause
of agriculture in furnishing teams and aid in this ex-
periment, also Capt. Perkins who managed the plough
in this new method, with as much skill we presume,
as a Scotch veteran when sub-soiling was first intro-
duced. Mr. Fenno's hospitality will be remembered
by those who " never forget tlie time of eating and
drinking.^^

From the Yankee Farmer.

Experiment iu Sub-Soil Ploughing.

On Monday last we had the pleasure of witnessing
an experiment at sub-soil ploughing, with Smith's
plough, lately introduced from Scodand, at an expense
of .$75, by Messrs. Ellis & Bosson. This experiment
was made upon the farm of John Fenno, Eisq., in
Chelsea, and we believe it is the first attempt of the
kind in this country ; it was very satisfactory ond
gave evidence that our soils may be deepened with
convenience, and at a moderate e.xpenee, compared
with the great ond permanent utility that will result
from such operation.

The spot selected for trial was not favorable to an
easy operation, as the sub-soil was very stony, but the
plough worked well, going to the beam where the soil
was free from obstructions ; the small atones were
thrown up, as the plough is constructed with a view
of producing this eflect, and some stones weighing
several hundred pounds, that were completely buried
in the earth, were thrown up so that they might be
easily removed.

In our two last numbers we published an interesting
article on "Thorough Draining and Sub-soil Plough-
ing" by the inventor of thia valuable system, ond to
that we refer the reader for particulars as to thia meth-
od of ploughing and its giea: advantages.

The plough used in the ..iperiment, though not of
the largest size, possesses great strength, being made
wholly of wrought iron ond weighing abjut 300 pounds.
The whole length of beams and handles is fifteen feet,
its depth from the bottom of the beam is 19 inches, so
that it will run 16 or 18 incheadeep. It haa no moidd
board, and but a narrow wing, as it ia intended for
loosening the sub-soil, without displacing iter mixing
it with the active soil. A spur rising obliquely from
the wing, runs about midway the furrow and thorough-
ly loosens the soil and throws up the small stones. —
Alter sub-soihng the ploughing ia giadually deepened
at every succeeding operation, and portions of the sur-
face soil becomes enriched by manure and exposure to
the atmoaphere,

Agricultural Papers and Warehouse?^.

The Maine Farmer of the 18th April, publishes a
communication, designed to prejudice the public
against those agricultural journals which are published
or having any sort of connexion with an agricultural
warehouse or seed store. We are sorry thot that good
pa])er should thus array itself in solemn v.'arring against
the " New England Farmer," published in Boston by
Joseph Breck & Co., who keep o large agricultural
warehouse and seed store, and also against the "Yan-
kee Farmer," of Boston — formerly of Portland — which
is published in connexion with Ellis & Bosson's ex-
tensive warehouse and seed store. We take but very
Utile censure to ourselves, because we are conscious
of not deserving eo much of it as do these papers.

The writer protests against the encourage'uent of
papers which ore edited by persons who are not ac-
quainted with the business of practieal agriculture,
and who "prostrate their talents for hire." As ifmcn
ought to labor for notldng in order to he respected or
beUeved 1 There's for you Dr. Holmes of the Maine
Farmer — there's for you also, Rev. H. Colman, the
unpractical, "hired" editorof the New England Far-
mer— there's for you, also, Mr. Cole, editor of the
Yankee Farmer — there, too, is for you, Gov. Ilill of
the Concord Visitor, and even ourselves, perhaps, will
have to fall in the rear of this honorable company who
are thus to be swept by the board.

Now we do not think that our farmers are such fools
as to be deceived by an advertisement that appears in
any paper, or that they are running any more risk in
purchasing a plough, hoe, rake or seed of men who are
engaged in publishing agricultural newspapers, than
of persons who take loss interest in the subject. We
therefore cannot join in the admonition which the
Maine Farmer's correspondent deals out to the public,
to beware of the N. E. Farmer, the Y'ankee Farmer,
and even we might add the Maine Farmer, whose edi-
tor cannot escape the censure, which the general prin-
ciples laid down in that communication would concen-
trate upon him as muchaaupon the rest of us. — Maine
Cnllirator.

Re)narl;s by the Editor of the Yankee Farmer. — We
noticed the ridiculous article above alluded to, and it
reminded us of the old lady, who on hearing it obser-
ved that a certain minister was eo very illiterate that
he could scarcely read, gravely exclaimed, " So much
the better, f n- he has no human learning to depend
on." It ia late in the day to hold up the doctrine, that
the more ignorance the more honesty ; such stuff" will
not be swallowed by an enlightened community with-
out some rumination.

Every intelligent farmer knows very well that an
important qualification fir on editor of on agricultural
paper is a good knowledge of agricultural mechanics ;
and how can this information he obtained without a fa-
miliar acquaintance with agricultural woi-ehouses,
where moy be examined the various implements and
machines in use, and by testing such things, witnees-

and liable topufl'an inferior article, hashisadvantces
also from his situation, ond it ia o narrow policy that
would array papers against each other on account of
their local advantages, or on account of their situation,
affording greater or less facilitiss for the publishers and
editors to play off' deception.

The editor of a pajier not connected with a seed and
implement store, may advertise or pufl'a worthless ar-
ticle, and thus honestly aid in gulling the farmers,
when a peep into a depository of machines and imple-
nienta would at once show the error into which he has
unintentionally fallen.

We wish that the writer who warns farmers against
taking papers connected with agricultural esioblish-
ments, lest the editor deceive them by commending
articles which the publishers sell, would examine pa-
pers differently situated, and see the implements and
machines figured and recommended in them ; and
then step into the agricultural warehouses and see such
articles neglected and rusting, while better ones are
advertiaed by the publishers and recommended by the
editors which ho censures so /iAcr*///?/.

As a striking instance of the deception to which far-
mers are liable, we lately noticed in an agricultural pa-
per published in the interior, the representation of a
Wino" called " Smith's Sub-soil Vioiigh improred." —
At that time Smith's plough had not been used in this
country in order to learn whether it was susceptible of
improvement, and until very recently it had not been
introduced into this country, and that thing, which
seemed hke an attempt at caricature, must have been
on entire inccniion by some one who hod never seen
Smith's plough, nor had dreamed of any thing that re-
sembled it.

Let each agricultural editor avail himself of the ad-
vantages his situation affords, of collecting and dis-
seminating ueeful information, and in this way the
whole editorial corps are mutually benefitted, and the
informotion of all may be spread before the reoders of
each journal ; and above oil, let brothely love prevail,
and let us sufl'er none to etir up atrife among us.

Lotus show to editors of pohtical papera, and alaot
to those who conduct religious journals, that it ia not
our principle bueinese to dwell on our differences in
opinion, but to promote the gieat ond good object in
which we profess to be engaged. Let us be to them a
pattern, for surely soiuething of the kind is wanted.
Let us exhibit towards each other in practise those
many en dearing qualities which they profess. — Yankee
Fanner.

There are many tracts of rich, but at present, wet
and useless lands, that may be made the most produc-
tive in the country, by under draining, and sub-soil I ing their practical operation and comparing their sever
ploughing, as described in the article which we have al advantages in order to judge of their utility '.
referred above. -We are aware that the editor who ia more retired

Besides the great advantaijp of aub-aoiling in re- I while laboring under a disadvantage in this reepect,

Instructions to Young Mowers.

Every farmer who has employed many mowers,
has had occasion to pity the manner in which some of
them "dragged their slow swarths olong," while he
was delighted with the ease, the ropidity and smooth-
ness with which others, of far less strength, wotdd
pass over the field.

The instructions of a kind and indulgent father on
this subject ore not only fresh in my memory, but
have made first rate mowers of many young men, ond
perhaps may be useful to some of those who may mow
for the first time hereafter. I soy for the first time,
because very few change a bad habit (of mowing par-
ticularly) after it is once acquired. "As the twig ia
bent, the tree ia inclined;" eo with those who use the
scythe. Therefore let the boy of fourteen mow one
or two hours in each day, during the haying season
for two or three years, when, by the following direc-
tions, he may be able to successfully compete with the
strong but illy instructed. Let his snaith and scythe
be very light, and the scythe of rozor like edge, and
so huns, that when suspended on the finger by the
lower neb, the point and heel of the scythe may be at
equal distances from the ground. When at the edge
of the grass let an old and good mower, (who is to
walk near him half an hour,) instruct him to stand
nearly erect, the hips being further advanced than the
shoulders, and under no circumstances to stoop, and
when inserting his scythe into the grass be sure to keep
the heel nigh the ground; and when cutting the clips
and after, let the point be equally near it; let the body
turn with the scythe oa on o pivot, the heel of the
scythe passing within two or three inches of the ad-
vo'nced foot. Thia will relieve the arms, and so di-
vide the effort, that he will mow with as little fatigue
as he can perform light work, and soon laugh at the
'six footer' who stoops to reach his grass.

Let the boy also at first be instructed to clip only
ten or twelve inches of grass, until his erect posture
and the horizontal position of his scythe become
habitual, when hia love of ease, his interest, and de-
sire to triumph, will require a long scythe, perfect in
temper, yet light, and from heel to point the segment
of a circle of about seven feet radii.— Fnrjnfr's Montli-

hj Jlsitor.

i. W. W.

104

Til E N E W G EN E S E E FARMER,

Vol. 1

Brief Hints for the Month.

The chief bueineee of spring, as every fanner knows,
is to get the seed of his crops into the ground. But
many do not appear to understand the importance ol
taking care of those crops ofter«ards. It would be as
absurd to suppose that a crop could be had without
planting, as that a good one could be obtained without
any subsequent labor.

A herd of cattle breaking into a corn field and des-
troying a quarter of the crop, is n grievous misfortune;
but an army of iceeds in lull possession, deetroying
three quarters, ia patiently endured.

The farmer spends a month of weary labor, in
ploughing his field, harrowing, manuring, ridging,
and planting; and then loses the avails of most of his
labor by omitting a thorough e.\pulsion of these silent
but voracious intruders. It is as great a cost of land
and manure, to raise a weed as to raise a useful plant.
Let not the fanner the'efore expend his resources for
the production of the former.

Many who have clean corn fields, neglect their pas-
tures. Mulhns ai\d field-thistles often over-run them.
They may be extirpated with little cost and great prof-
it; and when once the land is cleared of them lUey are
kept out with little labor.

Canada thistles, St. John's wort, and other weeds of
this class, may be destroyed by deep ploughing, as di-
rected last month.

Grass for hay, beaten down by rain, should be cut
early, before it becomes mouldy, decayed, and unpal-
otable. But other grass should stand until^ the seed
approach maturity, as the hay will then be tweeter,
more tender, more nutricious, and be more easily dried.

Clover hay should be but slightly dried in the sun,
and the remainder of the curing performed by putting
it up in small cocks, so that it may heat very slightly,
to be turned when ncoessnry. Exposure to dciv, so
injurious to clover hay, is thus avoided; and the thin
leaves and succulent stem become equally dried togeth-
er. The labor of spreading is also saved.

Every farmer shojdd have a horse rake, and as
soon think of being without a plough, as without one.
The horse rake possesses nearly the same advantages
over the hand rake, as the plough over the hoe in
breaking up a field.

Let all farm implements, when not in actual use, be
kept from sun and rain. The sim cracks the wood and
the rain soaks and rots it, and they last not one quar-
ter the time that good care would insure Some far-
mers thus pay fifty dollars a year, ncedlessli/, in the
purchase and repair of wagons, carts, ploughs, har-
rows, hoes, spades, cultivators, &c., &c. *

four times, by mixing our seed, half new and half
old, (the new coming up a day quicker than the old;)
these four coming up give it so many chances for esca-
ping the (ly, it being often seen that the seed sown
over night will be destroyed by the fly, when that
sown the next morning will escape; and rica rersa ;
or you may hoe plough them when you sec the fly is
like to destroy them; this will bury the greatest part
of them; or you may drill in another row, without
new-ploughing the land.

**This method hos also another advantage of esca-
ping the fly, t/ic most certain of mnj otJier, and ivfiilU-
Me, if the land be made fine as it ought to be; thisis
to roll it with a heavy roller across the ridges, after it
is drilled, and closing up the cavities of the earth, pre-
vents the fly's entrance and exit, to lay the eggs, hatch
or bring forth the young ones to prey upon the tur-
nips, which they might entirely devour if the fly came
before they eat more than the two first leaves, which
being formed of the very seed itself, ore very sweet;
but the next leaves arc rough and bitter, which the fly
does not love."

The author remarks ihot he has seen drilled turnip
seed, when put in at diircrent depths, as above stated,
"come up daily for a fortnight together;" and that he
has had the first that came up all destroyed by the fly,
"and about a fortnight after more have come up and
been hoed lime enough, end made a good crop."

Rolling, withoutdoubt, isoneof the most elficacious
modes, perhaps the most so, to prevent the ottacke of
the fly; but where the soil is in any degree of an ad-
hesive nature, caution is needed that it be not done
when the ground is too wet, or it will become too
much packed and hardened; though the subsequent
passing of the cultivator between the drills, wotild les-
sen the evil by rendering it mellow.

The preceding remarks, our readers will doublees
understand, were intended to apply to the flat and
globe turnips, and not to the rutabaga. Some advan-
tageous hints, however, in the culture of the latter
might be derived from them. *

The Turnip Fly.

The following remarks, copied from the old and cel-
ebrated work on drill-husbandry, by Jethro Tull, con-
tain some excellent hints, and may be ot value to
those at this season, who are about to sow crops of tur-
nips.

" When 1 sowed turnips by hand, and hoed them
with n hand-hoe, the expense v/as great, and the ope-
ration not half performed, by the deceitlulness of the
hoers, who left half the land unhoed, and covered it
with earth from the part they did hoe, and then the
grass and weeds grew the faater.

" When I drilled upon the level, at three feet inter-
vals, a trial was made between those turnips and a field
of the next neighbor's, sown at the same time, where-
of the hand-hoeing cost ten shillings per acre, and hod
not qii'te half the crop of the drilled, both being mea-
sured by the bushel, on purpose to find the dilTcrcnce.

" 111 the new method they are more certain to come
up quickly; because in every row half the seed is
plantrd about four inches deep, and the other half is
planted exactly over that, at the depth of half an inch,
falling in after the earth has covered the first half. —
Thus planted, let the weather be never so dry, the
deepedt seed will come up; but if it raineth, the shal-
low will come up first: we also make it come up at

liightuing Rods.

While some important requisites are neglected in
the construction of lightning rods, much poins are ta-
ken with what is entirely unnecessary. Among un-
necessary particulars, we may mention the practice of
employing glass supj orts to connect it with the build-
ing. Well painted wood is much better and cheaper.
Glass, when wet, as it always is in a storm, conducts as
well as wood. Wood is much stronger, and by
it the rod may be held at a greater distoncc from the
building. If the rod is continuous throughout, ond
penetrates the ground far enough, the electric fluid in
all coses, must go directly to the earth, without pas-
sing in any other course. It chooses the most direct
channel and the best conductor. Hence a heavily char-
ged jar, may be discharged by a rod held in the naked
hand, without the latter being ofiected in the slightest
degree. But the hand is a much better conductor than
dry, painted wood.

Among important requisites neglected, ia suflicient
height. A rod will safely protect a surface whose di-
ameter is four times the height of the rod above it. —
Thus, a rod placed in the middle of a building, /or((/-
cighi feet long, should ripe ttrclrc feet above it.

"The rod should eyilt.r the earth at least five feet
and terminate in a bed of charcoal, which is a good
conductor. The bfet and most convenient way is to
dig a trench five or six feet deep, extending a few feel
from the building, and place in the bottoma few bush-
els of charcoal."

If the point at the upper extremity of the rod be al-
ways s/iar/;: if the rod be continuous throughout, hy
being screwed and not mere\y linked together; and if it
terminate ol some feol below the surface, so as always
to be in moist earth; it will discharge on electrified
c\oud silenllij, and without explosion, in the same way
that a pointed wire discharges silenllv an electric bol-
ter v.

Paint prcEerves a lightning rod from rust, and does
not diminish in the least its conducting power. *

Electricity vs. Oak Trees.

Wc moke a remark which should have been appen*
ded to the extract with the above leading, in another
column. We do not doubt that oak trees may be
struck more frequently than other trees. Whether it
be owing to their situation on hill tops, to their greater
height, or to their better conducting power, we cannot
positively assert. That the oak contains iron, is quite
new to us; and if thot be octually the case, it could not
much, if any, increase its conducting power. Unless
it were in an uncombined metallic state, which none
we presume will assert, its conducting power would be
very imperfect. Its oxide are non-conductors, and
its salts arc imperfect conductors; and the small quan-
tity of either could not have much effect on the con-
ducting power of the tree. *

The Flotiers of Summer.

At the commencement of summer, the Bractal or
Caucasian poppy is unquestionably the most showy
plant in the garden. Ten stalks from one root, nearly
four feet high, bearing flowers of the brightest crimson
which may be spread from six to eight inches wide, —
is no common object. It is p.-rennial. Another pe-
rennial species of the genus /"(/ymrcr is very brilliant,
but a little later in coming into bloom. This is the
Oriental Poppy with flowers of a bright orange color, —
less in size ond lees In height, but very ornamental.

We like those Roses best that ore not much disposed
to fill the ground with suckers ; and such as may be
distinguished ufar off — not requiring a close inspection
to find out how they difl'er from their associates. The
following sorts possess those properties ;

The Harrison is the earliest double rose in our bor-
ders, of a light yellow, and continues long in bloom. —
It is toll, and may be a hybrid from the single yellow or
the sweet brier, as the leaves are slightly scented. If
wc were to cultivate but three roses this should be one.
The (single) 7'cd and yellow Austrian is not to be
mistaken for any other kind ; and comes nearer to a
scarlet than any rose that we have seen. It is much
admired.

The Caroline rose is the most graceful in our pos-
session ; somewhot globidar, and rarely displaying its
centre. The flowers of a pale red, are numerous ; but
stand apart on its long slender stems. It is quite hardy
here, though the seedling of a China rose ; and came
to us only second-hand from her who raised it, and in
honor of whom it was named.

The Champncy another offspring of the Chino rose,
though Ices hardy than the former, has done well in
the open border. Under the snow it is safe, and our
coldest weather generally comes wiien it is covered ;
but if its stems should be damaged, it sends up new
stalks with great vigor, which soon come into bloom.
Like others of the same species, it flowers all summer
and through most of autumn.

A tea rose, light bluch, and ^i the most delicate fra-
grance, abides the winter without injury in a covered
border, — as well as the Grctille rose, the multijlora,
and seve.'-al others of this tender elosa.

The double sicect brier (so called) with petals a littlo
marbled, la a fine rose. The moss rose is always ad-
mired. The Belle Alimnce marked with white streaks,
is unique. The tall Idush, the hardy red monthly,
the cabbage rose, the double irhit£, the Labrador, the
royal Prorcnce, the single yellow, the maiden's blush,
and several others of uncertain name, are also good
plants for the border, ond add greatly to its beauty and
variety.

There ore many other kinds in request, however,
such as the burning coal, the black Tuscan, the bumrJ-
learrd. &c. &<•. &■<■. besides the i^cotrh roses, which

\io. 7

ANDGARDENER'SJOURNAL.

105

beautiful ; but on account of their spreading
rough the soil, are uneuited to borders with box
IgingB.

Few plants make n finer display than the FraxinctU
ith its striped flowers of red and white. No pleasure
irden should be withont so fine on ornament.
Campanula grandiflora has very large flowers of a
ne blue-purple. C. pcrsicifolia with its erect stem,
ilished leaves, and pure white flowers, is eminently
Bautiful. The blue variety is also fine ; and some
oublc&ni some single RovieXB of different species of
lis genus, arc very showy.

Several kinds o( perennial larkspurs make a fine
sp'ay. The Siberian hcji larkspur^ and one or two
bcrs, send up from the roots so many stalks that when
mded they form columns seven or eight feet in height,
corated with blue floweis. These species, like
iiost cultivated plants, have seedlings which vary in
Irm and color, some much finer than others. The
■hitiese larkspur, single and double, is also very orna-
lental ; and another perennial species which came
ithout a name, is so double that it yields no seeds. —
a color is the richest blue pui-jile.
Clematis rilicella is a climbing shrub withdwppur-
le flowers presented on long peduncles. It has a
ght and elegant appearance.
Gladiolus communis (common sword lilly) is one
"the prettiest plants in the garden. The flowers, on
ems three feet high, all face one way, and ore gener-
ly of a fine red ; but a new variety has sprung up in
u borders of a flesh color. We have also had them
hite, but these have not done well, and probably be-
ng to a different species.

The purple fringe tree is a wonder. Soon after all
a mflowinuteers unfold, the fringe begms to protrude
om the peduncles ; in a short time it absorbs all the
lurishment, and the bloom perishes. The fringe
ten increases till the branches become loaded, and
e leaves partially concealed. A Ittle girl who knew
jt its name, called it " the wool tree."
The white fringe tree is a very different plant, but
so beautiful. Its fringe consiis of long slender petals
hich almost hide the leaves. It grows indigeniously
the south-eastern parts of Pennsylvania, but the for-
er is a native of Italy.

Coroniila varia has elegant particolored flowers of
hite and pale red. Clematis ereeta, four or five feet
gh, increases in size year after year, and presents
hite masses of bloom which are fragrant. The pur-
efozglote, — the finger hut of the Germans, — claims
Dlace for its beauty and singularity. Lychnisfulgens
3ni China, is crowned with the richest scarlet.
Four herbaceous species of Spirtsa are known to
)rist6, two indigenous to Europe, and two to this con-
lent, besides a .Siberian variety of our S. lobaia. —
he two first sorts (S. filipendala and S. UlinariaJ
lord double flowers, which like S. aruncus, are
hite. The Inst species however, differs widely in its
florescence : The flowers though minute, are al-
oet countless in number, and are disposed on spikes
instituting panicles. It is very showy, and very
ngiilar in appearance.

Iris is a family represented in this month by some
egant individuals ; but florists cannot always acquire
e correct name, and botanists are often puzzled with
irden specimens. One of the loveliest of the tuber-
is rooted section, is in this condition. The stem is
ghteen inches high, with large flowers of a light bu'
OBt most delicate blue.

Iris siherica exhibits its fine variegated blossoms on
letop of its stems three feet in heigUth, while /. dc-
Ttorum half hides among its leaves, the beautiful
lorkings which nature has given it. I.Jiorenlina in
tueish white is one of the sweetest of its tribe. Two
ilbous 85r e from Spain run into many varietie?

which are very am active, end are known as the Span-
ish and the Ei:glis/i Iris. The latter is later, and has
larger flowers, but both are rich in colors.

The old fashioned honey suckles that charmed us in
early life, still dilTiise their odors ; and no garden can
be well furnished without them. Tbe honey suckles
from China and Japan, though in request, are inferior
to those natives of England- The trumpet honey
suckles, yellow and crimson, are pretty but not fra-
grant.

Phlox, in some of its species, flowers from spring
till the approach of winter. P. orala and P. carnea a
foot high, are pretty. P. undulata a little taller, is
pale and less conspicuous ; but P. macvlata in its
finest varieties, excels every other at this season, in the
color, and in the size of its flowers. It is a native o'
low fertile grounds, and is more superb in such situa-
tions. The white variety (P. suarcolens) is splendid
in a rich shaded border.

Pinks like roses, are always presumed to be fra-
grant ; and in combining neatness and sweetness, ex
eel most other flowers. Room should be made in our
borders for mor ! varieties of this interesting family.

The Lily (Lilivm) is the flower of summer. The
Daurian lily resembles our L. philadelphicum, bu
bears the sunshine of the open border. L. pyrcnaieum,
ol'ten improperly called martagon, is elegant but strong
scented. The orange lily in its several varieties, de-
serves to be admired. L. canniicnse, indigenous to our
woods and meadows, stands next to L. superbnm in
beauty, and before it in hardihood, — growing well in
any rich border. But the old while lily that charmed
thefloristsof former ages, still keeps (or ought to keep)
its place as the first on the list of excellence. Its purity
and sweetness are unrivalled; but in this northern land,
it requires shelter in winter. t

Signature Corrected. — The article on " The Flow-
ers of Spring" in our last Number, P. 92, was signed
X by a mistake of the printer ; it should be marked
thus t.

as to regulate the depth of the plough or furrow.

UcEpcctfully yours, W. N. H.

Yates Co., June, 18-10.

* By a mistake of the engraver, the two extra holes
are made to appear on the land side, instead of the
furrow sitlc. — Eds.

An Improved Plough device.

Messrs. Editors. — I send you a description of the
device attached to a plough which one of my fiiends
lately imported from Europe, and which all who have
seen it believe to be a decided improvement.

The above cut needs but little e.xplanation. The
upper sketch shows the top of tbe beam and device,
and tbe manner of regulating the icidth of the furrow.
The two extra holes on the furrow ' side of the device,
are used only when ploughing head-lands, so as to al-
low the plough to gather nearer to the fence. The boo'
Si. swivel are connected with the large device by meai
of an ordinary device of small size. This arrange-
ment is very convenient, as the whipple-treea can be
put on or taken off" without drawing a single bolt.

Tbe lower sketch shows the landside of the beam
and device, and the manner of shifting the device so

Slugs on Fruit Trees.

According to our predictions last month, the eggs
which we noticed on the leaves of the pear trees, soon
hatched, and produced the slimy worms or slugs which
have so greatly injured pear and cherry trees in this
region, for several years past. We, and some friends
took considerable pains to discover the parents of thesa
animals, but were unsuccessful. It will be seen on p.
107 (this number,) that our correspondent J. thinks
we "make quite a mistake in considering tbe slug
the larva of an insect;" or, in other words, that the
eggs are deposited by a fly or moth, and that the slugs
undergo transformation. He says the slug belongs
to the class in Zoology called Molusca, order Nuta-
da, genus Lymax. If so, it is not properly the
larva of an insect, but a perfect animal, and un-
dergoes no transfjrmation. Now, with all possible
deference to our esteemed friend J., we are constrain-
ed to believe that the " great mistake" is on his side;
for in the first place the animals with which ho claeses
it, are d-.'scribcd by naturalists as being destitute of feet
and legs, like the snail, but these possess both feet
and legs in perfection. In the second place, the eggs
appeared in such abundance, and S3 rapidly, that it
would be impossible for snch slugs to deposit them,
unless they were quite numerous; and no such things
could be discovered on the trees at that time, or until
the eggs were hatched. Cjusjquently we are still of
the opinion that the depositors of these eggs are "some
kind of a fly or moth."

We shall doubtless soon be able to set the matter at
rest, however, as we intend to watch their movements
closely, in order to ascertain what changes they under-
go, if any: and in what form or manner they pass the
winter. We hope friend J. and others, will assist in
the matter, so that we may obtain a better knowledge
of this seemingly nondescript enemy of the fruit gar-
den.

Since writing the above, it has occurred to us that
we may have mistaken the meaning of our friend J.
It is probable that he only objects to our use of the
term •' Slug," and he did not intend to be itnderstood
to say that the insect referred li by us belongs to the
tronus Lymax; but merely that the true Slug or naked
Snail does. In this sense his remarks are correct. —
Wo did not intend, however, to use the word "Slug"
as a scientific term, or with scientific precision, but
merely to denote an animal of slug-like appearance,
by the name which we balieve common consent hog
applied to it in this region, where the trup slug, or na-
ked snail is not commonly known.

(CT Persona whose trees are infested with thcss
slugs, should lose no time in sprinkling dry ashes over
them. Repeat the application two or three days sue
cessively, and it will generally kill them.

HI- C

ok t

Reriral of the Silk business.— Vie are pleased to
bear that the Silk Company at Northampton have com-
pletely resuscitated th;ir establishment, the operations
if which were somewhat paialyzei by the times, and
they are now progress ng with every prospect of sue
ccjs. The sewing 8:1k manufactory at Nantucket,
continues in the same prosperous career that has et-
tended it from the commencement. The bounty
,aw3 of MnsHOchusetts, Vermont and other eastern
States, have bad the desired effect by inducing num-
bers of persons to turn their attention to this pursuit;
and tens of thousands of MiiHiorry Trees are now be-
ing planted in those States for the purpo.w of raising
silk, and has caused quite an animated demand tor
them, and they have in consequence, been again sel-
ling at very fair prices. — Stir.

1 Ui

r H E N E W C, E i\ E S E !•: !• A U M E R,

01.. 1

Frnm the Formers' Cabinet.
Dialogue""Cnltivation.

Frank. — Father, our conversniion on pruning hns
never been absent from my ihougbts: it bos indeed
proved, aa you said it would, a source of great delight
and instruction to me. I often visit the tree which
you pruned at the time, and am nsioniehed to find how
very correct you were in all your idca.s respecting the
manner in which that work ought to be dune; and
how true to nature is the similarity between the culti-
vation of trees and the management of children —
some of which might he pretty big ones too.

Father. — The more you reflect upon and e.^amine
the subject, the more interest you will I'ccI, and the
clearer will be the truth of the observation.

Frank. — I have no doubt of it, for J find myself
making new discoveries every time 1 visit that tree; it
might be snid to be a llring lesson.

Father. — Gj^d — and do you ever remark the three
branches which we particularly noticed at the time of
pruning, and which we named William U., John
Timme, and Sister Susan ?

Father. — Indeed I do, very particularly, and cannot
help thinking they were pretty good likenesses. The
fine large branch, so tall and so straight, which, when
you had treaded down, 1 thought you had spoiled the
tree for the whole year, has, fiom the part which re-
mained attache 1 to the tree, thrown up two beautiful
blanches, one on each side, like twiuR, e.\nctly of the
same height and size, of n deep-red color, which, I
have heard you say, is a sign of fruitfulnes-i; and tlroy
are clothed to the very foot of the stalk, with buds and
leaves at short diamnues — and that is, I believe, anoth-
er good sign; and innre than that they are shooting
up into n part of the tree which before was thin of
brnnches, tilling the vacancy, and rendering the tree
much more beautiful than it ever could have become,
had thot branch remained as it was. These new
branches are indeed, as you said they would prove to
be, " useful as well as ornamental, afl'jrding shelter to
their parent, instead of shooting above, ami out-top-
ping the tree; exposed to every blosL that blows " —
What a pity that William D's. mother had not receiv-
ed the benefit of such a lecture " on pruning" in her
youth 1

Fulhcr. — But what did yoii remark of poor John
Timms 1 -do you think he is the better for the troin-
ing which he received 7

Frank. — I wns just coming to him: he still shows
thnt be is too willing for bis strength, for he is loaded
with fruit from the bottoip to the top, and which it is
not possible can ever be brought to perfection; I sup-
pose you will have to pluck oH" more than one half. —
The appearance of health and strength is, however,
much increased, and although the branch will always
Vjmain like poor John, defjrmed, yet by careful and
kind treatment, it mght long continue one of the
mo3t useful, althought not one of the most ornamental
branches of the trej; a living proof of the value of ju-
dicious training.

Frank. — Well, now fjr Sister Susan.
Frank. — Oh. sweet Sister Susan I indeed the like-
ness is complete ! there is the pretly red branch, and
th^beauiifu. shining IcavesjWith fine fruit peeping from
beneath them; all of the same slii, and growing exact-
ly where they ought to grow, with the red and white
tj sweetly mi.iod, althmgh Btill so small in size, with
0 leading shoot from the top of the brunch, covered
with leaves; without blight, or canker, or mildew ! —
Ob it is pleasant to' look upon ! this comes of good
training.

Fatlier. — But is there any hope of Frank on the oth-
er side of the tree !

Frank. — There is — and the first lime I saw the bud
bursting from the body of the tree, I con.'eits that 1
was quite overcome by my feelings: Oh, shall I not
w'liich its progress and witness its growth and tenden-
cy wall nnxiely I

Fd her. — Let but my prayers be granted, cn.l 1
shall have abundant cause for rejoicing,

Frank. — But, Fiiiuer, is not the growth of the tree
depen lent, in a great measure, upon the kind of soil
in wh ch it is planted 1

Fithr.r. — Tliere, my boy, yiiii have laid open a large
field for observation and reflection; and suppose now,
wo follow it out, ond sec if it be not true, that " th
growth of the tree i) inlUienced, in a remarkable ile'

5th. The dry and impenetrable foil.

(jth. The rich surface, and sterile subsoil,

7th. The poor surface, and rich sub-soil.

8th. The sour and stubborn soil.

9th. The rich soil, with poisono-.is sub-soil.

10th. The sickly, or too highly nionured soil.

Frank. — Well, here ore varieties of soils ! shall we
be able to fit them all with likencseca, do you think ?

Father. Many of them will be easily matched, I
think — and to begin with

lat. The happy soil; which requires neither liming,
manuring, draining, or watering — whose e.xcellent
properties are so nicely blended, and whose produc-
tions are so beautiful, rich, and in such profusion — can
ony thing be luore like the Founder of the Ladies'
Depository in Philadelphia ?

Frank. — Oh, excellent ! a real portrait.

Father. — 2d. The heavy soil, which produces a
thick and burly bork, short, coarse, rough leaves, with
short, crooked branches; and fruit, although of a heal-
thy growth and color, with no deheacy ol flavor; bit-
ter to the taste, vViih large pints, to which the flesh of
the fruit adheres very closely. The tree comes late in-
to bloom, and the fruit ripens late; but it is generally
a good bearer of fruit, such as it is. iNow, who is
this? or shall I name him — what do you think of
Tom Dobbs, on the other side ot the hill 1

Frank. — As like as life 1 even to the shortness and
roughness of his limbs: a hard working man, but
rough and brutal in hie manners; and allliough he pro-
vides for his family cs a duly, to the pleasures of the
task he must be a perfect stranger; his children aie
coarse in their manners, and sour in their dibpotitions;
and are never sent to school; hnril workers, however,
and ihey produce much truit, sack us it is.

Father. — Very well — now shall we cultivate the soil
OS we go 1 This tree requirts but little pruning, you
will observe, as it produces but little wood; all that it
does produce, however, it ripens well.

Frank. — Yes, let us cultivate as we go; now, how
would you set about it in this case ?

Father. — It would be merely to trench about the tree,
dig in a good quantity of sandy loam, with lime as a
siceetener, and depend upon it, in a year otter, the re
suits would be manifest — a more open disposition,
warmer feelings, sweeter fruit, a more luxuriant fol-
iage, and a smoother bark. JNow for

No. 3. The too light, or sandy soil. This is indi-
cated by a tree of n weak and sickly aspect ; long and
thin branches, very thin ami light-coloured leaves ;
comes early into bloom, and is very apt to blight in the
spring, if the season is cold ; it sometimes, howev(;r,
ei capes, and then it brings an early crop of sweet fruit
of little flavour. During the summer it throws out
much thin and long wood, which 'n oUre to die bacli
in the winter, rendering it necessary the next spring to
tread down almost every individual branch. It sheds
its leaves early in the autumn, and its weak limbs are
very liable to be broken and wounded by the storms ol
winter. Now, who is this ?

Frank. — Oh ! I know that — it is Samuel Slimm,
the tailor in the village, and is it not like him 1 you
know how toll ond slim he is, and how sickly he looks,
and how thin and sandy-coloured his hair ; active and
industrious, but complains of the steepness of the hill
behind his house, and is not able to leave his home un-
til the season is warm, and the cold weather has pass-
ed ; civil and kind-hearted, but with little energy,
either of body or mind ; while on the approach of win-
ter he keeps to the house, and suri'cia from every change
of climate. Now, you must be gentle in llie cultiva-
t!on of so tender a subject.

Father. — Yes, I would trench up the sand, and mix
with it a large dosi of strong loam and Unie compost ;
prune very close, leaving but about three buds on each
branch, oiul look well to the tconns, which such a
weak iin I sickly subject is pretty sure to be infected
with.

No. 4. Is the wet, a most unhappy soil, truly ! It
is shown by strangely formed bronches, sometimes
smooth and straight, at others crooked, burly and
rickety ; w.tb leaves of diflerent sizes and shapes,
smooth or wrinkled, green or yellow, thick or thin,
just us the aeiison hoppened to be during their growth;
the tree generally glutted with too much moisture, and
l^n a happy stale only when others are parched with

Frank. — Well, to be sure it is a wretched picture,
and yet, I think, yoor James Snooks, the shoemaker.
is the pitiable object. You hove often remarked, os hi
passed, that he is the strangest being you ever saw;
lively in a time of sadness, and gloomy and sad at me
ry-makings : olways preparing to do greet things, bl
failing, just at the time when great exertion is neci
sary : sick, but not sorry ; sorry, but not tick ; doii
more work in a week than any one, and less in a fo
night than all : joyous, grievous, bright, and glooir
all by fits and starts. Now, how could any thing
done to recover so pitiable a cOije i

Futlicr. — It would indeed, require a regular com

of medicinCj and strong mcasuree, but even hert

should not despair of success,
the tree, clean the roots, dij

gree, by the nature ol the soil in which it is planted."
Shall we divide the diirerent quolitio.) of the soil in
the following manner:

Ist. The hoppy sjil — neithi'r too heavy or loo light,
loo wet or too ilry

2d. The heavy soil.

:U. The too light, or sandy soil.

4di. The vvpi soil.

drought : nothing more uncertain than its fruiting
uometimes producing largely at a time of general fail-
ure, and barren in the most fruitful season. The wood
wh ch it makes during the summer, dying back almost
the whole of ils length, but shooting again vigorously
from the first living buds in the spring : sometimes
heolthy to appearance, with lorge promises of produc-
tiveness, seldom ro.Tlized. Now, see if you can find
any one so unfuriiiiiat..|\ siiuaied in life.

I would fairly remi
out ihe earth to a gn
depth, and il on a dedevity, 1 would drain the soil j
on 0 level, till the hole with about eighteen inches
brick and mortar rubbish, and well ram it down ;
upon this I would spread a thick bed of good nioi
and lime, replace the tree, and support it by tieing i^
stakes with hoy ropes, and my life on its recovery; lo
ing well to the worms, however,

Frank. — Well, these would be decisive mcasuc
ot any rate.

Father. — Yes, and would be decidedly efficacioua

No, 5, The dry and impenetrable soil, shows a tn
poverty-smitten in all its parts; unable to do much, f
that little to any good purpose ; brisk and lively, ho|
ever, in early spring, and making exertions to pt)
into bloom and leaf, but cramped and spell-bouud i '
woy : the under leaves (all prematurely, but the wdi
which it makes during the summer is retained throt^
the winter, although but little of it ; stunted and ba'
Ijound, but healthy in a degree, and not liflljle to beJ
fected by the wi rms, for that reason. Now, thidf
so common a character, that we have known m^
such, who are tiuly to be pitied. To recover sucj
tree, it is only lo " dig about it ond dung it, and Ic
sland another year," adding, however, a good porti
of lime with the earth, on filling in.

No, 6, The rich surface and sterile sub-soil ;
qucntly to be met with, and often the cause of disord
disease, and death, to the tree that is planted in it; '
richness of the surface-soil culling forth early 6pri|
foliage, and the most promising expeciations ;
sterility of the sub-soil causing a lamentoble fallj
away of the biightest hopes, and the most grievous •
oppointment. In early youth, it is lavish of folia|
and the sweetest blossoming; nil appears well, and
it should be, and no one would suspect the mortifi
lion which is sure to follow, wh.:n the roots have pe|
traied to the poverty-siricken soil below. Now, i
is a charocter which is, unhappily, very common, i
is aptly figured out in the cose of William D., in <
iormer conversation. Hundreds of sucb young
reared in the rich surface-soil of paternal afliiCti
their cultivation neglected through a mistaken ftj
ness, after giving promises of the most enviable ga
ncss, ore doomed lo poverty, disgrace, and contenfl
through the want of ihe proper-stirring of the sub-so
— the only security for paternal hope. Such cases r<
quire a strong hand; nothing less than a regular trend
ing will be of any avail : the rich surface should I
turned down, and the sterile sub-soil be brought up, 1
be enriched by future dressings, lime forming a larc
proportion in every stage of the business; for it ismuc
to DC feared that the worms will be found to have niQC
sad havoc near the root of the tree, as, disease arisin
from the poverty of the sub-soil, will, in all probaliilit)
have engendered life. Lime and deep trenching wil
however, heal the malady, if opplied in time. To th
disease is owing the change of colour of the leafbefoi
the autumn, and thefaUing of unripe fruit, with man
other symptoms ot premature decay.

No. 7. The poor surface and rich sub-soil are als
very common, ond before the tree can reoch the goo
soil beneath, poverty has stricken it, and many thci
ore which perish lor wont of sustenance, not bavin
strength sufficient to reach the buried treasure ; the
languish for want of support, and without timely ai
lonce are doomed to starvation. We may find man
semblances to this cose, 1 fear, omongst the childrc
of ihe poor and friendless ; for, according to the poe

" Full many n flower is Iiorn to blusli unseen,
And waste its sweetncsii on tlie desert air."

Frank. — Yes, and I know one who is so unforlur
aiely circumstanced ; it is poor George Hastings, lb
apprentice to the blacksmith; how 1 pity him, wlien
see him drawing figure .i wiih chalk uiion a board, an
hear him sigh, because he cannot rend I while his bn
tnl master checks every attcnqu at impioveiiient, on
does oil in his power to keep him in ignorance, thath
may the better suit his selfish purpose, " wonderin
what such a one as he should want with learning,"

o. 7.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

in

he could lie helped forward, I have no doubt he
)uld make crcat progress, for he isreninrkably bright;
t he htiB not strengih of himoclf to reach the rich
b-aoil.

Father. — This is the easiest of all the disorders above
lumerated, to cure ; it is only to dig deep into the
rface-eoil some good compost and lime, repealing it
ter a lime, when it will soon be found to strengthen
e roots, so as to enable them to strike deep enough
reach the rich sub-soil, and so to help themselves. —
'e will look after George Hastings, remember: t dare
y we can assist him, until he is able to help him-
If.

No. 8. The sour and stubborn soil. A wretched

•d indeed ! nothing but discontent and disorder con

ring from it. The tree that is planted in such a soil,

ihibits almost all the disorders that trees are heir to.

he rough and knotted bark, the faded leaf, the late

■ringing, and early falling of which, show the malady

i;:imed in its system — the crooked branches, and

1 short shoots of a whole summer's growth ; while

. cnnker-worm is ever grinding his way between the

:ik and the body of the tree, destroying its energies,

iJ crippling all its e.vertions! I suppose you will not

' nt a loss to iind a poor unfortunate neighbour, who

! ") much in the state of this pitiable tiee.

I'rank. — I cannot be mistaken, it is poor farmer

;nlib! and see, here becomes, that's remarkably

id ! and how strangely he looks.

FatJicr. — It 18 so, but strange as he is, and deficient

energy and perseverance, he is greatly to be pitied,

well as blamed, for the world appears to him a blank,

even worse ; the errors of his education, too, haunt

m, and he is always foreseeing coming events of the

ost gloomy character ; poor man, all goes wrong

th him, because he takes things by the wrong end.

ood day, neighbour, this is fine weather isn't it 1

Grabb. — Ah, 'tis all veiy pretty while it lasts, but I

!, very plainly, that a change is coming, for the old

loster, when he crow'd this morning, turned his tail

the rainy quarter, and that's a pretty sure sign with

, that we shall have it again before long; I never

new too much fine weather at this time of the year,

id I daje say I shall not be so lucky as to be disap-

)inted in my expectations now ; indeed I looked for

in before this, or 1 should have dragged dowit my

How, as you have your's to-day ; you know the song

ys, " sunshine's succeeded by rain," and so, lam

re, it has always been with me through life, and so,

hove no doubt, it will continue. If I want sun, it

ins ; and when I wantrain, the sun will shine inspite

" me — it's enough to sour a crab — bulhere comes fav-

er Sykes — how do, neighbour ?

Sijkcs — Why, thank you, neighbour Grabb, well

id happy. My friend here, and I, have worked down

ir fallow to-day, and I am now come to invite him to

in me in a work of charity, in going over to the widow

Williams, to-morrow morning, to assist her in this her

me of need. But why didn't you drag your fallow

■day ? it would have worked finely ; I fear you will

)t be ready for sowing turnips, as this is only your

rst ploughing, you know.

Grabb. — I do do know it, and was always sure I

ould be behind-hand ; but you sec, f thought we

lould have rain to-day, and was afraid to begin, lest

should be caught in tlie midst of the work : I wish

ow that I had done as you have, for nothing would

ve me more pleasure than to accompany you to-mor-

)W — hang it, I think I will do so too.

Si/kes. — No, you cannot, for you owe a duty to

ourself and family, and until that is performed, you

ave no right to share in the "luxury of doing good."

harity begins at home, remember, and so you must

rag down your fallow to-morrow. How I enjoy those

vo veraes which we sing every night before going to

ed ! the feeling is heavenly !

" Oil ! sweeter than the fragrant fiower

.\l evening's tiewy close,
Tile will united with the power.

To succour human wocal

-\n<l softer than the softest strain

Of niu<iic to tlie ear,
That placid joy we give and gain,

By gratitude sincere !"

Grahb. — Ah, times goes gaily with you ! I'm sure
never feel in the humour to sing, either at night or
lorning — mine's a very different feeling. 1 often
ays, I was born to be imfortunaie, and I have no doubt
n't. God knows my heart ; and as I says to my wife,
ere am I, with the best intentions in the world — but
must go, for I dare say I am wanted in twenty places
t once by this time.
Sykes. — Yes, there is one that wants you, I know —
M confounded old rooster of yours — there he stands,
ithhis toil in the wind, crowing away like mad.

Grabb. — Does he, though ? then I'll beboundwe
shall have it to-night, after all, for he is pretty general-
ly not far out in his reckoning — so, good bye.

the

Notes on European Agriculture.

[^Takcn by (I Sonthern traveler and published
Simthern Cabinet, Charleston, S. C.'\
AcRicui.Ti'H.M. SociKTiES. — The benefits of Socie-
ties for the promotion of Agriculture, in siimulaling
industry and ambition, I saw exemplified in Scotland,
England, and at the Fairs of Germany. The Highland
Society of Scotland has existed si.\iy-one years, and
from one of the bleakest and most sterile countries of
Europe, Scotland has, with all its disadvantages, risen
to a state of agricultural prosperity, far beyond any
thing which could have been e.Npected from such a soil
and climate ; and some of the counties, especially the
Lothians, are not inferior, in point of cultivation and
product, to the richest in England. At a meeting of
that Society, held a few weeks previous to my arrival,
177 members were added at one time, paying thjce
guineas entrance, and one guinea annually, and these
included the names of the most respectable men in the
country. At this meeting, there was an additional
sum of £1,500 ($7,000) siibscrioed, to promote the
interests of the Society. Every agricultural county
makes an annual report, and thus thirty-three reports,
embrac*»g every object of agricultural interest, ore an-
nually submitted to the Society. English Agricultural
Societies, although with less uniformity, oresedulor.s-
ly engaged in the same cause, and the result has bem
the general difl'usion of agricultural knowledge. The
different soils have been analyzed — the kinds of ma-
nures and modes of cultivation adapted to each, have
been pointed out. The steam engine has been intio-
duced in thrashing and for other agricultural purposes,
and Great Britain, (including Ireland and Scotland)
which formerly averaged only nine bushe.s of wheat
to the acre; last year produced in the aggregate, ISJ
bushels ; and three of the counties of Scotland, and
several of England, averaged 51 bushels to the acre.

True method of F.vkming. — A farmer by the name
of Thomas Oliver, residing five or si-x miles from Edin-
burgh, leased a farm for the last twenty years, of 150
acres, paying annually a rent of 10 guineas per acre,
(g;7,500i on which he raised grain, hay and vegetables
for the market of Edinburgh. This lease he has re-
cently renewed for fifteen years, (the usual time to
which leases run) on the same terms, and from a poor
man he has become independent in his circumstances,
and now rides in his carriage. What American Far-
mer could make a profit that woulil enable him to pny
such an enormous rent 1 All may be accounted for on
the priijciples of judicious management and careful in-
dustrious cultivation.

Agrici'Lti'bai. Fairs in Gkrmanv. — On the conti-
nent, especially in Germany, their annual fairs bring
together the fanners and peasants of all the surround-
ing country, where their ambition and industry are
stimulated by a variety of fetes, the distribution of
prizes to successful competitors, and whilst Princes,
Dukes and Barons are engaged in awarding prizes to
those who have been most sncccteful in the cnltivalion
of grains and cattle, their lovely wives are occupied in
a humbler, but much more lively scene, in compli-
menting and distributing premiums to the industrious
housewife, for her fine specimens of fruit— her butter
and cheese — her linen cloths, weaving, knitting, and
other manufactures. I have no doubt I shall he ridi-
culed for my want of taste, when I state that to me,
the Grand Duchess of Baden, presenting a a, her cup
to a peasant girl, before an assembled crowd of formers
and nobility, for the finest specimen of manufactured
gloves, was a more interesting sight than that of the
gay Queen Victoria, racing thrmigh St. James Park,
with fiftv fools at her heels, striving not to he distanced
by their lovely mistress.

Unadulterated Seeds.— In the preservation of
seeds, of grain and vegetables, intlKiiely more pains
are taken to preserve the varieties distinct and unadul-
terated than with us. In the mountains of Scotland,
there are certain districts appropriated solely to the
cultivation of Garden seeds — and no two varieties, that
are in danger of becoming adulterated by luing placed
near each other, are allowed to be cultiva:ed in the
same district. I noticed, at Edinburgh, in the collec-
tion of Eawson & Son, Seedsmen and Nurserymen to.
the Highland .and Agricultural Society of Scotland —
83 variefies of wheat, 62 of peas, 51 of turnips, 1 46
of potatoes, and an immense number of species and
varieties of Grass seeds, some of which may probably
be adapted to our Southern country. In a subsequent
number, I will endeavor to recur to this latter subject,
and point out those species liii which it would be advi-
sable to moke experimeius.

AoRicui.TuRE OF EoitopE. — From a cursory review
of the cultivation of the various kingdoms of Europe, it
appeared to me that England was in the highest elate
of culiivotion, ond which, iiom its beautiful thorn
hedges — its neat cottages, adorned by the eglantine
honeysuckle ond ivy, chequered here and there by the
park and loidly palace, rendered the whole lond a pic-
turesque garden. Some of the counties of Scotland,
such 08 the Loihiaue and the carse of Sterling and
Gowrie, are in no wise inferior. The little I saw of
the cultivation of Ireland, rather exceeded my expecta-
tions. Belgium and poitions of the Netherlands, have
a better soil than thot of England, ond are fully as pro-
ductive, but they want neatness of cultivation, and,
like the whole continent of Europe, are destitute of
fences and hedges — to me the fieldswanted ornament,
and the cottages seemed without much comfort. The
fields of Denmark were looded with en abundant crop
of wheot, but there, os well as every where else, I
hcord biner comploints of hard times, ond the seveie
exactions of Government. I frequently thought thot
it would be no bad plan for our American giumblers
about foxes and oppression, to take a trip to Europe,
and learn a wholeeonie lesson. Take my word for it,
it will stop the mouths of demagogues, reconcile them
to their own country, ond they would return — not as
poliiiciane, but Americans, saying, I have sinned
against heaven and my native land, ond am now only
worthy to be called thy son. I found the Grand Duchy •
of Baden and parts of Wirtemburg, better cultivated
than Prussia in general, probably bi^cause the soil woa
mo!e susceptible of improvement. Switzerland is loo
romantic to be rich — and the Rhine is too classic a
strcom to be the dull river of commerce, or be sur-
rounded by any thing else than mountains where the
vine clambers along us sides and the ruined castle
liov, ns on its loftiest peaks. In the cultivation of
France, I was greatly disappointed — the sword has
bcaice'y had time 'o he beat into the ploughshare — the
soldier finds it bard to stoop to the labor of the harrow
and the hoe, and seems disposed, yet a while to leave
this drudgery to the woman. Austria, with its fine
soil and climate, is retarded in agricultural improve-
ment by the wealth of its nobles ond the oppression of
its pecsantry. Its possessions in Bohemia appeared
rather better cultivated than those portions bordering
on Hungary and Venice.

THE BOONS.

The Moss Rose ajjd the Harp.

BV MRS. S. E. THOMSON.

Wlien the stern mandate from on high did come

Unto the guilty pair whoM sinu'd and fell,

To secfc, Iieyond ilie gates of heaven, a home.

It smote their spirits like a funeral knell.

Eve clasjicd her hands ia anguish and despair —

"Ah 1 iuust I leave ihee, Paradise, so soon '.

Flowers that will wither in a colder air,

Noiv fare tliee well ! Oh ! bitter, hitler doom '

" I csnnot part with all -—this bursting rose

Which I have nurs'd and clierislied here so long.

The briglitest, sweetest flower that grows —

Oh ; God forgive me and its fife prolong \

In liie cold, cheerless world lo wliich we go.

Grant it to hloasom in its beauty there !

My tears of peiiiteiK-e shall o'er it ffow —

Oh '. grant thy lowly suppliant's parting prayer '.

The prayer was granted. 'Round its s'.em was twin'J,

Undying moss ; a kindly guardian given, •

That it might live in an ungenial clime,

A thing of earth, and yet a child of he.tven.

Did Adam, ere he wander'd, ask no boon,

And bend his way to other spheres ?

Or, in his bursting heart, was tharc no room

For aught but pcnilenL-e, or aughl but tears ?

He touched his golden harp wlicn r.l the g.ate ;

In one long, lingering s'Taiii, o'er heaven it swept,

So sad, flo wiid, to truly desolate,

That e'en lite angels bowed their heads and wepi.

"Oh! sivemeiliis! my own, iny mucli loved 1} ;e :

Take il not from me - 'tis a harp of heaven ;

Dear to my heart is every golden wire—

Gh ! leave me this, or my crushed spirit's riven '"

The boon was granted. On their lonely way.

Far from the realms of hope and light above.

The rose, an oasis unto them by day ;

At night, the harp breathed out a song of love.

And thus to K.arthcauie Music's witching spell ;

Else unto mortals It had ne'er been given ; |

For who so pure, or who can soar so well,

As e'er to calch the inclodv of heaven.

Ben rraniilm

108

THE NEW GENE SEE FARMER,

Vol. 1

Agriculture in I'pper Canada.

We have just returned from a tour of two weeks in
Upper Canada, during which we saw and heard much
that was interealing to \i&, and some account of which
would doubtless interest many of our readers; but we
have only lime and space for a few remarks at present.

Appearance of the Crops and Farms. — The crops
generally look very promising in mrist parts, especial-
ly on such farms, as are properly managed. Vegeta-
tion is about ten days later on the north side of lake
Ontario than on this (the south) side. The wheat
crop looks fine, but is not as forward or as heavy
OS in Western New York. We noticed some fields
where the crop was very light, although in a good
part (if the country. On asking one farmer the rea-
son for his scanty crops, he replied the land had
been twenty years under cultivation, and had become
" worn out." He was one of the enrly settlers, and
when he first came there his land produced very good
wheat, corn, and potatoes; but now it would only pro-
duce rye, or a light crop of wlicat or grass. Every
thing within and around his house and on his farm,
bore unequivocal marks of the "skinning" system of
farming. Nor was this by any means an extreme or
solitary case. We have never, in all our travels, wit-
ness.Bd so great a diversity in the practice of agriculture
as in Upper Canada. Many of the farmers are evi-
dently far "behind the ago," and utterly ignorant, or
regardless of the great discoveries and improvements
in agriculture which have of late wrought so benefi-
cial a change in England and Scotland, and the
United States. The use of clover and other green
crops for improving the land; the use of plaster, lime,
ashe9, marl, &c. ; the culture and use of root crops,
and a juJicif;u8 system of rotation, are matters about
as well understood by many as is the agriculture of Chi-
na. At the same lime there are some farmers of great
intelligence and enterprise, the appnarance and profit-
ableness of whose farms are a conclusive proof of the
advantages of science; and are a standing rebuke to
their less enlightened neighbors. It is scarcely neces-
sary to remark tuat we could, in most cases, decide
from the appearance of the premises, whether the far-
. jners were readers of an agricultural paper or not.

Agricultural Societies. — The government of Up-
per Canada has made liberal provisions for the encour-
Bge.Tient of agriculture, and provides for the formation
of agricultural societies in each district or county. —
A sum of money, eq;inl to twice the amount raised by
the mc:nbc:?, is given by government, to be awarded
as premiums and expended in purchasing improved
stock, seed, &c. Thus, if two hundred dollars are
raised by the memb"vs of the society, the goveinment
gives four hundred more. With such aid it might
well be supposed thti the sojicties would be sustained
with much spirit, and prove of great utility; but
while this is the cise with some, we were surprised to
learn that others were kept alive with great difficulty,
or had been entirely given up, for want of sufficient
interest being felt in the subjeol by the community. —
The .minds of the farmers are not awake to tho impor-
tance of the svihjoct; and in no ountry have we e/er
6oen so much need uf something to stimulate the miiid,
or of circulating agricultural periodicals. Let the
" New G-^ne^ei; Farmer," or a similnr jiopcr, be read
by all the memb.;rs of the a;;ricuUur«l societies, and
new life would soon be imparted to all their opera-
tions; R new interest would be e.xcited on the subject
of agiicullural improvement, and a new impulse would
be given to the prosperity of Upper Canada — notwith-
standing all the p.ditlcal or commercial cmbarass-
mentswhicli may fir n while retard its progress.

Soma of the officera o'' the sjoieties, and other
friendi of the cause, with whom wc conversed, are
(leginning to gpp the importance of this 8ubJ!>et, and

arc exerting themselves to ploce the paper in the hands
of every farmer in their towns or neighborhoods.

We have made arrangement with several correspon.
dents in that province, who will send us such informa-
tion and communications as will more particularly in-
tereft the farmers in thot country. And we intend to
resume our rambles there in a few daj-s, so as to ob-
tain a more intimate knowledge of the soil and farm-
ing, in order to direct our efforts more successfully for
their improvement. We intend, in our next number,
to give our readers some more particular notes and ob-
servations on Upper Canada, made during our tour
in that province.

For the I^et£ Genesee Farmer.

Breaking Steers.

Messrs. Editors — A correspondent in your last pa-
per asks to be informed " how to prevent Steers from
beingsulky when breaking them for the yoke."

I answer — treat them with gentleness and Uindncss.
As in the human so in the brutish species, we mutt ex-
pect to find a great disparity of temper and disposition:
and so vicious and obstinate indeed are some that thoy
cannot, even by the wisest means, be rendered entirely
docile. Much, however, may be done by discreel
management. And here permit me, as you value a
good character and a good conscience, to warn you
against all manner of cruelty, severity, or rashness, in
breaking steers or any other animals.

The winter before your steers area year old, shut
the pair you wish to break into a yard apart from other
cattle: yoke them and tie their tails together as gcnily
as you can, and leave ihcm, to break themselves in
their own way. some six or eight hou.-s ; then untie
their tails, take off their yoke, and let them go. Re-
peat this process whenever convenient, during the
winter or spring, till they shall become gentle and trac-
table in yoking and unyoking, and shall have learn-
ed of themselves how to walk even, turnabout, &c.,
in the yoke. You may then, if you choose, (treating
them tenderly,) drive them about until they have be-
come somewhat familiar with the words of command ;
but take heed you don't put them to draw a load, or
erniit your boys to jaJe them about, lest it should im-
pair their strength or ambition. Thus trained, turn
them out and let them run till you wish to work them;
at which time, (even though it should beeev< ral years,)
you will find them as iractable as when you last un-
yoked them.

But perhaps your steers are already two or three
years old, and as untutored as the Buffaloes of the for-
est. In this case put them into a small strong yard
and, in the gentle.^t manner posisible, put a yoke on one
of them — talcing out the spare bow — ond let him go
with it till he shall become familiarized to wearing it.
If you have another yoke you may do the same by the
other steer at the same time : if not, give them a turn
about with the yoke till they become somewhat sub-
dued. Then yoke the pair together as civilly as possi-
ble, tie their tails, and treat them as directed in the
caao of the calves. When you commence driving
them, if uncommonly sturdy or wild, it would be pru-
d'ut to halter the near one lest they might g.'lthe ad-
vantage of you in a rate ; but don't rely on your hal-
ter in one hand end a short whip in the other lor man-
aging your team ; you can never drive your offox in
Ibis way ; take ihe old fashioned cart-whip in both
hands, and with this, guide, direct, and enforce your
commands. On putting them to work, if with a yoke
of oxen, put them, (nol as is commonly practised be-
hind, to be dragged aboiu by the horns, but,) before ;
where, properly managed, they will very soon become
quite handy and obedient. Their temper, ambition,
and constitution will be unimpaired ; and, ('tho last
not least.) vour conicien"e will be dear from the sin —

loo common to farmers as well as others — of cruelty tc
the brute. C,^,,.

Scalding Seed.s before Planting.

Since last month we have made several experimei
on scalding Seeds with very different results, some
vorable and s'jme unfavorable. From these it w-o'
appear that such as germinate readily, are most im]
tient of heat ; and were it not so, but little advan;
could bo gained by this treatment. Our investigat;
hereafter, will therefore be confined to such as reqi
a longer time to come up, or grow with more unci
tainty.

On melon seeds, our experiments were unsatisft
lory, though some bore it well. Scalded seeds of tl
giant rheubarb, came up three or four days sooner tl
the unscalded, and in greater numbers. To sweet coi
the scalding was destructive. On the early yell
corn, it was not favorable, though a part is growi
The most flinty grains, we suppose will bear it bei
and though we have often seen corn scalded to advai
tage in a warmer climate, we cannot recommend
practice in this district.

An earthern vessel containing about two quarts, wai
filled with seeds of mangel wurlzel and boiling water.
These have come up beautifully — better than we have
ever seen them do before. Carrot seeds were damaged
by the operation.

The seeds of leguminous plonts often germinate vei
slowly. Those ol the Scotch broom, and yellow Ci
lutea, will sometimes lie in the ground for years befc
they grow ; and there is reason to believe that those
the common locust will lie dormant for ages. Burnii
the surface of the soil often gives them a start, and
should not think of planting them without scalding.

Some seeds that cannot bear scalding however, mi
be benefitted by soaking at a lower temperature — bloi
heat for instance : and it has been mentioned that ci
rots may be sprouted in this way to advantage. Bi
some seeds will not even bear soaking. Of ibis ki:
are the red and purple Clary (a species of the sai
which soon become enveloped in mucilage. In tl
condition, we have never known them to grow, t

tiisf

n

air

Garget—Heaves.

Messrs. Editors — Having noticed in your last
number "E. F. M's." inquiry for a cure for the Gar
get, I send you the following two, hoping they mo)
be of service ; —

Take a piece of poke weed root (Phytolacca decan-
dra) about the size of a goose's egg, cut it fine, mix ! :
well with a mesa of bran or Indian meal, and feed I"
the cow four or five days and longer if you can per-
ceive that it is beneficial. li should be given but once
u day, and the udder, meanwhile, should be kept 08
free ot milk as possible.

I cannot attest personally to ihe efficacy of this rem-
edy, bu I obtained it of a neighbor of undoubted ve-
racity, and believe it to be both safe and effectual.

The other remedy was given by a stranger as infalli-
ble. He said, take three or four green frogs and let
them jump down the throat of the cow. (Frogs aio
sometimes given to horses and are known to 'i.e harm-
less.) But if the disease of E. F. M's. cow is of
long standing, it may be incurable. If he attemps to
cure her, as doubtless he will, 1 trust we shall be in-
formed of the result through the medium of your val-
uable periodical.

I would here remark that where the bag is inflamed
Indian meal and water is good to wash it with, and
strong salt and water is still better. Soft soap is good
in very bad cases, but if applied several times in suc-
cession, is apt to make the udder and teats sore.

To the inquiry ol "South West" for a cure for the
Heaves, I will say that I do not think the Heaves, nf-
ter they have become sptlled, can be cured. But

1';

1

r«'. 7.

AND GARDENER'S J O UR N A L.

109

append a recipe, which I Euppose Is as good ae any
kln-ii.

fike one pound of antimony, one fourth pound of
r<ii, one half pound of sulphur, and one half pound

ilre; powder them fine and mix thoroughly. —
G ! the horse half a table-spoonful, twice a week,
ija cure is said to be almost certain.

Yours, &c., J. M. W.

ockport, June 18, 1840.

Cure for Fistula on Horses.

Tessrs. Editors — Many of your readers, I doubt
know from experience, that a fistula on a horse
sore evil, and ono which is very difTicult to re-
!. The following method of cure was made
'n to me some years since by a German Farrier,
Ofisured me that it would prove eifectual; and one
y horses having a fistula, I was induced to try it,
ugh rather incredulous at the time. The exper-
|it was perfectly successful, however, and I have
tried it on several horses with like results. Be-
lully satisfied therefore that the remedy is effectual
[highly valuable, I send it for publication, for the
fit of other men and horses,
ocure a large warty toad, and having a thick glove
ittcn on the hand, take up the toad and hold his
on to the fistula for one or two minutes; take it
short time, then put it on again, and rub its back
tly over the affected part, and continue to rub it
for about an hour, by which time the toad will be
and should be buried. The horse will be rather
gy at first, but after a few minutes he will stand
ly. Care should be taken not to hold your head
ear or over the place of application, as the fumes
somewhat sickening. A milky fluid, said to be
nous, exudes from the warts on the back of tne
which is supposed to give efficacy to the reme-
The sore will discharge freely for three or four
8 after the operation, when the pipe will come
ad the place speedily heal. Very bad fistulas of
standing, may require a second application, but
ordinary cases one will prove sufficient.

Yours, &c., R. HARMON, Jr.
ihealland, Monroe Co., N. Y.

Hoof Ail and Foot Rot.

T con'cspondent, in another column, appears to
confounded the diseases " Hoof Ail" and " Foot
' which appear to be quite distinct. The "Foot
' or the " Foul in the Foot," of most English
re, is generally seated between the two claws of
oof, and the remedy furnished by our correspon-
is undoubtedly a good one. . An experienced far-
of our acquaintance sears between the hoofs
B hot iron immersed in tar. The "Hoof Ail,"
1 does not appear to be described by English au-
, is a more formidable disease, and is chiefly vis-
t the crown of the hoof. Various remedies are
•Bed for it, but none that we know of have given
y or effectual relief. Sawing off the ends of the
at the outset, we have however found much
•est remedy. *

Excrescences on Cherry Trees, &c.
e cDpy the fjllowing from Prince's Pomological
-lal : and we indulge the hope that iiorticulturistilk
iving "fine upon line" will bestir themselves, and
ve what the author so reasonably proposes.
]The common morello] is more subject than any
■cherry to the attacks of the same insect which so
.ently stings certain varieties of the plum, and
h so often perforates the branches of this tree tu such
stent that they arc covered with numerous knots
excrescences. The only remedy is to prune oft'
.6 branches thus attacked at the period when the
:t or its eggs are concealed therein, and to bam
W immcdiuteli/. fur if they are left to increase annu-
ill they present a most disagreeable appearance, and

in time entirely destroy the tree. The same course
may be adopted with success for all other trees attacked
in a similar manner ; and if it was adopted generally
throii^houi our country, it would in a few years nearly
or quite annihilate this formidable depredator on our
gardens and orchards."

Suljihtir Showers.

Messrs. Editors — A writer in one of the New
York papers, calls the attei>tion of the curious to a re-
cent shower of rain in that city; it being, what is
sometimes called a sulphur shower, similar, I presume,
to what we have all seen, when the water, caught in
cisterns or tubs under the eave of buildings, is cover-
ed with a greenish yellow substance, closely resem-
bling sulphur, and very generally mistaken for that
mineral. The writer asks " Where could sulphur in
such abundance come from 1" Some years since,
while waiting for a summer shower to clear up, obser-
ving the water caught in a barrel under the eaves of
my house, covered with this same yellow substance, I
took occasion to test its character. Accordingly, afier
collecting a quantity from the surface of the water, I
examined it. It had no particular smell, and I could
not discover the slightest appearance of chiystalliza-
tion, which can almost invariably be seen in sulphur
in all its combinations. When submitted to the heat,
it burned up, leaving a trifling reseduum of a charac-
ter which satisfied me of its vegetable origin; and fur-
ther investigation led me to the belief that it was noth-
ing more than the blossom or farina, washed by the
rain from the moss growing on the roof of the house,
a conclusion which subsequent observation has con-
firmed. I have itever found this substance on water
remote from buildings, or very early in the spring, or
after the frosts of autumn, or on water caught from
slate, tyle, or tin roofs, or in any situation to negative
the origin above assigned to it. H. M. W,

Rochester, May 27, 18-10.

For the Tfea Genesee Farmer.
Mis-Education of Farmers' Daughters.

Mr. Editor — It cannot be denied that females
of the present day generally possess better opportuni-
ties for high mental attainments than they ever did b-?-
fore. Men now admit that the spirit of the age, and
the genius o( our free Government absolutely require
that both sexeo cf the rising generation should be well
educated; and consequently we see female seminaries
and schools of a high order established in every city
and almost every village. Nor is it the daughters of
the rich and fashionable alone, who enjoy the benefit of
(hese institutions ; but many of the cultivators of the
soil, the true Nobility of our country, begin to see the
necessity of giving their daughters something more
than a common school education ; and theref >re send
them to what are considered the best institutions in the
land : — where tliey receive an education which in
many instances produces the most happy results. But
at the same time, any pel son who has been observant
on this subject, must have noticed, that the fash-
ionable education of females at the present day, is often,
and I think I may say generallij, far from producing
a good effect upon the agriciiltuial community. —
Many farmers give their daughters a liberal education,
with the natural expectation that it will have a tenden-
cy to increase their own happiness and the happiness
oi" those around them; but after spending several years,
and several hundred dollars at school, they return
home, refined and accomplished it is true, but totally
unfitted fir their situation in life, and soon become dis-
contented and miserable. Indeed I have seldom
known a lib-.rally and fashionably educated farmers'
daughter who has not soon become tired of n country
iife, and sought connexions and a residence in a city
or village. In many cases I have known them reject
the addresses of a worthy young farmer, and accepi

the hand of some heartless city fop, who was both des-
titute of the adequate means of support, and of those
personal qualifications which render domestic life hap-
py or agreeable.

So commonly do these evils result from a liberal
education, that many honest farmers refuse to educate
their children, because, as they assert, it will make
them proud, idle and discontented ; and if any one at-
tempts to reason with them, they immediately point to
the daughters of their neighbors, A. B. and C. who
unfortunately aft'ord, to their minds, conclusive proof
of the evil of " loo much education." Thu." the mis-
conduct of a few, prevents many from receiving even
a tolerable degree of education, who otherwise would
enjoy that blessing.

Now it must be obvious to every intelligent mind,
that these evils are not the necessary consequence of a
good education, but of a perversion of the mind, or jni's-
education. The truth is, the whole system of popular
female education is conducted with reference to display
rather than utiUtij, and is exactly calciila'ed to create a
taste for the empty ehow, and false pleasures of a city;
while comparatively nothing is done to impart correct
views of happiness, or excite that love of nature, which,
to a properly cultivated mind, renders rural life so de-
lightful. It is tiue, they pretend to teach many of the
natural sciences ; but they are taught in such a super-
ficial, uninteresting manner, that they fail of producing
their proper influence on the mind. A mere smatter-
ing of these sciences is deemed sufticiem ; while the
utmost attention must be paid to those studies which
enable them to make a display. Indeed much of our
popular reading and fashionable literature is of the same
evil tendency — calculated to excite a love of fashion-
able life and amusements, and a distaste for the more
quiet, but real pleasures of a country life.

Farmers who rightly estimate their profession, and
have a sincere regard for the welfare of their families,
should educate their daughters with more special re-
ference to the situations which they wish and expect
them to occupy in alter life. True hnoirlcdgc, when
rightly imparted, to theviind, willalwtiys producebcnc-
Jicial results ; and farmers need have no fear that a
liberal education will make their daughters idle or dis-
contented, if it is only of the right kind. An ordinary
fashionable education is well enough for the daughters
of Merchants and Lawyers in our cities, who are ur-
willing to he useful, and therefore ought to be orna-
mental; but for the daughters of American farmers, I
verily believe that an education in most of our popular
seminaries is decidedly injurious. I would not on any
account discourage female education, or condemn fe-
male seminaries ; but judging from my own observa-
tion of the effects which are produced, I do think that
great reformation is demanded on this subject. Noi
would I ijretend to point out a proper course of instruc-
tion for farmers' daughters; for I am conscious of my
unfitness for the task. Unfortunately for me, I too
have been mis-educated, or rather I should say, am un-
educated ; and therefore will leave this subject, with
the hope that what I have said may induce some abler
pen to enlist in the cause ; if so, my chief object will
have been accompliched.

Very respectfully, &c.

Muple Grove, 1840. ANNETTE.

Remarlis. We believe Annette has, in the main,
taken a very just view of fashionable female education,
and we agree with her in the belief that it is not gen-
erally well calculated ibr farmers' daughters. But at
the same time we think the evil is not quite as com-
mon as she supposes, and we believe that some (emale
seminaries do impart such instruction as is calculated
to elevate and improve the minds of farmei'B' daughters,
without producing those evils which Annette so much
deplores. We unite with her in the hope that some
person of experience on the subject, will enlist in this
cause ; in the mean time we hope still to hear occa-
sionally from our unknown friend, ANNtTTK. — Kils

106

r HE N E W GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1,

Caterpillai-s.
Wc have seen but two nesis of Catcrpillare this sea-
son, one on an apple trcu, and the other on a cherry
tree. We destroyed both. What a change has taken
place. Fifteen years ago — more or less — wo saw
these insects in f warms of many hundreds on the
trunks of trees; and when preparing to enter thc^K-
pa state, they spread over the fields in such numbers,
that it became nCLcssary, in order to Eave our newly
transplanted trees from destruction, to visit them as of-
ten as once a day. t

The Striped Bug.

Every person who cultivates cucumbers and melons
niuet be acquainted with the yellow striped bug. In
fortner years, wc depended most on our activity in
catching them, chiefly in the cool of the morning and
evening; bui we have an easier way to manage them.
In the hottest weather they are the most active and
seemingly the most voracious; and some days ago,
when the mercury stood at 60 " , aware of this dan-
ger, we visited the cucumbcis, and found the bugs in
great numbers. A sprinkling of quick lime however,
Bcaltercd them in haste; and wc have not seen n dozen
since in the whole garden.

But the large brown bug that inicsts squashes and
pumpkins, must be treated differently, and nothing is
better than decapitation. t

For the Nets Gencsc Farmer.

Views of the Grasses.— No. 3.

12. Red Top, Cumiiiun or Fiiic Bent, of the Eng-
lish, is the Agrostis vtilgaris ol botanists. Its flowers
grow in a spreading panicle, of small loose branches,
reddish; culm not much leafy, except towards the root,
erect and line looking; saeka a moist soil. This grass
is spread considerably over New England, and is ma-
king its way over the country. It seema to yield in
England hardly a medium quantity of bay for the first
crop, and the latter crop is email also. In this section
of the country it occurs only rarely so far as my obser-
vation extends. Agrostis has its name from the
Greek iorfidd or country

13. WIdti Top. Wlute Dent Grass, of the Eng-
lish, is Agrostis alba, of botanists. It is a rather
smaller and poorer grass than the preceding, having a
yellowish white appearance in the time of flowering;
the culm and leaves too are rather light green. It has
creeping roots, and seems to exhaust the soil, ond is an
unprofitable gross. It commonly attends the other,
though I have always found it less abundant.

By some botanists both these species are considered
only varieties, though they have a very permanent
character.

14. Fioriii, or Ciccpitig Bent Grass, has attracted
much attention in Ireland in a few years past. As it
sends out creepers or i"ioio«5, which muUii)ly the culms,
it is named by botanists, Agrostis Stolonifera. Its
seed is now introduced into our country. Some con-
eidei it only a variety of Agrostis alba, and rank with
it another Agrostis found in our country. If this is true,
cultivation certainly produces a great change in the
grass. Sinclair suys that Agrostis alba jia-cr sends out
runners or stolons, while that is a distinguishing char-
acter of this grass. Several varieties of the Fiorin
Bceni to be known, as the widc-lea/cd, the narrow-
leafed, the awncd, and the creeping ; the first is su-
perior to the others. Cut at the time of flowering, the
first yielded from an "active peat soil," about one-
scccH/A less than Meadow Foxtail (Alopccurua), and
about two-thirds as much as Orchard Gras3 (Dactylis).
This comparison shows that Fiorin is a valuable grass
on tte proper soil, and may be found quite an acces-
sion to our grasses as peat-meadows come into use. —
Its rolative value compared with Timothy in such a
si'iiatioji, i yet to be tried. In England the opinion

js not very favorable to the Fiorm The moist climate
of Ireland moy be most favorable to it.

15. Mezican Bent Grass, the Agrostis Mexicana
of Willd. has been introduced from Mexico and culli-
votcd in England for about sixty years to some extent.
It is not the same as the grass of this name by Muhlen-
burg, which Dr. Torrcy considers A. lateriflora o'
Micheaiix. The Mexican grass grows a foot or two
high, erect, branching, and has scabrous roughish
flowers purplish in a panicle. It yields about the same
as the preceding, but is not an early grass for spring.
It ripens abundance of seed, and should be cut before
that falls. It flourishes in other soils than siliceous, os
the clayey or calcareous. It is a grass which can easily
be produced after the soil is broken up, so that it an-
swers for alternate agriculture. — Sinclair.

16. Upright Bent Grass, is known among botanists
as Agrostis slricta. It bears an upright stem, with
many leaves towards the root, and all except the top is
a bright green, and is often named as red-top, and
probably is the English grass of some farmers in
Xew England, growing in the rich and low alluvial
soils of some rivers. In England it is not considered
a valuable grass by itself, as it yields only about three-
fifths as much as the true Red Top, agrostis alba.

Besides these species of Agrostis, several others of
this genus aie among the grasses of English agricul-
ture, which are even of less value. Agrostis canino,
Awned Bent, or Dog-bent grass, is mentioned by Dr.
Bigelow omong the plants in the viciniy of Boston,
and A. racemose is a native about cultivated fields.

17. Lolium perennc. L., Rye-grass or Ray-grass,
's introduced from Englond, but is rare. It baa the
appearance of being n poor grass, though by some En-
glish agriculturists it is esteemed considerably, and
has long been cultivated. In its appearance it some-
what resembles Couch grass, so troublesome in gar-
dens. The spike of flowers is somewhat loose, with
awnless flowers alternately fixed to the stem, and a
calyx or glume of only one valve holding three florets.
Spread only in small quantity over New England, it
must make its way westward. Its seed too is now in-
troduced from England. Several varieties are cidti.
vated in England, for pasture and hay. One has been
sown on a gross plat in Rochester.

One species, Lolium temulentum, Darnel Grass,
the true Darnel, though a gross, is a very offensive
weed among English agriculturists. Its seeds are near
the size of wheat, bitter, poisonous, and ruinous to
flour for bread ; they make a dangerous beer, which
intoxicates, ond the plant has long been called '•drunk-
en darnel." — Sinclair. It is to be hoped that it will
not find its way to us in the samples of wheot from
England. It has been said to be the only grass whose
seed is poisonous. It has been introduced into
New England and Penneyivanio.

18. Slender Finger Grass, or Slender Panic Grass,
called by botanists Digitaria sanguinalis. Its name is
from its finger-like form, and its reddish colour from
being used by the boys to make the nose bleed. Scat-
tered over dry soils it is scarcely considered here more
than a weed. Its seed is said to be used in Germany
to form an article of food, like sogo. It is an onnuni,
growing in rich soils to be productive, and yielding
only litdc hay. Its seeds probably form nutriment for
small animals.

19. Triticum repens, Coiicli-grass, Quitch, Dog's-
grass, is of the same genus as Wheal, but an altogeth-
er diflerent thing. The calyx is of two leaves with
about five flowers on an erect culm. The root is
strong, creeping, full of life, perennial, and sends up
.shoots in abundance. Horses are said to be fond of

the roots, and they ore very nutritious. The grass
answers for pasturing. On account of its roots it is
very diflicult to eradicate thin plan;. It.i leaves shoo'.

up in gardens about and among pinks or any cespitote
plants, or in branches of the currant, and the hkc. Ita
leaves are eaten by dogs to produce vomiting, probal
on account of their bitter extractive matter.

Fire Blight in Pear Trees.

For more than twenty years, we have cscopcd ai
serious losses from this formidable disease, though wt
have seen it occasionally on our trees: — We cut ofl'tl
branch a foot or more, below the dead part, and hn
it without delay. This is the only enchantment thll
we use against it. After a respite of several yean^
wc found a few days ogo, one small limb with dca''
leaves which had every appearance of Are blight;
was burnt; and we presume that one small colony oi
insects wos burnt with it. t

Annual Falrs--Intelligcnce Office*

To the Editors of tlte New Genesee Farmer —

1 observed thot by a resolution of the Genesee .
riculturol Society, the Executive Committee nre j
rected to couse semi-annual fairs to be held lor f
and exchange. Without meaning to discourage
wish to ask a question. The diflicullies as well nsl
advantages of such fairs should be known beforehan
I think every farmer will see at a glance, the benelij
to be derived from them, if they could be ihorougb'
established. But unless they are held in every tow,
instead of one for several counties, will it not coi
more than it will come to, to drive animals, ten, twcr
ty, or thirty miles for sole ? I fcor their worn oppt,
once, after such a drive, would greatly injure tli^^
sole. Please dissipate these doubts.

I wish to propose something, which I think wo
be valuable. This is, a sort of intelligence oflict^
on advertising shop, in every town. Many wand
buy, and many want to sell, but they know not wh
to go to attain their object. I would propose tha
person be appointed in every town, if practicable, 1
shall keep a blank book, where any farmer nia}^
and register briefly the description of animals he I
have for sale; in a short time a large assortment woj
be recorded. A purchaser, by glancing at the boi
woidd SCO in a moment whatever there were for (
and know where to go. Let such book be kept i
central part of the town, and the keeper receive a |
fling fee from each person to pay him, and it vrd
be attended with little trouble, little expense,
doubtless prove very useliil. Such advertisemi
should of course be classed — one part of the book b 1
ing for milch cows, one tor oxen, one for horses, ai .
other for pigs, &c. &c. .1.

Influence of the ])Ioon.

Half a century ago, Algernon Roberts, a disti
guished farmer near Philadelphia, in his first minn
of the process and results of sowing plaster, rcgiilaj
noted the moon's age when the application was mad
but after one year's experience, he soys, " As I p''
ceived no diflference from the age of the moon wbi
sowed plaster, I discontinued minuting it as
chimera unworthy of notice." This was proceedii
on the true principles of pbilosoi>bical induction, j
that period, however, the notion of the moon's in6
ence on vegetation wos very prevolcnt, and so invet
rate that Judge Peters remarks, " Mr. Roberts rid
wnth those who are governed by such chimeras, tl
credit of his other facts." Judge Peters added, "
worthy old Gcrmon told me, in the presence, ai
much to the edification of several of his neighbo:
who were great believers in the moon, that our etc
tiiins never went right at the wrong time of tl
moon !" ♦

Sunflower Seed Oil.

Mes^ks. Epitor's — Your correspondent, C, asl
what is the best manner of cxiractiiig oil from sunflnv

A N D G A 11 D E N E R S J O U 11 N A L.

107

scd. Twenty bushels of shrunk, mouldy sted

crushed without hulling, at Fnirchild & Gogo's
Will, in this village, last season. The yield

the seed, with Williams &, Purdie's Hydraulic
P||f>, was about 4 quarts to the bushel, — the yield

flux seed is nearly !) quarts, with the same double
press. Had the suiillower seed been plump, and
rod order, the yield would have been much great-

F. Gage has planted an acre with the above seed
spring.
'atcduo, June 7th, IS'lO. D. W.

The Slug,

he Editors of the Nac Genesee. Farmer —

lulievesome of you have made quite n mistake in

;< idcring the slug the larva of an insect. It bc-

0 3 to that class in Zoology termed Moluseu, or

iseous animals, including the oyster, clam, barna.

:l>linnil, &.c. ; to the order Nuilata, or nioluscotis

als destitute of shells, which includes the cuttle

sea hare, &c. ; and to the genus Lijmax, or slug.

genus embraces several species, but whether

■alista have described the species which trouble us

, is uncertain.

ui also say that there are many species of Aphis,
dso many varieties. That the species are nume-
is well known, but I believe they have never been
taiiied to run into varieties. ,T.

From tlic Juurnal of the American Sitk Socictit.

Keeling Silk.

le ease with which the operation of reeling silk
be performed is not generally known ; indeed it
own to none but those who have tried their hand
and many even of them have got out of patience
; discovering it. We have heard many anecdotes
rative of the facility with which persons who ncv-
her reeled or saw it done. An aged gentleman
id to us a few months since, the following : He
lonsiructed a Piedmontese reel from the drawing
escription in the Silk .lournal, and placed it in a
room for the purpose of giving it a trial. He had
dly studied all the directions lor the operation, and
red himself to carry them out literally ; after some
tlty he had caught the fibres of as many cocoons
wished to combine in a thread, had got the two
Is passed through the eyes of the plate, and even
i them round each other twenty times, as dircc-
efore passing them through the guides of the tra
ig bar on to the bars of the reel. At last all this
eady. He looked at the cocoons, at the threads,
d around each other, and at the reel, with doubt
esitation. "It will not do," said he "surely
threads wound around each other in that manner
'I pass treely — they must break with a very slight
Df the reel." He at last ventured to touch the

gently — the thread passed freely, and he was
raged to turn a little faster, when it passed ofl"
nore freely. Thus encouraged, he turned the
:ster and faster, increasing by gentle degrees, till
tit upon full speed ; and the faster he turned, the
freely the thread passed, and the more easily the
ns unwound. He was so delighted with his e.\-
ent, that he called in his family to witness hie
3S — for be had made the experiment in private,
e might not be exposed to the laughter of obeer-
in case of failure. He then proceeded, with the
one of his family, ond reeled a skein of raw silk
iing to direciione, and sent it to a neighboring
where there was a person, a foreigner, who was
lered a good judge of rawsilk. The silk was
1 to him, and he pronounced it Italian raw silk
:ellent quality, and insisted that the skein exhibi-
,'as reeled in Italy, and could not have been reeled
9 country. After, however, he was assured that

been i^roduced h':re, and he was requested to
out any fault that it might exhibit, he discovered
le thread was occasionally loose. That is, there
spots occasiiiinally, in which the fibres remained
nected by the adhesion of the gum. No sooner
lis fault pointed out than the cause flashed upon
d gentleman's mind instantly. It was this. —
g the process the reel had been stopped occasion-
»r the purpose of replacing exhausted cocoons,
nd when it was recommenced, he had omitted to
he fibres below their iunction at the crossing. —
ibresatthe point had of course not been biought
erfect contact, and had become dry ; therefore,

they passed up and through the crossing, they of

couite did not remain adherent, and hence iho thread
in the skein presented those spots of loose or inadhei cut
libres — the peifection of raw silk requiring the several
tibies to be closely united by their gum into a cylindri-
cal thread. It was a valuable lesson to the old gentle-
man, although the trilling imperfection his silk pre-
sented in thisrespti-t, would scarcely have been noticed
liy the mauuliictuier ; for there is not one skein of the
best Italian raw silk in a hundred that is entirely free
irom that lault.

This anecdote, \\'hieh is literally true, ought to en-
courage others to reel silk. The old gentleman is not
a mechanic, and yet made the reel with his own hands.
This shows how simple the Piedmontese reel is, and
how easily it may be made by persons at a distance
from places where they are kept for sale.

Another gentleman, who had obtained one of the
iron Piedmontese reels that are made in this city, in-
forms us that he is now using it, and that he is surpri-
sed at the facility with which the rcelere, who never
before saw a reel, northe operation of reeling, perform
with it.

Another gcnt'eman, in Pennsylvania, has made a
reel himself, of wood, though he is a worker in metal,
ot a construction different from the Piedmontese, but
which produces similar results ; with which he is also
reeling his cocoons, and has produced some beautiful
silk.

We could go on and fill our Journal with similar
anecdotes and instances of success in reeling silk, by
persons who had never before seen the operation per-
formed. But we deem the above sufficient. We
could give our own experience, but this has been done
au hundred times. When we learnt to reel, we had
not the lights of the present time to guide us. Nearly
rdl the publications on the subject were in French and
Italian, which we did not read. But we found in Rees'
Cyclopedia, a description — a very imperfect one, of
the Piedmontese reel. We employed a mechanic to
make one with variations of our own suggestion. —
With this reel we began, encountering all the difficul-
ties without any guide by which we could avoid them;
and yet in one week we were able to reel wiih the ut-
most facility, and produced as good an article as we
have since seen from ony country. When the Con.
grets Manual was published, we examined its direc-
tions for reeling — compiled, as is well known, from
the best European authorities — and we wei e able to
make many important corrections in our own practice
— principally relating, however, to speed in reeling. —
We therefore, have our own experience as well as that
of others for authority for saying, that any person of
ordinary capacity and application can learn to reel in
one week's time, so as to produce a perfect article. —
It will of course require practice to enable them to reel
fast, so as to be able to reel as much silk in a day as an
experienced reeler can; but it does not require as much
even of this as it does for the performance of many
kinds of every day work. For example. A young
woman can learn to perform a full day's w-ork at reeling
silk in half the time it would require to learn to do
a full day's work at spinning cotton or flax.

It is a common remark by persons who are going to
raise silk, that they intend to sell their cocoons ; and
one of the most common questions asked of us is —
*' will there he a market for cocoons next season ?" —
Nearly every body contemplates selling their cocoons.
Now this is wrong. The producer of cocoons should
also reel them (or many cogent reasons — -Jirst, that he
may obtain the profits of reeling, which he will find
are nearly or quite equal to those of producing the co-
coons. The highest price of a bushel of the beet co-
cuons is .$5. This bushel of cocoons if properly reeled,
will produce a pound and a half of raw silk of best
quality, worth .f'6 to .^8 per pound. But suppose it
only worth .fo a pound, there will be $'2 511 for reel-
ing the bushel of cocoons. The reeUng will furnish
excellent employment for the females of his I'amily,
slave or free ; or if he have none, or does not choose to
employ them thus, ftir some neighboringfemale less for-
tunately situated than himself. Secondly, ibe reUuction
of the cost of tiansportion. Cocoons are very bulky,
•<!5 to 30 pounds filling a barrel. If they are to be
transported to any distance, the expense will be very
great. They are also liable to accidents in transporta-
tion, such as indentation, which ruins them for reeling;
putrefaction from confinement in close barrels, boxes,
&e. While the expense of transporting the raw silk
is comparatively nothing. A barrel of cocoons will be
reduced, in weight, to three and three-fourths of a
pound ; and in bulk to the size of a half gallon meas-
ure, or even less; so that the raw silk ofone hundred and
fifty barrels of cocoons may be packed in a single flour
barrel. These are reasons which we should suppose
would induce all persons to reel their own cocoons.

lint, say many persons indeed, the reeling of silk is
too nice and difficult an operation lor our blacks to per-
form — we do not want the trouble of it. Weliave
showed above that it is not so diflicult to reel as is
imagined. It is to be sure an art, and the perfection
oi its products requires nicety and some degree of skill;
but all of which is easily acquired by any ordinary ca-
pacity. It is not the real dillicnlticB ot reeling that
prevent any one from reeling; but the imaginary ones.
Let any one determmc that he will reel, and he shall
reel, and that too in a time of apprenticeship that will
astonish even himself.

There arc some rules to be observed in reeling that
we may as well lay down here while on the subject. —
They arc generally found in the books, so mixed up
with other matter that they escape attention.

1st. The cocoons of each particular crop should be
kept by themselves. Severol parcels should not be
mixed together ; so that the age of all the cocoons of
one parcel may be the same ; for cocoons of different
ages require water of dilllrent temperatures.

2d. The first thing in the morning, the reeler must
select her cocoons, putting the best in one basket, se-
cond best in another, and the balance in a third.

3d. She must have clear rain or river water, and it
is best, if it be river water, that it be placed over night
to settle its sandy particles.

4th. She must acquire a knowledge of the tem-
perature required by diilerent cocoens, so that she will
instantly know whether the water be tito hot or too
cold. There is no circumstance that causes so much
bad silk as a want of this knowledge, or carelessness in
a)jplying it. If the water be too hot, the silk comes
off in burs or ganglions, and wh»n this is discovered,
the cocoons already in the water are injured by the ex-
traction of the gum, and the silk is thereby rendered
uneven and knotty. If the water be too cold, the co-
coons will rise up to the plate, and the fibres be broken.
This is not difficult to learn.

5th. She should always know how long the cocoons
have been produced, '.hat is, how old they are ; and
in what manner they have been cured, whether baked,
steamed, or cured in the sun, as all these require water
ot difierent temperatures. Very old cocoons require
water nearly boiling, while thosejust produced and not
cured requiring it little inoie than milk-warm. Baked
cocoons of whatever age require water nearly boiling,
while steamed cocoons require it of a temperature ac-
cording to their age, and generally a little higher than
those cured in the sun.

6th. Of whatever size the thread is to be, she must
keep the number of cocoons regularly the same, or as
near it as possible. If she is to produce thread of eight
to ten fibres, she must begin with ten cocoons to each
thread, and keep that number os steadily running as
possible. She will not be able to keep the exact num-
ber, but she will never be obliged to allow them to vary*
more than two, so that the thread will be called "eight
to ten fibre." This is regular enough for all practical
purposes.

7th. After stopping the reel for any purpose, she
must wet the thread thoroughly where it crosses, and
thence down to the basin, by sprinkling it with hot
water from the basin, before she begins again.

8th. She must change the water in the basin as fast
as it becomes foul — two or three times a day, when
steadily at woik.

7th. While the reel is going she must keep her at-
tention steadily upon the cocoons in the basin, so that
when one is exhausted or breaks she may have another
ready to be added.

10th. The reel must be turned as rapidly as the co-
coons will unwind, so that as little gum as possible
may be left in the water.

11. The person turning the reel must keep his eye
upon the thread between the traversing bar and the
bars of the reel, so that he may see and brush off any
moles that may appear on it.

12th. Bear in mind that care and skill in reeling will
make the silk worth two or three dollars a pound more
than that produced by a careless reeler — therefore, that .
the careful reeler gets one dollar a pound for her in-
dustry, and two dollars for carefulness.

G. B. S.

The Silk Culture. — The National Silk Society has
offered numerous bounties, varying from filOO to
$1000 each for the best siiecimensof raw silk, to be
produced during the coming summer. The whole a-
mount of the bounties is .$16,000. The prospect is
fair that the silk culture will become a prominent and
setded part of of our domestick industry, and that the
silk either rawer manufactured, will constitute w-ithin
a few years, a valuable staple of home production. —
Xal. int.

112

THE NEW G E N E S E E FAR M E R,

Vol.1.

The Crops and the Season.

In Western Now York and Upper Canndo, the ap-
pearance of the principal crops gives promise of a most
abundant harvest. In this region the wheat crop is |
considerably carUer than usual, and hopes are enter- j
tained that it will, on that account, be lees liable to
injury from the rust. The straw is not as heavy as
last season, but the heads are well formed and in most
cases stand thickly. We have not heard of any sc-
riius injury from the fly or worm, and our farmers
feel quite certain of an abundant wheat harvest, what-
ever may be the price in market.

In Ohio we believe the fly has done considera-
ble damage to the wheat crop, ospecially in the lake
counties.

In Michigan and [wliatia, the wheat crop has sus-
tained great injury in some parts from the Hessian fly
and the Army worm. From all accounts, however,
we believe the destruction is by no means general, and
those states will still yield a large surplus of wheal and
flour.

From Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Virginia,
the accounts ore also favorable, with very slight e.xcep-
lions.

Early Premium Vegetables.
Ddicered at tJic Hocliester Seed Store since our last.

June 5th — Second peck green I'eae. Thomas C.
Hance of Macedon. Eagle Tavern.

June 16ih— First peck new Potatoes. Chas. Filer
of Greece. Eagle Tavern.

June 18th — Second peck new Potatoes. Thos. C.
Hance of Macedon. Rochester House.

June 25lh— First peck String Beans. \Vm. Ham-
ilton of Rochester. Eagle.

Kdticatiun of Farmers' Sous.

We have received several communications on thi^
subject, some of them well written, and others bearing
sad evidence of the fact which they deplore, namely
the great neglect of education among farmers sins. —
The subject is too important to be overlooked ; but, at
the same time, our friends must bear in i.iind that
practical agriculture is the main object of our paper ;
and therefore we are compelled to reject many articles
which otherwise we should be glad to lay before our
readers.

A Large Calf.

Messrs. Editors — I yesterday had a Bull Calf of
mine weighed that was just a year old. He has never
been fed high, but I have merely kept him growing. —
He had the milk of the cow during the summer, and in
the winter all the grain he had, was from 4 to 6 quarts
of oat meal per dny. Since we turned him out this
spring to gra?s, he has had no grain at all. He is prin-
cipally of the Durham breed, with about one-eighth of
the Holland. His color is black, with white flanks,
which he takes from the Holland. He weighed 890
pounds.

Have any of our brother farmers raised a heavier
one with the same keeping ? Yours, truly,

BENJAMIN CHASE.

. Shelby, Orleans Co., X. V., Jane20, 1840.

M. B. Bateham will spend most of this month tra-
velling in the Western parts of Upper Canada and
New Y^ork, where he hopes to have the pleasure of cal-
ling on many of hie friends.

Lost Numbers. — Post-Masters will please inform us
if any subscribers have not received their papers cor-
rectly, that we may send them again.

B

OLD <ii;NESEE FiVRMBR,

OL'ND Vo!s., 1st. und 4!!i, may be had at SI per vol.
55Winc Breeder, or a treatise on fattening euine.

For sale by D. HOVT.

Mmj 2=. 6, Statf-g'. Rochester.

VOLUMES WANTED.

A liigh prire will he paid for severa' copies of vols. 3, 5,8
and 9 of the Weekly Gencsse Farmer.
Jul) Ul, 1841'. m. B. BATEH.\.M.

POKTABLE THRASHING MACHINES.

CLOVER MACniNE3 AND HORSE POWERS.

■\lt7ARIt.ANTED to be thoroughly built and to work well :
VV made hj' Tuomas D. Burrall, Geneva, Ontario Co.,
\. Y.

These machines have all teen w.irranteil "to be thorough-
ly built, and to work well;" and Iheiy hane fully sustained
tltftt uarranty.

They have ?one larsely into use; moretlian four thousand
r.rc in operation; nmny of them have thraslied from ten to
l\\-eny llious;>nd bushels each, icitkout rcfjairs. More thr.n
eight hun<Ired new machines were sold during the last sea-
son ; anil on thorough trial, they have been reconiniencieJ by
thsse who use theni " to be as complete, and to work as ueil
as any iit the icorld.^'

His new Condjination Machine separates the grain from
the straw in the pr0i.es3 of thrashing, witkout any addUional
mackidery ; saves the labor of one luind in raking away the
straw — much grain which ia usually raked off with the straw
—and is dri%en with less power than any other machine in
use.

Genera, June 27, 1=40.

A DURHAM BULL CALF,

OF FINE FORM and undoubted pedigree, for sale at a
rensrmaUe pri.-e, bv THOMAS WRIGHT.

.Maic lo:i, Wayne co.. .'"> mo. 17th. lt-40.
Also as above, some pure Berkshire pigs of the Bemcnl
stock.

Seed Buckwheat for sa'e .at the Seed ^^ITpX. ,,

NEW ARRIVALS!

JUST received at the Rochester Seed .Store hv the Ste.im
Ship Britisli Queen from England, a large supply of best
purple top Rula B.iga, and a general assortment of English
and Scotch Turnip Seeds. ET .Merchants supplied at yery
low prices. M. B. BATEHA.M.

June 1st, 1840.

Transplanting Annuals.

Seedlings may be safely transplanted in the hottest
and drie3t weather, by turning over them immediately
after they aro set out and watered, a flower pot with a
hole in the bottom. The hole servis as a chimney to
Lt off the heat: and such plants will be as fresh
through the hottest part of the day, as if they had not
been remivod. Towards evening, when the sun can-
not shine on them, take olT the pot and give them fresh
air till the sun appears in the morning — then replace
it. In a few days th^y will have new roots, and be out
of danger. t

NEW BOOKS.

CHILD'S work on Beet Sugar ; Buel's Farmers' Com-
panion; the .\jnerlcan Swine Breeder's Companion;
Bridgeman's Gardener, new edition ; and a fresh supply of
sundry other valuable books, for sale at the Seed Store.

M. B. BATEHAM.
June 1st, 1S40.

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE,
YOrXG HENRY.

THE PUBLIC are informed that the above thorough bred
Horse, raised by H. Wooley, Long Island, and now
ownci by the subscriber, will slanaatO. Culver's, Brighton,
Monroe CO., and will be let to mares at (if een dollars the
seaso.i. Enclosed and good pasture will be provided, anl
all possib'e care and attention will be paid to mares brought
froiii a distance and left with the horse; but no responsibility
for accidents or escapes, should any occur.
Pedigree.
Young Henry was got by Henry, the competitor of Ecliptr,
outoi Saniiliole, bv Eclipse Young Henry is now six years
old on the 4th of June next: he is a splendid figure, with lug
points finely developed ; be is a dark sorrel, and somewhat
over IB hands high. For further particulars, apply to

OLIVER CUL\ LR.
Brighton, Monroe Co,, N. Y., May '20, 1S40.

IMPROVED BERKSHIRE PIGS.

THE Subscriber has on band, andwill have, during the
Summer, Pure Berkshire Pigs— also a cross of the Lei- ■
cester and Berkshire. These Pigs are equal to any in tlls 1
State, and will besold as cheap asany. ^. ,,...„„ '

Rochester, May 1st., 1S40. AAIOS SAW\ ER.

AGENTS

FOR THF, ROCHESTER SEED STORE

A full assortment of seeds, put up at the Rochester Seed
Store, may be found at each of the following placea.-
Subscriptions will also be receiyerl there for the " New Gen-
esee Farmer and Gardener's Journal ;"

Buffalo W. & G. Bryant.

Lockport,

New Fane

Albion,

Brockport,

Scotsville, , , . ^ ,,

Le Boy Tompk.ns & Morg.in.

R.,,„via' J . V. IJ. Verplanck.

Attica,: K- & N- ^Vells,

p„,y I,. B. Parsons & Son.

Mount Morris "■ *'f,<;l'"-, ,,.

Geneseo, ^\\%^^- ^^J""""

Canandaigua, , •';.f H.ayes,,

Geneva . •>■ f» Bogert.

Waterlio ^^K^.P^T''

Auburn, Ti "; I'a';'v

Palmyra ■»<>>' '^ » ^> • . . ,

Newirk, n."T^,'h i-'r^n

f.^-™- v. •.•.•!• E: ^Z^nt"""

«--Vo;." ^^''b^teham.

nockester Seed-Store, March 1, ie40.

, S. U. Marks &.C0.

J. P. Lukcns.

Rathbun &- Clark.

George Allen.

Aiuirus Si Gnrbntt.

41
41

MINER'S PATENT PUMPS, for Wells and
Cisiprns, iniprovcl. Puriiig: the last few months the
iubscriliers hjivn made sever.-il important improvcincnis in
:he construction of this pump, which reutlc-a it the t-heapest
iiriii nio^t duralde article now in use, Tli^'y have no hesita-
tion in sayino that they arc ilecide ily preferable to any other
article now in operation. Many testimonials of scientific
and mechaniciil men niij?ht be given to show the simplicity
and durabili y othe construction of this pump, ami it-< supe-
riority to ail o liers, but aa a personal exnniina'ion mijjlit
give a more corrc-t idea of ihcm, they invite all who may
have oi'Ciision to purcha.se, to call before supplying them-
selves elsewhere.

They are now manufactured and sold whole^^alr. and retail,
at prices o correspond with the tinie.^, at the Warehouse of
the Eagie Furnace, near the Falls, by

\V. A. LANCWOrtTHV A: Co.

Rochester, Jpril 1 .

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT.

CORRECTED KOR

THE NEW GE.NESEE FARMER, JULY a, 18IC.
WHEAT, per bushel, $ 61 a S 83

CORN " in-'

OATS, " *2,'--

BARLEY, " 3/1..

R^YE, " ^^

PEAS, Common, . " 50

BEANS, White,.. " 7o

POTATOES,.... " 19 •,22„

APPLES, Desert,. " '5 1,00

Dried,... " 1,00 1,25

CIDER, barrel, ... 1,"5 2,00

FLOUR, Supeifiire, " 4,00 4,25

Fine, .... " 3,50 3,7o

SjVLT " li^a Ii88

PORK.Mess, " 12,00.... 13,00

" Prime " 9,'50 10,00

" Hog, ....100 lbs 4,00 4,50

BEEF,...: " 5,00 5,59

EGGS, per dozen, 8 10

BUTTER, Freeh, . . per pound 10 12J

Firkin "... 10

CHEESE " ... <> 8

LARD " ... 7 8

TALLOW " ... 10

HIDES, " ... 5 ••

SHEEP SKINS each,... 38 50

WOOL, pound,.. 38 50

PEARL ASHES, ..lOOlhs.. 5,00

POT, " " .. 4,50

HAY ton, . . 6,00 7,00

GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. 1,50 2,00

CLOVER, " " ... 10,00.... i2,on

FLAX,.... " '• ... 75 1,00

PLASTER, (in bbU.I per ton, C,00

" bulk, (nt. \Vhcoilnnd) 3,00.

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

W. B. BATEHAM, f wr^- ,

E- F. MARSHALL, Propru^tors J V"*^' *•

ROCHESTER, AUGUST, 1840.

NO. 8. I

JOHN J. THOMAS,
M. B. BATEHAM, Editors.

PUBIiISHEI> MONTHliY

M CONNECTION WITH THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE AND AQRI"
CDLTURAL REP03IT0RV.

Terms— FIFTY CENTS, per year, payable always in ad-
vance.

P. 1st Masters, Agents, and others, sending money free o
:i^p, will receive seven copies for $3, — Twelve copies for
-,:.--Ttceuty-jive copies for ©lu.

The postage on tliis paper is only one cent to any place
rittilii tliis Htate, and one and a half cent to any par tof
he United folates.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

..: lishers Notices to Agents, &c 113

I'll.- Revolving Diagonal'Harrow 113

V\\c Agricultural Fail at Rochester. Legislative aid to

VsrlciiUure 113

iPhe Weatlier, the Crops, and the Harvest 113

lemarks on Cherries. The Canada Tliistle 114

_ 'Voles on European Agriculture, Wheat, &c 114

jrowlli of Potatoes, Species and varieties of Beets. . .115
VgricuUure of Upper Canada, hy Hon. A, Ferguson,. . .116

JCo the Directors of Agricultural Societies in U. C 117

nquiries aliout Clover See^l. Waking Cheese, and cut-
ting Grafts 117

mportance of the Education of Farmers. Noxiousweeds 118
growing evils — Can.ida Thistles. F.-irmcrs' Sons. . . .118

rrigalion. Farmers' Daughters, by Lubin 119

>ur own Husbandry, A Cargo Grape Vine ,. , .119

Agricultural Fair at Rochester, list of premiums, ifcc. . .120
To tlie friends of the Genesee Agricultural Society, New

Agricultural Societies 120

in Appeal from the Publishers to the Readers of this pa-
per 120

i Voice from Michigan, Hints for the Month 121

ad Seeds— again. By J, .indM. B. B 121

*The Golden Rule." The Curculio. White Cabbage

Le.tves 122

■'arjners devote too much time to labor 122

Pile Farmers liifc, by H. Coleman 122

)warf Fruit Trees, Science and Agriculture 12;J

To protect Cabbage Plants from W^ornis 123

To prevent the destruction of Corn by Crows 12:3

The Flowers of Sunnner, Burnt Earth as >Ianurc. . . ,124
^ilk business in Rochester, &c. New kinds of Wheat. .,125

Ljurge Calves. The Cberry Slug 125

On the Rotation of Crops. Dialogue on Cultivation. . .126

blinders upon Horses. Preserving Green Peas 127

tain. Rural Melodies (Poetry,) 127

teply to Annette, by Fannv. .' 12^

?he Horse Tliistle. Breaking Steers 123

idverlisements. Prices Current, &c 123

(EF* To all ichom, it may concern — There is a large
»,mount of money yet due us from Post Masters and
\gents, consisting mostly of small sums, but not too
mall to be needed these times. We hope all who
re indebted to us will remit the amount by mail,
r otherwise, free of expense, in as current funds as
lossible, without further delay. If New York or
lastern bills cannot be obtained, Ohio, Illinois, or Up-
per Canada may be sent. Bj" Where the amount is
iOt even dollars it can be made so by obtaining an ad-
itional subscriber. Do you take ?

Complaints of inaccuracies or omissions in the
nailing of our paper, are often made tons, but in most
lases they are found to have been regularly and pro-
lerly mailed. We have abundant excuse to ofTer,
lowever, for any delay in attending to letters or send-
ng papers during a few weeks past. Our clerk, J. E.
Torce, has taken him a wife and left our employ; one
if the publishers, E, F. Marshall, has been confined at
lome by sickness; and the other publisher, M. B.
Bateham, has been most of the time travelling. We
lave got matters righted again, hoTvever, and hope to
teep them so. Any subscribers who have not receiv-
icir papers correctly are requested to mention it to
lieir Post Masters and ask them to notify us.

B. &M.

THE REVOIiVIIVti DIAOO.XAIi IIAUKOAV.

We give below a description of a Harrow and Roller, which appears to us to be a most efScient and va-
lauble implement of husbandry. On clayey lond during dry weather, when the soil breaks up in hard lumps,
as is often the case in wheat sowing, such a machine must be of great advantage.

We wish some one of our readers who has seen the operation of this harrow would give us a more parti-
cular account ot it. The following we copy from the Farmers' Cabinet.

The ^^ Dialogues." — We give our readers a further
ipecimen of the amusing and instructive Dialogues,
vritten by the talented editor of the Farmers Cabinet.
We learn that they are published in book form, and we
Irish friend Pedder would tell his publisher to send on
I lot to our booksellers; some of our juvenile agricul-

lists ara very nnximis to obtnin copies.

Report of the Committee on Arts and Sciences, of the Mechanics' Institute, on the Revolving Diagonal
Harrow, Inj Moses G. Cass, Utica, N. K.

C, C, C, C, are revolving cylinders working in the frame D, by means of gudgeons placed in the ends.
Each Cylinder is charged with teeth placed perpendicular to the axis, as seen in the drawing. G, is a tooth-
ed wheel intended to break up the ground that would otherwise be passed over untouched; being under the
lengthwise rail of the harrow. B, E, F, a moveable frame supporting the rollers A, A, which may be at-
tached to or disconnected from the harrow at pleasure.

An examination of this machine, and a little reflection, will serve to show its superiority to the ordinary
harrow. In its passage over the ground the teeth enter the earth in all directions, breaking, removing, or tear-
ing up all slight obstructions; while if it meets with a large stone or any obstacle that wculd throw :he com-
mon harrow out, the cylinder, which in this machine encounters the obstruction, is enableil by a whole or
partial revolution to pass over it.

An experienced farmer, who has for some time bad one of Mr. Cass's harrows in use, remarks that "by
attaching the seed sowers and rollers a most perfect finishing operation will be performed, and at a saving of
one-half if not three-fourths of the labor commonly required to do the same work."

WILLIAM A. COX, Chairman.

Mechanics Institute, February, 18th, 1840.

The Agricultural Fair at Rochester.

By a notice in another column, it will be seen that
the Annual Fair of the Genesee Agricultural Society,
is to be held at the same time as the great Fair of the
Mechanic's Asssociation. This we think is a good
arrangement. The many thousands who witnessed
the Mechanic's Exhibition last season, will need no
persuasion to induce them to attend again: and the in-
creased and combined attractions which will this year
be presented, cannot fail to draw a larger concourse of
spectators than ever before assembled on any similar
occasion in Western New York.

We hope the farmers of " Old Genesee" will do
themselves credit; especially the farmers of Monroe
county, on whom the interests of the Fair must main-
ly depend. They can, if they will, get up an Exhibi-
tion which it would puzzle any other section of the
Union to equal. What say you, readers, will you
try?

Legislative aid to Agriculture.

Messrs. Editors. — I wish some one of your corres-
pondents, who possesses the requisite information,
would inform us what has been proposed or done by
the Legislature of this State during the two last ses-
sions, for the advancement of agriculture. I should
like to know whether we farmers, who constitute the
greater part of the community, produce the greater
part of the wealth, and pay most of the taxes of this
Stole, are olways to be overlooked, and our interests
disregarded by our very "humble serra7ils" at Albany,
whom we pay fat salaries out of our hard comings. —
Does not the embarrassed condition of our country ab-
solutely demond that something should be done by go-
vernment to foster and improve the agriculture of this
State t Will not the New Genesee Farmer speak out
on this subject t 'Who will snggaet the mode by which

the State can best promote the cause of agriculture,
without large appropriations ?
Rochester. MONROE.

The Weather, the Crops, and the IIarvest.1

During the early part of the past month, the spring
crops in this section, especially the corn and potatoes,
suffered materially from drouth; but the seasonable
rains since have apparently quite recovered them, and
every thing now looks promising.

The wheat crop is mostly secured, and accounts
from all quarters agree that it is more abundant in
quantity and better in quality, than it has been for ma-
ny years past. New wheat begins to appear in our
market, and finer samples we have never seen. We
have had frequent showers here of late, but hove not
learned that they have done any injury to the wheat.

cr Cauadian jVgents. £11

We find it necessary to repeat the notice that D.
.Smart, Esq., Post Master at Port Hope, is general
Agent for us, and we wish other Post Mosters
who remit to us by mail would do so through him,
and thereby save us the American postage.

Mr. J. W. Brent, of Toronto; and Mr. Chas, HeotQ
and Mr. John Creighton of Kingston are local agents;
to whom payments or communications for us may be
made.

inr All Post MoBters ore requested to act as local
agents.

To Correspondents. — Several valuable communica-
tions received rather late ore unovoidably crowded out
in order to make room for the affairs of the agricul •
tural society. They will not spoil by keeping^ c^
month. a

114

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1 I

Cherries.

We lately took a journey of two hundred and fifty
miles through the Western part of this Stale, in a pri-
vate carriage, having good opportunities for observa-
tion,— and only in one place after leaving home, have
we sren good cherries. There wo found two or
three sorts that were pleasant, but hardly jfne. "

We make these remarks to show how little the most
of our farmers know about good fruit. At many
home-bteads we saw either no cherries at all, or the
common sour pie-cherry, with some seedlings of the
email heart cherry in a few places; but only one graft-
ed branch. So little indeed is seen of the better sorts,
that a very intelligent friend of ours in the West, had
arrived at the conclusion that this climate was unfa-
vorable to their growth and maturity ! Now if we
have spied out the nakedntss of the land, it may be
right and proper to tell our negligent countrymen,
how they may clolhc their premises, and eat fine cher-
ries, as wc do, for six weeks at least in constant suc-
cession.

We have always found, in making collections of any
kind, that a proper ylace of deposll was of great im-
portance. Enclose therefore a fruit garden, in any
manner that may seem best, and of any size from half
an acre to two acres or more. — Not all for cherries 1 —
No; but whoever has a taste for fine fruit, will want
peaches and plume, and pears and apricots; and not
one tree only, because the sort may be "good enough,"
but kinds suflicient to follow one another in succession
during the longest season of that particular fruit. —
We have no notion of feasting one week and fasting
the next. — Our trees were originally planted twenty
feet apart, and at this distance there will be room
enough for a long time to come.

We have at this time about Hventy kinds of cherry
trees in all; and ought to have had many more, but
other trees were sent from the nurseries, instead of the
kinds we paid for. For instance, the American Heart,
the Amber Heart, the Oxheart, the White Bigareau,
and the Downton, came not; but in their stead several
sorts which wc had already in possession. This treat-
ment was highly improper and abusive, but mistakes
may sometimes creep in, even where great cnre is ta-
ken, and fair dealing intended.

The earliest, cultivated either in this country or Eu-
rope, is the May Cherry, which is small in both fruit
and branch. We presume it might be grafted on the
dwarf Siberian, and then it would stand as a mate for
the currant bush. We have had them ripe in thelat-
ter part of the fifth month.

The Early Richmond begins to ripen in immediate
succession. It fills the space between the May Cher-
ry and the common Pie Cherry, both in regard to size
and the time of maturing its fruit, which though sour
at first, becomes very pleasant when fully ripe. It is
valuable, and may hang on the tree foi several weeks.

Four other cherries in our fruit garden ripen at the
same time with the Early Rii-hmond. The first sort
is also a round cherry, of good size, sweet for one of
its class, and decidedly a favorite. It came under a
wrong name; and we do not find it agree with any
description in Lindlcy or Prince. It will scarcely be
the less prized, however, on this account.

The next is Knight's Early Black, which camo from
one of the Flushing nurseries marked " Black Tarta-
rian." Wc hardly regret the mistake. Indeed the
editor of the Pomological Magazine says that if he
were called upon to state specifically the difierence be-
tween them, he would be unable to do so. He adds
however, "It has the rare merit of ripening earlier: on
aaouth aspect it will be ripe even earlier than the May

* In the principal villngea doubtless, some excelleiU sorts
arc fultivatrd. We Rpeak of only what we s.iw.

Duke." t It is so with ours where the trees stand to-
gether. We have had some of these cherries from
young thrifty trees that measured an inch or more in
diameter.

The White Tartarian, like the last, is a heart cher-
ry; and when fully ripe there is none better. We
have a young tree marked the White Ilartfordshire,
which diflTers in its growth but not in its fruit; and
when a few of each sort were exhibited, wc were una-
ble to detect the difference.

The Blacli Caroon is also a heart cherry, of good
size, and a fine fruit. It receives a full share of at-
tention from visitors. At Aurora and its neighbor-
hood, it has been called the Albany Cherry; but it
would be well to lay this name aside.

While these sorts are growing thin on the branch-
es, the Transparent Gitigne, is swelling and softening
as well as the later crop of the May Duke; and both
are highly valued. One of the round class, marked
" Waterloo," keeps time with them, and the fruit is
decidely fine; but we cannot distinguish in it Lindley's
characteristics of Knight's Waterloo with certainty,
and wc must wait for more light.

The Carnation is later than the preceding sorts.—
It is a moderate bearer, and in rainy weather is apt to
decay on the tree; but it is very polatable, those icho
harenercr seen it ripe to the contrary notwithstanding.
It appears to do better where it receives the reflected
heat from a building. The brief but timely showers
of the present season have not injured it; and in a dri-
er elimnte, this tendency to decay would be no objec-
tion.

The Common Fie Cherry, (Kentish ?) and the Mo-
rcllo, are valuable fruits, and ought to be more cultiva-
ted than they ore; but they are too sour for the table,
uncooked. These sorts grow freely from suckers, and
are generally within the reach of every one who wish-
es to have them.

The Cream Cherry originated in or near the South
part of Seneca county, and promises to be valuable.
It takes the name from its color; which however, is
sometimes tinged with red. It is the latest of on
cherries, medial size, heart shaped, and sweet. We
want to see it on a stock exclusively its own, and then
we can form a better judgement of its merits.

One remark more. Ten trees of the finest sorts of
cherries can be had for five dollars. The interest on
this sum is thirty-five cents n year. Who would not
be willing to pay it annually for such a treat ? — for
cherries come onnually without fail. f

t We tliink liotvever, that poniolo^sts err in referring
he iH.-iy Diikc's time of ripening : It ripens In patches, ai

_„ to

tlic iH.ay Diikc's time of ripening : It ripens In patches, and
onie may be used when the cherries on the other parts of the
tree are not colored, showing a dirterence of several weeks.

The Canada Thistle.

This weed has so much increased in some parts of
Cayuga county, that it may be found in almost every
lot and field. Among crops where the hoe is intro-
duced, as corn and potatoes, it stands but little chance;
but among such as are sown broad-cast, it is a great
pest; and every advantage that can be taken of it,
ought to be known. We wish to ctmtributeour mite.
Oats when sown early in the spring, will not send up
stalks as soon as this weed; and there is a time when
the latter may be mown without injuring the crop. —
The scythe, if not very sharp, will glance over the
grain, but cut the stiffer stems of the thistles. This
operation gives them an effectual check forthat season,
and the oats may be harvested with very little incon-
venience.

We would recommend this practice however, only
where there are but few patchcsof thistles in the field;
and not where it is much over-run with them. In the
latter case, the land should not be sown with wheat,
oats, or barley; but either planted with some horse-

hoeing crop, or turned into a regular fallow, — not to
be ploughed only two or three times, but as often as
once a month throughout the season, and then in the
most thorough manner, so as to leave no shoot uncut.
The farmer who undertakes this business, must pre-
pare himself accordingly. He must make his ealetila-
tions before-hand, and nerve himself for the contest.
No half-way measures will answer. To plough them
once !« the spring, cultivates them; and to plough
them twice, is but a check; but every subsequent
encounter destroys a portion of their vital energy. —
The next season cultivate the ground well in corn, po-
tatoes, field beets, or Swedish turnips, and it will give
them the finishing stroke.

To pull up the stalks of this thistle, weakens the
horizontal root much more than to hoe them; and we
have used wooden tongs for this purpose, nearly sha-
ped like the blacksmith's. If the holes left by the
stalks, be then filled with brine, very few if any new
shoots will appear. t

From the Southern Cabinet.

Notes on Earopean Agricnltnre.

BY AN AMKRICAN.

Wheat. — In my last I gave some notes on the ro-
tation of crops in Great Britain, — a judicious mode of
culture, which is now adapted to a considerable extent
in Sweden, Denmark, and the grain growing coun-
tries in the north of Europe. Thus, the soil, although
it does not annually give the same kind of product to
the cultivator, is never idle, but produces in succes-
sion crops which are often more vtduable than wheat
itself.

As however wheat is not only one of the staple arti-
cles of Europe, but also of our own country, I propose
to devote this article to a description of the method of
culture.

1st. Preparation OF THE Soil. The wheat crop,
08 I have stated in a former chapter, usually succeeds
the fallow crop, which consisted of potatoes, beans, or
turnips. This fallow crop is richly manured. Stable
manure is in a mnjority of instances used, and in most
soils is preferred. It is spread on the fields brood cast
in the proportion of twenty or twenty-five tons to the
acre. In about half the cases it is scatteied over the
fields in the early part of winter, and ploughed under
in December. Where time is wanting the manure is
not applied till early in the spring, which I am in-
(ormed, answers equally well. Lime is much need on
light sandy soils. In some parts of the coast of PIol-
land, where the soil is poor and sandy, the application
of lime has given a dark, rich color to the earth, which
now retains its moisture and produces abundant crops.
On the sandy lands between Berlin and Dresden re-
sembling our Carolina pine-barrens, I noticed it used
in some fields with very beneficial effects. Similar
results have been produced in New Jersey by the ap-
plication of lime on bare sandy soil. Bone dust ii
nmch used in Englond on light soils. It is generally
procured from the continent. A few mills for the pur-
pose of grinding the bone for manure exist in England
and Scotland, although they did not fall under my no-
tice. A model of one exists in the agriculturol muss-
urn of Edinburgh, which was politely exhibited to mo
by Professor Lowe. The construction is very simple;
but ae I believe it is well understood in the Unitetl
Slates, and as I am not much of a mechonie, I need
nut venture on a description. The bone dust is used
in the proportion to twenty-five bushels to the acre; a
greater quantity has not been attended with any in-
creased beneficial results. It is sown broad cast on the
land; sometimes mixed with turnip seed. Night soils,
(a very valuable manure,) are limited to the neighbor-
hoods of towns, and principally applied to gardens.—"
This article is prepared in the vicinity of Paris by a
method rendering it not in the least oft'cnsive. It has
the appearance ot' largo dried bricks, which are broken
up when wonted, and applied to the land in the man-
ner of bone dust.

When the fallow crop has been removed, the ground
is ploughed and put in order for the reception of wheat;
occasionally some manure is added, but it is in gene-
ral believed that the ground is sufficiently enriched for
the ensuing crop. The ploughiiig is Similar to that of
our own country. The wheat is sown from the mid-
dle to the end of October, generally in drills, but some-
times broad cast. The sowingor drillingof the wheat
does not complete the labor till the time of harvest, as
is the case in America. The wheat is regularly hoed ^
between the drills two or three limes, and when the

No. 8

ANDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

ll;3

wheat is nbcut a foot in height, it is carefully weeded,
hence, we seldom find in English wheat cither cockle,
cheat, or the seeda of the various weeds with which
our fields are so often infested. The wheat is usually
gathered with the sickle. I saw no cradles, like those
of America, in use

2nd. Qt'ASTiTY OF Sf.kd to the Acre. In this
particular I found a great difference of opinion be-
tween the British and American farmer. In this coun-
try a bushel of wheat is considered sufficient for an
acre; formerly many persons only used three pecks per
acre. I am inclined to think, that we have erred in
using too little seed. I remember visiting the fields of
a farmer in New York many years ago, and observed
ithat whilst the heads of wheat were very fine, the slalks
appeared to stand thinly on the ground. He had sown
three pecks to the acre, and the produce was nine
bushels. 1 suggested to him the propriety of using a
double quantity of seed. Three years afterwards he
sowed the same field again, using a bushel and a half
to the acre, — the season and tillage were similar to that
of the former sowing. He subsequently informed me
that his land this year produced fifteen bushels to the
acre, and that he was now an advocate for thick sow-
ing.

I extract from my notes on English husbandry the
following quotation, which I either wrote down from
the dictation of some responsible agriculturist, or co-
pied I'rom some agricultural journal of England: I am
inclined to think the latter. I have reason to believe
it is the usual mode adopted in England and Scotland.

"On rich lands in good condition, when the soil is
strong loam or clay, and well drained, two and a half
to two and three-quarter bushels per imperial acre may
be sufficient, of the ordinary varieties. As spring
S'Twn wheat does not tiller well, one half to three-quar-
ters of a bushel more maybe necessary; but strong
clays are not well adapted to spring sown wheat, al-
though it is quite possible that a suitable variety may
be obtained for that purpose.

"On medium soils one half bushel more may be re-
quisite for such season of sowing, regulating the quan-
ii'lV to the quality and condition of the soil, and the
])receding crops. When potatoes have been raised in
the fallow division, at least two or three pecks more
may be necessary than after a clean fallow.

"On high and light lands, wheat after fallow should
be drilled in from two to three inches deep, to prevent
throwing out in spring. With this precaution, if the
Innd is in good condition, little more seed will be
wanted than on medium; but on such lauds wheat
holds beat after grass, and in that case requires two or
three pecks more seed than under any other circum-
stance."

As I have never seen the stalks of wheat so thickly
crowded together in my own country as in Great Brit-
ain, and as theiraverage crop is decidedly greater than
curs, I have accounted for the difibrence, at least in
some measure to the greater quantity of seed used
by the Etiropean agriculturists, after making due al-
lowances for the difierences of climate and modes of
culture. I remarked that in Englond, in consequence
ot this thick sowing, there was but one stalk to each
gram, whilst in America, where the seeds were far-
ther separated, there aie usually side stalks, few of
which produce equally well with the one proceeding
fio;Ti the grain. The additional quantity of the seed
town is doubly compensated for, by the greater pro-
duct to the acre. These, however, should be matters
Lit experiment with us, in a climate where our sum-
lac-rs are much warmer, as I am lully aware lands
may be too thickly as well as too thinly sown.

od. Varikties of Whkat in EtnopE. — Botanists
have been much perplexed in endeavoring to decide
un the true origin of our varieties of wheat. It is now
d.fiicult to ascertain what is the true Irkiaim sativum
or common wheat, and the latter triticum its/iriim or
summer wheat. I am, however, inclined to think,
that all the varieties may be included under one speeief,
as there are no distinctive marks by which they can
be separated. Under iritiawi hijbcrtuim, for instance,
are included some of the earliest and best varieties of
spring wheat, and under triticum aslirum are included
e:veral bearded wheats, equally hardy, and requiring
as long time to arrive ot maturity as our common win"
ter sorts. Indeed, the French Botanists have now re-
ferred oil the varieties to triticum saticum. But this
is not the place to settle nice botanical distinctions.

Spring wheat is seldom cultivated in England as a
general crop. In every instance where I saw it grow-
ing, it appeared to me rother inferior.

In my last number I alluded to some of the varieties
of wheat at present cultivated in England. The gol-
den drop, blood red, Uvbridge, Hunters, Mengos-
wells, V/hittington and IlickHngs. The three latter.

like our okra cotton and rohan potatoe, have been so
recently introduced that they have not yet found their
way into general cultivation. The specimens which
I saw, however, were very superior, svdliciently so to
encourage the American farmer to import the seed,
which may be ordered from Lawson and Sons, Edin-
burg, or Loddige in London, or through any merchont
in Liverpool. An order sent in July will bo in suffi-
cient time to enable the farmer to plant the seed in au-
tumn.

The wheat called Leghorn, or Tuscany wheat, was
introducetl into England for the purpose of procuring
straw for the manul'acture of bonnets, Ac.; but it was
found not to succeed as well as the common rye, which
is now exclusively cultivated in the Orkney islands
and the North of Scotland for that purpose.

In the Northern parts of France, 1 sow cultivated
pretty extensively, very hardy variety of wheat called
Poulard bleu, and lie, Hue coiiique. It is partial to
rich clay soils; its grains are dnrk and very hard. —
An Egyptian wheat colled Ble itc Smyrna, was also
highly spoken of. There is a variety of wheat brought
originally from Moitocco that is successfully cultivo-
ted in Itoly, but does not succeed well in the northern
ports of Europe, that might be experimented on in our
southern States. Its spdtes are long, loose, nodding
to a side, and awned; grains about half alt inch in
length — reddish, transparent, and very hard. It usu-
ally goes under the name of Polish wheat, although it
is not much cultivated in Polond, — is said to have
come originally from Morocco, and is often called Mo-
gadore wheat.

I find in my journal, descriptions of nearly one hun-
dred varieties of wheat in Europe, but doubt whether
the transferring them to your pages would be of any
moteriol benefit to the American farmer, who, I fear,
would scarcely import them even as an experiment.
Should the seeds which I brought with me and dis-
tributed through .several parts of our southern country,
be successfully cultivated, I will endeavor to notice
them on some future occasion.

It would be of great advantage were onr ogricultu-
ral societies to imitate the examples of those of Eu-
rope, in attaching a museum to their institutions,
where not only the different grains cultivated might
be exhibited, but also the stalks and plants preserved
in a dried state, — the mode of culture and product
carefully noted for the benefit of agriculturists. I ob-
served at Washington, during the last summer, a suc-
cessful attempt of this kind by the intelligent superin-
teudanl of the potent office.

The English former has more to opprehend from
the constant drizzling rains during harvest time, than
from insects, which are the bone of the American far-
mer. The so colled Hessian fly, bos never been in-
troduced, and the poor Hessian has sins enough to an-
swer for on another .score, without meriting the
charge of conveying this pest to Amerieo in his straw.
The insect is not known in Ilessin, and although two
specimens were shown to me as having been procured
in Sweden, they proved to be of a different and harm-
less species. I fear we will have to claim it along
with the oppossum and rattle-snoke, as exclusively
American. The wheot of onr country also suffers
materially from other insects, which prey upon it in
its ripened state; hence, in many ports it is necessary
thot the crops be not only thrashed out, but immedi-
ately corried to the flour-mill. In England, on the
contrary, I perceived stacks of wheat that hod remain-
ed unthrashed for three and four years, and in many
instances five or six, without any other molestation
ihan that of the Norsvay rot — that cosmopolite, grego-
rious, omnivorous pest of all countries.

There ore two of the sciences, however, widely re-
moved from each other, and however eeldom thought
of by the American farmer, that have long appeared to
me as inviting greater ottention in an ogriculturol
point of view than has hitherto been devoted to it. I
mean chemist.-y and entomology. The former ena-
bling us to analyze our soils, and directing us to the
best modes for their improvement, and the latter point-
ing out to us the habits and character of those insects
that prey upon our fruits and grains, without which
we cannot find a remedy against their depredations.

Growth of Potatoes.

A correspondent of the Inverness Courier mentions
a mode of growing potatoes, which may be useful in
the soving of seed in seasons of scarcity, and also of
furnishing a supply a month eorlier than ihe usual pe-
riod. The experiment described consisted in planting
the shoots thrown out from potatoes kept in the cellar,
on the 26th of May, about a month later than the usu-
al period of sowing. They were planted in a garden
and raised on the 19ih of Sepiember. and the result

was highly satisfactory. Atone stalk there were nine
pototocs the size of eggs; at another two large ones,
one of them weighing 1 lb. 2 oz. The cultivator is of
opinion, thot hod the shoots been planted a month ear-
lier, there would have been an excellent and early
crop. The shoots should be about ten or twelve in-
ches in length, and dibbled into prepared ground, and
all covered except the two small leaves at the top. —
None of the ])otatoe should be planted along with the
shoot; but they ore the better to have a good many fi-
bres thrown out from the root end of the shoot. — Eng-
lish jxiper.

From CliiUa' fVurk mi Bed and Bed Sugar.
Culture of the Beet.

SPECIF.S ASD VARIETIES OF TUF. BEET.

The following are the principal ones cultivated in
France.

1. Mangel Wirrttcl or Scarcitij Root. It has lorge,
thick, succulent leaves; tlie root is white wilhin and
without; grows much out of the ground, and attains a
size superior to all other species. Many cultivators
hove lemarked thot though it is good for fattening cot-
tie, it is not equolly favorable to the production of
milk.

The variety ctdtivated in England has a reddith or
whitish red root. It is not much volued for domestic
UEC, olthough the leaves are good to boil as spinach,
and the leaf-stolks and midrib to stew and eat as ob-
poragus. Dr. Lcltsom slates thot on his land, which
wos propitious to its growih, it weighed, on on over-
age, full ten pounds, oud the leaves half as much, so
thot the whole produce was fifteen pounds of nutiitioua
aliment to every square of eighleen inches.

2. Red or Blood Beit. It has a long red, eatable
root, and darkish red or purple leaves. Sown at suit-
able distances, much greater of course than ore ordi-
narily allowed it in our gardens, it becomes nearly as
productive os the sugor beet. The lorger the roola
grow, the tenderer they arc, and the deeper their col-
or, the more they are esteemed.

The vorieticB of these species are the common red
beet, the early turnip-rooted beet, the green-leaved red
beet, ond the yellow-rooted red beet.

3. Vclloic Beet. It has yellow, or greenish yellow
leaves and yellow roots, which ore frequently very
long and large. It has been cultivated for making su-
gar, but moat mannfocturers have discarded it, finding
thot its juice, though next in richress to thot of the
sugar beet, contained from one-eighth to one-quoiter
less saccharine matter, than the latter. It is prone to
degenerate. A field sown with genuine seed will
sometimes yield a fifth, sixth, or gieoter port, with a
coat of a rose color ond flesh white, or coat yellow and
flesh white. A single seed will occasionally produce
three yellow beets, and onerofc colored; though what
is commonly cilledone seed, dues in fact contain from
one to five seeds.

4. While Silesian or Sugar Beet. It has pale
green leaves, the root pear-shaped, and shorter ihan
the other species. It grows entirely within ihe ground,
except it meet with some obstiuction, in which cose
the exposed port becomes green ond loses a portion of
its sugar.

There is one variety of this species, the red-vein-
leaved, with rose-colored rings in the flesh. This is
considered a degeneracy.

In Germany, besides the yellow and sugar beets,
they cultivate principally the following, which appear
to be varieties of ihe mangel wurtzel, or as it is some-
times colled, the great German beet.

1. Red and White. It is usually red ond white
wilhin and without. This beet grows seventeen or
eighteen inches long, of which one foot is obove
ground; ond it sometimes weighs twenty-five pounds.
Its juice is very watery, ond in proportion to its size it
contains the least nutritive substonce.

2. Yellow and White. It grows half out of tho
ground. It is rather small and lees woody and aque-
ous,keeps belter ond is more nutritive than the prece-
ding. It sometimes weighs twenty pounds.

3. Pale red. It penetrates the corth more than the
oibers, ond weighs as much os sixteen pounds.

There is no limit to the varieties of the beet. They
may increase like the crosses of sheep. This will
ahvays be the cose; if different sorts for seed are not set
at a good distance apai t. Soil and eliniate have some-
times the same effect. Some fields will produce only
tho red-vein leaved, allhough none but the seed of the
pure white Silesian was sown.

It is supposed by some that the wild sea beet, so
called, is the parent of all our cultivated beets It is
a native of Holland and Great Britain, on the sen
coast and salt maishes. It is found about Notting-
ham, ill Ens'nnd. The first beet planted in France,

116

THE NEW G ENE6EE FARMER,

Vol. i.

was, however, a noiivp of the soullicrn nml maritime
regions of Europe, and was brought ironi Iinly. The
Romans were acquainted with the white beet, which
they called cicla, sictila or Sicilian.

UPPER CANADA.

Having completed our rambles in Upper Canada,
wc might offer some detailed remarks on the agricul-
ture of that province; but we are happy to say the task
has fallen into abler hands than ours. It is highly
gratifying to find occasionally such men as the Hon.
Adam FtRci'so.v, who at times can stand in the halls of
Parliament and grapple with giant intellects in discus-
sing the afl'airs of government, and then return to the
quiet farm and find scope for their powerful minds, in
elucidating the science and practice of agriculture.

It was about noon, one warm day in July, while
journeying from Toronto to Hamilton, on horseback,
that we turned aside from the main road, to find the re-
sidence of Mr. Ferguson. We found the house, beau-
tifully situated on the side of a hill, overlooking the
broad Lake Ontario in one direction, and in another
the Bay of Burlington, with the picaennt village of Ha-
milton backed by green hills in the distance. Near
the house is a fine expanse of fields and meadows, in
which we found some of the best and most perfect an-
imals of farm stock we have ever seen. Mr. F. is an
experienced amateur of fine cattle, and has imported
quite a number of splendid animals, one of which
(" Sir Walter,") is now owned by Mr. McKnight,
of this city. He has another, similar to it, which he
now offers for sale.

Wo shall not soon forget the pleasant afternoon
which we spent at Mr. Ferguson's, and the hospitality
of his accomplished lady will long be fresh in our re-
collections,

Agriculture of l-pper Canada.

(by the HON. ADAM FERGUSON.)

WooDHiLL, Upper Canada
JulySUth, lb40.
Mr. Bateham :

Sir — When I had the pleasure of a visit from you,
(shorter, certainly, than I could have desired,) you
expreescd a wish that I ehou'.d give you some of my
notions on Canadian farming.

Conscious of my inability to do justice to the subject,
I am yet willing to make the attempt, principally, if
not solc-ly, actuated by a desire to see American and
Canadian farmers unite in promoting the most im-
Ijortant temporal concern in which man can bo enga-
ged, viz : the cultivation of the soil, and improvement
of our breeds, and management of domesticated ani-
mals. I have all my life been zealously attached to
rural pursuits, and with all its vexations I believe no
line of life ia better calculated to ensure happiness,
health and independence, than that of the husbandman,
" Ufortunati Agricola sera si bona norint."
Canadian farming, to be fairly estimated, must be
coneidored the rude efforts of manufacturing labor, ex-
pended upon a mass of raw material, valuable in itself,
but requiring bcth capital and time to perfect.

The Upper Province, or I may say, the upper por-
tion of the province of Canado, to which the3e crude
remarks are chiefly intended to apply, is a country
eminently designed by Nature for Agricultural enter-
terprize. The soil and climate, the vact means of in-
ternal navigation, the choice of markets, all clearly in-
dicate her as the Farmer's Home. Her sons, natiteor
tuloptcd, must not indeed indulge in sloth, or in golden
di cams of wealth, rapidly amassed, but they may count
upon a (air return, for diligence and labor, with the
ealisfaction of spending rational and happy lives, pos-
sessed of every rational comfort and true enjoyment.

To form, as I have said, o fair estimate of the skill
pnd prpf)cipnj:y of our farmers, due nllowanco must be

made (or the complicated difficulties which the early
settlers were compelled to encounter, and which they
have in so large o measure efTectually overcome. It
would be most preposterous to look for nice attention
to the minute details of farm management, from men
struggling for a hare subsistence, and who could com-
mand no other aid save the inmates of their shanty or
log hut. In this our day, it is scarce possible to con-
ceive the harassing privations and obstacles which they
have to encounter, in the want of roads, distance of
mills, and merchants, with many a sad et cetera, now
hardly felt in the most remote sectionsof the Province.
Years have rolled away, great changes in the frame
of society have occuired in Europe, and hosts of well
educated individuals, possessed of capital and skill,
have chosen Canada os a home. A new era has arri-
ved, and vast improvements may reasonably be antici-
pated, should Old Settlers and Neu> Comers, cordially
and honestly concur in giving and taking counsel to-
gether. If the one party is possessed of superior
knowledge or skill, the other enjoys the no less valua-
ble fruits of experience, with a useful training in the
school o{ malie shift. Each may do a world of good
to himself and to his neighbor, by evincing a sincere
willingness to learn, a frank desire to communicate,
and a firm resolution to shake off the trammels of pre-
judice, whether native or imported.

A fair test of rural improvements has been correctly
deduced, from the all'ention paid to facilitate inter-
course, by good roads. In tracing the progress of
Scotland to that distinguished station which she is ac-
knowledged to occupy in the history of Agriculture,
we find that the value of good roads began to be appre-
ciated just as a better system of cultivation commenced.
Whether this may be strictly attributed to cause or
effect, matters little. The fact remains incontroverti-
ble, that good farming and an amendment of roads
have invariably gone hand in hand. Sixty years ago
wheel carriages were nearly unknown in some of the
richest districts of Scotland, and grain was conveyed
to mill and market on horses backs, through roads
well entitled to vie with the worst mud-holes of Cana-
da. Tried by this test, the agriculture of our Pro-
vince moy well be stated as in its infancy, but we have
already a glimpse of better days, and ere long, it is
more than probable, that a decided change will take
place in our system of road making. In the early days
of a new country, personal service upon the roads is
the most convenient, and in fact, the only system that
can be pursued ; and while the population continues
sparse, and every man works near his own farm, it
will suffice and will go on smoothly enough. In
time, however, a more extended scale is required, as
business and general intercourse increases. Farmers
begin to grumble as their road duty is raised, unwil-
ling to calculate, or to admit, that the increased scale
of road making is to benefit them. In this way, road
service is too often performed with a grudge, and in a
slovenly manner, and we have even heard of on in-
stance, where on a hot day theparty actually sent for a
barrel of beer and a fiddler to animate their spirits,
with what advantage to the road may be easily ima-
gined.

Under these circumstances, it is earnestly to be ho-
ped, that a pecuniary commutation for labor will be
made compulsory in ploce of being merely optional,
OS at present. There can be no question that both the
roads and the public will profit by the change.

If the law warranted the exaction of money for rood
service, upon a reasonable scale of conversion, and if
it became a reil burden upon the land, then might
townships, or individuals, interested in the formation
or repair of any line of road, be in safety, by receiving
an adequate ossignment of th» road fund, to advance.

or to borrow the money required, at once, and thus
complete in one secson, and in <ifar superior siyUj a
useful public work, which must at present drag heavi-
ly on thiough many years, each revolving one finding
enough to do, in repairing the damage of the prece-
ding season, the main work continuing almost at a
stand. But it is more than time to leave the loads and
attend to the fields, and even there I find that it will
be well to restrict my remarks to some of those points
where improvement is most palpably required. It
would occupy a volume to discuss rotations of crops,
drainings, farm buildings, and implements, varieties
of seeds, grasses, ^c. ^c. and in confining myself to
lire stock, 1 am satisfied that I pitch upon a branch of
rural economy, where all who know Canada, and un-
derstand the subject, must admit that ample room for
improvement is to be found.

Live Stock.

If required to report upon the cattle of Upper Cana-
da, and to assign them a place with any recognized va.
ricty of the ox, the most e-tperienced breeder would
find himself wolully at fault. Affinity, may, no doubt,
be often traced to North Devons, Herefords, or Sussex,
and to the Alderney or Norman breeds, but nothing
definite will be met with, and it is therefore an object
of paramount importance to procure a more permanent
variety of stock, likely to maintain its identity, and
suited to the wants of the Province. It is not to be
supposed, in making this attempt, that Canadian far-
mers will at once admit the superiority of any new
breed. Time must be allowed for dispelling preju-
dice, and converts obtained by unobtrusive but decisita
examples.

We shall assume that no impartial and competent
judge will hesitate to admit the decided superiority of
these breeds, which have for many years been the anx-
ious subject of improvement in Britain.

Of cattle used in draught, the two most in repute
are Herefords and Devons, the former large and hea-
vy, the latter of smaller size, and more agile form. —
For farm labor, or forest work, no fitter breeds could
be found, but it may be reasonably doubted whether
the stock amongst us may not provide the farmer with
sufficiently useful animals for such purposes, without
incurring the expense and hazard of importing buIU
from Hereford or Devon. Such, however, is not the
case in relation to the Dairy, or the raising the great-
est possible weight of svpcrior beef within the shortest
possible period, and at the least cost, for food.

Early maturity, and a tendency to lay flesh and fat
upon the raluablc points, (a quality perfectly uiider-
derstood and duly appreciated by intelligent butchers,)
are distinguishing characteristics of well bred and
symmetrical animals, and in no existing breed have
these been so steadily maintained, or so distinctly de-
veloped, OS in the Improrcd Short-horn or Durham
Breed, and the introduction of thoroiigh bred Bulls of
this description will decidedly prove the simplest and
most etreetuol mode of improving our slock for every
purpose. As Improved Short-horns arc yet strangers
in our land, a slight sketch of their history and claims
may not be altogether out of place.

The counties of York and Durham were the original
sources of this valuable breed, and the banks of the
Tees furnished the stock upon which improvement
was grafted. Much has been written and spoken, and
great has been the speculation ond altercation upon
their early history and progress. A degree of myste-
ry contiuues, and will probably even obscure the stepa
of their advancement. Great secrecy wos maintained
by the Messrs. Colling and other early breeders, and
little more is known than the exercise of exquisite
skill, patience and attention in selecting animals of
promise, one excelling in one point, and another in

ho. 8.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

117

anoLher, with a tolerably shrewd guee?, that hardy and
thrifty Galloway and Kyloes had occasionally been
ninde to contribute their mite. Be the course pursued,
however, what it may, it was chosen with judgment,
followed out with the greatest steadiness of purpose,
and has been crowned with complete success. There
is at this day, no breed of domesticated cattle in the
world, which can compete for a quick return with
improved Short-horn, always premising that there ex-
ists a market for good beef, and that the stock receives
ordinary care and attention.

It is a regular occurrence in the markets of Darling,
ton and Morpeth, to find thorough fat steers sold at
twenty.seven to thirty months old, which weigh seven
or eight act. siiiking offal, and with which no means
have been used beyond the common run of the farm.
It is a great mistake which many adopt, when they
denominate these cattle a delicate race. They require
in ordinary management, no extraordinary pampering
in core, although disappointment both in size and
form must inevitably ensue, if abandoned and neglect-
ed, as we see too many unhappy animals uround us. —
It is likewise a common, though equally unfounded as-
sirtion that Improved Short-horns are defective as
milkers. Many decisive instances of deep milkers
might be adduced, but it is quite sufficient to state,
that the great dairies of London, frequently containing
800 or 1000 cows each, are supplied by the Yorshire
and Durham breeders. No doubt, among very high
bred Short-horns, cows ore occasionally met with,
whose milk scarce suffices to rear their calves, and
whose tendency to obesity is such that it is e-ttremely
dilHcult to procure from them a calf at all. But it is
e<lually true, that in numerous instances, cows of this
biLcd yield e.vtrcmely well to the pail. The greot se-
cret corisists in keeping steadily in view the tendency
of Improved- Sfiort horns to early inaturiiy and the
important quality of repaying well for food consumed,
cither in beef or dairy produce. The judicious breed-
er will take his line. If milk be his object, he will
have an eye upon those cows who yield well, and con-
'iniics long in mil/c, for be it remembered, that it is
iiot the cow With the greatest flush of milk, for a few
weeks after calving, which will pay the farmer best,
3ut the animal who continues to yield a fair supply du-
nng the longest period of gestation. Should the
quick production of beef be the desideratum, attention
ivill be paid to those animals who exhibit a tendency to
iay what they consume upon iheir ribs. It has been
doubted by very intelligent men, whether decitlcd
milking qualities, can be with certainty transmitted in
iny breed. Whether this opinion be correct or not,
ihcre is no manner of doubt, that well bred Short-
lorns are blessed with aninhercnt quality, which will
I repay the breeder in no ordinary measure for food con-
■iumed, just as he may incline, to direct his attention
.0 tlic dairy or to the shambles.

The Ayrshire cattle have in Scotland, acquired a
high and deserved celebrity os Dairy Stock. It must
DC kept in remembrance, however, that the climate
nmi soil of Ayrshire, rendered the dairy a prominent
feature in the husbandry of that county. Without any
disparagement of Ayrshire stock, 1 must be permitted
to give the preference to Improved Short-horns, for
Canada. In fact, I verily believe them to spring from
a common origin, and although it may be impossible
to ascertain the period of migration, there are strong
grounds f)r connecting them with the primitive stock,
upon the banks of the Tees. In confirmation of this
theory, it may be stated, that pure Ayrshire cat'.le were
in high favor with the Duke of Montrose, and received
from him more than ordinary attention and favor. —
The gradual effect of this core was a distinct appro.xi-
raatiun to the origiii^l breed ol large-boned, conrsf

I

Shorthorns. At a great Cattle Show of the Highland
and Agricultural Society of Scotland, held a few years
ago in Glasgow, an 0.x (5 years old I think,) was ex-
hibited by His Grace, which weighed when slaugh-
tered, 1552 imperial pounds, with 180 lbs. of tallow,
sinking offal, a heavy, but coarse brute.

The Dairy is a dclightlul and profitable branch of
husbandry, making g»od returns, and particularly use-
ful in Cuiuida, as demonstrating to every judicious far-
mer, the urgency of securing the aid of a fit helpmate,
without whose activity and superintendence all will
go wrong. In dairy management, success will inva-
riably, and 07ily attend clcanlinese, scrupulous and
minute in all the details. Dairy monagement in Scot-
land has been much encouraged by the Highland and
Agricultural Society. The county of Aberdeen was
distinguished for the large quantity and inferior qual-
ity of the butter produced. By a change of system and
superior attention to cleanliness, the butter of Aber-
deenshire quickly rose in the scale, to an equality with
the best Irish, and it may perhaps be acceptable to state
the mode recommended, and successfully adopted by
dairy farmers of that extensive county.

We arc compelled to omit the remainder till next
month. — Eds.

To the Directors of Agriculliiral Societies in
Upper Canada.

Our sincere acknowledgments are due for the flat-
tering encouragement which this poper has received
from the friends of Agriculture in Upper Canada; and
in order that our labors may e-xert a more general ond
effectual influence for the improvement of that Pro-
vince, we wish to make one or two suggestions for
the consideration of the Agricultural Societies.

From much observation and inquiry made during a
late tour in that country, we are convinced, that with
the liberal aid which is rendered by government, much
more can eosily be done for the advancement of Agri-
culture in that rich province than is done at present. —
The principal difficulty which exists is a wantof a pro-
per stimulus for the mind. The farjiiers do not rightly
estimate the advantages which they possess; or appre-
ciate the dignity and importance of their profession. —
Their minds are not sufficiently interested in their call-
ing, and therefore it is obvious thnt the first thing to be
done, should be to persuade them to read on the subject.
Let them be often informed what other farmers, and
other societies have done, and are now doing in their
own and other countries, and they will not long feel
indifferent on the subject of improvement, or be con-
tented with present attainments. An active spirit of
emulation and enterprize will soon be excited, which
will effect a most salutary change in the character of
their agriculture, and impart new life to their societies.
We are convinced from observation and expefience,
that no Agricultural Societies ciin long be sustained
with much spirit and uselulness, unless the members
generally are readers of some spirited ogricultural pe-
riodical; and nothing at so little expense would do as
much for the improvement of Upper Canada as the ge-
neral circulation of a paper, containing interesting in-
telligence and valuable essays on improved husbandry.
It is admitted thatjsuch a paper cannot be published in
that country now with much chance of success, and
therefore, at the suggestion of some Warm friends of
the cause, we make the following proposition: — If the
Directors of the Agricultural Societies will make ar-
rangements to ploce the New Genesee Farmer in the
hands of each of their members, we will devote a por-
tion of the paper to Canadian intelligence, and make
arrangements with the Presidents or Secretaries of the
different Societies to send us important and interesting
intelligence; and also engage the assistance of some of

the best writers in that Province for the especial bene-
fit of our Canadian readers. Our proximity to that
country, the facilities for communication, and the si-
milarity of so'l and climate, give our paper nearly all
the advantages of one published in that country; while
our present list of able writers, and the extremely low
price ol publication, are advantages which could not bo
eciuallcd on that side. Our terms to companies are
only forty cents per year; and if they arc paid for out
of the funds of the Society, of course two-thirds of the
amount conies from government. If it was made a
rule, as some have suggested, that when a memlor
pays hie annual subscription for the Society, it shall
be understood to eutide him to the paper for a year, it
would doubtless induce many more to subscribe, and
thus greatly extend their uselulness. We are certain
that so trifling on amount coidd not possibly be ex-
pended in any other way so as to produce as much
good to the Societies and to the country at large.

We hope the subject will receive early attention, so
that the Societies can provide themselves with the pre-
sent volume complete, as it is very necessary that the
numbers be all preserved for future reference. We
have personally suggested this subject to the officers of
a number of the Societies, and it meets their cordial
approbation. They hope that all the Societies will
enter into such an arrangement, in order that there
may be union of eflcjrt, and a mutual understanding
throDghout the province. We shall be happy to hoar
from all the Societies on the subject during the coming
month. ^

BATEHAM &. MARSHALL.

Rochester, N. Y., July 31, 1840.

Cleaning Clover Seed—Inquiry.

Messrs. Editors — One great ilefect in our farming
is the insufficient use of Clover, and this is in a great
measure owing to the difficulty of getting seed. Ma-
ny of us have not a proper knowledge of the necessa-
ry machinery or the method of cleaning it; and if
you, or your correspondents, can throw some light on
the subject, you will much oblige many Canadian
readers. Ycurs, &c., S.

Port Hope, U. C.

Remarks. — We wish some one of our correspon
dents, who is familiar with the process, would furnish
an answer to the above. — Eds.

Making Cheese—Inquiry.

Messrs. EoixoRs^If some of your correspondents
would give the Simplest and best method of making
Cheese, they would at least oblige one reader. S.

Cutting Grafts in Autumn.

A correspondent writes, "A friend who intends
emigrating to Illinois in the month of September, is
desirous to be informed if scions for grafting may be
cut and transported at that season of the year."

Grafts may be safely cut at any time in autumn after
the shoots have stopped growing and have formed a
terminal bud. This taJtes place much sooner on some
trees than it does on others. In the hitter part, of the
next month, grafts moy in most cases be found, suffi-
ciently matured for cutting. They should be wroppcd
well in damp moss for carrying, and then buried in the
earth till wanted. *

Correction.

At page 73, wo said " The yellow bloom of tho
Hypozis is only seen on close clays." We had
not observed this plont except on close clays, and this
agreed With Elliott's observations in the South. Be-
sides we had tried it in garden loom where it declined
and died. We have since seen it however, on sandy
soils. It would seem thot mater is injurious to tho
bulb. In loose eub-foils it can dry away, and clnya
exclude it by swelling ond closing up, i

lis

1' H E N E \y GENESEE F A R M E R,

Vol.1.

Importauce of the Education of Farmers.

Messrs. Kditors — .'Mihough much Una been said of
lale upon ibc education of farmers, elill much more
needs be said before the minds of the farming commu-
nity will be properly awake to this subject. It ought
to enfagc the pen of the ablest writers ; it ought to be
published in every paper, and jiroclaimed upon the
house-tops, that ignorance ia the greatest obstacle in
the way of successful farming. If any profession on
earth requires its followers to be well educated men,
thoroughly acquainted with the laws of nature, it is
that of Agricidture. In order to success in almost
any business in life, it is necessary that those engaged
ehouldbe well acquainted wiih the first principles of the
profession. Especially is this true of farming. And
yet how many there are who are engaged in this im-
portant business who are wholly ignorant of its first
rudiments. No other profession has ever been the
subject of 80 much abuse by reason of ignorance as this.
Before men can engage in moat other callings, they
must first serve apprenticeship and give a year or more
of their service, or they must apcnd seven or eight
years and many hundred dollars in study, before they
can be considered os prepared to engage in the intend-
ed profession. But any body can be a farmer, is the
general opinion. Any body knows enough for that.
No matter indeed whether they be any body or not, if
they are only in the shape of a man. No matter
whether they know A from B, or whether they sup-
pose the moon is composed of the same material os our
earth, or whether it is made of green cheese. No mat-
ter whether they suppose the earth revolves around the
Bun and is governed by the iixed laws of nature, or
whether it stands upon the shoulders of four huge ele-
phants. No matter at all about these things, if they
only know how to plough, sow their grain and cover it
up ; this ie all that is necessary. This has been the
too prevalent opinion, although I am glad to soy it is
fast doing away. Farmers education has been greatly
neglected; they hove generally thought that to educate
their children was unnecessaiy. With many the opin-
ion prevails that if they can only read well enough to
read a newspaper, (seldom though that they take one,)
can write a little, understand arithmetic well enough
to add and substract, their education is sufTicient. To
study Grammar and Geogrophy would be worse than
useless. As the former would make them talk more
politely and correctly, and politeness is something that
belongs to gentlemen, not to farmers. The latter would
make them more acquainted with the world, and there-
fore create in them a desire for traveling. Philosophy,
Chemistry, Geology, Botany, Minerology, &c., which
are very essential to good farming, are entirely beyond
their comprehension, and are generally supposed to be
Greek or Latin words. For such people to send their
children to an academy, would, of course, spoil them,
as it would make them lazy ond proud. And this lat-
ter objection may be sometimes true: but it is always
with those whose natural abilities are not sufficient for
a i'armer. Therefore, some other busiiicfs, to which
euch ones always flee, woiUd be better for them.

What I have said, is not true of all fanners. Yet it
is too much so with the majority; and its effects are
plainly to be seeti. By reason of such ignorance they
are frequently duped and defrauded in their inter-
course with the more enlightened. By reason of such
ignorance they have come far short of thot profit which
they might have realized had they been more thorough-
ly acquainted with the principles of forming. And,
as a consequence, farmeiB have generally been consid-
ered inferior to persons of other profesiions ; and,
therefore, farming hos been looked upon by many as
rather a low and degraded colling. And farmers
have been contented to have it so. They have not
considered themselves as good as other men. Like

the African slave, they have been too willing to be
trodden down by those whom they considered their
superiors. They often regard men of other profes-
sions far above themselves. But this should not be.
Farming is the most important, and it should be con-
sidered the most honorable, occupation in the world.
Let farmers arise and take a proper stand in the com-
munity, and no longer let it be considered degrading
to be a farmer. Let farmers become educated men.
By becoming educated, I do not mean that they must
be college educated; but let them be instructed in
those sciences which are necessary to a thorough
knowledge of their profession. Let them be thinking,
intelligent men — men of sound minds and honest
hearts.

But, one more idea, ond I have done. That is this.
Farmers compose three-fourths of the inhabitants ot
this great republic, and upon them, therefore, rests
the destiny of this nation. How important, therefore,
thot they be intelligent, educated, thinking men. Do
they consider this ? Then let them prepare their sons
and daughters to fill a station so high ond important
Let them prepare their sons for seots in our Legislo-
tures and our Congress; and I verily believe were
these bodies now composed of farmers, we should not
see that discord which now prevails in our national af-
fairs. K.

Lc Ruy, June, 1840.

For the New Genesee Farmer.
Noxious Weeds.

Messrs. Editors — The farmers in this section are
letting their farms get overrun with noxious weeds,
which will be the means, in a few yeors, of ruining their
best londs, so well adapted to growing wheat. It is
only a few years since the forme in this quarter were
entirely free from foul stuff' of any kind, but of late
years, the formers hove become more negligent, and
therefore we cannot expect otherwise, than to see the
spread of noxious weeds of every kind.

Almost every field in this section and elsewhere
where I have traveled, contains more or less of the
Canada Thistle, ( Cnicusartcnsis.) To destroy them,
some propose ploughing them three or four times in
the course of the summer. Others have proposed
mowing them as often as they make their appearance
above the surface of the earth. But the way to destroy
them, is by ploughing and droggingos often ostwice in
a month through the season ; by thus doing they con
be entirely destroyed. Johnswort, (Hypericum ^cr-
foratum,) is olso becon.ing very prevalent, and is a
very bad weed. Also the Vellow Doisy, f Chrysan-
themum lucanthcmuiujjnndiiweel Elder, ( Sumhicns
canadensis). The Elder in mony ploces in this vi-
cinity, hos almost destroyed large fields, which would
otherwise be first rate lands. The Milk Weed ( Ac-
depias syriacus,) is a very destructive weed, but is
very easily subdued, by cutting them os often as they
appear. I know fields that were a few yeors ogo en-
tirely covered witli the milk weed, where now one con
hnrdly be perceived.

The (oct is, sirs, if we wish to destroy the above
named weeds, it is highly necessary that we do it now,
and not put off' till to-morrow, because every year they
will become more and more prevalent, and soon it will
be almost impossible to subdue them.

The Slein Craiil, or red root, ( Lilhospcrmnm ar-
vcnse,) is becoming very common in this region, and
hos been the means of almost ruining large fields of
wheat. A neighbor of mine, hasa farm of l;!0 ocres,
and the greater part of it is almost entirely covered w'ith
Stein Craut,the very worst of weeds among wheat. Fif-
teen years ago, such a weed woe not known in this coun-
try— ond might have been entirely kept out, if the far-
mers had been more diligent, and on its first discovery,
destroyed it. A few years since a farmer of my ac-

quaintance in this town, raised from nine acres sowing
to wheat, 15 bushels of the Stein Craut — very clear
seed too. He had not more than holf a crop of wheot
from the nine acres of land — which had it not been for
the stein craut, might have been a great crop, as the
land was of first quality. It is evident that the farmers
must use some means whereby this noxious weed can
be destroyed, oritwillbeentirely useless to sow wheat.

OBSERVER.

Growing EvUs-»Canada Thistles.

Messrs. Editors — Hoving occasion, not long since,
to pass through an adjoining town, my thoughts natu-
rally turned to the subject of farming; and as I com-
pared the diflerent formers together, I thought to my-
self there is much room for improvement among this
class of society which is so often termed the most inde-
pendent; and groicing evils were creeping in among
them unowores. Occasionally there is a farm to be
seen, which looks os though the owner intended to do
justice to it, hoping, doubtless, to receive a rich re-
ward for his labor. But he has powerful eneniits to
contend with. In on adjoining field, owned by h.s
neighbor, several large patches of Canada Thistles
were to be seen, growing luxuriantly, accompanied by
a good quantity of other evil weeds. Perhaps the
Thistles were destined to be mowed down, or in some
manner destroyed, but he who has this task allottee!
him, often overlooks a part of them, (perhaps from
a want ol interest on the subject,) and they arc per-
mitted to go to seed and spread from field to field.— i
Thus it is from the carelessness or ignorance of one |
man, that anothers cares are increased. Often do we
hear it remarked, "You have a fine crop of Canada
Thistles, and why don't you destroy them." "Oh,
I have tried and tried, and oil that I can do only makes
them worse." The fact is, he has only made a mock
trial, and as long as he continues so to do he will find
himself surrounded by growing evils. As yet I have
menticmed but one of the growing evils of our coun-
try, and if there were no more, woidd not this one be
sufficient to require action on the subject of growing
evils? Is it not o subject which demands the atten-
tion of every Farmer? Do you osk for a remedy ? Pe-
ruse closely your ogricultural paper and you will find
several, but they will avail you nothing unless you prac.
tice them. Furthermore, use your best endeavors tc
persuade your brother farmers to become subscribers t(
some good agricultural poper, thot the mass of farmeri
may move together, and be active and united on thii
subject, and then you may anticipate a victory ovci
these and other growing ev ils. SPUR.

Education of Farmers' Sons.

Mkssrs. Editors. — If o farmer's son knew some
thing of botany, geology ond agriculturol chemistry
he might still be a rustic, but not an ignorant man.—
As he pursed his daily task he would find himself ii
that school of nature, where she lightens physical toi
by unfolding to the mind at every turn of the plough
the rich treasures of her kingdom, ond the wondorfu
secrets of her laboratory. But w hen grossly ignoran
of that science which encircles his doily professiom
his situation is olmost as hopeless, in point of intellec
tual knowledge, as that of the native Shiek of the dt
sert, who asked Savary, the Trenchroyagair, whelt
er the English or the French made those Ruins.

Ignorance in the farmer ia more palpable than i
those classes who herd together in cities and villagei
In the latter places the most limited information is o
ten concealed by a sort of showy flippancy, acquire;
by that daily procliee which the former cannot have.

Far be it from me to deny the farmer's son a class
col education; — I am also aware that w itliout a knovi
ledge of some of those languages from whence tl
English is derived, a truly literary character can hart

1

No. 8.

ANDGARDENER'SJOURNAL.

119

ly be formed; still I must insist, tbnt to a lormcr, these
etudiee are not the '* weightier matters of the low."
I would have him first learn to know something about
those sciences which pertain to agriculture. He
should know that wheat cannot degenerate into chees;
that in sandy land the fertilizing gasses of manure do
not escape by "leaching." That rotten, e.xhausted
manure is not as valuable as it is in its unfcrmented
otalc, &c. &c.

I repeat, that if a farmer's son has a knowledge of
the theory as well oa the practice of his own calling,
he is one of nature's noblemen, and he will never be
considered as either ignorant or vulgar. S. VV.

Seneca Co., Jiibj IS, 1840.

Irrigation.

Messes. Editors — In England, where they kno^
tardlyany thing about our scorching suns, I am told
that irrigation is always practised where the situation
will admit of it. How much more necessary then is
it in our climate. I have a clayey garden on the bank
of the Seneca Canal, — it lies from a level to three
feet below the surface of the canal. Until this season
I have taken no pains to let the water on to it; but the
dry, hot weather now set in so early, that I could but
sympathize with those suffering plants which had not
yet acquired sufficient size or depth of root to resist its
power. I let in the water througli small gutters be-
tween the hills and rows of vegetables. Its genial in-
tlucnce was instantaneous; in ten days my early pota-
toes grew two thirds in size of tubor. In fact 1 have
never been able to get any thing like a fair yield of
potatoes in this garden before. Cucumbers grew
cf|ually fast, even beans and marrowfat peas bore testi-
mony to its quickening power.

I am of opinion that garden vegetables often suffer
from want of moisture, that they stand still long be-
fore they exhibit a visible show of suffering; that a ju-
dicious supply of water, laterally applied, will perfect
vegetation during the hot weather with ten fold rapid-
ity. S. W.

Fop the iVcuj Genesee Farmer.
Farmei-s' Daughters.

Your fair correspondent Annette has hit off, quite lo
the life, the moral defects which a fashionable board-
ing school sometimes entails upon a farmer's daughter.
Verily that rusticity which necessarily attaches to the
present (but I trust not permanent) social condition of
the farmer, is better, far better, than that affectation of
effeminate gentility, which marks the character of so
many school girls from the country.

But I apprehend that the boarding school (call it
fashionable if you please) is not so much at fault as the
previous domestic education of the pupil. Ill inform-
ed, unlettered mothers, and even fathers, have very
crude notions of what ought to be learnt by their
daughters, in order to make them truly genteel. Such
is the great simplicity of some parents, that they look
upon the teacher as a mugicinn, who ought, for a suffi-
cient Sffwi of moncijj to transfer to the pupil the whole
value thereof, like an article of merchandize. * Such
parents are often so fur mystified by the glitter and tin-
Bel of fashion, and superficial accomplishment, that
they count as nothing that discipline and laborious ex-
ercise of mind, 8 1 necessary to consummate the char-
acter of an intelligent, virtuous woman.

With such notions, imbibed from the parent, the
daughter enters the school. From her more studious,
plain, plodding school mates, she turns with distaste;
while, to the idle, gossipping and extravagant — the

*To tlie gross ignorance ami credulity of such parents,
(andtliey r.re Ie;;ion.) must lie attriljutcilUie success uf IJiat
host of empirics, who go a'loui the country pretending to
teach the uri of writing (Chirogrnphy) in twelve lessons ;
the whole spoken and written lar.guage of Die Freaoli in
twenty 'CS3011S ; and Pi;uio For'.c music, to the uiosl olidu-
rate taste, or intra'ttabic uic'hanical ttbilit\-. in as many
more. L.

fearfully excited spoiled ones of wealth, she clings
with an admiring and even obsequious tenacity.

Hence it is, that, in spite of the discipline of the
best school, the farmer's daughter sometimes comes
out of it with few real graces, and less learning; with
a distaste for the sober realities of her own home;
with her head completely turned, a fit subject to fall a
victim for life to some brainless coxcomb, oi beggaily,
untutored fop I I 1

A good education must begin at home, — the fallow
ground mitst be prepared there, by patient and early
labor, or the crop will be choked by unsightly weeds 1 !

Seneca Co., Jidij 19, 1840. LUBIN.

Fruin the American Farmer.
Ourowu Husbandry.

Not ouu oicn, hut the Husbandry uf Mr. A. Drew,
Eilitorof tlie "Maine Cultitator."
We do not know when we have read any thiiig
with more satisi'action than we did what follows, Irom
the pen of a brother quill-driver — but bow can oite be
called a quill-driver, who inflicts it upon his readers,
OS we do, with a sfccl pen ?

There is, they say, no mode of teaching so emphat-
ic and effective, as that of teaching by example '. We
may write much, and with some effect, on manuring
highly, and well cultivating a little land, in preference
to going over a large surface to obtain the same results,
with five times the labor; but how much more eftica-
cious is the lesson when praelicnily taught ? When,
as in this case, the Lecturer tells how he actually drew
support for his family — in vegetables, pork, mi'k, and
butter from a single acre ! Most gladly would we imi-
tate our worthy brother who cultivates his acre "most-
ly with his own hand." We have long been a convert
to the (Afory of plentiful manuring and careful cultiva-
tion; and no one entertains a higher notion than we,
of the healthfidness of agricuUural labor ! Of all
pursuits, the ploughman's is the most wholesome as
well as upright, — but we must confess, that after
repeated trials, we have found all actual labor, ac-
tually very fatiguing 1 The axe — the hoe — the spade
— the scythe, and the plough, have each had its brief
trial; but, to our shame, we admit that with neither
could we keep up our intercourse long enough to con-
tract that familiar acquaintance which is necessary to a
certain slight of hand, without which, unfortunately,
they cannot be handled with advantage. Few things
are so entertaining as to stand by and direct and see
others work — so much so that we are even plnying
overseer without wages. But let not our reader's at-
tention be any longer drawn from Mr. Drew.

"The Editor's notions maybe peculiar, but he
hardly thinks that it is necessary for a man to skim
over his hundreds of acres for the security of stinted
crops, in order to qualify him as a practical writer on
the subject of agriculture. On the contrary, he is in-
clined to think, that even "a little laud, well tilled,"
by him, gives him as good a claim to speak by way of
suggestion and advice, as if he were a larger and more
slovenly farmer. True, all his land is a garden;, but
this is only what, or nearly what, every farmer should
make of all which he cultivates. What is the use of
skimming over ten acres to obtain what mightbe secu-
red from a single acre ? Must he who does that be
called a firmer, whilst he who does this should be set
donnas wanting in a practical knowledge of the prin-
ciples of agricultural economy !

The Editor actually orterHte but a single acre of
Irnd, but t/iat he does culiicate, and makes it yield all
that land can yield. Nor, small as the quantity is, is
the amount of subsiance obtained from it unimportant
in the support of a small fainily. — One-third of on
acre he devotes annually to corn — the long tared,
large clevelled, eight rowed, yellow enrn, that is not
very early, and not very late. With him, it has ri-
pened every year for the last ten years that he has cul-
tivated it. "The soil he makes rich. He applies to it,
before manuring, at the rale of eighteen or twenty
cordsof long manure to the acre, (or six to the third of
an acre,) and turns it under by the plough. He
plants the hills three feet and a half apart one way, and
three feet the other — exactly by measuring with a line.
In each hill he depositcs either a shovel full of old rotted
manure, or as much night manure as will not over
stimulate the crop. From this third of an acre he has
realized on the average for years, over thirty bushels
ol sound corn for grinding, besides a tilth pig com for
the hogs in the fall of the year. This is as much corn
as he needs in his laniily; besides a sufficient surplus
f"r fattening one large "i two small hogs. From tho

same land he ordinarily obtains some two or three hun-
dred pumpkins, which serve important purposes in tho
family, besides being an excellent article for boiling up
with the hog's potatoes, giving a cow, &c. From tho
snine land, too, he has generally obtained all the dry
white beans he has needed in his family to go with hia
pork — which he raises by the avails of his land, with-
out purchasing of olhers. The corn fodder is careful-
ly cut and cured, and helps as a subaistance for tho
cow. So much for one-third of an acre.

A small portion of land is set opart for the cultiva-
tion of onions. Ordinarily he has raised from fifty to
seventy-five bushels on o bed, soy half a dozen roda
square. These he sells, on the overage ot one dollar
per bushel — say for .'JfiO per year. This purchases
his rye and Hour at common prices. So that from the
first third of an acre, and an onion bed, he raises all
his breod — brown and white.

On one or two large beds, he grows about fifty bush-
els of mangel wurtzels and carrots. These are for the
cow's winter provender. They more than pay for
themselves in the milk and butter — to say nothing in
the saving of hoy and other provender. With a eery
little hay, together with the corn fodder and roots, a
goon cow — and he linds it economy alwaysto keep the
best — may be kept through the winter.

Potatoes for summer and outiimn use, are planted
on the margins, and whereever there is a vacant
chance for a hill, and a department is expressly devo-
ted to them, large enough to raise all that are wonted
for the table — and enough to spare for the hogs, &c.

So far, as relates to bread, butter, pork — and he
might add, poultry.

'Then the rest of the land is devoted to — too many
things to be mentioned here — beets — parsnips — cobba-
ges — turnips — green beans — peas — green corn — cu-
cumbers— melons — squashes, summer and winter
sorts — &c. &c., besides fruits and flowers of vatioua
kinds; — grapes, Antwerp raspberries, black do., cur-
rants, white, red, black, and yellow; — English and
common gooseberries — and a few choice apple,
pear, plum, cherry, and quince trees. All this is from
a single acre, which he cultivates mostly with his own
hand — the same hand that guides this pen; — prefer-
ring to do the work himself, not only by the love he
has of it, but because he can do it more to his own sat-
isfaction than can any gardener he can hire. As to
the practical labors in this matter, he would not wil-
lingly yield to any one hereabouts. At least he has
never had a man to work for him — how high soever
he might stand as a gardener — whom he could not
teach."

Another leaf out of the same book.
"SQUASHES. — If you would raise squasesfor winter
use, mark out on the surface of the land six or eight
spots for hills, eight feet apart each way. Then take
a spade or shovel and digout a circle, say three I'eet in
diameter, throwing the earth out six inches deep. In-
to each hole empty a wheel-barrow load of old rotten
manure, mixed with ashes, — ond if there is a little
lime in it, so much the better. On this draw the
loose earth back which you throwed out of the hole.
Now take your epade and dig and mix the soil and
earth well together, taking core to pulverize the whole
mass foithfully. Level the top off and sprinkle half
an inch of rich loam over the top. Drop a dozen
seeds on the hill, and press them on inch beneath the
surface with the finger. With a hoe smooth and press
the top down. If you have a box fitted to receive two
or four panes of gloss, put this on a hill — or rather, if
you have such a thing, place it on the hill before you
plant the seeds, ond drop them all within the frame.
Ultimately- leave not more than two plants in the hill
to stand. You will find that these will, in due time,
run out and cover the laud oil over, and produce you
more, larger ond better fruit, than if you hod the hills
nearer together, or ollowed o grcoter number of plants
to stand in the hill. It is well, however, to plant
enough in the first instance, as a contribution to worms
and bugs. If you save two healthy plonts out of the
dozen thnt came up, you will do well, ond these will
be enough. The roots of squashes under ground, will
extend as tor and occuiiy as much space where the soil
is free ond loose, as the vines will cover above ground."

A targe and Productive Grape Vine.

There is a Grape Vine at Castleton, Ireland, which
is 100 leet in length, and so luxuriantly productive as
to make it necessary for the gaidener to thin it by cut-
ling off 2000 bunches, leaving 3500 bunches on the
vine. — Eng. paper.

The more pressing is the call, the more ought we
to be convinced of the necessity of paying immediate
Htlenlion to it.

120

THENEWGENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1.

Agricultural Fair at RocUi^ster.

TO BE Meld o!« wEDNEsnAt, 7th October, 1840.
At a meeting of the Executive Comniitlee of the
Genesee Agriciillurnl Society, held nt the Arcade
House, Rochester, the 28th of July, it was

Resolved, That the Annual Fair of the Society be
held at Rochester, on the first Wednesday in Octobey
being the second day of the great Annual Fair of the
Mechanic's Association of Western New York.

It was further

Resolved, That premiums be awarded for the fol-
lowing enumerated articles: the amount of each pre-
mium to be decided nt a future meeting of the Com-
mittee, when some estimate can be made respecting
the funds of the Society.

ANIM.\LS.— HORSES.

1. For the beet Stallion,

2. Second best do.,

3. Beet breeding Mare,

4. Second best do.,

CATTLE.

5. Best imported Bull,

6. Beet improved native bred do^,

7. Best imported Cow,

8. Best improved native bred do.,

9. Best yearling Bull,

10. Second best do.,

11. Best yearling Heifer,

12. Second best do.,
]?. Best Bull Calf,

14. Second beet do.,

15. Best yoke of 0.\en,

16. Second best do.,

17. Best yoke of 3 year old Steers,

18. Best yoke of 2 year old do.,

SWINE.

19. Beat Boar, showing the most thorough

breeding, and uniting the most valuable
qualities,

20. Second beet do.,

21. Beet breeding Sow,

22. Second best do.,

23. Best 3 pigs, not more than 7 months old,
34. Second beet do. do.

SHEEP.

25. Best Buck, uniting the most desirable quali-

ties both for the fleece and for the carcase,

26. Best do. for the carcase only,

27. Best do. for fleece only, *

28. Best 3 or more Ewes, as in 25,

29. Best 3 do. as in 26,

30. Best 3 do. as in 27,

FIELD CROPS.

31. Best acre of Corn,

32. Best acre of Potatoes,

33. Best i acre of Ruta Bngn,

34. Best i acre of Mangel Wurlzel,
S.'i. Best i acre of Sugar Beets,

30. Best I acre of Carrots,

DOMESTIC ARTS.

37. Best pound of reeled raw Silk,

S(i. Best pound of sewing Silk,

39. JSest 5 pounds of Cocoons,

40. Best specimen of domestic manufactured

Silk,

41. Best Silk hose or stockings,

42. Best JO yards domestic Flannel,

43. Beet 10 yards domestic I'uUod Cloth,
4 J. Beet 2 Palm Leaf Hate,

45. Beet 2 Straw or Leghorn Hals,

4t). Best 25 lbs. of Maple Sugar,

47. Beet 10 lbs. of Beet Sugar,

4d. Second best do.

4.'). Beet 25 lbs of Honey,

CO. Best 2o lbs of Butter,

51. Second best do.,

52. Best Cheeee, of not lees than 201b6.,

53. Second best do.,

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

54. Best Plough, shape and manufacture,
5.^. Second best do.,

56. Beet Harrow,

57. Best Cultivator,!

58. Best Planting ftlachine or Drill,
.59. Best Ilorsc Rake,

60. Best Thrashing Machine and Horse Power,

61. Best Fanning Mdl,

HORTICULTURE.

(4 Fl'ND RAISED BV AMATEDRS AND GARDENERS.)

A premium will be awarded for each of the I'ollow-
ing articles: —

The beet 2 heads of Cauliflower, Broccoli and Cab-
bage— 6 each of Beets, Carrots, Parsnips, Turnips,
Salsify, Onions, Celery, Tomatoes — 3 each of Pump-
kins, Squashes, Muskmelons, Watermelons, and
Eggplants.

Best dozen each, Apples, Peachee, Pears, Plums,
and Quinces,

Beet specimens of Grapes, ripened in the open air.

Best 2 boquets of cut Flowers.

Best assortment of Double Dahlias,

Best dozen do.

DiscTctiunanj Premiums will be awarded for such
articles not enumerated, as the committees may deem
deserving, according to the funds of the Society.

Explanations. — No person will be entitled to a pre-
mium, who is not a member of the Society.

All onimals exhibited for premiums, must be owned
and kept in Western New York.

The articles of domestic arte must be manufactured
or produced in this country, this year, by the person
or the family by whom they are exhibited.

No premium will be awarded for articles which are
not deemed worthy, or where there is no competition.

Persons competing for the field crops, must mea-
sure, or weigh, a few rows or square rods of an aver-
age growth, in the presence of two disinterested indi-
viduals, whcse aflidavit, in wriiing, shall be given
to the committee at the Fair. A statement of the
mode of culture, kind of soil, &c. for each crop, is to
be given for publication.

Ploughing Match. — If suitable arrangementscan be
made, there will be a Ploughing Match at the time of
the Fair; notice of which will be given hereafter.

A Fair for the Sale and Exchange of Stock, will
be held on Thursday, the day following the E.'chibi-
tion, if deemed expedient by those most interested.

An Address will be delivered; and suitable arrange-
ments made for euch a Fair and E.xhibition, as
will do honor to the fai mere of Western New York,
and be worthy of the high reputation of "Old Gene-
see;" while at the same time, it cannot fail to exert a
most powerful influence for the promotion of agricul-
tural improvement.

(Further particulars tcill be given hereafter. J

h. B. Langvvortht, President.

H. M. Ward, Secrctnrij.

To the Friends of the Gen. Ag. Soc.

Owing to the preseuie of farming business during
the past month, but little has been done by way of ob.
taining the signature of members for the Society, and
only a few of the Circulars have been returned. The
E,\eeutive Coinmittc therefore request the friends of
the cause, to retain the papers another month, and
make an efiort to obtain as many names as possible, in
time to report them to the Secretary, by the lOth of
Scptemlier next.

All Post Masters in this and adjoining counties,
have received the Circidars, and they are respectfully
solicted to give this subject their attention, or place the
papers in the hands of some suitable person who will
attend to it.

A Meeting of the Executive Committee

Of the Genesee Agricultural Society, will be held
at the Arcade House, Rochester, on Saturday, the 12th
of September, at 11 o'clock, A. M., to appoint com-
mittees, and make arrangements for the coming Fair.
A full attendance is very desirable.

New Agricnltnral Societies.

The embarrassed state of the countrj', and the low
prices of ordinary farm productions, seem to have a
tendency to awaken the minds of the farming commu-
nity to the necessity of a more varied system of hus-
bandry, and of bestowing more attention to domestic
arts and manufactures. For this purpose they see the
importance of forming Agricultural Societies, and of
encouraging emulation by exhibitions and the awarding
of premiums. It is with much pleasure that we have
seen notices of the formation of several new county so-
cieties within a short time post. Among them is one
in Ontario County; but we hove been so much from
home thot we have not learned the particulars concern-
ing it.

Tlie ■ Gaicsee County Asricultural Society was
formed at Alexander, early in July; and a constitution
of the usual form for a County Society was adopted. —
Mr. T. C. Peters of Darien was appointed President,
and C. P. Turner, Esq., of Batavia, Secretary. Se-
ven Vice Presidents and twenty-four managers (one
from each town) were also appointed. It was resolved
to hold an Exhibition and Fair at Batavia on the 14th
day of October. A list of articles for which premiums
will be awarded was published. We^regret that the
proceedings of this Society did not meet our eye in
time for us to make room for them in our columns this
month. We will give a more full account of this and
the Ontario Societies in our next.

An Appeal from the Publishers to the Readers
of the New Genesee Farmer.

We dislike to occupy our columns with our own af-
fairs to the exclusion of other matters; but justice to
ourselves and our readers, requires that we should oc-
casionally moke known our wishes and intentions. —
When we commenced the publication of this paper,
we were conscious that it was a great and arduous un-
dertaking; but under a fiUI conviction that such a pa-
per was needed, and encouraged by the friends of the
cause, we determins_d to engage in the business. —
Aware of the prejudice and opposition which had
been excited ngojnst the paper, we expected, ae a mat-
ter of course, to have to wait some months before the
public could rightly judge of our lnbore,and confidence
be established. Many of our friends at a distance in-
formed us that their neighbors declined subscribing,
because they were afraid we could not succeed, and
they wished to wait till they were eatiefied the paper
would be sustained. Others thought we could not ob-
tain the aid of writers and correepouents of sufficient
talent to make the paper respectable, useful, and in-
teresting. These were natural excuses, and we did
not comp'ain; but now we have been eight months
before the public — now, what say these fearful ones ?
Hove we not fully redeemed our pledges, ond main-
tained what we ateumed ? Cannot the paper be sus-
tained, and have we not obtained the assistance of a
large number of the most talented ond practical writers
in this or any other country 7 Is not the paper ae res-
pectable, as useful, and as interesting as ite predeces-
sor, or any similar paper in existence ! Is it not bet-
ter calculated to advance the interests of agriculture
generally, during these times of pressing economy,
than any other publication ! If these questions are
answered in the alfirnintivc, as they already have been
by hundreds of our readers, is it not the duty of each
of them to do something on their part to ossist us
and extend our sjihore of ueofuluess ? It is ti ue

I

d. &

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

V21

any of oUr friends have done nobly, nnd perhaps our

ccess is as great as was lo have been expected under

1 the circumstances; but it is also true that many

>ve not done what they could, or what we consider

eir duig fo us and their neigkbora requires of tlicm,

We frequently find respectable farmers who hove

sver been shown a copy of the New Genceee Farra-

', and would readily have subscribed for it if they

ad been solicited to do so. There are thousands of

ich farmers in the land, and one or more can be

uiid in almost every neighborhood. We are quite

ire that if our readers would only try, our subscrip-

on list would be doubled in less than one month. —

Ve know the cry of " hard times" is still sounding

iroughout the land, and we feel there is too much

jaeon for it; but at the same time we are unwilling

) believe that the farmers of this rich country are un-

Me to raise fifty cents, or that they arc unwilling to

ive it for this paper, if some friend would rightly pre-

nt the subject to them. It may be that some have

jlaxed their efforts, from the belief that enough has al-

lady been done lo secure the support of the poper;

ut we are sorry to say such is not the case. The pre-

3nt list of subscribers will not pay the expense

fpubhshing the present edition through the year; and

(though we have pledged ourselves to continue its

lublication through the year, we will not promise that

shall be continued any longer than that time unices

lere is a considerable increose of subscribers. We

aould exceedingly regret the discontinuance of the pa-

er, and so we know would hundreds of others, but
?hen we have sacrificed time, labor, nnd health in the
mdertaking, without compensation, it cannot be ex-
ccted that we should sacrifice money also. We
inowour readers will not ask it — we do not ielieve
iey icill allow it.. If we judged rightly last year
'hen we declared that the agricultural community of
*ld Genesee and the Great West demanded the con-
nuance of the Genesee Farmer, we shall expect to
eceive a speedy answer to this appeal; but if we were
listaken we must abide the consequences. Readers,
'hat is youransioer?

BATEHAM &. MARSHALL.
Rochester, Aug. 1, 1840.

A Voice from lUichigau.

The following letter is one among many of a similar
nport, which we have received during a few months
Bot, from various parts of the Western country. —
iis.

Messrs. Editors — I wish, through the medium of
onr paper, to address a word or two to the friends of
agriculture generally, and particularly to those of the
Vest. I have waited until more than one half of the
ret year of the " New Genesee Farmer" has expired,
lat I might judge correctly of its merits, and of the
airit with which it would be sustained, before taking
ny active measures for its support. But although at
rst prejudiced against it by cautions which were issu-
d by L. Tucker in the old Genesee Farmer, and
ontinued after " the project of J. E Force" was
bandoned, I have become satisfied, and doubt not all of
a readers are also, that whether the New Genesee
'armer has the spirit of the old or not, it is managed
?ith a spirit and ability which will not suffer by a coni-
arioon with any other work of its kind in the United
Uates; nnd will I trust, be able to " stand" altogeth-
er on ■' its own merits."

The particular reasons why I would urge upon them
Is support are, first, that it is a good practical work,
irell adapted to the soil, climate, and mode of cidtiva-
ion in the West; and second, that it is endeavoring
o sustain ilrelf m its infancy against a strong and un

ral journals, particularly when afforded at the trifling
expense of the one now under consideration. Coses
very frequently occur in which the information con-
tained in one number might be of more value than the
cost of the subscription during the whole period of a
man's natural life. I would therefore make this prop-
osition to each of the subscribers of the New Gene-
see Farmer, that they, by their solieations among their
friends and neighbors, procure at least two new sub-
scribers each, and as many more as they can. The
money can be handed in to their.Post Masters, who are
all requested to'actas agents,nnd who can remit the mo-
ney free of postage. I willingly pledge myself to any
who will take and read it all attentively, and will pre-
serve the numbers, that if they do not feel satisfied at
the end of ihe year, that they have received the full
worth of their money, if they will forward ine their
papers, I will refund their money, postage and all, in
full.

By thus affording this trifling aid, which is in the
power of all, we may sustain a paper which will not
only bo a benefit to ourselves, but to our country at
large.

Messrs. Editors — Enclosed, I send you three dol-
lars for the persons whose names are annexed. I will
endeavor to obtain more subscribers soon.
Yours, ifcc,

J. F. CHUBB.

Byron, Kent co., Michigan, July 1840.

cent and a half a bushel,
ther fair trial.

Uon't give up before ono-

ust opposition; and finally, that it is not only for the

ntercst of the farmer fo read, but to siipport agricultu- course we have seen turnips raised at a cost of only a

Hints for the Month.

The wheat crop being gathered, farmers should now
spare no pains to procure clean seed fc- the succeeding
crop. The beet varieties of wheat should be sought,
and the seeds of all weeds, especially of chess, careful-
ly cleaned out.

Weeds should not be neglected at this season. Corn
should be cleared of them, late in the season though it
may seem. It will save much labor next year. A
piece of ground was kept clear of weeds during the
season; another, adjoining, but imperfectly; the fol-
lowing year the mangel wurtzels on the former piece
were cultivated with very little labor, on the latter they
were overrun with rank weeds.

Canada thistles will need attention, that they do not
ripen their seed. Field thistles in pastures should be
destroyed. Mulling eradicated.

Root crops, too often neglected in this month, should
be kept clean.

Under draining on wet grounds, is best performed
about this time. Farmers, to cultivate their fields pro-
fitably and satisfactorily, should have all ports equally
dry; all wet portions should therefore be made dry by
ditching.

Open drains are useful only in carrying off surface
woter, covered ones for wet grounds and springe. —
Open drains are necessarily shallow, or else very wide,
and always occupy land; covered ones may be easily
and cheaply made of any required depth, and occupy
no land. Stones covered with slabs and then with
straw, are an excellent filling where soils are friable
and consequently apt to fall in.

Brush drains are made in soft soils where atones are
scarce, by plocing freshly cut branches of trees with
the leaves on, in a sloping position in the ditch, the
leaves upwards, and then filling in the earth.

Many farmers become discouraged with rata bagas,
from the great labor of hoeing at this time. To avoid
this difliculty get the ground thoroughly clean before
sowing the seed. Begin this fall, and plough and ma-
nure the ground; next spring plough ond harrow sev-
eral times at intervols. The weeds will be thus killed
and the ground made in a first-rate condition, and the
subsequent culture will be very trifling. By a similar

For the iN'cwj Genesee Farmer.

Bad Seeds— again.

I purchased in the spring, at the Rochester Seed
Store, asmallquantity of mangel wurtzelseed. Some
ot them I planted myself, and the ground being dry, I
put them in about three inches deep, being resolved
they should grow. Another portion of them I left for
my hired man to plant, who, I ascertained, put them
in still deeper. The first came up rather thinly, al-
though abundance of seed was used: and the secoitd
scarcely grew al all. As some of my neighbors had
been equally unsuccessful, the conclusion necessarily
followed that the seeds, if not the venders, were no
better than they should he.

Having some seed still on hand, and a little more
vacant ground, after a rain I concluded to plant the re-
mainder; but working rather in despair than in hope,
I buried them only an inch deep, dropping them by
the line without making any furrow. The result was
they came up as thickly ns could be eapected from tho
best ofeeed with the best of culture. I concluded it
must be rather a difficult business to pursue, where
one's honesty was thus established merely by accident;
and that before condemning others, we should be care-
ful that we ourselves had done our part for insuring
success. J.

Wayne Co., July USth, 1840.
Remarks. — With all the precaution which can be
used, seedsmen are liable to err, ond have sins
enough of their own to account for without being made
a scape goat for others. Still they are generally made
to bear the blame, not only for their own misdeeds but
for the mistakes of their customers, and of'en even for
unfavorable weather. A number of my customers
have complained of the failure of Mangel Wurtzel, Su-
gar Beet, nnd Carrot Seed, this spring. But on inves-
tigation I have in most coses been able to account for
the failure, without attributing it to the seed, although
it is generally difficult, or impossible to convince the
purchas* that the seed is not at fault. In some few
cases I have known those seeds fail, where to all ap-
pearance they had been sown under favorable circum-
stances; and while I knew for a certainty that the
seeds were good, I could not satisfy myself respecting
the cause of failure.

The JVIangel Wurtzel, Sugar Beet and Carrot Seed
sold from the Rochester Seed Store this ycor, icas all
fresh and good. Most of it was harvested under my
own observation; and its vitality was fully tested this
spring. Many fine crops are now growing from pre-
cisely the same lots of seed as have failed entirely in
some cases. In order to satisfy their minds, I now
request that any persons who failed, if they havs any
of the seed left, will test it carefully themselves. If
Mangel Wurtzel or Beet Seed, break open some of
the capsules and pick out a few grains of seed without
injury, and plant them in a box or pot of fine earth,
which keep moist, and stand where it will not be ex-
posed to the full heat of the sun. li' Carrot Seed, soak
it 48 hours in rain water, and sow it the same os the
other. If done with care I pledge myself they wil 1
vegetate freely.

If any of the readers of the Farmer con throw any
light on the cause of failure of theee seeds when cir-
cumstances oppear favorable fir vegetation, I should
be pleased to have them communicate through the co-
lumns of the Farmer.

M. B. BATEHAM.

Rochester Seed Store, July iStli, 1840.

Preserring Fruit Trees. — Where your fruit trees ap
pear to be overloaded with fruit, it isjbetter that you
pick off a part before the weight- is so niin;h increased
as to split and destrdi' the trees.

122

THENEVV GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1

To the Editors of the Xcto Gaitiec Furmer :

My circumelanceebave elicited a few thoughts on
the practical application of one of the excellent code
of "rules for a good neighborhood," which appeared
not long ago in your valunblo paper. The rule to
which I allude I find in JIatthow VII. 13, also in
Luke VI. 31 ; the substance of which ia, "Do to
others os ye would they should do to you." If you
deem my remarks on the application of this rule to a
prevailing custom in our country, worthy of a place
j"n the columns of the New Genesee Farmer, you will
oblige your humble friend by inserting it.

The Golden Rale.
Mat. VII. 12. — All things ichulsocrcr yc icould that

mm should do to you, do ye. cccn, so to them: for

this is the Uiw and the prophets.

Were all men to regulate their conduct towards
their fellow men according to this rule, no one will
eay that there could be any euoh thing as quarreling
among men. All consent that the rule is a good one,
and yet but few adopt it in their practice. The grand
objection which individuals have to putting the rule
in practice, is that others will not if they do ; and
therefore many adopt this rule, "to do toothers as
others do to them," as a rule better adapted to secure
their rights. As a practical illustration of this latter
rule and its evil tendency, I will relate an anecdote :
In the early part of this season, as soon as the enow
was gone, the farmers generally turned their swine in-
to the woods to feed upon beech-nuts, which were
pretty abundant in this vicinity at that time. Many
complained that swine were very troublesome in their
sugar works, as but very few had their sap bushes
fenced, and more complained that while their sugar
business demanded all their time, so that they could
not repair their back fences, the hogs were crowding
by scores into their fields and destroying their potatoes
which were buried there. But no man seemed to
think of the expedient odtiking careof his own swine;
because every man seemed to think that if his swine
were taken up, otJiers would trouble him about as
much. A very i'ew had their fields enclosed with a
fence sufficient to secure them against swme, and
they could turn out large numbers of swine ol all sizes,
and then say that they were willing their neighbors
should do as they did. Tnis is one way of observing
the Golden Rule. But will those who thus accom-
modate the rule to their circumstances be pleased to
have their neighbors who keep no swine accommodate
the rule to their circumstances, by saying that they
will kill all the swine that get into their fields, and
they are perfectly willing that their neighbors should
do the same ? No, ihey will see that this is not acting
according to the Golden Rule. No man who means
to observe the Golden Rule as the rule of his actions,
will Eufl'er his animals of any kind to run where there
iaany probability of their troubling his neighbors, unless
his circumstances absolutely require it, and then he
will be willing to make restitution for all the damage
they may do to any one. Neither will any man who
acts according to the said rule, intenti»nally injure
any of his neighbors animals that trouble him.

I lor one do not keep any swijie, for this reason :

Experience teaches nie that pork is not the kind of
food that gives me health of body and vigor of mind,
and observation leads me to conclude that it docs no
afTord to other men what it denies me. And I cannot
but think that this was the reason why the Benevolent
Lord prohibited the Israelites from eating it ; and why
the kind-hearted Jesus gave the devils permission to
enter into the swine of the Gadnrenes. Mat. 8. ?<-2.

But as I wish to enjoy the right to my own opinion
on this subject as well as all others, the Golden Rule
teaches me to bo willing to have all others enjoy the
same right to theirs.

With regard to the c.xiiediency of the above rule, it
is generally admitted that it would be expedient for all
to adopt it if they would : but some think that it
woidd be inexpedient for one to adopt it while another
will not. Let one man be perfectly just to his neigh-
bors, and if others will not be just to each other they
will consider themselves bound to be honest with him.
Though he may sometimes be called to endure grief,
suffering wrongfully, will it not be a sufficient reward
to be approved by his own conscience and by all his
neighbors ? And will not his neighbors think that his
example, which they cannot but approve, is worthy of
their imitation ? Such a man supports good and
wholesome laws by obeying them, "for this rule is
the law and the prophets."

D. A. SWEZEY.

Harmony, N. Y., July 17th, 1840.

The CurcuUo. — Pick up carefully all the fallen
fruit under your trees, and give it to your hogs. You
will thereby destroy the curculio, a small insect which
has caused it to (all, and which if not destroyed will
perfect itself in the fallen fruit, sink in the ground,
and the next spring rise and again destroy your fruit.

White Colthdgc liarcs. — Cabbage leaves, a little
meal, salt, kitchen swill, crumbs, polatoe peelint»s
&,c., mixed well together, are capital food for fatting
pigs — save all your ground leaves for this purpose.

From the Farmer's Monility f'isitor.
A Proposition.

lAMlKRS DEVOTE TOO MUCH TIME TO MANUAL LABOR.

No dictate of common sense can be plainer than that
men, whatever be their pursuits, should make that use
of time which will best promote the great objects of
life. To pursue trivial objects, or to pursue those
which are in themselves laudable, to the exclusion of
others which have greater claims, is, therefore, alike
unworthy of a rational being. The duties which de-
volve upon men are various. While nature calls up-
on them to make the necessary efforts to obtain the
means of subsistence, she also demands that it be done
in subservience to the laws of health. While the cul-
tivation of the earth is an important duty, the obhga-
tion to cultivate the noble faculties of the mind is not
on this account less binding. If the body has claims
for food and clothing, the mind has claims not less ob-
ligatory for that moral instruction and intellectual
training without which life is of little value.

Among the principal duties which rest upon the far-
mer in discharging his obligations to himself and fiim-
ily, appear the following: — Moral and Religious In-
struction; Intellectual Education; the means of an
honest support, and obedience to the laws of health.
In attcmping to show the truth of our proposition, it
will be convenient to consider these separately,

1. Moral and Religious Instruction. To attempt
any labored arguments in proof of the value of these,
would be superfluous. But some seem to suppose
that a sufficient acqunintance with the duties of moral-
ity and religion may be obtained on the Sabbath. —
Now, while it is admitted tliat such instruction be-
longs more particularly to that season, there appears
to be no valid reason lor excluding it from the remain-
der of the week. If the practical duties which moral-
ity and religion enjoin, were of secondary consequence
— it they were mere Sabbath-day exercises, such
views might have some foundation; but as men are
required to love their Mnker, and do good to their fel-
low men at all times, reason seems to require that
some portion of every day be devoted to the study ol
the principles on which these obligations rest.

2. IiUclluctual Education. Independent of that
discipline of mind and that general information which
every farmer should possess, no man can master the
science of agriculture without much study and reflec-
tion. Ill fanning, as in most other pursuits, theory
and practice should be united. The farmer must not
only labor, but he must read and reflect; and for these
he mu6t have time. The day has gone by when it
was a sufficient excuse for following an observed prac-
tice because our fathers and grandfathers did so. —
When the nature of our soil is under investigation,
when the Press is teeming with information, applica-
ble to all the various departments of agriciillure, and
when every man can eontribu:e something to the gen-
eral stock of information, has the intellect no claims
upon the time of the larmcr ? When science is lay-
ing her treasures at h.s feet, can he shut his eyes lo the

advantages which are in prospect, and deny himself
time to read, and to apply the principles of science and '
the discoveries of art to the practical purposes of life 1
If there be any obligation which is preeminently bind^
ing upon the farmer, it is to avail himself of ihosa
helps which the agricultural press is placing within
his reach.

3. The means of support. It is n very plain di'ty '
which binds a man to furnish for himself and fani:
an adequate supply of food and clothing, and a du(,
which farmers seldom overlook. It is in the perform,
ance of this that they consume much of the time tha:
should be devoted to other purposes; or rather thii
furnishes the excuse which they offer for the neglecl
oi the others. The common practice in New Eng.
land seems to be to employ, for two-thirds of the yea]
almost the whole time, except what is necessarily co:
sumed in sleep, to the labors of the field. The deai
ening influence which this piactice e-xerts upon tl
mind is too obvious to require comment. Owing
this absurd custom, the winter evenings, which of thi
time left for improvement, become of comparative lil
tie value. Who, after eight months of unremittini
toil, can sit down and spend an evening in vigoruoi
thought, or even in such reading as requires attention

But it is said that this is a matter of neccssi ly*^thal
all this labor only furnishes the bare means of subsii
tence. Doubtless many really believe this; but it is
reflection upon the goodness of the Creator to su;
pose that he would mock man by giving him factl
ties capable of improvement, and then placing him in
circumstances which preclude their use. If men wen
less eager in their desires of gain, and more willing
follow nature rather than fashion in their manner
living, they would find less necessity for constant la-
bor. But were there no means for lessening the.expen-
scs of a family, it by no means follows that the present
system must be pursued. It is rot a necessary conse-
quence, that if the farmer spends more time in Intel,
lectual pursuits, he must diminish his income. Agri-
culture is not yet so far advanced that study can afliird
no additional aide. Experience shows that those who
labor the most hours are not the most successful, even
in acquiring wealth. The inference is plain, that in-
tellectual labor is no less profitable to the farmer than
manual labor.

Of course no conclusion can be drawn from \> bat
has been advanced, in favor of idleness. Constant
toil is infinitely preferable to sloth; but a division ol
between the mind and body is better than either.

4. Obedience to the laws of health. One great ob-
jection to the present system of labor is that it shortenf
life. By statistics which have been collected at dif.
ierent times, it appears that the average life among
farmers is but little, if any greater than among pro-
fessional men. Taking into consideratian the known
difiercnce between active and sedantry habits in theii
effect upon the human constitution, no other satisfac-
tory solution of this can be given than that the farmer
shortens life as much by over exertion, as the profes-
sional man does by neglect of exercise. Indeed how
often do we find farmers at the age of forty or fifty
with the stiff joints and dccrepid forms which belonj
to those of three score and ten ? This is the legiti-
mate etfect of transgressing the laws of health. Bui
besides the violation which is done to nature, thii
endless toil defeats its own object. The man whc
gains ten years for labor by neglecting to cultivate hii
mind, and wears himself out before the "debt of na^
ture" is due, cannot surely be a great gainer.

These considerations, it is believed are sufficient tc
establish the affirmative of the proposition at the heac
of this article. OBSERFATOR.

Keene, Jan. 13, 1840.

The Farmer's Life.

BV H. roLMAiN AS EXTRACT.

What a means of imi)arling pleasure is an improvet
agriculture. How many charming examples preeen
themselves am»->ng us of improvements which everj
eye gazes upon with unm ngled delight. Let a man
according to his power, take his ten, his twenty, hii
fifty, his hundred acres. Let him comb the hair anc
wash the face of nature. Let him subdue, clear, cul
tivate, enrich, embellish it. Let him smooth th«
rough places, and drain the wet, and fill up the sunk
en, and enrich the barren. Let him enclose it with t
neat and substantial fence. Let him line its borderi
and road sides with ornamental trees, and let bin
stock every proper part with vines and fruits. Let bii
fields and meadows wave with their golden harvest
and let his hills be covered with the herds lejoicing !t|
the fulness with which his labors, under the blessinii
of God, have spread their table, and who, when h«
goes among them, hasten from all sides to meet hiir

[o. 8

AND G A R D E N E R 'S J O U R N A L.

123

id grBlefitlly recognize in him n friend nnd benefnc-
and lick the hand which ie accustomed to feed
id fondle them. Here now let us see the neatly
ainted cottage, with its grccen shads, its piazzas trel-
sed with vines, its sides covered with the spreading
Im or flowing acacia, with here and there the bcauti-
il fir to shade the picture, and the mountain ash show-
ig its rich clusters of crimson fruit among the deep
reen foliage, and the smooth and verdant lawn
tretching its smooth and beautiful carpet in the front
lew; then look again and see the parents at the close
f day, resting from their labors and enjoying the
aim evening, with the pledges of mutual and devo-
oted affections, rioting before them iit all the buoy-
ncy of youthful innocence and delight; nnd if,at f uch
n hour as this, you can hear the hymn of grateful
raise rising from this humble abode of peace and love,
nd iis charming notes mingling with the music of the
[urgling brook that (lows near by, or broken by the
ccasional shrill nnd hollow notes of the gentle and
jnrless birds, which deem themselves members of
ins loving household; if then, whether traveler or so-
lunier, your heart is not touched with this charming
aJ not unusual picture of rural felicity, cease to call
joursclf a man. If still you sigli for the bustle nnd the
( loise and the confinement of the city, with its impure
Ivaterand offensive odours, with its despicable affecta-
I ions, with its heartless formalities, with its violent
xcitements, with its midnight festivities; with its ut-
er destitution of sympathy, with its low estimate of
luman life, with its squalid poverty, its multiplied
onus of wretchedness and crime, its pride, its vanity,
ts ambition, its pomp, its servility; then go back to
.■our gilded prison house, nnd to pleasures, which an
iiicorrupted nnd refined taste, accustomed to drink in
bo free air of heaven, and to appreciate its freshness,
19 purity, and its salubrity, will find no occasion to co-
i et or envy. The man who by his cultivation nnd
:;iiod hufibandry, presents such a picture to the passer
\v, shall he not be called a benefactor to the commu-
nity 1 Has he not done much to improve and bless
'iK-icty by his example t Has he not built a monu-
nieiit to his own honor more eloquent than the marble ?

Dwarf Fruit Trees,

In some places, especially in France, a method pre-
vails of cultivating dwarf fruit trees. These are said
by English and French writers to have many advanta-
ges. The trees are not as much exposed to high
winds, they produce better fruit, bear earlier and more
nbundnntly.

Dwarf trees are produced by innoeulating on stocks
of comparatively slow growth. Thus by inoculating
the apple on the Paradise or Douciu stock, the peach
«n a slow growing plum stock, and the pear on the
tjuince, &c. This is practised here, more particular-
ly, in gardens where the frees are set along, the bor-
ders nlternating with gooseberries or currant bushes.

The pruning and mnimgeraent of dwarf apples and
pear trees, are well described in the following remarks:

The first subjects of the following remarks, from
their appearance, were planted six or seven years pre-
viously to the commencement of any prutiing being
given them. In consequence they required to be very
much thinned out, so as to get the branches clear of
each other. For thinning I always bore in mind to
cut off the old wood close to the stem or branch it was
attached to; this prevented young wood springing af-
terwards. When the trees were thinned of the old
ehoots, as above stated, the young side shoots were
what is generally termed, spurred in; that is, they
were so shortened, that only two or three buds were
left on them, and tlie leading lop shoots were shorten-
ed to half their length.

The following and every succeeding year, the trees
were treated in the same manner, as rcspec'.a the
young wood, till they had acquired the desired height,
when the leading ehoots were shortened, as the side
Ehoots or sjiurs had been previously. When the lend-
ing shoots show a disposition to grow very luxuriantly,
which io apt to be the case under this treatment, they
ehould he prevented doing so, by cutting off part of the
old wood along with the old shoots immediately above a
flower bud. This will prevent the shoot so cut from
increasing in length. The spurs must be treated in a
Eiiiiilar manner, by cutting off a email portion of the
rild wood along with the young, when they are get-
ting loo long.

I have never found the above treatment prevent the
fruit swelling, or in any way detrimental to it; but on
the contrary, it was always improved.

Voung trees are to be treated in the following man-
ner: if there are more than three shoots on the plant,
reduce ihem to the number, and shorten each to three,
four and six eyes, accofding-io their strength. The

following season reduce the number of lending shoots
to six, and shorten them to three-fourths of their
length, and spur in the remaining shoots. The tree
should be managed in every respect in this manner un-
til it has attained the retpiired size, which of course
depends on the convenience or fancy of the owner, or
conductor of the garden.

I make a point of letting the trees take their natural
form of growth as far as the system described will per-
mit; for I consider it of little consequence what shape
is given to the tree, provided my end is attained; that
is, to make every branch as it were a long spur, with
bearing buds iVoni the base to the extremity.

Two or three years' trial of this method only, might
possibly deter many from a continuance of it, in con-
sequence of the quantity of young wood which will
be produced yearly at first, and from the apparent dif-
ficulty of getting rid of tho superfluity. But that
inconvenience will he ultimately surmounted if the
foregoing instructions arc attended to, and the contin-
uance ^^'ill be the possession of both healthful and
fruitful trees. To attempt to bring very old trees into
this method of manngcment would be attended with
difficulty, unless they were cut down short and allow-
ed to make new heads, which I should recommend
where their produce can be spnrcd for a time. In n
few years line healthy heads would be formed, which
w^iU yield fruit superior to nny that could be expected
from them if left in their rude state. But if the trees
cannot bo spared to be headed down, they may be very
mitch improved by thinning out the spray, nnd cutting
out a few old branches, which will cause them to
throw out young shoots, and these in a short time will
become bearing wood. The remainder of the old
branches may be thinned out with effect. Even if
this process is pertbrmed only once in two or three
years, nnd the stem nnd brnnches well cleared of moss
nnd dend bark, it will be of great service to the trees,
and be a means of keeping them free from insects, and
giving them ■ neat and clean appeal ance. — Practical
tanner.

Science ami Agriculture.

Sir — I have for a long time been deeply impressed
with the importance of agriculturists acquiring scien-
tific knowledge, to assist them in bringing to perfec-
tion their truly honorable vocation; and I have been
led to regret that very many of our farmers have for-
gotten, or never learned, that the true interest of agri-
culture is achieved only when the farmer can avail
himself of the advantages which scientific knowledge
places within his reach. Many farmers seem satisfied
with the way in which their fathers trod in tilling the
soil, satisfied in knowing Justus muck as they did,
and perfectly satisfied in educating their children after
the old fashion. Hence, seeming blind to the impor-
tance of n more liberal and enlightened policy, there
are still, perhaps, some few fanners content if their
children but learn to " read, write and cypher," igno-
rnntly supposing that this is all-sufficient 'or n farmer;
that ns their fnthers got on " well enough" with this
amount of knowledge, their children can also do well
enough without book learning. I will not speak of
the fallacy of this kind of reasoning; I only regret
that it is by far too prevalent.

The truth is, the agricidlurist occupies an impor-
tant station in society; no vocation is more honorable,
and none, when properly pursued, that sooner insures
competence. Hence the importance of acquiring
such knowledge as will assist him in developing the
resources of nature and bringing to his aid such means
as will produce the moat beneficial result.5 in the culti-
vation of the earth. Every farmer should be an edu-
cated man ; he should not be satisfied in being able to
read and write, and "cast up accounts" — he should
achieve more thnn this for himself, and much more for
hie children. He should be able to ncertain, by chem-
ical tmnlysis, the nature nnd properties of the soil he
cultivates. As the science of chemistry is intimately
connected with thntof agriculture, he should be famil-
iar with its principles, that he may reap the advantages
which its truths reveal. He should be able to define
the nature and properties of plants, vegetables and
flowers, ever remembering that, ignorant of these
things, he loses many opportunities, not only of profit
but of enjoyment. Hence, the farmer should be a
botanist, both practically and theoretically. This is
not merely the opinion of the writer; every man with
a just conception of the vast improvement of which the
science of agriculture is susceptible, will subscribe to
it all I have said. Mr. Van Bergen remarks, in his
excellent address delivered before the New York State
Agricultural Society, that the business of the agricul-
turist " involves the laws of chemistry, botany and
geology. By the last he is to judge of soila and their

fitness for certain products; by the second be must de-
termine what ploiils are most suitable to his soil and
climate; by the first he must he instructed in that most
important branch of knowledge to the farmer — the na-
ture and composition of manures, and their fitness to
the several kinds of grain and fruits he proposes to cul-
tivate."

It mny be said by some one that he is too old to
learn these things now; that while occupied in acqui-
ring this knowledge, his farm would go to ruin I How
utterly ridiculous ! yet how often is the above remark
heard 1 Every farmer, however;- has some time to
spare; there are sensons when, without nny prejudice
to his interest, he might employ himself profitably in
the acquisition of useful knowledge, that would a-

bundantly pay him for the time and labor bestowed

But if too indolent or indifliprent about the matter for
himself, let him educate hie child rcii ; and, as some
one has ajitly remarked, 'Met every farmer who has
a son to educate, believe and remember that scikxcf.
lays thcfoundation of ccerij thing ruluahlc in agricnt-
ture."

1 have said that the vocation of the agriculturist is
an important and honorable one, nnd 1 believe it. —
From this class of the community have arisen some of
the brightest ornaments of our country; men who
would have conferred honor on any station; and let our
farmers but awake to a full sense of the importance of
education, oi acquiring knowledge themselves, of ini-
p'jrting it to their children, and applying it to their
profession, and they will lenrn of a truth, " that all
the energy of the hero and nil the science of the phi-
losophers, may find scope in the cultivation of one
farm. — Am. Far. Com. J.

Ccntrerillc, Kent Co., Md.

Cabbage Plauts.

A sure — but rather troublesome — protection of
cabbage plants against the grub worm, is to go out in-
to the woods nnd get lots of strips of birch bark from
small trees. These will naturally maintain the shape
they sustained on the tree — round like a wafer box,
without top or bottom. They should be about two
inches high or deep. Let each strip enclose a plant,
and press it gently in the earth. The grub can then
ircilher crawl under nor climb over it. Look he ever
so wishfully that way, he camiot set his teeth inio the
delicious fibres of the young cabbage stalk. — Maine
Cultiralor.

White Grub Wop.m.— The white grub or " dung
worm" which infests sward lands, and in some instan-
ces does grent damage, by eating the roots of grass, is,
when it emerges from the chryeallis state and becomca
a perfect insect, what is commonly known as the May
Bug, or cockchaper, which secretes itself by day and
rises only by night. A good way to destroy them is
to make a fire in the field after dark, by the light of
which the swarms that arise from the earth will be at-
tracted, nnd by the heat of which they will be des-
troyed. The perfect insect, as a flying bug, is quite
harmless; but the eggs they deposite in the earth be-
fore they die, will generate myriads of new giubs
which Will do essential injury to the grass roots. — lb.

To prevent the Destruction of Corn by Crows.

PJr. C. Nichols, of Mass., gives the following reci-
pe for preserving corn from destruction by crows nnd
blackbirds. Although out of season now, we put it
on record for reference when planting time again ap-
pronchea. We copy it from the Monthly (N. H. )
Visitor. — Am. Fur.

"In the spring of 1837, I ploughed a piece of mow-
ing, which I wished to bring into a better condition,
consisting of about one fourth of an acre, upon which
I planted corn, and when up about three to four inch-
es, these marauders came and destroyed full twenty-
five percent, of it. In the spring of 1638, I planted
about three acres — the seed prepared agreeable to the
recipe, and it all came up in seven days — and when
otthe height of the former, the enemies cnme, pulling
a spear or two of three or four bills — tatted the flavor
of the seed, and left them attached to the root of the
stalk — which was the first and last of this visit. I
imputed the effect to the seed being so strongly im-
pregnated with the solution, that it was offensive to
their taste.

Recipe. — Dissolve 2 lbs. of saltpetre in a pnil full
of soft water; in this situation I put 3 pecks ot seed —
soaked 2-1 hours — rolled it in plaster, planted and cov-
ered it while it was moist. It must not be exposed to_
the sun, or current of air, as evaporation passes oft'
rapidly. As I remarked, every kernel came uo in se-
ven days. I think the alkali must have forced its ger-
mination, and the plaster had an effect to keep it in a
state of moisture."

124

THENEVV GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. \%

II fi

The Flowers of Summer.

The White Lily is much finer when it bos eome
protection in winter. It will live without it for a time;
but with UB it hna gradually declined when exposed in
the open border. In the covered border, it Bceme to
be at home.

Lilium chulcedonicum (scarlet martagon; ia beauti-
ful, and the petals so revolute that some of them Ire-
quentlj' clasp the peduncle. The stalk supports one
or two flowers. It is a native of the Levant.

Liliuyn japonicvm has declined with us of late years,
and no longer produces flowers. This may be owing
to deep planting, as Loudon mentions that some set
the bulbs in pots, "not lower than an inch from the
surface of the mould." Others take them up in au-
tumn, and aa they are tender, keep them in dry sand
tdl spring in the cellar. We hope to profit by these
hints,

Lilium tigrinum (tiger lily) from China is very har-
dy, and well suited with our limestone soil. With
reasonab'e cultivation, it grows five or six feet high;
and produces showy flowers of a reddish yellow with
dark spots, resembling the color of the tiger. The
bulbs that form on the stalk, grow freely, and often
flower the next season.

Lilium superbiLxa does best in a boggy soil. In a
shaded border of vegetable earth, it blosaoms year af-
ter year, but not with the splendor it attains in its na-
tive localities. It is indigenoua to some parts of this
State.

Within a few years, the genus Pcntstcmon has fur-
nished many interesting species for the garden. P.
digitalis, three feet high with white flowers and large
radical leaves, deserves a place. P. diffusum more
humble and spreading, presents a greater variety of
colors (light red tinged with blue.) P. laxigatum,
▼ery smooth and erect, has pale flowers striped on the
inside with purple. P. Pulclidlum very neat and
pretty, varies in color; and gives florists an opportu-
nity to multiply specific names.

Spigdia marilandica is interesting as the Pink Root
of the shops; but it also has beauty and singularity. —
Contrary to the usual order of flowers, the outside is a
fine red, and the inside a light yellow. It is quite
hardy in this climate.

On the China Pink, Nature has spread some of her
finest colors; and seedlings vary much — some single,
florae double. In Loudon, this species is marked a
iiicnnial; but we have them three years old with no
symptoms of decline. Ours were transplanted,
which doubtless increased their radical fibres.

Chdone barbata though a native of Mexico, abides
the winter in the open border. Its slender stems,
sometimes five feet high, are ornamented with tubu-
lar flowers, light scarlet red on the outside, and stri-
ped within. It continues in bloom n long time.

The double white Clcinalis from Japan is very
ehowy; but must be covered up from the cold in win-
ter. It is a slender climbing shrub.

Clematis fiammulus (Virgin's Bower) another
limbing shrub, has white flowers, of little splendor
ut much fragrance. Ii is a desirable plant.

Escltarhollzia californica (now nltcrcd to Chryseis)
Tvith large yellow flowers, is already naturalized to the
gardens. The orange colored (C.crocea) is only a
variety, though marked as a epceies.

Li/thnim sidicaria and L. rirgalum, are nearly al-
lied, but the latter is a more slender plant. The flow-
ers are in verticillate spikes, of a red-purple, and both
deserve a place.

k'pinea lobata, four or five ieet bigli, a native of the
oak openings in the West, presents masses of pale
red flowers on the top of its stems. It has been nmch
admired.

Yucca fliiccida is one of the finest plants in the bor-
der. Its leaves are as green when they project through
the snow, as ihey are in summer. The scape is 3 feet
high, crowded with large white flowcra; and in its time
of bloom, we have nothing more splendid. No other
species of Yucca that we have tried, agrees so well
with our soil and climate.

AconiiujitTwpellus (Wolf's Bane) has rather a lu-
rid appearance, though it has long been considered an
ornament of the garden. Another species with white
flowers, very tall and erect, makes a fine display.

fUenactvs speciosa is nearly allied to the Aster, with
large flowers of a light blue, though some varieties are
deeper than others. It is showy as its specific name
implies.

The Detroit or Michigan Rose, which may be train-
ed to the height of twenty feet, is the latest of all that
bloom with us at one regidar period. Seedlings vary
with us, some deeper, some paler; but the flowers of
each seedling, also vary in color according to their age.
When these first open, the red is more intense, but
they become paler with each succeeding day, fading
at last almost into white, and as those of the same
panicle are not equally fonvard, the diversity of color
is very pleasing. In a hedge where it presents large
masses of bloom, it is very splendid. A double varie-
ty has already originated, but we know nothing of its
merits.

(>rchis jimbriata is beautiful, and grows well in a
shaded border where vegetable earth abounds. Each
plant has one large terminal spike of pink flowers, va-
rying however in the intensity of their colore.

Hydrangea radiata is hardy, tiiough a native of the
South; and round the circumference of its cymes are
barren white flowers which are elegant. H. qiicrcifo-
Ha however, from the same region, though more ten-
der, is more showy. It has close panicles of a conical
form, six or eight inches in length; while on slender
peduncles the barren flowers project all round, so as to
nearly encase the fertile flowers. When protected by
deep snow until the keenest breath of winter has pas-
sed over, it does well. It is now beautifully in bloom.

Ccntaurca aurca on the top of a strong stem, pre-
sents its golden flowers. The heads are nearly two
inches in diameter.

The diearf Horse chestnut, spreading wide as it as-
cends to the height of five feet, and exhibiting its
white flowers in long terminal spikes, — if not equal
to the Asiatic Horse chestnut in beauty, excels all oth-
er species that we have seen. Many of the spikes are
a foot or more in length.

Hifpcricumkfilmiunum ia a sub-evergreen shrub of
a round form covering itself with yellow blossoms. —
H. hircinum from Calabria is tender, and killed to the
ground every winter; but assuming the character of a
perennial, it springs up three feet in summer, decora-
ted with beautiful flowers. It is strong scented when
rubbed or broken.

Silcne rcgia from Ohio, erect, four or five feet high,
with several stalks from one toot, has blossoms of a
glittering scarlet. Nuttnll calls it "one of the most
splendid species in existence."

Bocconia cordata, six feet high, produces its flow-
ers of a slight blush, in paniclea; and makea a fine
appearance at a distance. Its leaves greatly resemble
those of the Blood Root, and both belong to the same
natural order.

Tlie different species of Liatris, according to Lou-
don, are elegant plants. Two of these have come in-
to bloom: one is L. pumila, and the other we import-
ed from England without a name.

A species of Galardia, with purple disc aiui yellow
rays, two inches in diameter, — though a straggling
plant, is quite showy. Ii is a perennial.

Funkia carulta (separated from Hemerocallis) is ths
tallest of this new genus that we have seen; and beaa
its pale purple flowers which are striped, in spike,
that terminate the stems, two or three feet high. /
lanceifoliu is a smaller plant with delicate blossoms

%

111;

1

Itt

uici

nearly the same color.

Tliere is no finer scarlet than the flowers of Lobeh
cardinulis. It grows naturally in damp ground nei
the borders of streams; and if removed to the garde
sbouldhave a shady spot and deep vegetable soil.

Whoever admires the blue bells of Campanula rt
tundifolia will be pleased with those of C. carpati
ea, which is generally of a finer blue. It comes froi
the Carpathian moimtains.

Coreopsis lanceoluta is the most showy species of thi
genus in odour, since C. tinctoria has been removi
to Calliopsis. It has beautiful yellow blossoms.

The iron fox glove (Digitalis fcrruginca) is i
old inhabitant of the gardens. Its erect stem, three
four feet high, is crowded with neat flowers, staine
as if with iron rust. t

tf!~

Bnrnt Earth as a Manure.

We have used burnt earth as a manure for severs
years in our garden, which is a heavy /oom,with great
success. It has been mostly applied to the cabbage,
the cauliflower, and the beet; but its effect on the lo6i
has been perhaps the most extraordinary. Some oi
the largest we have ever seen, were manured in this
way.

To prepare it: — We have taken knotty logs, such
as would be rather unprofitable to split, and laid three
or four as a foundation to build on; and as every flow-
er garden furnishes rubbish, we have collected it, and
heaped it up as high as it was found convenient to
manage. Such materials make rather a loose and
elastic pile; but we have endeavored to lay them as
compactly as we could; and then have had a man to
stand on the top, and receive sods until the mass was
pressed down into shape. Any earth that is foul with
grass or weeds is thrown on, in the manner of cover-
ing a coal-kiln, leaving two holes on opposite sides to
cause a draft when it is set on fire. As soon howev
er, as the fire extends through the pile, the holes
should be closed, so that no smoke be emitted. Stiam
will rise from the damp earth, but the smoke should
be carefully confined.

We have generally burnt one or two cart-loads oi
earth at a time, because we were not prepared to burn
more; but we presume that much greater quantities
might be burned with the same fuel. The heat will
continue many weeks, and the earth in the interior of
the heap, will become of a brick-red. One or two
shovelfuls may be applied to a cabbage, or it may be
laid on both sides of a row of beets an inch or two
thick. In England, where paring and burning is
much practised, it is generally admitted by judicious
farmers that light or sandy soils are unfit for tJiis opo-
ration. Arthur Young says he "found burning in-
jure sand." It can hardly be imagined," says Sir
John Sinclair, " that fire would add any thing to the
nature of sand, or render it more fertile. No turf
that will readily harrow to pieces, ought to be subject-
ed to this process." "All poor siliceous sands," says
Sir. H. Davy, "must be injured by it. An intelli-
gent farmer told me he had pared and burned a small
field frcveral years ago, which he had not been able to
bring again into good condition. I examined the spot;
the grass was poor and scanty, and the soil an arid si-
liceous sand.

Sir II. Davy refers the efiects of paring and burn-
ing "entirely to the diminution of the coherence and
tenacity of clays, and to the destruction of inert and
useless vegetable matter, and its conversion into ms-
nurc."

,

b.

ANDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

!!

It is doiibtl'iil however, if these causes are sufficient
t jiroilnce such effects. 1. The coherence and tena-
. y of clnys may be reduced by mixing coarse sand
' iliout any such increase of fertility. 2. The beet
Its of our garden abound with vegetable matter,
lich of course cannot be inert and useless, 3. The
antity of coal in earth burnt to a brick-red is scarcely
rceptible.

3ir H. Davy afterwards however, says, " If the ox-

of iron in soils is not saturated with oxygen, tor-

iction tends to produce its further union with this

nciple; and hence in burning, the color of clays

inge to red. The oxiitc of iron containing its full

] 'portion of oxygen furs less aitractionfor acids than

other oxide, and is consequently less likely to be

loived by any fluid acid in the soil; and it appears

ibis state to act in the same manner as the earths."

, 3r. John Davy suggests that a " thin layer of clay

,1 y prevent rainwater from penetrating deeply and

^ irating the sub-soil which would be corrected by

I ing and burning." It is known that all clayey soils

I I glazed after a heavy shower of rain; and conse-
< jntly their absorbed power is checked or prevented
.( n acting. Where the burnt earth has been applied
t lie surface, we have obseryed that in time of drouglii
t soil was inoietcr than in other places. This obser-
y on will not disagree with G. Stafford's remark in
t (English) Horticultural Register, that burnt clay
' .'ems to be possessed of the medium of holding just
I ifKcient quantity of moisture and no more."

[e suggests oiher causes however, that may con-
to render this manure so valuable: " The burning
rely destroys every species of insect and pemi-
8 weed; and on whole quarters where the process
performed many years ago, 1 have scarcely obser-
either slug or snail."

e also thinks that " calcareous matters" in the

1 may be converted into lime by the burning. —

r our subsoils effervesce with acide: and it would

seem unreasonable to suppose that the soil con-

I lime in some of its combinations which may be

ged to a more fertilizing form by the heat; but be

in as it may, in England some of the finest effects of

■N ig and burning have been observed on challcy

k IS. Sir J. Sinclair says it is " peculiarly applica-

jI 0 such lands." He adds, "Mr. Boys of Kent, has

^10 detailed account of experiments tried on 267

ic I, principally consisting of such downs, and when

h cason proved favorable, with uniform success. —

\. iigle crop thus raised, was often equal to the value

)f le land in its original state."

. Stafford (already referred to) considers it much
k nrr and letter to burn the earth where a garden
IS 'een laid out on a heavy soil, than to cart in sand,
IS 3 and other materials. He throws out a trench
■\ I feet wide and three feet deep, fills it with wood,
ir C'lvcra it like a coal-kiln, throwing on earth as
h K-at increases. He says after twenty-two years'
J ijcnce, " I have been of opinion that I could add
mass until it reached the height often feet."
< ral instances are mentioned of the complete
n 1 -^g of this method: "A work was completed in
I V days that never could have been done, other-
■V , in his whole life time — that is, he rendered the
r nd prolific; and I have never witnessed better
HI CS8 in crops, than I have done of every crop that
« luen planted in this composition."

-rnin, he says: "When I first came to this place,
i ,'orden was for the most part, a strong clay. No
y her appeared to have a good effect upon it. At
ottime it was covered by water; and at another time
iB3netrabIe by being too dry. I then commenced
b'ling, and in a icw days proditced a composition
ke feet deep, equal if not superior, to any soil in this

125

country. The clay is rendered aa pliable as burnt
chalk. Every thing appears to thrive in it. I calcu-
late that the ground so heated, will require no ma-
nure for at least four or five years, as every vegetable
grew too strong for the first two years."

He thinks the clay there of a superior kind on ac-
count of the "calcareous matter" itcontains; but we
presume not superior to the clays of Western New
York. t

Silk busine!!s in Rochester and its vicinity.

We called yesterday at the house of Mr. Joseph
Alleyn, of this city, and were shown about 2 lbs. of
sewing silk manufactured by Mr. John Adams and
his family, of Adams Basin, in this county, and co-
lored by Mr. Alleyn at his carpet factory. It is of
various and beautiful colors, very smooth and glossy
and stronger than any imported silk we have ever
seen.

Mr. Alleyn has just procured one of Dennis's Silk
Spinning and Twisting Machines, which is now in
operation in his family, and afforded us much pleasure.
Mr. A. has already engaged about 50 bushels of co-
coons to manufacture on shaies. Ho informs us that
he also intends to connect the business of silk wearing
with his carpet factory, and has made arrangements
for obtaining machinery and a workman from Eng-
land,

Those who still have doubts respecting the practi-
cability or success of the silk business in this country,
will soon have demonstration which must convince
the most skeptical. Many families in this and adja-
cent counties are now engaged in the business, and
the results of their labors, when known, will be a
matter of astonishment to many.

Mr. Adams has, at our suggestion, given us a brief
statement respecting his experience in feeding silk
worms, &c., which we are happy to subjoin.

Messrs. Editors. — The past season (1839) we fed,
as we supposed, 100,000 worms. The leaves of the
white mulberry alone are tised by us. During the last
age of the worms, as may well be imagined, we had
a hard task to supply so many voracious animals with
food. In addition to the labor of my own family, I
paid six or eight dollars for hired help. We fed the
worms 5 or 6 times a day, which I have since learned
was not necessary; and this year we have adopted a
different plan, and only feed them 3 times a day. We
commenced operations this year early in June, with
about 80,000 worms. We have fed all these without
any other help than our own family, (consisting of my-
self and wife and four children, the oldest a lad of 14,
the other three, girls,) excepting the assistance of two
small boys during two days, when I was preparing
bushes for the worms to wind on. On gathering our
crop we had 22 bushels of cocoons, which were of a
better quality than last year.

We use "Dennis' contra twist Reel;" my wife
has reeled 5J lbs. of silk during the past eight days,
besides attending to the usual duties of the family. —
With undivided attention she can reel about a pound a
day. We think we can calculate on a pound of raw
silk from a bushel of cocoons.

Very respectfidly yours, &c.,

JOHN ADAMS.

Adams Basin, July ZOth.

P. S. Any information which I can give on this
subject, shall be freely communicated if desired.

Harvesting Peas.

The time for harvesting peas being now arrived,
we would remind farmers that by far the cheapest and
most expeditious way is to pull and collect them atone
operation, by means of a horse-rake. "

For the riiw Genetsc Farmtr.
New Kinds of Wheal.

Messrs. Thomas & Bateham. — In the last num-
ber of the Farmer is a communication from W. T.
Cuyler, giving an account of the Tuscany Wheat. —
He says it stands the winter well, and is considerably
earlier than common wheat. In our town, where it
was first introduced by Mr. Hauford, the Tuscany
wheat has not stood the winters very well, nor has it
ripened much if any earlier than the common Flint
Wheat. Owing to a part of it being destroyed by the
winter, it has usually stood thin on the ground, and to
this may in part be attributed its large growth and fine
berry. On the ]6ih of September last, I sowed one
peck of the Tuscany Wheat on twenty-one rods of
ground. It came up well, but at harvest I found it
only stood about half as thick as on a piece of land, of
the same size adjoining, where I sowed less than sev-
en quarts of the White Florence Wheat, direct from
France. On the same day, and on the same soil, I
sowed a piece of the Virginia May Wheat, which ri-
pened about ten days earlier than either of the others.
The berry of the Flonence is as large and fine as the
Tuscany; but as I was fearful that it would not stand
the winter, I sowed it too thickly, and in consequence
the straw was rather email and short. Those who
have examined it are of opinion that it will prove a
valuable acquisition to the wheat growers of Western
New York; and so will the Tuscany, if it will endure
ur winters without injury.

Respectfully Yours,

R. HARMON, Jb.

Wheatland, July, 1840.

Remarks. — The difference of results in the expert
ments with the Tuscany Wheat, may be owing to
several circumstances. It will be remembered that
Mr. Cuyler discovered several varieties among his
Tuscany Wheat when he received it from Wheatland;
some of which stood the winter better than others,
and he took pains to separate it. So that the kind he
now cultivates may be diflerent from that cultivated by
Mr. Harmon, which may be mixed as at first. Or it
may be that Mr. Cuyler's land is drier and warmer
than Mr. Harmon's, which would cause a difference
in the time of ripening, and in the liability to injury by
the winter. — Eds.

Larger Calves.

Messrs. Editors — You can tell Mr. Benj. Chase
that I have a Durham Bull Calf, that on the day he
was one year old, weighed 920 lbs., and that he wai
never fed grain ; he was fed milk until 4 months 13
days old, after that pasture while it was, and then elo.
ver hay, with about 6 quarts of bran per day — in the
spring the clover hay was done, and I fed him pota-
toes in place of bran. But Mr. Wynant Younghans,
of Renselaer Co. beats us both : his (by the Albany
Evening Journal) weighed the day he was one year
old 1026 lbs. ; mine weighed 21 lbs. more than his
when 5 months old. Mr. Chase must try again be-
fore he has the largest calf.

Yours, &c.

JOHN JOHNSTON

Seneca Co., near Geneva, 4th July, 1840.

The Cherry Slug.

In our late excursion we noticed the ravages of this
insect in Ontario county; and as the chief part of the
trees were small, we could not but regret that there
was no kind being to throw a handful of ashes over
them.

We are inclined to think that the numbers of this
insect would not be formidable, if a little care was
timely extended; and that they increase rather slowly,
Last season only a few appeared in our nursery, and
these were promptly destroyed. This season we baVg
not seen morq than one or two, t

126

THE NEW GENESEE FAR M E R,

V'OL. 1,

from the Farmers' liegistcr.
On tlie different proposed Schemes of Rotation.

One of iboBC lucky chances which eomeiimce occur
to the wny faring man, has brought me to-dny, nolens
ToUns, to this place: n place which ho8 been rendered
not quite eo noted in your journal by the essays of its
worthy proprietor, as was Carysbrook of England by
the temporary occupancy of Charles, who, it I re-
member aright, took refuge there from the common-
wealth's men. How are thif apparent errors of short-
sighted inortals turned to good account by n kind
Providence ! 1 deplored missing my way ns a great
evil; but what a treat was in store for me in the sight
of this interesting spot I Still more I lamented my
fate when I ioiind the landlord « as from home ! But
you and your readers are the gainers by my ill luck,
insomuch that it has produced this raluaMe communi-
cation. Nor is it a total loss with me; for the absence
has been the means of bringing out in fi[\er reliet, the
ehining merit of his representative, a jierson bearing
the name of the immortal author of the Declaration of
Independence, who in his sphere, (the department o(
butler,) is no less perfect than was his great namesake
in the cabinet; and to whom, if Pope said true, equal
honor is due:

"Act well ) our part, there all the honor lies."
Casting my eye around the hall in which I now sit,
where are to be seen the appliances of hunting and
fishing, it fell upon s ime of the numbers of your Reg-
ister, which among other appropriate periodicals, are
scattered in careless literary confusion about the room.
. In the March number I found an essay on " five-ticld
rotation and grazing;" this referred to other communi-
cations on the same subject in the February number.

Now, JNlr. Editor, my success in the discussion of
Jeflerson'a eatables, has not inspired me with the van-
ity to pretend to discuss farming matters with these
gentlemen. It is true I am a sort of a farmer in a
humble way. Having failed at one of the learned pro-
fessions, 1 betook myself to my present occupation, as
a make-shift, hoping that if I failed here too, my er-
rors would be more apt to escape observation.

The first thing thot struck my attention in the above-
mentioned essays, was the remarkably civil, compli-
mentary style of your tip-top farmers to each other. —
I like it much. It is so different from that gascona-
ding, insulting mode of writing practised by politi-
cians; and not in writing only, but in debating too. —
I trust the new code of honor which authorizes one
man to give another the lie, or charge him with dis-
honesty, and then to avoid responsibility by averring
that he means a political lie, or political dishonesty,
will never find acceptance among the agricultural
community. Among us, let there be no distinction,
between an agricultural lie and any other.

But to the point. With all due deference, permit
me to state an objection to each of the systems of rota-
tion proposed. To Mr. Carter's, because it appears
to be bottomed upon the presumption that the land
has become too rich already, and requires depiction,
an effect which, it strikes me, the three successive
grain crops are well calculated to promote. To Mr.
Bnxton's, because it leaves the land naked and per-
fectly idle through one winter, and of course losing
ground. I have always thought a spring crop after
corn inadmissable for that reason. Besides that, grass
sown on oats in the spring of the year is extremely li-
able to perish under the influence of the summer's sun.
To Rivanna's, beenuse without the common, or sixth
field, it ditTers but little from the exploded three-field,
or make-shift system. It is true he considers this
common important to all rotations; but to his it seems
indispensable, for where else are your cattle to find
sustenance till the 20ih June, the day set for the feast 1
Before that day comes they will have feasted the buz-
zards. And even with the aid of the common or
" short bite," (by the way, if it is a "short bite" in
the Green Spring country, what can be expected from
"old Flu," or some other places I could name !) they
would exhibit in their " unfed sides" demonstration
strong against the system; they would sing, in very
dulcful tones indeed, the old song,

" 'Twiis on the 21st of June,
In charminj? suiiinier weather."

Give the three-field shift the advantago of a com-
mon, and where is the difference 1 No other than one
field of clover instead of two, covering a somewhat
emnller portion ol your (arm, one-third being less than
two fifths. I am of Mr. C's opinion, that under Ri-
vanna's system the clover has not imparted to the land
all its benefit before it is re-fallowed. It ought to be
an object, in a judicious and economical course of hus-
bandry to obtain hay and seed from a clover crop, or at
least a part of it. If then one of the two fields is

mowed and seed is gathered from it, it cannot be gra-
zed at all the same year. Only one field therelore is
left for grazing, and that between the 20th June and
fallowing time — a very " short bite" indeed. It ap-
pears to me there should be two clover years in suc-
cession— cutting the first, if the crop will bear the
scythe, and grazing the second — and two grain years
only in succession, which is a four-field course; and if I
am allowed the common in the bargain, this is a valu-
able auxiliary, to enable the pasture field to get a lit-
tle ohead in the spring, before the stock is put on.

The long and short of the matter is, that systems
for all things must be controlled by circumstances. —
A system of mental improveinents must be adapted to
the capacity of the particular inind, eo must be a sys-
tem of agricidture to the qualities of the soil, general
condition, and localities of the particular farm. Ri-
vanna, for example, or the author, enjoys the advan-
tage of a very fine meadow, and abundant crops of
corn, with a plenty of wheat straw, &c., which af-
ford no small help to the " short bite." By the way,
in passing through the front gate, I observed some
horses standing with their chins resting on the fence,
and looking with longing eyes into the adjoining clo-
ver field, and seeming to pray f.ir the advent of the
20th June; and some hogs peering, with optics sharp,
through the rails.

Ill conclusion of these very eniditf remarks, permit
me to say that the present condition of this splendid
farm furnishes a refutation of all objections to the man-
agement of it. The science of agriculture is here
beautifully illustrated, whilst its profits are largely re-
alized. A TRAVELER.

Curyshrooh, May 12, 1840.

From the Farmers' Cabinet.

Dialogue Continued—Cultivation.

Sijkes. — Poor Grabb I he's a kind-hearted man,
truly; but if his father had not lived before him, ond
left him at his death, the fine farm which he so niise-
erably manages, he would, by this time, have been in
the alms-house. It is a pity, however, that he did
not do a little in the way of cultivating his son's mind
at the same time — his suh-soil must be in a wretched
state, I guess. Well then, neighbor, my team shall
be here by peep of day to-morrow, to join yours, and
as I wish to drag, and roll, nnd harrow, three times
in a place, the field designed for turnips, we must
make up our mind to stretch a point, and complete it
before we leave; and they can then collect the weeds
and burn them the next day. My heart aches when I
look at the poor widow of an excellent friend, and
her bereaved little ones; and I have made up my mind
and my vow, if God spares me, to assist her in her
trouble, until her fine lad is capable of taking a father's
place, nnd work for his poor mother and sisters.

Father. — My noble friend, I must partake with you
in that luxury, and I shall not only be ready and wil-
ling, but be glad to meet you at any time with heart
and hand !— God bless you — good bye.

Frank. — What a contrast ! I think, however,
that there must be a difference in the nature of the tree
as well as the soil — the fruit is so very unhke.

father. No doubt there is, but cultivation will al-
ways work wonders.

Frank. — How droll to hear Grabb talk of a song I
It must be a gloomy one to fit his state of mind; I
should like to hear it.

father. — And so it is — words and tune: it is one of
Dibdin's happiest efforts: and you must fancy it, sung
in the most doleful strains, to a tune in the minor

key.

■\Vc bipeds, maile up of frail clay, 1

Alas: are the chililreil of soriow.
Anil tliou2h brisk anri merry to-Jny,

We all ni.iy be wretched to-morrow.
For sunshine's succecil by rain.

Then, fearful of life's siormy weather;
Since pleasure can only bring pain,

hct us all be unhappy togethei.

_Fra;!/i.— Capital ! but how would you reclaim a
soil so sour, cold, and sterile, and which produces such
crabbed fruit, as that of which Grabb is the similitude I

father. — Oh nothing is easier or more agreeable: I
would remove the soil from about the roots to a good
depth and distance, and fill the opening with fresh
mould, mixed with a copious supply of lime; prune
very close, nnd leave the event, trusting to the sweet-
ening influence, so beautifully expressed by the Meth-
odist preacher, " lime to a sour, stubborn soil, is like
the grace of Goil to a wicked man's heart."

Frank.— 1 should like to try the eflect of such li-
ming in Grabb's case, for, poor fellow, he is so misera-
ble, that I e.ipect he is as great an object of charity

and commisseration as Mrs. Williams and her poor
family — is there nothing that can be done for him 1

father. — I fear not.

frank. — And yet, you said, ctdtivation will aIwn^^
work wonders.

father. — That's good — and so it will: and suppt -
that I get Sykcs to assist ue to take him up and cm
him, as though he were a bereaved tcidow ?

lO

frank. — Oh, pray do, I will be answerable for him:
present he appears quite friendless and miserably
within doors as well as without — os he says.

No. 9. The rich nnd healthy surface and poison
sub-soil. This is an interesting case — shall we t.i,,
the beautiful Newington Peach tree, which flourished
so finely for two years in our garden, and died so pre-
maturely last year ? I think wc shall find the analogy -
complete. That fine tree was trained with the great-
est care in the nursery, until it was fit for transplant.'
ing into the garden, when the s lil, a firm, rich, hi;-
loam, was trenched, and cleaned, and limed for it=
ception. The first season after its removal, it liOn
much fine fruit, of the most delicious flavor, and large,--
handsome appearance, bringing them oil to maturity.f
and perfectly ripening its wood. The next season ii
bore most abundantly, and made noble shoots, whid
required no pruning or heading back; its blossomi
were remarkably large, and of healthy appearance
both fruit and wood were well ripened, and fully testi
fied the care and attention which had been exercised ii
its culture from the first.

On the appearance of the blossoms next spring, the; ;'
were observed to be much smaller, and paler in color
and although the fruit set well, many fell off whei
they wore the size of peas; and at midsummer, man;
of the under leaves withered and fell from the branch
es. Before Michaelmas, the color of the foliage he
completely changed; the fruit ceased to grow, and lb
treewos declared to be infected with the disorder ca
led the ycUotcs. The worms had made sad havoc biF
ncath the bark near the ground; nor wos it amattertr
surprise when, on the opening of the last spring, not t
bud or blossom made their appearance — the tree wi ^
quite dead. On removing it, I was detcrminerl,
possible, to learn the cause of such premature dc
nnd sudden death, and therefore very caretuUy re •
ved the earth from about the roots, laying them q
bare without wounding them. All appeared healt
and the soil in the finest condition imoginablc, un.
discovered that o small and tender root had exten
itself until it had reached a small oozing of water, i
color of the rust ol iron, which proved to be the hf
of a mineral spring of the strongest quality. Tl
small root was decayed for a considerable way towar
the body of the tree, and at leojt three feet from :
source of the evil; and this was no doubt the cause
the disease and death of the finest tree I ever taw.

frank. — How very strange, that so trifling a c
cumstance as the point of a small root reaching a li;
water at such a distance from the tree, sliould be i
cause of such sudden dettruction.

father. — It is: but to show you bow certainly t ,
icas the cause, I will copy from our fovorite TuU
account of some useful experiments which he rni
expressly with the view of showing the truth of
position, that vegetables will take up and circulate
discriminately, the most deleterious, os well as
most wholesome substances; and that they often do
their destruction.

E.xp. 1. " I put a mint stock into a glass of wni
but I immersed one string of its roots, being brou
over the top of that glass into another glass of salt \
ter, contiguous to the top of the other glass—,
mint very soon died.

Exp. 2. I put the upper root of another root in
small glass of ink — this root was also killed by sonii
the ink ingredients. i

Exp. 3. I made a very slrongliquor with water i |
the briueedsced of the garlick, and placed the to
it close to the top of another glass, having in it a ;
plant, two or three of whose upper roots put into i
stinking liquor, and there remaining — it killed
mint in some time; and when the edge of the len
of the mint began to change color, I chewed mom
ihcm in my mouth, and found at first the strong flo
of the mint, but that was soon over, and then the t\
SC0U9 taste of the sarlick was soon perceptible."
you see, how readily plants, whose roots reoch toa|
sonouB sub-soil, imbibe and circulate the deleter)
matter to their destruction. I once grew some H
nips on land having a wet sub-soil, and on «tor
them for winter use, 1 observed that the point of
taprootof every one was decayed; but as that was
near the bulb, I did not consider the circumstanc
any consequence. On opening the pit in the wini
however, I found that three pans of them wercrotl'l

o.

8.

AND GARDENER'SJOURNAL.

127

.d ihe slpnch nrisiiig from them hnJ infrcted the re-
aiiulor, 80 that the cattle reiused to eat thcni.
Frank. — How satifsL-torily you have accounted for
e decay and death of our favorite tree I what a pity
nt you could not have ascertained the cause during
3 life time, as it might eo easily have been prevented,
I dividing that small root from the body of the tree I
t'uther. — Truly; but the lesson has not been lost
jon us, for you know that I have recovered many
ees that have been infected with the yellows and
orms, by trenching and dressing the water with
me, and removing the bad soil from amongst the
018. And now, do you know any young and prom-
ing individual, whose untimely death might be li-
ened to the decay and death of our favorite tree ?
Fninli. — Yes, Henrv Tenmleton.
Father. — Exactly — of an excellent and highly-res-
cted family, he was the brightest hope — an only eon
-with a mind and body cost in beauty's mould, he
as truly " the observed of all observers:" even in
. misery his education had commenced; and the
If ijm displayed by his amiable parents in this partic-
ar, was crowned with perfect success. His youth
as spent in acquiring knowledge of the most useful
id valuable kinds; and the commencement of his
iblic life, which might be compared to the planting
It of our tree from the nursery, was hailed by his
ends with the brightest expectations. We well
low the esteem and respect which he won from all
ho knew him, while his gentle and amiable, and re-
led manners were the admiration of every one. I
member the time when he commenced the study of
e law under counsellor S., and how fortunate his
riily considered him in the choice of his fellow-stu.
nt, Charles E., as his particular friend — alas I that
ry circumstance proved the total ruin of him, and
e hopes of his family; for Charles E. was a young
an addicted to every species of vice and wickedness,
id possessed of the most consummate hypocrisy ! —
le fatal evening he prevailed upon Henry to accom-
ny him to the gaming-table, and his destruction
as sealed.

In a short year from this time he returned to his fa-
8 house, an emaciated being — his health destroy-
, his mind frenzied, and in the last stage of con-
niption, only to sigh out his soul in penitence in the
018 of his broken-hearted parents and sisters ! Poor
enry Templeton I one small root penetrating to the
ison in the subsoil, was the cause of indescribable
ffering, misery, remorse, anguish, and death to him-
f, and distress unspeakable to his tenderly attached
nily, and a numerous circle of young and much-
ed friends.

Frank. — Poor Henry Templeton 1 who would have
jught that we could find so true a portrait of him in
r beautiful and unfortunate peach tree !
Fatlicr. — But here is one more soil for examination.
No. 10. 1 1 is, to appearonce, a happy mixture, ond
the highest state of cultivation; but the tree which
planted in it makes no progress. It is not diseased,
t can scarcely be called healthy; it blossoms in sea-
l, but does not seem to put forth energy sufficient to
ng its fruit to perfection; and although when pro-
ced it is fair to the eye, it has little flavor, and soon
riehes. Its shoots are not deformed, nor do they
juire much pruning; but the foliage has a weak and
ider appearance, although it cannot be denominated
:kly. Its bark is thin ond clean; and its foliage
ea not fall or change color prematurely, but it makes
progress — there is no strength in its growth, and
t there is no sensible defect — an ornamental tree, but
very little value, although of the choicest Iriiit-bear-
^ species.

Frank. — Why, what can be the matter with the
je then ?

Father. — Nothing — the matter is in the soil, which
a been too highly manured, and made light and po-
U8 by such frequent dressings — in fact this tree
ight be compared to a rich, indolent, unemployed
ung man, eaten up with ennui! no disease, but no
talth — no pain, but no pleasure — with energy suffi-
;nt to put forth a blossom, but not enough to bring
to perfection — no fear of dying, but no hope ot liv-
g — blameless, but praiselesg— does no harm, nor any
lod, and may as well be dead as alive !
Frank. — Well, I would not be a gentleman if I could,
at how would you set about curing such a nameless
sease ?

Father. — / would try it with affliction. I would
€n the ground about the roots, amputate some t f
em, and mix clay and lime with fresh strong loam
r filling in; and then I would prune close and hard,
mding the branches pretty close to the body of the
!, and await the result with confidence.

Frank. — Well, these would he pretty hard lines, as
Grnbb says.

Father. — Yes, but I have known many such char-
aeterewho had abundant cause to exclaim, " It is good
for me that I have been afflicted." You know ibcrc
is the eon of old Judge Thomson, who, while his
wealth remained with him, has often complained of the
trouble of eating, and could not bear the idea of
walking abroad, even on the score of health: was
charitobly disposed, butcouid not prevail upon himself
to use the leost exertion, even were it to save a fellow
creature from starving: it is even said, that, when in
a passion with his servants, he has declared that he
would kick them if it were not so much trouble I —
But the fire which destroyed his wealth, purified and
sanctified his soul; — he is now happy because he is
industrious; cheerful because usefully employed; ond
finds it no poinful exertion to walk miles to render
assistance to a suffering neighbor. He is now rich in
good works and sound bodily health; and often ex-
claims "It is good for me that I have been afllicted I"

Let us close by reading Dr. Drennan's beautiful
hymn,

THR FRVITS OF BENEVOLENCE.
The iiusbandman goes fortli .i-rleld,

AVJmt hopes iiis heart exp.ind !
What calm delight his labors yield,
A liarvest from his hand !

Ttic nobler husbandry of mind,

And culture of llic heart —
Shall such with men less favor find?

Less genuine joy impart?

Ah 1 no — your goodness strikes a root,

Which dies not, nor decays -,
And future life shall yield the fruit.

That blossoms now, in praise.

The youthful hopes, which now expand

Their green and tender leaves,
Shall spread a plenty o'er the land.

In rich and yellow slieavcs.

Thus, a small bounty well bestow'd

May perfect heaven's higli p Ian ;
First daughter to the love of God,

Is charity to man.

'Tis he, who scatters blessings round,

Adores bis Malcer best I
His walk through life is mercy-crowned.

His bed of death is peace. J. P.

Bliuders upon Horses.

Is there any real use in having blinds or blinders
upon the bridles of carriage horses ? We doubt ex-
ceedingly if there need be, provided, nevertheless, as
the lawyers say, the horses are trained as they ought
to be in the beginning. We have known horses that
would travel os well without as with them, and we
believe much better. We have no doubt that nine-
tenths of the springing and starting of horses upon the
road is owing to their being hood winked with those
pads over their eyes, leaving only a small space to
peep out, and that too not in the direction of true vis-
ion. Objects cannot appear distinct and natural when
thus seen, and what wonder is it if they start when
they discover what to them appears, in consequence of
the indistinctness with which it is seen, some strange
monster. Horses will run day after day in the pasture
among rocks and stumps, without betraying the least
fear, but when in horness will "shy" whenever they
pass by one of those same rocks and stumps Some-
times we meet with a horse that is partially blind or
near sighted, and these almost invariably start and ore
skittish. Instead of "blinders," such horses should
have nothing over their eyes, or spectacles to improve
their optics. There are many other improvements to
be macle upon harness.

We load horsess too much with trappings. One
quarter of the expense is incurred for useless straps
and buckles and buttons. The more light and simple
harness can be made compatible with strength and re-
al use the better it is, and the more ornamental it will
be. We need all the strength of the horse to draw
the load, instead of bearing up o useless burden of lea-
ther and metal. — Maine Farmer.

Presen'iug Green Peas.

Now is the time for those who like a good thing in
the winter, to lay up a store of green peas. If shelled
ond put into a dry bottle and corked perfectly tight,
(sealed.) they may be kept until winter with ease. —
They should be cooked as soon as the bottle is opened,
as they will not keep well after the air comes to them.

We have been told by o person who has traveled
in Germany, that the Germans preserve green peas by
shelling them and putting them into a pickle made of
salt and water. In the winter they are taken out,
soaked until fresh, ond cooked. Beans in the pod ore
are also preserved, pods and all, by cutting them into
pieces and pickling them in the same way. — lb.

Ilnin.

The largest drops of rain, which ore obout one fifth
of an inch in diameter, will fall 2,040 feet in a min-
ute; but the ordinary drops in this climate will seldom
fall half 80 fast. Hail-stones in the south of Europe,
having sometimes the enormous diameter of two inch-
es, will fall with a velocity of 118.^ feet in a second,
or more than o mile and a quarter in a minute; a rapid-
ity of stroke which destroys cornfields and ravages
vineyards.

The Mahogany Tree in St. Domingo, is tall,
straight and beautiful, 'with red flowers, ond oval lem-
on sized fruit. When the tree grows on a barren soil,
the grain of this wood is beautifully variegoted — upon
rich ground it is pole, open, and of little value.

It is stated by the Mayor of Boston, that one-fifth o
the taxation of the city goes to the public schools.

Rural Melodies.

BY BEN BARLEYCORN.

6ay, do you love the music of the farm,
Sweet melodies of nature, that can charm
The very soul— ay, hold control
O'er all the feeling, and toman impart
The best affections of a grateful heart ?

Then come with me; list to the cheerful songs.
The coral anthems of the fcather'd throngs.
We hear the fay— from every spray.
Along the hill-tops — o'er the fiowery lawn.
And merry music hails the breaking dawn 1

Up mounts the curlew, trilling through the air ;
And hark ! we hear tlie cherry lark, loo, there.
The soaring kite— in giddj- heigJit,
Sends forth his piercing note, load, shrill, and clear.
And cackling fowls to covert scud with fear.

The solitary cat-bird and the thrush.
On towering pine or shady alder bush,
Now strain their throats — in comic notes ;
While on the osier bough or 'midst the fern,
The black-bird and the sparrow sing in turn.

Sweet robin ; no\v from yon old apple tree,
Thou wprblest forth thy song most merrily 1
From morn to night — 'tis thy delight.
Thy fond, endear'd and sitting mate to please
And entertain with thy own melodies.

Like jingling school-bell, screams the noisy jay.
As off she flies far to ths copse away.
The whistling quails — athw.irt the vale,
Call^utiJoS Wliite! then skulks along the glen,
Avoiding all society witlimen.

The blue-bird, goldfinch, martin, swallow, wren,

The carolers of forest, field and (en.

Sweet turtle dove— who sings of love.

The twilight minstrel too, lone whip-poor-will,

These with their canzonets the hamlet fill.

But there is one whose note out-does the whole,
'Tis so diverting and so very droll ;
Pertbob-a-link — 1 hcirthy clink,
.iUa-cfipeUa-cantaljiU-chickopce-nibble-O-nihhIe-

O-tintinnuhulo-chcerilij-cheerily-sueet .'
What birdin jabber can Willi thee compete?

Here herds are lowing, there the sporting lambs
Are frisking gay, or bleating for their dams.
The rampant hounds— pursue Iheir rounds;
Their yelping music makes the welkin ring. ^^^
And frightened conies lo their couches spring. ^^

The torrent rumbles down its rugged way.

And streamlets murmur thro' the blooominglay.

The wavy trees — creak to llie breeze

That hums concordant on, o'ci plain and hill,

And in its course revolves the rattling mill,

Come now, ye Metropolitans with me

Enjoy the sweets of rural minsirelsy ;

In vain ye show — what art may do ,

Your n'oods, and Knights, and Russets, all must yield

The palm to these sweet songsters of the field.

Yankee Farmer.

t28

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

Vol.1.

For the -Veir Genesee Farmer.

Reply to Annette, on Female Edacationt

Mr. Editor — I noticed in your last, some remarks
from Annette, on the " Mie-education of Farmers'
Danghiere," and having been myself a farmer's
daughter, and a member of one of the oldest Inatitn-
tions in the State three years, I feel unwilling to have
all the ignorance of a vain and indolent school-girl at-
tributed eituer to the " system of education," or the
•' mode of teaching;" and I believe, could the record
be given for the last ten years of tho female semina-
ries in Canandaigua, Geneva, Albany, and Troy,
(which are among the oldest inslitiitione in the State,
and commonly have the appellation of " Fashionable
Boarding School" attached to them,") it would inva-
riably be, that, "like mother, like child." Young
ladies do not go to these institutions to receive their
first impressions; they seldom enter until their habits
and dispositions are formed; and instead of affirming
that the " whole system of popular female education
is conducted with reference to display rather than util-
ity, and is exactly calculated to create a taste for the
emptly show and false pleasures of a city," she would
be surprised to see those teachers weary themselves,
early and late, to counteract the influence of the last
injunction of an injudicious, uneducated, but wealthy
mother. " Madam, pay particular attention to her
manners" is never forgotten, while it is seldom sug-
gested that her mind may be neglected; and one would
suppose that the adage "Knowledge is power," had
been changed in her cradle, for " wealth is power;"
and her Cameo's, Mosaic's, Watch, Gold Pencil,
and Finger Rings, arc to her sufficient recommen-
dations, and she considers herself the "true no-
bility" of the school; and if informed it is against the
rules to wear ornaments every day, the reply is at
once offered, " Ma' wished me to wear them every
day." If reproved for her idleness, "Ma' never
wished me to study History, she always said I could
read that at home with her — and mathematics will nev-
er do me any good, — I am not going to teach." There
is no school but what has more or less of this class of
young ladies in it; but they seljora remain more than
six months, or a year, in which time they have receiv-
ed their "liberal and fashionable education," while,
in truth, they have not learned the alphabet of llieir
own ignorance. Who would apply the term " .ibe-
rally educated" to a gentleman who had been six
months or a year in college 7 and no one would have
tho vanity to think that a lady could accomplish more
t'uan a gentleman.

To say of these institutions " xhey pretend to teach
many of the natural sciences, but they are taught in
«uch a superficial, uninteresting manner, that thc^y fail
of producing their proper influence on the mind, and
that a mere smattering of these sciences is deemed
sufficient," is as untrue as it is unkind, and however
superficial I may be in Mathematics, Metaphysics, or
the Natural Sciences, it is no fault of any teacher, or
" system of teaching;" and no young lady, with suf-
ficient time, a tolerable ambition, and a proper stimu-
lua from home, can come from any one of the above
institutions with those false notions of education. It
isotmntter whether they are Merchants', Lawyers',
or Farmers' daughters; if they go to improve, they
will improve; and just what they aim to be, they will
be. If they go " to get the polish," they return home
with a borrowed gnrmont of politeness; but return
they went, "unlitted fur any station in life," and of
course, "discontented and unhappy," while the hap
piness of the truly educated lady consists in makin"
herself Ksc/'«;, and that too in her own home, whether
in the city or in the country. It is also incongruous
to suppose that the " liberally educated lady should
get tiled of iheoonntry," aird th? sweets of rural life,

or reject the addresses of real merit, " for some heart-
less city fop;" it shows the want of education, not the
effect of it; and if Annette wishes a reformation in
the present system of education, she could not do it
more effectually than to reform the motliers at home.

FANNY.

(Valnut Grore, July 18, 1840.

Remarks. — We give Fanny a cordial welcome to a
place in our columns. She wields an able pen, and
we hope to hear from her again. While Annette per-
ceived the existence of a great and spreading evil in
society, and partly discovered its source; Fanny has
traced it to the fountain, and we hope she will not
leave it, till more has been done to check its bitter wa-
ters.— Eds.

The Horse Thistle.

The common horse thistle, like other large weeds,
chokes and excludes better things, or robs them of
their nourishment; and in meadows and wheat fields,
sometimes increases the damage by detaining the hay-
maker and the binder, who have to stop and throw it
out. A very little care however, is sufficient to keep
it within moderate limits. About the time it is com-
ing into flower, a side strolie from the common hoe,
will break the stalk from the root, and it never sprouts
afterwards. Pastures may thus be kept in order by
an annual visit; and if none go to seed on the ground,
the stock will soon run out. Perhaps indeed, a few
visitors may come floating on the wind from the fields
of a careless neighbor; but these, in most cases, will
be so few in number, that a breakfast spell would give
a good account of them in any pasture of moderate
size.

We are the more earnest on this subject, because
these intruders, making no noise, come in almost with-
out observation; but let such as gabble or squeal ven-
ture there without any right, though probably doing
less injury, and they are ejected without delay. This
is right; but farmers should be consistent, and drive
out the destroyers of their crops, whether they stand
on four lege, on two legs, or on no legs at all. t

For the iVctr Genesee Farmer.
Breaking Steers.

Messrs. Editors. — I agree with the remarks of
your correspondent C***», in your last paper, that
Steers should be treated with " gentleness and kind-
ness;" but, with all due deference to his opinion, I
must say I do not think that swinging a yoke around
the neck of a steer, and letting him run frightened and
bellowing about the yard till he is "somewhat sub-
dued," is very " discreet managemem" or kind and
gentle treatment.

I will therefore briefly state what I consider " the
more excellent way." I,et the steers be confined
singly in a strong ond convenient yard — then with a
suitable whip (say C feet in length, with a short lash
attached) teach the steer to be drove. None but gen-
tle means are requisite. A skilful and patient use of
the whip and voice will overcome all obstacles, and in
ordinary cases, a few hours is sufficient to teach him
to be driven at pleasure about the yard. His mate
may then be taught in the same manner. This will
probably be sufficient for once, and the business may
be resumed at intervals until they can be driven singly
or side by side, and turned either way with perfect
ease. This treatment will render the steers more
kind and gentle, until they will seem as well pleased
with the exorcise as their owner is with their improve-
ment. Then, and not till then, the yoke may be put
on, and after a little more practice light loads should
he attached, to teach them to draw, and the work is
done. This is my method of breaking steers by kind-
ness. Tliey arc notol'ten s-ulh/ if treated in this man-
ner— much more frequently rrjractory. In such ca-
eca nolhing is wanting but a little more time and more

patience on the part of the driver. If the cattle ar«
kept gentle, as they always should be by kind treat-
ment, two pairs are usually broke in three days, and
in this manner will stay broke. R.

Madison Co., July loth, 1840.

EaliATi.— P. 97, 2dcol., line 20 from bottom, for "rusty
from tiitease," read '^musttf fromdisu£e.'\

P. 104, 1st col., line 6 from top, for "absurd to suppose,
rc.td, abgurd as to suppose.

The tliird paragraph Oh " lightning rods," p. 104 should not
be quoted.

Seed Buckwheat for sale at the Seed Store by

M. B. BATKH-\!M.

NEW BOOKS.

CHILD'S work on Beet Su^.if, Buel's Farmers' Com-
pruiion ; the American Swine Breeder's Companion ;
Bridgeman's Gardener, new edition; and a fresh supply of
sundry other valuable books, for sale at the Seed .*tore.

I\I. B. BATEHAM.
June Ist, 1840.

OLD GENESEE FARMER,

BOUND Vols., 1st. and4lh, may he had at SI per vol.
Swine Breeder, or a treatise on fattening swine.

For sale by D. HOYT.

May IIS. 6, Stale-sl. Rochester.

VOLUMES WANTED.

A high price will be paid for several copies of vols. 3, 5,
and 0 of the Weekly Genesse Farmer.
Julg \sl, IMO. M. B. BATEHAM.

PORTABLE THRASHING MACHINES.

CLOVER MACHINES A.ND HORSE POWERS.

WARRA.NTED to he thoroughly built and to work well i
made by Thomas D. Burrall, Geneva, Ontario Co.,
N. Y.

These machines have all been warranted " to he thorough-
ly built, and to work well;" and Ihcy hane fuliy sustained
that learranly.

They have gone largely into use; more than four thousand
are in'opcration; many of them have thrashed from ten to
twenty thousand bushels each, without repairs. More than
eight hundred new macllines were sold during the laf^t sea-
son ; and on thorough trial, they have been recommem^ed by
Ihsse who use iheni " to he as complete, and to vork as vtU
as any in the icorld.'^

His new Combination INIachine separates the grain from
the straw in the process of thrashing, tcitltovt any additional
machidery : saves the labor of one h;md in raking away th«
straw — much grain which is nsiially rakc^i offwith the straw
— and is driven with less power than any other machine ia
use.

Genera, JuveV!, If40.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT.

CORRECTED FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, AUGUST 2, 1840.

WHEAT, perbushel, $ 78 a § 81

CORN, " 37J 41

OATS " 28

BARLEY, " 37J 41

RYE, " 50

PEAS, Common, . " 50

BEANS, White, . . " 75

POTATOES,.... "(new) 34 37^

APPLES, Desert,. " 62J 75

" Dried,... " 1,00 1,25

CIDER, barrel, ... 1,75 2,00

FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,00 4,25

" Fine " 3,50 3,75

SALT, " 1,75 1,81

FORK,Me8s " 13,00.... 14,00

" Prime " 10,50 11,00

" Hog, lOOlbs 4,00 4,5C

BEEF, " 4,00

EGGS, per dozen, .10 ISJ

BUTTER, Fresh, . . per pound 10 12J

" Firkin, "... 10

CHEESE, " ... 6 8

LARD, " ... 7 8

TALLOW " ... 10

HIDES " ... 5

SHEEP SKINS each,... 38 50

WOOL pound, . . 38 50

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00

POT, " " .. 4,.50

HAY, ton, . . 5,00 6,00

GRASS SEED bushel,.. 1,50 2.00

CLOVER, " " ... 10,00.... 12,00

FLAX,.... " " ... 75 1,00

PLASTER, (inbblB.)perton, 6,00

" bulk, fat Wheatland) 3,00

London, July :}. — Harvest Prospects. — The wheat is now il
full bloom, and nothing couhi have been belter for it than tin
weather for the last week or ten days.

Flour in London '27*5. in bonfl, and in Liverpool 'its. A; 269

General average price of wheat for the week ending Jum
•>0, 07s. 41. Aggregate average of last sii weeks, C7s. 9J.-
Outy I'^s. 8d.

Livrai'oo;,, July 3.— Flour in bond has ,idvanccdto 203. Bit
1 27s. Sd. perWil.— at ivlilrh nliom 5»h;o bhls. have sold to-flay

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

e: F." mIrIhIlL, Proprietors. \ ^OI.. 1. ROCHESTER, SEPTEMBER, 1840.

IVO.

., I

JOHN J. THOMAS,

M. B. BATEHAM, Editors.

PimiilSHEO MOXTIIL.Y

IH CONNECTION WITH THE ROCHESTER SEED STORE AND AORl-
CULTURAI, REPOSITORY.

Terms— FIFTY CENTS, per year, payaWe always in ail-
vnnce.

Post blasters. Agents, and others, sentling utoney free of
postage, will receive seven L-opies for gy, — l^eU-e copies lor
go, — Ticeniy-Jivc copies for ^lii.

Tlie postage of this paper is only one cent to any place
within this state, and one and a half cent to any part of
the United States.

CONTENTS OF THIS MmiUER.

The Cattle Show and Fair. Ploughing Match 1'29

Canadian Visitors. Large Peaches, 1'29

Attention Headers I EngUsh News, I'iO

Roller on Insects. The Urag Holler 130

Applying Fresh INIanilre 130

The ilosc (^lowering Locust. Ploughing in Wheat,. 131

Cleaning Clover ?^ced 131

The Flowers of Siuntner. The Wild Rose, . . » 13*2

Clover Seed and Machines. "The last Rose of Sum-
mer, 132

Inquiries aliout Orchard Grass. Fanning ; its ad-
vantages, 1.13

Improved breeds of Swine, Large sale of Berkshire^, 133
Inquiries — Disease in Poultry, Ringbone on Horses, 133
Agriculture in Upper Canada ; Observations on ma-
king Buller— iManageinent of Cattle and Sheep,

&c., by lion. A. Fergusson 131

Rainy days Shade Tree^ in Pastures, 135

Prospects of the Wheat Market, 135

Improved Bee Houses and Bee Hives, invented by

John Senrle, Esq. — with cuts, 130 — 7

On Propagation by seeds and cultivation. News-
papers, 139

Thirteenth Annual Fair of the American Institute,. .139

Hints for the IMonth. Yellows in Peach trees 140

Culture of Fruit. The Bassano Beet. Alsike clover, HO
Ontario Co. Ag. Society, Genesee Co. Ag. Society, -lU
' Late sales of improved Cattle. -^ cure for the Heaves

in Horses 141

Improved variety of Wheat, Masshannocks, vs. Ro-

hans, 141

Labor Saving Machines. Lime Burning — perpetual

kilns, 142

Method of restoring life to the apparently Drowned,. 143
FruitTrees. Treatment of sick animals. Silk Culture,142
Produce of the Durham Cow " Blossom." Hollow

Horn, 143

To make wives love their homes, 143

Obituary— de.ith of E. F. Marshall 144

Dreadful News from Florida — Death of Dr. Perrine,.144
Fire and loss of Life in Rochester. Shocking Cala-
mity at .\lliany, 144

Census of Rochester, Butfalo and Utica, 144

The Cattle Show and Fair Rochester. Errata 144

Advertisements. Price Current. Remarks 144

PUBIilSHERS' NOTICES.

rrSome should Read this.iX

Some of our friends have promptly responded to the
til which we made last month respecting remittnn-
es — these have our thanks. But our books show
that there are several hundred dollars yet due us from
;ent8 and Postmasters. This is too bad, it is not
(jUBt; it is not honest I We make no profit on the
mblicalion, and if all that is now due was promptly
(Mid, we should not save a dollar for our services. —
IWe do not mean to be harsh, or complain without
reason, but there is a point beyond which forbearance
ceases to be a virtue. The harvest is now over, and
imoney begins to circulate among fanners: so that we
ihope soon, not only to receive what is now due, but
atfo a large amount of new subscriptions. [CFOur
friends will not slight this c a

Note is the Time. — Jlany of our frrends promised
to obtain a number of new subscribers as soon as far-
mers sold their wheat and got a little money. We
hope they will not forget this, about these times; and
WB would remind them that it will save trouble if
they will pay for two years at once — it is only one dol-
lar, and another year ie fast drawing near.

Acknoicledgemcnts. — Our thanks are due to the of-
ficers of the Midland District and the Niagara District
Agricultural SocietiLS, in Upper Canada, for their lib-
eral orders for this paper. We hope they will be great-
ly benefitted thereby, and that other Societies will
•oon follow their e.\araples.

OCT Will the Secretaries inform ua how the papers
an to be ssnt ?

The Cattle Show and Fair at Rochester.

The farmers generally in this region manifest much
interest in the coming fair, and we confidently antici-
pate that it will be highly useful and interesting. All
who can, should bring something to exhibit, not how-
ever for the purpose of obtaining the premiums, but
to give interest to the meeting and odvance the cause
of agriculture. We are happy to inform our readers
that the principal breeders and owners of fino stock in
this county have promised to bring their animals, so
that all may be assured there will be a good display.

The second day is intended chiefly for the sale and
exchange of farm stock, and all who wish to purchase
or sell fine animals will do well to be present. Suita-
ble arrangements will bo made respecting pons, pas-
ture, stabling, Slc.

The Ploughing Match.

By the liberality of the Floughmakers of this city,
three improved ploughs, of different patents, will be
given as prizes for the best ploughing ; the person en-
titled to the first prize, to have the first choice. Horse
teams only are to be used, without drivers, each to
plough one quarter of an acre. A field of greensward
will be obtained for this purpose near the city. Plough-
men who intend to compete are requested to leave their
names at the Seed Store a few days before the Fair.

A Correction — In the list of articles for premiums
published last month, on page 128, the 23d and 24th
premiums should read for pigs not more than 9 months
old; instead of " 7 months old."

A Meeting of the Executive Committee

Of the Genesee Agricultural Society, will be held
at the Arcade House, Rochester, on Saturday, the
12th of September, at 11 o'clock, A. M., to appoint
committees, and make arrangements for the coming
Fair. A full attendance is very desirable.

Canadian Visitors.

The following letter from the Hon. Adom Fergus-
son, was intended as a private commnicaiion ; but
knowing that it will have a good effect we take the li-
berty to publish it.

WOODHILL. WaTERDOWS, U. C. )

August 22, 1840. ]

Dear Sir — I observe with some interest the an-
nouncement of an Agricultural Show ond Fair to be
held at Rochester on the 7th of October ; and if we
thought we should be welcome guests I think some of
our farmers would feel inclined to take a trip over and
see your Genesee stock.

What would the chance be of selling my Bull, May
Duke, at the Fair ? I have also a thorough-bred
yearling Bull which I might peihnps send — Fray
let me hear fiom you at your earliest convenience.
Yours, truly, ADAM FERGUSSON.

Reply. — We are gratifirid to learn, from various
sources, thatmony of our'Canadian neighbors manifest
considerable interest in our coming Fair, and we have
reason to hope that a number of them will honor us
with a visit at that time We can with confidence
assure them ihot their presence would be most welcome
to the farmers of Genesee, and if we do not make
their visit profitoble to them, we will at least try to
make it pleasant.

Respecting the sale of animals, we had rather in-
vite our distant friends here to purchase than to sell ;
but at the same time we think it highly probable that
Mr. Fergufson could sell those he mentions, to good

ndvaniage. We know them to be of a high order of
excellence, and should be pleased to see them at tho
Fair i but whether it would bo advisable to drive or
transport them so far, we arc at a loss to decide. — Eds.

Large Peaches.

We have not had ns fine a season for fruit in five
years past as the present. The warm weather of late
has greatly benefitted the Peaches, and they are now
ripening in great abundance and of excellent quality.
Mr. E. D. Smith has exhibited some of the Royal
Kensington variety measuring over nine inches in cir-
cumference. Mr. E. Watts and several other persons
have raised them nearly as large. But the largest and
best peach that we have seen or heard oi" this year
was a yellow malacaton fully ripe from the garden
of T.B.Hamilton, Esq. which measured nine inches and
three quarters in circumference. Mr. Ira Carpenter,
brought us a pine-apple clingstone of the same size aa
the preceding,but not fully ripe, from the garden of Mr.
Howe. — August iXst.

Attention Readers I — We flatter ourselves that the
New Genesee Farmer is not often thrown aside with-
out being generally read ; but for fear that some of
our readers are in the habit of laying it bye fur a rainy
day, wo would remind them that our monthly messen-
ger always contains some valuable information ex-
pressly adapted to the season, and therefore it should
be read without much delay. The article by Mr.
Fergusson in this and our last number, will be found
interesting to farmers in this country as well as Upper
Canada.

English News.

The eteam ship President at New York, brings
dates from England to the first, and the Acadia at
Boston, to the 4th ult. This last vessel made her
trip in the remarkable short space of 12i days.

The Cotton Market was active and firm at fair quo-
tations. A considerable revival had taken place in
the e.\port of monufactured goods in this country.
The President has brought out 1300 paekogcs.

The crops of grain were uncertain, as the weather
had been very unpropitious; but the Mark Lane Ex-
press of the 3d inst. says, "the weather has during the
past week been decidedly auspicious, and advices from
all parts of the country, represent ihe outstanding crops
as having been greatly improved within the last ten
days."

The following is an extract of a letter received in
Philadelphia, dated

" Liverpool, August 3. — The weather for July
Las been most unfavorable, and threatened the des-
truction of the harvest. It has however, latterly look-
ed up, and the present indications are that it may yet
be saved; however, there will not now be an average
crop. The consequences, had we been compelled to
send our gold to the continent for grain, would have
been disaslrous. Money, now easy, would have be-
come tight: confidence been shaken: probably failures
have ensued, and the prospects of several in com-
merce, blasted. As it is, I trust that the deficiency of
our crops will be amply supplied from America; and
then, I have no dmibt, there will be a good spring
trade, and cotton rise before Christmas. I send a
circular, from which you will see that although there
is an excess of import of 300,000 bales, the stock si
less than at this date 1839, by 20,000. This exem-
plifies at once, the effect of low prices upon the con-
sumption. Our grain market is dull. The funds
have been materially affected by some statements in
the French papers, of dissatisfaction on the part of
France, at our conduct about Egj'pt and Turkey. The
impression is that it is a stock-jobbing affair."

Hot. — The mercury stood at 91 in the shade, at
Rochester, on Wednesday the 19th ull.

130

T J^I E NEW GENESEE F A R M ER

Vol.1.

Koller ou Insects.

Wo have examined this vnlunbic produclinn with
much eatislaetion. Any work having any pretensions
to accuracy or ability, on insects injurious to the far
mcr or gardener, cannot fail of great utility; particu-
larly valuable, therefore, must be one written with the
care and precision of the book before ua.

This work was prepared by a conimiltec of the
Royal and Imperial Agricultural Society of Vienna,
with the authority and direction of the Austrian go-
vernment. It is translated from the Gemian by Jane
and Mary Jjoudon, and contains ninny valuable notes
by J. O. Wcstwood, Secretary tu the British Entomo-
logical Society.

The study of Entomology has received hitherto but
little attention in this country; probably a tenth part
of the insects of the United States have never been de-
scribed. Destriictive insects, especially, are very im-
perfectly known. It would doubtless be of great ad-
vantage to the agriculture of our State, could the labors
of the State Zoologist be directed to an examination of
the manners and habits of those insects more particu-
larly which have proved destructive to the farming in-
terests. Although the work before us describes Eu-
ropean insects, yet from their similarity, and some-
times identity with the insects of our own country, it
would prove a very important assistant in nil investi-
gations of the habits of this destructive class of animals.
We hope its republication in this countr)' will soon be
called for; and in the meantime we propose to lay be-
fore our readers n few extracts, which we doubt not
will prove occeptnble.

The following introductory remarks, contain much
in little space, and will be interesting to those unac-
quainted with the study.

"Insects are animals which have a body consisting
of one or more divisions, articulated feet, a head cojt-
Bpicuously distinct from the body, on which are placed
two movable horns, called antennas. They breathe
through air holes, which are situated on the sides ol
the body; the greater number have wings in their per-
fect state, and only a proportionately small number
are without them. With the exception of certain
groups, all insects have six feet, and their bodies are
divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen, by notches
or incisions; hence the name ivturt is derived from the
Ijatin word insrcure, to cut or notch. Before they at-
tain their perfect state, they are subject to various
transformations, which are called nielamorphoses."

After a perspicuous description of the orders, are the
following remarks on transformation.

" The greater number of insects properly so called,
with the exception of some without wings, change their
form several times during their life in so striking a
manner, that a person unacquainted with entomology
would be inclined to consider one and the same insect, in
different periods of its existence, as so many entirely
different animals.

"To the farmer, gardener, or forester, the know-
ledge of the transliirmalion of insects is of the greatest
importance, as without it he beholds his greatest ene-
mies, without having' the means of defence or mode of
attack, and neglects the most suitable for their great-
est possible diminution, or entire extirpation, from the
want of knowledge.

" Insects, in general are jiroduccd from egas; a few
species alone, in which the eggs are developed in the
body of the mother, are viviparous; for example the
aphis.

"The female lays her eggs, which are often stuck
on and covered with a sort of glue, to preserve them
(rom the weather, shortly after pairing, instinctively in
the place best ndaiUed to their developcment, and
which offers the proper food for ihe lortheoniing brood.
The white-thorn bu'terffy, ami the goldcn-tnil moth,
lay their eggs on the Icavesof fruit trees orother leafy
trees, and the latter covers them over with a gold co-
lored covering of silk. The common lackey-moth
(' Oasliopiicha ( linmlnjr) ncii/triii) fastens ibeni in
the form of a ring round the stem of the fruit trees;*
and the gipsey-moth (Bomhijr disj/ar) fastens them

* Similar to our roininon orchard caterpillar, wliinji, in its
perlei't stale, tlic I'^iiropciii laclicy-iiiotli very clopely resem-
bles, if It JH not identical n itli it.— AWa. X (J. t'ur.

in a broad patch on the stem of the tree or paling, and
covers them with a thick coating of hair. The winter
moth ( (jcomelrn brumaUi) lays them singly on the
buds of the leaves and flowers; the printer beetle
( }in$trirhiis typogrtiphus) introduces them between
jhe bark and the alburnum, &c.

" Most insects arc developed from the eggs in the
shape of worms, which are called larva. The larva of
butterflies, which aie always provided with leet, are
called caterpillars; those of beetles and other insects
larva; and when they have no feet the latter are called
grubs or maggots. • » • The larva state is the
period (Jf feeding, and at this period insects are usual-
ly the destructive enemies of other productions of na-
ture, and objects of persecution to farmers, gardeners,
and foresters.

" The nymphn or pupa slate succeeds that of larva.
In this state insects for ihe most part take no nourish-
ment (with the excejition of grasshoppers, cimices,
and cicada!, which vary but little in form from the lar-
va), and repoic in a death-like slumber. • * *

"After a certain period, which is fixed in every spe-
cies of insects, and wdiich can either be hastened or
retarded according to circumstancee, the perfect insect
appears from the pupa. " * It is incumbent on the
perfect insect to propagate its species, therefore the
organs for this purpose are only perfected at this pe-
riod of their lives."

From an interesting section on the food of insects,
we have room for the following brief extracts only.

"Insects, like other animals, derive their nourish-
ment from the vegetable and animal kingdoms; but a
glance is sufficient to show, that they possess a much
wider field of operations than the others.

" While the other animals make use for their sub-
sistence of only a Biiiall portion of the inexhaustible
treasures of the vegetable kingdom, and reject the rest
OS insipid or noxious, tlie insects leave perhaps no ve-
getable production untouched. From the majestic oak
to the invisible fungus, or the insignificant wall-moss,
the whole race of plants is a stupendous meal, to which
the insects sit down as guests. Even those plants
which aie highly poisonous and nauseating toother
amnmls, are not refused by them.

" But this is not yet all. The largest plant-consu-
ming animals are usually limited to leaves, seed, and
stalks: not so insects, to the various families of which
every part of a plant yields suitable provender. Some
which live under the earlh, attack roots; others choose
the stem and branches, a third division live on the
leaves, a fourth prelcrs the flowers, while a fifth se-
lecls the fruit or seed.

" Even here a still further selection takes place. —
Of those which feed ou the roots, stem, and branches,
some species eat only the rind, like the bee-hawk-
moth; others the inner bark and the alburnum, like
the Torfrix JVocbcriaiia ; a third division penetrates
into the heart of the solid wood, like the goat moth and
the family of the long-horned beetles ( CcrninlnjcUta).

" Of those which prefer foliage, some take nothing
but juice out of the veins (aphides); others devour on-
ly the substance of the leaves without touching the
epederniis ( minlvg caicrpiUnrs) ; others only the up-
per or under surface of the leaves (many leaf rollers);
while a fourth division devour the whole substance of
the leaf (the larva of Lcpidoptcrous insects)." * * * *

"Many insects are very gluttonous, and often con-
sume more food in a day than is equal to the weight
of their bodies. Thus, the maggot of the flesh-fly, ac-
cording to Redi, becomes 200 times heavier in the
course of twenty-four hours. Caterpillars digest in
one day from one-third to one-lonrth of their weight;
and hence it is apparent that a comparatively small
number of caterpillars can entirely strip a tree in a few
days."

We purpose, in our next, to give a number of no-
tices and descriptions of individual insects which have
proved destructive to cultivators. Nincteen-twentieths
of the book arc occupied with these, many with excel-
lent accompanying wood-cuts; and the descriptions of
those common to both hemispheres, will of course be
equally valuable here and in Europe. ' *

the better if it is three feet, — as it will run easier, do
the work quite as well, and be less liable to clog by
gathering the clods before it. It is most conveniently
made of a hollow log split in two ; but if a solid log is
used, it may also be split in two, and remiered still
lighter if necessary, by hewing it away on the upper
and hinder side.

Two methods of rigging it, have been employed.
Thomas S. Pleasants who first described it in the fifth
volume of the Genesee Farmer says, " Two pieces of
scantling introduced oUir/ucli/ by mortise and tenon at
suitable distances from the ends of the log, and made
fast to each other opposite the middle, completes the
fixiure." Another plan is to fix two strong bars
square across the log, and connect them by mortieea
with the ends of a third piece in front of the roller, to
which the team is to be attached. This method has
been approved by James M. Garnet, President of the
Fredericksburgh Agricultural Society. Both we pre-
sume are very tflicient ; and any man that can handle
an auger and chisel may make one.

The latter says, " The superiority of this very sim-
ple and cheap contrivance over any inii)lemcnt yet
nsed for pulverizing ploughed land, none can cosily
conceive, who has not seen it tried ;" and the former
says, " I can attest from my own experience that it is
not only a convenient but frequently an indispensable
agent in reducing rough or cloddy ground. The most
stubborn piece of land, may by one, or at most by two
operations, be pulverized more completely than by
double or treble the number of ploughings. The first
application should be made immediately after the land
is turned over — that is to say, all land ploughed during
the day, should be subjected to the operation in the
afternoon. t

The Drag-Roller.

In another column we have mentioned the Drag-
roller. It was invented a few years ago by Thomas
B. Gay, a farmer of Goochland county, Virginia ; and
consists of a log six or seven feet long wdiich is drawn
or dragged side foremost over the ground. The log
should be at least eighteen inches in diameter, and all

Applying Fresh Manure.

Last spring we had no ground for Mangel- Wurzel
so suitable as some that had been in corn for two
years ; but which was too much exhausted for a root
crop without manure. We had none but fresh ma-
nure, however, and Judge Peters had recorded his
opinion that to this crop " fresh dung is decidedly hos-
tile." Besides our old friend of the Erie co. Nursery,
had condemned it not less decidedly. What was to
be done 1 Next winter and spring, we knew our
milch cows would suffer unless they had beets ; and
that we should suffer also, by the diminished products
of the dairy. So having some doubt il these writers
had conducted their experiments in the best manner,
we determined to use such manure as we had ; and
we can now announce that our success has been emi-
ent. We have not seen a more promising display of
beets in any field in the country.

We proceeded as follows : Double furrows were
turned outwards at proper distances throughout the lot;
and into these the manure was thrown down by fork-
fuls, touching one another the whole length of the
row. The harrow then passed over each row about
four times, tearing the manure to pieces, and mi.\ing
it with the soil. When this was done, (wo furrows
were turned together over it ; and the harrow passing
along twice more, mixed it still further, and left th«
ground moderately smooth.

A line was stretched on each row ; and without any
further preparation, the seed which had been scalded,
was drojiped. The line remained on the ground till !
the seed was covered with the hoe, which was done by
drawing the soil diagonally inward. This method,
however, is not favorable to much exactness of depth;
but we had plenty of seed, and it came up finely in
about a week. We had another piece within the
same enclosure, which was in as bad condition os any
in the neighborhood, being overgrown VMth Canada
thistles, some milk weeds, and such grasses as could

No. 9.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

131

Etiugyle for nn existence nmoiig tlicm. Il wne plough-
ed abont tlie beginning of the ei.xth monih ; and fresh
manure thrown in emnll heaps. Over these, the earth
was drawn with the hoe two or three inehes deep, and
pump]vin seeds planted. Jiist before the vines began
to run, the ground was ploughed again, turning the
urrows towards them. and the weeds around the hills cut
up ; but no harrow was introduced. The prospect of
the crop is very promising. We are satisfied, how-
ever, that the vigor of the plonts is chiefly to be as-
cribed to the fresh manure. The culture has been
grossly deficient. Further reflection on the subject
has convinced us, that if instead of throwing the ma-
nure into heaps, it had been laid in rows, and then
intimately mi.xed with the soil, by the harrow, the
plough, and the drag-roller frequently applied in suc-
ccsaion, breaking and grinding the clods which now
remain on it to a fine tilth, — the crop would have been
much greater.

In preparing the ground for root crops, we are per-
suaded that such would be the proper course. In this
kind of culture more especially, farmers generally err
by not pulverizing the soil sulTiciently. In preparing
a strip for Swedith turnips this season we had it har-
rowed sixteen times in immediate succession ; and
from hard ground it was reduced to a beautifid tilth.
We operated however, to a great disadvantage for want
of a drag-roller which would have crushed the clods
and ground them to dust.

Where clods of various size constitute three- fourths
of the soil, what proportion, do you suppose, is occu-
cupied by the roots of the crops ? These pass be-
tween the lumps but cannot enter eflectivcly into such
as are large ond harden in the sun ; and we are in-
clined to suspect that one-third of the same soil in
depth, completely pulverized would yield more nour-
ishment to the plants. This opinion will appear more
reasonable when we consider that the absorbent power
of a soil depends greatly on ils Jlncncss ; and that the
interior parts of a clod absorb but little, if any, mois-
ture from the atmosphere, or even from a shower of
rain.

In regard to the application of fresh manure, we
know that in many cases the practice is very injudi-
cious. A forkful of straw and dung, trodden firmly
together like pressed hay, is often thrown down on the
field ; and having been tossed a rod or iv.'o during the
operation of spreading, there it lies. The plough
comes along and covers it about half up, the other
part remaining like a monumeiat above the surface of
the field. The few plants that grow near it may draw
some nourishment from its sides ; but it is a dung-
hcnp of itself, with the raukness and fermentation of
other dimg-heaps only in a less degree. Perhaps an-
other lump may be slightly covered by the plough; and
if on this thin soil, a beet or a stalk of corn is set to
grow, can we expect it to flourish in dry weather ?

Well-rotted manure ia more easily mixed with the
sTil ; and this we believe is its only advantage over
what we obtain from the barn-yard in spring. The
apothecary rubs doicii a roll of sulphur in preparing
ointment ; and the farmer, by means of the harrow
and drag-roller may rub down fresh manure and soil
into an amalgam. In this way we may get its whole
strength without injuring any plants that such sub-
stances ever stimulate or nourish.

We do not expect however, that farmers will subject
large fallows to such perfect cidture ; but we will
mention a fact for their encouragement. One of
whom w^e have some knowledge, and who has become
independently rich by cultivating the earth, — has been
known to harrow his fields four or five times when
others would have been satisfied with a small part of
the labor. " Why do you barrow your ground so
much ?" was the question of a iicighboJ. ",lt is my

fancy," wos the laconic reply, but his crops might
have served for an answer.

The giound where our beets grew, though not so
thoroughly prepared as wc would recommend, is ge-
nerally in fine condition. Where the manure was well
broken, its traces aie most visible by the superior mel-
lowness and moisture of the soil. t

The Kose-FIoweriiis Locust.

The Rosc-floweiing Locust (fioW/iia hi^pida) grows
well in many parts of the Genesee country ; but it is
equally true that in many other parts ot the same dis-
trict, it will not flourish. So far os our observations
have reached, heavy loams are unfavorable. To ob-
viate this difliculty, we made a new soil of sand and
vegetable earth ; but were not able to suit it ; and the
last season we devised another plan. As the common
locust (Ruliitiid pseudiicacia) grows freely wherever it
is planted, the idea occurred that the Rose-flowering
might be contented to stand on the stems of the for-
mer, and thus avoid defiling itself with our soil. Ac-
cordingly wo set a number of grafts, two are growing,
apparently healthy, and flowers have already been pro-
duced. On inquiry however, we learn that others
have been beforehand in trying the experiment, but
make very difil-rent reports ; one representing thatthe
grafts soon decliite ; and another speaking of them in
favorable terms.

What information can our correspondents ofTord us.
on this subject ? t

PIonshiMg in Wheat.

We lately noticed the s\iperior benefits of this me-
thod of putting in wheat ; ond would again recom-
mend it, especially to those who have lands consider-
able worn. The dejtth at which the seed is buried, is
more regular ; and gives the young i»lants a strong
hold on the soil. The unctenncss of the surface is
onother item of great importance. Some farmers roll
their wheat in the fall ; ond we have done so to much
disadvantage, — for the blades had no protection from
the sweeping winds, and they suffered greatly. Other
farmers who plough in their wheat, then harrow it ;
hut we decidedly condemn the practice. Let the
ground remain as rough as the plough leaves it.

For ploughing in wheat, os the furrow should be
narrow, a one-horse plough answers very well ; and
if two horses draw it, their speed moy be brisk. By
ploughing lands only eight or nine I'eEt wide, we have
many dead turrows which serve as drains for the sur-
face water ; and by crowding well together the earth
from the two middle furrows of each land, it may be rais
ed considerably aUove the general level. In a climate so
wet as ours, every such inequality is an advantage.

In our native land, and in years that have long pas-
sed away, to plough in wheat was the general custom.
Then came the method of harrowing in. It could be
done more expeditiously, and many who did not take
time to reflect that often haste makes waste, odopted
it. It was a crab-like advancement in agriculture.
But if any of our readers are unwilling to try a whole
field by ploughing in, let them try a part. If one-half
is too much, try a quarter. Try a few lands — try one
land — but try it. And having arrived at this deter-
mination, do it — not to the halves — but thoroughly.
Make the experiment fairly, and in a farmer-like man-
ner. t

Cleaning Clover Seed.

Messrs. Editors — In your paper for this month, 1
read an inquiry from a Canadian correspondent, (S.)
as to the method of cleaning clover seed. — Now, to
pen on accurate description of a clover machine would
require too much room, as well as a much abler pen
than mine. Nevertheless, I will use my best efforts
for the benefit of your readers, it being a request
from you to your coircnpTudcnts generally.

The Jirsl process is separating the heads from, the
straw. — This is done by thrashing it with a flail, in
the usual manner of thrashing grain, which can be
done with comparative little lobor, in cold winter wea-
ther.

The second process is separating the seed from the
hnll or chajf'. — The machine necessary for this ))ur-
pose, is similar to a small sized thrashing machine,
except that the cylinder ond concave are covered with
heavy sheet iron, which is punched with a round and
sharp punch, so as not to cut the piece out where it
goes through; but leave the edges sharp and ragged
on the under side. This is nailed on to the cylinder
with the rough side outwards, and the concave, simi-
larly punched, is noiled on with the rough side inwards.
These are set so close together, that o few ot the long-
est teeth (as they are called) will touch until it has
iieen used for a while.

The heads or chaff", as it is often called, are fed into
the machine through n hopper, which extends the
whole length of the cylinder, and is secured over the
cylinder,6o that not more thon one-third of the width or
diameter of the cylinder is visible through the mouth
of the hopper, which is formed with the ends perpen-
dicular, and the sides spreading not more than half as
much as the hopper of a common fannmg mill.

The manner of driving this machine, as well as the
size of it, must depend on the power by which it is to
be driven.

The third process is cleaning the seed when so separ ■
ated. — Any ordinary fanning mill will answer thii
purpose. First, close the side doors which regulalu
the current of air; then toke out all sieves but the
coarse chaff" and the wheat sieves; then put a thin
board in the place of the sloping or chess sieve, so a'
to prevent the seed from going into the chess box, anit
also remember to put the wheat sieve into the low
est sliding place, so as to break the fall of the seed on
the sloping board; then turn rather slowly and ft''-
slowly.

It will be found on examination, a that part of 1
chaff", (that part lying next the mill,) has yet some
seed in it; this must go through the machine again,
and we have sometimes to put a portion through a
third time.

When this is occomplished, the seed will be separa-
ted from the choff, dirt, &c.; but in order to make i'-
fit for sowing, or for market, it must be cleaned simi
lor to Timoihy, Turnip, or other small seeds. For tliiu
purpose it is necessory to have, instead of the wheat
sieve, one finer than the sloping or chess sieve thd
material for which can be procured ot any of the hard
ware stores — and the wheot sieve must be substituted
for the coarse or chaffing sieve.

I have briefly stated the method/used in this neigh
borhood: and ollhough but imperfectly described, 't
can, I think, be comprehended by any man of ordi"
ry mechanical powers. Yours, &c.f

Yates CO. August, 1840. W. N. II.

Remarks. — We thank W, N. H. for his comnumi-
cation, ond, os the sub|ect is very important to most
of our readers, we should be glad if he, or some other
competent person, would give us a little further jirac-
tical information respecting growing and cleaning clo-
ver seed. As to the kind of soil ; time and frequency
of sowing ; time of cutting ; whether the first or sec
ond crop is best ; itsiial amount of feed obtained from
an acre, &c. Also, whether the thrashing connot be
done by a common thrashing machine instead of the
flail ; what is the cost of a clover machine with and
without a horse power ? Can the clover machine be
easily adapted to the different kinds of horse powers,
used for thrashing wheat,'Snd what amount of power is
required ! — Edi,

18S

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

VoL.1.

The Flowers of Summer.

Wenre informed ihat the Harrison i?oje originated
in New York with a gardener of that name.

On a thistly looking plant, five feet high, with eeve-
ral branching stems, email blue flowers are collected
into balls, often two inches in diameter. "Xhis ia the
Echinops spharocepludus from Austria. Its heads are
neat and singular.

PIduz has been well represented in the past and
present months. A sort which we imported from
England some years ago, without a name, bos been
long in bloom, and is much admired for its rcdpurple
flowers. In some respects, it resembles P. maculutu,
but in otherf, it is very distinct.

Phloz paniculata alTords eeverol fine Tarieties, all
red-purple however, and not a clear r«d. One, re-
markable for the size of its flowers, is rather pale; an-
other, of a deeper hue, has the segments of the corol,
reflected; and a third, not less intense in color,
has the segments patent. " Breck'e Seedling,"
perhaps another variety of this species, is one of the fi-
nest of the fine. It is more than four feet high, form-
ing dense panicles; aiid as the corol is of a lighter col-
or near the tube, it resemliles a " multitude of eyes."

Another kind which we received under the name of
P. pyramidalis V. purpurea, has made a fine display.
In the mornings it is tinged with blue, but not in the
latter part of the day. This circumstance is very cu-
rious.; but we proved it completely by comparing it
with slips from a panicle of another species, at diflier-
ent limes; and they agreed or diflered according to the
hour.

P. drummondii is the only known annual species of
this genus. It is a native of Texas, and considered
one of the finest ornaments of the border. Almost
every plant is a separate variety; and we have them
from very pale to the most glowing purple. With us,
it has done beet where the sod is sheltered most of the
day from the sun.

Hibisctis affords some fme ornaments at this time.
H. Syriacus a Syrian shrub, well known by the name
of Althaia frutex, has passed into several varieties
single and double. All that we have seen have purple
eyes. Such osare very double, seem to be more ten
der; and the double white particularly so — indeed it is
not adapted to this climate. We have the double pur
pie however, which has attained the usual height of
eight feet, and has withstood the winters of many
years. We think the single varieties have most beauty.

Our other species of Hibiscus are herbaceous. —
One with very large flowers of the purest white and a
red eye, is a general favorite. H. Palustris from the
marshes of the Seneca river, when transplanted into
a congenial soil, has also very large flowers, but of a
fine rosy hue. It grows four or five feet high. H.
moschcutus, pale red with a deeper colored eye is very
fine, and does well in a dry but sunk border. Anoth-
er sort, almost white with a slight tinge of red, is, like
the two preceding kinds perhaps, only varieties of the
same species.

Some years ago, we received seeds from a collector
who had gathered them in the South, which he called
a variety of Hdiiscus milituris. It differs however,
from Elliott's description of this species; and also
from H. caroZinianH5, whicli it more nearly restnibles.
It is quite hardy, and grows nearly seven feet high —
flowers five inches across, of a fine rose color with a
deep red eye. It is a glorious plant.

Toimg teedlings of those species, ore liable to be
drawn out by the frost in winter; and older plants to
lose their best buds near the base of the stem. An
inverted sod placed over them at the commencement
of cold weather, and left to remain till there is no
longer any danger from seve're frosts in the spring,
^ juld protect them effectually.

Gdui coronopij'olia (formerly CanluaJ is a bienni-
al from Corolina, but succeeds well in a covered bor-
der. One plant has eii stems more than four feet
high. The flowers are tubular, beautifully speckled
with red and yellow, and generally hang on one side
of the stem.

The white flowered Argcmorie is a favorite annual,
and much eupericr to A. mczkana with yellow blos-
soms. There is another species (A. ochroleucaj with
whitish flowers but lees showy. All these have be-
come naturalized in the garden.

Nuttallia pedata is a perennial from beyond the
Mississippi. Its red-purple flowers an inch in diame-
ter, are very neat and pretty, continuing long in
bloom. These ore on long slender stems, destitute of
leaves, except a few near the ground. There are oth-
er species of ihis interesting genua, such os N. digita-
ta, N. papapcr and N. grandijiora ; but the two last
are treoted as Green House plants.

The Verbenas add greatly to the beauty of the bor-
der, v. aublctiahom Louisiana, not able to abide our
winters, takes the habit of an annual. It exhibits its
rosy flowers through part of summer and all of au-
tumn, unless the frosts are severe. Even F. r. ticedi-
ana from the Green House, bears light frosts without
injury. This plant should be assisted in taking root
from its joints; and it will grow more vigorously and
bloom more profusely. Its scarlet and crimson flow-
ers ore very splendid.

The species of Rudhcckia are generally rough and
coarse, more suitable for the shrubbery than the bor-
der; but they are very showy. R. fulgida, R. mos-
cliata, R. Idrta, and R. pinnata, are among the best,
— the last particularly. R. laciniata is a native of this
district in moist woods. All of them are easily natu-
ralized.

Silcne regia has star-like flowers of the brightest
scarlet. It is a native of Ohio, grows from three to
five feet high, and ths plant continues to increase
in magnitude from year to year.

The Clary (Salria liorminum) is a curiosity. —
The top of each stem for an inch or two, is ornament-
ed with purple leaves which careless observers would
mistake for flowers. There is also a pale-red variety.
Both are pretty.

Salpiglossis is a genus from South America, inclu-
ding several species which make a fine display. —
When the stem has nearly done flowering, it may be
made to acquire new branches by bending it down,
and these will continue long in bloom.

Last spring we received seeds of Ttccdia carulca
from Union College. It is now finely in bloom, and
its cerulean hue, contrasting with oil our other flow-
ers, renders it more interesting. It is a Green House
perennial, but like many others, it may be treated as an
annual.

Bartonia aurea (Golden Bartonia) an annual, is
consideieda great acquisition Previous to its discov-
ery in California by Douglas, two other species (B.
ornala and jB. nuda) had been found up the Missouri,
the former biennial and the latter apparently peren-
nial. Those plants had ten petals, but our present spe-
cies has only^rc, so that the former generic character
must be modified. It is remarkable that the species
from the Miesouri introduced into England as early
as the year 181 1 , are scarcely known to florists, though
according to Nuttall they are among " the most singu-
lar and splendid in North America;" and Loudon
says they "open during the night and spread a most
agreeable odor." t

Wild Rice— Wnnted.

We wish some of our readers living near Lakes or
Rivers where it may be found, would procure us some
seed of the Wild llicc. They shall be compensated
for their trouble on sending it to the Kocheeier Seed
Store. — Eds,

Clover Seed and Machines.

Since the remarks on another page were in type, we
have received one or two more communications on the
subject of cleaning clover seed. We publish such as
contain information to the point

Messrs. Editors — In reply to the inquiry of S., in
your last paper, I would state thot lost season I sent to
Seneca county ond obtained a clover machine that
was made at Trumonsburgh, Tompkins county, by
Messrs. Grant & King — price $75.

The patentee is at Albion, Orleans county, where
the machines can be had by addressing I..V. Black-
well. — The machine is worked by horse-power, the
some OS is used to thrash grain, or it may be attached
to water-power. (I prefer the former, as it is easier
to move the machine from one farm to another, than to
carry the heads or chaff" to the mill.) The machine ia
about as large as a fanning mill, with concave and cy-
linder similar to a common thrashing machine. The
cylinder is about 30 inches long ond 18 inches in di-
ameter, and is covered with hoop iron, mode rough
like a rasp, ond the concove is lined with the same.—
Less power is required to propel it than a machine for
thrashing grain. It requires two hands to attend it,
one to feed the machine, and the other to drive tho
team. After passing through the mochine, the seed
is cleaned from the chofl^ by running it two or three
times through a fanning mill.

I last year raised one hundred and forty bushels of
clover seed; and although it was new business to me,
I found no difficulty in the operation. I cleaned from
six to twelve bushels per day — and have heard of much
more being done by the same kind of machines. It ia
necessary that the clover be ripe when cut, and that
the chaff or heads be dry for hulling.

Respectfully Yours,

E. HARMON.

Wheatland. August, 1640.

A letter from Thos. D. Burrall, whose advertise-
ment appears on our last page, inlorms us that he
mokes clover machmes of small size for horse-power
and farm use — price $65; and of large size for water
or horse-power — price $80 — prices uniform.

Mr. Burrall has devoted much time and money to
the construction and improvement of agricultural im-
plements, particiUarly thiroshing and clover machines.
His machines ore much in use, and we believe give
generol satisfoction. — Eds.

" The Last Rose of Summer."

Respectfully inscribed to Miss I\I. H. who, in a manner
well calculated to flatter the vanity of a man of 50, if he had
any, and at the same time excite in his mindnielancholly feel-
ings, presented the author with the last lovely Rose which
lnoouieii in her garden in the suumier of 1^40.

'* 'Tis the last Rose of Summer" that gleams on its apray.
Thy beauties, thou, frail one, must now pass away ;
Like all thy companions, thou soon must begone.
And I sigh as I say it, ray Rose is alone.
Long flourished my rose, on the tree where it grew.
And often its petals were bathed in fresh dew ;
Full oft in its freshness it drank the (irsl ray
That lit up the morning and glowed at noon-day.
It was fann'd by soft zephyrs which floated along ;
The wild bee's sweet murmur was thy evening song ;
A Philomel, nightly did thee serenade-.
And the black -bird and Ihrushsang by day Injthe shade.
Xow the chill winds of autumn thy requiem must be.
And I sigh as I say it, my last Rose of thee.
The bee, whose soft niunnur oft soothed thee, is gone,
And she who sung ni^h'.Iy, full far otf has flown.
The black-bird and robin, far— far have they fled
And I sigh as I say it, my Rose, thmt art dead.
Xay, ril smile now to say it. thou art not alone,
Thou hast joined thy companions whobeforo iliee have gond
From the spray which long bore thee, another shall spring.
To it, as to thee, shall sweet Philomel sing;
The black-bird and robin shall pour forth their notes,
While the thrush and the wren shall tunethelr sweet tbroaUf
In short it shall live, as thou did'st in thy day,
Then submit to stern fate and pass silent away.
I w ill not complain but submit to my lot,
Since like t/uc, m'j Rv3C, I muft SOQn b« forgot.
Lockport, N, Y, SVB ROSA.

No. 9.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

Inquiries about Orchard Grass, &c.

Messes. Editors — Can you give me any informa-
tion about orchard grass (Dactylie glomernta;) the
soil beet adapted to its growth, the time and manner
of sowing, quantity of seed per acre, its value for hay
or pasture for cows compared with Timothy or other
grasses, the number of croppings it will bear in a sea-
son, and the time of its duration ? This graee is not
cultivated in this section of country, and information
concerning it is earnestly solicited through the New
Genesee Farmer.

I was much pleased with the essay on grasses by
Professor Dewey, in former numbers of your paper,
and regret that he so eoon laid down hie able pen.
May we not hope that he will again appear in your
columns, and give us further information about the
grasses, and also descriptions of the noxious weeds
which are becoming so serious an evil insnme parts of
the countrv ? And, if you will allow me to make a
suggestion, I think it would increase the value of yonr
already invaluable paper if you would give cuts with
descriptioneofthe most injurious weeds. In this section
of the country we are wholly unacquainted with the
Canada Thistle, Stein Craut and Charlock, or at least
they are not known by these names; and if they have
yet been introduced here, we may be better able to
guard against them if we are eufficienlly acquainted
with their looks to detect them on their first appear-
ance. I think we ought to become acquainted with
our enemies as well as our friends.

Respectfully your Friend,

SERENUS.
Lewisburg, Pa., August, 1840.

Remarks. — Orchard grass is not much cultivated
in Western New York. — We wish some one of our
readers who has experience on the subject, would fur-
nish an answer to the above. — In respect to Professor
Dewey, we regret to state that severe illness has for
some time past deprived this community of his very
useful labors. We are happy to say however, his
health is now nearly restored, and we trust he will
eoon resume his responsible duties in the Institution
over which he presides. — Eds.

For the New Genesee Farmer.
Farming ; Its Advantages.

Messrs. Editors — Farming is exempt from those
great and almost overpowering evils, to which nearlp
every other branch of industry has had to succumb of
late ; I mean the evils of the credit system. The pro-
duction of the farmer is always a caeh article. The
Banks will loan money to purchase the staples of the
country in times of great money pressure, as the
avails places them in funds in New York. This is a
great boon to the farmer ; it is one great cause of his
success ; it is alone sufficient to make his condition
enviable.

Look at the City trader or the jobber, and the coun-
try merchant — what is their condition and daily task,
sales all on credit, profits on roper, failures in collec-
tions, losses, goading apprehensions, failing credit and
consequent inability to buy well, small profits with in-
creased cxnensee, skinning usury, bankruptcy and
disgrace ; then comes the final struggle between pride
and poverty, diminished self-respect, old age, sickness
and the grave.

The extensive mechanic is but litde better off. As
times are constituted, he too must give credit and a
long one too, on both his stock and his labor. If he
makes his employers rich, he of course gets his pay ;
but if his employers fail, Shylock grasps the assets,
and the mechanic may whistle.

Not so with the farmer ; even bankrupt millers, and
gambling speculators, can find cash to pay him for the
fruits of his iudusty. If he sells on a credit, it is be-
oanse be gets more than the market price, and more

133

than the purchaser ought to pay. It is often said that
no miller but a lame duck, will buy wheat on a credit
— if a farmer sells to one of these he ought to lose.

But in the midst of every blessing, farmers do com-
plain of low prices and hard times. How do the facts
stand 1 are prices lower or is money scarcer than it
was 10 years ago ? Certainly not ; but the artificial
wants, the style of living of the farmer, have fearfully
increased — and he seeks for a pnnacea,|not in the sober
lessons of early experience, but in the illusory, soul-
sickening promises of future inflations.

It is true thai farmers aad their families exhibit out-
wardly a much higher state of civilization, than they
did 10 years ago, but what progress have they made
since that time in intellectual cultivation ? Have they
learned to prize and enjoy the simple pleasures of ru-
ral life, and to understand their endless variety 1 Does
the farmer's green fields, ploughed fallows, his trees,
his rocks, and hie bubbling brooks, now teach him les-
sons which ten years ago he could not understand ?
If they do, then is he on the road to that intellectual
improvement which will moderate hie self-love, teach
him to be satisfied with the day of email things, and to
despise those temptations which lead to expensive
show, effeminacy and ruin. SENECA.

Improved Breeds of Swine.

Much has been said of late in agricultural papers
respecting new ond improved kinds of hogs, and we
have sometimes been asked why it was that our col-
umns contained so little on the subject. Our answer
has been, we did not possess sufficient personal knowl
edge on the su'iject to enable us to form an intelligent
opinion respecting it, and much that we read about it
savored too strongly of "speculation" to suit our taste.
We are fully convinced, however, that very great im-
provements have been made in the breeds of swine.
Some good specimens of Berkshire, China, Leicester-
shire, and various crosses may now be found in this vi-
cinity ; but the finest and most gentcd lot of hogs —
(we beg their pardon, we meant to soy swine,) that we
have ever seen is the stock of A. B. Allen, Esq. of
Buffalo, whom we had the pleasure of visiting a few
days since. Mr. Allen has imported several fine ani-
mols, and hos purchased largely from other breeders
and importers in order to supply the great demand for
pigs, for the west and eouth. He has sold a large
numberduring the summer and is constantly receiving
orders for more. The following account of a purchase
of hie we copy from the Cultivator. We intend here-
after to give descriptions of some of the most improv-
ed breeds of swine. There is much room for improve-
ment in this department among farmers, and we hope
our readers will not be slow lo perceive it.

I.arge Sale of Berkshires.

It will be eeen by the communication below, that
the Shakers at Watervliet, near this city, have sold
out their entire breeding stock of Berkshire hoge, to
A. B. Allen, Esq. ot Buffalo, and that they retire
from the business of breeding them for sale. On the
day previous to the shipment of the stock to the west,
we had the pleasure of riding out to the neat village
of these people, and looking over their superior ani-
mals ; and, however familiar we may have been with
Berkshires, we must confess that the splendid array of
these noble quadrupeds excited our astonishment and
admiration. While we regret that Albany county
should lose this choice stock, we are glad to find that
it has fallen into the hands of so spirited and judicious
a breeder as Mr. Allen ; and perhaps it is upon the
whole for the best, as at Buffalo it is several hundred
miles nearer to the Great Western Market, and we
are not without hopes that this greater proximity to
purchasers, will extend the diffusion of the breed, for
we are satisfied that the pork growers cannot possibly
make a more profitable investment than in the improv-
ed machines, (if we may be allowed the expression)
for the manufacture of this great staple article. No
farmer would want but one sight of the beautiful store
barrows that we saw in the piggery^ to convince him

of this. Their large fine, and delicate forms, could
not fail to excite his admiration.

Mr. Allen has also purchased a few oiber very
lorgc choice animals, of established reputation as
breeders, belonging, we believe, to Messrs. Middle-
To.v and Meigs of this city. All these animals have
b(:en stinted to Mr. Lossing's late imported boars, and
cminot Ihil this fall to produce a very choice offspring,
\V"u doubt whether, wiih this addition to Mr. Allen's
stock, his herd can be beat, or rarely hardly equalled,
by any herd in England, at least if we may judge from
the finished engravings which occasionally appear in
the British Farmer's Magazine. In the March No. of
the present year, we find the portrait of a boar bred by
the Hon. J. Shaw Lefevre, a wealthy landed proprie-
tor, and Speaker of tho British House of Commons,
and by the exhibition of which, at the Oxford meeting
of the English Agricultural Society, he won the high-
est prize of ten guineas ffoO. ) Forward, this might
bo colled a good animal, but otherwise he has narrow
bams, and a high steep rump, and has nothing of the
finished air and faehiouabic range of the Shaker stock.
Mr. A. inform us that he intends still to enlarge his
stock, and that he has made arrangements to receive
in September next some o( the best that the piggeries
of England can offord, without regard to price, and
unconnecied with former importalions, for a fresh
cross. With these additions to the previous high bred
stock of Mr. A., the person who cannot be satisfied
from its produce must be hard to please. We wish
him every success in hie laudable enterprise in the im-
provement of the stock of the great and fertile west.
"Walervliet, July, 1840.

"Editors Cultivator — Being situated so far from
navigation, and it being so troublesome for us to ship
our stock, we have concluded to retire from the busi-
ness of breeding Berkshire pigs, and have accordingly
sold out all our prime stock to A. B. Allen, of Buffa-
lo, reserving only a few sows of medium sizes for the
production of our own pork. This is a very superior
stock, and such as has universally taken precedence
even among Berkshires, wherever sent. Most of
these anmials are about as large of their age, as the
superb sow Maxima, purchased of us at one hunderd
and fifty dollars, by John Lnssing, of Albany, and
faithfully figured and described in the May number of
the current volume of the Cultivator, and one of them
we think, when fully grown, will even be superior ;
and we earnestly recommend this stock to the public,
and have no hesitation in saying, that it will not be
likely to deteriorate in the hands of A. B. Allen, and
those who hnvo heretofore addressed their orders to us
we respectfully refer hereafter to him.

" STEPHEN WELLS,
" JUSTICE HARWOOD,
" Trustees of V. Frienils, commonly called Shakers."

Disease in Poultry— Inqnirj'.

Messrs. Thojias &, Bateham My hens and

chickens are affected with a kind of distemper of which
some have died. The disease causes a swelling of the
neck, and an appearance of water in the lower part of
the neck. If you, or any of your correspondents, can
inform ue how to cure or check this evil, you will per-
haps oblige more than one subscriber.

Respectfully Yours, M. H.

Black Rock, August, 1840.

Remarks. — We have no personal knowledge of the
above disease, and cannot look up an answer in time
for this number. Some information concerning it will
doubtless be given in our next. — Eds.

Ring Bone on Horses~Inqniry,

Messrs. Editors. — I have a valuable young horsa
affected with what is called a Ring Bone, on his hind
foot; and if you, or any of your readers, can inform
me how to stop or cure it, I should esteem it a very
great favor. Yours, (fee,

JOEL P. BENNETT,
Wellington, N. V.

Remarks. — We are proud to say that our editorial
aids and valuoble correspondents possess a very res-
pectable amount of useful knowledge, and show great
willingless to communicate it t« others; but we are
sorry to inform Mr. Bennett that we do not expect to
be able to furnish a cure for Ring Bone. Some of our
friends may be able to tell how to afford some relief;
but a aire we apprehend is impossible.— £<<»«

134

T II E N E W GENESEE FA R MER,

Vol.1.

Agricniturc of Upper Canada.

(eT the HOK. ADAM FERCl'SOK.)

(ContiuMcJ from page 117
Obsenations on the Making, Curing, an<l
Caskuigof Uiitter.

1. The milk house or dairy, should have no internal
cominimication wiib any other building. It must be
ke))t I'ree from eniokc, be well ventilated, and clean,
and no potatoes, fish, or such articles, kept in it. The
dairy utensils must be its only furniture, and these
must 1)6 kept scnipuluusbj sweet and clean.

2. The milk when brought in, is to be strained
through a fine hair sieve or strainer ; then put into the
dishes or pans. A tin skimmer, with holes, is best
for taking off the cream, tchich sliould always l/e churn-
ed Khite the cream U fresh,

3. The churns, whether plunge or barrel, should be
made of the best well-seasoned wiiite oak, and the vt-
most attention paid to scouring, drying, and airing the
chums immediately after use. If this is not done, a
sour and unwholesome flavor will be communicated
to the butter next made.

4. Immcdiatcltj, when taken from the churn, the
butter is to be steeped, foi one hour, in cold spring wa-
ter, to grow firm, and after being three or four times
washed, some fine salt is to be thrown into the water,
which will improve the color, and purge out all the re-
maining portion of milk. This is an important point.

5. When thus prepared, the butter is to be imme-
diately salted; the allowance of salt to be one and a
half ouncea of common salt to each pound of butter. —
If intended for immediate use, less salt will sufiice.
In Ireland, a small portion of saltpetre is added.

G. It is a bad practice to keep on the product of one
churning, nncurcd, to be mi.xed up with the next. —
The flavor of the whole is invariably injured, and
•where a sufficient quantity is not procured in one day
to fill a cask or keg, a partial salting, with a linen rag
steeped in brine, may be applied.

7. The butter is to be packed firm into the firkin,
with a round tramp stick of sufiicient thickness and
weight. When filled, a little of the purest salt is to
be strewed over thosurface, and the head fitted on, ac-
curately close.

8. Liverpool stoved salt, or that called Bay, from
Portugal, ere most effective. Salt must be kept dry,
and a little unslacked lime below the cask will be
found useful.

9. Mixing the salt with the butter should be done
in wooden dishes, after the water and milk are com-
pletely got out, and then immediately packed firm in-
to the firkin, which will keep it smooth and firm.

10. The milk of new calved cows must be rejected
for four days after calving. A very small quantity of
each would spoil a whole firkin. Scalding cream in
cold weather is a bad practice.

11. Casks must be steeped in pure or running wat-
er and very carefully dried. They are to be made of
the best oak or ash, and ought not to contain' more
than 84lbs., at least that size is best liked in the Lon-
don Market.

N. B. — The calculations and quantities here stated,
relate to the Aberdeen pound of 28 ounces, avoirdu-
•1018, and the salt is reckoned at JG ounces to thepomid,
Avoirdupois.

Management of Cattle.

The general management of our cattle, with a few
Vaggestions upon winter feeding, will now demand
ime attention.

It is impossible to visit any settled parts of Canada,

jpecially at those seasons where care is particularly

•quired, without having to lament the neglected cou-

tion of the cows and other stock. No doubt our

', -tensive forests afford food aud shelter to a considera-

ble extent; but yet it is too vitible in the stinted
grov.'ih of the young, and in the sunken eye and at-
tenuated carcase of the older cattle, that a reasonable
provision is denied them, while too often, icatcr, that
prime necessary of existence, is wanting, or scarce.

IIolluw horn, with a host of other evil?, naturally
follow this starvation and undue e.\pbsure to extremes
of heat and cold. Where common paslurage prevails,
animals must be abandoned to their own resources;
but where a farmer can command enclosed pastures,
something may be effected.

Pastures should always be provided with shades and
shelters, and where Nature docs not afford them, a
substitute must be found in a commodious shed. One
erected in the form cfa capitalX will be found to answer
well; and, with the addition of a rack, may frequent-
ly serve in open winter as a stable for the store stock.
As there is hardly any thing of greater consequence
for cattle than abundance of water, the prudent farm-
er will make every effort to sacure a supply. Where
running water is wanting, tanks or ponds may be
formed, or a well with a pump and troughs, judicious-
ly placed, may be made to serve several fields, at one
central point.

Whatever trouble or expense may be required, no
humane or sensible man, will permit his stock to be in
want of this necessary; and he may rest assured they
will repay him a hundred fold. Dr. Coventry, the able
Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edin-
burgh, was wont, when treating this subject, to re-
count the small mortahly, and superior condition of
a farmer's stock, where an abundant supply of water
was furnished, compared with the loss and deteriora-
tion of his adjoining neighbor, where that article was
scanty, in a season of fearful scarcity of fodder, and
where the two stocks, in regard to quality and quantity
of food, were altogether on a par.

In pasturing stock, it is of much importance to as-
sociate different kinds of animals, as the horse will
eat what the cow will reject, and sheep \t'ill nibble at
something perhaps passed over by both.

The Canadian farmer, when grain fetches a fair val-
ue, will find one of his greatest difficulties to consist
in substituting something as winter food, to produce
prime fat. — That admirable root, the turnip, the key
stone of slock farming in Britain, is of more doubtful
attainment here. Not that very weighty crops of tur-
nips are unknown in Canada, nor that they may not
be rendered available, by care, through our winters;
but it would still seem extremely dttbious whether we
can venture to assign them a steady and permanent
place, upon any large scale, in Canadian husbandry.
The mintite degree of manual labor indispensable for
the successful culture of turnips, and still more per-
haps, the necessity of applying that labor, l,i) large
hmdi of laborers, at certain critical stages of thur
growth, seems, incur present sparse population, nearly
to preclude a reliance upon turnips to any useful ex-
tent. It may further be doubted whether the scorch-
ing sun of Canada, at the tender point, when the
plants are not yet in the rough leaf, or somewhat Inter,
when the bulbs begin to form, with the ravages of in-
sects, which that heat so powerfully fosters, may not,
all together, combine to throw insuperable obstacles in
the farmer's path. The same remarks too, will apply
to mangel wurtzel, carrot, &c. Happily however, we
are not left altogether without resource. A great deal
may be done with the potatoe, which yields abundant-
ly, and rarely fails. In its culture, we escape from
much of the hand culture, and altogether from the
delicate constitution of the turnip in its early growth.
Careful, well-timed horse-hoeing, will go a great way
with potatoes in rows, and even where they are culti-
ted in bills, considerably less hand labor will suffice,
than turnips in rows will require, whUe a broad-cast

crop is generally defective and slovenly. We must al-
so remember that if a sufficiency of manure is supplied,
and a jiretty early variety is selected for seed, the far-
mer will find his land in excellent trim for a crop of
wheat.

Another useful article of farm produce, and well
calculated to unite with steamed potatoes in feeding
slock, is the seed of Flax, either entire, or after yield-
ing a portion of its oil at the mill. It is also a most
economical and nutritive substitute for a portion of
the milk required in rearing calves.

In regard to our horses, the breed in Upper Canada
seems sufficiently well adapted for ordinary purposes,
while in the Lower Province, the hardy and active lit-
tle Norman has been long and justly in favor. Our
heaviest work is so generally performed by oxen, that
farmers have perhaps coveted smartness and speed
more than is wise. A little attention however, would
soon introduce more substance and bone. Good pre-
miums will soon bring forward powerful stallions from
the States, and should any one contemplate their in-
troduction from Britain, we would commend the Suf-
folk Punch, the Cleveland Boy, and the Clydcrsdale
breeds to their attention.

Sheep.

Sheep husbandry forms an important branch of rural

economy. In Canada we are yet but partially prepa-
red for its introduction; but as our clearances extend,
and facilities for the sale or manufacture of wool, shall
increase, sheep will become valued, as they deserve.

In selecting a breed, we must give due attention to
the object in view. With some farmers the carcase,
and with others the wool, will be mainly regarded.—
Besides wool and carcase, we have another distinction
to attend to, in the long wooled and short wooled
breeds. Of the latter, the Saxon and Merino bear the
finest quality and fetch the highest price per pound;
Yet it is quite possible, taking all things into conside-
ration, that more homely varieties will pay the farmer
best. The Cheroit is a hardy short wooled breed,
and has received much attention from the CuUeys and
other distinguished breeders in the North of England.
The mutton is of excellent quality and grain, — The
South Down is a sheep with valuable short wool, and
good carcase, and would seem to be a sb&ep well suit-
ed for Canada, in many respects. The largest portion
of the 700,000 sheep, annually consumed in London,
consists of South Downs.

0{ the long wooled breed's, none can stand a com-
parison with Imjnoxed Leicesters, for yielding a quick
return in mutton, with a valuable fleece of good comb-
ing wool. This variety will ever be associated with
the name of Bakewell, to whose discernment and per-
severance they owe their rise. Mr. Bakewell, as is
well known, was the first man in England, or in the
icorld, who, upon scientific and fi.xcd principles, diiec-
ted his attention to the improvement of live stock. In
borscsand cattle, whom both of which he bestowed infi-
nite labor and much expense, his success has not been
so brilliant, because he was unfortunate in his selection
of the breeds which he proposed to improve. The
huge black Leicestershire cart horse is now rarely to
be met with out of his native bounds, or in the pon-
derous drays of London.

The Lancashire long horns, notwithstanding many
desirable qualities, has been fairly beat out of the field
by improved short horns.

The Improved Leicester, named also the Dishley,
after Mr. Bakewell's farm, is a sheep of the highest
value, where a market is found for fat mutton, and
where a fleece of the finest carding quality is not re-
quired Shearling wedders of this breed, will average
from 18 to 20 jiounds per quarter. Taking wool and
carcase together, no vaiiety will probably make the

No. 9.

AND GviRDENER'S JOURNAL.

T35

same return, acre for acre, in ordinary enclosed pas-
tures. The greatest objection to them in Canada, ari-
ses from the wool not suiting the machinery in com-
inonusc; but as that may soon be obviated, and they
are so valuable in all other respects, they call for spe-
cial attention from our farmers. It is worthy of re-
mark, that Leicester mutton, although quite as early
Bnd fat, is infinitely superior in grain and flavor to the
same sheep grown in England.

One other description of stock remains to be noticed,
and though last, not least important to Canadian farm-
ers. The ffyg" may be well denominated ihe^V/Vnt/
of Canada, without whose aid our forests could hardly
be subdued. There is probably no domestic animal
whose improvement has been more neglected, or
ibandoned to chance, nor is there one which can

ake a better return for care and attention. We
,ave only to look at the gaunt, flat-sided brute, with
[ahead, Ibrming, (as Paddy might say,) one-third of
his carcase, and then cast our eye upon the short-leg-
ged, round-bodied, comfortable looking pig, living
most probably upon the next adjoining farm, to be ful-
y satisfied of the ctilpable negligence displayed in this
department. The swine of Canada must not be con-
demned in too general terms, as the best and worst
luietics meet our observation in every neighborhood.
I In raising hogs, two objects present themselves, and
ivill regulate the prudent husbandman in the selection
>f a breed. He may require pork merely as an arti-
tle for family consumption, or be may incline to grow
I as aivobject of merchandize. For the first of these
jurposes, the small breed ol China make nn excellent
oundation,from the tendency to be always ready for the
inife, and susceptible of any modification, by croeaing,
which may be desired.

Of the larger breeds, for bacon or salted pork, the
Hampshire and Sussex, white breeds, and the Berk-
shire, piebald, black, or tawny, will be found to suit
he farmer best.

With the Hog, as with all other live stock, one in
variable rule should be rigidly adhered to, and which
3 the only security against disajjpointment and loss:
Kexer keep more mouths than you are lyerfettbj able to
atisfij. It is painful and disgraceful to contemplate
he herds of wretched swine, starving along ourhigh-
vays, worried and mangled by dogs, and breaking the
ronds of good neighborhoods by provoking inroads
ipon crops.

Little or no attention has yet been paid to the great
idvantages of a change of seed, whether of grain, pidse,
■r roots. It is a well established fact in vegetation, that
.he quality and product are greatly improved by a
:hange of seed, from heavy land to light soil, and vi-
:a versa.

It is more than time however, to close these cursory
■emarks,aud I shall only add,that if you consider them
worthy of a place in your journal, I trust they will be
perused in the spirit in which they have been penned,
triz: a candid and anxious desire to advance the great
MUse which you seek to forward, and tend to strength-
!n A^rlmlture, the impregnable bulwark for the secu-
rity and happiness of nations.

Yours, &c.,

WoodhiU, V. C. ADAM FERGUSSON.

Rainy Days.

Messrs. Editors — How much timeis thrown away
by some formers in our country, %vhen the weather will
not permit them to work out of doors. This tinig
might be well improved by every farmer. In the
course of a season there aro many days of wet weath-
er, in which it is impossible to do work on a farm;
tbrefore when these are lost, (as they are to many far-
mers of my acquaintance in this vicinity,) they amount
to a considerable sum. " Time is money," as the

saying is; therefore how im|)ortant it is for we farm-
ers, at this day of the world, to take care of the pence,
and the pounds will take caro of thcmeelvce. Now if
this is good advice in money matters, it will surely ap-
ply to our domestic atl'airs — to thooe hours and
half-days when the rain drives us under shelter. —
Well, some will ask how these hours and half-days
can best be employed? I will loll you, my brother
farmers. Get yourselves a set of carpenter's tools,
and make a work bench, and if you can plane a board
and drive a nail, you will find enough to occupy all the
spare hours ond days you will have in a year. The
tools will cost but fivcor si.\ dollars, such as are most
necessary for a farmer's use, and then yoii will be able
to keep your out buildings, and stable doors, &c., in
good repair, without paying out the money. If your
barn doors get out of order, the first rainy day you
can repair them. If a board on your fence gels loose,
put a nail in it or replace it. In this way you can im-
prove every rainy day, and thereby keep your build-
ings and fences in good condition.

Many farmers in our country think if any small job
of work is necessary to be done on their premises, they
must go and employ a mechanic to do it, when they
could very probably do it just as well themselves, and
consequently save e.vpense. If a farmer wants any
plain and useful furniture for hie- kitchen, such, for in-
stance, as a pine table, benches, &c., take a rainy day
to do it. But it is unnecessary to multiply the many
things that might be done or prepared in such times.
Every farmer that looks around his premises, (if he is
not in the habit of so doing,) will generally find his
out-building3 and fences are decaying; and out of
repair. Every farmer should accustom himself to the
use of tools, and whenever he wants a small job o{
work done, he can do it himself, without going four or
five miles after a carpenter. I know a good many far-
mers in this vicinity, that have not a hatchet, drawing
knife, augur, plane, or work bench, about their prem-
ises. The consequence is, their jobs go undone, and
they have naught to do on rainy days. Is this econo-
my ? I can safely answer no. Yet such men will
carry their graiir five miles further to a market where
they can get two cents more on a bushel. Enough
has been said to convince those who do not improve
rainy days, that they must inevitably be running down
hill, and soon their out-buildings, fences, &c., will all
be gone. Therefore I close my remarks upon this
subject, and wait with anxious solicitation to hear it
more fully dealt with.

August mh, ^s^o. w. s. T.

Shade Trees in Pastures.

Mi-:s3R3. Editors — I believe it is a pi'evoiling opin-
ion among farmers, that shade trees are beneficial to
cattle in hot weather; but fronr my own observation, I
am inclined to think quite differently.

I have been engaged in the dairy business several
years, and have noticed that cows often decline in their
milk in very hot weather, notwithstanding they had
good pasture and plenty of water. This led me to
take some pains to ascertain the cause of this declen-
sion. I am this season milking fifty-five cows; I have
two pastures, of about seventy-five acres each, both
seeded with the same kind of grass, the feed equally
good, and both well watered. One of them has no
shade in it, but the other has a piece of woodland en-
closed with it, and some scattering trees which afford
shade. Until recently I have made a practice of turn-
ing my cows into one pasture one week, and into the
other the next. Since otir intense hot weather came
on, I noticed that during the week when the cows
were in the shady pasture, the weight of our cheese
was from 15 to 20 lbs. per day less, than during the
week when they were in the pasture without shade.

This led me to examine the cause, and I noticed that
in very hot weather cows will not (erd hall as many
hours when they can find sliade, as they will when de-
brived of it. Of late I have practised turning my
cows into the shady pasture during nights and cloudy
weather, and into the other pasture during sunny wea-
ther; since which my cheese has been of uniform and
full weight. Hence i am led to believe that pastures
for cows are better without than with shade. Such is
their diead of the scorching rays of the sun that cattle
will stand in the shade and fight fhes until hunger
forces them from their retreat.

Yours respectfully,

ARTHUR F. BILL.
Ilardingshirg, la.

lictiKirks. — Our correspondent seems to be fully
convinced that shade trees are injurious to cow-pas-
tures ; still we feel inclined to doubt whether the evil
effect is generally as great as oppeared to him. At all
events we shall cry " IVoodnian spare that tree ;"
and we hope our readers will " Tunch not a single
bough" of the beautiful oaks, elms, maples, &c. which
perchance may now ornament the boundcries of their
pastures, until more evidence is adduced against them,
and some admirer of Nature's beauties has been allow-
ed to speak in th'eir behalf. — Kds.

For tlie jVeic Genisec Farmer.
Prospects of the Wheat Market.

Mkssrs. Editors — The question is in the mouth of
every farmer you meet — What price shall we be able
to get for our wheat ? — And no wonder it is often ask-
ed; for on its answer depends in a great degree the
footing of our profit-and-loss account for the year.

Interesting as the question is however, it unfortu-
nately belongs to that closs which is easier asked than
answered. To undertake to predict the realization of
any specific price might seem presumptuous: yet I ■
will venture to say that much, very much, depends
upon our icisdom and sagacilij in marketing the arti-
cle It is n mortifying fact that our farmers, as a class,
are extremely unwise in this branch of our business.
When prices are high, we hold on for higher; and
when low, we seem to think there is no time to be
lost in securing what little we can get. In the fever
of excitement we simultaneounly rush upon the mar-
ket, and after glutting and depressing it to its lowest
ebb, sell our hard earnings for a mere " mess of pot-
tage." We pay little or no regard to the prospect of
demand and supply, — considerations upon which all
commercial transactions should be based ;t— but (par-
ticulatly when prices are extreme either way) allow
ourselves to be governed quite too much by the im-
pulse of temporary excitement.

Let us now look at the prospect before lis, with re.
ference to the considerations of demand and supply.

And, first of supply, or quantity on hand. Wo
have undoubtedly, (noiwiihstanding local failures heie
and there, ftora diftbrent causes,) at least as large a
quantity of bread stuff's on hand, and probably as great
a surplus, after supplying our own people, as we ever
had. Of course this surplus will of itself involve us
in ruinous prices, unless it shall he absorbed by for-
eign demand. Hence it becomes us to ascertain
whether such a demand may be prudently calculated
upon; and if so, to what extent.

By a careful examination of extracts from late Eng-
lish papers, we shall find,

1st. That the weather is so ominous as to produce
serioi'B apprehensions of a bad harvest. These fears
however, may, and quite probably will, be dissipated
by a favoroblg change of weather.

2d. That the prospect is that the crop thronghout
Great Britain " will prove much, very much, below
nn avpiogp." That in Ireland " the peasantry are

ISO

THENEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1

already compelled by hunger lo plunder ware-houses
and comladen vessels;" and "exceedingly severe
sufferings are apprehended on the part of the working
population in England and Scotland."

3d. That "although money in England is exces-
sively plenty, and interest on short time very low, yet
stocks are depressed; capitalists declining investments
on long time, in anticipation that the drain will bo so
heavy fur the purchase of bread stutTs, as to produce,
within a few months, a great scarcity of money, and
corresponding high rates of interest." And some are
even predicting that " the bank of England, (whose
vaults were never better filled.) will be compel
led, before another harvest, to suspend specie pay
ment, in consequence of the very heavy call for money
to send abroad for grain 1"

4th. That " the crop on the Continent of Europe
generally is so much below an average, that, at the
best, they will have nothing to spare." And

5th. That " Russia and her dependencies are suf-
fering/rom famine to that degree that the Emperor
has opened his ports to bread stuffs, duly free, from
nil parts of the world 1" That Odessa, and the re-
gions bordering upon the Black Sea, (the very coun-
try from which we have for many years in succession
received such large quantities of wheat,) are mow

shipping rye from New York to save tJteir people from
stunalion I

My object, Messrs. Editors, in troubling you wilh
my cogitations upon this subject, is to endeavor lo
convince our farmers that all our surplus will be need-
ed in Europe, and of course will be exported: and
that die price ichich ice shall obtain, icill very much tic-
pcmi vpon the degree of our confidence in the winter
and spring vuirkets.

From the best information I can obtain, I am of the
opinion that more than three-fourthe of our farmers
intend to thrask and sell their wheat as soon as possi-
ble;— all acting upon the now popular opinion, that
the fall market and the first pi ice are the best. Now,
would not this be extremely unwise 1

Thrashing machines have vastly increased in num-
bers and facility since last fall. Put these all in opera-
tion as soon as practicable, and our mills would soon
be glutted. These would, before the first of October,
pour such quantities of flour into New York, as to not
only ruinously overstock the market, but create a false
and mischievous impression in market as to the actual
amount of our crop. In this state of business, of
course prices would give way, and as these should de-
line, in the same ratio should we increase our dili-

;;ence till we should divest ourselves of an article,
growing every day worse and worse: not considering
that by our own folly and lack of reasonable confi-
dence, we had made our own markets and reapl their
ruinous fruits.

To conclude, Messrs. Editors, I will hazard an opin-
ion, which I confess is worth but little at the most,
and by which I woidd be sorry to mislead any one, —
that every farmer in " the Geneece Country" who will
nanfully resolve to hold on to his wheat for a dollar a
bushel till the first of July next, and will also take good
beed to avail himself of the dollar the/rs( time it is of-
fered, will find his granary empty on or before, (and
probably long before,) the day specified.

If we would manage as well in selling as our custo-
mers will in buying; or as the English did last year,
in draining from us so many hundred thousand bushels ■
of wheat, in so artful a manner that we scarcely knew
they were getting or even wanting any at all, it would
be a saving to us of twenty-five cents per bushel on
our whole crop; but " a word to the trise is suffi-
cient;"— and " though thou shouldest bray afoot in a
mortar among wheat with a pestle, yet will not his
foolishness depart from him."

CenterfieU, Ont. CO., August 90, 1840.

plate.,L— Ficr. L

•'^^^' sSS^jT ""^SP^F* ■^XV6t'* -^^^t" s^^viT- -^^St" I

"'v^f!'? ^7 ^^b s;^;:^ ^^^ -^^

IMPROVED BEE HOUSES AND BEE HIVES-

A constant supply of good honey, is, with most families, a source of much grati-
fication, and its production for the market can bo made a source of much profit.
The keeping of bees has of late been very much neglected by farmers generally,
owing to tho difiiculty of protecting them from the bee-moth or worm. Much
ingenuity has been displayed in constructing hives in such a manner as to b<
proof against the moth, and at the same time admit of the honey being obtained
when desired without destroying the bees. Several kinds of hives are now in use
in diSisrent parts of the country, which answer these purposes more or less per
fectly. We have never seen, however, any kind of bee house or hive which ap-
peared to ve M possess so many advantages as the one we are about to describe,
invented and patented by John Seart.e, Esq. of Franklin, N. H., and which w
believe is considerably used in some of the Eastern Stales. Mr. S. has exhibited
in this city, models of his house and hives, and several gentlemen contemplate
erecting them,

Tho above cut (plate I,) represents the bee house, or apiary, a building 10 feet
by 20, and about 8 feet high. This size is calculated to hold 36 hives ; but of
course the size of the house can be varied as desired. The hives are placed ii
two tiers along both sides, and across one end of the house. The foUowing speci

fications, with the plates, will afford a tolerably correct idea of the construction of
the bee house and hives and the management of the bees.

Specification. — I construct a building as follows, to wit : 10 feet by 20, or of
any required dimensions, to stand two feet above the ground, on posts : to be two
stories high, 4 feet each, with a tight roof ; frame without stitds or braces ; board-
ed perpendicularly and plastered ouLside and in, to exclude insects and regulate
the temj)eraturc. Another covering of wood may be added. The floor to be
double, with a coat of lime mortar between. A floor of cement, tin, or other
smooth metal, to be laid adjoining the walls, (except at one end, where is to be n
door, for the convenience of the proprietor,) liir the hive to set on, 2J feet wiHe for
single ones, and 34 feet tor double ones ; or it may be of wood, covered with a
white-wash of salt, quick lime and sand. Over this, at the height of lour f et, is
10 be a scaffold of similar width, and materials for another tier of hives. The bees
are to pass to and from the hive, through a spout, about ten inches long, of 1 J
inch stuff, six inches wide : grooved out two inches wide and 3 deep in two placet,
leaving a margin J inch wide in the centre to support the covfr, which is lo be
made oljthe same breadth. This spout is to pass from the hive through the wills
iif the building, sloping at an angle of twenty-two degrees until it projects one
inch, a, plate 1, fig 1, and rests on the lighting-stool, h, which must be equally
sloping, and into which the lower end of the spout must be sunk to the top of its
floor, the upper end fitted to the lower surface of the cement, or metallic floor,
three inches from the inside of the walls ; at which place a perpendicular mortise
must le made, through the cement floor, 4i inches long crosswise of the spout,
and one inch wide. The angle or space reinsining in the grooves of the spout be-

r.. 0.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

13:

; nd or above the mortise, ehould be filled. Every part of the epout, before it is
1 1 together, is to be washed with the above mentioned whitewash. It must be
■11 fitted into the walls and set in mortar.

One foot above the lighting-stool is to be a a board, c, c, one foot wide, sloping
enty-two degrees, intended to shelter the bees. Once in ten feet, along the
ver story, is to be a ventilator, d ; secured on the outoide by a shutter, and on
■ inside by a screen of wire or thin perforated metal, fine enough to e.\clude the
?-moth. When it is intended to multiply artificial swarms, a kind of balcony,
frame, t, one foot square, should be attached at the lower extremity of the
nit projecting four inches, secured on the outside by two shutters, /, /, the
ver one to be hung at the bottom with hinges, so as to serve when open lor a
hting-stool ; the upper one to be hung at the top on pivots, — the upper edge
ng rounded and fitted to roll in a half circle, made in the frame. In the centre
the upper shutter is to be a screen, /, inserted of half its size, to serve as a ven
itor ; the upper shutter to close upon the lower one by a rabbet. In case ihe
11 should be brick, or sufficiently thick, the frame should be sunk rather than
jjected ; and in either case the spout should extend no further than the inside
the frame. These shutters are useful for the greater security of the bees when
^y are not sufficiently numerous to keep guard at the end of the spout, — conse
ently they should be kept closed at night during the season of the moth's depre-
:ion. In case of multiplying, the bees should pass and repass through the same
)ut ; which should, consequently, be proportionably larger.
The hives should be about sixteen inches square, and of any required height ;
Ihout doors, or mouths, because they set on the board, plate 2, fig 14, which is
be made precisely the same as the cover to the top of the hive, (and should be
ished with the above named white-wash,) with the addition of a mortise corres-
nding with the mortise in the cement floor, two inches from the wall, for tht
nvenience of securing them at the bottom with plaster lime. The top of the
.e should be provided with two parallel bars, g, plate II. fig. 3, one inch square,
iced \\, inches from the centre, for the purpose of supporting the cover, fig. 1,
lich is to be made ol a board | of an inch in thickness, — thirteen inches uf the
nlre is to be divided into nine equal squares, with amortise in the centre ol each,
inches long, and \ wide. Opposite the centre of each monise, at the distance
one fourth of an inch from each side, is to be a hole three fouiths of anincli indi
loter. Over this is to be placed an adapter, fig. 2, three fourths of an inch
ick, with holes 2J inches in diameter, corresponding with the holes in the cover
the holes of the adapter are to be inserted the mouths of glass quart specii
3, to be covered with asuitable box, or cover, to exclude the light while the
.; are at work in them. At the approach of cold weather the bottles should be
moved, to prevent the rarified air from condensing and destroying the bees, and
0 hive siiould be again covered with the same box.

The proprietor, in order to avail himself of a portion of the honey without de
■oying the bees, — which is in no case necessary, — and also for the purpose ot
;nnging the comb, must use double covers, between which he may introduce
viders, for the purpose of separating the tiers. In all cases ol taking honey, the
ipcr tier must be removed and empty ones inserted at the bottom. To multiply
iitioial swarms, without the trouble of swarming and hiving, place two empt>
ves, plate 2, fig. 4, (connected with the spout) as usual near the wall, with a full
ve, j, behind them, (or a full hive, fig. 5, may he placed on the top of two or
"-e; with a suitable communication for the bees to pass through the empty hives
the spout. When the new hives beL-omes filled with comb and young brood,
ey must be separated, and will become independent colonies. All the hives
ust be of equal dimensions as to length and breadth, with tops like other hives,
lat they may at any time be used as tier hives.

In order to e-nnloy bees profitably when they cannot collect honey from abroad
le fec'^mg machine, plnte 2. fig. 6, must be used ; to construct which prepare s
Liardof the size of the bottom of the hive, fig. 7; then make a frame of lour sides
qual to size to the board, fig. 8, three inches deep, the front side of plank, with a
ale through it to correspond with the mortiee in the cement floor, with a groove in

the upper edge extending from one end so far that a slide, fig. 9, may be intro-
duced, to cut off the communication with the spout, in order to prevent robberies,
&c. On the upper edge of this frame is to be fastened tin, or other smooth metal,
projecting inwardly one inch, and sloping forty-five degrees, as may be seen in
the sections of the frame and board, figs. 10 and 11. The object of the tin is to
prevent the grub from ascending. Over this the board is to be placed, with the
hole, i, fig. 7, corresponding with that in the plank of the frame, i, fig. 8. All
that part of the board, m, n, o, p, fig. 7, which covers the inside of the frame, is
to be cut into openings, three eights of an inch wide and one inch asunder, cor-
responding with the mortises in the cover. Between the cover and the tin is to
be a slide, fig. 12, of the size of the inside of the frame, for the purpose of exclu-
ding the light when clearing the machine. The back side of the frame is to be
used as a door, and kept in place by the springs, g, r, fig. 13. This machine is
to be placed near the walls, with the hole in the plank over that in the floor, and
the hive kept on it at all times when there is a scarcity of flowers. By the use
of this machine, a hive infested with grubs, or other foreign matter, may be
cleared of them, as they will fall through the openings in the fore part of tha
season, and may be taken out without disturbing the bees. It is also to be used
whenever it may be necessary to feed the bees. On the approach of cold weather,
the machine with the hive on it, is to be moved back from the walls so far as to
close the avenue ; the hole in the plank must be closed by the small slide, fig. 9 ;
the large slide removed, and the machine filled with cut straw, or other dry ma-
terial, and the space between the wall and the hives filled with straw. Other
covering should be placed on and about the hives, and removed in the spring.
The hives should be made in a workman-like manner, of good limber, and all
parts smooth except the bottom of the cover.

RECOMMENDATION.

The subscribers have for some years i^abt resided near John Searle, Esq., of
Franklin, N. H,, the inventor of a new and improved method of " constructing
Bee Houses and Bee Hives "

We have hid occasion to examine one of the houses, and the hives in the same,
built upon the principles laid down in this patent, and to notice the operations of
the bees in the eame.

We find one oi" the greatest advantages of this system to consist in the preser-
vation of the life of this useful insect. We rejoice to find it no longer necessary
to destroy this pattern of industry, when we would enjoy the fruits of its labor.
By adopting this improvement " we can live and let live," making a division of
capital when interest and convenience shall demand.

We a]so find this improvement to be a safe defence to the attacks of most of
the enemies of the Bee, more especially the moth or miller. The House is so con
structcd as to preserve an even temperature of air about the hives, avoiding
diercby the dangerous effects of cold, or heat, or of an atmoephere too moist.
The house is also so constructed as to allow easy access to any or all ot the hives,
so that neceseary food may be supplied, honey taken away, additional hives oi
boxes placed where found necessary, and all robbere or plunderers can at any time
be barred out, and good order be constantly preserved in the family.

Geo. W. Nesmith, Attorney at Law. Cor.. James L. Peabodt.

JoH.N- L. Sanbob.v, Town Clerk.

Caleb Merrill, Esq.
B. M. TvLER. Preceptor.
Job Wilsox, M. D.
Stephen Kenrick, Trader.
Asa p. Cate, Attorney at Law.
Rev. Isaac Knight, A. M.

E. F. Bean, Trader.

Joshua Fifield, Esq.

Geo. M. Phelps. Attorney at Law.

Jesse Merrill, M. D.

Joseph Morrill, Esq.

franldin, Feb. 21, 1839.
The cost of erecting one of these Bee Houses with 36 hives, together with the
right of the patent, is little more than about $50.
Dh. Adam Paoe ii agent tor the patentee at Rochester, iV<>. 86 Exchrmgt->i.

138

T H E N E W GENESEE FAR M E R,

Vol. 1.

On Propogation by Het-dsau'.l Cultivatioit.

In order to have good vegclobles, berljs, fruils, and
fljwere, we nmit be carfful and diligent in the propo-
gation and cultivation of the eeveral plants; l>r, tho'
nature does much, she will not do all. lie who trueta
to chance for a crop, detervos none, and he generally
has what he deserves.

The propngniion of plants is the bringing them
J'niih, or the increasing und mullij.dijing of them. —
This is effected in several different ways: by seals, by I
suckers, by offsrlls, by linjcrs, by cuttings. But bear
in mind, that nil plants, from the Radish to the Oak,
mini be propogatcd by the means of s-ed; while there
arc many plants which can be propogatcd by no other
means; and, of these, the Radish find the Oak arc.
Let me juBt qualily, here, by obs^'rving, that I enter
not into the deep qiieition (which so many have puz-
zled thoir hendi with) oi cqnirocnl generation. 1 con-
fine mybclf to things of which we have a certain know-
ledge.

With regard to propogation by inenns other than
that of seed, I thall speak of it fully enough under
the names of the seveial pLnnu-, which are, as to the
way of propogating them, to be considered aG excep-
tions to the general rule. Therefore 1 shall in the pre-
sent chapter, treat of propagation by seed only.

Cultivation must of cmnee differ in some respects;
to suit itself to certain diUcrenccs in the plonts to be
cultivated; but there are some principles and rules
which apply to the cultivation of all plains; and it is
of these only that 1 propose to speak at present.

It is quite useless, indeed it is grosfily absurd to pre-
pare land, and to incur trouble and c.\pense, without
duly, and even rtrij currfiUlij, attending to the seed
we are going to bow. The sort, the gcnuiiie7icss, the
soiaidncss, arc all matters to be attended to, if we mean
to avoid mortificaliou nnd lose. Therefore the first
thing is, the

!^ort of Seed. — We shoidd make sure here; for
what a loss to have Inte cabbages instead of early ones!
As to beans, peas, and many other things, there can-
not easily be mistike or dccc|Uion. But, as to cobba-
ge?, cauliflowers, tornips, ladiEhce, onions, leeks, nnd
numerous others, the eye is no guide at all. If, there-
fore, you do not save your own seed, (of the manner
of doing which I thall fpeak by and by,) you ought
to be very careful of whom you puichase of; and
though the sjller bo n person of perfect probity, he
may be deceived himself. If you do not save your
own seed, which, aa will be seen, cannot always be
done with safety, all you can do, is to take every pro-
caution you can when you purchase. Bo very partic-
ular, very full ond clear, in the orleryou give forseed.
Know the seedsman well, if possible Speak to him
yourself on the subject if you can; and, in short, take
every precaution in your po^ver, in order to avoid the
mortifications bke th'ise of having one sort of cabbage
when you e.tpccieJ another, niid of having rape,
when you expected turnips or ru;a baga.

True Seed, — But, besides the kind, there is the
genuineness to be considered. For instance, you
want si:gnr-lo.if ciihbi:ge. The seed you sow may be
cabbage: it may too, he sugar-loaf, or more that than
any thing else; b it still, it may not be true to its
hind. It may have become degenerate; it may have
become mixed or crossed, in generating; and thus the
plants may very much disappoint you. True seed is a
great thing; for, not only the time of the crop coming
in, but the quantity and quality of it grcnily depends
upon the trucnees of the seed. You have plants, to
be sure; that ia to say, you linvc fomcthing growing;
but you will not, if the seed be not irnc, have the thing
you want.

To insure true seed, you must, if you purchase,
take all the precautions recommended as to sort of
seed. It will be seen presendy, thit to save true seed
yourself, is not a very easy matter. And therefore,
you must sometimes purchase. Find a seedsman that
does not deceive you, and stick to him. But ob=erve,
that no seedsman can alwats be sure. He cannot
raise all his <eed3 himsell. He must trust to others.
Of course, he may, himself, bo deceived. Some
kinds of seed will keep a good many years; and
therefore, when you find you have got some vcri/
true seed of any sort, get Rome more of it: get 09
much as will last you for tho number of years that
such seed will keep.

Soundness of Seed. — Seed may be of the right
sort; it may be true to it sort; and yet, ii' it be unsound
it will not grow, and of course is a great deal worse
ihaa useless, because the sowing of it occasions loss of
time, loss of cost of seed, lot-s of use ot'lnml, and loss
of labor, to say nothing about the disappointment and
mortification. Here again, if you purdtase, you

.must rely on the sccdi-ninn; and therefore all the
aforementioned precautions are necessary as to this
point also. In this case (especially il the sowing be ex-
tensive) the injury may lie very great; and there is no
redress. If a man sell you one sort of teed for anoth-
er; or, if he sell you untrue seed, the law will give
you rcdrc:i3 to the full extent of the injury proved,
and the jiroof can be produced. But if the seed does
not come up, what proof have you ? Yon may prove
the bowlni;, but who is to prove that the seed was nut
chilled or scorched in the ground! That it was not
■destroyed in coming up, or in germinating?

There are however, means of ascertaining whether
seed be sound or not, before you sow it in the ground.
I know of no seed, which, if sound nnd really good,
will not sink in water. The unsoundness of seed ari-
ses from Ecveral causes. Unripeness, blight, mouldi-
ness and age, are the most frequent of these causes.
The two firot, if e.xcpesive, prevent the seed from ever
having the germinating quality in.them. Mouldineee
arises from the seed being kept in a damp place, or
from its having heated. When dried again it becomes
light. Aae will caiitic the germinating qualities to
cvapiirateT though, whore there is a great proportion
of oil in the seed, this quality will remain in it many
years.

The way to try seed is this: put a small quantity of
it in luke warm water, and let the water be four or
five inches deep. A mug or baoin will do, but a large
tumbler glafcs is best; for then you can see the bottom
as well cs lop. Some seeds, tuch as those of cabbage,
radish and turnip, will, if good, go the bottom at once.
Cucumber, melon, lettuce, endive; and many others,
rcquii-e many minutes. Parsnip and corrot, and all
the winged seeds, require to be worked by your fin-
gers in a little water, and well wetted, before you put
them into the glass; and the carrot should be rubbed
so as to get off part of the hairs, which would other-
wise act as the feathers do aa to a duck. The seed uf
beet and mangel wurtzcl are in a case or shell. The
rough things that we sow are not the seeds, but the
cases in which the seeds are contained, each case con-
taining from one to five seeds. Therefore, the trial
by water is not, as to these two seeds, conclusive,
thous;h. if the seed be very good, if there be foer or five
in a case, shell and all will sink in water, after being
in the glass an hour. And as it is a matter of such
great importance, that every seed should grow in a
case where the plants stand so fiir opart; ns gaps in a
row of beets and mangel wurtzcl are so very injurious,
the best way is to reject all seed that will not sink, ense
and all, aftor being put into hot water and remaining
there an hour.

But seeds of all sorts are sometimes, if not always,
part sound nnd part unsound; and as the former is not
to be rejected on account of the latter, the proportion
of each should be asceitnined if a separation be not
made. Count then ahundredseedE,laken promircoutly,
and put them into water as before directed. If fi.ty
sink and fifty swim, then h.tlf your seed is bad and
half good; and so in proportion toother numbers o;
sinkers and swimmers. There may be plants, the
sound seed of which will not sink; but I know of
none. If to be found in any instance, they would, 1
think, be found in the tulip-tree, the ash, the birch,
and the parsnip, all of which are furnished with so
largo a portion of wing. Yet oil these, if sound, will
sink, if put into wann water, with the wet worked a
little into the wings first.

There is however, another way of ascertaining this
important fact, the soundness or unsoundness ot seed;
and that is by soiring them. If you have a hot led;
or if not, put a hundred seeds, taken as before direct-
ed, sow them in a llowcr pot, and plunge the pot into
the earth under the glass in the hot bed, or hand glass.
The climate under the glass is warm; nnd a very few
days will tell you what proportion of your seed is
sound. Butthcr-e is this to be said, that, with strong
heat under; and with such curnplete protection above,
seed may come up that would not come up in the open
ground. There may be enough of the germinating to
cause vcgctaton in a hot-bed, and not enough to catrse
it in the open air and cold ground. Therefore, I in-
cline to the opinion that we should try seeds as our
ancestoi-a tried witches; not by fire, but by water; and
that, following up their practice, we should leprobate
and destroy oil that do not readily sink.

Saring and Prescrring Seed. — This is a most im-
portant branch of the gardener's business. There are
rules applicable to particular plants. Theiso will be
given in the proper places. It is my business here to
speak of such as arc applicable to all plants.

First, as to the saving of seed, the truest plants
should be selected, such as are of the most perfect
shape and quality. In the cabbage wc seek small

stem, well formed loaf, few spaie or loose leavcf; in
the turnip, large bulb, small neck, slender-stalked
leaves, solid flesh or pulp; in the radish, high color (if
led or scarlet,) sinall neck, lew and short leaves, and
long top. The marks of perfection are well known;
and none but perfect plants should be saved for seed. —
The case is somewhat different ne to plants, which are
some male and others female, but these present excep-
tions are to be noticed under the names of such plants,

Of plants, the early coming of which is a circunv
stance of importance, the very earliest shoidd be cho.
sen forseed; for they will mo.-it always be found to in.
elude the highest degree of perfection in other respects,
They should have great pains taken with them"; thi
soil and situation should be good; and they should b:
carefully cultivated during the time that they are car.
tying on their seed 10 perfection.

But effectual means must be taken to prevent a mi:
ing of the sorts, or, to speak in the language of foriTi-
crs, a crossing vf the breeds. There can be no croi
between the sheep and the dog; but there can be be.
tween the dog and the wolf; and we daily see it be.
twecn the greyhound and hound; each valuable whei
true to his kind: and a cross between the two, fit fc
nothing but the rojic; a word which, on this occasioi
I use in preference to that ol halter, out of resi.cct ft
the modern laws and usoges of my native country. |

There can be no cross between a cabbage and a car.
rot; but there may between a cabbage and a'turnip; be-
tween a cabbage and a caulit'o^\er, nothing is more
comuron; and as the different sorts of cabbages, they
will produce crosses, presenting twenty, and perhaps
a thousand degrees from the Eorly York to the Savo-
ry. Turnips will mix with radishes and rula baga;
all these with rape; the result will mix with cabbages
and cauliflowers; so that, if nothing were done to pre-
serve plants true to their kind, our gardens would
soon present its with little besides mete herbage.

Suffice it now, that we know that sorts w-ill mix,
when seed plants of the same tribe stand near each
other; ond we may easily suppose that this may pro-
bably take place though the plaitta stand at a consider-
oble distance apart, since I have, in the case of my In-.
diancorn, given proof of mixture when the plants
were three hundred i/ards from each other. AVhat
must be the consequences then of saving seeds from
cucumbers, melons, pumpkins, squashes, and gourds,
all growing in the same garden at the sometime ? To
save the seed of two sorts of any tribe, in the same
garden, in the same year, ought not to be attempted;
and this it is, that makes it difficult for any one man to
raise all sorts of seeds, good and true.

However, seme may be saved by every one who baa
a garden; and when raised, they ought to be carefully
preserved. They are best preserved in the pod, or on
the stalks. Seeds of many sorts will be perfectly good
to the age of eight or ten years, if kept in the pod or
the stalks, which seeds, if threshed, will be good for
little at the end of three years or less. However, to
keep seeds without threshing them out, is seldom con-
venient, often impracticable, nnd always exposes them
to injury from mice and rats, and from various other
enemies, of which however, the greatest is careless-
ness. Therefore, the best way is, except for things
that are very curious, and that lie in a small compass,
to thresh out all seeds.

They should stand till perfecdy ripe, if possible. —
They should be cut, or pulled, or gathered, when it
e dry; and they should, if possible, be dry ns dry
can he, before they are threshed out. If when thresh-
ed, any moisture remain about them, they should be
placed in the sun, or near a file in a dry room; and
when quite dry, should be put into bags, nnd then hung
up against a very dry wall, where they will by no ac-
cident get damp. The best place is some room, or
|ilace, where there is, occasionally at least, a fire kept
in winter. — Silk Groieer.

I

Newsjtnpers.

A child beginning to read, becomes delighted with
a newspaper, because he reads of names and things
which are very familiar, nnd he will make a progress
accordingly. A newspaper in one year, suys Mr.
Weeks, is worth a quarter's schooling to a child, ond
n cry father mirst consider that substantial inlbrma-
lion is connected with this advancement. The mo-
ther of a family being one of its lioads. and having a
more irnmcdiale chorge of the children, ought to bo
intelligeirt of mind, pure in language, and alwas'S
cheerful and circumspect. As the instructor of her
■hildrcn, she should herself be instructed.

A mind occupied, becomes fortified against the ills
■if life, and is braced for any emergency. Children,
imused by reading and siuely, are of course consider-
itc and more cosily governed.

c 9.

AND GARDENER ^'5 JOURNAL.

]39

I w iiinny tboughiIc.-?6 young nion linve spent ibcir

m n tavern or grogshop, which ought to

11 devoted to prolilablo rcmling I How many

-vim never speat twenty dollars for books for

lies, would gladly have given tbouaanda to

I ft oon or daughter, who had ignorantly and

bLlesely fallen into temptation I

jekly newspapers eait be had from one to three

1 8 per year, being from two to five cents per

Each [»aper cowt the printer, before it is priitt-

oui one cent. He, therefore, obtains from one

r cents for hie editorial duties, and for printing,

iuting; composition, &c. This ia extremely

V It is the price paid for advertisementa which

I keep newspapers alive.

us tlie renders of newspapers get the cheapest of
1J ssible reading.

teeuth Auuiial Fair of the American
lustitnte.

is great Anniversary E.xhibition of the choice
cte of Agriculture, Manufacturea, and the Arts,
pen to visitors at Niblo's Garden, in the city of
York, on Monday, the ,5th of October, 1840.
es for competition, in order to be entitled to all
rivileges of (he Fair, inuet be delivered on the
>us Friday or Saturday.

Address on " Home production^ and partint'
that of Silk," will be delivered at the Reposito-
,he American Institute, on Wednesday evening,
h of October, at 8 o'clock.

Friday, the 9th of October, nt 3 o'clock, P. M.
oughing E.xhibition, for testing such ploughs as
been entered for competition at the Fair, will
lence in some suitable field near the city, which
.ereafter be noticed in the public prints. It will
iducted by a committee, selected from the Board
nagers and the Board of Agriculture.
Wednesday the 14th of October, at 12 o'clock,
he Exhibition of pure blood Cattle and choice
ig Live Stock will be made within or near the
in. As they will be selected by the Judges for
urpose, they must be entered on the hooka of the
)y 1'2 o'clock on Tuesday, the 13th of October
; last year, inconvenience was experienced from
attle, &c. being placed at a distance from the
il exhibition ; to remedy which arrangements
ie made for receiving them in the neighborhood
Garden, where they will be taken care of at a
•ate per diem charge for each head, previously
i and defined by the committee, so as to prevent
itions on strangers. They will be subjected to
ler charge.

Thursday evening, October 15ih, at 7S o'clock,
nniversary Address will be deliveied in some
ua bnildingin the city, and will be sttcceeded by
nnal Supper the same evening.
Friday evening, the 16th of October, the 13th
Pill close, with the public annunciation of the
urns awarded, and an Address by the President
Institute.

Saturday, the 17th of October, the earliest hour,
s exhibited will be delivered, on the exhibiter
iting to the attendant the receipt or check given
by thejClerk of the Fair. And the owners of
sare earnestly requested to remove them in the
! of the day.

re than twelve years have elapsed since a few
eers in behalf of the cause of industry first
tit the American Institute into existence. For
I years after its organization, it was dependent
rail voluntary contributions from individuals.
}5, seven years after its first organization, by the
tary services of its members, and by great eco-
, it had accumulated a small fund. It was then
nined to establish a Repository, for the dady
lion of Machines, Models, &c., with a Library,
ebenefit of Mechanics, Artists, Inventors, &c. ;
1 extensive room was leased, and an officer was
Ited with a salary to superintend the same. In
e years which have succeeded, the Institute has
■)n triumphantly.

ughing and Cattle Exhibitions have been since
luced, and steam power for moving machinery
" Fairs upon a large and costly scale. The pre-
8 of gold and silver medals, under the awards,
I, before 1835, had been in a measure made up
icited contributions in small sums, have since
paid for solely from the funds of the Institute,
) a greater amount in a single year than oil that
een bestowed by the Institute in the seven pre-
rig years. And our annual Fairs have gone on
ising in variety and splendor, unsurpassed by
ilher Fairs ever held within the limits of our
ry. At the same time, taking into view the in-

crease of ourLibrajy, macliinerj', models, furniture
and fixtures, the value ol'oiir as=cls has not diminish-
ed, while the number of paying members have multi-
plied ibur-fold.

The Americon InsUtute ie a magnificent standing
evidence of the efii(^ncy of the spirit of association,
which in this age ie accomplishing such mighty results.
Itsinlluenccs, (unremitted lor thirteen years.) through
its annual Fairs, annual Addresses and Premiums,
have reached every part ol our country. By creating
extended competition, the latent powers of invention
have been brought into action for and near, and dis-
heartened and prostrate genius has been raised up in
the midst of universal embarrossnieiu with renewed
strength. Old and dormant institutions have, by its
example, been roused and invigorated, and the crea-
tion of new ones has been induced, that had not been
thought of before, which now bold their periodical
celebrations upon the precise plan first adapted by
this Institute.

What measure can circumscribe the extended utili-
ty of that email meeting, v\bere the idea of this Insti-
tute was first accidentally nami d ? But its prosperity
and continuance have rested, and will continue to
rest, on public favor. Ite guardians are the friends of
industry, and as it is a JVutional Institution by the
terms of ita charter, the aid of its friends in every
state may be relied upon with unerring certainty. —
The coming celebration will afl'ord an opportunity for
their friendly manifestations.

Much of the attention of the Managers will be de-
voted to Agriculture. They will be aided by the
Board of Agriculture, composed chiefly of practical
farmers. The Plough, the great instrument of hu-
mon sustenance and civilization, will claim their first
regard ; and such as may be sent to the coming Fair
for competition, will be tested by actual experiment.
The competition already excited, has brought inven-
tion and skill to bear upon this instrument, and it is
believed Ploughs made for the purpose, essentially
improved, will be exhibited at the Thirteenth Fair.
The displays of the select productions of the Garden
and the Field promise to be more abundaitt than ever.

Not the least interesting portion of the last E.xhi-
bition w'ere the noble high blood animals, the Cattle,
&c. from this and other states. It is hoped that those
public spirited gentlemen who took such a deep inter-
est last year, will appear again with increased zeal,
and that others will follow their example.

Improved Agricultural Machines and Implements of
all kinds are desirable objeeta of exhibition. The oe-
caaion will afilird the best opportunity for their display,
and for our fanners to learn the multiplied improve-
ments in Agricultural Labor-saving Machines, which
have not until recently received from them the atten-
tion their value demands. It is believed that the Me-
chanic Arts are competent, if properly applied for this
purpose, to dispense with a large proportion of the
heavy labor and drudgery heretofore deemed indis-
pensable to fanning operations. The Steam Machine-
ry will be so adapted, as to propel the lighter and more
delicate machines, and also of sufficient power to move
those more massive and ponderous.

No farmer whose convenience will by any njeans
admit, should forego this opportunity.

The progress in the culture ond manufacture of
Silk the last year, and the preparations moking for
the coming Fair, promise a rich treat to those who
feel an interest in this new branch of industry ; and
the experience of this year, we think, will demon-
strate that the Mulberry possesses on intrinsic, aa well
as a speculative value.

Exhibiters of Silk will do a service by accompany-
ing their contributions with accurate details of their
experiments.

Tbe large and growing importationsof Silk frabrics
have done much to produce the general embarrass-
ments which have prevailed, and which can be readi-
ly remedeid by increased home production. It is our
policy to follow the example of Great Britain, by limi-
ting as much as possible the importation of such ar-
ticles as can conveniently be produced within the
country. A Gold Modal will be awarded for the Silk
Reel, adjudged the best.

The accommodations of the Garden, in consequence
of the improvements made since the last year, will be
more complete than ever ; not only for the display of
assortments of the best qunliliea of staple goods from
our larger factories and workshops, but likewise for
the more delicate workmanship of the artificer, in all
the varieties of wood and metals, and the numberless
other substances that every year brings into use.
Tliese, when arranged in the great saloon, present a
spectacle which excites the admiration of those famil-
iar with the most costly and gorgeous displays of Lon-

don or Paris ; and on which the Amerioon potriot
gozes with glowing exultation. But it is in the aport-
ment devoted to machinery for labor-saving purposes,
where the strong original characteristics of American
genius arc most ttrikingly exemplified, and where
even the foreigner reluctantly acknowledges the supe-
riority of our youthful country.

The Americon Institute hae, from its commence-
ment, alwnyebeen the lavoi lie Institution of the ladies,
and the Managers hope it may so continue. Much of
the celebrity of the annual Fairs, particularly in the
ornamental pans, has arisen through tlu-ir favor, and
the attractions their industry and delicate labor have
produced. Indeed, on most occasions, the view of
their contributions olone would have more than com-
pensated the visiters. The most desirable places will
be allotted for their accommodation.

The Mnnogeis, perhaps, may be expected to notice
the publications mude, pending the late election,
against the ofiicers ond members of the Institute, by
certain members calling themselves Krformcrs. But
in doing ibis they think no more is necessary than to
stale, that a proper anxiety has been felt by the ofiicers
and a mojority of the members of the Institute, to
cause a thorough investigation into the truth or falsity
of these imputations, and that for this purpose two
committees have been appointed, and their reports
hove entirely e.xhoneroted the Institute, its ofiieera
and mcinbera, from the charges so often reiterated,
but never proved. It is rernarkoble, that though the
misapplication of the moneys of the Institute was
charged and repeated in the public papers against its
Ofiieera and Managers, the accusers did not even at-
tempt, before either committee, to show that a dollar
had ever been applied to except the legitimate objects of
the Institute. And in all the charges that related to
the faithful awarding of the premiums to meritorious
competitors, for 12 years, it was unequivocally proved
that each successive Board of Managers, had conduct-
ed with the most scrupulous regard to justice, and
under the continually pervading sentiment, that on
this depends, more than upon any other consideration,
the honor, dignity ond usefulness of the Americon In-
stitute.

But as the action of the Institute within its own
walls might not satisfy the whole public that ita affairs
had been conducted so entirely without fault os they
have been, it has been deemed advisable to resort to the
public tribunal of the country, for that perfect vindica-
tion to which the public, and contributors for our Fairs
especially, are entitled.

For this purpose a resolution was adopted at the
last stated meeting, by a vote of nearly three to one,
directing legol proceedings to be commenced ogoinat
certain members, which is the best evidence of tho
confidence of the Institute in its own integrity.

The Managers will coneUtde in the words of the
circular of the Twelfth Annual Foir, which they
deem not less appropriate this year, than they were
lost.

" If within the short space oUowed for receiving,
entering, arranging, ond delivering articles, amidst
the throngs of the exhibitors ond visitors, some errors
should occur, or some omissions happen, which pio-
voke the vociferations of disappointed expectations ond
passions, or which inconsiderate wantonness may dis-
tort ond mogn ty — still, we trust, a reflecting and lib-
eral public will not expect the Managers to be diverted
from their arduous, engrossing and important duties
to indite contradictions and replies. Twelve years of
faithful, disinterested deiotirn to a cause which lies
near the heart of every genuine Ameiiean, have placed
the American Institute in a position from which it
cannet be expected to descend to repel attacks which
have always proved harmless in effect, whatever may
have been their design."

Editors of papers friendly to the cause of national 'n-
dustry, are requested to give this Circular one orniore
gratuitious insertions.

The Repository is open for the daily reception and
e.xhibition of Machines, Models, Specimens, &c. of
limited dimensions, at the spacious room known here-
tofore as the Sessions Room, in the Park, (rear of ihe
City Hall,) free of charge, both for contributors and
visitors. "Those most meritorious will be conveyed
to the Fair, at the close of which they will be return-
ed by the JVIanagers. Subscriptions are received at
the Repository for the new series of the Journal of
the American Institute, ot $2 per onnum. Persona
disposed to patronize this publication, will please for-
ward their names and places of abode. The first num-
ber will issue aa soon as the list of subscribers will
worront.

Repository of the American Institute,
NeiD York, July 1840

I

140

THE NEW GENESEE PARMER,

Vol.

Hints for the Month.

One of ihe most important thinge during this month,
is sowing wheat. In this region, and wherever the
Hessian fly is not to be found, sow early; let the crop
be iccW put in, — farmers who employ hired men, should
see that ploughing is not slighted, and thai narrow,
even furrows be ploughed, instead ot cutting shoes of
■oil twice as wide as can be turned over. Let good,
tcell cleaned surface drains be cut wherever needed.

In fattening hogs, let it be remembered, that a great
loss always follows the feeding of unground grain —
that fermented ewill (hog-porr't-li^e) is much better
than unferraonted — and that iiieal boiled in many times
ito Julk of water is still better. One item in the man-
agement of hogs, from an exchange paper: — "Six
pigs of equal weight were put to keeping at the
same time, and treated alike as to food and litter for
Beven weeks. Three of them were left to shift for
themselves as to cleanliness. The other three were
kept clean by brushing and currying. These last pigs
consumed in the seven weeks, ^cc bushels of peas less
than the others ; and when killed, weighed, on an av-
eroge, more than two stone /our pounds (32 lbs.)
above the others."

Hogs should now be turned into apple orchards to
pick up the follen fruit — some farmers accomplish most
of the fattening of their hogs in this way, without in-
terfering with the main crop of winter apples.

Let cattle be loeli liept through autumn — if for fat-
tening, the work should be commenced early — and if
for keeping, it to important that they should enter win-
ter in fine condition.

Newly seeded grass lands should be very sparingly fed,
BO that the young plants may get a secure footing and
spread densely over the surface.

Be careful to cut up corn in season, that the fodder may
be good — if a heavy frost should occur before the end
of the month, it should be cut before it withers.
Corn will ripen much, after cutting, by the nourish-
ment it receives from the slowly drying stalks. Top-
ping corn should never be practice 1 — it lessens the
amount of grain, often several bushels to the acre, —
affords much less f:>dder, and requires more labor.

As much of the plan of operations for next year, is
laid now, it is especially important that it be done
right. A course of rotation should be always attended
to, as this is of the highest importance in practice in
order that other Ittbur may not be lost. Manuring is
of absolute necessity, but not less requisite than rota-
tion— manuring costs money, — rotation costs only
careful thought; — and without rotation, a great part
of the advantages of manuring, and thorough culture,
will be lost. If a hundred dollars a year can be saved
by mere thought, without additional labor, it is cer
tainly worthy <»r attention ; but many farmers sacri-
6ce hundreds by a bad system.

Let EsEaoY — Neatness — Order, — be the watch-
word of the farmer at every season of the year, and
iSccesB will follow. •

The Yellows in Peach Trees.

All cultivators of the peach tree, should know how
to distinguish the effects of the worm at the root —
a mechanical injury, from the poison of the yelloics — a
contagious disease.

This name was imposed by the late Judge Peters of
Pennsylvania; and though it is sometimes descriptive,
yet in other cases, it may mislead, for the tree may
be deeply diseased, and yet not yelloic. So it is, per-
hops generally, when the niolady first appears in the
fruit; and is probably the effects of pollen from an un-
healthy tree. In this case, one or two limbs may ri-
>i«n several weeks before the other branches, — the skin
of»n deeply stained or speckled with red-purple, as
well as the pulp; and this may be the only symptom
disooverable in thai season. As tho disease irioreRies

however, shoots protrude from the main branches, of-
ten crowded and remarkably attenuated, Buch as no
healthy tree ever exhibits.

When we first Introduced this disease from one of
the Flushing nurseries, we were entirely ignorant of
its nature; and to preserve a few sorts which had come
at high prices, we set some buds from those (lender
twigs, into healthy stocks. They took, but commu-
nicated the malady, and in about one year they all died
together.

It is supposed that the yellotcs is also taken by heal-
thy trees ibrough the i.iotin consequence of their co-
ming in contact with infected roots; and of this we
could have no doubt, if a transfusion of the juices
should take ploce; but our observations favor the be-
lief that it is more commonly communicated by the
pollen, and perhaps through the intervention of bees.

As the pulpy part of the fruit is evidently diseased,
it is reasonable to infer that the kernel is also tainted;
and the early age at which seedlings often die in the
infected districts, confirms this opinion. To plant
such peach stones in nurseries, is therefore equiva-
lent to strewing the yellows over the land. None should
be used for this purpose, but such as are procured from
the most healthy trees.

The only known remedy for this disease is to kill
the patient. A tree has no stomach into which we
can throw medicine; and external applications only
smother by closing the pores. Some persons indeed,
hove made holes in the limbs or trunk, and filled in
mercury or sulphur, — analogous to cutting into the
flesh, and cramming the orifice with drugs — but we
have nothing to say in favor of the practice. If a tree
could be medicated through the spongioles perhaps
something might be done; — and some cases of mercu-
ry and of salt hoving entered separately into the cir-
culation, have been recorded, — but this branch of med-
ical practice has hardly commenced. Where only a
limb or two appear to be dieeased however, immediate
amputation might be tried; yet there would be much
reason to apprehend a taint of the tnmk, in conse-
quence of the natural descent of the juices. t

Culture of Fruit— Continued.

We have already noticed some of the best varieties
of the apple, peach, pear, and cherry; and before pro-
ceeding to treat of the most successful modes of cul-
ture, weehall mention briefly a few of the best among
the \pricot, raspberry, strawberry, plum, &c.

Tje a; ricot is very much neglected by most cultivo-
tors of fruit in this region, although it ripens before
the earliest peaches, and is little inferior to them in
flavor; certainly far exceeding, as a table fruit, the fi-
nes', varieties of apples. Its tenderness, and the occa-
sional loss of the crop by frost, are the chief objections;
but it withstands well, the winters of Western New
York, and the fruit is not perhaps more frequently
destroyed than the peach, not being cut off in our mil-
der regions oftener than one year in four. With the
plum and nectarine, it is liable to the attack of the
curculio, but is protected from that insect with the
same facility and certainty by a little care.

The Peach apricot stands pre-eminent for size and
flavor, often measuring more than two inches in diam-
eter. It ripens with the wheat crop, a little earlier
than our earliest peaches; and should be considered
as indispensible in every fruit garden, though contain-
ing but half a dozen trees. The Breda is inferior to
the peach apricot, but is earlier, and the crop is perhaps
more certain. The jBiacA: apricot is quite distinct from
all the other varieties, ond inferior to many in flavor,
but it is perfectly hardy, is a great bearer, and ripens
its fruit a little before our wheat harvest. Though
not admired by some, it still should obtain a place in
every collection.

Among the finest varieties of the plcm, for etf
maturity, and for flavor, are the white Primodian,
pening in harvest, — the Orleans, ripening soon af|
Yellvw Gage, Green Gage, — Bolmar's Wasim
ton, remarkable for its size and beauty, but not t ■'
vor, — Huling's Superb, superior in size and flavor
the last, and Prince's Imperial Gage, which, acco'
ing to Manning, is " the most productive and i
ble of all plums," a single tree, according to Kenrn
in the vicinity of Boston, having produced fruit
several successive years, which sold for forty to
dollars per annum.

Among raspberries, the Red Amtwerp, and
White Antwerp, are considered as standing at
head. Two varieties, known to nurserymen, as
Black American and IF/i!(e American, are also extl
lent, but need good culture to be as they should; i
a native American species, the Rubua atrigosus, p|
sesses an excellent flavor, would doubtless be mil
improved by cultivation. j.-

Strawberries. — The Duke of Kent Scarlet, is a I
flavored and very early variety; the Roseberry is li
and more productive; Keen's seedling is a large, fi
and very productive variety; the Methven is more
markable for size, than for flavor or productiveneai
The red and white Alpine are sweet and of a g
flavor, and are chiefly valuable for their consta;
bearing through the summer, especially if a little i
ded; fruit may generally he picked until severe f
sets in. The bush Alpine appears to be inferior to
last, both in flavor and productiveness.

It is certainly a matter of surprise, that so littlt
tention is given to the cultivation of fine fruit. '
quarter of the needless expense which is often la\
ed on fine horses, or on fine carriages and harr
would procure a constant succession of this most •
cioiis, this absolutely bewitching treat, through
whole yearly circle! For instance, — apples w
supply from the first of the year to the beginnii
summer; strawberries, cherries, and raspbcrrie
month and a half longer; a;)ncote for a month b
and during wheat harvest; and after that the w
multitude of delicious fruits, consisting of ap
pears, plums, peaches, nectarines, grapes, &c., n
give an abundant supply till winter; after whici
pies and pears would continue till Bpring,and apph
the fruit season of the next year.

CTo be Continued.)

The Bassano Beet.

This Beet is more decidedly turnip-shaped that
that we have cultivated; and we have some that
sure seven inches across the top. It is quite a fa\
in our family; and some others who have tried it
pronounced it very superior. It was sent to us
the Rochester Seed Store; was imported from
land, and baa grown as freely as any that we hnv
er planted. On account of its excellence, we sai
seed all that we have now left.

The Alsike Clover.

The Alsike clover seed (a present from the Ro
ter Seed Store) has grown well. Without a cloi
spection it might be mistaken for white clover
a neor approach shows it to be a different thing,
leaf, indeed, resembles that species ; and its fl(
also, though they have more redness, — a part stai
erect, while the older parts of the head lop d
Like the white clover, it has also a tap root ; bu
like it, such of the stems as arc prostrate, do rnr
root, as far as we have been able to observe,
standing and erect branches, it resembles th
clover.

Its value as an artificial grass in this country,
be determined by future observations and experinri
It was sown on a fertile soil ; and its erect tttw,

I

A NDGARDENER'S JOURNAL.

141

resident,
Vice do.
do. do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

do.
do.
do.
do.

high, while those which are tlonting and pros-
are longer, some of them eighteen inches in
h. Perhaps a lighter soil might suit it better,
ppearance is more vigoious than the white clover;
le think the red clover in the same situation
d be more productive. If its prostrate stems
d take root, its value would be greatly increased.

T.

A Cure for the Heaves in Horses.

ESSBs. Editors — I observed in your paper an in-

for a cure for the Heaves in horses.

the sipring of the year, take one ten-spoonful of

Petre, and another of Borax, powdered fine, put

in meal, and feed . the horse three such doses

n twenty-four hours of each other; then double

[lose for three limes more, and in n few weeks the

tres will disappear. I have tried it with complete

J. DUNHAM.
•na, Tompkins co., N. V. 1840.

Ontario County Agricultural Society.

I'e mentioned in our last that an Agricultural So-
had been formed in Ontario county. We now
a more particulor account of it, and are happy to
Ithat its proceedings give evidence of much spirit,
promise great usefulness. We hope to witness
xhibition at Canandaigua, on the 20th of October,
h. will speak well for old Ontario. The Conati.
adopted by the society is of the usual form for
ity societies: annual fee one dollar. The follow-
is a list of the officers and town committees for
present year: —

JOHN GREIG,
Gideon Lek,
Heman CHAPm,
Peter Mitchell,
Lyman Hawes,
William Ottlet,
Irving Metcalf.

ecording Secretary, William W. Gorham.

orrespondmg Secretary, Oliver Phelps.

reasurer, James D. Bemis.

TOWN COMMITTEES.

anandaigna. — Charles Shepard, Ruasel B. John-

and Caleb Gage.

anadice. — Hiram Colegrove, Josiab Jackman and

/ester Austin.

7tst Bloovifidd. — Reynold Peck, Jasper C. Peck,

Bezaliel C. Taft.

'.ast Bloomfidd. — Flavius J. Bronson, Hani Brad-

and Myron Adams.

•ristol. — Francis Mason, Erastus H. Crow and

wn Packard.

'outh Bristol. — Franklin Crooker, Allen Brown,

James Parmely, Junr.

lorham. — Ephraim Blodget, Adam Fake and Da-
Picket.
lopacM. — Joel S. Hart, Arunah Mosely and Eli-

¥. Miller.

Manchester. — Nicholas Howland, Edmund B. Dew-
ind Abner Barlow, Junr.

faples. — Alanson Watkins, Ephraim W. Cleave-
d and James L. Monier.

•"armington. — Russell M. Rush, Wilmarth Smith,
1 Perez Hathaway.

lichmond. — Hiram Pitts, Robert L. Rose and Si-
Reed.

^eruca. — Robert C. Nicholas, Abraham A. Post
I Charles Godfrey.

Victor. — William Bushnell, Azariah Bickford and
a Bali.

Phelps. — Eliaa Cost, Wiliam Dickeraon and Peter
ndricks.

The Executive Committee have announced that the
innal Cattle Show and Fair will be held at Canan-
gua, on Tuesday the SOth day of October, at which
le a ploughing match will be held, an address de-
ered, and premiums awarded for the best ani-
ils of farm stock, crops of grain and Roots, articles
lomestic manufactnre, and agricultural implements.
list of articles and the amount of premiums, is pub-
led in the Canandaigua papers. The aggregate a-
^unt offered is $500. This speaks well for the new

society in these times of pressure. Every farmer in
the county ought immediately to have his name on-
rolled as a member.

The Genesee County Agricultural Society.

The annual Cattle Show and Fair of this Society
will be held at Alexander the 14th day of October —
(not at Batavia as mentioned in our last. ) The fol-
lowing is a list of the Officers and Managers of the
Society :

President, THEO. C. PETERS, of Darien.

Ist Vice do. E. Bishop, of Attica.

2d, do do. William E. Heston, Batavia.

3d, do do. F. P. Pendell, "

4th, do do. G. A. Briggs, "

.5th, do do. L. C. Draper, Alexander.

6th, do do. Leveritt Peck, Bennington.

7th, do do. Lewis Clark, of Dnrieii.

8th, do do. Ctrus Bkown, Pembroke.

C P. Turner, Esq. of Batavia, Corresponding and
Recording Secretary.

Lewis E. Heston, of Batavia, Treasurer.
MANAGERS.
O. Dinsmore, Alabama,

George Cooley, Attica,

0. T. Fargo, Alexander,
Sam'l Richmond, Bergen,

J. G. Russell, Batavia,

John Jenny, Bethany,

Chauncy Hayden, Bennington,
E. Cash, Byron,

Jas. C. Feiriss, Covington,
Silas Parker, China

S. D. Tabor, Castile,

A. Jefi'erson, Darien,
G. Decky, Elba,
Nysom Reynolds, Gainesville,
John Parish, Java,

B. Murphy, Le Roy,
Orlando Kelley, Middlebury,
W. Lewie, OrangeviUe,
Peter Patterson, Perry,

Eli Allen, Pembroke,

Pomeroy Warner, Sheldon,

1. N. Stage, StafTord,
Elijah Norton, Warsaw,
Horace Gibbs, Weathersfield.

The annual fee for membership of this Society is
only fifty cents, and certainly no former in the county
can, or ought to, refuse his name and mite in oid of so
laudable an enterprise. Several warm Iriends of og-
riculture have subscribed largely, and given much
lime and labor in aid of the Society, and if the form-
ers of Genesee will consult their own interests, they
will lend their hearty co-operation; then great benefits
will result from the Society to that rich ogricullural
county.

*,* Our renders will be careful not to confound the
name of the Genesee County Society, with thai of
the Genesee Society which has its meetings at Roch-
ester. The former is intended for Genesee county
alone ; the latter is intended for several counties, or
all Western New York. At the time of its formation
it was not known that a Society was in contemplation
for Genesee county ; and in order to avoid confusion
it is probable that its name will be changed at the an-
nual meeting.

Late Sales of Improved Cattle.

The following accounts of prices obtained at late
sales of improved cattle, afford gratifying evidence
that the panic among farmers is beginning to disap-
pear, and^that the cause of improvement will not long
be paralyzed by the cry of " hard times."

Joseph C. Hathaway of Farmington purchased a
few days since of Thomas Weddle, of Greece, near
this city, his imported Durham Short Horn Cow,
" Lady Bower," with her bull Calf, " Welham," 7J
months old, by "American Comet," for the sum of
one t/iousand dollars.

At a late sale of stock belonging to Allen Brown,
South Bristol, Ontario co., his full blooded Durham

Bull, "Echo," from Mr. Wcddlc's imported stock,
sold for $580 ; ond his Cow, " Beauty," from the
same stock, with her two calves, sold for .'J>890.

The following account of o late sale of Durham cat-
tle at Franklin, Kentucky, we copy from the Franklin
Farmer.

Sale of Cattle The sale of Cattle by the Fayette

Cattle Importing Conipnny, was made on the day pre-
viously advertised. The srile was numerously at-
tended, by farmers from all our odjoining counlies,
and the herd was very well distribuled. The prices
for the times, we suppose, were fair excepting those of
the bulls, Carcass and^oUis, which for their cost should
have sold higher. Carcase come to America with a
great reputation as a m-ize bull ; it was therefore sup-
posed he would have Drought a better price. We infer
from this sole, that superior breeding cattle are still
in demand, notwithstanding the great number brought
into the country. We are inl'ormed that there will
probably be no imporlatioi.e this season from England.
A proper use of what we have, will make a vast change
on the herds of the U. Slates. Nothing is wanting to
render the catile of the United States equal to those of
any region of the world, but on observance of the rules
of breeding and rearing cattle, deduced from the long
experience of other countries. We have luxuriant
pastures, abundant grain, and a kind climate. What
else do we lack but prudence and skill in their use 7

The following are the names of the purchasers, cat-
tle, ond the prices :

Victoria, purchased by R. Fisher, $l,7r0

Prince Albert, her calf— J Flournoy, 350

Miss Hopper — Thoe. C'almes, 270

Washington — Dr. W. H. Richardson, 85

Carcass — B. Gralz, 725

iEolus— R. Fisher, 610

Eclipse— R. Fisher 1,050

Elizabeth— A. McClure, 505

Maria, calf of Elizabeth— J. R. Ford, 310

Miss Luck— H. Cloy, Jr. of Bourbon, 800

Nelson, cnlfof Miss Luck — P. Todhunter, 610

Fashion— G. W. Williams. 440

Zeln, calf of Fashion— G. W. Williams, 445

Splendor— B. Gralz, 650

Tulip— A. McClurc, 700

Brittonio and calf Dido — H. Duncan, 375

Isabella — R. Fisher, 355

Lady Eliza — H. Clay, Jr. of Bourbon, 660

Orlando, calf ofL. Eliza, H.Clay, jr. of Bourbon, 305
Lilly— T. Calmes. 390

Trajan, calf ol Lilly— Wheeland & Co. 150

Nancy- C. J. Rogers, 730

Avarilda— John Allen, 920

Biuee, calf of Avarilda — M. Williams, 315

Beauty — H. Clay ol" Fayette, 700

Flora, cnlfof Beauty — J. Thorn, 410

Miss Maynard— A. McClure, 1,005

Mdton, calf of Miss M. — Jae. Gaines, 285

Jessica — Joel Higgins, 330

Rosabella — Wm. Warner, 465

Crofton — J. Downing, 155

ImproTed Variety of Wheat.

Abiel D. Gage, of Macedon, Wayne co. has thia
year raised several acres of a variety of wheat, which
we consider greatly superior to most of our cultivated
sorts. A few grains were originally found among a
quantity of white flint wheat, and from these the pre»
senl kind was derived. The discoverer has given to
it the name of Siberian Flint Wheal, but we should
much prefer that an American, instead of a foreign
name, be given to it, and would therefore propose that
it be called the Macedon Flint Wheat. It ripens sere-
ral days earlier, is more prodiictire, and Tnuch less lia-
ble to lodge, than the common white flint. A field,
sown with the two kinds, which had similar advantt
ges in every respect, yield.d lost year, on that port
sown by the new, thirti/ bushels to the acre ; whils
the common flint yielded only twentijone bushels.
Similar results appeared thia year. It is intended to
deposit a specimen in the Rochester Seed Store. "

Massbanuocks, vs. Rohans.

Mr. Phineas Briggs of Albion, Orleans co. informs
us that he is cultivating an acre of Maeehannock or
Mercer potatoes, which he challenges any grower of
Rohans to excel in quantity of produce this fall.

What say you, friend Harmon and others ? Can't
you beat 'em 1 We will bet two to one on Robana^

142

T II E N E W G E N E S E E FARMER,

VoLijS*

Labor Saving Mai-hines. lively ndmil 710 more than three intelligent persons.

We have recently seen a field of six acres of com Let the body be instantly stripped, dried, and wrapped

planted in two thirds of a day, with perfect exactness, I in hot blankets, which are to be frequently renewed.

by a machine drawn by a pair of mules driven by a Keep the mouth, nostrils and throat free and clean,

boy, and the machine held by a man; and at the eanie
time by the same machine the same field was manured
by twenty-live bushels of poudreite, evenly dropped in
the drill. Tho calculation was to make the drills four
feet apart, and to plant the corn eighteen inches in the
drill, three kernels in a hill, with the intention of re-
moving one, and leaving two to be matured. The
machine was adapted to the plougbing and sowing ev-
ery o'.hcr variety of seed, even to the smallest, and
with like exactness. The machine worked well,
though we think it might have been fcade less cum-
brous than it was; but it was not our intention at this
time to describe it or compare it with others. The boy,
if the mules had been well broken, might have been
diSiiensed with, and the whole pirf irmed by one man;
and this, upon the old system of planting, furrowing,
tilling and ninnurmg, would have been equal to the la-
bor of eight men. The machine could be built for
ten doUara cost. Now what an immense saving ol'la-
boi has been eil'ected by this ariangement ! Yet men
will lell us, with as much braggadocia and self com-
placency as their waistcoats will contain without burst-
ing the buttons oil', that thttj want none oi these new-
fangled notions; tUey chose to go on in the oUi-fiifU-
ioncit way, as though the old-hishioned way was of
course always to be the best way. Now the old-fash-
ioned way was to vi-ear uiidrrssed goatskins, s;wed
together with strings < f birch bark, or pinned with
thorns; to set on the bare ground; to bake your dough
in the ashes; to dip up your porridge in a wooden
bowl or a broken gourd, and eat it with n clam-shell.
Why cannot we go back to these blessed times of our
grandfathers, who were no doubt so much happier and
so much wiser, and so much better than we are. —
Alas ! for the sad degeneracy of modern times; and
the unhappy discovery, no (doubt the effect of some
demoniaeol agency,) of balancing a meal bag upon a
horse's back, without putting the meal in one end and
a stone in the other. — iV. E. Fanner.

Apply warm substances to the back, epine, pit of the
stomach, arm-pits, and soles of the feet. Rub the
body with heated flannels, or cotton, or warm hands.
Attempt to restore breathing by gently blowing with a
bellows, into one nostril, closing the mouth and the
other nostril. i-'rcES down the breast carefully with
bolli hands, and then let it rise again, and thus imitate
natural breathing. Keep up the application of heat —
continue the 1 ubbing— increase it irhe-n life uppt'irs,
and then give a tea-spoonful of warm water, or very-
weak brandy and water, or wine and water. Perse-
vere for six hours. Send quickly for medical assist-
ance.

Lime Buraing—Perpetual Kilus.

Professor Ducatell, the elate geologist of Maryland,
in his report to the Executive for 1838, devotes a chap-
ter to the subject of lime, its properties, mode of burn-
ing, and exhibits several diagrams of kilns, all of
which are of interest. But the professor did not
know, at that time, probably, of the improved process
by which stone and shells were converted into lime,
through the agency of wood and anthracite coal, by
perpetual kilns, or kilns kept incessantly in operation
as was the case at Bristol, Pa., and now in the man-
ner shown by those at Spring Garden, in the suburbs
of this city, under the superintendance of Messrs. F.
J. Cooper & Co.

The kilns at Spring Garden, near the Southern ter-
mination of Euiaw street, will well repay the curious
in such matters for a visit. They consist of three in
number, of brick or stone masonry, and in form rep-
resent somewhat an egg, with a portion of the larger
end taken off', and poised upon the siiinller, the seg-
ment about 22 inches diameter, cut off'. The kilns are
chirged — first with a portion of fuel, subsequently
with stone or shells, and thus with alternate layers of
fuel, or lime material — the shells and stone occupying
different kilns — until they are filled; the fire is then
cominunicaled be'ow; where, by the draft, the fire
sion ignites, ond as the shells or stones are sufficiently
burnt, are drown off' through the aperture, and when
CJoled, placed under cover, and as the contents of the
kiln continues to settle at top, now materials are intro-
duced in the succession first noticed. In this manner
lUD bushels are drawn from each kiln per day; and
when the works ore complete, 2.")!),0!)0 bushels will be
annually burnt; and as the facility for putting it on
bjard vessels is very convenient, a wharf extending
along in front of the kilns, farmers and others can a-
vail theinsdves of the circuinstanee, either when they
bring WD^id or shells to take owny the lime. In refer-
ence to the use of lime fir agricultural purposes, we
are silent, as our farmers are better versed in mattern
of that kind than we are Lyford's Com. Journal.

From the Farmer'3 Cabinet,
Fruit Trees.

Mr. Editor — The following extracts from a for-
eign work will show the young peojde of our country
how they keep up a succession of fruit trees in Ger-
many, and iierhnps it may stimulate eoiuc of them to
imitate so laudable on example.

"In the duchy of Gotha, in Germony, there are
many villages which obtain a rent of many hundred
dollars a year for their Iruit trees, which are planted
on the road-side, and on the commons. Every 7ietc-
marricet couple is bound to plant two young fruit trees.
The rent arising from the trees thus planted is applied
to the uses of the parish or town.

In order to preserve the plantation from injury or
depredation, the inhabitants of the parish are all made
answerable; each of whom is thus on the watch over
the other; and ii any one is caught in the act of com-
mitting any injury, all the damages done in the same
year, the authors of which cannot be discovered, isot-
tributed to him, and he is compelled to atone for it ac-
cording to its extent, cither by fine or corporeol punish-
ment."

" A gentleman at Colchester, England, mokes it a
rule, whenever he builds a cottage, to plant a vine
against its walls, and two or three apple trees near to
it, or in the gorden, and thus he confers a greater ben-
efit on his tenant, by giving him on innocent source
of gia.ification to his children, and on excitement to
a little extra industry on his own part, than if he had
let him 8 comfortless, inean-looking hovel, at half the
rent."

A few ornamentai trees and shrubs, disposed with
good taste about a farm-house, add much to the beau-
ty and pleasantness of the scene; and they never foil
to moke a favorable impression, on the mind of a visi-
tor, of the character of the inmates of the mansion.
A seoson should never be suff'ered to pass by without
some addition being made, by the young people, to
the ornaments of the yord, garden, or lane leading to
the house. Some families have displayed their indus-
try, taste and good judgment, in this respect, so con-
spicuously as to command the admirotion of their
neighboihood, and to e.xcite the curiosity of travelers
to inquire " who lives there V Z.

Methop (IF RKSTonisr. Eiff to thf. appauentiy
DnowNF.D. — Recommended by the " Royal Humane
Society of England," instituted in the year 1774. —
Avoid all rough usuage. Do not hold up the body by
the leet, nor roll it on casks or barrels, or rub it with
salt or spirits, or apply tobacco. Lose not a moment
in carrying the body to the nearest house, with the
head and shoulders roised. Place it in a warm room
il the weather is cold. PiTservc silence, and posi-

From lite Farmer Cabinet,

The Treatment of Sick Animals.

There are so many erroneous notions prevalent in
the community, respeciiiig injured or diseased domes-
t e animals, and such unnatural ond injurious practices
a 8 a consequence of these incorrect views, that no
aiiology is neceasory for an attempt to subserve the
cause and interests of these useful crcotures, who if
they had tongues to speak, would tell sad tales of the
wrongs to which they have been, and still are, too of-
ten subjected.

We do not propose to give on essay on the porticu-
lar cases that require attention — our object is rather,
very briefly to ask the owners of domestic animols to
be guided by a few correct principles, which are appli-
cable to nearly oil coses, and which will at least pre-
vent our doing harm, where we are not able to efi'cct
inuch good.

In the first place, then, we would insist, that when
an animal is well he never requires any medicine —
and when he is sick, we would protest against his be-
ing dosed with articles that are said to be "good"
for a particular disease, without ony reference to its
violence or the sym itoms, as common sense would
dictate ; that remedies the most opposite in their
charocter and effects, may be equally advantageous in
different periods of a case.

Alwaya distrust the man and the remedy, when
your friend dedaies that an article is always ^* good"
or a " certain cure" for a disease, without reference to

its symptoms — prescribing for the name of the dj
ease, rather than the disease itself — this is the vei
essence of quackery, in man or beast.

A lorge proportion of the diecasee of animals cli
resemble those of the human family, and requii
treatment condueied upon the same geneial princi
— with some variations and some peculiarities,
true, but none of those outrageous departures
common sense, which are too frequently witnei

A horse wiih pleurisy, crinnammotion of the I
or apoplexy, requires a widely different trea
from one with colic or with worms. There
more nivbtery about the diseases of a horse or a]
thon about those of a mon, and a violation of na'
laws is as productive of pain and injury in one
other.

There is too great a propensity, everywhere, li _
sort to active treatment in oil eases — a feeling thai
encouraged by the ignorant or designing for eelfii!
purjioses. An adviser in sickness is often most uft'
ful, and shows most skill where he only tells what I
to be avoided, ond waits for indications for more t'
live measures — doing little more than iireventiiiL'
norontbiit well meaning persons from interfering v
the salutary changes that may be going on.

Remember, thot there is a restorative power in
ture, to which it is alwoys better to trust, than i'
rect active remedies without knowing for what ,
ticular purpose they are given.

There is never occasion for the administratien
the disgusting combinations which the poor animal
made to swallow, from the mere whim of an ignora
horse or cow doctor. Many a fine beast has been k
by his owner trusting to such prescriptions.

When your animal bos fever, nature woidd dictn
that all stimuloting articles of diet or medicine shou
be avoided. Bleeding may be necessary to red
the force of the circulation — purging, to remove ir
toting substances from the bowels — moist, light, ai
easily-digested food, that his weakened digestion in
not be oppressed — cool drinks, to ollay his thirst, ai
to some extent, compensate for diminished secrctlo
— rest and qiuet, to prevent undue excitement in 1
system, and so on through the whole catalogue ol »'
eases — but nothing to be done without a reoson. <
ry out this principle, and j'ou will probably do le
good — hardly great horm — go on ony other, and yo
measures ore more likely to be productive of inju
than benefit. But, as we hove before said, our obji
now is not to speak of diseases in detail — it is rati
to encourage our agriculturol friends to tliintc befr
they act ; to have a reason that will bear e.\aminati
for every step in the manogcnient of a sick or injur
animal; to remember they hove a powerful assistant
nature (if she is fairly used), and that specifics,
they are called, are much fewer ond less to be trust
than their proprietors would have us believe. \
might, indeed olmost sum up what we would dcs
in one general direction of five words : — treat toi

BRITES LIKE 5IF..V. T.

July 7lh, 1840.

Silk Culture.

A FEW FACTS RELATIVE TO Tlji: SILK CULTURE.

It has been long known that eocoons can be obtai
ed in any part of the United Stales, whenever modi
ate attention is bestowed upon the feeding of 81
worms. But this is only one of the primary stagtjs
the silk culture ; and without the abdity to convi
the coceons in a raw or reeled silk, they would I
be a saleoble commodity, since they connot be odva
tageously exported or coitveyed to greater dietanc-"
The question still remained to be solved — in our pi
of the country, at least — have we the capacity to wi
the silk from the cocoons thot may be raised, in a co
dition fit for a domestic or foreign market ? Lo
essays, and even books, have been published, to pro
that the reeling of silk is an ortso difficult, as to 1
quire the practice of at least two or three years, a
even of five or six years. Such essays hove, liowevi
been fidlowcdthis season with similar resu'ts to the
written, to prove the impracticability of navigating t
Atlantic with steamboats, as the following focls i
toiii'd at 0 recent visit to the Model Filature in tl
city will plainly show.

Elizobeth WiUioms bcgon learning to reel silk '
the 9th of Last month, (June.) July 15th, comniei
ed at half past eight o'clock, and reeled her bushel
cocoons by three o'clock in the afternoon, having h
a recess from twelve to one o'clock. Obtained frc
the bushel twenty ounces and a half, and continuii
her work till six o'clock, P. M., reeled twenty-eig
ounces in the doy. The cocoons were of the eea-r
vaiiety, and very good. The silk twenty-five fibri

On the IGth, the same girl reeled, from similar c
coons, and without any extraordinary exertion, n

I

junda nn
veen ibe

Hnnnal)

A N D G A R D E N E R 'S J O U R N A L.

14?

tunds nnd one ounce of twenty-five fibre eiik, be-

,een ibe hours of htilf post 7 A. M. nnd G P. M.

Hannah Hill commenced learning to reel May 27th,
)f this year) nnd obtained from her bnehel of pen-nut
>coons, twenty-two ounces. In the course ot the
ay she reeled altogether twenty-four ounces ot twen-
•-tive fibre silk.

Cornelia King began learning July Ist, and nbout
fortnight al'ierwards, namely, on the llith of July,
Dt eighteen ounces of twenty-live fibre silk from one
.lehcl of pea-nut cocoons.

In the silk filatures in Europe, from one to one
lund nnd a hnlf is considered the daily task of nn
v'ptrioneed rceler.

Although the silk reeled after such limited experi-
ice will sell readily for $5,50 to ,*;IJ per pound, in its
w state, we are ready to admit that the reelevs here
ferred to have not yet attained perfection in the art.
he facts thus furnished, however, show that if the
leling of merchantable silk is so difficult as has been
[presented, why then must the success just stated
|*ove the very superior capacity in the directress of
lie model filature to teach, and in her pupils to learn.

Two doors from ihiscBtablishment in Market street,
St above Eleventh, another filature has been com-
enced by private enterprise. This has six reels in
leration, but as the cocoons roieed this season are
nv coming in pretty fast, it will soon have at least a
izen reels at work. It is proper to observe that the

edmontese reel is the only one to be seeit in cither

'these promising establishments.

PhUad. V. &•■ Gaz. FRANKLIN.

The Durham Cow "B!os.soin."

Observing in the Pennsylvania Inquirer a short
ne since a statement of Mr. J. Gowen's celebrated
iW Dairy Maid' s yield of milk for one week which
1 states ''is unprecedented, being on an average rather
cr 33i quarts per day," I concluded to try my cow
lossom, a statement of whose milking for one week
>u will find below, and by which you will perceive
e averaged for the week over 35 qts. per day, nnd
elded 13| lbs. of well worked butter. Not having
spring house we are obliged to keep our milk in a
liar, which at this season of the year every one nc-
lainted with the process of butter making knows
oiUd be unfavorable for a large yield. My dairy
aid is firm in the belief that at a cooler season, or
ith a spring house, the cream she had from Blossom
r the week would have yielded 15 or 16 lbs. of bitt-
r.

Uncommon as this produce may be, I do not consi-
r it more so than the fact of her having never been
y since she had her first calf, more than two years
0 and in the spnce of 25 months hay produced five
'ing calves, viz. on the 5th of April, 1838, she had
r first calf (Delaware) on the Ith of July, 1839,
e had twina (Liberty and Inrlependciicc,J and on
e 16th of May, 1840, she had twins again (Romeo
■,d Juliet,) and I think I can safely say that during
e whole of that time she has averogcd full "20 quarts
r day with her first calf and mnde near 12 lbs. of
.tier per week.

As I consider it an injury both to the cow and calf
milk up to calving, we tried both Inst year and this
get her dry a few weeks before the time, but found
impossible although we kept her off of grass for
me days.

As yon may suppose, such constant milking keeps
ir very much reduced : if she could be got dry for a
ne so as to gain tlesh, I think her yield would be
uch greater, but am satisfied with it for the present,
id until I see it beaten ; when that is done I will try
again, for the credit of little Delaware.
Blossom is a thorough bred short horn Durham,
lOn color, calved in 1835, bred by Charles Henry
all, Esq. of New York, (of whom 1 purchased her
hen two years old) she was giit by Foz s Regent,
im the imported cow Leonora, (a great milker) by a
\\\oi Layicastcr, S^c.

Very respectfully. SAMUEL CANBY.

Woodside, June S9th, 1840.

Blossom's yield of Milk for one week.

Total.
Morning. Noon. Evening, qts. pt.

one 13. 12 qts. II J Hi 34 1

14. 191 llj II 34 1

15. 12i 11 Hi 35

16. 12i 12i 11' 36

17. 12J lU 11 35
18- 13 12" 114 36 1
19. 13| llj 11 36

Total, ' 247 1

leing on nn average over 35 quarta per day. — Dela-
<xrc Journal.
Ii

The following just remarks, prefixed to the article
of our correspondent R. S. S. publithed in a previous
number of this paper, are from the pen of the Editor
of the American Farmer :

Hollow Horn.

In the same number of the New Genesee Farmer,
we find some observations on the diceaecs of cattle
which we read with peculiar snlisfnction : because it
appears to be from the pen of a regularly hreil phy-
sician; and to ha\c been wiitten purely from motives
of benevolence end a desire to ho UEcful. We have
often maintained the importance of having in i:ll our
medical schools, a depnrtmont in which coir.puraii\e
anatomy and the diseases of nnimnls ehoul.l bo tludied
nnd taught. The young men who are educated there
generally go into the country to estnblish themselves,
nnd it often happens that tbeir skill might be employed
in saving the lives of valuable animals, tonie of them
much more so than some of their bi-ped, bloated whis-
key-drinking patients. The legislatures in granting
charters to colleges and med'cnl schools should make
it incumbent on the corporation to maintain a profcs-
stirship of this sort, ond every farmer should make his
son attend that course of lectures, whether it
were his intention to make medicine n profession or
not. For ourselves, when tt favorite animal gets in-
jured or sick, v.e call in at once the advice of our fa-
mily physician, instead of relying on quacks and old
women; we have never found them hesitate to take an
honorable and lively interest in the case, as though it
were a human being ; and why should they not ? A
sick man can point you to the scat of pain and describe
the symptoms of his disease — but the poor speechless
dog or horse must depend on your humanity, and of-
ten loses his life by false conjectures and remedies
blindly administered — toe often by their neglect. Last
winter, the ground being covered with snow, we dis-
covered on rising early in the morning spots and
streams of blood about the born yard and fields, and
at last found a favorite saddle horse had gotten out of
the stable, and had been kicked under the jaw. The
heel of the shoe of another horse had cut the artery,
and although by the eongulation of the blood on the
outside, the hairbeing long, it would sometimes stop,
it would soon break out again to bleed with more vio-
lence. We sent in haste for Dr. Thomas Franklin,
who came with as much alacrity ns if he had been
called to a friend, bound up the wound, but distrusted
the sufficiency of the remedy and directed that should
it break out again he might be sent for. After remain-
ing so all that day, it broke out in the night — the Dr.
was again sent for — it was found that no bandage
would prevent the bleeding as soon as the horse be-
gan to masticate, and to save his life it was necessary
to east him and have the artery taken up. Here would
a most valuable horse have been lost had it not been
for the exercise of that knowlepge of anatomy and
surgery which ought to be taught to farmers' eons in
all incorporated schools. Let us add the fact, that
this faithful horse appeared to be aware that he was
bleeding to death, for he was traced in his course,
first to the dwelling house, where, finding no succor,
he traveled across a corn-field, over the snow, to the
Only quarter there was on the plantation, to the dis-
tance of nearly a mile, for which he could have had no
morive or inducement, but to expose his danger and
seek relief. But to the ease in the Genesee Farmer
described by R. S. S. who we take to be a Right
Skilful Surgeon — here it is — It may be used in cases
of hollow horn, which in some parts of the country is
said to be caused by hollow belly. Yet there will be
one difficulty in administering the remedy he suggests
— Reader, would you know what that is ? — Not one
fanner in twenty lias a jjideme to bleed with !

To make Wives Love their Homes.

A great deal has been said, here and elsewhere, a-
houtthestayat home dutyof wives; and the obligation
under which they live, to make home pleasant and
comfortable, attractive nnd all that. The inference
from this one sided preachment and caution is, that
men have nothing to do in the matter; and that noth-
ing depends upon them in relation to the comforts of
what is intended to be the pleosnnt place upon earth. —
Women are soundly rated for gadding, as if they bad
no right to be seen out of doors; while men may treat
their houses as mere cook-shops, and ploces where
lodgings are provided for them — coming in only to
their food and to their beds, and no body questions ei-
ther their right thus to neglect their families, or the
propriety and policy of such neglect.

When a man thus contemptuously treats his home,
and evinces in every action his prcfcrcr.ca tor ony

place except his own fireside, what are we to expect of
thercttof "the folks" but that lliey should emulate
the father of the tiiiiiily, nnd desjiise home too ? If
they make it comfortable, it nuibt be from selfibh con-
siderations; for nobody cares niiy thing obout it more
than nn hour ut n time. All the efliirls of the wife to
cnll attention to improvements and ullcrntioiis in the
household being lost, or, ct most, responded to in the
Innguage nnd tone of indifi'erence, she becomes dispir-
ited; nnd iiniurally Icnrns to put n small estimate upon
what rcceivesbuism.nll eonsiderniion from others. Of
course she must " gad" or be miserable.

W.ves and religion ore treated much nlike in this
world. Ilolli, to use nn Hibcrnicism, nie conceded the
one thing nerdful— ^nnd both are neglected. To both
a great deal of lip worship is paid — tmd towards both,
to do humnn nnlure justice, there is n great deal of
warmth of heart. It is however but nn abstract feeling
— a sentiment by fits and etorts, which comes over one
when he is melted by adversity, or cheered by extra-
ordinary good fortune. It comes out ii]ion prtat oc-
casions, but in the daily walks of life, where its influ-
ence should be seen nnd felt, it is a hidden thing. If
a man is dying himtelf, he calls upon his Maker with
ns much fervency as if he had never forgotten Ilim;
ond if his wile is at the point of death, he mukce him-
self as busy nnd nnxious as if he had ne\er forgotten
her. The same feeling, equalized through lus life,
would pi event a mnn's terrible anxiety at the hour of
death; ond proper and attentive care of his wife, at all
times, and under all circumstances, would leave him
no necessity to be over anxious to otone for usual re-
mifsnese when she is in danger or distrecs.

Every married man who does not know that his
wife's whole soul is in her bouse, ought to karii it. —
If such be not her disposition he will stand a fair chance
to be unhappy, unices, indeed, be con find some means
to alter her tastes, or to conform his houechold and
his pursuits to her peculiar mental coni'oimalii n. —
Waiving such as extraordinary ccecs, and toking wo-
men as we usually find them, the married mon thould
consider his house as his wife's empire; nnd if he would
obtain and keep a hold upon her sincere afleclions, he
must lesrn to feel nn interest in all she does within her
proper sphere. The veriest trifle that takes place at
home by her direction, is conducted with a view to
his comfort and wishes. Mon do not think of this
sufficiently. Their cores and intercourse are divided
on so many different points and among so many dif-
ferent people, that they cannot, without schooling
their niiiida to the subject, comprehend a wo-
man's single attachment to one person, and care for
him. He cannot realize that it is his duty to meet this
by a corresponding feeling, to be shown always at
home. Engrossed in the weighty cares of business,
he forgets that what appear but trifles to him, employ
OS much the attention of his wife, as his negociotions
upon 'change, or his business tronsoctione or cfibirs oc-
cupy him. He would feel sadly annoyed, if what ho
chooses to tell his wife of his business, did not inter-
est her, or if she made nc inquiries relative to his busi-
ness and prospects.

On the same ground, he ehonld reflect that his w i.^'e
has a right to be netded and vexed, and moy naturally
become habitually despondent, if he passes the budget
of domestic news without the expression of any inter-
est. He ought to see the whole cdvontoges of ony re-
moval of the furniture, ony change of the carpet, or
indeed ony movement within doois which she may
have resolved upon in her cabinet councils. He may
even assume a right to a voice in these discussions, nnd
she will like it all the better, if he do not attempt tco
often the exercise of the veto power. She is queen of
the realm; he should be, in o mnnner, a Prince Al-
bert— a sort of a subject consort; never disputing her
authority, but making suggestions, os Prince Albert
most certainly will. He may be sure that if he at-
tempts to dictation, and merely expresses wishes, and
acknowledges gratification, that the bare expreesion
of interest in household matters will put him in the
attitude of a " power behind the throne, greater than
the throne itself."

This participation of the husband in nfTairs nt home,
will necessarily keep him more in the house. He will
never find a chance to complain of his wife's gadding,
because, having no inducement to seek sympathy ond
society abroad, she will become domestic from choice
ondhobit. The participont in all her plans ond pur-
suits, he will know better than to be in a pet at her
trips abroad, because he will understand her motive
and her reason for all such excursions. In n word,
being a reasonable husband, he can but have n reason-
able wife, for there are few, if any, laults of husband
and wives, that arc not mutual. — N. Y. Dispatch.

I

144

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

VoL.1.

Bcm

OBITl'ARV.

It haB become our molancholly duly to record the
death of one of the piibliBhcrs of this paper, Elihi; F.
Marshall. He died of consumption, on the morn-
ing of the 29th of August, after an illness of aboiu
three months, aged 4G years.

Mr. Marshall was a native of Easton, Washington
county, N. V. He came to this city fifteen years a]
and was long well known here as a bookseller and
publisher; and, as the author of "Marshall's Spell-
ing Book," his name is familiar to thousands of youth
in out land. He has twice held the responsible office
of City Treasurer. Although a cripple from hif
youth, he was active, industrious, and enterprising ;
and few men received, or deserved a larger share ot
the esteem and kindly sympathies of this community
than him. In his death we have not only lost a valu-
able assistant, but an esteemed friend. A wife and
two young daughters have lost a fond husband and
father, who was hound to them by the strongest ties of
affection. Asa citizen, a philanthropist, and a friend,
his memory will be cherished, and his loss will long
be felt by many in this community.

His funeral was attended from the Friend's Meet
ing House, at 10 o'clock, A. M. August Gist.

Dreadftil IVews from Florida.

Death of Dr. Perrine, and destruction of Indian Key,
by the Scminoles,
The Charleston Courier of August 20th, contains
the painful intelligence of the destruction of the settle
menl of Indian Key on Cape Florida, and the butche
ry of part of the inhabitants by the savages. Amonf
those who fell, was Dr. Henry Perrine, whose deatli
is a great loss to science and to the nation. Dr. P
was formerly United States Consul at Campeachy,
and for several years past he has been assiduously en-
gaged in the patriotic enterpriee of forming an eatab
lishrncnt at Cape Florida for the introduction and cul
ture of Tropical plants, such as it was thought migh
prove of value in the southern parts of this country
With the aid of Congress a company was formed for
this purpose. Dr. Perrine commenced a prcparatorj
Nursery with a large collection of plants at Indiar
Key, where he intended to reside till the cessation of
hostilities — but where he has fallen a victim to his
zeal, by the hands of the merciless and exasperated
Seminoles. It is said that he was shot,Bnd afterwardt
consumed by fire in his own house. His wife and
two children made their escape.

Fire and Loss of Life in Rochester.'

The largo building on Main-street, adjoining the
bridge, known as Curtis' building, and occupied h\
several stores, wool carding and other machinery,
Flouring mill, &c- was consumed by fire on the morn
ing of the 26th of August. Loss estimated at $o7,-
000. Insurance only $7,000. The most painful cir
camstance connected with this event is the death ol
two respectable young firemen, G. P. Benjamin and
John Eaton, who were at work in the river, extin-
guishing the fire from the bridge, close by the burning
building, when the wall fell.and killed them instantly

Their funeral was attended the following day by the
whole Fire Department in uniform, and an imniensi
concourse ofcitizuns-

Another Shocking Calamity.

By the falling "f the draw-bridge at Albany on the]
22d of August, Twenty-one persons were killed.

Well may we dress this page of our paper in mourn-
ing I We hope we may never have to record another I
such a melancholy chapter.

Census of Rochester, Buffalo ' dUtica. — ]
Thepnpulation of the city of Rochei cording to

the late census, is 20,12!) — in 1835 ii vir .504

The population of BufTalo is 18,356 — lu ^'5 it wasj
l.S(5Gl.

Tiie population of Utica is 12,674 — in 18
10,019.

GREAT CATTLE SHOW AXD FAIR AT
ROCHESTER.

ON THE 7TH AND rTH DAYS OF OCTOBER.
The Annual Exhibition and Fair of the Genesee

Agricultural Society, (for Western New York,) will
be held at Rochester, on Wednesday and Thursday,
the 7th and 8th days of October. Premiums will be
awarded for the best animals of farm stock, field crops,
garden product?, articles of domestic arts, agricultu-
ral implements, «Sfcc. A ploughing match v\'ill take
place, and an address will be delivered. The second
day is intended chiefly (or the sale of farm stock, o(
which it is expected a fine collection will be exhibited
and large sales made. Many cattle breeders and ama-
teurs from a distance are expected, and every farmei
who wishes to buy or sell, or who loves t« see fine an
imals, will of course be present.

The Annual Fair of the Mechanics' Association foi
Western New York, occurs at the saine time — com-
mencing on the Gth and lasts three days — and the ma-
ny thousands of persons who witnessed their Fair lasi
year, need not to be intiyrmcd that the combined am
ncreased attractions of this year, will draw togethe
an immense number ot spectators, and cannot fail ti
exert a powerful influence for the promotion of Agri-
cultural and mechanical improvement. Every farinci
who desires the advancement of the best interests ol
he country, should contribute his dollar and have hu
name enrolled as a member of the " Genesee Agricul
tural Society, for the promotion of Agriculture, Hor
ticulture, and the Domestic Arts, in Western New
York."

O" For the list of premiums and other particulars,
see the " New Genesee Farmer" for August and Sep
ember. ;..

By order of the Executive Committee.

M. B. BATEHAM,
Correspoiidmg Secretary,
,* Publishers of newspapers in Western New
York and Upper Canada, will aid the cause of im
provemcntby inserting the above.

Misttikea of the Printer. — Our printer and proofreader lie^
lardon of D. T. for several errors winch escaped tllcir notice
n Ilia valuable contritiutions last month. They are wel;
iware that to a person like him, n ho takes paiiia to select
iiis thoughts, arrange his wonls, and point his sentences cor-
cctly, it is very niurtifying to have his writings carlesslj
printed ; especially as they are frequently copied into other
journals and sent nil over ihp United i?tates before there i?
any chance to correct them. More pains will be taken here
fler to avoid complaints of tliis nature ; in the mean timr-
our re.iders will please make the following corrections ii
our last number.
Page U7, col. 3, line 2 from bottom, for " dry" read toak-
*' 1*24 " 1, for ** Jtamtnutus'^ Te:\il JIammuIa.
** 1*24 ** 2, (or '^ttenactits" rcn^ stcitartis.
" 124 *' 3, line 16, for " in odour*\' read intmr border
" 1'24 " 3, " '20, from the bottom, the words *•//
EnglaniT* should beirin a new paragrapli.
Page 125, col. 1, line '23, for " ahiorhcd read absorbent.
2.1, for "oh:,eri/ed" read observed.
38, for "sui/d" read soit.

m

Timothy Seed Wanted.

At the Rochester Seed Store. Also, Millet and Hemp seed.
Sept. 1st, 1840.

Save your Plum Stones.

CASH will be paid for a few bushels of Plum Stones, de.
livered soon at the Rochester Seed Store.
Sept. 1st, li40.

TUSCANY SEED WHEAT.

COL. W. T. CUYLER of -Moscow has left for sale at the
Rochester Seed Store, a quantity of his Tuscany wheal
(mentioned In No. 7, page 99, of this paper.) This wheat is
earlier and more productive than any common variety, and
the berry is verv large and fine. All who wish to obtain a
superior article should call £nd eianiine this— it will speak
for Itself. Price »2 per bushel.
Sept. 1. M. B. BATEHAM.

HOUNT HOPE GARDEN & NI'RSERIES.

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK.

East tide of St. Paul-street, nearly opposite Mount Hope.

THE subscribers offer fur e.-ile a fine collection of Fru,
and Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Green House
ind Hardy Herbaceous Plants, Rulbuus Flower Rooti
l>ouble Dalillas, &l<z. &.c. Orders sent [icr mail or otherwise
II be promptly attended u>, and all articles will be packeci
^o that they can be transported safely to any part of Ihf
:onntry. Gardens laid out and skillful gardeners furiiisl.eil
It short notice. Persons wishing assortments of anv of the
bove articles to sell again will be supplied on very reasona-
ble terms.

They would also inform the public that they are now re-
moving their establishment troiii BulTalo anil Sophia street?
•.o the Garden as above, where they have new and more ex-
tensive Green Housug almost completed.

This establishment is intended to supply the Western
Hates and Canada, with all articles in the line of Horlii-ul-
iirc, and to prevent that delay and disaiipointmcnt wliicl.
Almost invariably occur in olilaining theiii from the east; and
in a short time, as soon as Trees, Plants, &c., can bf
arranged, a regular Botanical and Poniological Garden wil
»e formed of which due notice will be given to the publics!
hat they may i-isil and inspect it.

Prices in all cases will be as moderate as at any other cs-
ablishinent in Ihccoiintry, and no fruit of inferior or doubt-
ful quality will be cultivated.

ELLWANGER &, BARRY.
Rochester, \. Y. Sept. 1, IMO.

N. B. A quantity of Morus Multicaulis and Moretti, will
c disposed of on favorable terms.

ENGLISH IMPORTED SEED WHEAT.

AS the Agricultural Fair will occur rather late for wheat
sowing, the English wheat imported for the Society
will be disposed of previously, to such farmers as feel dis-

posed to try it. The price is 25 cents per quart, and the pro-
its, if any, will be given to the funds of the Agricultural
-Society.

The following are the ntinics of the kinds, — some of whicb
are new varieties highly approved in England.

Golden Drop,
Eclipse,
"Whittington,
Bellevue Talevera,

Rochester, Sept. 1st, 1040.

Red Burrell,
Pegglesham,
Chetham or Sussex,
Downy or Rough Chalf.
M. B. BATEHAM.

PORTABLE THRASHING MACHINES, f'

CLOVER MACHINES AND HORSE POWERS.

WARRANTED to be thoroughly built and to work well: ^
made by Tuo.mas D. Burrall, Geneva, Ontario Co,,
\. Y.

These machines have all been warranted " to be thorough,
built, and to work well;" and they hane fully siutaitim it
ttiot jcarrantv. i

They have gone largely into use; morcthan four tbnusant k:
are in'oiteration; many of them have thrashed from ten tt :
wenty thousand bushels each, witltout repairs. More thai^ti
•iglit iiundred new machines were sold during the last se»
son ; and on thorough trial, they have been recommended bj
hsse who use them " to be as complete, aud to tcork aa tcti
as any in the icorld.^^

His new Combination Machine separates the grain froi
lie straw in the process of thrashing, without any addit{
machidery ; saves the labor of one hand in raking away
4raw — much grain which is usually raked off with the strai
—and is driven with less power than any other machine ij
ise.
Geneva, June 27, 1S40.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

CORRECTED FOH

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, SEPT. 1, 1S40.

ii 78 a
37 J.
25..
37J.
50..
50..
75..
25..
19..
1,00..
1,75.

WHEAT, .... per bushel, . .

CORN " ....

OATS " ....

BARLEY, "

RYE, "

PEAS, Common, . "

BEANS, White,.. "

POTATOES, .... "

APPLES, Desert,. "

" Dried,... "

CIDER barrel,

FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,00...

" Fine, .... " 3,50....

SALT, " 1,75...

PORK.Mess " 12,00...

" Prime " 10,50...

" Hog, lOOIbs 4,00...

BEEF, " 4,00...

EGGS, per dozen, 8...,

BUTTER, Freeh, . . per pound 10. . .
" Firkin,.... "... 10. .

CHEESE " ... 5...

LARD, " ... 7...

TALLOW " ... 10...

HIDES, " ... 5...

SIIF.EP SKINS,.... each,... 38...

WOOL pound... 38...

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00...
POT, " ....".. 4,.50....

HAY ton, . . 5,00. . .

GRASS SEED bushel,.. 1,00...

CLOVER, " " ...

FLAX " "... 75...

PLASTER, (in bbls.') per ton, 6,00...

81
41

41

..98
,.25
1,25
2,00
. 4.25
.3,75

13,00
.11,00
. 4,5C

.10

121

la

50
44

.6,00
1,50

1,00

bulk, fat Wheatland) 3,00.,

Remarks.— The price of our great staple, Wheat, duri
he past month, has been somewhat above our quo
ions. Immense quantities have been sold at from 81 to i
■ents ; but the last news from England, together with 1
■apid supply, has had a tendency, for the present, to c'
iclivily and ilepress prices. We will ha/.ard the nptnit
lowever, tliiit if farmers generally will take the adviM
)Ur able correspondent c**** they will obtain a higher pr
or llicir wheat than is trffcrcd at pie^cni.

!M

-IE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. n, BATEHAM,

C. K. CROSMAN, Proprietors.

}

VOIi. 1. ROCHESTER, OCTOBER, 1840. NO. lO.

JOHN J. THOMAS,

M. B. BATEUAM, Editors.

PUBJLISHEO MOIVTHL.Y

rN COXNECTION WITH TUB ROCnESTKR SEED STORE AND AORl-
CrLTPRAL REPO9IT0RV.

Terms— FIFTY CENTS, per ye,ir,payalile always in ad-

VlllK-C.

Post ."Maslprs, Agents, and others, sending money free of
I'pogia^e, will receive 5ercn copies for g3, — TVt/fc copies for
llgj, — Ttceiily-five copies for ®10,

Thi: postage of this paper is only one cent to any place
■vviLiiin this stale, and one and a lialf cent to any part of
li'- tinted Slates.

COIVTEVTS OF THIS IVUMUUR.

\l,.\ Air Furnaces.— by J. J. T.. (Willi a cot) 143

Units lot the Month. The Hannah Apple. The new
^Vheat. A Fact, about a Cypress vine. Domestic
Convenicncie-s — Cisterns. Alpludes, or,Plant Lice.

Fruit Trees splitting down, 146

L'liUure of the Hydrangea. Applying iVenh manures.
The iVativc Red MuIIierry. Cure fir 0.v:cn&' eves.
Killine Canada Thistles. Vegetable Diet. Flowers

and Shrubs. Grape Jelly, , 147

riie rtowcrs of Summer. Transplanting Fruit Trees,. ..149
V\iscuiisin, and its inducements for Emigrants Impor-
tant Experiments- soaking Seeds. The Durham
Cow "Young Lily." Cultivation of Orchard Gr.ass, 149
)n ra. sing and cleaning Clover SeeJ- Clover Machines.
Infiltration of iManures. Proofs of Intiltration. Cio-

\cT Seed Culture, and M.achincs, CIA com, J 150

^colu'li Husbandry. A good Farmer. Measuring Corn.
The Tomato. Paint your Tools. Foreign Sugars.

For Farmers' Wives and Daughters, 151

"lie (.'attle Show and Fair at Rochester ; List of premi-
ums, and regulations for tlic Exhibition ; Ploughing
IMatch, &c. The Genesee county Fair-, Onlario
cMu iity do 15-2

■air at Cljveland, O.; Do. at Colborne, U. C. Lime as
a manure. Cure for ** Diseases in Poultrv.'" 153

ircat Eibibitlon and Fair of the Royal English Agricul-
tural Society; Speech of .Mr. Stevenson. &,i 153-1

'" keep Silk-worm eggs for nen year. Prolits of Bee-
^^''fpi"? 155

car-. The new large white carrot. Crops in South
\ en ice in 1^0, I5G

ures for Ringbone. Preserving Apples. Coln„fCows.
Warming Houses. See I of the Wild Rice. Eratta. 157

lilogue le'.wecn a F.ather and Son— Influence of the
Female Char;icter. Tlie Nobility of Labor 158

[.iking Auger holes with a Gimblet. Popular Errors.
Wom.in. Remedy for Smut In Wheat, 159

ll. Hope Cemetery, Rochester. fpoetrv.J Hens' Eggs.
Fiirmers' holidays. Fairs, &.c. New arrangcmehl.
Advertisements, Prices Current, tc 160

,!l

Hot Air Furnaces,

Numerous inquiries having been maiie of us, relative
hot-air furnacee, we believe we shall not render a
>re acceptable service to many of our readers than to
•nish the following description. The plan is greatly
proved on the one published last spring in the Cul-
Btor, and patterns of the entire castings having been
renlly made, the difficulty heretofore experienced in
Jcuring them is removed.

A brief statement of the leading principle and ad-
ntsgesmny be interesting to those unacquainted with
im. The furnace is always placed in the cellar, or
a situation below the rooms to be heated, which are
jmed by the hot air thrown up throu.<;h pipes from
! furnace below. One fire thus warms the whole
.se. The principal advantages o( this method are,
The saving of fuel, — the furnace being so con-
cteJ as to retain nearly all the heat of the burning
instead of soiiJing off from two-thirds to nine-

tentbs into the opeit air as in the common mode ; fi\c
or ei.\ cords are found sulTicient to keep the several
rooms of a large house warm night and day through
winter, ij. The saving of labor in cutting, — the wood
being burned three feet long, and a foot in diameter if
wished. 3. The saving of labor in mnUing fires, —
but one being needed for the whole house, and requi-
ring to be replenished bnt once in si.\ or eight hours.
4. The saving of labor in cleaning houso, — the dirt of
stoves and fire-places being wholly avoided. 5. The
saving of house room, so largely consumed by other
modes of heating. 6. The peculiar and comfortable
warmth of summer, pervading the house night and
day, so desirable in case of sickness or when it is ne-
cessary to rise in the night, and the diminished preva.
lence of colds and catarrhs found to result from the use
of hot air.

The figure at the head of this article represents a
scttion of the whole apparatus, and will give a correct
idea of the plan, although the proportions may not be-
precisely correct. A, is the stove, which is 3 feet 4
inches long inside, 2 feet high, and 18 inches wide.
It is made thus large, for the reception of large or
knotty wood, thus saving cutting, and frequent renew-
ing of the fuel. The bottom is a grate, made of cast
iron bars, B, running lengthwise, through which the
nshee fall into the ash-pit C. The air is^dmitted
through the ash-pit door, which, as well as the stove-
door, fits accurately, so that by closing or opening, the
combustion may be completely controlled. Should
any smoke escape from the joints of the stove, they
should be closed by a paste made of iron turnings or
filings with sal ammoniac and water.

From the stove the heat passes into the cast iron
drums D, D, D, «&c. eight of which arc attached to it,
and the smoke finally passes off through the pipe E.
The drums are about IG inches square, and 5 inches
thick, and are cast with the short connecting pipes at-
tached to their lower plates. They rest upon each
other in such a manner that no fastenings are required
to hold them together, and they are supported at bot-
toi-n by brick, and on each other by the connecting
pipes or necks, and by small cast iron stands. Their
joints are securely closed by ashes. When they be-
come filled with soot, they are easily taken apart and
cleaned. By constantly breaking the current of smoke,
they deprive it effectunlly of its heat, and it passes off
greatly cooled into the open air.

Double brick walls, F, F, are bnilt round the whole
apparatus, thus forming a complete air chamber for
the retention of the hot air, until it passes upwards
through the hot-air pipes G, G, one of which should
lead to each room to be heated. The inner wall may
be made of bricks on edge, occasionally braced to the
outer by a cross brick. An intermediate space of sev-
eral inches, occupied by air, is thus left, and prevents
the escape of heat from the air-chamber. Perhaps it
would be still better if this space were filled with ashes.
The top of the chamber ie covered with brick laid flat
and supported on wrought iron bars. Several inches of
nshea are laid on the brick, and these again covered
with another layer of brick, or a coat of mortar. Air
holes should be made at the bottom of the brick walls
for the admission of fresh air to the outside of the stove
and drums. The air thus admitted should be perfect-
ly fresh and pure, and if a room in the cellar, with an
open window, cannot be thus appropriated, a trunk
made of wood should proceed from the air outside to

the chamber. Two dnuble-sheet-iron doirs are to be
hung on one side of the chamber, one opening inwards
and the other outwards, large enough to admit a man
to clean the drums, &c., and sufficient space should
be left on one side of the cast-iron apparatus for his
freely passing.

A saving in iron bars for supporting the top of the
chamber may be made by first placing a few on edge,
after the manner of joists, by which much smaller ones
will be needed. Perhaps a still better way would bo
to make a square iron frame the size of the top, to
which may be attached pieces of stifi" hooj) iron bent
slightly in the form of an arch, for the support of iho
brick, — these pieces to be braced by one or two cross
bars.

The smoke pipe E, should not he less thnn 10 or 12
inches in diameter, and theair pipes G, G, should not
be less than 1'2 inches, and should be made of bright
tin, to prevent the lateral escape of heat. By making
the latter thus large, the hot air is thrown in Inrga
quantities into the rooms above, consequently the fire
in the stove need not bo so hot, and the air has none
of the peculiar burnt odor of common stoves. Less
fuel is also thus required, and the cast iron does not
burn out so soon.

The upper ends of the hot-air pipes terminate at the
floors of the rooms to be warmed, where a circular
cast iron grate or ventillator is placed, which by open-
ing or closing, regulates the heat of the room.

The pipes should be placed as nearly vertical as prac-
ticable, and when it is necessary to change their di-
rection, it should be done by curves and not by elbows.
The heat will not pass through them horizontally, un-
less there is a large portion of perpendicular pipe con-
nected with them. Where it isuecessary to carry the
heat to a room not directly over the furnace, it should
be done by a straight, inclined pipe.

As much more heat is thrown off while the smoke
ie descending through the first column of drums, than
while ascending through the last, it has been very
justly suggested to separate these two columns, or ra-
ther to form two separate compartments in the upper
part of the chamber, by placing a plate of bright tin or
bright sheet-iron across it, between these two columns,
the air from each to be carried off by separate pipes.

The length of the whole east iron apparatus, when
set up, ie about 6 feet C inches, the width 23 inches,
and the height of the top of the upper drum, about 4
feet. Allowing two feet for the passage of the man
for cletning, on one side, and one foot space above,
which is quite sulScient, and it will be perceived that
the size of the air-chamber inside, is, — length 7 feet,
width 4 feet, and height 5 feet.

It is probable that the use of hot-air -will be found,
useful and very cheap for the warming o( green houses^
attached to dwellings ; nt all events, green house plants,
and all tender roots, may be kept in rooms thus warm-
ed, throughout winter, nt no expense whatever. And
we would ask those, who object to the lose of their fa-
vorite " blazing hearth," if habit, which created their
desire for it, would not sooit render a fine stand of
beautiful flowers in the midst of winter, far more plea-
sing than a column of smoke, and a heap of burning
sticks, and ashes.

Complete castings of the above described apparatus
are furnished immediately to order, by Elbridge Wil-
liams of Palmyra, at five cents jicr pound, and if com-
pletely fitted and ironed, at an additional charge of
ten dollars, the whole in the latter ease araountiBg iq
from sixty-eight to seventy dollars. The remainder
of the work will probably extend the cost to not far
from one hundred dollars, one half of which is by many
annually expended in fuel, above what wauld be Bfled-
ed for the use o/ such a turnaca, '

146

T II E N E W G E N E 5? r E F A R M E R,

Vol. 1

Hints for tlic .tluntli.

During thismontb, tUe fanner coinnicnces securing
h ro t c ops — k'l tl is he (lone in f«jiion, r.nd well per-
formed, that a part be not loot by Uaete and lateness.

But care is berc necessary. Potatoes are sometimes
dng early, well secured, and lUirkly covered with two
a'ternating coats of straw and carlb, as tlicy should be
when preserved on open ground; but still a large part
are lost. This is owing to a want of zcntUution in
autumn. Potatoes, buried early, should be protected
fiom the efiecis of the warm, damp and confied air,
by means of a hole in the top of the heap, made by
thrusting in a stick. On the approach of severe frosts
this is to be stopped.

Potatoes kept in cellars, are well preserved as fol-
lows:— Provide necessary bins, cover the whole bot-
tJm witli ennd, line the sides with smooth neatly cut
Bods, fill them with the potatoes, and cover the whole
with beaten sods. For immediate use, they may be
kept in barrels.

Mangel wurlzel should be harvested by the end of
the month, or they may be greatly injured if not
wholly destroyed by frost.

Ruta bagas should not be loft later than the begin-
ning of next month, for the same reason. By far the
most convenient instrument we know of, was descri-
bed by Erastus Skinner, of Steuben county, in the
Cultivator. It consists of a combined instrument, — a
email, very sharp hoe on one side, for cutting oif ilie
tops, which is done at a blow while the roots are in the
ground,— and a double pronged hook on the other side,
for pulling the roots from the ground.

The same care, relative to ventilation, is needed for
this crop, »s fur potatoes, with the additional precau-
tion of continuing it through winter.

Apples, being abundant this season, should be all
carefully collected and preserved for the winter feed-
ing of domestic animals, when not needed for other
uses.

Hogs should be fed with great regularity, the feeding
places kept clean, and the pens well littered. By ne-
glecting these, twice the amount of food may be giv-
en, and produce less effect.

Cattle and other animals, intended to befed qn roots
through winter, should be gradually inured to them,
as some require time to induce them to cat freely,
and sudden changes sometimes lead to mischief.

Animals, whether kept in the stable or otherwise,
ehould have plenty of straw as- liner, not only to con-
tribute to their comfort and good vonditien, but for the
free nroduction of manure. Let ofull supply of straw
for this purpose be therefore provided in season.

Timely care should be taken that straw for the win-
ter feeding of cattle, be well preserved. A good cop.-,
trivance for this purpose is as follows ;~-get four
strong posts in the form of a square, and somewhat in-
clining towards each other ; to the tops of these poets,
fasten four strong rails, thus forming a square frame,
supported by ihe posts. Next, place rails, at n dis-
Mnce of about a foot from each other, inclining upon
the inside of this frame, their lower ends resting upon
the ground, and the upper spreading outwards, and
forming thus a largo rack, for the reception of the
straw, which Is built as a stack within it. As the
straw is eaten away, the mass above descends and
supplies its place.

Hay-racks for horses, arc better if made vertical,
than inclining outwards, the ascending breath of the
onimal not so eoon injuring the hay, and the hay seed
not fillin,i its mane. One of the best modes of con-
struction is to place the rack vertically at a proper dis-
tonce from the wall, and another rack (or grate) at
right angles to the lowest edge, through which the
tay-seed falls into a box or trough underneath, and is
Removed when necessary^

Let the farmer prepare to accomplieh os much
ploughing before winter os practicable, for early epting
crops.

And lastly, let none forget to plant ornamental trees
and shrubs about his houfe, and at other suitable pla-
ces, and he will not only tinder his home exceedingly
more pleasant, but he will be acting the part of a true
patriot, by increasing the attractions, the health, and
the consequent value of his country. Now is the time,
and a few days will accomplish wonders. *

The Hauiiah Apple.

This new and excellent variety deserves notice. —
The following is a brief description: —

SUiii about oce-third of an inch in length, inserted
in a deep hollow; fruit (lattish, somewhat conical, and
sometimes slightly pentagonal, of medium size,yellow,
covered with rich streoks of bright red; cahjx closed,
and inserted in a regular shallow depression. Flesh
yellowish white, tender and breaking, of an exceed-
ingly agreeable sub-acid aromatic flavor. It ripens a-
bout the middle of the ninth month, (Sept,,) and con-
tinues for a month. Several amateurs have pronun-
ced it fully equal to any apple ol its season.

It originated on the grounds of Asa B, Smith, of
Alacedon, Wayne county, N, Y, •

The Jiew Wheat.

The new variety of wheat mentioned in our last
number as having been cidtivated by A, D, Gage, of
Alacedon, we have since been informed, was original-
ly discovered by Jonatlum iSoitle, of Perrinton, some
years since, and it is therefore proposed to give it the
name of its discoverer. We hope we shall give our
readers ih^ight name at last.

We have also ascertained further particulars of its
extraordinary productiveness. Our next neighbor,
who had several acres, had an averaged crop exceeding
thirttjjire bushels tQ the acre, although his white flint
wheat, with equal advantages, yielded only about
licenty ; and among a number of other fields, some
sown late and after corn, none fdl below thirty bush-
els to the acre. We believe all these experiments were
performed on a grovelly or sandy loam, never subject
to baking, nor heaving by frost. *

A Tact.

Accidents sometimes lead to important results. A
a/press vine was plonted on sandy loam, fertile for
common crops, but grew only an inch or two, and
continued stationary for several weeks. A quantity
of soap suds was then thrown upon it, and it imme-
diately commqricod a vigorous growth, and advanced
fciner In twenty-four hours than it bad done in weeks
before. *

Domestic Conveuiences"-Cisterus.

Every farmer should give particular attention to
convenience of bis household department. Female
labor may be lessened to a surprising degree by study-
ing this part of domestic economy. To contribute our
mite, we here briefly give an account of the canstruc-
liofi of a rain-water cistern of our own.

The pit for the cistern was dug so that the outside
of the cellar wall formed a part of one side. The
wall was built of cobble stone in common Ijme mor-
tar, one Toot in thickness. The bottom, which was
hardpan, was first covered with cobblestones, of uni-
form size, laid in water-lime mortar; a coat of the
same mortal was laid upon this; and a second coal of
smallerstones completed the bottom. The whole inside
then received two costs of water lime mortar. By ap-
plying these to the walls before they had become dry,
and then drying very gradually, they were wholly free
from cracks. After remaining a few weeks, protected
by boards from the sun, — the upper edge of the wall

was covered with a layer of wnter-limc mortar; two
inch while oak plonks covering the whole, (except a
small curb, for the entrance of water and cleaning the
cistern.) was laid on this mortar; a cost of water-linio
mortar was then spread upon the ploidi; thick white
oak slabs were laid again on this coat of mortar; ono-
ther coat of mortar upon the slabs, and several inches
of compact earth, forming with the ploidis and slabs,
a little more than a foot in thickness, compleied the
covering, Th)s io sufticicnt to prevent the water from
freezing in the coldest weather, through the c<irb, (18
in. by 2 ft. ) is left open. It also prevents all access of
surface water.

The cistern adjoins the kitchen, and a lesd pipe, one
inch in diameter, passes f. om near the bottom, through
the cellar wall, obiiqnely upwards, to the kitchen
floor, where it is attached to the lower end of a small
and good pump. Thus, plenty of rain water is at all
times at perfect command. The cistern is between
6 and 7 feet in diameter, about five feet deep and holds
about 40 barrels. Care should bo taken to procure
good water lime, failure often arising from had mate-
rial. • '

Aphides or Plant Iiice«

A few weeks ago, a number of young cherry trees
in the nursery, became infested with plant hce; and
though we destroyed thousands by passing them be-
tween the thumb and fore-finger, they continued to
extend along the rows. We found ourselves in serious
difficulty. It was no small job to repeat our visits to
so many trees; besides, their vigor was checked, aiid
some, in consequence of this drain of their jjiicea, en-
tirely ceased to grow. Assistance however, came at
length from an unexpected quarter. A worm ? which
at first we suspected of feeding on the leaf, was obser-
ved to devour them; but not less efficient was the
Coecinella or Lady-Bug; and between them not a sin-
gle aphis is now to be found on those trees which a-
bounded with them so lately. The lady. bug keeps
possession yet, taking shelter under the leaves which
the lice had caused to curl.

We wish all our readers to become acquainted with
these useful and beautiful insects. The shape of the
Cuccineila is nearly hemispheric, the upper part con-
vex and the lower flat. More than twenty years ago,
nearly two hundred species were distinguished. Somo
have red or yellow shells with black dots; others red
shells with yellow dots; a third kind have red or yel-
low shells spotted with Khile ; and a fourtli have yel-
low shelliB spotted with rcrf. Nicholson says, "They
all feed, both in their Urea and complete state, on tht
aphides or plant lice ; and arc very serviceable in pu*
ri/ying Tcgetablcs of the myriads with ichieh Ihry are
of ten infested." Hereafter we shall talie the liberty
to colonize them when we have particular jobs for them
to do; and oji all occasions treat them as our friends.

With that worm ? we hope to become better ac«
quaintcd. t

Fiuit Trees Splitting Down.

For want of a little care when the trees were small,
we have lately lost somo lorgc limbs of both peach
ond plum trees, — the weight of fruit combined with
wet leaves and high winds, having split them down.
Yet losses of this kind are easily prevented. Let the
prmcipal branches bo diverged nearly at right angles
with the main trunk, and nature will provide a sort of
net- work of the hardest and firmest wood, to connect
them together; but where the branches rise up almost
parallel, as their diameters increase, the bark of each
is pushed together, but it cannot coalesce; and in a
few years one or both will full, often to the deatruc
lion of the tree,

No. 10.

xVND GARDENER'SJOURNAL

147

Let only one of all such upright binncbes tbeielbie
remniii; and cut oft' the rest wiibout any regret or
ho.iitation, unlc=3 they GbouM be ao flexile na to be
bent into the proper position, and kept there by tying.
The losa of taking oil' such limbs Irom young vigo-
rous trees however, is very small, as the nourishment
which these appropriated, is turned into other parts of
the tree. t

Culture of the Hydrangea.

We have tried to make Hydrurigea liortrnsis, a
garden plant as its name implies, but without much
success; and we are satisfied that in this climate it
properly belongs to the Green House. It is true it
will live in the opcu ground without protection, but it
loses all its blossom-buds; and even with extraordina-
ry care, when these are preserved, the bloom is infe-
rior in beauty. It may be kept in the house with far
less trouble.

This shrub should be treated as a native of the
marshes with a peaty soil and a liberal supply of water
in summer. L'judon says that a large plant will con-
sume ten or twelve gallons daily. .

Its flowers are commonly of a pink or rose color;
but it has been found that some soils change them to a
fine blue. A yellow loam from Hampstcad llcath in
England, has this effect. Some have found that turf
ashes, changed their color; and others have succeed-
ed with alum water. Robert Buijt of Philadelphia,
in his Flower Garden Directory, however, recom-
mends the iron sparks (finery cinder) from the black-
smith's anvil to be mi.^eJ with the soil in the propor-
tion of three pints to the bushel. The flowers will
then be " a beautiful blue." t

Applyiug Fresh Manure.

RIkssrs. Editors — I am glad to see, in so high an
authority as O. T. , an advocate for fresh stable manure,
in preference to that which is old and rotten. On a
small scale I have so often witnessed the same results
that attended his experiments, that I now use fresh
Btable manure for the garden in preference to that
which has fermented. But from close observation, I
am inclined to believe that the gain in the stronger fer-
mentation of fresh manure, is only one half the ad-
vantage derived from it, particularly on heavy soils.
Tha very act of decomposition in the manure light-
ens the soil, and lets in oxygen and carbonic acid from
the atmosphere; then the successive harro wings or
working of the cultivator, while it mixes the manure
with the soil, aids the gasses in forming other combi-
nations favorable to the proper absorption and distribu-
tion of heat and moisture. This last result is also
brought about by judicious weeding after the plants
are up.

I onte asked a very practical gardener how he man-
aged his manure to keep it from producing weeds. —
He replied that weeds were no disadvantage to horti-
culture; that as fast as they attained an inch in height,
the earth wanted a sulficient stirring to uproot and de-
stroy them; that this stirring of the toil, rather than
the removal of the weeds, forced the vegetable growth
so fast, that most kinds of weeds died in its shade.

A propos of manures — 1 have manured one bed of
sugar beets with hog dung, and another with fresh
horse dung, the soil calcareous clay, ameliorated with
lime and sand, — both beds received the same atten-
tion, the first SHfi"ered more or le^s Irom drought, but
the roots grew tolerably well: the second bed held its
moisture belter, both roots and tops grew enormously,
although planted close (12 inches apart each way) ma-
ny of the beets weighed 91bs. each.

From the above result, I drew the conclusion that
the lime in the soil did not affect the a'.able manure
unfavorably; while with the more soluble hog manure,
*i formed a compound which had less attraction for the

o.'cygen of the alinosphcre, hence the eulferiug from
lack of moisture in the first bed.

Mons. Puiiis says, "that late German chemists
have discovered that lime seizes in the soil the soluble
huniic acid, lake,^ it from all other bases, and forms a
compound but slightly soluble." Hence it may be
inferred that for root crops and Indian corn, lime
should be used sparingly, perhaps not at all where the
soil is calcareous. But the very fact that lime makes
manure less soluble, may be an argument in favor ot
using it more libeially on wheat fallows; as wheat not
only contains lime in its composition, but it feeds long
and daintily in a purely calcareous soil, and thrives
not well when the soluble parts of manure are too
grossly administered. SENECA,

The Native Kcd iliulberry.

Messrs. Editors — I enclose yon two impressions
of leaves from a Native Black or Red Mulberry tree
growing on the farm of N. Cole, Esq. of this place.
Are not these impressions larger than the average oi
the leaves ol the Morns muhicaulis, and are not the
leaves of this Mulberry as valuable for feeding silk
worms as those of the celebrated speculation variety 1
Yours, &c. E. C. GREGG.

Cori-rt, Seneca co. N. Y.

Remarhs. — The impressions received with the above
were, one 9 by 7 inches, and the other 8 by 6 inches ;
which may be called about the average size of the
leaves of the Morns multicaulis. Silk worms have
been fed on the native Mulberry (Moms rubra) with
tolerable success ; but it has been found by experi-
ments that they will not produce as much, and as
good silk as when fed on the leaves of the White Mul-
berry, or of the Morus muhicaulis. Thus the quality
of the leaves must be taken into the account, as well
as the si:c and quantiti/. — Eds.

Cure for Oxeus' Eyes.

Messrs. Editors — Six weeks ago an ox of mine
received a hurt in one of his eyes; and in two days a
white film grew over the eye so that he could not see
out of it. I took new milk and bathed the eye, rub-
bing it gently for some time; then put a ica-spoonful
of goose-oil into the opposite ear of the animal, repea-
ting the operation for three successive days. In one
week the eye was restored, perfectly clear as the other.
This remedy will be found equally effectual on horses'
eyes, and appears to me to be far preferable to the tor-
turing method of blowing crude and harsh substances
into thiadelicate organ, or of applying acrid and caustic
washes: and if you think it worthy of a email corner
in your valuable paper, you are at liberty to publish it.
I hope hereafter to offer something more worthy of
your notice.

Respectfully yours, W. L.

Holdimnnd, U. C, August, 1840.

p. s. I received the package of the New Gene-
see Farmer, and am much pleased with it. I trust it
will soon become better known, and more generally
circulated in the Province, as well as on your side of
Lake Ontario. I have lent some nitmbers to my
neighbors, and will try and send you a good account
of them. _W. L.

For the New Oenesfe Farmer.
Killing Canada Thistles.

Messrs. Editors — It will sometimes be found more
convenient to kill Canada Thistles by the application
of salt, than by the ordinary method of tearing them
up with the plough. A email patch, especially if it be
in pasture or meadow, may thus be destroyed without
materially injuring the sod. The way is for a man to
go over the ground with a hoe, carefully cutting off
each plant just below the surface of the ground, and a
boy to follow after and put a small dose of salt on the
uncovered roots, say one to two lea-spoonfuUs In a root,

until every plant has been supplied. It is quite proba-
ble that a month or two afterwards a few sickly look-
ing yellow plants may appear, but if they do, another
similar course of treatment will be effectual.

Any sharp hoe will answer for cutting them ofl", but
experience will show that labor can be saved by a littlo
difl'erent construction. The hoe should be narrow and
a little heavier than common. For instance, something
in the shape of a chopping axe, with the handle put in
fft right angles with one of the flat aides. It should not
however, be as heavy as on axe. The required weight
being merely that which is necessary to give foieo
enough to the blow to sever the root without difficulty.
Such a hoe will be found very convenient for cutting
up docks, burdocks, &c, &.c.

Canada Thistles should be cut up ns soon as they are
in flower, and as much sooner as is convenient. Ilcnce
the sooner it is done, the better. THISTLE.

Vcget.-ible Diet.

There cannot be a doubt that the diet of the Irish ia
highly fa\ornble to vivacity and talent. It is slated in
the Coilo of Health, that " vet'etable food" hos a hap-
py influence on the mind, and tends to preserve n del-
icacy of feeling, a liveliness of imaginotion, and an
acuteness of judgement, seldom enjoyed by those who
live principally upon animal food. The latter is bet-
ter calculated for those who labor with the body; but
the celebrated Franklin ascertained that a vcgetoble
diet promoted clearness of ideas and quickness of
thought, and that a transition from vegetable to animal
food produces injurious effects. A friend stotes that
he has more than once selected from his tenant's chil-
dren, a boy remarkable for that Bmarlnes.s of intdli-
gence so common in the Irish yoiub,' while in the ca-
pacity of errand beys on the tann, or helpers in the
stables, and before they became pampered with better
fiod than their parents' cabin nffiirded. The lads
were at first lively and intelligent, and displayed a de-
gree of shrewdness exceeding what is generally met
with from youths of a more exalted walk of life in
England. But he invariably found that in proportion
Rs these boys were better fed, they relaxed in activity,
became dull and stupid: and he is confident the change
in disposition sprung from theefi'ect of change in diet,
and was not owing to corruption of mind from their
intercourse with the other servants. In fact ihey lose
all that vivacity of manner so inherent in the Ir'ah
boys, whether born in the vast bog of Allen, or in the
dry and rocky counties of Mayo and Galway. He ia
therefore inclined to think that the character of the
people does not depend so much upon climate or soil,
as upon food, for no part of the globe can differ more
than these parts of that kindgdom.

A potatoc diet is found greatly to improve the quality
of the blood. Hence "roasted potatoes" have been
successfully employed as a specific against the sea
scurvy, when other remedies have fciled. This disco-
very was made in France. It is singular that boiled
potatoes do not seem to have the same good efiect. —
Sir John Sinclair.

Flowers and Shrubs.

Why does not every lady who can afford it — and
who cannot — have a geranium or some other flower
in her window? It is very cheap — its cheapness ia
next to nothing if you raise it from seed, or from n
slip; and it is a beauty and a companion. It was the
remark of Leigh Hunt, that it sweetens the air, re-
joices the eye, links you with nature and innocence,
and is something to love. And if it cannot love you
in return, it cannot hate you; it cannot utter even a
hateful thing, even for your neglecting it: for though
it is all bcau'.y, it has no vanity; and, such being the
case, and living, as it does, purely to do you good,
and afford you pleosure, how will you be able to neg-
lect it ? We receive, in imagination, the scent of
these good natured leaves, which allow you to carry
off their perfume on your fingers; for good natured
tli'^y are, in that respect above all other plants, and fit-
ted for the hospitality of your room. The very feel
of the leaf has a household warmth in it — something
analagous to clothing and comfort. — .llostoii Trateller,
Grai/e Jelly.

We have examined a specimen of this exqusitc arti-
cle. It is made from the Isabella ripe grape, raised
nt Croton Vineyards: the object has been to preserve
the flavor and virtues of the ripe fruit. In this the
preparation has met with the most perfect success. —
We recommend the jelly as delicious to the taste, and
an excellent beverage to the sick.— lY. Y. Eipress,

U9

AND G ARD E NCR'S JOURNAL.

V^OL. 1.

The Flowers of Summer and Autumn.

Many plants which adom the gaiiicn in summer,
coniinue their bloom into autumn. OfthiecloeB are
most of the annuals, and all those flowers which are
denominated monthly — i. e. not only blooming once a
month for a few days but all the time, if not interrupt-
ed by drought ; and even then resuming their beauty
nfler refreshing ehuwers.

Clcomc grandijlora is a botanical curiosity. It be-
longs to the only genus in the Class Tetradynamia,
which is excluded from the Natural Order Cruciferse.
The petals are not cross-shaped, but ascending — or
contained in the upper half of a circle of which the pis-
til is in the centre. It grows 4 or 5 feet high, and
with its red-purple flowers makes a fine display at a
distance. It has succeeded best with us, in a border
partially shaded by a high fence from the sun.

Campanula Loicii and C. pentagonia, one purple
and the other white, have bloomed throughout the
summer, and continue their freshness.

CUirliia bicolor has generally white blossoms, but
some are pink on the same stem ; and we had one pe-
tal of this color while the others in the same flower
were white.

Phacelia tanaccti/olia has presented its pale blue
flowera in abundance ; and its vigor seems unabated.

GodciiaiB scarcely distinguishable from (Enothera.
G. ruhicunda is fine, but perhaps not so well suited to
heovy soils.

Conzolculus tricolor is an old favorite, but contin-
ues unsurpassed in beauty. It has undergone some
change of color however, and mixed with its fine blue,
we find flowers of a lighter shade.

All the species of Sckizantlius are delicate and beau-
tiful. S. Pricstii appears to be only a white variety,
which may soon acquire its pristine colors.

Liipinus nanus has blue-purple flowers growing in
whorls, but diversified in color by the whiteness of the
corol before it expands.

Laratcra trimestris in its white and red varieties,
and the richer and deeper and varied red of the Ma-
lope to which it is nearly allied, with the fine scarlet of
the Zinnia, — are beautiful ornaments of the border.

The Chinese Malloic has a delicate flower marked
with red stripes, resembling some varieties of the Pe-
largonium. The flowers appear to better advantage
however, when some of the large leaves are removed.

The genus Pe/unja furnishes three-fine species with
eccentric stamens and pistils. P. nyctaginijlora has
large white fragrant flowers on tubes two inches long:
P, purpurea with smaller flowers of a red-purple on
short tubes, and both are very showy, blooming
through die doy ; but there is another sort which is
night-blooming and also fragrant, the flowers standing
on tubes nearly four inches in length. All these are
well deserving of a place in the garden.

Wc have two other annuals of uncommon beauty
in the Yellow Hawk weed (Crcpis (TolpisJ barbala)
and the Yellow Sultan (Cmtauien. suarcolens.)
These are old favorites, and will scarcely be eclipsed
by any that are yet to come.

We shoU now speak of perennials, — for Maurandia
Barclayana though treated like an annual, moy be
transferred to the Green House, and bloom through
succeeding years. Its dark blue-purple contrasts
finely with the pink flowers of another variety 7

Liatris scariosa varies in the size of its flowers, but
our finest variety came from the plains of Circlcville,
near the Sciota river. By a little art it is rendered
more beautiful. Shorten the stem to increase ihe
number of its branches; "and then," snys EUiott,
" from the size and brilliant color of the flowers, it be
comes the most ornamental species of the genus." It
also appears to advantage when laid prostrate some
lime before it comes into bloom. It continues an or-

nament of autumn, while L. sjiicati and L. Jlezuosa
fade at an earlier period.

Aconilum jnponieum from the East, and A. uncina-
tum from the woods of Virginio, present their blue-
purple flowers in abundance ; the loiter growing lux-
uriantly in a shaded border of vegetable earth. The
finest species that we have seen of this genus however,
is A. Taricgatuin — a glorious plant ; but our soil
seems unsuited to its health.

Dracoctphalum speciosum ? is often despoiled of its
flower-buds by the same insect that attacks the Dahlia;
but when it blooms well, as it has this season, its ap-
pearance is fine, and reminds us of the rufl's worn in
the days of Queen Elizobcth.

Colchicum avtumnale, and C. taricgatuin, are very
pretty, resembling the Crocus, except that the flowers
come forth without the leaves. The former has passed
into many varieties, chiefly single, but one at least is
double. From a pole purple sort, we have seedlings
with white flowers.

Hibiscus incanus from Illinois, is one of the latest
that come into flower. These are large, white, or a
slight blush, with a fine red eye.

Bignonia grandiflora is not quite so hardy as B.
radicans but it blooms in the open border, though, we
tliink, not so well as it would in the reflected heat
from a wall. This season it has sent out stems which
have trolled on the ground and blossomed. We have
nothing to eclipse it at the time it is in flower. t

Transplanting Fruit Trees.

Some people are quite discouraged from procuring
the finer and rarer kinds of fruit trees — they can't get
them to grow. We know of several instances where
liberal purchases were made, considerable care exten-
ded, and high expectations entertained, which have
ended in nothing but disappointment. Now when
things happen so, somebody must bear the blame; and
the poor nurserymon, not being present to take his
own part, will be likely to receive a full share. This
suggestion is not an idlo conjecture. The case how-
ever, ought to be probed to the bottom, both on ac-
count of the seller and the buyer.

The great sin of the nurseryman is selling trees un.
der wrong names — propagating the spurious instead
of the genuine — receiving pay for one kind and delive-
ring anotlicr. His next sin is in disposing of unheal-
thy trees. This rarely occurs however, except in dis-
tricts where tlie Yellvtcs in the peach tree is prevolent,
— for the condition of almost every other sort, moy be
known at once by every man of common observation,
when he goes to purchase. It is therefore evident that
if the nurseryman delivers at the proper time end
place, the genuine kinds in a heaWiy state, and well
packed (if requested) he cannot equitably be account-
able for any disasters that may follow.

Wo will now inquire whether the purchaser does
his part, faithfully ? If he goes with his team for the
trees, and to save time, or the expense of packing,
takes them at once from the nursery, — he ought to wet
the roots, and keep them wet, by pocking them with
wet straw or hay, and covering them with blankets,
all of which should receive a shower from the water-
ing pot. To carry them through the dry air and
worm sunshine, uncovered, causes the roots to wither;
and many trees are lost by such severe and improper
treatment.

He takes them home, however. It may be in the
evening when he arrives, and a sharp frost follows.
If the roots become frozen, he should be particular nut
to let them thaw before they arc planted; but set them
in the ground in bunches without delay, to remain for
a day or two, till this danger is over. Even peach
trees when frosted, which are more tender than some
o her kinds, may be successfully treated in this way.

Before the trees arrive however, the holes should be
dug. Six feet in diometer, and eighteen inches deep,
is a proper size; — the rich soil being loid round the
circumference, and the harder and sterile subsoil
thrown bock, so as not to be in the way when the ex-
cavation is filled. Some leaves, rotten wood, com
stolks, or potatoe tops, may be mixed with the soil to
keep it loose, as it is scraped into the hole; hut to pro-
vide against the settling of this bed of earth, it should
be raised several inches higher thon the adjoining
ground, — otherwise the tree in a few years would
stand in a depression. Trees treated in this monner
will not only be more likely to grow, but they will
growfaster, and bear sooner, and always bear better
fruit, especially in dry seasons.

This is not all that ought to be done however, to
insure the life of the tree. The ground near it,
should be thoroughly hoed, as often as once a month
throughout the growing season; ond we can safely say
that we have never lost a tree in good condition that
was set in mellow'ground well cultivated. A former
once bought several dollars worth of fruit trees at our
nursery, and intended to treat them in the best man-
ner. He dug good holes, put in rich earth, but all
would nut do, — most of the trees died, ond the few
that survived did no good. What could be the mat-
ter ? We happened to meet his hired man o year or
two after, and inquired. Were they carefully planted 1
Yes — all according to direction. Were they hoed
round as often as once a month through the summer 1
No, they were not hoed at all. — That explained the
trouble. It requires a tough tree to do well, ina hea-
vy soil, the first season, without hoeing.

Another circumstance of no small import, is tying
up the trees to stiff' stakes, to prevent the wind from
bending them, and loosening them in the ground.
When they become loose, and the air circulates round
the root, they hove but little chance to live.

We have several times heard comploints that autum-
nal planting was unfovoroble to the peach tree. Los-
ses of this kind are sometimes owing to the soil, and
sometimes to the climate. As we go eastword from
the shores of the Coyugs, the winters become moro
severe, because the land rises, and recedes from the
%varm exhalations of the loke. Every tree of good
size that is tra»splanted is more or lees crippled in its
roots; and in this state it is more helpless, or less able
to resist severe cold than when it is vigorous, and has
taken a firm hold on the soil. In some situations it
may therefore be best in autumn, to lay the trees in
trenches, covering the tops well with evergreens, and
afterwards set them out in the spring. At this place
however, such precautions are unnecessary, — for we
have transplanted with success at all times when the
trees were leafless * ond the weather suitable.

We will now recur to the soil. Holes dug in close
clays, will hold water like a tub; and when the tree ia
planted with loose earth over its roots, they soak, and
not unfrequently perish from this single cause. The
soil cannot be packed too closely and firmly round the
roots; but still it may prove unavailing without some-
thing more. G. V. Sackett of Seneca Falls foiled
entirely with a semi-circular row of trees which he
planted some years ago in front of his brick mansion.
He then cut a ditch, filled in stone, and planted big
trees over it with eminent success. The soil is a very
close clay. In all such situations, we should there-
fore recommend that a drain under where the row of
trees is to stand, should be first made; and with the
plough and shovel, used alternately, it may speedily

* It is an easy alfalr to strip a younff tree, and make it leaf-
less, whcu it is to remain a day or two unplanted ; but wiien
it can be renioved and set imiiiediately, we sliould prefer hav-
ing tlic leaves left on. As soon as tlie sun crosses the line
in autumn, if ttio weuttier is cout and ttic gruund tref, it ia
s.-ife to transplant — at least we have never sueceoiled better
than at such a time und undsr such circums'.anees.

No. 10.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL,

149

be done. Gravel, or any kind of coarse rubbish, will
do for filling. There is nothing in stiff clay that we
have discovered, unfavorable to fruit trees, — if it be
well drained, and kept reasonably mellow near the
surface. '

Wisconsin and its inducements to Emigrants,

Messrs. Editors — Havingrccently visited the Ter-
ritory of Wisconsin, and examined it with reference
to its agricultural importance, I have thought that per-
haps a haety sketch of its soil and climate, and its gen-
eral inducements to emigrants, might interest the read
ere of your journal. Wisconsin lies on tho west side
of Lake Michigan, and is bounded west by the Mis-
sissippi river, containing an area of land considerably
larger than the State of New York, It is at present
divided into thirteen counties, only the southern por-
tion of it being surveyed and organized into counties.
It now contains a population of about 31,000 inhabi-
tants, having increased over 12,000 within the last two
years. The climate is more temperate than the same
latitude in the State of New York ; there is more fair
weather, and less rain and enow, than in New York ;
from what cause I know not, but the thermometer and
tho metereological table kept in the Territory, prove
this to be so. E.tperienced agriculturists residing in
the Territory, say that the seasons are longer there
than in the State of New York, and I am inclined to
think this is true, as vegetation was two or three weeks
in advance of us when I was there. Wisconsin is a
rolling country, in some places hilly, though not too
much so. There are scarcely any swamps in it, unless
it be in the north part and west of the Wisconsin river.
The rivers, creeks, and small lalies, which are nume-
rous, contain clear water generally supplied from
springs with gravelly bottoms — consequently the in-
habitants are not subject to ague and fever or any bil-
ious complaints. On the whole, I am of opinion th«
Wisconsin possesses a milder and as healthy a climate
as that of New York.

The country generally, with the exception of the
Lake shore, consists of prairie and burr oak openings,
and the soil is equal probably to any in the world. It
consists of a deep sandy loam, easy of cultivation, and
produces large crops of wheat, corn, and all of the
coarser grains ; the rate of production equals that of
the best land in Western New York. There is pro-
bably not timber enough in some parts of the territory
to supply the wants of the agriculturist, but this can in
B great measure be remedied by planting locust and
other forest trees, which grow with great rapidity.
The chief inducements to emigrants are the cheapness
of land, healthy climate, and the facilities with which
a farmer can commence operations. Land can be pur-
chased second-handed, for from $1 50 to $3 00 per
acre ; or at Government price, $1 25 per acre. Far-
mers usually contrive to take part prairie and part open
ings. Tt costs now $2 50 per acre to break up prai-
rie the first time, and after that one team will plough
it with ease. The openings are free from underbrush,
and the farmers generally girdle the trees, and plough
and sow among them without chopping. In this way
they get good crops : the trees are about as wide
opart as the trees in a common orchard. A farmer
arriving in Wisconsin with .$.")00, is about as well off
as a farmer here owning a farm worth $3000. Yet I
would advise a man who is well enough off where he
is, to stay there and let well enough alone. But a mon
who hos a large family which he wishes to bring up
farmers, or a man who has but little to begin life with,
had better emigrate to Wisconsin. I would rather
have .'flOO in money in Wisconsin now to start farm-
ing with, than $500 here ; the Wisconsin farmer will
be the best off in five years. Wisconsin, tOii, has fine
openings for mechanics of almost every trade. Its
laws are similar to those of this State, with few'ex-

ceptione. The laws in favor of debtors are rather
more liberal : $100 value of the farming utensils of a
farmer, are exempt from execution, ond they exempt
many articles of furniture which are liable to be taken
in this State. There is no imprisonment for debt aris-
ing upon contract; the laws in that respect being
neorly a transcript from our statutes.

A farmer wishing to emigrate to Wisconsin, would
take a steamboat, brig, or schooner, as the case might
be, at Buffalo, and land either at Milwaukie, Racine,
orSouthpoit, fRacinc I think the preferable place,)
and then go out into the country. Steamboats are
usually about five days going round, and sail-craft a
few days longer ; or emigrants may go by land, in
which case they would go through Michigan to Chi-
cago, and then strike into the Territory at any place
they might wish. Sail craft are much the cheapest,
and are said to be as pleasant and quite as safe as stoam
boats. I suppose a family of five or six persons could
go round in a brig and bo found, for $30 or $40. In
conclusion, I will reiterate, that if a man is well off,
stay where he is ; if not, and he is willing to undergo
some privations incident to oil new countries, pock np
and go to Wisconsin, particularly if he is a farmer or
a mechanic.

Yours very truly,

-L. H. NICHOLLS,

Lockport, September 19, 1840.

We hove this day churned the cream taken from
seven days' milk, (14 milkings,) and have the solid
satisf action of having fifteen pounds of beautiful but-
ter. (This milk remained unskimmed 36 hours.)
Young Lily has had no food but grass, and is olwaya
in very high condition.

The above affords one proof of the propriety of se-
lecting improved Short Horn or Durham Cows for
dairy stock ; of their aptitude to lay flesh at a tery
early age on the prime parts, and that more abundantly
than in any other breed, I shall say nothing ; as that
fact is established wherever they are known.
I am, sir, your ob't servant,

JOHN WETENHULL.

HanlieloiD Farm, Nelson, Gore District, U. C.

For lh« ritw Gentsce Farmer.
Important ExporimentS"Soaking Seeds.

Mr. M. B. Bateham — You ask for information
respecting the cause of failure of seeds — I therefore
send you on account of some experiments made by me
the past season.

I prepared half an acre of land for Mangel Wurtzel,
and obtained the seed from your ogent ot Canandaigua.
After soaking the seed one day, I commenced sowing;
but rain came on, and the soil being rather clayey, it
was o whole week before I could sow the remainder.
The seed was soaked all this time, and supposing il
was spoiled or injured, I sowed it thicker than usual,
and had not enough to finish the ground. According-
ly I sent to the same place and got more seed, and
sowed the remainder without any soaking: so that
part of my ground was sown with seed soaked one day,
another part one week, and a third part not at all.

Now for the results: — The part soaked one week,
came up first, ond much too thickly; — the part soaked
one day, came up slowly and very thinly; while the
port not soaked, did not come up at all. Thus show-
ing conclusively, the necessity of thoroughly soaking
these seeds, and the little danger there is to be appre-
hended from soaking too long. I am confident that
inattention to this subject, is the most frequent cause
of the failure of the Mangel Wurtzel and Sugar Beet
eeeds. Respectfully Yours,

A. B. RAPALJEE.
West Farmington, Chit, co., Sept., 1840.

Improved Short Horn, or Durham Cow,
" Y'oung Lily."

Editors of New Genesee Farmer. — Gentlemen
I beg to give you the following information, respect-
ing a thorough-bred improved Short Horn or Durhom
Cow, of the most esteemed blood ; in case you may
think it worthy of a plocc in the New Genesee Farmer,
which is extensively circulated in this neighborhood.

"Young Lily," now four years old, has given
from twenty-six to thirty and a half quarts of milk per
day, since the 29th day of last July. In August the
milk she gave in seven days (14 miUiings) was kept
separate from the milk of the other cows, and the
cream, when churned, produced eleven and a holf
pounds of butter. The weather was then so hot that
the milk was allowed to stand only 24 hours.

Cultivation of Dactylis, Glomerata or Orchard

Grass.

Messrs. Editors. — Gentlemen — In answer to the
enquiries of Sereneus, in his interrogatories through
the medium of your journal, I beg leave to remark
that I have been in the habit of cultivating the Or-
chard Grass, both for seed and hay, for the last 25
years, and am of the full conviction that it stands as
high for hay or feed as ony other. As to the soil best
adapted to its growth, I conceive that moist rich loom
is the best ; but I have found that when I have sown
it among other grasses for pasture, it grows luxuriantly;
and in cases of severe drought, when all other grasses
are apparently dead, this stands the best, being all the
time green and fresh. The best time for sowing the
seed, I conceive to be about the middle of July or first
of August, as probably Nature directs this the best time
for sowing, when the seed comes to maturity, which
is about that time, or earlier, — to be dragged in on
mellow land, — yet I have always stocked in the spring
with oats, at the rate of a bushel to the ocre, ond if the
oats are not too heavy it generally grows well. Its
value for hay, I think, stands as high as any other
grass, ond for feed and the second crop it stands pre-
eminent, as it comes forword earlier in the spring and
holds out longer in the fall. On my farm in Connec-
ticut, from whence I removed this spring, I usually c«,
from two and o half to three tons per acre, exclusive of
the seed which I reaped before mowing in the same,
manner as I would wheat, and generally secured from
15 to 20 bushels of seed to the acre. The second crop
yields from one and a half to two tons per acre.

1 know not how this grass will grow in this country,
but I doubt not that the soil here is admirably adapted
to its growth, as the land is rich, and in my opinion
will grow well almost every kind of gross that the
farmer may wish to cultivate. I brought with me a
siuall lot of seed, and stocked lost spring with oats
about on acre of land ; and the result is I have a fine
piece of orchard gross, which is coming forward to my
entire satisfaction. I intend to save seed enough next
year to stock more, and furnish my neighbors some
should they wish. In conclusion, I would advise
"Sereneus" to try this kind of grass, and presume
he will find it for his interest to grow it for both paa-
lure and hay.

ZECHARIAH CONE.

Bataria, September, 1840.

R(7)iarks. — The increasing numbcrof our able cor-
respondents must be highly gratifying to our reoders,
as well as encouraging to ourselves. We are much in-
debted to Mr. Cone for his valuable communication.
Will be have the goodness to stole in our next what
quantity of orchard grass seed is requisite for an acre,
and whether ony preporotion is necessary to ensure its
vegetation ? — Eds.

Frost. — We have hod but one visit from Jack Frost
this fall as yet, and that was very slight on the morn,
ing of Sept, 21.

150

T H E N E W GENESEE F A R M ER,

Vol.1.

J IT Ihc Mtic (Jcniice Fnrmer.

Ou Raisiug and Cltauiug tlovcr Seed—Clo-
ver Machiucs.

Messrs. Epitors- In your last pnper you acknow-
ledged the receipt of my communication on the sub-
ject of thrashing and denning clover seed; and you
also required more minute details on the subject. — I
willingly give you my experience and observation. —
I will treat tht subject eystemntically, and lake each
query proposed by you in order.

Ist. .Is lo tlf. Wind of Svii. — As far as I have been
able to judge, a sanihj, or loamy, or in fact, any light
soil is best adapted. It seldom docs well on t^ay soils.

2d. As lo tlie time anil frc'/iicncy of Sowing. — We
generally sow in the first opening of spring, while the
ground is moist and open; in order lo give the seed a
chance to penetrate tt little into the ground. There
are ninny farmers who sow as early as the beginning
of March; and some sow when there is a little snow-
on the ground, to enable them (they say) to sow more
accurately. Clover intended for seed, ought never
to lay more than two years, because, after this, much
of it will run out, and make room for various kinds of
grass and noxous weeds,

3d. As lo the lime of Cutting. — On this point I en-
tirely coincide with your valuable correspondent, jMi-.
Harmon, that the seed should be perfectly ripe. 1st.
because it will yield more seed per acre when sold by
weight; and 2d. because it will thrash at least one
third easier.

4th. Is the frsl or second crop best ? — E.xperience
teaches us that the second crop will yield gencrelly
about one third more: the reason we suppose to be,
that the first crop, ripening in the heat of summer,
ripens too speedily, and consequently the seed is very
much shrunk, and of course a very bad sample.

5tb. Amonnt of seed olliiined from an acre. — We
generally expect, on suitable soil, from two to four
bushels; but this depends much on the season; a wet
season being by far the most productive. We seldom
cut more than a bushel per aere on stilTclay soils.

Glh. Whether the thnishing cannot be done hij a
thrashing machine instead of a jfail ? I have seen
this tried several times, let. with a spiked machine.
We found that it took as long to separate the heads
from the straw — the latter being mottly broken up —
as it did to thrash it with a flail; and also, that after do-
in" the best we could with it, there remained nearly dou-
ble the bulk of chafl', and broken straw mixed, to be
thrashed with the clover machine, allowing for the ser-
vices of the machine two extra men and four horses.
It was next tried with what we call a beater machine.
We found this the best in one point; the straw was
somewhat broken up ; but, as an offset against
this, wc found it impossible to make it thrash clean. —
Wo therefore concluded that the flail was by far the
best.

7ih. What is the cost of a clorcr machine icilh and
vsithont the horse power ? — To ibis I must observe that
1 have seen the kind mentioned by your fiiend Har-
mon, and those made by Mr. Burrall «f Geneva; but
I consider the kind briefly mentioned by me in your
last pnper, not only the most convenient for a station-
ary machine, but likewise the cheapest: a friend of
mine having mnde eeverni of them(vvithout h< r.epow-
er) for $'10, materials inclusive.

8lh. Can tiie clover machine be easihj adapted to
the different horse powers nscd in thrashing icheut;
and what amount of power it rcqnircd .■* — This query
may be speedily answered by the fact that I never
knew a farmer who had a 6e|ierate horse power for his
clover machine. The generality of clover machines
can be worked with three horses, but four arc best.

Tliere is another point which you forgot, and 1 had
jearly forjjotten to mention. It is the quantity of

seed necessary to sow an acre. We usually sow a
bushel on six acres, but some farmers consider a bush-
el to ten acres to be suflicient.

Remarhs. — The plan usually pursued in this coun-
ty for raising clover is this: We seed our wheat at
the time above mentioned. After harvest we are care-
ful that nothing feeds on this clover for the remainder
of the season, for it injures the young clover very
much. The next season we cut a crop of hay, say
about the middle of July; then sow on about two bush-
els of plaster, and let it grow for seed. We repeat
this the second season, and the ensuing spring we
plough up for fallow. Yours, &c.,

W. .\. H.

Yates CO., Sept. 1S40.

Fw t/ie yctc Gei'.c£te Fanner.
Iiifiltratioii of Slaiiures.

The last Cultivator offers some proofs of the infil-
tration of manure. The i'act I will not deny, I only
wish to explain the forced or accidental manner in
which it is done.

I have long been of opinion that most of thegasscsof
manure escaped upwards through the conii)onent par-
ticles of the soil, and that thii was the reason why
ashes or lime by their affinity for those gasses prevent-
ed their escape, when both manure and ashes on its
base, was applied to a sandy soil.

Dr. Jackson says that " the water in barn yards is
never pure," this is no proof of the infiltration of ma-
nure when it has o chance to escope t'> the atmosphere.
As pure water as I ever drank was surfoundcd by
fields and gardens highly monured by vegetable mat-
ter and munhaden fish. Had these substances been
present in such masses as encumber the barn yard,
an unnatural infiltration might have been produced to
the injury of the spring. — Xature is very consistent in
her laws — it is always her dccign to form new coinbi-
nations out of decayed matter, but if a man frustrate
her intentions by piling up vegetoble substances to suf-
fer a useless decay ond consequent infiltration, is it
her fault i.

In the lower parts of our seaport towns, well water
is often impregnated with sea water. This is doubt-
less owing to the pressure of the spring tides, which
occur every full of the moon. The nitre of cellars,
and other pent up animal matter, is also artificially for-
ced to intiltrate, because an escape to the atmosphere
is denied to them. Hence the impurity of well water
in populous cities

Commissioner Colman of Massachusettss, says,
" there is salts of lime enough in the waters of the
Boston wells to make ten statues of Lot's wife, as well
OS other impurities not lo be named."

If the presence of lime in Boston water is ony
proof of the infiltration of manures, we might as well
say that the organic remains found in limettone, the
little antedeluvian Crustacea themselves, had infil-
trated.

As I have said before, it is always the design of na-
ture that nothing should be lost, and that her domain
should be perpetually enlarged. In tropical climates
wheie heat and moisture ore not impeded in their ac-
tion by a long season of frost, the excess of decompo-
sed vegetable matter instead of sinking below atmos-
pheric influence is continually forming new combina-
tions on a most gigantic scale. Bonpland tells us that
near Cuniana there is a species of Cactus thirty or
forty feet high (trentc au quarranle pied de hauteur.)
This seems almost incredible when we reflect that our
own Cacius opunlia is rarely found more thnn two
feethigh. Ilumbolt snys that in the woods of Guia-
na the whole earth is not only overloaded with plants,
but also the trunks of trees are covered every where
with the o;c/i«/ca: and the plants of the genua Piper

and Pothos, and that the Lianas creep from tree top
to tree top, at a height exceeding a hundred feet, for.
ming a most agreeable shade from the vertical .-iun.

SEXEC-V.

Proofs of Infiltration.

The question of infiltration, or the tendency of ani-
mal and vegetable matters to descend in soils, is o
matter of considerable importance, as un it is grenily
depending the decision of the proper position of ma-
nure in the soil. Some maintaining that manures
never sink below where the ground is moved, advo-
cate the plocing of manures deep in the soil; others
believing that the most valuable ports, the soluble
salts, in such coses speeddy pass beyond the reach of
the plants, prefer a slight covering, that allows the
manure to remain as neer the surface as possible. On
this subject Dr. Jackson makes the following re-
marks:—

The irflltration of manures is doubted by some, but
the condition of our wells prove it. The water in a
barn yord is never pure. As much as a tea-spoonful
of vegetnble matter to a gallon is often obtained from
waters that are considered pure. This may be seen
bv any one who will evaporate the Boston water to
dryness. In the purest water obtained Irom lakes. It
grains of vegetable matter to the gallon may be ob-
tained. In the water of Boston 38 grains are found
to the gallon. Soils brought from 15U feel depth in
this neighborhood, are found charged with vegetable
matter."

The Massachusetts Commissioner, Mr. Colman,
says: —

"There ore salts of lime enough in the waters of
Boston wells dronk every year, lo make ten sloiues as
large as Lot's wife, ond os to other ingredients or im-
purities, which, according to Dr. Jackson's account,
exist in it, they are not to be named."

Such facts prove incontcstibly. thot manures do in-
filtrate, or descend, and the naturol in/eience, there-
fore, would be, that to produce the best and greatest
efl'eet, they should be buried near the surface. — Ali.
Cultixator.

Clover Seed-Its Culttire-Machines for Clean-
ing.

Messrs. Editors — The common clover — Trifoli-
um prahnse — called little or medium sort, is the
kind in general use and for sole in this county. It is
generally mowed for bay about the middle of June,
the seed is obtained from the second growth, wh ch is
cut as soon as the seed is ripe, say from the 10th to
the last of September. It is then drawn to the barn
and thrashed with a flafl or horses, until the heads are
separated from the hay; the hoy is then nearly all ra-
ked off, if bright, it is stacked for fodder, but if damp
and mouldy, it is consigned to the born yard for ma-
nure. The heads, still encumbered with more orleee
hoy, ore then ready for the clover machine — most far-
mers in this vicinity bring their throshed clover lo the
stationary clover mill in this village, where it is cleon-
ed lor every tenth buehel. The clover machine here
cost $100; it is attached to a plaster mill and is car-
ried by water power; the cylinder is o feet long and 3
feet in diameter, and makes 3:!0 revolutions in a min-
ute; it has cleaned, ready for the fonning mill, five
bushels in an hour.

Portable machines with IG lo 20 inch cylinders may
be purehosed of E. Hurlhurt in this village, at from
.fGO to $80 each. These small cylinders make more
revolutions; but any kind of horse power may be at-
tached to them. — Several kinds of horse-power may
bo had here, from the improved horizontal to the in-
clined plain ond endless chain. Cost, $00, to .-{ilSO.

A clover machine of the largest size is supposed to
lequire about one half the power that is required lo
thrash wheat — the small cylinders require about the
same power, the revolutions being increased.

The yield of clover seed is very unequal, depending
very much on the weather and the season; five bush-
els to the acre has been gathered, but three bushels is
nearer the overage. We know one farmer in the town

No. 10

ANDGARDKxXER'S JOURNAL.

151

ot' Fayclte, ^vho raised one hundred nnd ibiriy bush
els in one season.

Clover likes a calcareoua soil, it grows veil on stiff
clays, not Jestitiue of lime, but it grows larger on a
ricb sandy loam.

Tlie larger sort of clover being a later species,
yields its seed only with the first crop. It ripens
about ihe middle of August S. W.

Wulc'loo, ScHccu CO., S'cpt. 10. 1840.

From the Farmers* P'isiter.
Scotch Ilusbdinliy.

The secret of the success of British Agricnhiire, is
Vic proper dirision and applicatiun of cxpmsc and
labor. Until the Highland Agricultural Society was
formed in Scotland, in 1781, that country was as pottr
m its agriculture, as may well be conceived. The
face of Scotland, in the middle of the last century,
was " as black as a howling wilderness;" up to that
time, all the manure used upon the farm was put up.
on a little patch; no wheat of consequence was rais-
ed; the oat crops were full of thistles and weeds: and
there was no rotation of crops. But by the concen-
trated elfortsof the members of the Highland Socie-
ty, means have been sought for obtaining and apply-
ing all the valuable manures, and bone dust has been
brought from foreign countries; the turnip husband-
ry has been gradually introduced, with other green
crops — which, in that country, ore subftitutes for our
Indian corn crops — rotations of five or six years is
practised, and the price of rent per acre, of lands be-
fore the improved cultivation of little value, has been
raised to eight ten, and twelve dollars, in the most
distant parts of that country, where the businees of
raising cattle is almost c.vcUisively pursued. The im-
provements of steam carriage, by land and water,
have bi ought the most distant counties of Scotland
near to the Smithfield cattle market of London, and
that country is now said to be richer in her arable
lands than any other part of Great Britain.

The perfect system of British farming is worthy of
our attention, an immcnso saving is realized in every
large establishment from this system — the arrange-
ment and system of the Lowell manufacturing estab-
lishments were copied from those of Manchester, so
far as the condition of the two countries would admit:
and the great farming establishments of Great Britain
are conducted with as much order and system aa are
the manufacturing establishnienls: every man, every
beast, every tool, has its place, and no lime is lost in
the day's work of any man. Horses are generally
used, and perform with the plough or harrow, or oth-
er implements, much of the work that is done in this
country by hand: a team of horses and a man are cal-
culated to do xhz work of fifty acres of land, while the
crops requiring the hoe in Scotland, are attended by
females and children. The potatoes are planted and
dug by the plough, and in almost every crop, which
here requires the hoe, there the work is done by the
plough.

The expense of human labor is less in that country
than in this. The annual cost of a pair of working
horses is set down at seventy pounds sterling — that of
a man to drive them, thirty pounds, the whole cost of
the team being two pounds ten shillings stciling an
acre. This team labors every working day in the
year, is well kept, so that the horses are worn out on-
ly by age. It works its regular hours every day, nev-
er varying; these are, ten hours in the summer and
eight hours in the winter, and this regularly secures
to the farmer a full equivalent for the cost of his labor.
—Hun. huac Hill's Address.

A Good Farmer.

One of the finest farms in the cnmty of Philadel-
phia, is that belonging to our friend General Castor,
situate in O.xford township, near the pleasant borough
of Frankford; and we may hardly add, that one of
the most skillul, persevering, and successful agricul-
turists within thesame limits, is the proprietor of that
form. We saw standing last week, one of the most
beautiful fields of about twenty acres of wheat we ev-
er beheld, which would average at least five and twen-
ty bushels to the acre. His oats, — some of them at
least, — look like a forest of young oaks, and we ven-
ture to say has seldom ever been excelled. Some of
the stalks of which, now in our office, measure up-
wards of six feci. Of hay, the General will cure a
larger quantity than perhaps any other farmer iir Fenn-
Bylvania, — for we believe, and it is indeed so estima-
ted by others who are better judges than ourself, that
not less than thrc^ hundred tons will be obtained 1

These immense crops however, are not obtained
from poor bind and light manuring, and by trusliug
the operations of the farm to the superinlcndenec of
oibeis; for the old General is too good a husbandman
to fall into any such fatal error. Manure is a|)plied
with an unsparing hand, — indeed, scarcely one thou-
sand dollars per annum, would cover this item of ex-
pense; while the eye of the master, which Dr. Frank-
lin says will do more than both hands, is ever on the
alert, in directing the various duties of his rich and
beautiful plantation. — Germtinlotcn Tdcgraplt.

nIea>^llrillg Corn.

The following rule for nsceitaining the quantity of
shelled Corn, in a Irouse of any dimensions, is by Wil-
liam Murray, Es p, of South Caiolina, and was read
before the St. John's Colleton Agricult\iral Society,
and communicated by them for publication in the Sou-
thern Agriculturist.

"Rule — Having previously levelled the Corn in the
house so that it will be of equal depth throughout, ascer-
taining the length and breadth and depth of the bulk;
multiply these dnnensions together, and their products
by 4, then crif off one figure Irom the right of this last
product. This will gi\e so many bushels and a deci-
mal of a bushel of shelled Corn. \i it be required to
find the quantity of ear Corn, substitute 8 for 4, and
cut olT one figure as before.

Eiamplc. — In a bulk of Corn in the ear, measuring

12feetlong, 11 feet broad and 6 feet deep, there will

be 316 bushels and 8 tenths of a bushel of shelled

Corn, or Gti'i bushels and U tenths of ear Corn, as:

12 12

11 11

132
6

7!)2
4

132
6

792
8

31 C, 8 633,6

The decimal 4 is used when the object is to find the
quantity in shelled Corn, because that decimal is half
of the decimal 8, and it requires two bushel of ear Corn
to make one of shelled Corn. In using these rules n
half a bushel may be added for every hundred, that a-
mount of ears results from the substitution of the dec-
imals.— Anir. paper.

Tomato.

The following is extracted from the Bjltimore
Morning Sun.

" But we were discoursing on the nutritive quali-
ties of the tomato. This is a vegetable which de-
serves a far more general use. We know of no ar-
ticle that grows in our region of country that is more
healthful. It is well known that this I'act has procu-
red for the plant a medical standard. We doubt this
has not been entirely overrated. The idea started by
a certain medical gentleman several years since, was a
proof of this, and very likely grew out ol the circum-
stance of the healthful effects of a tomato diet, during
the prevalence of miasmiitic diseases, which afi'ect the
bilary organs in a greater or less degree — these being
the clas? of diseases in which physicians most gene-
rally resort to calomel. But there can be no mistake
as to the tonic effects of the vegetable under notice;
and we feel justified on the word of a medical friend,
in recommending it to the use of those debilitoted
from the ravages of disease peculiar to the warm
months — we mean those allccting the bowels. It
strikes us thot if tomatoes, prepared with large quan-
tities of stale bread and liberal use of salt, in the ordi-
nary stewing mode were adopted as the food for chil-
dren laboring under or recovering from "summer
disease," the result would be highly gratifying. The
experiment is well worth the testing. Of course un-
restrained indulgence in their use must not be allowed
by the parents."

Piii7it your Tools. — Every farmer should he provi-
ded with a small quantity oi' the coarser kind of paints
— a few paint pots and brushes and paint oil. It is
very easy to mi.x them, and by keeping a small sup-
ply, he might keep his implements always in a good
state of preservation. The expense would be trifiing,
and the trouble next to nothing; and besides it is
wisely ordained that we can neither sow nor reap with-
out trouble. The greatest of all troubles must be that
of having nothing to do. To have a place for every
tool on the farm, and to keep them all painted and in
good order, and when not used, protected from sun

and air, ought to be an amiuing as it is undoubtedly a
binding obligation on every farmer. — Am. Farmer,

Foreign Sugars.

According to the Report of the Secretary of tha
Treasury, the imports of Sugar into the United States,
during the year ending 30th September, 183!), a-
mounted to 132,r>80,527 lbs. There were also im-
ported of while and clayey sugar, &c., 12,690,646
lbs, making a grand total of l'J5,131,]71 lbs. Of
this quantity there were imported into Boston, 36,-
60;),'JII7 lbs.; into New York, 75,21^,936 lbs.; and
into I'hiladelphia, 20,107,537 lbs.; into Baltimore,
17,ol8,1601bs.; into New Orleans, 5,3):!3,84« lbs.;
into Charleston, .5,369,172 lbs.; into Norfolk, 4,172,-
134 1113.; into Salem, 1,761,218 lbs.; and the bal-
ance into smaller ports. — Am. Farmer.

For Farmers' Wives ajid Daughters.

There ia a greot deal of excellent good sense in the
following passage, which we take from an address de-
livered a short time since before the Essex County
Agricultural Society, by Allen Futman, Esq., of Dan-
vers, one of the Representatives of that town.

"I have a few words for the farmers' wives.—
However skilful, industrious, and prudent, your hus-
bands may be, their success in money making de-
pends as much upon you as upon them. Economy
and skill on your part in turning every thing to the
best account, are essential to profitable husbandry. —
Pel haps there is scope for study, experiments, and im-
provement in your departments. All are not equally
successful in the management of the dairy. Poor
pastures, poor cows, poor cellars, are the alleged rea-
sons for the dill'erence in results. These things un-
doubtedly are often the causes of failure to obtain but-
ter in large quantities and of good quality. But may

not the fault sometimes lie with the dairy woman?

Is her business so simple as to be alwoys understood ?
You begin to suspect that I doubt whether some of
you perfectly mastered the art of butler making. — ft
may be an ungallant doubt, but listen to the particulars
of one case in point, and then judge whether I can
help doubting. As stated to me, the (acts are these. —
One of our farmers, the summer before last, employ-
ed successfully, and for short terms each, three dairy
women. Here the cows, the pasture, the cellar, and
all the dairy apparatus were the same; and how was
the result ? One obtained seventeen pounds of but-
ter per week, the second twenty-three, and the third
twenty-seven. Such acts should induce many oi you
to vary your processes and note the results,

Phdanthrophy, looking forward, sighs at conee-
quences which must follow from changes that a '■e ta-
king place in the habits and employments of your
daughters. Circumstances beyond your control have
thrown the healthful spinning wheel upon the pile of
rubbish in the garret. Housework and the dairy do

not furnish sufiicient employment for the females

Either mothers or daughters must resort to something
else by which to contribute a share in the support of
the familj'. It is too commonly the case that the
daughters resort to some occupation that is not siiffi.
ciently active and invigorating. The needle is ta-
king the bloom from many of their cheeks, and vigor
from their frames. The evil is augmented by that
mode ot dress (1 ought to use a harsher term) which
obstructs the natural and healthy developeinent of
lungs and chests; also by avoiding exposure to the
weather; and a too ctl'cminate reliance upon the
horse for services which heaven intended should be
rendered by their own limbs ! The lamentable con-
sequences will not be confined to them; children will
inherit the feebleness of their mothers, and a sickly
race will come after us.

Useful as the needle is, and beautiful as arc its con-
tributions to our show, I appeal to the mothers to for-
bid its excessive, its constant use by their daughters.
I entreat them, as they value the well being of their
children, to give to their daughters daily and thorough
training in the care and labor of the dairy and of all
household affairs. — It were well — well for them and
a future race, that they should revive the acquain-
tance which their mothers had with the milking stool,
the garden, and to some extent the field; for then
bloom would flow in fuller tides through all their
veins: they would acquire vigor of body and sound-
ness of mind, that will contribute to their usefulness
and enjoyments, when time shall bring them to the
places which you now hold — shall make them the
wives of farmers, and mothers of the rising genera-
tion."

L

152

THE ."T B W G E N E S F. E F A R M E R

m/iSi

Vol. 1

CATTJLE SIIOAV

And Agricnltural Fair, at Rochester, JT. Tf

To 4c held on Wednesday and Thursdai/, tlic 7th and
eth of October, 1840,

At a meeting of iho Eiecutive Committee of the
Geneece Agricultural Society, held ol the Arcade
House, RocLeeter, the 12th day of August, it was

Rcsolrcil, That in view of the interest which many
have manifested in the success of the Society, and
relying on the liberality of the friends of Agriculture
to furnish the means, we will take the responsibility
of offering FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS, for
premiums and expenses at the Annual Exhibition of
the Society, on Wediiceday the 7lh day of October,
as follows: —

ANIMALS.— HORSES.

For the best Stnlhon, $15,00

Second best do., 10,00

Best breeding iVIare, (with a colt,) 10,00
Second best do., do 5,00

CATTLE.

Best imported Bull, 20,00

Best improved native bred do., 15,00

Best imported Cow, 1.5,00

Best improved native bred do., 40,00

Bjst yearling BuU 7,00

Second best do., 5,00

Best yearling Heifer, 6,00

Second best do 4,00

Best Bull Calf. 5,00

Second best do., 4,00

Best yoke of Oxen, 10,00

].
2.
%

4.

5.

6.

7.

a

0.

10.

11.

12.
13
14.
15.

16.
17.

18.

Second beat do..

Best yoke of 3 year old Steers,..

Best yoke of 2 year old do.,...

7,00
6,00
4,00

19.

20.
21.
22.
23.

24.

25.

26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

31.
32.
33.
34.

36.

37.

38.
30.
40.

41.
42.

SWINE.

Best Boar, showing the most thor-
ough breeding, and uniting the

most valuable qualities, 8,00

Second best do., .5,00

Beet breeding Sow, 6,00

Second best do., 4,00

Best 3 pigs, not more than 9 months

old 5,00

Second best do .do 3,00

SHEEP.

Beet Buck, uniting the mos desira-
ble qualities both for the fleece and

for the carcase, 10,00

Best do. for the carcase only, 8,00

Best do. for fleece only 8,00

Best 3 or more Ewes, as in 25, 8,0(i

Beet 3 do. as in 26 6,00

Best 3 do. as in 27 5,00

FIELD CROPS.

Best acre of Corn 10,00

Best acre of Pi)tatoes, 7, Of'

Best J acre of Ruta Baga, 5,0(

Best \ acre of Mangel Wurtzel,... 5,00

Best I acre of Sugar Beets, 5,0(

Best I acre of Carrots, 5,01

DOMESTIC ARTS.

Beat pound of reeled raw Silk, ]0,0(

B'st pound of sewing Silk, 10, 0(

Beet ') pounds of Cocoons, ....,.,. .5,01
Beat specimen of domestic manufac-
tured Silk ]0,0(

Beat Silk hose or stockings, 5.01

Beet 10 yards domestic Flannel, .... 3,0i.

43. Best 10 yards domestic Fulled Cloth, 5,00

44. B.J8t 2 Folm Leaf Hats, 4,00

45. Best 2 Straw or Leghorn Hats,.... 4,00

46. Best 25 lbs. of Maple Sugar, 3,00

47. Best 10 lbs. of Beet Sugar, 10,00

48. Second best do 7,00

49. Best 25 lbs of Honey, 5,00

50. Best 25 lbs of Butter 5,00

51. Second best do 3,00

52. Best Cheese, of not less than yolbs., 5,00

53. Second best do 3,00

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.

54. Best Plough, shape and manufacture, 5,00

55. Second best do., 3,00

56. Beet Harrow 4,00

57. Best Cultivator, 4,00

58. Best Planting Machine or Drill 3,00

59. Best Horse Rake 3,00

CO. Best Thrashing Machine and Horce

Power, 10,00

61. Best Fanning Mill 5,00

HORTICULTURE.

(a fond baiskd bt amatecrs and gardznebs.)

For the Best 2 heads of Cauliflower, Broccoli

and Cabbage, — each kind,, 2,00

Best, 3 each, Pumpkins, i:5quashep,
Muskmelons, "Watermelons, and
Egg-plants, — each kind, 2,00

Best, 6 each. Beets, Carrots, Porenips,
Turnips, Salsify, Onions, Celery,
Tomatoes, — each kind, 1,00

Best dozen each, Apples, Peaches,
Pears, Plums, and Quinces, — each
kind 1,00

Beet specimens of Grapes, ripened in

the open air, 2,00

Best 2 boquets of cut Flowers, 2,00

Best assortment of Double Dahlias,., 5,00

Best dozen do 2,00

THE PLOUGHING MATCH.

Three fine Ploughs, of ditferent patterns, worth $25,
will be given as premiums by the Ploughmakers of
Rochester. The person entitled to the first premium,
to have the first choice, &.c. Horse teams only arc to
bo used. The decisions to depend on the manner of
cxeattion, as well as tlie tone of ploughing one quar-
ter of an acre of green sward land. — (Competitors are
desired to send in their names two or three doys pre-
ious to the Fair.)

Discretionary Premiums w ill be aworded for such
articles not enumerated, as the committees may deem
deserving.

No premium will he awarded for articles which are
not deemed worthy, or where there is no competition.

No person will be entitled to a premium, who is
not a member of the Society. (Members will be ad-
mitted during the forenoon of the day of exhibition,
or any time previous, on payment of One Dollar to
either of the officers of the Society.)

Persons competing for premiums on field crops, ore
required to give a certificate of the weight or odmea
lurement of a part or the whole crops, ottesied by two
disinterested persons; and also to g.ve a written state-
ment of the kind of soil and manm rof cidiivalion, for
publication in the New Genesee Faimer.

Persons exhibiting animals for Premiums, ore re-
luired to give the Judges a stotement of tbe age and
iicdigree of each animal as far as practicable.

The ortieles of Domestic Arts, Horticultural
iroducts anil Implcmenls, are to be numbered by the
Secretaries, and the names of the exhibitors are to be
.cpt by tbetii, and not made known to the Judges.

ORDER OP THE DAY.

It is requested that articles of Domestic Arts and
HorticuUural productions, be broiight in the day pre-
vious, if possible, orearly in the morning on Wednes-
doy.

The Animals for exhibition should be on the ground
early in the day, so as to arrronge all complete before
12 o'clock. Those who intend to exhibit onimals,
requirmg pens, are requested to send word to the Seed
Store, a few days previous.

The Executive Committee will meet at 11 o'clock
to appoint Committees; and the Committees will pro-
ceed to inspect the articles at 12 o'clock.

The Ploughing Natch will commence at 1 o'clock,
ond lost about one hour.

The premiums will be announced at 3 o'clock; im-
mediately after which.

An Aildrcss irill be delircrcd by LEWIS F. AL-
LEN, Esq. of Bufralo,whose writings on Agriculture,
and efforts in the Legislature, have done much for the
benefit of the farming inlerests in this State.

The Anjtttal Election of C>fficcrs of the Society
will take place inmiediately after the Addrees.

THE SECOND DAY

Will be a Fair for the Sale and Exchange of Farm
Stock, &c. Many fine Cattle will be offered for Sale,
and an excellent opportunity will be offered for Far-
mere to improve their assortments ol domestic animals.

Observations. — Pens will be provided for tbe exhibi-
tion of onimals: and posture can be obtained near the
city for such as ore drove in the day previous.

Nearly all of the piincipal farmers near the city
have kindly consented that friends from a distonce
should turn their cattle into their postures, during the
evenings of the lime of the Fair.

Sy For further particulars, see bills on the dny of
Fair.

THE MECHANICS' FAIR.

The Second Annual Fair of the Jlechnnics and
Trodesmen of Western New York, will commence
on Tuesdoy, the 6th of October, ond continue three'
or more days. This will be a great and splendid ex-
bibition; and as the mechanic arts are intimately con-
nected with agriculture, farmers will find this Fair
highly Interesting and useful to them. Let all turn
out, ond bring their families, soosto enjoy at least one J
rational holiday in attending the Fairs.

TO THE LADIES.

TheCommittcesof the Agricultural as well as ofthel
Mechanics' Fair, particularly invite the ladies to honor J
the Exhibitions with their presence, and with speci-
mens of their handiwork. Much of tbe interest of'
such Fairs olwaye depends upon tbe ladies; and it is
confidently expected that they will do themselves great
credit on this occasion. Let formers' wives ond
daughters show what they can do; and let them all
come and see what others have done. (The fomilies
of members of the Agricultural Society are allowed to
compete for premiums.)

L. B. Langwortht, President.

H. M. Ward, ? „„„ ,„ .. ,

„, T, r> } ^ecrciarus.

M. B. Bateham, S

Genesee County Fair.

The annual Fair ond Exhibition of the Genesee
County Agricultural Society, will be held at the hotel
ofC. W. Van DeBogort, in the villoge of Alexander,
on Tuesday the 14'.h dny of October, at which time
premiums will be owarded op usuol, for the dififerent
kinds of domestic animals, field products, ond miscel-
laneous articles. A very good display is anticipated
and ol course all the good farmers in the county will
be present, besides some from neighboring counties.

Ontario County Fair.

This comes ofl" at Canandaiguo, on Tuesdoy the
20lh of October, and from our knowledge of old On-
tario, we have no doubt that she will do herself great
credit on this occasion. The Society bove thus far
monit'ested a good degree of spirit, and we shall be
much mistaken if we do not find a large and interesting
exhibition at thot place. There is sufficient wealth,
intelligence and enterprise in Ontario county, to sus-
tiin a most efTicient and spirited society, if the formers
will only lay aside their jealousies and unite thoir ef- t

jo. iO.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

l-ts for niiuoal pleasure and improvement. Formers

lied an occaeionai holiday, and how can it be hod so

Sproprintely as by such exhibitions 7 How con far-

lers spend e day more pleaeamly or more profitably

an in becoming ncquninted with each other, and in

irning about ench other's^improvements ond success

their profession 1

Fair at Cleveland, O.

Editors of New Gknesee Fakmkr — The Cottle
low and Fair of the Cuyahogo County Agricultural
Dcicty, will bo held at this city on the Slst and22d
lys of October.

The Society respectfully inTite you and other friends
the cause to be present.

C. M. GIDINGS, Pres't.
J. D. Weston, Sec'y.

Fair at Colborne, U. C.

The county of Northumberland Agricultural Society
ill hold their cattle show and Fair at Colborne, on
Deedoy the 20th of October, when a liberal amount
ill be awarded in premiums as usual.

Lime as a Rlannre.

There is much land owned by readers of this paper,
hich would be greatly improved by the application
lime, — not only that which is periodically under the
ough, but many an old pasture which yields scanty
ibage of very inferior quality.
When a farmer turns his mind towards this subject
wever, he is met at the outset by the startling item
expense. Lime in our neighborhood is sold at
■enty-five cents a bushel, and perhaps twenty cents
• the quantity. There ore ways however, to evade
IB imposition. Marl (lime in a soft state, either
re or adulterated) is found in mony porta of thisdie-
ct; and round old kilns, refuse lime often collects in
eat quaniiiics, which is of no value ot present, to the
jprietors, and which might be hod for a trifle. Ex-
pt on the score of its being clotted, or being mixed
th fragments of stone, it is equal to any lime for ma-
re.

Indifferent countries lime is applied in very differ-
t quantities. In England it varies from 100 to more
in 690 bushels to the acre, while in France they are
tiefied with about a tenth part applied triennially.
!t Puris, — who for more than thirty years has devoted
Tieelf to agriculture; who has been especially atten-
e to calcareous manures, examining the practice of
I own countrymen os well as of foreigners, ond ma-
ag experiments himself, — says, "A quantity of lime
lich does not exceed a thousandth part of the tilled
rface layer of the soil, a like proportion of drawn
tached] ashes, or a two-hundredih part of marl, — is
fEcient to modify the nature, change the products,
d increase by one-half, the crops of a soil destitute
the calcareous principle."

To ascertain these quantities, will require some col-
lation. If the soil be one inch deep, one cubic inch
lime will manure a thousand square inches of the
rface; and it will require six thousand two hundred
id seventy-three cubic inches to manure an acre, or
:arly two bushels and nine-tenths. If the soil bow-
er, is three or four Inches deep, it will require three
four times as much; and indeed Puris recommends
hat is equivalent to eleven and a half bushels to the
re, to be applied triennially.

To formers of small copital, this method holds out
eat advantages, — for thoir revenue would be much
creased at a small expense. To such we would
irticularly recommend it; and let a fair account of ex
inae and prolu be kcpU There are other views of
iicisin regard to liming however, which we do not
iopt; but this practice is economical and worthy of
Itantion.

Some precautions given by the some writer, may be
useful. lie says, ** It is essentia! that all colcoreous
manures should be applied in powder, not in a state of
morUir, — ond upon the eorth when not wot. Until the
lime is covered up tinaiiy, oil rain upon it ought to be
avoided, which reduces it to paste or clots."

It moy be remorked however, that the thinner it is
distributed over the ground, the less will be its donger
of clotting; or if it should become so, from the very
small size of the lumps, tho sooner it will moulder and
mix with the soil. In saying this, we hove grass lands
particularly in view; but with arable lands doubtless it
ought to be speedily mi.\ed; and a light harrow or the
drog-roller would perform this operation best. t

153

I

Cnre lor '* Diseases in Poultry."

Messrs. Thomas &, Bateham — In answer to the
inquiry of Mr. H. in your last paper, I would stale
that the disease mentioned is what we called the croup,
in the south of England. My poultry hove teen of-
fected with it in this country as well os in that. The
remedy I adopt is a very simple, and at the some
time a very efieclual one. I hove never known it foil
of a cure. It ia this : — open the mouth of the chicken
and pour down its throot o tco-epoonfull of sweet oil,
(other oil, or molted lard, will answer.)

Yours, &o., WM. LEAVER.

Poultncytille, Waijne Co., N. V,

Great Exhibition and Fair of the Royal Eng-
lish Agricultural Society.

An esteemed friend in London has sent us some
English papers, filled with accounts of the Second An-
nual Fair of the " Royal English Agricultural Socie-
ty," held at Cambridge on the 14th and 15th days of
July.

This was one of the most numerous and splendid
agricultural assemblages ever witnessed. With its
immense list of members, and their unbounded wealth
ond influence, we can readily imagine that the anni-
versary of this society created a display altogeth-
er without a parallel in the history of agricultural ex-
hibitions. The wondeiful improvements which have
of late been achieved in British husbondr;-, were here
represented in the greatest perlcction. The immense
numbers, excellence and beauty of the animals, im-
plements and products of ogriculture, brought together
on this occasion, must have formed a spectacle well
colculated to delight the eye and warm the heart of
every one possessed of the least spark of patriotism or
philanthropy.

I; is highly gratifying to us, as Americans, to learn
that our country was ably represented, ond honorably
noticed on this occasion. Mr. Stevenson certainly
did himself great credit, and deserves the thanks of
his countrj'men.

One of the papers received by us, is a new agricul-
turol poper colled the "Farmers' Journal;" a veiy
large sheet, with a supplement, containing a long and
interesting account of the whole (/o»ig-s and sayings on
the glorious two doys; together with fonr large and
spirited engravings. The first represents the cattle
yord and sheds; the second the dinner of the com-
mittee in the Hall of Trinity College; the 4th the
"grand dinner in the Povillion at Downing, where be-
tween 3000 and 4000 persons sat down to dine togeth-
er, and harangue, and give toosts, ond drink to the
honor of Britiifh agriculture ond industry." The 4th
is a sketch of the greot ploughing match, "where 57
ploughs storied in all their glory."

We wish it were possible for us to give our readers
a full occount of this festival, together with the pictorial
representations; but even were it in our power, we
fear that many of our readers cherish such an unrea-
sonable dread of long articles, that tjiey would not

thank us lor our pains; so we must only select tho
choicest morsels, and take our pen and scissors, and
eut up, and moim our English popere, pictures ond oil.
But slop, — the Eastern moil hos arrived, and here is
our welcome friend, the Farmers' Cahinel, contoining
a condensed account of this great English onniversory.
This will help us out of our difficulty and save our
pictures: f r with o litde trimming, Mr. Pedder's
arrangement will suit our columns, and we think will
benefit oil of our readers who give it o perusal.

The meeting was numerously attended, and the bu-
siness was conducted with perfect order and decorum,
although it was supposed that oO,000 strangers entered
the city of Conibridge between the hours of five ond
twelve o'clock on Wednesdoy. The sura realized for
admission into the show-yard during the hours of ex-
hibition, amounted to between £1600 and £1050
sterling, or more by £500 than was taken last year at
Oxford.

Tho whole amount given as prizes, we have not
seen stated; but it must have been veiy largo. Tha
first prize for each class woe 30 sovereigns, or about
$140.

We feel a greot desire to give a bird's-eye view of
the fete, but scarcely know where to com'mence tha
sketch, kui.wing, loo, that the difficulty will be as
greot in determining where to end; the whole ac-
count ought to be given unmutilaied, for assuredly,
the lieort of every ogriculturiet must worm, to witness
iniinoginotion only, such a multitude, actuated by one
spirit and one mind, and all engaged in the further-
ance of on object that must be dear to the heart of ev-
ery true-born sun of the plough throughout the world.

The reporter commences with a few remarks on the
importance of the science of agriculture, (without,
however, oflering the least disparagement to com-
merce, monufocturcs or the arts) which ought to bo
preserved, foi they ore as opplicahle to this as to any
o(/(cr country. He observes : " But what would be-
come of oil the immense masses of people, which
trade ond commerce have, as it were, forced so re-
cently and 80 suddenly into existence, it it were not
for the astonishing progress of our agriculture? It
is from this source that they can alone be fed, in all
the vicissitudes of commercial advonce and decline ;
for it is evident tliot no other means of procuring sub-
sistence cr/ii be adapted to an increase of populotion,
but the incessant cultitation of the soil : this is a
point of the greatest political importance, and com-
bines, and ought inseparably to connect this society,
with the great moving power of the government ; for,
provided the people be well fed and employed, ihey
cannot increase too rapidly.

Agriculture is the root and trunk of the prosperity
of a country — manufactures ond commerce are tho
Ara)tc/(cs emanating from it — a branch may be blasted
or cut off, but whilst the root and trunk are sound ond
healthy, fresh shoots may be thrown out to supply its
ploce ; but if there be a canker at the root, and tho
truidi decay, the branches cannot flourish. States-
men may imogine, that glory consists in extent of ter-
ritory, the pomp of state, the greatness of revenue or
the terror nf orms ; but on occurote knowledge of mon-
kind should convince them, that true glory con only
orise from governing a people, who, being free from
the weight of oppression, ond reaping the fruits of
their industry, rejoice in the happiness of communica-
ting to their descendants, the bleesings of security and
coinlort : under these circumstonces, a great popula-
tion is the salcgimrd of the country, as well as its
greatest glory. In England alone, in the space of
eighty years, the population has been doubled ; but to
what do we owe this augmentation, but to our copa-
city ofafliirding this population the means of subsis-
tence 7 Commerce, trade and manufactures have un-
doubtedly brought the largest portion into existence,
but it is agriculture which has been mode capable of
feeding them I Every encourogement, therefore,
which con be given to the fruits and growth of our
soil — whether in the shope of breod-corn, cottle, wool,
or the other vorietics of animal production, which
Ibnns sojarge a portion of the farmer's capital, and
assists and remunerates him for the tillage of the soil
— a calculation too often undervalued and despised by
the engineer and manufacturer — is strictly conforma-
ble to the constitution of nature, as she seems to pro-
vide for an indrfinile increase of mankind ; and as the
fruitlulness of the earth is likewise indefinite, there
seems no roiional obstacle to ihiir united advance-
ment, for beyond the point hitherto reached in almost
any part of the known world.

,154

THE NEW GENESEE F A R M ER

VOL.I,.^

The ol)jt-ei6 r.fihis -iociuiy nru ofibe UiL;ln6l noiional
imporlaiicf , and iht pawerful nicunii lor cnirj'ing them
inio exec-uiion, wLic-li its cxicreivc orgniizaiion pla-
cea nl coininnnd,' mini render it a mutt eliicieiit in-
elrumeiit lor tbc iiiipiovtrncnt of ngriculture, and the
increase- o! nali»nai wealth and pri)i>perity : but, nol-
wilhetanding its boasted pie-eininenee in ayrienlture,
Enqlaiid has, until lately, been lar behind our conti-
nental neigbborti in practical improvement — in ilie sci-
eniijic knowledge npplieahie to the luboia 'if the lius-
buiidinan. Ignuraiicc and prejudice have been, and
n a great extent still are, inipastable etumbling-blocke
in the way of a more complete and extended success ;
the majority of farmers hove yet to reap the fruits of an
enlarged exei else of skill and knowledge, and to jin-
learn many a grievous but long-ehcrisbed error, and
to get rid of prejudices a3 deeply rooted in tlieir minds,
na they are opposed to their best inteiedts : time
must necessarily be allowed for all this, but proceed-
ing on the plan which ibe society has adopted, it will
assuredly be ellectedin the space of a very lew years."

iJiit we Iris'.ea to lay before our renders ihe opatinz
of tUe grrdl feitictil, which was, nioet appiopnately,
nsliereil in 'ly a grand phughing-matc'i — that vtusi
viportiii t 9' 'xW agricultural operations, which, how-
e ver, eeeais to be overlooked in a str.ingi; way by our
agricult irista generally. Tiie preiimims awarded
omounted to .51 sovereigns, for which 57 ploughs start-
ed in all their glory !

" Shortly before ten o'clock, the judges gave the
signal to start, and a most beautilul eight presented
itself! Most of the 11-! horses — each fr.rnier having
sent bis choice cattle \\'iih the best jdougb — decorated
with ribbons, in 11 moment were set in motion, and the
trial comiiien'jcd in right geod earnest, and wiis car-
ried on with vigor throughout. Amongst the most
prominent and best work eileeted, was that which was
done by two boys and a man with a Scoich plough —
indeed it was a seided point, after the iirst hall hour's
■work, that the boys were sure of reward?, if n >t the
first. The whole lield, of 50 acres, was ploughed U)),
generally in prime style, by a quarter before twelve ;
the two boys having iinished their work rather earlier
than the others ; and the judges nliiiott imniedititely
proceeded to their inspection ; and at h past two o'clock
the President, the Duke of Richmond, awarded the
premiums, two of which foil to two brothers, by the
names of Salnnm, one of whom, ovlf/ 15 t/ears of age,
wore a liat, which he had won at a tormer ploughing-
maleh ! The subscription to make up these prizes,
tmoiimed to nearly JilOl) sterling 1"

It ia added, and we can readily believe i', — " This
part of the business of the day passed ofi' ccri/ satisfac
lorily."

The Reporter now conducts us to the e.\hibiiion
yard. " The cattle yard is an area of four acres and
a half, enclosed ity a fence nine feet high, having two
gateway entrcnccs for the admission of cattle, agricul-
tural implcinenii, &.■., and fiur entianeeslor visitors
on the south side ; the arinng.,ments to prevent con-
fusion being admirable. The whole of the interior,
sixteen feet from the outer fence, ia surrounded by
cattle-sheds, the ronfs of which project six feet over
and beyond that rciiuircd for the cattle, f t the protec-
tion of visiters, should the weather prove so unproi i-
tious as to render shelter desirable. An inner ciimd-
rangle, enclosed by the caille-sbeds, had been set
opart for the exhiltitinn oi" e^eds, vegetable.-^, corn,
grain, and agricultural implements, as also for sheep
and pigs. 'I'he cattle were supplied with water by
means of cast iron pipes, laid for the purpose. Tiie
public were admitted as early as si.x o'clock in the
morning, by paying 2 shillings and 6 pence per ticket,
and from that hour until 12 o'clock at noon at the
finme price, after which, until 7 P. M. at 1 shilling
each.

THE PAVILION OF DOWNING COI.I.ECE.

** When the curiosity of the vast number of persons,
who had been drawn together at the yard, had been
in some degree satisfied, the next grand object of at-
traction was the dinner, to be given to the general
body ol the members of the society. The demand for
tickets by non-memhers was at one time so great,
that two and even three pounds was orteicd as 0 pre-
mium to any one to s_'ll his right of entry to the pavil-
ion. * » » The gallery was early lilled witli la-
dies, whose presence gave a gaiety and brilliancy to
the scene.

The pavilion was erected on the quadiangle of
Downing College ; the roofis in seven compartments,

* Alrciuly the Sneie'y — ia the second ycMr only of its exis-
tence— iiousts of Jic niiiiicii of a grcnl inmihcr of ihe first men
of the laud; ami p. ia cx;'e.*leil Ihr.'- Ijel'orc tiic close tit' the
present year, ui leiisl 5:KI0 name s will lie on the lis! as suh-
■crllie.-tf.

BUppoitcd from beneath by strong pillars of wood.
The interior eom^ists of an apartment capable of din-
ing :jU()0 pertons, the tables and seats being so arrang-
ed as to face the high table, which ia elevated four
feet above the giound, and will seat sixty persons ;
this being set apart for ambassadors and foreigners of
dit-tinction, honorary members, professors of geology,
cheiniatry, &.C., &e. Upon the ground, immediately
in front of the platform, are tables and seats for 30U
peraone in two divisions, intended for the judges of
stock, liirm produce and implements, the reporters for
the public press, &c. There are two large windows
of stained glass, at each side of the budding, the ftarne-
woi k being oi wrought iron : the construction oi the
rooi is novel, the braces and ties being also of wrought
iron, which gives it a very light and elegant appear-
ance. The dimensiona are, 200 iecl troni east to
went, and 127 from north to south ; and, looking from
the chair, the area has the appearance of an amphithe-
atre ; the ventilation, by means of bO windows, was
complete, and no complaint was heard of oppression
by the heated atmosphere, notwithstanding the great
iuiinl)cr oi' pers 'US present: including the ladies,
there must have been in the hall not fur short of 3000
individuals ! The erection of this building, together
with the expense of the yard, dedicated to the show
of cattle, caused an expenditure ot £1500."

The number of horses, ea:tlc, sheep, hogs, imple-
ments, seeds, &c., displayed, was absolutely splendid,
and the premiums dev-ited to their improvement must
have amounted to a very large sum ; we cannot forego
the pleasure of reporting the names of each class of
nnin«ls, much as it will add to the present article,
\> hiofc it is to be feared has already extended to a wea-
riS'ime length.

Class 1. — Fur Short-Horned Cattle.
"Class 3. — Hrriford Cattle.

Class 3. — Devon Cattle.

Class 4. — For Cattle not qualified for either of the
aboTc classes.

Class 5. — Horses.

Class 6. — Leicester Sheep.

Class 7. — Suut/uloicn aiid short-iooollcd Sheep.

Class 8. — Long-jcoollcd Shctp.

Class 9. — I'igs. — Prize 1. — '"For the best boar,"
adjudged to Mr. Barnard, of Gostield-hall, Essex, for
his 1 year and 4 months old boar of the improved Fs
sex breed.

There was on exhibition of seed- wheat, both white
and red, the premiums being 50 sovereigns for the
beet, of both varieties. The judges selected for trial
Colonel Le Couteur's B.lle-vue Talavcra, and Mr.
J. E. Drewitt's improved Chidham wheat, as the best
samples of white wheat ; but did not consider the
samples of red wheat ofl'ered, worthy of recommenda-
tion for competition : the priz? will be awarded at the
general meeting, in December 1841.

remarks j:y the reporter.

In Class 1, for short-horned cattle, there was great
competition.

In Classes 8 and 3, for Herc'ords and Devons, the
show v.'as very indifferent. The great distance at
which the show has this year been held from the coun-
ties in which these breeds previiil, accounts, in our
opinion, tor the want of competition in these classes.

In Class 4, for l^eicester sheep, there was an e.\cel-
lent sliow.

In Class 7, for Snith-downs, there was also great
eoniiictition, and thoio of the Dnke ot Richmond,
Me.-sis. Jonss Wi-bb, Grantham, Ciisji, Lugar, and
Oveiman, did great credit to their breeders.

In Class 8, there was a very fair show of long-
w.iolled sheep, in which Mr. C. Large stands pre-em-
inent, and carried oif the best |)rizes.

Amongst the pigs, those which attracted the great-
est attention were exhibited by Mr. Paton of Dedding-
ton.

The show of horses was also very excellent, porti-
culnrly in Sulfolks."

The epcechcs which followed the dinner must have
had an eheliifyiiig efiect on an assemblage of 3000
persnn*, ail wound up to a pitch of enthusiasm ; ami,
spile of the danger of wearying our readers with the
detail, we cannot forego the pleasure of laying before
tliein a toast, wdiich was given by the Chairman, with
iherespoiHe, by our ambassador, Jlr. Stevenson, who
was present upon the occasion.

" The nolile President in proposing the next toast,
which w.is the health of a distiiiguished imlividiinl
present, the Hon. A. Stevenson, i\IimBto7 of the Uni-
ted States, aa an honory member ot"the Society, said,
that he well knew the farmers of England, and that
they would all warrant him in saying, they wished,
one and all, lor pence and tranquility; pence at home
and abroad was what they tvisluul, what they prajjtd

/.

'or ; they did UtU icisu too see other nations l.i:d waste
that they might be prosperous, nor was it their inter
est or tlair desire, that other people's farms should bi
destroyed, their barns burnt, and their towns end vil
lages plundered; and those who vieh for 'he blessing
of peace, we are happy to meet half way, and n thi
spirit do we meet the good wishes of the Americai
people, whose nprcsenlative at the court of our Eove
reign, did them the honor of being present on that oc
cation. The distinguished individual to whom he al
luded, was one of that great nation, which had sprun)
from ourselves, and he (the President) in the name o
the farmers of England, wished it every prosperity, air
that it might long continue in peace with this country
cuUivatiiig with her thote arts and sciences, whicl
tend to better the condition of the human race, am
add to its happiness.

With respect to the hon. gentleman (Mr. Steven
son) he was a tried friend to agriculture: he felt inter
ested in the improvement of agricultural teience ii
England, and thaj would that the same good shouli
extend to America: for the object was not only the ag
riculture of the land we live in, but the agiiculture u
the whole world I"

Mr. Stevenson was most loudly cheered when h
presented himself to the meeting.

"It would," he said "be umcorthtj affectation, '\ t
he did not say that he felt proud ot iho manner in whicl
his name hati been received by that, the most remark
able and imposing scene he had ever witnessed in tb
course of his life — not a very short one. — lie must re
turn histhanksto the noble President for the manm
in which his name had been given, but he feared h
shouhl not be able to do justice to his feelings on tb
occasion. The kind and hospitable reception whie .
had been given to him, and the very gratifying mannc
in wdiich bis name had been associated with that i
iheir two countries, demanded his acknowdedgmci:'.
he recci\ed it with pride and satisfaction. Dei;
sensible, however, as he was of the honor done h.i.
he should but inadequately convey his feelings, if I
confined himself to an expression of his individu
feeling. In relation to himself personally, it was bi
a matter of little Imjiortance; but in another sensi
looking to such an assemblage as that, represcntir
nolonly the great agricultural interest of England, b
of the United Kingdom, the kind and liberal sent
ment expressed irould do good, and ftrcngthen tb'
relations of amity and peace which existed lielWL,
the two countries. He, therefore, thanked them
the name of his country, and at the same time assuri
that nothing would be more acceptable to the peojile
the United States, than sentiments like those that hi
been so kinr^ly expressed. Their noble President h;
been pleased to express a wish, in allusion to the la
regulations between the two countries, that the pi
sent relations oi peace and concord might long en
tinue, fur tlie benefit of both — he need hardly say In
cordially he united in this svish I This was, fort
nately for mankind, not rn age of war; the time hi
long since passed, when hostility ond war was regun
ed as the natural slate of man, and p^ace only a dai
gerous and difficult experiment. The soldier and tl
sword, he thanked God, were no longer the only s
euricy for nations — the schoolmaster, and not the ica
rior, was abroad ! Moral power was taking the plac
o'' physical fiu'ce, and the rulers of the world wou
now lenrn, if they had nut already, that they mu
look for security to their thrones, to moral, and not
/dn/sieul power, and to the virtue antl intelligence
their people. In this enlightened age, when the loi
of peace, and knowh ilgc of Christianity, were ovc
spreading the earth, Avas there one Briton or Anici
can — one wise or good man — who would not look U)
on a war betw eon two such countries as England ai
Amciica, as one of the greatest calamities that cou
bidal mankind ? A war agninst interest, kindiei
language, and religion, and for what? — not {or prii
ciplc — not for national honor; not for conquest; bi
a war to settle the geographical lines of a treaty
boundary — the subject legitimately of negotiation ar
peaceable adjustment.

But England and America, ho said, were two wii
to enter into any such war. Neither, he was suti
would feel itself called upon, in vindication of its hoi
or or in defence of its rights, to embark in war — th
security for peace is in the wisdom and prudence ar
foresight of the rulers of the two countries, and in tl
virtues and intelligence ot their people. Their nob
Chairman had done him no more than justice in su'
posing he bad done every thing in his power, both 0
ficially and individually, to cherish and invigorate lb
friendly relations of their two countries, upon the pri
servation of wdiich, he believed, the protpi vity ol boi
nations essentially depended: he therefore only sjiok

t

10.

A N D G A R D E N E R ' S J O U R N A L.

155

niinionls of his own country, when lie nssiircii
(Lioi J18 people and sjoverniucnt dieiied pence —
j)t nii'iiuiit pcaccj wiili nil uniion^, but especinlly,
innkdtandins w.tli On i»t IJiitnin, upon terms
itilile wilb tlio rights luid honor of both, lie re-
in hiiving it ill his power to attend on the pre-
xasion; for besides the opportunity it ntfordcd
witness proceedings so congenial to his tecl-
it eiiJibK'tl him to express in person his senee of
niMwiiieh the society had done him, in electing
w; oi' its honorary mcnbers. In such an ns-
y It would be needless to expatiate on the subject
iciiliiirc and its clninis to sui'port; he, however,
di^iin^ition to throw out one or two suggestions
might be worthy of consii'crnlion All con-
d ill ascribing to ngriculiiire a liigh plncc in the
^t' inilividunl nnd national interests, but yet he
bt ihcy did not give it the importnnce it merited,
which it justly aspired — in other words that too
Mipposed the object of ngrieullure was clone
rposos of subaistcnce. Now, a more fallacious

II could not obtain, than that the responsibilities
culture stopped at the proditi-tioii of food for

-The duties of agriculture were like those of
=. they spread Ijcyond the circle of providing
aiH of subsistence, into a wide exjianse crented
obligations nnsiiig out of a state of society,
ere connected with all the great national inter-
Hence the support of government, the encour-

III of coiiunerce, the brij-is of trade, the subsis-
ol the learned professions, depend upon the im-

and interests of agriculture: it \va? the source
vhieb not only nil classes derive subsistence, but
rity. Asnn olrcct of universal benefit, then, it
ally entitled to universal patronage. Agricul-
aj juttly been considered nationnl property: the
country was one great farm, and the inhaiiitants
great family, iit which however, those who
d the least had often the most profit. Now, if
?re true, as he believed it to be to a certain e.\-
aeii those who were not farmers had still as deep
eresl as the farmer bims<lt', iinismuch as the
class employed in ngricuhural districis and la-
^re the first to be subsisted, and that of the other
out of the suiplus — nnd, of course, the larger
rplus, the greater would be the profit: this was
h argument it might he said, but yet he thought
be less strong-
ill the modes that had been resorted to in aid of
ture, the most benelicini were associations of
aiaeter — societies for the collection and dill'u-
kuowledge, the introduction of useful experi-
the writinga of nble and distinguished men,
3 cmntat'wn so essential to all improvement. —
e was absolutely ncccssoiif to modern ngricul-
itcory nnd practice reflected light upon ench otb-
this wa3 the more felt as, of all pursuits, there
1 class so wedded to old habits which were so
ling, as those who cultivate the soil; and this
; case in the nnc world as well as the otd. He
h theref )re, in the giant strides which agricul-
is making in every part of the globe, under the
ial aids of practical science: this was one of the
lenefits which this society would accomplish,
iny man doubted the extent to which science
lefitlcd agriculture, let him visit England and
id. And why was it so ? Simply, because its
was cultivated upon principles which were
t to the test of rapid nnd severe experiment:
1 agriculture was scientilieally and philosopbi-
iirsued, and because she had such excellent far-
It a foreigner wished to know what Eiiginnd
J must go into the country and mix with her
I and yeomanry. It had been said, he believ-
ne of the princes of the reigning family, thnt
le of England was her yeo:nnnry — he re-ccho-
sentiinenl, and he was happy to belong, when
e, to thnt class — not to the proud distinction of
n American citizen, but that of being a farmer.
I could look upon isuch an assembly as this
t feeling himself ele /.ted and grntified ? They
ere all classes united in this great work — the
ic good, the public and the private man; those
led high places, mixing with the farmers and
ors of the soil upon perfect equality, and the
peace and charity shedding around a holy calm,
ng alike to the feelings and to the intellect ! —
upon this society, and its wide-eprending and
mding purposes, that the eyes of Europe and
a were now fixed with a steady gaze, and he
there would be no disappointment of their nr-
pes ! Viewed in relation to their own country,
'as every motive for supporiling it, but viewed
lion to its elfecta upon other nations — as has
letly said — the motive for exertion rose into a

much higher and nobler sentiment; it became ihen the
cause, not of tlicir country or his, but that of man-
kind ! And wlio wns so poor or sordid in sjiirit, as to
think only of liiniself or his country, when the great
nuestioii was, whether the earth sbouki be inluibited
nnd cultivated by enlightened and virtuous and reli-
gious men, or by debased and ignornnt huiniin beings
and hoides of suvages ? In concluding, the honorable
gentlemen said he cmild only ii-peat his thanks for the
kindness and honor done him, niui his best wishes for
the success of their association; hv trusted thnt it
might fulfil its high purposes, do honor to its founders,
and bei.efit mankind throughout the universe."

ToKpep Silk Worm K^gs for next Vcar.

Our cxperiLiu-e this year has furnished much valu-
able informntion as to the best method of keeping silk
worm eggs for hatching ut any time next tuiiimer:
and, as this is the proper senson for commencing the
process, wc wiil give whnt weeonsider the best mode.
The eggs should be removed to a cool, dry cellar os
soon ns they are rip<: ; thnt is, ns toon as they have
changed color, or become ol'n [leculiar blue slate color
If they are on papers or cloth, they may be folded up
into a convenient form, nnd pluced in a tin box, with a
cover merely suinciently tight lo exclude insects nnd
vermin. Tijey should be exaiiiincd occasionally du-
ring the summer, to see thnt the papers or cioih do not
get mildewed or nioukiy: if they do, they must be ex-
posed to the wind in the shade for nn hour or two, till
they become dry, and then replaced. If the eggs
have been taken olf thepaptrs or cloths, they may be
put in the tin box in layers of half nn inch with a lew
folds or sheet of tin between them. In January, du-
ring cold weather, the box may be removed to the ice
house or a refrigeiutor. We prefer a r€frigcrator, be-
cause we call regulate the teinpernture in it exnctly;
and if wc had nn ice house, we would still use the re-
frigerator for thnt reason. During the remainder of
the winter, a thermoioctor should be kept in the box
among the egg*, thnt the prtcise temperature may at
all times be observed. From the time that they aie
put into the ice house till they are wanted for hatching,
the temperature should never be allowed to rise above
45°. The cges will generally bear 50"^, without
hatching, but 45^ is more certain. After the natural
season lor hutching has arrived — say after the I5ih of
April in this latitude, any exposure to a higher tempe-
rature will tend to the hatching of the eggs, and must
be avoided. The eggs we put in our refrigerator last
January are yet in perfect condition, nnd hatch regu-
larly, beginning on the t-th day after exposure. We
use from a peek to iinlf a bushel of ice daily, depend-
ing upon the wnrmth of the weather. Halt a bushel
wns abundant during the hottest weather in July. —
When the ice is properly applied, the temperntuie is
kept reinaiknbly cqunble wiihcnit the slighest difficulty.
The fc-nrs that the eggs will be liable to dampness,
and consequently injury, when kept in n refrigerator
at a low temperature, are gronndlets. At a tempera-
ture of 4-0 ° , no diimpneES can exist in the refrigera-
tor, as, if the. e be any vapour evolved from the ice, it
is immediately condensed by the low temperature. —
In iUusuation of this fact, we will mention that we
had a quantity of eggs thnt had accidentally got wet;
they were litei ally SJnking in water. We spread them
on a quire of paper in the refrigerator, nnd in a few
hours they were as dry ns powder, nnd so remained. —
Mould and mildew cannot form in n temperature of
4.5 ° . Where the ico house is not good, nnd conse-
quently the air in it is filled with dampness or vapour,
a refrigerntor should be used.

Nothing is easier than the construction of n refrige-
rator. A large S'lunre box mny be made ot' common
lilaiik, and another twelve inches smaller each way. —
Put pulverized charcoal in the bottom of the large box,
six inches deep; set the small box on it at equnl dis-
tances from each side and end; then fill in ail round
between the soinll box and the large one with pulveri-
zed charconi to the top of the small box. Then make
a boz six inches deep, nnd large enough to fit exactly
in the large box; fill this with the powdered charconi;
this latter box will niiswcr the purpose of a cover for
the refrigerator. The inner box should be large
enough to hold all the eggs required to be kept, and a
tin bucket, or other melalic vessel, that will hold half
a bushel of ice; for the ice must not be put upon the
floor of the box, ns it will wet the eggs as it melts. —
The ice vessels must be kept constantly supplied with
ice. The box cover may have a ciiqile of handles, to
enable the attendant to remove it conveniently. —
The cover will not shut in so cliwely ns to exclude n;r
entirely, nor so as to injure the eggs. Itwill naturnlly
be supposed that there will be danger of warming the
eggs by freiiuently opening the box; but this is e mis-

taken notion, ns iinlesa it be kept open too long — say
nioie tlinii a minute or two ench time, no warm nir
can g( t into it: bccnuse the cold nir in the box being
benvier thnn the: externni wnrm nir, will mcesrnrily
remain in the box, nor enn warm air descend in-
to it, biing too ligbt to displace it. This refrig-
erator may be kept in any jiart of the houre, the
cooler its situation, the less ice it will require; but half
n bushel cd ice will kee|) it at the proper temperature
for twenty four hours, in any situation not exposed to
the tun or to fire heat. — G. B. S. — Jour Amr. Silk
Society.

From the Essex Keghttr.

Prclit of Bee Kceplus^.

We observed in the Mercantile Journal I'st week,
an article on ibis subject, which deseives considera-
tion; nnd as the f.dlowing facts, within ourown know-
ledge, conlii 111 the position assumed therein, they msy
not be uninteresting.

Col. H. K. Oliver of this city, has for several years
paid great attention to the management of bees; nnd
after a scries of cxporimciils and unwearied diligence,
he has now reached n wonderful degree o'" perfection.
His apiaries, wc mny safeiy say, nre the finest in the
Stnle, nnd we unhesitatingby chnllenge any individn.

al to exhibit a belter n nnaged or more productive.

Col. O. uses the non-swarming collnteral hive, which
he thinks better adapted to cities and populous places
than any other. We had the pleasure of witncss'ng
the labor of his busy operatives latt week, and can as-
sure our readers that it is a sight well worth seeing.
The hives nre so constructed that one can ohtctve
without danger all the operations of these indefatign-
ble laborers, and draw tin rcfroni many a useful lesson.

Col. Oliver has two aidaries, one containing eieht,
nnd the other (paitly stocked) to contnin seven hives.
The hives consists of one central and two collateral
boxes — the honey being drawn only from collnteinis,
lenving thnt in ihe central box where the bees nre pre-
served during the cold wenther, as stock for their
winter sup|dy. Some of them have, in addition to
the two collaterals, n top box to contain glnsses to be
filled by the bees. During the present year, ten hives
have yielded an average of 50 lbs. ench, mnking 500
lbs. of honey, which sells readily here at £5 certs per
pound. Some of the hives yield as high ns bO lbs.
each. The honey is the whitest, clearest, purest, we
hnve ever seen, and fresh fionr *he comb 's truly deli-
cious.

As to the profit of keeping bees, there cannot he a
qnesiion, the Col. thinks, if they are rightly mnnaged.
But like all other slock, they netd cnre nnd ntteit-
tion, and must not, to be made inofitable, be kept in
the usunl rough boxes of the farmers, nor left to tho
tender mercies of the moth. By the common m.eth-
ed, in order to get the honey the bees nre nil killed; —
but by the improved method they ate all saved nlive,
end are deprived of only the excess of hiTiiey over
what is necessary for the winter's conpumption.

Our townsmen, Mefsrs, Holman and Pippen, hnvo
npinries also, constructed on the snme bee-preserving
princij)le, nnd equnlly profitable.

The following is the article from the Journal:

Profit of bef. liiiKi'tNO. — We apprehend our far-
mers, nnd especially the small ones, and their wives
nnd children, and divers people, so situated that they
might as well ns not hnve a hand in the businccs.hnvo
missed it not a little by underiaiiiig bees as nn nnicle
of mere profit. We know nothing against Wr.
Wceks's petition thnt they may be cirltivntcd in such
a manner ns to render them niiue profitable lo their
owneis than timj lirnitch of agrii ulttue, in pToriortiun
to the capital incepted in their stock. Tbey nre not
taxable property, neither does it requiie a large Innd
investment, nor fences, nor docs it require the owner
to labor through the summer to support them through
the winter. Care is indeed necessary, but a child or
supcrnnnunted person enn |:erfoim most of the duties
that nre necessary. The cobwebs must be kept awny
from the immediate vicinity of the hive, and nil other
nnnoyTnces removed, Ac. It is added, truly, that the
mnnagement of bees is a delightful enijiloyment. and
may be pursued with the best succets in cities and vil-
lages, as well as towns nnd country. It is n source of
great nmusemcnt ns well ns comfort nnd profit. They
collect honey and bread from most kinds of forest trees,
as well as garden flowers, orchards, forests, and trees
— all contribut to their wan's, and their owner is grat-
ified WMth a lasie of" the whidc. Sweet mignionette \a
especially mentioned as easily eullivnied by drills in a
garden, and is one of the finest nnd richest flowers in
the world, from which the honey bee can extract its
iciod.

r50

^s»

T H B NEW G E N E S fi E FARMER^

Vo

Pears.

Two years ago Inet epring, we had a eoneiderable
number of pear grafts, — from Robert Manning of Sa-
lem in Mnetachueeits (perhaps the best pomologist in
the United Smiea), — act on large stocks; and this sea-
son four of those sorts have fruited. The Julienne has
borne plentifully, and the pears are now ripe (9 mo.
1.) We are rather disappointed however, in regard
to their quality — they have not much flavor; but we
know that some pears are fine in some seasons, and
indirtcrent in others; and on turning to the Magazine
of Horticulture, we find the following note by J. M.
Ives of Salem: "Julienne. In 1838, a small crop,
and good. In 1839, a large crop, and worlhleos."
Was this latter result in coneequence ol the tree hav-
ing' more fruit than it could nourish and mature ?
And if so will not this sort become more worthless as
the tree becomes older ?

The character of this penr however, stands high.
Kenrick says, " This is one of the most beautiful and
valuable fruits of its season, and deserving of exten-
sive cultivation." R. Manning several years ago cal-
led it "a fine pear;" and lately referring to 'he crop
of last season, he said it was *' fair and good." So
we will hope to be more successful another 3'ear.

This pear is later than one that we have known as
Bohlen's which it greatly resembles ; but two
grafts from the same tree often vary a week or
more in the time of ripening when set on diffeient
stocks. Our Bohlen pears this season, however,
though from a tree juet recovering from disease, were
superior to the Julienne, and more than a fortnight
earlier.

Kenrick gives the Bloodgood pear of New York as
a synonym, but this must be a mistake, as R. Man-
ning sent grafts under the name of Bloodgood no lon-
ger ago than last winter, which are now growing in
our nursery; and it ia to be presumed that he would
not send the same pear under two different names.
Besides he described the Bloodgood as of " large
size" ripening in "August;" but the Julienne as a
small pear ripening in " September."

On another of those grafts, the Johonnot pear is ri-
pening. Prince describes its shape and eolorj but
says nothing of nafaror. Kenrick calls it " good;"
and .Manning " I'lrstrate," — in which opinion several
of our family unite.

One of the two remaining sorts that have come so
soon into bearing, is the Cnshivg ; and we mention
cur success for the encouragement of horticulturists.
But on the other hand, fifteen jears ago, we grafted
the UcT^innnt pear, and from two trees which have
now become large, we have never had six cents worth
of fruit. This season there is just about enough on
the trees — plenty without crowding; and an amateur
well acquainted with this variety which he considcis
very fine, — assures us that the lost time will now be
made up.

The superior excellence of " the Scptcmlcr pear,"
ia admitted by those who are fond of sweet fruit; but
the name is without doubt, local. From its great di-
versity of shape, it may be difficult to give a descrip-
tion adapted to all its vcriations in different climates;
but from all the information we have been able to col-
lect, it appears to be the Summer Bon Chretien.

Respecting this pear, we learn from the Poinologi-
cal Magazine that " its origin is lost in the darknessof
antiquity." Sonic have conjectured it svas more than
three hundred years old, " probably much higher;"
but " it is quite certain that it has found a place in
;l-ery work of consequence for the last one hundred
and fifty years. — It has long been cultivated all over
Europe for the sake of the size and the delicious fla.
Torof its fruit;" and "it is known by a great nuin

ber of names. — In Vienna, it is known by that of
of Plutzcrbime, from its resemblance in form to a
wine flask."

Presuming that our pear is identical with the Sum-
mer Bon Chretien, we would remark that in some
particulars it has not been fully described; and we
proceed to will mention them:

1. A broad channel often occurs on fine specimens,
as if the sliding pressure of one's finger had pushed a
part of the pulp from the blossom end up one side of
the stem; but whether a channel occurs, or not, our
well-grown apecimena show a deficiency at one side of
the blossom, and which corresponds with the projec-
tion up the stem.

2. About halfway up from the blossom end (Some-
times more) there is a sudden contraction in the
breadth of this pear so that it is neither pyramidal nor
turbinate.

3. The leaf is more smooth and shining than that of
any other pear which we have seen; and we have al-
ways been able to distinguish this tree solely by its
leaf, though it is shaped like on apple tree, broad and
spreading.

Stem, varying in length from one and a half to two
and a half inches. iSee</s generally " all abortive."

On young trees, the fruit is commonly fair. On
old trees, i/ left untrimmcd, it is more knotty, distor
led, and smaller, — for the limbs grow very close to.
gether. We can give young branches to old trees
however, by thinning out, and heading dozen ; and
induce them to bear as well as in former sea-
sons. The youth and vigor of the branch is the main
thing — the age of the stock unimportant. Last win-
ter we trimmed our trees, and nearly all the fruit
which is well exposed to the light, is fair.

In the vicinity of Boston this pear is of li;tle value
on account of its being subject to spots and cracks;
and such, we have been informed, is also the case in
some parte of Conccticut. These spots appear to be
parasitic plants (Lic/icn?) which consume the juices
and prevent the growth of those parts of the pear
which they cover — the swelling of the other parts
causing the cracks. Kenrick, who believed in the
doctrine of " worn out varieties," says, "celebrated
more for its great age and beauty than avy thing else.
A poor bearer and neither highly esteemed or recom-
mended. Quintinie, 140 years ago, called it a bad
pear."

From this style of writing, we should infer that
Kenrick had not seen the "Guide to the Orchard and
Fruit Garden. In 1831, Lindley described it as "ve-
ry sweet and excellent;" and afterwards called it " a
very excellent old pear," adding " It is rather too ten-
der for nn open standard" (in England.) Such also
may the case in the neighborhood of BcMton. Either
ihc soil, or the climate, or the manngemcnt is unsuit-
able; but in Western New York, it deserves the char-
acter of a first rate fruit.

The Scclicl pear with us, grows on a shrub, and not
on a tree if the least height of the latter be taken at
eight' en feet. Its growth is very slow both in the
nursery and in the fruit garden. If grafted high from
the ground however, it soon comes into bearing and
liears exuberantly; so much so indeed that if left to
itself, the fruit will not attain half its proper size, and
consequently not its full flavor. Last winter we had
ours tiimmed; and the result will warrant ue in strong-
ly rccoinmendlng this practice to horticulturists.

It would appearfrom Coxe's description thathehad
mistaken the Ro^isselet dc Rheims for this invaluable
pear. The former in our fruit garden is of little val-
ue, as it rots as it softens on the tree; but the Seckel
on the contrary belongs to the clasa of Bon Chretiens
— so-diul to the core, i

Stevens's Geiitsee Pear.

We obtained grafts of this fine variety, several
ago of James K. Guernsey of Pittsford: and thii
son, we have been able, very satisfactorily, to te
value. "I never tasted o better pear," wa»the ei '
sion used by several of the jury whom we had
monedon the occasion; and this verdict agrees e ':
ly with our own judgment.

We have not found any description of this fruil '■
therefore submit the following, which may require
modifying when a greater number are examine* -
compared, for when we thought of making the atU ■'
there was only one left.

Fruil, thick, ovate, swollen at the sides, i ''
three inches in height, and more than two inche
six tenths in breadth, Stem, thick, an inch lon(
serted obliquely in a deep narrow depression,
distinctly dotted with light brown, and slightly ti
with red on the sunny side. Bye, open, in a moc ^
and regular depression. Flesh, white, melting,
high flavored juice. Ripens, the middle of th
month.

Prince remarks in his Pomological Manual thi
should be gathered as soon as the stem will separi
a clean fracture, and ripened in the house ; and
be eaten as soon as it becomes yellow and mello
it will not keep." Such treatment it receives i
hands.

The New Large White Carrot.

Messes. Euitobs — I purchased last spring .
Rochester Seed Store, a paper of the white
seed, which I had seen recommended in the cata
as soi/iething new brought over from England b
Battham last fall. I can assure you it exceed
most sanguine expectations, and I believe it will
a great acquisition to our assortment ol root cro
field culture. I this day pulled one about mii
size, and it meosured 18 inches in length, and 9
es in circumference in the middle. It was very i
ly tapering; pure white color; flesh very fine an
vy. The land on which they are growing, is a
sandy soil, manured last year for potatoes.

Yours, &e., WM. WE]

[rondeifuoit, Monroe co., Sept. 1840.

Remarl^. — Mr. Geo. Sheffer of Wheatland, bi
us in some fine specimens of this carrot, a few
since. He is highly pleased with them. — Eds.

For the New Genesee Far
Crops in Sonth Venice in 18'10.

I take my pen to give you a short account
crops grown in this quarter the past season.

Wheat. — The crop is unusually good; better t
ban been for many years past. The berry is f
think I never saw better. There are however,
pieces almost ruined by that fatal weed, the stien i
of which every farmer in this section has more o

Com, in this section, looks extremely fine,
the appeorance now of being a very large crop. '
was a great deal planted in this quarter, therefor
der the present auspices it cannot bring a high
I have not, since 1834, seen this crop look so fini
stately as at present; many fields will yield on an
age from fifty to sixty bushels per acre.

Peas. — The crop is very good, though not so
so as last season. The weather, the greater part ■
time, has been too warm for this crop to do well.

Oats. — Almost every field in this vicinity is ur
monly good; better, by tar, than last season, audi
may be considered as a fiist rate crop in this sectii
country.

Barley. — Whot little there was sown, is very

Potatoes ore very good, though not quite as go
was anticipated a few weeks since; however ther 'i
be a pretty fair crop. There were a great many •

) K).

,AND GARDENER 'SJOURNAL

Iinled this eeaaon for the piirpoee of falling pork,
"aruiere using them inslead of corn,
is good, what little there is; the farmers of late
most entirely abandoned growing this crop, os
cloth can be purchased a great deal cheaper than
'. and manufacture flax.
'cichcat. — Considerable has been sowed, and has
tearance now of being a fair crop, unless inju-
the frost.

\ng Wheat has not done very well here this sea-
wing no doubt to the excessive hot weather;
er some fields look very well; but to take the crop
eral, it will be a very poor one this year. Ma-
his quarter, for an experiment, have sown the
inson winter wheat in the spring; and the result
ley hod first rate spring wheat; better by a con-
ile, than either the Italian or Siberian spring
As I have not tried the e.Tperiment, I cannot
give you a true statement of the time of sowing;
er, I should think somewhere about the first or
of March, would be early enough to try the
iient.

ss is gaod, save on wet lands; the rains in the
s of May and June, were very injurious to that
and. Upon high land I never have known
I bslieve, to take the vicinity together, there
!en more grass cut this season, from the same
r of acres, than has been in several years past.
ts of all kinds, look fine, and the prospect is
f a very great yield. There are however, but
mers that grow roots very extensively.
t is not as plenty as the farmers anticipated
the trees were in bloom. However, there will
ugh for our own consumption. In fact. Sirs,
hing of en earthly nature looks very promising,
ught can hinder us irom enjoying every thing
ing ta our peace, comfort, and happiness.
Respectfully Yours,

W. S. TUPPER.
th Venice, Ontario co., N. Y. Sept. 1840.

Cure for Biog Done.

s following IS the postscript to a communication
chard Grass, which may be found in another

SRS. Editors — For an answer to Mr. Burnet's
' for a cure for Ring Bone, I would refer you to
munication of mine in the 5th volume of the
ator. Suffice it to say that I often operated up-
ses and colts, and never failed to prevent lame-
om Ring Bone, unless the hoof had become so
;ed as of itself to make and keep the horse lame.

Yours &c,, ZECHAEIAH CONE.
leia, September, 1840.

e following ia tbo communication referred to.—

Care for Ring Boue.

Editor, — Are we not individually called upon,
wo become acquainted with any knowledge
by a more extended ditfusion will promote the
it and welfare of those around us, to make
!i the same to the public T

ling this to be a duty, I would direct the atlen-
f all gentlemen who are raising horses to that
ising complaint, viz. the ring-bone.
ring in the early part of my life paid considera-
ention to the raising of horses, but finding them
t to so many complaints, and especially that of
ig bone, I was much discouraged in the enter-
and was led to ascertain, if possible, the causes
t complaint, and if any remedy could be found,
all the information that I could obtain from dif-
autbors on the subject, and from my own exper-
al knowledge of the complaint, I was led to con-
that there were various causes for the complaint
Icnlts which are kept confined in a stable, and
or cleaned off daily, are more liable to be affect- i
ih ring-bones, than those that aro kept on the

1^7

ground or on floors well littered. Low keeping, by
weakening the joints, has a tendency to produce them.
In young horses they are generally occasioned by
sprains, which are made by being rode or drove too
hard, running in the pasture, or leaping fences.

After hearing the above statement as to the causes,
the reader may with propriety inquire, what compo-
ses the ling-bono, and whence does it originate ? In
answer to this inquiry — I have found it to be compo-
sed of the synovia or juices of the ankle or fetlock
joint, which* by some of the forementioned causes, is
made to flow or leak from the joint, and is at first col-
lected into a small sack in the back part of the fetlock
joint ; from thence it is conveyed by two small tubes
to each side of the foot, where it gradually forms the
callous or ring-bone.

For the last thirty years I have been in the habit of
successfully performing an operation, which prevents
the ring-bone from increasing in size, and if not lame
previous to the operation, the animal never alter be-
comes lame in consequence of the ring-bone ; but if
lame before the operation is performed, a period of
from one to twelve months is required for their recov.
ery, much depending on the length of time which
they have been lame.

The operation is performed in the following man-
ner. I first shear oH'the fetlock, then make an inci-
sion through the skin and extract the sack above men-
tioned, at the same time taking care to destroy the
communication from the joint to the ring-bone.

If the aforesaid operation is performed skilfully, the
horse is as fit for use in one week as before.

ZECHARIAH CONE.

Hebron, Conn., March26, 1838.

Keimirks. — Dr. Willich says, where the tumefied
part is distinctly perceivable round the pastern, with-
out affecting the coffin joint, it is easily cured, but if
the swelling be of long continuance, and has become
hard, it may require both " blistering and firing," i. e.
searing with a hot iron — Extend a mild blister over
the cauterized part Cultiratur.

Another.

Messrs. Editors — In answer to the inquiry of Joel
P. Burnett, relative to a Ring Bjne on his horse, I
would reply, that if a Ring Bine is observed in its in
cipient state, a blister is usually of service ; but if of
longstanding and large, the actual cautery is also ne-
cessary. If the disease has proceeded so far as to cause
a stiff joint, there is no chance for recovery.

A SUBSCRIBER.

Split Rock, U. v., September, 1840.

Another.

Messrs. Thomas &. Bateham — I observed in your
last paper an inquiry for a cure for Ring Bone on hor-
ses.
Take one ounce Sweet Oil,
One " Oil of Spikes,
One " Oil of Stones,
One " Oil of Vitriol,
One " Aquafortis ;
Put the first three into an iron or earthern vesse! ; then
pour the others in slowly, stirring it constantly, (oth
erwise it will foam over, ) until it is well mixed. Rub
the composition on the Ring Bone three successive
mornings, then omit three, and repeat it three more ;
so on for three times or nine applications, and it will
in mpst cases effect a cure. The horse should not be
used for some time, nor exposed to wot.

The above recipe will also cure spavins and wind
galls. D. WILSON, P. M.

River Slyz, Ohio.

Preserving Winter Apples.

Wo believe the secret of preserving winter apples,
depends greatly upon doing erery thing well, as well
as upon the mode.

As preserving them in barrels, ie genoratiy found
most convenient; a few suggestions under this head
may not be mjacjceptable.

The fruit should remain on the trees as long as safety
will permit— generaliy till near the close of the month
— when it should be very carefully picked by hand,
by means of convenient ladders, and as carpfully tajj

'n baskets. Rotting generally commences at bruises ;
great care should therefore be taken that the fruit
docs not receive the least contusion. They are to be
carefully laid in the barrels, very gently shaken down,
and when the head is put in, it should press upon
them sufficiently to prevent all rattling when the bar-
rels arc removed. This pressure never injures them
nor causes them to rot, if the barrels are not openo
before the apples are needed for use. A layer of straw
is found to do more injury than good. The barrels
should then be placed on the north side of a building,
or the coolest place to be obtained, protected from
rain by boards, until the approach of very severe wea-
ther, when they are removed to the cellar, where they
should remain undisturbed until needed for use. The
cooler apples can be kept without freezing, the les,
liable are they to decay. *

t'olorof Cows--Inquiry.

Mkssrs. Editors — You are probably aware that a
deep red color is considered the best for milch cows.
Now, do you think that the color has any effect on the
quality of cows ? A few remarks on this subject by
those who can throw any light upon it, may intured

more than ONE OF YOUR REAUERS.

Warming Houses.

There is much popular ignorance prevailing on the
subject of warming houses both among the English
and Anglo Americans. One would have thought
that the experiments of such men as Franklin ond
Rumfoi-d would have dispelled the illusions about peo-
ple being more liable to catch cold when a regular and
uniform heat is kept up in their apartments, than
when these are traversed by currents from doors, win-
dows, and every crevice, ail rushing towards an open
fire. But prejudices are hard to be overcome — the
more 8oindeed,the more beneficial theirabandonment.
It we were reodily made hardier, and acquired exemp-
tion from the complaints eo common in our variable
climate, during the autumn, winterandspring months,
by the common practice of using open fires, — single
windows and doors, we might give up the comfort of
the opposition plan; but no such good follows our ex-
posure: no frame, however vigorous, is exempt from
the aeaoults of streams of cold air in our houses, — This
is not however, a matter of theory, or to be argued
from individual experience. — National usage, in iho
coldest climates in Europe, is decisive on this point. —
The Russian Finlanders, and Swedes of oil classes,
are not ashamed to keep up nearly a summer heat in
their houses during the winter months — they have no
fears of being colled etTcminale. On the contrary, al-
lege that in sallying out fr..ni their bouses into the ex-
ternal frosty air, they are oble to bear and even enjoy
this kind of exposure, or oir bath, the better from their
previous warmth — precisely for the some reason that a
person with a vigorous circulation of the blood and hot
skin, is better enabled to hear the shock of a cold bath.
In the opposite circumstances, of immersion in cold
air or cold water, when a person is chilly ana with
pale sUiii, as when coming out from a cold room and
imperfectly clad, he will siifter greatly, and be less able
to resist the secondary and morbid eft'ecls of cold. —
Rumford declares that, notwithstanding his fiist pre-
judices against stove heat, he found from on experi-
ence of twelve year's residence in Germany, not only
that warm rooms were more comfortable in winter,
but certainly tended to the preservation of health. —
Journal of Health.

Seed of the Wild Kice."-('Zi:onia<i}i(aWM.j
There was considerable inquiry, last spring, in dif-
ferent agricultural papers, for seed of the Wild Rice.
We have succeeded in obtaining some of this seed,
ond shall be happy to distribute it to such friends as de-
sire to experiment with it.

Some sportsmen of this city sent to Canada ond ob-
tained several bushels of this teed, to sow on the bays
and marshes near Lake Ontario, to raise food for wild
ducks and geese, and attract game to this vicinity.

ERU.VTA.
Page 130, eol, 3, line 2*2 ("roui tlie tiottom fbr "country,"

re,l'l " county."
*' *-^ " *• 4 from the bottom ttie word •' Wc '*

Ghouid iiegin a paragrap)],
'.'■ 131, " 1, *' 7 for "arrows " read furrow 9.
'* " ^' I, '* 9 the word ''AVe" should Legin &

new paragrripli.
^' " •' 1, " 30 for "aizc" read 5/ieff.
** " '* 2, " 3 for " grew " read groiD.
" 142, " 1, " 23 for V write t>.
' I^ " ai from the bottom, for raltnlria

pa'vetris.

1->S

A \ D G A R D E N E U 'S JOUR x\ A L.

ot..

yrtfin llif f'.;mfra' Cti^'itict.
Dialogue bptwecn a Tathi r and Sou— luflu-
ciicc of the I'eiKule Chaiacter.

Frank. — Knilier, linvc you seen the bcniuiful rose
whicli has jiict opened in eieter Susan'e gnrdcn J It ie
indeuU cplimlid. 1 don't know how it ie, but I am
no match fur Suenn in gnrdoning; she Lne the knnek
of mnliing cvciy thing floiiii^^h \vhi::h she cukivatcK;
nnd I hnve oi'tcii observed, Ihnt it wu nro planting the
cuttings of Howering chriibf, nnd although I might
hovu dug the iond ond prepared the cuttings for her,
ihcrc is not one in live of her's thntwill die; wliile
out of mine, it is only about one in ilvc thnt will live.
I he!;in t > think there must be simc truth in the old-
fashioned nation, ibol when a man is formed, a w Oman
is formed also, the finest portion of the clay being se-
lected for this purpose. All that Susan does, is done
with the fingers, whereas nil mine seems done by the
7^^/^ ';/' thumh.

I'allicr. — There is certainly a difierence in the way
in which you nnd Susan do thing?, but I am by no
means inclin^'d to make the comparison to your diend-
vantage. I confess there is much beauty in tliat o!d-
i'n^hioncd idea which you have mentioned; nnd with
us, who kn^w, nnri taste, nnd feel, the value of the
ieinale chnraeter, 'tis no wonder that it should hnve
Bjme weight: huticcnre fortunate in this respect, re-
member.

Frank. — I declare, I fancy that I perceive a dilTer-
encc in the iVagrnnee of sster Susan's flowers, when
compared with mine, and certainly they continue lon-
ger in bloom.

Futlicr. — That, I dare say, is only a fancy, yet it is
a plenbing one, to which, J suppose, you have not
much objection. The idea, ihiit to the finer mould of
the femnle is to be attributed the power, which tbcy
ndsurcJly porfsuss, of bearing with more fortituile the
reverses of fortune, nnd the bereavements of life, than
men, is benutiful and eiuite poetical; and many arc the
instnn<*e3 which I hnve known, where, nfter sustain-
ing her full share of the trouble nnd anguish, conse-
quent upon such, the wife has been enabled to impart
a portion of her mental courage to the support of n
husband, bowed to the earth with the weight of his
share of alii clion. ]jike nchinn cup, into which boil-
ing water might be poured, and, immediately after,
wnter, cold as ice, without fear of breaking — so the
heart of woman will expand with prosperity nnd eon-
tract with adversity, witljout bursting; while the man,
like n brown-ware mug, is d.jne up in half the time !

FranU. — Well, I never heard any one advocate so
well the cniise of woman, in my life I

FtdluT. — Ah ha I that reminds me of an occurrence
which took i)lace some yeaia ago, and which I must
relate it) you. 1 wa? travelling, by conch, in Eng-
land, in company with six gentlemen, and a plain,
homi.'ly woman, about sixty years of age; the subject
of conversation amongst the men was the character of
the female sex; and, although they agreed that the
women were the iccahcr sex, they dissented in toto
to the <loctrine of their being the snftcr. I, as I al-
ways d), vindicated their righls nnd pripilrixcs, and
on my remarking thnt they were formed of the finer
clay, the old lady, who had long felt intense interest
in the conversation, exelnimcd, " Well I indeed I nes
heard any one talk so well in my life ! I declare it doe-
me good to henryou, sir I" About the same time, 1
crossed the channel between Rydc and Portsmouth, in
a sailing boat, on a stormy day; the passengers had
taken their peats, when a very elegant young man, in
the military dre5s of a foreigner, (^ame on board and
eufpiireil, in broken English, if any lady wanted a
protect )r for the pns-age ? The /■////'"«, nil but one
old fishwoman, with a basket of fi-h for the Ports-
nioutii market, hndnlready been ."suitell with partners,
nnd she being the only unprotected femnle, he went
nnd tO'ik his seatbeside her, pulled herclo^ik about her
hold and feet, and waited upon her with the greatest
assiduity. The old w uoan did not at first know what
to inalie of it, but after a little, she winked to the rest
of the passengers, nnd quite enjoyed it. The gcntle-
mnn, seeing tbem smile, said, " gentlemen, I am a
knig'it of the Prussian order of the A'urtli Slur; our
only bon 1 of union i3 the protection of woman, nt all
times nnd in nil places, without regard to age or beau-
ty-"

On our arrival at Portsmouth, he offered the old
womnii his arm, look the basket of fish in the other
hand, and stepped grncetully on shore, handed her the
fish, made her a bow, nnd walked on. 'J'lie old wo-
man could contain no longer, but bursling into a scream
of 1 uig'iter, she declared that it wns the riimiiirs/
joke tiuit she had ever seen or heard of I

I grant thnt it is no: 111 your power to imitate your
tisier, in 'he dclitmr aiiel gentle way in which she

n irscs her tender charge — raising their drooping heads,
and calhng them '• my prcttice, " (or she, I nm sure
you will admit, is one of the fofter ex. All this re-
minds me of that heiiutiful poetic gem, " The l^Jymn
to the flower.'," by Jlorace Smith, which waspublish-
td in the Farmers' Cabinet a few months ogo; the en-
dearing epithets with which mo.-t all the verses com-
mence, nre peculiarly dclienle and nfitcting; nnd, al-
though I have read nnd repented it times innumeruble,
f still experience new delight on every Ircth pcrusnl.
You must copy it into your book nnd get it by heart,
and then von will never be nt a loss for a beautiful
simile nt sight ol a bcautl'ul nnd lovely flower.

Frank. — Oh, I shall never forget thnt heavenly mel-
ody. But, Fnther, have you not noticed tliat, meet
farmer Sykes when we will, he ii^ alwaysungnig I I
never heard neighbor Grabb sing or whistle: 1 think
their clay must hnve been difleient in its natiiie at the
first, and, while one might be likened to the happy
soil, the ether must be (what is the horror of ail good
farmers) a weepy soil.

Father. — Ay, Sykes has n soul to feel, ns well as a
tongue to express, by hcavi nly sounds, the luiigunge
of the heart. 1 am sure ihat this love of sacred mu-
sic might be traced in all thnt he does — in his plough-
ing, in his sowing, in his weeding, nnd in his mowing,
and especially, in the managing of his entile and hor-
ses, to whom he chants his commands, instead of ut-
tering them in that brutol tone and expression in gen-
eral Uee nmongat farmers; and when we henr ihe ob-
servation, *' the farmer's eye makes the horte fat," I
cannot but think the iarmer's tongue docs quite as
much in that friendly office. And you must often
have observed, when Sykes untied his hor.:Cs in the
stable, for the purpose of harnessing them for their
labor, nnd says, "come n y beauties," how quickly
they turn in their stall.s,and ttr tch out their necks and
open their mouths to receive Uic bit I and I hnve seen
his saddle-horse carry the whip in his mouth and gal-
lop with his master on his back I

Frank — All this is true — but you have been, all this
while, drawing your own, as well as former Sykes's
[lortrait, you know.

father. — No one would calculate the advantages a-
rising from a mild and gentle spirit wherever cattle,
sheep, and other animals nre kept: but we might see
this exemplified in the opposite character of those a-
round us; for we know that farmer Blunden's two
dogs, and his two more savage sons, nre ihe terror of
the neighborhood, while his poor nnirnals nre worried
almost to death by incessnnt noise nnd driving. His
dairy is ruined by such means, for his cows r.re brought
up to be milked on the gallop, and their return to pas-
ture is a pertect cow-lnnif ! while the bloody cars of his
sheep nnd hogs show that the hunters are oiten in at
Ihe dentil. Now, they complain that their milk will
not keep, and it is notorious thnt they make the worst
butler in the neighborhood; and no wonder, for their
cows are always in terror nnd dismay.

Frank. — Yes, nndl cannot help contrasting all this
with the quietness and docility of our animals, espe-
cially wi;en I see them standing in the yard so peace-
fully, chewing the cud, and, upon being spoken to, re-
moving the right foot so carefully, to give room for the
girl to place the pail for milking, and especially, when
she goes to milk Flora, the cow whieh you purchased
of Biunden, who, even yet, will not stand quietly un-
til the girl commences her song, which she continues
d iring the whole operation; after which the animal
looks tor the potato or bil of salt, or some other little
remembrnnce, which ensures her obedience for the
next milking. But there is one thing which 1 hnve
observed — they nil move much faster and walk quick-
er in the morning than in the evening, and seem brigh-
ter and more cheerful; and on their return to pasture,
they will often set oil" on the ennler in the morning,
while in the evening nil is still and solemn, with a se-
riousness which is very stilting — now, hnve you never
observed this ?

Fall'cr. — t have; nnd, in connexion with ttis, it is
a remarkable fncl, which you might hnve observed,
but which 1 have never seen noticed in books — you
may remember tbat we said *' the morning is the
lime lor al/arrration, the evening for rejleetinn .-'"

Frank. — Yes, I shall never forget thnt, for I nm re-
minded of the difVerence; as well ns of the aptness of
the observation, every morning and every evening.

Father. — The act of ohserration draws forward the
attention — thnt of rejlcrfiun directs it backward, or to
the consideration of what is past. Do you under-
stand the natural distinction between the two states
of mind ?

Frank. — Perfectly; no one walks in a ehnrehyard
n{ amornin!;; the evening is the time for reflection
upon the shortness and uncertainly of life.

Father. — Good. The fact which I allude to is tl]
birds which sing in the early morning, do so i;
major or sprightly key; while those which Bin]
the evening nnd duiing the night, have voices il
minor, or key. of piaintivcness. The Engiith t'
and skylark, the goldfinch and linnet, nre of the
ning class — the black-bird or ouzel, the nighil
nnd rcd-brenttt, nnd several others, nre those
evening: the one is obscirutisn, the other ie reft
personified.

Frank. — That is extremely eurioUF^ nnd it is
nlly 60, ns 1 have often remarked, but v.ithout mi
the application, nnd the most dolelul sound
heard only nl night, is the cry of ihe owl !

Father. — So you see the truth of the remark,
"farmers nre, of nil others, the inost favorably
ted for observation and reflection," and if they o
least enlightened clnssof the community, it is ni
wnnt of opportunity to ncciimulnte stores of
lion, ol the richest variety. Now, let us close
Dialogues.

frank. — Oh ! but let it be with that sweet ai
to sacred music, which farmer Sykcsrepcated to
other evening.

ODK TO SACRED XOTSIC.
Queen of every moving measure,
S\\ rctcst source of purest ple.isure,
Music — wliy tliy power employ,
Oi:I) for llie sons of joy ]
Only for tlie smiling »aest.
At nat,-.l or at nuptial feast ?
Ri.llier lily lenient measure pour
On tliose whom s^ecrct griets devour ;
Dill I'e still ihc Ijlccdiiig heart
Of those whom tie.-.th or ahsence part :
And with some s. fily-trcnthing air.
Smooth the brow of dumb despair !

Frank. — But here is another elose, which must
be omitted, it is so veiy applicable to the subject of
conversation.

Contemplate, when the sun dc:linc3,

Thy deatil. with deep reflection ;
And when ag.-.in, he rising shines,
Thy day of resurrection!
Frank — \t\d thnt, ngain, reminds me of i
beautiful lines of Jlrs. Barbauld, nnd which I so t
hear you repeat.

Life, we've I.ecn long together.
In pleasant and in clouily wealher;
'Tis hard to part, when friends are dear —
Perhaps 'twill cause a sigh, a tear —
Then steal away— give little warning,
Choose you our own time —
S.iy not " good nipht,"
But in some brighter clime.

Wish me " good morning 7"

X.ND OF THK DIALOGUKS.

The Nobility of Labor.

EV O. DEVVr.T.

So material do I deem this policy — the true noV
of labor I mean — that 1 would dwell on it n moi
longer, nnd in a larger view. Why ihen, in the {
scale of things, is labor ordained for us 1 Ea
had it so pleased the Great Ordainer, might it 1
been dispensed with. The world itself might I
been a mighty machine for producing all that
wants.

The motion of the globe upon its axis might i
been going forward; wilhotu mnu'said, houses n;
have risen like an exhalation,

With the prouil sword
Of dulcet spmphonics and voices sound
Built like a tcliiple;"
gorgeous furniture might have been placed in tl
and soft couches nnd hixuiinnt bnnquets, spreni
hands unseen; and mnn, clad with fabrics ol nnti
weaving, rntber imperini purple might hnve been
to disport himself in those Elysinn pnlaccs: " Fi
tuiintc hnd been the scene oidnined for us in hu
life I" But where then, tell me, hnd been hu
energy, iiersevernnce, patience, heroism ?

Cut off Inbor with one blow from the world,
mnnkind hnd sunk ton crowd of Asintic voUipta
No, it hnd not beuMi fortunate. Belter that the (
be given to man as n dark mnss, whereupon to It
Belter that the rude and unsightly ntnterinla be p:
ded in the ore bed and in the forest, for him to las
to splendor and beauty. Better, 1 say; not becnu
thnt splenilor nnd beauty, but because the act crei
hem is beiier than the things themselves; becni»

J. in.

A N D G A R D E N E R ' S J O UR N A L.

159

on is nobler ihnu enjoynienl: hecouee the inburcr
renter mill more worthy of honor thnn ihc idler.
. cnll upon ibose whom I oddress, to eland up for

nobdity uf labor. It ie Heaven's great ordinance
hvimnn improvement. Let not the great ordinance
broken down.

Whia do 1 Fay 1 It is broken down, and it bos been
'ken d«»\vn for oges. Let ii then be built up ncnin
icre, if nny \vhere> on those thorcs of anew world,
a new civdizaliun. But how, it may be nsked, it^
noUen down ? Do not men toil, it may be enid ?
' \ do inde.'d toil; but they loo gene*-ally do it be-

■ they niu3t.
Wiiuy submit to it as, in some sort, a degroding ne-
\-, and they dofliie notluncr on earth so ir.neh as
escape from it. Tiiey fttUii the great law of Inbor
;he letter, but brcnk it in the spirit. To some field
[labor, nientul or manual, eveiy idler should hasten
n chosen, covered iicld of improvement.
U'U 80 he is not compelled to do under our imperfect
ihV.niion. On the cunirory he eita down, and folds

hands nnd blesses himseliin idleness. This way
.hinking is the heritnge of tke cbiised and unjust
dal system, under which serfs labored ond gontle-
n spent their lives in lighting and feasting. It is
le that this opprobrium of toil were done nwny.
Ashamed to toil nri thou ? At^bamed of thy dingy
rkehop ond dust labor field; ot thy hard hnnd ecar-
1 with service, more honorable thnn that of war; of

soiled and weatherslaincd garment, on which mo-
r nature has enibordered mist, sun and rain, fire
1 steam, — her own heraldic honors ! Asbanied of
se tokens and titles, ond envious of the flaunting
^23 of imbecile idleness and vanity ? It is a treo-

lo nature — it is impiety to heaven — it is breaking
iven's great ordiniuiec, Toil, I repent, toil, either
the brain, of llic heart, of the hand — it is the only
e manhood, the only true nobility.

' My b'ly what are you doing there with that gim-
\" said 1 the other morning to a flaxen haired ur-
i, who was laboring away with all his might at a

e of board before htm. ** Trying to make an on

hole!" was his reply, without raising his eyes or
pending his operations.

Precisely the business of at least two-thirdg of the
Id, in this ble-need year of our Lord 1840, is this
Ling augur holes with a gimlet;" 1 said to myself,

walked musingly onward.
Icre is young A. who has just escaped from tbe
k's desk behind the counter. He sports his mus-
lioes, wears his hoir long; has acquired the power
>eing shaved; carries a rattan; drinks champaign
;n he can command an X to purcliase a bottle, and
t a friend to a dinner; talks large of the price cur-
:, fall of western stocks, and profits of banking;
ids in his boots two inches taller than Astor or Ap-
on; and speaks of foreign exchanges as would
hchild or Biddle. ±le thinks he is a great man,
in all others know he is only maldng augur holes
1 a gimlet.

Jr. B. is a rabid politican. He has labored hard at
cuses, at w^rd and town meeting, has talked of the
r people till the words flow parrot like from his lips,

has done n full share of the dirty work of party
years. Office has been the lure held out to lead

onwards, ond which bos made him neglect his,
nes3, spend his time in hunting up recruits, dril-
the refractory, and qualifying himself for bar-
n argument and stump oratory. He con settle the
ira of the nation in a trice; diplomacy has no intri-
L-3 for birn; he has shaken hands with the preei-
t, ond is a great mnn. He will soon be used up,

cast aside; and will then see, as others now do,
. he is chasing a jock o'iantern, that he is making
ur holes with a gimlet.

!'here is Miss C. who is really a pretty girl, and
) might become a w^oman a man of sense would be
ud of Now, the apes the ton in nil things; reads
iiing novels, goes to the opera, admires Cele&te's
?ing, and has nearly ceased to blush at the most in-
citt nudity, lounges on sofas, glories in her idlene-s,
ps her bed til! noon, coquets wiili male animals as
linine a^ herself, imagines that she is a belle, for-
9 that her father was a cooper, lisps of high life,

plebium presumption, and is in a fair way to ruin

elf. All this conies of her belief that an augur

can be made by a gimlet.
I'Ir. D., whom I have just passed, may be put down
I distinguished profeesDrof the gimlet. He was a
ner. His father left him a fine farm free of in-
nbrance; but speculation became rife, fortunes
re made in a twinkhng, and D. fancied '* one thing
;ld be done ne well as annther." So he sold his

farm, ami bouj^bt nild Inndn in ibeprnincs, nnci corner
lots in lithoiiropbcd cities; and litguii lo drdim ol
wealth v/nrtliy of *' golden Iiul." Woik he could
not; it had bnd<lfnly Lecomc too degrading. Who
coidd think of tilling or being contented with a hun-
dred acres of land, when thonsnnda of acres in the
broad west were waiting for occupants or owners. D,
was not the man to do it, and he operated to the ex
tent of his nuiano. At last the Innd bubble broke; li-
thographed cities were discovered to be mere bogs;
and prairie farms, though the basis of exbaustless
wealth, worthless, unlef-s rcnderetl productive by lo-
bor. But D's beautiful J'arm is gone, and us he is now
preparing on compulsion to become a pioneer in tbe
west, he feels that it is difficult making ougur holes
With a gindel.

Mr. K. is the representative of quite a closs. He
had bis attention awakened to the subject of religion,
and obtained new views of its importance and his own
obligations. Believing, what cannot be difcpuiod, that
love to God ond good will to man, is the only true
true source of happiness, and feeling, ne evjcry benev-
olent mind must, a desire for the welfare of bis race,
he felt himself called to declare these truths to the
world; and foreaking his Inpstone, his anvil, or his
plough, become without delay an expounder of the
scriptures, a self-delegated instructor of mankind. —
He forgot that the age of miracles had ceased; and that
the obility to teach imi^t now be acquired by the slow
but necetsary process of human learning. He begins
to have misgivings that he has miefiken hiscall; and
will probably discover,^vhen too late to rectify the er-
ror, that he has spent the best half of his life in trying
to make auger holes with a gimlet. OBSERVER. —
Alb. Culticator.

Popular Errors.

Messrs. Editors — On the Slst page of the cur-
rent volume of the Cultivator, I have noticed a few of
the popular or common errors, and intimated that I
might poseibly re<;ur lo the oubject at some other time.
The theme is a fruitful one, and might be made to em-
brace a variety of topics. 1 propose, however, to
touch only those that are brought to bear directly or
indirectly on ogriculture; and firtt, farming in the

1110071.

The moon has given rise to abundance of euperRti-
tious observances, and from the very earlie£t age, has
been supposed to exercise a great influence over the
earth and men. Many of these superstitions have
been exploded, while others etill retain no inconsider-
able hold on the public mind, and are tiie pregnant
source of error. On no point is this more percepti-
ble than in that of farming. That the moon can pro-
duce any susceptible infiuence on crops, or deserves
the slightest regard in their sowing or planting, is a
notion belonging to the eame ages as astrology and
witchcraft; and like these beliefs, should ere this have
ceased to exist. The celebrated Arrogo collected from
various sources all the well authenticated (acts relating
to the influence of the moon on agriculture and the
weather, and came to the conclusion, "that there
was no reason whatever to coniirm the common no-
tion that changes of weather attended changes of tlie
moon, or that this luminary has any perceptible efl'ect,
or is in tbe least worthy of notice in condvcting tbe
processes oi agriculture." Some of the old suporeti-
tions or notions on this subjecj, may, however, be
worthy of notice here.

Tusser says, in hia " 500 points of Husbandry," —

" Sow peason and I:e.in3 in tlie wane of the incon,
Who soweth them sooner, he snweth too soon ;
Thnt tliey with the plnncl may rise,
And flourish v.'itli hearing most plentiful wise.''

But though such was the general feeling, there
were some enlightened and intelligent enough to per-
ceive the absurdity of such notions, and expose these
errors. Thus Werenfels in 1743, in^^an Essay on Su-
perstition, says: —

** The superstitious man will not commit his seed
to the eorth when the stui, but when the moon re
quirci it. He will not have his hair cut when the
moon is in Leo, lest his locks should stare like a lion's
mano; or when in Aries, lest they should cuil like a
ram's horn."

I would sny to tho farmer, don't trouble yourself a-
bout the moon. See that your land is in fine tilth,
well manured and drained; your seed frefeh. and fiee
from foul matters; and when you are ready, eo\v,
without consulting the moon or the almanac. If all
is right in other respects, the moon, no matter what
may be its position, will not hurt you or your crop;
and if your land is but half prepared or tilled, rely on

the moon ns much as you please, and _\oa hove no
right to vx\ ect a crt-p,

Anoiher common error is that relating to the
" 6ij;nH." Soir.cbody among the ancients, tor conve
nientc take, divided the stars into contlellationp, na
mcd liom their foncilul reeemblnnce to the objects,
Leo, llrsus, A'iuilu, Pitccs, Tmirus, Saggilnrius,
cVc. iVc. In its annual revolution, the eun pnisea
through a dozen of ihece constcllotions or signs of tho
zodiac; and by denrecs these pigns were supposed to
exert a magical inilucnec on the several parts of tho
humonbody; ond we all remember seeii^ in onrold
almanacs, the man mounted on the ^obcfls a state of
nudity, liuit the place and elVeet of tbe feigns could not
be mietnkrn. 'J'liis popular error infiuenccefl man-
kind wonderfidly, and though commuiT ecnte hoe in
most cases displaced the )»«?(. the Sfg??sttill retain their
ascendancy over the ccuuluct of niultiiiides. *

There ore many men at the present -OffC, fo far "be-
hind the times, that if they liave a tooib to pull, a w'.n
to open, a pig or tolf to cartrate, a patch ol thistles to
mow, a bunch of while birches or ecrub oaks to cut
down, or a doge of physic to swallow, the chopt^ ^f-
^ignn must be cont^ulted, and their connection with
the body, or the i.loiit, ascertained before any thing
can be done. The full believer in signs, would aa
soon swallow a dote of poison as phytic, when ihe
feign was in Taurus, as that animal chews the cud;
and in that state of the eigne, tbe cathartic would as-
suredly prove an emitic, or in other words, follow the
course of the cud. Weeds or trees must be cut whr a
the sign is in the heart, that the whole may perielT to-
gether; for if tbe t:gn was in Pisces or the feet, we
suppose when cut down only the extremities of tho
plant-could be persuaded to perish; tnd m'o be to the
unlucky calf or colt that happened to undergo castra-
tion when the sign indicated the forbidden region; his
fate wcs sealed beyond the possibility of mistoke. If
yon £cc at the piesent time, a mon's fences buried in
briars, his iields overrun with bushes ond thistles;
half a dozen of uncoeirated pigs ond colts lunning a-
bout, OB if to perpetuate, by in and in breeding, all the
defects of their races; and hie orchards ond woodlands
neither trimmed or pruned, that mon may be eet down
OS a believer in signs, one who govenvs his farming
by the moon, and who vv, 11 in all probobility, reop
^uch 0 harvest, and experience s'lch refculte, as so ir-
rational ami unphilosophical a course indicates. — Alb
CaUicator. M. S. D.

Wo ma S3.

The right education of this sex is of the utmost
importonce to human lii'e. There is nothing that ia
more desirable for the common good of all the world,
Since, 08 mothers and mietret-ses of families, they have
for some time the core of the education of their child-
ren of both eexes, they are intrusted with that which
is of the greatest coneequence to human life.

As the hcoith and etrenglh, or weakness of cur bo-
dies, is \c\Y much owing to their methods of treating
ua when we were young ; so the soundness or tolly
of our minds is not le-^s owing to their first lempeia
and ways of thinking, which we eagerly received from
the love, lendernecs, authority and constant conversa-
tion of our mothers.

As we call our first lansuage our mother tongue, so
we may as justly coll our brstlempeis mother-tempers;
and perhaps it may be found more easy to forget the
language than to part entirely with those tempers we
learned in the nursery.

It is therefore t.) l.'C lamented tho*. the eex on whom
to much depends, who ha\e the first foiming of our
bodies ond minds, are not only educated in pride, but
in the silliest and most contemptible part of it.

Girls are indulged in great vanity, end mankind
seem to consider them in no other view than as so
many painted idols, who are to allure and gratify their
passions. — Lailijs Booh.

Ucmedy for Snint in Wheat. — About the time of
sowing, the wheat intended for seed should fiitt be
thoroughly washed, ond then rolled in lime. Aslheie
IS a liability of its heating after it is rolled, it thou'd
be spiead over a surface large enough to give tbe air
free access to the grain, which will prevent such a re-
sult. It should be remembered that when the wheat
is once smutt'^d, it is apt to be infected with smut in af-
ter crops; consequently the process I have mentioned,
ought to be pursued liar three or four years in suc-
cession. John McConnell, Esq., of Chemung co.,
N. y., has adopted the obove remedy with entire sue*
cess, for several years; ami wilt be bappv to give any
information on the subject, if called upon at his farm^
near Foirpori, Chemung co.j New York. — Amcrirnv,
Farvtns' Companion "•

IGO

THE NEW G E N E S R B F A ft M ER

Vol. 1.

nn

from the Knickerbocker, fur :>ept<mljer .

MT. HOr^ CEMETEKY, ROCHESTER.

BY MRS. E. C. STEDMAN.

Come hitUpr, yowlio fear llic grave, and call illonc and drear

Wlio deeinnhc l»urial-plQCc a spot lo waken grief and fear;

Ohl come and climb with me ihii mount, where sleep ihc
silent dcml.

And through ihcic winding grave/ walks, with noiBcIcss foot-
step tread.

Sloop down and pluck the fragrant bud, Just opeuing fresh
above

The pea<!i*fujt-4-ed, ,wherc slumbers one who died in youth
and love :

Smell th^pure air, so redolent with breath of summer flow-
ers,

And take this sprig of evergreen, a pledge for future hours.

See yonder rive^spr.rkling through the foliage of the grove.
How grarefully its course doth bend— how still its waters

move I
Sll 'neath the branches of ihi a tree, which spread their gratc-

|i ful shade,
^o screen a spot for rousing thought, or holy converse made.
Look round this garden of the dead, where creep green myr-
tle vines,
Where " bo.T" surroumls the sleeper's borne, unti scented

sweet-brier twines ;
Where lowly violets open to heaven their tiny eyes of blue,
Filleioft at morn wiih glittering tears, the drop of early dew.
And^aiftw bend upward still your steps, to gain the highest

peak,
And let your eyes the view beneath, and distant prospect

seek ; ,

O, beautiful ! thrice beautiful! — there blended hill and dale,
And here the lofty mansion, with cof.aje of the vale 1
The city sjiires, which look to Heaven, in whose high cause

they stand,
As guides to point the pilgrim's eye toward the.promisefJ

land;
The distant villages that speck with white the wavy green.
And farther etill, the deep blue lake, vvitli many a sail is

seen.
Desrend again, and pause beside this vine-encircled tomb,
And tell me, is there uughL around to fill the heart with

gloom ]
List to the feathered songsters' notes, that warble from the

trees.
And hear the music soft that steals upon the whispering

breeze !
Oh ! say, do not fair Nat ire's tones awake the soul to bliss?"
And does not thought ascend to heaven from such a spot as

this?
And e'en the grave, doth not its voice, amid such flowery

ground,
Say to tlie weary eons of earth, " Hce sweet repose is

found ?' •
Mount Hope ! thy consecrated walks Inevermnro may tread,
And learn lo die, by counitig here the lessons of the derid ;
Yel sweet 'twould be to ^'jcatmy flesh in hoi e" beneath

thy sod,
Till the last trump should bid It rise, to see a Father, God !

Hens' Eijgs.

I no'.ice in the Farmers' Cabinet for 4th mo. Inst,

E. 265, an inquiry as lo the ' nth of the nsstirtion, that
en's eg^s which ore round produce female chickens,
ani those which nre long or pointed, produce males.

When a bny, 1 wae in n situotinn lo bo able to in-
dulge my fondnccB fur f»wl=, and often raised ciiick-
ens ; — without ever having? beard of the above facts, I
d ecovered that the egga v^hich approached ihe nearest
to roundness always produced feninles, and thoec which
were pointed at one end always produced males — I act-
ed accordingly, and always succeeded in obtaining fe
males or males, according as 1 wished.

After a lapse of a number of years, being in Phila-
deltjhia market, I happened to mention the fact to one
who raised chickens for sale, and who preferred the
miles, because they grew larger — the information was
received with some surprise ; but I advised the person
lo tiy it, and afterwards was informed of the entire
Bucce^s of the experiment, all males being produced
by selecting ih'; lung or pointed eggs.

I since find the fnci was meniionad by a writer over
2000 years ag). — Farmers' Cah'mct. I. H.

notice. \Vc wish all of uur readcis may have an op-
portunity of attending one or more of ihcsc fairs. They
are calculated to promote ihe best intcrciitfi of socieiy
in general, and of farmers in particular ; and therefore
all should co-operate, and lend their aid and influence
to sustain these organizations. These meetings afford
n opportunity for a friendly interchange ot feelings
and eympathies, so dcsirnble among all classes, but so
much neglected among farmers. They should have,
at least once a year, a general jubilee, where they can
all meet as brothers and friends, engaged in the most
noble and important of all occupations — where they
con come together and compare views ; rejoice togeth-
er over preicm attainments, and devise means for fu-
ture advancements. We eny then come, one and all,
with your families and friends, and bring your choicest
animals and productions, not forgetting the ornament-
al OB well as the more strictly useful — and if you are
not delighted and well rewarded for your time and
trouble, we shall be sadly mistaken.

New Arrau^emeiit.

The subscriber is happy to inform his friends, and
the readers of the New Genesee Farmer, that he hos
taken into copartnership, Mr. CHARLES F. CUOS-
MAN, in the business of the Rochester Seed Store,
and the publication of this paper, Mr. C. has long
been very extensively and favorably known its the
seedsman and travelling agent for the Society of Sha-
kers at New Lebanon, He has now dissolved all con-
*ncction with that society, and will exert hie tal-
ents and influence, for the good of this establishment.
This arrangement cannot foil to be highly gratifying
to our mutual friends, and the readers of ihis paper ;
and it will relieve the concern from the embarrassment
occasioned by the death of E. F. Marshall.

M. B. BATEHAM.

[C Address Bateham &, Crosmak.

Rochester, October let, 1840.

ENGLISH IMPORTED SEED WHEAT.

AS the Agricullural Fair w ill ot'cur rather late for wheal
sowing, the Ktiglish wheal imported for the Society
will he disposed of previously, lo such farmers as feel dis-
posed to try it. The price is 25 cents per quart, a,nd the pro-
fits, if any, will be given to the funds of the Agricultural
Socieiy.

Thf following; are the nnmes of the kinds,— some of which
arc new varieties higlily apjiroved in England.

Golden Drop,
Kclipbe,
AVhiUinglon,
Bellevue Talevcra,

Rochester, Pept. 1st, 1841).

Red Burrell,
Pe^'gleshaui,
ChiJdiim or Sussex,
Downy or Rough CbatT.
M. B. BATEHAM.

tF.

PORTABLE THRASHING MACHINES.

CI.OVER MACHINES A.ND HORSE POWERS.

WARR ANTED to be thoroughly I'uili and to work well :
made by Thomas D. Dcrrall, Geneva, Ontario Co.,
N. Y.

These machines have all 1 ren wariantcd ''to be thorough-
ly built, and to work well;" and they hant fully sustained
thai warrantij.

They have gone largely into use; more than four thousand
are in operation; many of thcni have thrashed from ten to
twenty thousand bushels each, uitkout repairs. More than
eight hundred new mrchines were sold during the last sea-
son ; and on thorough triitt, they have been recommended by
thst^e who use them *' to be aa complete, and to work as icell
as any in the icorld^

HiH new Combination Machine separates the grain from
the straw in ihc process (»f thrashing, rsUhout any additional
machidery ; save?; ihc labor of one hand in raking away iho
straw — much grain which is usually raked off with tiic straw
—and is driven with less power ihan any other machine In
use.

Genet a, June in, 1&40.

COPARTNERSHIP NOTICE.

THE Subscribers have this day entered into an ngreenienl
of Copartnership in the business of the Uochesiter treeil
Store and pubiicalion of the New Genesee Farmer. All
debts due to, or from the concern, previous lo tliis ilale, will
be settled by and with M. B. Bateham. The business will
hereafter be done in the name of Bateham &. Crosman.

I\I. B. BATEiJAM,
C. F. CROSMAN.
Rochester, Oct. 1, 1S40.

TUSCAN!' SEED WHEAT.

COL. W. T. CUYEER of Moscow has left for sale at the
Rochester Seed Store, aqn.'iniliy of hisTusi-juiy wheat
(inenlloned in No. 7, pa^e OH, of this paper.) This wheat is
earliei and more productive ihan any counnon variety, and
tlic berry is very lart'e and fine. All who wish to olitain a
superior article should call r.nd esaniinc this — it will speak
for itself. Price $2 per bushel.

Sept. 1. |M. B. BATEHAM.

CALDRON KETTLES, all sizes,— also, CIDER MILLS
of Cast Iron, at

LANGWOTHV'S Eaglo Furnace,

near Genesee Falls.

F.irmers' Holidays, Fairs, &c.

We give notice of quite a number of Agricultiiral
Meetings and Fairs, to bo held ibie month ; and tl ere
are nvxuy at a dietame, i which we have not received

MOl/NT HOPE GARHEN & Nl'RSEKlES.

ROCHESTER. NEW YORK.

East aide of St. Paul-street, nearly opposite Mount Hope.

THE suliscribers offer for sale a fine culleciion of Fruit
and Ornamenial Trees, Flowering frlirubs. Green House
and Hardy Herbaceous IMants, Buihous Flower Roots,
Double D;Uiiias, &c. &c. Orders sent ]'er nmil or otherwise
will be promptly allemled to, atui all articles will be packed
so that ihey can be trnnsporlcd safely to any part of Uie
cimntry. Gardens laid out and skillful gardeners furnished
at short notice. Persona wishing assortments of any of the
above articles to sell again will be supplied on very reasona-
ble terms.

They would also inform Ihe public that they are now re-
moving ihcir establishment from Buffalo and Sophia streets
to the Cardcn as above, where ihcy Iiave new and more ex-
tensive Green Housck aliiioat coin|ileted.

'I'hie esinblishment is intended lo supply the Wesfern
.Stales and Canada, with all (vrlicles in the li'ne of Horiicul-
lurc, and to prevent that delaj and disapiioiniineut which
almost invariably occur in obtaining them from the east; and
in a short lime, as soon as Trees, l*l;Lnts, &c., can be
arranged, a regular Botanical and Pomological (inrden will
be forme*! of \vhi*-h due notice will be given to Uio public so
that iliey may visit and insjici-t il.

Prices iu all cases will be as nioderate as at any olher os-
tablishuient in llie country, and i)o fruit of inferior or doubt-
ful ciualily will be cultivated.

ELMVANGER & BARRY.

Rochester, N. Y. Srpl. 1, It 10.

N. B. A quantity of INInrus Mullicaulis and Horetll, irill
le disposed of on ftivtHrable teritis.

VF'

CHANCE EOF THE LOVERS OF FL\E CATTLE.

FOR 8AIiE,
That very superior Durham Bull, Refoi-mer*

I.AIPORTED by Rowland Wingfield. Esq.— 7 years old,
whose calves are some of the finest in the country, and
naturally bring a high price.

His pedigree may be seen by applying to Wm. Blackie,
Est]., Secretary lo the Gore District Agricultural Socieiy,
Hamilton, Upper Canada.

Apply to Wm. Benner, Esq., Binbrook, Stony Creek, or
to the proprietor of the Hamilton Gazette, U. C.

Binbrook, Sept. 7, IS-IO. 3m.

8ave your Plum Stones.

CASH will be paid for a few bushels of Plum Sloncs, de-
livered soon at the Rochesier Seed Store.
Sept. 1st, ISIO.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT.

tORRECTED FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, OCT. 1, IMO.

78
41

WHEAT,

CORN, "

OATS, "

BARLEY, "

RYE, "

PEAS, Common, . '*

BEANS, White,.. *'

POTATOES, .... *'

APPLES, Desert,. "

'* Dried,... '*

CIDER, barrel,

FLOUR, Superfine, *^

** Fine, "

PORK, Mess*..!!! " !!!!

** Prime,.... *'

** Hog, 100 ibs..

BEEF,.

per biiehel, . . . . ^* 75 a $

S7J.
25..
37 J.
50..
50..
75..
39..
19.,

41

.25
.25

.. 75 8rt

.. 1,00 1,50

.. 4,00 4,25

.. 3,50 3,75

.. 1,75

..12,00.... 13,00

. 0,00 10.00

..3,5« 4,G0

3,50 4,00

12i

31

EGGS, per dozen,

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound

" Firkin,.... "...

CHEESE, *' ...

LARD, ** ...

TALLOW, " ...

HIDES, " ...

SHEEP SKINS,.... each,...

WOOL, pound,..

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.
POT, ** .... ** ,

HAY, ton,.

GRASS SEED,..., bushel,.

CLOVER, " " ..

FLAX,.... ** " ..

PLASTER, (in bbls.) per ton, 6,00,

" bulk, fat Wheatland) 3,00,

Pemarks. — The price of Wlieat is still lower than last
month, owin^' principuMy to the news from England. The
last accounts state that tlie wheat crop throughout Britain
\s as good as the avarape, and the wealher was qirile favor-
able for hurvestln?. Only small orders were sent for flour
from Ihi^ country, aUhong;h there was no {freat quantity on
hand, and we think the next arrivals will bring larper orders.
The wheat harvesting in those countries usually lasts about
two nionthg, and il is still somewhat uncertain what the rc-
iiull will he. The nettsleam packet will decide the question.

10,

10 ,

10

5

7

10

5

38

25

5,00

4,50

6,00

1,00

75.

7,00
1,50

1,00

•^

:*
'• I

THE NEW GENESEE FARMEH,

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATE HAM,
C. F. CROS.MAN,

E

PropripiiiTS.

VOIj. 1. ROCHESTER, NOVEi^IBEK, 1840, IVO. II.

JiJllV J. THOMAS,

xM. B. BATEHAM, F.dhurs.

PlHlilSlilE!* ai«.\Tllt.V

IN CO.VNXCTION WITH I HE ROCHES TtU SEED STURE AND AORl-
CLI-TLHAL REPOSITORY.

Terms— FIFTY CENTS, per year, payalile always in ad-
vance.

Posl Maelerg, -\gent3, and others, sending money free of
postage, will receive acocn copies for $3, — 'l^tice c<ipies I'lir
1^5, — TiPenttj-Jlvi copies for ^10.

The postage oC Uua paper is only one cent to anyplace
wi'.liLii Jiis slale. and one and alKdf cent to any part of
be t'nited States.

CONTENTS OF THiS XUMISKR.

Pro?i»ectus of the 2.1 Voli-me of the Xew Genesee Far-
mer, for 1^1. Oiscase :n Swine — Inijniry. Apples, 161

riie Frnit Garden. StrawLierries— lIoA'ey's .^^re.llin^.
TrejiitEent of I'each Tiees. lieat soil for a tir.rden, 162
Kainy Hays." Uirpctiotis for making Cheese, i;n<I pre-
paring Kcnnets. A perfect Smut .(laehine. lircaking
Steers. Gypsum — its elfccts on laiul. Clover Seeii. .^ ItV?

Pali Ploughing. The Fiuwcre of Autumn 164

Clie Cattle Shaw and Fair at Rochester; lleporls of tlio
Cominillecs on Cattle. Horses, Swine, and f^heep,.. ,10J-5

icporl on Crops. Premium crop of Corn, Potatoes, and
Rma Baga. Report on Honicultnre 166

Icporl on l).nne3;ic Arts ; on Agricultural Implements •,
on Ploughing. The new ;\Iany Headed Wiicat 167

remarks on the Fair at llocliester. Genesee County
Fair. Pitts' Machine for Thrashing and Cleaning
Grain, [cut,] ." 168

'he premium crop of Ruta Baga— cvplanation. Har-
vesting Pota'oes. Portrait of the Cjw "Dairy Maid."

Milking Matcli for glOO 109

Dairy .^laid" against " Blossom." The disposition to
fatten of different hreeds of Hogs. The value of Farm

Labor 170

lover Seed as .''.la.iure. Two Letters from Ontario
county, on the Fair andPioughin^ ."Match at Rochester, 171

eporf of the Durham, U. C, Ag. Society, 172

he OntTjn county Snciety's F^ir at Canandaigtta ; Re-
port of premiums, & : 172-3

ink Farming. Improved Hcnery. A statement respect-
ing Root Crops, by Jas. Goweii,Esq.,of Pa 174

n grov/ing Or..ijarl Gr.ass Willi Red clover. Fruit as
fooil. Henry L. Ellsworth, Esij. Farmers' Daughters.

Scraps 175

is'tors a: the Rochester Fair; Impressions aliioad.
Meeting of the Society. Funds of the Society — I-e-
gielative aid. Rochester Prices Current, tSi^.. ." 170

ATTENTION READERS!

One more number will complete the first volume of
is paper, and then our subscription books will be
d Bdide, and new ones opened. No papers will be
nt th'^reafter unless ordered anew, — except to agents,
rrespondents, &c., and therefore when our eub-
ribera cnll at the Post OfEt-e for their next paper,
ey arc requested In hand their new eubacriplione to
e Post Master, and ask him to remit to us. But
is is not all; if we have found favor in the eyes of
.r readers, as we hope wo have, we earnestly solicit
em not to hand in their own subscriptions alone, but
do their neighbors and us a favor, by asking them
subscribe also. We are pledged to perform our du-
faithfuUy, and hope our friends will perform theirs
ompily. Let none delay; for we expect n mighty
;rease of subscribers about the 1st of January, and
r edition may be exhausted so early that those who
5 dilatory will be disappointed about getting back
jnbers. — ^^Read the Prospectus in another column.

BATEIJAM & CROSMAN.
P. S. If any Eubseribers have not received nil the
mbers, and will inform us through the Post Masters,
; deficient ones will be sent.

Complete sets of back numbers can still be furnished
subscribers. All subscriptions must commence at
beginning of a yeor; and none will be received for a
8 time than one year.

To CoKREsroNDENTs. — Several valuable communi-

ions are omitted this month, in order to make room

the reports of agriculturaleocielies. Wc are happy

hear from An.vi;tte once more — we feared she had

»'• sertedns.

"Hints for the Month," are omitted, on account of
i illness of our J. J. T.
iiiM" Where is our able friend 'Niaoaba 1' Will he not
V^'m u hear from the " Cataract cminty V

PUOSPECTUS OK
THE jVE'W OEi^ESEE FARMER,

AND GARDF,i\KRS' JOURNAL.

EDITED BY J. J. THOMAS AND M. B. BATEllAM — ASSISTED BV
DAATD THOMAS AND OTHERS :

Bateham ^* Crosviun^ Proprietors, Rochester, N. Y.

VOL. 2 — FOR 1S41 — 16 l-ACES MONTHLY, [WITII Ct^rs.]

The Cheapest Agriculturnl Paper in the Union,

TERJIS.—Oijly 50 Cents a year— in advance.
Scveu Copies for $3; twelve Copies forfto;
Twenty-live Copies lor $10--to a?;eiits atid
Post Masters who .send money free of postage.

**The Ncio Gejicsce Fanner*' has passed through the
first year of its publication with very flattering suc-
cess, notwithstanding the opposing influences which
it had to encounter; and while the publishers express
their gratitude for the assistance and support they ha-.c
thus far received, ihey would now with renewed
confidence appeal to the friends of ngriculiure, in
behult ot the Second \'oluine. The successful re-cs-
tablishmeiitof the GEtNESEE IWRiMEU in its own
Naiive SoU, and, at '\\q economical price, is a source of
mttcb gratification to the friends of improvement in
Western New York; and the publishers ilatter them-
sehea that their efforts are not unappreciated, and will
not long be unrewarded.

It is now fairly proved that the New Genesee Far-
mer can be sustained, at a price which places it with-
in the reach of all; and the reputation which it has
already obtained for ^/^;7i((mrf i/sc/«/hc5s, will not suf-
fer by a comparison with. any paper of the kind in the
Union. Every successive number which has been is-
sued, has shown an increase of talent and additional
correspondence. Besides containing the most useful
and spiiited articles selected from other agricultural
publications, the New Genesee Farmer has received,
during the jiast year, oricrinal ccntribuiioiis from more
than SEVENTY WRITERS, most of whom are
well known PRACTICAL FARMERS. This cor-
respondence will continue to increase; and, with our
able editorial assistance, we can confidently assure ihr
readers of the paper, that it will continue to increase
in interest and usefulness, in proportion as it becomes
better known and more generally circulated.

The proprietors are determined to spare no reasona-
ble pains or expense in making the New Genesee
Farmer worthy of a liberal support. Several impor-
tant improvements will be made in the next Volume;
among which are the following: — Each number will
contain items of English and other News, particularly
relating to the crops and the markets; such as niny
be of service to farmers in marketing their produce.
The paper will be of fine qimlity, and, with a hand-
some engraved heading, which is in a state of jirepn-
rntion, the appenrnnce of the sheet will be much im-
proved. The Farmer will be issued regularly on the
1st of each month, and mailed with great dispatch.
A competent and careful clerk is employed to enter the
names of subscribers and keep the accounts; so that
we hope to avoid all inaccuracies or cause of com-
plaints.

The aim and object of the New Genesee Farmer, is to
please and benefit all of its readers, and advance the in-
terests of Agriculture and Horticulture; the bestinter-
cstsofthe ctmiinunity. Many of its reaHershnve ex-
pressed the high degree of satisfaction they have derived
from its pages; and we hope all are so well pleased w'ith
it,thntthey will not only renew their ownsubscriptions,
(ironiptly, hut induce their nciirltbors to subscribe olso.
There arc thousands of farmers to be found, who hn\ e
never seen the New Genesee Farmer; and if it was
shown them, audits character exi>lnincd, they would
readily subscribe. AVe conceive this to be a DUTY
which the readers of the paper owe their neighbors,
and to their country, as well as to us. Let this duty
be done promptly, and our means of usefulness wiil
be greatly extended, and the salutary influence of the
paper will soon be nituiitest throughout the agricultu-
ral community.

The friends of Jigricidlural SncieJics should espe-
cially encourage this paper; for unless farmers READ
on the stibjert, and got their ?tnnds interested in their
profession, they will n nact elHciently for its advance-
ment. The Societies formed last year in Weetern New

York, and their fine exhibitions, have already given a
new impulse to the cause in this sectton of country;
and it is confidently expected that much more will be
done another season.

It will readily be seen, that the paper cannot be sns-
tained at this Unv price, without n very liiritesitbecrip-
tion list; and as it will not afiord the expente of cm-
ploying travelling agents, we must rely on the volun-
tary efibrls of the friends of the cause to obtain sub-
scribers. To Post Masti.ks e3|)ecinlly, we are al-
ready greatly indebted, and we respectfully solicit a
ctintiiiuation of their patriotic assistance.

[O'PosT Mastkrs have n njihl to remit money to
publishers of papers, freeof prstnge; so that etibm li-
bers have only to baud them their names, with iho
money, and request thiin to forward the snine.

inrAcENTs A^D Post Masteus are particularly re-
quested tcp inform us, as early as potsible, what num-
ber of papers are likely to be wanted at their offices,
so that we may calculate how large an edition will be
required.

(EFA'o/c. — All papers ordered, arc charged to the
persons ordering them; and the money is placed to
their credit. All subscriptions arc discontinued at the
end of the year, unless paid- for a longer time in ad-
vance. .

Address BATEHAM & CROSMAN, Roches-
ter, N. Y.

Disease in !»'wiue— Inquiry.

Messrs. Editoks — I find that your valuable paper
is a medium through which we can freely express onr
views, or make known our experience, and also ntk in
return from others, such information as we may par-
ticularly need. It is this that has induced me to take
up my pen, although when I subscribed for the New
Genrsee Fanner, I never expected to write a line for
its pages.

A few days after I shut up my bogs for fatting, cite
of them (in good flesh at the time) was taken sick,
and on being let out, he would run around in a circle,
and frequently come in contact with other objects, as
though blind. On the second day he appeared quite
weak, but would still keep walking about the yard, or
if he chanced to fall or lie down, he would kick and
struggle as though dying or in great pain. He would
not eat, but I poured down his throat some milk and
sulphur, and afterwards seme milk and pepper. On
the fourth day he seemed rather belter and tirank a
little milk. It is near a week since he was taken s'ck,
and he has so fnr recovered as to eata little corn, &c.,
but he is not yet well, end does not appear to see cor-
rectly.

There have been a number of cases of this kind of
disease among Swine in this region, and if any of your
readers can point out the cause or cure, they will per-
haps save some valuable Porkers, bes'des much oblige
your humble servant, J. S. WEBBER.

Hartland, Lii\ Co., Michigan.

A Handsome Present

The Honorable Adam Fkrgu.=son, of Upper Canada,
on his visit at the Fair in this city, f recented us a val-
uable collection of specimens ofBritioli Glasses, beau-
tifully arranged by Mr. Lawson of the Editiburg Agri-
cultural Museum, Scotland, Our most sincere thanks
are due.

Apples. — There is a greet abundance of apples this
year, and iftiirmeis will undertake to make many of
them into cider, it will be a greater bill of e-\pcnse to
them than all their public taxes. This will certainly
be the case if they drink it. Give the apples to the
swine, except those wonted in the family — iUaina
Cultivator.

By the growth of root crops nnti planting, Mr. Coke,
the great English farmer, hns inrreoBfd the rcnifil o(
his eetatcg from 55,000 to ^^00,000 per >'ciir.

IS?

THE NEW GEXESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1.

1)

The Fruit CaidBn.

■NVlint is me reneon thnt 6uch vae! numbeTS of ibe
freehuUUrs in Western -New York, only cuUivnle the
coarser fruits? If we trnvcl from tbu r.'siiig of the
sun till tbe going down of ibe BHine — etop at every
house by lb: road side where there is any prosject —
inquire for the Blaclc Tartarian or May Diike cherry,
for Apricots of any kind, for the Ytlknv Harvest or
eine qiianon npplc, for the Madeleine or Jargonelle
pear, for the Primordian or Green Gage plum, for the
Enrly Ann or Early York peach — and if we find one
half of these tjrts out of the principal villages, we
should consider oi-rselves uncoininonly successful.

If we ask, la the soil unfavorable to such produc-
tions? The answer would be, .Vti( nt all — it is nei-
ther wet, nor eour, nor sterile. Are the winters too
cold for the trees, or the sunshine in Euinn;er too fee
bio to mature the frnit? — Nothing of the kind. Fruit
trees withstand our hardest winters, and niuturc their
fruit whether tbe summers be wet or dry. What then ?
Have tbe people no taste for such simple luxuries? —
Taste enough. There is scarcely a countenance in
the land that would not brightim at the iirospectof
fine fruit; and every neighborhood within the limits
of our knnvledge has i;3 thicres who are willing to
risk a hundred and fifty dollars fine " and ei.\ months
iinprisonmfflit to obtain a shar,;.

What then con be tbe matter 7 — There are many
reasons. Some perhaps, never heard of such Iruile; ma-
ny have never seen them; ami majiy more may have
never tatted them. Some dislike the expense of buy-
ing trees. Some forget nil about it, in the time of
planting. Simcareloo busy, hither and thither, to
take care of them when they are planted; and some
ore too indolent. Some ore afraid the fruit would be
Etalcn, and some would rather steal.

Bad as the condition of our country is, in these res-
pects, we do not despair however; but look forward
with confidence to a brighter day, not far distant, in
some parts of Germany, the preceptors of public
schools have to teach tbe art of plai;ting and the nian-
ngement of fruit trees; and in some schools in Eng-
land, they instruct tbe children in the principles of
morality, and especially in regard to the sinfulness and
nieannefs of petty thefts. " When tbe Spilalfieids
school was lirj-t established, it was found that the chil-
dren were habktiul pilferers, Tiiey constantly atten-
ded th; markets, and levied heavy contributions on the
fruit sellers. The master of that school succeeded so
well in subduing this propensity, that though both
flowers and fruit were within their reach, in the open
space appropriated for their amusements, they scru-
ptdously abstained from picking a single currant, or
plucking a single leaf."

Now the State of New York, by moans of her Com-
mon ScboiilB, might soon give a new turn to public
sentiment on this subject. Let every teacher who re-
ceives any part of his wages from the State tiensury
be required to inculcate the most scrupulous respect
for the property of others, placing all the products of
industry on the same level; and a higher toned moral-
ity would soon bo felt ihrouijhont all her borders.

All pillijrers, — whether of gardens or of hen-roosts,

would be treated alike; criminal courts would have
little to do; and prisons might contract to far less than
half of th^'ir present dimensions.

Legislatures indeed, have been engaged nt times
for centuries past, to determine the proper punishment

•The words 111' the law, iirc : " lOvrrv iicrsun wlui =l,all
wiirniy cninriiit any tre^lniss by miilicioiisly I'nltiiw rli.wn
loppiiii;, girillins;, ur otlierwise injuring any frujl or i.rna-
inentnl or shady tree, or liy innlieiru^ty t^cvcring from tbe
frecholil any pruiliu-e thcrcuf, or .tny thing ^ttiit'linl liic.c-
lo,— sliiiM upon ronvi.-tinn It; ju(Ipp<I suilly or' a n)is:lenican-
or. anil »h.-ili l)c inoilshol iiy iniprianumcnt in a i-nuntyjall
not e.vc'i^rillns -iiv months; nr hv a fine not cvc." ling one
hun Ire! and fifty doUnra ; or by Ijotli sudi line and iuijrrisoa-

for crime in all its gradations; but unless we niistaUe,
not a thousandth part of the care or expense has been
employed to prevent it. Who has gone round into eve- |
ry abode of the vicious and the negligent, by aulhori-
ly, to summon the children into schools for morality
tii \\c\l UB literature? If the S:ate has the right to
punish crime, she has the right to prevent it. If she
can wrest property from the hands of a drunkard, she
can rescue a child from its vicious parent.

"All the children in Nassau," says a late traveler,
" are obliged by order of the Duke to go to school
from si.x to fourteen years of age;" and if they fail to
do BO, their parents are fined. This may seem like
an arbitrary proceeding, but it is consistent. If the
State has a right to train her youth for soldiers, she
has aright to train them for useful citizens. f

StraAvberrics.

Horry's l?eeillivg. This is the name of n Etrnw-
berry which was originated in 1834, by C. M. Hovey,
Editor of the Magnzne of Horticulture at Boston.
It is the result of cross fertilization. It has now had ii
trial of three years, and each season, it has drawn the
premium of tbe Mafsachusctts Horticul.urnl Society !
The editor says in his advertisement, " Gentlemen ac-
quainted with all the other varieties cultivated in this
country, have seen the bed in full bearing, and they
unhesitatingly pronounce it to be the largest, hand-
somest, bcstfarored, most productive, and hardy va-
riety, they have ever seen." Plants are offered at $5
a dozen.

As some of our readers may obtain them, or other
i-.ne kinds at this season, we v/iU offer a few words of
advice in regard to planting.

Choose a spot so dry that wheat would not be drawn
out by the frost; and then having prepared tbe hole,
spread the roots, packing fine earth among them and
on them in tbe firmest manner with the hand. When
the earth is all filled in, press it down all round the
plant with the foot, as closely and firmly as possible,
so that water cannot lodge there, to expand into ice,
and to draw up the plant from its bed. Even tbe
plant itself may be trodden on, heavily; but be careful
that there is no depression of the surface round it, to
retain tbe water. For want of this jnecaution, we
have lost many, in times past, but r.one since we
adopted this method, though we have set out strawber-
ry plant!) in winter, w hen the weather was open.

Bear in mind however, that all plants that lose a part
of their roots in taking up, will be more tender than
such as remain undisturbed; and that some covering
to protect them from sharp frosts will be proper. We
know of nothing better for this purpose than the
branches of evergreens. t

Treatment of Peacli Trees.

In a late number of our paper, we noticed the dif-
ference between peach trees suffering from theyrlluies,
and from the worm at the root; but it is remarkable
thnt some intelligent minds seem unable to compre-
hend tbe distinction. One imagines that this disease
is induced by the worm; nnother thinks it is caused
by intense cold suddenly succeeding mild weather in
winter; and a third is satisfied it arises from the root
soaking in mineral water. These opiniems wotdd be
entitled to some respect, if the authors had respective-
ly taken the pains to show us that the fupposed cause
wassulcicicnt to explain the whole phenomena; but so
careles^'ly have they looked at the subject, that they
appear not to know that the ycUoirs is contagious.
Neither do they appear to know that it commenced its
ravages in Pennsylvania nnd New Jersey, nbout the
year 17!)7. Let us ask however, were there no peach
worms, no nnfavorable seasons, and no mineral
springs fir the trees to dip their roots in, previous to
tho yetr 1797? Peach trees were cultivated near

I'hiladelpbia for more than a century bclbre any such
disease appears to have been known; and in Western
New York more than thirty years parsed away, alter
the Indian had resigned his old peach orchard to the
white man, before it was intrvduccd amongst us, yet
the worm was busy, the weather came as it listed; and
the mineral springs where there were any, soaked
away as they bnddone tor centuiies before.

The origin of this disease affords an interesting sub-
ject of inquiry nnd speculation; but like the oiiginof
tbe small pox and measles, it will probably remain un-
known; and the horticulturist may do well without
such discovery, if he can be made properly to under-
stand thnt it is rery contagious. With this idea fairly
before him, he will remove the sickly trees from bis
garden before they contaminate the others; and ha
will be careful not to let any tool that has been so em-
ployed, especially the saw, be used on a healthy tree
before it has been thoroughly clean.ie.l.

The peach worm, though an enemy not to be des-
pised, rarely destroys a tree, except when it is small,
or when considerable numbers attack it at the same
time. It has been several years since we went round
among our large trees to search for this insect; and
we have no reason to ihink that more than two or
three have suflered materially. Still we would re^
commend the search to every proprietor who can 6l««l
away from bis other avocations.

The oozing of the gum in wet weather, is no certain
indication of tbe worm, especially if it be on the
trunk, a foot or more from the ground; but when the
gum is crowded with filth, diligent search sboidd be
made. Ri move tbe earth from the tree to the depth
of two or three inches; and with a strong pocket knife
endeavor to find the cavity where the depredator re-
sides. Vile as tbe outside of bis dwelling oppcare,
tbe inside is generally kept clean — (not crowded with
ordure Uke tbe track of the borer.) When the knift
once entcrd this covered way, which is cut in the pul-
py part of the bark, it is commonly easy to find him:
but in all cases where it is practicnblo, cut longitudi
nally, and not cross-wise. When the worm is re
moved, — and no creature can be n'.ore helpless whei
he is expelled from his nest, — the hole should be laii
open through its whole length, and then filled will
clay mortar, or some other composition. A pencl
tree very speedily recovers from such wounds.

Lime or ashes laid close round the tree is nn excel
lent preventive of the worm; and if the hnie has be
come mild, or the ashes leached, one or two shovelful
maybe very safely applied. Quick lime, especial]
hot lime, or unleached ashes however, may require t
be given in smaller quantities.

The advantages of such applications appears to b
that the grass is destroyed, and consequently the bar
is harder down to tbe very surface of tbe lime or asb
es, — near which tbe mother insect is more unwjllin
to deposit her eggs.

A fow words in regard to pruning. As soon as th
peach trees show symptoms of bi*ing stunted by beai
ing, — amputate, and encourage the growth of youn
vigorous branches. The fruit on such is often as fin
as the fruit of a young tree. t

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The Best Soil lor a Garden.

It is the general opinion that a >varm, light soi
with nn inclination to the South, or East, is the bei
for a garden. In high, moist regions, this rule may b
unerring; even in tbe warm, dry climate of Scneci
it may hold good for early vegetation, and for thof
vegetables wbich by their shade are enabled (o prever
the escape of moisture from the soil, like Indian con
sugar beets, \c. But by far the most productive ga;
den in this vicinity is on a flat surface of heavy cla
loam. It is generally too wet to plough before th
middle of May. A detail of the yield of potatoei

"ffl

s'o. 11.

A i\ D GARDE X

E R ' S J O U R N A L.

163

nions, siiinshes, cabbages, etc., in this garden, would
nrdiy obtain belief; while in a diyer, equally rieh soil,
I the immediate vieinity, the yield in potatoes ia not
:ie-l ■urtli as jrcnt, and cabbages and onions ore little
.ore than half aa large.

This garden, in a wet season, is relieved by a ditch;
It in seasons bkelhe present, nil tueeurplns moiiturc
absorbed iiy the lVe,-li horse manure in the soil to aid
I proper fermentation and distribution. S. W.

Waleiioo, Oct 20.

" Rainy l>ays."

MicssRs. Editors— I observed in your last number,

lie remarks of W. S. T. respecling the improve-

:nt of rainy days by farmers. W. S. T. enye, that

.n the course of n season there are many days of

t weather in which it is impotsible to do work on a

m;" then he goes on to show in what manner he

uld improve the time which he says is lost by many

nets of his acquaintance. "Brother formers," he

s, " get yourselves a set of carpenter's tools and

ke a work bench, &c. In this way you will be

s to improve every rainy day, and thereby keep

r buildings and fi:nccs in good condition." Now,

n not acquainted with the whereabouts of W. S.

but in all my travels, I have observed that every

ler's fence is made out of doors, and that any per-

who should attempt to repair it during a rainy day

lid be in nearly as much dengcrof getting wet as

igh he were doing any other work in the open air.

every [.erson would infer from the remarks of

S. T., that h s fences were in his house. I

.Id also differ from him in some respects as to how

" rainy diys" are to be improved by farmers. I

c thai every farmer (especially every American

le;) ought to devote at least one half of his time

ig wet weather, to the improvement of his mind.

was not created to be continually laboring to hord

■operty. lie was created for nobler purposes. —

y man has a mind susceptible of improvement;

he farmer who does not cultivate his mind as

as his farm — who does not grow wiser and better

grows older, neglects hie best interests and falls

of the end for which he was created. I would

Fore say to friend W. S. T. the next day that

.18 so hard that you cannot cultivate the farm,

(j((||id of repairing your "fences," go into your

and cultivate your mind by reading some lue-

iil loks or papers. You will never re])ent of the

s'j er in which you improved that rainy day, should

ive to become an aged man. II. C. M.

lilt

]'. \^

.I'm
r.Eiil

DlrectioJts for Slaking Cheese.

;ssKS. EniToRs — I noticed in one of the late nnm-
f the Farmer, that a correspondent is desirous of
ling acquainted with the most aiproved mode of
ig cheese. — ] have had some e.xjierience in this
iss, both in New York and in this country; and
the price at which uiv cheese is now selling in
villc, (which is $12,50 per hundred,) I think
Bafcly say that there has never been a better ar-
f the kind oilered in any market. I am aware
ly scholastic acquirements are not sufficient to
subject justice: nevertheless, if what inslrnc-
I can give, in my plain etylc, can be of any ser-
,fc" > any of your readers, I shall feci mys-.ii amply

itiiff)

led.

milk obtained from the cows at night we strain
?: J he chtese tub, and il the weather is so warm
lere is danger of the nidk turning sour before
its»»l ng, we fill one or two tin pailsful of cold water
nk them into tlie milk in the tub. By so doing
Ik is kept sweet. In the rooming we lake olf
earn with a skimmer, and put it in a vessel by
We then put the morning and the night's
ogcthor; then take one pailful of the milk and

put it ijito a cauldron kettle, which is set in nn arch
lor the purpose, and start a slow fire till it is healed to
tibout blood heat; ihen pour in the cream and stir it
moderntvly till thc;-e are no particles of it to be seen
floating on the surface; then dip enough milk from
the lub n fill the kettle, beat it enough, so that when
dipped back the whole will be about the jame teni]>er-
aturc as when it comes from the cow; then put on the
rcnnat and etir it well, and then cover the tub over
with a cloth or strainer, and let it remain u.idisfirbed
till the milk is sufficiently coagulated, which, if the
right quantity of rennet is used, will lake from fifty
minutes to one hour; then apply the curd breaker,
which is an instrument something in the Ibrm of a
screan to a fanning mill, about two feet long and one
foot v/ide, with brass wire wove in squares, so that
when used it leaves the curd in particles about three-
fourths of an inch Etpiare Pour two or three dip-
pers full of hot water on to the curd, which will cause
the whey and curd to separate; then dip off the whey
in emrdl quantities till you have obtained about twelve
or fifteen quarts; beat this nearly to boiling, and d/p
it back into the tub, and etir it well with the hands:
then dip out a kettlcful of the whey, and while it is
beating, break up the curd in the tub with the hands.
As sjon as the whey is heated to nearly boiling, pour
it back into the tub and stir it well with the hands;
then dip out another ketlleful of the whey, heat it
and dip it back as before, and repeat this process till
the whole is as hot as the hands can brar. By this
time it is suflicicntly scalded to whey oil*; we then
spread a strainer in a sink, constructed with a rack in
the bottom, made of narrow slats, to allow the whey
to run off. While the curd is cooling, keep working
and breaking it. Curd cannot be made too fine for
pressing. When it is nearly eool, salt it. To fifty
pounds of curd, put thiee common sized teacups* ul
of salt, and continue to work and break the curd till il
is cool; then put it into the hoop for pressing. Cheese
cannot be pressed too hard. We press ours foriy^
eight hours. A. F. BILL.

HLirdinshurg J la.

To Prepare Rennets.

■When taken from the calf, empty and rincc them in
cold water, and fill them with a:-l!; then pack them a-
way in a jar and cover them well with salt. To pre-
j-nre them for use, I lake two or three of them and put
t'uem into an earlhen vessel that will hold about two
gallons, and fill it up with sweet whey. After they
have soaked for about twenty four hours, the liquor ic-
fit for use — always remembering to keep it very salt.
As the liquor is used out, it shotdd be replenished with
sweet whey. When the liquor becomes so weak
as to require three times the quantity used at first, I
ihrow away the old rennets, and replenish the jar with
new ones. As to the quantity to be used, ihe time
which it takes to coagulate the milk, should be the
critnrinn. From fifty minutes to one hour, is about
the right lime. If il coagulates sooner than that, too
much rennet is used, and it will make the cheese
strong. If milk \n the least changed befoie it is set for
cheese, less scalding is necessaiy. If scalded too
much, the cheese is r.pt to crack. A. K. BILL.

Hcirdinslvr-:. Ja, ISiO.

A Perfect Smut Machine.

Messus. Editors — Perhaps there is no one article of
machine; y which has cost the millers more money,
with 60 litde real success in its operation, as that of the
Smut Machine. This great difficulty is at length
.surmounted; and that desideratum, a thorough clean-
ser of wheat and huller of i^uckwheat, is finmd in
Grimes's Potent Cylindrical Cast Iron Smut Ma-
chine. We have just seen one put in operation in
Waikins's mill, South Wat .rloo. Twenty bushels
of very black, dump, smutty wheat, was eo thorough-

ly clcniisc-d, that no one wuuld sn'-jieci iLut a tin^jle
head of smut had ev<r been present.

The superior c.iecution of this machine, is owing
to the friction of the wheat against the smooth libs
of one revolving, and one standing cylinder, and the
creation of a powciful upward draf"lofair, which takes
otfa'il the light particles as fast ca they arc disengaged
from the berry.

This machine stands about ei.\f»ct high, and occu-
pies only three feet of square surface. It will clean
wheat at the rate of twenty. five bushels an hour, grind-
ing and blowing out all smut, rat d.ing and dirt, and
every oiher light substance.

The price for machine and right to use it, is .$200.
1. H. Durkee of Uiic.i, is general agent. E. H.
Conklin, of Seneca Falls, is agent for this section of
country. The machines will be manufactured Ly
Williams & Purdic, machinists of this village.

Waterloo, &'cn. co. Oct. 12. S. W.

Breaking Steers.

Mkssrs. Editors — Several modes of breaking ftecra
have been stated in your valuable paper — some of
which I should not wholly appiove; bni with your
permission, I will give one of my ideas on this 6i:bjeet.

When these useful animals are old enough for the
yoke, place theni in a stable, side hy side, with hay
before them, and confine them with ropes. In this po-
sition they can be hnndLd at pleasure. Then place a
yoke upon them, and directly in their rear fasten a
strong book or staple; to this attach a chain and fas-
ten to the yoke with sufficient length, so that by pul-
ling, they can barely reach their food. In this posi-
tion they will soon learn to pull, and become familiar
wi;h the yoke. When taken from the stable, put
them before a sled, and you will find them ready to
draw any reasonable load you may put behind them.
You have nothing to do but to guide them in the ordi-
nary way of breaking steers. I. B. L.

Ntirfaiic, Niiigara CO., ISIO.

Gypsimi— its Kifcct osa Lr.iid.

Messrs. Editors — Living near a plaster mill, I
have taken pains to inquire of many intelligent practi-
cal farmers, when they come to the mill, their opinirn
of its fertilizing power. On light sandy loams the
ploughing in of plaster hrs been found, by repeated tri-
als, to be much belter than sowing it on the growing
crop. But on stiff clay soils, ploughing in plaster is
not attended with the same favorable results. All a-
t»ree that plaster draws a fructifying n o a ure fronf the
atmosphere when aided by vegetable matter in the soil;
but some men are so stupid and perverse, that when
all vegetable fertility is exhausted by cropping, and
plaster fails to perform a double office, they lay the
whole blame, cause, eiiLcl and all, to this most pre-
cious, quickening mineral piaster. SENECA.

Clover Seed.

Messrs. Editors — It is supposed that the county
of Seneca alone, has this year yielded more bushels of
clover seed than all the other counties in the State. —
Mere than one farmer has raised over lO'J bushels. It
is computed that the clover seed crop of this county
is worth more than twice its wheat crop.

There is very liulo doubt, however, that tins ex-
:ended growing of clover seed, has had an Injuiious
effect on the qutdity and quantity of cur wheat crops.
In Ontario county, where they grow but little clover
ibr the seed, the wheat crop is as good now as it was
ten years ago, while in this county the deterioration
has been great. Wheat wants the sacrifice of the
irreen crop of clover, it will not thrive on a stubb'e
whcse attenuated roots have hardly commenced a hold
upon ihe earth. SENECA.

In scalding hogs, it is best to dip them first in cold
water, and then in hot— the brisllta come out •asier.

1S4

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. ].

Fall Ploiighiug.

Let no man neglect this who has a benvy, clay soil;
turn under straw, or nianuse, if you Iiave it. Frost,
'ike fire, destroys the adhesive properties in the clay,
for a year at least. A garden thus ploughed, with
two furrows thrown together, needs no ploughing or
epading in the spring. S.

The Flowers of Autiimu.

As the splendor of many other plants decline, that
of the Daldia brightens ; not in color however, but in
the number of its flowers. This in part is owing to
the fine rains that we have lately had ; and in part to
the inactivity of the little bug that destroys the blossom
bud in the heat of summer.

It is not our intention to give a catalogue of fine
Dahlias, for doubtless there are hundreds of this class
that we have never seen, and never moy see ; and the
kinds that wc have cultivated are probably n'>w old-
fashioned ; yet the Countess of Liverpool, the King of
the Yellows, and Laily Liston, have their peculiar
beauties, which will not be easily eclipsed.

The most simple way to preserve the roots through
the winter, is to hang them up by a string in a cellor
that never freezes ; and there let them remain until
spring. The air perhaps may become too dry for
small roots, but those of a larger size with us, have
never withered enough to be injured materially.

By the same method, we have been very successful
with the Tuberose, Gladiolus natalcnsis, the Tiger
Flower, Amaryllis formosissiina, and other plants
that decorate our borders in summer, but cannot with-
stand the frosts of winter. To roll them in a cloth of
one or tico folds, whether of woollen, cotton, or linen,
is doubtless an improvement, as it tends to equalize
the heat, and perhaps the moisture.

SUmhtrgia lutea (separated from Amaryllis) has
deep green leaves, and a golden blossom expanding
like the Crocus. Its freshness, while so many other
plants are withering round it, is very pleasing. Its
leaves retain their vitality through the winter and
spring, until after the commencement of warm wea-
ther, when they decline ; and then is the best time to
remove it, or to separate the bulbs.

Another delicate ornament of autumn is found in the
Crocus serotinus. The petals are finely striped with
different shades of purple ; and when the liower is
spread open, it measures three inches and a half in
diameter. It is quite a favorite. For several years
it barely kcpt'alive ; but now it is increasing in vigor
and number, as if its own recrement had manured the

■oil.

Amongst the plants that bloom for many months in
ruccosBion, U the percnniid flax. Some of its stems,
four feet in height, are still surmounted by its blue
flowers.

Thimhcrgia (data is a cliinber with cream colored
blossoms and a dark eye. It grows finely in the hot-
bed where its seed germinated in the spring. It has
■1*3 been in bloom many iii0u;..5.

Salvia salici/olia (? ) is a southern plant, but It
iJbides our winters in a covered border. Several stems
rise from one root, about five feet high, with may blos-
aoma of a beautiful blue which open late in the season.

Eupatorium cotlcstinum has light blue flowers, as
its specific name implies ; and thougli pretty, it is ev-
idently belter adapted to a more southern climate. It
very much resembles Ageratum m^xicanum.

Monarda punctata requires a sandy soil ; and with
its dotted flowers and large colored bracts, makes a
6nc display. It is an imperfect perennial, the roots
becoming rigid with ag«, and impairing tlie vigor of
C^e planti

F.ryOtraa Ccntanrium (separated from Chironin)
grew from seeds purchased in Switzerland, but it is
also a native of England, — a pretty plant with pink
flowers. It has now become naturalized in the gar-
den, growing Ireely among the grass ; and perhaps
the beat way to naturalize Hubbatia vulgaiis which it
greatly resembles, but which has larger flowers, —
would be to scatter the seeds on the sward. The
grass would jirotect the young plants from the white
frosts above, and the heaving action of the black frosts
below. In the open border, we have failed entirely
in our attempts to introduce this beautiful Centaury,
once so common among the fields of the south.

Aster suavcolens rarely blossoms before the time of
white frosts, and continues in bloom till the cold be-
comes severe. Its ])ale blue flowers are neat and pretty.

Paonia corallina is very showy, like others of the
same genus, in the early part of the warm season ; but
when the seed vessels open, after its leaves are faded
and dead, it is the most interesting. The perfect
seeds are shining black, but the abortire seeds, more
numerous, are a fine red ; and the contrast of colors
is very pleasing.

The Dwarf Cockscomb with heads of the richest
scarlet velvet, appears to great advantage. Another
plant, not remotely allied, is the monstrous Amaranth
with large club-like spikes of a dark crimson.

Lupinns cniksbankii is finer in form and color than
in name, which is harsh enough for the ears of a mule-
teer. Blue, wLitc, and yellow, are delicately arrang-
ed on its flowers.

Slcnaclis spcciosa which bloomed early in summer,
has sent up new stems, and again shines out. A
similar circumstance has given us many flowers of the
Chinese 'Larkspur.

Virgin's Stock (not Virginian, of which country it
never was a native) continues very pretty ; and if we
mistake not, has been in blossom more than " Ten
Weeks."

OVi the morning of the 13th ultimo we had the first
white frost — very slight however, scarcely discoloring
the foliage of the Dahlia ; but the severity was increas-
ed on several succeeding mornings until ponds were
covered with ice. This has terminated the bloom of
all our tender plants ; but the Verbenas, Drummond's
Phlox, the white and purple Petunia, and many others
continue almost as bright as ever. It is remarkable
that some natives of warm climates, as the Maurandya,
resist such depressions of temperature without injury.

THE CATTLE SHOW AT ROCHESTER.

The following are the Reports of the different
Committees appointed as Judges, to award the Pre-
miums offered by the Genesee Agricultural Society,
at Rochester on the 7th of October.

REPORT ON CATTLE.

We, the judges appointed by the Comtnittee to in-
spect the various classes of cattle, brought forward for
exhibition and competition this day, beg leave to re-
pc;! fs I'ollows: — '

1. BEST IMPORTED E'jrr,. — §20.

To W. McKmght, Esq., fur his B^Il, Sir Walter-
Improvod Durham breed — bred by Adam Fergijsson,
Ksq.

(Note. — Mr. Fergue»on did not act with the com-
mittee while judging on the Bulls, j

2. BEST IMPROVED KATIVE BREED,— $13.

To Timothy N. Goonwm, for his two year old
Bull, iV/io — Improved Durham — bred by T. Wkd-
DLE, Esq.

3. BEST laPORTKD COW, — |!l5.

To JouN Baker, of Macedon, for his Roan Cow,
Darling'on — 5 yeare ol<f.

4. BEST IMPROITID NATIVE COW,— 10.

To Thomas Wiujdi.e, for his Improved Durham
Cow, Gazelle — dam Prize, by imported Roon.
.5. BEST yearling Bn.i., — $7.

To Hamilton Rogers, Esq., of Arcadia, (Newark,)
for his improved Shorthorn, Deacon.

6. second BEST TEARLING BULL, $5.

To Charles C. Wood, Esq., for his mixed breed.

7. BEST TEARLLKG HEIFER, §6.

To Thomas H. Newbold, Esq., for his Improved
Durham Heifer, Lily.

8. SECOND BEST YEARLI.'JG HEIFER, — $4.

To Jeremiah Brovto, Esq., of Ridgeway, for his
native blood, with foreign cro6s, very large aud fine.

9. BEST BILL CALF, $■>.

To Joseph C. Hathaway, for his 9 months old
Calf, out of Lady Bowen — Improved Durham.

10. SECOND BEST BELL CALF, ,$4.

To W. R. Smith, for his 3 months old Improved
Durham — dam. Jessamine.

11. BEST YOKE OF OXEN, $10.

To Nathaniel Fokdtce, Esq., of Pjttsford, for
hb 5 year old Red Oxen.

15. SECOND BEST YOKE OF 0Z£!*, $7.

To John Ayrault, Esq., of Perrinton, for his 4
year old Red Oxen.

13. BEST YOKE 3 TEAR OLD STEERS — $6.

To J. G. LoNGFELLovr, Esq., (light brindle.)

BEST TWO YEAR OLD STEERS, $4.

To John Aybaklt, Esq., of Perrinton— Red
Devon.

In connection with the above report, the committee
have to express their regret that the limited number
of premiums offered by the society, confined their dis*
cretion to so small a circle. The number of beautiful
rare, and fine animal?, was very large; and con-
sidering that this was the first exhibition of the kinc
in the district, and the spirit of agricultural fairs bu
little understood, they are only surprised that the dis
play was so highly creditable to the farmers who ex
hibited their stock. Nearly 1.50 head of horned cattl
alone were upon the ground; many of them the fines
specimens of Improved Short Horns, imported recent
ly from England, ond rarely surpassed in point of ex
cellence. Many native animals too, descended froi:
imported stock, were there, nothing deteriorated fror
their ancestry, and doing ample credit to the goo
taste and skill of their breeders. There were nlsc
many specimens of grade animals, showing the resul
of a foreign cross of different breeds upon our nativ
stock; and proving beyond dispute, the absolute supi
riority of all improted over the common cattle of ot
country.

Although the committee were obliged, in the pe
formonce of their duties, to confine the range of the
premiums to a small compass, yet many other anima
were exhibited highly deserving commendation; ai
their appearonce told volumes in favor of the thrilt at
good husbandry of the substantial farmers who bn
them. A brief notice of some of them, the commi
tee hope will not be deemed invidious.

George Cornell showed a fine young Bull ai

IleifC ^ vcare old, from the Putroon stock, of Alb'
ny— .Iniproved Short Horn — boinsupeiiC7 n.".';?^'''^

M. D. Dickinson, one Short Horn and one Aj
shire and Short Horn Bull — 2 years old.

Thos. H. Newbold, of Avon, exhibited two bea
tiful, thorough bred. Short Horn Heifers, from ii
ported cows and bull; one of which took the premiu;
(Lily,) and both were purchased on the ground,
L. F. Allen, of Block Rook.— Mr. Newbold
exhibited two fine Bull calves, thorough bred Sbi
Horns; one of which was purchased by Wuii-
Wadswokth, Eeq.,of Oencwo.

'tys

Si

f.C.

»»;

Js

No. it.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

165

Jacob Stross — a fine Holderncas Hull, and a eupe-
rior Calf, and one pair excellent Steere.

Heman Chapin — two likely grade Calves — foreign
'croese.

John Alden — a fat Ox— extraordinary in size —
weighed 3,300 lbs.

Lemuel Sexton — one pair fine half blooded Dur-
ham Oxen, <3 years old.

Gideon RiUsdell — two pair superior three year
old Red Steers, of mixed Devon and native blood.

Gnr Cou.iNs— three year old Short Horn Bull,
Lea. A Bull calf, red and white, six and a half
months old.

John Atraclt — two pair superior four year old
Red Oxen — one pair three year old Red Oxen, and
•one pair two year old Red Oxen. These were all
yoked or chained together, and presented a fine ap-
pearance.

Messrs, Church «fc Richmond — Bull, Hector, one
year old, Durham, from Pntroon's stock at Albany.

Stephen Hendee — the thorough bred white Bull,
Nye-Comet, four years old — a remarkably large and
showy animal, in capital condition.

Joseph C. Hathaway — the celebrated Short
Horn Cow, Lajy Bower — imported byj Thomas
Weddle, who states that this cow has given 36 quarts
of milk per day; — also, her nine months old Bull calf,
Welham — very superior.

Thomas Weddle — a beautiful white Short Horn
Heifer calf (dam. Gazelle, the prize Cow of the day,)
and Bull American Comet, two years old, thorough
bred — trom imported Cow, Primrose, and imported
Bull, Rarer — both sold to Kentucky.

Wm. R. Smith — a three year old Short Horn
Cow, Jessamine, dam Lady Bower, as above, with
her fine Bull calf, three and a half months old.

Doctor Baldwin, of Clarkson — a fine Short
Horn Cow, Matilda ; from the late Dr. Hosack's im-
ported Matilda — eight years old — sold to Thomas
Weddle, Esq. Also, a Short Horn Bull, (white,)
Bold to H. Tilloc.

Wm. McKnight — the imported Short Horn Bull
Sir Walter, seven years old — imported by Hon. Ad-
am Fergusson, of Hamilton, Upper Canada. — A lot
of fine half blood calves, sired by Sir Walter.

Sasidel Wood — three Devon Cows.

Thomas Wright — a fine Short Horn Bull Calf,
(jj seven months old.

J. D. Norden — a fine red native Cow.

Hexrt Tillou — a superior red and white Short
Horn Bull — from Patroon's herd at Albany — sold to
Dr. Baldwin.

Olh-er Skinner — a lot of larga and fine HolJer-
nesB Calves.

Le[i

John Baker — the imported Short Horn Bull,
Eclipse, 5 years old. Red Roan; — also the imported
cow, Darlington, 5 years old, Red Roan. These
;^j ji were choice aniniala. A Bull Calf, from the above —
rery superior.

Hamilton Rogers & Esbon Blacksar, Esqrs.,
»f Newark, Wayne co.— a lot of high blooded Short
Horn Cows, Bulls, Heifers, and Calves. Two of the
Cows, Folage and Calf, and Delight, and the Heifer
Daisij, thorough bred herd book animals, were pur-
chased on the ground by L. F. Allen, of Black Rock.

P. C. Silllbridge — a pair superior two year old
Steers.

Wm. R. Booth— a Red Bull, 9 months old— Short
Born and Devon cross — weighed 1,105 Ibe. — well
ormed, and just in his proportions.

Mr. Betridge — a Short Horn Bull and Heifer—
W ™P"'*'^ ^y hinreelf— very fine — Red Roan.

Jeremiah Brown — a yoke of four and five ye«r
lid Oxen— large and fine.

CJItJ

Bill

1«!

Jinn
•In!
liitJ

Hon. Adam Fergusson, of Nelson, Upper Canada
— his thorough bred three year old Short Horn, herd
book Bull, (Roan,) May Duke — dam, imported Cow,
Ckerry — sire. Sir Waller. This Bull was taken by
L. F. Allen, of Black Rock. Also his yearling
thorough bred Bull sired by May Duke. Both laige
and fine animals.

Arnold Burrows, Esq., of Upper Canada — two
thorough bred Short Horn Bulls — from the stock ol
J. H. PowKLL, Philadelphia.

Many more animols were on the ground, excellent
of their kind, and whose owners were not noted
down, from the haste in which they were viewed; but
we can freely say that many of the animals exhibited,
were hardly to be surpassed, and some rarely to be
equalled, on this side the Atlantic. It is a source of
pride and gratification to us to know that the patriotic
and spirited farmers ot this and the immediately ad-
joining counties, can show stock like these, and we
trust that they will persevere in a course so ennobling
and advantageous to the agriculture of the state.

Many owners of stock desired to sell; but owing to
the excessive pecuniary gloom of the times, only a
few came to buy; and if the sellers were disappointed
in their expectations, thty had the solid satisfaction
of knowing that they were still the owners of superior
animals, which, at a future time, will realize their fulj
anticipations. Instead, therelore, oi any cause of
dissatisfaction, every member of the society should
feel proud of his own success, and prepare, with in.
creased vigor and enterprize for the Genesee Cattle
Show of Eighteen Hundred and Forty-One.
L. F. ALLEN,
ADAM FERGUSSON,
ROBERT ROCKWOOD,
GEORGE FORDON,

Committee.

REPORT ON HORSES. •

The duty assigned to the committee on Horses, al-
though in some respects a difBculi one, was at the
same time one which afforded them much gratification.
The display of horses exhibited was such, both for
number and beauty, as no lover of this noble animal
could witness without feeling a high degree of
pleosure. The committee are confident that every
member of the Society — every farmer of Western New
York who saw this exhibition, must have been highly
gratified with the array of splendid horses brought
together on this occasion.

Among so much beauty attd perfection, it may well
be supposed that it was quite difficult for the commit-
tee to decide which were the most beautiful and per-
fect; but they decided according to the best of their
judgment, and awarded as follows: —

For the best Stallion, to Oliver Culver of Brigh-
ton, $15 — " Young Henry."

For the second best do., to John Atrault of Fer-
rinton, $10 — " Sir Isaac."

For the best Brood Mare, to Oliver Culver, $10.

For the second best Jo., to Alexanddr Kelset of
Rochester, $5.

Among the boTses exhibited, besides the above, were
'' Young Turk," by C. D. Culver; " Tippecanoe"
by Peter Tone; " .Snmpsoa," by John Robinson;
" Atfrecf," by Thos. Weddle; " Young Lion," by
J. K. Balentine; " Young Alfred," by G. Collins;
and a number of others deserving of notice, but no re-
cord of which was preserved by the comraittce.

Fine Mares were exhibited, besides those mentioned
above, by Henrt S. Potter, Jo!i.i Atrault, J. K.
Balentine, Josepk APA.'is, and by aeveral other pcr-
san«.

The committee regret that no premium was ofl'ered
for matched work horses, although a good number of
fine young animals were exhibited, in order to show
thestock of the diflerent mares and stalions.

In conclusion, the coiniriittee hope that none wil
feel dissatisfied with their decisions, but that all wil
loy aside selfish considerations, and rejoice in the pro-
motion of the common interests of the Society.

Signed, LEMUEL THOMPSON,

SAMUEL HAYT,
CHAS. F. CROSMAN,

Committee.

REPORT ON SWINE.

The Swine exhibited on this memorable occasion,
were quite numerous, and their beauty and excellence
were matters of surprise to many who witnessed
them. The exhibition afforded good evidence that a
great work of improvement is going on in this depart-
ment of farm economy.

After a careful examination, the committee decided
to award as follows :

For the best Boar, to Col. Amos Sawter of Roch-
ester, $3 ; (Berkshire.)

Second best do., to A. Aldrich of Perinton, $5;
(Leicestershire.)

Best Breeding Sow, to Cnl. A. Sawier, $9j
(Berkshire.)

Second best do, , to II. Gay, Esq., of Gates, $4 ;
(Leicestershire cross.)

Three best Pigs, to Col. A. Sawyer, $5 ; (Berk-
shire.)

Second best do., to Mr. Geo. Whitney of Roch-
ester, $4 ; (Berkshire.)

Mr. T. M. Watson of Rochester, exhibited a vary
large and fine Leicestershire Sow and pigs ; Mr. Jas.
W. Sawyer of Rochester, two very fine Leicester-
shire Pigs ; Mr. Isaac Moore of Brighton, a very
large and fine Berkshire Boar ; Mr. C. Legcett of
Henrietta, two very nice sucking Pigs. Many other
very fine swine were exhibited, deserving of mors
particular notice, would time and space permit.
THOS. WEDDLE,
WM. C. CORNELL,

Committee.

REPORT ON SHEEP.

The committee on Sheep respectfully ask leave to
report, that in consequence of the large number of
splendid Sheep exhibited, they found it difficult to de,
cide to whom to award the premiums ; and they la.
gret that their limits prevented their extending them
to several others who exhibited very beautiful Sheep.

After a close and very particular examination, ths
committee were unanimous in awarding as follows!

For the best Buck, for fleece and carcase, to Rich-
ard Randall of Chili, $10 ; (Southdown.)

Best do. for carcass only, to John Betridge of Rign^
$8; (Leicesterbhire.)

Bes' do. for fleece only, to Charlm Merchant of
Greece, $8; (Saxony.)

Best 3 Ewes, for fleeee and eareasB, to Georgb
Brooks of Brighton, $-8 ; (pure Southdown, imported
trom the Duke of Richmond's stock.)

Best 3 Ewes, for carcass only, to Wm. C. Corneli.
of Henrietta, $'! ; (Leicestershire.)

The committee would particulerly notice the Sheep
exhibited by Gen. Harmon of WhenJand, James
P.VRS0NS of Riga, and C. B. Meek of Canandaigua,
as being of very fine quality. Several other lotj ex-
hibited were deeerving of high praise.

E. M. PARSONa,
WiM. J. SOUTHERIN,
JOHN ROBLVSON,

CoBirriiHe^t

165

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

Vol. 1,

REPORT OX CROP:*.

The committee to whom wae ollottcJ ibe duty of
examining the certificates of field crops olTered in com-
petition, would report, that they have awarded pre-
miums on the following — the particulars concerning
which «re hereunto annexed.

Premium Crop of Corn.

CKRTIFIC.VTE.

We hereby certify that we measured one acre of
Corn on the farm of Mr. Ssmuel Davidson, in the
town of Greece, aa follows: — We niensured the
ground, eight rods by twenty, which we found to ccn
tain one hundred rows eight rods long. Wc then
husked four rows, of a fuir average quality, from
which wc obtained ten bushels of eais. We then
shelled two buthels of these cars, and the producfwas
thirty-eight quarts, or on3 bushel and one peck of
shelled corn. We then eominited the product of the
whole acre, and found it would yield two hundred
bushels of ea]6, or one hundred and eighteen bushels
and three pecks of shelled (.orn.

.'OUN CRAWFORD.
JOXAS EEACH,
FEilDINAND DAVISON.
Greece, Ocl. 6, 1841.

iOIL AND CULTIVATION.

This corn was raisci on a piece o'' rew land— dark
sandy loam, never n-amire.l. The timber was chop-
ped in 1837, and the ground cleared in 18:39. It was
ploughed twice, and harrowed last year: and plough-
ed and harrowed last Mny. The third day of last
June I ploughed it again and planted it. The rows
were a little less than three feet apart and the hills
from two to two and a half feet apart in the rows. —
From three to five grains of seed w ere dropped in
each hill. Three weeks after planting, I ploughed be.
twecn the rows with a small plough; and altera few
days ploughed it again, and repeated it twice after du-
ring the summer.

The kind of corn is an eight rowed yellow variety.
I have no particular name for it, but it is the most pro-
ductive sort of flint corn that I have any knowledge of.
Yours, &c.,
SAMUEL DAVISON.

Greece, Monroe co. Gel. 7, 1840.

Iffole. Mr. Davidson was also a competitor for the

premium on potntoee. His certificate thowsa product
of 3183 bushels per acre — of the round pinkeye and
flesh colored varieties. Soil, dark, clayey loam —
no manure — land been four years cleared — borne two
crops of wheat and one of oats. It was ploughed
twice last spring and well harrowed — furrowed both
ways, and planted 14th day of June.

Premiain Crop of Potatoes.

CEUTIFICATE.

This may certify that we measured one acre of po.
tatoes on the farm of Mr. George Shcfier in the town
of Wheatland, and the product was found to he four
hundred and ihirty-five bushels by measure, or three
hundred and ninety-two bushels by weight, at sixty
pounds to the bushe'.

JOHN LEET.
MERICK JENCKS.
Wheatland, Oct. 6, 1S40.

son. AND CULTIVATION.

These potatoes were raised on the Genesee Flats,
which is a black, clayey loam. It was in meadow the
year previous, and was manured at the rale of thirty
loads to the acre before ploughing, and twenty-four
loads to the acre deposited in rows. The potatoes
wore planted 2Gih of May, in lows or drills, three and
a half feet apart, and the sets dropped about one foot
apart in the rows. Tho kind of potato is what is

called the large, round Philc Eye. I cut the seed so
as to have about two eyes to each piece.

GEO. SHEFFER.
Whciitliivd, Oct. 6, 1840.

Premium Crop of Ruta Baga.

CEr.TiFICATE.

This may certify that we measured one square rod,
of a fair average, of one acre of Ihita Eaga, on the
farm of Samuel Wood, in the town of Wheatland, and
ihe produce was nine and a half bushels to the rod, t^r
lifloen hundred and twenty bushels to the acre.

THOMAS STOKOF,
WllXlA.M BARTON.
Wheatland, Oct. C, 1840.

SOIL AND CULTIVATION.

The soil is a sandy loam — bore wheat in 13S!} —
ploughed once iiTthe fall, and twice in the spring. —
Twenty loads of well rotted manure were deposited
under the drills, which were about twenty-two inches
ap.v. 1. Seed sown laet of May. The crop wae twice
dressed with the cultivator and hand hoe.

SAMUEL WOOD.

niteatland, Oct. G, 1840.

Note. — As this extraordinary crop of luta bagn has
excited considerable surprise among the members of
the society, we have taken pains to obtain some ad-
ditional particulars concerning it, which may be found
in another column. — Eds. Keic Gen. Far.
niausrel Wurtzel.

There was no competition for the premium on this
crop. The only certificale ofTered was by Geo. Shef-
FER, of Wheatland, which showed a product of one
thousand and fifty bushels per acre.

There wae no competition on Sugar Beets or on
Carrots.

Besides the above, there were a number of very
large crimps offered in competition; but- time and
space will not allow a particular notice of them at
present. H. N. LANtiWORTHY,

JOHN LAKE,

• JAMES GAY,

Committee.

REPOK'i" ON KORTICI'LTURE.

Considering the little etTurt that had been bestowed
on this department by the society, and the laieiiess of
the season, the display of horticultural productions was
very good; indeed it was much better than might have
been expected under the circumstances.

OF GARDEN VEGETABLES.

Some fine specimens were exhibied; but the com-
petitors for the premiums were not as numerous as
could have been wished. The committee awarded as
follows; —

For the best two heads of Cnhbngc. to B. Ki.aim;
(or very large and fine hcjds of the Drumhead varie-
ty, 6"2-

Best three Watermelons, to H. N. Langworthv.
Very superior — no competition — discretionary premi-
um, $2.

Bcit three Pumjrldns, to Augustus Frederick.
Very handsome mammoth variety, weighing nearly
lOO lbs. each, .*9.

A number of very large Squashes were exhibited,
but not for competition.

Best six Beets, to J. Adams. Long blood variety,
,f 1. Several lols of enormously large mangel wurlzels
and sugar beets were exhibited; also some of the new
early turnip rooted variety, called Bassuno Bctt, from
the garden of Wm. R. Smith, of Macedon.

Best six ParsulpSfio Theodore Backus, $1.

Best Tiirni/is, to William Webb. Several kinds,
very line, $1.

Best Onions, to William Hamilton. Very large
and fine shaped, .$1.

Best Celery, to R-.cHARO Cooptn. No competition;
but very fine — discretionary premium, $1.

Among the vegetable curiosities, were some Seren
Year Pumpkins, exhibited by M. B. Bateham, some
of whith were raised in 1637, and some in 1838. They
appeared as fresh as though just taken from the vines,
and bid fair to complele the seven years. They are
kept in the Seed Store.

OF FRUIT.

The display consisted mostly of Apfiles and Quin-
ces. These weie very plenty, and of great beauty and
exrcllenee. The premium for the best dozen Apples,
was awarded to JosiiH Howell, of Chili, for a dish
of twenty-ounce apples, weighing over one pcuntl
each, well ripened, and of good flavor, §1.

A large assortment of splendid apples were exhibit-
ed from the gardens oi AVm. Pitkin, E. M. Parso.ns,
Alex. Kelsev, Cus. Filer, N. Hatward, M. Gar-
ret, and others. ,

For the best dozen Peaches, to II. M. Ward, foi
very large Orange Chngstones, well kept, $1.

Mr. N. Hatward exhibited fine Ulatacatons.

For the best dozen Quinces, to J. W. Seward, .$1

The display of Quinces was very fine. Tbej
were offered by Titus Goodman, N. Draper, ZERi
Burr, E. Moore, J. H. Robinson, Alex. Kelset
Bins. Mathies, and several others.

Only a few specimens of Grapes were exhibited.—
The premium was awarded to Chs. Filer, for a fill'
lot of Isabellas.

Some beautiful Oranges and Lemons were exhibil
cd by Capt. Stuart Menteith, raised in his Gree;
House at Cnnandaigua. They were very much admi
red — discretionary premium of $0.

Some Pears were exhibited; but none deemed woi
thy of a premium. (The Blight has destroyed mof
of the pear trees in this vicinity.)

Some beautiful small, oval, yellow Tomatoes wer
exhibited by Mr. H. O'Reillv, (called, by him, T<
vuilinos,) and were much admired.

OF FLOWERS.

The display was very good, considering the lati
ness of the season. Indeed, were it not for the rema
kalilv mild we'alher with which a kind Providence hi
favored us, these most beautiful of His woiks woul
not have ornamented our exhibition.

The most beautiful object of the exhibition was
pyramid of Double Dahlias, about three feet high, ai
ranged so as to display almost every variety of coloi
in a beautiful combination. They were from the gni
elcn of Alex. Kelset, Esq., by whose taste the
were so beautifully arranged. Premium, $5.

The best dozen Dahlias, to Messrs. Ellwange
&, Barrv, Florists, $2.

Best two boquets of Cut Ploiccrs, to Messrs. Ell
WAKOER & Barrv, $'i.

A fine lot of Cut Flozrcrs were presented by Mil
Catharine Brooks, and also by Mr. A. Stone. -
The Hr.U was also ornamented by n beautiful collet
lion of Green House plants, from Messrs. Ellwas
GER & Barrv, and from Wm. King, Florist.

The whole exhibition afforded abundant evidence c
the unusual productiveness of the earth during ih
past season; and of the benificent care of that vatcb
ful Being who " maktth his sun to shine on the ev
and the good, and waieielh the hills from His cham
here, so that the caith is satisfied wiili llie fiuit of Hi
Unnde." GEO. BEECHER.

JAS. W. SMITH.
STUART MENTEITH.
CommitUt

DOMESTIC ARTS.

The exhibition of articles of domestic industo' wm
quite interesting, although not vary extensive. Thf

No. II.

A N D G A R D E N E R ' S J O U R iN A L.

1G7

specimena of Silk and Silli Goods, were imiiierouy
auii very beautiful.

The preniiujii for the best rcclcil liaic Silk was a-
wnrded to Thkodore BACKts, of Rochester, $10.

13est Sacivg Silk, to John AciMs, of Ogdcn, §10.

Best three lbs. of Cocooiis, to do. $5.

Be6l Sitk Hose, to T. Backi-s, ,$">.

Mb. B.icKLs e.xhi'..ited a variety of silk aniclee,
suih B3 Purses, Mills, iVf., displaying much skill and
industry, and highly creditable to hiniself and family.

Mr. C. Filer, of Greece, also exhibited some
beauu(ul Silk Purses. Mitis, Hose, ^-c. Discretiona-
ry premium, $5.

But the finest specimen of female skill and indus-
try, was a piece of Figured Silk Liiec, maonfacturcd
from the cocoons, by Mns. M. Garrett, of Gates.
Discretionary premium, ,*;3.

Mr. Zera Bukb, of Perrinton, exhibited a few
skeins of fine Sciring Silk, made by his dnughtor,
Bernice, only twelve years of age. Discretionary
premium, gl.

Of Domestic Flannel, several very good specimens
were exhibited. The premium for the best was awar
ded to Mr. Churcu, of Riga, $5.

Mr. Wm Stkrxberg of Henrietta, exhibited some
very good Bleached Linen Cloth, and beautiful Cover
Uds, rU fine specimens of female industiy. Discre-
tionary premium, ,'ft.*^.

Handsome Corerlids were also exhibited by Miss
Davisos and Mr. Booth.

Ge.v. R. Harmo.v, of Wheatland, exhibited apiece
of Domestic Linen, also a beautiful Hearth Rug, dis-
playing much taste and ingenuity in its manufacture.
Discretionary premium, iJ2.

Mr. Files also exhibited a beautiful Hearth Rvg

Of Batter, there was a fine display; and all of it so
excellent, that it was difficult to decide which was the
best. The first premium was awarded to H. Gay,
of Gates, .«;.").

The second, to Alfred Fitch, ,*3.

For the best twenty pounds of Honey, to E. Hun-
Tixr.TO.N', of Rochester, iSS.

The committee would remark, by way of explana-
tion, that owing to the late hour at which many of the
articles were brought in, and the great press of visi-
tors, the articles were not all properly arranged and
labelled; and the committee may have overlooked
some, or too superficially examined them. They
hope and bolieve, however, that most of the im-
mense multitude who witnessed the exhibition, were
both pleased and benefitted thereby; and that the
good eflects will be seen and felt in the community,
by an increase of domestic industry and domestic
comfort. H. O'REILLY.

LEWIS BROOKS,
H. E. ROCHESTER,
Com7niitee.

AGRICULTURAL IMPLKMEIVTS.

The number of Implements exhibited, was qnite
limited, and the committee regret that (here was no
more competition in this department; although there
were some valuable articles offered.

Of Ploughs, there were several kinds brought in
for exhibition; but, with one e.xception, they were all
taken away for the ploughing match, before the time
for examination. The one remaining was a benmiftd
article, made by D. Moore, of Victor — an excellent
plough. No competition.

Gilson^s Straio Cutler, manufactured by J. &, J.
B. GiLso.-« of this city, was exhibited without com-
petition. It is a beautiful and highly vnUiable ma-
chine, and the committee deem it worthy of a high
reccommenduion.

Gilson's Root Slicer, made by J. HAit, is also a
valuable machine.

Pdt's Kiichincfor Thrashing and denning Grain,
was exhibited by Mr. Pitt.-, who is now introducing
them into this county. This machine deserves the
particular attention of farmers. It thrashes and cleans
grain at one opcrotion, and with great rapidity.

Messrs. J. Patterso.v & Co., of Chili, exhil)iled
a Fanning Mill, of on improved construction ond su-
perior workmanship. Satisfactory evidence woe
shown the comniitice, that it was capable of cleaning
three bushels of ordinary wheat per minute. There
was no competition, but the committee awarded it a
discretionary premium of $3. (Some other Fanning
mills were brought in for exhibition, but taken away
before the time for examination.)

Merchant's Diill Barrow, Bance's Corn Planter,
and a Corn Shrllcr, all apparently excellent articles,
were exhibited by M. B. Bateiiam, from the Roches-
ter Seed Store. Not for competition.

H. N. L.\NGWORTHY,

JOHN LAKE,

JAMES GAY,

Connnittee.

RKPORT ON PLOI GHING.

The committee on the Ploughing Match respectful-
ly report, that fourteen teams entered the field (o^
competition (one a single horse team.) The con-
test was very spirited, and the immense concourse of
spectators who left the attractions in the city to wit-
ness it, was sufficient evidence that a deep interest
was felt in the performance. Ifnfortunately no suita-
ble ground for the purpose could be obtained near the
city, and the field selected was quite stoney and une-
ven. Considering this circumstance, the work per-
formed wos mostly highly creditable to the plough-
men; and the ease which single pairs of horses broke
up a very tough old meadow, was good evidence that
the ploughs were of very perfect construc.ion.

Some of the competitors ploughed their quarter of
an acre in a very short lime; and others, wlio were a
longer lime, did the work remarkably well. The
committee found much difiiculty in deciding who
were entitled lo the premiums; but after careful exam-
ination, and much reflection, taking into considera-
tion the manner of execution, as well as the time,
they decided as fnUows: —

(Note. — The quality of the work done by the dif-
ferent teams, is numbered from 1 to 8, and a table of
the same is left in the bonds of the secretary of ihe so-
ciety.)

The first premium is awarded to John H. Robix-
soN, of Henrietta — land completed in 44 minutes —
quality of work. No. 2.

The second premium to Charles Blp.r, of Perrin-
ton, (S. Sheirs, ploughman) — time, 40 minutes —
quality No. 5.

The third premium to Moses Dter, of Gales —
time, 3G minulcs — quality. No. 8.

The committee would recommend that a discretion-
ary premium of .'f!5 be awarded to William Pace of
Riga, for superior ploughing, (No. 1) — 'ime Ql min-
utes.

Also a discretionary premium of .$5 to Josiah How-
ell of Chili, for very good ploughing, (No. 3) — time
51 minutes.

The Committee deem it proper to observe that sev-
erol circumstances were quite unfavorable to the per-
formance, which they very much regretted, but could
not obviate. In the first place, the land wos not suit-
able for the purpose, beingsloney and uneven, although
it was said to be the best that could be obtained near
the city. In tbe second place, the circumstances by
which the committee were to be governed, in gi<"'
their decisions, were not pointed out by i**'
the Society, and some dissatisfaC''
out of the decisions, as so"
ed to B\ippos»'»t-'

more inqioruinee ihan the tjualit.-f of the work ; and
on the other hand, some appeared to pay no regard to
lime, but were particular to do the work well. Again:
some conipeliiors considered the width and depth of
the furrow of the greatest importance. In view of
these dilficulties, therefore, the committee would re-
commend that next year early measures be taken to
secure Buitnb'.e land, and that the executive commiilce
previously designate lb.- Imgth of time tele occupied
in ploughing, and award the premiums to those who
do the best work within the time; also that thoy limit
the width and depth of the furrow.

In conclusion, the commiltee arc happy to slate tLnl
they believe the ploughing match afl'urdcd much grat-
ification, as well as some instruction, to the numerous
spectators, and that the liberality of the Rochester
ploughmakers will be duly appreciated by the farming
community. H. E. ROCHESTER,

WM. PIXLEY,
GEO. SHEFFER,

Committee.

The New Many Headed Wheat.

To the Editor of the Avir. Farmer :

Sir — I think it proper lo take the earliest occasion
to ntiticcthe new species of wheat, a draw ing of wiiich
has just been published in the American Farmer, and
copied into the American and Patriot. acci>mpanied by
a letter trom Mr. Rend. 1 do this for ibe double jiur-
iiose of saving money and trouble to all concerned. —
This new species of wheat is, without dtuibt, the E-
gyjnian wheat, Tritieuni compositum. For a drawing
and description of wliich, see Loudon's Encyclopedia
of Planls. The engrnving in Loudon end that in the
Former present the same cbaraclers precisely. Be-
si('es, I have often seen the Egyptian wheat, ond the
head of ihe new species which bos been exhibited lo
me, is identical with the Egyptian. This kind of
wheat wos introduced into Englond in 17II9, ond from
that time to the present, has u^ode frcqnc lit ap| earon-
ccB in the United Sta;cs It has been culled succes-
sively llie Egiipiian, Syrian, Many-sjiihed, Sercn-
headed, Rccii, Wildgoore ichcat. The rnme '• Wild-
goose" wns given to it from the fact that a few grains
of it were found some years ago in the crop of a wild
goose thai was kil'cd on ihe shores of Lake Cham-
ploin. The name " Retd wheat" was given to it be-
cause of its stout stem resembling small reed, or cane.
It was received by the Philadelphia Society for promo-
ling agiiculiure, in ISO;), from General Armstrong,
then our minister ot Paris. Judge Peters look charge
of a part of it, ond grew it five or six years. It was
at first VI ry j^roductive under his cultivation, a pint of
seed sown in drdls and hoed, producing one bushel
and a peek of grain. But after the first ihree or four
years, the Judge says it did not thrive sufficient to au-
thorize (Xicnsive culiivotion. At that lime it wos ex-
tenhi\ cly disiribuled b>\lhe above nomr d society. Judge
Buel says he bos seen extensive fielels of it. In the
Domestic Encyclopedia, publichedin 1821, it isstoted
that the Egyptian wheat does not yield as much ilour
as any of ihe other kinds, and that the flour is scarcely
superior to that obtained from tbe finest barley. In
.March, 1S38, it was selling in Albony, N. Y., at^re
dollars pcj-'hushcl. It has several times been brought
from Santa Fee, by travellers and traders. It appears
to be cultivated in that country, probably owing to its
heller odnptotion lo the climaie than other kinds. —
That the Osage Indians might have obtained it from
Soma Fee, is no way improboble. How it found its
way from Egypt to Santa Fee, I cannot pretend to
guess, unless a wildgoose also carried it from the for-
mer lo the latter country; which, on reflection, is
scarcely more improb.able than the fact staled above,
thot one of these birds carried it to the shores of Lake
Champlain. From all these facts, it would a*^*"
that if the wheat in question bad been od"-
climate, or was susceptible of acclir^*
er respects a good variety, '*
general cultivation lo>"
for granicd that -
ly distrib'-'

Ifi?

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1,

The Agricullnral Fair at Rochester.

The 7ib of October wbb a proud day for Rochester
nnd the farmers of ^Ve8tcrn New York. The wea'
iher WBB delightful, nnd the farmers all seemed deter*
mined to enjoy one glorious holiday. On the day pre-
vious, news come in from every quniter, that large
numbers of cattle, horses, and other aiiimale, might be
Been along the roads, wending their way to the city ;
and early on -he morning of the day of exhibition ihcy
began to pour in upon at like a Hood, till, by H or 12
o'clock, it seemed that the whole eurrounding agricul-
ura! popnlation, together with tiicir domestic animals,
had assembled en irtissc in iho city. Many of our
tavern-keepers, merchants, and others, were taken by
eurprise, and all agreed that such n gathering of the
n'lbility of the land had never before been witnessed
in this place. Ccrtoin we are that we ne^er saw so
numerous a eollecliou of enterprising, intelligent
looking farmer!-, and what ia more, we never sow
such an assemblage where all appeared eo highly grati-
fied. Our space wi!l not permit us to comment on the
exhibition as fully as we would wish, and the rcporlj
of the committees render it unnecetsary for us to do so.
" Tlie Cattle Show," at Franklin Square, was truly
grand — much superior to our most sanguine expec-
tations. The great number and beauty of the animals
of different classes, could not fail to gratify the heart
of every good farmer, and convince all, that Western
New York call, if she will, attain to the highest degree
of perfection in agriculture ; and the "Genesee coun-
try " may yet stand pre-eminent among the sections
of the Union.

The Plovghing Match was an interesting spectacle,
B9 many thousands who witnessed it can testify. We
regret that the land was not more suitable, but are sat-
isfied that no one was to blame in the matter, for we
ourselves spent two days on horseback, looking for a
proper field, but none could be obtained for the purpose
near enough to the city. — This matter, as well as sev-
eral others, will be betier managed ne.tt year. The
Executive Committee will profit much by theexperi-
cnce this occceiou has afforded.

The Ednliition al Marhnl Hall was very good, con-
sidering all the circumstances. The use of the large
hall could not be obtained till 1 o'clock, and the arti
cles were necessarily arronged in great haste ; had it
been otherwise, this display would have been more in-
teresting. Another evil — if it may be so called— was
the circumstance that many articles of domestic manu-
facture, and implements properly belonging to this
exhibiton, were ploced in the Mechanics' Fcir, which
was held at the same time in the other part of the build-
ing. The display of Fruit, FloweiB, nnd Vegetables,
was very good, considering tb.c lateness of the season,
but it was not as fine as it might be, or as we hope to
see it next year. The articles ofdomeslic manufacture
were most of them highly creditable to the exhibitors,
but not as numerous as we were in hopes to have teen
them. Indeed, were it not for its being the first exhi-
bition of the kind, and got up ot short notice, we should
hardly feel satisfied with this department. We are
certain that it did not do justice to the reputation of
our farmers' wives and daughters. Wo will not admit
that this was a fair representation of their skill and in-
dustry, and we expect to see this opinion sustoined by
the exhibition next year. Let it not bo supposed,
however, that we are of that class who believe that fe.
males generally can, or ought to spend their time in
manufacturing euriims speeimens of skill and industry,
or such articles as usually make up these exhibitions ;
for we know that many of them, — perhaps the major-
ity,— have more important employment. We were
forcibly reminded of this fact at the Foir, when, meet-
ing a female friend from the country, v.hom wo knew
IP be an industrious and skillful housewife, wo aek^d

her if she had not brought something to the exhibilicn.
" Oh yes," was the reply, " I have brought mij/amUi/,'
and I am more proud of it than I should be of all the
specimens of art in this hall." On saying this, she
pointed to three neot and blooming girls, and two bright
little boys. " There," said she, " do yon want any!
better evidence of my domestic industry ?" Our Bach-]
cloTship was nonplussed for on answer ; but had we
been one of the committee on "Domestic Arts" at,
the time, we should certainly have voted her the high
est premium !

The Address, by Lewis F. Allen, Esq., was lis
tened to by a crowded audience at the court house.
The speaker said he came to the meeting without hav-
ing written any thing for the occasion, and he only
intended to have a talk with the farmers about what
he had seen that day, and make such suggestions as
occurred to his mind at the time. He then gave an
interesting extemporaneous address, about an hour in
length ; after which, on motion of Mr. Hekby O'Reil-
ly, it was

"Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be ren-
dered to Lewis F. Allen, Esq., for the interesting
and instructive address with which he has favored

the meeting, and that he be requested to furnish a copy
for publication."

The addrets was entirely extemporaneous, and de-
livered without previous preparation, so that it was
impossible for Mr. Allen to furnish a copy of it for
publication. Still, as it embraced many highly im-
portant subjects, we hope he will commit to paper the
leading thoughts expressed at the time, and send it us
in time for our next number.

The second day was a Foir for the sale of Cattle, &c.,
but it was found that the sellers were far more numer-
ous than the purchasers. A few fine cattle were pur-
chased by Lewis F. Allen, Esq., as mentioned in
the report : besides which there were a few e-xchangea
and sales of cattle, horses, sheep, and swine. A few
animals were sold ot auction, but the bidding was quito
dull, and every thing tended to convince formers, of
what they were already conscious, that money is ex-
tremely scarce.

The Geiiesee County AgricnlturRl Fair

Came otf finely at Alexander, on the 14th of Octo-
ber. We were unable to attend, and have been wait-
ing a promised account of it, till our paper is ready for
|the press. So we must omit it till next month.

t(t:

PITTS' MACHi:VE FOR THRASHIJVG XSTi CIiEA:^'I]VG GKAJJV.

The above cut is a true representation of Pitt's Mathine *"ur Thrashing and Cleaning Grain. Its weight
isGOO pounds, occupying a space of about 8 feet by 2 feet 4 inches. The whole machinery is durable and
easily kept in repair. It thrashes ond cleans all kinds of grain in the most perfect manner, performing the
work at the rate of from 95 to 00 bushels per hour.

Four haiuls are required to attend the machine when in operation, viz: one to forward the bundles, one
to feed, one to measure and put the grain into bags, and one to i)iich the straw awoy as it comes from the
machine. It con be easily moved f'tom place to place, and attached to any horse power; and can bo used in
the field as well as on the thrashing floor; there being no loss or scattering of groin after it is once fed into
the machine.

I offer the following certificates, from a few of the best and moat respectoble farmers in this vicinity, as
evidence that my machine has given entire satisfaction to those who have employed it here and elsewhere,

The above machines ore manufactured and sold by the subscriber at Albany.

JOHN A. PITTS.

The undersigned having purchased, used, ond fairly tested, one of J. A. Pitt's Machines for thrashing '*
and cleaning grain, feels confident that it is superior to any thing of the Und ever offered to the farmers oP ■SJ
Western New York. The machine is now in operation at my barn, nnd pru^ellcd by one of Douglas's horse
powers. If any one doubts the utility of this machine, I should be pleased to have him call ond see it in
operation. This, I think, will satisfy any man of its superior claim to a liberal potronoce.

Clidi, Oct. 19,1840. EDMUND FELLOWS.

I hereby certify that we have had J. A. Pitt's machine for thrashing and eieaning groin, ii. operation at
our barn. Its performance was equal, in every respect, to the high recommendation it has received else-
where. Many of our best farmers witnessed its performance; and all agree in the opinion, that it is one of the
best mnchines for thrashing grain, ever offered to the farmers of Western New York.

Whcalhmd, Oct. 13, 1840. DANIEL ROGERS.

The undersigned, having fairly tested J. A. Pitt's moehinefor thrashing ond cleaning grain, byihraeh-
ing our crops, consisting of wheat, oots, and barley, — hereby eertily ih.Tl the mechine tbiaehes and cleans
well, at the rote of from 25 to 50 bushels per hour, with four horses, and four hands to lend the machine
when in operation, viz: one to hand the bunilles, one to feed, one to mtature the grain, and one to pilch the
straw awoy a-i it comes from the machine. The above machine is well adapted to field thrashing, as there
is no scattering of groin after it is once fed into the mochine.

We would reapcctfully recommend it os the best we have ever seen; and say to our brother farmers,

witness its operation before purchasing any other, as we doubt not you will be benefitted thereby.

JOHN DE GURNEY, STEPI1E.\ T. POST,

WILLIAM POST, Al EX. McDOWELL,

JONATHAN DOTY, ELIAS DE GURNEY.

Gates, Iilonroc County, New Vot?!.

We, the undersigned having fairly tested the utility of J. A. Pitt's machine for thrashing and clcnning
grain, by thrashing nearly five hundred bushels of wheat from the slack, would respectfully recommend the
same to our bruiher farmers, as the best maeiiine for the purpose, that we have ever einployeil. It thrashes
and cleans wheat well, at the rale of 95 bushels per hour, wiih four horses. The above machine, so far oa
we have been able to learn, has received the unqualified approbation of those who have wimessed it.5 operotion,

WM CORNELIUS,

East Rush, Monroe County, New York. ORRIN SCOFIELD.

N. B. — The above macbinee may be examined by colling on Edmund Fellows, of Chili, or Orrin Sco^
field, ofEnet Rush, JOHN A. PITTS.

No. 11.

ANDGARDENER'SJOURNAL.

res

The Premium Crop ofRutn Bagn>

T!io cenitirnte resiiccting Mr. Snmuel Wood's
crop of Riitn liagn, as repoitr;(l hy the Commitiee on
crops, showed eiich a wonderful produce per ncr e
that, notwithstanding the respectable ehnractcr of M r
\Vo;id, mnny persons besides ourselves, were appre-
hensive that sotne mistake had been made about it. —
We determined, therefore, to satitfy ourselves, and
accordingly look the pains to go to Wheatland and
examine the crop. We found that it was indeed a
fine crop — roots large, and standing close together,
with small necks and tops; but at the same time we
were convinced that the yield per acre could not be as
great as represented. On inquiry we learned that
Mr. Wood was not at homo at the time the admeas-
nrenient was mode, and could not inform ue about the
particulars; but on finding the persons who made the
certificate, the mystery was soon solved by their
saying that they vicasurcd tops and all, supposing that
the estimates were expected to include the whole
annunt of crop produced on the ground, it is true
the tops were small, but they were largo enough to
make considerable difltrciice in the resrlt. We meas-
ured two square rods, in different parts of the ground,
end found the product of each to be 7 3-4 bushels of
roots, divested of the tops. [One bushel weighed C2
pounds.] This would give a product per acre of 1*340
bushels, wliioh, while it is a very large crop, and enti-
tled to the premium, it is much more within the bounds
of reason than the former statement.

This instance of inaccuracy, affords additional proof
of the absolute necessity of adopting some more defi-
nite plan for obtaining the account of crops for pre
miums; and the Society will doubtless take the matter
into consideration.

Wc are satisfied, however, thai there is no mistake
iboutany other of the premium crops. — Eds.

Harvesting Potatoes.

Potatoes should be sufl^ercd to lie in the ground un-
il they are'fuUy ripe. There is nearly ns much diffe-
■cnce between a ripe potato and an unripe one as bc-
ween a ripe apple and an unripe one. Unripe pola-
oes are uniformly watery and are some of the jnoet
ndigestiblc materials that we meet with. Tui;? is so
nuch the case ihRl the stomach has been often known
0 reject this article while it retained all the other
naterials admitted at the same time.

When we have not too much work for the month
tf Octoi)er, it is more prudent to let our late potatoes
ie until ihnt time than to dig tncm earlier — and when
ve dig them, if they are not wet, we should never
et them lie in the sun or in the air. Any loam
easonably moist, may be allowed to adhere to
hem while they lie in the cellar, and we need n'>t fear
hey will heat or lot, ad turnips will when put in a
real heap where the air cnnnoi have acce-s to them.
Purnips are of a nature different from po'.atoes : they
:row principally above ground, while all potatoes that
re worth saving gow wholly under gruund. We
fere once taugiit to dig our potatoes in the morning,
hrow them between the rows, and let them dry
hrough most of the day — then to tilt them from the
art into the door yard to beat off nil the dirt that might
dhere to them. But experience has taught us that
ais is a branch of fancy farming, and will never an-
W' r for practical men.

When we lived on the Kennebec river, and sent up
^nds of potatoes 'o the Boston market, we often won-
ered tlmt our Boston friends were not as fond of the
fennebec potatoe as ourselves — but on attempting to
lat in Boston some nf \.\^e same potntoei we had sent
here, w*e soon perceived the great difference between

Kennebec p:)tatoe in Boston and a Kennebec pntntoe
t home. Our potatoes had been too much exposed
9 the air. and though they had not turned green, as
bey will do when exposed in the sun. they were spoil-
d by exposure.

Our Kennebec and Penobscot friends should pack
ip in light ca?ks nil potatoes sent off to customers

'horn they expect to trade with a second lime — and
' perfectly tight casks cinnot be obtained, loam or

ind may be filled into flour barrels with the potatoes.

The proportij nf .lA3n:s Gowen, Esij., of Pliiladdphia, Imported in 1838, from tht Herd qf Mb.
WuiTAKER, of Yorksliirc, England. — (Copied from Farmer s Cabinet.)

This celebiated and beautiful Cow, is one of the greatest milkers on record; — and what gives her par-
ticular inteies. at this time, is the circumstance that a wager of .^50 ) is now pending between her and the
Cow '■Blo:30'n;" a statement of the milking powers of which, we gave on page 143. We suo.oin the par-
ticulars rer pelting thia tingular wager, from the Philadelphia papers. J^«i7T/ il/airf is 5 pears old — color,
roan — thorough-bred Short Horn, and very beautiful. " In point and prop, rtion, in breeding and milking,
she is an object that mi^bt satii^fv the taste of the most fastidious breeder." *' On a trial of a week, in the
fourth month tjoiu cnlviug, in June, 1839, she gave, on an average, more thai^3*2 quarts of milk per day.
The same season, seven months from calving, she gave, for a week, more than 2i) quarts per d-y; making,
on an overage each week, 12 lbs. of delic'ous butter. Again, in 1840, the fourth luunih from calving, she
gave in one week, on an average, more than 33J quarts per day."

(We intend to give portraits of several of the fine animals exhibited at Rochester, as soon ns the drawing*
and engravings can be prepared.)

nd the cost of tianaoortaiion to Boston bv v/ater will
be iocreased by the filling. — Bosi. (hilt.

From the Pennsylvania Inquirer.

The Cow Dairy Maid.

We a few days since availed ourselves of a leisure
hour to ramble over and admire one or two of the fine
properties in the immediate vicinity of Germantown,
and afterwards called at Mount Airy, when we were
not a little gratified with the sight of Mr. Gowen's
celebrated cow Dairy Maid, and her two fine calves
Leaudcr and Allen a Dale. This cow is said to be the
very acme in point and pedigree of the ** thorough-
bred." She is of the Sliort Horn Durham Breed,
imported in 1S38, from the herd of that celebrated
breeder, Mr. Whitaki^r, of Leeds, Yorkshire. The
ciilves are the lined animals of their class we ever be-
held. " Lcinder " is rising fifteen months old ; hii-
points are said to be perfect, while his size and figure
are surprisingly striking. He is beautifully flecked
red and while, and sired by the celebrated Englit-h
Bull " Piince of Northumberland." " Allan a Dale"
is nearly four months old, is large fur his age, and
finely pio|3ortioned, is entirely white, like his sire.
Col. Wolbert's unrivalled Collostra These two
young Bulls from such i^ires and such a dam as Dairj-
Maid, cannot but prove a great acquisition to the
country, and a source of gratification to the gentleman
who has paid so much attention to this imporlant
branch of agriculture.

Pennsylvania, abounding as she does in fertile val
leys and rich soil, should not be deficient in fine cattle
We trust ere long she will be able successfully to
compete with Ohio and Kentucky, which stales, we
believe, stand unrivalled in the Union for their supe-
rior breedri of cattle. We also hope ihe day is not fai
distant when our Legislature will consider it a para-
mount dvity to foster and encourage the agriculturnl
interests of our State, in order to promote physically
and morally the best population a Commonwealth cnn
boast of, and the snfcst and surest wealth that can be
pr.ssesscd by hercitizens. After all, no slock is com-
parable to live stock — so said our friend Mr. Gowen
when he promised to give us the resultof Dairy Slaid's
yield of Milk, and which wc hnve now the pleasure
of laying before our renders, especially (or the benefit
of onr agricultural friends throughout the country.

Djnr Sir — Agreeably to promise, I herewith furnish

you with a statement of "Dairy Maid's" yield

milk for one week, Irom June Ist to 7ih, inclusive.

I Last year, about tne same period from calving, say in'

the 4th month, I was induced to ascertain precisely,
by measurement, the quantity of milk she was capa-
ble of yielding, from the circumstance of the apparent
quantity she gave over and above what her calf con-
sumed : and to lest the truth of the herd who had
charge of her from England, "that she would for
months after calving give eight gallons of milk a day."
The result in June, 1839, proved he was right : she
gave on an average more than thirty-lwo quarts per
day, and made tweUe pounds of sup rior well woikcd
butter. She was not then in as high condition as
she now is, I cxpecl an increaEe in the bulter, which .

II be reported when ascertained. Captain Cooper,
Mr. Itanc H. Roberts and Dr. Uhler, can recollect
that Dairy Maid was not in good condition lost sum-

er, which will account for her not yielding as much
as she has done this season.

The first day of the last week's trial was excessively
hot, and a heavy gust coming on about live o'clock in
the afternoon, she was brought from the field and im
mediatcly'milked ; shortening her time, she gave but
thirty quarts on that day. The yield, however, on
the whole, is unprecedented, averaging over thirty,
three and a half quarts per day. It is my firm behef,
that had Dairy Maid been milked on the Ist and 2d

onths from calving, she would have given forty
quarts per day. Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

JAMES GOWEN.

Mount Airy, 8lh June, 1S40.
Dairy Maid's yield of milk in one iteck, from 1st t/

June till ~th inclusive.
Junelst, Morn, 12 qls. Noon, 8J

2d,

12),

3d,

v^i

4th,

14J

«th.

14J

6th,

14i

7th,

143

9

n

10
10
9J

Ev'g, 9|— 30
• I lOii— 32

" i(i|— ;i3i

" lo|— 35
" HH— 35
" 10|— 345
•' . 105—343

Total, 235i

Being on on average more than thirty-three and a
half quarts per day.

We may add that Mr. Gowen's farm is one of the
finest in all respects in the county of Philadelphia. It
is beautifully marked out, admirably arranged in lU
various fields and crops, and in the highest and clean-
eet possible stale of cultivation.

17 fl

THE NEW GENESEE FAR M E R ,

Vol. \

Dairy Maid against Lli.-^som. — Though opposed to
wnj;triiig on any subject, fllr. Guwon's picipjsnl lo
risk §.')U0 on Ins lavoritc cow, cvijicts n lauaoblu
grotitilJe townrile licr who hns 60 well buttered hit
broad. The distinction he lakes oppenrs to be a fair
one, in favor of the Dairy Maid. There have been
many whose flow of milk wae very alinndant auoii af-
ter Ciilving, thnt in three and a half months have gone
nearly dry. Wi' bIiouUI like to see more competitions
of this sort. — For example, who will enter into a
sweep elnke to produce the best milch cow at the next
Fair of till: Maryland Suite Agricultural Society; the
cows to be nnlUed, and the inilk to be drank with
toasts ot the ai;ricullural dinni r ? For our own parts
we would g) I'urther to see sucli a Blossom, or trace
the milk vein of such a Uuiiy Muid, than to sec the
Queen Vietoriu. — Am. I'ur.

Dairy Dlaid nwd Blossom.
To the Editor of llie I'hitndclpkia Inquirer.

DuiR Sir- On looking over the " Farmers' Cabi-
net" for ibis preeent month, I saw, for the first time,
JMr. S;imuel Ciinby's slatenieiit of one week's yield of
niiik of hia Duihnm cow "Blossom," copied from
the Delaware J nirnnl, by which it appeals that B'.os-
eom gave over ,"5 quarts per day, n result which af-
fords me great satisluction, inaomuch, as when I fur-
nished you with the yield of my Durham cow, " Dai-
ry Maid," for one week, showing :?:!J quarts per day,
I felt a little concerned, le,t some of your readers
might think thnt I had been rather poetical in my
prose; but Mr. Canby's atatcment of over '.'>'> cjuarts
per day, covers my position, and must bring the scep-
tics to admit, lliut if bis wa8/)«s^'i///(!, mine was not so
hnpos>ut)lc as they have th^ueht it lo be.

1 fear Mr. Cauby quotes my remark, that Dairy
Maid's yield of 'A'M^ quarts jier day '' irns iniprccc-
d'.nted," in the sense as tbongSi I had said that it could
not be beaten, for he seems lo place Bloasom's yield
in opposition to it. Idi#iiot intend a challenge by
tho remark, but simply that I believed it to be iniprc-
cerhiil-it at the time that I made use of the express on.
I e luld not soy so now, being informed of the yield tif
Blossom, but tliis is subsequent to the lime I made
the statement of Dairy Maid's yield public. Up to
that lime, fer aught I knew, it was unprecedented, and
Dairy Maid stood first in the rank of luilkeis — thai
she has to yie!:.I now, in appeurnnco, to Blossom's tx-
ceeJingly abuiiJant fruit, is easily ace junted for in ihe
/"rcsliiuss o; Blossom.

Dairy Maul calved on tho Ifiui of February, and
was milked for trii.l on the first week of June, being
the fonrt'i month from calving. " Blossom," accord-
ing to Mr. Canby's statement, calved IGib of May,
on I was milked for trial in the week beginning on the
loth of June, just one mouth from calving. Now,
everv breeder or dairy-man must perceive that "Dai-
ry Mii I's'' giving ;>3i ipinrta a day HJ months from
calving, after suckling a calf three months, wlii.h
was the case, gives lo *' Blossom," who niilkc 1 35
quarts on,' nnnitb from calving, but a qnesliomible
Iruiniiili i-v.'r " D'liry Maid."

M^ C inliy eeoina to liold out, if he does not nclu-
aWy throw the glove "for the crcd:t of little Delaware,"
and as I am not slow in taking a hint, I shall not keep
him long in suspense, if he will allow me lo pioiiii»e
a few Words. FiIjI, no one can have a higher opin-
i m of " Little Delaware" than I have. In men fhe
alwoys was and now is able to compete with any State
in the Union. In cattle she may surpass Pennsylva-
nia, for we .have been t'or n long time the jest ol the
troders f;om the East and West, who, when speaking
of a Dutch Pennsylvania Dairy, sum it up as consist-
ing of "idevcn horses and tinee cows," itiit n u-
withstandiiig all that, there are some good ilniries in
Pennsylvania, and some good cattle too, and it will
not be Ihe fault of some few citizens of Philadelphia
nnd adjoining counties, if in a few years Pennsylvania
cannot briig the whole Union. In the mean lime, I'll
try my hand ai " Little Delaware," by proposing lo
Mr. Canby to put "Dairy Maid" in competition
against his cow " Blossom," in a trial of one week's
milking, to take jilace at any lime over three montln
from calving as may suit the eonvenienee of their re-
Bjiective owners, if Mr. t'anby's cow " Bfrseom "
yields a greater quantity of milk in the week than
" Dairy Maid," then ami to puy to the Delaware
Agriciilliiral S teiety, Iiir its use, tlio sum of five liun-
dr-'d doiliiio — if, on the contrary, " Dairy Maid" yields
ue rn )3t, then will Mr. Canby Inve to pay to the
Philadelphia Society tor pronioting Agriculture, n
similar sum. Any communiealion relating to these
premises will meet with due nttc-ntion.
Very respectfully, your ob't servant,

JAMES GOWEN.

Piilad. Aug. 17, 1840.

Front tile It Ctcrit J'nrirer.

The disposition to rntteii of diUstt'iit Biteils
of Hogs.

To be able 10 decide, as nearly as possible, what
particular kind of h' g, of all tlieee imported into this
country from other counlriee, as well as the produc-
tions of these bycroSoing them with one another, has
the readiest disposition to fatten, is a point of very
great importance and inlerest. Although we have
not, at present, any statements from agriculturists and
stock raisers in the western country upon this partic-
ular point in hogs, yet we have from foriign sources,
and fioin other parts of the country, some data upon
which to found a few pietty certain concUisions on
this Eubject: and until we have further information in
this matter, from those farmers who may be curious
and patriotic eniuigh to make the necessary experi-
ments, we will content ourselves in laying before our
readers all our knowledge derived from tbreifin trials
of this kind, nnd Ironi some acquaintance we have
had with swine in England. In ihe first place it ic
hai'dly necessary to mention that the C/iiitcse hog has
been always distiiignisltcd abort: nil the other breeds by
its peculiar aptitude to lay an fat ; but owing lo itb
being but a poor breeder, the pure lire"d is but little
cultivated. Of this breed there nie two nearly distinct
kinds, the ichitc and the black. There is also a mix-
ed breed of this kind, being spotted and mixed black
nnd white; some of them have piiek ears, like the
true breed, and others have ears round at the ends,
and hanging downwards. These are coarser than
the former, b«t ihey. unlike them, are reniaikably
prolific, are good nurses, and will, with proper care,
bring up two litters within the year. They are how--
er, not good store pigs, rarely otlaining any great
weight, and iiiurU more dijjicult to fatten than the o-
riginal stock of the Chinese breed.

The next in order of fattening propensities, after
the true China breed, either while or black, seems to
be the ]Vuburii or Bedford breed, a new variety intro.
dueed by the Duke of Bedford. They are of various
colors, well formed, hardy, very prolific, and have at-
tained to nearly twice the weight of all other hogs, ex-
cept the Chinese and Berkshire within the same given
period of time — and even the Berkshire they have
surpassed to some not inconsiderable amount. Then,
as almost universally admitted, follow the Herk^hire,
too well known to requite description. These crossed
with the Chinese haveproduccd a race poesissingsome
excellent fattening and other good qualities, and are
known in England as the Tonkey breed. The Berk-
shires are dispersed over the whole of England, and
have thcicfjro varied both in form and color; but the
liesl are in ihe neighborhood of Tamworth, in Staf-
fordshire, from the famous Tnimcurth Boar. The
crosses also from ihisbreedare very numerona in Eng-
land, and are highly rated in their difierenl dstncts.
Aftei the Berivsiiiie in kindliness of fattening, must he
raterl the Essez half black pig.", raised by Mr. Wes-
tern, of Felix Hall. They are short hoired, fine skin-
ned, smaller head and ears than the Berkshires; short
sniibby noses, very fine bone, broad and deep in the
belly, nnd I'ull in the hind quarters; the sows are
good breeders, but they are not near such good nur-
aes as the Berkshires. The Liueoliishire rank next,
ami in ptiint of profit are hardly less than the Essex.
They ore white, nnd rolher lender. This breed is
much the same as the Norfolk nnd Suffolk. The
Suase.c breed Is smaller than the Berkshire. It is a
variety of the Essex, and is a very valuable kind i-f
hog. It may be classed next in order for fattening
properties, and what ia deserving of notice, arrives nt
maturity sooner than any other kind. The Hump-
.s7iirii tiuten kindly to a very great size and weight. —
The Northampton, Shropshire, and Yorkshire, are of
large size, but fatten more slowly. The Cheshire are
the largest hogs except the Rudgwick, which is the
largest in the kingdom of Great Britain. The Essex
and HerH'oid breed, as it is called, has taken premi-
ums from the London and Smilhfield cattle club, and is
held in high estimation. We then classify the dilfer-
eiu bleeds for fattening propensities (until we are fur-
ther informed by sufiicient comparative experiments)
in the following order: —

1. The Chinese.

'■>. The Woburr. or Bedford.

3. The Berkshire.

4. The Es"e\ half black.

r>. The Lincolnshire, &c,, &c.

We ought not to omit to mention that the Neapoli-
tan stot^k of swine have a very great aptitude to fatten.
In the meainvhile we copy from the Franklin Farmer,
the following interesting letter from Samuel D. Mar-
lin, Esq., of Kentucky, on this subject, and it would
8e»m that as fin as hii friend's cxporimonts have gone,

r

that the Woburn breed of bogs, as we have stnted ,■
stand pre-eminent in that n.ost valuable characlcristi
— quickncEs ill taking on flteh.

A PROPOSITIOX TO TtST THE REt.ATlVE CISPOSITION T
FATTKN, OV DIFFKRFNT EREEt.S OF KOCS.

The bogs raised and fattened in Kentucky, it is b(
iieved, nmoiiiu ti more than two imfioiia of dollai
annually, and consume in the raising and t'atteninj
nioic than a million of bushels of corn, besides ryi
oata, wheat, nnd grass.

It would be of great vnliie to the state to have sue
experinientsmade ns will test the value of the differei
breeds, and ascertain which is the best machine fi
turning our surplus giain into meat.

Some hogs will make double iLe quantily of mci
out of a given measure of corn than will be made t
others. Therefore it must be very plain, that the pe
sons feeding bad breeds must snifer considerable lo£
No man should keep a bad bleed when ho can get
I.etler. But it is to be regretted that sullicient expo
inenis have not been made, to dcteruiine c/tur/^ whit
is the best breed.

X have made some experiments between the It
most valuable breeds that 1 have, but they were n
conducted so as to he clearly satielnctory. I put t»
Berkshires and two Woburns into the same pen, m
fed them together. The experiment resulted in fav
of the Woburna. Bui they were nil fed in the snr
trough, nor do I know what was eoiieumcd by each.

In a trial lately made by William nnd Isaac Bareln
of Jessamine, between two boors, the \Voburn gain
fifty pounds more in thirty days than the Berkshii
But liere again we have no account of \\hni each co
Slimed. The trial was made for the reputalinn of I
stock, nnd it is presumed that both had as much
they would eat.

For the puipose of making n set of experiments tl
will be satisfactory, 1 would propose to the advoca
of other breeds, to f'urnish "Woburn hogs or pigs, b
row or sow, lo be fed by some disinteiesltd ( eison,
such a way as lo ascertain which will come earliesl
maturity, fatten easiest, consume the least food, t
travel best lo market.

1 would propose that two or three pigs be fed Uf
n certain nllowanco, and that the bnlance shall have
inucb as they will ent. Tha" they t^e kept in separ
stalls, and an exact nccounl be kept of what is cm)
med by each one. To be kept in this wny until tl
are ready f'or market, and one of each kind be sent
our most distant market, weighed nt stalling, at
journey's end, nnd nt'ier they ate dressed. The I
ance to be sent to our neareel marliet, weighed bcf
sorting, and upon reaching the place have their gi
ond neat weights ascertained.

If my proposition should be accepted, each pel
to pay the proportion of the expense of the expi
merit.

If the above proposition is not accepted, I will
a \Voburn barrow, sow, or pig, against nny other II
in ihestntc that has no Wobnrn blood in it.

No proposition thnt hns nny thing like a bet or
ger attached t.i it will be accepted by me, but I w
to feed 10 ascej tain what the dill'erenl kind of h
will do. S. D. MARTIN

ilri

kl

n(

The Value of Farm Labor.

Mf.ssrs. Editors. — Daniel Webster, in his spe
before an Agricultural Society down cast, giveft
price of labor in the United Stales about three Ui
as much as it is in England.

I apprehend ihat ihe price paid per day or moi
for labor, is but n poor criterion of its rcnl cost,
rod three Irishmen to dign cullnr nt Is. per cubic yi
on finishing the job, it wns found thnt they hnd clei
but 1)0 cents per day. My neighbor hired a Yati
to dig a cellar al the same rale in the same clnyi
he cleared ij}l,r»0 per dny. But for the example of
'\''ankee, digging cellars would have risen at lenel
per cent.

A friend from South Carolina, told me thnt b(
ways hires Irishmen lo work for him when he can
them, as one Irishman will do nsniueh work aa tl
slaves, who have no interest in their wages,
brings the value of slave labor (allowing theltl j,
kee to have worked 59 per cent, too hard) at
than one-fifth the value of free labor. This ill ij
would be an argument in favor of Negro emanc ^„
lion. But the [roii'd Negro mutt have some oi

No. II.

AND GARDE NER'SJOURNAL

171

Etiuui'.uo ilinii a peck uf corn n woek, and one suil of
bad cloihing a year, to enable him to work well. Tbis
also should be an argument in favor of Negro emanci-
pation, at least with the north; for aside of all moral
coiiGiderations, the moment the iS'egro bcconicea man,
l.Ue his n]nster he bcomcs a customer.

Apropos of labor. The groat cause why good farm
Inboiers are so few in number, bo extravagant in their
wages, and so dillicult to retain, is doubtless the low
price of lands in the west. Such is human nature,
under its best features of energy and hope, that to be
our own master, with ill requiti;J, endless toil, and
manilold privations — is sweeter, far sweeter, to the
imagination and the mind, than comfort and idcnty in
the bouse of a master, with well requited labor, and
money at intei est. SENECA.

Clover a« a Mauiire.

Mr.ssRs. Editoks — It has been decided by high au-
thority of late, that to plough in the dry crop as a ma-
nure, was much better than to turn under the crop be-
fore maturity, The experience of our Dutch far-
mers disproves this theory, and they are backed by
CTual authority to sanction their practice. Chnptal
says that the green crop is clear gain, as it draws its
6U8tei\anee from the atmosphere alone, and makes no
draft upon the soil until it begins to ripen.

It is the opinion of the Dutch, that plaster is the
loaihlone which attracts this atmospheric sustenance
to the clover. SENECA.

Fo' the yex Geiiesep Farmer.

The Fair, and Plonghiijg Match at Kocliester.

SIesshs. Editors — As 1 believe your paper is open
to a fair diicuoslon of all matters connected with agri-
culture, I take the liberty of forwarding my bumble
remorks (which I shall moke as brief as possible) on
the great Agricultural Fair lately held at Rochester.

It gave me much pleasure to witness the Stock ex-
hibited on that occasion in Franklin Snuare, — which,
with reference both to the quality and number produ-
ced, reflected much credit on this section of the coun-
try. Having for the last quarter of a century, been
in the habit of attending the great cattle shows and ag-
ricultural meetings in England, Scotland, and Ameri-
ca, I profess to be somewhat of a judge of these mat-
ters, and am much interested in the welfare and pros-
perity of the society, whose thow I lately attended, —
being persuaded that the mlroduction of such valuable
Block OS these exhibited, into Wottern Now York,
must raj.iidly increase the real wealth of the country.
The Fruit, Vegetables, &c. , were also very fine, and
must have been highly admired by the many stran-
gers who were present. In the Mechanics' Fair, too,
was a sidendid exhibition of articles. The agricultu-
ral implements shown, (uhhough not numerous,) were
very excellent, in my opinion; and I believe the fan-
ning mills especially, could not be surpossed, if in
deed they could be equalled, by any in the world.

But you must boar with me, if I cannot odd my
meed of praise to the monncr in which the ploughing
match was con iucted. In the fir^t place, the judges
ought, in my opinion, to have followed the custom ob-
served in all ploughi.ig matches in Europe, which is
distinctly to state what kind of ploughing is required,
BO that competitora may strive to work in accordance
with the instructions given. They ought to have
prescribed, for instance, that the fuirows should be 9
inches wide by 5 deep, or K inches by 6, (which I be-
lieve the best made ploughs, under the hands of a good
workman, are made to occompiieh,) or any other size
in proportion, they might deem advisoble. Though
the terms on which the ploughing match was adverti-
d to take place, appeared to me very vague and in-
definite, my love for such a trial of skill, induced me,
ihoHgh living at a considerable distance, to forward a

team to compete ""or the prize', — on the supposifion that
the ploughing done by the competitors would be
judged of by its excellency, and not on the speed at
which it was accomplished. Had I understood, on
the contrary, that the prize was to be awarded to the
woiknion v.dio alioiild pare the most loud in the short-
est time, I could have prei^ored an instrument for this
purpose, lopnrc half an acre (though noili plough it,
in my senee of that word) in half the time in which it
was accomplibhcd. But, till the Rochester judges set
mc right, 1 had conceived that good ploughing, to me-
rit that name, couBibted in the furrow being laid at the
proper angle, with the red edge quite straight, so that
a ten feet pole, straight-edged, applied from the cen-
ter of the ridge to the furrow, shuli touch the edge of
every furrow. I grant that on the occasion to wh'ch
I allude, a more miserable piece of ground for a good
ploughman to show off upon, could scarcely have
been selected. Bosides, I contend that each competi-
tor ought to open his own furrow, and not be obliged
to begin upon those opened under the superintendance
of a committee, who, in the present instance, got
them run out (as if done by a boy) in a style which
caused much loss of time to such of the competitors
as endeavored to run their furrows straight.

Some of your readers may probably attribute these
strictures to my disappointment at not obtaining the
prize for ploughing. True, I was disoppointcd; but
not OS regarded the volue of the prize plough. I have
imported two of Wilkes's best iron ploughs, one of
which was at Rochester. These being both elTective
and durable implements, I intend never to use any
other upon niy farm. Previously to moiling uc-e of
these iron ploughs, I rarely had more than 14 bushels
to the acre; but since their use, I have averaged be-
tween thirty and forty bushels.

From my own observation and that of others, who
have witnessed the manner in which wheat crops are
put in, ploughing seems to be the department of agri-
culture, of all others, farthest in the shade, and most
in need of improvement in your district of country. —
Having been o member of various agricultural socie-
ties, and frequendy on committees, I can bear testimo-
ny to the great advantages to be obtained by a farming
community, by ploughing matches being properly
conducted and judged of. They have been one great
means of leading the farmers of Scotland to raise ex.
traordinary crops from the generally poor soil they
have to work upon; nnd enabling them, in this way,
to pay a high rent for the use of their land. Were
they, in the ungeaial climate of Scotland, to plough
after the manner of the Rochester ploughing match,
they might look in vain for any return of their labor-

These remarks I forward to you from a sincere de-
sire that the committee of arrangement will next year
specify, in precise terms, the style in which they re-
quire the ploughing to be executed; and in the hope
that hereafter judges may he appointed who will take
a proper estimate of such miserable work as that per-
Ibrnied by the yellow and sorrel team, which, in skim-
ming over the ground within the hour, only tended,
by the example, to perpetuate the superficial style of
ploughing so prevalent in this section of the country,
and to discountenance which, ought to be the aim of
every well reguloted society.

I am, gentlemen,

Your most oh'dt. serv't.,
A CANANDAIGUA FARMER.

(ANOTHER.)

Remaiksi ou the Cn.ttle Show and Fair of the

Genesee AsvicuStatal Society.

Messrs. Thcmas & Bateham — Perhaps it would
be unreasonable to expect you to insert this letter in
your next Genesee Farmer, seeing that it will be so
fully occi;p(8d in ^etaibng the proceedings of the lalo

show and fair at Rochester. But feeling anxious for
the future prosperity of the society, and thinking no
time equal to the present, wliilst every circumBionce
is fresh on the n:eniory, I would with to suggest some
alterations, which, I humbly submit, would be im-
provements on the late arrangements. In the first
ploce allow me to congratulate you and the friends o."
agriculture generally, on the autpjcious commence-
ment of this insiiimion. Every one present must
have been gratified with the superiordisplay ol farming
stock there exhibited. And, with regard to the field
crops, the man who is not satitficd with the progress
m.ode in thot branch of agriculture within the latt few
years, must be unreosonable indeed. I have a publi-
cation now belore me, in which is a letter from Judge
Mitchell to the author, informing him that he had
grown within a fraction of 500 bushels of ruta boga
to the acre; and he further enys, "end 1 verily be-
lieve that on this mode of cultivation, thot an acre of
land which will bring 100 bushels of corn e:aie, will
produce from 700 to 600 bushels of ruta baga." I
know not whether Judge Mitchell be still alive, but if
he be, what must be his astonishment and delight to
learn that in about twenty years from the date of hia
letter, his onticipotions ore reolized two fold. The
some author, in speaking of a crop of ruta bogo which
he grew on 17 acres of laiid in England, eaye, '* I as-
certained to on exactness that there were 1,320 bushels
to an acre, ihiougbout the whole 17 acres. I never
saw above half as great a crop on any other perton's
land, though we rca-1 ofjnuch greater in agricultural
prize reports." So thot the crop of ruta boga which
gained the premium at Rochester, is not only the best
that I ever heard of in this country, but ronkswidi
the very beet in England. I hope that the suceesjfi 1
grower of this crop will be very niintile in his state-
ment for publication in the New Genesee Farmer, w ilh
respect to quality of soil, preparation ot ground, time
of sowing, after culture, distance of drills, if sowed
in drills, and distance of turnips in the drills; also,
whether the tof a ond roots were cut off before mea-
suring, whether the bushel was heaped up, and the
weight of a bushel. I feel that I ought to apologize
for this long digression; but as the preamble is so
lengthy, I will try to compress what I have to soy, oa
much as possible. The alterations which I would re-
commend are these: — That the animals contending
for the some premium, be placed as contiguous to each
other OS possible, for when they are of about equal
merit, and placed at a consideroble distance from each
other, itis difiicult for the best judges to decide cor-
rectly. Certainly every facility ought to be offbrdcd
to the judges, for after all it is but a thankless ofiice,
I also think thot it would be more eatisfoctory if the
judges were not made ocquointed with the names of
the owners of the animals — not that I mean to imputo
the slightest partiality to the judges at the late meeting
— but it is desirable that they should be lemoved os lar
as possible from suspicion. In on ogriculturol society
in England, of which I was a member, the judges
were eelected from some other county, and they did
not see the animals until they were taken round by the
secretary to give in their decision ; and whilst doing
so, no person was allowed to be near to them. With
regard to the field crops, I think that unless a moro
uniform and satisfactory plan be adopted for ascertain-
ing the exact amount of crop, it would be better to
withhold all premiums on this branch of agricul-
ture. For root crops, I would propoee that weight
be substituted for measurement; and if the same per-
son could inspect the weighing of all the crops, there
would be a better chanco of arriving at a just decision.
As to the ploughing match, I cannot allow that tho
"race ought to be to the swift;" for it is more than
probable that the worst ploughman will finish first. —
Perhaps it would be well to fi-X a reasonable time for

172

THE NEW G E N E !5 E E PARMER,

'OL.

1

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ompleiingthe quantity boi out, but if done within
that time, the beet ploughman ought, in my opinion,
to take the premium.

David Thomas, in one of his many prncticnl and
sensible articles, published in the New Genesee Far-
mer, says, when treating on ploughing, and reproba-
ting wide furrows, "that once well done is twice
djne." I think it would be well to act upon thisprin-
ei^le in deciding any future plougiiing match. —
Ploughing is certainly the most important operation on
the farm, and it is the very operation in which the far-
rears of this country the least excel, and this chiefly
owing to the anxiety to do too much. Instead of en-
couraging this propensity, surely it would be more
prudent to adopt Mr. Thomas's doctrine of doing less
nnd doing it well. Apologizing for the length to
which I have run this letter,

I am, Gentlemen,
Yours truly,

Ontario CO., Oct. 12, 1840. C. B.

Kemurka. — The foregoing letters, from two er.
teemed friends in Ontario county, contain some valua-
ble suggestions which will doubtless have the desired
effect, and accomplish good for another year. We
must be allowod to sny, however, that we do not think
the implied ceneure of the Executive Committee is
deserved, although we admit that many thing's con-
nected with the Fair were not quite as they should
have been, and might I'.ave been better mnnageJ.
But let it be remembered the society is in its infancy,
and the duties of the I^cutivc Committee have
mostly devolved upon a very few individuals; and
those few, but little experienced in such operations,and
unable to devote that time to the business which it re-
quired. Add to this, the extreme lack of funds, and
the unwillingness o( the majority of farmers to co-op-
erate, and we think the wonder should not be that
all was not managed in the best possible manner,
but that it was managed at all, or as well as it was.

With regard to the ploughing jwUch, fidd crops:,
and other matters, alluded to by our Ontario friends,
a sufficient answer may be found in the reports nnd
explanations of the different committees, and other
remarks in this paper. Wo will simply add, however,
tliat wo think C. B. judges rather unkindly of the
committee on ploughing. It will be eeen by
their report that they were gov mod in their deci-
sions as much by the character of the work, as by the
lime employed in pcrlorming it; nad we are certain
that no person at all acquainted with the gentlemen
composing that committee, will for a moment doubt
their qunlificaiions as judges, or suspect them of show-
ing partiality. The work by the team from Canan-
daigua, besitles being a long time performing, (80
minutes) was set down in quality as No. 5. — Eds,

DURHAM AGRICm/rURAL SOCIETY-

The regular Fall Exhibition of stock and produce
by this Society, took place at Port Hope, on Tuesday
the 20th October, in presence of a large number
of merchants and other inhabitants of the town, and
adjoining townships of Clarke, Cavan, and Darling-
ton.

The number of Mares, Colts, Oxen, nnd young cat-
tle, wasnot only unusually large, but of the finest kind
•nd quality. Several very superior English Sheep,
mported by John Gibson, Esq., and others, were on
he ground, and a number of excellent specimens of
the variou sbreeds of Swine were particularly attrnctive;
in fact, this part of the Exhibition was superior to that
./any farmer occasion.

The samples of Butter, Cheese, Wheal, Rye, Oate,
liarlcy, &,c., were of the very finest quality.

Several pieces of excellent Cloth of domestic manu-
Biiture were produced, and from their texture, proved
dnt this branch of useful ndustry is not ivegleclodi

The ground chosen for the display, in consequence
of the unusual number of cattle &':, was rather limit-
ed, and rendered the ollice of the prize judges more
difficult. This will be guarded against for the future.

A good deal of sto'jk exchanged bands for ready
tnoiiaj. The following is n list of the prizes that were
awarded and paid on the spot, and the names of the
successful competitors:

Thomas Gameit, best Brood Mare £3 0 0

Henry Monroe, 2d do do 2 0 0

Daniel Brand, 3d do do 2 0 0

James Blackburn, best Cow, 3 0 0

Robert Sutton, 2d do 2 0 0

Benj. Allan, 3d do 1 0 0

Alex. Broadlbot, best 2 year old Heifer, 1 10 0

Samuel Dickenson, 2d do do 10 0

Herbert Renwick. best 2 yr. old Steers, 1 10 0

Jacob Cheat, 2d do. do 10 0

'VIex. Broadfoot, best 1 year old Heifer, 10 0

J. Boyce, 2d do. do 0 10 0

Herbert Renwick, best 1 yr. old Steers, 10 0

John Ainley, 2d do do 0 10 0

Samuel D.ckenson, best Ram, 2 0 0

John Gibson, 2d do 1 10 0

John Gibson, 3d do 1 0 0

John Gibson, best Ewe, 1 10 0

John Gibson, 2d do 1 0 0

Chas. Tamblyn, 3d do 0 15 0

Henry Munroe, best Boar 15 0

W.lliam Allan, 2d do 0 12 6

R W. Robson, best Sow, 10 0

William Allan, 2d do 0 10 0

Alex.Broadfoot&J^jQ^ Cloth, 1 5 0
Robert Sutton, ) ' '

John Smart, 2d do do 0 15 0

,Tnhn Belwood, beat acre of Turnips, ... 110 0

II. W. Robson, 2d do do 0 15 0

Znbina Fiazier, best sample of Butter, 10 0

John Ainley, 2d do do 0 10 0

Benj. Jacobs, best sample of Cheese, 10 0

JobnBclwoodjbostsnmpleoffallWheat, 1 10 0

James Laing, 2d do do 10 0

John Smart, best spring Wheat, 10 0

Robert Simon, 2d do 0 10 0

Robert Sutton, best sample of Barley, .. 10 0

John Ainley, 2d do do 0 10 0

John Middleton, beet samnle of Oats,., 10 0

Robert Saiton, 2d do do... 0 10 0

£44 17

After the business of the day was over, a large and
highly respectable body of gentlemen belonging to the
Society, adjourned to the " Queen's Arms" Inn, nnd
partook, ns customary, of a substantial nnd well-dret?6-
ed agricultural dinner, provided by Mr. HiSTiNos for
the occasion. When the cloth was removed, the fol-
lowing toast was given from the chair by the Presi-
dent, David Smart, Esq., whose connection with and
exertions m behalf of the Society are dated from its
commencement : — '* The Queen and Prince Atiiert :"
(nine times nine,) By the Vice-President, R. W.
RoRSON, Esq., — "The Gorernor-Generol," after
which a number of volunteer toasts were given, nnd
the evening passed off amid social enjoymeiU in per-
fect harmony and good feeling. The healthy state of
the funds, the interest manifested by nil nnd every
one connected with the Society, its rapid and constant
progress, are truly gratilying, and evince that the spi-
rit of emulat'on, arising from these periodical exhibi-
tions, must soon lead to vast and permanent improve-
ments in stock nnd produce, and speedily place the ag-
ricultural ebnracter ol this country on a par with any
other portion of North America.

It was resolved that the annual ineetingfor the elec-
tion of officers for next year, should lake place at Port
IJupc, on Friday, the fifteenth day of January next, at
12 o'clock noon : and that the proceedings of this meet-
ing should be published ij^ the " Colonist " nnd " Co.
bourg Star," nnd that other editors in the province,
together with those of the " New Genesee Farmer "
and "Cultivator," should be requested to copy the
some. ROB'T SUTTON, Sec.

Port Hope, V. C, Oct 20, 1840.

Remarks. — It gives us much pleasure to record the
foregoing proceedings of our neighbors across the Lake,
The Durhnm Society is one of the most spirited and
useful in Canada. Aside from our personal knowledge
of this fact, we want no better evidence thnn n refer-
ence to oursubscription list affords. With the forego-
ing, we received two samples of beautiful premium
wheat, from David Suaet, Esi., the able President
1 of the Society. — BdS

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The Agricnltural Fair at Cauandaigua.

On Tuesday, Oct. 2Utb, we, with eeveinl other citi.
zens of Rochester, took a delightful rail-road trip to
Canandaigua, in order to witness the exhibition of
the Ontario County Agricultural Society. Our rea-
ders are aware that we had formed high expectations F|
respecting this event, nnd we ate happy to say, those
expectations were more thnn realized. The reporta
of the Secretaries, which we aubjoin, are so complete,
and express our sentiments so correctly, that it Is un- •'',
necessary for us to remark on the different depart-
ments of the exhibition. Wc will only say that Old
Ontario has good reason to be proud of the display of
her real wealth on that occasion; for, with the excep
tion of the exhibition at Rochester, which was formed
by several counties, tl'ere never has been so grand an
agricultural display in Western New York. But
above all, may she bonst of the gathering of her true
Nohdily which were brought out on this occasion.
With such a number of intelligent and enterprising
farmers ns we saw there on that day, Ontario county
can, and ought to attain to the highest standard of per-
fection in agriculture, end take the foremost rank in
the rnpid march of improvement. Let the Managcra
of the Society feel encouraged and be active; let eve-
ry good farmer become a member, and every raembet
arouse to the work — and the next, nnd each succeeding i
anniversary will shew a greater, and still greater nd
vnncement, the results of which will be, an immenas
increase of true wealth in the county.

Ontario County Agricnltnrnl Society,

This Society, formed by the Farmeis and th«
friends of Agriculture in this county but a few monthe
ago, held their first annual meeting in this village on
Tuesday of last week. (Oct. 20) Although organ-
ized so recently, the attendance of members and oth-
ers was larger thnn we recollect to have seen at any o
the meetings of the former .Society, which existed ir
this county some twenty years ago. }t far excecdec
the highest expectations of all who bad been active ir
the great object in view; especially when we considei
that the effoff was made at a time when the publit
mind was engrossed by the exciting polititical subjeeti
of the day. It was indeed a proud day for old Onta
rio, nnd the occasion was favored by delightful weath-
er. It was *a day's truce' to political strife — a *greei
spot' on the rough surface of the times — pleasant 'nen
tral ground,' on which men could mingle, for the ra-
tional and exalting purpose of improvement, by im-
parting and receiving instruction upon the every-daj
businessof life, and thereby securing the blessings anc
benefits of well-directed industry.

The interest manifested in the success of this new
association, by so large a collectinn of our most re
spectable and independent farmers, was truly gratify-
ing; and the numbers nnd qualities of the various nn-
imnls exhibited, as well as productions from the field,
and fabrics of domestic handiwork, were an earnest o
what can be effected by the spirit and ingenuity of i
people, already advanced in these 'graces of civiliza-
tion', and favored by a soil nnd climnte, such ns art
enjoyed in this eounly.

It is a matter of legret with thofe nppointed to giv(
an nceovmt of the proceedings of the day, that they
are unable to describe the various and numerous Farm
stock exhibited, some of which were of the best blood.
There were a number of superior Bulls, Cows, Oxen
and Calves, which, with thepens of Swine and Sheep,
excelled any ever brought together in Western New
York, in the judgment of gentlemen who visited uf
from other counties.* There were but few good Hor
ses; nnd it was n subject of remark that the improving
of these indispensable and noble animals, has beer
much neglected in Ontaiio.

The Ploughing Match, which was limited to ox
teams, of which five took the field, excited a lively
interest, nnd gave general satisfaction. It wns a fine
display of jiraetised skill, as well ns of strength, and
the prize wns well contested. The nent manner in
which the furrows were opened, (marking out the
quarter acres) by Alexander Porter, with his iron
plough, wns admired by the spectators. Mr. God-
frey's tcnm ploughed the quarter nere in 42 minutes;
.Mr. Picket's in 43; nnd Mr. Gates' in 38 — but the
first was pronounced best. [A member, who praised
the rapid performnncesof the handsome oxen, exprcfl-

fc.

* The pentlc-iien douMIess meant to except the late exhlM-
tlon alUocijCi'.er.— Ers. N. O. FARi^at.

So. 11.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

17.?

sea the bope that next year horse tennis will be allow-
id to compete, as this would lend to a more c.\t.Mided
improvement in the science of ploughing, so impor-
tant in the business of agriculture.]

It is regretted again, that the several committees did
not furnisli such lull reports of what they examined,
as would enable the publishing committee tr be more
particular in describing the exhibition. But no one
can be blamed; for the short nolice of their oppoint-
ment, tlie great number and variety entered for premi-
ums, and moreover, the great concourse of people,
rendered u perfect discharge of their duties inii)0S8ible.
(n the genejai notice, which therelbre can only be ta-
ten, many things of merit, it is feared, will be over-
looked.

Of vegetable Productions, there was a good show —
such ne squash, radishes, corn, wheal, beans, apples,
&C. One member had samples of nine varieties of
Potatoes; among them the Irish Cups, raised from a
Tew imported from Ireland, where this ranks as the
best. Another member produced seven sorts.

Of domestic fabrics, there were several tbnt did high
credit to female ingenuity — such as carpets, coverlets,
flannel, cloth, linen, and an elegant shawl. Also,
aeverol parcels of reeled silk.

Of IVIechnnism, there were ploughs, thrashing and
sowing machines, a straw cutter, &c. Also, some
ae.it castings from J. L. Woodruff's furnace.

At 3 o'clock, the court room was filled by ladies and
gentlemen, to hear an address on the eccasion, by
John Rnnkin, Esq. This was listened to with great
nterest, as the production of a practical and scientific
nrmer; and soon after its delivery, on motion of J.
Sarlinghouse, the (hanks of the Society were render-
;d to the author for his useful and instructive address,
md he was requested to furnished a copy for publiea-
ion. [It will be printed in pamphlet form, and ready
"or members in about a fortnight.]

On motion of Jored WilUon,, Fsq. the members of
.he Society then proceeded, by nomination, to the
:hoice of its officers for the ensuing year, when the
bllowing gentlemen were chosen, viz:

JOHN GREIG, President,

Giii-eon Lcc^ Xst Vice President,

Heman Chapin, 2d do,

Peter MilchcU, 3// do.

Joseph FcUoips, 4th do.

Williajii Ottlcy, 5(4 do.

Irving Metmlf. 6(4 do.

Wilbiim W. Gorham, Recording Secretary,

Oliver Phelps, Corre^onding do.

Jaines D. liemis. Treasurer.

TOn'N COMMITTEE OR MJ.yjGERS.

Canandaigtia — John McConnell, Charles Shepard,
3enry Howard.

Canadtce — Hiram Colcgrove, Josiah Jackman, Syl-
vester Austin.

E<tst Bloomjicld — Flavins J. Bronson, Bani Brad-
iey, Myron Adams.

West BloomHeid — Reynold Peck, Jasper C. Peck,
Bczalcd C. Taft.

Bristol — Francis Mason, Erastus H. Crow, Anson
Packard.

So-:th Bristol — Franklin Crookcr, Allen Brown,
fames Parinelee, Jr.

Gorluim — Fphraim Blodget, Nathaniel Smith, Da-
rid Picket.

Hopnoell — Theodore Crosby, Eli Benham, 2d,
George Cayward, Jr.

Miinehcsier — Nicholas Howland, Edmnnd B. Dew-
jy, Abner Barlow, Jr.

Naples — Alanson Watkjns, Fphraim W. Cleveland,
}ames L. Mortimer.

Farmington — Russell M. Rush, Wilmarth Smith,
Perez Hathaway.

lilchmojid — Hiram Pitts, Hiram Ashley, Leonard
B. Brigge.

Phelps — Elias Cost, William Dickerson, Spencer
Hildreth.

Seneca — Abraham A. Post, Charles Godfrey,
George Fordon.

Victor — Samuel Rawson, Henry Pardee, Jared H.
Bouirhton.

The President of the Society then announced i'ue
awards of the several Committees, as follows, viz:

PREMIUMS AWARDED,
Bij the Cormnittee on Grain.
ToC. B. Meek, of Canandaisua, for the two

best acrfls of Wheat, 43 45-00 bush per acre, JJIO 00
To Banl Bradley, of East Bloomfield, for the
two best acres of Indian Corn, 116 bushels
per acre, 8 00

To Anson Pac'.<arri, of Bristol, for the second
best, 106 17-00 bushels per tcre', 6 00

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To Bani Bradley, for the two best acres of

Oats, 77 yG-^'39 bushels per acre.
To Anson Packard, of Bristol, for the second

best, ().") bushels per acre.
To Fiimcis W. Paul, of Canandaigua, for the

two best acres of Pens, 38J bush, per acre,
To William Burling, of Canandaigua, tor the

second do. in bushels per acre,

Bij the Committee on Roots.
To Charles B. Meek, of Canandaigua, for the
best half acre of Ruta Baga, 880 bushels per
acre,

By the Committee on Plonghing.

To Charles Godfrey, of Seneca, the owner of

the O.x team which ploughed 1-4 of an acre

best in an hour.
To David Pickett, cf Gorham, the owner of the

seitond do.
To Cyrus Gates, of Hopewell, the owner of the

third do.

By the Cnmmiltee on Horses.
To George Fordon, of Scneco, for the bcEt

Stud Horse kept within the county six months

preccdiuE! the exhibition.
To J. C. Paul, of West Bloomfield, for the best

Stud Horse raised and owned within the

county,
To Harvey Pratt, of Hoiiewell, for the bcstpoir

of matched Horses, not over seven years old,

raised in the county.
To Samuel Scott, of Seneca, for the beat Mare,

with a colt one year old past, raised in the

county,
By the Committee on Bulls and Worhijig Oxen.
To F. W. Gooding, of Canandaigua, for the

best Bull, over two and not exceetling five

years old,
To Guy Collins, of East Bloomfield, for the

second best do..
To Luther Brooks, of East Bloomfield, for the

best yoke of Working 0.xen,
To E. Birdseye, of Hopewell, for the second

best do..
To E. S. Gilberi, of Richmond, for the third

best do.,

By the Committee on Steers and Heifers.
To Elijah Bostwick, of West Bloomfield, for

the best pair of three years old Steers,
To David Cossort, of Canandaigua, for the se-
cond best do.,
To Perez R. Pitts, of Richmond, for the best

pair of two years old Steers,
To George Gooding, of Bristol, for the second

best pair do..
To George W. Pitts, of Richmond, for the third

best do..
To Silas Harris, of East Bloomfield, for the best

pair of one year old Steers,
To IMyron Adams, of East Bloomfield, for the

second best do.,
To George W. Pitts, of Richmond, for the

best two years old Heiter,
To Anton Packard, of Bristol, for the second

best do.,
To James L. Monier, of Naples, for the best

one year old Heifer,
To George W. Pitts, of Richmond, for the se-
cond do..
By the Committee on Milch Coics and Calves.
To J. C. Hathaway, of Farmington, for the

best Milch Cow,
To Heman Chapin, of East Bloomfield, for the

FCt^ond do..
To Isaac A. Arnold, of Gorham, for the best

Calf,
To Stephen Hendee, of West Bloomfield, for

the second best do.,

By the Cu mm it-tee on Sheep.
To Edward Swan, of Richmond, for the best

fine fleeced Ram,
To George Cayward, of Hopewell, fjr the best

Ram, reference to cnrrass.
To Edword Swan, of Richmond, for the best

six Ewes, reference to fleece,
To Charles B. Meek, of Canandaigua, for the

best six Ewes, reference to carcass,
By the Committee on Sicine.
To Amnsa Carter, of East Bloomfield, for the

best MaleSwinc,
To W. W. Uerendcen, of Farmington, for the

recond best dor,

6 00
3 00
3 00

5 00

3 00

6,00

6 00

4 00

10 CO

10 00

10 00

8 00

10 00

G 00

10 00

7 00

5 00

7 00

5 00

7 00

5 00

3 00

7 00

5 00

5 00

3 00

5 00

3 000

6 00

5 00

4 00

3 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

5 00

8 00

To Amasa Carter, of East Bloomfield, lor the

best Sow and Pigs, 5 00

To Janus D. Bemis, of Conandoigua, for the

second best do., 3 00

By the Committee on BiMcr.

To Joseph Gnilinghouse, of Richmond, for the

best Firkin Butter, not less than 50 lbs., 7 00

To Perez Hathaway, of Farmington, for the se-
cond best do., 4 00

To A. B. Rappleje of Fatmington, for the third
best do., 3 00

By tlie Committee on Cheese.

To James Harland, of Manchester, for the best

108 lbs. Cheese, 7 00

To William Childa, of Gorham, for the second

best do., 5 00

To Perez Hathaway, of Farmington, for the

third best do., 3 00

By the Committee on Flavncl, Carjieting, and
Woollen Cloth.

To William Ottley, of Phelps, for the best 20

yarda Flannel, 6 00

To Thayer Gauss, of East Bloomfield, for the

second best do., 5 00

To Bani Bradley, of East Bloomfield, for the

third best do., 4 00

To Edwin A. North, of East Bloomfield, for

the fourth best do., 3 00

To J. J. Gillam, of East Bloomfield, for th«

best 20 yds Carpeting, 6 00

To Thomas Williams, of Richmond, for the

second best do., 4 00

To William Bryant, of Manchester, for the

be?t 90 yds Woollen Cloth, 8 00

To William Ottley, of Phelps, for the second
best do., 5 00

t-y the Committee on Ftimijy Manvfactxirts and
Reeled Silk.

To William Ottley, of Phelps, for the greatest
quantity of useful articles manufoctured by
any family, since the first of January last, and
by females, from wool, cotton, flax, hemp,
tow, or silk, 10 00

To E. B. Dewey, of Manchester, for the second

greatest do., 8 00

To A. B. Rapalje, of Farmington, for the

third greatest do-. 6 00

To Willioin Childs, of Gorham, for the fourth

greatest do., 4 00

To Harlow Mr.nson, of East Bloomfield, for
the greatest quantity ol Qeeled Silk, raised
by any family in the county since first Janu-
ary last, 10 00

To Bradford Walker, of Canandaigua. for the
second greatest do., 5 00

By the Committee on Thrashing Machines,
Ploughs, and Harrows.

To , of Canandaigua, for the

best Thrashing Machine invented or introdu-
ced into the county, 10 00

To Junia Ingrahani. of Bristol, for the best

Plough, 10 00

To J. L. WoodruflT, of Canandaiguo, for the se-
cond best do., 5 00

To Guy Hayes, of Bristol, for the best Harrow, 10 00

By the Committal on Discretionary Premiums.
To R. P. Pitts, of Richmond, for an elegant

piece of table Linen, 2 00

To Miss Nancy Demill, of Richmond, for a

beautiful down Cnpe, 1 CO

To Mrs. Lyman Ilerendeen, of Farmington, for

a handsome shawl, 1 CO

To Mies Zerunah W. Picket, of Gorham, for

Buuerior needle work and embroidery, 1 00

To Pierpont Seymour, of East Bloomfield, for a

Sowing Macii'ne, 5 00

li wos moved by Jared Wilson, that the discretion-
ary premiums be paid bv the Treasurer.

On motion of John Rankin, it was ordered that the
thnuksof ths Society be given to its Secretaries.

The members of the Society then appointed Oliver
Phelps, Jaines D. Beniis. and William W. Gorham,
1 committee to report and superintend the publication
of the proceedings of this day ; and.

On motion of John McConnell, it was voted, that
they be published in the New Genrsee Former, the
Cultivator, ond the several newspapers of Ontario
county.

OLIVER PHELPS, )

J. D. BEiMlS, > Committee.

W. W. GORHAM, )

Oi. 80, 1840.

174

TH E X E W G E N E S E E F A R M E R

Vol. 1. f

yrom thi Fanners' Cabinet.

Book Farmiug.

Sir — On n visit to n young uml ncigbbiring form-
er, one wliQ bid IcU " the busy town tur the peaceful
cuiinlry," in he ..:iys, ami who rcails the ngrie-ullurol
'.vorks of tlie day in bis "wn delencc, 1 eiiw inuny
things about bi3 bouse and preiniaes which even 1 — an
old fanner, with perhaps a pretty strong epice of pre-
judice, especially against bouli furniing — at oijccc;)uld
perceive were improvements upon the old plans nd ipt-
cd by my grandfather, 1 had called upon him to oiler
my services by way ot advice, but I v.iw that beiore 1
entered the hjiiic, I was sensible that i had come to
the wrong place fur that bu6ine=c — so I made what is
called a virtue of neco^8;ty, and beli my tongue. —
Why, Mr. E iitor, before i left liim, 1 found that he
was tlij oldest in point of knowledge, and only want-
ed a little practice to render him by far a better mana-
ger than mysel/'^I guess lie talked like a book, and
had chapter and verse iit bis fingers' ends for every
thing he did, and someibing better than that too, for
he had the modesty to listen, while I described some
of our old fiishioned m.ides of management, which,
luiwever, he would demolish, although very quietly,
in about half a minute, by turmng to hisbooks, which,
1 declare, he seemed to have the power to iind just
what he looked after; and the truth of his notions was,
I am c impelled to say, as plain as A, 15, C. 'I'bere
is one thing however, in wdiich 1 think he is wrong;
he snyn we do not, according to his calculation, plough
deep enough — now, I think, if any thing, we plough
too deep, and so 1 told him, but he only an3wercd he
wa^ yonng, and was desirous of getting information
by t/in/ing it, and was making cxjicriineiUs which
\v nild'c.uivinee him of th.- truth or bilsity of the the-
ory; and then he asked me if ever 1 had given
the thing a fiir tnni 1 which I was bound to say 1
Lad not; and there, Mr. Editor, these youngsters have
the advantage over us — for nothing will satisfy ihern
but rooting to the bottom of things; and it w.is in vain
for me to say, as I did iO|ientc'diy, " he nriy be sore
that I was right in my notions on that subject, and he
w.mld fniil it so."

His dairy cjws which he bad bought but the Inst
year, were all oi' the proper age and in full milk, for
he tokl me, as often as he was convinced that he had a
bad milker, he sold her right awnv and bought nnolh
er; for, added he, '* my books tell me there is more
than a hnndrei per cent, difference between a good
and a bad milker, for wiiile a good milker gives d pra-
Jit,n bad milker gives a i;.-.'i'." This was physic to
me, for I knew that one half my dairy cows were too
old or too young, and the other half far Irom good — so
I said nothing.

ISut there was one thing in which he shamed me,
and that was the way in which he had chong'*d the
Situation of his cnttlu yard, so as to prevent the drain-
age of the dung from passing over the high road and
d )\vn the ditch, as had been the case fjr the loot age
or two, and this he had ilone so easily too, for, by dig-
ging up the l).>ttom of t!ieold yard two or three feet in
depth in the centre, he had cast it hollow, and obtnin-
cd by these means many hundrcil loads of the richest
mould, exactly in the place whei'e it wai icquired, and
oil without the cost and labour of carting, to act as n
sponge to Boilc up the draining during the winter; and
now 1 found him turning it up with his long manure,
a heiji, 1 had almost said, as large as a little burn I tlii?i
was killing two birds with one st-me, you see, audi
wondered how the idea could have entcrcl his head —
for I am sure it had never entered mine — but he took
dnvno book where there wad a idcturc of n cattle
yard as natural as life, and pointed out the advantage?
of l\n alteration, and made a calculation of the saving
it would be to him in the course of the year, in th* ar
tielc of manure, that ijuite astonished me; and then
be went to work with his iiguring to show me the
quantity of capital mould he had obtained, iiierijiy by
digging; multiplying together, as he called it, the
length and breadth by the height, and turning the
whole into lorrh, without evei loading a bit of it — I
djelarc it made me feel all-over-like to sec him go from
Dm to Ueersheba in about a whistle.

Bat there was n machine in a shed at iho end of the
ho loc, that was n caution to roc; it Wfis a large grind-
6. me set upon rollers, so true, that wjlb a single lin-
ger i; might be set off as though it tvould go for a
nnnth; now thai was a tool which I had |)romiRed to
get fir the last ten years, but never found time to do it,
although it has cost me hundreds of hours, and some-
thing more than tiiiij, to go to the tavern a mile of}",
every time we want to grind a scythe, or hook or axe,
and operate upon an old worn out, rickety thing, about
a^ s tiooth ae the back of my bond, a quality which it
Rjver biifo'" -t'oei' ine wa3cho-«en by tho owner and

tenant o^' the tavern, for the purpose of keeping tie
noses of his customers so long at the grindstone, as to
bring on a desire for drink; and, now 1 think ol it, it
is placed in the nine-pin alley 1 I would have patetd
without noticing it, but my yonng friend remarked,
"here is the ciieopci'I ortiele I ever bought; It is large
and cuts so readily thiit it is no labor to use; 1 guess ;t
has saved me about the amount of a rent already; nil
our tools, from the knives of the table to the hots,
spades, shovels, and I'ick-a.vcs, are kept sharp, and it
is pleasure to work with them; iit hoytime and har-
VI e: we geneially give our scythes a ti'Ueh every
morning, which saves hours in the doy and many a
weary back, besides cutting the crops closer and clean-
er; 1 cannot calculate the value of such a conve-
nience, becttuse I have never been without one:" but
I thought I could, and from that moment determined
to get one right away. He had many other ttiange
things about him, the knowledge of wdiich he told me
he had obtained from books; but as 1 must have tired
yon hy this time, I shall reserve a. farther description
of them for another opportunity.

ONE OF THE OLD SCHOOL.
P. S. He had also wdiat, he termed course of crops,
different from ours, which I must notice in my next.

Frum tke Amtrican Famitr,

Ilenery.

This is a new term to us, and when v/e first noticed
the article which is subjoined, we were at a loss to de-
line its meaning; but we soon discovered that it was
upon a subject that is too much neglected by our farm-
ers, and laid it by for insertion in our pnjier. Our at-
tention is again called thcrto by the reception of a let-
ter from one ot the most eminent and successful agri-
culturists in the United States, the proprietor ot the
Tlircc HiUs Farm, near Albany, who, in discoursing
of other matters, thus introduces the suliject of poul-
II y, which we think worthy the attention of all who
wi-h to enjoy the lu.xniy cninnating from the *' Ilen-
ery." It is also particularly worthy the attention of
those residing near the niai kets, where they can ob-
tain an average price of 16^ cents per dozen the year
round fjr eggs, and ^'ii to $3 per titzen for chickens
Mr. Cement observes: —

" I am now paying particnior attention to poultry,
have built me a poultry house, and enclosed a yaril for
them to roam in. In this section considerable atten-
tion is being paid to poultry. Since I built my poul-
try house, several have followed suit, and I have no
reason to regret the expense; fur, from (iO hen3 we ob-
tained in six months, yCUO eggs; whereas in firmer
years, when 1 kept from SO to 100 hens, 400 and 500
were all wc obtained during the year, Btsides they
are not half as much trouble on the farm."

HENERV NOT HKNRV.

Hcnrn/~ says our neighbor Adams of the Temper-
ance Grzette, is lo hcv^, what piggery is to pigs, or
rookery is to rooks, — he might have added — or hog-
gery to hogs, and cowery to cows. We aie glad to
lind him so learned in these matters, and especially to
see him willing to turn his knovvleilge to a practical
iiccoinit.

During a late visit in Wintnrop, he noticed the
liencry establishment of Rev. D. Thurston, which, ae
he thinks it an improvement on the common method
oi keeping hens, he thus describes in the last Gazette:

I.MPROOKU HKNEKY.

Wcjjre not sure that Hcnr.nj is a tiic'inittmj word;
hut we suppose that our readers will uiulcist'ind it —
if not, we would say that henery is to hens what p'g-
gery is to pigs, or rookery to rooks; — u jilace where
these u-,ol'nl feathered bipeds congregate, and perfmm
the appropriate duties of their stiition. We lately
met with one of these establishments, which ece.nied
to us so excellently adapted to its purpose, that we
have thought it worth a brief description.

First, then, in the upper part of the barn is an apart-
ment 12 feet square, boarded so as to prevent the es-
cape of what is put within it. Here the to.vls are to
roost, lay their eggs, and perfniu all their in-door
work. At the distance of a rod and n half from the
barn, on the borders of the garden, is aiiodier oport-
nient, of o'jout tho same dimensions as tho first, sur-
rounded by n high fence made of loth stuff, sawed
two inches wide, and nine feet long, and put on close
enough to prevent the hens getting out. These two
apartments are c mneeted by a cofcrtil trui/, which pas-
ses from the scaffold of the barn, in what sooic would
call 0 slantindicular direction, to thetencc, about three
feet from the top, and is continued down to tlie ground
in the inside of the yard. This is made tight. top and
b.ittom, and on one side, but with open work on the
othor side. Through ihia covered way tho inmatss of

the establishment poss when they choose, taking the
n.r ond enjoying the prospect, and when they come
into their out-door apitrtnieiit, tf.fv iiuU.lgc, ail libi-
tum in iheirfavorite amusement ot sctalehiiig diit and
devouring gravel.

• Tiic result of the whole is, they ore kept under per-
fect contiol, and yet enjoy ail tout liberty which is CG-
senliol to their health ond con.fu't, ond v/hen you
want a fresh egg, jou have only to lilt a lid over a
row of little apartments, in which their nests are
made, ond you will lind ot nlitiost any lime of the
day, a plentiful supply. The little chickens, loo, C8
soon as they ore large enough to make excursions a-
blood, will be ready to perfoiin an excellent service in
the garden, by devouring the grulu antl insects. —
Thus the inhabitants ef our village", and of our cities,
even, who hove '' scope and verge eii.mgh" to possess
a barn and garden, can keep as much poultry as they
choose, without infringing in the leost upon the lows
of good neighborhood. Those who wish lo inspect
the establishment w'e have described, may he gratified
hy calling on Rev. D. Thurston of AVinthro))."

The plan, doubtless, is a good one. Ey such an en-
closure, the fowls are kept liom doing damage in cul-
tivated grounds, are prtvmted from roving to theirown
hazard and injuiy, and will, if propeily fed, lay their
eggs and rear their young better, than if they enjoyed
a more enlarged libirty. Care should be taken, bow-
ever, when they are confined, to supply them liberally
with water, gravel, lime, and oniinal tood — such as
fresh meat, worms, ii'c. In this way, people in large
villages and cities can keep hens as well as though
they lived on farms in tlie country. Indeed, it would
be belter for farmers if they would at certain seasons
ol' the year, keep their poultry in such an establish-
ment.

We do not know as we undcrsl".nd the necessity or
the benefits of separating the yord from the bam, by
the distance of a rod and a half unoccupied ground,
connected by the " covered way" or lube leading
from the barn to the yard. Our eatoLlishmer.t diffcia
from the foregoing chielly in this part'cular. Tho
yard is directly attached lo the back side of the barn,
from a wall of which a roof projects under which arc
poles for rooste. This is a shelter fiimi the rains ond
winds. On a level with the floor of the barn, two
holes ore cut, several feet distant from each other, suf-
licieiuly large t J enable a hen to enter one and skulk
out of the other into the yard again if she wishes. —
The hens like secrecy in these iniporlunt matters. —
Within the barn is a long chei t, covired by a lid,
having a communication with the yard by the holes
a.bresaid. The cheet is partitioned off into nests
where each hen is allowed to lay her eggs " alone in
her glory," I. tile expecting perhnp.^, that the top of
her excellent place of concealment is liable to be
opened, and her eggs taken awoy by human stratagem.
— Maine Cul.

A Statcmcut

Of tlie cnlUirc and proiiucl of S.'gnr Beet, Mangel

IVuitzd, Field Carrot, and Sugar Parsnip, <,)i t!ie

farm of James Goicen, Mount Alnj, in the season

of 1S39.

SubuiilteJ anj re.id liy Jamfs fioWAN. Icfore the " riiilctlcl-

phiji Society fo.^ jiroiiioliejt -Vijricul.uie."

The lond setapnit for these roots was port of en old

apple orchard, and is a light, sandy soil, iniernii.\od

with Mica, or Isiny'aes, and from wdjich a crop of

corn had been taken the previous year. It was

p'oughedas eaily in the spring ae poss bic, sny lS)th

March, and before ploughing w: e linitd ot the rote of

thirty bushels to the acre. It was ]U'rmitted to rest a

few weeks, otter which it had a tolerable dressing of

well rotted stable manure immediately ploughed in

Befi.re harrowing, it was tica ed w ith a few cart loads,
say one hundred and fifty bushels, good street dirt, a|i-
plicd lime fashion from the cut, by seatteiing with
the shovel — then harrowed. The qiiaiilily of niannro
in all was not more than would hove been used on
similar soil in same condition for potatoes. The labor
up to sowing, was two plougliings, two harrowing?,
and one rolling — the lost operot-on deemed indispen-
sable in such soil, ond to render the diilling moic per-

llolf an acre was intended for mangel wurtzel —
half an acre for sugar beet — half an acre for field car-
rote, and t. quarter of an acre for sugar parsnip; but
the seed for mangel won tzil falling shori. and there
being an abundance of beel seed en hand, the latter
was increased to more than half an acre, while the
former stood less by as much as the other was increo-
eed.

The drill used wh-n working for beet ond mangel
wurtcel, was provided with three teeth, set two feet

S^o. 11.

A ND GARDEN ER'S JOURNAL.

175

ix inches npuii, cutting thcte drills ot" iwc nn<i a h/:if
iet njmrt nt one uperntiim. For cnrrot nml parsnip,
.lur let'lli wore furniched, eet two reel apart, cuUin^i
?ur (Irilld, two fpet CcuniiiT, nt one operation. Seed
own continoiibly in the ill ill by hand, inquontily, fur
11 nbaut tbrcj limes 03 niiicii ns planlswould he re-
uiii.d. Ail wasao-.vnbelwfen the Kiih iind IHlh of
ipril. When well up and properly developed, ibe
eet and mangel v.-nital were thinned to six or yeven
ichea apart, the carrots to three or fuur, and the pars-
ijis to lour or live inch s apart.

The hoeinywns pcrtuimed with a cnltivntor, eel

;ith duck feet or fcalpers; it might he drugged by a

out man, hut in the present case a light, short-lrtad

oree was iis-hI, htf by a cirelul nina, while a thorough

and heUl or conducted t'le ecolper. The liiddcr, »m*

loughman, a'lould be ot (luick eye and stiirdy hand,

be prepared tor the elighte&t deviation of the horec

hifh might bring the outline f=cnlpci8 ne.\t the drill,

t which tbe inclinati.in tended, upon the plante,

hjch would prove aa fatal to them ad the weede — the

yilptra miking clean work of all that conic in their

Ry, By thia ninhod of hoeing, ond of keeping the

louud clean and loose, much Inbor and time were ea-

d, for in two hours as much might be done in ihifi

ay, as would lake a good hand to perform in a week,

id then it w»'uld be better doiie by the scalper than

t' hand hoeing. An hour or two by the bcnlper, at

operand convenient periods, with now and then o

ody hand we..'(Iing when coarse weeds were observn-

e among the plants, were all the time and labor

s'.owed at this important s'.at-e of culture. Taking

le whole labor from the bejiinnins to the gathering of

.e roots included, it wouKl not be greaier than that

hich is usually i'eslowed on a well worked pa'xh of

irn; nor cnn the maui^re used, be catimated, aa to

inntity ond value, to be greater than would he rcqui-

d for potiitocs cultivolerl in the common and usual

ay on a patch of ground in similar condition.

l'It0DU<T.

igar beet, le??; than tlupc-fourths of an ncre, h.iving in tl;c

pa' I'll '.en Uir^e old apple trec'^, prculiiced iJ4U ImsLcIs clean

iml close topped roots ; a bualicl (us or- Tuus, cict. qr$. lbs.

tliiibrilv fiUetl in manner i.s tl:e OIU)

weiglie'l64Ins. 18 5 2 21

Lingel wurtzel, less tlmn Lhrep-ciaii lis of

an ncre, liuving sis api)!e irees in ihe

pat.;li, 320 Imsl.el^, 9 2 3 12

eld carrot, hulf an r.cre. Ii;tvini^ nine ap-

ole trees in the pniuh, "leo hnsliely. 7 6 2 &

gar parsnip, one-fourth of an ;;cre,Jir.v-

ng seven apple trees in tlte pa.ch, 12l>

jusbels, 3 8 ? 8

Total,

23

In leed than two acres. — Would not be over one
d, three-fourths of an acre, deducting space of trees.
allowance be made for trees ond their shade, the
ove result mu»t prove very encouraging to those
10 intend to turn their attention to the cidture of
een crops.

The drill ond scalper were constructed at home, by
d under the direction of Peter Keifter, gardener to
r. Gownn, who superintended the whole process of
Urvation, and by whom the principnl labor was per-
med, and this he did while having the care of a
ge garden and neat green house. This is instanced
show thnt the time consumed in raising the roots,
18 not so great as many might be led to inragine, and
pay a well merited compliment to the skill and in-
siry oi' Peter Keiffcr, to whom the premiums should
awarded, if the crops be deemed worthy of such
Xlwctiov.,'— Fanners^ Cuhinet,

a the syperioi' advantngres of throwing Orch-
aid Grass AVith Red Clover.

ud before the P!ulaildp/iia Society for promoi'ms
Agriailli'Tc, March 4, 1840, bi/ James Aieusc, M.
D.J v. Pnsidtnt.

My attention was first called to this subject when
iding the late Mr. Badley's notes on Husbandry,
769) in which he etaies the benefit to be derived
m sowing together the two grasses first mentioned,
d his remarks appeared so well founded in renson,
111 was disposed to pursue the practice he lecom-
inded; but before trying the ex^)erimeni 1 consulted
jinte Algernon Roberta, of Philadelphia county, one
onr best farmers, on the subject, end was pleased to
ir hiin approve of the measure.
My question wai?,. *' which was the best gmss to
)W M'ith red clover ?" He answered at once, '*0r-
ird grass," by reason of their blooming at the same
le, and the orchard grass t^iving early and latepae-
e, which was a great object with him, ns he devo-
, his ottontion to the supply of butter for the Phila-
phia market. Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, to
lom i also applied for an opinion on the same point,

wrs e»;tjally prompt in fa\orof the iiiijon of the two
gcnsBef in question. Thus backed, 1 had no hesiuitioir
in deviiiting froiu the utual routine adopted in Dela-
ware, and etill coniinuid very generally throuiihout
PonnsyUania; and upon the lirbtiieldof wheat which
I hn"d dovvn, viz: in If-'K."), 1 had sown the following
spTing, Vi merieured pints of clover seed with one
l)U"hel and a naif ol oiciiord gtaes, previously well
mixed. After the grain was removed, I saw with
very great delight, both grosfccs thickly covering the
giound, ond nearly as high as the blubblc; and Icie in
th' nulinnn had the saiitfaction to see my cows enjoy,
ing a luxuiioiia, succulent repast, afterthe fields which
Were sown with Timothy and clover in the vicinity liad
ceased to supply it. But this grotilicaiinn wao Muall,
when compared with that 1 experienced the following
spring, by beholding ihc orchard gtats in full blos-
som at the same time with its companion, and ihe
grouiwi -thk'kly set wiih both. Reserving a certain
fjpace for maturing the eced of the orchard grass, 1
had the crop cut when a few only of the clover blos-
soms were beginning to turn, being then sure of per-
fect maturity of the rest, and found that they, equally
with the leaves, lelained their connec'dnn with the
stalk much better than when the graf.s was cut afier
li.e clover blossoms had asbumed a darker hue. An-
other advantage attending this early cutting, ip, that
the stalks prcEcive their pliancy, and are enten
freely by cattle; whereas they are watted when they
become hard, from die mowing having been done at a
late period.

My experience of six years of the union of the two
grasses, enables me to say that the advantages of sow-
ing orchaid grass in pieference to Timothy arc as fal-
lows:—

1. Two crops in plnce of one,

ii. Good pobture Inlein ihe autumn ins'.eid of none.

3. The curing of both grosfccs in full perfection,
while when Timothy is town, the clover blo-some and
leaves are dead, black, and chieHy fall off in the curing
of the hay, owing to the ripening ol the Timothy Ixi
or 15 days after the clover. Farmers will never cut
their grass until the Timothy is fit for the scythe.

5- Knrly pasture, even before the peatiferons, hate-
ful wild garlic makes its appearance, or at least as ear-
ly OS the latter, and by its rapid growth, smothers or
lessens this enemy to the products of the daily. The
same remarks opply to the autumnal growth of garlic.

Orchard grass is upon a par with Timothy, in point
of nutritive quality and animal partiality, and will
command nearly as great a price as Timothy. Two
crops, and the early and late posture of the orchard
grass make up for the feinoll dilference in the price of
hay from the two groeee^, — Practical rarmcr.

There ore few coiuluclore of agriculturol journals
n the United States, but will bear testimony to tho
jubtnch-s of the fullowing lemorke. Mr. Klhworth
hcH set a i)rai8ewonhy example to other public ofl'icers,
by his active ond elficieni zeol in the promotion of the
iiuereeisof ttgri-julture. We cheerfully give plocc to
this tet-timoniol of appiobation, and it is diubly in-
creased in value, coming, as it doed, from so able and
distinguibhed a source — from the pen of Henry Vol-
man, of ftiassachubcita. — Am. Far.
So say we. — Eds. Nao Gai. Pur.

Ilewry 5^. EIIsMorlh, Esq.

Commissioner of Paltnts at Washingtun.
We have too high a respect for this genilemanp
and too much self-rei^pect, to ut-e, in ppeoking of him,
the innguage ol flattery; but we have no hesitation in
Sfiying that agricuUiiic has not in the United Slates, a
more efficient or devoted fiiend. He is full of inl'i r-
mation on every topic connected with it. He is ta-
king all pains to extend his correspondence in ell di-
rections on this subject. He lays under contributirn
all foreign minislcrt; and agents, "11 our navy (fileere,
vi.-iting diflerent parts of the world, and nil the mem-
bers of Congress and strangers vititing Wa^hinglon,
to transmit him the most valuable plants and seeds
which can be procuicd. He has already made most
extensive collections; and after reserving samples for
exhibition, he places the remainder in the hands of
those who will be likely to give a foir trial and a good
account of them. He is fomiliar, likewise, from bis
silnation, with the various patented and improved im-
p'ements of agriculture, of which models ore deposi-
ted in his ofilce; and upon Eonie of which he has had
ex'perimenie tried with a view to test their ulihty. —
B>very friend to an improve ' ogricultme oi'gbt to lend
h ni, OS far os practicable, his aid. No man is more
accessible, and his objects ore wholly disinieieeted and
public. Agriculture is the great interest of the coun-
try, without which every oiher must languish, and
upon whose succCfS obsoluiely and entirely de;-'pnd3
the prosperity of every other. II. C.

From the Library of Health
Fruits as Food*

The New England Farmer, ever and anon, lemls
its suport to the cause we serve — ond most weicomeis
its friendly aid and encouragemct. Below, is on ex-
tract from its editorial columns. We are not dispos^i'd
to marvel at all because the writer has before hiseycs.
the fear of being called a Grahainite — a species of pho-
bia which is exceedingly prevalent. The beet pre-
scription we can give for the disease, however, ie thot
which has proved efiicacious in other coses, viz: to go
forward, mind our own husines?, do what duly re-
quires, ond then let them soy what they plense about
us.

" Believing, os we do modt strongly, in the condu-
civeness of vegetable diet to health, especially to the
health of children and young persons, and rega.'-ding
much meat as ihe foundntion of mony diseases ond of-
tentimes in its moral tendencies, pernicious as forcing
to premature development ihe appetites and passions
of the young, wecnusider the increase and multipbca-
tion of fine es'-ulent vcgeioblea.ond their more genera!
intiodnction upon the tables of our farmers, as a sig-
nal good. We are not anchorites, or in the more
familiar language of ihe day, Gruhamites; though
we have no hesitation in saying, that we regard
Mr. Graham as having rendered eminent ond per-
manent benefactions to the community. We have
no inclination at all to renounce or denounce en-
tirely tho use ol cooked meat, (row meat or half
cooked meat oi blood, we look upon as only fit for
cannibals;) but the general habits of the country
are, in this respect, excessive. Meot three times a
day oil many tables in the country, is certainly twice
two often. Tliree limes a week woirld be quite fre-
quent enough, where there could be subst'tuted an a-
bundant supply of the bcf^l well-cooked esculent vege-
tables. Health would be essentially promoted, and
very serious drains upon the purse would be cut o0"."

An Exhorlation to Farmers' I>au!^liters*

Our fears ore, not that there are not many excellent
dairy women in the land, but that the benefits of their
knowledge ami proclice will he lost in the new ^emro-
lion that is spiinging up. Hundreds and ihoneands of
farmers' daughters leave the homes of their mothers
and seek other employments, as if w-iih o disrelith of
that which may be practically more and more scarce.
The occupation is stripped by the demand for young
women as operatives in factories, as milliners or sew-
ers, shoe-binders or Ftraw-broiders, or in some other
mechanical occnpation. How siicrt do such as oro
thus employed conic of the qualilications of the virtu-
ous maid who obtains the best port of hereducotion un-
der the roof of her own father, fiom the tiis'.riiction of
the mother tbat knows how- to do every thing coming
within her province as tbe wife of a thriving I'armer —
wl o ic entirely at home in oil that pertains to the dai-
ry, the economical use and due preparation oforiielesof
food and c'othintr, ond who suffers none of her house-
hold to '* eoi the bread of idleness !"

If not to the rising fair generation, to whom sholl
we look for the hondf^ that are to su|.ply so iniporiant
a |Mirti<»n of subsietenee as the products of the doiry 1
The farmer may kc-ep his forty, fifty, or a hundred
cows: if there he no help-meet to oversee and lead in
the preparation of the milk after it goes lo the dairy
room — if tliere be no female to prepare the vessels,
none to direct in the straining and setting of the milk,
the extrication and disposition ol the cream, the chur-
ing into butter, the seporotion <*f the buttermilk, tho
clean ond perfect salting down — if all this is expected
of men, and not of women: how nreerobly shall we
hereafter drop away in the produce of n most profitablo
and most useful orticle in the production of the form
at thot precise time when there is the mool sure en-
couragement for the farmer to enter upon and pcrECVcre
in the business of the dairy ! — Visitor.

A farmer should never allow his wod-house (o ba
emptied of wood during ihe summer months: if he
does when winter comes, in odditim to cold fingers,
be must expect to encounter the chilling looks of his
wife, and perhaps be compelled, in a scries of lectures,
to learn, that the man who burns greenwood has not
mastered the ABC of domestic economy.

The forma of good breeding have been properly
compared to the coiion and other e^ti nioterlals placed
betweed china vobes, lo prevent their being broken by
colliion.

17(5

CH E N E W G E N E S E E F A R M E R

Vol. 1.

Visitors at the Fair. •

Not the least pleneurnble circumsinncc coniiecled
with the late Fair in ibie city, was the large luimbcr
of highly rcspcciobic ngriculturists who auended from
abroad. \Vc only regret that our time and alti.-nlion,
together iviih that of the other ofTicers of the Society,
were eo fully occupied with other duties, that we were
to a great extent compelled to furego the pleasure of
any friendly iiuerouree with them, and could not
ehow them that aitoniion which our feelings always
dictate. Olid whi«!i was so eminently due to those who
came from a dielauce to vi^it our cuy on this occasion.
We hope however, that they will not atiribule this ap-
parent neglect to any want of friendly feelings on the
part of the officers of the Society, and that they were
•uffieienily grotilied with their visit to induce them to
"call again" next year, when we hope to entertain
thorn belter than on this occasion.

As an evidence of the impression which the Fair
made on the minds of those from abroad, we clip the
following notiCL-fi from the Hamilton U. C. JoiunnI,
Dad the New York Herald.

AgricaUural Meetins nt Rochester.

The great AgriciduirnI Show, iind Mechanics' Fair,
of the Genesee country, look place at Rochester, on
the 7lh and Sih inst. From a Canadian gentleman
who, with several friends, attended the meeting, we
learn that ibe exhibition of works of art rellecled high
credit upon the artists in ihe various branches, and
evirtced a remnrkablo and rapid improvement in every
department. The concourse nf farmers and olbera
was grem, and the Exhibition Hall, on Wednesday,
brillinndy illuminated, enlivened by a good band, be-
declted with works ot" art, and rich specimens of low-
ers and fruits, alforded to the crowded assemblnge of
ladies and gentlemen n rich and graiii'ying treat. The
show of cattle, especially of improved Durhams, bore
ample testimony to the attention excited among tbe
Gjnesee farmers by th s valuable breed. The hoides
of sheep hardly reached our friend's expectation, and
lie feels assured that many animals must have been
wilbheld from tbe dillidence aUending a first exhibi-
tion in a district. There were some excellent ewine,
bo'h Berkshire and Lcicesters. A ploughing maicli
took place, which excited much interest. Fourteen
ploughs, each with a pair of horses and reins, started,
upon a subject 80 rough as hardly afl'orded the plough-
men a fair chance of doing fine work.

L. F. Allen, Esq., ol Black Hock, well known as
Q man of talent, and an intelligent agriculturist, deliv-
ered an address to a crowded audience in the Court
House, in which he depicted with much force tbe sim-
ple and unfailing pleasures of a country life, and repro-
bated the loo prevalent haste to be rich, which led
thousands of young men to desert the plough, for wild
and gambling speculations in the lields of commerce.
Our Canadian visitors were mo.it kindly and cordially
received, and even at this natoriuus landing place,
where so lately British subjects could >carce appear
without being insulted, ** 7'Ae Gore" was welcomed
by the strains of '* Rule- Briltaiiiay" and other nation-
al aira. Invilations hospitably sincere, were pressed
open them by many newly a«-quired friends, and an
ooiiGst desire expressed and exhibited to obliterate all
"^ujleasaiit recollections and feelings. One thing, in-
iied, was lacliing, but it is unjust to intermeddle with,
•r animadvert upon, customs and habits, because they
happen to differ from our own : — There was no great
puhiic dhincfy wbicb nt such seasons with John Bull
Id a siiit qua non. It may perhaps be ad ipled by mir
neighbors upon a future occasion, and if it is properly
managed, excluding all subjects of an inllaminauiry
rature, no more etiectivc engine for promoting good
feeling and a cjinuion elfort to forward the interests
of an agricultural association, can he devised than by
aasembling itsmcinb rsand friends at a well regulated
convivial board. — llimillon ('(/. C.) Juurnal.

Agricnlture-"Politics— and other thiiii^s.

As your paper is reod by all elasbcs <>f people, both
in America and Europe, it ii probably the best vehicle
for the dissemination of agricultural intelligence. Yes-
terday was a proud day for the farmers of the C-'aesee
country. It was the first exhibition of the Genesee
Agilciiltural Society. At an early hour tbe city was
thronged with tbe IViend^ of Agricultural and Horti-
cultural improvement, from the surroiuuling country ;
janj sNiinent agricttltural breo^crs of ^oice stock,

Ironi Upper Canada, weie present. Among them
was Adam Fergueson, Esq., celebrated as an importer
of fine cattle; amongst the gentlemen from the sur-
rounding counties, well known as enlightened and
scientific agriculturists, were John Greig, Esq., oi
Canandaigua — formerly Irom Seclland — and Lewis F.
Allen, E?q., from Butliilo. Tbe latter gentleman de-
livered an oddres3 to a large concourse at the Court
House, which was listened to with profound attention
and evident gratification. Tbe exhibition of stock,
eepecially of cattle, was i^aid by competent judges to
excel ony thing of the kind they ever hod witnessed.
Several premiums were awardeii, but as tbe Society
is yet in its infancy, and is without public aid, the pre.
iniuma were not as numerous as would have been de-
sirable. To-day tbe Fair takes place, ot which much
of the fine slock exhibited yesterday will be sold.

It is cheering, in ihese limes of political excitement,
when the whole of the communiiy is eel by the ears
by office holders and olfice seekers, to see so much spi-
rit exhibited in the laudable effort to develope the ag-
ricultural resources of this most delightful country.
The thonka of all tiue patriots should be rendered to
those eminent gentlemen who devote their lime end
means to spreading agricultural knowledge. A;rri-
culture is tbe basis of national and individual wealth,
and its pursuit is ennobling in its tendencies. There
is no other pursuit in which man can as well practice
the maximsof sound Christian morality, and is liable to
so few temptations to stray from tbe path of virtue. I
have given you tliieslight sketch of the first exhibition
of the Genesee Agricultural Society, thinking it might
interest many of your readers, and perhaps induce you
to devote some portion of your highly valuable paper
to ngriculturai matters. Y^ours, &c.

RocUcsUt, Uct 8, 1840.
— iV. Y. Herald.

meeting of the Society,

The election of offrceredid not take place as was ad
vertiaed, owing to the impossibility of mak:ng a report
at this time. At a meeting of the Soctcly held at the
Arcade House on the 8th of October, it was rtsolvcd
"to amend the constitution so as to hold the annual
meeting of the Society on the first Tuesday in Febru.
ary; at which lime the executive committee shall make
a report, and the ofiicers of ihe Society for the ensuing
year shall be elected." Also " to amend the constitu-
tion so as to add si.x managers to the e-xecutive com-
mittee."

The following gentlemen were then elected addi-
tional managers : —

ISAAC MOORE, Bnghlon ;
HIRAM PITTS, Honcoye.;
JOSEPH C. HATHAWAY, Farnuvgtont
WILLIAM C. CORNELL, HcnrisiUi
EDWARL! I.E ROY, Caledonia;
DR. A. BALDWIN, Clarl.son.
The Society then adjourned, to meet on the first
Tuesday of February next.

H. M. WARD, Scc'ij.

The Fands of the Society— Legislative Aid.

Quite a number of the persons to whom premiums
were awarded, have generously made a donation of
them to the Society ; still, we are sorry to soy, the
funds of the Society are completely e.xhausted, ond
some premiums are yet to he paid. The amount of-
fered 03 premiums by the committee, was much greater
thnir the amount received from members ; so that if
the premiums are to be paid, the committee must suffer
loss. Thie ought not so to he; the friends of the Society
must exert themaelves more another year, and obtain
a larger list of members before the day of exhibition;
and not leove the burden of expense aa well ns labor,
to be sustained by a few individuals. What intelligent
former is there, "ho will refuse to contribute his dollar
to aid this Society and sustain the annual exhibitions ?
What farmer is there who attended the Fair on the 7tb
and was not instrucied, and gratified more than enough
to compensate for one dollar bestowed 1

Appropos on the subject of funds. Why is it that
agriwilttiral eocietiea ought Jiot to receive eome aid

from our Legislature, as formerly ^ Ought not the
sovereign people to give their servonts at Albany some
instructiona on thiseubject, the coming winter 1 What
say you, farmers 1 What say you, corrcepondents t
We should be happy to hear from some of you on this
subject.

THE !VE\V GENESEE FARMER.

Tlte Chfuipcst Agricidturul Paper in the Union — Only
50 cE.N'is a ycLTy (in adrancc. J ]6 l<frgc pcg^
mmUlily, tciJi cuts, J. J. Tiiosixs & M. B. B.>Tit-
iiKyi, Editors. Daviu Tuuysxs and others, asiis-
tanls. StVE.vTi conR^:spo^DK^TS.

The flattering encouragement which the New
Genesee Farmer has received diirin ; the jiaat year,
has convinced the proprietors that the jinpcr can bj
sustained in its ruitiresod, and at at economical prict ;
an.l while they exjiress their graiitude for the ess- •
taiicj they have thus for received, ihey would now,
with renewed confidence, appeal to the friends of e^i-
culture in behalf of the Second Vclumc. I'he p'per
ia so well known, and so highly approved, that it is
unnecessary to fpeak of its cLarac.er, further than to
say, that it will not suffer by a comparison with any
otiicr paper of the kind in the United States. Each
successive number has shown an increase of ti. lent and
correspondents. It has received during the prat year.
original communications from more than SKVEN'l Y
AVRITERS, most of whom are well knov.■^^ practical
farmers. It also contains the most useful selections
from other agricultural jijurnals, reports of tbe mar-
kets, &c.

The object of the New Gem s e Farmer is to ad-
vance the great intere ts of Agriculture and Horticul-
ture— tobene'itthe rommunlityin general, ond fanr-
eisin portienla-; E.xpji euce proves t'lat it is well
calculated to pion o e tliaotjet; and therefore it is
the duty of eiery fiend i f improvement to extend its
circulation, in order that i;e influence may be felt
throughout the agricultural community :

The friends of Agriculmral SoaKlies should eepe-
cially encourage this paper; f'r, nnless farmers read
on the snlijcct^and get their minds interested in their
profession, they will no: act efficiently for its advance-
nient. The Societies formed last year in Weaictn
New Y'ork, and iheir fine exhibitions, have already
given a new impulse to the cause in this section of
couutry; ond it is confidently expected thai much
more will he done the coming season.

[nj° All Postnwsltrs are requested to oct as agentSf
and remit money to the publiobers.

Address, BATEHAM & CKOS.M.4N.

Rochester, N. Y:

ILr Publishers of newspopera who will give iha
above an insertion, w II aid the cause of improvement,
ond shall have the l"a:mer sent them without an ex-
change. B. & C.

COPAIJT.\FiKSHlP NOTICE. '

THE Stiliticribers lisve iliis liiiy entered iiiln .in Lgreeiceot
of Coparlliersliip in the butine:>s of the Uociieater freed '^^
■Store ami puliHcation of the. New Genesee F.-inncr. All
debts due to, or from llic eoncerii, prcvioos to lliis date, will
lie settled by and with 31. H. Bateliitui. The husincsa wUi >.
hereafter be done in the name of Uateham & C'ro^mas.

iM. B. BATF.HA.tl,
C. F. CltOSMA.\.
Bachesler, Oct. l.tSJO.

V

K,

ft!

illl

Ifee

MOinVT IIOFB G.VRDE.V & JVI'RSERIES

ROCHESTER, j\E\V YORK.

EaH side of bt. Paul-street, iicarli/ ojtjiositc Mouttt Hope.

THE siitscriberB offer for sale a fine collection of Frul*
and Urii.iiiieiual 'I'rcea, Flowe; ing ."Siiriil's, Green lloust
and Jl.iidy Herbaceous I'lants, Bulbous Flower itoois
Double Dahlias, &c. &.c. Orders sent per inr.il or ollierwiat
will be promptly altendcd to, and all articles will he packet
so that they can be transported safely to any part of tin
country. Gardens lr.id out an 1 skillful gardeners fiiruishei
at short notice. Persons wishing assurtnients of any uf iht
alio\e articles to seii ngain will be supplied on very reasona'
hie terms.

Tliey would also inform tlie public that they are now re
moving their establishment from Biitlnlo and tfopbia streeli
to the Garden as above, where they have new and more ex
tensive Green Houses almost coiii[ilc!e,l.

This estuhlishnient is intended to supply the "W^sleri
States and Canada, with all arti-'les in the line of Horlienr t;
lure, and to prevent Ih.it delay and itisaiipointniciil n hid
a'nuisl invariably occur in oblainini; them from the erst; itn<
in a short time, as soon as Trees, I'lants, A:c., can b,
arr:ili:.'eil, a regular Itotanical v.\u\ I'omological Garden wil
be funned of which due notice will be given to the publics)
lli.-\t they niay visil and iiis|>ect il.

Trices ill all cases will be as moderate as at uny other es
tablisliincnt in the country, and no fruit of inferior ordoubt^ifii,
ful quality will becuttivnted.

Er,MV.\NGER & BARRY.

Bochcslcr, N. Y. Sept. I, 18J0.

N- B. A quanllty of Alorus Multiuulis end Motettl, wl!
be dtffpoeeU of on f&Torablc tertus.

■3 2

El-Jl

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

M. B. BATEHAM,
C. F. CROSMAN,

Proprietors. '

VOIi. 1. ROCHESTER, DECEMBER, 1840. ]VO. 12. \

JOHN J. THOMAS,

M. B. BATEHAM, Editors.

PUBLISillEU xMOXTIIIiY

IK CONHECTION WITH THE ROCHESTER 9KED STORE AND AQRI-
CULTURAL REPOSITORV.

Terms— FIFTY CEiNTS, per year, payable always in ad-
vance.

Post Masters, Agents, and others, sending money free of
poatapc, will receive $cven copies for ^3, — Ticetve copies for
©5, — Tusenty-five copies for ©10.

The postage of this paper is only one cent to any place
within this state, and one and a half cent to any part of
the United States.

NEW GENESEE FARMER.

Index to Vol. 1.

Our readers will find the Indcz and Title Page on
the two middle leaves of this number. On cutting
open the paper, these two leaves should be taken cut
and placed in front of number one; then the whole
volume stitched together. Those who desire them
bound, will do well to wait till next year, so as to bind
two volumes together, as it will save expense, and
make a better shaped book.

Subscribers residing near the places mentioned be-
low, may pay theirlsubscriptions to the persons named.

Kingston — John Crkighton, (Chron, & Gaz.
Office,) and Charles Heath.

Port Hope—D. Smart, Post Master and President
Agricultural Society.

Toronto— LussLiE & Brothers, James F. West-
LAND, and George Leslie.

Hamilton — Samuel Kerr, Merchant.

London — John Norval, (at News-Room.)

In addition to the above, Postmasters and friends of
the cause generally, are requested to act as agents
BATEHAM & CROSMAN.

JdOOK HERE : :

This number completes the first volume of the
New Genesee Farmer. Ik-TT/ic neit nmnhcrwill on-
ly be sent to such persons ns renew their subscrip-
tions. J^ We hope therefore that all who desire the
paper, and wish the cause success, will send in their
names soon, tcith the na:cssary accompaniment. —
DO IT NOW; and do not forget to ask your neigh-
>ors to do likewise. Subscription papers are in the
■ands of most of the Agents and Postmasters, and the
noney can generally be remitted to us without much
rouble or expense.

To Correspondents. — Several Communications
arrived late, and are crowded out.

Acknovi'Icdi^incnts.

We are indebted to Mr. Charles Downing, of
Newburgh, N. Y., for a cask of fine calcareous Marl.
We will make some experiments with it. — Also to
Hon. Adam Fergcsson, for some interesting English
and Scotch papers; from which we may make some
extracts hereafter.

ITExlIS.

Brice Ovens. — As these possess some advantages
over cook-stove and other ov-
ens, they continue still to be
very extensively used. Im-
.provemenla aie consequently
-^>- 2.- of importance. A great ob-

jection to them, is the large
-consHmption of fuel required

Old Debts.

A few Agents and Postmasters are still indebted to
IS for Vol. 1.; and with this number we send their
ills which we hope will be promptly puid. If any ol
le bills are incorrect, we will rectify the errors on be-
ig notified.

The Public Press.

We are under great obligations to many editors of
newspapers who have published our Prospectus, or
kindly noticed the New Geneeee Former. To such
we will continue to send it without asking an ex-
change; and if they desire it sent to a friend also,
we will cheerfully add the name to our list. (Those
who have not done so, but feel disposed to aid us, will
confer a favor by inserting the prospectus below.)

Editors of Agricultural, Scientific, or Literary, pa-
pers, who generously give us an exchange, will please
accept our sincere thanks.

IJiicuri'cnt Money.

Bills on solvent Banks in this, and the Eastern
'tales, are at par with us. Canada, Pennsylvania,
nd New Jersey, are about 5 per cent, discount. —
)hio, Indiana, Kentucky, and most Southern, mon-
y, is about 8 per cent. ; and Michigan and Illinois
1 10 to 12 percent.

We hope our iriends at a distance will take pains to
3nd us the best money they can obtain. We do not
•/use any of the above, when sent us free of postage,
nd nothingdeducted for commission; but the amount
f discount paid by us during the year, is a serious
em.

Post Masters

[ave very generally assisted us by obtaining subscrip-
ons and remitting money. For this they have our
ncere thanks, and deserve the thanks of the commu-
ity at large. We trust they will see good results
om the circulation of the paper in their towns, and
lat they will feel disposed to continue their efforts in
•■ ir behalf.

Subscribers in Canada,

honid remember that their Postmasters cannot frank
tiers further than the lines; so that we are compelled
pay postage on all letters coming by mail from
lere. This we do not mind, if bills not under $ 1 are
mitted; but on small bills the postage and discoun t
gether, are too great n sacrifice. ~

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER.

The Cheapest Agricultural Paper in the Union — 0}ily
50 cents a year, (in adrancc. ) 16 large pages
monlJdy, icith cuts. J. J. Thomas & M. B. Bate-
ham, Editors. David Thomas and otiicrs, assis-
tants. Seventy correspondents.
The flattering encouragement which the New
Genesee Farmer has received during the past year,
has convinced the proprietors that the paper can be
sustained in its native soil, and at \if economical price ;
and while they express their gratitude for the assis-
tance they have thus far received, they would now,
with renewed confidence, appeal to the friends of agri-
culture in behalf of the Second Volume. The paper
is so well known, and so highly approved, that it is
unnecessary to speak of its character, further than to
soy, that it will not suffer by a comparison with any
other paper of the kind in the United States; Each
successive number has shown an increase of talent and
correspondents. It has received during the past year,
original communications from more thou SEVENTY
WRITERS, most of whom are well known practical
farmers. It also contains the most useful selections
from other agricultural journals, reports of the mar-
kets, &Ci

The object of the New Genesee Farmer is to ad-
vance the great interests of Agriculture and Horticul-
ture— to benefit the communtity in general, and farm-
ers in partieular; Experience proves that it is well
calculated to piomoto this object; and therefore it is
the duly of every friend of improvement to extend its
circulation, in order that its influence may be felt
throughout the agricultural community:

The friends of Agricultural Societies should espe-
cially encourage this paper; for, unless farmers read
on the subject, and get xhe'iT miiuls interested in their
profession, they will not oct efficiently for its advance-
ment. The Societies formed last year in Western
New York, and their fine exhibitions, have already
given a new impulse to the cause in this section of
country; and it is confidently expected thai much
more will be done the coming season:

O" (4H Postmasters are requested to act as agents,
and remit money to the publishers.

Address, BATEHAM & CROSMAN:
RocheHcr, N. Y.

in heating them. This necessarily results from their
construction. They are usually two, or two and a
half feet high inside. A large fire is therefore requir-
ed to heat them throughout. This moy be remedied
by constructing them with a much flatter arch. None
should be built more than a foot or fifteen inches in
height, though they be three or four feet broad. A
much smaller fire is then necessary for heating them,
and the hot bricks being so much nearer the baking
bread, throw out their heat to more advantage. In
the common brick oven, the flue is made directly over
the mouth, and all the air for the consumption of the
tuel passes in at it, and flowing round through the
cavity of the oven, escapes at the flue. In the improv-
ed oven here mentioned, there is not oi course spoce
enough for the air thus to pass in and out freely; it is
consequently necessary to have another small flue at
the further extremity. But care should be token that
the draft be not strong, or too much heat will be car-
ried off by the current. Fig. 1, represents a cross
section of the common brick oven, and Fig. 2, of the
improvements.

SPLiTTtNG Wood.— By means of the following eon-
_^i „ g 'r'™nce for spliting sawed store-
'~ tcood, the work is rendered much
^eisier, while there is a saving ef
more than half the time usually
required. Fig. 3, represents a flat block of wood, 6
or 8 inches thick, and about 18 inches wide and 2 feet
long, through the centre of which a hole is cut 8 or 0
inches. This is the whole apparatus. Th.e block to
be split is placed in this hole in an upright position,
and the axe is brought down upon it repeatedly until
it is divided as finely as is wished, — the sticks being
held to their place, and no replacing by the hand re-
quired.

Gate Latches. — In large gates, made to swing both
ways, great accuracy is re
quired in odjusting the hin-
ges, so that when suffered to
I /all to, the latch may finally
settle in the notch, when the latter is made in the usual
manner. Even where the gate is hung thus with the
greatest care, a little settling of the posts, will throw
the latch an inch or two out of the way, and thus pre-
vent its fostening. Fig. 4, represents a mode of form-
ing the notch, which remedies this difficulty. When
the gale is suffered to fall shut, the curved sides of the
notch offer no obstruction to the free passage of ibo
latch, until by swinging a few times from side to side,
the force becomes diminished, and it finally settles inta
the notch. The gate will thus fasten itself, though it
be so hung as to be an inch or two from the centre.
This wil I be found a great convenience, especially ta
persons on horseback. A figure of ihis kind of fasten-
ing was published some years ago in the New York
I Farmer, but it appears to be liitlt; known. •

178

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1,

Hints for the Montli.

In iciniering all domestic animals, !ct there be nt
least a sujjidenaj ol food. It would be better to have
too much, than to run any risk of putting tbcin on short
allowance. Therefore if you have not a very full sup-
ply, sell off a part of your stock, though at a low
price, and the incrcnacd value of the remainder in
sj)ring, will more than repay nil loss. The great er-
ror of most farmers is deficient feeding in spring.

But be careful not to waste your feed. Cattle are
often half starved, when the food ihey conc-ume, ii
properly managed, would keep them in the first con-
dition. Is this incredible 1 Then try the experi-
ment : —

You doubtless know something of the quantity of
fodder to keep animals through winter, when they are
irregularly fed — exposed to all weathers — stinted in
clrinli — nnJ suli'cred to tread the hny l)y forkfuls under
foot in the mud, or to use it as litter in the night.

Well, reverse the treatment: — Provide comfortable
sheds and stables for your cattle, sheep, and other ani-
mals. Remember that a icmit of lunifoit is always a
icaste of Jlcsh. Give them a sufliciency of food and
drink, with great regularity. A meal ten minutes la-
ter than the usual time, causes the animal to fret, and
fretting lessens flesh. Most animals will drink several
times a day, and should therefore have it as often as
they want it. They should eat their hay from good
racks, so that it may not be trodden under foot, lain
npon, nor blown away by the wind. And they should
have plenty of clean litter as often as needed. With
such management there will be an almost incredible
saving of fond.

Tis:ht stables should always be ventilated. The
breath and manure from animals always cansee impure
air, and this should be suffered to pass upwards through
square or triangular tubes, made by nailing boards to-
gether. These may be placed in a corner, or beside
a post, and occupy but very Utile space, where the
hay loft is over the stable.

Coarse hay and straw are readily eaten by cattle,
when brine is sprinkled upon thoni.

Corn-stall; fodder should always be cut or chopped,
— otherwise the body of the stalk is wasted. This is
the best part. It is sweetest and most nutritious.
And it is the chief part in bulk. Chop it fine, and
cattle will eat it, if the fodder has been well cured.
A little meal or brine, sprinkled over, will be useful.
It is estimated that an acre of corn-stalks, cut and
well secured, and chopped when fed, is quite as good
as an acre of hay.

Farmers who have not yet thrashed their grain,
should keep a look out for the rats — they are cunning
litile scoundrels, and will devour more than you are
Bwaro, if sullcred to remain undisturbed.

Take good care that roots in heaps be properly ven-
tilated. Heaps of ruta baga9,mangcl wurtzels and su-
gar beets, potatoes and apples, whoa buried in the
open air, shonld all have holes made in their tops, for
the escape of impure and heated air. These holes
may be made about two inches in diameter, and filled
with a litile straight straw, not packed close, so that
the air may cscnpc freely.

Apples hcpl in bins in the cellar, gradually decay,
during winter. Pick them over nt least once a month,
taking out the partly decayed ones for immediate use.
Many implements and tools will not be any more
needed till next spring, and should therefore be snugly
packed away. Ploughs, cultivatoro, harrows, wheel-
barrows, horse-rakes, carts, hoes, chains, scythes, and
every thingelse not ncedcd,should be put aside in good
shelter, 80 as not to occupy space rcfjuircd for other
things. There should be a place for everything, and
every thing in its place, and then you will not waste
precious hours, when in great haste, hunting for

something you cannot lind. All this should be done
early in the month, if not done already.

Hut, before the month is through, we hope you will
do one thing for yourselves and us, — that is, not to fail
sending in your subscriptions for the next volum.c of
the NEW GENESKE FARMER; and if you can
get a number of your neighbors to subscribe also, we
shall, we can most sincerely assure yon, like it all the
better. •

such a system
successful.

ulture Would

economical and
t

The Fruit Garden.

We suspect that but few people are aware of the
great number of fruit trees that would grow well on
half an acre ; but it may be easily shown that a lot
containing that quantity of land, would accommodate
one hundred trees, ii sot fourteen feet and nine inches
apart. It is true that some of the kinds which we
shall name, would Spread in a few years so as to
crowd each other at this distance, and overshadow the
whole surface of the ground; but we do not think
these circumstances constitute any valid objections to
such arrangement.

Most, if not all, of our fruit trees require frequent
pruning. By removing the stunted branches, and en-
couraging new and vigorous shoots, much larger
and better flavored fruit is produced; and it will gen-
erally be found that the most spreading limbs are the
most proper to be amputated, independent of their in-
terference with other trees. Not that we would re-
commend high training, for it is a great convenience
to have the fruii within reach, so that neither along
pole nor a long ladder shall bo necessary.

The overshadowing of the ground is in some res-
pects beneficial. The grass will not be so injurious to
the trees; and if hogs run within the enclosure, there
would be little to complain of, while their manure
would keep the soil in good condition.

To give our readers however, a clearer view of the
luxuries which may thus be brought within their
reach, and which would supply them through more
than half of the year, including summer and au-
tumn,— we will mention the kinds that maybe ac-
commodated on such a piece of land.

] 5 Cherry trees,

25 Pear do.,

12 Plum do.,
8 Apricot do.,

90 Peach do.,

10 Early apple do.,

10 Quince do.

100

Now what farmer is there, who could not afford to
appropriate half an acre for this purpose ? But be-
sides this, he would have a safe yard for his hogs
when they are disposed to trespass. Their value in a
fruit garden, as destroyers of insects, is of great ac-
count. The proprietor of one, where hogs were not
permitted, once remarked to us that much of the fruit
was wormy ; and in a remote part of our fruit garden,
less freipiented by them, the plums and cherries in
some Boasons are very inferior, while those which
grow nearer to the trovgli, are generally free from
such dufecls.

In some situations however, where the fruit garden
is to be of greater extent, perhaps it might be belter
to plant the trees in a dilii;rent manner. If placed in
rows lliirty feet apart, more or less, and set frc feet
apart in the rows, the ground between them might be
cidtivated with the plough, excepting a space of three
or four feet in width o)i each side of the rows. This
might remain as a pasture for the hogs, while peas
or any other vegelablcs that would furnish food for
them, might be sown on the cultivated part. Our ex-
perience in this lino would warrant us in saying that

I'lowcrs.

The frost and snows of autumn, as a prelude to
winter, have left us many a withered flower, bright^
hut fading; and but few that are not withered. A-
niongst the latter kind however, the Christmas Rose
(Hdleborus niger) is the most conspicuous; and
seems scarcely to regard the inclemency of the season.
It is now a proper time to examine the borders, and
consider whnt plants would be benelitted by some pro-
tection. Many indeed will live without it, and yet
well reward the florist for such care, by a finer bloom
in the following season. This class chiefly consists of
such as have green leaves in winter, and especially if
recently transplanted, — as ihe pink, the English prim- .
rose, and the auricula; and no covering is better than
the branches of the pine, the spruce, or the cedar.
Straw is objectionable on account of its harboring
mice.

At a time when the garden is so destitute of orna-
ment, and so little to be said on the subject, it may not
be amiss to oiler some extracts from the letter of an
eminent florist in the eastern part of the State, which
we lately received, apprising us that the following
rare plants were on their way for our garden.

Fa;onia albiflora v. Reevesii,

Pottsii,

Double white peach-leaved Campanula,

Double white Ayrshirs Rose,

Double Michigan Rote.

" The Pteouias were imported by Mr. W , of

Boston, and he assures me they are true to their
names, though varying Irom ihedescriplions generally
given. The /■*. v. tuttsii is semi-double, of a deep
crimson, with a mass of yellow stamens in the centre.
The P. r. Rcercsii resembles the M'hitleii in the form ■
of its flower, but its color is a line blush.

"The double lehile peach-leaved Campanula is
worthy of your care, but you need not expect it to do
its best next year. You want a strong plant, and
then it is fine indeed. I have also the double blue
peach-leaved Campanula, but it is worthless.

" You will be pleased vvilh the Ayrshire Rose
when it gets to be a strong plant; and if I am not
greatly mistaken, the double jlichigan Rose is desti-
ned to be a general favorite. Mine was trnnsplanlcd
last fall, and consequently its bloom this season was
inferior to what it would have been, had it not been
disiurbed ; still there were some very beautiful flowers,
and they appeared to possess the rare quality of re-
taining their freshness and beauty for some days under '
an intense sun. W (our neighbor) was delight-
ed with it. — Of one thing I feel certain: the Michi-
gan Rose is yet to be the parent of a great many su-
pe-rb vaiielies.

" 1 thought Breck's seedling Phlox would ple-ase
you. lie informed me, when in Boston this summer,
that he had another seedling still Jincr, and I have the
promise of a plant. With yourself, I have observed
that the PhIo.\ei, especially the tall ones, should be
frequently divided and leplanled.

" I have been long under the impression that Glad-
iohts psitlaiinus and ti. ?iu(ftli:nsis, wcrconv nnd ihe
same thing; and Loudon contirms this opinion in his
Ilortus Biitannicus. 1 presume it varies greatly with
the culture to which it is subjected.

" I agree with you in regard to this beautiful genus,
and hope, in a year or two, to jiossees a number of
them. They will then soon find their way to Aurora,
if they do well."

The reference to our opinion in the last paragraph,
related to treating these fine species like the Tuberose;
that ill, to take them up in the fall, as soon as their fo-
liage is spoiled, wrap them up in a cloth or paper, and
hang them up in a cellar free from frost — or pack them _
away in dry sand. The next season, about corn
planting time, they may be set out in the open border.
With this treatment Gladiolus nutaknsis has succeed-
ed finely.

The following sketches of some of these plants aro
abridged from Buisi's Flower Garden Directory:

No. 12.

AND G AR DENER' S JOURN A L.

179

Gliicliiiliis Jloribundis, large pink niiil wUilo Howcra.

caiiliiiiilis, BHiiei l> srmli i epoucil-with v.hite.

liijzaiUmus, Inrgo purple flowers.

blandus, bliisli roso color, hanusome.

cvspidatiis, wbile nnd purple.

raccinosuSf rose and wliite.

2)^iltuanus, mtgnilicent, striped wiili green,

yellow, and scarlet — four inches in diauje-
ter. t

The Farmer's Readiug-^iiis SociaJ licgcnera-
tion Predicted.

Mkssrs. Editors — Your correspondent, H. M. C,
s somewhat discourteous towards W. S. T. in his re-
marks on the H60 of "Rainy Days."

'Tia true that the mind of the farmer should bo im-
jroved as well as bis farm; but docs the mere iact of
lis working at a carpenter's bench on a wet day, in-
tend of siiending it in reading, presuppote tbat he ie
lot substantially a reading man ? The grcaleat men
ire not often the greatest readers — nine out of ten
ead only for amusement, — the drudgery of reflecting
n what they rend, is loo severe a tisk for the great
laes of men and women. I generally find that those
.-bo read most, reflect least. Give me the man who
judicious and oven fastidiously select in bis reading.
Vho believes that St. Paul would have been a bel-
r metaphysician, a more astute reasoner, if instead
: working at «t7i( ma/.-mg-, he hod employed the in-
n'nlsof his apostolic labors, in reading Plato and
enophon ?

Kotzebue toll us that during his banishment in Si-
•ria, he learned more practical wisdom and self
lowledgc, from a single volume of Seneca, than lie
■uld have done had he been immured (clacmurcc) in
royal library. Confined, in a desert, to a single
ok on moral ethics, his line, active mind waenei-
er dissipated by indulgence, nor confused by varie-
. — reflection and self culture waaihe necessary con-
luence.

We contend, that as society is constituted in tlie
e States of the North, the life of the independent
mer is much more congenial to the offices of read-
l nnd reflection, than that of the man w ho is com-
fled to hve in and undergo all the toils and hazards
a mi.xed society, with its modern soul-killing con-
ational forms, its goading business reiponsibilities.
is true that " the face of the man eharpenelh that of
I friend;" but thia sharpening is not the result of
it intellectual collision which comes from study and
ich thiidung; it ia merely a colloquial sharpening,
•hal fl'ppancy; the mind has lets to do w.lh it than
• muscles of the tongue. The Northern farmer
38 not the lifaof a serf; he is a sovereign prince,
n free and independent in the midst of Nature's
inties. Why is it that he yet knows so little of her
'Bl simple laws ?

The solution of this question can only be answered
history. Under the feudal system, the rural labor-
was an ignorant, besotted slave — magna charta
ghtencd his chains — the protestant reformation me-
ed nnd bettered his condition — the Plymouth pil-
ms broke his fetters; but the prejudice against hia
tc haa never yet been eradicated. The American
Tolalion mcde us politically free, hut morally wo
Btill slaves to aristocratic delusion. To his shame
it spoken, the wealthy American farmer bows to
! prejudice, instead of making his riches the means
. f^ieenthralling his caste, by ameliorating their social
idition, instead of educating his sons to nreserve
own cfalted calling, with all the lights that mod-
science has shed upon it, he givea way to the x"-
Je delusion that Law, Physic, Divinity, or even
irehnndize, confers more dignity, nnd commands
fe re.apect from this gay world of men nnd women.

But the dawn of that day has commenced, which is
to make the free rural classes of the North more res-
pectable, both in their own eyes, and in the eyes of
the world at large. The lato revulsion in the business
community is hastening ibia reeult. Science nnd
learning are fast coming to aid nnd stimulate the arm
of agricultural induatry, and the shackles of aristo-
crntic prejudice must soon falL Then the farmer, for
the first lime in his lif.;, will be an independent, intel-
ligent man; a dcmucrut, not in name only, but in man-
ly leeling — cringing to no aristocracy, moneyed, or
hereditary — bowing only to that great Founder of our
religion, whote precepts and examples alone has made
him free. s. W.

1*-

Hlfi

Tiie Dsstisictive Character of Farmers.
Mcssus. Editors — When I go by a farm which
haa rather a mean looking house, 1ml a large, well
painted barn, with ventilating blinds at the windows;
a small, but well tended, garden, fenced in good or-
der, unincumbered with aldcis and briers, — says I to
myself, here is a thrifty Pemisylvania German farmer.
If the house is finer than the barn, with the pannels
of the front door painted a bright yellow, I'ewer cabba-
ges and more peach trees in the garden, J set him
down na a Jurseyman, particidarly if I discover in his
fields a little too much pigeon weed, and a sprinkling
of Canada thistles. The Yankee is less distinctive in
the character of his domicil and ita surroundings. If
rich, he always builds a high house, and paints it
white. If shrewd and selStb, as Yankees ore when
thrifty, he is sure to copy more from the German than
the German copies from him; — hence he learns that a
little too much ploughing and harrowing in the
wheat fallow, is bettor than not enough; that too early
sowing, is belter than too late, &.c., &,c. But for his
life, the Yankee cannot learn his woman to imitate
the simplicity, frugality, nnd out-door industry, of
the German females; — hence, he lias more weeds than
cabbages in his garden. If his grocer's bill for cofiee,
flsh, &C-, is less than the German's, he patronizes
the village merchant and milliner's shop, much more.
The Yankee and Jerseyman will sometimes have an
ambition for oflice, or a desire to be something more
in the fashionable and intellectual world, than iheir fa-
thers were. Not so, with the German: should he
transcend his father one step in intellectual improve-
ment, he feels that his father's ghost would rise up
and rebuke him. All language not daily spoken, and
all books, except those of elementary instruction, he
deems of no importance to any body but liis priest;
nnd to him he will refer yon touching all matters in-
tellectual and spiritual. The father was born a serf
atrnnsallantic and more kindly government, eman-
cipates the being of the son but the iron is yet in his
soul 1 1

Strange as it may seem, Germany is ahead of most
countries, in science nnd letters. The number of uni-
versities— wliere ail that can be learned is taught — to
be found in a single principality, not larger than one
of our countica, should make the ignorant, boastfu'
American, hide his head. But the learned classes are
only collateral with the laboring boors. In no section
of Europe, not even in feudal Iluesin, has the grind-
ing hand of the aristocracy more ccnipietely manaclej
the rural laborer, body and soul, than in Germany.

SENECA.

pork, would induce them to use their old brine with-
out first scalding it. Now, allow me confidently to
say that the idea is erroneoua, and the practice entire-
ly useless. If your old brine is sweet and good, and
has kept your old pork good, depend upon it, it will
keep the new. Eor what possible reason is there to
suppose that brine which will keep old pork, will not
keep new also 1. It may be said that the brine is full
of matter which it has received from the old pork.—
True, it is, and therefore it cannot extract the best
juices of the new.

For eight successive years, I assisted in putting
down poik, and pomingujion it the same brine, with-
out being once scalded; and the older the brine, the
sweeter and better was the pork. The brine was al-

wa3a sweet, and had plenty of salt at the bottom

The pork was laid down in the usual manner, with
salt, and the old brine poured back upon it. The ad-
vantages are, having better pork, besides a saving of
labor and trouble. p.

Siccdcn, October, 1840.

its

Preserving Pork.

Messrs. Editors — The following Iiinta respecting
the preservation of pork, may be useful to some of
your readers.

It is generally the practice of farmers, I believe, to
scald their old brine, before putting it on their pork;
nnd so absolutely necessary is it supposed to be, by
imst people, that nothing short of the price of their

itlaajDi-e— targe Farms nHlavosaWe to
JQcos&omy.

IMessrs Editors — There is more than one hun-
dred loads of hog manure wasted in the Seneca oulle'
daily, from the distilleries at or near this village ( Wat.
erioo.) Added to this, there are thousands of tons of
Gypseou's marl nnd plaster, wheeled into this outlet

from the plaster mills below Seneca Falls to say

nothing of the fine white shell marl, which underlays
the whole broad extent of the marshes below.

The high price of labor,and the low price of produce
is urged as the excuse by the farmers in the vicinity of
those distilleries, for not availing themselves of the
manure. Strange aa it may seem, ihc proprietors of
the distillery, Grcrit Western, were threatened with
a prosecution by a farmer adjoining, if he did not pre-
vent the liquid manure froni flowing his land.

The day probably is far distant when the full value
of manure will be understood in' this county. There
is a miaaiMhropic delusion among farmers when they
grow rich, which leads them to extend their domain,
by buying out small farmers. Hence the system of
large, badly worked fallows; manuring with green
cropsoifly; and letting large fields lie long in unprof-
itable sward- bound pasture; thus dispensing with the
ten-fold stimulus of elementary^ manure, with more
than ton-fold loss to man and beast; liusirating the
intention of nature, which is, that nolliing be lost.

SENECA.

ISoven Cattle.

We copy the following remedy from the Farmers'
Cabinet, but caimot personally vouch for its efEcacy,
but it is simple and deserves trial. The practice of
thrusting n sharp knife into the side of the animal, for
the escape of the wind, just forward of the hip bone,
we know to be efiectual, and has always proved per-
fectly sale, occasioning little inconvenience, and soon
healing. Cattle somelimes become dangerously dis-
tended by wind in w-in'er, by overeating themselves
on lurnins, and these remedies should be borne in
mind. •

"Mr. Editor — Inn late conversation with Cnpt.
James Coopcr,ofHnddonfield,hc informed me of a cer-
tain cure for hoven cattle, which ought, I think, to be
made universally known, for ihe good of the commu-
nity. It is ihia: —

Make a twisted band of straw, the size of the wrist,
and place it in the mouth of the animal, drawing it
tiiiht, and making fast the ends over the head, just bo-
hind ihe horns: this will cause the beast to endeavor
to rid itself of the inconvenience, by chewing the band,
and the act of moving the tongue and jaws will open
the gidlet, and permit the pent-up air to escape. I'be
efliciency of the mode here recommended, was tested a
very short time ago, on a valuable cow belonging to
the Captain, by one ot kia neighbors, who finding he-

180

THENEWGENESEEFARMER,

-Vol. 1.;

most dangerously nfiected in this vny, instantly appli-
ed the twisted band of straw, and woe quite nstonish-
ed to find that, in a moment, tUe air rushed furiously
out of the di^tendcd stomach, and in a few rainutcfi
more she was perfectly recovered.

Now, 1 consider your readers indebted to the Cap-
tain for this communication, to an amount far more
than the value of n year's subscription to the Cabinet,
but, in return, he only asks every one to do good, by
communicating, by means of its pages, whatever they
may know which would at all be likely to benefit the
world by its publication." J. 11.

Keeping apples for spring iisoi

We were much gratified last ppring with ]the appear-
ance of some apples which we saw at the house of our
friend and neighbor Walter F. Shotwcll — they were
so fresh and unwithered. On inquiry respecting the
method of keeping them, he gave us the following ac-
count;

They were kept in Q cask. In putting them up, a
layer of chaff on the bottom sprinkled with quick-
lime, received a layer of apples, followed by another
stratum of chafland lime, succeeded by more opples,
covered in the same manner until the vcasel was filled.
It was then headed up.

It is well known to those who have been in the
practice of burying apples in heaps, that the fruit
comes out in the spring much fresher, and often better
flavored than it docs when kept in open bins in the
cellar, — a part of the flavor in the latter ease, doubtless
evaporating. W. F. S.'s method has all the advan-
ta"e of burying, with another which we will explain.
When one apple among many in a bin, rots, the ad-
joining ones are contaminated; and not unfrequcnlly
0 mass of rottenness occurs, suriounded by much sound
fruit. Now the u=e of the lime is to absorb the gasses
generated by the putrefactive fermentation, and pre-
vent such learcn from spreading.

The quantity of lime necessary for this purpose is
not great, and less than a quart for a barrel is deemed
sufficient.

It is not too late- for our readers to profit by this
method; and we would remind them that no casks but
such as are perfectly sweet and clean should be used.
Old salt barrels have the discredit of being particularly
unfavorable to the keeping of apples. f

The King of the Pippins.

A few weeks ago, before we gathered in these ap-
ples, the tree was a splendid object — one of the most
BO in our collection. When small, it was injured by
the borer; and in consequence the fruit was inferior
in size and quality; but it has now recovered and we
have seen no opplc that is more beautiful.

The following description ofit, is given in LinJIcy's
Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden :

" Fruit above the middle size, inclining to oblong,
broadest next the base; the outline tolerably free from
angles, about two inches and a half deep, and three
Inches in diameter. Ktjc large, deep, in an even, very
little plaited hallow, tiudk an inch long, slender,
about half inserted in a liuinel-shapcd cavity. .S'AiTt
smooth, pale orange yellow, generally tinged with red
next the sun, and faintly streaked with the same color.
Flesh yi.llowith white, firin, breaking, very sweet,
juicy, and highly flavored,"

Lindley odds: " A very beautiful dessert fruit in
November and December. This very excellent apple
was brought into notice by Mr. Kirko of Brompton.
It is hardy, and a plentiful bearer."

Our apjilc agrees well with the description, c.vcept
that instead of being " very sweet" it is decidedly
add. Most of our pomologists however, appear to
make no distinction between sweet and sour apples;
and not un'rcquently the juice is both " ewcct" and
"subacid " as in Lindley's description of the Borovit-
sky; or "saccharine" and "neid" as in the Bald-
win according to Kcnrick, This may be all coricct;
^nd yet to our comprehension the claseil'icnlion cf ap-

ples into SWKET and SOUR would be much more
definite: and much easier to be understood by the gen-
erality of readers.

As a bcautifiii fruit of good size and a great bearer,
we can speak of the King of the Pippins in positive
terms; but whether it will lose enough of its tartness
in mellowing to become pleasant to our taste, is a
question we are not prepared to answer.

The Jonathan Apple

Is another splendid variety. Our tree was planted out
si-t years ago (apresent from the late Judge Buel) and
came into bearing very early; but it has produced no
crop so fine as that of the present season. We would
describe it as follows:

Fruit middle size, inclining to oblong ovate, con-
tracted towards the apex. Eye closed, in a deep
narrow depression. Stem, slender, about an inch long
in a deep cavity. Hkin white when iw contact with
a branch or leaf, but streaked and mottled with red in
the shade, with dark crimson next to the sun. Flesh
while in some specimens — yellowish in others, deli-
cate, juicy, rich, subacid.

Since writing the above, we have found the follow-
ing account, copied into the second volume of the
Genesee Farmer, which was doubtless written by
Judge Bud, who did much to bring this variety into
notice.

"The Jonathan, Philip Rick, or New Spitzen-
burgh, is an apple of recent origin, supposed a seed-
ling, from the town of Woodstock, Ulster county, of
uncommon excellence for the dessert. Within a few
days, some of these apples have been compared with
the Spitzenburgh, Seek-no-further, Vandeveer, and
other esteemed varieties, by several amateurs of fruits,
and pronounced to be superior to ony of them, as an
eating apple. B. March 2, 1833." t

Scraps.

COSPENSED FROM EXCHANGE PAPERS.

To IMPROVE EARLY RIPENING OF SEEDS. An ex-
periment was made some years ago by James Freeman
of Mass. to improve the early maturity of seeds. The
case-knife bean was chosen, — the earliest selected for
the next crop ; " by means of which, while the bean
did not degenerate in quality, the ripening of the seeds
in live years wos forwarded twentij-six days." The
first year they required 112 days to ripen; — the 3d,
103;— the 3d, 90;— the 4th, 8d;— the 5th, 66.

The importation of silk, into the United States,
appears to be nearly double that of any other article,
being, for the past year, to the amount of f23,91!),357.
How long before its manufacture in this country will
clog the market 1

Rats and mice, according to the experiments of
the American Farmer, are easily destroyed as follows:
— Take a salted herring, freed from bones, and mix it
intimately with as much arsenic as will lie on the
point of a small case knife; spreod this on places re-
sorted to by these animals, but not by young or grown
children, (of which latter there are many,) and they
will soon vanish. We would however caution our
readers against using this remedy, where the poison
might be scattered by the wandering of these animals,
so 09 to be in danger of doing injury.

Loudon says they may be destroyed by bird lime,
smeared round their boles, which will adhere to their
sides. Slid make thorn ecratch themselves, till they arc
scratched to death 1 1

Value of the Roller. Judge Hayes, of S. Ber-
wick, Me. says that his grass seed has never failed,
where iho ground was laid down with the Roller.

Large Calves. The following aie the names,
ages, and weight, of nine Durham calves, furnished
by Win. Heyser of Springdale near Chambersburg,
Pa., and from his imported bull Colossus, and cows^
of Whittnkcr's stock,

Lady Frankliii,

19 days old, S50 lbs

Napoleoli,

21 f' ?63

Flora,

9 weeks; SCO

Belina,

3 months, 460

Dahlia,

11 " mo

Franklin Comet,

10 " & 11 days, 936

Three calves, at one

hour old, weighed, 115, 120

and 125 lbs.

Weight of GBAi.f. The legislature ol Indiana
has fixed the weight of a bushel of wheat at 60 lbs.,
Rye 50 lbs. , Corn 56 lbs. , Barley 48 lbs. , and Oats 33
lbs.

Mangel Wurtzel and Sugar Beet. A good
hint. Soak the seed, and get them ahead as much as
possible before sowing — which should be done on
freshly stirred soil, and then they will get a start be-
fore the weeds.

Horses as Manure. In the city of Paris and envi-
rons, there are 16,000 dead horses annually converted
into manure. Let it not be forgotten that animal ma-
nure is the most powerful.*

Lucerne. John Baker, in the Farmers' Cabinet,
states that after repeated experiments in cultivating
lucerne, sowing it at different seasons, and on various
soils, he has abandoned it — in most cases, though suc-
cessful for a time, his crops were entirely winter-killed.
A deep light soil, and cultivation, may however en-
sure success. Experiments are needed.

Docking horses. As an instance of the injurious
effect of thus mutilating this fine animal, it is stated
that an English gentleman had a fine hunting horse,
that would carry his rider over a five-barred gate with
ease; but the tail nature had given him, not being in
fashion, he was nicked; — the result was, that when
he got well, he could scarcely carry him over two
bars.

Ingenuity. At the late fair of the Worcester Ag-
ricidtural Society, there was exhibited a box of shell
work, displaying great skill, "covered completely
over with every variety of shells, arranged in the
most tasteful order and elegance." The committca
did not have time to count these shells, but upon a
rough guess, they would state the number at about
eleven thousand seven hundred and eighty-four. Atf
the same fair. Charity King, till within a year a slave
in Maryland, and now 73 jearsof age, exhibited aJ
bed-quilt which was fcvorably noticed by the commit-
tee; and we decidedly think she showed superior judg-
ment in the occupation of her time.

Smoking hams in a pork barrel. A correspoa
dent of the Farmers' Cabinet prepares his hams at
follows: — He inverts his barrel over a pan or kettle
n which hard wood is burned seven or eight days,
keeping water on the head of the barrel, to preveni
drying. He then puts in two-hundred weight oi
hams, and pours upon them a pickle, made by mixing,
boiling, and skimming, in a boiler, 6 gollons of water,
13 lbs. salt, 12 oz. saltpetre, and 3 quarts molassea
In one week he has " well smoked ham, very tender^
and of excellent Jiaror." AVill some of our reader!
try it — at least on a small scale ? There appears nt
possibility of injuring the hams, and they can be emol
ked over again in a smoke house, if not done enough. '

Lime. A former neor Donville, Pa. raised 40(1
bushels of wheat from a field, which, five years ago
produced only 30 bushels. During these five years hi
has spread 1500 bushels of lime upon the field.

Milk cows clean. According to the observotioni
of an occurote exominer. Dr. Scbnbler, the first drawi
milk contains only 5, the second 8, and the fifth 17 pel
cent, of cream.

*To convert lienil animals into innnure, cover tliem will
cnrtli anil lime ; the offeiiiiive effluvia will !« rctaiJieU, a»i
the earlli form very rioh nituniic.

No. 1^

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

181

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F(;r Ike Aeio Genesee Farmer,

To the Farmers of Wayne County.

A etrangsr trovelling nmong us, would doubtless be
gratified with the many evidences of prosperity which
our county exhibits. He could not foil to remark the
comfortable and even elegnnt appearance of our farm
houBes, the rich and varied character of the soil, equal-
ly removed from the rugged and broken surface of the
eastern, and the flat and heavy loams of the western
eections of the State. But suppose that he should
proceed farther, and inquire into our modes of farm-
ing; the products per acre; the quality of the stock
we raise, and the accommodations we furnish them ;
the attention we bestow upon manures, with other
similar questions, — would not candor oblige us to ad-
mit that our wheat crop does not e.xceed fifteen bushels
the acre, when good husbandry would secure at least
thirty 1 that few farmers pay much attention to the
eize and shape of their animals, when it can be easily
proved that a good made beast, will generally afford
handsome profits, while the rearing of a bad one, is
attended with almost certain loss ? that many are
found ready to agree stoutly against stabling, as tend-
ing to the injury of their stock, when nothing is
more evident than that this is demanded by the most
rigid economy ? and that as to manures, our barn-
yards are seldom constructed with reference to their
reception or augmentation, when experience shows
that neglect of this will inevitably bring ultimate
ruin upon the cultivator ?

If these be facts, and they cannot, I think be contro-
verted,ought we not,as men regardful of our own inter-
ests as well as those of the country at large, to take some

decisive steps to improve our modes of farming 7

True, our lands in their virgin state, brought forth by
handfuls, with but little labor bestowed; but that day
has in most cases passed, and for us to pursue the
same method on our deteriorated soil, would be little
less than absurd.

Let us take warning by the example of the counties
on the Hudson, which, though formerly fertile, were
in many cases, by a course similar to our redu-
ced to complete sterility; and their farmers have been
obliged, by a laborious process, to renew that strength
which had been so wantonly destroyed,

A small degree of effort on our part now, would be
of incalculable advantage; but how shall that effort
be directed ? Chiefly, in my opinion, towards two
objects. The first of these is the establishment of an
efficient Agricultural Society.

The benefits of such a society can scarcely be over-
iBted. Look at Scotland, fifty years since almost a
waste; without fences, without buildings, without
roads, and of course her people, in the general, mise-
rably poor. Look at that country now — nowhere on
the wide earth is the standard of agriculture more el-
evated,— her wilderness has truly become a fruitful
field, and her deserts mode to blossom as the rose.
Her farmers, though subject to the most enormous
rents, are surrounded by comforts, and roads, good at
all seasons of the year, traverse every section of the
country.

What has wrought this change 7 It is almost en-
tirely owing to the efforts of the Higland Agricultural
Society, aided somewhat by others. This Society,
from a small beginning in 1784, is now able to offer
to the community sarcntun thousand dollars in pre-
miums.

As a matter of course, their annuol exhibitions
show the finest cattle in the world; and their reports
state that where little wheat was formerly grown, vast
quantities are annually raised — " three entire counties
averaging fifty-one bushels to the acre " Have we
not here, brother farmers, sufficient encouragement to
ctive cienion 1

The second object to which we should direct our at-
tention, is the general diffusion of information by
means of agricultural papers. In the minds of many
persons a foolish prejudice exists against these, as be-
ing merely theoretical in their character. But the
truth is, a good paper is chiefly the vehicle by which
intelligent, practical, farmers communicate with each
other. It is perfect nonsense to suppose that a man's
ideas ore not as valuable when written, as when de-
livered orally. The amount of information capable o(
thus being calcidoted, would be worth millions to our
country. I do not exaggerate. Let me adduce a sin-
gle circumstance in proof. Western New York is sup-
posed to have paid considerable attention to the con-
struction of her ploughs. It was here the cast-iron
plough was invented; but it has rcceittly been found
that the best ploughs sent from Rochester, to compete
for the premium of the Massachusetts Agricultural So-
ciety, required double the force to draw them, as did
those made in Boston ! Let every farmer then in our
country possess himself of a Prouty & Mears, or a
Howard, plough, and what an amount of labor would
be saved, and how much better the work would be
performed. But a knowledge of this and other im-
provements will not readily become known, unless pa-
pers devoted to the subject are widely circulated.
All of these, within my acquaintance, are truly valua-
ble; but I should do injustice to my own convictions
if I did not particidar'y recommend the "New Gen-
esee Farmer;" which, from the number and ability
of its editors, and most of its correspondents, and the
happy union of scientific knowledge with practical
skill, which its columns exhibit, will bear honorable
comparison with the best conducted journal of its
kind. Not occupied with heavy and merely theoreti-
cal articles, suited perhaps to another climate, its se-
lections seem in general to be judiciously made, and
adapted to our wants. — Atid then its price — onbj fifty
calls ! — the price of two bushels of apples. Why,
the articles on fruit alone, from the pen of David
Thomas, are worth, to any farmer, the cost of a dozen
subscriptions. Let each subscriber then induce his
neighbor to take it.

I hope that what I have written may not be attribu-
ted to a dictorial spirit; but rather to a sincere wish
for the promotion of our common benefit.

WM. R. SMITH.

Macedon, Nov. 27, 1840.

A voice from " Niagara."

The following letter deserves the particular atten-
tion of the friends of agriculture; and we hope many
of the readers ol the New Genesee Farmer will take
the advice of Mr. Parsons, whom we are happy to in-
troduce to them as one with whom most of them have
long felt ocquainted by the borrowed name of " Niag-
ara."— Eds.
Editors Neic Gcncscc Farmer :

Gentlemen — I am very highly gratified that " it is
now fairly proved, that the New Genesee Farmer can
be sustained at a price w.uch places it within the reach
of all." And it is a fact which I most sincerely de-
plore, that BO small a proportion of our formers avail
themselves of tbe advantages to be derived from a pe-
rusal of its pages; and to devise waj's and means
whereby this evil may be removed, baa been a matter,
with me, (and I have no doubt with many others,) ol
serious inquiry, and very deep solicitude.

If we set forth the great comparative value of &v<ch
a journal, — if we adduce ever so many reasojiawhy
such a periodical should be in the family of every far-
mer in our widely extended country, the great mnjoji-
ty of them never see or read such represeinolions, be-
cause they do not take the paper. Now, what shall
be done ! In suswer Vi this QuesUoUj I wottld bog

leave to make ono suggestion; and that suggestion I
would make not to, or at, such as never sec or read
the New Genesee Farmer; but to its subscril/crs, its
friends, its jiatrons, and its readers. The plan, or
suggestion, is as follows; — Let every subscriber of the
first volume take one or two numbers to each of hia
neighbors, and request such neighbors to read them,
and then return them and get one or two more. By
this time they will become interested in their perusal,
and one-half will subscribe for the paper without solic-
itation. To those who are somewhat backward on
the subject, just say to them, " Pay mo fifty cents and
the paper shall be sent to you for one year; and if you
will sny, at the end of the yeor, that you have not re-
ceived a greater advantage than the amount of the
subscription, bring me the 12 numbers, in good order,
and I will refund you the money."

I make this suggestion. Gentlemen, because I have
the most perfect confidence that it would succeed lo
the increase of your subscription list more than four
fold. I have partially tried this plan, and I am deter-
mined to make the experiment still further. And I
do assure you that I very highly appreciate your useful
journal; for I have received great advantages from it
and its predecessor. From the very commencement
of my farming operations, I have been in the habit of
reading agricultural journals, and they have, in innu-
merable instances, been a source of profit to me, aa
well as much rational enjoyment: and I hereby pledge
to you my co-operation in the acomplishment of the
most worthy object of your journal, so for as is consis.
tent with my other avocations, both with my tongue
and my pen. Yours truly,

W. PARSONS.

Thorn Hill, near Lockporl, Nov.1840.

Wayne County Agricultural Society.

By the following notice, copied from the TVaijne
Standard, we perceive that the friends of improve-
ment in that rich county are not disposed to relox their
efforts for the advancement of the great interests of
agrieidture. There are enough able and intelligent
farmers in that county to sustain a society with great
spirit and usefulness, if they would only give thet^
minds to the subject, and unite their eflbrta. Thiei
we hope they will do, so that we may have a goocj
account of them next year.

We believe there is now a more general disi>06itior>
to make vigorous and united efforts for the advance-
ment of agriculture in Western New York, than ever
before existed; and we expect to have the pleasure of
recording great things of Old Genesee next yea{,

WAYNE CODNTV AC.RICDT.TURAL SOCIETV.

A meeting of the Wayne County Agrieuhursl So-
ciety, was held, pursuant to public notice, at the house
of V. G. Barney, in Newark, on Wednesday, the
15th of November, when an election of officers of the
Society took place, which resulted in the selection of
the following gentlemen; —

SAMUEL HECOX, President,
HAMILTON ROGERS, ist. V. President,
HARVY MALLORY, 2d. V. President,
DAVID M. KEELER, Secrctan/.
REUBEN H. FOSTER, Corr^ouding See-.
JOSEPH A MILLER, Treasum.
SAMUEL E. HUDSON,
A. L. BEAUMONT,
CULLEN FOSTER, ^
EsBQN Blackmar and John M. Hollev were ap-
pointed delegates to the State Agricultural S<.>cicty, to
bo held at Albany, in January next.

The Premiuma av.-arded at the Fair, were paid to
such as were present and entitled So receive the snraes

Rtsolrcd, That the next annual election of off((;ei%
take place on the day of the next Annual Foir.

Resolred, That the proceedings of this moelijig be
signed by the President and Secretary, and published
in the Wayne Sitandord, in the other c-.iuiiy papers,
and ill the Cul'ivalor nnd New Genec-ee Farmer.'

ETiecvike Com~
Viittee.

Davi>.

SAMUEL flECOX, Prus't.
!\I. KEti-EK. .S'cc'y.

182

T H E i\

From the MayciiU SentineL

Chantauqiic Agricultural Fair.

The Aniiunl Fair niid Cuitlo Show of the Clinu-
taaquo C'ouiitv At;riculturnl Sociuiy, wm held in iliia
village, on ihc I4ih and loih days of October, which
the press of political motlers would not permit U6 to
notice nt the lime. The quality of the animals would
fully tustain the rcputoiion which the county has ac-
quired abroad for the excellence of her stock. The
domestic manufactures, though not as numerous aa
might be wished, would eiiU reflect much credit to the
coniribators. Some nice cheeses were exhibited,
which shows that that branch of domestic industry at
least, is understood here, indicating no inconsidcrnble
(source of wciilth to the country at no very dietont pe-
riod. Some line specimens of sewing silk, monufac-
tured in Portland, were quite creditable to tho.'ie enga-
ged in the enterprise, and we cannot but hope that
these arc but the commencement of successful elloris
to supply ourselves with silji, independent of foreign
labor.

On the whole, the Fair was creditable to the enter-
prising farmers of Chautnuque, considering that it
was the lirsl lime that preuiiuma have been ollcred,
and we doubt not that they will bo convinced by ihis
effort, that an excellent agricultural society may be
kept up in this county, which buoU be cmiucutly use-
ful in promotin!! their peculiar wclthre and interests.
The interest of their meetings would be much promo-
ted, if they had an intelligent agricultuiist to deliver
an address before them.

On the first day, which was devoted to the sittlc-
ment of accoimts and the election of oIKcers, the fid-
lowing persons were chosen offieciB for the ensuing
year: —

THOMAS B. CAMPBELL, President.

John Miller, "\

S. ^V. Holmes, (

Abijah Clark, j

Joseph Puatt, J

E. P. Upham, Scrrelarij,

Jeoediah Tkacy, Trcamrer.

J'ico VrcsUhnts,

John Miller,
Aeuau Clark,
E. P. IJpuAai,
Jabez Burrows,
R. F. Feston,

S. W. Ho -MLS, '

Awurd'mg CommiUce

on
Domestic Atiinials.
Aicarding Commitioe

on
Domssiic Miini'fucturcs.
The Committee on Domestic Animals awarded to
the following persons, the premiums set opposite to
tbeir names, viz:

To Darius Knapp, for the best Ball,
John West, for second beet do.
R. F. Fenton, best Stud Horse,
Charles Forsyth, best Mare and Colt,
Samson Vincent, best Boar,
Joseph Fratt, second beet do.,
Charles W. Naenn, best Sow,
T. B. Campbell, second best do.,
Charles W. Nuson, for 10 best F.wes,
\Vm. Prendergast 2d, for best Cow,
Dnvid Morris, second best do.,
Joshua Burch, \>e>X yoke of Oxen,
Jabez Burrows, second best do.,
David Morris, best Buck,
J. R. Tracy, second best do.,

The Committee on Domestic Manufactures award
ed the following premiums, viz: —
To John S. Coon, for best samples of Sew-
ing Bilk,
John West, beet etimple Butter,
Wm. Smith, best sample Fulled Cloth,
Abijah Cui:ik, second best do.,

N. Thumb, be^t table Linen,
S. \V. Baker, best Cheese.

$10 0')
6 01
lU 00
6 00
5 00
3 00
5 00
3 00
5 00
5 00
3 00
10 00
5 00

:> 00

3 00

$3 00
3 OT
.5 00
3 00
5 00
3 00

AgricnlturaJ Papers.

Many have conceived cnoueuus notions as to the
true character and functions ofnn Agricultural paper.
" Will it learn me to work V once asked, in derision.
a very tulerMc farmer in our presence. It will not
learn you to lore to work, we resiionded; nciilur will
it imirc you to work, or enable you to stiuid it, if you
are averse or unaccustomed to it. But a well con-
ducted ogricultmal paper is very certain to present you
facts by which, if you read and uuderstTind them, you
are enabled to work to the 'xiMtcst possible ad tmilagc,
thereby economizing your time and labor with increa-
sed prollts.

Will it learn me to plough 1 nsks another. It will
not learn you to hold the handles of the plough, or to
work in the furrow — these things, it is iircsumed, you

have already learned; but it will place in your hands
models of the best ploughs, and it will prcfcnt you
with tlic experience of the I.esi practical fuTincrs as to
the depth and manner of ploughing the vorions crops
and soils, the lime and weather when admissible,
&c. &c.

Will it learn me to make corn ? asks another.-—
How to do ibis you ijcrhops already know; but it will
also inform you that there are many other crops, more
or less profitable than corn, how to cullivalc which, to
the best advanlnge, perhaps you do not know. It will
piescnt you wiih the results of experiments and the
mode of culture of the best practical J'arintrs w'wh ev-
ery voriety of crops — and leave you to judge of iheir
relative profit, anci to your own election as to whether
you will make cum or carrots, cotton or multicaulis,
millet, or mangel wurtzel, hoy, hemp, or live stock, or
all together.

A good ngricidtural paper, contributed to by practi-
ce! and scientific fanners, will be of cervice to you in
so many points of view, that we are at a loss to know
where to begin to enumerate them. It is a 6torehot-;se
of agricultural knowledge, from which the best of far-
mers may always draw something new and servicea-
ble. For its contents arc made up of the best opinions
and best practices, the best results of the most careful
observations and accurate experiments of all the best
farmers of the world combined.

The leading object, indeed, in the publication of an
agricultural paper, is to afford to farmers a common
medium through whicli to impart and receive instruc-
tion. The opinions of the editor are of course enti-
tled to no more weight than the opinions of any one
contributor of equal merit, and ihcy should occupy no
more space than will barely serve to communicate his
practical knowledge (let it be great or little) and the
practical knowledge of others of which he is posses-
sed, by a ctrursc of reading or otherwise.

Agriculture, including all its branches and ramifica-
tions, is not only n science, but in our view of it, a
science not less dilTicult completely to master than
what are termed the learned professions. Like all
other sciences, it is constantly illiuninated with new
lights ond improvements. There are few, very few,
who have ottoined that perfection in it, which places
them beyond the reach of being taught. But of the
mass of farmers, we know of many who have reached
great proficiency in particular branches of culture,
who have yet much :o learn in others.

lu the columns of our agricultural journals, they .nil
meet and compare ideas, facts, and practices. It is the
medium through which they are all improved, whilst,
nt the same time, they all imparl instruction to their
fellow men.

The practical farmers leant through this medium,
that there is a great rarietij of soils, each more or less
specially oduptetl t(^ certain species, and each more or
leas unsuited to certain other species of vegetable pro-
ducts. He leanid through its geological descriptions,
to what class of soils his lands belong, and through its
chemical essayc, how to analyze them for him-
telf. Through the same sources, he is made ac-
quain'ed with the chemical aird other actions of the
various manures, and learns what manures his particu-
lar soil requires, and how to apply them. Through
this medium, he meets with all the improvements in
the various implements of husbandry; with all the
newly discovered modes of destroying the various
prcdaloiy insects that prey upon his crops; with all
the most apjjroved remedies for diseases wliich beset
find destroy the live stock, &c. &c. &c. In short,
the farmer finds, in such a vehicle of farming intelli-
gence, every thing that pertains to strict agricultural
economy, to enumerate all the points of which, would
require volumes. We have only glcnccd at a fe\v of
them here, in the hope that the oid of the more judi-
cious, capable, and reflecting, among our patrons will
be given to a future and more detailed statement and
illustrolion of the principles of this invahinble science.
And we woiiM line mention this ns a leadingobjeet of
the agrieultui;al journals of die daf — to arouse the r«-
pahlcfctr to lUe point of dilTubing throughout the grrjit
mass of farmers the existing knowledge now in their
keepiu;,', and of illusti-ating " the benefits, both public
aiul private, which must result from reducing it gene-
rally to luaetiee." To this we will only append the
forcible and just remark of the late Judge Emmerson,
that " while they are among the cheapest pcriodicols
ol the day, no fanner of common intelligence can pe-
ruse an ngiicuUural poper, conducted w-ith ordinary
ability, witli'iiit being actually beiuliued, t ven in a
pecuniary point of view, to nn amount at least ten fold
greater than the price of his subscription."— 6'oH(/icr»
Culticator.

Vol,

High V<ages and Taxation.

Mr. Editor — 1 have read v.ith very great pleasure,
in the poges of the Cabinet, the excellent address de-
livered by the President of the Philadelphia Agricul-
tural Society, at their late exhibition, and cannot but
envy those who were able to be present at such "a
feast of fat things. His view of the question of high
wages is, I am convinced, correct, and the declaration
of the late Mr. Geo. Walker, that his farm-work was
done iv.eniy per cent, cheaper in this country thou in
England," is only corroborative of what 1 have heard
thai gentleman say, " 1 need only to be informed what
is the rale of wages in any country, to enoble me to
form a correct estimate of its prosperity and happiness,
these being always in exact proportion, whether high
or low." And it is proverbial, that where low wagea
are, there are poverty and discontent — witness the pre-
sent stole of Englond and the whole continent of Eu-
rope— these being the causes of that stream of cmi-
gralicm which is ever pressing towards our shores.

The Presideiil's estimate of the diiTerence in the
value of land in this country and in England, is cor-
rect, as is also the difference in the rale of taxation, if
it be confined to direct taxation, while the indirect im-
post which falls upon every thing that can be seen,
felt, and undeiblood, soon swells the amount far be-
yond the limit which he has assigned to it; for after
" ihe lox-gatherer and tything-man have made their
appearance and taken from ihe farmer fifty-lhree per
cent, upon his rent," then conies domestic toxation,
which, silently and impeiceptibly, robs him of a great
portion of the means of his existence, and renderB
him incapable of paying to his laborers more than is
sufficient to procure them n bare subsistence; and
were it not that labor is obtained there at about onC'
third part of its value, the farmer would nut be able to
subsist at all. No one in this country can conceive to
what an extent ta.xation is carried in England; were
they not indecd,a " nation of shopkeepers," they mua
long since have sunk under it; their industry and per-
severance have alone supported them.

The following sentiment in the President's address
does him honor — may he long live to witness its irutl
and justness, and rejoice in his country's welfare um
prosperity I " Depend upon it," says he, " there i
no surer sign of national piosperity than high wages
and God grant that for a many long year it may bi
the lot of our countrymen, who subsist by the labo
of their hands, lo work well, io be paid icell, and t
lire well.

But I must copy from on English publication, * tb
following delicious morsel on the "Universality c
Taxation;" it is sufficient to convince every one c
the preference due to this country over all others i
the world; but it ought, at the same time, to operat
as a warning to us how we indulge in a too great foni
ness for " national glory," a sin, by which all the ol
governments of Europe have been reduced to a stat
of poverty and confusion, and which will, in the enc
prove the ruin of many of them.

" We can inform Brother Jonathan what are the ii
evitable consequences of being too fond of glory :-
Taxes upon every article which cnteis the mouth c
covers the back, or is [ilacod under the foot — taxf
upon every thing which is pleasant to see, hear, fee
smell or taste — toxes upon warmth, light and locorac
lion — taxes on every thing on earth, and in the watei
under the earth — on every thing that comes from i
broad, or is grown at honre — taxes on the raw mater
al, and on every fresh value that is mldcd to it by th
industry of man — taxes on the sauce which ^«7n/jei
man's appetite, and on the drug which rejilorcs him i
health — on the ermine which decorates the judge, on
on the rope which hangs the criminal ! — on the pm
nian'ssalt, and the rich mon's spice— on the brass nai
of the eofiin, and the ribons of the bride — at bed <
board, covchant or Icraut, we must pay. Tb
school-boy whips his taxed top — the beaidless yout
manages his taxed horse with his taxed bridle, on
taxed road : — and the dying Englishman, pouring b
medicine, which has paid seven percent., into a silvc
spoon, which has paid fifteen percent, flings hinisc
back upon his chintz bed, which has poid twenly-tw
per cent. — and expires in the orms of a taxed i.pothi
cniy, who has paid a license of one hundred pount
sterling, for the privilege of practising his calling !-
His whole property is then imniedialcly taxed fronr Iw
to ten per cent. ; and, besides the probate, large fe<
are demanded for burying him in the Chancel; bi
virtues are handed down to posterity upon taxed mo;
ble, and ho is ot length gathered to his fathers — to b
tnxeil no more I" — lanitrrs' Cabinet. W.

' S-yducy (raiilli's Works 8 \ o. 1639.

I';,

m

pf

No. 12.

A ND G A R D E x\ E R'S J O U R N A L.

Fiotectiou of tattle

KINDNESS TO JM.MiLS IS A CHRISTIAN DUTV.

Cattle icliosc hcUics arc kept well filled, have nn ac-
tive, vigorous ciiculntion ol [lie Ijlood, wliicli keeps
them warm during tlie iucleinrnt winter ecnson, pro-
vided they biive access loan open shed to protect them
from wet. It is iinicli to be regretted, that so many
barn-yards are destitute of open shcd^, to furnisU pro-
tection to enltle. Those animals which are furuiehed
with warm stables during the nis;bt, suffer much
more from want of pi'otcction iVom v.-et during the
day-time, than if they were exposed niyht aitd day to
the elenuMita. An ndvantnge of no tiitling amount
also, arises from open sheds in a barn yard protecting
the manure under them from being bleached by rains,
which depreciates its value one half An accurate
experiment has been nindo by nn intelligent firmer
on this subject, which resulted in proving that one
load of manure which was protected in this mannei',
goes as far as two loads which had lain exposed to all
the rains of the season. A rough shed costs but a
email sum, and it matters not how cheap and rough it
ia made, so that stock can be kept dry under it.

Try it; go to work and erect one yet, before win-
ter; it can be done in a day or two, at a very incon-
Biderable outlay, and it will pay for itself, with a hun-
dred percent, profit, before this time twelvemonth.

Have youwaterin your barn-yard tor your stock, or
do you permit your cattle to wander abroad for several
hours every day, in pursuit of it elsewhere ? If you
have not, [urn to page 314, Vol. 4, Farmer's Cabinet,
nnd rend, "A penny eaved, is two pence earned,"
&c., then think nnd net, without a day's delay, if yon
desire to thrive. But if you don't wish to improve
yiuir condition, go on in the old way, and let yonr
stock get drink where they can tind it, nnd drop their
manure whereit willbeanuisniieerailier thana benefit,
for this is the plan pursued by all careless, lazy farm-
ers; nnd they are unilbniily rewarded according to
their woilis. — Far. Cuhhid. AGRICOLI.

183

■m

III

If

I', ti

The Hessiau Fly.

Dear Sik — I have this day finished a work which
I never did before, and I hope may never be under the
necessity ofdoing again. What your correspondents,
" Vir," and " Edmund Cross," as well as yourself,
may think of the operation, I do not know. It is noth-
ing more or less than this: A few days ago I started my
teams and ploughs into a wheatfield, which had a
most fl-nirit^hing and promising appearance to a super-
ficial observer. The wheat was sown on the ]5ih of
September, but, owing to the dry season, it did not
make as much progress as it eonietiines does in the
same length of time, yet, it was the best field, to ap-
pearance, in the neighborhood. Eveiy person that
passed along the turnjiikes would stop, and enquire
the reason of so unnsuul an occurrence, as plouehing
up a fine wheatfield. Some think me inad; some ad-
vise one thing, and some another; all would beg of
me to leave, at least, a part unturned, to convince me,
as they think, of my folly — but all to no purpose — be-
cause, had I left n part standing, this would have been
a nursery for the (ly to stock the whole field again in
the spring.

Now the cause of all this mischief is the fly — the
Jly. Not a plant or sprout could i find in the field,
but what had from two, to a dozen, or more, of nits,
or cggF, at the root: and, 1 am confident, that hence-
forth the wheat would have been getting less, and the
weeds more, until the whole would have been nothing
but a massot rank weeds — an eye sore — that I dread-
ed to look tipon. I have, however, some satisfaction
inburyingsucb a mass of eorrupiion, and, if the sni-
son is farorablc, hope to renp a better crop than if I
had left the first remaining. This wheat was at-
tacked by the lly as soon as up, and was certainly not
diseased at that time, and, in fact, did not show symp-
toms of disease, above ground, at the time I ploughed
it under. The fact is, if the season is favorable to the
fly, and unfivorable to the wheat, attack it they will,
no matter what kind of a soil, or how the soil has
been cultivated. When the soil is highly manured,
either with dung or lime, or both, it sometimes out-
grows the fiy, and they do very little damage; but if
the whent is kept back, as your correspondents say, to
harden it, the fly has the advantage. Fortunately, the
Bamplcs of wheat you sent me, with ten others, rc-
ceivid from Biston, I did not sow until after the frost
('22d S >ptember) nnd these are all clear of fly, as yet.
I am afraid tlie Hy wiU do much dnmnire this fall nnd
next spring: I sec it in other fields besides my own.
Respectfully, J. G.

Octubcr 2o, 1810. [Furmcrs' Cabinet.

A lieti House.

A hen-house should be n building fur that purpose
exclusively; and for the accommodation of fifty hens
nnd their progeny, in size about 10 by 12 feet, and 7
to (S feet height of walls; with a door in the centre of
the south or east end, mnde to shut as close as the doors
ol our dwellings; nnd a small nperture near the door,
about 8 by 10 ineht-s, and 'J feet iioni the ground, for
the admission of the fiwls. In each gable end, n
window hole 18 by iU inches, with a lattice, so as to
excliide ravenous birds, and n shutter inside to bo clo-
sed tight in winter, but to be kept open in the sum-
mer for the purpose of ventilation. The inside of the
house should bo plnslcred nnd white-washed as tho-
roughly as a farmer's kitchen. There must be no
ground floor, but a tight lloor on three sides, 3 feet
wide, nnd well joined to the wall, about 4 feet from
the ground. Above the lloor place the roosts, two on
ench side, the outer one 12 inches from the wall, the
other 1.5 inches from that. The roosts, if practicable,
should be sassafras poles with the bark on, as this wood
is found to be a slow conductor of heat, and is thought
to be less lirdjle to bo infested with lice than most oth-
er kinds of timber, owing to its peculiar aromatic
sinell. Under the floor, place a row of boxes for nests
2i feet from the ground. The bo.xes to be 10 by 12
inches, nnd G or 7 inches deep. In the bottom of the
boxes put I of an inch i-f fine lime or ashes, then fill
nearly lull with fine straw. The interior of the house,
should be thoroughly cleaned and white-washed early
in the spring, and the ground well coveied wNth slack-
ed lime or ashes. In cold weather, put a little fine
straw on the ground. If at any time the house be-
comes infested with lice, clean and white- wash as be-
lore directed. On the ground place your feed bo.xes,
which should not be very deep, but of sufficient capa-
city to hold half a bushel each, and keep them well
supplied, the year round, with corn, buckwheat nnd
oats, or other kinds of gra'n, having one box for lime
and gravel in the winter. I nm satisfied that whoev-
er will adopt the above jilan nnd regulations, will soon
find thenjselves well paid for the expense. — Alb. Otil-
iivator. P. of N.

Farms in Siiglaud.

Nine-tenths of the cultivated lauds of Great Britain
are leased to tenants, Nvho pay from two to five pounds
sterling per acre, annual rent. Now admitting tnxes
nnd labor and other expenses to be no higher here than
they are there, it will at once he seen that our common
cultivntion will no where do much more than pay the
price of rent; but by superior productiveness, occa-
sioned by superior cultivation, the British farmer is
not only enabled to pay rents nnd taxes; finding every
thing for husbandly, and all articles put upon the
ground, nnd nil utensils by which the ground is work-
ed; but he obtains also, wealth from the pursuit of his
cnlling.

Murwen stated the produce of nn English (nrm of
894 acres, in the year f--l I, to be £8,576 — equal to
$o8, OUO. On this ground were carried, in that year,
the almost incredible quantity of 13,746 one-horse
cart loads of manure, nnd in the next year 10,250
more ! Suppose the rent of this farm to be twelve
dollars an acre, the expense of manure and its applica-
tion twelve dollars more, and the interest on outlay,
taxes, andadditional labor of cultivation, &c., twelve
dollars more; still there will be left, as profit, ten dol-
lars nn ncre; lenviug a clear gain of about ten thou-
sand dollars to the tenant.

A hay-farm, near London, of IGO acres, was rented
for twelve dollars nn ncre, or 11120 dollars a year: the
tenant commenced with a grent outlny for manure — nn
outlay which would here be considered at least equal
to the value of t!ie land before it was manured, a
large outlay for farming implements, nnd for aceom-
modiilions nnd wages for laborers: and yet he has eon-
slnntly been neeumuiating riches from this farm, after
paying all expenses. — iJov.tlily Visitor.

Bork Farming.

Do the. irorils produce a sneer ! Be that as it may
— the thivg, or what is often .''tigmnti/cd ns that tiling,
is not contemptible. For, whnl ia it ? Not an at-
tempt to comply with the advice nnd copy the exam-
ple of every one who furnishes nn article for an agri-
culiural journal ; not the adoption of every method of
husbandry that is recommended in print ; not n de-
parture from all the usages of our fathers and neigh-
bors ; not n preference of the theories contained in
books, to the results of experience. No ! I pity the
stupidity of the man who thinks that if we use books,
we must close our eyes against the light that is beam-
ing upon US from other soiuccs ; or that we must be-

come mere theoriscrs, and the victims of ruinous ex-
periments. What ! does a man lose his own common
sense, his prudence and his judgment, whenever ho
lakes up an agricultural paper, or opens a book upon
hiisbandry ? Cannot one make himself ncquninted
with the doings of others, without losing his power to
judge whether it would be well for him, in his circum-
stances, to copy their examples '1 Our brains nre not
so weak ns this. The knowledge acquired from books
does not mnke us all nind. But if it did, there would
be more zest end true enjoyment in the learned mad-
man's course, than in that of him who has learned out,
nnd who thinks that books cnnnot make him wiser.
I ask what book- farming is? Common book-farming
is, learning by menus of books, new facts, opinions,
results o( experiments, modes of operation, and the
using such parlsof the inlbrninlion as can be turned to
profitable account in our individual situations. If this
be folly, we nre content to be culled fools. An agri-
cultural paper will be worth to you every month, if
not every week, more than its annual cost. — Jllr. I'ut-
natn's Aililrcss.

Preiiare for next year.

There nre causes at work, which will by another
year mnterially advance prices, particularly of bread-
stuffs nnd other provisions. It is the part of true wis-
dom to be in readiness to make the most of good foi-
tune. It is a vexntion to have one's dish wrong side
up w hen it rains pottage. This fall let farmers make
ample calculations and preparations for extensive sow-
ing and pinnling next spring. Turn over swnrd land
with the plough before the winter frosts set in. The
notion of frost upon the inverted soil is excellent ; nnd
besides, what work of this sort is done in Autumn is
so much gained upon the labors of Spring, when every
thing must be done in a hurry. As to wheat, we think
there is reason to hope and believe that the worst days
of the weevil's depredations are ovtr. The pest eca-
son was less disturbed by these vermin than the pre-
ceding-. It may be we shall sec and hear but little of
them the next year. Such scourges nre, in the provi-
dence of God, seldom perpetual. At any rate, let us
do our duty, nnd trust to Him for good results, If
we do not sow, it is certain we shnll not reap.

There is no danger of planting too many potatoes.
If raised in locations too far for market, they may most
profitably be consumed by hogs, neat cattle, sbtep and
horses, and they will pay for themselves well thus in-
vested. In towns near the seaboard or rivers, where
vessels can come, they will always command mniket;
for Maine potatoes are so much better thnn these reieed
west and south, that vessels will always visit us to
take cargoes of them to Boston, New York, New Or-
leans and all along shore. The raising of potatoes at
25 cents per bushel, which is about the average in our
market towns, is ns profitnble a business ns our farmers
can go into.

We must, too, prepare largely for corn. Say what
you will about it, this is nn excellent crop — not perhaps
to sell, but to consume at home. And as for the old
idea that Maine is no place to raise corn,. — this is all
moonshine. It is as sure as most other crops. It is
well to depend upon some early variety, so as to mnke
sure in n bnd senson. We know of some early sorts,
which produce long and large ears of heavy corn.
They were originally brought from Canada, nnd have
attained a large growth nnd become acclimated by long
culture in this latitude.

The Tree Corn. We are satisfied that this will
yield more than other sorts; but ordinarily it is too late
for nui climate, cud exhausts the soil too much by its
exuberant growth. Last yenr, which was a dark sea-
son, it did not have a fair chance, and but little of it
ripened hereabouts ; but that which we planted this
year was fully ripe long belcire we had any frost. —
Maine Cultivator.

" Keep Maring." — Throughout all nature, want of
motion indicates weakness, corruption, inanimation,
and death. Trenk, in his damp prison, leaped nbout
like n lion, in his fetters of seventy pounds weight, in
order to preserve his health; nnd nn illustrious physi-
cian observes, *'I know not which is most necessary
to the support of the human frnme, yonil or motion."
Were the exercise of the body attended to in n corres-
ponding degree with that of the mind, men of great
learning would be more healthy and vigorous — of more
general talents — of ampler practical knowledge — more
happy in their domestic lives — more enterprising, and
more attached to their duty ns men. The highest im-
provement of the mind, without bodily health, can
never present any thing more than half a human be-
ing.

181

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 1.

A Letter of Encouragement.

FROM Vr». CARECTT.

A consciousness of doi ng good, and the approba-
tion of those whom wc caiccm, will always be consid-
ered, by us, no sranll reward, — consequently the fol-
lowing letter afforded us much gratification. Mr.
Garbctt has long been well known in ibis section of
country, as one of the warmest friends of improve-
ment, and was (or a number of years President of the
Monroe County Agricultural Society. We hope his
advice and example will stimulate others to put forth
new efforts in the cause, especially in old Mo.nrok,
who is far behind what she ought to be in the march of
agricultural improvement. — Eds.
Editors Nae Genesee Farmer :

Gentlemen — The present month will complete
your editorial labors lor the year; and I cannot let the
occasion pass, without offering you a word of encou-
ragement. It is not probable that you have tlnis far
received any pecuniary reward for your labors; but if
the forwarding of useful improvements, the advancing
of agriculture, and the elevation of the cultivators of
the soil, affords you any satisfaction, (as I know it
does,) then surely you have much reason to be grati-
fied with the results of the past year. But this is not
sufHcient, — I sincerely hope that your subscription
list for the coming year will be greatly increased, so
as not only to afford you a compensation, but so that
the benelicial influence of the paper will be exerted
upon the great mass of farmers in our land. The
New Genesee Farmer ought to be taken by every
cultivator of the soil, and every well wisher of agri-
culture, especially in Western New York — "Old
Genesee." The cost is so trifling, that no one can
refuse to subscribe on account of the expense; and lam
confident that nothing is wanting but a little prompt
effort on the part of the friends of the cause, to double
your subscription in this section of country within
two months. I obtained some subscribers for you
last year, and I intend to double the number for the
coming year. Let every friend and reader of the pa-
per do the same, and the work will be done, and well
done. I intend to have the Farmer sent to a number
of my friends who are not subscribers. I think I can-
not make them a better " New Year's present."

Sincerely Yours, W. GARBUTT.
Wheatland, Nov. 25, 1840.

For the JVeto Genc3ee Farmer.
Iiegislative aid to Agricnlture.

Really it is too bad that the wants of the farming
portion of community, should be so much neglected
by those who profess to represent us at Albany. The
scheming politician and speculating tradesman, may
have every desire gratified; but the farmer, boasting
of being the originator of most of the substantial com-
forts, and the real wealth of the country, must plod
on without any assistance. Railroads and canals
must traverse every section of the country; colleges
and high schools receive their share of the Literature
Fund; and the claims of the merchant receive special
attention — and this is well — but when has a single
dollar been applied to advance the particular interests
of that class of community, without which railroads
would be but splendid theories, schools would lan-
guish for want of sujiporl, and the merchant soon be
compelled to substitute the spade for the ledger?
Why is iteo 7 Not surely because aid is not needed,
or would not be highly beneficial. That man must
be an ignorant ramus, as Sargent says, who does not
see at a glance that a profuse liberality in this particu-
lar would be rigid economy ; that one dollar taken
from the treasury and judiciously expended for this
object, would soon return to it in company with ten
«lUere.

It is much to be feared that this slate of things is
chiefly owing to the apathy of the farmers them-
selves. I was assured lately, by a gentleman,
who, when in the Legislature, was deeply engaged
for the promotion of Agriculture, that he found no dif-
ficulty in bringing the professional members, the me-
chanics and tradesmen, to his views, but the/armers
always " smelt a rat ;" tJiey " would never drain the
treasury in support of such visionary projecta." This
is certainly humiliating, and should arouse every in-
telligent mind to a serious eonsidcration of the evils
which necessarily result from sending those to repre-
sent U8 who are chiefly recommended by their strong
devotion to the interests of party.

I was much gratified in reading this evening an ac-
count of the proceedings of the Philadelphia Agricul-
tural Society, the usefulness of which has been mate-
rially increosed by liberal donations from the State.

Why is it that hard and rocky Massachusetts is de-
cidedly taking the lead in whatever relates to the pro-
ductions of the earth 7 A few years ago, it was thought
that her wet and sterile hill sides could produce little
besides a scanty crop of rye or corn; now the culture
of wheat is rapidly increasing. Their agricultural
implements are far superior to ours, particularly
their ploughs, their experiments on which, if pub-
lished in the " New Genesee Farmer," will afford us
unpleasant proof that half our strength in this impor-
tant operation has been thrown away. This state of
things has doubtless been produced chiefly by the ex-
ertions of the State and county agricultural Societies,
which, under the patronage of the government, are
able to offer the most liberal premiums.

If New York would, like Massachusetts, support
an " Agricultural Commissioner," it would be worth
more to the State than all the Bank Commissioners
that ever existed. I sincerely hope that our different
societies will toke some decisive steps in the matter.
Petitions should be circulated; they should express
definitely what we want; and if I might be permitted
to suggest, I would say, ask in the first place, for the
appointment of a Commissioner paid by the Legisla-
ture, whose business it shall be to traverse the State,
collecting information, and holding meetings; next
ask for a sum of money, not less than two hundred
dollars for each member of Assembly, to be paid to
each county society. With these aids alone, in my
opinion, the products of our State would in five years
be doubled. W. R. SMITH.

Macctlon, Nov. 27, 1840.

" The People's Colleges."

This is the name — the appropriate name — bestowed
upon our Common Schools by one of our eminent
statesmen. The Common Schools are emphatically
the "People's Colleges" — the seminaries, good or
bad, where the vast majority of the citizens of this
great Republic are and ever must be educated. In
view of this important fact — in considering the im-
mense influence which the common schools must al-
ways exert on the people of this Republic and the
improvement of mankind — who is there, with the
heart of a Patriot or a Christian, that can refrain from
contributing his or her influence in extending the
beneficiol influences of those invaluable institutions ?
And yet — we confess it with deep regret — how few,
how very few, are there among us, who manifest, by
their acts, any adequate degree of interest in the all-
important subject — the subject of Educ.\tion — a sub-
ject which lies at the basis of morols, and patriotism,
ond happiness — a subject which concerns most sol-
emnly the temporal and eternal relations of mankind I

Wc are led to these remarks by a communication
received from a valued friend, (E. B. Parker,) whose
object is to aid in orousing proper attention to our

common schools. While we concur most cordially
in his philanthropic suggestions, we are happy to havo
it in our power to correct an error into which he has
fallen. There is note a paper " devoted exclusively to
the interests of Common Schools in Western New
York." The "District School Journal," recently
commenced at Geneva by Francis Dwight, (pub-
lished monthly, at only 50 cents per annum,) is estab-
lished, as its name indicates, to promote the great
cause towards which our friend Parker is endeavor-
ing to arouse attention in the communication above
mentioned, which we have taken the liberty to send
to Mr. Dwight for insertion in his valuable publica-
tion.

While we commend this " School Journal" to the
energetic support of every man and woman who val-
ues the prosperity of our Seminaries, and hope that
that publication may find its way to the hands of thou-
sands of families throughout city and country, we
cannot forbear from occasionally throwing some hints
into the " Genesee Farmer," designed to promote the
same great and good cause, without wishing to en-
croach on the peculiar province of chat publication, or
to change to any extent the agricultural character of
our own work. It will afford us much happiness to
assist in arousing a proper teeling on this matter,
among the Agriculturists of our own highly-favored
land. The welfare of Agricpltore cannot be more
essentially aided than by the spread of knowledge
through the medium of Common Schools. Talk OS
warmly as we may about the culture of the soil, that
culture will be comparatively slow of progress if un-
accompanied by improvement of the " immortal
mind." [CTThe Winter, which is now commenc-
ing, offers leisure and opportunity for mental cultiva-
tion, which we fervently hope will be thoroughly im-
proved." XD

We may add, in conclusion, that we design to de-
vote a small space in each number of the " Farmer,"
to matters connected with the improvement of oui
Common Schools and Seminaries generally. O.

i«

Preserving Hams.

Messrs. Editors. — There are various opinions in J"
the world respecting the best method of preservinfi ^'
hams, and although my mode may not be the best ii i-
the world, it is one which I have long practised will
very good success, and may be of service to some o i
your readers.

My recipe for making brine :—

For each 100 lbs. of hams, take 8 lbs. of salt, 4 gal
Ions of water, 1 quart of molasses, and 2 ounces 0
saltpetre; mix well together.

After remaining in the brine fiom ten to twelv
weeks, they will be fit for smoking. Wash tlien
clean before hanging them in the smokehouse. Somi
farmeis burn maple chips, and others saw-dust, to ere
ate smoke, but I believe the majority agree with m
that com cobs are the best material for this purpose "^^^
The smokehouse should not be perfectly tight, as i' "
will cause the hams to sweat and injure their flavor
After being smoked about four weeks, the hams sboul'
be taken out, and those intended for summer tise sew
ed up in cheap cotton sacks, and hung in a cool plac
till wanted.

Hams preserved in this way will have a better fla
vor and keep longer than in any other way that
know of If any of the readers of the Farmer kno^
of a better method, I shoidd be pleased if they woul
make it known.

Respectfully yours,

W. S. TUPPER,

South Venice, Nor. 24, 1840.

When n man looks learned and talks big, we inva f,
riably set him down as a ninny, and ninety-nine timet t^
in a hundred we are right.

J-
h

Bi;

11,1

Is

12.

ANI) GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

Care of Anlmnls in Winter^

Messrs. EDlt6rtS..^I missed the dettal " Hints for
ibfe Rtorith " ill yonr last, ai»d hope the cnuse of thnt
ttWieSiort >Vill not Wng exist. At any rate, I hope
JoU will not fail, in your next, to impress your readers
with the neceeeily of providing proper shelter, as well
as food, for their farm stock. Winter is again upon
us, and in our anxiety to make ourselvce and fami-
lies comfortable, we often seem to forget thatour domes-
lie animals are susceptible of pain from cold or hunger,
or that the more comfortable we keep them, the more
thrifty and profitable they will be. The language of
the poet on this subject is particularly appropriate,
and should be borne in mind by every farmer. Speak-
ing of winter, he says —

" Now farinera, to your flocks and herds be kind.
Oft deal out to them food with liheral hand ;
Shelter them, too, from winter's blast severe —
And they will richly pay you for your toil."

W. GARBUTT.

Wheatland, Nor. 25, 1840.

Domestic Economy.

Lard, in trying, is very frequently injured by being
scorched. This difficulty is easily removed by paring
and slicing a few raw potatoes, and throwing them in
immediately. The original whiteness will be restored.

In order that lard may keep well in warm weather,
it is requisite that it be cooked enough in trying, but
burning it is to be carefully avoided. '

A Thrifty Porker.

Mr. William Shoemaker, of Gates, near Roch-
ester, killed a hog last week, 14 months and 5 days
>ld, which weighed, when dressed, ^C6 hundred nine
mda half pounds, (509J Ibs.,^ and made two barrels
»f clear pork. It was a cross of the Leicester and
i^ancastcr breed. If any person has slaughtered a
;reater hog, of ita age, we should like to hear of it.

Hoof Ail"Iuquir)'.

Messrs. Thomas & Bateham. — Will you or your
orrespondenta inform us what is the true cause of
loof Ail among cattle, which is becoming quite pre-

n{ talent in this section of country; also, why it affects

\ft he hind and not the fore feet ?

Why does cream rise on milk t

Also, tell us why it is that cream rises to the sur-
jce of milk, instead of settling to the bottom accord-
ng to the law of gravitation, and much oblige

AN INQUIRER.

Brighton, Nov. 25, 1840.

Remarks. — The first question of An Inquirer we
rill leave for our correspondents to answer; but the
scond is not worth waiting for. Cream rises on milk
xactly " according to the law of gravitation," for the
imple reason thnt it is lighter than the milk, and of
ourse the lav*' of gravitation causes the heavier to set-
e and the lighter to rise. Cream is an oily substance,
od, like all oils, is considerably lighter than water.

liil
lia

,M
il,!!

lb

ttis'

J III

Kill
tyfl

PFEl

No Newspaper.

The lime is eoming when the man who has the
leans (and who has not ?) and does not take a news-
aper, will be looked upon by his neighbers as a fish
without a fin, a erow without a wing, a blind horse,

mole, or what you please. Such an individual
light ^o well enoiigh to live in the manner of a Rob-
ison Crusoe, but be hus no excuse for thrusting him-
jlf among those who do take newspapers and are
etter informed, to gailier whatever political or gene-
il intelligence they may chose to drop for him. We
now many such men, and might name them, but we
ifrain; but you, gentle reader, can point them out
DUrself. — Am. Union.

The Greatest Man. — The greatest man ie he who
loses the right with invincible resolution, who resists
le sorest temptations Irom within and from without;
'ho bears the heaviest burdens cheerfully; who is
ilmest in storms, and most fearless under menances.

Rotation of Crops--Ane fanning.

We commend td the pHrtiCular attention of our
rendera, the following description, from a correspond-
ent of the Farmer's Cabinet, of on excellent opccimen
of farming by a man who commenced the tcorld a day-
laborer, and is now worth one huhdred thousand
DOLLARS. When thirty years of age he purchased,
and paid for in part, a farm of one hundred and thirty
acres, one hundred under cultivation, and in a very
low stato of cultivation. It was chiefly sand, and all
upland. See what his farm affords now, and how he
has managed it, '

"When he commenced farming, he adopted a par-
ticular system of rotation, to which he has implicitly
adhered from that time to the present, which is forty
yenrs, and his success is the beet comment on the
worth of his experiment. His mode was as follows:
having divided his farm into eight fields of equal size,
as nearly as possible, three of these fields are sowed
with wheat each year, one with rye, one planted with
corn, two in clover, and one an open fallow, on which
corn had been raised the year previous. One of the
clover-fields is kept for mowing, the other for pasture,
both of which are ploughed as soon after harvest as
poesible, and prepared for wheat in the fall. All the
manure which is made on the farm for one year, is
hauled, in the spring, on the field intended for open
fallow, which is then ploughed, and after one or two
croBS-ploughings through the summer, is also sowed
with wheat in the fnll. The field on which rye is
sown, is that from which a crop of wheat had been
taken the same year, and which had yielded three
crops of wheat alternating with crops of clover. —
Corn is planted on the field from which rye had been
gathered the year previous, the stubbles of which are
ploughed down in the fall. Clover-seed is sown enr-
ly in the spring on two of the wheat-fields, those which
have been most recently manured. By this method,
each field yields three crops of wheat, two of clover,
one of rye, and one of corn, every eight years. Each
field, in the mean time, bos lain an open fallow, and
received a heavy dressing of manure, perhajis at an
average of fifteen four-horse loads per acre. His crop
is seldom less than fifteen hundred bushels, but often
much more. His average rye-crop ie about four hun-
dred and fifty bushels, and his corn crop, annually,
about five hundred bushels — all which grain, at the
present low prices, would amount to more than two
THOUSAND DOLLARS ANNUALLY — and at former prices
to double that amount — and his farm is withal very
highly improved." Yours, P. W.

Farmers' Daughters and Homes.

BY ANNETTE.

Messrs. Editors — In remarking on the causes of
unhappiness and discontentment amongeducated farm-
eis' daughters, and the reasons which lead so many of
them to forsake their homes and seek a residence in
the city, I before attempted to show that a wrong sys-
tem of education is one of the most fruitful causes of
these evils. My object at this time is to show that
mis-education is by no means the only cause; and to
inquire whether oar fathers and our homes are not of-
ten as much to blame in the matter as our teachers and
seminaries.

Many of the most respectable farmers in this coun-
try never enjoyed the advantages of early education,
and have had no opportunity for acquiring a know-
ledge of, or taste for, the more refined comforts of life;
especially those intellectual enjoyments so indispensa-
ble to the happiness of a well cultivated mind. They
were brought up among the pioneers of this land, and
their education consisted of the toils and privations in-
cident to an early settlement in a new country. But
now they find themselves in very diffeient circumstan-
ces— in possession of a handsome competency, and
surrounded by an enterprising and intelligent commu-
nity. Public sentiment and the spirit of the age now
r. quire that the rising generation should receive a
higher degree of education than was formerly deemed
necessary: and therefore, in order that their children
may appear respectable in the world, and be qualified

to fill their places in society with credit and advantage,
they are sent to the best schools in the land, and much
care and expense bestowed on their education.

Let us now suppose, as is often the case, that the
daughter of such parents spends two or more years in
a good boarding-school, where her mind becomes well
stored with valuable learning; her manners and taste
become refined and cultivated, and she is every way
fitted to adorn society and bless her family and friends.
But let I er leave school and return to her home,
and unless it is different from the majority of farmer's
houses in this country, it is not surprising that she
soon becomes unhappy and discontented, or at least,
that she should wish to change her situation for one
more congenial to her taste and feelings. The reason
of this is obvious when we observe how few farmers
take any pains to viahe home attractire — it ie not loved
because there is nothing about it to make it lovely.
The educated and intellectual daughter finds nothing
within or around it calculated to please the mind or
delight the eye — nothing to gratify her taste, or call
into exercise those faculties which she has long been
cultivating, and which afford her the highest kind of
enjoyment. No good selection of books and periodi.
cals t'j furnish food for her active mind during leisuro
hours; no tasteful garden, with flowers, and shrubs,
and winding paths, where she can luxuriate on Na-
ture's charms; no fragrant rose or climbing honey-
suckle asks her training care, and no shady bower or
vine-clad arbor invites her to

" Converse with Nature, and commune
With Nature's God.''

And what is worse than all, she seldom finds a conge-
nial spirit with whom to share her pleasures or her
griefs. On the contrary, even those to whom she
has a right to look for kindness and sympathy, not un-
frequently treat her with indifference, or ridicule what
they consider her excessive refinement. Under these
circumstances it is impossible for her to be happy or
contented; and were it not for tlie pleasure that she
derives from making herself useful, and the natural
affection that she feels for her " kindred according to
the flesh," home would be to her a prison-house from
which she would embrace the first opportunity to es-
cape. Yet the inconsiderate father wonders that his
daughter grows tired of home and seeks enjoyment in
a city life ! Teachers and seminaries are madu to
bear the blame, and thousands grow up in ignorance
who would otherwise enjoy the blessings of education.

Let no one suppose that this is merely an imaginary
picture, for such cases are far too numerous. It is a
ruinous error to suppose that a liberal education cre-
ates a distaste for rural life; on the contrary, it ie cal-
culated to make that life doubly pleasant, provided it
is accompanied with those charms which the refined
mind always associates with its ideas of a residence in
the country. Let farmers who desire their children to
follow their profession and love their homes, consider
this subject, and see that their homes are rendered
lovely. Then, and not till then, will the profession
of Agriculture be speedily elevated to that rank and
respectability which it so eminently deserves.

ANNETTE.

Maple Grove, 1840.

P. S. Will not my friend Fannv resume her able
pen on this subject ? I hope this communication will
not excite her combatireness as mueh as my last.

A.

Remarks. — The subject which our esteemed uk
KNOWN has introduced, is one of very great importance,
and calculated to increase the happiness of the com-
munity. Our junior partner gently intimates how-
ever, that he hopes aW of our readers will not consider
it incariably nn evil for a farmer's daughter to leave
her home and take up nn abode in the city. — Eds,

186-

TH E NEW G E N E S E E F A R M E R

Vol. 1.

ISiitish Corn Law.-.

The necesslly iif counlcrcailivn pro.'iihitwns ore llic
part of Vic Umtat SUiles — a higlibj jirotcctire tariff
docs not in the end prore a bountij to the manufac-
turer, but to the consumer.

Harvest is Kxgland. — " Our ImrvcBt in the
Soiitli is over. Wbeat will probably be a lair crop.
Oata, barley, piuniots, find tiiriiips in nbun<lance. —
The working of our Corn Liws is very euikinij nt
thiamomnnt. Lnst wo(k IjiU one, the (Uuy on Hour,
was Is. 7il. sterling; In^t week &.; to dny, (li^tli
Sept.) it has risen to fo. ill.; next week it will be
8*. 2d."

Tho foregoing extract ia from a letter lately receiv-
ed from England and published in the New York
Emancipator of the ,'>th.

Sucli ore the corn laws of England, that no grain
or flour is admitted trom foreign parts, unless, from
bad harvests, prices advance so high as to threaten a
general famine in the land. Last year, owing to short
and damaged crops, American flour was admitted at
a very small duty; but at this time we arc sliut out by
n duly of at least .'f;2,50 per barrel; so that fir the co-
ming scaison wc cannot hope to lind a market in Eng-
land for any part of our great surplus. Yet with all
this particular policy on the part of England, no coun-
tiTvuiling protection has been adopted by the United
States. So far from it, by our compromise act, the
duties on Briti&h manufacture has been lessened an-
nually, and are to decrease until the year I8-I2, when
the duty on no one article io to be over 20 per cent.

We are so far the frieiids of free trade, that if Eng-
land would admit the bread stuffs of the United States
on the payment of a duty of 20 per cent, on its cost
in the United Slates, we would be the last to com-
plain of our compromise act, which ia to reduce the
duties on British manufacture to 20 per cent. But, as
we have no reason to e.vpect that England will do this,
what resource have <ve but to create a home market
for our eurjdus agricultural productions. And how is
this market to be obtained but by such on impost on
Eritieh manufoctiires, as will encourage all the young
and rising branches of manufacturing industry at
home.

For eight years, previous to 1839, the average ex-
port of bread stalls I'rom the U. S. to England, was
not more thou jJiOiOOOjOOO; while the import of manu-
faclured articles, from (Ircat Britain alone, in one of
those years, am.junted to $80,000,000. It is suppo-
sed that the average import during those years, into
New York alone, amounted to $20,000,000 annually.
It is computed that there is imported into the Uni-
ted Stoles, .$8,000,000 annually, in silks alone; nbout
$1,498,0)0 more, each year, than was received for
all the wheal, Indian corn, rye, polatoee, buiscuit, flnx
seed, hops, &c., exported in 18:i8 to every pari of the
world.

It is true that the cotton of the South pays for llie
greater part of our Europaaii iraporta. It ia also Hue
thai the S^iiuh complains that a larilTon imposts is ivi
only calculated to intorupt her free trade with her Eu-
ropean cuitrmers, bill also to compel her to pay a
bounty to the Northern manufacturer, — ;n other
words, making him rich at her expense.

BiU this doctrine, specious as it is in theory, is found
to be suicldinl in practice, and wholly repelled by the
facte. Under a protective laritf, our domestic collons
have fallen from 25 cts . to C els. the yard. Cunfidonee
in protection, induced capital to beembarkcd in man-
ufactures—^piofits induced competition, and this again
induced renewed improvements in machinery, divie-
sion of labor, and every species of economy and sa-
ving that Yankee ingenuity could contrive, until our
cotton manufactures at this time, at the lowest known
prices, amount to nearly .*;30,000,000 per annum.

Thus we tin.l that a pr Ui o^ive tariff" in favor of our
Qtton 11 « lufT t lies, bus produced more than all the

bencfila which its most sanguine Iriends had anl!Ci;iu-
ted, while not one of the evils which iu opponents
predicted has yet been produced by ii.

This protection our cotton monuficturcrs now no
longer need, as under its influence they have so far
increased in numbers, in capital, and in mechanical
skill, that they now suece sfully compete with the cot-
ton manufacturera of England in the great South
iVmerican market.

But at this time the friends of domestic industry do
not ask for a tariff crcliisicely for protection. Such
are the increased expenses of the nation, that a dnty
for the purposes of revenue might be so judiciously
imposed os to act cffcciiveiy as a protection to many
of the younger bronehca of American industry.

To show the iniportanecof encouraging the produc-
tion and mnnufacture of Silk, it is only necessary to
say that it has already commenced, in the absence of
any impoet on the imported arliele. Unlike cotton,
wool and iron, silk has to far been considered by Con-
gress as an alien to our soil, which hid no right either
to ocelimation or citizenship ; but we trust the time
has arrived when both the production of silk and its
manufacture ia to reteive the paternal and fostering
aid of government. ■

From late statistical table's it appears Jhat the silk
manufactories of England in the year 1838, amounted
to 2C8 in number, employing 34, 318 hands, showing
an increase of nearly 18 per cent, in the last three
y ears.

Silk goods to the amount of 8,000,000 of dollars,
have been imported free of duty into these .Stales in a
single year. It may be urged by ]Mr. Calhoun and
the advocates of free irade, that if the United Stales
imposes a duty on French silks, France will lay a
countervailing tariff on our cotton ; but will it not be
much easier for the United Slates to dispense with
French silks, ihon for France to do without an article
of such vital importance to her manufacturing inte-
rests as American cotton. The successlul growing
of the morns' multicDidis belongs only to the cotton
growing States; hence the production of the raw silk
ought to be as essentially their staple as cotton itself,
and if they lack the skill or enterprise to produce the
manufactured article, the north can help them.

Much has been said about the inhumanity of the
factory system, and its pernicious influence on the
health and morals of the people. 1 have no time to at-
icinpl a refutation of these charges; sufRco it to say
that man is a gregarious animal and must follow his
instincts. But even in the murky atmosphere of an
English mannfoeluring town, it is ascertained that the
average length ot human life is 10 years longer than it
was a century ago. The manufacture of cotton alone
baa largely contributed to this; the laboring classes
are now better clothed, better ftd, and better lodged,
than they were then, and at mush lees expense.

e. w.

Impovtaut Plonghizisr MatcU-tiial of Ploughs.

Tlie Massnehusetia Agricultural Society, with
characteristic Ubcrclily, in order if po.-isiblo, to decide
the (jucsiion as to v.'hiuh is tJie Icsl /iloiigh, oflired a
premium of $;100 for Ihc bcil plough for turning the sod
Itat, and a premium of ;|i7o for the best plough to lap
the furrows or lay them on on angl.\ The trial look
place at Worcester, Oct. 13, and v.'aa conducted with
great care and skill, as will be seen by the report of
the committee, which we copy from the Boston papers.
" The first operation was to run furrows so that we
might have narrow lauds of about live rods in length
Then fifteen ploughs were brought on and used suc-
cessively. Each competitor wns allowed to furnish
his own ploughman; to make hie furrow of whatever
depth and width he chose; and thusio give ua his own
specimen of the work of his own insirument. Each
was allowed to turn several contiguoui! fuirowg. The

Dynamometer, or measurer of the power re juired to
draw the plough, was applied to caclj, through two or
more furrows This power was noted down; the
depth and width of these furrows were nicat:ured; and
our eycssconncd the work of each. About live hours
were consumed in the trial thus.

After having taken some refreshments, several
members of the committee, whose hands were not en-
tire strangers to the plough handle, went to the field
and aevcrolly tried such of the ploughs as either of
them was disposed to follow. On the following doy,
also, they held several of the ploughs ; and they all
agreed in the ojiinion Ihat the ploughs of Mr. Howard
Olid tho:e of Messrs. Trouly & Meurs, oie managed
with great ease and c imfirt by the ploughman, and
that each when left to itself holds on in its pioper po-
sition and course, where the sod ia uniform and free
from atones. They agreed also, that ihc form and po-
sition of ihe b-'aTi-hnndle of Messrs. lluggles, Nourse '
& Mas >n'e plough is such that the ploughman cannot
walk in the furrow erect and comfortably when the
plough ia in a position to make good work. They
think too, ihot this plough when left to itself tends to
narrow ihe furrow slice and iim out ; and ihertfoie
that a co7is!anl though slight efl'ort on the part of tho
plougbmnii, is required to keep it in its p'ace. It is
true, however, that in the hands of a skillful holder,
this instrument, in shallow and Oat idoughing, makes
OS hnnihome work as any that we hove seen. But
where all work \shnntlsoinecnovgh, those must be con-
sidered best which moke the smallest draft upon the
strength of the team and the skill and comfort of the '■
ploughman.

The power required to turnover a given quantity of
earth by a plough, is a very important coneidcrat ion.
This power can be measured with great accuracy ;
greater than mony of the conmiitteehad oupiiosed be-
fore they witiiLssed ihe operation. The Dynamome-
ter, inserted between the plough. beam and the chain,
measures with great accuracy the strength exerted by
the team. Suj)poso the strength applied be the same
that would be required to raise 336 lbs. over a single
pulley ; supjiose also that the depth of the furrow ia
(ij inches and tho widih 13 inches. Multiply 13 by
()4 and you have 81 wiih a fraction. Now if 330 lbs.
oF power will take up and turn over 81 inches of
earth, then 112 lbs. will turn 28 inches. Tried in
this way, the ploughs exhibited showed the fdlowing
results. The power in each cape is 119 Iba.
First Ploughs for lapping furrows.
By Charlea Howard, Ilingham, 29J inches.

By Ilugglea, Nourse & Mason, AVor-

cealcr.
By John Wilson, Decrfield,
Bj' Steven's plough, Bnrnet, Vt.,
By .lames Stewart, West Newbury,

■(Scotch Plough,)
By Cornelius Bergen, Brooklyn, N. Y.
By Barnaby & Moores, Ilhaca, N. Y.,
By E. G. Whiting, Rochester, N. Y.,

For flat furrows.
By Pronty & Mears, Boston,
By Charles Howard, Hingham,
By Ruggles, Nourse & Mason, Worces-
ter,
By Barnaby <S: Moores, Ithaca, N. Y.,
By E. G. Wliiting, RoL-hesier, N. Y.,
Another plough by Proniy & .Mears,
" " Charles Howard,

Ths above table, containing resnlts arrived at, not
by c&iimation, but by nieasuremrnt, ia given to tbi>
public, in the full belief that it will be acceptable lo all
farmers who may read it, and that it will be useful tu
many niauufacturors of ploualis ; for here are exhib-
ited some remarkable and higiily important fodfi.
Taking the extremes, we find 112 lbs. power applied
to one of Howard's ploughs turning over 2i)J inches
of earth, while the same power atone of Mr. Whi-
ting's jiloughs v.ill turn only J-l inches — a dillcrenco
of more than 100 per cent. The structure of the
plough therefore, roust be an iniportani matter to tho
farmer's cattle ; and the connnitlec think they may
add, that the execllenco of the work performed with
tho plough was, with few exceptions, in the direct ra-
tio of tho ease of draft. Had our cattle Uie gift of
sjicech, their proverbial patience would hardly hold
them back from saying to their owners — " Pay more
attention to the structure of the plough." i

The committee cannot forbear to call the attention
of farmers to the vast diflerciice in the power required
to move ploughs which are all doubtless considered
excellent in those sections of the country from which
they were brought. Ploughs were exhibited from
places hundreds of miles distant from each other, and i
all Biibjpcted to the same teat — a test as accurnle «3

24

2U

20

in.1

18"
170

IS

27J

24

11

S6
25

o.

1±

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

ilea niul figures moke : nnd it ia (ip]iQrent thnt Uic
irk which one yoki.- of oxen cnn peviorin cneily ni
e plough will require two yolie nt onolher. Fnr-
■rs usunlly nuj properly judge by comparison, nnd
icn holding the best plough they have ever seen,
ipose it the beet in the world. We request them to
igh well such I'ncte n3 nre detailed in this report, nnd
cstimnte the profit of saving one hnlf, or even one
hth of their icnm Inbor, A saving of even more
in one half is possible by the fanner of some sco-
ns of the country.

The Milk-Cow.

A DIALOGUE FOL-NDKD ON FACT.

V. — Cnpt. J., is It true that you have paid fifty dol-
lora milk-cow ?

Vitjit. J. — Yes iiideed it is: nnd you would not get
were you to oll'cr me n hundred for her.

V. — Oh ! it is a inon-_trons price, she can never pay

never: ] would not give more than thirty dollars

the best cow I ever saw.

'^upt. J. — Come nosv,let us talk over the 8ubject,nnd
it we cait't discover that it is quite possible to

ke a cow pay for herself, even if she cost lifty del-

I. Clan you tell me what is the interest on fifty

lars for a year ?

-Why, three dollars, isn't it ?

7upt. J. — And how many weeks are there in a

r I

V. — Fifty. two, to he sure.

^upt. J. — Well, then, before I purchased this cow,
butter cost me a dollar and a hnlf n week, besides

It I had to pay for new milk for my fnmily; now I

3 nil this, Bell n dollar's worth of butter a week,
have nil the skim-milk for liiy hogs. Now, do
think I put the value of all this too high at three
ais a week ?

1^- — Well, perhaps not.

^apt. J. — Then, you see, I pay the interest of the
dollars — the price of the cow — for the whole
•, by oiie week's receipts. And am I right when
Iculatc I have the remnining fifty-one weeks' re-
ts, with which to pny iho principal anA her keep ?
'. — I guess you nre, and I am fifty dollars the wi-
or our conversation upon the subject. — Fanners'
inct.

Great Crop of Corn.
[r. W. W. Bridgmnn, of Belchertown, informs
lat he has this year raised one liundrcd and si-ittj
ch o/ fOi-rt, weighing 41 lbs. 2 oz. per bushel,
34 bushels of Rohan potatoes, on one acre of land,
he culture of this crop, iMr. B. says — " The man-
n which I prepared my lard for this abundant
est, was as follows: I pumn it 82 loads of long
lire, made in an unlloored stable. I planted the

ihe first week in May, and hoed it the first time
ast week of the same month, when I found that
.vire worm was making great ravages among it.
kedn bushel of stone hme nnd put on the corn. In
V days I perceived that it had changed its color.
;n days I put on six buahels of ashes, which is al!
)rocees which I pursued."

iLKisc. — Mr. B. says liirther, in answer to the
iry for a remedy for kicking cows, that if the mil-
.viU keep his nails short, not one cow in a hun-

will kick; and that the u.se of an ointment made
nsec-d oil and white lead twice, will cure cracked
. — Alb. Cultivator.

Scratcliing Hens.

c never allow our hens to run in the garden, and
nre taught from the egg, thnt the dinner pot
d be na safe a place for scratching operations as
garden. But if bens will scratch, a down-east
er sirs the way to prevent it, is to tie the two
de toes of one foot together, over the middle one.
so narrows her undcrstnnding, that eerntcbing is
issible. — lb.

187

lOiers and Daughters. — ft was a judicious rcsolu-
of a father,a8 well as a most pleasing compliment
3 wife, when, on being asked by a friend what he
ded to do with his girls, he replied, "I intend to
ntico them to their mother, thnt they may lenrn
rtol improving time, nnd befitted to become like
.wives, mothers, heads of families, and useful
hers of society." Equally just,but bitterly painful,
the remarks of the unhappy husband of a vain,
[litless, dressy slattern. " It is hard to say it, but
7 girls are to have a chance of growing up good
my thing, they must be sent out of the way of
mother's example." The latter was no doubt a
ue remark, and one which experience had fully
iWlrated.

The Workiiig=SI;iii's Home.

"TcU incon what holy ^oinid
May domestic peace be found ?
lliilcyoa daughter of tlic skies.
Far on fearful wings she Hies
From the pomp of sceptred state.
From llic rcbers nuisy hate."

COLERIDOE.

There is a peculiar zest in the working-man's en-
joyment of home. After weariness, both of body and
miinl, he has a refuge at the close of the day —

"Dear tranquil time, when tlic sweet sense of homo
Is sweetest.''

There nre languages, it is said, in which there is no
such word as Home, in our mother tongue there is
none more potent. It marks the sacred soot to
which the cares and tumult ol' the world do not reach;
and where, c.tcept in cases of e.\treme depravity, its
vices do not intrude. If there are gen'le nll'eclions
in tlie heart, they will break forth around the hearth-
stone; if there is an hour of tranquility amidst per-
turbed life, it will be that which is spent with wife and
children; if there is such a thing as friendship or
love, it will be developed among these dearest asso-
ciates.

Homeless men are seldom happy. If it was not
good ibr man to be alone, even in Eden, it is bad in-
deed to he alone in such a fallen world as oms. But
I will go farther, and assert the moral inlluenccs of
domestic institutions. As it regards public oflences,
the man who has a wife and children has just so much
a greater slake in society. He has much both to gain
and to lose. He cannot rise or fall alone. As it re.
garde private virtue, it depends miicii on the kindly
afl'ections, and these are in their veiy shrine in the
family circle. I think I have observed that when a
man begins to go astray, he becomes less fond of home.
The quiet look of the wife speaks daggers to his guil-
ty conscience. The caresses ol chiklien are so many
reproaches to the man who knows that he is wasting
their very livelihood by his habits of dissipation. I
think 1 have observed that the most rude and quarrel-
some men are orderly and quiet when they go abroad
with their wives nnd clnldren. Such is the safo-
gunid of virtue which is furnished by the influences
of home.

I would have the house of the working-man his
most delighti'ul resort. To be so, it should be plea-
sing, even in its outside. Why should it not be a
well-proportioned cottage, with its windows overhung
with sweet brier and honeysuckle, audits roof shaded
by spreading trees ? Why should not the little door-
yard be carpeted with grass, and hedged with shrub-
bery 1 These arc not lu.^aries of the rich nlone.
Yet it is too common for people to think that because
they are poor they must be slovenly and dirty. A lit-
tle whitewash, a little paint, a little turfing, nnd a few
days of labor about the vines nnd flowers, will serve
to change the whole nppearnnce of the humblest enclo-
sure.

But let us enter t'uc working-ninn'e honre; nnd in
order to meet the extremest objection, I nni supposing
the case of the poorest. The walls shotdd be white,
the floors and wood-work should be scoured, the mo-
vables should be in their places, and no unsightly uten-
sil should be more eoiispicnous than necessity requires.
These nre externals, but they bear directly upon what
is more inward nnd more valuable. Every body is
more cheerful in a neat than in a diso.-derly room.
When work is over, nnd every thing in its place, the
visiter is more welcome, I'ao husband's look is bright-
er, and an afl'ectionate flow spreads itself through the
circle.

l he di/Tercnce between England and America on
theonehnnd, nnd the southern counties of Europe on
the other, is founded in a good nieasuro on the homes
of the tbrmer, and the absence of them in the laucr.
The common law has acknowdedged the principle,
that every man's house is his ccstle. It is trua in
more cases t'oan one. Home is the citadel of all the
virtues of the people. For by home wo mean some-
thing more than one's house: it ia the fnmily that
makes the borne. It is the peculiar abo-.ie and do
main of the wife: and this one circumstance marks it
out as human, and as Christian. Sacred wedlock iu
the fountain not only of its pleasures, but of its moral
excellence. The poorest wretch who has a virtuous,
sensible, indublrious and nlfeclionate wife, is a man of
wealth. Home is the abode of our children. Here
they meet us with their smiles and their prattle. He
wdiounfeignediy enjoys this cannot bo a! togsther cor-
rupt; and the more we can make men enjoy it, the
further do we remove them out of harm's way. No
men therefore nre better members of society, or more

apt to become stable and wealthy citizens, than such na
are well married and well settled.

A learned foreigner of Spanish descent, of high dis-
tinction in the politics of his own country, was once
leaving the doors of a plensnnt fnmily in New Eng-
land, where he had been spending an evening. Ho
had observed the Sabbath calm of theliide circle— its
sequestered taleiy and independence; he hnd mnrked
the freedom of nll'ectionuie intercourse between pa-
rents, and children, nnd friends, the cordial hospilnli-
ty, and iho reference of every thing abroad to this cen-
tral Bjiot of home. As he retired liom the lovely
scene, he exclaimed, with a sort of trnnsport, " Now
I have the secret of your notionni virtue, and intelli-
gence, nnd order; it is in these domestic retreats 1"

*'I)omestit: happiness, thou only bliss

Of Paradise that has survived the fall I

TlioagJi few now taste thee unimpair'd and pure,

Or. tasting, long enjoy thee! too infirm

Or too incautious to preserve thy sweets

Unmi.v'd wilh drops of hitter, which neglect

Or temper sheds intotliy cluyst^il cup ;

Thou art tlie nurse of Virtue, in thine arms

Slicsmiles, appearing, as in trulhslieis,

Hcavcn-bori), and destined to the skies again t"

[ Worlnng Man.

Filing Neicspapers. — How easy it would he, and
how much satisfaction would be derived from it, and
how much more orderly and businesslike it would
look, if people would just file and preserve their pa-
pers after rending them. It is true, last week's paper
may be a very stale ntlair, but keep it for your grand-
chiid to read, nnd ho will find it a richer treat than
wine of the same age. — Boston paper.

For ttte I\'ew Gtncsee Farmer.
The Farmer's Saturday Night.

BV DEWITT C. ROBERTS.

'Neath the dewy inoraing's early beam,

Tlie f;:rmcr drives alicld his team,

Merrily, nicrnly to liis toll,

Of hnnes'.ly tilling the grateful soil.

His "land" marked out,thatoii begins,

By wliich a liveliJiood he wins :

The gliltering plougiisliare cleaves the ground,

111 many a slow, d-?:rca3ing round :

With Ihreat'nliig whip, and " gee, whoa, haw !"

He guides liis oxen as they draw.

And when the sun is alhigh noon

He sings a ditty, or hun:s a tunc;

And losing his oxen from ihe plough.

They crop the clover lilossoms nov/ —

"While 'nea'.h the siiadow of some tree.

He cats his dinner right clieerfully 1 —

At length refreshed and gay of heart.

Again lie plies his useful art:

And would that all were free from sorrow.

Like him who lurns the verdant farrow i

Health lights his check wiihmanly grace.

And joy supreme ilhimes his face.

An 1 wlien in the west the sun is low.

And earth is robed wilh roseate glow,

Hisoxeil siiring from the loosened yoke,

■\Villl its iron keys and bows of oak ;

A liaii Iful of flowers gathering, then

He cheerily luras biia lionic again.

To meet the smiles that await hiai tliere,

Aud the thousand joys that the farmer's are.—

Thus day on day rolls swiftly away,
And tlie early dawn and tlie evening's ray
Witness tjic peace of tlic farmer's life,
And the sweet content of his sinless strife;
And Ihe autumn fruit and tlie yellow corn,
Tiicir trophies pour from Plenty's horn ;
And oft as the busy week is gone,
VV hat bliihcsome footsteps beat the lawn !
Tlicre's many abeantiful maiden tliere,
G.'.y astiie flowers that twine her hair;
And many a snni;rcwn pecs.ii.t youth.
Doth make fantastic mirth— in sooth.
In many a ringthey trip the toe.
And in tfcc mazy crossings go :
And lioary forms loolc on the while.
The youth the merry time beguile.—
As ever they sin? a gladsome strain
'Tis "Saturday Nifht has come again !"
Saturday Nights, wiien streaml<st3 chime!
Saturday Nights, in v.lnter lime!
When Etonns are raging, or skies are clear,
.Krc the happiest N'lghts in a" 'he year.

188

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER^

Vol. 1.

Inquiry about Imported Sheepj

Will receive atiention next month.

J. Patterson & Co.'s Fanning Mill.

A CoRBECTios. — There was on error in ihe report
on implements published in our lost, which we wish
to correct. In mentioning the superior Fanning Mill
mode by J. Patterson & Co., it reads " of Chili ;" it
should read, of East Rush, Monroe county."

BCHARD GRASS SEED.— Juet re-
ceived from Pennsylvania, tor sole at the Seed

BATEHAM & CROSMAN.

[I3IPROVED liEICESTERSHIRE BUCK.

OWNED BT THOMAS VVEDDIX, ESQ.

ThiB is one of Mr. Weddle's last importation. He carries a large fleece, having sheared 14 lbs.; the
quality of which is very fine for such description of long wool. , ,, c ■ ^

Another Buck, imported at the some time, sheared 16 lbs. of wool, and is o remarkably fine animal.

PIEDMOjVTESE SIIiK KEEIi.

We have been requested to give a drawing of a Silk Reel. The above cut represents a Picdmontcse
Reel which, with slight modifications, is most generally used and approved in the country. It is simple in
its conslruclion, and can be mode by any good mechanic who has seen one to copy Irom

The frame is 64 feet long, made of 3 by ,5 inch stuff; the connecting bars 20 inches long in the clear.—
The 1pp9 are 2 feet 3 inches long — the upright posts 2 feet long.

A movable br extends acmsa .he n'ocbine, and passes through the top of the two posts near the fun,ace
ThisTs made o elide back and forth by a shaft with cogs on each end, one of which .s acted upon by a bearer
fixed on the shaft nf the reel, and the other end acts upon a burr moving on the top of the urned POB'/" J^""''
"nd bavin" a small crank attached. This gives a vibratory or zigzag movement to the slide, and places the
Jhreads across each other. The cost of these reels is about $10, in Philadelphia and other places.

The principal objection to thia reel is, that two persons are necessary to attend it. Sevorpl attempts hove
been made to construct them so that one person is sufficient, and with fair success; but these have not yet

come into general use. ^ ^^

We raiy

.-UOUNT HOPE GARDEN & NIRSEKIES,

ST. PAUL STREET,

kochebteb, new yobk.

THE Proprietors of tliis cst.ililishmcnt offer for sale an
cileiislve assortment of Fruil mid Ornamental Trees,
I'lowering ;?hrulis, Green House Plants, Bulbous Flower
Roots, Double Uallli.TS, i&c. &c. , . , ,,

Hardens laid out, and tlarileners furnished on reasonabla
notire.— Persons requirins inforination on any subject eon-
i.ecled with the business, will receive a promiit reply.
All orders, letters of inquiry, tc. muse be addressed fpost

"" Trecs^Plants", &e., will be carefully packed, so that they
may be carried to any part of the country in safety ; and pack-
ages will be marked and sUlppert as may be designated in the

"'persons with whom the proprietors are unacquainted, ore
reauested to give a satisfactory reference, or name soriie per-

r„i,'." ""= ^'' "' "°^"*=^'"e^wan JerTSauk?-?-

Ro'chcater, Dec. 1, 1840.

BOCHESTER PRICES CrRBENT-

CORRECTED FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FAR.-VIER, DEC. 2, 1840.

37^.
25..
35..
50..
75..
19..
25..

Farewell, Readers!

What does that mean 1 Is the New Genesee Far-
mer to be stopped 7 No, renders; it will be continu
ed, improved and beautified. But we wish you to re-
member that this number completes the volume; and.
according to the rules of our Cash System, we musi
bid youfareicell, until you send in your names anew,
accompanied with the " Compliments of the Season."
We hove reluctantly laid aside the list of our old
friends, and ore now making out a new cue. W(
hope to hove the pleasure of transferring all the namei
from the former to the latter, and adding a large num-
ber thereto. — Send in the junnes promptly ; so that
vre may have them entered correctly before January
We will then, with n new dress and smiling face,
wish you n "Hnppy New Ycor," and continue oui
monthly visits through 1841.

" We hove long been friends together;

Shall a trifle part us now 1"

PUBLISHERS.

Genesee County Fair.

A letter from the President of this Society informs
u« that owing to the absence of the oHicns, iho re

port is not yet prepared for publication,
xpect it in time for our next. lie says—" There
was a fine spirit manifested at our Foir, and the Soci-
ety will now go ahead rapidly. It is no longer a mat-
ter of experiment."

WHEAT, .... per bushel $

CORN "

OATS, "

BARLEY "

RYE, "

BEANS, White,.. "

POTATOES "

APPLES, Desert,. "

" Common," 19- •

" Dried,... " '5..

CIDER, barrel, ... 1,00..

FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,25..

" Fine " . 3,.o0..

o AT T " 1.75

FORK',Mess " 11,00.... 12,00

" Prime,.... " 8,00 9,00

" Hog, ....lOOlbe 3,5C 3,75

BEEF...... " 3>00 3,50

POULTRY,.... per pound, 6

EGGS, perdozen, 14 1&

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound 12 J ^14

41

... 22
... 31
.. 25

. 8rt
. 1,25

.'.3,75

12i
7
8
9

GlliSOJV'S STRA"\V CITTER.

This machine has been fully tested by a large num-
ber of individuals, and is pronounced decidedly supe-
rior to any other of the kind.

They arc for sale nt the Sued Sto.e. Prico $20.

Firkin " ... 10.

CHEESE, " ... 6

LARD, " ...

TALLOW, Clear,.... "...

HIDES, " ... » •••

SHEEP SKINS each,... 50 C2|

WOOL, pound, . . 25 35

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00

POT, " ....".. 4,50

HAY ton,.. 7,00 8,00

GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. 1,00 1,50

CLOVER, " " ...

FLAX,.... " " ... 75 1,00

PLASTER, (inbbls.)perton, 6,00

" bidk, fat Wheatland) 3,00

Uem.irks.— The wentlier, during the past month, hus be»|
unusually mll.l f.ir the season, and navigation did not clol
lill the end. The millers genor.ally ceaseil shipping flori
;dioulthe aOth. since which time very little h.-is been donei
the w heat market, and the price has declined a trifle.

Pork is very plenty and line, and the price low. Butti i
and F.ggs are on the adv.-incc. Poultry will he in great ai
inand soon— Thanksgiving, Christmafl. and New-^ ear
days come in r.apid BUccps.«ion this year, and will be a cav ,
tio'n to/<i( TVirAifs and Cliickcnt. Thantsgiving is appo.n
cd for Thursday, the 17th inst. ; and certainly there nei.
was more reason for liearlfelt gratitude low.irds the Ilispc:
-•cr;of all good, than at present. The earth has brousht fori
her increase in the most bountiful manner; while healli
peace, and prosperity, have blessed our w hole land.

The New York and other commercial papers, .^peak in u
most encouraging terms of the prospects of Ibe money m»
liet, and the revival of business generally. Conhdence l" i
'lecomelna great measure restored, and a better slate'
trade will inevitably follow. The abundant crops of it
Aill nearly pay off our foreign debts; and so eHettuai
heck has been given to e.^travagant importations, tn
imilar cnibaraesmcnls arc not likely to occur again vci
■loort.

'■'-v^-'^^-'^^^J^^*^ "'"'-"^ ^'^^/-^

2. illonll)lii iJubluatiou, Pcootcii to tl)c JlmproDcmcat of

AGRICULTUHE AND IIOKTICULT

URE,

AND TO

RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

EDITED BY

JOHN J. THOMAS AND M. B. BATEHAM,

ASSISTED BY DAVID THOMAS AND OTHERS.

VOLUME 2.

PUBLISHED BY BATEHAM AND CROSMAN,

ROCIIESTEU, XEAV-YOKK

1811.

INDEX TO VOLUME 2.

Acknowledgmente, 16.
Address of N. Diddle, 6.

E. D. Smiih, 171.

Addresses of H. Colman, 42, 126.

Advice, laconic, 15.

Agents in Canada 1 .

Agriculiural Cuinmissioner, recommended, 9.

papers, notices ot, 2U, 15S, 161.

experinieiu alTecied by climate, 51.

implements wanted, 07.

socieiies, notice to be givm, 81.

Ciieinistry, Leibig' 8, noticed, 'J2.

publications, utility of, 96.

cxbibitions in different counties, 153.

almanac, 152.

Suciety, National, 63, 101.

Societies sball ihey be su«inin<d ? 179.

of Allegnny county, 180

Cayiiga county, 120.

Cortland county, 161.

Uurbam, U. C, 41.

Erie county, 120, 132, 167.

Genesee county, 5, 165.

JcfTcreon county, 132.

Livingston county, 133 182.

Madison county, 153.

Mon. CO 33,41,112,132,166

New-York Stale, proceed-
ings of, 58, 120

". remarks on, 72,8-5.

premiums of, 102.184

«,.,. conimiiiees and reg-

ulntions of 132.

fair at Syractnec, 136

account ot 1 7'-.

nccominodotion, 174-

Niagara CO. 120, 133 182.

Oneida county, 89, 168.

Ontario county, 63. 163.

Orleans county, 153.

Seneca coun'y, 120, 176.

Wiiyiic county, 180

Agriculture, petition on. I, 9.

legislotive aid to, remarks on, 28.

in Nova Scotia, 53.

Mi.'^souri, 143.

New York bill to promote, 94.

remarks on, 57, 99

pleasure and profits of, fiO.

macbinery applied to, 130,

, improved, remarks on, 143.

disputetl questions in, Ac. 143.

importont discovery in, 163.

American Institute, 107.

Apparatus for a cheap lobratory, 57, 58.

Apple, Sponge, description of, 13.

Peck's Pleasant, description of. 51.

molasses, to make, 27.

Apples, remarks on, 17iS
Artesian well at Paris, 78.
Asbes as manure, 97.

inquiries, 141— leached, 94.

an important suggestion, 93.

Asia Minor, brilliant scenery in, 62.
Asparagus, culture of, 72.

improved mode of culture, 106.

Aitrorn, Cayuga Co., 1U2.

B.

Barley, pearl, of the West, 157.

Boe-hivc, subtended, figure and desciption of. 1.37.

self-suppnrtiiiE', fig. and riescrip. of, 88.

Bees, management of, 24 — hiving, 106.
Beets for cattle, p.\cellent, II.

raised successfully by freeli manure, 34.

uses of, experiments, 3.5, 55.

directions for raising. 117.

fur Spring fending, 123.

value of in drought, 159.

sugar, uses of 69-

Birds, love of, 179

Board-fence, making, useful hints, 34.
Book-farming, errors coriecteH. 29.
Blots, good application fir, 17,5.
B'>rer, distinct from peach worm, 67.
Botanical etymology, querr, 175.
Botany, study of, 103.
Bots in horses, to cure. 67.
.... and hnrsc-hees, 39, 68— account of 50
Bromble, toerndiente, 103.
Bran as manure, 131 .
, Brick lin ng to house*, cheap method, 21,
Borkwhent, enliiire of, III.
Budding roses, 183.

BiisbcB, not hu^lie's, 24.
Butter, salting, 23.

to be worked withotit water, 34.

C
Calf, precocity in, 123.
.... good half-blood IJnrbom, 6.
.... large balf.bloud Durham, 121.
Canada, government oi". 41.
thistles, easily killed, experiments, 117, 129

suggestion, 124.

sprr-ndino rapidly, 143.

Canker worm, Icciiliiy of, 98.
Carrot, white, value of, 67.

premium crop of, 181

Castor oil bean, culture and u.e of, 58. ^
Carriage springs mode of air, 163
Cuttle, importance of winter protection for, 18, 21.
plan of stabksfor, 21.

cream pot breed, 40.

salt gO"d lor, 41.

improvement in, indicated, 41.

remarks on, liy a drover, 60.

giubs in, described, 72, 82.

fai, 107 — large O.X, 67.

remarks on, and weight of offal, 70.

ditfi-reni breeds of. 186

Uuihnm, prices in England, 67.

ea.'.y feeders, li7.

in Yates countv, 77.

stock of Wm. Nell', 124

figureofT.Weddlc's 'Gazelle.' 8.

VV. R. Smith's *' Jessa mine," 40.

W. Fuller's '• Gvpsey," 168.

J. M. Sherwood's Bull 'Archer,' 180

figure of Htreford ox, li 5.

Devon, noticed, 11'2.

Census and statistics of Genesee Co., 12.

Livingston Co., 12.

Monroe Co., 28.

the United States, 47.

Cheering prospects, 88.

Cheese making. 94.

sold in Cincinnati, amount, 63.

preserved in hny stacks, 130.

fly, to repel, 17.

Chemistry in nature, 111.

Cherries, various fads and remarks on, 114, 141.

a lin. bnskct of, 116,

Chestnut trees for timber, 36.

Clover among corn, how done, 21.
injurious to fruit trees, '23.

seed, niising and cleaning, 68.

Coal in Michigan, 71.

Cobble stone building, how made, G6.

Cold water in warm weather. 157.

Colman, Henry, coining to edit this paper, 178 188

Color, importance ot in rural economy, 149,

C'llore, complementary, 102.

Compost, imporiaiu directions, 20.

C'oiikcry: — to make Wisconsin mince pies, 39.

Indion loaf breod, 39.

Wisconsin sponge cuke, 39.

.' vegetable oyster pudding, 62.

French honey, 11)3.

junket, and scaKled cream 159.

Tomnto fif'n. 158.

Corn-laws of England, 73— agitation on, 89, 158.

Corn, Indian, good crop, 6, 69, 76.

great crop, '21 , 164.

importance of 45, 156, 183.

sowing fir fodder, 104, lOD-

how to dispose of cobs, 130.

to harvtst, 159.

oil mnile from. 183

macbinef'r busking, 67.

and sugar beets, value in drought,109.

Counn crop, 40 — laiaeil in L din, 183

Couch grass, to kill, 55.

Country and city life contrasted, 142.

Cows, period of gostntion in, 19.

. ... great prolits of ttahling, 29.

village, bow to keep, 29.

.... Morns Miilticaulis for, 121

Durham, ns milkers, 63.187.

excellence prov'd, 122, 174.

Crops in Ohio, 9, 124.

Englanrl, 1'28, 141, 1.57.

East Bl .omlicld. 140.

Venice, Cavu^a Co., 149.

remarks on, 7'2, 109, 113.

Curculio, experiments anil remarks on, 9.-', 116.

eliiit out, 116 — remark, 128.

to be atteiidjil to, 69.

bone dust excellent for, 66.

Daries, Dutch, description of, 3.
Drag-log, to make, 14'2.
Draining, experiments in, 114.

importance of, 115 — how done, 67.

Drill barrow, new, 73.

Drinking in hot weather, 123.

Dioughl, to prevent, 110, 133 — remarks on, 133.

and succeeding rain, singular eti'ects of, 161.

Dry feet, 1 85

Dj'cing, directions for, 153.

E.

Early suppers, 138.

Eclipses, influence of, on weather, 75.

Education, 142.

physicol, 127.

letter of inquiry on, 141.

Elderberry wine, to make, 145
Emigrants to the West, liinie to, 58.
Eulogy on il Colman, 139 188
Exercise a moral duty 11.

Experiments with manures, importance of accuracy
in, 10.
in ngiiculinre, varied by climate, 51.

■ ir.
in

Dshlia, cul:urc of, 46.

».

Farm of G. Sheffer, visit to, 117.

W.C. Cornell, visit to, 149.

Farmery of W. R. Smith, excellent figures and de-
scription of, 56.
Farmers, eduuoiiuiiof, 10.

of Niagaro Co., address to, 5

hinto to, 1 1, 14.

their blessings, 78, 183.

Furmei's bomes, 13, 14.

wives, and daughters, 30, 127.

children, educu'n of. 32,' 47,.55, 76,111,126

Farming, two gi.od siiecimens of. 4.

spicmien of ibe scrotching system, 21 .

produce of one ocre, 37 — good, 40.

experience in ihe lirst year, 114,

in Allegany Co., 46.

hints on, for January, 8-

Fibrnary, 17 — March, 33. *

April, 49— Miiy, 65.

June, 81 — Aiiguit, 113.

September. 1'29.

October, U5.

November, 161.

Dccemle , 18.5

Farms, new. best me-hod to manage, 98.

in Monme Co., visit to, 148.

Fence, cheaiand durnble 02

post heaving by frost, 107

Filbert, ciiliivatinn of, 73.
Florist. Eaton's definition of, 34.
Flowers, inllamable gass exhaled by, 118.

in England, noiiccSf56.

of spring, 68, 84.

summer, 108, U6, 1S9, 151.

and their odors, 95.

notices of, 36.

Fodder, timely huits respecting, 104.

sowing .;(;n for. 109.

Forest treee. planting. 46.
France, tiude wiib. 20.
Frank ; dialogues . n farming, 48.
Fruit, etiecls of 5:( ck on, 2, 3.5.

cultnie of in Western New Yoik, 12.

ripenid on a blackened wall, 41.

garden, remarks on, 116.

never stolen in PrusKia. 138.

to maik names on, 178

buds killed in winter, obcervations, i iid pre-
vention, 149.

trees, to protect from mice, 22 — to trio-, 35.

cniiiiot be raised from cuttings, ' 6.

raised iVuni ciiuinpe by ^rnfiiiig, 142.

to transplant, ,53, 137, 151.

to protect from animals, 63.

slugs on, accouiil of, 121.

peddling, 151.

Fruits, native, account of, 91.

of the soil, in iheUnitid .Sales, 110.

Fuel, cost of, in the United Sales, 40.

pract cal remarks on fire wood, 50.

compiri=on in quality of, 67.

Furnue, hol-air, suiiimer all t'ae yen j3).

G.
Galvanic plint protector, 8'>.
Garden se •di, sprouting, 38.

an 1 gnuinds of the work n; man, 15.

( ardening in March, 40 — Anril. 5' — May, 6).

for the ladies, 75, 111.

,,,,,,., , praciieal direction*) 9?>

INDEX TO VOLUME 2.

tales, sliJiiig, 6'i.

reology of Peniisylvaiiia, 71.

N. SUcrbrooke, U. C, 176.

traficti fruit, etl'eiia ol slock on, 2, 35.
'raliQiii's Magazine, AS.
train culler, Hussey'e, 07.

successful experini'ta with, 19S.

Irasa, orchard, sown wiih clover, II.
.. blue, and couch, to nianai;e, 5-1.
. sown on inverlcd aod, 147.
rrasses, lo^s by drying, 40.

Durlingion's leciure on, 85.

ullibilily, nonsense, 123.
ilass, colored, germmatingsceja under, 183.

H.

ail storm near Rochester, destructive, 130.
;iins. lo eiire, A.

arrow, Hunfs double h'w^c, figure and deacrintion of -11
ay, [lirc>:tions in uiukinij, 5i, lOo.
edjic to make, 39.

cil^ns.instrueiions, 90— buckthorn, 13j.
Citer, a great one, If-5.
en's fg<f^, U) have atl winter I2I.
eiisiaii riy. .M. H. Wurris's c.xiicrimenta on, -11.

acouuL of, 77, 113.

with eugravinga, 100.

re.l men, treatment of, Vl.

)g, enormous, *2i.

ogs, to cure bliml staggers in, U.

sore throai in, 20, 5'.

. disease in, hujucry. 14-i— reuiely, 157,

. management of, liy T. C. Pelers, So.

. kept welt on hoy. 40.

, very hirge, 4?, ea.

. in pastures, inquiry, 115.

, Allen's newly imporie.l, i09.

, Berkshire, Sawyer's, fiijures of, 9, 21, 60.

great profiEs or' Nrec.ling, p.

descriptifju of, 21, 117.

oorrecinn. 44

sale of, 104. 117.

raiiiti increase in weight, 121.

in Ohio, 14(3

value t)f, 70.

>of-ail, remarks on, cau^eM of, 13.

not causcil by ercot. 23.

cautie and cure, 19.

irse, .Arahiiin. engraving of, 73.
irses. halky. to cure, 40.
.... to asceriain the age of, 126.
.... to cure salivation in, 142.

yellow water in, 142.

irticultura! ineetingat Rochester, 41, 57.

tjociety of .Mass., exuil;irion of, 1S7,

rtriullure, sea-imental remarks on, 27.

in Western .Vew York. 29.

very nice hints to ladies on, 46.

wonlors of, errors corrected, t>t),

'-'leis. to make, 40.
v<?ri catilf". lo cure, 4.
mbuL'-i, 119.

liiiuscs alioi'c zrouTid, to make, 10,
imi-", letter tVom, IJO
.Tiirts TLnl e.\poits, 9. 20.

ects, inipjiriun'. discovery in (destroying, IIS.
g ition, advantages, and directions for, 159.

li.

iwlc.lge, importance of among f.irmers 91, 13(3.

bcr, dcty nf, 110.

. . furnishes the only real wealth, 139,
ics in Western \?w York, 10.
nps for hu: nitig lard. 1 iO.
a iacape (Jiirde ting, L/owning's, notice of, 101, I'il.

sure days. 111.
nd us a har.i, IS j.
Ctcr troni AtiC.'-e, 96.
,c on cattle, to kill, 39.
■htniiig rods, to rnaki*, 22.
.le as manure, 107, N-'

appiioii;:on,3?.

intcrestins experiments with, 21.

■cr c'lmplaiut in animals^ remedy, 110.
;u3i seed, sowinjr, 3u.

tree insect. tOl.
tree-*, raising. 1 10.
g houses, value of, 'J3.

M.

igazine of Horticulture, notice of. 29.
mei'l wurtzel. srnoii crop of. 40.191.
.nured, chemical or prejiared. 158.
pie sugi'.r, vat for hoilins, '6 ,44.
clarified with Indian meal, M, 97.

making. 72.

.rl in New Jersey, proli's of 49.
.9sachusctt5,8taiisti':3 of. 14.

manufactures in, 40.

:.i8ures, every man to mr.kc his own, 04.

at, consinnptioh of. I(i3.
chigan. produci=i of. 139.
Iltary fines, sutiiiestion, 10.
ik-spreaiini;, to remedy, 142.
Uct, to cultivate. 9-1.
mey chamring pockets, 9.
igqiiitop^ for leaches, rather not try, 60.
u*k. swamp, u^e nf, 39.
lin, cure for, 91.
... to prevent, 157,150.

]V.

lis, driven eisilv ijito hard wood, 159.
lionnl gallerv of .American manufactures, 10.
lUriU p'lilosophy. study of, l*'^.

rVcw Genesee Farmer, KdiiorB of, 17, IS8.

6Ut-ce.ss «.f, 17, 33, PJ*. 104.

noti.-es respcclinp, 101.

favornhly noiiced, lOB.

Priispeclus for Vol. 3, IS8.

New War's 5111 to our rciidurs. 1
New York .Mechanic, notice nf. 103.
.Northern Light, a new periodical, noticed, 6.
Notices, puhliihcr'd, 49,05, lOl.lbS.
to corrcspondente, 109.

o-

Oil plant, new, 97.

. .. Torn sunflower, cotton scrd, and castor-oil bean, 79.

Diiion seed, ehould be 6oaked,89.

Onions, rwising, 3?.

Orchards, cinver in. 1,23.

" Orchard" the, reviewed, 179.

JP.

Faint, fire proof, 21.

I'cach trees, cnUurc of, 2 — Ircatnicnt ol', 5?.

yellows in, 102.

causes and pretention of decay in, 175.

.... worm and horer Uisiinc!, 07.

IViiches, how to Uiive good, lb3.

IVar, N.ipnieon, account of, 18.

.... cross, account of, 76.

.... description of new kinds, 30,

.... irees, practical remarks, 82, SO, 157.

eaily hcaiingand early ri|>ening, 8*2.

Might in, 128— cure for. i47.

Pears, late, discovery in ripening, 75, 178,

I'eas, golden vine, 0, 37.

Teat in i'Massachusetts, 40.

Philo-soplicr's stone found at last, 67.

Pickles, 157.

PIc-pIant, culture of, 72.

Piggery of T, C. Fcters' dci-cription and plan of, 20.

I'igs, large, 120.

PitcIiforK, premium, 177.

Plants, ornamental, notices of, 30.

of iMassaehnsetlo. report of Prof. Dewey on, 131.

splendid, noiiied, 147.

influence of moisture on, interesting esperini'rs, 150.

Plaster, rationale of. .'^1— remedy for e.\h;ius'ioii hy, 93.
Plough, \\'luting'6 Wisconsin, figure and description of, 61.

merits of, 01, 65.

>Vi!kie's bcotch, remarks on, ?5.

sutisoil. figure and description of, 104.

Ploughing, length of furrow to an acre, 15.

by a nolilem.'iti. 9.

suhsoil, intercsi'g and important expcrim'ts, 82.

Imporlance of, 143.

level land in hro:id ridges, 101.

IMoughs, wheel for, advantagL's, &m«!de of construction, I56-

trial of at Syracuse, a faiIure,A: hintsrcspcct'g, 09.

Plum trees, excrescen'-es on, 71. lOO, 145.
/'ocfry .— CuUivHting fl uwer.'i, 15. — Winter, 31.

Use of flowers, 93.— Morn, 1"5.

Go forth into the fields, III.

Cotton stali^lit'p, i42.

True Glory. 158

Voire of spring,"?.

Ponds, direcLions for m:.king, 115.

Populiition, increase nf, 7.

Post offices in L'niied 8*fttc?. 7.

Portraits of anima's, remarks on, C6— notices, ICI.

Potatoes, experiments with, 21, 70.

Mereer, produc'ive, 1.

Uohans, good, 0. — Great crop of, 29.

increase, -29.

anti merinos, comparative value of, 67.

Neshanocky, not Mcshunotk;;, 72.

Poultry, fatieninc, '23.

infjuiries, 72.

Premium crnp5, culture of, IS'.
Pride nnd extravagance. i4.
Proclamation of the President, 73,
Puidic lands :ind emigrants, 27.
Pump logs, to preserve. 25.
pumpkin?, lirge crop of, 9.
Putty, to remove old, t3.

Rr.t.=?. to repel. 123— wl h tobacco. 29.

.... poisoning iliem, 4.J— catrhing them, 45.

. . . . and mice, immense cost of. 9.

to destroy. 93, 109.

liiche.s of the West, 27, 130.

Ito.ads. dircclitms for making. 22. '

llochestcr Seed Store catalogue. 33— :igents for, 65.

Roofs, cheap moilc of cons'.riicting, lt3.

liuot crops, experiments with, 23.

successful culture of, !00-

ItooiH, to make cahes eat, C9.
Uos7-hug. fact respectins, 119.
Uota'ion, Importance of. 9.

specimen of, 100.

principles of, 13.-^.

Rula hnga, dcay in, '2. 20. 4.^.

seed, spurious. 108,

hook, fiLMire nf. 128.

premium crops of, ISI.

Salt in Michigan. 175.

S.mdy land, inquiry, 4.

Sc1:oij1s, common, hinti a^o:lt, 5.

Sheep, Merino, when first imported, 16, 6-3.

puis^ined by common red i-herry, 99.

dead, should be sheared, I '5.

urc for stretchp.a Or costivencss in. 115.

fuel rot in. prevention and cure, 130, 102.

diflj'rent breeds iles.-ribed, 154.

South Down, for snie. 67.

imiiorted hv Allen, 108.

comparative u'pight of olfil. 70.

"■hruirs for ornament in wii:t«r, description of, 13.

Signature", ficlitiou?, 51,

■^ilk, .tu-'ces'jfnl rxperinjents in, 15, 23.

. . . . n'ale in Georeia. 21-

. . . . Importation of, 46-

.... Slate honnty for, 18,92.

.... market for cocoonn, 49.

.... manufactured in the State Prisons, 64.

.... report on, 92.

.... business in Pennsylvania, 110.

.... culture. Bucce*s in, 121 — in families, 181.

cnlculationa reapcctin?, I25.

facts .-ihowing the profita of, 133.

reinat k on. 147. 163.

.... cocoonery of (J. Allen, I48.

.... Kccnrd, Burlington, e.Mract from, 20.

.... ^ociety, Americnn. J\)urnal of. 22.

.... Si.itc ftoc. Fair, rei>ort on, 184.

. . .. worm frame, Morris's, figure rnd description of 57.

. . .. worms, contpiiraiivc value of difl^rcnt VLrietiCB,51?,93.

Hisease in. lOO.

Soils, descriptiort of difl'ererit kinds, 63.
Sowing IMachinc, Hatch's, figure uf, :i3, 153.
Stables, damp, destructive to cattle, i7.

littered with saw dust for manure, 67.

States, agricultural rank of several, 94.

.^•iealing postage. 97.

S raw-carrier. Ileebe's. figure and description of, e9.

Striped bugs, to manage, t-9, 97.

Slump niaciiinc, figure and description nf, 136.

patent expired, 153, 170.

Siigiir from corn stalks. 175.

Systematic cultivation, importance of, 134.

T.

Tare or vetch, cultivation of, 154.

Tarifl", remarks on, 2, 14, 37, 45, 52, 85, 90, 91, ICO, 68, 74, *t5,

1:39, 174.
Thrashing clean, P.

machine, Pitts, 57.

Timber, best lime for cutting, 04, Ud.

Time, 05.

Tooih-acbe. to cure, 47,

Trade with France, H.

[irospccts of, 141.

Transplanting trees, important instructions, 53.

Evergreens, 83,

in auiuuin, Injury and remedy, 137.

Travel, hkctchca of, 30, 155.
Trees and Hhrubs, noticed, 74.
. . . . law respecting, in Japan, 183.
Tcrnip tly, repelled eucce^stully by tanner's oil, 81.
Turnips, cause of dcay in, 20. 45,74,
new varieties of, 101.

w.

^Vasiiington's letters on Agri-.-ullure, TO.

Watc,-]iro woolen iKctory, U'i

Wemlicr in Miiy.?l— of June anJ July, 113.

the season, 70.

Wet l"cct, 47.

Wheiit interests, remarks on, 19, '23.

culture, irnportioice ol, oi.

e-\ltci inieni in. I 7.

turning to cltess, ajliill lewiiril, 61.

...... rust on, rentiuks, \ii, 51), 100.

nieinorial of J. Leavitt on, (slioM he read by all,) £«.

with Cuiadii thistles, lo iiir.nnge, 129.

juirl flour triide of the west, I3U.

worm repelled by the skunk, 117.

insecLs, iiccotint of, 77.

new varieties by Oen. Hrirmnu, MO, 17G.

twelve new varieties, (lescrilic-i, 14U.

It.nlian spring, e.\periniciit, :JU,

remarks on, 150.

i\leUilerr;tncan, 178.

U liitewash. durable, 47.

u hy ilou'l he do it, 11.

Wild rice, inquiry, 153.

Winter of l!?4n-4 , temperature of, 6i.

Wisconsin, lett ^r from, 71, S>.

Wood, how leulered lm|:cr;sliulileandincombus.ibic,o2, 79.

Woodland, preserving, 1}1.

Wool in .Michigan, 1,51.

V. States. l.>4.

Workitigman's dwelling, excellent remarks, 127.
home p'casiircs, l3o.

Vucca 2lorio3,i, notice of, i^o.

IX1>EX TO EXGRAVIXGS.

Col. Sawyer's Derkshire boar ,

T, Weddle's Dnrhnni cow and call,

M. Adams' cow sialiles,

Col. Sawyer's two Bcrkaliiica,

T. C. I'eters" piL'gcry

Huleli'fl sowing oincbilie,

VV. II. Suiitli'a Durbam cow

Fiunia' tiouble-lnngc bcriow,

W. R. Siriitb'sFarme y

B'U lington Silk- worm Kniii e

Wbitiiigs' WiEcoiisin Plough, <

Arnbiun horee,

Hall's Bee-Hive,

Beebea' Slraw-corrier,

.Svibsoil Plough,

Herel'orJ o.\,

Views of Door yard Scenery,

Rula-baen hook

Stump-pMlIiiii^ Moeliiiie

Affleck's Bee hive,

A^riculinriil Furnnce

Hitch's Sowing Machine enlargt d

W- Fui'er'e Duiham cow

Wheni inseci.^

.1. M. Sherwood'e Dnrbnm Bull "Archer.'
O'. Id Corn Planter,

8
8
8
21
24
25
34
40
41
5i)
r>7
61

8r>

104
10.^.
121
128
I.S(>

m

114

ir.rt

168
16!)

180

BOCHESTEM SEED STORE

AND

AGRICULTURAL REPOSITORY.

M. B. SATISHAM, PROFHIETDE.

Another year has been added (o the successful history of this establishment, and the pfoprietor offer.- his n
newed acknovvledsremcnts for the continuance of libei'ul patronage and pubhc confidence. — He would now ii
form his friends, that having- relinquished the charge of tlie New Genesee Farmer, (to abler hands,) he \v
hereafter devote his whole attention to the business of the Store, confident that he will Uiereby give increase
satisfaction to bis customers.

A fidl sup|)]y of all kinds of SEEDS arc now on hind for the coming- season ; part of them raised 'v\ this \
citiily the past season, by C. F. CuosMAi^f and othei- careful secd-g-iowers, nnd tlic rest obtained fioni t'le mo
respectable foreign sources. Knowing- that success in this business must dejiend on merit, gieat J)ain5 will I
taken to have all seeds just what they should be — of the right kinds and the best qualiti/.

Of AcRicur.TURAL Implemknts, Garden Tools, Books, &,c., there is a good supply on hand, br
many mort; will bo obtained in the spring, when it is intended to enlaige the establishment so as to alljw moi
room for this class of articles.

Merchants will be supplied with seeds for r(>lailing, at very low prices. The usual number of Agcn
will receive assortments on commission as heretofore, during the winter.

33^ Catai.oguks will be printed hereafter.

Ppchcstcr, December, 1811. U. B. BATEH VIM.

pVe

hi

•si

M. B. BATEHAM,

C. F. CROSMAN, Proprietors.

VOIi. 2. ROCHESTER, JANUARY, 1841.

JVO 1 ] JOHN J. TilOMAS,

M. B. BATEHAM, Edilors.

riBLlSlIEB MOA'THIiY.
TEHMS,

FIFTY CENTS, per year, pay,ililc always in advance.

Post Masters, Asents, and others, scndinii nioury free of
postage, will receive seven copies for ®3, — 7\c</fc copies for
1^5, — Ticenlij-ji-cc copies for S^*'-

The postage oi IWis pa|ier is only one cent to anyplace

itliin this state, aud one and a half cenia to any part of
the UnUed States.

All suliscriptions must commence with the vohime.

Volume I can be furnished to new subscrihers. Price
£0 cents.

Address BATEHAM i CROSSIAX, Rochester, N. V.

COXTESfTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Happy New Year New Year's Gift, &c. Circulate the
Petitions " Klection is Over," Agricultural Society
Meeting Meslip.nnocks rs Itohans I

Effects of the Stock on Grafted Frnil. Culture of the
Peiich Tree. A Protective Tariff, Silk Culture, &c.. . 2

Dutch nairies 3

Two Good Farmers. Improving Sandy Lands. Hoven
Catfe Curing Hams 4

To the Farmers of Niagara Co. Hints ahout Common
Schools. Genesee Co. Ag. Soc, E.\hil)ition 5

Summer Crops. Ilohan Potatoes. Indian Corn. Gold-
Vine Peas, ic. Biddle's Address 6

Post Offices. Incre.'isp of Population 7

■Portraits and Description of Thos. Weddle's Short Horn
Cow Gazelle, with Her Calf Hkbr Berkshire Swine
Portraits of Col. Sawyer's two Pigs. Hints for the
Month g

Legislative Aid to Agriculture. Petitions for do. Scraps
from E\change Papers. Imports and Exports. Thrash-
ingClean. A Nolileinan Ploughing. Costly and Profit-
aide. Largo Crop of Pumpkins. Importance of Rota-
tion. Rats and Mice. Money Changing Pockets. Ag-
ricultural Commissioner 9

Reporting Kxperimenls with Artificial ^Manures. Wheat
and Hay-stacks Protected from Lightning. Ice Houses
otl the Ground. National Gallery of American Manu-
facturer and Productions. Education for Farmers. ... 10

AVliydon't hedo it ? Curefor"I>isease in .Swine " Sow-
ing Orchard Grass Sectl. Beets for Cattle Our Trade
with France. Exercise a Moral Duty. AVinter Eve-
nings 11

Population and Statistics of Genesee and Livingston Co's.

Decay of RutaBagas— Inquiry. The Fruit Garden. . . \'i
rhe Garden and Shrubhery Farmers' Homes and Chil-
dren. (Reply to .\nnetle.).. 13

Fothe Young of Both Sexes. Signs of the Times. Mas-
sachuseits Statistics, Pride and Extrav.ngance 14

The Woiking Man's Garden and Grounds. Silk. La-
cenic Advice. Ploughing. Apology for Cultivating

Flowers, Ij

Early Importation of Sheep The Puhlic Pre^s. Pros-
pectus, &c English ^Markets. New-York do. Prices
of Flour, Rochester Prices Current, wilh Remarks. , , 16

".\. Happy New Year,"

To you all, renders ! We intended writing a most
requisite and cxlraordinary "New Year's Address,"
;o fill up tbispoge of our paper ; and in order that our
iertile brain miglat produce something that vi'ould im-
nortah'ze our names, we kept the matter concocting
:ill the very day of publication, when, lo ! on asking
lie printer how much space had been reserved for our
Address, he told us mi^iy twelve lines! So, gentle
readers, forgive the disappointment we have occasion-
;d, and we will, with all sincerity, wish you a very
'happy new year," and do all in our power to in-
jrease your happiness, eo long as we may be permitted
;o mal\e our monthly visits.

A New Year's Gift.

We print several thousand extra copies of this mim-
of the Farmer, and send them as a New Year's
aresent to our numerous unknown friends abroad. —
^efaope they will duly appreciate our kindness; and if
%«y wi)| "plenso read and circulate," so as to obtain a
bw sutscribers thereby, we shall feel moat abundantly
•warded and tnilj' graleful.

Our Prospects.

We last month bade farewell to our subscribers for
1840, but felt strong assurance that we should soon
renew our acquaintance. We are hnpj^y to say that
appearances now indicate that our highest expcctationt
will be more than realised. The names of our old
frieitds, together sviih very many new ones, are now
coming in with great rapidity. The success of the
paper the past year, and the promptness with which
the subscriptions are renewed, nfibrd the strongest
possible evidence that our labors are approved by the
public, and encourage us to persevere with renewed
energy.

Our most sincere thanks are due to the many Post
masters and other friends of agriculture, who have
kindly assisted us. We hope they may have the hap-
py consciousness of benefitting others besides our-
selves.

Uncurreiit Money.

Bills on solvent Banks in this, and the Eastern
States, are at par with us Canada, Pennsylvania,
and New Jersey, are about 5 per cent, discount. —
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and most Southern, money,
is about 8 per cent.; and Michigan and Illinois is 10
to 19 per cent.

We hopo our friends at a distance will take pains
to send us the best money they can obtain. AVe do
not refine any of the above, when sent us free of
postage, and nothing deducted for commission; but the
amount paid by us for discount during the year, is a
serious item

Subscribers in Canada,

Should remember that their Postmasters cannot frank
letters further than the lines; so that we are compelled
to pay postage on all letters coming by mail from
there. This we do not mind, if bills not under $4
are remitted; but on small bills, the postage and dis-
count together, are too g-ent a sacrifice.

Subscribers residing near the places mentioned be
low, may pay their subscriptions to the persons np.med.

Kingston — John Ckf.ighton, (Chron, & Gaz.
Office,) and Charles Heath,

Port Hope — D. Smart, Post Master and President
Agricultural Society.

Toronto — IjKssuk & Brothers, James F. West
LAND, and George Leslie.

Hamilton — Samuel Kerr, Jlerchant.

London — John Norval, (at News-Room.)

In addition to the above, Postmasters and friends of
the cause generally, are requested to act as agents
BATEHAM & CROSMA.^.

To Correspo.-jdests.— Several communications are
unavoidably deferred. Our friends will greatly oblige
us by writing earlier in the month.

0° A certain corespondent is requested not to at-
tempt to hon.\ us by sending articles as original w';^',(.1j
were pttblished under tBe editorial head of the old
Genesee Farmer : nor parts of suy^ iitii;le3 slightly
alt«r«d.

Circulate the Petitions!!

Let the farmers, and friends of Agriculture in the
Empire State, exert themselves during the present
month, and send to Albany such an expression of their
wishes as cannot be disregarded. When the yeoman*
ry of the land speak out on any subject they are not to
be trifled with. Let our Legislature remember
that. Er" See page 9.

For the iS'ew Genesee Farmer.

•' Election is Over."

The strife of the contending parties has ceaeetl.—
And now, that the important question of "who shall
be our servants?" is settled, it becomes an interest-
ing consideration, " what shall those servants do on
our behalf?"

We have heard much during the past year of the
distress i)ccasioned by "tinkering with the currency,"
of the disastrous results attending "odious monopo-
lies," and " Bank aristocrats." The poor people
have been greatly piiied by either party, and much has
been said by way of condolence; much by way of pro-
mise. There is reason enough for all this no doubt;
we have felt enough, and heard enough, and read
enough to satisfy us that our sulTerings is intolerable.

But now, brother farmers, for fear that all these
fine professions may not be quite kept in remembrance
let us, in the most respectful manner possible, remind
our friends at Albany, that our wonts are not yet re-
lieved; and that while We are very glad to see all other
necessary objects attended to, we also believe an en-
lightened policy would require that much more atten-
tion should be given to the encouragement of agricul
ture, than has been for some years past.

Nothing is wanting to secure this desirable result
but a general alacrity among farmers in circulating pe*
titions, which it is important to remember should be
transmitted to the Legislature at as early a day as pos-
sible. ONE OF THE PEOPLE.

Clover in Orchards--Inquiry,

Messrs. EniTORs — The opinion is quite prevalent
among farmers, that Clover is injurious to orchards,
but 1 cannot understand icfty it is so. If any of your
correspondents can throw any light on the subject, it
would gratify a subscriber.

SOUTH WEST.

A'o^c— ^The inquiry of Socth West should have
been inserted some time since, but wasaccidenily mis-
laid.— Eds.

Mesliannocks vs. Rohans.

Me.s5rs. Editors — I have raised, the past season,
thirty-six bushels of Meshannock potatoes from eleven
square rods of ground. If any of your readers have
done belter, with Robnns, or any other k",nd, t should
like to know it; and if I am. beaten, 1 will trv' again
ne.xt year. Yours, &c., P. BRIGGS.

The Annnnl Meeting

of the benesee Agricultural Society, occurs on Tuo»
■iay, the 2d day of February next. Business of grea;
importance will then be transacted, and it is very de-
sirable that there should be a full attendance. The
Meeting will beheld at the Arcade House, at 11 a*-
elock, A. JL H, M, WARD, 5«o'y,

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Ellects of the Stock on Grafted Fruit.

A lolc number of tUc Yankee Farmer, contains
Bome remarks of the editor, relative to the influenee
of lUe stock un grafted fruit, copied from a former vol-
nme, in wUicU ho lays down the following proposi-
tions:

1. " Stocks have an eifect as to bearing years.

2. Stocks affect the scion in hastening or retarding
the ripening of fruit.

3. Stocks produce defects on grafted fruit

4. Stocks affect the color of fruit.

5. Stocks affect the quality of fruit.
C. Stocks have an inffuencc in increasing or decreas-
ing the size of fruit."

Thissuhject is not new to horticuluirists. An elab-
orate article by Dr. Mease of Philadelphia, affirming
Buch inlluence was reviewed by us several years ago,
in the 3d volume of the Genesee Farmer; but we did
not think at the time, that the evidence was conclu-
■ive: and we have seen nothing since, to induce us to
change that opinion. Still, we are willing to examine
the subject anew with fairness and candor.

Wc should have been gratified if the editor had giv-
en in detail, the facte on which he founds those opin-
ions; but as he has only done so in part, we would re-
epectfullr suggest that if these propositions are true,
it would not be difficult to prove them by experi-
ments faithfully recorded, from the commeiicement to
the termination, and before wilnceses of unexceptiou-
olile charncter. Statements of this kind would have
a weight that solitary or imperfeet recollections can ne-
ver produce; and more espccinlly where the obeervalions
are hastily taken, without a thorough examination of
all the circumstances connected with the subject.

But wc cannot properly omit on this occasion, the
Btatement made by Professor Lindley, that " no such
influence can be exercised." lie adds: "Those who
fancy that the Quince, for instance, communicates
ionie of its austerity to the Pear, can scarcely have
considered the question nhysiologically, or they would
have seen that the whole of the food communicated
from the alburnum of the Quince to that of the Pear
is in nearly the same state as when it entered the roots
of the former. Whatever elaboration it imdergoes,
must nccesBarily take place in the foliage of the Pear;
wliere, far from the influence of the Quince, secre-
tions natural to the variety, go on with no more inter-
ruption than if the Quince formed no part of the sys-
tem of the individual."

This decision is emphatic; and so far as we can
perceive, the reasoning ia as clear and conrlusive as
can be expected from theoretical considerations alone.
If there are facts however, that come in conflict, their
weight must be allowed, and the theory should then
be revised and amended.

Bearing in alternate years is a hnbit chiefly observa-
ble among apple trees; for when the pear, the peach,
the plum, and the quince fail to be regular bearers in
this quarter, the deficiency is to be ascribed to unfa-
Torable seasons, or the depredations of insects. The
case is otherwise however, with some varities of the
apple; and we have supposed the habit was owing to
the trees becoming through exhaustion, unable to pro-
duce blossom buds for the next season. In this in-
deed, we may be mistaken; but of two things we are
confident; moderate bearers are commonly annual
bearers; and those that we find unproductive, have
generally borne profusely in the preceding season. As
examples, v.'c would name Vedder's pippins, and the
Sweet Pough, or Harvest apple. The former is an
alternate bearer; but the latter bears every year; and
as we have half a dozen trees set on as many dilfcrent
sesdlings, among, which we have observed no vnria-
lioa in poinurregulwit^, «iu:lin«6« cr productiveness —

wc feel at liberty to inter that these Btocks have had no
influence on the grafts.

But alternate bearers conform to circumstances in
commencing their biennial course. We had six trees
of a russet apple, all of the same variety, halfof which
bore abundDutly at one time, and the other half in the
following year. Now if alternate bearing is caused
by excess in one season, and we prevent that excess
by destroying a portion of the blossoms, we shall cer-
tainly prevent alternate bearing. How then con a
stock subject to such conformity, induce a graft to al-
ter its time of bearingi It appears to ue, it can-
not be.

There are some things in regard to the ripening of
the same variety on different stocks however, that we
are not prepared to explain. For instance, we have
three trees of the Transparent Guigne cherry, one of
which ripens a week or ten days before the others.
The late trees stand near together— the other at the
distance of sixty feet. The subsoil in that part of the
fruit garden is very variable — small beds of sand in
some places, and clay and stones in others; but we
know not what tjie subsoil is under those trees. Nei-
ther do we know whether the stocks are all suckers of
the Morello," or a part of Kentish* cherry. We may
ascertain this next season. In the mean time we are
quite as much disposed to ascribe the difference in the
time of ripening, to the subsoil, as we are to the
stocks.

It is well known however, that stocks have an influ-
ence on the ripening of wood, and tender sorts be-
come hardier when grafted on hardy stocks — not be-
cause the latter exerts any specific influence on the
former, but because the usual supplies of sap are with-
held earlier in the season, and the wood has
more time to mature. The some effect is pro-
duced when tender shrubs are planted in dry, ste-
rile, rocky situations.

In examining appearances out of the usual order of
things, great care is necessary to prevent ue from draw-
in" wrong inferences. When different trees derived
from the same parent-variety, differ in their fruit, per-
haps the first idea that occurs is a difference between
the stocks, and the matter is settled too often we ap-
prehend, without further examination. But let us not
deceive ourselves. If the stock affects grafted fruit,
its action must be regular, every year alike; for hav-
ing neither leaves nor branches, it is less subject to vi-
cissitude than any other part of the tree; and therefore
no variation in the flavor, shape, or color of the fruit,
can be justly ascribed to the stock, except it be regu-
lar and every year alike. If it is not so, we must
search for some other cause; and even if it is so, there
may be another cause. Several years ago, we had the
Washington plum of a light but splendid red. The
tree however, never produced fruit of that color either
before or since. Tho cause therefore could not be in
the stocks.

Again — we have three trees of the September pear
(Summer Bon Creticn?) growing on pear stocks;
and several branches of this fine veriety on a Spitzen-
burgh apple tree. About nine years ago, the latter
bore pcnra that were rcdilcr, and sourer, and more as-
tringent, than the fruit from the other trees; «nd wc
fancied that the Spitzcnburgh had imparled some ofiis
qualities. The cause appeared very plain. Could it
be in any thing but the stock! Yes— they never bore
such fruit before or since; and the pears are as yellow,
and B8 sweet, nndaB pleasant, as any that are produ-
ced by the other trees. The stock therefore could have
had no agency in the matter.

We have two trees of the Summer Bell pear. For
several years past, one has borne large fair fruit, chang-

ing from green to yellow as it ripens, — while the other
tree has produced reddish pears, but so knotty, astrin-
gent, and unpaletable, that we have consigned them to
the hogs; and year after year there was no improvement.
Well, what stronger proof can be wanted that the
stock affected the graft? — Not too fast That tree has
begun to bear better fruit; and we have no doubt of

its final recovery though the disease we can neither
name nor describe.

The large White Currant is a delicious fruit; and
we have hod some dozen or fifteen bushels planted in
a row, all from the same parent-variety, but about one
half of them bear fruit very superior to the others-
much sweeter and more juicy or melting; and every
visitor who has tasted them, concurs in this opinion.
And tliey are regularly so, every year alike. Well,
is not this a clear proof of the efl'ects of the stock on
the graft? — No — they have no stocks — they stand on
their own roois. t

"Tiiesc two sorts as Btoeks, are well nJaptcU to test this
ipiestisn.] __j

Culture of the Peach Tvee.

It has been mentioned by writers on the cidture of the
peach tree, that hot water poured round the trunk at
the surface of the ground, will destroy tho worm. We
have not yet tried it, but we intend to do so; and in the
mean time we would suggest to our readers, that it
may be done at any lime during the winter or spring
when there is no snow and the soil is unfrozen. We
think the work would be more thoroughly done how-
ever, if the gum be first removed, so that the hot wa-
ter may enter the habitation of this insect.

Soot has been found excellent for this tree. In one
case that has come to our knowledge, its pale leaves
were changed into a dark green by this application
round its roots; and though the effect may in part have
been caused by the destruction of the worm, it has
doubtless, acted also as a manure. Those who have
stove pipes to clean and peach trees to ciUtivate, should
save the soot for this purpose.

One of the most deplorable conditions that a peach
tree can be placed in, is to stand in a meadow or grass
cjround which is annually mowed. Sometimes we see
them in door-yards where the grass grows strong, but
where neither pige, nor sheep nor cattle, are allowed to
enter. A half starved tree however, is no ornament in
front of a house; but we will not find fault with-
out proposing a remedy. Cidtivate a circle round
each tree, of two or three feet in diameter; and hoe in
manure from tho stable, the hog pen, the hen roost,
the leach tub, or the wood pile, not forgetting the stove
pipe, and the tree will soon compensate for the labor
by its beauty and productiveness. t

A Tariff for Kevenue made to subserve Pro-
tectiou. The imiiortaiiceof eucoiuagjngthe
t'uUure and Manufacture of Silk.

Messrs. Editors. — The assertion that Domestic
Cottons have been cheapened instead of becoming
dearer under a protective tariff, is proved by the pre
sent extreme low prices of the article. It is not my
purpose, however, to advocate the same measure of
bi^'h tariff" for the protection of every other branch of
American industry. The falling off of the revenue
on imported cottons, as home production supplied their
place, must now be made up by increased imports on
other articles of foreign growth or production. In-
stead then of laying a duty on tea and coffee, as is
suggested by the Editor of the N. Y. American, why
not collect a revenue from such articles as eon be pro-
duced in the United States ? Tea and coffee, al-
though luxuries, are the luxuries of the most precious
of aU classes in the United States— the independent,
well paid, laboring classes. Besides this, tea is not
now, as formerly, paid for exclusively in the precious
metals; but in the way of trade, either indirectly
throufih England, or directly with Cliinas Neither

No. 1.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

sa.

ie lea or cofl'ee indigenous of the Uniccd Stales; and
tUe latter article is always received in payment or ex-
change for articles of the growth and manufacture of
the United States, to which is ofien added the com-
mercial advaulagc on our part, o{ two freights and
two profits. Such as these, are essentially the articles
of free trade.

Without enumerating the articles on which an in-
creased duty for revenue, might be levied to an ex-
tent sufficient to answer both purposes, namely, reve-
nue and protection, I will now only advert to the arti-
cle of Silk, both raw and manufactured; the more es-
pecially as the production of the raw material ie intro-
ducing a new staple to the South, where the strongest
opposition to the protective system is found; and
where the over production of cotton at this time has
induced ruinous low prices and extreme pecuniary
embarrassment.

Almost coeval with our Constitution n bounty on
codlish has been paid by the governient, to encourage
the raising of wealth from tha ocean. I do not say
that the like stimulant should be given to encourage
the cultivation of the waste places of the land. — The
exhausted ond abandoned tobacco lands of Virginia,
and the extensive tracts covered wiih ihe large leaved
pine iit the Carolinas. — But these lands are well adap-
ted to the culture and growth of all the varieties of the
Bilk mulberry, from the succulent, broad leaved, moms
multicaulis, to the more hardy alpine variety.

If imported silks, instead of being admitted into
the United States as they now are, free from Tluty,
should be subjected to a permanent impost, sufficient,
to encourage the silk culture and manufacture at home;
and by the duties collected on those necessarily im-
ported, until the domestic article supplies their place,
who can calculate the advantages which will accrue to
the social independence of the people by such a con-
summation.

To him who lives in a manufacluring village, be-
longs the faculty to see and feel the extended influ-
ence of its trade; the fruits of its industry, and the
variety and extent of its consumption of the products
of rural labor.

One of the peculiarities (call it not an evil) growing
out of the equality of our institutions, is that extra-
vagonce in dress which pervades the poorer classes in
the United States. If this is an evil, it is indigenous
to our morol and social atmosphere, and not to be
erodicatei. It is one of those passions of the soul,
without which industry, in the great mass, would be
deprived of more than half its stimnlous and aliment.
Let our government then, by a wise and fostering pol-
icy, enable the people to produce that which they must
have, but cannot pay for if purchased abroad.

S. W.

Dutch Dairies.

The Journal of the English Agricultural Society,
contains a long and interesting account of the Holstein
Dairy system — of those splendid manufactories of
" the best butter in the world." Its length precludes
the publication of the article in full, but a few promi-
nent features may not be useless nor uninteresting to
many of us, who, comparaihely speaking, make but-
ter without any order or rule. The Dutch carry on
the business on a large scale, the larger dairies vary-
ing from 100 to 400 cows, and the churning is done by
horse-power.

Good butter makers often difler in their modes of
operation, but in one thing they olways ogree, and al-
ways will; that is, deonlincss and parity. The
Dutch understand this, and attend to it most rigidly
in the construction and management of their build-
ings. These are, a milk cellar, a butter cellar, a
churning house, a cheese room, and a kitchen for
washing all vessels, and cooking for tboae engaged in

ihe dairy work. The milk cellar is made to front the
north, and is shaded by trees from the sun; and in
choosing the site of the dairy, particular care is taken
to place it beyond the reach of every thing calculated
to generate bad odors, or in any way to taint the at-
mofphere. The floor is sometimes flagged, but is gen-
erally of brick, ncally fitted, so that no water may
lodge in the joints, and slightly inclined, to facilitate
mopping, "which is never omitted to be done twice o
day, notwithstanding that every avoidable impurity
is carefully guarded against, and every drop which
may fall at the time of the milk being strained, is in-
stantly wiped up." A great imiirovemcnt has been
lately mode, by dividing the floor into compartments
or squares by brick ledges 3 or 4 inches high. In
these, the milk dishes stand, and they are filled twice
a day with cold water, by meons of a pump, o small
sluice being at the lower extremity of each, for the
escape of the water. This is of great value, preser-
ving the milk much cooler in summer, and more com-
pletely eflecting the separation of the cream. We
would suggest the use of water-lime mortar in the
construction of these squares, as being cheaper and
better.

The milk cellar is sunk 3 or 4 feet in the ground,
and is 16 or 18 feet high, the best having an arched
roof of mosonry, as being more cimducive to cool-
ness, and are furnished wiih two rows of windows on
the north, east, and west side, to admit circulation of
air. The lower row are lattice, with blinds, and
gauze fronies, to exclude insects; the upper glass,
which can be exchanged for gauze when needed.

The building for the cheese room is entirely separa-
ted from the milk, butter, and churning cellars, and
is placed as far as practicable from them, a tainted
air affecting the quality of milk and butter, to a de-
gree, which is, in general, little supected.

The persons required to manage a large dairy, are,
an overseer, a cooper, one or two cow herds, one or
two swine herds, a head dairy woman, and dairy
maids in the proportion of one to eighteen cows. —
The overseer has the general charge of the cottle, of
the swine, and calves, and sees that they are properly
cared for, the cows inilked clean, that every thing is
in its place, and that every man does his duty. The
head dairy womon must understond thoroughly the
whole management of the dairy house; — she must ob-
serve accurately when the milk is to be skimmed; the
degree of acidity it must attain before churning: the
temperature during churning; and must attend to the
operations of working, salting, and packing the butter.
She must be punctiliously clean herself, ond keep eve-
ry one else so. In large establishments, she has full
employment, and needs the assistance of one or two
of the more experienced dairy maids. The dairy
maids, besides milking their 18 cows, washing vessels,
&c., work in the garden in summer, spin in winter,
wash, bake, and cook. They rise at 3, and some-
times at 2, in summer, but are in this case allowed
two hours sleep at mid-day. Girls in this country,
we presume, would hardly be willing to work so
hard.

Each dairy maid marks her own particular cows by
a colored ribbon tied round their tails. They bring
their milk from the field to the cellar, by a wagon,
drawn by one horse, having long bars attached, in
which iron hooks are inserted, and on these the pails,
containing 30 or 40 quarts coch, are hung so as to
swing free of each other. The milk is eftectually
prevented from spilling, though they get many a rude
jolt, by thin circular plates of wood, floating upon the
surface.

The particular process of butter making is too val-
uable to be abridged, and we quote it entire. *

"It has already been stated as a rule, that the

cream must be removed from the milk before any
acidity is perceptible, if butler ol lirst rale qunliiy is
looked for; ond it hns been founil by experience ihot
a cellar tempciature of from OU ° to {S'i ° Fnrenheit, is
the most favotahle; a complete dissevermei.t of the
cream then taking ploce in o() hours: whereas a great
degree of warinlh, though it quicken the Ecparaiion,
still more hastens the souring process, which operates
injuriously not only on the (juality but the quantity of
butter. In a cold temperature, the scporalion is ef-
fecled much more slowly, so that 48 or even (iO houis
may be required; this, however, is the longest period
that may be accorded without incurring the risk of
imparting a rank, unplcasont flavor to the butler,
which even if not perceptible on its being tir^t churn-
ed, manilettsitself very shortly afterwords.

" The commencement of acidity in milk, is indica-
ted by a very slight wrinkling of the creoni, and a
scarcely perccplible acid liisle. So soon ai> ihcEC signs
appear, the work of skiinining must begin, even
though the milk have only stood ^4 hours; and the
cream is pouicd through a hair sieve (which is kept
for this purpose, and must never he used to strain np
the new milk with) into large barrels, containing a-
bout 240 quarts each (usually sufficient for one churn-
ing) in which it remains till the necefcfeary suurnees is
attained, which in summer follows in 24, in winter
seldom under 36 or 48 hours; unless when the small
quantity of milk admits of it being partly strained at
once into the crcom barrel, and the remainder added
without skimming from the milk pans when cool. —
This method, undoubtedly, gives at all seasons the
greatest return of butter; but as is generally believed,
not of 60 rich a quality as that produced from cream
alone; and, moreover, in a large dairy, during iho
lime the cows are in full milk, would occasion nuich
additional trouble, an almost ccoseless churning, and
a total prevention of cheese making. The cream hav-
ing attained its requisite acidity, duiing the advance
to which it must be frequently stirred wiih a small
churn etafi' to prevent it coagulating, technically cal-
led becoming cheesy, the nexi object of the dairy- wo-
man's skill is, the degree of warmth or coolness which
must be imparted to secure good butter. In worra
weather the churn is rinsed with the coldest procura-
ble water, in which a piece of pure ice is often thrown,
and sometimes, though more rarely, cold spring wa-
ter is added to the cream at.out to be churned, which
operation ie then always performed either very early
in the morning or late in the evening. In cold wea-
ther, on the conirory, warm wner is applied, both to
rinsing the churn and to the cream iltelf. The chur-
ning being completed, the butter is taken off by
means of a large wooden ladle, and carried in a tub
directly to the butter cellar, where, in a large trough,
hollowed out of the trunk of a beech or oak, very
smoothly polished oft'inside, aud provided with a plug
hole at the lower extremity, (beneaih which a fmoll
tub is placed to receivethe expressed milk,) the butter
is slightly worked, and salted with the purest salt,
then moulded with a wooden ladle into a moss at the
upper end of the trough, and left for some hours to
soak and drain. In the evening it is thoroughly
kneaded and beat, or rather slapped, the dairy maid
repeatedly lifting a piece of 3 to 4 pounds, ond slap-
ping it with force against the trough, so as to bent out
all the milky particles; and thus, lump after lump
being freed from extraneous matter, the whole mass is
spread out, receives its full proportion of salt in all
about I J oz. per pound,) which is worked with the
utniOEt core equolly through it, and again moulded in-
to one compact maes. The butler in flolstein is sel-
dom if ever washed, as water is believed not only to
rob it of its richness and flavor, but as being itself
sUBCeptible of putrefaction, to be equolly inimical as
milk, to its preservation. When a sufficient quontity
is ready to fill a cask, the several churnings are once
more kneaded through, a very little fresh solt added
and packed into the barrel, which is made of red beech
wood, water tight, ond previously carefully woshed
and rubbed inside with salt. Much attention is poid
that no interstice shall remain either between the lay-
ers of butter or the sides of the cask. A cask is never
begun to be filled until it can be completed, as thus
alone the butler can be exactly of the some flavor ond
color, which is proboble one reason why small dairies,
under whatever management, never produce such good
butler as large ones, os the small churnings must re-
main long exposed to the air, until the requisite quan-
tity is in readiness.

The qualities of first rate butter ore considered to
be, 1st, a fine, even yellow color, neither pale nor
orange tinted; 2d, a close, waxy texture, in which
extremely minute and perfectly transparent beads of
brine are perceptible; but if these drops beeitber largo

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2,

or in the elii;Uiest degree tinged with milk colcr, it in-
diciitcs im iinpurluct working ol tlie butler; while nn
enlirely dry, tallowy oppcnrance, is cqiinlly disappro-
veil; ;!J, n fresh frngrnni perfume, and a sweet kcr-
nt-lly taste; 4th; good butter will, above all, be die
tingniehed by keeping for a eonsiderablc lime, with-
out acquiring an old or rancid tlavor."

Tho Good Farmers,—

Not too good fanners- for those that are merely good.
are almost as rare as white blackbirds. When we say
'^ good," we do.iiot mean what is commonly under-
stood,— industrious, money-making men, — but who
perhaps apply a large portion of their labor to very bad
advantage; but those whose whole course, in all its de-
partments, is such as accurate and repented e.tperi-
merits have proved best adapted to the soil and climate;
uhich not only affords the greatest profit each year,
but is constantly improving inotcad of exhausting the
land.

These two specimens ore given in the late report of
the Farm Committee of the Hartford County Agri-
cultural Society, published in the New England Far-
mer. The first is that of John B. Davis, of Derby,
whose farm consists of seventy-five acres, and IVom
which the following very respectable average annual
receipts are derived.

Apples ond Cider $500

Hay, 200

Potatoes 100

Pork, feO

Sheep, 75

Grain, 75

Wool, 25

Two men labor on the farm the year through, with
occnsional additional help, but no precise account of
the am junt p.\])cnded, was rendered.

It will be seen thot the orchard is the most profita-
ble, the trees being kept in the finest condition, to
which frequent tillage doubtless contributes. Fice
hundred dollars were received last year (1839) for
winlcT apples of the choicest varieties, and forty dol-
lars for cider sold, besides thirty barrels kept [for what
purpose ?] and apples fed to hogs, cattle, and horse.
All the farm, except the woodland, has been subjected
to the plough, although hny is the chief object aim-
ed at in cultivation- Only small portions of the land
are tilled, on which thecullivated grasses have become
less luxuriant. The routine of crops adopted is, Ist,
corn on s'vard with manure; 2d, potatoes with ma-
nure (sometimes followed by turnips;) 3d, rye or oats
or grass seed. For the corn, (which is Dutton and
White Flint,) twenty double loads of manure are
spread on the grass before ploughing, and afterwards
holes dug at each hill in which a small handful of
plaster and ashes is dropped and mixed with the soil at
planting. The average crop is seventy bushels an
acre. The potatoes are planted with equal manuring,
and yield two hundred bushels. The r>e yields twen-
ty-five, and the oats seventy bushels, two and a holl
bushels of the latter being sown to the acre, which is
plougiicd in, harrowed, and the grass seed covered
with a bush.

About twenty acres are kept in meadow, which con-
atno in grass from six to eight years, and the averoge
crop is estimated at two and a half tons to the acre.

Of manure, seventy-five loads are made yearly, and
fifty purchaicd; one ton of plaster, half a ton of
shell lime, (which is added, asiudispciitable, to the
compost,) and fifty bushels of ashes are also used.

The stock consists of two yoke of oxen, two milch
cows, seven hogs, thirty-five Bakcwell shcci), and one
horse.

The other farm, is that of Wm. K Townsend, of
East Haven, on New Haven harbor,and coueists of 43
acres of salt grass, and 113 acres of upland. The
tepoit <ii Uiis iaim, by tho committee, wc have read

with great satisfaction, and, did our limits admit, we
should be glad to give it entires Such a report, mere
matters of fact statement as it is, is more calculated to
inspire a taste for farming, than all the fine declama-
tion and eloquent reasoning we ever heard or read-
As it is, wc must content ourselves with a statement
of some of the most interesting facts.

The buildings are arranged with a strict regard to
convenience, being erected " after approved models,
and they show conclusively that much lobor may be
saved by judicious arrangements, wiih but trifling ad-
ditional expense. For each implement of husbandry,
a special and convenient place of deposit is also pro-
vided." The fences throughout are good. The soil
is sondy and gravelly loam, naturally light and thin,
and left in wretched conditicn by its former occupant.
Successive portions have been reclaimed from this con-
dition, by careful and thorough tillage, collecting the
stones into strong and durable fences, and applying a
heavy coating of manure. With the exception of two
fields, which have not thus been reached in the regu-
lar order, the farm has been greatly improved. " Af-
ter such improvement, however," say the committee,
"these lands are not, as is too often the case, again
reduced to their former condition, or rendered still
less productive, by injudicious and excessive croppings,
without any return to the soil; butby such subsequent
careful treatment, as every good farmer ought to give
his land, they are kept constantly improving."

The corn crop, by measurement, has averaged
seventy bushels the acre; potatoes, two hundred and
fifty bushels; rye, twenty-five bushels; oats, (rarely
raised,) forty-five bushels; and barley, thirty-two
bushels. Great crops of pumpkins are also obtained,
by planting in large manured hills ten feet apart each
way, six or eight seeds, the two most vigourous shoots
being allowed to remain.

Three hundred double loads of manure are annually
made on the farm, of which more than fifty are from the
hoc'-pen. It is always applied unfermented, except to
meadows and root crops, where compost is used.
Three-fourths of o ton of plaster are yearly spread up-
on the meadows and pastures, and fifty bushels ofshelj
lime applied to the compost heap.

Great profit has been derived from the breeding of
improved stock, consisting of Durham cattle, " Thin
Rind" hogs, and Bakewell sheep. The use of the
revolving horse-rake in securing hay, of the cutting
box for feeding stock, and of stables for cattle in win-
ter, has eflfected a great saving.

Accurate and regular accounts of all operations are
constantly kept, from which the following statement is
token of cash received the past year, over and above
the consumption of a large family : —

Fruit, $ 200

Vegetables, 50

Neat stock 1,310

Hogs and pigs, 585

Wool, 50

Milk, butter, and calves 2,113

Rent of stock, 50

Gross income in 1839, 4,338

Deduct cash paid for labor and feed
of cows, 1,452

Nctt income in 1839 $2,936

The great profit thus secured, appears to have re-
sulted from the establishment of a well digested sys-
stem of farming, faithfully and energetically carried
out, and from the guidmg of oil the operatious by
constant and accurate accounts. *

Improving 8andy I>nnd.

Messrs. Erurons — 1 find that your paper ofTords a
valuable medium, through which we, who are young

or inexperienced, can obtain int'ormotion. I there-
fore wish to ask one or two questions.

Jly form is situated on the oak openings of Monroe
county. The soil is what may be called a light, sandy
loam — some parts nearly pure sand. One side bor-
ders on a flat marsh, part of which, to a considerable
depth, consists of very black earth, which I suppose
to be vegetable mould, formed probably by the decay
ol leaves and wild gross, which latter grows very
abundant all over the marsh.

Now, I wish to inquire whether this block earth
will make a dressing for the upland, of sufficient
value to defray the expense of carting it on; and if so,
how and when is it best to apply it ?

I also want to ask what kind of a fence can best be
mode across the above mentioned marsh, where lence
timber is very ecorce, ond money ditto.

A YOUNG FARMER.

December, 1840.

Hovcn Cattle.

Messrs. Editors — The cure for this complaint
which you copied from the Formers' Cabinet, will,
in slight coses, prove effectuol; but in severe coses,
resort must be hod to other methods.

The contrivonce of Dr. Morris, of England, first
published in 1793, is the most effectual, and may not
be known to all of your readers. It consists of a flex-
ible tube, made of wire, covered with soft leather.^
Dr. M. found that the distance from the fore teeth to
the first stomach of a large ox is six feet; therefore
the tube shoidd be a litde more thon that length. On
thi? being thrust down the animal's throat, so as to en-
ter the first stomach, a large quantity of fealed air, or
gas, will be discharged, ond instont relief afforded.

If this instrument is not at hand, recourse must bo
had to tapping. Take a sharp pen-knife and intro-
duce it into the paunch, between the hock bone and
the last rib on the left side. To ossist the escape of
the gas, a quill, or small tube, may be introduced into
the orifice. As soon as it ceases to escape, a pitch
plaster should be opplied upon the place; and, if all is
done with care, but little injury will result fiom the
operation.

The following cordial may afterwards be given with
odvantage: — Take 2 ounces of Anise seed, Diopente,
ond Elecompane, in powder; 2 ounces tincture of
Rhubarb, and one ounce of spirits of nitre. Mix and
give in a quart of worm gruel.

Respectfully yours,

AN ENGLISH EMIGRANT.

A'car Allrion, Orleans eo.

For Iht New Getieea Farmer.
Cnring Hams.

What ! another method ? Yes, we answer, and
request the incredulous to trj' it before they condemn.
On the day, or day before, killing your hogs, scold
your tub, {a pine tub isprelerable,) and turn it over a
smothered fire of corn cobs or mople chips. If this
process is skilfully done, it will thoroughly infuse the
smoke into the wood. Let the tub be wet or moist
when smoking.

When your horns are perfectly cold, sprinkle the
bottom of the tub with salt, and pock in the usual
manner, with little or no salt. Four upon tho hams
a pickle (perfectly cold) suflicicnt to cover them. To
six gallons of water odd six pounds salt and one fourth
pound salt petre. This completes the whole process
of curing; and your hams for winter and spring use,
arc much belter than when cured and smoked in the
old way. The process of keeping hams in a tight
and over heated smoke house, is the great cause of
their premature decoy.

If the hams are to be kept during the next sunt ner,
the brine must be changed and more salt added. H.

No. 1.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

For the J\'cw Genesee Farmer.
To the Farmers of Nia|;ara County.

Purely from tho desire that agriciilcirrnl knowldge
nioy be disseminated, and our husbandmen thereby
rendered more prosperous, inteihgent, and respectable,
do I address you a few thoughts, through tho columns
of this paper. I am well aware, however, that I am
by no means the proper man to perform this task suc-
cesfully; for I acknowledge myself but a child inprac-
tieal agricuhure; a farmer of only eight years experi-
ence, while many of you have devoted a whole life
thus for to the pursuit of husbandry. I know my ig-
norance, I om deeply sensible of my destitution of ag-
ricultural science, and, indeed, I am no less deeply
ashamed of it. Nevertheless, I have felt towards this
department of business an ardent attachment, as also
towards the farming community, for these many years.
And if there is about me anything of the nature of
pride, it is not of the manner in which I pursue it, but
of the calling in which I am engaged.

There is to me a substantial pleasure in agricul-
tural pursuit a satisfaction, peace of mind, a tenden-
cy to contentment, freedom from ve.xaiions, and an in-
fluence, which leads a man into close intercourse with
his Maker, which is no where else to be found in any
earthly avocation. It is a calling, the enlightened and
scientific pursuit of which gives more substantial in-
dependence, more dignity, more stability of character,

and generally a greater competence than any other.

It is a fact, not to be controverted, that agriculture, in
the broad sense in which J would use the term, is the
foundation and support of all others. Would a statue
fall on the removal of the pedestal ? So surely would
commerce, mechanics and manufactures, were they
without the support of agriculture. She is the only
produce of material wealth, ond therefore every other
trade and profession is, either directly or indirectly,
dependent upon her, and they can advance but a step
without her.

But it will readily be conceded, that the peculiar
advantages and qualities which are set before the far-
mer, and which for the most part are attainable by
him, are possessed only bya comparatively few. And
why 1. Is it not for the w-ant of agricultural science
and intelligence ! If this be the fact, ought we not to
make use of all the means within our reach to re-
move it?

And how can this be done more surely, more effec-
tually, or more cheaply, than by the general circula-
tion of agricultural papers ? There can be no ques-
tion that very great advontages are derivable from this
course. Some of you, I know, will accede to this
Btotement; for, not long ago, a respectable and an ob-
serving farmer, whose residence is not five miles from
my own, said to me, that merely in passing through
the country he could tell whether a farmer was in the
habit of reading agricultural journals, by the general
appearance of his farm, fences, buildings, stocks, &c.
And again. I heard a farmer say, not long since,
(and a thorough-going, business man he was too,) that
he wished there was not an agricultural paper to be
had, for by their influence the crops weie so supera-
bundant as to ruin the market. And besides; it was
the estimate of the laie.Tudge Buel, that every addi-
ticnol subscriber to such journals, increased the annual
product of the soil at least ten dollars. So that five
hundred thousand new patrons (only the farmers of
New York and Ohio) would add five millions of dol-
lars to our agricultural productions.

On the same calculation, suppose the twenty-five
hundred farmers in our county, whaare without an
agricultural paper, were all to become subscribers, at
the commencement of the new year, a net profit
would be added to their annual income of more than
twenty-three thousand dollars And 1 have no doubt

the amount of hoppiness, and useful entertainment
would be ten fold greater than that.

A paper, like the New Genesee Farmer, at fifty
cents a year, (less than one cent per week) is so low
that none can find an excuse for not toking it. We
do not consider our true interests, when we neglect to
take so valuable works at eo emallan expense; at least,
Irom my own experience I do not so judge. I refer
particularly to the New Genesee Farmer, in prefer-
ence to other papers of the kind, for the reasons that
it is, in my estimation, an ably conducted journal; that
it is offered at so very low a price; that it is published
in our own neighborhood; it is acquainted with our
own soil and climate, and it is better adapted to the

agricidture of Western New York than any other.

And if we who are in the hobit of reading such jour-
nals, would induce one half of our brethren of the
plough to become subscribers, I have no hesitation in
the opinion, that more than twenty times the cost of
the paper would he their advantage. Shall we
TRY ? Yours respectfully.

Thorn Hill, Dec. 1840. W. PARSONS.

Iliuts about I'oninion Schools.

Pursuant to our promise for devoting a portion of
our paper, regularly, to the promotion of Euccatio.v,
we now insert some paragraphs from a friend in refer-
ence to Common Schools. Elsewhere, in our col-
umns, there will be found some articles ot a general
character respecting the advantoges of education.
teachers of schools.

Much as we hear of the difficulty of procuring good
school teachers, we believe that an ample sudiciency of

well-qualified Instructors may he had at all times,

ISj' if proper encouragement be offered to those who
labor faithfully in our schools.

[CF Offer FAIR WAGES, and treat with proper re-
spect the person whom you engage to discipline the
"immortal minds" of the rising generation around
you. Such a course would commond for our schools

much of the talent usually devoted to other pursuits

pursuits which generally ot present offer pleasanter
and more prohtable inducements for the exertion of
such talents and qualifications as are necessary to con-
stitute a good TEACHER. "Supply" would readily
follow the " demand" in this, as in the legal and med-
ical professions, and in other pursuits, if the ixrucE-
MESTs WERE — as ihcy ought to be — eekbebed eri/al-

LY STRONG.

ARE TOU A PARENT t

If you are, the love which you bear your children
should stimulate you to cast a friendly eye towards the
school- house wherein the children of your neighbors
are instructed along with your own. Your presence
occasionally in the school-room, with a few remarks
from you, showing your respect for the teacher and
your solicitude for the welfare of the scholars, would
promote the progress of the school far more than the
money which you pay in taxes fjr its support.

DUTIES OF TRUSTEES, ETC

Were our Common Schools regularbj visited by
even one in a hundred of the persons who profess the
most zealous regard for the rights and welfare of the
people, a spirit of emulation would be incited that
would soon benefit teochersand scholars in a manner
that woudd shed incalculable blessings on the popula-
tion of the State.

Even of the Trustees of Schools — the men elected
specially to promote the welfare of the system of Pub-
lic Instruction — there are thousands in the State who
scarcely enter the school-house for any purpose dur-
ing the year I How can any honest man satisfy his
conscience for such criminal disregard of the solemn
duties devolved upon him as a Trustee for promoting
the spread of knowledge and morality among the
youth committed to hie chtirge f

Genesee Couuly Agricultural Society's £xhi-
bitioii and Fair,

HELD AT ALEXANDER, OCT. I-l, 1840.

The First Annual Exhibition and Fair of this Society
was very numcroutily attended and the conipctilon
Sjiirited, considering the time it had been in opcrniion.
The Society was not known until ofter the iiiidillu of
Julv, and it hod become so late in the season ihat there
could be biitliitle competition except in animals, and
of them there was a fuir show.

The preniiuiu 'or the best short-horned iJurham bull
wos awarded to Mr. B. Muiphty, of Le Roy; and hs
well deserved it, for it is a very line animal.

The premium i»t the beet Devonshire bull was
awarded to Mr. Vernon of L.e Roy. On his imported
bull.

The best Durham bull calf was adjudged to L. E.
lleston of Bntavia. The calf was from the herd of
P. A. Remsen, Esq., of Alexander.

Mr. Heston aloo drew the premium on the best
yearling steers.

Mr. Beck, of Sheldon, who exhibited a fine herd of
Dcvonshires, drew premiums for best bull calf, best
yeorling bull, best cow, and best three yeor old steers,
nil Devonshire. Mr. B. sold several ot his animals on
the ground at very lair prices.

P. A. Remsen, Esq., drew the premium on the beat
short-horned Durham cow.

To Mr. S. Allen was awarded the premium for tha
best common cow.

Mr. A. Toney of Alexander, received the premium
for the best yoke of oxen; and Mr. C. Dickison tha
second best.

Mr. Samuel Heston of Batuvin, received the pre-
mium for the best four year old steers, and the second
best yearling steers.

There being but little competition in horses, Mr J.
Hammond received the premium for the best breeding
mare, and Mr. Waid of LeRoy, the premium for the
best span of working ninres.

There was a very fair exhibition of Swine. Mr.
S. S. Harrison of Darien, received the premium for best
boar and sow and pigs ; all Berkshire. Mr. O. T.
Knrgo the premium lor second best boar: Essex half
black.

In Sheep tliere was a fine competition. Best buck,
for wool, was awarded to Mr. L. E. Heston, of Bota-

via, and best buck, for buicher, to Mr. J. Heston, of
the same place, for South Down buck. Gen. Stan-
ton of INIiddlebury, had the premium for the be=t pen
for three or more ewes.

In Field Products there was but little competition.
The best acre of Winter wheat wos awarded to Mr.

Lewis Clark of Dorien; product GO bu^hel8 10 lbs.

Best acre of Spring wheat to Mr. H. Broinard of Al-
exander; product oG bushels 1 qt. Also the best acie
of corn: product 6'2 bushels 5 qis. Best acre of pota-
toes to Mr. A. R. Taylor; product 400 bushels.

In the Domestic Arts, there was of nectssity but
little competition; the most in silk, however. Thero
were some fine specimens shewn of silk in various sta-
ges of maufacture, from the Cocoon to very tiite
reeled.

The premium for best 10 pounds of Cocoons was
awarded to Col. S. Dunham of Batavio. Best speci-
men of reeled silk to Mr. Hort of Le Roy.

Mr. L. E. Heston received the premium for the best
piece of domestic flannel. Mrs. i. Heston of Batavia,

received the premium for the best '2o lbs. of butter.

Mrs. E Bishop of Attica, the premium for the best
chetse.

Discretionory piemiums were awarded to Mrs. E.
Bishop of Attica, for specimens of linen in thread,
stockings and napkins, and ihcy were very line in-
deed. Mrs. Herrick of Bethany, for specimens of
silk tow stockings. Also to Mr. Churchill and Mr.
Duncan for specimens of fulled cloth.

Mr. L. E. Heston, Rlr. J. Heston. BIr. Vernon,
Mr. Beck, Mr. Remson, xVIr. Brniimrd, Mr. Clork
and Mr. Bishop, donated their premiums to the So-
ciety.

An address was delivered by the President, and the
following persons elected officers for the ensuing
yeor : —

Theodore C. Peters, Esq., of Dorien, President.

Gen. P. Stanton, Middlebury, E. Bishop, Attica,
E. J. Pettibone of Eiba, Truman Lewis of Orange-
ville, Phical M. Word, Perry, Holland Eorie, Pem-
broke, F. P. Pendcle, Batavia, Jesse W. Drugnid,
Le Roy, Vice Presidents.

C. P. Turner of Bntavio, Secretary. Thomas Bid-
die of Darien, Corresponding Secretary. Lewis E.
Heston of Batavia, Treasurer. And a ^Manager for
each town. Kespectfully vours.

T.'O. PETEHa

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

My Summer Crops.
Messrs. Editors — According to my promise, I
now send you nn account of some of my crops of the
past season. JMy object in thus exhibiting my farm-
ing operations to the public, is not that I think them
extraordinary, but that I consider it the duty of each
member of society lo do thot, as an example, which
he would have oihers also do. Knowledge, by com-
munication, becomes common property. The plan of
comparing thoughts ond notes, leads to correction of
errors and adoption of truth; and also enables us, by
taking advantage of the experience of oihers, to avoid
many things which it would otherwise require our own
experience to convince us as bein'" fallacious; by
which we also avoid not only loss fron, failure, but al-
so that vexation of mind, which is the attendant of
loss. And for this reason, we shoiUd tell " llie truth,
theicholc tmtfty and nothing but the trutli.^* All im-
portant truths, tchcthcr of failure or of success, in the
operations of the farm, should be given to the public,
that they may become known to all.

ROHAS POTATOES.

These T planted on the 2d of May, on a clover sod,
without monure. The amount. of seed was about
three quarts short of three bushels of whole potatoes,
cut into pieces of one or two eyes, and spread over
three-fnirths of an acre of lond. The rows were four
feet apart, and the cuttings were placed sixteen inelies
distance in the rows. The manner of planting, was to
make the holes from two to three inches deep with the
corner of a hoe, which con be done about as fast as a
man can walk, with one stroke of the hoe; a child to
follow and drop the cuttings, one in a place; and a boy
to cover up, level, with loose earth. I planted thus
ehallow, in consequence of having about lost a crop of
potatoes last year, on rich land, by having planted
deep, as I hod been advised by a brother farmer. When
the potatoes were abont six inches high, they were
wed with cultivator and hoe; then plastered, and on
the 18th of June they were capaciously hilled, as the
distance between the rows allowed. No more labor
was bestowed upon them till they were dug in the last
of October, when they yielded me two hundred and
twenty-eight bushels; equal to an increase of seventy-
eight fold.

I have used these potatoes in my family, and pro-
nounce them equal to the best for the toble: they are
dry, mealy, and well flavored.

With regord to the value of these potatoes, they are
superior to other varieties, inasmuch as far less seed is
required; there are fewer small potatoes; they can be
planted with about half the labor; owing to their size
and to their growing in a cluster close to the foot of
the stalk, they can be dug with much less labor; ond
in no respect do they yield to any others in point of in-
trinsic excellence.

INDIAN CORN.

I had two pieces of corn: — ihe first, two acres ond
seven-eighths, was clover sod, on which I drew eighty
loads of long manure, and ploughed under. The
seed, the red blaze variety, after soaking twenty-
four hours m soap suds, and being rolled in plaster,
was put into the ground on the 20th of May. The
rows were three and a half feet apart each way. Du-
ring the season, plastered once, and went through
with the cultivator twice each way, followed each
time with the hoe. About the middle of September,
cut up (he corn at the roots, carted it off the field, and
stookcd it for ripening, ond at the husking got four
hundred ond sixteen bushels of ears, which yielded
on shelling, thirty-five quarts of corn from two bush-
sis of ears; making two hundreii and twenty-seven
and a half biiBJiela of corn; equal to seventy-nine
bushels and six quarts per acre. The other |iiece, two
and a quarter acres, was of the same character, equal-

ly good, clover sod, as the other, but was not manured.
It was ploughed and planted six days later; the seed
was of the same kind, prepared in the same way; but
owing to the ground having become quite dry, at least
one-third of the seed tailed, which would not have
been the case had it not been soaked. The after cul-
ture was the same as that of the first field, and the
yield was forty-seven bushels per acre.

FIKLD PEAS.

The latter part of April, 1 put in two and a half
acres of Gold \'ine Peas, i^baving obtained the seed
at Mr. Bateham's Seed S'ore,) from which I harvest-
ed sixty-three bushels; equal to twenty-five bushels
per acre. The land was neither good nor bad, but
indifferent. Adjoining, in the same field, and at the
same time, 1 sowed two acres to Marrowfat Peas,
from which I harvested thirty-two bushels, or sixteen
to the acre. Many of the vines of the Marrowfats
became mildewed, and were consequently barren;
whereas the Gold Vines remained perfectly bright
through the summer, and every vine was prolific;
many bearing from eight lo sixteen pods.

Owing to the superior excellence of the Gold Vine
Peas, and their scarcity, I have reserved the crop for
seed; which 1 tmhesitatingly recommend, and offer
lo my bretheren of the plough for six shillings per
bushel.

SrniSG WHEAT.

The Italian and Siberian varieties were very badly
shrunk.

HAtF BLOOD DURHAM CALF, OSIRIS,

Was dropped April 2Cth. At three ond a holf months
old he weighed 380 lbs; at five months old he weighed
470 lbs. ; and to-day, Nov. 2Clh, at seven months old,
he weighs 650 lbs. And this is a " skim milk calf;"
taken from the cow at a week old; fed on new milk
two weeks more; from that lime till the first of Nov.
fed on sour skim milk and hasty-pudding, and from
that time to the present, on boiled potatoes and hay.

Now, Gentlemen, I have done my duty to myself
and to my brother farmers; I have told them what I
have done, and now I wish they would reciprocate
the favor: and if Ihey con tell a greater story than I
have, I will attempt another year to be even with
them. Very respectfully yours,

EDWARD WILBUR.

Pitisford, Nov. 26, 1840.

Remarks. — In behalf of our numerous readers, wc
tender Mr. Wilbur many thanks for the foregoing
communication. One page of such statements, con-
taining the residls of actual experience, is worth more,
in our estimation, than a whole volume of theorizing
speculations. We unite with Mr. W. in the desire
that many of our reoders will reciprocate the fovor,
ond send us accounts of their forming operations,
whether successful or otherwise, during the past sea-
son.— Eds.

After congratulating the society on their exhibition,
and what they had accomplished — the old received
from Government, and the bright prospects before
them; and alluding to the numerous odvoninges pos-
sessed by the farmers of Pennsylvania, the eloquent
speaker proceeds thus: —

" Having thus spoken of the advontogee which we
enjoy, 1 proceed to the less agiceable but more profita-
ble inquiry, why our forms are not so productive as
they ought to be — and 1 make the comparison be-
tween Peimsylvonio ond England, becauce I think
England, on the whole, the bust farming country in
Europe; and our English friends must understand,
that while we amuse ourselves occasionally with some
of their peculiarities, we pay them the highest com-
plinient we con, by proposing them as ibe constant
models of our faiming. Now why is it, that with all
the naturol advantoges in our favor, the English farm-
ers beat us ? I will tell you what I think of it.

" In ihe first place, we do not do justice to our
own profession. Farming is not liked, either omong
the young people, because it is considered a lonely
exercise from gaiety— tir among the calculating, be-
cause it is thought unproductive. This lost is, I think,
a tolol misapjirehension; ond as I regord its correction
eesentiol to our success, I venture to say that forming
ought to be more profitable in Pennsylvonio iban in
Englon 1. The common notion is, thot the high price
of labor in Pennsylvonio, make farming unproductive,
and the opinion is repeated without exomination, till at
last it is generally believed. Now the productiveness
of farming, like the productiveness of every other oc-
cupation, depends on the expense of roising an article
and the price you can gel for it when it is raised. —
These cxjienses are the rent for the land, the taxes,
the manure, the jjrices of luliuring cattle, of laboring
implcmeitts, and of laboring men.

" The land which con be rented in America for two
or three dollars, could not be rented in England under
ten or twelve dollars an acre — so that olready the land
itself costs three or four times as much. When you
have got possession of the land, the lox-gatbcrer and the
tithe- man soon make their appearance, and loke from
the former fifty three per cent, on his rent. Here
there are no tithes, and the tox, out of the immediate
vicinity of the city improvements, would scorcely be
one-tenth of the English ta.\ — so thot while on on
English farm of two hundred acres, the rem and char-
ges would be about $3,UU0
The some rent and charges would here be 7,00

ISiddle's Address.

Editors of New Genesee Farmer :

Gentlemen — I have read with much edification,
the address delivered before the Pb iladelpbia Agricultu-
ral Society, by Nicholas Bidhle, Esq.; ond I sin-
cerely believe you would confer a favor on many of
your readers by giving it a place in your columns.
Yours sincerely,

A LOCKPORT FRIEND.

licmarks. — The address alluded to, is indeed a most
excellent one; and we should be glad to publish it en-
tire, would our spoce permit, and were it not for the
circumstance that many of our readers dislike long ar-
ticles. Ae it is, we select the most interesting and
important portions, and omit those of a more local
character. We have no doubt that most who read the
followingj will wish we had published the whole.

Moking at once a difference of $2,300

Next, all manures are cheaper in Pennsylvanio —
cheaper in themselves, and rendered more cheap by
the facilities of transportation.

Laboring horses are about one-fourth cheaper in
Pennsylvonio; ond, moreover, the work which two
horses do in England, is generally done here by one.
Cows, too, are much cheaper here.

"Lahoring implements are cheaper and better, the
wood being so much lower-priced and durable. Of
all these elements of work, there remains only labor-
ing TOC71 who ore cheaper in Englond; they ore cheop-
er by about 30 to 35 per cent.; but even soy that wa-
ges ore 50 percent, higher in Pennsylvania than in
England. But then, although the nominal rate of
wages is higher, yet you actually get more work done
for the money. The eliinoie gives you more long
working days than con be relied upon in the climate of
Englond, where out door work is necessarily much
suspended, and the American laborer works better,
for the very reason that he is paid better. And the
proof, which seems decisive, is thot although money
wages are higher here, piece-work, contract-work—
whether to dig a conal or to reap a field, is done chcop-
est in Americo. And, occnrdingly, one of our most
intelligent Philodelpbio county farmers, Mr. WnlKer,
always declared that bis form-work was done twenty
percent, cheaper in Pennsylvonia than in England. —
But supposing it to be higher — lobor is only one of the
elements — for we hove seen that the rents are thieeor
four times as high — toxes ten times os high — monnres,
implements, cottle, oil deorcr — ond far overbalancing
any diffeience of wages were it even real.

" Let us now see what ore the prices obtained for
whot is raised. Wheat is higher in England — flesU
markets are higher. But wheat forms imly one-lburlh
of the cro|).— and, on the other hand, the great staple,
wool, is dearer here — pototocs ore twice or tbrice os
high here — and, therefore, the English compete with
us in "ur own market — turnips, cabbages, oil vegeta-
bles, generally dearer; bo that, after all, taking the
average, farm produce is not his'isi'i or very little

No. 1.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

higher, in Englniul, while all the mnterialsof raising
it are miich higher there — so that, on the whole,
farm labor ought to he as lucrative in Pennsylvania ae
England.

"With regard towages, it may sound strangely,
yet I believe it to be true, that the real interest of all
farmers is, that wages should be high, and for this rea-
son. A laboring nina is not a mere machine — a hu-
man poor-box, int J whose mouth is put a daily num-
ber of cents never to re-appear, but a living being
wiili wants and desires, which he will not I'ail to grat-
ify the momciit he possesses the means. If he can
earn only a scanty pittance, just enough to keep him
ftlive, lie starves on accordingly — bis food, bread and
■water, a half-fed, half-clad, wholly untaught animal,
with a useless mouthliil of carnivorous teeth. But if
his wages increase, be instantly employs them in com-
forts; in clothes for himself and family; and as he rises
in the scale, ventures on the taste of meat. He em-
ploys a tailor — a shoemaker — a hatter — a butcher —
and these in turn, purchase the materials of their
tradefrom the farmer himself. The laborer becomes
thus a customer of himsi-lf, and the buj'er of other
customers — and the farmer receives back, with abun-
dant interest, the difference which he advances in the
first instance between high wages and low wages. It
is for this reoson that one of our shrewdest farmers
used to say, yes, give our laborers good wages, and
they will buy our beef. Thus, too, the bounties of
Providence go around, a beneticient circle — and, after
making the laborer better fed, better clad, better
taught — in short a better man, the farmer himself is
richer for the very benelits he dispenses. Depend up-
on it, there is no surer sign of national prosperity
than high wages — and God grant ibat for many a
ong year it may be the lot of our countrymen who
subsist by the labor of their hands, to work well — to
be paid well — and to live well.

"And now we come to the reason whyour crops do
not equal those of England. It is, that our farms are
all too large — too large for the means we employ in
farming ibem. Agriculture is the only pursuit I
know, where the owner does not employ his capital
in his business. He rents or buys a large form, and
then has nothing left to stock it with. He might as
well rent a large store without goods enough to till a
single corner of it. In England, it is supposed ne-
cessary, before renting land, that the tenant should
have a working capital, of thirty or forty dollars an
acre, to employ. It is calculated that, besides lime
and other enriching substances, the cost of the mere
animal manures applied to the soil of England,
amounts to three hundred millions of dollars; being
more than the value of the whole of its foreign com-
merce, yet the grateful soil yields back with interest
all that is thus lavished upon it. And so it would do
here, if we would only trust the earth with any por-
tion of our capital. But this we rarely do. A farm-
er who has made any money spends it not in his busi-
ness, but in some other occupation. He buys more
land when he ought to buy more manure; or he puts
out his money in some joint slock company, to convert
sunshine into moonshine; or else he buys shares in
some gold mine or lead mine. Rely upon it, our rich-
est mine is the barn-yard, and that whatever tempta-
tions stocks or shares may offer, the best investment
for a farmer is lire stock and jiloughshares.

"Another thing which we'should strive to amend, is
the unfarmerlike and slovenly appearance of our fields.
Clean cultivation is like personal neotneeeto an indi-
vidual, a great attraction to a farm; but who can see
without mortitication, our fields of Indian corn and
potatoes, ju^t as they are verging to maturity, outtop-
ped and stilled by a rival crop of weeds which seem
waiting with impatience for the removal of the real
crops, when they and all their seed may take e.xelu-
sive possession of the ground. The rule of farming
should be, never to let any thing grow in our fiekl
which we did not put there; and the value as well as
the beauty of the crop would more than pay the ex-
pense of removing these noxious intruders.

"Nor do we pay snfiicient attention to our gardens.
We are too often content with a small enclosure where
a few peas and beons and a little salad are left to strug-
gle with a gigantic family of weeds, not to speak of
the frequent inroads from the pigs; and what con be
saved comes at last on our table the scanty compan-
ions of the masses of animal food which form almost
our exclusive subsistence. For such a wilderness,
how easy would it be to substitute the cheap and
wholesome luxury of many vegetables which would
grow without the least trouble, and, while they gave
variety to our tables, would diminish our eX(;eESive
andexpeiisive use of animal food.

The same want of neatness pervades the exterior of
our dwellings. We look in vain for the trim grass-
pi t, the nice border, the roses, the climbing vines,
and all the luxuriance of our native wild llowers.
These chea]) and easy works — which seem trilles —
make up a gicat mass of enjoyments: they arc the in-
nocent occupation of the young tuembers of the family
— the elegant luxury of them all; and they impress
even a passing stranger with a sense of the taste and
ease of the former.

" In fruits, too, we are deficient. Our climate in-
vites us to plant; and there is scarcely a single fruit
which will not grow in the open air, and all of them
prosper with a little eheltcr. Undoubtedly there are
insects whicb iid'est them; but these, care will exter-
minate. Undoubtedly some species are short-lived:
but it is easy to provide a succession — and even rrany
productions which we used to think uncongenial tt)
our climate, will succeed if we only try them. For
instance, I am satisfied, from my own experience,
that every farmer may have his patch of grapes quite
as readily as he can his patch of beans or peas. He
has only to plant his cuttings, as he would Indian
corn, at sufticient distances to work them with the
hoe-harr.iw. 'I'hey will live through the winter
without any covering and with less labor than Indian
corn, because the corn retpiires planting every year,
while the vines will last for a century. Pie will thus
provide a healthy pleasant fruit for bis family use, or
a profitable article for the market.

I have spoken of farms and of farming, let mc add a
few words about the farmer. The time was when it
was the fashion to speak of the Pennsylvania farmer
as a dull, plodding person, whose proper representa-
tive was the Conestoga horse by bis side; indillerent
to the education of hia children, anxious only about his
large barn, and when the least cultivated part of the
farm was the parlor. These carricntures, always ex-
aggerated, have passed away, and the Pensylvania
farmer takes his rank among the most intelligent of
his countrymen, with no indisposition for improve-
ments beyond the natural Ciiution with which all new
tilings should be considered befiire they are odopted.
Cut 1 1 unwillingness to try what is new, forms no
part of the American character. How can it be.
since our whole government is a novelty ; our whole
system of laws is undergoing constant changes — and
we are doily encountering, in all the walks of life,
things which startle the more settled habits of the old
world. When such novelties are first presented, the
European looks back to see what the post would think
of it — the American looks forward to find how it will
affect the future — the European thinks of his grandfa-
thers— the American of his grandchildren. There
was once a prejudice against oil these things — against
what was called theory and book farming — but that
absurdity has passed away. In all other occupations,
men desire to know how others ore getting on in the
same pursuits elsewhere, they inform themselves of
what is passing in the world, and ore on the olert to
discover and adopt the improvements. The formers
hove few of these advantages; they do not meet daily
atexchanges to concentrate all the news of commerce;
they have no factories, where oil that is doing among
their competitors abroad is discussed; no agents to re-
port the slightest movements which may affect their
interests. They live apart — they rarely come toge-
ther, and hove no concert of action. Now, this de-
fect can best be supplied by reading works devoted to
their interests, because these may fill up the leisure
hours which might other^vise be wasted in idleness or
misemployed in dissipotion; and as some sort of news-
paper is almost 0 necessary of life, let us select one,
which, discardi ng the eternal violence of party politics,
shall give us all that is useful or new in our profes-
sion. This society has endeavored to promote such a
one in the Farmer's CvniNET, a monthly paper, ex-
clusively occupied with the pursuits of agriculture —
where we may learn what is doing in our line over all
the world, and at so cheap a rate, that tor a dozen
stalks of corn, or a bushel of wheat or potatoes, we
may have a constant source of pleasing and useful in-
formation.

" I think, however, that we must prepare ourselves
for some starding novelties in farming. We were
taught in our youth to consider fire and water as the
deadliest foes. Tbey are at last reconciled, and their
union has produced the master-work of the world.
Steam baa altered the whole routine of human labor
— it bns given to England olone. the equivalent in la-
bor of four hundred millions of men As yet, com-
merce and manufactures alone have felt its inllnenco,
but it cannot be that this gigantic power will long he
content to be riiut up in factories and ships. Rely

upon it, steam will ero long run otf tlin track into tha
fields, Icirofall human employments, furmwork is at
this miunent the most dependent on mere manual la-
bor, lie not, therefore, surprised if we yet live to see
some steam plough making its hundred furrows in our
fields — or some huge engine, like the extinct mam-
moth, roving through the western forests, ond mow-
ing down tlie woi.ds, like a cradler in the horvest-lield.
Wild as this seems, there is nothing in it stranger
than what wu have all witnessed already. When Ful-
ton and Oliver Evans first talked to us about the stcum-
iioat and the rail-road, we thought tlicni insane, and
already we enjoy more than they ever antii:ipatcd in
their most sanguine moments. One of these opplica-
tions of steam — the raising of water for ngriculturc^
I have already attempted in my own small way. You
know that the greatest enemy of our forming is tha
drought of mid-summrr, when oil vegetation withers,
and the decaying crops reproach us with sulleriiig the
magnificent rivers by their side to pass away. In tho
soutbcrn climates ot the old world, men collect with
great toil the smallest rills, and make them wind over
their fields — the hand-bucket of Egypt, the water-
wheel of Persia, all the toilsome contrivance of man-
ual labor, ore put in requisition to carry freshness ond
fertility over fields not wonting them more than our
own. With far greotcr advontagea absolutely nothing
has yet been done in that branch of cultivation; may
we not hope that these feeble means of irrigation may
be superseded by steam, when a tew bushels ot coul
may disperse over our fields, from our exhaustless li-
vers, abundant sujiplics of water.

"All these improvements which may adorn or ben-
efit our farms, ore recommended to us not only by our
own individual interests, but by the hig'ier sentiment
of our duty to the country. This is essentially a na-
tion of farmers. No where else is so lorge o portion
of the community engoged in farming; no where else
are the ctdtivntors of the earth more independent or so
powerful. One would think that in Europf the great
business of life waste put each either to death; for so
large a proportion of men arc drawn from the walks
of productive industry ond trained to no other occu-
pation except to shoot foreigners ulwai/Sy and their osvn
countrymen occasionnlltj; while here, the wliole en-
ergy of all the nation is directed with intense force up-
on peaceful labor. A strange spectacle this, of one,
and one only, unarmed nation on the face of the eartht
There is abroad a wild struggle between existing au-
thorities and popular pretensions, and our own exam-
ple is the common theme of opplonse or denunciation.
It is the more important then for the farmers of this
country to be true to their own principles. The soil
is theirs — the government is theirs — and on them de-
pends mainly the continuance of their system. Tliot
system is, that enlightened opinion, and the domestic
ties, are more stable guarantees of social tranquility
than mere force, and that the government of the plough
is safer, and when there is need, stronger than the go-
vernment of the sword. If the existing dissensions of
the old world are to be settled by two millions of sol-
diers, all ours will soon he decided by two millions of
voters. The instinct of ngrieidture is for peace — for
the empire of reason, not of violence — of votes not of
bayonets. Nor shall we, as freemen and members of
a domestic ond fireside profession, hesitate in our
choice of the three moster influences which now rulo
the world — force, opinion, ond aficction — tho cart-
rul<rc-hoXf theliallot-ltvj-, and the band-Oox.^'

Post Office.

There are more thon 21,000 Post Offices in the V.
States. By the law of the hind, the annual compen-
sation is not to exceed .•jji'JOOO. In only thirty-nine of-
fices does the regulor commission or per cenlnge al-
lowed to a Postmaster amount to that sum. Of these,
seven only ore in the New England Stales; six in
New York; four in Pennsylvania: two in Majylond;
two in District of t'olunibia: three in Virginia; three
in Georgia; two in Alabama; three in Ohio; and one
in each of the States of North Carolina, Louisiana,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Michigan, Indiana and Mis-
souri. In eighty Post Offices, the compensntion ran-
ges from $1000 to .'Jl-.iOO. A very laigo number of
Postmasters receive a compensation ranging from
$500toS-1000.

I.icREASF. OF PoriLATiov. — .According to the offi-
cial returns in the the bonds of (he U. S. Marshals,
civin" the poptdotion of the whole State of New
Yorkr it oppeors that, in 1830, the State contained
1 918,608 in 1840 it contains 2,429,476 souls. In-
crease in ten years, .M0,8(i8.

"The rust of the mini (idleness) is the b'ijjljt of
gcni us. " — St«MW>

8

THE NEW GExXESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

BERKSHIRE SAVIA'E.

The experience of ihe pastyenr, we believe, has fully suslaincd ihe clnimi of the BerUehires for superiori-
ty over other breeds of swine. We do not deem it necessary lo devote much space to their pmiae; but les
some of our readers should suppose that Rochester is " behind the age" in this species of improve-
ment, we give, below, correct portraits of two pig?, belonging to Col. A.mos Sawter, of this city,
which received the first premiums at the laic Fair of the Genesee Agricultural Society. In our next we in-
tend giving a more particular account of this breed of swine, together with portraits of two full grown ani-
mals, belonging to Col. Sowyer.

The above is the likeness of a sow pig, 7 months old, weighing 170 lbs.; got by a boar formerly owned
by Mr. LoEsing, and sold to Ohio for $'AlO — (^'ute. — The curve, or hollow in the back, seen in this cut, is
not usual with the breed, except when young.)

TbiaJstt boar pig, eao.* age 08 the other; weighing 155 lbs.; got by Mr Allen's " Prince Regent.'

■iu'liSiJ^

IMPROVED UrRHAM SHORT HORIV CO^V " GAZEIiliE,?'

WITH HER HEIFER C\1.F " HEBE."

CHE PROPEUTY OF THOMAS WEDDLE, ESQ.

Gazelle is three years old, roan color, with the red and white indistinctly and richly blended; and is an
excellent handler. The cut exhibits the symmetry of her form, which in its true proportions and full devel-
opement of all the fine points, is not often found in such perfection in one animal. She is not particularly
Iirge, but short in her legs and fine in her bone, of great width and remarkably straight both on her top and
Mow. She hne indication* of a good milker, but having brought up her own calves, neither the quantity or
quality have been particidarly tested.

Gazelle was bred by Thomas Weddle; is by his imported Rover (aliaa Charles — 1816) from the herd
of the Earl of Carlisle; dam, his imported Prize (alias Crocus) from the herd of Henry Edwards, by Romu-
lus, (25G'J;) gr. dam Prize, by Mrilbru', 1 1S9;) gr. gr. dam Tulip, by Regent, (544;) gr. gr. gr. dam Prim-
rose, by North Star, (4.''>9;) gr. gr. gr. gr. dam by R. Colling's While Bull.

Hebe is nine months old, color pure white; by American Comet, possessing all the c'aoice points and
Jpune of her dam; a fine mellow bide, and of course handles admirably.

Hints Tor the Month.

The most important bint, we believe, which we:
can give to farmers at this scaeon of the year, is to
atoid xtorking irillioitt jiuy. Working for half pay,
too, is to be shunned. To remove as far as poeiblo
from such unprofitable labor, it should be the aim of
every one to make his v^•ork tell to the best advantage.
-\ man may be wondcrfidly industrious, rising at foiir,
and laboring till eight at night, but t.nless he gets s
lull return, it is still rather diecouraging. To enabls
him to do 60 to profit, let us enter a little into detail.

The farmer works for half pay, who suffers his do-
mestic animals to eat, drink, and sleep, cipoEcdto all
the fury of rough winter in this northern region. He
has labored to obtain his stock — paid full price for
them — and his hay, straw, grain, and roots, (if he
lias any,) have cost him their due share of sweat and
fatigue. Now, a want of care, — suffering his animals
to shiver in the winds, treading their hay under foot,
starving them at one time, and over feeding them at
another, — will cause the c-nsumptionof twice as much
food as will keep them in good condition if properly
managed, and he will have poor, weak, and perhaps
diseased ones, as the reward of his labor next spring.
He will work for half pay.

Let all your animals therefore be well supplied with
shelter — with racks — feeding troughs — clean litter —
and good watering places; let them be kept clean and
fed regular; and save your hay by the free use of n
good straw cutter, — if you wish to avoid unrequited
labor.

Shelter, will prevent cattle fiom suffering from cold,
thus reducing their flesh — will prevent disease — and
keep them in better condition lor the same amount of
food given. It ie absolutely necessary where animals
have been suffered to become weak and diseased. In
sheep, it will not only prevent emaciation, disease,
death, — but increase the quantity and improve the
quality of the fleece. — Good rachs for feeding will
prevents great waste of hay. Feeding Uovglts are
necessary for roots, meal, and chopped straw. Clean
litter is nut only indispensible to the health and com-
fort of the animal, but exceedingly valuable in the
maniifocture of manure, and should therefore be used
freely. During severe weather the most manure will
be made by not removing it Irom the cattle stoble, of-
tener than once in two or three weeks, the succcEsive
layeisof straw absorbing and retaining more effectu-
ally the liquid parts, except the stable floor has been
expressly constructed for this purpose; but in contin-
ued moderate or thawing weather, the stable should be
doily and thoroughly cleaned. Good uuteritig places
are especially necessary, as animals often sufler the
want of water from the inconvenience in procuring it.
Springs are belter than running streams, the ice often
shutting out the animal from the latter, unless some
one can break it si'veral times a day for them. Under
drains, from wet portions of land, by forming artifi-
cial springe at their foot, make excellent watering pla-
ces in winter, as well as improve the land. Cleanli-
ness is highly important, filth often being the first step
to disease, as well as the last. And regularity in
feeding is also very necessary, as every animal has o
clock in its head, by which it accurately registers the
times of feeding — or at least appears to do so. Dr.
Franklin said that creditors were a superstitious sort of
people — great observers of set days and limes; do-
mestic animals appear to be equally so — rigidly observ-
ing appointed periods; and doing penance for their own-
ers by fretting away large quantities of their flesh, if
these periods are nut strictly observed.

The farmer works (or f all pay, who employs him-
self through winter in doing woik which must other-
wise be done in eununer to the detriment of all order

111
fa,

l-'C

No. 1.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

and nil profit. SuEh n former tnkcs time by the fore-
top — 'cut3 his) elove wood and has it well seasoned nnd
ill nbiindance by next summer— cuts nest winter's
wood, and has that also wellseasoncd, thus saving one
third of weight in drawing, more than half its value
for burning, and prevents cold rooms, smoky fires,
and long laces, on cold winter mornings. He puis ev-
ery thing in order about his premises which can be —
lays up fallen rails on fences— repairs his stone walls
where needed — nails loose boards fast, on his board
Fences and gates, especially those next the public road,
!0 as not to be troubled by all the vagrant cattle and
ll-bred eolts of the neighborhood, who are ready to
)ilfer every thing in an eatable shape that they can lay
heir rascally mouths upon, without regarding the
ights of mciim nnd tuum. He procures seed for next
leason, repaire and puts tools in order, and attends to
(hundred other things sufficient to keep him busy.
Iind every farmer would find enough to occupy oil his
ime during the short days of winter, at full, or even
'oiihle pay, by constantly keeping a memo/anrfiwn of
vbat needs doing in his pocket, on which everything,
3 it occurs to him, is al the moment recorded; espe-
ially if he employs his long evenings in reading nnd
toring his mind with uecfid facts and information,
erived from the experience of otbers. *

Petitions for Legislative Aid.

The following extract is from a letter not written
ir publication, but we give it as a specimen of quite
number received by us during the past month. It
ill be remembered that Jlr. Parsons was President
the Niagara County Agricultural Society as long
1 it was in existence.

"On the subject of "Legislative aid to agriculture"
this Slate, I am glad the subject is beginning to be
itated. 1 am a most decided friend to such a raea-

If only one hundred dollars would be appropriated
each Member of Assembly, to be expended, to.
iher with an equal, or greater amount collected by
; County Agricultural Society, and (for the Em-
•e Stoic) two or thiee commissioners appointed, nf-
• the plan pursued in Massachusetts, I have no
ubt the sum thus expended by the Slate, would soon
returned to her treasury, in tolls alone, with an in-

"' Mae of fifty per cent. I hope measures will be
en, without delay, for bringing the subject, at an
ly day, before our Legislature, in a strength of
xe, and a fullness of expression, that will not be
regarded. There is, in my opinion, no question
1 Buch an appropriation can be obtained at the com-
j eession, if the voice of the farming community
uild be so expressed.

iili And the farmers would, most undoubtedly, so ei-
themselves, if the subject were but fairly brought
their consideration.

Yours, &c. very respectfully,
Lockport, Dec. 18, 1840. W. PARSONS.

There seems to be but one opinion as to the propri-
of petitioning for Legislative aid — and not mucb
Terence of opinion as to how that aid can best be
ilied. After consulting quite a number of experi-
:ed individuals on this subject, we drafted the fol-
'ing petition with a view to meet the wishes of the
jority, and believe it will give general satisfaction,
veral hundred of them have been printed and sent
PcBt masters and others who it was supposed would
:nlate them. Any persons who desire to sign or

W :ulate them, nnd do not find one at the post office,
1 write n copy.

t is hoped thnt nil who receive the petition, will
! it their prompt nnd efficient attention. Take
r horse and pleigh, and in half a day you can call

> whole town or neighborhood, nnd get a score or

> of 8ignatures,(aod alao a noraber of subscribers to

the New Genesee Farmer. ) Try this, and we trust
the result will be such as will convince you that your
time was not mis-spent.

The petitions should be sent to some member of the
Assembly, at an early day of the sitting of the Legis-
lature. Where several are circulnied in one neighbor-
hood,the names can be cut ofi", and all attached to one
petition.

To tlic IJonorahlc the Legislature of the State of Kcw
York in Seriate and A:fsciitbli/ convened :
We, the subscribers, being mostly Farmers in the

County of do liumllij present —

That, as AcBicui/ruRE is the origin nnd foundntion
of all real wealth and prosperity, and the chief source
of human sustenance, its improvement is a subject of
the highest importance, and demands the particular
encouragement of Government. And, past experience
having shown that the improvement of Agriculture is
best promoted by County Societies, Exliihitions, and
Premiums ; which the same experience has shown
cannot long be sustained by individual contributions :
we do therefore pray your honorable body to encour-
age the formation of Agricultural Societies in each
County, and grant a small appropriation from the pub-
lic fund for their support — according to the ratio of
population — say one hundred dollars annually to each
Member of the Assembly; to he continued for the term
o( ienyeais, subject to such regulations and restrictions
as may be deemed necessary, and conditionally that an
equal amount be raised by the Society.

And we further pray your honorable body to provide
for the appointment of three or more Agricultural
Commissioners, for the term of tJirce years, whose
duty it shall be to visit each County in the State, and
encourage the formation of Societies, deliver addresses
and write communications on the improvement of Ag-
ricultitre; and make an annual report to the Legisla-
ture.

Your petitioners humbly conceive that such appro-
priations would tend greatly to promote the prosperity
and honor of the Empire State — increase its wealth
and productions — augment its canal tolls and revenues,
and enhance the value of iis lands. We do therefore
confidently hope that your honorable body will grant
our request: and that a law for that purpose will be
passed during the present winter. And, as in duty
bound, tee will ever pruy, Sfc.

Scraps,

CONDENSED FROM EXCHANGE PAPERS.

Lmports and Exports. — During the lost ten
years, imports have been $41,000,000 of wines,
.$118,000,iX)0 of silks, and $84,000,000 of iron; to-
tal $243,000,000.

In 18o9, exports of domestic productions were but
.$97,000,000; imports v\'ere over $170,000,000.

Why not raise our own silk, manufacture our own
iron, and so forth, and save our hard money ?

Thrashing clean. — Henry Colman says, that in
passing wheat that was considered iccU thrashed by
tbe flail, afterwards through a good machine, he has
obtained at the rate of two full quarts to the bushel,
or one sixteenth of the whole: reminding him of the
Irishman's straw, who on being asked the cause of
the fine condition of hie horse replied, "He has
nothing to ate but whale straw, nnd that not half
thrashed."

A nobleman ploughing. — At the late exhibition of
the English Agricultural Society,an American plough,
(the kind or name not mentioned,) sent there on
purpose, was tried. Itwos "handled in a masterly
manner" by the Duke of Richmond, but was com-
mended for its simplicity only, but not for its effi-
ciency.

CosTLt and Profitable. — Wm. P. Curd, Esq.,
of Fayette County, Ky., has 14 Berkshire, and 3 Irish

Grazier breeding sows; nnd 4 Berkshire, and 2 Irish
Grazier bonrs; which cost him three thousand dollars^
Was he n fool for poying ihis enormous sum 7 Let us
see — during two yeurs31 silver cups have been nward-
ed at difierent fairs to these hogs. From them be has
already sold 110 pairs of pigs at $40 a pair — equal to
$4,400. 2.")4 sows, some of » bich have been sent
■iOO miles, have been bred to his boars at $10 each —
making $2,540. So much for having the very best
animals. And bis customers will find it quite as profi-
table before they are done with farming.

Crops in Ohio. — A. B. Allen, in n late number of
the Cult vator, writing from ihe valley of the Sciota,
says the crops are so abundant, that corn commands
only, 12J to 15 cents, and wheat 45 to 50 cents per
bushel ; and that hay in the country is $2 to $3
a ton.

Large crop of Pumpki.ns. — E Hereey Derby of
Boston, planted 70 square rods of ground, in well-ma-
nured hills 9 feet apart. A heavy crop was the re-
sult. Some of the pumpkins weighed 112 lbs. The
weight of the whole crop was no less than 22,220
pounds, or at the rote of more than 50,000 lbs. to
the ocre — nbout 50 wagon loads of ordinary size.

Importance OF Rotation. — M. S. Kirkbride gives,
in the Farmers' Cabinet, the produce of a lot of
ground, cultivated for the last three years with sugar
beet, as follows : — Ist year, 42 tons per acre; 2d year,
25 tons; 3d year, 211 tons.

Rats and Mice. — A correspondent of the Farmers*
Cabinet, estimates, at a very moderate calculation,
the amount of depredations caused by rats nnd mice,
in the State of Pennsylvania, at $600,000, annually.
He recommends terriers and ferrets as the best means
of destroying them.

Monet changing pockets. — Henry Colnian says
that in consequence of the English having blockaded
Canton and tbe rise in tbe price of teas, that tbe profits
of a single Canton ship are stated at 300,000 dollars I
and that three commercial houses in Salem have rea-
lized by this advance of price the vast amount of
1,500,000, — "if any farmer can enumerate such s
sum." *

For the Neu Genesee Farmer,
" Agricultural Commissioner,"

The importance ot having a Slate officer of this kind
can scarcely be overrated. Most farmers are so much
occupied with their needful labor ns to leave them but
little opportunity fornscertaining the nature or volue of
the improvements in their profession, which are con-
stantly taking place.

If a qualified individual could give bis entire atten-
tion to vhatever pertained to the interests of ihis im-
portant subject, a great amount of valuable informa-
tion would soon be placed within reach of all. New
implements, or those already in use, would be subject-
ed to rigid examination, and their comparative merits
ascertained. The purchaser then, instead of relying
upon the interested manufactuier, would receive a
valuable article without paying double its worth —
Thousands of dollars are annually expended in our
country for labor-saving machines which prove to be
inferior or worthless.

The Commissioner, by.freqnently visiting the sev-
eral counties, would become familiar with the methods
of farming adopted in each, and piepared to recom
mend whatever experience might justify. He woidd
examine the different varieties of seed, nnd establist
their relative value; nnd the monthly reports would
convey n definite idea of the condition of some por-
tion of the Stnle.

He would hold frequent meetings for the purpose of
imparling information and encouragement, assist at
the formnlion of societies, circulate agricultural pa-
pers, and, in short, by every means in his power en-
deavor to make the knoi\'ledgeof each individual a
part of the common stoclfc W. R. S.

10

THE NEW GENESEE FARIVIER,

Vol. 2

\o

Tlie following very juM rcinnrke should be well
Tindersloud by every experimentalist in agriculture. —
Altliougb applied only to manures l)y the writer, tbcy
are not less applicable to every thing else connected
■with the cultivation of the soil. Experiments often
produce quite different results, from the difference of
eoil, climate, season, or other circumstances connected
with them, which may be all essential, but which are
entirely omitted or indefmitely mentioned in the state-
ments of those experiments. *
i-yum the liritisk Farmers' Magazine.

Keporting Experimeuts with Artificial Ma-
nures.

In all our agricultural publications now issuing from
the press, we see many accounts of experiments made
for oscerlainiiig the value of certain substances re-
commended as manured, either for lop-dressing or
ploughing in. Some of these accounts are elaborate-
ly, and, no doubt, faithfully written; and sonietimee
favorable, or, as it may happen, unfavorable. Some-
times, too, wc are told of the same material having
contrary eifucta 0:1 land of precisely the same choi'ac-
ter, especially if situate in different parts of the king-
dom. Ndw these discrepancies mny often arise from
ignorance or want of consideration of the peculiar ef-
fect or action of the material employed.

Besides the various substances which have been
used as manures from time immemorial, there are oth-
ers, chiefly minernU, which are brought into use witii
various success. The reports of such trial? are not al-
ways uniform; and defective in so far as the character
of the weather or season following the application is
omitted to be stated. In my own practice I have used
soot extensively for top dressing wheat, and hare bar-
rowed and rolled it in; but if a dry spring and sum-
mer followed, the soot was of no service. I have
nsed eholk and lime as dressings for light grovelly
land; but if a wet season succeeded, little or no im-
mediate effect was observable. The same result fol-
lowed the application of salt, on the same description
of land, under the same circtimstances of season. And
the reason for the non-clliciency of these three last
named substances was perfectly obvious: all three are
ready absorbents of water ii-om the air, and in dry
seasons are eminently useful to growing crops ;
whereas, in a showery time, the crops need no such
assistance.

Saltpetre and nitrate of soda are at present fashion-
able top-dressings; and those best acquainted with
these substances alfirm that they are often injudicious-
ly used. On wet tenacious land they con never be so
efficacious as on dry sandy or gravelly soils; nor in
wot S'^asons so much as they ecnainly must be in
dry. If I be not mistaken in attributing to them such
effects, they will always be considered as doubtful fer-
tilizers; because they must be used before it can be as-
certained, except by conjecture, what sort of season is
to follow,

Mr. Cuthbert Johnson observes, that the "agricultu-
ral uses of saltpetre have not been examined so care-
fully or generally as they ought to have been;" and
G. Knnlicrley, Es p, of Trotsworth, " regrets that it
has been hastily adopted, without rei'erence, in many
cises, to season, soil, climate or quantity; and as a
few fortunate experiments have started into a fashion
tlie use of these articled, so one or two unseasonable
or improper opi)lication8bavc at once cy/i(Zc7H/iC(Z them
to jieglect and oblivion."

Such rcp^^rts show decidedly how necessary it is to
know ^ rrccily the effi'cta of those artificial manures;
M'Licther as the i'ond of plants, or improvers of the sta-
ple; whether as cxciti;rs of vegetation or solvents of
the nutritive matters already in the soil; and also un-
der what circumstance of weather or season they are
most active, or altogether neutral. 1 bese are qucs-
lioiiB for the agricultural chemist to prosecute; so that
no farmer need work in the twilight, or be in doubt
concerning the direct etleels o( any mamire which
comes recommended from competent authorities.

And in all future reports of experiments made with
any of those unc'ommon articles of manure, the re-
porter should not omit to state what kind of weather
iias prcvnilerl during tlie experiments; for the effects,
especially of saline substances, are very much deter-
mined by the state of the weather.

J. MAIN.
[Our respected correspondent is right. Much of
thg success or otherwise, of these, and many other
manures we could name, must depend on peculiar cir-
cumstances of soil and season. VVe have heard salt-
petre abused one year, and highly extolleil in another;
although tried on the sam ■ sjil, the same description
ef wopi and b; the tame person. — £i>. J

Wlieat and Hay-stacks protected from Light-
ning.

The following ridiculous method, from an English
paper, is going the rounds in this countrj', but we
trust no intelligent farmer will be deluded by it. It
consists merely in placing a broken glass bottle on the
highest point of the stack, glass being a non-conduc-
tor. It must be evident to any one, acquainted with
electricity, that this can afford no protection whatever,
and would no more prevent the downward descent of
a thunderbolt upon the stack, than a spade-fidl of turf
would stop the cataract of Niagara. A non-conductor
is ncgiuirein its jiroperties; and a comliictor can only
carry the electric discharge safely to the ground.

Ice Houses on the Ground.

J. S. Skixnkr, Esii. — IJr.AR Sir — In your paper of
the l*2lli, you ask for information relative to the con-
structiim of ice houses above ground. The informa-
tion below is not from a', tual experience but from ac-
tual observation. In New Orleans and Mubile, they
are all above ground — in the former place, from the
same cauee, to a greater extent than what you com-
plain of. Their having succeeded so well there, is
the cause of their being used in the latter place, where,
in 1838, there were two — one built for the purpose, a
common frame building, the other an old brick ware-
house. I have examined both, being desirous to know
bow ice houses could be fitted above ground to keep
ice from rapid evaporation. I found there was an in-
ner partition made of boards, space, I think, four feet;
this divided into two parts, the one next the outside
tilled with rice chaff, the other with charcoal; notliing
on the floor but straw and chaff. On the garret Hoor
there were eeverol scuttles, or trop-doors. The ice
was hoisted up through them, and then taken down
a pair of steps fixed on the outside the building.

The keeper also slept in the garret part. He in-
formed me the evaporation was very small, much less
than he could have expected. Even in that warm
climate, I do not think it necessary to have them
earthed outside; but a shade of trees I think would be
of service.

Perhaps in this climate, a space of two feet, filled
with ehall'and charcoal, would be sufficient. I think
wheat and oat chaff would be a sufiieient substitute
for rice. Respectfully,

D. GRIFFITH.

Since the preceding very obliging communication
wns received, we have conversed with R. Peters,
Esq., of Philadelphia, to whom the subject is practi-
cally and philosophically familiar. He satisfied us
that in all situations it is better to build above ground,
with a view to more perfect preservation. When the
house is built below the surface, the earth is of a tem-
perature and consistence to make it a conductor, in-
stead of a 7io!i-conductor of beat. The great, if not
the sole object, in a work, is to get your ice enclosed
in a space which is surrounded by the most perfect
iion-roitiliirlor of hcttl ! end that is most easy and
practii able, by building one house within another, not
permitting them to touch at any point, leaving between
the two a space of say 15 or 18 inches, to be filled in
compactly as the houses progress from the bottom,
with cbarcool or tan. We intend to have a founda-
tion or fl^or of sand, rising say 12 or IS inches above
the ground, on the outside of the building, and on the
sand place a covering of tan bark. The melting of
the ice may be expected to be absorbed by the sand,
vny surplus passing off, under the sills. The bouse
we think will be best covered with 0 very thick cover-
ing of fi>ddcr or marsh gross that will turn the rain —
being ventilated at each end — Who sees any objection
to this plan 7 As for shade wo shall choose to build
in a sitnatioii exposed to the sun, where evaporation
will be most active, and moisture least liable to accu-
mulate.— Amr. Far.

National Gallery of American Manufactures.

The new Patent Office, lately erected at Washing-
ton, is a very large and splendid building, and one
which will long reflect credit on the nation. Besides
containing ample room for the numerous models and
specimens of patented inventions, provisions have
been made ir for a national gallery of American
manufactures, agricultural productions, Ac. For
this noble prnjcet, the nation is mainly indebted to that
well known friend of improvement, the Hon. H. Ij.
Ell3wokth, Commissioner of the Fatenl 0£c«. ^Vo

IIIL"

i:cua
ffliir

rejoice that the business of executing the liberal plan ,,,
of the government, in the formation of this institu ]e
tion, has devolved upon one so eminently qualified fa '"
the task. And there can be no doubt that, under tb ''' ,
supervision of this able and patriotic gentleman, aco! ,;;
lection will in a few years be formed, that will proTi s
highly useful, as well as honorable, to the nation. "'
We take particular pleasure in publishing the fo ;.
lowing notice, forwarded to us by Mr. Ellsworti ;,;
on account of the prominence which he gives to agt. v
culture. This art of all arts has long been too mue '"
neglected by our Congress and Stale Legislaturei '
and it is pleasing to see, of late, so many indicatioi
of a disposition to give the subject something of th
consideration which its importance demands. '

Patent Offick, Nov. 20, 1840. |

Notice is given that the Hall in the new Potent Q^
ficcj for the exhibition of manufactures, is now coii,
pitted. The Hall is spacious, being 273 feet long, (1
ieetwide, 30 feet high, anijire proof .

Agents whose names are annexed, will receive ni
forward, free of expense, articles which may be dcpt^^
ited with them. These articles will be classified (i
arranged for exhibition, and the names and addresr
the monufacturer (with the prices when desired) W|
be carefully affixed. Few, it is presumed, will ne
leet to improve the opportunity now presented, of c«
tributing their choicest specimens to the Natiim
Gullcry of American MuniifdUvres, vchere thousan
who visit the Seat of Government, will witness wi
pleasure the progress of the arts in these United Stati

If fairsin limited sections of our country, have ex
ted interest, what must be the attractions of n natioi
exhibition, enriched by daily additions.

The ogriculiurist may be gratified to learn, tl
commodious rooms are provided for the exhibition ^Jns
agricultural implements, and also for the receptiai
seeds lor exhibition or distribution.

The Commissioner of Patents, being authorized
collect agricultural statistics, avails himself of thiat
portunity to solicit information of the condition f
character of the crojis in the several, sections of
country. These data will aid him in presenting w
his annual rcjiort, the aggregate amount of prod tict ,
the soil, ond it is hoped that the public may be guo
od in some measure from the evils of monopoly,
showing how the scarcity in one portion of the li
nioy be supplied from the surplus in another.

Names of agents who will receive and forward pa
ages for the Patent Office. Collectors of the Custc
at Portsmouth, N. H., Portland, Me., Burlingl
Vt., Providence, R. 1., Philodelphia, Baltimore, Ri
moiid, Charleston, Savannah, N. Orleans, Detr
Bufialo, Cleveland. Surveyors of the Custom
Hartford, Ct., St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, L |
isville; R. H. Eddy, Boston, Mass.; David GardiiJ
(CuBtom House,) New York. \\

HENRY L. ELLSWORTH, j
Commissioner of Patent! ,

Editors are very respectfully requested to give |r
above an insertion in their papers. m,,j

— ■ llm

Education for Farmers.

The following just remarks are taken from an

dress delivered before an agricultural society in Oh

" I well know the fondness of a parent's heart,
am a parent and can appreciate a parent's f'celii
and there seem? to me nothing unnatural in the
sire of a parent that his children should occupy It
orable and useful stations in the world. But still tl
farmers greatly err who suflcr their sons and t
daughters to be brought up with a feeling of conf
for the toils of the husbandmon — who suffer tl
feel that because their parents have been able to
upon them, it may be a college education', that hi
forth the nxe and the hoe are imiilements unworl
their touch. The fostering of such feelings of
in the bosoms of your children, is fraught wil
most dangerous consequences to them. Show to tli
by your efforts to apply the benefits of science to
culture of the soil, by the interest which you moniu..,,
in extending improvements, and by conferring Jiiis
benefits of your experience upon others, that you ler'gj
gardyour calling as useful, importont, honorable, ilof,,
respectable, and instead of crowding your chlldl ^j,,'
as too many misguided parents do, into the leor litjj;^
professions, or into the commercial ranks, let them ip,„j
that you are not ashamed of your occupation, that tfjuj
feel that it ought not to be despised, and that yon !ti,.^^
gar tl it ne honor enough for ihem to be well quali *iJ|,j

r.„

Vo. 1.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

11

3 trend in your fooletepa, and to perfect nnd cnrry out
le ittiprovements which yoii have coriimcnced. So
[ley wdl come up to tiike their places in society, feel-
ig, and truly too, that the occupation of the ogricul-
irisl ia both honorable and respectable — nnd so they
/ill be kept in a great measure from the indulgence
foolish pride, and from encouraging in their
reastsavain ambition which can never be realized.
md you may be sure that in Bubsequent life they will
e called to iill such stations of honor or of trust, as
jey may seem to be titled for, by their talents, their
cquiremeuts and their worth. At all events, they
be useful, respectable and substantial citizens, con-
Mited aud happy themselves, and dispense happiness
lid comfort to all around them. How much better,
ow much more rational, how much more honorable
ud respectable thus to be, than for young men to start
ft" with the idea of being line gentlemen, and at-
mpting to live upon the scanty pittance furnished
lem by their wits. Such imha|)py and misguided
Dung men, soon become the small politicians of your
Uages, or the brawlers of the grog-shop, and will
ion end their career, if not in crime, in neglect and
isignificauce.

" The fostering, building up and sustaining of the
nmmon School system, is to the farmer of paramount
nportance. To the Common School must he look,
;uiniy, for the education ot his children, and for the
ipport of such schools should he be willing lo make
line of the largest sacriliecs; or rather he should
n call any thing which he does in thot behalf a sacri-
:e. Let ciforts be at once made to introduce into
1 our common schools, all those desirable improve-
ents in education which the e.'sperience of the age
ggests. Let none but suitable nnd competent in-
ructors be engaged, and whatever the cost of such
ay be, let the expense be cheerfully met. Let not
struction beconliued to the mere elements of educn-
'■'f'l )n, such as reading and spelling, but let the physical
,d natural sciences be introduced, nnd proper instrnc-
m given in all those higher departments which are
Iculatud to e-tpand the minds, and make business
en and women of your sous and daughters. Let ele-
enlnry books on agriculture be introduced into the
hools, that the education of your children may be
part at least, an agricultural education, and howev-
learued or renowned they may subsequently he-
me in the world of letters, they never will despise
e calling to which their fathers were attached. —
jt the standard of the moral character be elevated,
d let the cultivation of the religious afleetions and
inciules not be neglected. Thus educated and thus
ared in habits of industry, they may be safely sent
:lh to enact their part on the stage of life."

Why dou't he do it!

fWhen the Farmer Anoirs, that a gale is better, and

a time and labor saving ti.\ture cheaper, than a set

bars and posts, and without calling on a carpenter

can himself make one, IVhij don't he do it?

'When he has no other fastenings to his gates and

Tn doors than a rock rolled ngninst them, and in a

Pil ng^fc evening after supper ia able to make a better,

o( I'Ai/ do7i'i he da it?

And when he knows it's better and more profitable
have good fences than poor, IVhij don't he do it?
Or if he thinks it will not quiie cost to make good
ices, and only thmks so, and :his mere guess work,
d by calling on .Mr. Townsend of East Haven con
jeriain the facts in relation to it, JVhtj don't he do it?
Or if he wi-hes to see some of the most approved
turesapperliiiuing to farm buildings and the keep-
2; and feeding of stock, &.c. &c., nnd can do so by
Uing on the above named gentleman. Why don't he
it?

Or when he sees the boards dropping from his barns
d out buildings, and like heaps of rubbish lying in
ea aboui his premises, and need only nailing on
Bin, Why don't he do it ?

Or if he is afraid of the expense of nails and is
ways crying up the maxim of Doct. Franklin, to
save the pence and the pounds will take care of them-
vee," and he knows that the same Doct. Franklin
io said that " many men nie penny wise and pound
ilish," nnd he is not cnrcful to think of the precept
ntained in the latter, Why don't he do it?
!lf it is a saving of nearly bnlf the mnnure of a
mer's stock, by keeping them shut up in yards, in-
■_ad of running at large through most of the winter,
7iw don't he do it?

If he knows that many of his fields would be great-
improved by ditching, and by the removal of large
imps and stones, Why don't he do it ?
jAnd when he knows that his pastures would yield
\y double the feed, and of a hotter quality, if the

. l-^n

T

bushes were all cut nnd subdued, Why don't he do it ?

And if he can add lifly per cent, to the product of
his clover fields, and even his pastures, by the use of
Gypsum, Why don't he do it?

If a farmer of fifty acres has (as he should have)
use for n good corn ehcller and one of the ninny im-
proved fanning mills, and he has not already obtained
both. Why don't he do it ?

And if It is cheaper, actually cheaper, to burn dry
wood than green, nnd to use a stove instead of an
open firc|ilnce. Why don't lie do it ?

And filially, if every farmer is not a subscriber to
an agricultural paper, Why don't lie do it ? — Fm-mers
Gaz. L .

Cure for "Disefisc in Swine."

Messrs. Editors — In the November number of
the Farmer, 1 observed an inquiry from Mr. Webber
of Michigan, respecting the cause nnd cure of what
appears to be the Blind Staggers m Swine.

As to the cause of this disease, I am not able to
speak decidedly; but suppose it to arise from a deter-
mination of blood to the head. Leaving the cause,
therefore, to abler hands, I will proceed to the cure.
Catch the hog, and with a sharp knife, make an incis-
ion through the skin, 2 orSj inches in length, vertical-
ly on the forehead, about I J inches below the top of
the head, and insert into the wound and under the
skin, as much fine salt as possible. Repeat the appli-
cation hourly, and it will very soon ellcct a cure.
Respectfully your's, &c.

ZECHARIAH CONE.

Batavia, Dec. 1840.

Sowing Orchard Grass Seed.

I should have answered your inquiry (in No. 10,)
respecting the quantity of Ordiard Grass Seed required
to sow an acre, &c., but I have been long absent from
home, and seeing the opinion of Dr. James Mease,
President of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society, in
your Nov. number, I have only to say, that my opin-
ion does not diiler much from his, and I fully agree
with him on the advantage of sowing Orchard Grass
and Clover together. Yours, &c.

ZECHARIAH CONE.

Beets for Cattle.

As experience, nnd not speculntion, is what fnrmers
need, I will give my observntions in feeding beets to
my cows during the two past winters. In 1833 I put
up about 300 bushels of Mangel Wurtzel beets, 100
bushels of turnips and some potatois for the |)urpose
of experimenting in feeding my cattle through the
winter, i knew nothing but th^t what 1 learned
from books, as I was acquainted with itotoj-mer (nor
am I yet) who fed with roots. At first 1 Was at a loss
to know how to feed them, whether in a r^uv ctutcor
cooked, but having determined to try both plan.*, I
commenced the work nnd ench did well. Young ani-
mals are peculiarly fond of the raw beets and thrive
astonishingly on them; but for cows that give milk,
they are better boiled, particularly if a steamer can be
used in the process. Though milk cows should have
raw beets once in every two or three doys if grass can-
not be had.

The turnips and potatoes were given precisely as
the beets; but I could not determine that either had
the preference over the other, as the cows gave about
the same quantity of milk, nnd their condition did not
seem chnnged by either. In feeding the same animals
with beets, it was easily told tlint one-third lees than
of the turnips or potatoes would make them give the
same quantity of milk, of better quality, and they
showed better keep. The beets made the milk better,
the butter better, and the cows look much better. On
one half bushel of beets per day to ench cow, with
straw and a little meal or bran mixed in, they contin-
ued in good condition through the winter, gnve ns
much milk ns in the summer, and the butter was as
full as good ns in May. Myexpeiience during the
past winter (1839-40) while I fed on roots, only con-
fu'nied my former conclusions. — We^^tern Paper.

Our Trade with France.

The New York Express of Wednesday, soys —
" The export of specie hns, in its operations, been
quite remarkable. Exchanges on all Foreign places,
France excepted, have been in favor of this country.
No specie haa been wanted, and very little has been

shipped to any other place. Frnnee hns, particularly,
for the last three months, been receiving large sums
in silver. The question naturally nrises, how is this!
Why is it that while there is a iierfect reciprocity iti
trade with any other country to such a degree, that
we neither receive nor pay any considerable sum in
specie, France Hhould bring us in debt at once full
three millions of dollars; and tuking it she takes not
gold, which we can spare, but will have all silver, a
description of coin that we cannot spare. The great
secret is, in the immense introduction of silks. I ho
duties being now removed, this description of gooda
conies in nt very reduced rntes. Fashion unfortunately
clothes our females in silks, and even the males take a
large quantity.

" Our great staple, cotton, is the principal nrticla
that is sent in payment, and m the unprecedented low
rates it is bringing in Europe, it falls short of a sufli-
eient sum to pay for our indebtedjiess. To England,
besides the vast sum we pay lor goods, we have to pro-
vide for a large amount of interest, and with all this
running against us, we are enabled to square up wiib
produce; and yet with France, from whence we re-
ceive but little else than silks and wine, which contri-
bute but little to our national revenue, we are con-
stantly in debt. Nor is there much prospect of any
favorable change, so long as fashion runs in fnvor of
silk goods. So long as they are admitted free, and so
long ns cotton continues at the present low rate, it is
hardly possible that there can be any change for tha
better."

Exercise, a Moral Duty.

The faculties with which our Creator hns endowed
us, both physical and intellectuni, are so dependent
upon exercise for their proper development, that ac-
tion and industry must be regarded ne among the pri-
mary duties of accountable man. **Inall our con-
ceptions," says an ingenious writer, "exertion is con-
nected with success and renown." A triumph with-
out an enemy combatted, and a victory won; a priza
where no course is marked out nnd no competitor
stnrts with us in the rnce, are not ons which do not find
a ready admission into our minds. Such is our con-
stitution, that, according to our usual train of think-
ing, that where there is no exertion, there can be nei-
ther honor or reward. Progress in moral and intel-
lectual excellence is our duty, our honor, and our in-
terest. To be stationary, or to retrograde, is disgrace-
ful. We came into the world feeble in body and in
mind, but with seeds of improvement in both; and
these seeds grow, according to the cultivation they
receive from exercise. The body grows in stature and
in strength, and the mind gradually expands. But
exercise is requisite to the development both of our
corporenl and mental capacities. In the course of
years indeed, the body grows; but without exercise,
it is lumpish, feeble, and inactive; and the mind,
wholly undisciplined, remains in a weak and infantils
state. The exercise which is requisite in order ta
bodily health and vigor, and the evolution of our mor
al nnd intellectual powers, is not only the chief niean«
of our improvement, but also the main source of hnp.
piness. Without exercise of body and of mind, there
can be no happiness.

In one respect the farmer has the advantage of al-
most all other classes of the laboring community; his
evenings he has to himtelf, while the mechanic has to
labor from morning till 9 o'clock in the evening, tha
farmer's day commences with the rising and closes
with the setting of the sun. Although the industrious
farmer finds many little jobs of work, to which he
very economically appropriares his evening leisure,
yet the greater part of the long winter evenings he
can appropriate to his amuBement nnd instruction. In
no place do we see more cheerful countennncest i k
around the blazing fire upon the farmer's hearths
There, at the merry apple paring, or nt the neighboi
ing collection, or even in the lamily circle alone, do
we find social happiness in its pure simplicity. VVhnt
nn opportunity this, for an acquisition of knowledge I
What fnrmer who improves these opportunities can
but be intelligent ? And what instruction so inte-
resting 88 that which gives him a knowledge of bis
own employment ? Here we would suggest tlie im-
portance of every farmer having a supply of agricultu-
ral books and papers. It seems to ns that no one can
be insensible to their utility. If this should be a sug-
gestion of self interest, which we do not deny, still we
believe it coincides with the interest of the farmer.
We will notenlnrge on this subject, ns v,e apprehend
it would not convey thnt knowledge which we recom-
mend. We will barely say, that we expect our eul.
scribers to increase as the evenings lengthen. — Hiik
Cuituriat,

14

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

•
1

Avon

Caledonia - -

York

Leicester - -
Mt. Morris -
Lima- - - . .
Concsns - - -

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inr Slatislics of Monroe Co., next month.

Decay of Kuta Bagas— luquiry,

Messrs. Thomas & Batkham — When I harvested
my ruta bag/is this fall, I found nearly one third of
them were spoiled by the rotting of the upper part of
the roots, and ns they had not been exposed to frost or
much wet, I nni at a loss to account for t' eir decay.
They were harvested about the Inst ol September, and
appeared sound and good, (except that the leaves were
yellow,) but on taking hold of the leaves to pull them
up, the tops came off, and showed that the necks
were rotten.

Many of my roots were more or less injured by
grubs, but I could not perceive that this caused their
decoy. If any of the readers of the Farmer can ex-
plain it, I should be pleased if they would do so.
Yours, &.Q.

SILAS PRATT.

Chili, Dee. 1840.

p.

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In addition to the above, there was raised m this
eountv, in the same year, 8r.,83-2 bushels of barley^
691,672 bushels of oats, 4,69!) bushels of rye, 19,24/
bushels ofbuck-wheat, 231,576 bushels of Indian corn
4,520 pounds of hops. 21,4.52 pounds of hemp and
flnx, 180 pounds of cocoons, and 1288 pounds oj wax.

The number of cords of wood sold, wns 2.<,.).ib.—
The amount of pot and pearl ash manufactured m the

county, wns 30j tons. The value of poultry |;24,
Of the population of the county, 11~ are free

sons of color, viz: 67 males, and 50 females,

were residents of the county on the first day of J

last.

There were also resident in the county on the

day of June last, 135 Revolutionary and Invalid j

sioners.

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The Fruit Garden.

In our last volume we tieated of several particnlon
respecting the Fruit Garden; and we now continue
our remarks for the purpose of calling the attention of
independent farmers to the subject. In so favorable n
soil ond so fme a climate as that of the Genesee coun-
try, it has often been a cause of regret to us, that so
many hundreds — yes thousands — of wealthy freehold-
ers should be destitute of the delicious fruits that such
a garden can supply. A few years ago, a friend of
ours from a distant land, came to join us in n journey
ol three hundred miles. It wns in the lost month of
summer, when the Fruit Garden yields its simple lux-
uries in abundance, and he was delighted with the
treat. We remarked to him however, before we sei
out, " Now is the time to feast — notliing of the kind
can be expected tillour return." Did it turn out so?
perhaps some of our readers would nsk. E.xnctly — to
the letter. There wos fine fruit without doubt, iia the

district through which we passed, but we saw it
though we shared the hospitality of many nobIefri< '""
:n ensy circumstances.

When we planted our Fruit Garden, we had no
reeled our ottcntion to ihe posilioji in which the di
ent kinds of trees could be most advantageously pie
nit we soon discovered that the nectarine, the pi
ind the apricot, ought to have been set os near to
iiog-trough as possible, on account of the Cure
We have already remarked thot in the remoter I
f the inclosure the fruit was more injured by thii
sect, though we may add that in a small gorden
arrangement will be of less importance.

The j>osition for particular, trees will be four
great consequence however, on another account wb
er the gorden be large or small. Until our eour
men generally acquire a higher-toned morality;
shall consider robbing a garden as mean as to ri
hen-roost, it will be safer to set the late peais or <M^^

(tfl
ml

it.

!±ni

■fife

'Bet

■^:i

llll

liiii

1.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

a^9
13

on the outside. The rich colors of ripe fruits are
attractive; and thB further \ve can place them

the gaze of animals who have no hiyheraim than
;nt gratification, ^-th« better. On this account a
•yard sliould not be a fruit-ynrd, except for such
aa may be gathered green, and ripened in the
3. We have no knowledge that thieves in this
ter look far enough a- head to steal unrij.cpears,
nter apples.

lerry trees should be set in the ietir of the r.ecta-
, plums and aprjcots, but still aanenrtoihe hog-
fa aa possible, after these kinds are accommodated.
;onsider thehog-trough indeed, as an important
idageto the Fruit Garden. Where hogs cannot
mitted however, poultry may in some measure
y their place. If both are excluded, then use the

and the hoe — shake the Curculios from the tree
eets spread for the purpose, and show them no
er.

erry trees should also be set near together — thot
It scattered in difierent parts of the garden, on
nt of the birds that came to plunder. A leisure
lOur moy be well spent on a seat from which shot
reach them. We know indeed it is the fashion
s day to extol their services, and to decry every
pt to lessen their numbers; but people who are
d away by sdch fancies, cannot have duly con-
:d the subject.

e cedar bird lias been called " a friendly, useful,
ent visitor;" but we have yet to leorn in what
;t he is better than a crow or a rot. He may de-

nsects in some districts, as it has been osserted,
n in ours. We have carefully watched him, in

years, and have even had his stomach examined

what he lived on, but nothing was found in it
uit. He comes as a plunderer, and deserves a

srer's reward. t

Tlie Garden and Shrubbery.

he open ground at this dreary season, tJowers —
)st tender part of the plant — would be eadly out
;e; and therefore ornament can only be expect-
the hark, the leaves, or ihej'ruit.
! bark of the stripul maple is generaly admired.

streaks on a ground in which shadings of red
en occasionally prevail, always meet the eye,

where the red becomes clearer on the twigs and
increasing intensity envelopes the buds. The
on the contrary, is seen on the 'old bark; and
especially on old trees, which are sometiuies six

in diameter.
! reddogtcood (improperly called the red willow)
1 ornamental. Seedlings vary much however,
ord to brightness; and not one tenth of those we
ivith in the swamps are suitoble for transplont-
Though naturally a sub-aquatic, it docs well on
on soil; for through winter and the early part oi

when its bark is the brightest, the ground is
intly wet.

poplar-lcavtd birch has a white bark, though
veral years before the small branches assume
Dior. The leaves are delicate, and the whole

showy and ornamental.
; golden ash hos fine yellow bark, changing

greenish color early in autumn. This tree is
ered a variety of the English ash (Fraxinus ex-
) and its height in London is marked thirty feet.
JVC one of very vigorous growthabout eight feet
much admired.

■rgreens are admirably adapted to embellish a
itead in winter. Among these, the silccr fir of
lewiU stand in the front rank. It is nearly al-
I the balsam fir, but has a larger leaf more dis-
striped with white oa the under side. Both are
lutifu!.

Next to these we should place the \rlulc pine which
often becomes the. tallest tree of the American forest,
where it has room to spread however, the rich silky
green of its foliage, is more distinctly visible and or-
namental.

Not far behind, is the ichite spruce, growing natur-
ally in swamps like the balsam fir, but soon becoming
reconciled to a dry soil. Two or three years in a nur-
sery, give it a new sot of roots; and when theae are
acquired, with reasonable attention, it is almost sure
to live when transplonted. It also attains a great
height in favorable situations.

The Noncayfir from the north of Europe, famous
for its timber, is another fine evergreen with darker
foliage; but perhaps not daiker than the black spruce
which is often found in mountain land and a cold soil.
Near these may be placed the Chinese and American
arbor vita with fragrant leaves; and the English yew,
remarkable for its duration and slow growth.

The Scotch fir, so called is properly a pine — that is,
it has two leaves in a sheath. This species and the
Norway fir, supply the deal boards of England.

But we have not forgotten the hemlock spruce. Men
who are long employed in clearing land, are apt to
consider every tree that stands in their way as worthy
of death; and we apprehend that but few arboricultu-
ists can be found in this class. Against the hem-
lock, the prejudice has been unusually strong. With-
out stopping to inquire on what it rested however, we
shall express our conviction that this tree deserves a
place among the finest evergreens when it can clothe
itself with foliage from the ground. It bears training
well; and the most beautiful hedge we have ever seen
was of hemlock.

The covimon Juniper retains the green of its leaves
in winter much better than the red cedar; ond as it in-
clines to grow low with prickly leaves, it might serve
for a hedge on the top of a ditch. It may easily be
increased by layers or by seeds.

An evergreen, little known in this district, but re-
markable lor its beauty is the tree box. It appears to
agree with our soil and climate; grows densely, and a
hedge of it, in front of a mansion would be superb.

In sheltered situations the fruit o{ Ibe pyracantha
retains its fine scarlet; but the severer blasts of winte>-
destroy its color. On the bush cranberry however,
these have no effect; and its clusters hang in all their
brightness till the commencement of mild weather in
the spring.

No shrub however, is more beautiful in winter on
account of its fruit than the barberry: and none is
safer from the depredations of birds. The berries are
very acid. Many people have been deterred from
planting it because of its supposed influence in blight-
ing wheat; but this charge is proved to be unfounded.
It has neither philosophy nor fact to support it, t

Items iu Uumestic and liuial Economy.

To prevent horses, which are disposed to break
their bridles, from doing so, place a pad within the
strap that posses back of the head, the inside of which
is lined with cotton or linen, and in which the points
of threeor four very sharp nails, pointing inwards, are
concealed. When the horse draws hard upon his bri-
dle, these prick him, and cause him to desist.

Stoves, for heating rooms, will throw out much
more heat for the amount of fuel consumed, if, as soon
as the wood gets well burning, the draught below and
above the fire, is closed. Far less heat is swept by
the draft up chinmey. On this principle, the black-
smith increoses the heat of his forge, by sprinkling
water upon the ignited cools, and preventing the flame
from rushing out; and also, green wood on a common
fire often prevents the rapid escape of heat up the
chimney, for s similar reason. All slaves should

then/ore be provided with a ralve above us well as be-
low the fire.

Cracks in stoves and stove pipes are readily closed
by a paste made of ashes and salt witii water. Iron
turnings or filings, sal ammoniac, and water, make a
hardcrand more durable cement.

An excellent cement for broken glass, is mode by
grinding together Imseed oil and white lead, to tho
consistency of a paste.

Nails are prevented from rusting by heoting them,
and dropping them while hot in oil.

Gates work much better for having the hinges an4
latches greased. To keep them so, bore a hole, and
plug up a quantity of grease in the gate post, where it
may always be at hand when wanted.

Ice, on door steps, may be easily removed by throw-
ing salt upon it, which will cause the ice to crack to
pieces.

Cattle should be duly supplied with salt during win-
ter, which is often forgotten.

Hay and oats may be economized by feeding horses
rula bagas, which they soon learn to eat.

An excellent and cheap paint for rough wood work,
is made of G pounds of melted pitch, 1 pint linseed oil,
and 1 pound of brick duet, or yellow ochre

Cream which churns with difficulty in winter, if
too sour, will speedily produce butter by the addition

of saleratus. If too cold hot water may be applied

butil is better to warm the cream and keep it so. If
the thermometer shows 70" of Fob. it will socm c-omc.
When minute granules of butter appear and it does
not gather readily, throw in a piece of butter, and it
will "lump" together in a trice.

Stumps in fields are made to rot, by placing earth
upon them. «

Farmers' Homes and Children.

A much esteemed correspondent has sent us a reply
to the communication of Akkette, in our lost; but
we think it is written under a misapprehension of the
subject; and, os it is not very courteous witfaal, we
are compelled to decline its publication. The writer
styles himself " an old home-spun practical farmer,"
and says that he " has neither been an indifferent nor
a disinterested reader of what our columns have from
time to time furnished on the subject of the education
of children, with a view to qualify them for the busi-
ness of practical farming." He admits that " An-
nette has detected and exposed a crying evil, and
pointed out the remedy;" but still it appeors to him
to be " all moonshine," and he is fearful that the ex-
pense of ** making home attractive," according to
the suggestions of Annette, will lead farmers into the
"frightful swamp of bankruptcy, want, disgrace,
and misery." — Wo admit that there are many farm-
ers in our land, who cannot afford the necessary lime
or expense for the pleasures and comforts spoken
of; neither can they afford to educate their
daughters in a boarding school ; but at the some
time there ore many others who can well afford
these expenses, and are not compelled to spend al"
their time in toiling for the necessaries of life. It is a
great mistake however, to suppose that much expense
is necessary in order to moke a dwelling pleosing and
beautiful. It need not "all be set up or established up-
on the most modern and fashionable foundations."
On the contrary, almost any man who has the taste
and disposition, con find the time and means to sur-
round his home with most of the attractions mention-
ed by Annelte, without any danger of bankruptcy or
ruin.

We cheerfully comply with the request of our cor-
respondent, in publishing the following article from the
National JEgis; and, in return, we ask him to read
the article on the ne\t following pag;e, entitled lh»
Working Man's Home.— Eds-

14

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

\

From the yativnai jEgis.
To the Vonng of both Sexes.

It is of grcot jiiiportnnce that pereoiif, in early life,
Bbouldpreparethcinsclreafor the part ihey are to act
in society. There is o strong desire in both sexes to
rise to respectability, and tUis is highly commendable;
but many persona err in their attempts to gain iheir
object.

A principal cause of the failure of young people to
reach the object of their desire, is, the ntteinpt to get
rick icithout labor ! In this way, they often ami at
on object without the means to accomplish it. Thus,
or miny years past, young men have entered on busi-
ness with borrowed capital, to an extent never before
known; they have calculated upon the prolils which
were prcearious; they have neglected to calculate the
chances of sudden declensions in business; they have
entered upim hou8e-kee|)ing, with extravagant pur-
chases of furniture; they have mostly/«i7c(/, and re
duced themselves and families to poverty. The fail-
ures and the distress which have occurred in this coun-
try within « few years exceed every thing probably
that ever before happened.

Young friends, learn wisdom. It is not the order of
Providence that mankind should hove blessings and
prosperity without labor. It is best for mankind that
this should be the order of things; good morel habits are
formed by industry; sudden acquisitiims of propeity
end to prevent the formation of such habits, they are
often ruinous to morals. Moderate acquisitions of
property generate good habits — the habits of prudence,
cf foresight, and correct calculation of what is practi-
cable.

The desire of reaching a reepectacle standing in
life has led many to renounce labor for books, with
the expectation that they can live by learning. But
the number of persons who can gain subsistence by
learning is comparatively small. The prolessions are
iu!l to overflowing; unless that of the gospel ministry
may be eicepted. By far the greatest part of man-
kind are destined to labor, without which society can-
not be supported.

'In forming a plan of business for life, therefore, the
first requisite is to determine the course to be pursued,
the occupation which is to be followed, and then to
devote all possible attention to gain the quaiificationa
essential to success in tliiit occiipatian. In this prelim-
inary to success, persons very often make great suc-
cess.

If a young man is to be a farmer, he must begin
when a boy, and continue in that business. He must
gain knowledge by experience, and . muscular strength
by labor. Books and learning will never make farm-
ers.

If a young man is to be a mechonic, be must begin
his art when young, and persevere in it, and be thor-
oughly master of every part of his business. Books
anil learning cannot supply the want of labor and ex-
perionce. Farmers and artisans cannot be made in the
school house or college. Most of the studies cultiva-
ted in our seminaries of learning, however useful to
professional men, ore notapidicable to all the common
occupations of hie. This the writer knows by expe-
rience.

It is with female as with males; hey desire to live
without labor, and thonsondsof them fail of obtaining
a good settlement in life, by aiming at what cannot be
obtained. Hence, the high schools often become nur-
eviea of old maids. The daughters of wealthy men.
Who are sure of the means of living without labor,
ond such as are fortunate enough to marry men of in-
fluence, moy be justified in devoting many years to
ltingiui<rc-s and sciences wfiick they are never to use ;
but how small, comparatively, is this number I

Most of the people of this coun'.ry possess small ce-
tales, which, when divided, will not support their
children. Hence it often happens that children,
■ivhom the father can support in genteel style, fail, at
his death, of the means of subsistence. Hence, pro-
bably, no country presents s.) many instances of young
persona of both sexes, cdticiitcd ahurc their condition^
SB the United States. Many persons and families,
within the knowledge of the writer, have been ruined
or doomed to struggle with adversity all their lives
from this mistake. They begin wrong, they expect
to be gentlemen and ladies without the means of sup-
porting themselves in such style.

Equally mistaken are mony of the daughters of
poor lamilies. Some of them enter manufactories,
where they gel good wages, and dress in rich attire;
neglect to gain o thorough knowledge of housekeep-
ing, the very knowledge they most want to insure
them a good sentiment. Young men of industry
want wives that are good house-keepers. They do not

geeli females tor their dexieiity intending spools; but

for those who arc accustomed to do all the work of a
family, and to make an economical use of money.
Such wives are useful auxiliaries in supporting a fami-
ly; whereas such as arc not accustomed to housework
often check or prevent the prosperity of their bus-
bands; sometimes they ruin thein.

Much less do men, in the ordinary occupations of
life, seek lor females who have studied geometry, al-
gebra, rhetoric, zoology ond the higher mathematics.
Such sciences are of no use to them in discharging
their duties, as wives, mothers or housekeepers; they
are soon forgotten, and it not, never used; nor do
they ever become subjects of conversation. In the
course of thirty years observation, the writer baa nev-
er known a female thus educated to make the lecst
use of such sciences; not even in the families of the
affluent. Books on such subjects, read in after life,
for the purpose of gratifying curiosity or enlarging the
knowledge of the works of nature, may be useful lor
these purposes among those who have leisure, but not
being necessary to qualify females for these duties,
should not be a part of school education.

In no particular is the folly of females more remark-
able than in their estimate of labor. They seem to
think it disgracing to labor in the laniily as domestics,
when they will labor in manufactories without objec-
tion. They do not consider that the proper sphere of
females is in the family, and that they cannot fill that
sphere without serving an apprenticeship^ and they
should no more disdain it, than voung men should
disdain to be apprentices to mechanics. The young
of both eexes must be subordinate to those who are
older, for it is from experience and knowledge of ol-
der persons that they are to qualify themselves to be
respectable masters and mistresses themselves. Girls
who have no property should seek to be domestics for
two or three years in respectable, well-ordered fami-
lies, for it is in these they are to learn, not only to do
all kinds of work, but to improve their minds and
their manners. It is the best, if not the only chance
which many of them can have, thus to improve, and
become respectable mistresses of families.

All young persons should have a competent Eng-
lish education, and for this purpose, they should have
access, not only to the Bible, but to the beat writings
of Watts, Addison, Cowper and Mrs, Moore. In
wealthy and well conducted families the poorest girls
may have this advantage. By avoiding doTiestic ser-
vice, they deprive themselves of advantages which
they can never have in any other business. The
pride of females often condemns them lo poverty and
a single life. Many and many a female fails to gain
a comfortable settlement in life, merely because she
is too proud to submit to the apprenticeebip of learning
the duties of a house-keeper in the character of a hi-
red domestic. FRANKLIN.

Frvm the Maine Farmer.
Signs of tlie Times.

We sometime ago, under this head, made some re-
marks in regard to the change of feeling at the South,
respecting a "judicious tarifl"" on certain articles,
which do not now pay any duty, or but very little;
such as silk, wines, &c., whicb may be considered
articles of luxury, and not of necessity. We were not
aware of treading on the political toes of either party
— but it so fell out that we received sundry hearty
kichs, from individuals belonging to hoth of them.

So mote it be, gentlemen; we have always been
used 10 " innrc hiclc^ than coj}pcrs" from our youth up,
and this iicttiiig thumped from both sides of the iray,
is pretty sure proof that we are in the right. At any
rate, one thing is certain, and you may all pout and
make wiy faces as long as you please, abmit it. You
must have a tariiV, and a pretty strong one too, or you
must support your government by a direct tax. Now,
which do you like best? When the last tariff was
adopted, certain articles were admitted alnioat or quite
duty free, because it was alledged that they could not
be produced in this country. Among them, as we be-
fore observed, were silks Since that period, the ex-
periment has been pretty thoroughly tried, and it has
been found that wc can produce silk here with case,
but the French, on account of labor being so much
cheaiier with them than with ua, can sell cheaper than
we can, and thus defeat no in the market. Very well,
this might do, if they would meet us on reciprocal
grounds — that is, take our produce, or some of it, dutv
free. But this they decline doing. The song with
them is — Free trade for us, and heavy duties for you.

The tobacco planters are getting tlieir *'blood up,"
and the following from the American Farmer shows
what they mean to do. There will probably be, ere
long, a modification of the tarilV system, and we trust

the diftercni inierceta of tlie Souilj ond the Norib

will meet and act with more union on a subject of such
vital interest, lo every son and daughter of the na- ,
tion.

The Ball is in Motion. — The Tobocco Plonters
are on the (jiti rire — lo speak in plain English, on ihe i-.
look out. Their interest in Congress, if zealously jf
combined, is strong enough to make itself be under- y-
stood — and if not strong enough in numbers, let it :ii
log-roll, as 0 last resort, with some other than con ^
make it bo. i-

The Planters of Charles County, Md , were to bav« la
held a meeting yesterday for the appointment of deli lai
egates to the convention. yu '

The proceedings of a meeting in Dinwiddie, Va., rin
will be found below, with some introductory remarks mif
from the National Intelligencer. The Lynchburg ji!ii
Virginian, olluding to the proceedings of this meet- h:
ing, and remarking on the onerous duties levied on i.
our Tobacco, by foreign powers, observes ;

" Other nations are depressing our productive inter-
ests by nionopolies and onerous rcsliictions. In re-
ciprocity for all which we have pursued the roost lib.
eral policy— the luxuries of foreign lande have entered
our country almost duty fiee. We should no longei
submit to these oppressive duties. It is time for us u
obtain their repeal, or coun.eracl them by similar re- t;
strictiona. If we cannot by our example induce othei
nations to adopt the enlighteiftd policy we have pur
sued, why we have no alternative left but to try thi
retaliatory system."

ki

1,111!

I;i]«

Massachusetts Statistics.

From the returns of the valuation assessors of th-
several towns in the Stale of Massachusetts, as pub
lisbed in the Boston Atlas, we compile the followin;
interesting statistics :

Population. — Whole number of males and female
610,814, being an increase in len years of 12;),29"2.

Polls. — Rateable polls of 16 yeaia ond upwarc
lT2,'i27, male polls not rateable 1'2,065, ditto paupei
1707.

Buildings. — Whole number of dwelling houses i
the State !)G,227, shops and stores 23,019, ban
63,.S06, other buildings worth over $20 and upwart
26,,'573.

Distilleries. — Whole numbf r 73, breweries 15.

Mills. — Grist 7.')7, saw 1371, paper 98,

Manufactories. — Splilting mills and noil macbin- ^'°'
424, iron works and furnaces 133, small arm inanii p
factories 12, carding machines 651, fulling mills 18
rope walks 64, glass factories 4, card factories 34, B'
perfieial feet of salt works 14, •897,815.

Cotton Factories. — Whole number 343, looms 16
638, spindles 624,540.

M'ootcn Faetorics. — Whole number 201, loom
3032, spindles 113,4.57.

Other Factories. — Bleaching 10, linen 2, Bilk
works for printing calico and silks 12.

Aa-riciiUiiral. — Tillage land 259,038 acres, the pt _^ ,
duce of which is, wheat 101,178 bushels, rye4.53,70E!"
oats 1,226,300, corn 1,775,073. barley 149,004, ho
237,941 pounds, hemp 7 tons, flax 2, broom corn 5fi'
upland mowing land 440,930 acres, the produce
which is 467,537 tons of hay, fresh meadow Ini
184,822 acres, the produce of which is 135,930 tor
salt mcadon^land 39,305 acres, the produce of wUi>
is 26,203 tons.

I'arioiis. — Superficial feet of wharves 8,462,28' ;_"
tons of vcFsels 498,057, ounces of plate e-xceeding $
in value 153,670.

ill
1-, «

Vil!

Pride and Extravagance.

A slight exposition now and then of the way
which we "simple republicans" live, will do no ban
for the means of acquiring information as to our i
tional income and outgo are not always within t
reach of the peo|de. The last annual report of t
Secretary of the Treasury contains some informati
of much value lo the general reader, and goes lo sh<
that we are not exactly the plain, calculating, mom
making people, that some modern travellers have pi
nounced us. Our institutions, it is true, are repub
can, as they partake of the nature and spirit of o
government, but society is the mere ope of forei
aristocrocy, and we are as fond of our luxuries os nii
other people. "Hard times" is a stereotyped co;
plaint, and the embarrassed condition of the coun'
is made o great political subject. This is all rig
enough, the contending parties must have some vti
pons to fight with, else how would the conflict p
coed ? But while all these complaints were ninkii
we last year paid to France and England, principa
the former, twcnty.four millions of dollars for sill

is

i:i!i[

■ ope
4"-'
Innii?,

Til

•liffei

'Hi 111
^»illi

tew

'ntiKf.
ittJ ii
•teeij

Gro de Nap, Gro d« Riine, Poalt de Soui, and Ti^j,Jj

,0.

1.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

15

I II >liawle, n large part of which consisted of orti-
tij iHod merely for ornament.

i;a the youiiger daya of our beloved eonnlry, the
iierican girls did not dream of 6Uch things as Tog-
hawls— their mantles were the products of their
n spinning wheels and looms — but with education
les refinement, and of dburse its nioiely cousin,
lion. More than two millions were paid last year
„,,,. and worsted, seven millions for worsted stuff
ids — cine million for Inces, nearly the same for leg-
n and straw hats and bonnets, being about twenty-
millions of dollars for the ladies alone I whose
Jty and nice ideas of fa«hinn must be gratified. —
rare the gentlemen without their share of foreign
uries. Three millions for wine, being six millions
jallons, and one million for cigars — the quantity
cd away being ninety-three millions I Including
ee, tea, spices, spirits, &c., amongst the luxuries,
■e than fifty millions of dollars, nearly one third of
entire imports, expended in iu-xury and extrava-
ce.

>ur citizens have lost millions of dollars in endea-
ng to establish the silk business in this country, as
great morus multicaulis mania will prove, yet
3 are imported into this country free of duty, and
sequently we are encouraging foreign mauufac-
to the utter ruin of our own, and acquiring a
. for foreign luxuries, when we would most assu-
display more patriotism, were we to advance the
lucis of our own industry. The St. Louis Ga-
:, in a very sensible article on the subject, remarks
It has generally been considered the most just and
Dnablo policy to tax the luxuries of life, if taxes
t be laid, while, by our present tariff, we tax the
ssaries of life and introduce luxuries free of duty,
tax the poor man's salt and clothing, and release
ich from a tax on their habiliments. ^Ve give
loyment to foreign silk gnawers, and reduce our
to beggary. Is this in accordance with the ge-
of republicanism ! Not certuinly, as wo under-
1 it. In our trade with England and mos; other
ins, our exporw pay for our imports, but France

;a us in debt ten or twelve mulicns suaually.

intore Ocean.

1 1

:4lJ.',l

com
i»1m
liit 1
1,93)5

iff
I lite

Ifl}

le Workiugmau's Garden and Grounds.

all thriving trees confess the fruitful mould,
'he reilening npfjle ripens here to gohl ;
(ere the Ijlue hg with luscious juice o'erflows,
V^ith deeper red the full pomegriint irlinvs," &c,

Ho.MER's Odifsscif, book vii.

was certainly an exaggeration of Mrs. Trollope
I, that no one could ever hear two Americans talk
ninutes without the word dollar. So Bonaparte
jerated when he called the British " a nation of
ceepers." Be it so. Carrieoturcs often tell the
. Even the hideous concave mirror, though it
gerate ever so much, shows me some grand blem-
in my face. I have tried the experiment, in
ing the crowded streets of our cities, to catch the
inent word of the passer-by. The catalogue is
3d, and consists of such as these, '• Ten per

' — "doing a good business" — "money niar-
— "operations in property" — "exchange" —
ck" — "thousand dollars" — " credit" — "profits"
brtune," &c. i.tc.

a man is so practical that he will not wash bis
without "value received," I entertain no hopes
inging him over. I have no purchase for my in-
lent. Now cleanliness is a sort of decoration: —
,ivc, perhaps, but the condition of all the rest —
less follows very closely; a cleanly child is usual-
at. The cleanly housewife is sure to produce in
attage a certain trim and symmetrical arrange-

whieh gratifies the eye. This is neatness bud-
into beauty. This transition ought to be seized

wherever it appears. The pleosant little chil-
who are yonder playing in the dust may be taught
ep themselves clean, and then to be neat. Tli

'

'* path towards decoration. Taste needs dcvelop-
loa ^ These creatures may be bred to enjoy orna-

l»!,"

meiei"
spiiiii*

lies*'
jonii*

and thus we may get a race of people, even
g the poor, who will begin to beautify the land.
in the hope of seeing cottages along our multi-
and dirty railways, each adorned not only with a
1 surface and a close fence, but with roses, pinks,
i, and all the pretty vegetable gifts of a loving
dence; gifts which our yeomanry have too much
i|i"'J" bed to green.houses and ballads.

le ways of adorning a house by rural aids are va-
, and so well known as scarcely to need enumera-

They may be adapted to the lowliest habitation
Hlized man, no less than to the villa or the cha-

Nothing but love for domestic beauty and ordi-

ta« are required w rear a thousand tasteful abodes

along our highways. And if but one provident house-
holder will begin, we shall find that, humble as his
habitation may be, he will soon be imitated by his
neighbors. Fashion itself, the cause of so many fol-
lies, may be brought in aid of virtuous enjoyment. —
Let some working man make the trial, by holding up
before his mind rural decoration as a distant object. —
Let him secure to himself a house and garden where
he is willing to spend his life. Let him, as his means
allow, have it tight and finished, and by all means
duly enclosed. This is the frame- work; after this en-
sue the details. Let him learn the economy of a lit-
tle timely paint, and ol a fence or hedge which will
withstand the assaultsof wind ond beasts. From day
to day, as he may be able to snatch a moment lor
breathing the fresh oir, let him remove unsightly ob-
jects and make an entrance upon positive ornament. —
How easy it is to set out clumps or rows of trees, for
shade and *'ruit, flowering shrubs or evergreen hedges!
How agreeable to the wile and little ones, to be called
out to join in dropping the cheap llower-seed or train-
ing the luxuriant vine! • * » »

Among these ornaments, the highest rank is due to
Gardening; including in that term the rearing of val-
uable trees. Children should be early taught that when
they set out a fine tree, or insert a graft, they are do-
ing a favor to posterity, ond beginning that which
shall continue to make others happy when they are in
their graves. It has always been pleasant to me to
see the house of the industrious citizen embowered in
flowering vines and trees. And on Saturday evening,
a season when so many forsake their work only for the
poner-house or the tavern, the man who possesses
such a retreat will have a strong inducement to seek
nis delightful home, and meet his little household
among the smiles of natural scenery.

Tliere ate many very precious maxims of life which
need to be pointed out; they are overlooked by the
mass of the people. Once indicated, they are believ-
ed and embraced. Among these is the ibllowing : —
Simple ornavicnt hinders no good use, Tiie watch
runs as well in a comely case, as it would in a deol
box. The draught is just as savory out of a chased
tankard. And every good of household life is unim-
paired by nestling oniong green ioliage, climbing ho-
neysuckles, and parterres of flowers. 1 long to see
this acted upon by our people. I long to see them
snatching a lew hours from the noisy throng ol idlers,
and the delirious mirth of the bar-room, and spending
them on the little innocent decorations of humble but
delightful home.

The time required for beautifying a bonse and en-
closure is really so little, thatit scarely admits of being
brought into a calculation. A few minutes at day-
break, in the spring and autumn, will in the course of
a year work wonders. A few snatches of time after
labor is ended may be spared by the busiest man. If
his work has Iain within doors, or has been of the se-
denlory kind, a little exercise and air, enjoyed in pru-
ning and trimming his vines, will be restorotive to his
health and spirits. This is better than mere repose. —
Nature abhoisa vacuum of employmenu Is not this
positive gain ? Health is " the poor man's riches;"
that which conduces to it is worth more than money.
Even those who are athletic, or who work at trades
which give them constant niolion, do not the less need
something of this sort. It is not mere muscular ex-
ertion which preserves and restores health. There
may be great bodily effort with no better result than
fatigue. What every man requires when the day is
done, is gentle recreation, something between work
and play, which shall break the trainof moody thought,
repair the waste of nervous elasticity, and put the
jaded mind in good humor with itself and others.

When the artizan, after his evening repast, goes
out to water his flovers, every thing he touches is his
own; and nothing so much his own as the trees he
planted or the shades hegithered. He is refreshed
and tranquilized, and grows into the love of home. —
These pleasures are mightily increased, when he sees
around him his children partaking in his toils and joys,
and cheering one another with the merry laugh to
work or sport; while the wife's voice, heard within,
as she sings contentedly over the cradle, odds a lovely
music to the scene. This is a picture, of which the
original may be found in many a poor but happy fami-
ly; would that it were so in all! Under such shades
as these, domestic quiet loves to dwell; and in such a
spot religion finds its sanctuary.

Contrast with this a case which we are often called
to witness. The mechanic or laborer has worked
hard all day. At the close of his toils he turns his
face homewards. But he has not provided or cherish-
ed at his dwelling any strong attraction. No refine-
ment of taste has ever eoiicncd his spirir, It has been

too much his practice to pass his leisures hours else-
where. He feels the need of some relaxation. He is
languid from (htigue, and sullen from the disgust of
lobor. In such a condition he is easily attracted to
the bar-room. There, amidst the odors of liiiuorand
tobacco, he forgets his previous listlcseness and anxie-
ty, to become the victim of an unnalural and dnnger-
(Uts exeitemem. The glnts, the jest, and the song
make the evening fly swiftly. Late ol night he wends
his way home, if not drunk, yet humbled, discontent-
ed, and peevish. No children greet him with their
joyous laugh; the neglected little creatures ate asleep,
and the sad wife is awoke only through anxious «x-
pectation of her husbond. Am I oxiravnonni in trm-
cing much of the misery in such a cose to the wont of
taste for those little things which mokes one's home
desiroble ? As a general observation, I have never
seen idle or profligate sons issuing Irom within the
cottage poling which has been adorned by their own
infant hands. And, on the other bond, it would re-
quire 0 stoical love of virtue ferits own soke, to make
ony youth love the foul, smoky, fenceless cobin of a
thriftless lather. Sweeten home, and you close nine
out often doors to temptation. — Working-man.

Silk.

In May, I hatched a lot of silk worms, numbering
about 6,000; fed them on the White and Black mul-
berry; after the lost inoultin, I lost about half of them
by crowding them too thick upon the shelves ond be-
ing unable to ventilate the room in three as hot diya
as we have had this summer; butthe remainder wound
about one bushel of cocoons of a fine quality, which
at the present price, would pay ot least $4 per day, in-
cluding all the time in feeding the whole. — Alb. Cul.

C. M. L. A.

Lacosic Advick. — Mr. Hii'yard, who for twenty-
one years has been the President of the Northompton-
shire Farming and Grazing Society, the onnuol meet-
ing of which was held on Wedncsdoy, in presenting
a prize cup to Mr. J. C. Elliott, gave him the Icllow-
ing laconic piece of advice : — " Now, young man,
take this cup, and remember always to plough deep,
and drink shaUoic." — Eng. paper.

Ploughing. — The whole series of furrows on an
English stotnte acre, supposing eoeh to be nine inches
wide, would extend to 19,360 yords ; ond adding
twelve yards to every two hundred and twenty for the
ground travelled over in turning, the whole work of
cue acre may be estimated as extending to 20,416
yards, or eleven miles ond nearly five furlongs.

Apology for Cultivating Flowers.

BT MRS. SEBA SMITH.

I deem it not an idle tiisk.

These lovely things to rear,
TIi.1t spread their arms as they would aelc.

If sun and dew are here —
For simple wants alone are theirs,

The pure and common too —
The bounty of refreshing airs.

The gift of liquid dew.

And they return for every roy,

A gayer smile pnd look ;
And greenly as the clear drops play,

They murmcr of the brook;
And thus our thoughts awaj' they lure.

Where woods and waters gleam,
And mountain airs are strong and pure,

And sing the bird and stream.

Frnil, grateful things! how fondly they

The nurtured leaf outspread.
And more than all my care repays,

"When from its folded bed
Some pink or crimson blossom press

To thrill uie with delight,
To fill my very eyes with tears,
Its beauty is so bright.

Nay, 'tis no idle thing, 1 trust,

To foster beauty's birth,
To lift from out the lowly dust,

One blossom of the earth —
"Where barrenness before had been

A verdure to disclose,
And make the desert, rich in sheen,

To bloasoiB it tire rvs*. (La4iet fhmpamum

16

THE NEW GExVESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Early Importation of Sheep.

**A Subscrtbcr" neks for information respecting
the Sheep imported into lUid country from Spain, by
Co!. Humphrey, of Connecticut, *'40 or 50 years
ago" — particularly aa to where, oi from what flock
they wereobtntned.

We have looked overa large number of agricuUnrnl
works, but find no definite information on this sub-
ject. The most that we con learn is, that in 1805, or
1806, Col. H. imported about 100 Merino eheepfrom
Spain. They were said to have originated from the
same breed as those imported into ihia State from
France, a year or two previous, by Chancellor Liv-
ingston, but difiering from them eseentially in their
character. Those from France were longer, had
Btraighler legs, longer nccke, and bodies more barrel
fihnped. Their wool was equally fine, but somevhat
longer, and the sheep were more delicate in constitution.
Those from Spain were short legged and slab sided,
with short necks heavily dulnpped; the wool fine, but
short; constitution more hardy than those from France.
If any of our readers can give the particidar infor-
mation desired, we should be pleased to have them do
flo. In the mean time perhaps the above may be of
Bervice to our correspondent. — Eds.

Post Masters

Have very generally assisted us by obtaining subscrip-
tions and remitting money. For this they have our
sincere thanks, and deserve the thanks of the commu-
nity at large. We trust they will see good results
fioni the circulation of the paper in their towns, and
that they will feel disposed to continue their etrorts in
our behalf.

The Public Press.

We are under great obligations to many editors of
newspapers who have published our Prospectus, or
kindly noticed the New Genesee Farmer. To such
we will continue to send it without asking an ex-
change; and if they desire it sent to a friend also,
wo Will cheerfully add the name to our list. (Thoee
who have not done so, but feel disposed to aid us, will
confer a favor by inserting the prospectus below.)

Editors of Agricultural, Scieniifir, or Literary, pa-
per?, who generously give us an exchange, will please
accept our sincere thanks.

THE 3VEAV GEXESEE FARMER.

The Cheapest Agricultural Paper in the Union — Onhj
50 CENTS a year, (in advance.) ]G large pages
monthhj, with cuts. J. J. Thomas «& M. B. Bate-
ham, E'lif-ors. David Thomas and others j assis-
tants. O.NK Hundred coRKEs?o^DK^TS.
The flattering encouragement which the New
Genesee Farmer has received during the past year,
has convinced the proprietors that the paper can be
BU3lnined in lis native soil, and at it? cconoinical price;
and while they express their gra'itude fur the assis-
tance they have thus far received, they would now,
with renewed confidence, appeal to the friends of agri-
culture in behalf of the Second Volume. The paper
is so well known, and so highly approved, that it is
\mncce?8nry to speak of its eha racier, further than to
say, that it will not sufler by a comparison with nny
other paper of the kind in the United Stales. Each
enccessive number has shown an increose of talent and
correspondt^nts. It has received during the past year,
orirriiinl cnmir.unicntiona from ONE HUNDRED
WRITEIIS, morft of whom are well known practical
anncrs. It also contains the most useful selections
from other agricultural journals, reports of the mar-
kets, *fec.

The object of the New Genesee Former is to ad-
vance th(^ great intercuts of Agrieuliure and Horticul-
ture— lo benefit the communlity in general, and farm-
ers in particular: Experiouco proves that it is well
calculated lo promote thiaobject; and therefore it is
thi duly of every friend of improvement to extend its
tircnialion, in order that its influence may be felt
throughout the agricultural community,

Tiie friends of Aariculiarat Sorirfics should espe-
cially encourage this poper; for, unless farmers rkad
^on tha subjccty and (j^ei iheiT minds interested in their
profession, they will not aot cfliciently for its ndvance-

ment. The Societies formed last year in Western
New York, and their fine exhibitions, have already
given a new impulse to the cause in this section ol
country; and it is confidently expected that much
more will be done the coming seaeun.

The 2d Volume commenced Jan. 1, 1841.

[CT" All Postmasfcrs are requested to act na agents,
and remit money to the publit-hers.

Address, BATEHAM & CilOSMAN.
RuchesUTj N* r.

ENGLISH MARKET!^.

Thelatestncws from Englaiul, dated 4ih Dec. is of bulJittle
importance as ji respects the Markets. The Money Market
was said to he somewhat improved and Cullon a shade liigii-
er. The duly on Wheat was 24s. tj per quarter, and on
Flour Us lOd per bbl.

London, Dec. 2.— The Corn market keeps declining; this
week's average 'if Kiiglish wheal is liOs per <|r. In Flour,
scarcely any thing doing ; we quote ii mjininally 30 io23s
duty paid, and'io to *27s in liond. Salted hides have declined
ill per Hi; dry are maiiUained.

LivERi'oor, Wool Marklt, Dec. 2. — Srotch ; A fair de-
mand was felt for most classes of Scotch ihis week, and the
rates previously ohtained were steadily supported. A good
spring inquiry from the t'nitcd States would materially :;dd
to Ihe lirmness of the tra<le. Our foreign wool market was
somewhat brisker ihis week, and a loleraMe nuiul.er of trans-
actions look place at the rates of Saturday, the 2Isi uh.

Manculster. — The accounts received this morning from
Manchester are of a more cheering character than any rc-
ceiveil for some time past. Money was becoming more plen-
tiful, and lulls more easy of discount, owing, it is said, to
liniely interference by the London discount brokers, who had
taken oir a great number of the bills of the foreign houses,
and thus relieved the loeal money market. The prospecis of
traile were also improving. The extensive iNIediterranean
marker, in conserjuence of the eveius which have occurred
in Syria, was again considered to be o|icned,aml orders have
arrived from the I'nited States, with anticipations of more
and larger by tlic ne.\t packets.

NEW YORK MAHKET— Dec. 22.

Fi-ocR, Grain, &c.— The receipts of Genesee and all other
sorts of Flour through the Hudson are ch>sed. Tlie slock
on hand is variously estimated from •22.>,000 to 300,000 bids.
There is a constant demand and prices rather siiifen. The
sales of Genesee arc at S4 94 n jt:> for common brands ; .500
Ohio in Jiood oriler round ami flat hoops, sold on Saturday at
®4 Oti; Michiiran ®4 88, fancy brands of Genesee unti Ohio
ran^e from ^3 "i.j to .5 75. Sonje sales were made of Brau-
dywine Flour at S-) 50, and of Georgetown at ®5 '25. Rye
Flour is ©3u3 25, and Corn Mear$£'2 f-? per hbl: Small
fales were made of prime Ohio Wheat at 107 cts. Rye
closed at 57 a 59 cts. One of the last sales of Corn was a
cargo of Souliiern new at 52cts. wt.; old Southern is held
at a.") cents; Jersey might bring a little more. Northern
Oats have advanecil a little and coninmnd 40 a 41 cents per
bushel. Jersey sold at 33 cents. There were no sales of
Uarley.

. Money MAnKET,— There was a pretty large business trans-
acted at the Slock Exchange, and prices generally well sus-
tained. United States Bank was sold at 06. buyer 30 days;
Delaware and Hudson went up^; North American Trust
do. i; Vicksburg Bank do.^; Canton Company down ^ ;—
Faterson R. R. upi; New Jersey 11. R.do. i; Stonington
R. U.do. i; Harlem down ^

S5000 Exchange on Philadelphia sold at 98^, and ^2000 do.
at 9!^g percent.

^■»000 Indiana bonds sold nl 74 for ne.xt week.

The IMiiladcI|ihia Banks have notified to the parties mak-
ing the loan, that they are in readiness To receive their por-
tion of the two and a half millions, and issue Post Notes
forthwith.

The Richmond Whig of Tuesday says— "Money matters
are light iliis week, and will continue to lie so for some weeks
to come. Discounts will be comparatively small until the
yearly reports of the Banks are miLde.*'

PRICES OF FLOUR AT DIFFERENT PLACES.

Boston f .5 22 n ®.3 50 Market firm.

Philadelphia 4 75 a A 9-7 Brisk.

Ba'limore 4 75 a 5 PO

Richmond 4 S7 a 5 00 Dull.

Alexander 4 50 a 4 81

Cincinnati 3 02

AVilmington 4 05

New Orleans 4 50

CINCINNATI PORK MARKET.

I'p to December inth, the whole number of hogs sold in
this market was 3?,000. Thedrovers, generally arc packing
their own pork, having paid pries to preclude their selling it
for less than ® I 50, and the packers offering only from ft4
to S> 25.

ROCHESTER MONEV MARKET.

Specie

Treasury Notes 1 prct. prcm.
I^astern Drafts 1^ *• do.
Ferntsvlvania 5 a 6 dis.
Ohio ' fl a do.

Mtchiean 12 a 13 do.

^Maryland 7 a do.

I';:iRrern Funda

par

Tnilijiim

S <t

Ills

Illinois

10 a

(In

I'nilcil Stntps

4 n

do

\rw Jersey

para 5

do

Canada

4 n

do

Susp'sn Brid^ic

4 a

do

MOUNT HOPE GAKDEIV & NURSERIES,

ST. PAUL STBt:rT,

nOCIlKSTER, NEW YORK.

TWV. Proprietors of this cstatilishnicnt offer for sale an
extensive assortment of Fruit and Ornamental Trees,
Flowerini! Slirubs, Green House Plants, Bulbous Flower
Roots, Double Dslillns, &c Sk.

fJardens laid out, and Gardeners furnished on reasonable
nutif_-p. — Persons requiring infirniation on any suhjcct con-
nected with the business, will receive a proni|il reply.

.All orders, letters of inquiry, An;. niuBt be addressed ("post
paid) directly lo us.

Trees, Plants, &«., will be carefully packed, so that they
may be c:irried to any part of the country in safety ; and pajk-
aees will be marked and shipped as may he designated in the
order.

Persons with whom the proprietors are unacquainted, are
requested to give as.atisfaclory reference, or nunicsoiiie per-
son in the city of Rocliester, who will euarantee the pay-
ment. ELX,WA.>GCR & BAllRY.

Koelicslrr, Dee. 1, !S40.

TIMOTHY SEED WANTED, At the Roche
ter Seed Stole. li.ATKIlAM i CROS.MAN

GII-SOX'S STRAW CUTTER.-This mai-hln.
hiisbeen luliy tested by a large immber of individuals,
and is pronounced decidedly sujerior to any otiier of tLc
kind —They are for sale at llie Seed Store.

KOCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

CORRECTED FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER, JAN. 1, 1841.

WHEAT, .... per bushel, . .

CORN, " ....

OATS, " ....

BARLEY, "

RYE "

BEANS, White,.. "

POTATOES, .... "

APPLES, Desert,.

.$

lb a

37 J..

22...

35....

50...,

75...

39...

31...

78
41
25

Common," 19.

Drieil,

CIUER barrel,

FLOUR, Superfine, "

" Fine " . ..

SALT, " ....

PORK,Mess "

" Prime,.

23
38

25

88

14

10

6

7

8

5

75

35

5,00

4,.->0

7,00

1,00

C,00

75

.3,75,

12J
.. 7
.. 8
...9

)i.

Vr

'l^

5
1,00....
4,25....

. " 3,50

. " 2,00....

" 11,00.... 12,00

. " 8,00 9,00

Hog, ....100 lbs 3,5C 4,00

BEEF " 3,50 4,00 E

POULTRY per pound, 6

EGGS, per dozen, 15.

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound

" Firkin " .

CHEESE " .

LARD, " .

TALLOW, Clear, .... " .

HIDES, " .

SHEEP SKINS each,.

WOOL, pound,

PEARL ASHES, . .100 lbs

POT, " " ,

HAY, ton,

GRASS SEED, . . . .bushel,

CLOVER, " " .,

FLAX,.... " " .

PLASTER, (inbbls.)pcrton, 6,00

" bulk, (at Wheatland) 3,00

Remarks. —.\fter several weeks of .unusual dullness s
bad coins, we were, a few days since, favored with a pc
fall of snow, and now the glidinff sle'?hs. with nierrv l:el
make Old Winter appear gay'and cheerl'iil acain, arid p^
pare us for a " happy new year," Business has ereatty i
vived ; and, although there is, as usual on " pay day," mu
complaint about the scarcity of otmwci/. we ha\-e great reas
lo he thankful that there is no complaint about the scare
of frrcfiif.

Wheat is now brought in toaeonsiderableextent, and
price has advanced a trifle since our last. Flour remains
same.

Pork still eomej) in most abundantly, and sells at a rati
better price than last month. The Largest sized hogs m
sell at S4 I'er 100 lbs.

Poultry has been very fine and abundant during the hf
days, and sold reatiily ai t> to 7 cents per lb. E^i^s are v<
scarce and dear : Grocers have paid as high as lt^.j cents |
dozen for them during the past week.

Clover Seed begins to appear , but the price la not yet
tablishod : SO per buslicl i>im been paid for at>me smaSI to

,8,00' *

].r,o

7,00

'lelii

5i

.!.

"A^^M^^^^M^!^^^^^ .

vol.. 2. noCHESTER, FEBRIARY, 1811

PUB1.1S1IEI* MO.\TiIIiY.

TERMS,

FIFTY CF,?«TS, per year, pnjalile always in advance.
Post Maslers, Agents, anti others, scndinff money free of
stase „-,l| rece,ve«re„ copies for «3,--/ve;t"Sl ies for
■,—7Vre«(y-/l( J copies for SIO. i-ui'ii-iMor

The ,osta;;c of this paper is only one cent to ant- place

Mlh™^!'''/'""', ■",?■- """"'^"'-•e with the vnlnme.
ice.5Uce.!ls*^ ^"^ ^^^^ '•''"' '"='""'"i='l"^J 1° nc^v subscribers.
\ Jdrcrs HATEHAM Jc CROgMAX, Rochester, N. V.

COXTEIVTS OF THIS SfUMBER.

disliers' .W.ices. Hints for the .Month. D.imp Sta-

l^^f. J. ^ j^j g BATEHAM,

Editors.

, 17

les .

^Sponge Apple. The' .■V;;po'l co n ' Pear. Vat orBoi
r I.., ,ng Sap. Watering places-Hoof Ai" . . " 18
)r All— Its cause and cure. Period of Gestation in
ows Our ,vheat interest. A public n.eelini?. '" jg
trade n-.th France. .\ew Asricullural Ca, JrV «oar
l.roat ,n H„..s Cai;scs ,.f ih? decay of TknZ% The
•s'ii;.":".". f.''^"."'■.'" ''/•■■•""^^ ''■'"= "'"-Cleaning

.1 Cellars-prote-tioil f.'ir'catt'le, &c.' ' .SvaV* o?

ien--Journal of the Am. Silk .Oocieic lL'\,',^',.''
.ds &novv dr^ns and .Meadow .ifl ice '■ ' ^'S""""g„ ,
an .v|jring Wheat .Successful ctiture'ofSiiV ' Clo' "'
r m Orchards Pjoots and Root Culture. SaUi";
itter Fatteninj Poultry ^aning^

IHo'J,"/."!-. .*:°': ^rr?'"''' ^''^ ("■!•""" cuts.y 'ices
sh Corn i,aw3 P.ir'n; traniaclioni.' Yi'^erv '-ind "'
, ."'■ •■*" "^ ■^ "^^ '''='"^' PigsVryf Pu^up

■ on inakins Compost HcipV. '.'.."' ^j.

r Lands-i:n,isr,in>-s. Hiclies of ti.e'west "hlches
Jh,o App e .Mol.jsses. HorticulUire. Bra, ty. 37
JS and .-5tat,.st,cs of .Monroe Co. Asricullun, SociV
i-hcg,sl,-,tive al.l. Hoof Ail iVIarket for t^cooni-

llaeazineofriprtiJuUure." 'Horticuriu'rc'iiiSvcs.'crn^
.v\ork. Books never make Farmers. Rohans vs
hannr,cks i^talding Milch Cou-s. How to keep a
i?e cow Rnts n^tc^j ,i

hes of I'-avel-Rhode fslnnd.' G.t'rdening fo"rLa"HiV; il
^aIe,"°§o^-neY.?'." -" "-""ters Education'of'"
Ltion of Farmers' Children. English .MarkMs: New
k .Markets. Rochester Prices Current 30

desired. Jf tb.e papers mWve, they may know that
iheir lettois reached u^; but if tuey do not arrive with-
in nrcasonnuli; time, we hope they will notify 11s.

enreliil persons niG employed to enter the nomee
onrt mail the papers, and great pnins are taken to have
Udone correctly. We hope nnd bei.evc there w,ll not
oticii be canse for complaint in future.

Post Alobiers nnd agents in Canndn, who with to
send us instructions respecting the direction of the pn-
peiB, are requested to direct their letters 10 the Post
Master at this place; otherwise we are eubjccted to
postage.

Post Masler.t and Agejjts are particularly requested
tow-rue the name of the Po.t Office, County, nnd
;s/u?e. It is sometimea almost impossible to'decide
>c/mt &tutc the place mentioned is located in.

I'ncnirent Money.

Bills on solvent Banks in this, and the Eastern
States, tire at par with us Canada, Pennsylvania,
and JNew Jersey, are about 5 per cent discount —
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois money, is about
a per cent-; and Michigan is 12i per cent, discount.

We hop;ourlricn.!3 at a distance will take pains
to send ua the best money they can obtain. We do
not refuse any of the above, when sent us free ol
postage, and nothing deducted lor commission; but the
nmount paid by us for discount during the year, is a
serious item.

The Editors.

order that our readers mny understand who are
IS ble lor the dinerent editorial articles api)earin<T
I paper, we mention that those marked thus * are
n by J. J. Thomas, iMacedon, and ihose mart
by David Thomas, Aurora. MB' —
Rochester, is the publifhing edit"- ■ iSate-

)!e lor the selections, notie--" ■ ■ nnd is res-

id. . -a, and all articles not

To Coiresponileiit^,

ir acknowicigemcnts are d.,e (0 several new nnd
ble correspandents w.^oni we shall be happy
fror.'. ilciucmly. At the same time we hope
>ld friends will not forsake us. We are glad to
)ur correspondents generally willin.' tos,V„ t'u
■•s m Jail. Shou'd esteem it a lavor'if they
d all do 80, especially when relating facts or cv-
'-!•. lenifl.

tllrW

frill'

Siibsciibeis in Canada,

Should reiuember that their Postmasters cnnnot frank
letters further than the lines; so that we are compelled
to pay postage on all letters coming by mail from
there. This we do not mind, if bills not under .f 4
arc remitted; but on small bills, the postage and dis-
count together, are too geat a sacrifice. °

Subscribers residing near the places mentioned be
low-, may pay their subscriptions to the persons named

Kingston— J^>H!l Creighton, (Chron, & r
Office,) and Charles Hkath. ^az

Port Hopc-D. Smaut, Post Master r-
Agricultural Society. ,.,d President

focon^o -Lessi.ik fii Bkot-
LAND, and Geork- Lesli- ..£ns, James F. West

f'"'"""'-— Samuf-

•t^.,,/„H_Jop- - Kerr, Merchant.

In additir- •• f^oRVAL, (at News-Room. ■)
the cau •' '" '■'"' above. Postmasters and' friends of
-.e generally, are requested to tnrt as n<»ent3
BATEHAiM & CROS.MAN.

The Annual Meeting of the Agricultural Society
occurs to-morroTT, but it is thought that mithing more
will be dime than to elect officers. The arrangements
for the coining season will be deferred till it is decided
whether the Legislature will grant any aid.

The Fit St Volume.

(ire almost duilynsked if vol. I of this paper can
d; and therefore state, that it iefurnished. stitch-
B paper cover, ur .50 cents. Postage, within the

1a{ cents— out ot the State, 16 cents

Oni- Success,

far, f\illy equals our c.Kpectaiions; nnd we take
,ii,,.' 'WBod to return thanks to Uie numerous Post
^ai re, and others, who have generon.sly aided us by

>«g sui'scnpuons or remitting the same.

have not time, nor do we deem it neccsjaiy to

Wipi.uoiillwhoremiimoivv; bin do s.) when

Hints for the Mouth.

Every farmer knows, that any suggestions for work
at one time during winter, are generc.lly applicable at
any other time. We believe, therefore, that the best
hint we can now give, is, just to turn beck to the two
last numbers of our paper, and read again what is
there written. We do not of course expect yon will
find any thing tick, especially if you are good fanners,
(n« we hope all our readers are, or soon will be.) but
good farming, remember, does not depend so very
much in finding out new things, as in makinga good
use 01 what we already know. S:> then, gentlemen,
we hope jou w.ll excuse us, if we tell yon pretty of-
ten some of these old things, if we can oflly hf-lp yoi;
10 prart:^ thorn.

Just remember h hat we toid,

1. About feeding cattle rcgxdarhj, so as to prevent
their fretting their flesh away;

2. 01 giving them a sj;/^c/c7i<-i/ at all times, for the
same reason;

3. Of providing good shelter for them;

4. Of supplying them constantly with good water;

5. Of keeping them rubbed clean, and plenty of
good warm clean litter under their feet;

6. Of feeding them very often with salt;

7. Of catting their fodder with a straw-cutter;

8. Of mi.ting their dry food with roots; and '

0. or keeping their stables ventilated, bni «)tclu.
ding the cold wind from entering at the smallcBl crack.

Let pigs, sheep, and all other animiis, ije fed very
much in the same way, (except that the sheep neetl
not be rubbed or curried, nor the pigs kept in stables,
though we think there is commonly a very great
waste, both in the feed and the flesh of pir^s by euf,
fering them to be eo much e.^■p„scd to the weather aa
they usually are.)

There a few other things v,e „.i,h ,„ ^^^,„^ ^..^
friends of during this mon'.n, such as trimming •■ „;,
thick-topped apple trees— procuring graft- r <'

•vill grow quite as
grafting piasters-:-pru-.
^ines, before the bleeding sear
. the sooner the belter — treading
.id young fruit trees, to prevent the mice
eating the bsrk, and destroying them. Also, cut-
ting up the wood for seasoning, and for summer use;
repairing tools, &c., as hoes, ploughs, rakes, wagon
racks, harro-*s, cultivators, folks, thoveis, rollers, as
well as repairing and oiling harness; lookingoyer ap-
ples in cellars, and removing the partly decayed; an4
keeping their eyes open to all things which need do-
ing, and both hands ready at all times to do them.

And now, one tiling more, and that is, let every far-
mer resolve, and resolve cfTeetually, to conduct bia
farming operations a little (at least) belter this year
than he has ever done before. Cnnnot be do it ? Jt
is well worth trying, at all events, and if gone abou(
u earnest, will be pretty sure of ouccess. •

best fruit they can find, fur such -

well as poorer — making the-

ning their hardy grape

son commeneep

snow aro

fror

Damp Stables,

A corFcspondeiit of the Farmers' C.ibinct sttlea,
lliat on Caking possession of a newly purchased
farm, his horses became poor, diseased, and incapa.
bin of labor; his eows became sickly, their milk
diminished, their butter hecame had, four lost their
calves, two died of scours In spring, with other t^t,
tendant evils. The dampness of the stable, which
was Irailt under large trees in a low situation an4
with a northern aspect. It tt'gs immediately lorti
down, and another erected on a drier sifuat on, when,
as wag expected, all these evils vanished at once. — ■
Stables made of fctonc, arc njore liable to lliis diffi<
cully.

Cheese aro preserved from the fly by a coating oS

18

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

The Sponge Apple.

Some yeare ago, we sei a grnit on a young npple
tree in the orchard, whicli now bears abunilnntly, and
the fruit has become a general favorite; liut the name
nnder which we received it has been lost, and if any
correspondent will restore it, we shall be much obliged.
We subjoin a description. On account of its shrivel-
ing when long kept in an open bin, we gave it the^ro-
visioTial name of the sponge apple — to be expunged
however, when the right name is known.

Fruit above the middle size, inclining to oblong,
but broadest near the base, slightly ribbed, some,
three inches deep and three and a quarter in di-
ameter. Eye. in n narrow de|)ression, closed. Stem
very short — less than one third of an inch, in a broad
but very shallow irregular cavity. »S7.7"« green, streak-
ed and checkered with very pnle red on the sunny
Bide. Flcsli greenish white, extremely tcjider, tart
but excellent.

We have seen no apjile that this resembles, in shape,
in color, or in texture. The singular tenderness of
i\B flesh reminds us ol the Bellflower; but they difl'er
in almost every other particular. The Sponge is more
than five times as productive, and generally fair. —
Like the former however, it should be carefifliy hand-
picked, and no", allowed to fall from the tree, as it is
apt lo get bruised. It appears to keep well through
the winter; und if barrelled or buried, we have no
doubt of its remaining fresh and unshriveled till
spring. t

The Bfnpoleon Pear.

In years past, we endeavored to cultivate fine win-
ter pears; but when the trees came into bearing, it
was found we had only been colle-;ting trash. In eve-
ry instance the fruit was left for the pigs; nothing fit
for human lips to touch, was amongst them; and when
asked if there were not good icinter pears ? we have
had to answer : we have read of them, but never saw
one.

Well, at last we have found one; and sonic may be
gratified to hear it. From a small tree marked Napo.
leon, in bearing for the first time, we secured two
pears; and about the middle of December, they were
mature. In some reapecis they differ from Liiidley's
description, and some doubts still hangover their iden-
tity; but what follows, was exact: — "finally [the
akin] changes to a pnle green, when the flesh becomes
zery melting, with a most nnusiial abundance of rich
agreeable juice." They were the most juicy pears we
have ever tasted.

We shi.ll notice here, only one of those discrepan-
cies: Kenrick says "It ripens wi'h us in Scptomlier."
Lindley says " Ripe the middle of November, and re-
mains in perfection several days." Ours ripened a
month later. t

Vat or Box Tor Uoiling Sap— Inquiry.

Messrs. Editors — Having undcr.stoood that there
had been a Vat or Box u.sed for boiling sap in ma.
king sugar, and wishing to see a description of it, I
thought of making incpiiry through your valuable
paper ; hoping you, or some of your subscribers,
might give me the required information. I wish to
know what would be the most convenient size and
depth ; how it is made, with a board bottom cover,
ed with sheet iron, or with sheet iron bottom alone 1
If the latter, what would be the easiest way lo make
it water tight ? If the former, will the sap boil
equally as well? Also, whether they will take in
aap as fast as a caldron kettle holding the same
quantity, and the probable expense of one ?

I would also like to know the quantity of Timo-
thy seed required to the acre, to seed with Timo.
thy alone, for mowing.

By answering the above, you will much oblige
A SUBSCRIBER,

Ftir the Mew Genesee Farmer,
Watering Places— Hoof Ail.

Mkssks. Editors — In an editorial article in the
December number of the "Cultivator," page 184,
ore remarks on the subject ol watering cattle in win-
ter; some of which appear to be objectionoble. The
sentiment to which 1 refer is, " that it is no disadvan-
tage to cattle to go a suitable distance to water, but
rather a benefit, as promoting circulation in the feet,
and thus preventing diseases of the extremities." —
The same idea is advanced in the February number
of the same paper, page 2'.i. And putting both arti-
cles together, we should eonehide the "suitable dis-
tance" for cattle to travel for their water in winter,
was from fifty to one hundred rods. And the advan-
tage set forth is the exercise, which prevents what is
called the hoof ail.

"Now it strikes me very forcibly," aa the judge
says, that this course, both in theory and practice, is,
to soy the least, somewhat objectionable. It is the
opinion of many, that cattle should not be compelled
to go out of their yard for water; and the following
among other reasons are adduced. If watercannotbe
obtained by cattle without travelling one fourth of a
mile, they will many times sufier exceedingly for the
want of it, rather than go so far for it. If good fresh
water can be had by them without going out of the
yard, they will drink very much oflener than in the
other ease, especially in cold weather. Again. The
oldest and strongest cattle will generally go first to
water. When they have drank, they return, and on
their way meet others in the narrow snow-path, and
of course drive them back. In which case, the young-
est and most feeble of the herd will have much trouble
and vexation in obtaing water ot all. And again. —
The amount of manure which is dropped, and for the
most part lost, in such case is very considerable in
the course of the winter; and it is by many farmers es-
teemed a matter of no small importance, that oH the
manure should be saved. Some say, even, that they
may as well waste the food of cattle as the food of
plants.

And besides, when cattle go to a spring to drink,
especially if the snow is deep, there will genei'nily be
great difficulty in reaching the water on account of
the bank of snow and ice, unless they step into it,
which cattle are very tniwilling to do. I have seen
many watering places where cattle, in order to obtain
a drop of water, were obliged to get down upon their
knees, and even then obtain it with the greatest diffi-
culty.

Neither do I believe the exercise of this travel of
cattle a considerable distance to water, is of any advan-
tage in preventing the hoof ail. But I am very strong-
ly inclined to the opinion, which was advanced some
time since by Gen. M. Brooks, of Mount Morris, and
also by Heman Chapin, Esq., of East Bloonifield, to
wit, that the "foot ail," or " hoof ail," os is ealled-
is the result of ihe/rcczing of the feet. And it would
seem more probable that the feet would become fiozen
by being first wet or covered with mud, than if they
were kept dry and clean.

I believe, therefore, most sincerely, that if cattle are
kept in a well enclosed, comfortable yord, with open
sheds, or hovels even, for their protection from storms,
where they can have free and uninterrupted access to
good water, and plenty of salt; the yard kept con-
stantly littered with straw, so os to make italway dry,
and the cattle put up every night in a stable filled to
their knees with the samearticic, they will never have
the " hoof nil."

I know that with many, a very strong prejudice ex-
ists against wells for the supply of water for cattle. —
And probably, a stronger prejudice prevailsagainstthe
labor and trouble of drawing it. But the expense of
thus furnishing water for cattle in winter is compara-

it

■|iis

tively trifling ; when, by an under-drain or
other contrivance, running wotcr can be conveyed
the yard, so much the better. And in many ci
this may be done with very little cost. But wl
this is impracticable I would pump water for all
cattle, horses and sheep, rather than compel thei
go abroad for it, even though the distance did not
ceed thirty rods.

There are several farmers of my acquainta
whose cattle, if they have any water at all during
winter, are-obliged to travel from one fourth to i
fourths of a mile for it, and when they arrive at
spot where water can be found it is only to be obta
by them through a hole cut in the ice, which ma-
from six to eighteen inches in thickness.

I have a good spring of water about sixty rods
my barn, and for two or three winters drove my «
to it every day, especially in cold weather. But
I have dug a wi II contiguous to my cattle yard an
a pump in it, I find much less trouble to furnish '
for my stock in the yard than it was, even to visi
spring every day to see that is was attainable tht
And besides, there is much less quarreling amor
cattle, and it is so much more comfortable for thi
drink from a trough conveniently situated, t
would not be without this appendage to my bom
even though it should cost me a hundred dollar

And moreover, all the manure ot the whole I
in the yard, intermi.\ed with the straw and litter
of, in good condition for spring use, which is o
ter ol no eiuall importance.

These, and such like, ore the reasons why Ii
posed to \^c practice of sending cattle from fif
hundred rods for water in winter, expressed, ho
with due deference to the opinineof moreexpe
herdsmen.

WINTER PROTECTlOIi.

I am aware there ore many farmers who thi
matter of no consequence, whether our domes!
mols ore oflbrded any protection from the sev
the winter. It is probably true that most c
will lice through the winter without it, if they i
fed. But are we not tai-ght o lesson on this
from the habits of wild animals? Not oneof thei
OS my recollection extends, is without, or d
provide himself with comfortable shelter oi
for the winter. Are we not told, also, from a
which should not be disregarded, that the merci
is merciful to his beast ? And where is the
who, by a profusion of the blcEsings of a i
Providence is made comfortable, can be unmi.
bis domestic animals, from which he receives I
and his raiment, and afford them that protect!
the chilling blasts of winter, by which the/;
dered comfortable not only, but are thereby i
much more profiioble.

Another very great advantage of stabling <
the saving of feed from waste. I have seen
otherwise respectable, throw their hny upon th
when covered with mudond filth, for the foo
tie, horses nnd sheep, all in the some yard. 1
cose one holf, at least, of the bay, was trod
mud and woter. But where cot;le are stabi
having his mess by himself, and then the yo:i
weaker onimols unexposed to the encroachmc
older and stronger, consume their food with
ness and contentment, without annoyance a
out was'.e.

And still another odvontoge to be derived
course of o plentiful use of straw every dayl
ing the yard ond stable is, the ani:nols are
kept dry and comfortable, but the straw isii
too good account. There are many famlBL ' '"i
seem not to know what to do with their strai^' ™
alter year it is eulTered to accumulate in imml

fi fa
) Itiit

i:

orsj
prufi

}!R

■mil

Kfa;
'«(

iiKinj

Olllllr

ISCOi

-" f«i
'■111,,

• Dm
« fcl

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

19

the barn, till it beconiee n nuisance. Hut if it

Ij' scattered in the j'ard for the cattle to pick upon

gh llie day, and need for bedding in the stables,

tbiis become impregnated with the liquids of

ird and slables, and mixed with the animal ma-

hereof, and thereby the qunniity of manure for

use will bo greatly increased. By such a course

II stock, say of fifteen head of cattle, scventy-

eep, and three horses, will supply three hundred

f good manure for the corn and potatoe crop the

g season. The straw, thus spread frequently in

d, to some extent, is eaten by the stock, the

.' absorbs the juices of the yard, becomes eatu-

iierewitb, and its value thus rendered four fold

than if it were applied in its dry state.

Yours &.C. W, PARSONS.

•It Hilt, near Lockport, Dec. 1840.

Hoof Ail~Its Cause and Cure*

SRs. Editors— I observed in one of your pa.
1 inquiry respecting the cause of the disease
rioof Ail, in cattle ; and having paid some at.
to tlio subject, I will cheerfully give you
ult of my observations and lite prevailing
s here, which you are at liberty to publish, if
nk they will be of service to any of your rea.

e tvinter of 1836-7, this disease made great
among the cattle in this vicinity. Freezing
eet was at first assigned as the cause ; but
oofs to the contrary soon led to the abandon,
this opinion, and ergot was sabstilulcd as
diievious agent.

•ve it is an opinion well established, that er-
■ye, or Secale cornutum, has given rise to
e in the human species. This circumstance
similarity which exists between it and the
inder consideration, afford good reason for
f that the causes may be similar,
may sometimes be found in large quantities
or spear grass — whether it differs in its
properties from ergot of rye, I am not able
■ut presume it does not materially. Tliis
is well known, is apt to run out Timothy
:r, consequently it grows in excess in old
, and to Iho ergot growing on it, the disease
liable. I have made many inquiries, but
md a case occuriing where the animal had
fed on hay containing it.
nention a few facts in confirmation of this
—Mr. W. had 50 head of cattle fed upon
n from old nicadows — the greater part of
1(1* IB June grass. 0:ily one of the 50 escaped
A tenant upon the same farm, kept
within 20 or 30 rods of the preceding, but
upon hay of marsh grass, and they escaped
Mr. C, on the adjoining farm, had
e grass among his hay, but not so much as
Y two or three of his cattle were aflected,
Iter part of April, when, being out of hay,
ed some of W. ; and in a few days five of
tbe disease. Another neighbor, Mr. B.,
red his cows well, but in spring, being out
palso procured some of Mr. W.; and be.
all that had eaten it became affctcd with
Mr. K., on an adjoining farm, fed bis cat.
aw, and none of the disease appeared
hem. Dr. Stimson says ho fed his cattle
itaining a large proportion of June grass.
:ntion was given them, but many became
ith the disease ; and it continued to in-
til he stopped feeding the hav, and gave
, jjiji ipsand other food, after which no more
appeared.

mention numerous other cases, affording
? evidence that this disnase is caused by er.

1,115*11
II ike
leysni-

Kjilie
intioi"

ajin'l'

liilill»'

got on June grass, but I fear it will make this com.
municalion loo long to cimnieratc them. I will re.
mark that in this section of country, this grass had
an abundance of (?Vgot Rowing upon it last season ;
and consequently we may expect to sec cattle af-
tccted with Hoof Ail again this winter. Indeed it
has already made its appearance amongst my fathci's
stock. He commenced fcciling a let of hay found to
contain eigot, to some calves, on the 2d or3J of
December ; and on tbe 12ili, 9 of them bad the dis.
case. We immediately changed their food, and cut
off the points of their hoofs, so that they bled freely.
They arc now doing well.

This treatment generally effects a cure, unless the
disease has been of long standing. The disease
rarely affects the lore feet. I have never seen an in.
stance, but have heard it asserted that it will some,
times occur. Respectfully yours, N.

St. George, U. C, Juvij. 1811.

From the Cultivator,

Cnrefoi Hoof Ail.

Messrs. Editors — Perc'ivingin your Inst number,
an inquiry respecting the Hor.f Ail in entile, lam hap-
py to have it in my power to communicate one which
never fails in ntf^^cting a cure in two or three dnj's. —
Blue vitriol, finely pulverized, and applied to the dis-
eased part oi the hoof, once a day for two or three
days, is all that is necessary. In the ease of a cow of
mine, one application was sufficient, and 1 preRume
would generally ausver the pmpose. The disease
here is called by some of our farmers, *^ fouls," and
by others, hoof nil. If the case alluded to by yonr
correspondent, is the same disease, you can depend on
my remedy. Yours very respectfully,

H. E. HUBBARD.

Middtctoicn, Ct. 1840.

Peiioil of Gestation in Cows.

One of the most satisfactory experiments relating to
tiie subjeel. on record, is the one made by EnrI Spen-
cer, and the particulars of which are given in the se-
cond number of the English Agricultural Society's
Journal.

The table given, contains the results in the case of
seven hundred and sixty-tour cows, and the following
statements abriilged from the irnper, will e.vhibit some
of the most important of the detaila.

First. It appears that the period of gestation varied
from 220 days to 313 days; or no less than 90 days. —
Lord Spencer was, however, unable to rear any
calves produced under 242 days. All under 260 da3'&,
and over 300, be thinks are decidedly premature, or
irregular.

Second. As 314 cows calved before the 983d day,
and 310 after the 285ih day, the average period if ges-
tation must be considered as between 284 and 285
days : although the time stated in the work on cattle
by the London Society, states it at 270 days.

Third. It appears, that omitting those considered
as premature or irregular, the cows whose period of
gestation did not exceed 2815 days, produced 223 cow
calves, and of bull calves 234; while from those
whose period exceeded 286 days, the cow calves were
only 90, and the number of bull calves was 152. This
certainly gives some support to the opinion prevalent
among fanners, that when a cow exceeds her usual
lime, the produce will be a bull calf.

Fourth. There were 7 eases of twin cow calves; 5
eases of l\vin bull calves; and 11 cases of twin cow
and bull calves. Earl Spencer has never had rwcase
in which the sexes were diderent, in which the heifer
was a breding one; they have uniformly been what
are termedyVce nmrtins. The cattle of which the a-
bove record has been kept, are the (lure improved short
born breed, and of the finest herds in Great Britain.
— American Farmer.

From tliC American Citizen.
Our Wheat Interests-A Public Meetinj;.

We have rend, witii attention, tbe proceedings of
the Convention of Tobacco Planters of the United
States held last month, in the city of Washington. —
We published an outline of the views expressed, and
the measures adopted, by that convention, in our last
number; and we nek all our readers to examine them
carefully. It seems to us that they ought to produce
a strong effect upon the public mind, in ail tbe wheal
growing States-thai they ought to awaken us to n sense
of our stupid neglect of ihe greatest outward interest
which the Creator has bestowed upon ub/ oijd that we

should feel excited to con'er together henceforth often
and extensive, to promote this interest.

We belevo the grain growing interest in the United
Slates, is now, under all the cinljarrBfinnenls beset-
ting it, six or eight limes greater ihan the Tobacco in-
terest, niid can be soon extended three.fold by jirst and
prudent menna. This interest connecls itself with
the great tide of life in all countries, more vitally and
much more beneficially ihan the Tobacco inlereet
can. Shall we not then lobnr to cherish it by nil the
fair nienn.s in our power 7 li is not enough to sow,
nnd reap, and grind, the finest wheat known to earth's
biooil bosom, with labor nnd skill, in all the requisite
proiresses of ullage and machinery and manufacture,
exciting the admiration of the world — and to muliiply
railroads and canals, and vehicles oi' trnnsportaiion
upon them, wilh n rapidity trantcending the creations
of fairy Innd; but we must actively apply our common
sense, and that extensive knowledge of facts which we
now possess, or enn easily obtain, to the task of ex-
tending the markets for this most essential of the ne-
cessaries of life.

Solomon says, " As goods are increased, they are
incienscd that consume them." This trnth is demon-
strated by the experience of all ages. And the facili-
ty wiib which wheat is raised in this nnd the neigh-
boring latitudes, in a wide bell across the Union, is iho
chief cause of the rapidly augmenting jiopulnlion, eve-
ry where working ihe si^il in these regions. But we
should not be content wilh this source of our increas-
ing numbers, wealth and strength. There are fre-
quent communications between all civilized nations,
and these have, within a few years, been extended be-
yond all former precedent. The United Slates are
coming inlo close eonlaet with all the world. And in
the trade of the world, suiely ihe nations ^■hich fur-
nish the greatest supply of ihe thinos most essential
to the subsistence and comfort of human beings, may,
wilh no extraordinary displays oi practical wisdom,
enjoy a fair share of the benefits of the w'orld's trade.
We do noi now, ond never have enjoyed such a share.
Let us strive to obtain it.

Wc import nn immense amount of various articles
from Great Britain annually, — of which tbe value has
been chiefly derived liom the industry of her subjects.
In this way her industry supercedes oure to a vast ex-
lent. And these importations are chiefly consumed in
the wheal growing Stales. Yel she will take none of
our flour, the article on which our industry is chiefly
laid out. Shall this stale of things be perpetuated t
We have her interests as much in our country as she
has ours in hers, and perhaps more; for the high price
ofher breiid slulls, always artificially exorbitant to fe-
ver the landed interest, will give us all her hungry la-
borers ami arti'/nns, nmouniing to many millions.
Oh that they could vote 1 as advocotes for the admis-
sion of our flour inlo her ports, upon reasonable terms.
We think her attention, nnd the atienfon of several of
the continental nations of Europe should be called to
ibis inleresiing subjrct, in a new lone, to be hocked
up by suitable legislation in Congress. But the inte-
rests of the people are rarely attended to without the
interference of tbe people. The people must meet nnd
discuss this concern in all its various bearings. They
must gather facts nnd publish them; they must inves-
tigate principles and comprehend them; they must pe-
tition the nalionnl goveinnient for its interposition,
and show how that interposition may be effectual.

In this most necessary movement we ought to feel
no restraint, and Congress should feel none, from the
tnritf comiiromise entered into a few years ago. The
Tobneco planters and the Cotton Planters suffer no re-
straints on ibis ground, to delor them from pursuing
such measures as their peculiar interest may seem to
demond. Why should we ? we would not resist the
law, butwc would modify it.

Nothing is needed, ns we fully believe, to place the
vast whcot growing inleres-t of our country on ils just
fbundntion, bui true light and concerted action among
the men of the wheat growing Slates. We ask our
intelligent farniere, our well informed and sagacious
millers, our observing flour merchants, our enterpri-
sing and exact owners of wore. houses, nnd lines of
transportation, and oil others interested in the pros-
perity of the country, nnd instructed on this subject,
to collect the tacts wiihm their means of knowledge,
nnd lay them before the public, wilh such suggestions
of policy as they think wise nnd prudent, for the peo-
ple nnd the government to adopt. Wc shall be happy
always to publish, and give, as for we can iri our pa-
per, currency to their statements and reasonable views.
And we would earnest advise, that n meeting should
be speedily called, in this city, to consider and discuss
ihis subjeel; nnd to recommend a convention of dele-
gates from each of the wheat growing States, to b»

20

THE NEW GENESEE FARxMER,

held «l an early day ne.Tt Spring; eomewher« in the
Sinie of Ohid; dt Whicll ibe proper policy to be piir-
Bued in promotion of ihe«hcnt interest, fhould be
matured, and further iiicneiiroa to render that policy
efl'eciual, Ehould be originated.

Our T(*rade with Prance.

It appears from a recent table, published in the N. Y.
iJerald— a paper which strongly advocates free trade-
that there was imported into the United Stales frotn
France alone, in the year 1839, $32,124,^05 worth of
irtifleo ftct of rfwiy—nearly 6ne half of this amount
^vas in eilk goods. The articles imported fr.)ni the
same conntry, on which a duty was paid, the same
year, amonntcd to little more thati ten million^ gf dul-
lard.

tiiani total of •'-

....ports from France^ ;„ American

...a loreign vessels, for the ^^jj 1339^ $33,.531,321
Crand total of ex;;:,rts to France from

the U. 5., In American and foreign

veespli, the enme year, 18,338,854

$14,132,467
Thus leaving a balance of imports over our exports
against us, with France alone of more than fourteen
tuilliuns of dollars in one year, or about one million
more than the whole export of cotton to Fiance the
came year.

Yet, strange as it may seem, the advocates of free
irade argue that this same unshackled commerce with
France must be continued, lest France should take it
into her head to go to India or Egypt for the supply of
cotton. The same paper which gives the above statis-
tics, urges, as an argument in favor of this free trade,
the fact that we import more of the precious metals
from Franee, than we export to France. So much
the worse for us, because our debt is thereby only in-
creased. It this debt is not secured by the Venetian
bond of old^-the pound of flesh — State sleeks — the
life's blood of children yet unborn — are sold in
France and England, \n pny all this excess of impor-
tations, no less than for the trifling sums in coin im-
ported to bolster up the United States Bank, or to
help ruin a new State, who, mocking all the precious
lessons of experience, prefers a fevered and sickly ad-
olesence to the simplicity of a healthy childhood — the
sad precursor of both moral blight, and physical imbe-
cility and decay. y. W.

Vol.

New Agricultural Papers.

Within a few months past, we have received .nboul
half a dozen new agricultural papers, most of them
published in the Weetern Slates. We rejoice to see
this evidence of the increngcd taste fur such reading,
and expect the time will soon come whon no res-
pectable farmer will be willing to live without an agri-
cultural pnper. We hope these new papers will ali be
well sustained; but wc apprehend that some of them
will seriously interfere with each others success.

" The V/estrrn Farmer," is the title of a small semi-
monthly paper published at Detroit, Michigan, by Josiah
Snow — igl per year. The first number was issued
January 1, and contains a large amount of statistical
tind other uf=eful information relating to agriculture
and horticulture, mostly original, (but some borrowed
from our columns, and the. credit accidenially omit-
ted.) We think friend Snow should have chosen
some other title, as there was already one or more pa-
pers with the aome or a similar name

'• TU Union Agriculturist," is an excellent new
papcT, published at Chicago, 111., as the organ of the
Union Agricultural Society. It is neatly executed
nnd appears to be ably conducted. — Terms, $1 per
yest— stini-monthly.

" The li'estern Fanner ^ GdrJe^ier," is a continu- i 'he summer in this section, and that warm, dry weatfe
atlon of the Western Former, at Cincinnati, Ohio.— i er is enuitlly injirioas to baih. Thcrerore the time 1 ''
The 2d vol. commenced last October, and appeared in : towing should be delayed as long as possible, and ha =:

them mature before the winter too nearly appioach« m
unless some is wanted for early uee. W. 11.

Fralonia, January 11, 1841.

a new and improved form, with an able writer on hor
ticulturc as co-edilor. It is published monthly, in
' •■ '' \rtlh a cover — '^■i
pamphlet form, 24 pages, smvu,, ,
per yfiir. " '*'"

" -i-hc AsriaiUuiisl," is the title of a large month-
l.v paper commenced January J, at Nashville, Ten-
It IS the organ of the Slate Agricultural So-

. ^ gives evi-
Ude-;.._Terms, §.-2, per

nessee.

eiety; is edited by three eentlemen,
deuce of a good degree of ude--
year, 24 pages, monthi-

per, publj-jyj,, jij Indianapolis, by our friend, J. S.
VViilcts, formerly cf this State — monthly, 5U cents
per year.

" Tlic Prartieal Farmer if SilhC'alticator" pub-
lished at Ilarrisburgh, Pa., might be a pretty good pa-
per, if the editor was a little more careful or courteous.
In one number of his, we observed three ar»icles in
succession, borrowed from the New Genesee ■Farmer
without one word of credit.

" The Farmers' Gazette," is a good little weekly
sheet — commenced last September at New Haven, Ct.
— $1 per year.

" TheYanket Farmer," published at Boston, Mass.
by C. P. Boseon — S. W. Cole, editor, is one of the
must interesting weekly agricultural papers extant. —
The new vol. commenced January 1 , much improved
in appearance and substance. Arrangements have
been made for obtaining monthly agriciilturiil reports
from different sections of the country, respecting the
crops and the markets, &c — Terms, $2 per year.

'* The New Kitgland Farmer," is one of the oldest
and most respectable agricultural papers in the Union.
It is published weekly, at Boston, Mass. — $2 per
year. (We have seen it stated that some change has
lotely taken place in the editorial management: but as
the paper has failed to reach us for some weeks past,
and we cannot tell what the effect has been.)

Sore Tliroat iu Hogs.

Mi ssRS. Editors — Can any of your correspondents
furnish a cure for sore throat in hogs? A number
were lost by myself and others last summer; and all
remedies used were ineffectual. The throat and head
were swollen, food was refused, and in about forty-
eight hours from the commencement, grunter would
grmit his last. SA.MUEL DOUGLASS.

Whitehall, Ohio.

Causes of the decay of Turnips.

Messrs. Thohas &. BATKttAM — The following ie
submitted to the opinion of all that ore interested in
the inquiry made in the first number of the present
volume of the Xcw Genesee.Fariner, which is for the
cause of the decay of Rma.Baga Turnips.

I have come to the conclusion that early sowing in
warm seasons, will load to the true cause. When
turnips are forward in the scoson, they fail for want
of sutiicicnt moisture during the extreme warm and
dry weather, which effects the heart or centre of the
turnip and commences the decoy, which first appears
by the top turning yellow when the outside appears
sound and heiilihy. This effect is produced on large
turnips when small ones will escape. Another cause
may sonietimcs he observed. After the turnip is
nearly mouircd, wet weather will produce a new life
and cause them to crack open, and during warm
weather, water standing in the crevice will cause the
decoy.

It maybe well to state that the turnip and cabbage
tribes, flourish best in a climate eonie:hingcoolei than I is of any value, v. ill be weak enough to argue 1^

TJte Serlingtou Silk Worm Frame."

'^Yf lisve received three numbers of the " Burlin^
ton Silk Record," a small paper, "issued month
"'.inoui charge, to all persons interested in the adk b
siness, for the purpose of opening a cheap channel
communication, to extend omong them a knowledi '.
of the Burlington Silk Worm Frame, of the Burlin
ton Filature, and of the Editor's having made it 1:
business to raise and keep for sole the choicest kii
of Silk Worm Eggs, as well as to stimulate oiid fc
icr the extension of the Silk Culture in the Unit
States. It will be sent by mail to such as write for
free of postage. Address, EDMUND MORRI.
Burlington, N. J."

We copy the following article from the Record, El
ting forth the advantages of these Frames. We tv
give some description of them next month.

■bei

m

mil

III!

Ol

illli

pen

iCi

olpr

tile

lilei
lit I

iitit

itii

wl

JSIl

g<Li

Ilk
inir

Its

»*, I

The ]Vo-Cleauing System.

We believe that all silk culuirists have found 1
business of producing eilk perfectly certain and ma
ngenble, up to the fourth moulting of ihe woriiie.
After the fourth moulting, they increase so enormoi
ly in size, end discharge so groat an amount of exci lllc
mcnt, that in a large establishment it seems impos i|l(
ble to preserve the proper degree of cleanliness, ev
when many hands ere employed at cleanijig, as 1
operation must be performed every three or lour do
This great discharge of excrement, added to the si
plus foliage which will accumulate more or less,
mixed in with the bodies of the dead worms, spcec
genernles puircfaction. which c-auses the deaih of th'
sands more, from the fatal impurity of the air whici
constantly rising up from below. The books of Eu
pcan writers are filled with cures for diseases thus g<
crated, while not one has thought of suggesting i
other preventive than that of cleaning. They hi
none of them thought of going bock and mnkini
fresh start from the beginning, by using such fixtu
as will remove the cau^c of these diseases. FJer
we believe the grand mistake has lieen mode, ant
remains fur American ingenuity and perseverance
demonstrate that the whole system of feeding imist
changed, in order to accomplish any good results w
ihe least approach to absolute cerlainiy.

On ihe Burlington Frame, the worms are jdacet
the difficult period between the third mouliing 1
spinning, in such a manner that all these thicet
nienta of putrefaction, the excrement, the chippii j..,
of the foliage, and the sick and dead worms, ore cc
plelely got rid of by being riddled out at the bTlton
the frame. ^Vhatever proportion of these three d
not fall through, is exposed to a continual currenl
air passing upward, which evaporates so large o poit
of the moisture remaining in thein, that the li
which is left is too smoll to be iujuiious. Tbe ac
racy of this has been proved by repeated trial, and
diflcrent gentlemen who have used tbe frame, Ind
the construction of the frame demonstrates it
tried and proved it ourselves, .on 0 crop which pro
ced five bushels of beautiful cocoons, without los
three per cent, of the worms; and a friend in >
York, who fed on the same priuciple, did not I
even three per cent., and from twoouncco of cgg3
ihcred twenly-eix bushels of cocoons. J-Ie did
clenn his wormsoiice after beingplaced on the fran
between the third and fourth moulting, nor did wt
The saving of labor and expense was very great,
tbe lives of all our worms were insured, and the
ihc great point — that we shall succeed in making!
ry worm spin a cocoon.

To ascertain the e.xoct quantity discharged I
worm after the fourth moulting, we collected
weighed the droppings, and found that 1000 worm
24 hours discborged two ounces of clear exercm
which fell tbrough the frame to the roof below,
considerable quantity was intercepted by the straw^
ing sprend too thick on the fronie. 'This lugkABi
wcigbt from 8000 to be one pound; from fcO,000
pounds; and from 800,000 one hundred pounds,
for ten days, half a ton 1) So person whose opil|

Kill
''■la

i-«!l
*lii
Ml,

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

21

iciit ihnt ihcrc is no object in gelling rid of thie

mou3 ainouiu of fihh; and few con be found iin-

ng to ncknowiedge iia mnet important ndvontoi^e.

our Frame throws ofl" the whole of this dangcr-

scharge of dirt, instead of confining in coniinu-

ntact with the worm, where it becomes the (ruit-

ircnl of disenae and death. We have tried the

ig upon solid surfaces in a large way, and give

our decided conviction that worm feeding can

be ctrried on protilnbly in that mode, on a scale

enough to be worthy of a capitalist. It may do

Imall way, where the greatest success will never

|at to much, while even then there is continual

of a total faihire. The next year will prove

in lavor of the new system of feeding, as many

isiabhehmcnts will adopt it. Silk can thus be

lit a low price, and the crop will moreover be a

one — and no one will assert that it has ever

Iny thing like a certain one so far. The shelves

rdlcs must be laid aside, the new system must

11, and reeled sdk can be made for a dollar and

per pound. E. M.

For the -Vcm Genesee Farmer.
a Cellars—Protection for Cattle, &c.

Rs. Editors — Many writers for agricultural
have given descriptions of farm buildings,
)f protection for cattle, sbcep, &c.; but they
r the most part, been on so large a scale as to
le benefit to the common farmer. Those of your
who have taken the Genesee Farmer from its
cement, can call to mind with what interest
1 the glowing account o( Ulmus describing
id Island faini; his oxen, the manner they
Itered and led : bis plan of a barn and stables,
in the Cidtivator. Also, the numerous arti-
A. M., of Tompkins Co., on protection for
d A. B. Allen's description of his hog pen.
re all interesting articles; but not one of a
if your readers, have ten yoke of o.xen to
need a hog pen to accommodate fifiy hogs,
ns to protect eighteen hundred sheep.
)st of your rooders are small farmers, like
10 have only from one hundred to one hun-
fty acres of land. These are the men who
urged to afford protection for their cattle
although few in number. When you can
rdinary farmer to cultivate bis lands in the
3r, to own no cattle, hogs, or sheep, but
? finest order, and afford suitable protec-
hese, the great object of agricultural pa
ive been accomplished.
)uilt a cellar under my barn, and a stable
it, which I think answers a good purpose
arm, I propose giving a description of it
er, in hopes that so far as the plan is a good
meetwiln the approval of my brother far-
ay perhaps contain some seasonable sug-
hose about building.

;. lisli
111 rah
jsMlini
m- 1
ii mi.
«rs«!

diealls

V.

,1

liiii lDi«l

jl,il:itiii!i

11 11 lie til"
iBtelkml
jiumIsiii

B',(lllA»'

HlOKi™'''''''!

itropjlitlf
mi,*" ,

.ame into possession of my farm, a sufTi-

rof buildings were upon it; but the barn,

rty years ago, in the usual style of barns

day, had but little accommodation for cat-

ntdpltiii'.^Jinl, it was divided into three parts, the

d stable. The ground was slightly des-

that the end of the barn, in which wss

near four feet from the ground. Having

corners on props, I dug out the earth to

pplh under the barn and barn floor, and

liniial wall, enclosing a space of thirty

I then built an addition of sixteen feet

the barn, for stables. The floor of this

feet lower than the barn sill. Across

joining the barn, is an alley of four feet

Ifrom this alley is a passage to the cellar,

of the alley is the manger, as seen in

an. My stohle will accommodate nine

irranged according to their strength and

jpensilies. I have tried dilfcrent nieth-

cattle, and I prefer a chair around

tiivwp;-;

iMUiaii'"'

tec'l'

..,.(taEf--l

the neck, fastened by a ring and key. This chain
passes through a small wooden bow, which slides up
and down a stanteal.

My feed for cattle depends somewhat upon my suc-
cess in root culture. 1 am now feeding apples and
potatoes, and lind them ansW'cr a good purpose, al-
though I prefer mangel \vuri«el and carrots, to any
other food for cattle.

It may be useless, in this day of improvement, to enu-
merate the benefits of stabling cattle; but I consider,
as not the least of these, having them at command,
where they are handled and made docile. In short,
the benefits are manifest, open and confessed by all;
but v\ho feels an interest sufHoient to go and do like-
wise ? Yours, &c., MYRON ADAMS.

Ontario coimltj, January 18, 1S41.

The following plan will give the reader a more
definite idea of the arrangement ;

A, A, Cellar with a partition B.

C, C, Bins for potatoes, apples &c., uider the
barn floor, filled by driving on to the floor and open-
ing trap doors.

D, Alley between the cellar and stables.

E, Manger. F, F, Stables.

B

-H-

-H"

Scraps,

CONDENSED rRO>r EXCHANGE PAPERS.

Georgia Sir.K. The Macon Telegraph says, "At
a late term of the Inferior Court in this county, one of
the Judges appeared on the bench in silk stockings,
silk handkerchief, &c., made by his own family or
some of his friends, the production of their own co-
cooneries. ^The next day another' of the judges, A.
E. Ernest, Esq., appeared in a full suit of sUlc, (in-
clufling coat, vest, pantaloons, stockings, pocket
handkerchief, and stock,) produced and manufactured
wholly and entirely in bis family."

Fire-proof Paint. The Buffalo Commercial Ad-
vertiser gives the following method of making paint,
which v*-hen applied to wood, will secure it from both
lire and rain. It is recommended as useful on floors
under stoves, and it is stated that wood thus treated
may be converted by fire to charcoal, but will never
blaze.

Dissolve potosb in water till saturated, then add,
first a quantity [how much !] of flour paste of the
consistency of common painter's size, and secondly,
a quantity of pure clay to render it of the consistency
of cream. When well mixed, apply it with a brush.

Bkick living to hocsks. a correspondent of the
Cultivator filled in the walls of hie house with vn-

hiirtit brick, set edgewise. One layer of hard brick,
laid flat at bottom, prevent mice from ascending.—
The cost of the brick was $2, 25 per 1000.

Experimknts on Potatoes. Thomns G. Lofton,
in the same poper, gives the following experiment
and results; —

" I planted five rows side by side, and the hills I
experimented on side by side; and

let. row, cut the common size, that is, one large po-

toto into 4 or G pieces, 4 pieces in a hill.
2d. " 4 pieces in a hill, cut as small again.
3d. "'4 " " smallest roupd ones.
4th. " 1 " *' largest, >vithout cutting.
5th. "2 " " ot same size potato. "

The following arc the results in \veight and num-
ber:—
" Itjt. row, counted 53 potatoes, weighing 10| !bs.

2d. " " 62 '< " 103 "

3d. " " 36 '< " ej "

4ih. " " 37 " " 1-2| "

5ih. " " 31 " " 8i "

Lime as manure. B. G. Avery, of Onondaga Val-
ley, near Syracuse, applied manure in the summer of
1839 to mown land, inverted the sod and sowed
wheat. To other land, more worn, and previously
in wheat, he applied refuse lime from the kiln, about
180 bushels to the acre, and sowed it. On the ma.
nured land, the straw was large, apd the grain some-
what shrunk; on the limed portion, the straw was not
so large, but was bright, the grain good, and the yield
the greatest per acre.

Clover among cpf.n. Allen Putnam, the new
Editor of the New England Farmer, recommends the
practice of sowing clover seed among corn, from per-
sonal experience, as being more certain of vegetation,
the crop more free from weeds the first year, free from
grain stalks, easier lo jnpw, equally abundant, and
better in quality; and the young plants are not over-
shadowed by grajn early in summer, nor too much
e.xposed to the sun after harvest. The mode ia, to
make no bill, sow at midsummer, and cover with a
one-horse harrow, and make all smooth with n hoe.
Cut the corn closely to the ground. If necessary, the
surface maybecleaied with great expedition while the
ground is frozen in vi'inter, by means of a common
hand hoe.

Great crop of cor.n. The Ksniucky Farmer
gives the experiment of G. W. Williams, with a cer-
tificate of measurement, on a corn crop from an acre
and an eighth, which yielded one hundred and seventy-
eight bushels, or more than one hvndred and fifty-
eight l/us/iels to the acre. The land was evenly cov-.
ercd with unfermented manure, the corn, an early
yellow variety, planted in rows two feet apart and ono
foot in the row, the surface kept level, the land rolled
after planting, and the weeds subsequently cut by 8cn(*
ping the surface with a sharp hoe.

The scratching system, A correspondent of the
Western Farmer, in ccirnmenting on large farms and
miserable cultivation, and recommending a concentra-
tion of labors, speak.s of a farmer who cultivated one
acre of land adjoining a field of ihirti/ acres, both
planted with rye; at harvest a bet was made that tho
yield of the one acre was equal to that of the thirty
acres, but was lost, the thirty acres, by accurate mea-
surement, yielding three qiiurttrs of a hvshol the most.
Both fields he had seen, and also another where the
owner ofl'ercd to dispose of his crop of rye ut a dollar
an acre, but could find no purchaser at that price !

Enormous hog. J. S. Skinner, of the American
Farmer, recently saw a hog, of the Bedford and By-
fidd breed, that weighed last summer 900 lb». H;a
increase Las been such since, that he is now estiniplcti
to weigh 1300 pounds ! The owner bet iLUiied, ai
one time ijvl.Vl, end nt another glT-'' f"r hint.

22

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

%

Fur the yttc Genesee Fanntr.

REVIEW.

Journal of the Am-.rican Sith Society — Edited by

Gideon B. Smith, Biillimorc. Nos. 11 and li,

for Nor, and Dec, 1840.

Tbie ie the only piiblicntion now remaining in ihe
United States, cxclueively devoted to the culture ol
Silk. It was originally ieaued under the auspices of
the American Silk Society; but the society itself is
long since defunct, hoving existed only during the
continuance of the inulticBiilis mania. The Journal,
however, has been continued, with distinguished abili-
ty, by Dr. Smith, the earliest, most steadfast, and
most persevering advocate of the industry to which it
is devoted. It contains, throughout, a mass of facts
and information indispensable to the cultivator of silk-
worms in the present infancy of the ort in this coun-
try. It is with deep regret that it is perceived that it
also must soon follow the fate which has overtaken
other periodicals of the kind, unless the friends of the
eauee promptly step forward andhand in their subscrip-
tions for another year. This crisis in its existence,
together with an anxiou9 solicitude for the prosperity
of the cause, has induced to the present communica.
tion.

The second volume of the Journal has just been
brought to a conclusion — the November and Decem-
ber nuinbers having been issutd under one cover. —
The value of these numbers perhaps exceeds any that
have preceded them, with the exception of those which
contain the account of the new and very importont
theory of the editor, in regard to the principle of sa-
ving and preserving silkworms' eggs with safety, tor
the purpose of successive crops. The promulgation
of this theory will, it is believed, constiiuie an epoch
in the progress of silk cidture in the United States.
The principle is philosophicol and rational; and while
it explains, satisfactorily, most of the difficulties and
disasters of the past year, a knowledge and apprecia-
tion of it will serve to guard against similar consequen-
ces in future. That its discovery should have been re-
eerved for this day and country, is by no means sur-
prising. In the old silk growing countries, the rear-
ing of successive crops has been attempted; and, ow-
ing to the character of their climate, it is no doubt
improcticablc. American cultivators, however, hav„
looked to a more extended field of operation, and with
the advantage of the multicaulis, have conceived the
practicability of producing silk throughout the warm
season. That they have been subjected to much dis-
couragement and disaster in the outset, ought not to
be a matter of any special wonder. It is not to be ex-
pected that an ort, confessedly in its infancy in this
country, and conducted on entirely new principles, can
be prosecuted at once with entire success. It may
possibly require several years of experiment and ob-
servation, to establish what maybe termed the Amcii-
can System of Silk Culture, on a sure basis; but the
ultimate advantage, both national and individual, by
which its triumph would be attended, offer strong in-
ducements to persevere, even had its failure been
much more general than it has been. As to the old
system of single crops, reared in the spring, it has
succeeded in no country better than in this.

The two las', numbers of the Journal contain gratify,
ing intelligence from various parts of the conntry. In
Tennessee the business appears to have flourished bet-
ter than in ony other State. There is a well organi-
zed State Society to promote its atlvancement, and the
exhibition of silk goods has been highly creditable.—
At Economy, in Pennsylvania, the quantity of silk
produced, during the last year was very considerable;
•nd atFrederiekton, in .Maryland, the culture was at-
tended with decided success. These instances, to-
gether with numerous others that might be adduced,

go to show that the cultivators of the silkworm have
still much encouragement to prosecute their labors.

The use of lime has obtained extensively, during
the past season, as a preventive of disease amongst
silkworms. In the 1 Ith nnmbcr of the Journal, there
is an article on this subject which is worth more than
the annual subscription.

The Address to the friends of silk culture, in the
closing number, is a highly interesting paper. It con-
tains a general view of the present state of the business
in this couitiry, with a notice of what is doing and moy
be done to promote its permanent advancement.

The following extract from the "Last Appeal"
of the editor to the fi lends of the cause, deserves spe-
cial attention: — " After considerable effort, the sub-
scriber has been enabled to complete the publication of
the second volume of the Silk Journal. This has
been done at great personal sucrifcc, the subscriptions
to the work not having been sufficient to pay the ex-
pense by several hundred dollars. It now remains
for the friends of the silk cidture to pay whether the
Journal shall be continued another year. The subscri-
ber believes that the information which he will be able
to publish during the ensuing season, will be invalua-
ble to the cause. The great and important improve-
ments made in the art, in the United States and in
Europe, and those that will be made next year, ought
to be disseminated freely amongst the people. Par-
ticularly the Nlv\' Thkoky may he referred to as one
item of inimer.se importance, that requires the freest
discussion and examination. If that theory shall be
proved to be the true one, the widestcirculation ought to
be given to its principles and details: hecouse it will
effectually establish the business in the United Stotes,
and place it beyond the reach of casuality. All this
cannot be done without the aid of a publication devo-
ted to the cause exclusively."

The terms of the Journal are Two Dollars a year,
payable in advance; ond we earnestly desire that the
friends of the culture may freely sustain it. P.

Virginia, 1 mo. 1'2, 1(^41.

Iiightaiing Rods.

Last summer during a thunder-storm, the lightning
rod attached to our house, received a very heavy
stroke of lightning — the shock was tremendous; but
we only mention it at this time on account of the prac-
tical inferences to be drawn from the circumstances.

The rod is fiee-eigldhs of on inch in diameter near
the top, but six-cighllis of on inch below, — in two
pieces scrczrcd together, with a single point on the top
ca/>pcd trilh silccr. It is upheld by large oak pins
eighteen inches long, driven into the frame, and the
rod parses through them near the outer end. It is
painted to prevent its tnsting. Near the surface of
the ground it begins to slant from die house, descends
into the earth, and terminates in a bed of charcoal si/
feet deep, which extends still further from the building.

This fixture has beeu/oHH(/ siijicicnl with a slight
exception, to let off a discharge that shook the whole
neighborhood. The exception follows: — A stove pipe
twenty feet in length, entering the chimney just under
the roof, ten feet below the point of the rod and three
feet from it, — received a small portion of the fluid,
which passed through two chambers in succession on
its way to the cellar. Tsvo joists under the stove
were very slighdy shattered, and a few panes of gla.ss
broken by bursting outward. It appears thot the nails
conducted it through the pine floor into the joists.

The point of the silver cap was melted. This we
suppose was occasioned by the crowding of the fluid
to get down the rod; but if there had been more
points, probably no fusion would have happened, ond
the stove pipe have been protected.

No traces of the lightning whatever, could be dis-
covered on the oak pins, although the wood was in

contact with the rod; and neither glass nor anyot
substance employed to prevent the scattering of
fluid. We infer therefore that all such appendages
useless; and that it is quite as safe to fasten the rot
the building by cleats as to have it stand off at a
tance. It must even be safer unless the upper |
leans against the building.

The prejudice against painting such rods, appi
to be unfounded. We presume indeed that paii
not more objectionable than rust.

pi

The Roads.

The winter is a favorable time to lay up instruct
After a light snow has fallen wiiho brisk wind,
him that feels an interest in the stale of the roads,
into a cutter and drive a few miles to make obse:
tions. I'or this purpose, he will commonly succ
best when he goes alone. Where the highway
been turnpiked and raised considerably above the g
ral surface, he will find in most places more hubs I '"
snow, and he may heartily wish for a good side-tr

As this is a term not often to be lound in the vo
ulory of path-masters however, we shall stop tc
plain; and as in many districts, owing to the impi iai
denee of the people, nothing of the kind can be
covered, we shall proceed to tell what and whi
ought to be,

The law allows our highways to be sixty-six
wide; but if they are only sixty feet in the clear,
iJiirty feet be appropriated for the turnjiike, the
shall have fftecn feet on each side for side in
Make the ditch six feet wide with easy slopes, an
the bottom, and clear out all large and loose st
and there will be a most convenient track foi
snow to settle in, when it is driven by the wind
the turnpike. No belter sleighing can be desired
what we occasionally find in a ditch of this del
tion, while much of the track which is ordinarily
in summer, is unfit for any loaded sleigh to
along.

But another side-track ought to be provided on
comparatively level. Between the ditch an
fence there are nine feet remaining, where a sr
sod ought to be found; and on this not more
two inches of snow will be required to make
fortable sleighing. To see the traveler vv'ho haj
lured from a more snowy region, at one lime {
ing over the bare ground with his horses on thes
ond then starting on a trot as he reaches thi
which perchance was left by the way side, — ou{
moke US, who hove it in our power to do b
ashamed of our negligence.

Why not go to work in the summer, level
the inequalities, and remove all obstructions, b
pecioby large stones whetlier fost or loose ? In
cases, the necessary labor would not be a tyi
what is annually spent in hauling mud, or stuff i
ly unfit, into the beaten track. Hove path-m
no memory ^ Con they never recollect in su
what we shall need in winter ? If so, now is the
to make men.orandums, as well as observations.!

■It

(ill
Itii

Snow Drifts and Meadow Slice

Young trees surrounded by snow drifts, ar«
dangerous condition. Such as are quite small ai
vercd by snow, in consequence of its weight ar
hesiveness ore olmostoureto be crushed; while
03 reach above the drift, with most of their liml
veloped, will have them stripped ofl' ond their
lacerated.

A worse disoster however, often happens to
thot stand in snow drifts. The meadow mouse;
aware of its numerous enemies, seldom, if eve
locks 0 tree that stands clear in the open ground
where it can work in safety under cover, it is
destructive. We had one tree, three inches in i

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

23

that stood in a snow-bnnk, and it waa barked

letely to tlie beigbt of four feet.

hough drifts are much the most dnngeroue, yet

deep enowa that lie long, mice frequently injure

trees. As a preventive, we bad a small mound

round each tree to the beigbt of a foot, with

success, for we have not bad a tree damngcd

.-as properly guarded in tbia manner. When

cc, rooting along under the enow, come to such

is, it appears that they generally turn away;

are is another advantage: tn snows of mode-

ptb ibe wind sweeps it off; and even should a

persevere in ascending the mound, be would

nd his noee in the open air.

)revent both crushing and gnawing however,

Jeavor to tread the snow round all our trees

it ia deep, whether by drifting or otherwise;

a ia done to the most advantage when it giccs

, oris near to the Tielting point. t

Italian Spring Wheat.

iTHAN Edwards, of Virgil, Cortland county,

to \\B a successful experiment in the culture of

leat. He went seventy miles, and succeeded

uring twenty bushels, which, when thoroughly

1, amounted to only sixteen. These be sowed,

' as practicable, in the spring of 1S37, — a part

and a half acres, which produced 210 bushels,

jthan 33 bushels to the acre; the rest was not

iuctivc. The whole crop was 4(58 bushels.

id waa ploughed only once, but was afterwards

Iverized with the harrow and cultivator, and

SI la of leached ashes applied to the acre. The

IS sold for seed at two dollars per bushel.

as 115 acres of cleared land, from the tilled

of which, (about one halt',) he has raised in

four years, more than six thousand bushels of

His wife has manufactured about two hundred

of butter to the cow the past season, and raised

m
wis

ixH

Successful Culture of Silk.

:rt Sinclair, of the Clairmont Nursery, near
ire, writes to us as follows: — " A poor man in
te, on a very poor sandy farm, with the hope
ring bis condition, planted the morus niulti-
but not being able to sell them, he turned hie
n to the culture of silk. He fitted up his ear-
>use, and all the unoccupied rooms in dwelling,
nner suitable for feeding, and by constant at-
made good cocoons. These, by the assistance
fife and family, he succeeded inreehng, doub-
d twisting, and converting into good sewing
licb be says produced 07ic thousand dollars.^'
■ any person in tbia country who has bad as lit-
irience in raising cotton or flax, able to produce
iher such successful results I *

:i ill

lift.

Ir.'ii, «

iktii!.

Clover in Orchards.

K8. Editors — A writer over the signature of
1 West," inquires if clover is injurious to or-
Jlost certainly it is — though the degree of
depends very much upon the nature of the
, being greatest where the soil is thin, and the
heavy aitd cold, and least where the reverse is
I have noticed its deleterious effects in a great
of instances. The first case of the kind that
nder my observation, was that of a fine thrifty
I belonging to Judge Brewster, then of Riga,
Co. These trees took well when transplant-
flourished for several years with uncommon
jnder the judicious treatment of that accom-
Bgriculturist. About that time clover was first
io«»' ced into that part of the country. The advan-
ttending its culture were at once perceived by

fincW'

upon the trees, in their stinted growth, rough, scaly,
moss covered bark, and small yellow leaves; in a
word, all those peculiar appearances which mark an
orchard dying of sturrution. Since that time I have
watched the clibots of clovor on fruit and other trees,
and have invariably observed the eame efl'ecte, in a
greater or less degree, follow its introduction.

The reason for this, I believe will be found in the
formation ot its roots, which run deep and inleifere
with those of the trees; while the grasses, Timothy,
red-top, and the like, gather their nutriment at or near
the surface, leaving the soil below for the exclusive
pasturage of the trees. The long tap roots of the clo-
ver penetrate to the same depth with those of the
trees, or at least that portion of them from which the
trees derive their nourisbmcnt, robbing them of all,
or nearly all, of that sustenance which goes to make
up the growth of the clover.

Another reason will be fonnd in the fact — for such
I believe it to be — that the peculiar properly of the
soil which is sought for and taken up by the roots of
the trees for their growth, is the very same which is
selected and appropriated by the roots of the clover for
its use; or, at least, much more allied to the same,
than that which is taken up by the grasses above na-
med. So that the trees and the clover suffer, not on-
ly by their proximity, but also from their sameness of
taste — tbey are both seeking the same peculiar food in
the same locality. It is like setting two guests at one
table who will eat only of the same dish. The result
la obvious — unless there is a plentiful supply, one or
both must make a scanty meal.

H. M. WARD.

RocJicster, Junnaiy, 1811.

For the Aeio Genesee FaTiuer,
Roots and Root Culture.

Messrs. Editors — I propose to give you some ac-
count of our farming operations during the past sea-
son. If you think it will add any thing to the general
stock of knowledge, you are at liberty to publish.

CARROTS AND TURNIPS.

We ploughed up a piece of muck land upon which
rutabagas were raised last year. May 22d, ground
in fine condition, drilled in the seed, at the rate of
I lb. to the acre. Soaked the seed until it bad con-
siderably swollen, turned ofi" water and sifted in plas-
ter. Rubbed the seeds in plaster till tbey became dis-
tinct and separate, and passed through the drill with-
out trouble. Owing to the dry weather and the seed
being planted too deep, tbey did not vegetate very
rapidly. The prospect however, was favorable for a
very good crop, when one day went to examine them,
and some two bundred sheep had taken it into their
beads to get over a poor fence, and eat every tbing
down to the ground. This was about the 25th July.
Had a good fence put round the lot and yarded the
sheep several nights, occasionally dragging the field.
On the 30th drilled in the Norfolk turnip, and have
gathered a veiy tolerable crop. Jam satisfied carrots
will prove the best root, next the potato to cultivate, as
they will do well on almost any soil, more hardy and
less exposed to insects than turnips or beets, and less
affected by the season than the potato.

BCTA-BACA AND POTATOES.

Sowed almost two acres, and did not vegetate well,
and what did grow was badly injured by the fly. —
Ploughed up the ground and planted potatoes. Had a
fair crop, but not so good as we should have bad if we
had not cultivated so many weeds among them. I
am no believer in the Rohan. The Merino ia better
adapted to the country and with aa good care will
yield as bountifully. I think it ia the best field pota-
to that can be raised. JVe hire no stxd to sell hole-

crop the fanner can cultivate. If he have good po-
tato land, the farmer had better eschew all these mod-
em improvciiients in the root line, and go for his old-
est and best friend. It is only in those situations
where potatoes cannot be raised to advaninge, as when
the crop with good cultivation, and average ycaie, falls
below 300 bushels per acre, that other roots should bs
tried. From my observation this season, I am satisfied
the Carrot, under all circunislanecs will prove the
next best root for extensive field culture.

SUGAR BEET AND ROOTS GENERALLY.

The beet crop was a total failure, owing to tho seed
being planted too late (24th May.) lam not much
in favor of them for field culture. However, I believe
all of us have much to learn on the subject of root cul-
ture. All are agreed as to the importance of cultiva-
ting more roo:s than we do, and I am glad to see much
attention exhibited on the subject. In conversing with
an intelligent farmer yesterday, be told me he had been
feeding his horses for some months upon carrots, and
he was satisfied a bushel of carrots was worth as much
for that purpose as a bushel of oats. Should further
experience justify that assumption we shall wonderful-
ly increase our profits, by the increase of the root cul-
ture. With ordinary care 500 bushels per acre might
be counted upon ^vith as much certainty ae 40 bushels
of oats. Then, allowing them to be on a par as to
feeding properties, you have in productiveness at least
12 to 1. It will cost more time to cultivate an acre of
carrots tb^n an acre of oats. But the difference will
not exceed three to one; still a large balance in favor
ol the root. The root however, has another decided
advantage, and that is in leaving the ground in fine
condition for a spring crop, and making a great deal
more manure.

I hope we shall hear more on this subject from the
numeroua lietof your really able contributors.
Sincerely yours,

Darim, Dec. 21, 1840. T. C. PETERS.

B., wbo sowed many of hia fields with it, and

them the orchard above mentioned. A few crer. Where the soil is favorable, I believe the pota^
•er«suffici«nt to show the ill effects of the clove to, beyond all comparison, the most profitable toot YaUs County, N. F.

For Ike Aeio Genesee Farmer,
Salting Butter.

Take 2 pounds of the best common salt ; 1 lb. of
good brown sugar, and 1 lb. of salt petre. Mix
and beat all up together, and take one ounce of the
composition for each pound of butter; work it well
into the mass and close it up for use.

Butter cured in this way, appears of a rich, mar.
rowy consistence, and fine color, and never acquires
a brittle hardness or tastes too salt. It should be
kept two or three weeks before it is used. If well
made, it can be kept good for two or three years.
This recipe is used and highly approved in many
parte of England and Fiance. W. N. H.

Fattening Poultry.

An experiment has lately been tried of feeding
geese with turnips, cut up very fine and put into a.
trough with water. The efl'cct was, that 6 geese,
weighing only 9 lbs. each when shut up, actually
weighed 20 lbs. each, after about three weeks feed,
ing with this food alone.

Malt is an excellent food for geese and turkies.
Grains are preferred for the sake of economy, but
will not fatten EC fast. Oats ground into meal and
mixed with a little molasses and water : barley meal
mixed with sweet milk ; and boiled oats mixed with
malt, arc all excellent for fattening poultry, re-
ference being had to time, expense, and quality of
flesh.

Corn, before being fed to fowls, should always bo
crushed and soaked in water, or boiled. It will thus
g<j much further and digest easier. Hens will often
lay in winter, when fed in this manner, especially if
well sheltered. W. N. H.

"sr

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

OL. 'J.

NEW GENESEE FARMER.

liKKKHIIIREf^.

Firmcradifferwitli regard lo llic valuable qualities
cf tliis breed of lioge. \S'itlioul asserting, as some
have done, that they are positively the lest breed in
existence, one thing is quite certain, that they far
excel most of the native varieties raised in tins coun-
try. Tiieir rapid increase and disscminjilion for a
few years past ha.i been such, that they may readily
be obtained with comparatively tritling expense.
"We hope that all who regard them with suspicion,
will examine thoroughly their merits before reject-
ing them. *

One of the strongest objections is their smallncss
^ size. It is true they arc not equal in this respect
to some others. But the fullowing instances will
show that tiiey may attain a respectable magnitude
ut least, and if fanners would cease buying inferior
animals and cullings of litters, because they arc
ehcapest, this objection would not, we believe, have
much ground for validity. A recent importation by
A. B. Allen, of Duffalo, contains a boar and sow, the
former weighing 330 lbs. and the latter a few pounds
le^s. They 'were fed on nothing but grass for
moriths before weighing. One 18 months old, was
sold in the Albany market in 1839, which weighed
when dressed 633 pounds, and sold for about Jjg56.
J. Lossmg, of Albany, stales that he has one import-
ed male, that at fifteen months old, measured six
feet fire inches from the end of the snout to the rool
of the tail, and five feet six inches in girth ; that of
fifteen slaughtered by the Shakers of Watervliet in
1839, consisting wholly of what are called runts and
the cullings of litters, from fifteen to seventeen
months old, the average weight was 356 lbs; that
one killed at Shaker village at Lebanon, at two and
alialfyea:s old, weighed 800 lbs.; and tlut ha him-
Bell killed one at sixteen months weighing over 400
lbs. Tlie chairman of the committee on swine for
Tom])kins county, in his report, says he rcc-:nlly
saw pigs in Rliode Island, a cro.«s between the Berk-
shire and Bytield breed, (the latter & smaller breed
than t.'ie Berkshire,) that weighed 300 lbs. each, at
a little lei's than nine months old. J. R. Caldwell,
of New Wir. dsor, fatted a pair of Berkshire barrows,
and killed them at a little more than a year and a
half oid, when they weighed 1,020 lbs. They were
fcd on gra^s alone "iuring the tivo summers, and
given other ClcJ only a few months before ihey were
butchered. Such i.istauc'JS might be greatly multi-
plied. 'I hey show that, by proper management at
least, a large size may be attained.

Bui size is by no means the .'nos' important consid-
eration. If a Berk.shire at 200 t.'itf "P a» well, and
affords valuable parts in as great a proportionate
quantity as another hog at 500, who n'ould hesitate
between Ihcm ? Many, in their great fargcrnese
for size, are sacrificing quality. The largi' bony
breed will indeed fill the barrel the soonest, — ivith
heads and shanks,— but, as somebody has jnjtiy i/l"
served, it is of far more importance to fdl the con-
sumer. Accurate experiments are greatly needed to
exhibit the relative qualities in this particular, of the
Berkshire and other breeds ; the best we have seen,
arc the following, taken from the report of the com-
mittee before mentioned. The first is a sow of
••common breed," two and a half years old, and
weighed when dressed 335 lbs. The second is a half
Jloorf Berkshire sow, 18 months old, and weighed
204 lbs. The first had raised one litter of |)igs, the

Istt-ow. 2d Sow. Barrow.

Lard 2G lbs IG lbs ... 31lbs.

Horns 3'4 31 r/2

Tender loin... 51 3^ 5

I'nt 63 C3 i)

Met6Pork....96 103 176

Prime " 2g.J 16 26

Sijarcrib 20 12 IG

Head, Id 16 21

235 204 336

Farmers arc usually extremely particular to ob
tain the full market price for the r grain — the loss
often cents on a dollar by bad marketing would be

ry one acquainted wit.h them have observed. A
jfrtrikinginslanccof this quality, is given by Wra, P.
Curd, of Kentucky, of a lull bred boar, which at
eleven months was castrated in consequence of an
injury rendering liim useless — he weighed at that
time 122 lbs. •'Alter being fed 64 days, he was
.weighed, and lifted the beam at 410 fus., showing
thi astonishing gain of four and a half poimjs a
(lay. He is now fed solely on grass, and weiglia
550 lbs. at the age of two years."
I In consequence of the well attested excellence of
ilhis breed of hogs, many attempts will doubtless be
made to impose on the fanning community; cau.

insufTerable. But whv is it, that they are not as !''"'"*"" ^''"'^''"'-^ ''<^ '"■"^^^^y '" P"":"""? a"™*''.

as well as in deciding on qualities which may be-
long only to the genuine breed, and not to spurious
ones.

careful in relation to the market at home, the mar
kct of their own making, which is to tell whether
they get the same return lor twenty bushels of corn
as auotlier man with an improved Berkshire market
gets for ten ? A near neighbor lately butchered a
few pigs, several months old, a part of half blood
Berkshire, and the rest full blood ; the latter were
two months younger, and received similar feeding in
every respect, but averaged, on killing, full weight
with the hnlf bloods. The half bloods were a cross
with a large and excellent native variety. It is the
quantity of fiesh and fat made, (and little ofl'al,^ for
the small quantity of food given, which pre-emi-
nently distinguishes the Berkshire breed, which eve

i Farmers who are in possession of Berkshircs,
^would do the community a great favor, as well as
;themsclves, b} instituting experiments, by accurale-
\lij weighing and measuring, showing the quantity of
food they consume, their increase in weight, and the
relative proportion of the different parts yielded in
cutting up ; and if these were accompanied viih ex-
periments of a similar character on the common and
other breeds, they would be of still more value. —
The labor of such experiments would bo very
trifling. •

COIi. SAWYERS' BEUKSHIRES.

According lo promise, we give ihe portraits of iwo more Berkshire swine, property of Col. Amos S.4W-
YER. of this city.

The above is a beautiful sow, 2 years old, weighing 300 lbs. She is not fat, but broader and heavier than
represented in the cut. She is now wiih pig by young Prince Regent, (figure in our lost.) and will litier next
month. (Col. S. expects to have a few pigs to spore in the Spring, but most of them are already engaged.)

This pig is one yeor old, and weighs about 275 lbs: is from the nbovc sow, by a full blood imported boor
8olJ to Baltimore for $200.

Bushes, not Bushels.

An error occurred in our last paper, on page 2, col
3, which moterielly altcis the sense, and makes our
venerable assistant nppear somewhat ludieious, which
we very much regret He did not soy that he planted
some dozen or fifteen kishcls of currents in n n row ( I )
but that he planted that number of /rushes in o row

Berkshire two litters. The third example is a halt 1 The error woe noticed and marked by oui printer and
blood Berkshire barrow, eiglilcen months old, fatten, proofreader, but overlooked by the compositor. He
vi ill the ordinary way. promiscB to keep his sperji on herraflor.

Bees aitd Hone}'.

Samuel, MiRRior, of Hudson, N. Y., inforira
us thai ho hfis very good sncetss with his bees, mttn-
ngcd US follows: — The hives are |iloced under a shed;
stand from one to three feet from the ground, and have
the lx)ttom entirely open, so thnt it any worms ore
produced, tbey foil to the ground, ond cannot return.
A hole, "2 inches square, is mode in the top of each
bive, over winch a box, 9 inches square, is placed in
the spring. In the loll these boxes ore removed, and
found to contain about 20 pounds each of the finest
honey.

^

So. 2.

AND CrARDENini'S JOURNAL.

2*

Tlie British Cora Laws.

The N. Y. Emnncipalor of Doc. 24, conlaina some
Inttering comnienta on ibc remarks of our correspon-
lent, S. W., in tlie Dec. No. of the Former. The
i;ditor dissents from ihe opinion of S. W., however,
hal we have no right to expect that England will eo
nodify her corn laws as to admit the bread eUiffs ot
bis eonnlry on payment of n duty of 20 per cent.
)n the contrary, be thinks that if proper measures
re taken, this modification can be effected; and to
bis end he mokes ibe following suggestion: —

" We propose that there should be Anti-Corn Low

cietics formed in New York, Troy, Rocbesier,
uffiilo, Cleveland, &c. The declared object of these
jcielics shall be, to obtain, by lawful and pacilic
leans, the repeal or modification of all lows, usages
id regulations of foreign nations, which hinder the
imissiun of any American products upon as fnvora-
e terms as the products of such countries are admit-
:d into the Unitea Stales. The principal means to
; relied on, are the collection and dilfusion of stalls,
cal and other information among the people by
leans of correspondence, aeients, public meetings,
iliberoiive conventions, the publication of a nionlbly

urnal, &.c. 'J'bey should also endeavor to engage the
I'-operntion of our governmeiit, by such measures of

;gotiation and legislation as may from time to time
deemed wise and prudent."

As our object and aim is to promote the great agri-
Itural interests of the country, we most sincerely
sh ;bat such a modification of the British Corn
iws could be efTected; but we cannot bring our
nds to view the subject in the same light as our
!W York friend; nor can we think that, in the pre-
tt state of afiairs, any material good would result
ni carrying out his suggestions.
We like the remarks of the American Citizen on
3 subject, which may be found on page 19, headed
lur Wheat Growing interests."

iiriertliin
limtitit

tfifd'ol

T.,ii
.liteesi*"'

J il in

FARM T R AIVSA CTlOtiS.
Piggery and Pork Making.

tlESsns. Editors — Under the above title, I pro-

e, from time to lime, to give you some of our

erience in farming. If otiierswill do the same,

ill be but a few months before your journal will

ome one of the most valuable in llie Union. Let us

facts. Let farmers state llieir operations for

year — pointing out what their own experience

formed defective, — and we shall have a mass of

:s before us to serve as beacons in our onward

rse ; and save us, if we read your paper, many

)llar which would otherwise be lost in unsucccss.

experiments.

THE PIGGIiRV.

a constructing a piggery, I went upon the prin.
e that ajudicious outlay of capital upon a farm
Bcessary buildings or other improvements, increa-
iii a much greater ratio than the interest — the
luctiveness of the capital already invested. And
, that to farm profitably there must ge a regular
em in Ibc management of every branch of your
ncss. Thus there should be a place for your
es and carriages, harness, grain and Iiay, all under
roof if possible ; and in like manner for all
other kinds of stock, and in particular, a place
re you can keep your swine, from the pig to the
;er, and all their feed convenient to your band,
ing a place for every thing, it is easy to keepev.
thing in its place ; and thereby gain greatly in
saving of time in carrying on business,
he piggery Is designed for fattening from 50 to
igs annually, and the fixtures have been made
that reference- By the annexed plan, you will
leive that it has a front 60 by 20 feet. The first
eet having 13 feet posts, the others only 7. The
floor is 50 by 20 feet ; 10 feel of one end being
In for a boiling room, or rather for a furnace

and boiler, as all the cooking is done on the
floor, which is on a level with the pens. The
rear, as far as was built last year, is 30 feet square,
G feet posts, with an alley through the centre, 4 feel
feet wide. There arc three pens on a side, 10 by 13,
and each pen will accommodate 7 large hogs, or 8
middling sized ones while fattening. (We shall
continue the pens hy building another, 30 feet square,
so that there will be 6 pens on each side of the oUcy;
or the building for the hogs will be 30 by CO.)

Under the main building is a cellar, 20 by GO, and
8 feet deep; 10 feet from the east end is wolled out by
itself and no floor laid over it. Here isa boiler, mode
of sheet iron, not so thick ne boiler iron, but n me-
dium between that and slove pipe iron, six feet
long and 24 inches in diameter, with a safety valve,
&c., and capable of working about 45 pounds pres.
sure to the inch, though il is never worked over 18 —
set in an arch or furnace. The steam is carried
from the boiler to a scries of vats on the floor ad-
joining, conslrucled as follows : — The oulside is of
2 inch pine plank, 12 feet long in the clear, matched
and keyed together into one bin or vat, 3 feet deep
and 4 feel wide. Ills divided into four equal parts
by tight partitions of the same material ; so that
we have 4 vats, each 3 feel deep, 3 feet wide, and
4 feet long, holding about 7 barrels of liquid, or 22
bushels of vegetables. All the feed for our hogs is
cooked in these vats, by steam, and fed from thence
directly to them without handling after being once
put into the vat. The saving of labor is very great, as
well as the expense of cooking; for 100 bushels of
potatoes or apples can be cooked in 6 hours, by a boy
10 years old. I have repeatedly cooked 50 bushels
in 3 hours, and taken every thing cold. The vats
can be made full of pudding in much less time.

The building is doubly boarded, and the floor over
the cellar is lined, and has scuUle.«, to enable us to
ventilate the cellar at pleasure. The hog pen is al.
so doubly boarded — the front fitted with swing doors
so that the hog can go in and out al pleasure, and
still keep the building sufficiently warm, A floor is
laid overhead, and thus gives us a good room for
storing soft corn in the fall. Ten feet of the further
end of the cellar is partitioned off for an apple cellar,
and is 10 feel deep. The apples arc put in shallow
bins, of which there are 30, which hold 8 bushels
each. — Thus, it will be perceived, the object has been
obtained. We have a place to keep our hogs and
their feed, whether green or dry, and prepare it, all
under the same roof.

FEEDING HOGS, ETC.

We took up our hogs from the stubble and or-
chard, the 21st September, and commenced feeding
with cooked apples and bran — 2 bushels of bran and
3 quarts of salt to 20 bushels of apples. After
the apples were gone, wo fed with pumpkins and po-
tatoes boiled with meal (corn and cob ground to.
gether.) Then with pudding fermented, 10 bushels
of meal to 6 barrels of water, and closed with four
weeks feeding boiled corn. Salt was used uniformly,
at the rate of two quarts to a vat, whether meal,
corn, or potatoes. The potatoes were boiled and
mashed in the same water, while hot, and meal mix-
ed with them. Our hogs thrive well, which satisfies
mctbal it is an error to suppose the water in which
ihe potatoes arc cooked, is injurious. The corn was
cooked by making the water boiling hot, then put in
15 bushels of corn and let it soak for at least 12
hours, then put on the steam. It requires about 12
hours to cook the corn after it has soaked, and
when you commence, the corn should only be cov.
ered with water. The hogs cat the boiled corn with

al the mill, and the trouble of milling, vvbicn, to-
gether, is something of an item. The ectu. should

be stiamcd till il turns rather brown, and loses its
white, parboiled appearance. Wo IKavc never fed
bogs any thing that has made 6h«m lay on fat equal
lo the boiled corn. We feed no water, as after re.
pcalSii trials the hogs would not drink il, tliaugh
none is ."fed with the corn except what the kernel has
imbibed in cookmg. Al least one.quarlcr is saved
by cooking, and then there is considerable gain ia
not feeding until after fermenlalion.

Wo shut up our store hogs, feed them with boiled
potatoes and provender, and keep them in thrifty
condition till they are turned out to grass in th{^
spring. We keep all our hogs, whether store or
fat, well littered with clean dry straw.

Perhaps I liave been tedious. If so, my desire to
contribute my mile is the only excuse.

Sincerely yours, T. C. PETERS.

Darien, January S, 1841.

p. s Will some of your chemical friends givo

you a bill of such articles as a farmer would require
for a cheap Libratory ?

T. C. Peters's Piggery.
Fig. 1.

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' iJJ E

£i(«

Fig. 1. Ground plan.

A, B, Front, 60 by 20 ft.- the part B two story.

P, P, &c., pens, 10 by 13, with alley between.

D, kitchen; a, arch anil furnace; i, boiler; 1, sup-
ply barrel for boiler; 2, chimney, 8 inch stove pipo;
3, steam pipe; 4, safety valves d, drain, to, water
cistern, supplied from spring, and raised to vats, &c.,
by pump; 5, stairs to cellar; 6, cellar door, — the
kitchen part is 5 feet below the floor; r, v, r, v, the
vats in which the cooking is done, and which are on
the same level with the pens, and from which the food
ia carried direct to the pens; s, stairs to second story,
which is a very useful store-room, ae well as die part
A; E, E, &c., door; y, platform over part of furnace
and boiler.

FiR. 2. E, side view of pcr.s; 1, 1, 1, swine doors
with windows over — the windows are 6 lighted, 7 by
9 gloss, and are made to slide down when necessary.

Darien, N. Y- T. C. PETERS.

Pump logs, for conducting water, made of perishable
wood, may be preserved a long time under ground hy
, ,. . ,, , , ,. .surroundinn them with ashes or lime, and the joints

great avidity, and digest it as well as the puddiny. ^^^^^^^ ^^ cemented with tor. Those always hlled
The saving in cooking the corn is, the toll aj'd waste ■^vith water will lust longar than if occasional ly emptjr

^6

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Compost Heaps.

The following most excellent remarks on the man.
ufacluro of compost, arc richly worth the perusal ot
every farmer, old or young, rich or poor. Most of
them have the merit of being as applicable to this
country as to England. Every sentence is full of
meaning, and wc &re tempted almost to print one
half of the article at least, in italics. Most of our
ftrmcrs have yet to lake the first step in the prop.
tr management of manures — a thing, which if well
understood and attended to, would, in a few years,
triple the pioducts of the country, and, to speak
Tery moderately indeed, be worth yearly to the coun-
try IIUNDRCO* OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS. We think

there will be no difficulty in proving this. If the
writer of the following remarks had mentioned lime
ax a component part of his compost heap, we think
it would have been better, as wc consider this ingre.
dicnt as indispcnsible.

From the Jvurnal of the English Agricultural Society.

XS ESSAY

On making Compost heaps from liquids and other
suhstiinccs ; tcritlen on the eridcnce of many years
experience — To ichick the prize nj' ten sovereigns
was awarded — B^Jamks Dixu.v, Esq.y Secretary
to the Manchester Agriailtural Society.
The force and power of an agriculturist to pro.
duce good crops, mainly depends on the manures he
can command ; and how to derive the greatest possi.
ble benefits from his immediate resources, is one of
the most useful subjects that can engage his atten-
tion. The English Agricultural Society having of-
fered a premium for the best mode of making com.
post heaps, I venture to forward the eommiltee my
ideas on this most important branch of rural man-
agement; and in doing this I shall slate the course
I have pursued in this particular for many years,
and which every additional experience inclines me
not to make any systematic alteration.

My farm is a strong, retentive soil, on a substra-
tum of ferruginous cLiy ; and being many times
disappointed in what 1 considered reasonable antici-
pations of good crops, I determined on a new sys.
tem of manuring. Though quite satisfied of the
expense which would necessarily be incurred by my
plan, I still determined on its adoption. At the on-
»et I etfectually drained a considerable part of my
farm. My next object was liow to improve its tex-
ture at the least cost— (perhaps I may be allowed to
stale that my holding has always been at rack-rent ;)
for this purpose we carled great quantities of fine
sawdust and peath earth or bog ; we had so far to go
for the latter, that two horses would fetch little more
than thrie tons in one day — '>ne horse would fetch
three cart-louds of sawdust in the same time. Ha-
ving brought great quantities of peat and sawdust
into my farm yard, I laid out for the bottom of a
compost heap, a space of considerable dimensions,
and about three feet in depth ; three. fourtli.s of this
bottom was peat, the rest sawdust ; on this we con-
veyed daily the dung from tiie cattle sheds, the
urine is also conducted through channels to wills for
its reception, (one on each >ide of tlie compost heap;)
common water is entirely prevented from mixing
with it. Every second day the urine so collected is
thrown over the whole mass with a scoop, and at the
•ame time we regulate the accumuUled dung. Ti is
being continued for a week, another layer, nine in-
ches or a foot thick, of peal and sawdust (and fre-
quently peat without sa.vdust) is wheeled on the ac.
cumulated heap. Tl.c.-c matters arc continually
added to each other during winter, and in addition
once in evciy week never less than 25 ewt., more
frequently 50 cwt., of night soil and urine ; the lat.
terare always laid next above the peat or bog earth,
as we think it acceler.-ite3 their decomposition. It
is perhaps proper here to state that the peat is dug
and exposed to the alternations of the weather for
■everal months before it is brought to the heap for
admixture; by this it loses much of its moisture. —
In some c;ascs, peat contains acid or astringent mat.
ters, which are injurious to useful vegetation. On
this I have not tried any decided experiments, but
f^in led to the supposition by frequeniiysecingstonos,
fi^if)o in a partial state of deeoinposilion, others
who'-ly decomposed in bogs, and at 'he depth of se.
rvral foct IfQm the surface. Some years' experience

has convinced me of the impropriety of using recent-
ly dug peal; proceeding in the manner 1 recom
mend, it is superior, and more convenient on every
account — much lighter to cart to the farm yard or
any other situation where it is wanted ; and so con-
vincjd am I of its utility in compcsls of every des
eriptinn of soil, except that of its own character,
that whtrcverit can be laid down on a farm at less
than 4s. per ton, I should recommend to every agri
culturist and horticulturist thai can command it,
even at the cost here stated, to give it a fair trial.
So retentive and attractive of moisture is peat, that
if liberally applied to any arid, sandy soil, that toil
does not burn in a dry season, and it so much iin-
piovcs llie texture and increases the produce of an
obdurate clay soil, if in other respects riglitly ruiti
vatcd, that actual experience alone can fairly deter.
mine its vnlue.

For the conveyance of night soil and mine, wc
have the largest and strongest casks, such as oils are
imported in ; the top of which is provided with a
funnel to put the matters through, and the casks are
fixed on wheels like those of a common dung cart.
For the convenience of emptying this carriage, the
compost heaps are always lower at one end ; the
highest is where we discharge the conlcnts, in or-
der that they in some degree spread over the wiiolc
accumulation : the situation on which the wheels of
these can i.iges stand while being discharged is rais.
ed considerably ; this we iind convenient, as the
compost heap may be ^lopcd six or seven feet high :
low compost heaps, in my opinion, sliould be avoid,
ed. The plan here recommended, I have carried on
for some time. I find no difficulty in manuring my
farm over once in two years; by this repetition I
keep up the fertility of my land, and it never requires
more than a moderate apulicationof manure.

I am fully aware that there are many localities
where neiiher peat nor night.soil can be readily ob-
tained ; but it is worth a farmer's wliile to go even
more than twenty miles for the latter substance, pro-
vided he can have it without deterioration : the orig-
inal cost is often trifling. On a farm where turnips
or mangold are cultivated to some extent, the sys.
tem here recommended will be almost incaleulabl,
advantageous ; a single home is sufficient for one
carriage — mine hold upwards of a ton each ; six
tons of tins manure in compost with peat, or, if that
is not convenient, any other matters, such as ditch
scourings, or high headlands which have been pro-
perly prepared and laid in a dry heap for some time,
would be amply sufficient for an acre of mangold
or turnips. This manure is by far the most invig.
orating of any I have ever yet tried ; bones in any
state will bear no comparison with it tor any crop;
but it must be remembered that I write on the sup.
position that it has not been reduced in stiingth be.
fore it is fetched.

Convenience frequently suggests that com^'ost
heaps should be raised on different parts of a farm ;
but, unless in particular instances, it is well to have
them in the yard ; in it all the urine from the cattle
stalls may be employed with the greatest economy ;
and be it remembered that itie urine from animals,
in given weights, is more powerful than their solid
excrcincnts.* How important then must it bt- to the
farmer to make the most c.ireful use of this liquid.
It is sometimes carted on the land, but that practice
will not bear a comparison with making it into com.
posts in the manner here recommended. Great
waste is often made in putrescent manures after
tlicy are culled on the land ; instead of hein;r im-
mediately covered or incorporated with the soil, we
nolunfrcquently see them exposed for days together
in the hot rays of a scorching sun, or to the injuri.
ous influences of a dry W'ind. I have before slated
that compost heaps shoulj on many considerations
he raiscti in the (arm yard ; still, circumstances are
Ireqncntly such that it is more proper to make them
at some distance in the fields. If a headland be.
comes too high by frequent ploughings or working
of the land, in that case it should be ploughed at the
tinic when clover or mi.vcd grass seeds are sown
with a wl:ite crop, for instance, barley or oats, and
clover for the year following : a headland miglit
then be plougheil, and a number of cart loads of
some niiinure heaped from one end lo the othfr. Im-
mediately after this it should be trenched with the
spade (or what is sometimes called digging) and

* This imiBl be Inltcn w<t)l some liinltiition^, for uriiu; eon-
lains lie to Il.» per rent, oi water; uiid uniinxcit diiiii,' coii-
laiiisiiil ilie salts of urine, besides mui.li mucus and other
»ut)»tftiice».— W.l*. Uham.

ridged high, in order that an action should take
place between the soil and manure ; bv this means
the mass would soon be in a condition for turning
over, and any oitch scourings, or other matters which
had not in the first instance been used, might now
be added to the mixture. The heap should then be
allowed to remain closed for a few weeks, then turn-
ed over again ; at this turning, in all probability, the
mass would be much raducod ; if sufficiently redu-
ced, raise the ridge of compost well on both sides,
but, instead of its top being pointed, make a trench
or cavity on the top from one end of the heap to the
other. This cavity should be made tolerably retcn.
live of moisture, which may be effected by treading
with the feet ; carriages of night soil or urine from
the cattle stalls may then be emptied into the
trench, and the bulk of the heap would determine
how many were required ; this being done, a little
earth should be thrown into the trench, and the
heap allowed to remain in that state until the mid.
die or latter end of autumn ; it will then be ready for
another turning ; but at this time care must be la.
ken to have the heap well made up at the sides and
pointed at the top ; in this situation rain will be
thrown off, and the compost preserved dry until win-
ter presents some favorable opportunity fur laying it
on the young clover, wheat, or for making any oth-
er use of it which may be required.

The beneficial effects of top dressing young clo-
vers or mixed grass seeds is scarcely ever regarded
with due attention. By this help, crops are not only
much increased, even 30 or 50 per cent., but ihey
are also ready for cutting much sooner, which in a
backward -spring gives the slock farmer inestimable
advantages for sorting his cattle, and thereby raising
manure at his pleasure. The full effects of this
practice 1 first experienced in the dry season of 1S26:
I had some clovers which had been manured the
previous winter; my land was soon covered with
crop, and that so vigorous a one, that the hot wea-
ther did not overpower it. My cows that summer
were tied up during the day-time, and in the night
they were turned out into the pastures ; most of the
slock in my district were much distressed from over-
heal as well as from being short of food for some
weeks; milk yielded little butter, scarcely any for a
time was oflered in our large market town : — no
doubt that year will be remembered by many gentle,
men on the Agricultural Society's committee. I,
however, was under no difficulties on account of
the season: my clovers produced plenty of food for
my cattle, and in return they yielded as much milk
and butter as I ever recollect from the same num-
ber. I am persuaded that the same satisfactory re-
sults would have followed if the same system had
tieen adopted for feeding; it was that year my at-
tention was first directed to raising compost heaps
from urine. This 1 now do frequently without the
help of any dung fiom the cattle stalls; the same
occasion called my mind to another matter well
worthy every farmer's attention. — I allude lo the
great superiority of the manure raised in summer
soiling to that produced in the stalls during winlcr-
l very believe the difference is fifty per cent., unless
stock are fed in a great measure during winter with
artificial food.

In an arrangement for making compost heaps
from urine, I would recommend a receptacle to be
made at the back of the cattle stalls just outside the
building ; this should hold about twenty cartloads
of mould, or any oilier matters to be employed ; if its
situation were a little lower than the cattle sheds,
all the urine would pass into it, and there remain
until the mass is completely saturated, which will
be sufficient ; when the earthy matters are covered
over with it, the compost may then be thrown out
and Ihe proceeding again renewed. In order to
show part of the benefits of this practice, I beg heie
to observe that the most foul or weedy mould may
be used ; the action of ihe urine, if not reduced by
waler, is so powerful, that wire worms, black slug,
many other destroying insects, and all vegetables,
weeds, ^c., when in contact with the urine for a
time, are deprived of their living functions. The
situation for raising this compost should be protected
from the weather by a covering similar lo a cart
shed ; indeed the deteriorating influences of rain, sun,
and arid winds, on all putrescent matters or com
post, are so serious, that, in my humble judgment,
it would be worth while to have places under cover
where these are nsiia ly laid down.

I beg lo conclude liiis essay with some observa-
tions made on a former occasion : No amelioration

I

No. 2.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

27

connected wiHuhe rural art is of the more la.-ting
importance than correcting the constitutional dc.
fects of i soil. Tlie hcst horticulturists and market
gatdeners are many of them perhaps unacquainted
with the theorj', yet perfectly understand the i;reat
results from tliat practice; and in this particular
information, they are all of them superior to many
practical farmers. How often do \Vf see a stiff soil
sterile in a <jreat degree from that cause only ; yet
in the vicinity of a sandpit and adjoining most bog-;
there is a considerable breadth of coherent land,
which might be made double its present value, by
judicsous and liberal top dres-sings of peat, which is
also unproductive from causes of a contrary nature.
The present poverty of many extensive tracts of
land is a minifest exhibition of the want of skill or
enterprise of their ow.iers and cultivators.

Public Lauds— Emigrants.

Prior to the year Z835, the sales of public lands had
not averaged more than three millions per annum. In
the year 1836, however, in consequence of the specu-
lation mania of that period, the sales of a single year
nmouiued to about lifteen millions, and formed one of
the principal items in the vast increase of the public
revenue. In 1837, they were suddenly reduced to a-
bout the usual amount.

So vast, however, is the public domain, so great the
emigration, both foreign and domestic, and so very fer-
tile and tempting the broad plains of iflinois, Indiana,
Iowa, and Missouri, that the permanent average
amount of public land sales is now very much increas-
ed.

It appears that in the year 1838, the number of acres
sold was 3,iU,907. The purchase money $4,305.-
554. During the three tirst quarters of the year 1839,
the returns showed the following results : —

Acres sold, 3,771,994

Purchase money, $4,766,852

Averaging the 4th quarter, we have receips for 1839,
$5,958,565.

The year 1839 was not deemed a prosperous year,
and yet in that year we have the large amount of about
six millions of dollars, received into the treasury on
account of public lands. This may be deemed some-
thing like the future average receipts from this source
of revenue.

If we suppose 160 acres to be the average quantity
bought by each person, (and we suppose it is very near
it,) there must be S4,000 persons buy public lands each
year. This number, as heads of families, represent
120,000 persons. Of this aggregate, about 70,000
are foreign emigrants, and the residue domestic popu-
lation, changing residence.

This result correiponds very nearly, we believe,
with the actual fact. Such a fact as this shows how
rapidly our population is changing, and with what gi-
gantic strides the vast waves of the people move over
the face of our country. In ten years, more than a
million of people have moved from the shores of the
Hudson, the Connecticut, and the Delaware, or the
more distant lands of England, Ireland, and Germa-
ny, to s.tileon the plains of the West. And in ten
years more, this million will add from three to four
hundred thousand to their number, by natural in-
crease; and thus is the Great Western Empire exten-
ding its limits and multiplying its numbers in a con-
stantly increasijig proportion. — Cincinnati Chronicle.

The Riches of the West.

We have before us the agricultural returns of nine
townships of Monroe county, N. Y., containing 22,-
000 people. The result is astonishing. It is proof
conclusive of the immense ond almost illimitable re-
sources of these heaven-blessed United States. These
towns produce in gross as follows : —

1. Wheat, . 5.58,000 bushels.

2. Oats, 245,000 "

3. Corn, 184,000 "

4. Potatoes, 320,000 "

5. Susar, 110,000 lbs.

6. Spirituous liquors, 2,200 bbls.

The above is only a part ! Such trifling affairs as
horses, hay, dairies, manufactures, &c. &c., we have
not added up. But look at the result. Every living
soul, mm, woman, and child, has in the allotment"
as its share in the productions, 25 bushels of wbeat,12
bushels of oats, 9 bushels of corn, 14 bushels of pota-
toes, 5 lbs. of sugar, &c. Or any head of a family
has 150 bushels of wheat, 72 of oats, 54 of corn, 84
of potatoes, and 31) lbs of sugar.

Taken as a whole, these townships raise at least
four timzs as much bread stuffs as are necessary for
their consumption, and other things in proportion !

But if the reader be n little surprised at this, he will
be more so, when he Icnrns that these same towns
made $105,000 worth of butter .and cheese; raieeil
$32,000 worth of fruit; made .'};40,000 worth of
home eloih; and produced ,'jji450,000 worth of manu-
factured articles; or .'ij!30,00 a piece for each living
soul. This afi;>rd8 matter for comment, not only on
ihe physical but the moral condition of the county —
None but a country m the highest moral condition,
can produce Eut-h a result. Thete people are not only
well off, independent, but they are the richest in the
world. Nor is this an isolaterl example. Our own
Western Reserve will show the eaifie result; so will
many other districts.

Beside these wheat fields rise the village church
and the village school. There are happy faces, young
and old, around them. Long may they enjoy the
peaceful fruits of happy, independent labor I — Cincin-
nati Chronicle.

Riches of Ohio.

We have taken occasion to illustrate the great re-
sources of our country, and especially the Western
portion of it, by the statistics of a | art of Monroe
county, N. Y. The result of tliat inquiry was, that
the people of that section actually raised near^re
times as much l/rcad-sti/Jf' as they could consume, and
ihevefoie four ff tits ot it was positive profit.

We shall now continue the illustration of this fact,
by the a^gricidtaral statistics of Wayne county, Ohio,
as published in the W ooster Democrat.

Wayne county is a large county, containing some
700, or 800 square miles, on the great central table
land of the State; partaking of the same general
character as that vast plateau which extends from the
foot of the AlleghnniBS to the Mississippi. It is not
intersected by any of the great internal improvements
(canal or railroad) in the State. It is therefore a fair
specimen of the agricultural condition of Ohio.

The county of Wayne contains about 8,000 male
adults, which may therefore stand as representatives
of the families. Of these, 7,000 or 7-8lh8 of the
whole are farmers.

We will now see what proportion of bread-stuffs,
or what may be deemed the staff of life to man, is
raised in this county.

Wheat, ... 753,000 bushels.

Rye, 50,000 "

Buckwheat, 20,000 "

Corn, 3;)5,000 "

Potatoes, 132,000 "

Of these articles we may exclude Ironi men corn,
which, though bread-st!tff\ is in Ohio chiefly fed to
animals, and 'mc\\iie ]iotaloes, of which man is almost
the only consumer. We have then, 945,000 bushels
of grain, or its equivalent, used as the food of man.

Allowing the usual averoge for the consumption of
these articles by the population of Wayne, and the re-
sult is that the people there rmaefour and a half times
as much bread-stulT as they consume. In other words,
of 4J bushels of grain raised in that county, 3J may
be set down for exportation. In this great fact we see
how it is that such enormous amounts of flour arrive
at the ports of Buffalo and New Orleans. At Buffa-
lo, 27,000 barrels of Ohio flour arrived in a single day I
But this is only one side of the statistics of this coun-
ty. 'I'here are raised in it,

Oats, 543,000 bushels.

Hay, 38,000 tons.

Wool, 120,000 lbs.

Sugar, 177,000 "

Horses ond Mules, 82,000

Hogs .35,000

Sheep, 75,000

And, we may add, there are less than 1500 barrels
of Whiskey made in the county.

We give these I'acts as specimens of the domestic
industry, and the substantial wealth of this prosperous
nation. We doubt whether any thing like it can be
found in the hislory of nations. It is every man
(with (e\v rare exceptions) silting under his own (not
vine and tig tree) fruit trees, looking over his own
waving fields, enjoying the rewards of his own labor,
secured by wi.-e and equal laws, under a free govern-
ment and a merciful Providence. It brings us back, in
idea, to the days of Abroham, with the addition of
blessings which Abraham knew not of. This is De-
mocracy in America, which neither needs the com-
ments of Philosophy nor the songs of Poetry to be
seen, felt, and understood. — Cincinnati Chronicle.

Apple Molasses.

The Ohio Farmer gives the following mode of ma-
king apple molasses, and we hove no doubt that it is
more swset, and for some purpeses superior to that

made by boiling down the juice or cider; for this will
be likely to change in some measure by the vinous
fermentation, before it can be boiled down. — American.
Farmer.

"ArPLF, Molasses There is many a good house-
wife who has more faith in her own experience thon
in the science of chemistry, that knows not the value
of api'le molasses; but still believes it to be the some
kind of tort, smoky, worthless slufl'that has from time
immemorial been made by boiling down cider. It is
not within my province, at ibis time, to attempt to
convince such that there is a chemical diflercnce,
though it might easily be shown that they are almost
as different os sugar and vinegar. I would, howev-
er, invite them to loy aside their cider this year, and
try the plan of boiling down the juice of the apple
that has not been exposed to the air by grinding and
pressing.

Lost autumn I placed a number of bushels of
Wetherill's sweeting apples in two large braes kettles,
with water just sufficient to steam them: when they
boiled soft, I turned them inio a new splinter boeke',
containing some straw, and placed on them a barrel
nead and a heavy weight. The juice was caught in a
tub. This was repeated until 1 had juice enough to
fill the kettle, when I commenced boiling down, and
attended to it strictly, till it became of the consistency
of cane molasses. The native acids of the fruit, im
parted a peculiar flavor, otherwise it could hardly be
distinguished from the syrup of the cone. It was used
in my fomily for moking sweetmeats, pies, for dres
sing on puddings ond griddle cakes, and a variety ot
other purposes. The cost of making is very trifling,
and the means are within the reach of every former."

Horticulture.

BY MRS. I.VLUA U. 5IGOURNEY.

If the admiration of the beautiful things of nature,
has a tendency to soften and refine the character, the
culture of them has a still more powerful and abiding
influence. It takes the form of an affection. The
seed which we have nursed, the tree of our planting,
under whose fhade we sit with delight, are to us, aa
living, loving friends. In proportion to the care wo
have bestowed on them, is the warmth of our regard.
They are also gentle and persuasive teachers of Hia
goodness, who causcth the sun to shine and the dew to
distil; who forgets not the tender buried vine amid the
snows and ice of winter, but bringeth forth the root
long hidden from the eye of man, into vernal splendor,
or autumnal fruitage.

The lessons learned among the works of nature are
of peculiar value in the present age. The restless-
ness and din of the rail road principles, which per-
vades its operations, and the spirit of accumulotion
which threatens to corrode every geneious sensibility,
are modified by the sweet friendship of the quiet
plants. The toil, the hurry, the speculation, the sud-
den reverse which mark our own times, beyond any
that have preceded them, render it peculiarly salutary
for us to heed the admonition of our Saviour, and toke
instruction from the lilies of the field, those peoceful
denizens of the bounty of heaven.

Horticulture has been pronounced by medical men,
as salutary to health, and to cheerfulness of spirits;
and it would seem that this theory might be sustained,
by the placid and happy countenances of those who
use it as a relaxation from the excitement of business,
or the exhaustion of study. And if he, who devotes
his leisure to the culture of the works of nature, bene-
fits himself — he who beautifies a garden for the eye of
the community, is surely a public benefactor. He in-
stils into the bosom of the man of the world, panting
with the gold fever, gentle thoughts, which do good
like a medicine. He cheers the desponding involid,
and makestheeyeof the child brighten with a more in-
tense happiness. He furnishes pure aliment for that
taste which refines character and multiplies simple
pleasures. To those who earn their substance by la-
boring on his grounds, he stands in the light of a ben-
efactor. The kind of industry which he promotes, is
favorable to simplicity and virtue. With one of the
sweetest poets of our mother land, we may soy,

" Praise to tlie sturdy spade,

And patent plough, and sl'iepllcrd's simple crook.
And let the light ineohanie's tool lie hailed
tVith honor, which encasing liy the power
Of long companionship, the Ial;orer's hand.
Cut otr that hand, with ali its world of nerves.
From a too busy commerce with the heart."

Ladift Bofyk.

Beauty. — Af'er all, the most natural beauty in the
world is honesty ond truth. For oil benuiy is truth.
True features make the beouty of a face; and Vu?
proportions the beauty of architecture; as irtip (»ea.i
sures that of harmony and music. In puQiry, wliiclt
ia all fable, truth still is the perfection.

28

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

CENSUS AND STATISTICS OF 3I0N110E COUNTY.

o

TS

a

1

SI

n

22

1

P

0

p

n

13
o

p

2

00
O

c
- 3

5'^

5

r.

7q ^

i i

r. c

3 s:o

-. 2 '-

a P

TOWNS.

5'

c
n

3

M

a

1

"1

X

e

o_

00 '^

CO ^

c
a

si

0*

< s
— e

S c-C.

• - p

— ^ B
T P K

|2>

Mcndon,

3J56

1094

253-

12572

3778

84903

44705

32565

.^7644

3721

11540

1345

»9330

»4211

SG592

•27000

$1300,147470

Penficld,

28J2

826

1926

5746

3336

49lii2

36812

23907

(^1648

2312

CISC

1884

4776

4992

6225

31550

2200 98600

2513

747

2239

6-,'Ob

2933

6;'489

3i:7i

24112 43 64

27.38

8461

1472

9336

3192

5581

18500

lOOil 28490

Brigliion,
Webslcr,

2337

689

1313

4223

2210

335t>!)

21397

15717 49450

3226

1300

3752

6489

3920

2:i95

500

7700

2235

666

1966

(274

2353

35(147

27.-9^

21945 41066' 2823,

6120

1145

867(.

4132

6094

9000

2000

18025

Hcnriclta,

2(185

776

2146

9589

3 54

79446

33866

22G4G 34il0

3851

2OO16

2217

8441

5168

5008

30000

4500

Pit sford,

1963

639

1534

5195

2349

4r.s09

19669

14225

21007

2400

2875

661

6680

4-.io0

W591

3311OO

1000

260(50

Rush,

1929

673

1690

7209

2706

679 i 9

25451

19457

20531

S245

13190

1153

4'j'io

2645

3167

10500

300 21200

Sweden, ^
Brockport, ^
c'larkson.

:Rrt4

1249

844

1778

7690

3777

64802

23999 21136

26204

2441

16r(.'^

15Sil

8967

3714

5472

57000

4070 23400

3486

1103

2964

9776

5161

7)865

44436

338531 52133

3453I 1 635:1

2331

12358

2980

778G

'.'600

1200 11000

Ogdeii,

24(14

T6?

1663

7613

3104

6(1606

29892

22710 34956,' 2i83 212451

2633

8425

3168

5724

11-800

1200 7450

Parmi,

2G52

823

246:2

7410

38 6

48688

38774

21975 43-; j5 3127

12669

957

11403

2801

5445

11200

1550 32500

Grecoe,

3669

986

2559

6794

3859

60349

31080

286061 60253 3637

7OI81IOO74

41216

6656

4696

5400

470 4355

^Mitailand,

2871

753

I7i9

9849

3016

1 06229

17539] 22CS1

•i9373 2950

23271 1667

6184

3083

3460

45900

4675 251250

Riga,

(988

774

1637

12354

3517

79117

S582'., 20012

24668 2685

21175] 1619

6385

3:182

4650

11 000

1000 6410

Chili,

2174

789

.929

866li

3074

G7475

35904

21313

326r<2 36-5

9406

1873

9272

4816

4(14

18500

760 312S.2

Gates,

1728

493

1 (132

3293

1742

3039(1

16319

13926

4 001 2220

208G

71-59

4011

2964

lo50

1000

850 715082

Iroildcqnoit,

lv'52

y29

725

1507

Hull

1.1067

6676

11180

22895 1223

740

4506

2446

1222

530

3600

Rochester,

20129

3139

1506

8921 3264

1

18158

11819

1170.5/ 24440 1 1496

5580

1920
69716

1 1651975

Total.

61861

12992

32071

127468

51S43

1041498

497860

38 9 8 677624 48715

179661

41287

176114

81288

329950

28575

2570627

For the i\Vw Genesee Farmer.

ARricaltnral Societies— Legislative Aid.

Messrs. Editors — The increased circulation, and
great improvement, of our agricultural journals, and
the formaiion of the numerous agricultural socieues,
■with their splendid exhibitions, the past season, afford
cheering evidence that the cultivators of the soil, aie
beginning to realize the importance of useful instruc-
tion and prncticnl improvementB.

I am also glad to perceive that farmers begin to
think it is time for the Legislature to assist them in
the laudable work of improvement. I am not strenu-
ous respecting my individual views, but it is my pre-
sent opinion that an ngricnliural survey of the State,
would meet with less opposition, and perhaps be more
generally uselul at present than appropriations to coun-
ty societies, provided the societies can be sustained
wiUiout sucit aid, but if they cannot be otherwise sus-
tained, then, I say, the sooner siich aid is obtained
the better ; for I consider their support very essential
to agricnUnrnl improrcmrnt.

I am aware that many objections ore brought n-
gainstour societies, and some of them not without rea-
son, I do not suppose it is possible to conduct them
in euch a manner as to please all; but it appears to nie
that some plan can be devised by which many of the
most serious objections might be removed, and the
Tissfiilncss of the societies be made more general
«nd e.\lenaivc. It is my opinion that premiums ought
never to be given for single acres ot produce, unless
for the purpose of introducing some new production;
as it to^ frequently withdraws the attention of the far-
mer from his other crops, and the large amount of the
premium crop when compared with average produc-
tions, often causes doubts as to the correctness of the
statements; and the love of preeminence often causes
the unsuecessfiil competitor to feel dissatisfied.

If wc can obtain Legislative aid, our societies should
be remodL'leJ; and I will now suggest a plan for the
purpose, in hopes that some abler pen will improve it,
or propose n better.

Resjiectmg the amount which the Legislature
ought to api'^ropriate, I am of the opinion that ,'ji!200
for ei-U member o.*" Assembly would not be too great
J sum for the J-lmpire Siite to bestow for the encour
vguiDtiit of productive industry; and it ought not to
)€ foi l»se than leu y.cft.rs. Each county society ought

to raise a sum equal to that which is received from the
State.

i would suggest that each county society consist of
the usual officers, together with a publishing commit-
tee; to hold annual Fairs for the exhibition of stock,
prcjductions, implements, and domestic manufactures;
but no premiums to be awarded to indicidiials at the

ounty Fair — the towns only to compete. The mon-
ey received from the State by the county, to be divi-
ded among the towns, according to their ratio of popu-

ation, provided they raise an equal amount by volun-
tary contributions, and conform to the requisitions ol
the law. Each town to form a society auxiliary lo the
county society, to consist of the usual officers, togeth-

r «ith a viewing committee of three, whose duty
^hall be to examine the farms and crops in the town,
at least twice in each season, and make an annual re-
port of their inspections, to the county society. These
reports should contain, ns far as practicable, an agricul-

ural survey of each town; and the committee men
should receive a compensation for their time. Encb
town society to hold an annual Fair, at least one week
previous to the county Fair, and to award premiums
to those who raise the greatest avcrogc crops, and to
ibe persons exhibiting the best slock, *.te., as usual.
Each person receiving a premium at the town Fairs,
to be required to attend the county Fair; where the
towns, and not individuals, ore to he competilors.
Each competitor to give all necessary information as
to raising, breeding, &c., as usual, and all the state-
ments and reports to be handed to the county commit-
tee for publication.

Any towns neglecting to raise the necessary amount,
their quota of the public funds to be distributed omong
the other towns, but any town raising part of the sum

cquired, shall be entitled to an equal amount from the
public fund. Any county neglecting to comply with

lie requisitions of the law, of course the money would

smain in the Slate treasury.

1 think the foregoing plan would remove many ol
the objections which ore made against our present so-

MCties. and would bring the improvements more gene-
rally home to each cultivator. If the towns tvouhl

nnstly co-operate in the plan, there would be splendid

:ounty exhibitions.
I hope others will coinmunicntc their views on this

subject, in order that the best plan may be devised and
adopted. Respectfully yours,

W. GARBUTT.
Wheatland, Januanj 22, 1841.

Remarks. — The plan proposed by our esteemed
correspondent, embraces many suggestions deserving
of consideration; but we apprehend that a difficulty, to

hich he alludes in his closing paragraph, will, for
some years at least, prevent the possibility of its suc-
cessful application. Thee are not a sufficient num-
ber of spirited farmers in the majority of towns to se-
cure their co-operations. The plan is new to us, how-
ever, and we hope to hear from others on the subject.

Eds.

Hour Ail.

We wish to call the attention of our correspondent
N., whose communication on this subject appears in
another column, to an experiment reported in the
eighth volume of the old Genesee Farmer, page 156,
by Hemon Chapin, of East Bloonifield A calf,
which had been slightly aficcted with hoof ail, but bad
nearly recovered, vx-as fed (mixed with bran) one quart
ii day of the ergot of spear grass, which had been care-
fully obtained and cleaned for that purpose, until he
had eaten a bushel of it. Itdid not produce the slight-
est apparent effiict on his health, although often and
closely examined. On the 189th page he will find an
account of several cattle affected with the hoof ail
which were fed wholly on corn stalks. These, and
the fact we have often observed, of cattle eating hay,
the winter ihrousjh, which contained vast quantities of
ergot, v^'ilhout being at all affected, serve at least to
throw doubt on the opinion our correspondent express-
es. The remedy he proposes, of sowing the hoof,
we have found the most effectual of any tried. The

emedyof H. E. Hubbard, following his communica-
ion, given from the Cultivator, we presume applies to
the "y««nn the foot," a disease quite distinct from
the hoof nil, and which is also cured by the opplication
of hot tar, which is done by rubbing a hot iron rod,

lipped in tar, between the claws at the upper part of
the foot. *

Market tOt Cocoons.

We are oskcd if there is any market for cocoons in
this vicinity. Ifany person is desirous of purchasing
lihem, we should be glad to be informed of it. — Ee^

No. 2.

THE M VGAZINE OF HORTlCuLflHE,

Sotany, and all useful di^caicries in 'Rural a^uirs-
Ediled, by C. M. Hovi^i;,, '^ston-AO pages,
monmy-^Zp^y^af. M. B, BatJehAm, ,-lycW,

We have received the first nuhibci' of the 7th vo.
-"-^ observe the edil-
Inme of this eScellent Magazine, -..-
or very j«st1y ooile «pon the friends of hort.culiare lor
«n increoae of potronngc. We npprehend th»t nothing
but a waut of a pioper knowledge of this work enn

^^^^J^M5?N'E-R%l0URN^

\L.

prevent its receiving

B liberE! support. It is the only

and will

periodical of the kind in the United Slates,
not suffer by a comparison with the most popular maga-
zines in England (whieli it very much re^?!"" ' '
To the nurseryman and proicsst-u ""^.ei, it will dc
found indispensable to a knowledge of the various im-
provements and discoveries which are constantly ma-
king. And the amateur gardener or florist will find it
give new zest to thes^- deligblful pursuits.

We extract the following article from the January
number.

Hovticnlture in Western New York.
It is now two years since any report was given in
the Magazine, iCopecting horticulture in Western
New York; and, although we cannot boast of any
greot advancement, we are unwilling that old Gene-
flee ehould be quite forgotten in your annual retros-
pect of gardening. A lew years ago, it was thought
that this section of country would make rapid progress
in scientific and ornamental horticulture; but a cloud
of adversity came over our prospects, and we wore
compelled to confine our attention to the necessaries,
and neglect the luxuries o{ life. It is believed, how-
ever, that a brighter day begins to dawn, and prosperi-
ty will again smile upon us; so that we siill hope to
flee this l(:rtile region become as celebrated fi-r its at-
tainments in horticulture as it now is for its natural
advantages.

My time and space, at this time, will only allow me
to glance at a lew of the principal gardens, and I Ehal!
confine my remarks to those which have green-houses.
At Rochester, the green-honse and nursery estab-
lishment, commenced in 1834, by Reynolds &
B'lleham, is now owned by Messrs. F.llwangcr &
Barry, who have removed it a little out of the city,
near INLnint Hope Cenietry, where they have pnrcha-
eod a fine piece of ground, and erected a good green-
house and hot-house, which are already well stocked
with plants. Mr. Ellwaiiger has imported some fine
plants, mostly Cactce and camellias, from hie native
country, Gi-rniany. They are making arrangements
for planting an extensive nursery, and if industry and
skill will insure success, these young men will surely
euc^-eed.

The nursery of Mr. Asa Rowe, si-i miles from Ro-
chester, is the iildest and most e.xteneive in this vicini-
ty. Mr. Rowe has a arg greenhouse, and a good
collection of comm n p mits, but, owing to the small
demand fur rare , la us, he has not added many
to his assortment ol late. liisatteniion is mainly be-
stowed to the growing of fruit trees, of which his
sales have been e.^tcnsive.

Mr. Wilham King has erected a small green-house
in the city, the past summer, and made a good begin-
ning, all things considered.

Rochester cannot yet boast of one private green-
touse, although many families cultivate plants in their
parlors. Mr. S. O. Smith, a gentleman of wealth
ijHiij taste, is now erecting a fine dwelling-house, and
intend;) building a conservatory next year; wUen that
isflone, oihors will doui^rless follow his example.

Muuut Hope Cemetry de3.:rves, at least, a passing
notice. Many iniprovements have been made there
the past year, and in summer it is a place of great
beauty; but how, it is detolnte and glooiTiy, and so it
will it ever be, during mote than half of the ''ear, un-
less our citizens take example from your own .Mount
Auburn, end intersperse it liberally with erersrcf-ji^j a
kind fif ornament of which we are sadly deficient.

At Bufislo, there is no perceptible improvement. —
H. Pratt, Esq., the great patron of horticulture, died
last spring, and the improvements which he- had pro-
jected and commenced, have been disoqptinued and
neglected. His stately mansion is unfinished and un-
ecotipied — and the jjardeu, and fine range of hortieul-
lurat buildings, give evidence of the loss of tljat mtis-
icr Sfiitit, of whose ta=te and liberality they a^e now
the Bsi monuments.

Th& ijiirs.iry establishments of Messrs. B. Hodgfi,
,Jr.,ajjj|A. Hryant, appeia; in a thriving condition.

They both have »ro T "

that the sale of nh, "^'^ """seB attached, but complain

The good peon' "'" " 1'"'"= I'milciJ.
take great jirid. """ ', *'""»''' "re fond of display, and
bKt do not see' '' '" ''"''"mg large and costly houses,
and, conscq- " '"^^S"'''' fawitwhural embellishment,
producing ,"•'",">■> 'hey waste their wealth wiibout

matter ar^ f ,'""'' '"''*'''•■'■ ''' "^''y e'"'"'''-'' ^^<'
and, at ti '^ >' ™'S"' ^"^'^ thousands of rfollairs,

beauty - .b:„rii;:,;.'-„';',5f5' '- -nore reai tasto a^

riu A'::'"L!.''':S"*n a.d green-hatteeof-D. "

29

1.° in tKf""- o.F'"'' '^ °"« •>( the oldest ^ar-
of the v'-v be!;°H ^-^^ ™"'='^'''"' °f 'nuU &c, is

and rai. Itind. •„ JZ'.\ "il^::!. "'"" ""
At Geneseo.a green-house and grapery were erectp<3

the post year, at lu..

beaniifnl

residence of the vcnera-

made so often,— of the uselessness of ecfcool learning
in tte con>mon nflairs of life,-^i8 ValM onFy in rela-
tion to the learning which yoimg peopfe atqtnrt, but
do not untUrsland — nhieh they eommii fo memory
bnl do not know how to «pp?y in praesiee. It is volitf
rather in case of mptrficiul, tian of ikormtgh know-
leefge. If oar frublie schools wers more occnpicd in*
teariiing the appUcatitn of learning, iinxn tie mera
theory; »nd directed the attenticn more fo- the art of
Using, than the mere art of remembering, most of ther
ofcjei(tion» mode t0'«hcm in thie respect would fall t<y
tbegrsund. »

ble .lami s Wadsworth, Esq. • J? °recn-hi);i6e was
erected lor the gratification of Miss Wadsworth, who
has u fine teste for botany and florticultuie, and has
already obtained a good assortment of plants, inclu-
ding some rare kinds. With her good taste and am-
ple means, it may rcosonably be expected that her col-
lection of i)Iants v;ill, in a few years, be superior to
any in this section of country.

At Canr.ndaigua, the green-house of John Greig,
Esq., is ill excellent condition. The plants are most-
ly of common kinds, but many of itiem are very large
and beouiilul. A striped agave (Agave amcricoua
var. variegala) is the largest of thu kind that I have
ever seen, and Mr. Greig soys he intends to take mea-
sures to bring it into flower, if ponsihle.

Capt. S. Mentcath, residing near Canondaigua, sent
some very beaiitihil oranges and lemons of his own
raising, to the fair at Rochester, in October, but 1
have not had time to visit hie house, or obtain infor-
mation respecting h-s plants.

There have been no horticultural exhibitions in
Western New Yoik, this fall, except in connection
with the agricultural fairs. We hope to give abetter
account of Rochester next year.

M. B. B.

Rochester Dec. 21, 1840.

" Books never make Farmers."

A number of our readers have very justly objected
to some positions token in the article in our lost
number from the Notionol if.gie. The article contains
many excellent remarks, but the assertions are not
strictly true, that "books and learning will never
make farmers" — " that to be a farmer, a person must
[necessarily] begin when a boy."

Experience, it is true, is essential; but we hove
known instances where farmers, not educated as such,
have acquired from one year's practice, more know-
ledge of the operations of farming, than others have
through twenty years of apprenticeship. Indeed, some
of the very best farm ra we kniw of, spent the early
period of their livss in far difi'erent pursuits. * A
long life, without industry, attention, knowledge, and
judgement, is insuflicient to make a good farmer; bnl
with these requisites, a kw years will accomplish
wonders. Every kind of knowledge which tends to
expand the mind, tends also to improve the judge-
ment, and enables us bettor lo perform any kind ofbtt-
sincss whatever.

Wc wish to be distinctly understood, — a mere load
of the memory is not knowledge. The objection

Rohau» vs. Aleshannocks.-

Mekbi-. EnrroKs — Hovi»g notieed i6e stiotefnci**
of Mr. P, Srigrja, ki the kst namber of the Former,-
and wishing EO' induce him t»> " try agglii," J will in-
/or,-nhini thau S raised 3? bushels of Rohons the past
sumn,'^''' °n 9 rodb of ground, whieh is at ihe rate of'
6.57 busL'"^'^ '° tbir acre,- and' an increase of 98 fold on'
the quantii," planted, ©n comparison, it will be seeif
that my rohai. '^ yielded! ISi! bashelaper ocre more than'
Mr. Briggs' me. 'hannock*.

Now, if friend ."^I'iggs iri'A' rtlsfk^enothfr trial with'
me, and publish the ."esult thiroagh the etilamas of thu'
New Genesee Farmer, .' "i" ockno^Vedge it if beotcn.-
A FRIEND TO AOa-JiSyLTURE.
Dantiy, Tomjikins co., Ja.-^V- 13, i^fl..

Another Small Crop.

MiissRs. Editors — Your last pa,''er conaiitreWrfftt-
count of a large crop of Potatoes. W 'th yotir p^imi^-'
sion, I will give you an account of a suiall croj.-^"
About the middle of last May, my father r.'ad n omfi?V.-
Rohan potato given him, weighing 2 ounces. This
he cut into 18 pieces, of one eye each, and planted
them in y hills. On the first of October he dug from
the 9 hills, 1 bushel and 10 quarts, which 'n-eighed
763 pounds; being an increase of 630 to one.

In order that my father moy be able to raise a IftJger
crop next season, please send him the New Gene»e»-
Furmer for one year, addressed, Horace Foicler, Hun-
orer, Jadison CO., Michigan. Yours, &c.

T. F. F.

* One iustiiiii'c, out of nuiiiy wliich inioht he given, is ihat
of Judge Uurl, wlilcli is lioulitless funiiliar to ninny of our
renricrs. A few weeks before his dcatli, iic made the fuUow-
ing reinnrks. wliicli we wisll every one who lias an .iversion
to ''bonk fitrniiiig" would read. " Bred to amet-hanical Lu-
siiicss, I look up Agriculture, more tlian twenty yeiirs r.go, as
the future business of my life. WiU.out tlie pre:ciisi(ins i,r
conceits whicli we are all iiptto acquire in the long practice
of business, I liegiin farming with a consciousness that I liad
every thing In learn, and thattlie eyes of my neighbors woiiUI
|;e nuick to delect faults in ntj- practice. I at once, t^ere-
fore. .""Ought lo acquire a knowledge of the principles of my
businei..-;, and of the practice of the most cnligliene.t anil
successful farmers. These I found in books and a^rricutlii-
ral periodicals : and by these I have been greatly beiicll:tcd.
Althnnch it does Hot i,ee«me me lo herald my success. 1
wllivcnlure to Si\y. to encourage others, and particularly
the young, in the work of self-instruction and impri^-cnicnt.
tiiat my lands, which are light and sandy, and whir-^l-i-os:, iii
iin upcuUivalcl state, thirty dollars an, acre, are n jv,- worui,
two liundre.l dollars aq, acre, tor farming purpcj*** - -
other words, that the nett profit of th.-'- -
interest of nvo hun.i — • ■

Stabling Milch Cons.

We have been much surprised, at the increased
quantity of milk cows afford from being stabled in
. winter, which some recent experiments have proved.
A near neighbor Buffered his cows, from necesaity, to
run in the open air, during the early port ol' winter,
and, as usual, their milk greatly diminished in quan-
tity, although they were well fed on hoy, and mnng^j
wurtzel. He then stabled them, without changing
their food, and taking core of course to give them plen-
ty of clean litter. He lately informed us, as the re-
sult, that his cows now gave just double the milk they
did when exposed. A similar experiment by the wri.
ler, has proved nearly equally successful. *

How to keep a Village Tow.

Transplant sugar beets 15 inches apart, like Cab-
bages, but with more care, in every spot or epacc you
can spare in your lot or garden. If the land is w jrk-
cd well and early, tbey will tend ihcmsclve . jfiet
two or three light hocings, and grow larfr ^ ^ u

to make a mess each, with the additiu
of shorLs leasoned with ground oil
sugar, gfuten^slarch and oleaginc
With such slops, a cow nee''
straw. ^

. c , a qUIlTt

'^e. Here is

us niatlerlo bc-ot.

, aolhittg but a little

S, W.

Ratsi Anrriler' ' T" «• .,„

,, . u la r Fnrnner has eticctu-

w.- .t,^ouee,byP^.nn.np^PS:rte;

■ ^.. »ni wood sa'

turat«a >vitl» Tobu«t>.

30

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Sketches of Travel.

Ncirporl, R. I., July ] .

Here we arc at A. C. J.I's. delightful cottage. For
me to atlempt to describe the measure of niy comforts
and pleasurable sensations here, would be labor
lost. I have been within higher and more massive
walls, where the decorations of man's invention
spoke more worldly splendor; but here, in the midst
of Nature's magnificence, there is in union with it,
in this house, a chastened simplicity and neatness
of arrangement truly admirable. Our unpretcnd.
ing hostess is one of those intellectual females who
regulates her mansion with noiseless efficiency. If
her rules partake of the self-denying discipline of
that society, in which she is a ** bright and shining
light," even the more worldly of her inniatcs arc too
well bred to wish to infringe them.

But who can, in this delightful spot, desire the
sound of factitious merriment, the gross amuse.
ment of mere sense? Sufficient for me was the
all-subduing in6uence of Nature's charms. Every
morning at day dawn, 1 opened my chamber win-
dows and set ajar the blind to look out upon the old
shingled wind mill, Brindley's little pond and old
rope walk, the narrow-walled lanes and neat little
fields, where 1 had so often played in my boyish
days. The deep continuous roar of the breakers
on Easton's beach, was now more audible than at
any other hour. I felt tliat this same reverbera-
ting roar was the music of my boyhood — forty years
had neither impaired its freshness nor its power,

" States fall — arts fade:
But Nature doth not die."

At the close of this day, while sitting in the
front piazza of this delightful cottage, looking down
upon the quiet town below, and the resplendant bay
and islands beyond, I saw some half a dozen chai.
ses, accompanied by two or three modern buggies,
returning from a ride of pleasure on the island and
over its beautiful bcaciics. Each vehicle held a lo.
ver and his mate, as if mystified by the tender pas.
sion, or perhaps only with feelings imbued with the
power of Nature's more magnificent attractions, the
whip cracked not, and the horses trotted lazily along.
How different is all this in Western New York.
There our young people bundle into one or more
large carnages or carryalls, drawn by two or four of
the fastest trotters. Jehu like they drive — all is life
and noise and nonsense — putting the horses to the
lop of their speed, as if to annihilate time and
space to the manifest jeopardy of life and limb. —
Thiji, said I to my wife, speaks the difference be.
tween the Yankee and the New York character.
The one is econoniical, even in his pleasures ; the
other loves stronger excitement, he even carries his
enterprising spirit into his amusements.

Sunday morning, went to Friend's meeting. This
venerable house, with all its accoinpaninients, re-
minded me of other days, save the absence of those
hoary heads which now " were not." Here was no
longer a D. B. or C. R. on the high seat ; no T. R.
with his full bottomed whig below ; no G. VV. with
his huge ivory headed cane, on the high scat in the
wing. This huge wing was also razed, and gave a
concession to the republican feelings of these after
times ; but the same ponderous oaken beams support-
ed the quaint looking roof, the attic and the galle-
ries. This unity of strength and plainness, a work
of the 17th century, carried a sentiment of rever-
ence with it.

I have sometimes heard apparently thinking men
complain of the irksomeness of the hour spent in
the silence of a Quaker meeting. I can only say,
let such an individual take up his cross for this sin.
gle hour. If he is poor, let him take to himself the

rich promises of that Gospel, which was in the be.
ginning p.-cached, first of all to the poor. If he is
rich, let him employ this brief hour in examining
his own heart, lo the end that he may not incur the
penally pronounced against the rich man, hardened
in sin and selfishness.

In the afternoon, we went to old Trinity. The
congregation large, fashionable, attentive. The
evening service was read by the venerable Dr. W.,
with a pathos and unction suited to the holy purposes
of its ofliee. What contrite heart will say that
these forms of glowing ]iioty, framed by the saints
of old, are a "killing letter?" If such an one
there be, may he be eoiiipelled to listen a full hour
to the dull sermon of a man who has no reverence,
no spiritual nature in him. " *

The subsoil of R. Island is dark clay, but unlike
the clayey regions of the West, it is here intermixed
with stone and gravel, and so compact as to be very
difficult to e.\cavatc. On the surface small boulders
of slate, flint, and granite, abound. The upper stra.
turn is also relieved by sand or gravel. At the
North end of the Island, below the schistous forma,
lions, anthracite coal is found ; but it is more fria.
ble, and of course less valuable, than the anthra-
cites of Pennsylvania. The predominant rock is
coarse gray wacke slato : it bounds the head lands
at the South part of the Island, forming with its
thick annual coat of rock weed, an impenetrable
barrier to the ocean's increasing surge. Also at the
South part of the Island, there are valuable quarries
of building stone, and some few ledges of irregular
granite, too full of seams for such uses. I know of
but one ledge of lime rock, and this ia principally
under water at high tide. It is coarse in te.vture,
and nearly white ; bearing little rcscrnblanco to our
own deep blue fine grained carbnniferous variet3-.
But if Nature has furnished us of the West with
her more fertilizing fossils, limestone and plaster,
here she dispenses her blessings inanoher shape,witii
no niggard hand. Here the everlasting ocean not
only yields its vast shoals of the oily raunhadcn fish to
the net of the fisher, but everyeastcrn gale drives to
land an endless variety of marine vegetables and
shells, in such abundance as to furnish both lime and
vegetable matter to the grateful soil.

Indian corn, rye, oats, and barley, are the princi.
pal grains grown on the I4and. It is said that in
an early day wheat grew Wi 11 on the opposite Is-
land, Conanicut. Hence its present failure may
not altogether be attributed to the influence of the
sea fogs. Grass seemed to me, at this time, July 1,
to be the most promising crop. Siich Timothy
(Piileuni pratensc,) now in full bloom, I rarely ever
saw in the dry, hot, champaign West. The Locust,
(Robinia pscud-acaeia,) together with many other
ornamental trees, do not thrive well on the Island.
TheBultonwood (Platanus occidentalis) is the only
ornamental tree which seems to thrive gracefully
here. Perhaps the pure damp sea air is quite as con-
genial to it, as the mephitic vapours of the Western
creek and river bottoms. S. W.

Gardening for Ladies.

The nceompnnying omneing and instructive obser-
vations are taken from an exeillont article in the
Gardener's Magazine, entitled " Instructions in Gar-
dening for Ladies," by Mrs. Loudon; —

To derive the fullest enjoyments from a love of
flowers, it is absolutely necessary to do something to-
wards their culture with their own hands. Labor is
at the root of all enjoyment. The fine lady who has
a nosegay put uix)n her table evrry morning by her
gardener, has not a tenth of tbc enjnyment from it
that the lady has who has sown the seeds, or stuck the
cuttings, and watered and shifted,^or transplanted, pru-
ned and lied up, or pegg»d down or thinned out the
plants, and nl last gathered the flowers herself, But

we would have ladies of leieure do a great deal more
than this. Let them hoe, and rake, and dig, and
wheel a barrow, and prune and nnil wall trees, handle
a syringe, and work one of Read's garden engines.—
By these, and similar operations, they will ensnre
health, without which there can neither be good tem-
per, nor any kind of enjoyment whatever, mental or
corporeal. The grand and all pervading evil among
ladies of independent fortune, is eTiniii, which, every
body knows, is brought on from a want of rational and
active operation. Now the pursuits of botany and
gardening supply an occupation which is at once
rat'onol and active; and ihcy supply it not only
to the lady who has merely a love of flowers with-
out a scientific knowledge of botany or a taste for
the arts of design, and who may, therelore cultivate
her flowers, and perform ber garden operations, with-
out a greater exertion of mind than is required trom a
gardener's labor; but to the scientific lady, whose bo-
tanical knowledge, like that of the ecienlilic gardener,
may enable her to raise many kinds of flowers, fruits,
and culinary vegetables, by the different processes re-
quired for that purpose; and to the lady of artistieal
taste in drawing, painting and sculpture, who may
direct her attention to landscape gardening, and more
especially, to the designing of flower gardens, and the
introduction in them of the various kinds of orna-
ments of which they are susceptible; a subject at pre-
sent as much in its infancy as botany was before the
time of Linnirus. But, says some of our readers,

" What, theUuebcss of wheeling a barrow,

and nailing wall trees V Yes, certainly, if she have
nothing else to do, that will be an occupation equally
active and rational. Whv not a Duchess as well as a
plain mistrefs ? Suppose this Duchess at work in her
garden, and that you are not aware that she has any
title. Suppose her dress in the simplest manner, (as
were the Vicompte D'Ermenonville's wife and daugh-
ters in the gardens of Ermenonville,) what wonder
would there be then ? Ladies of rank are as much
subject to ennui as ladies without rank; and every la-
dy, as well as every gentleman, has a portion of the
day that she can call her own, when she may indulge
in what she likes. If she has not, her lite is not
worth keeping. Did not the F.arl of Chatham, not-
withstanding bis being prime-minister at a period the
most important that ever ocenrred in the annals of this
country, find time not only to lay out his own grounds,
hut to assist Lord Lyttleion in laying out Hogley 1 —
We insist upon it, therefore, that what we propose is
just and suitable and necessary for ladies of the highest
rank as it is for those without rank, provided they are
equally without active and rational occupation of soma
other kind.

The following excellent communication deserves
an attentive perusal from every mother and daugh-
ter in our land ; and in behalf of our fair resders, we
tender Fa.nnt many thanks. At the same time we
think she has mistaken the meaning of Anxettr,
and applies the hickory without real cause. We do
not believe that Annette meant to " attribute oM
the discontent and unhappiness of farmers' daugh-
ters to a mis. education, and put the blame upon
teachers and seminaries." In the communication
referred to, she was only speaking of a certain, class
of danghters, not of the majority ; and we think
an attentive perusal of her several communications,
will show that she does not reason altogether in
" logical circles." — Kds.

Farmers* Homes Wives, and Danghters.

Messrs. Editors — I noticed, in your December
number, another chapter of grievances from Annette;
but having had Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New
Year days to attend to, (which are the climax of all
enjoyments in the country,) no lime was allowed to
reply last month; and although I feel no disposition to
criticise, or drive my amiable fOiuliataTit from the field,
still I think a little sprig of hickory from Walnut
Grore, may serve to drive her from some of her logi-
cal circles.

In your July mimber of last year, she nttribules alt
the discontent and unhappiness of farmers' daughters
to a mis-education, and puts all the blame upon teach-
ers and seminaries. .Voir she says that teachers and

No. 2.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

31

ocminaries arc made to bear the blame of " inconside-
rate fathers ;" but I tbink, if she keeps on, she will
come round to the right point jet, and find that in the
family circle the mutJirr is the law and tesimony, and
that " like mother like child" will still be the motto.

I wonid not pretend to say that there are not avari-
ciouB, penurious men, whoee tceaUli coneietsin the ac-
cumulation of their possessions, and not in the enjoy-
ment of ihcm, and who would deprive their families
of the comforts of life, that they may compound their
interest or add farm to farm, to be considered rich in
the eyes of the world, — or that there are not indolent
and inefficient men, who, if they can be fed and
clothed from day to day, care not how or whither.
There are procrastinating men, too, who arc never
ready to do any thing in its proper time; but these I
consider the exceptions to the general rule, and not
" that a majority of the farmers of our country, en-
joying a competency," are of cither class. But admit
they are, — the mother, seeing these traits in the father,
has the sole power of correcting it in her children;
and if she is a judicious mother, and understands the
philosophy of human nature, she can do it without ever
destroying the confidence of her children in their
father.

It is from the mother children receive their first im
pressions of right and wrong. It is her voice tha
cheeks their wayward steps during the day, and hush
es them to sleep at night. If sickness comes, mother
always has a remedy — the natural qualities of ever
mother ensure to her an unbounded influence over her
children. Their character must also be formed
childhood. If they are to be virtuous, the seed must
be sown in the spring-time of life. It is then the oc-
cupation is selected, taste is formed, habits contracted
and principles planted — " as the twig is bent the tree's
inclined;" — but it needs not the strength or power of
a syllogism to prove the assertion — the fact is self ev
dent— that these must be imbibed in early life, planted
and nurtured by the hand of a mother. Her e.'sample
ie written indelibly upon the table of their memory,
and her peculiarities must serve as an infallible stan-
dard. Now, think ye, if the daughter has been edu-
cated to be industrious, and to bear her part in the du-
ties of the family, and to be contented with such things
as she may have, " working diligently" to improve
her condition, whatever it may be, — that there is no-
thing "icilhin or around" that home to make it
" lovely or attractive," and she, nevertheless, un-
happy ?

AVe will take a most extreme case. Take an un-
educated man, devoid of a refined taste, an avaracious,
penurious man, and, if you please, let him be a pee-
vish and a fretful man, who wants nothing but what
will bring dollars and cents. He has a wife and
daughters of refined taste, who like to blend the orna-
mental with the useful. Let the daughter go outfor-
ly in the morning when she sees her lather planting
beans or cucumbers, and say. Father, I will drop your
beans for you, if, when you get through, you will help
me put out a beautiful rose bush I got yesterday.
Why, child, what is the use of all these rosies and po-
sies around the house ? they wont pay our debts or
buy bread. I know they wont, father, but it wont
toke you but a minute to do it, and then it helps make
the old house look so much better, and makes mother
and the children so much happier when they see every
thing around looks cheerful and pleasant; and this lil-
little Burgundy rose is mother's favorite, you know.
I do not believe the most clownish, peevish, fretful
man, could resist such an appeal from on affectionate
daughter; for "soft words will turn away wrath,"
and love will beget love; and the unconscious father
will not only set out the rose bush, but enjoy its fra-
grance too.

We will take a still more important case. Say they
want a new fence around the house, and the house
painted. I'he mother and daughters now say, — If fa-
ther will let us have ihe butter and cheese we make
this summer, we will paint the house and have a new
fence, &c. But says the indolent, inefficient, procins-
tinating man, — Oh I we can't afford it; besides I wnnl
all the butter and cheese you can make, to pay for the
new wagon and harness we have been getting. But
says the doughter, — Father can have all the avails of
the farm for that, only let us have the butler and
cheese, and we will do without a hired girl, and do the
work ourselves. He must be something lees than a
man, and a man with a covipetenof too, who would not
only yield to such wishes, but rouse from his indolence
and procrastination, and do all he could to aid them;
and I am confident that in nine cases out of ten, An-
nette will find, if there is nothing " within or around
a country home calculated to please the mind, or de-
light the eye of an intelligent daughter," it is the mo-
ther'sown fault. She has not brought up that daugh-
ter to industrious, frugal, and economical habits. She
has sat her down In the parlor, a dressed up automaton,
living and dressing upon the hard earning of somebo-
dy; and whatever may have been her school educa-
tion, her /lome education has been all wrong; and not
possessing energy of character sufficient to rise from
her indolent habits, she siis down to enjoy her ennui,
dissatisfied with herself and every body else, and con-
sequently unhappy. And if she were thirsting for
knowledge, and the faiher unwilling to furnish her the
means of allaying that thirst, there is not o lite'fary
gentleman in all the region, that would not delight to
open his store-house of literature to feed a starving in-
tellect; for in these reading days, nothing is more rare
than an exclusive library.

Happiness hap no locality, it is not the city or the
country, the brick or the wood house, the mahogony
or the pine furniture, the Brussels or the rag carpet,
that can make a discontented mind happy, or a con-
tented unhappy. Home, to a contented mind, will be
home, and have its chorms be it ever so humble. — If
Annette will go with me, I will show her a happy
country home — not a thousand miles from a city —
where dwelt a father, mother, brother and sister.
Thot home was truly attractive, and that daughter was
a happy one. "She had much to gratify her taste,
and call into exercise those faculties which afforded her
the highest kind of enjoyment." She had " the fra-
grant rose, the climbing honey-suckle, the shady
bower and the vine-clad arbor;" but her own hand
watered and trained them. And when she would
"luxuriate on nature's chauns," she would ramble
o'er her native hills, by the winding brook, the shady
grave, where she could

"Converse wiih nature, and commune
With nature's God."

and never was she less alone than when alone.

There was much around that country home " cal-
culated to please the mind and delight the eye." The
birds from the forest came at her call; an old wren for
years built her nest in a gourd shell that siie bung in
the well-curb, ond her favorite robin when moltsicd
olways knew that in her she found a friend to drive
away her foes. She could feed the chickens or milk
the cow; the could wash, or bake, or iron; all of
which did not prevent her thumbing the piano, or
"tripping the light fantastic toe," nor exclude her
from the most refined circle in the city; and nonoen-
joyed her rural home more than did her city friends.
And there was much "within" to make that home
delightful — there were happy hearts and cheerful
voices, and the hospitable board that ever made wel-
come both the stranger and the friend — iJiat home was
Iruty attractive ; but not more from the wearied and

care-worn faiher, than from the mother and their only
daughter; and that daughter was none other than
Your humble servant, FANNY.
Walnut Grove, Jan. 11, 1841.

The Educatiouol Females, -The proper train-
ing of Fanners' Daughters.

I like your correspondent Annette, much better
than I do her antagonist " Home-spun Farmer ;"be.
cause, like a true woman, her errors are not of the
feudal age. She says, "public sentiment, and the
.■spirit of the age, now require that females of the
rising generation, should receive a higher degree of

education than was formerly deemed necessary."

In the depth of her sympathy with her sex, sha
might perhaps relieve them a little too much from
the wholesome drudgery and petty details of do-
mestic life, and suffer them to go a little too far into
the more expensive refinements of the age ; while,
on the other hand, her antagonist, and his exponent,
of the jEgis, " Franklin," seem to forget that "man
lives not by bread alone." They appear very much
to dread that a female should be educated abovo
her condition in lifi; but it docs not seem to have
entered their phdosophy, that educalion, and a pi.
ous one too, can alone fit a woman to bear aright
those ills which "flesh is heir to." Is it reserved
alone to the wealthy to indulge in intellectual plea.
sures 7 Does not the honey suckle clamber ai
gracefully, and bloom as fragrantly, on the rough
exterior of the log cabin, as on the piazza of th»
gayest cottage of art ? Must every poor widow
100, stifle the yearnings of a mother's heart, and
compel her fatherless daughters to live in somebo.
dy's kitchen; to be hourly reminded, by unqualified
command from the mushroom daughters of her
mistress, of her hopeless servile condition ? Did
Franklin ever read the story of Cinderilla 7 If ha
has, does he blame any fair, delicate young female
for shrinking from Cinderilla's wrongs, even if sha
were certain of Cinderilla's final reward ? Frank'
lin is so much a man of the past linsy woolay age,
that he seems to forget that the revolution which
those modern improvements, the btea,>i engi.nb,
SPINNING JENNY, and TOWER LOOM, have made in
mechanics, calls for a correspondent social and mo
ral improvement, and modification of labor and era
ployinent. He even limits woman's reading to fiv»
books, including the B.ble. Annette might possibly
err on the other hand; but wc want to hear from
her again on the subject of the proper training Of
farmers' daughters. Woman alone can do this ua-
derstandingly — she is less an animal than man. It
has bnen beautifully said of woman, " that in her
rich heart, Goi more generously sows the divino
germs of his holy religion;" though '; she will
sometimes sell her birthright for tinsel and tha
ADMIRATION of DECEITFUL LIPS." Yct in the main,
her purity of heart is " her strength, her loveliness,
her primal excellence." Is she not therefore the
only safe and legitimate teacher of her own sex ?

LUBIN.
SONNET.

WINTtR.

The scene, how changed! The winds of winter, wage

Eternal warfare witli the leafless trees ;
And morn and even, the elemental rage

Duils the cold hcan, as springs their ch.innels freeze I
%Vhere arc the children of the woods? the Lees —

The songs of birds that wake the woodland train ?
All, all are gone, and like tlic lucks of age

Tlie pendant icicle the woodman sees,
And feels the blood run chill in every vein.

Season of cold ; when round thcingle cheek
Young children gather, and the hoary sire

Looks o'er the as=emMed group, and feels the bleai:
Cold hand of death upon him, which the fire

Of youth no more will come, its icy spell to break 1
London, U.C.,Dtc.i\.\>iVi. J.N

tt^^i^a^UBlamm

32

THE XEW GEXESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Tile following communicatrDn is from the pen of one
whose experience nnd learning cntilles him to more
thnn ordinnry regnril. We ho|)e to receive further re-
marks from him on tbisall-imporlantEubjcct; and feel
assured that our readers, who arc porentS) will find
bis suggestions deserving their considcration.^-EDs.

FifT the yctr Genf«u Fcrmtr.

Education of Farmers' Chililrcii--N'o. 1.

Messrs. Editors — I have not been wholly pleased
-with the artictes on the education nf furmers' fami-
iUs, which appeared in your paper in the last year. I
approved many things; but some things appeared ra-
ther distorted, and others to be neglected or omitted.
1 thought, too, that mothers were ceneured beyond
their proportion.

There are two prominent mistakes on this subject,
wbiih need correction. The one is the notion that a
farmer's condition is rather inferior; the oiher res-
pects Ihchindand quantity «f education.

1. Thn first mistake is made and continued by far-
mers themselves. While the condition of the former
is one of the most independent, and his profession ne
honorable as any, and far less annoying and iiksome,
and is far more free from temptation and passion, there
is a constant efTor; to leave it and to engage in some
other pursuit. The sons are often prepared for some
other business; the daughters are educated for anoth-
er sphere. All this tends to depress the notions of
the usefulness and respectability of an agricultural life.
True indeed, some of their sons must have a collegi-
ate education, and engage in some of the more learn-
ed prot'etjsiiins, and some of their daughter must be the
wives of such men. But the great body of the sons
must continue in tha occupation of their fathers.
While the men of the learned prnfessions fill the more
important stations, as a great fact, and the sphere of
their influence is greatly eidarged, and while their
pursuits may in one respect be allowed to be superior, in
the general rank the fanner's place is important be-
yond estimation. If the other is considered as the
eyes and hands of the system, the latter is the very
backbone of the country. Without the latter, the for-
mer would be powerless and unnecessary. For this
place their sons should be educated, and their daughters
too, na this place they will chiefly fill. The worth,
the dignity, the respectability, the usefulness, the se-
curity and independence of this place, should be known,
acknowledged and fell. Then will the action suit the
thought.

8. Tire second mistake comes more within the scope
of education. The kind and ifuantity of education,
is material. In the lower class of farmers, both sons
and daughters have only very ordinary advantages.
In the highest class, which is not large, both enjoy
nearly equal n>eans. In thf middle and great class,
the daughters have far the greatest advantages. The
reason is, that the sons are neecL'd on the farm in the
summer, and cannot so well be spared in winter.
The daughters therefore attend the 6,"lect schools and
academics for a much longer period thai' the .'"ons, and
having eriually active minds, they study w betliT ad-
vantage and make greater acquisitions. They beci. me
more delicate and refined in their manners; they ,<!ee
nnd hear more of the world; they are able to converse
and 10 show olf to greater advantage. They have, in
&ct, fir more of cultivation w show off, and far more
of that which will he interesting to society. Hence it
is ilint ihcy arc raited above their brothers, mid will
Haturally seeli tho floc.'ety of those Who' hftvir more
congenial aTquTshions. '^he sons of farmers are thus
thrown into back gtonna- mortified, repelled. They
wonder at a state of thiiig.' over which they have no
control, aiid tho <h!»(»ytf)Hr=^o oftieu: blamed and re-
pi\iachi?d for not finding tK''*' "'oasure in the S7cieiv

of those who have not been educatetl so as to be on an
equality with them, licncc it is that mftny a young
farmer is obliged to find a v/ife among those daughters
who are not quite on his own level, and who are not
so well fitted for their place as he is. Dow often a
fanner's eon is sent to a higher school for otic quarter^
and then he must be upon the farm. He has hardly
been able to get well employed in study, when he
must leave, till another season will give him another
quarter. The daughter lees rarely bos only one quar-
ter at a lime for her in>provement. She has not in-
deed enough of time for improvement: let her not
have less: bat let the son bave more, much more. —
However much the sister may have, let the brother
have lar more means of education. Far>ners' eons
need to be raised in the scale of their f/nalificatioits for
usefulness, and enjoyment oj» their farms, as well as
for influence in society. Then will their wives be
raised to a higher character also, and a nobler gene-
ration will appear. When a highly educated female
has allied herself with a young former of good talents
and disposition, of activity and cnterprizc, though he
may have less of education and refinement, because
he has not been able to acquire them, who has noteeen
with delight the plastic power of the v.'ilc in moulding
and elevating and refining her husband. She be-
comes in atwo-fuld sense, a help meet for him-. "She
looketh well to the ways of her houtchold, and eateth
not the bread of idleness. Her children rise up and
coll her blessed; her hvsbund also, and he praiscth
Ucr." U. C.

ENGLISH lUAUKETS.

IjONdon, J.inuary 4, i8t;. — A great improvement has ta-
ken place in tile inaiiufuciuriiig distiivrls. Cotton goods es-
pecially have been in very acii\e demand, nnd at advanced
Vincc^. 'I'iie money inarke: U also as^unling a more henltliy
tone. So llial Willi moderate stocks of jiroducc generally
pro!^iiccls arc favorable

Corn .Makket. — Average price for \Vhea' fir the last six
ncclt!? ; for the week ending Nov. 20-h, G's. 8d. ; liTth, GOs. ■,
Dec. 4lli, o«a. 7d ■, 11th, 3ds. lUd.; 13:h, 09s. Id.; IS.b, (iOs.
— ,\ggrega-.e for the si\ weeks, rtiia. IDd. — duty -.iTs. Sd The
arrivals are pretty large. English wheat is saleable at the
currency of a fortnight ago; redOiJs.oU4s ; wliile,67s.a7Us.

I.ivKRi'ooL Corn iMarkkt. Jan. '2 — Aniericun Flour, free,
has sustained late raters, but has been rallier slow of sale,
liie Lest markets of United Stiilcs at 3ii3., C -.iiadian at 3js. to
3tiv. per bbl. A little t'niteti titalcs has been sold, in bond,
for export, at '2Gs per bbl.

January 4.— American Flour, in bond. 2.j3 C 1. a 363 , but
these prices could not be relied upon in the face of large im-
portations. American Wheat, in bond, os. 3d. a 5s tjd. per
bushel.

NEW YOnii MARKET— JAN. 27.

Corn Exchange.— Flour w: s held firmly through most of
the week, but the news from 1-^ngland was unfavorable, and
on Sa'.nrilay holders were ready to sell, hut there were very
few buyers ; 550 bbls. Genesee were however taken on that
(lay fur England, at ®4,04. lOIIO bbls. Georgetown sold ,at
3$5,1'2^ •, small parcels of Howard street and tJaltimorc City
at S.'i, 'H- and some New York at S5-, 9IJ0 Urandywine at
S5,5l». Corn Meal solii in puncheons at ® 13, and bids, at ^2,-
hs , Ityc Flour at ®3,37. in wheat the only parcel sold was
•35110 inlci ior Long Island at alMiut H5 cts. bu. Tlieie iscon-
giderable Genesee wheat, say 100, COU bu. :n store, held at li 5
a 0 cts. There were no sales of Uyc A cargo of very

hands e Delatvare Corn wjis sold on Fridriy at !i^ cts,

weight, but a very fair article u'as olTcrcd afterwards at 50
cts. The distillers buy Long Island t'nrn at. >ti cts. North-
ern Oats maybe quoted at 4"J cts. ; Penirsilvania and Jersey,
31Ao30cts.i Southern, 3-2 u 34 cts. ; Barley is held in store
at '>>cri»:s

l*aovif»ioN3. — Beef and Pork arc abundantantl very heavy.
Prime Pork cspc'-ialty dro-ops : ther-' were sales at ® 0,25,
and of ]Mesg at ,512,50, and more is olfercd at the s;une rates.
2100 kegs Ohio Lard were sold at 7c. II). , another lot of
about lUc same iplanlity Is lield at 7^. sjmokcd Itlcats, Uut-
tor and Cheese are without change.

Becus.— Hax Seed is dull; 70 tierces of Clover have been
sold at K! cts. Ih.

ItloNEV A!*D ExciiANGES. — ."Moncy has bceti rather mr>re
plenty since the resumption in Philadelphia and the conside-
•aide sums received thence. TIic lianks discount - " "

Erratta.

Besides several Unimportant typographical errors in th«'
January No , the following have been noticed as iiffectiag
the sense.

On page 2, col. 1, 6th line from bottom, for pippins read "Pip.
p/n." Saiuc page, col. 2, 2o:h line from top, insert tite "A*e«-
tis/i," Jtc. Satr.c col., I4th line from bottom, for Crttinn read
''Chrttian,^* Page 12, col. 2, line? from the bottom, for
yields read *' yielded/' Same page, col. .*i, line 6 from bot-
tom, for /Miri/cji/ar, trees read "p<tcticitlar trees ' Page 13^
col. 2, line from top, ioT forest, ichcre read ** forest. frAere,**"

ROCHESTER SEED STOKE— 1841.

THE subscribers have made coiiipTctc arrangeuicnls for
furnishing all kinds of .'^eels C-oni tliis est^ddibhineiitos
usual. Large unponations have been made, in addition to
thesuppli-s raised in this country. No paHis will Ic spared
to have the Cecils of perfect quality, and give satisfactica
to their customers. Agenis will be supplied, ; s usual, In
the principal places of Westers New York — I'l'rticulara
nextniontb. BATEILi.M & CROSMAN.

Rochester, Fe&rKury 1, JS41.

MOUNT HOPE GARDEN & NURSERIES,

ST. PACL STREET,

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK.

THE Proprietors of this establishment etfer for sale ai>
extensive assortment of Fruit and Oniamciual Trees,
riowcring Shrubs, <>reen House Plants, Bulbous Flower
Roots, DojldeDabb js. S:e. &c.

Gardens laid out, and Gardeners furnished on reason.ible
notice. — IVisons requiring information on any subject cou-
nected with ;he business, will receive a pronqit reply.

All orders, letters of inquiry, A:c. must be addressed fpost
paid) directly to us.

Trees, Plants, Ac, will be carefully packed, so that thejr
may be carried to any part of the country in safety ; and Jvack-
ages will be marked aod shipped as may be designated in the
order.

Persons with whom the proprietors are unacquainted, are
rcquestctl to give a satisfactory reference, or ntaue sonic per-
son in the city of Uocl.'ester, who will guaraniee the pay-
ment. ELL\VANGi:4l &. BARRY.

Rochester, Dec. 1, 1840.

TIMOTHY SEED WANTED, At the Roches-
ter Seed Store. BATElIAiNI & CROS.MAN.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

CORRKCTED FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FAR.MER, FEB. 1, 1S41.
WHEAT, per bushel,.... $ 73 o § 81

CORN,

OATS, " ....

BARLEY, " ....

RYE, " ....

BEANS, White,.. " ....
POTATOES, .... " ....
APPLES, Desert,. " ....

" Common, " .^i.

" Dried,... " ....

CIDER, barrel,...

FLOUR, Superfine, " ....

" Fine " ...

SALT, " ....

PORK,Mes3, "

" Prime " ...

" Hog 100 lbs.

BEEF,

S7J.

22...

31...

50...

7.5...

19...

41
25

11,00
9,00
4,00
4,00

POULTRY perpound, 6 7

EGGS, perdozen, 183

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound 14 ]C

25.

75.,
. 100.
. 4,25..
. .3,50..
. 2.00..
.10,0(1..
. b!,00..
. 3,5C..
,3,50..

go
! 41
. 31

, 6H
. 150

3,75

Firkin, .

CHEESE

LARD

TALLOW, Clear, .

HIDES

SHEEP SKLVS,..
PEARL ASH"-"-

. each, . .
.100 lbs i

10.
6....

7....
8....
5..,.

in no

MMory business paper wliicl" ■"■ offireii mcin, cimi'n

•iiiys

. There is very 1 jttle paper in ihc strm 'iZZ,
d I-.ngland were heavy tlirou»li most of the iv^„i-
nartiothe laree suns ,lr.,v,':' T. ,° .V"^ "'^'^'<.

rVancc

owing in ■'•■'" '» ""■ large sums draWn for by the" il
Bank, 'nie, '* "';<' ""arr.incenients now makingfortbe shin'
ment of Specie, 'ho"glUlie Ha;re packet of the 1st Febr, a"
rv will take .8120,1. ^' I'hiefly arranged some davs a-o The
rates of Uomestic E.tc. ""8*^ improved on tlie whole, and so
did Money Stocks

HisiNEss Gt-NERALLY.- It tt"'" ], c pcen that a good degree of
activity has existed in several o." the articles "mentioned in
this Review, and there is a luvilt.^.v fi'eling pcrvadint. the
market generally. The iiiiport.itious i;fmanur,icture.| gooilj
ii^t; quite large, and the sales by nnction.are coniinencla<' on
a (-ir^, scale. The rfierchknia" general!^ ;'rc svicci'3,si\ii' in
\he\T ,-JJkirs, and so confiJeu.-e is lncrca:iingf.-9jii iiioniivtft
man* — ,^f , Q>m,

.pound,.
. . . . ton, .
.bushel,.

lAjT, "

VvUOL, .......

HAV

GRASS SEED,
CLOVER, "...
FLAX,.... "

PLASTER, fin bbls) per to'n,G,6o,','.V,V,
bulkfat Wh;at!niid>;!,00

..'i.OO...
.4,.->0...

. a-j...

.7,00...
,1,00...

c,,';o...

12i

8
9

87i

40

8.00
1..-0
7,50

^A*A^^BM^*i

M. B. BATKHAM,

C. F. CROSMAN, Prenrietors.

vol.. 2. UOCHE8TEH, MARCH, 1841. NO. 3. \ K bXteHAM.^^^^^^^^

PtlSlil$ll£l> 3IO>THIiV.
TERMS,

FIFTY CENTS, per year, payal.le always in advance.

Foat Masters, Agents, and others, sending money free of
osiage, will roj^eiveseren copie? for ^3, — 7'<r*/ie copies lor
t-V — 'PtetiH^-Jirt copiea for ^10.

The posta^re of this paper is only one cent to any place
I'iiliin ihti stai*, aitd one URd a half cenlH lo any part of
tie I'nit^d .StiiWi=.

All s«ttscripli')ns must connnence with the voUitne.

Vuliime 1 (yiitched) can liefurnislxjJ to itew suUscribers.
"rice JO cents.

AUaross BATEHAM Jt CROSMAN, Rochester, N. Y.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

•ubllsbers' Notices. Hatches' Sowing Machine. Seed
Slore Catalogue Notice. Hints for the Month- . 33

toard Fence. Preservation of Woodlands. Worliing
Ilulter. " Florist." Field Bcc:s. Trimming Orchards. 34

^pcriments In feeding Beets. Eflects of the Stock on
Crafts 3o

*ears. Sowing Locust Seed. Raising Fruit Trees from
Cuttings. Raising Cijestiiut Trees for Timber. Qrna-
menlalPIanta ...,.,.....>...» 36

iold Vii.e Fens. Produce of one Jicre, Domestic Indus-
try—Weaving 37

:uat on Wlieat. Kinre, aaid its application. Sprouting
Garden Seeds— Raising Onions a^

Ota and Horse Bees. Use of Swamp Muck. RtxEiprs
—To Kill Lice on Cattle— To make Calves eat Roots-
To make Wisconsin Mince I'ies — Ind'an Loaf Bread —
Wisconsin Sponge Cake. Summer all the year, (Hot

Air Furnace.) 39

l:iking Hot-Beds — Gardening for March. Mangel Wurt-
7r\. Correctirn. Portiait of Cow "Jessamine."
Scraps— M;trl— Peat— Good Farming— Loss of Weight
<jf Grasses in drj ing — Xcw breed of cattle — Cotton crop
— Baulky Horses— Store HogH— Manufactures in Mass.
—Fuel— Depth 4»f4j:ikes—SK*t -for '^.^ttle— Improvement

in Cattle— Ripening Wrtll Fruit— Hessian tly 40

itriieuliural Mee'-ing at Rochester. Monroe County
Agricultural Society Canada. Douhle-Hingc Har-
row, (with a cut.) Durham (U. 0.) Agricultural

Society 41

- Colm'an's Address— JIT Re;td it all ! 42-43

eeding Berkshires — a corre.-tion. ."Maple Sugar 44

j\v prices favora'de to National ex|)orts and National
wealth. Cause of Decay of Uuta Bagas. Rats and
Rat-catching. Importance of tl>e Indian Orn Crop. .. 45
ills and Forest Trees. Military Fiaies. Farming in
Allegany couTity. Importation of Silk. On llie cuKi-

vatiOB of the Dablia. To the Ladies 46

'et Feet- Population statistics. Education of Far-
mers' Chihlrcn, No. 2- Aflnrabte While Wash. Cure

for Tooth Ache , 47

0 Corrcspomienls. GrrJiam's Magazine, and Oodej's
L-idy'fl Book. Genesee County Agricnltnral Society.
Stale Bounty on Silk. Large Hogs. "Frank." Re-
partoofthe Markets. Advertisements. Prices Current 48

-,\

reports of the Mnrkete. iX.c.» up to the Jst, and there-
tore cannot go to press earlier. Then, notwithbtand-
ing we use a Power Press, it takes quite a number of
days to work ofTeo large an edition. The whole are
mailed as fast as poe'Eible, and should all reach the
subscribers before the middle of ihe month.

Post Maetere and agents in Canada, who wish to
send U8 instructions respecting the direction of the pa-
pers, are requested to direct their letters to the Post
Mastcf «t ihk places otherwise we are subjected to
postage.

Post Masters and Agents are particularly requested
to write the name of the Poet Office, County, and
State. It is s<>metimeB almost impossible to decide
what State the place mentioned is located in.

Triumphant Success.

We congratulate the friends of this paper, on the

iccees wtich liaa thus far attended the 2d Volume.

I'e commenced the year with on edition of 20,000

>pics, and some of our friends thought it wos ton

rent a number, but present appearances indicate that

e were not mistaken; forif tde friends of the cause

mtinuc to e-xert themselves, as they have done the

ist two months, this large edition will soon all be

rculated; and then who can estimate the amount of

.aod that our monthly messenger may accomplish ?

i Hate patience with «s. Owing lo the flood of let-

'lifB, whicli daily pour in upon ue, w< are sometimes

'l>mpellcd to defer attention to them for a doy or two ;

ind sometimes (thoughnot often) names are not enter-

!1 correctly. We regret these evils and endeavor lo

Nroid them, and hope, therefore, our friends will not

'wld too severely, or laz us postage on their com-

laints. Postmasters, when requested, will generally

iform us of inocuracies.

Some of our subscribers complain that tbeir papers
0 not reach them till some days after the Isl of the
OTith. W» coiina: kcff if. We wish to obtain the

Hiicurreiit Money.

Bills on solvent Banks in this, and the Eastern
States, are at par with us Canada, Pennsylvania,
and New Jersey, iire 5 to 10 pec cent discount. —
Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois money, is G ;o
8 per cent.; and Michigan is Vii per ctnt. discount.

W^ hopo OUT friends at a distance will take pains
to send us the host money they can obtain. We do
not refuse a.ny of the above, when sent us free of
postage, and nothing deducted for commission; but the
amount paid hy us for discount during the year, is a
serious item

Monroe County Agricultural Society.

By a notice i'n another column it will be seett tliat
the Genesee Agricultural Society, organiied in this
city last year, and intended to embrace se%^ral coun*
ties, is now to be confined to this county, and called
" The Monroe County Agricultural Society." The
reasons for this change are numerous. When this
was organised, there was no society in Genesee, On-
tario, or Wayne counties, but now each of these have
societies of their own, and other counties are expected
to organize. Besides, it is expected that some aid
will be granted by the Legislature, and if so the law
will confine the societies to single counties.

The Petitions are daily presented to the Legislature,
and if any persons have petitions with signatures in
their hands, they should send them in without delay.
No report has yet been made on the subject, but
doubtless soon will be.

" Rochester Seed Store Catalogue"— 1841.

The annual Catalogue of the Buchester Seed
Store is sent as an extra with this number of the
Farmer, and should be preserved by our readers.
The agents named for the sale of seeds in other places,
will receive their supplies in a very few days.— Cala.
logues are sent gratis to all applicants.

Hatch's Broadcast Sowing Machine.

This machine has been exhibited at several Fairs,
and used on several farms in Western New York the
past fall, and has been spoken of in high terms of
praise. It ie calculated for sowing all kinds of groin,
broadcast, and is particularly valuable for sowing lime
or plaster.

Mr. Hatch, the inventor, is now in Rochester, ma-
I king arrangements for building mochinc'e. We in-
I tend to give a aioie particular account of it next
I monih.

Hints for the Mouth.

Every farmer should be able, if not already ao, to
answer the following questions in the affirmative: —

Is your stove and other wood, for use next summer,
ali cut and piled up "or seasoning? And bavejou
plenty of wood seasoning for next winter's use t Ara
your chips all collected and secured for fuel ?

Are your tools, for the approaching campaign in far-
ming, all in first rate order ? — your ploughs with good
points, bcamssouud, handles firm ? — your roUeti and
harrows with teeth, your hoes and forks with handles ?
— your harnees in good repair, and well oiled ?

Are your tools all t^e best of their kind, bo that the
additional work they will perform, will pay for them*
selves ten times over before next fall ?

Are you provided as far as practicable against hor.
rowing tools ?

Is there a place for every thing, and every thing in
its place, so that you need not waste the richest por-
tions of your time next sunmier in fruidcss searches ?
Are your fanning implements all well painted whers
needed, to preserve them from decay ?

Are your fences all in good repair — loose rails laid
up — low fences nmde higher — board fences well nail*
ed — stoite walls not tumbling 1

Are yoar cellars kept clean and pure 7 — your roots
in them in good sound condition ? — your apphs kept
assorted, the dct-ayed from the sound ?

Aie the water furrows in your whesl-fietda kept
open and deep, so that you may not loose buehela
of wheat by the wont of as many minutes work 1

Are your grafts cut — the beat kinds chosen— your
grafting plasters made ?

Is the additional attention given lo cattle and sheep,
espeoial'y to the latter, which this critical period of iJia
year requires? — the feed increased, the quality im,
proved ?

Have you procured the plaster you intend to b w, ao
as to have it on the grass early, that it may receive tha
full benefit ?

Are your farm and garden seeds all procured 1
bo you understand the best way lo make ond save
manure — that steam engine of farming operations —
and if not, have ynu endeavored by reading and obtar.
ration to find out 7

Most farmers will perhaps be busy this month in
preparing lo answer the above affirmatively, after
which we should be glad lo moke further auggestion*.
Those of our readers who wi'h directions on gar-
dening for this monili. are referred to the copious in-
structioijB on the subject given in this paper the ^M
year. f

34

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Board Fence.

There are three methods of making board fence, all
of which without doubt arc familiar to our rendera;
but our motive for describing them here, is forihe pur-
pose of comment.

The eimplestkind is made by setting the posts, and
nailing on the boards — nothing more. It is deficient
in strength, and ought never to be adopted nor recom-
mended.

The second kind is made by adding a strip on the
top of the posts, which adds materially to the strength
of the fence; but it affords no protection from the rain
either to the nails or to that part of the boards that ore
in contact with the posts. In consequence of being
thus exposed to the wet, the wood decays, the nails
rust, and in a few years dilapidation commences. *

The beat kind of board fence resembles the latter
method, by having a strip on the top of the posts; but
it reaches far enough in front to cover upright strips
which are fastened by nails passing through the boards
into the posts. These protect the joints and most of
the nails from the wet. This kind of fence is not
only very strong, but very durable; and not liable to
get out of order if a nail or two should chance to be
defective, as the upright strip must give way before the
boards can full down, or get out of place. The ad-
ditional expense may be considered as insurance.

There is another kind of insurance however, that
should not be forgotten: This is plugging the poets
with salt. In 1824 William Phillips, of Philadelphia
county, wrote to the secretary of the Pennsylvania
Agricultural Society as follows: —

" In 1803 I planted four gate posts of Delaware
oak, of very inferior quality; a two inch auger hole
was bored through them, filled with salt, and plugged
at both ends. As they were to support highly finish-
ed gates, they were cased with boards, and some salt
put inside of the case near the ground. The posts
are now as sound as ichen put downy and bid fair to
last for some generations to come."

We should presume however, that posts already set,
or to be set, would not require to be bored through, if
the direction of the auger be properly gauged; and
then one plug would answer. t

be: Inclose your woodlands, allowing no live stock to
run through it that can damage the smallest tree; for
though there may be a convenience sometimes in vio-
lating this rule, yet it will be ;7rti</ /or at a dear rate;
and it will be cheaper to hire pasture of a neighbor
even at a high price. Let this incloeure be sacred
I'rom all intrusion of the kind.

But large trees and small ones will not flourish to-
gether; and when large trees are felled there is fre-
quently a destructive emoshing among the juniors of
the wood. When the former therefore wonts rails
and fire-wood, let him cut down a portion annually,
say a quarter or a half an acre, sparing nothing that
he finds on the ground, but let the axe and the brush-
hook perform their respective parts. Even saplings
will make durable rails, if cut at the right season— not
of the moon but of the sun, — in summer, autumn, or
the early part of winter; and then the young growth
will have nothing to overshadow it. On the reverse, it
will soon overshadow the whole ground, retain the
leaves as they fall, and have their roots protected from
the cold of winter, and the heat and drought of sum-
mer.

We believe it is not an uncommon opinion that oak,
chestnut, or hickory lands, ore the only kinds worth
preserving for an undergrowth; but we have never
seen amore thrifty wood than one that was principally
maple, elm. ash, butternut, and basswood. The lat-
ter kinds indeed are more injured by cattle than the
former; but when they have not been destroyed, and
have a clear field, their growth is very rapid. t

by our admonition. Were we mistaken 1 We will
state the facts: Its tail has been snipped off, but the
nucleous is left to shine with its original splendor.

Some sort of an apology might possibly hove been
invented, if the Dictionary had contained a notice of
other professions, such as botanist, horticulturist f
^c, but nothing of the kind baa been found; and We
apprehend that some will not resist the impression
that he has run off the track to have a cut at vegetable
"monsters."

A more serious view of the matter however may be
taken. Was the learned professor in the line of hie
duty, as an instructor of the yovng, when he wrote
that definition ? It is a caricature, uncalled for, and
unworthy of such a place. The true definition, which
we copy from Webster, is as follows: —

"Florist. A cultivator of flowers; one skilled in
flowers." *

Preservation of Woodlands.

In looking round the country, we find the most
common management of wood-lots to be as follows:
Cattle and sheep are allowed to range through them;
and all young trees within their reach which they are
fond of browsing, such as the maple, the basswood, or
the elm, are effectually destroyed. Oak and hickory
also suffer; and between being overshadowed by large
trees and nipped by live stock, they soon become
worthless and stunted even if they survive.

In the mean time the axe and the tempest are grad-
tially thinning the primeval array of the forest. A
sound tree is wanted for o sill or a beam; or the ne-
cessary supply of rails for the farm; and declining
ones are prostrated by the storm, or cut for fire wood.
As the residue stand more distant from each other, the
leaves which formerly supplied an annual covering for
the roots, ore now swept away by the winds; the
grass gets possession; and though young trees will of-
ten flourish in the open pasture, old trees which have
always stood in the crowded forest, cramped and con-
fined in their roots, ore not prepared for the change;
nnd the lot from a wood gradually becomes a shady
jiaature.

Yet it is necessary for landed proprietors to look
forward to the next generation; and our advice would

* Some persons pnint their fences, nnd then n pnrt of this
objection is removed. For farm fences, however, this pro-
eesB is too expensive ; though soruetimes those piirts of the
boards and posts that come in contact are painted — a very
judicious precaution. If throwing hot nails into oil, pre-
vents thcii rusting, a board fence is the very place to try
(Item,

Working Butter.

It has been a custom in our family, time out of
mind, not to use any water in working butler, under
the impression that the latter would be injured by such
contact, and disposed to become rancid. Instead
therefore of washing out the buttermilk, it is carefully
worked out with a wooden ladle. The following ex-
tract from the account of the Holstein dairy system
lately copied into the New Genesee Farmer, • will ex-
plain the whole affair. We copy it again lest some of
our readers might pass it without notice.

"The churning being completed, the butter is ta-
ken off by means of a large wooden ladle, and carried
in 0 tub directly to the butter cellar, where, in a large
trough, very smoothly polished off inside, ond provi-
ded with a plug hole at the lower extremity, the butter
is slightly worked, and salted with the purest salt;
then moulded with a wooden Iodic into a moss ot the
upper end of the trough, and left for some hours to
drain. In the evening it is thoroughly beat or rather
slopped. —

" The butter in Jlolstein is seldom if ever washed,
as water is believed not only to rob it of its richness
and favor, but as being itself susceptible of putrefac-
tion," and inimical to the preservation of the but-
ter, t

* Volume 2, page 3.

Florist.

From Eaton's Botanical Dictionary modernized for
1840 we copy the following: —

" Florist. One whose employment is that of cre-
ating monsters; that is double and various colored;
as carnations, double roses, &c."

Folks who are fond of queer things will be pleased
with this definition; but those who look more grave-
ly at such malterH, may wonder how it ever found its
way into a Dictionary of Scientific terms I They
may even be inclined to think it not only vituperative
but unjust ; ond unfortunately the learned professor
bos furnished his old friends with no evidence to the
contrary.

As eorly as the year 1832, * we ventured to coll his
attention to this impropriety — for so we must consider
jt; and indulged the hope for a time that he hod profited

* Genesee rarnier, volume *, page 17.

Field Beets.

A respected correspondent at page 23, ascribes the
loss of his beet crop to their having been planted so
late as " May24lh;" but we did not plant our Mangel
Wurtzel (Vol. 1, p. 130) until about the 7th of the
month following; ond we think that if he had seen
them a short time before they were gathered, he would
have spoken more favorably of the beet culture.

There is a great difference between the labor neces-
sary to secure a crop of potatoes and a crop of beets.
In lopping the latter we used no knife; but wrenched
off the leaves with our hands — a much more expedi-
tious way; and the beets scarcely required any dig-
ging. A great proportion of them came up very ea-
sily; and we filled our corn baskets long before a pota-
to digger would have unearthed half the quantity.

That experiment of ours which ran counter to the
opinions of some good farmers in several particulars,
and succeeded in all of them, — has given us much sat-
isfaction. The time of planting however, was later
than we would recommend, except in a case of neces-
sity like our own; but the exemption from hard frosts
until late in autumn, wos most fovorable, — for they
were not gathered till in the 11th month. J n some
years undoubtedly they would hove been domoged by
such exposure.

We think one couse of our success was in the scald-
ing, which hastened the germination of the seeds.
They were put into a vessel containing about two
quarts which was then filled with boiling water, and
left to stand for several days. Those who are afraid of
hot water however, may use that which is only tepid;
but we would earnestly recommend that the seed in
no case, be planted dry or without soaking.

Another cause of our success was in using fresh
manure from the stable in all its ranliness ; and wo
hope that the practice of our friend " Sineca" " on
this point, as well as our own experiment, will re-
move all fears in regard to this important auxiliary, t

Trimming Orchards.

This is a very necessary and important operation.
Large apples of the same sort are better than small
ones, not only on account of the size, but the fla-
vor is more perfectly developed,^specially when
they grow well exposed to the sun and air. Our riJo
is, the higher the color, the higher the flavor, of that
particular kind. Now when the branches become
crowded and proportionately stunted, we have no
right to e-xpect fine fruit; and the only remedy is judi-
cious pruning. ^

Writers have differed in regard to the best time of 5,
performing this operation, some preferring the winter

* New Cienesec Former, volume 1, page 147. He would
render our journal more interesting by using his own proper
Bignnlurc ; and we earnestly request that all our correspon-
dents do the same*

No. 2.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

35

leaeon, nnd some the Bummer. Bolh seasons are fa-
•orable, but the sooner it is done the better. If any
armer from indulging in theory should prefer the lat-
er period, let him first consider how it will agree
•iih bis other business; and if it should appear clear-
• that he will have nothing to interrupt him when
jmmer conioa, well and good — let him defer it till
)at lime. If on the contrary, should his corn-field,
■ potatoes, mending roads, or any other service, be
iely to interfere, — let him make up'his mind at once,

do it now before the sap begins to flow, if possible;
id remember that a coat of paint over the stumps of
e larger limbs when amputated, is worth more than

the theory that has been invented^

Now a few words in regard to the manner. Cut
3 under side of large limbs yir»<, to prevent them from
lining down; and in cutting of all limbs, whether
1 ge or small, be careful to have as little naked wood
I possible, — leaving it very smooth, neither jagged,
ir split, nor haggled. For this purpose, the saw is
t proper instrument on most of the large limbs;
t ugh a broad chisel on the end of a pole, and even
t axe in dextrous hands may be used in some situa-
1 19 ; but then let none but dextrous hands touch it.
8 at of the trimming in our orchards, is miserably
ie. t

For the Ifcu) Genesee Farmer.
Experiments In Feeding Beetx.

tisSRS. Editors — Every writer who intends his

lee for publication, particularly in giving experi-

tfl which may induce others to make a similar trial,

Id be very careful in giving the detail; oleo, that

108 not been deceived himscff, lest he deceive

•8. It frequently happens, that different indi-

ils arrive at difTerent conclusions in making the

experiments, (I mean experiments like the one

! head of this article.) For instance, my friend,

. stated to me, some one or two years since, that

nsidered mangel wurtzel a valuoble crop for win-

; swine. He said, "he bad fed them to bis ss

principal food. They were very fond of them,

iept in good condition through the winter."

sost fall and present winter, I have endeavored

t the value of various kinds of beets as food for

hogs, and am fully convinced that they are the

', mi |»(, and, at the same time, as good keep as can

led for wintering swine. I fed them to my fat

ogs, for their first feed in the fall. I washed

liled them, masbcd them fine in the liquor they

wiled in ; then, after standing a few days, fed

0 my hogs. They ate them with great avidity,

i ined flesh as fast as they afterwards did, fed on

)rn in the ear. I did not, however, feed them

lough (some 8 or 10 days) fairly to test their

as food for fattening porkers.

uel Guthrie, in an article headed, " Experi-

n feeding Sugar Beets," (Cult. & Far., Vol. 1.

13,) says, " I washed and boiled the beets, and

m profusely for two weeks. The hogs devour-

n most ravenously; but^ on making a careful

jj, ,lei B ation at the end of this time, to ascertain

O'jifil' J gfess I had made in fattening them, I learned,

,. I is; J arprise, that they evidently had gained nothing.

fj ttct' rge sow put on an appearance so wo-begone,

[iiitiliduced a charitable friend to take her off my

-ill ee gratis." The experiment was carried still

ic by adding a peck of potatoes to a bushel of

It itind tried two weeks longer, but the improve-

iji,,i(iial'a8 barely perceptible. Then potatoes and

r, III equal quantities, were fed one month more.

f; J,'ji(;<> eyhad gained about as much as the potatoes

jBdiiPT''! 3uld have improved them. " I had now," he

17 hogs left, including two beautiful Berk-

• •f full blood, &c. As I had provided little

t\ be«t] fcr their lustcnace?, and as I had ie-

lit
It,
It-
iiei
ttv
irt*
ief
wnii

sS-
» m I

Kulii

iiiilm

, ill re-
nliiij.t

lermined to give the root a fair trial, I continued to
feed them, adding corn and bran, as seemed indispen-
sable, through the winter. This spring I have 14 left,
having lost three during the winter; all of which, ex-
cept the two Berkehires, are miserably poor. These
Berkshires, without, to my knowledge, having fared
better than the rest, have not opparcntly sufTered at all,
but are in fine condition. I attribute this, in some
measure, to their domineering spirit, ond to their
greKter industry; for they are intolerable monopolists,
and in perpetual action." Something then depends
on the breed ; for had they all been Berkshires, we
may infer they would all have been " in fine condi-
tion" in the spring. Three died during the winter I
Did they starve to death 1 Or may we infer that they
were diseased, or had not a comfortable shelter to keep
off the pelting storms and drifting snow of winter ?

"Much depends on the breed, as every farmer
knows; much on the health of the animal; something
on the season of the year. I failed in attempting to
fatten several swine in one case, though they were
carefully attended, and various kinds of feed tried;
nnd the failure was totally inexplicoble until they were
slaughtered, when the intestines were found corro-
ded with worms, resembling those found in the human
stomach; and this, I have no doubt, prevented their
thrift. The same fact has occurred in another in-
stance, and with the same result. I failed in attempt-
ing to fatten some other swine, which had been driv-
en a considerable distance and exposed (probably not
half fed on the road) to severe cold and storms."*

My store hogs were fed for some weeks on beets
alone. Not having a fidl supply, I have fed them, of
late, alternately with beets, potatoes, and corn, all in
the raw state. The beets nnd corn they eat with tne
same greediness, but the potatoes are a drug. They
squeal over them for some time, and then reluctantly
eat about half their ration. Another fall I intend to
lay in largely for mangel wurlzel and sugar beet, and
shall, the coming season, cultivate them accordingly.

I had supposed it to be an established fact, that cat-
tle would fatten if fed sufficiently on beets. But
Samuel Guthrie's experience (in the article above
referred to) is in the negative. He says, "To one
cow, designed for slaughter, I fed some forty bushels
in thirty days, and this without making any percepti-
ble improvement in the condition of the animal." I
shall have to refer to my friend D. T. again. He tells
me he has fattened a beef, this winter, principally on
beets. " For the fattening of a bullock, forty or fifty
pounds of beets per day, mixed with five or six pounds
of dry fodder, will accomplish the object in four
months. Care must be taken to give it in three sepa-
rations, since by feeding often and in small quantities
at a time, the same amount of nutriment goes far-
ther." t

Since writing the above, the 1st No, of the 2d. vol.
of your valuable paper has come to hand. I was
much gratified to find an article [page 11, copied from
o" Western paper"] on "Beets for Cattle." The
comparative value of beets and potatoes, as food for
cattle, I am of the opinion, is rightly estimated. The
writer says, " In feeding the same animal with beets,
it was easily told that one third lees than of turnips or
potatoes, would make them give the same quantity of
milk of better quality, and they showed heller keep."
The same writer also says, " Young animals [cattle]
are peculiarly found of the raw beets, and thrive as-
tonishingly on them." Exactly the same with swine.
Farmers, store well your cellars with beets, and make
a fair trial. Feed your store hogs and cotlle on them'
one winter, and you will be convinced of their value,
and cultivate them accordingly.

J. B. BOWEN.

.Aurora, Cayuga Co., January 20, 1840.

* Gen. Far., Vol. 4, puge 261. From the transactions of

the Essex Agricultural Society on ewine. Henry CoLMAfr-

t Gen. Vol; Vol. », page 3. Bib. Uuiv, for IfiSJ

To the Editors of the New Genesee Farmer: —

Gentlemen — On reading on article in the Januory
number of your paper, headed Effects of tlie Stock on
grafted Fruit Trees, in which you comment on remarks
contained in a late number of the Yankee Former, by
the editor of that Journal, on the above subject, in
which he loys down the following propositions, viz:^
" 1 Stocks have an effect as to bearing years.

2. Stocks affect the scion in hastening or retarding
the ripening of the fruit.

3. Stacks produce defects on grafted fruit.

4. Stocks affect the color of fruit.

5. Stocks affect the quality of fruit.

6. Stocks hove on influence in increasing or decrea-
sing the size of fruit."

And, as you observe, the subject is not new to hor-
ticulturists—Dr. Mease, of Philadelphia, affirming
such influence some years ago, and reviewed by you
at the time, in the 3d vol. of the old Genesee Farmer;
and not thinking the evidence conclusive, and having
seen nothing since to change your opinion, you ex-
press your willingness to examine the subject anew
with candor and fairness; and you commence in the
right woy, by etoting the results of yoiu own practice
and observation.

In addressing you on this subject, I beg to inform
you it is one I have been closely connected with up-
wards of sixteen years in England and this country,
the greater part in the former, and the result of my
conclusions are the reverse of yours.

In quoting Professor Lindley in support of your
opinion, I think the statement quoted does not go far
enough in support of the subject under consideration.

Though the fodd communicated from the alburnum
of the Quince to the Pear, is in nearly the same state
as when it entered the roots of the former, it does not
follow that the quantity received would be equal to
that communicoted through the alburnum of a Pear
stock, and hence the austerity of the former, and the
luxuriance of the latter. Before I quit this partof tha
subject, it will be well to state, though it is a fact
known to most horticulturists, that in all English nup-
series, a certain number (sufficient to meet the de-
mands ol the establishment) of Peors are worked on
the Quince annually, and Apples on the Paradise stocks
(a sort of dwarf opple or crab, used as stocks, espe-
cially for the premature fruiting of the apple, and the
influence it has on the scion to form a dwarf tree or
bush) for Espaliers and dwarf. Standards, to plant
in the borders of the principal walks in the kitchen
garden, where they form a counterpart to the trees
trained on the garden walls and add much to the gen-
eral effect of the garden, Jind are to be seen in most of
the gardens of England; and I never knew an in-
stance of their failing to exercise the desired influence,
namely, dwarf habits, premature fruiting, and prema-
ture ripening their fruit. Consequently, (though the
fruit is mostly fine, if attention is paid to pruning the
trees and thinning the fruit when too thick,) the spe-
cimens are never so fine as those obtained from trees
worked on the thrifty Pear stock, and common Apple
or crab stock — which trees are generally reserved for
the orchard, with occasionally something choice for an
open space in the gaiden. Instances are not rare in
England, (where the climate is not so favorable to the
maturing of the finer varieties of the Flemish Pear aa
the United States, &c. &c.) when trees are not fertile,
(I mean Pears,) although in a flourishing state of
growth, scions have been taken off and worked on the
Quince Stock, and they hove assumed fertile habits
ond bore plentifully. I believe the above includes
proposition 2, 5, 6.

By the first proposition is meant (aa I understand it)
bearing in altenxate years, a subject which I think the
stock has no influence whatever. On thie head I b».
UeT« weajnee. -id «< tou oU»r«. • « - ^'■■' -^•-••'

niTi 1 1

36

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

confined to opples, niid always to the Inte fall nnd
winter apples; Buminer nnd early harvest varieties
almost invariably being rrgiilar bearers, for this rea-
son: they mature their fruit and get rid of their bur-
den in time to recruit strength, make shoots and form
buds for the next year's crop; whereas the overbur-
dened winter apple tree holds on to its fruit as long na
its foliage, and consequently requires the next year to
rest, to recruit its exhausted strength, nnd form buds,
&c. , to produce fruit. In my opinion, this is a part
of the subject worthy of paying more attention to than
is generally paid; and if people who have young or-
chards, or only a few trees around their door yards,
were to take the trouble to thin out the young apples
10 one or two to a bunch, on obferving their young
trees assuming these habits, the result would be, the
fruit left on would be so much larger and liner, that
the quantity would be increased in bulk, though not
in number, to as much as if vhey were all left on, and
the buds, divested of the young fruit, would have time
to form Iruii buds for the next year; and by pursuing
this system for a lew years, when irccs first come in-
to bearing, much may be done to alter the system of
bearing in alternate years.

In reference to proposition No. 3, in my opinion, if
a stock is diseased, it will communicate it to the scion,
nnd consequently affect the future tree; for instance, I
:hink succors, or layers, or even seedlings, raised Irom
&uit of diseased trees, will communicate the disease
of the parent stock to any scion that may be worked
on to it This I have observed always to be the gene-
ral rule, though occnsionally an exception.

Respecting proposition No. 4, lam not ready to en-
ter into at present. And finally, respecting your cur-
rant bushes. We frequently see currant bushes and
other trees, partly in a state of decay, whilst the other
part flourished luxuriantly; and in the case of the pa-
rent stock of your bushes, though apparently in good
health when slips or cuttings were taken off, may, if
left on, show the disease in some of those identical
ehoots taken off the following year; but being taken
off, it appears in the individual plants, and conse-
quently the superiority of some of your currant bush-
es over the others.

ONE OF YOUa SUBSCRIBERS.
Oiavs' Co., 184J.

Fur the lYeic Genesee Farmer.
PE.\R8.

Who is not fond of good pears 1 To my taste there
is no fruit, not even that of tropical climes, equal to a
luscious, melting pear. Few of our farmers know
any thing about good pears. Most of this fruit culti-
vated by ihcm, is of very inferior quality, and yet con-
sidered good by those who know of no better. But
very little is cultivated. Many are discouraged from
undertaking to raise pears, from the idea that it takes
a man his life time almost, to obtain fruit by setting out
young trees. This idea is very erroneous in reference
to griifud trees. Though it takes a pcnr tree from
twelve to fifteen years to bear from the seed, yet the
graft, taken from a bearing tree, will bear as soon as
Bny other kind of fruit — in two or three years.

In the spring of 1837 the writer received scions of
several choice varieties of pears from Messrs. Kenrick,
D. Thomas, .J. A. Lazelle, nnd others, which wore
then engrafted, mostly on small trees set out that
spring. In 1839 several of them bore n few, nnd last
year some of them bore plentifully. Among these
were the Julienne or Bloodgood, Madeline, Bartleit,
Henry Fourth, PaBse Colinar, licurre UicI, Lemon
Pear of Scotland, ISezi de La Motte, C'n|iiamont, (so
called, but not the true Capisinonl,) Hcnthcot, Win-
ter Nelis, and Prince's Virgnlieu. Most of these
prjT* to be ejtctUgiil, The Julienne, ripening the

latter part of July, is good, but hardly equal to the
Madeline, which is larger and ripens about the same
time. The Darlletl, which Kenrick thinks is the
same as the Williams' Bon chretien, is a moat capital
pear, ripe in Sept., large, buttery, and of a high mus-
ky flavor, sound at the core. Henry Fourth, one of
the new Belgian pears raised by Dr. \'an Mons is tru-
ly excellent; ripening in October, of moderate size,
luittery, resembling very much in flavor the Seckel,
though not so sweet, and like this, growing in clus-
ters. It muat be eaten as soon ae it becomes mellow.
It is, in eating, a liido before the Virgalieu. Passe
Colmar is described as one of the very best pears
originated by Van Mons. It sustains its character,
though to some tastes it would be considered too sweet.
It resembles, in flavor, a rich citron or pine apple mel-
on. It IS a winter pear, of medium size, growing in
cluftcrs, and a great bearer. Beiirre Diet is another
of the New Belgian pears, and a noble one it is; large
buttery, nnd fine flavored. Though described as a
winter penr, it cnn hardly be called such, ae it was in
eating in November. Lemon year of Scotland is a
good sized, handsome fruit, ripening in October and
November; yellow at maturity; buttery, with an a-
greenble acid; not high flavored, but a good pear.
Bczi de La Nolte is an old but good variety; ripe in
November, it is of good size; buttery, and of a pecu-
liar flavor. It is worthy of cultivation. Capiamont.
The pear I received by this name, is a late fall pear,
of moderate size, of a russet color, tapering to the
stock, moderately acid, of pretty good flavor; but it
answers not all the description of the true kind, which
ripens in September, and is said to be a "large and a
most delicious and beautiful fruit." A scion of the
true kind was recently obtained from Mr. J. A. Lazelle
of Columbus, Ohio, who says of it, " I have had the
true Capiamont fruit this Beason— first rate. The
Capiamont that was in the country previous to the
receipt of bcions direct from Dr. Van Mons, by Mes-
srs. Kenrick and Manning, is said to have been errone-
ous." Hcnthcot. The scions of this were obtained
from Mr. Kenrick, who describes it as "a native
pear, a capital variety, which deserves to be ranked
with the Seckel and Bartleti." There must have
been some error about it, as Mr. Kenrick says it ripens
" in September;" whereas, the fruit from the scions
he sent, did not ripen till January. It could not have
been the true kind — probably a mistake. It was how-
ever, a good winter fruit, of moderate size, green,
juicy, and of a pleasant flavor. Winter Nelis is a
small ruBscl-colorcd fruit, buttery, but of very little
flavor; hardly worth cultivating when there are so
many others that are better. Prince's Virgalieu is
another I would reject from my list of good pears.
It is a winter pear, of /«(> size and appearance; green,
coarse, and of little flavor. It may be good for ba-
king, but is hardly eatable as a table fruit. I have
cut the grafts off to give place to kinds more wortlnj.
Of the above kinds, the Madeline, the Barllett, the
Henry Fourth, the Beurre Diel, and Passe Colmar,
particularly, I would strongly recommend for cultiva-
tion to the lovers of this fruit, in addition to other
kinds of known and proved excellence, as the Virga-
lieu, Seckel, &c. I would mention as highly worthy
of cultivation also, the Flemish Beauty, Foster, Dix
and Dearborn Seedling. Ol the first two, Mr. J. A.
Lazelle says, " The Flemish Beauty, I had fruit this
season. It is large and delicious; ripened in Septem-
ber. It needs to be taken ofl' n little bclore it is ripe,
and ripened in the house. The Foster is a delicious
fruit, to my taste superior to the far famed Seckel."
The Foster, Dix, and Dearborn's Seedling, are Amer-
ican fruits, of great excellence. Others might be ad-
ded to this list, but my paper adinonishea nic I must
clo^e this coimnuitication. B*

UrhavM, Icb, IHl.

Sowing Locust Seed.

A corrcspdhdent in Vaies Co. complains that he
has found great difficulty ii^ causing locust feed to veg-
etate, nnd inquires whot preporation is neceesary to
ensure scccess.

The difficulty is a very common one, but the reme-
dy is well known to most readers o( agriculiurel pa-
pers. If the seed is perfect, all that it necessary is to
scald and soak it tliOrovgUly before sowing. By thia
we do not mean soaking in hot irater merely ; but pour
on two or three quarts of boiling icafer, and let it soak
twenty-four hours, when the whole or a part of tha
seeds will be swollen to three or,four times their for-
mer size. If only a part are swollen, they should be
separated, nnd the remninder scnided again. When
thus prepared and swollen, they will Tegetate almost
as frtely tis corn; but without this process, disappoint-
ment will almost invariable be the result.

ICr It is still a good time to gather locust seed from
the trees; and if any of our young renders will collect
a quantity and take it to the Rochester Seed Store,
they will obtain a grod price for it.

liaising Fruit Trees from Cuttings.

Wc have received eeveral Communications making
inquiries respecting the nianer of raising fruit tree*
from cuttings; and we nnswer them all in one short
sentence. tUf" TVe do not beliere it can be done sue*
cessfully. This popular error was pretty fully explo-
ded in our vol. 1, p. 210, and therefore we deem it un-
necessary to occupy more space with it at present.

New subscribers are reminded that they can obtain
vol. 1. at the subscription price.

" A Subscriber" is also referred to vol. ]. for infor-
mation respecting the worm in fruit trees.

Raising Che.stnut Trees for Timber.

Messks. Editors — I have 5 acres of new land-
soil clayey, but good, surface rolling, beach timber
predominating, which I intend to clear and plant with
chestnuts. I propose to prepare the ground for corn,
and plant chestnuts in each alternate hill of every se-
cond row, with the corn. I would repeat the planting.
of corn for two or three years, and dress the youngi
trees with the corn till they had attained sufficient size;
then sow the land with grasa-sced, and let the treet"
grow for fence timber.

Now, if you or your correspondents, will commu-
nicate through the medium of "our own paper" some
better plan, or throw some light on this subject, 1
will esteem it a favor, nnd will promise to inform yoiO'
of the results of my experiment.

W. DARGITT.

Iberia, Ohio, fei., 1841.

Remarks — The plan proposed would probably sue
ceed very well, if the soil is suitable for the chestnut
but of this we hove some doubts. This tree delight
in 0 deep sandy or gravelly soil, and is seldom fount
on clayey soil, or where beech timber predominates
It is worse than useless to attempt to raise loiest treei
on soil that is uncongenial to their giowth; and, ifwt
arc not mistaken, Mr. D. had better abandon bis pro
ject, or select some other kind of tree. The subjec
is an important one however, and we will cndeavort
give more particular information respecting it nei
month, — Eds.

Ornamental Plants.

It is our intention in this article to depart from on
usual course, nnd speak only of jilnnts ichich ice huP
not seen, on the nulhority of others.

In Buist's Flower Garden Directory, printed il
1839, Clematis cttrvlca is noticed as an "entire!
new climber," introduced from Japan to Europe b
Dr. Van Siebold. It ie nrrangtd among htrdy plonli

No. 3.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

37

and Professor Lindley is quoted for the- following
opinion : — " It is n charming addition to the climbers
cultivated in England. It has a most graceful mode
of growth; and the large violet flowers with deep pur-
ple stamens, are more ornamental than those of any
Bpecies of Clrmitlis in this country."

Clematis sichulilii is another species from the same
country and by the same florist. " Large blue and
white, superb — petals sufl'iised with violet spots — an-
thers of a violet color. An attractive inhabitant of
the flower garden, from its graceful habit, and the size
and beauty of its blossoms."

In Buiet's Catalogue for 18-10, he mentions Deutziii
scabra as '-one of the finest of white flowering
ahruba" — Sfiid to be hardy.

Its being hardy at Philadelphia however,is no proof
that it would be hardy in the Genesee country. A
balance against us of three degrees of latitude, is not
all that is to be taken into account. Our elevation
above the level of the sea is another item; and our
Boil in many instances, is a third one of no small im-
portance. Many shrubs, like the Laurels on the moun-
tains* to the Siiuth, which could abide severer win-
ters than ours, arc sickened by the lime diflused
through our soil, and gradually perish- Possibly the
ehrubs above-mentioned may be of this number, and
refuse to embellish our gardens, a point however,
which experiment alone can determine.

Herbaceous plants which are hardy at Philadelphia,
may be safely intmdueed here, if they have only to
contend with a difference of temperature. Our hea
vy soil is not so deeply penetrnted by the frost, and
tinder a more durable covering of snow, and such
thick curtains as the condensed exhalations of our
lakes, they will generally lie snugly and safely in their
winter abode.

We notice the following perennials in Buist's Cat-
alogue, and copy thora for the purpose of making fur-
ther inquiry : —

Aconitum grandiflornm — large bhie.

versicolor — blue and white.

Campanula striata — striped flowered.

Delphinium maximum — superb blue.

Barlowii — dark purple.

.^-^— bicolor — white and purple.

Dianthus splendidiseima — superb double crimson.

Dracocephalum argunensc — Fischer's fine blue.

Lobelia propinqua — large crimson.

ignea — brightest scarlet.

Lychnis bungeana — large star flowering crimson.

Onosma tauricum — golden flower.

Paeonia edulis (albiflora) v. odoratiesima — sweet
icented.

Pentstemon cobiEa — large blusb.

coccinea — ecarlet.

Phlox corymbosa v. alba — white, superb.

speciosa — very showy.

alcordia — perpetual blooming crimson.

■ liEta — very splendid.

t

For the ;Veir Geneeet Farmer.

Gold Vine Peas—lheirllistoi-jaiid Character.

Messrs. Editors — Having in your January num-
ber given an account of my success in raising the Gold
Vine Peas, 1 have in consequence been addressed by
several individuals in relation to their origin, the pe-
riod of their ripening, and their other peculiar charac-
teristics; and considering your paper the best medium
of communicating this information to those desiring it,
you will confer a favor on some of your readers, by
giving a place in your columns to this communication.

* On a former occasion we referred to a rpniarkalije cir-
cunibtancp ; Tlie detritus of this district, inelutling niuc]l
lime, has been swept over our hi^tl hiils to the South into
Pennsylvania; and whsrejiver this diluvium is found, no
Kalmia rtnnrishes. AVc have not olieerveU this deposit
Ijowever, more than twenty mtlee^nth of «ir bonn'a.-y.

The Gold Vine Peas were obtained from Canada
two years ago by Mr Bateham, oi the Rochester Seed
Store. The following is his account of their origin;

"A farmer, in Canada, observing in his field of
peas a few vines peculiarly and nnusuatly bright,
while the rest were more or less afl'ected by mildew,
took the precaution carefully to preserve the peas
from these vines, and planted them year after year;
fully testing and proving their perfect freedom I'rom
mildew, which so freqnently destroys whole fields of
common peas."

For two years I have tried these peas and find them
well deserving the character and high commendation
bestowed upon them. A gentleman from Rochester
informed me that Imi season he lost a field of peas of
several acres, almost entirely, by mildew; and purcha-
sed twelve bushels of my Gold Vine Peas for seeding
the coming summer. Several other instances have
come to my notice of similar failures. But the Go'.d
Vines, being perfectly free from this blight, secures
the farmer from all hazard and loss from that couee.

In ripening, the Gold Vine Peas are from six to
fourteen days earlier than the common Marrowfats or
field Peas.

The vines of these peas are at least one- third shor-
ter than those of the Marrowfats; hence a larger
quantity of seed maybe sown to advantage on the
acre — at least half a bushel more.

So far as mv experience has enabled me to deter-
mine, and I have given them a fair trial, the Gold
Vines are greater yieldera, by one-quarter, than the
common varieties.

Respectfidly yonrs,

Pittsford, Feb., 1841. E. WILBUR.

For the Kew Genesee Farmer.
TarifT for Revenue— Low Prices of Agricultu-
ral Productions more favorable to the uj»-
tiou's wealth than high prices.

Messrs. Editors — The advocates of countervailing
duties and protective tarifls in Congress, animated by
the true spirit of moderation, have no disposition to
meddle with the compromise act, as necessary to such
a consummation.

The Secretary of the Treasury in his recommenda-
tion of a tariff for revenue of 20 per cent, on silks,
wines, and such other articles as are now imported
free of duty, while it answers the purpose of revenue,
and saves the government from the disgraceful treasu-
ry note system, will also give protection to our own
productions.

There is little doubt that the next Congress will in-
crease the tnrilTon such articles, so far at least as it
can be done without infringing the compromise act,
as the expeneea of the Federal Government, aside
from borrowing, cannot be defrayed without it.

At this time, in the midst of low prices, our agri-
cultural interests have no cause of alarm. These low
prices have alone induced an unprecedented export
trade the past year; a great diminution of both for-
eign and domestic indebtedness; a balance of trade in
favor of the country to the amount of .$27,000,000;
less speculation and extravagance, and greater indus-
try and economy among the agricultural no less than
among all other classes.

From the report of the Secretary of the Treasury,
Mr. Woodbury, we learn that all our exports the past
year amounted to .$131, TiOl, 950, exceeding by more
than ten and a half millions of dollars the exports of
183U, notwithstanding the extreme reduced prices of
some of our great staples, whL'e the imports of the
past year were more than one half less than in 183').
For several years bock our imports have exceeded our
exports neaily twenty millions of dollars. In 18:50
the excess of imports over exports amounted to .$61,-
346,694; but now, in 1810, in spite of the unusual
low prices for all our greet staples, cotton, flrtur, &c.,

our exports exceed our imports nearly iwenty-seveit
millions of dollars. A balance of trade in our favor
more than three fold greater than ever accrued before
in a single year since the Constitution was adopted.

It is an axiom among business men that when agri-
cultural productions are high, not only the farmer, but
the whole body politic, increases its indebtedness, and
rica tersii. The high price of our staples in New
Vork brings exchange in our favor, our banks discour.t
liberally to speculators and millers, money doon circu-
lates, prices are inflated, and speculation, folly, and
extravagance are on foot. When prices fall, the banks
curtail their issues, and money is nut. The farmer
finds, to his utter astonishment, that his last year's
debt, which might then havebecn paid by half a crop,
cannot now be liquidated by two crops A healthy
rclienehment and. reform now commences, and better
habits of industry and economy are acquired.

Let larniers then, instead of croaking about die low
prices of their productions, reflect that those low pri-
ces alone have enabled Western New York, Ohio,
and Michigan, to reduce our foreign indebtedness the
pest year, by an export of flour to England and France,
to the amount o( several millions of dollars, and that
this same export continues to England even against a
dwty in the Englishportof three dollars a barrel. Let
him also reflect that as low as are the staples of the
north and west, they are no lower than the great sou-
thern staple, cotton ; the article without which our
country c luld never have arrived at its present state
of luxurious civilization.

When, in 1837, flour was wanted for export to Eng-
land at .$8 per barrel, instead of selling at that price,
and thus reducing our foreign debt, the New York
commission houses held on for $10 a barrel. There-
suit was, that instead of exporting flour, we imported
several million bushels of wheat and rye from the
north of Europe. This both increased our indebted-
ness and reduced the price of flour from $10 to $6 per
barrel. During this monopoly a.id consequent infla-
tion of the prices of bread stuff in New York, farmers
bought more land, built fine houses, and rode in steel
spring carriages — the whole country went into debt
with rail-road speed; and, as if we could not increasa
our indebtedness abroad fast enough, our government
took ofl" the duty on rail-road iron. High prices of
produce, and the consequent high prices of labor, par-
alized our manufacturing industry and prevented the
exportation of manufactured articles. Every thing
was imported, until, as might be expected, a general
revulsion and prostration ensued. But in 1839 and
'40 the low prices of the necessaries of life, caused by
increased production and belter notions of economy,
has enabled the country to export the patt yeor, aside
from agi icidtural productions, three times the amount
of manufactured articles ever before exported in a sin-
gle year S. W.

Produce of One Acre of Ground.

Mr. J. Fry, of Concord, Erie Co., N. Y., raised
100 bushels of sound (shelled) corn, twenty-five bush-
els of potatoes, and two cart loads of pumpkins on one
acre of ground, the past season, and sold his corn
stalks for 15 bushels of oats.

The above is the postscript to a business letter recei-
ved by us a few days since from Erie county. We
wish our friends would more frequently annex such
items of information to their letters of business. — Eds.

Domestic Industry in the Far West.

A co; respondent in Iowa informs us that the women
of his household wint to manufacture domestic cloth,
such as linscy woolscy, fulled eloth, blankets, &c.;
but find much difficulty in the ttnrjting. We hope
this art is not yci to be lost; and therefore request that
some of our readers will give our western friends
plain and full instnictionB tm Uiis stibiert.

^

OL. 2.

For the .Vcir Gentsce Farmer.

Kost on Wheat.

Messrs. Editors — If ihere ia one subject more
jan anolher in which the farmer is dcejily interested,
and which needs thoroughly investigating, it is the
one at the head of this article. It is not an evil con-
sequent upon poor farming, for it attacks, indiscrimi-
nately, the grain of the best, as well as the poorer
class of farmers. The ground is thoroughly prepa-
red, the seed committed to the bosom of the earth; its
progress is watched with arutiety, and it promises a
plentiful harvest. The farmer's expectations are a-
bout to be realized, when he discovers the lavages of a
disease, which is either to deprive him of a part of his
earnings, or entirely to destroy the " golden prospect"
and rob him of the whole.

The writer of this article is well aware that he has
entered upon a difficult subject. Difficult, because
there are difficulties constantly arising, or, in other
words, discordant suggestions are continually present-
ing themselves to one's mind while investigating it.
He does notfiatter himself with the expectation of arri-
ving at the right conclusion. His only aim is to add
his Utile, and to solicit others more competent than
himself, to come forward and investigate the subject.
We wont all the facts connected with the subject, that
any one, and every one, may be in the possession of,
for in this way we may arrive at the truth.

Well, what is to be done ? In the first place, let us
ascertain, if possible, what this evil, rust, is; and in
the second place, the cause of its attacking and the
manner of its affecting, the plant.

It is believed by most who have written upon the
Bubject, that rust is a parasitical plant of the fungus
kind. Some, however, contend that it is " nothing
more than the thickening juices of the plant, escaping
through the ruptured envelope, and dried and blacken-
ened in the sun." That the ruat is a plant of the fun-
gus kind, is a fact established perhaps beyond a doubt.
There are two distinct kinds, commonly called the
yellow and black rust, both of which attack wheat,
though the latter is much more injurious. They are
described by Professor Eaton, in his North American
Botany, as follows: — " Urcdo linearis, (yellow grain
rust,) linear, very long, stained yellow, at length but
obscurely colored. On the culms and leavea of bar-
ley, oats, rye, wheat, &c." and" Puccinia graminis,
tufts dense, oblong, often confluent, forming long par-
allel linei in the direction of grassy fibres; color, yel-
lowish brown, becoming black; seeds elongated with
the upper shell shortest, containing dust; stripes fili-
form. On wheat and other grasses. Called rust or
blight."

The cause of either of these fungi affecting grain
in the manner it does, or rather the preparatory cause
for its reception and germination on the stem and leaf
of the plant, is what is yet to be learned. The follow-
ing passage is found in an article on the rust or mildew
of wheat, in the Edinburg Quarterly Journal of Ag-
liculture: —

" The dust-like substances of the rust originates
beneath the outer bark or epidermisof the plant, which
it raises and renders thin, and at length cracks and
bursts through. When examined by the microscope,
it presents a congeries of egg-oblong bodice, some of
which have projections almost like tad poles, or pow
heads, though they are not animated."

The question then arises, supposing the dust-like
Buhstance of the rust to originate beneath the epider-
mis, where do the sporulea or seeds of the fungi lodge,
or become deposited, and what is the state of the leaf
and stem most favorable for this reception ? Some
suppose the sporules fall upon the ground, and are ab-
sorbed by the roots of the plants ond carried by
the sap through the pores of the stem, where they
germinate and produce the disease, called rust. Oth-
ers contend that ilie sporules are blown by the winds

ond lodge upon the leaf ond outer bark of the plont.
The time most favorable for their propagation, is damp
warm weather. The epidermis of the plant is then
damp, consequently the seeds of the fungi are easily
attached to it. Again it ie contended, that wheat, the
most likely to be affected, is that which has been kept
back in the spring, from some cause, cither by being
roised out by the frost, or late sowing, when, particu-
larly if the soil is rich, it grows too rapidly, and the
consequence is,ihe juices or sap of the plant accumulates
sufficiently to check or split the stem. The exudation
of the juices through these openings makes suitable
lodgements for the sporules, ond the the domp sultry
weather, hostensthe germination ond perfection of the
fungus. Its growth is very rapid, arriving to maturi-
ty in the short space of twenty-four hours; and produ-
cing probably many millions ol seeds. Hence the
cause of its spreading with such rapidity.

J. B BOWEN.
( To be continued, )

For the iS'cu? Genesee Farmer,
liime and its Application.

Messrs. Editors — Having read some paragraphs
in both the old and New Genesee Farmer on the sub-
ject of applying lime to the soil, but having seen none
which agrees with the manner in which I woe, in eor-
ly life, used to seeing it applied, — I will give you a
brief statement, should any of your numerous readers
think it worth atrial.

For wheat, we used to consider it beat to have it
drawn and prepared some two or three months before
its application. The manner of preparing, thus: —
Plough round your inclosure intended for wheat, say
six or eight furrows, (it will be better drown out in
the field than left for brush and briers to grow in.)
Along the centre of these furrows put your lime, and
cover it with earth six or eight inches thick. If the
weother is moist, two or three days will dissolve it to
powder, when it should be thorough'y mixed with the
soil, that is around it, by means of a hoe, and drawn
up in a conical shape, when, if it is thoroughly dis-
solved, (which it should be before mixing,) it will re-
ceive no injury from the weather. It is not likely that
there would be enough to go over the whole. Then the
centre of the field might be ploughed, say two fur-
rows each way, and heaps thrown up at suitable dis
tances for spreading, prepared in the same way. The
writer has seen swamp muck, road soil, &c., prppared
in this way, and attended with very beneficial results.

For spring crops, the lime was drown in the eorly
part of the spring, and the heaps made at suitable dis-
tonces for spreading, by throwing two or more fur-
rows against each other and the lime allowed to dis-
solve in the same manner; but in no case spreading it
before it was well mixed with the soil with which it
was covered. This was the manner of aplying lime
to the soil in the west ol England twenty years since.
Yours respeetfully,

A SUBSCRIBER.

Erie County, Jany, 1841.-

Far the IS'ew Geneseee Farmer,

Sprouting Garden Seeds— Raising Onions.

Messrs. Editors — The approaching season will
soon resume the interest in the field and garden; and
it may notbe unprofitable at this time to consider what
will be the best course to pursue. The following
statements are advanced as proof of the very great Ad-
vantage derived from the simple process of sprouting
garden seeds before planting. The positive know-
ledge of its benefits, is derived from six years' prac-
tice. There is no difficulty to be apprehended if the
same judgment be exercised that is required in tbg
common operations of thegorden.

First, soak the seeds in water from six to twenty-
four houis— some seeds being slower to admit mois-

ture than others,ie the difference in the time required,
.\fter soaking, drain ofl' the water, and mix the seeds .
with a sufficient quantity of earth to absorb the mois-
ture remoining on the seeds; stir them often that they I
may vegetotc evenly, ond keep them in a moderote de-
gree of warmth ond moisture until they are sprouted,
when they ore reody to be put into the ground. If
the weather should be unfavorable, put the seeds in s
cool place, which will check their growth.

The advantages of this practice cannot be better
shown, than by reloting the managementand improve*
ment of the onion crop in our own garden. The cul.
ture of the crop in 1840 was as follows: — Just before
the approoch of the preceding winter, there was a light
dressing of fine manure put on a piece of land de-
signed for onions, containing 2i ocres, ond the same
ploughed. It remained until a thaw in the winter; it
was then ploughed ogoin — the frost was not all out of
the ground; it was consequently left very rough, ond
more of the soil wos exposed to the frost, which wag
beneficiol. It was left in that situation until the time
of sowing. In April, as soon as the soil was suffi-
ciently dry, the ploughing wos commenced, and the
second doy, at night, the sowing was finished, with
seed prepored as before staled. In one weeli the onions
tccre up, rows were soon visible nearly twenty rods,
and no weeds yet appeared. The operation of stirring
the soil with rakes and hoes was then commenced, and
the weeds were not suffered to grow during the sum-
mer. (It is o mistaken notion that it is not time to
hoe a garden until it is green with weeds.) The first
of September the onions were harvested, and the pro-
duet wasovertoo thousand bushels of fine onions from
two and o holf acres.

The management of the crop six years before, (in
1834,) was as follows: — Early in the spring there was
a light dressing of fine manure put on the piece of
land intended for onions, containing 2J acres (the
same piece before mentioned.) The necessory trovel
across the ground for the purpose of manuring, ond
the noturol state of the soil, as it had remoined from
the time the crop wos taken off the preceding fall, pro-
duced a great quantity of lumps after ploughing, ond
although the work with teams, bushing and harrow-
ing, was four times as great as in 1840, it was not in
good condition; the seed was soKn dry; a season of
dry weother followed, consequently the onions did
not come up until the weeds were started, which made
it a great task to till the crop. By referring to the
memorandum kept for that year, (as the practice has
invariably been to register doily proceedings or occur-
rences connected with the gorden,) the onions were
sown the 15th of April, ond the weeding commenced
the 2l6t of May, which was as soon as the onions
were fairly up, making 26 days more for the weeds to
grow than in 1840. The onions did notall botom, on
account of the late start in the spring, which is gene-
rally the cause for whot it is termed sliullions, (a diffi-
culty which more or less prevails; but by the impro-
ved practice it is not in the leost to be feored.) The
produce was clcttn hundred and forty Imslids iiom
Ik acres, and the quantity of labor very neorly double
the amount required in 1840.

The practice of 1834, had been followed succes-
sively on the same piece of land for twenty-five years.
The former proprietor had been engaged the most of
his life in raising onions, and it was supposed had gain-
ed the point of perfection in that business, especiolly
OS, previous to his settlement in this country, he come
from that well known town in the lond of Yankee na-
tivity, where originated the large stories about raising
onions, that amused and astonished the children in
other parts of the country fifty yeors ago.

W. RISLEY,
Horticultural Garden, Frcdonia, N, Y, 1841.

No. 2.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

39

pot the Ntte Genesee Farmer.

Bots and Itorse Bees.

Messrs. Editors — I wrote n few observations upon
the horse Bee and Bot for the Genesee Farmer, which
were published in vol 5, page 85. Some suggestions I
there made, which I thought true at the time; but
some further light upon the subject, has somewhat
changed my views — which to acknowledge, is only
to admit that we are wiser to day than we were yes-
terday.

Anything that directly or indirectly concerns the
worth or welfare of that noble animal, the Horse,
should not be disregarded. The bot or horse bee,
of themselves, we care not a pin about; but as far as
they concern the horse, we have the best of reasons to
be deeply concerned.

About the 4th of August I found several bots in one
of my stobles, where I kept two of my horses. I se-
lected three of them and put them into the box of my
carriage for safe keeping, until I should go to my
house. 1 had supposed a bot unable to crawl, having
never seen them do it, and never seeing any legs or ap-
paratus for progression; I therefore concluded they
were unable to advance or retreat of their own voli-
tion; but I soon saw they had the power of crawling
with tolerable speed in a manner that I bad not eus.
peeled. The body of the bot seems encased in seve-
ral circles, and incapable of but a little motion more
than a slight elongation and contraction; but their
heads and necks are very ductile, and capable of
much motion, being about frve-eighths of an inch
long when contracted, and seven-eighths of on inch
when elongated. Their motion, like the maggot
tribe in general, seemed to be by a distending of the
head and neck, then seizing hold with the mouth, and
instantly contracting the neck so as to draw the body
forward. Any little unevenness would jostle and up-
set them. They crawled about my carriage box for
some hours, searching every depression, or knot, or
nail hole, eagerly, as if intent to escape from the air,
or light, or both. I observed, when they were search-
fng a crack, knot, or nail hole, they would root up
and throw out dirt like little pigs. When I went to
my house I took them along, and put them into a wide
mouthed vial, tied a cloth over the mouth, and laid
them by in a drawer to see what would be their end.
After occasionally crawling about a little for ten or
twelve hours, they contracted, changed from an
opaque or horn color, to a reddish chestnut color, and
then lay dry and immovable until the 8th of Septem-
ber, being 35 days. When they came forth, three
Horse Bees, two females, full of eggs or nits, the
other having none, I think it was a male. Whether
the eggs are fecundated, or impregnated, I have made
no experiment yet lo ascertain. Their close confine-
ment might have made them unhealthy, and deprived
them of the inclination to fecundity. They seemed
inclosed in nine circles, and armed with short, stilT

hair, between the segments of the circles.

Inconsequence of all three of the bots passing into
their chrysalis state in one day, and all coming forth
horse bees (^Estrus equs.) in another day, I am led
to infer that the times of their changes are quite
regular, especially the time they remain in the chrysa-
lis state; also the time they remain a horse bee or bot
fly; but the time they generally remain a bot maggot,
or larvae, in the stomach of the horse, I am now una-
ble 10 siy; but we may safely conclude if they are cast
out any season but a warm season, tbey must perish.
As the temperature of the stomach of the horse is a-
bout the same, summer or winter, I think it most
probable they come to maturity at some certain time
from the period they reach the stomach of the horse,
probably ten or eleven months.

Whether a bot is armed with teeth or other apparatus
sufficient to perforate the coats of the stomach of a
horse, I cannot now decide; but that they possess ample
means to trouble and greatly annoy the horse, I have
no doubt. It is a well known fact that all the insect
tribe while they are in the maggot or larva stale, are
very active and voracious.

Whenever the bot is in any way disturbed,
it contracts itself into its coat of mail, cnpapie,
which renders it invulnerable to the most of subs-
tances that a horse can endure, which probably is
the reason of the difficulty generally of ridding the
horse of them. I have much faith in the use of spirits
of turpentine, in doses of from a gill to half a pint, in
molasses or sugar, every one or two hours, until it
gives relief, whether it be bots or colic, as we cannot
often know which is the trouble, knowing that all the
insect and vermin tribe are so much annoyed or des-
troyed by the contact with spirits of turpentine; be-
side, the horse or human subject may safely use lorge
doses of it, if they use sugar freely with and after it,
to abate its acrimony. Another remedy I think is en-
titled to a trial at least, viz: one quart of new milk,
saturated with honey, molasses, or sugar, in the ordei
named, (fasting if possible, ) two hours after, drench
with a pint of brine, as strong as boiling water can
make it; two hours after give half a pint of flax seed
oil.

It is asserted that the bot will fill itself so full of the
first mixture, that the action of the other destroys it.

Baron Cnvier says, the different classes of the fly
(cEstri) in their larvje state, inhabit the ox, horse, ass,
rein deer, stag, antelope, camel, sheep, and hare.

SFECTATOR.

Brighton, N. V. Jany. 1841.

Use of Swamp Muck.

Messrs. Editors — A Young Farmer asks if mar-
shy black earth cim be made a good dressing for up-
land. I think it can. First, cart it from the bed on
the land you wish to manure, or any other place con-
venient, in heaps, or, which is better, in rows, like
winrows of hay, and about the same size, and after it
has lain a month or two, or six, all the better, take
stone lime, lay it along on the top of the row, say one
bushel of lime to 15 or 20 of black earth; put on wa-
ter sufficiently to slack it, and cover it with the earth
slightly; as soon as it is perfectly slacked, and while
hot, begin at one end of the pile and mix well togeth-
er, and apply it to the land when wanted, and it will
be found an excellent manure. Another good way is,
when you have cleaned out the barn yard in the
spring, cart in the black earth to the depth of 10 or
12 inches; throw on occasionally straw, leaves, green
weeds, &e.; let the cattle run on it through the sea-
son; it will get saturated with urine, (the strongest of
manure,) and in the spring following when carted
out, will be fine manure. Shell, or calcareous marl,
is also an excellent mixture, (and possibly a Young
Farmer may find some by digging two or three feet
deep in his black, swampy earth.) Farmers often
cart swampy earth on the land and immediately
plough it in, but I think with little profit. It is too
sour — it wants to be laid up to the air, and mixed with
lime, marl, or something to sweeten it.

As to the best ami cheapest kind of fence across
the marsh, T cannot say from experience; but think
that a live fence of willow, swamp elm, or American
thorn, would be the best. Throw up the bank, a foot
or two high, or sufficient to be tolerably dry, and plant
cuttings of the basket willow, 10 or 12 inches apart;
and in two or three years it can be cut yearly for ma-
king baskets, (Sec; but probably the native thorn
would make the best and most durable fence, and it
would require more labor and expense. The ground
must be thrown up dry, and well prepared with lime^

manure, &c. ; the plonts put in 6 or 8 inches apart;
kept clean and dipt, and in a few years it will make
a beautiful and durable fence.

A Frieno To Improtemkkts.
NcwluTgh, N. v., Fely, 1841.

For the Ncu Genesee Farmer.
RECEIPTS.

TO KILL LICE ON CATTLE.

Feed thetn a quantity of sulphur in small doses at
a time, mixed with cut roots, hay, salt, or any thing
else. [Thi3 we believe very efficacious, the sulphur
passing to the surface and repelling the lice. — Eds.]

TO MAKE CALVES EAT ROOTS.

Found the roots fine, mix with them cut hoy, bran,
orany thing they will eat, and in two or three days
they become fond of the roots.

The following were handed me by a lady of no
small stonding, so you may depend upon their ac-
curacy.

TO MAKE WISCONSIN MINCE PIES.
Take the usual quantity of meat, ond substitute
beets for apples, but in only one-third the quantity of
the latter,— boil the beets, pickle them in vinegar 12
hours, chop them very fine, and add the vinegar they
were pickled in. Add one-eighth of grotcd bread,
and spice to suit you.

TO MAKE INDIAN LOAF BREAD.

Stir Indian meal in skim milk to the consistency of
pon-coke batter, obout two quarts. Add 2 teaspoon-
fuls of molasses, 1 of saleratus, 2 of shortening, and
2 teacups of wheat flour. Stir in the evening, bake in
the morning, and eat while hot.

TO MAKE WISCONSIN SPONGE CAKE.

Take 2 eggs, (or omit them if wished,) 1 teacup of
buttermilk, 1 tea-spoon of saleratus 2 table-spoons of
cream, and salt to suit. Stir to the consistency of pan-
cake batter. Bake 20 minutes on tin pans, and eat
while hot with butter. F. H. SIPERLY.

WiscOTisin.

Summer all the Year.

Messrs. Editors— The "Hot Air Fnmacc," which
was designed by W. R. Smith, of Macedon, and
described by you in the October number of your val-
uable paper, has been tested by me for the last four
months, and I am now prepared to give my testimony
concerning it. It will take about twelve cords of
wood to warm three or four rooms in my house, day
and night, for one yeor, or about two cords for one
month, during winter. This is about the same quan-
tity that I have been accustomed to use in one fire-
place, to burn me on one side and freeze me on the
other, through the day only, while it saves much ex-
pense in preparing fuel for the fire, the furnace recei-
ving wood forty inches in length and sixteen inches
in diameter. We use no more bedding in winter
than in summer. We keep milk and other things
in the buttery at such a temperature as we please. In
short we can keep any room in the house at any de-
sired temperature, and all this from one fire in the cel-
lar, while the rooms are free from smoke, soot, and
ashes. I find in the furnace, all the benefits descri-
bed by you, and can cheerfully recommend it to the
public. I would advise all who design building new
houses, whether privole dwellings, meeting houses,
or public schools, to examine the subject. Mr. Wil-
liams, of Palmyra, who furnishes the castings, de-
signs to make some improvements in his patterns, by
which the price will be somewhat reduced. Summer
is the time to build, and the winter to enjoy it.
Yours truly,

V. YEOMANS.'
Walworth, Wayve Co., N. F, Fehy.-iSM.

■»»*»«

40

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2. . (c

early plnnis to be Iraiisplnnted into the garden, wi
not rei|iiire more than half that quantity.

" When the bed is made, put on the frame, and
then put in abnut si.x inches of good fine earth; putnn
the saeh and let it remain two or three days for the
heat to rise, when it will be ready for sowing.

•' Make the earth smooth and fine before sowing;
if cucumbers or melons are to be planted, raise slight
hills for them under the middle of each sash. The
articles usually sown in h('t beds are cucumber, radish,
lettuce and cress, for early use; and cauliflower, broc-
coli, cabbage, egg plant, tomato, pepper, celery, &c.,
to transplant. The earliest varieties of each ore of
course the best for this purpose."

Maneel Wuitzcl.

Our respected neighbor. Dr. D. A. Robinson, raised
the past season, from one half an acre of land, a little
less than ficc hundred liushcls of mangel wurtzel. —
This was done at a cost, estimating labor at a dollar a
day, of about tico and a half cents per bushel. Lund,
previously in good condition, was manured broadcast
at the rate of about forty loads to the acre, lidgcs were
subsequently formed, the seed planted in drills upon
these half an inch deep and rolled, and the erup after-
words thined and kept clean.

It may be proper to state, that the eecd, obtained at
the Rochester Seed Store, was sown at the rate of two
pounds only to the acre, and afforded an abundance
of plants, which required thinning to less than one
third. We believe nearly all the failures of seed the
past year were from planting too deep. *

Correct iou.

We thank the Farmer's Gazette fo.- correcting an er
ror we committed, in stating that the report of the
farms of J. B. Davie and W. K. Townsend were made
to the Hartford County Agricultural Society. A'
our Connecticut readers very well know, Derby and
East Haven are in New Haven county, and by a l/iji
I'lB-pentia, and not from ignorance, wc gnv« Hartford.
» iJ not N«w Hsven Uic crediu "

Alukin; Hot Beds>>Uni'deiiing for ]tlarch.

This is called the Ijrst month of Spring, but in this
climate th'j weather savoft too much of winter to allow
of much being done in the Garden, except making
preparations for next month, or forwardmg such
articles as are det-ired early, by means of bot-bed-s. Al-
most every farmer or mechanic, who cultivates a gar-
den, would find a small hot-bed of sufficient advantage
to amply compensate for the care and labor it lequires.
There are few greater lu.turies thon the early Radishes,
Lettuce, Cucumbers, &c. which a good hot-bed af-
fords, to say nothing of the advontagc of starting C»b-
bage, Caiilillower, Broccoli, Celery, Tomato, Pepper
and other plants a month or two earlier by this means
than coidd otherwise be done.

Hot-beds can be made any time during this or next
month. We give particular diieeiious last year (Vol.
\. Nos. '2 and 3,) lor prepn.'ing manure, constructing
the frames, sashes, *tc., and therefore deem it unne-
cessary to do so again in detail, but as it is particularly
desired we will repeat the directions for constructing
hot-beds.

" Select a site for the bed, on dry ground, where it
will be fully exposed to the sun, but sbeltrred from the
north and west winds. Maik out the size of the bed,
allowing six or eight inches on all sides larger than
the size of the frame. Then drive down a good strong
etoke at encb corner, as high as you inlcrvd to build
the bed Then take the manure (which should be
fresh siablc manure in a good slate of fenneniaiion)
and commence building tue bed by mixing the mrmiire
thoroughly, and putting on succefsive layers, beating
it down with the firk. Oliserve to place It smoothly
and Hrmly around the outside, so that it will not settle
unevenly 'roin the weight of the frame The height
of manure requisite, will depend on the time at which
the bed is formed, and the purpose for whicb it is in-
tended. If made early in March, and intended for
growing cucumbers, ic, a good deal of heat will be
required for two or three months, and at least four
feet high of manure will be necessary. But a bed
made early in April, for the purpose of fnrwarding

<^^^m-^^^W^'^^i^.

JESSAMIXE.

THE PROPERTY OF WM. R. SMITH, MACEDON.

Jessamine is from T. Weddle'a imported stock. Dam, Lady Bower; bred by the eelebrated Major
Bower, of Welham, Yorkshire; which, with her calf, 10 months old, was sold by T. Weddle to J. C. Hatha-
way for )J|1,00I): — is by Rover, (alias Charles,) hied by the Earl of Carlisle, and whose pedigree has been
given in this paper, (page 8.) A calf, 10 months old, by the same hull and cow, cold to Kentucky for $600.

The color of Jessamine impure white. Great care has been taken to have the portrait correct,

exhibi-

ting the deformities as well as beauties; for unless portraits of animals arc rigidly correct, they are worse than
useless, tending only to mislead.

Scraps,

CONDEKSED FROM K.^ICHANGE PAPF.nS, &C,

Marl. — In some parts of New Jersey, according
to Henry Colman, the recent use of marl on land ha*,
been of great efficacy. " It has more than doubled
the value of the lands in the neighboihood of the pits
where it is found. The application of one hundred
bushels to land, which, under common cultivation,
would not produce more than 20 bushels of corn to
the acre, causes it to yield 60 bushels, ond wheat and
clover in proportional abundance."

Peat. — The island of Nantucket contains 98o acres
of peat swamp, from one to fourteen feet in depth; ond
in the state of Massachusetts there are at least 60,000
acres, of on average depth of at least six feet.

Goon Farming. — A farmer near Philadelphia, on o
farm of 130 acres, has an average yearly crop of 1,-
,500 bushels of wheat, 450 bushels of rye, and 500
bi sh 'Is of corn annually. He pursues a regular sys
tim of rotation.

GiAssEs — loss of weight in drying. — The following
experiments were made in 1822 and '23:

100 lbs. of green White clover gave I7J

" " " Red clover

'• " Herd's grass

" " Fresh meadow

" " Salt grass

" " Corn stalks

" " Red top

" " Couch grass

" " Fowl meadow CPoancmora^is?^ 53
The while clover of 1622 grew in shade, that of '23
in the sun. The salt grass of '22 a second growth. —
J. Wells, in Agric. Jour. Masf.

Cattle — nae breed. — Col. Jacques, of Choiles
ton, Mass., has for teveral yeors been breeding from
an imported short horn bull, and a native cow, hit
Block at present amounting to about sixty. The first
heifer from this cross gave, the first yeor of milking,
sixteen quarts a day. The milk from his cows is very
rich, the crcom very thick, and yields very little but-
termilk. He says, 100 lbs. of cream will make 95
lbs. of batter. Oue of bit cows makes one pound of

822.

1823

m

27

27i

25

40

39

38

44

39

40

25

25

46

48

butter for every four quarts of milk. He does not feed
high — eay»food will never moke a fine breed, but that
blood is every thing. His coirs in viilk have hay or
grass, with one to two pecks of roots a day.

Cotton Crop. — The Governor of Alabama, says,

the cotton crop has fallen so far short of reasonable
calculation, that without a forbearance on the part of
creditors, not to he expected, the pecuniary distress of
the people, the next year, will be unprecedcnttd and
minovs."

Bai.ky Horses, it is asserted, con be easily made to
do their duty, by tying a cord round the ear closeto
the head, which will operate like a charm, where

hipping, coaxing, and every thing else, have proved
fruitless.

Keeping store bogs.— E. C. Frost, in the Culti-
vator, states, that he kept 24 shoals lost winter, at an
expense of 20 cents a day, (less than a cent per bead,)
by feeding them 10 lbs. of hay, half a bushel of pota-
toes, and 4 quarts of corn meal, doily, and never had
hogs winter better. The hay, cut fine, was boiled
with jilenty of woter, the potatoes were boiled in on-
other kettle, pounded fine, mixed with tl.e hay and
meal, and let stand a day till fermented.

Maniifactcres in Massachusetts. — These ex-
ceed the largest crop of cotton ever raised in all the

iton growing states, — that of lost year, which at 8
cents 0 pound, amounted to ij!C7, 000,000, which is
less than the returns in Moesochusetls fur 1637. Tho
manufoctnres ond fisheries of that state were $92,-
000,000.

Fi'EL. — It is estimated that upwards of $50,000,000
are consumed every year in the United Stoles for fuel.

Depth of Lakes. — A correspondent of" the Geneva
Courier, gives the lesult of on experiment made by
Judge Norton and others, to ascertain the depth of
Seneca lake, near Big Stream Point, which ot one
third of the distonce ocross from the weal sliore waB '
461 feet, and ot one half the disunce, 5.53 feet. The
depth of Cayuga lake at Aurora, oceording to the

eosurement of Dr. John Gridley, formerly of that
village, in 1826, was found to be as follows: — 1st
sounding 51 feel; 2d, 72; 3d, 108; 4tb, 120; 5th,
170; 6ib, 192; 7th, 258; 8th, 282( 9tb, 46. Tb»

io. 3.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

41

,li eoumling was three quartfro the distance across
0111 the east shore, and the others at eiiital distances.
'hiu lake is doubtless much deeper some miles south,
B It never freezes there, while it does sometimes at
.iirora.

Salt for Cattle. — The celebrated Curwen, enys,
Before I commenced giving my cattle salt, my far-
er's bill averaged 58 pounds per annum, (more than
250,] and since I have used salt, I have never paid
I any one year over five shillings." Did this dilTer-
ice result from the salt alone, or was not the care in
iving salt regularly accompanied with a correspond-
ig care in other particulars, also lending to prevent
isease? Try the experiment, farmers.
Impro ■• IX Cattle. — A house in Boston,

lat has annually slaughtered ') or 6000 head of cattle,
9Ve found, in the last twelve years, an increase in the
i/crage weight, from about 800 to 900 lbs. In the
london market, cattle slaughtered have increased at
ast one third in tho last 50 years, and mutton not

Ripening wall frdit. — An English gentleman
ackened with paint a part of the garden wall on
hich his grapes were trained, whic'" caused an in-
case of three fold in the weight of the fruit on the
lackened part, the bunches being much finer, larger,
id better ripened. The absorbing and radiating
>wer of black surfaces is well known.
Hessian flt. — Margarelta H. Morris, of German-
itwn. Pa. has made some recent observations on this
■Beet, which if correct render former opinions relative
ita habits erroneous; and her positions, if establish-
i, will be of great importance. According to her

rvations, the parent insect lays its egg in the seeil
the wheat; the egg remains unaltered till the wheat
irouts; the young worm remains below the surface
'the earlh during winter; in the spring it ascends
trough the stalk, passes to the sheath, changes to the
npa, or "Jlax-setd" state, and finally, when the
Jheat is ripe, to the perfect insect or fly, which lives
iljr ten days, during which time it deposits its eggs.
I'o prevent its ravages, therefore, seed wheat must be
rocured from regions where the insect is unknown,
nd the farmer who sows seed from a district ravaged
r it, actually commits the absurdity of planting Hes-

flies for the next year's crop. We believe her
<eory not entirely original, and it needs more obser-
itiona to establish its correctness. *

Horticultural Meeting.

A meeting of the friends of Horticulture, in Mon-
te and the adjoining counties, will be held in the
Wrt House in Rochealer, on Monday the 15ih of

Tchnext, at 11 o'clock, A. M. ; for the purpose of
irming a society, and devising such other means as
lay be deemed expedient to give a general impulse to
(orticultural pursuits.

As the objects of the meeting are of general impor-
ince, it is to be hoped that this call will meet with a

irty response from every friend of the cause through-
ntthe country. It is the duty of every one to attend
rho cultivates or takes an interest in the productions
f the garden, or who wishes to improve or beautify
iie rural aspect of our country.

Other countries, and other portions of our own
lountry, have derived great advantages from Horticul-
.1 Sacieties, and their influence begins to be gen-
Irally appreciated' for we find that on all sides of us,
lorth and south, east and west, such associations are

ling organized. Why not here ? It is evident to

lany minda, that in no portion of the Union are hor-
ieultural pursuits generally more neglected, or in a

lore backward stale than in Western New York,

nsidering the advanced slate of society, the unrival-
ed oatural advantages of soil, climate^ &c, and the

enterprising charncler of the people. It is certainly
high lime that n combined and determined effort wan
made to promote the interoslsof this important branch of
rural economy. Agriculiure has received a poweri'ul
impetus all over the country through the influence ol
societies. They have dieseminated a spiritof improve-
ment throughout the farming community

The same suecessfid results will no doubt attend
the cflbrts we are about to make to improve our sys-
tem of gardening, if a proper spirit is evinced now;
as we hope there will be, and We .tern New York
in a few years will be able to vie with any portion of
the Union, in respect to her horticultural productions.

H. B. WiLI.IAVS, H. N. L\NGWORTHY,

W. Van Zandt, J. Williams,

E M. Parsons, C. L. Clarke,

A. Erickson, M. B. Batkh»m,

J. Hawks, C. F. Crosmax,

J. H. Thompson, H. O'Reillt,

T. H. HvATT, Lewis Selte,

E. F. Smith, R. Gorsline,

J. B. Elwood, S. Hamilton,
P. G. ToBET, Wm. Pitkin,

J. Child, J. M. Whitnkt,

Wm. M'Knight, G. H. Chapin,
J. . Rkillt, S. O. Smith,

Joseph Field, Silas Cornell,

Ebenezer Watts, James H. Watts,

Asa ItuwE, G. Ellwangkr,
A. Revnolus, p. Barkt,*

Monroe Coiiuty Agricultural Society.

The annual meeting of the " Genesee Agricultural
Society," was held pursuant to notice at the Arcade
House, Rochester, on Tuesday the 2d February.
After considerable discussion, it was resolved to change
the name and constitution of the Society — that it be
called ihe " Monroe County Agricultural Society,"
for the advancement of agriculture, horticulture, and
the domestic arts in Monroe county.

It was then Kesolved, That a meeting of the So-
ciety be held on the 5th day of May next, to appoint
committees and make arrangements for the coming
season.

The following persons were elected officers pf the
Society for the ensuing year: —

President — Lyman B. Langworthy, Esq. Greece.
1st Vice President — William Garbutt, Wheatland.
2d " " Henry E. Rochester, Gates.

3d " " Wm. C. Cornell, HenrietU.

Recording Secretary — H. M. Ward, ^cheater.

Corresponding do. M. B. Bateham, do.

Treasurer — Charles F. Croeman, do.

MANAGERS.

Rawson Harmon, Jr., Wheatland,

Oliver Culver, Brighton,

Thomas Wedclle, Greece,

Isaac Moore, Brighton,

H. E. Barnard, Mendon,

Wm. I'ixicy, Chili,

Enoc*i Strong, Perinton,

John B. Smith, Ogden,

John H. Robinson, Henrietta,

George C. Latta, Greece,

J. P. Stull, Rush,

Geo. ShefT.-r, Wheatland,

Dr. Abel Baldwin, Clarkson.

H. M. WARD, Sec'y.

Canada.

The two Canadns are now united in one Province,

and Kingston is selected as the location for the seat of
government. Ltrd Sydenham is Governor in Chief
of the whole Province, and Sir George Arthur Lieu-
tenant Governor of the upper portion. This adjust-
ment of the political afl'aira of the country appears to
give general salislaction, and it may confidently be
expected that Canada will now make more rapid ad-
vancement in agricultural improvement. We are
gratified to perceive increasing spirit in aonie of the

Agricultural Sociclies — and especially to find an in
creasing demand for the New Genesee Farmer. —
Several of the Societies have ordered large niiniberg
for the use of the members; and their letters speak in
the most flaiiering terms of the good our humble efforts
have accomplished during the past year.

We should be pleased to receive more frequent com-
municoiioiie from the numerous able writers in Cana-
da. Will they not favor us ? The Secretaries, or
other officers of the Societies, could send us much in-
formation that would be interesting, and some of them
have promised to bear it in mind.

Double Hinge Harrow.

Editors New Genesee Farmer: —

Gentlemen — I send you a draft of a double-hinge
harrow, of my own invention, which ha» been highly
approved by many who have used it. It diflTers mate-
rially from any in use, it is believed, in two material
points, viz; in the motion being better, and in clear-
ing itself from stones, weeds, and other stufl", tending
to clog it.

It sweeps 7 feet, and from end to end is 9 feet.

The angle is 80 degrees, or two inches to the foot
from a square.

The timber is 6 l"eet long and 3 inches square.

The teeth are 7-8lhs of an inch square, ond 9 inch-
es long.

The hinges are straps of iron, 7 inches long, with
holes in each end, and bolts to pass thr' ugh with keys.

The hook or eye, to hitch to, should rise 7 or 8 in-
ches, to prevent the forward end from being lifted by
the draught.

The cross pieces are let in on top, and fastened with
bolts ond screws. THOMAS HUNT.

Fall Creek, Dec. 18'0.

The Durham (V. C.) Agricultural Society.

The annual meeting of this spirited Society was
held at Port Hope, Jan. 15. By the reports of the
Secri'lary and Treasurer, it appeared there was a bal-
ance in the Treasury of one hundred and two pounds
seventeen shillings and eleven pence.

The following officers were elected for the present
year : —

President,
DAVID SMART, Esq., Port Hope,
fife Presidents,
Alexander Bri>adfoot, E^-q. of Hope,
R W. RoBSON, Esq. of Clarke,
John Ki^owlson, Esq. of Covan,
John Smart, Esq. of Dnrli gton.
William Slsson, Esq. Treasurer,
Morgan Jellett, Secretary.
And One Hunukeo Uirectous in different parli of
the country*

4d

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

H. COJLMAX'S AUI>B£SS,

S£FOB£ THE AOniClLTlKAL AND
SOCIETY or MEW HAVEN CO.

HORTICCLTDRAl
, CONN.

We often feel a desire lo lay before our rcsdere
more of the able addressee and other excellent articles
which we find in our exchange papers; but were we to
do so, we should be compelled to omit many of the fa-
vors of our esteemed correspondents; and wc are a-
ware that most of our readers generally prefer that
which is written for their particular bene6l. We
should do ibem injustice, however, were we lo con-
fine our columns to or gnal articles; for many valua-
ble discoveries and improvements are made indifl'erent
places, and published in other journals; and it always
stimulates and pleases the mind to learn that other
people, in various places, are actuated by the same
spirit, and engaged in the same enterprise as ourselves.
No man at the present day, in the United States,
occupies a higher rank, as an advocate of improve-
ment, or a delineator of the pleasures and advantages
of a rural life, than Henry Col.mas; and no man is
doing more to elevate the noble profession of Agricul-
ture to its proper standard, than him. We ore led to
these remarks by reading the address above named.
We cannot afford room fur the whole of it; but we
are sure our readers will derive both pleasure and pro-
fit from the following portions — Eds. New Gen. Fab.

THE FARMEn NEED NOT BE JEALOUS OF HIS NEIGHBOR.

No occasion of the gathering of the people is less
liable to objection, or more congenial to benevolent and
pious sentiments, than that which has brought us to-
gether.

Here, a spirit of good will reigns over the whole.
No discordant or hostile feeling can find place. No
strife and no emulation can find place, but an emula-
tion for excellence, which alike benefits all, and in im-
provements, which diffuse themselves over the com-
munity, and the sole aim of which is the common wel-
fare. To well disposed minds, this is a religious oc-
casion of the highest character. None is more suited
to lilt up the soul in adoring confidence and gratitude
to the great Author of nature. He it is, who " cau-
ses gras? to grow for cattle, and herbs for the service
of man." He clothes the flowers of the field with a
splendor, before which the gorgeousness of oriental
luxury is dimmed. His benevolent agency operntes
every where in the teeming earth, the swelling bud,
the golden and crimsoned fruit; in the vapor, the dew,
the air, the heat, the light, in all their mysterious in-
fluences. He is the source of all felicity, health and
beauty,

THE ART OF LIFE IS THE ABILITY TO OBTAIN FOOD.

Agriculture is the great art of life. In an economi-
cal view it constitutes the subsistence of man. Eat-
ir.g and drinking ore deemed vulgar employment; yet
who, even among the exquisite of the transcendant

school, is not compelled to conform to the fashion.

The body is often spoken of with disdain, as though
there were something degrading in its material ele-
ments. In such cases, a reflection is cast upon the
divine skill and beneficence in one o( their most won-
derful exhibitions. But is there not an electric chain
of sympathy between the body and mind ? What is
to become of our philosophy without bread and meat ?
How is genius to speed her flight, or the fires of the
imagination to be kept bright, unless this same body,
the dwelling place of the etherial guest, be maintain-
ed in its health, elasticity, and vigor. It is calciilotcd
that if the harvest of a single year should fail, the
whole of the huioan race must perish. In our lati-
tude the earth yields nothing unasked and unwooed.
Allof food and of clothing, all that sustains and pro-
tects the body, is the product of agricultural labor in
some of its various forms.

THE PRODUCT OF LABOR THE ONLY REAL WEALTH.

Agriculture is the foundation of wealth. The sea
renders her tribute; but theearth presents to skill and
industry richer and infinitely varied contributions.—
Money is not wealth. It is only the rcpresentativp of
wealth. Money is coveted because it can commond
labor; but of what use would it be, if labor would not
be commanded 7 Whot would it avail to possess all
the riches of Potoal, if thereby we cnild r,ot acquire
the pro.lucls of agriculture 7 What are the manufac-
mre? eijncoriied in hut these products 7 What freigbts

the borks of commere in their liquid flight, threading
every channel and whitening every port, but the pro
ducts of agriculture 1 Whot constitutes the wealth
of the country but her cotton, hemp, sugar, rice, to-
bacco, wool, wheat, beef, and pork I Agriculture on-
ly can be considered as the creator of wealth. The
merchant, the manufacturer, the sailor, the various
artisans and tradesmen perform their part in making
the products of agriculture more valuable; in trans-
porting them so that the advantages of climate are e-
qualized, and in putting them in a condition for use!
LUt agriculture alone produces. Like theleader of Is-
rael, she btrikes the rock, the waters flow, and a fam-
ishing people are satisfied. She supplies, she feeds,
she quickens all. Agriculture is the commanding in-
terest of the country, with which no single interest,
nor indeed all other interests of a secular nature com-
bined, can be brought into competition.

ACBICILTLKE A SCIENCE DISCLOSING A MINE OF WONDERS.

Agriculture deserves the attention of liberal minds
08 a science. Like many other sciences, it is in its
infancy. We have broken only the outer crust; but
it comprehends the mysteries of jihilosophy. It in-
volves the whole science of life in the vegetable and
animal kingdoms; the miracles of actual production,
and the power which man may exercise in modifying
vegetable and animal existence. The rearing ofa tree
the maturing ofa vegetable, the production ofa flow-
er, the forming ofa race of animals, with shapes, and
dispositions, and quolilies, modified to a great extent
according to your wishes, are in themselves miracles
of a power delegated to man, which an intelligent
mind reco'gnizes as divine.

Whoever, looking at a dried seed and kernel, con-
siders what it may become, when the plant shall yield
bread or the tree spread out its branches loaded with
fruit, whoever considers the nature of the life which
lies buried in this shell, and reflects upon the combi-
ned influences of earth, and air, and moisture, and
heat, and cultivation, in their inscrutable operations,
all requisite in precise times, quantities and modes of
application, to bring it to perfection, will perceive sub-
jects of inquiry suited to occupy the most gifted intel-
lect. As he approaches this mine of wonders, his bo-
som will print with an irrepressible curiosity lo gain
admission into the hiding place of the Divinity, and
to quench his burning thirst at the original fountains
of power, life, intelligence, and light. Geology, che-
mistry, b.tany, all the branches of natural phifosophy,
natural history, in its diversified departments, animal
and vegetable physiology, comparative anatomy, me-
chanics, meteorology, all are involved in an improved
agriculture. The nature of soils has been long a sub-
ject of philosophical investigation; and that, with the
application and operation of manures, seems now to be
holding in reserve for chemistry its most brilliant tri-
umphs. Do [ offend a fastidious ear by a reference to
a topic so humble 7 In looking at the master-piece of
human gefl^s in sculpture, the Venus de Medicis, the
vulgar mina brings away from the contemplation no
higher sentiment than that it is naked. The pure and
disciplined mind hardly conscious of this fact, and
feeling the responsive movementsof the divinity with-
in itself, admires with adoring wonder the triumphs of
genius in this sensible embodiment of the highest
beauties of form in the works of the Creator. So it is
with other objects in nature, so much depends upon
the eye with which we look at them. The vulgar
mind, iri the heap of manure by the road side, thinks
only of its offensiveness and corruption. The well
disciplined mind regards it as an element in one of the
most affecting miracles of the Divine power, and a-
dores that beneficent agency, which, in its mysterious
operations, converts this refuse into fruits and flowers.
To consider agriculture as mere servile drudgery,
is no more doing it justice, than to consider chemistry
as only the art of mingling acids and alkalies, and

handling pots and retorts, and crucibles, and filters.

Let the man of cultivated and philosophical mind ap-
proach the subject of agriculture, and he finds " ser-
mons in stones and books in the running streams."

Let him ent;,nge in its humblest labors, and the same
funoiv, whith is to bear upon its inverted surface the
golden grain to nourish his animal life, will produce
bread to eat, which common minds know not of, to
nourieh his intellectual and moral being. There is
not one ol the natural, or what ore called the practical
sciences, which may not have a bearing upon agricul-
It is with agriculture as in other cofes, that

stand at the helm. But to think that because we h
done these things, that therefore we understnnd
culture, is as wise as for the man, who should w
up to his ankle in some puddle left by the reced
tide upon the sea shore, to pretend that the ocean
not very deep.

The nature and use of soils, the artificial combi
tion of them in different cases so as to eflect the larj
growth and productiveness, the nature of manui
their uses, application, operations, and infinite va
ties, their mechanical influences, and their cbem
effects, the vorieties of grasses, grains, plants, i
fruits, which are or may be cultivated, the habiti
vegetables and the propogation of new varieties
influenceeof light, and heat, and air, and dew, i
rain, and electricity upon vegetation, and how
they may be controlled by human ingenuity or sV
the history and habits of the domestic animals and
modes of rearing them lo the highest degree of perl
lion, the construction of farm implements so Oi
combine the greatest effects with the leost expensi
power, the history of agriculture, its condition and
provements at home and abroad, rural labor, rural
chileciure, agricultuial education, the intellectual i
moral improvement of the agricultural classes, thee,
nection of agriculture with national wealth, and w
its great sisters, manufactures and commerce, i
above all, its bearings upon domestic nnd public haj
ness, upon domestic morals — these topics, among i,
ere which might be named, show that agriculture,
not destitute, to a philosophic mind, ol matters off
found scientific inquirj-.

s

mere theory will make no mnii a farmer. The com-
mon procrssea onl the successful execution of the
common labors of husbandry con be learned only by
practice. He who would handle a plough well, must
have been accustomed to walk in the furrow; ae the
only safe pilot is the man who has been practised to

TRUE POLITENESS IN THE COUNTRY AND THE CI

Agriculture, as a pursuit, commends itself to f
sons of refined taste and sentiment. I know ho' J
shall startle the ear of city ("astidiousess by such an
sertion; bull rely upon your candor that I shall
offend by the expression of my honest convictions
There is much in the country that is vulgar, rude i
offensive. There is no occasion for this. This is ^
the fault of the country. But is there more of ihi
the country than is to be found in cities ? Tb
things depend much upon ourselves. The artifi
forms of social intercourse do not prevail in the co
try as in the town— at least they are not the sai
hut it is often delightful to lay aside, at least
a while, the buckrum and the starch. I have b
through life familiar with all closste of people. I h (::
been for many years a citizen among cities, and a
mer among the farmers. I have been a frequent
iter in city palaces, and many a time on indwelle
the humblest mansions in the secluded parts of
country; and I must say, without derogolingfrom
refinements of the most improved societies in the
lies, that the comparison in respect lo courtesy and
vility would not turn out lo the disadvantage of
country. True politeness is not matter of mere fo
or monner, but of sentiment and heart. There
rude and vulgar people every where, but will m
sober judgment pronounce it as great a rudeness lo
sent knowingly away from the door of one who ci
herself a friend by a servant witho lie put in his mou
OS lo be received by the kind woman who welcon
us heartily at her wash-tub, or her spinning-wh<
and sweepsa place for us without apology lo sit do
at her kitchen fire. You will pardon the homelin
of my illustrations. You may threod your beauti
valley from the ocean lo the mountains; you may,
I hove done, follow the silver stream, whose honni
name is borne by your Commonwealth, from the pli
where it deposits ile contributions in the mighty tr
sury of the seo, lo its gushing sources under the sn^
clad summits of the north, and trovcrse every St
whose borders are laved by its gentle waters, and gc
manners on your part will generally be n:et witl
corresponding civility. E.xcepting among the vici(
and depraved, you will find no rudeness unless youi
so unfortunate oe to provoke it bv your own orrogani

It is tolly to carry city manners and customs ii
the country. This destroys the simplicity which cc
stilutes the charm of rural life. If you have no ta:
for rural pleasuree, no interest in rural concern,
disposition for rurol labors; if you ore afraid of soili
your hands or browning your cheeks; if you c
make no friends with the flr.cks that whiten the fieli
nor the birds that make the hills and forests vocal w
melody; if you ore unwilling that the earliest rays
the dawn should distnib your repose, and your hei
kindles with no cnthusiaBm in golden sunset, th
flee the country as you would the Siberian desey.
would he lo you only a land of discomfort and so
tude.

AGRICULTURE THE DELIGHT OP GIFTED INTELLECTS

But it ie Otherwise with many minds. Agricultti

Vo. 2.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

iirl horticulture, far from being disdained, baVe been
I nil others, ibe cboeen pursuits, tbe purest delights
I ? ime of the most gifted intellects; and their en-
liasiosm in these pursuits burnt With increasing in-
•. r.Bity to the close of life. From the turmoils of war,
bL- struggles of political ambition, tbe barrassing pur-
'iita of ouccessfyl trade, tbe busiest scenes ot life,
r ni the forum, tbe senate, and the throne, they have
1 tired gladly to the humble occupation and pleasures
I rural life and labor, and have found the precious
f 111, which they had so long sought, only in ibis
olrii philosophy of nature.

The country is the land of poetry, and tbe home of
je winged imagination, as much as it is the home of
ie birds. Tbe Charms of%he country are untion-
jjiouely acknowledged even in citie?, when you see

•W they, who live in cities, love to get a grass plat,
ough not larger than a handkerchief, before their
oora; or train a woodbine or a honeysuckle to their
inEzas; or crowd their windows with flowers, or a-
Jrn their persons with a floral wreath. Tbe first of-
rings of tbe muses were dedicated to rural life. In
le waving of tbe golden harvest, in tbe verdant
wn spreading its smooth carpet beneath your feet, in
le prairie ocean of verdure radiant with the richest

ms of floral beauty, in the deep and solemn forest,

the mirrored lake reflecting in perfect disiinctness
e mingled beauties of forests and skies, in the flow-
g river an image of eternity, in the mountain lift-
g its crested top above the clolBs, in tbe boundless
irizon, in the reddening dawn, in the gorgeousness

a summer's sunset, in tbe mingled splendors of the
tumnal forest, there is every thing to kindle the im-
ination and dilate the heart. When in the advan-
ig spring the man of reflecting mind and cultivated
ne, at break of day, witnesses the waking up of
istion. beholds tbe desolation of winter rapidly reti-
.^ ig before the empire of spring, and sees day alter
y, almost hour after hour, new forms of vegetable
d animal life starting into existence, it requires no
jlent eflbrt of the imagination to behold a new Eden
ing before him, and to hear the chorus of tbe morn-
; stars, and " tbe sons of God shouUng for joy."

43

BE STMPATHT, JIOBE CHARITY, A HIGHER VALUE SET
UPON HD.VAN LIFE IN THE COU.NTRY THAN IN THE
CITY.

In speaking of the moral aspects of agriculture, I

ill make no invidious comparisons. The country

isents as few temptations to vicious indulgence as

? condition in life: perhaps it maybe said fewer

II iptatious. Agricultural labor, unless pursued to

excess, so far from being exhaustive and destruc-

; like much other labor, is Iriendly to health, and

tell|orable to intellectual vigor and length of life. The

nestic ties seem stronger in the country than

the city, because we are more dependent on

til h other, and have fewer objects to engross our

intion. Human life seems more valued in tbe

.ntry than in tbe city. In the crowded city men

p out of the stream, and the vacancy is instantly

sd up by the rushing torrent, and scarcely produces

the spectators a conscious emotion. When a valu-

3 man dies in tbe country, the whole village mourns

blow. Theie is more of real kindness and benev

It sympathy in the country than in cities. The ci-

are full of mugnificent charities, tbe country is

of tbe charity of kind offices. In the country, is

eighber sick or afflicted, the whole neighborhood

prompt to visit him, to aid him by personal ser-

!, and to watch night after night at his sick bed.

lilies it cannot be so. Cities present some of the
9t bitter cases of friendlessness to be found in hu
n history. Persons suffer, and sicken, and die,
hout perhaps the cognizance of those living under
same roof and on the same floor. In the country
^j sonal character has a higher value than in cities. —
jj cities every thing is absorbed in the great whirl
m Jusiness or pleasure; and in crowds, presenting
ry variety of character as of costume, men pass
>g without observation. In the country every
„tii > is known, observed, and watched. His charac-
g;| Beemi the common property of tbe village. This
(!,( lunelimes complained of in the country as iniperti-
D'Jce and intrusiveness. This may sometimes be
-lease, and it may become annoying; but it is not
frequent as tbe complaint of it. That it has a fa-
llible influence upm good morals which, under the
« ikness of human nature, need every security, there
'■' be no doubt.

I the healthful labors of the country, the early
i rs, tbe simple diet, in the open air, in tbe virtuous
■" raints, in the general good morals which prevail,
1 he strong sympathy and mutual interest in each
) r's character and welfare, which bind such com-
Biitie* together, in the obsence of multiplied temp.

tations and facilities of vice, which prevail in more
populous communities, an agricultural lile is highly
favoroble to virtue.

PHILOSOPHY, REFINEMENT, MORALS, THE CONCOMIT-
ANTS OF AGRICULTURE.

I hope I shall be escusod for dwelling so long upon
tbe advantages of agricultural and rural life. Agri-
culture has been too long denied the ronk which be-
longs to it among the pursuits of mankind. I would
speak of it as one of the highest pursuits of philoso-
phy. I would glodly commend it to persons of refi-
ned sentiment, as abounding in scenes, objects and as-
sociations, full of graiilicaiion to the most cultivated
mind; and for its moral securities and moral influen-
ces; it needs no recomnicndaiion in a community like
yours, presenting in its beautiful villages, among its
swelling hills, and its richly cultivated vales, in tbe
character of its rural population, such emphatical de-
monstrations of improved education, of correct mor-
als, and of the best influences of religion.

1 have bare glanced at these topics,°bocause I would
not encroach upon your indulgence. I have done this
with the more earnestness, because the tendency of
our young people, impelled by avarice or by false
views of happiness, bos been to forsake the whole-
some pursuits of agriculture, where they found heolth,
compelence, ond a manly indepenaence, for occupa-
tions in the cities, oftentimes of the most servile char-
acter; degrading to their self-respect, corrupting to
their passions, and proving often tbe grave of their
virtue. Ourcitics liltcwise ore crowded with young
men of professional education, who, with hearts
aching from hopes deferred, linger along from year to
year until the health is exhausted, habits of indo-
lence are induced and confirmed, and the best por-
tion of life is woBtcd away without the accomplish-
ment of any valuable object; or the enjoyment of
those domestic tics, in which Heaven designed that
man should find the strongest security of virtue and
the purest fountains of happiness.

AGRICULTORAl IMPROVEMKNTS BETTER THAN SPLENDID

HOUSES.

I would likewise gladly commend this subject to
another class of individuals, whose attention I fear,
however, I shall bespeak in vain. Whoever visits our
great cities is constantly struck with amazement at the
enormous expense and splendor of many of tbe pri

moderate desires, matters of pure romance, which wo
had somewhere read of in our childhood. IJy ibe
righteous laws of Divine Providence, that inordinate
thirst for gain without industry, temperance, or fiu-
galily, bos been so signally rebuked that it will not a-
gain immediately show itself There may still be the
appearonce of life in its quivering limbs, but few will
have couroge or power to attempt its resuscitation.

In the southern portions of our country, favored for
the purpose by its peculiar climate and soil, we bear
ot agricultural returns in their great staples, which
confounded tbe humble calculations to which we in
^ew England are accustomed. Yet there ore abate-
ments in the case, in tbe perils to health, and in tie
nature of tbe labor by which these products arc pro-
cured, which, save where the heart is cankered with
avarice and inhumanity, at once relieve a New Eng-
land man of all envy of such success. The (act
likewise presents itself in tbe cose, strange as the o-
nonialy may seem, that the southern planters are not
richer than the uorlhcrn farmers; they have not so ma-
ny of the real comforts of life. Many a New Eng.
land farmer is more independent with his income of a
few. hundreds, than a southern master of his uncount-
ed acres and bis hundreds of slaves, with his income
of many thousands. I do not say these things in the
spirit of invidious comparisons; 1 would not mor tbe
pleasures of the occasion by awakening a single un-
kind feeling. But we may learn, from the facts in
the case, a lesson of gratitude, that we are permitted
to breathe the bracing air of northern mountains tmd
seas, and the still more invigorating otmosphere of
equality of condition aud universal freedom.

Agriculture in New England presents no brilliant
prizes to the mind bent solely on the accumulation of
wealth. Yet rough, barren, and inhospitable as New
England seems to many persons, yet I can show you,
in every town from Lake Champlain to the Aroostook,
and from Saybrook to the Canada line, not a few ex-
amples of men, who by forming have maintained their
families in health and comfort, educated their children
well, and if so they pleased, found the means of send-
ing one or more sons to college; exercised, as far as
they bad occasion, an unstinted hospitality; contribu-
ted their full share of the public dues, and are now en-
joying the evening of life with an honest conscience

, , ,...j „, ,„^ J,,,, and a competence for every reasonable want. Tbo

vate residences; at the extravagant piles of brick and ^""^^t '" ^"'^1' case, may oppear moss-covered and

stone, seldom half tenanted, and adapted to real com-
fort and convenience in an inverse ratio to their inor-
dinate size and their wasteful mognificence. I would
seldom, indeed, advise a person, accustomed through
the prime and middle of life to the excitements of bu-
siness, politics, amusements, and general society in
the cities, to go at once into the seclusion of the coun-
try, especially at that period of life when the vital cur-
rent becomes sluggish and tLe physical powers lose
their wonted energies ; but is it not difiicult for such
men when their fortunes are made, to enjoy the ad-
vantages of the city and the country together. Let
them pass, if they please, their winters in the city;
but what immense benefactions might they confer
upon society, and what sources of agreeable and use-
ful occupation might they find for themselves, if, in-
stead of spending their fifties or their hundreds of
thousands on a brick or stone castle in the city, which
they have seldom tbe menus of enabling their chil-
dren to occupy, and which must therefore, in the
course of nature, soon change hands, they would ex-
pend some three-fourths of thot sum in subduing, cul-
tivating and improving some hundreds of acres in tbe
country, rendering them productive, and planting up-
on them industrious families. They would breathe
into tbe hearts of their benefactors, the purest of plea-
sures in welcoming them, whenever they came a-
mong them, as their best friends. This seems one
of the most useful, as it is certainly one of the most
innocent purposes to which wealth can be applied.

CAN AGKICULTIRE BE MADE PROFITABLE ?

But I must pass on toother topics. The next ques-
tion then which arises in this case, is whether agricul-
ture con be made profitable; and especially whether it
can be made profitable ju New England ? This is a
great question. I can only reply briefly, without go-
ing into tbe various illustrations which might be pre-
sented. I will here express my thorough disgust for
that inordinate and grovelling avarice, which con find
no good but in the occumulatiou of dollars and cents.
Wealth is to be valued for its uses, not for its amount;
and a philanthropist can look with sorrow and alaim
upon that heartless and frenzied spirit of accumula-
tion, which at one time, like a terrible epidemic, ;

threatened to lay waste all principle and honor, and to I Products, and Income of the East and West, "Great
rendcrconlentment, competence, and reasonable and] Improvements in Stock and Agricultural Imple-

brown with age. No burnished lamps light up its
halls, and no carpel soft os down cover its floors; but
infinitely preferable is such a dwelling to palaces,
where once wealth, tbe product of defrauded labor, il-
luminated every room, and revelry and luxury held
their frequent courts; and where now, though bank-
ruptcy has long since entered, men are still living up-
on the fragments of former luxury or upon hoarded
gains, in defiance of justice and honor.

ADVANTAGES OF HIGH CULTIVATION.

I Further, my inquiries have satisfied me, that there
is not a single crop well cultivated in New England,
which in ordinary seasons will not pay a fair rent of
the land at current prices, and liberally compensate the
labor ond cultivation. Our proximity tu quick mar-
kets gives us grent advtntoges over many parts of the
country. In one of my visits to a town on the sea-
shore of Massachusetts, in a region whose rock-
bound surface seemed to have set cultivation at defi-
once, I found several acres of land subdued and im-
proved at the rate of three hundred dollars per acre.
Could this be aflbrded ? Look at the cose. The
land was made to produce three tons of hay to tbe
acre. The price of hay in the vicinity has averaged
for years, at least fifteen dollars. The value of one
ton of hoy per year, is sufficient to gather the crop
and keep tbe land in condition. Thirty dollars then
are the net return for the investment. These ore ex-
amples of extraordinary expenditure and ample pro-
fits. The crop of Indian corn is the greatest blessing
of our country. Tbe average crop in New Enj^lond
is thirty bushels. It is not difficult to produce fifty to
an acre. I have known one hundred and eleven pro-
duced on an acre in Massachusetts, as measured after
being shelled and dried. At fifty bushels per acre,
rating the rough fodder as equal to a ton of English
bay, ond tbe groin at seventy cents per bushel, the re-
turn may be considered as equal to fifty dollars. Thir-
ty dollars may be considered a high average price for
cultivation, and this including the interest upon the
value of the land at fifty dollars per acre.

» • • • «

(We here omit the sections entitled "Comparative

44

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

menis,'' and bis remarks on Silk Culture. — Eds.
Falmeb. )

comforts of a 5ew e.1gland wi^ter.

The long winters of New England are often com-
plained of. Bullet us look at tbis. Tlie season of
culiivalion ia long enough for the maturing and per-
fection of oil the vegetable products which the cliinnie
and soil are capable of producing: and these embraece
an abundance and prolusion of the mobt valuable
grams, graj^sea, vegetables, and fruits, for the whole
year. The temperature is favorable to labor. The
long winters bring with them opportunities of social
intercourse of the most delightful character. While
the bracing air of winter gives elasticity to the mus-
cles and vigor to the min(l,iiatTord8, in its leisure from
out-door liibor, the most favorable opportunities lor in-
tellectual iinprovenient. The larnicr, in this rcepeet,
has advantages which fall to the lot of few other con-
d tions in lile. Happy is it for him, when an enlarged
education and a taste lor books and scientific inquiries
enable him to improve them to the greatest advantage.
Under these circumstances, no condition in life, to a
man of reasonable desires, whose heart is not poisoned
by avarice orambition, stems more privileged or more
enviable.

I have said that agricnltnre as an art, is as yet im-
perf' cily understood. But it is encouraging to con-
template the improvements which have been made in it
within the last hall or even quarter of a century, and
lire rapidity which it is still advancing.

HORTICULTURE AND FI.ORTICULTURZ.

Among the interesting exhibitions of this occasion,
Horticulture and Florticultiire have presented their
liberal contributions. In the variety and perfection
of Indian corn, esculent vegetables, and the most val-
Bshlc fruits, we see every reason to be fatisfied with
our local eondilioru If peculiar obstacles to their cul-
tivation prcsetvt themselves in the soil or climate of
New England, we may with an honest ])ride congrat-
ulate ourselves upon that industry and skill, which in
deriance of such obstacles successfully produces them
in abundance and perfection.

Flora, likewise, on this charming occasion, holds
her court among you, adorned with more than orien-
tol splendor. In the two great fiorial kingdoms of
nature, the botanical and the human, if we must yield
the palm to that which is alike transcendant in the
beouty of form and motion, and in the higher attri-
butes of intelligerice, inivocence and moral perfeetion,
jrct it can be no derogation to admire, with » rapture
bordering upon enthusiasm, the splendid products of
the garden; and especially when their beauties are
combined and arranged as on this occasion, with an
exquisite and refined taste. What is the heart made
of whidi can find no sentiment in flowers T In some
of the most striking displays of this occasion, in the
dahlias for e:«amplc, we sec what can be done by hu-
man skill and art in educating and training a simple
• nd despised plant, scarcely thought woclhy of culti-
\ation, to the highest rank in gayety and glory and
ever varying perfection in the aristocracy of flowers.
We may learn from such sutxess, a lesson of encou-
ragement in the education and training of flowers of
an infinitely higher vnlue and iK-rfeclion.

The vast cre.ition of God, the centre and source ol
good, is every where rttdiant with beauty. From the
shell that lies buried at the deptlisof the ocean to the
twinkling star that floats in the still more profound
depths of the firmament, through all the formsof ma-
terial and anin>ated existence, beauty, beauty,, beauty
prevails. In the floral kingdom it appears in an infi-
nite variety, in an unstinted and even rich profusion
than in other deparunents of nature. While these
contributions are thrown out so lavishly at our feet,
and a taste for flowers seems almost an instinct of na-
ture, and is one of tiie most innocent and refined sen-
timents which we can cultivate, let us indulge and
gratify it to ihe utmost extent, whereever leisure, op-
portunity, and fortune give us the means. There is
no dangpr of an excess under these reasonable restric-
tions, which all our sentiments demand. ** But,"
sayi^ some cynical objector,. ^^ flowers are only to please
the eye." And whyshonvld not the eye be picaseii ?
What sense may be more innoce»tIy gratified ? They
are among the most simple, and at the some time a-
mong the cheapest luxuries in which we can indidge.

Tue tasle for flowers, every where incTea.>ing a-
mong us, is an omen for good. Ld as adorn our
parlors, dnorways, yardr, and roadsides^ with trees,
and (-hrub^', and flowers. What a delight do they give
to the passer by ? What fovorable impressions do
they at once excite towards those who cultivate their
own gratification, and find, after all, their chief plea-
t^ttf in (ho i^aiiiicatiun they aflord to athors. What

on afTcciiiig charm, associoted as it is with some of the
best fentinicniB of our nature, do they give to the sad
dvseihiig places of the departed and beloved.

The moral influences of such embellishments de-
mands our consideration. I do not mean merely the
siibstiiniion of such refined tostes and pursuits in
place of the gratification of the lower appetites. This
IS no small matter. But another influeitce should not
be overlooked.

Every one familiar with human life must be sensible
that mere personal neatness and order are themselve
securities of virtue. As we cultivate these habits and
in respect to our residences and the things and objects
ornuiid us, make a study of rendering them or^ierly
and beautiful, and of adding to them the highest cm-
bellishmcmsof art, our own self respect is greatly in-
creased. Next to religions principle nothing operates
more than self-respect, as a safeguard to virtue and a
stimulant to excellence.

" HOME, SVTKET BOUE."

The direct tendency of all such embellishments in
our grounds and habitations is to multiply the attrac-
tions of home, and to strengthen the domestic ties. It
IS the glory of IS'ew England that these precious ties
are no where stronger or more sacred. I would
bind her children if possible, by chains a thjusand
times more end oring. In all my journey ings into oth-
er lands, favored as ihey may be by the highest ad-
vantages of climate and soil, I come back to New Eng-
land with all the enthusiasm of a first love, mid a filial
tifljciion which, if possible, has only gained new
strength from absence. Indeed there is every thing
in her to love and honor. Let us seek to render eve-
ry spot of her rude territory beautiful, I'o the emi-
nent picturesqueness of her natural scenery, adding
the triumphs of an industrious, skilful, and tasteful
cultivation, every substantial want of our nature will
be supplied, every refined sentiment of the mind grat-
ified; and the true New England heart will seek no
other Eden this side of that better country where flow-
ers bloom with a radiance which never fades, and "one
unbounded and eteriuil spring encircles all"

A Correction-^Feeding Berkshires.

Messrs. Editors — I wish to correct a small mis-
take that appeared in the published rejjort o( the com-
mittee on Swine, appoirtetl by the Tompkins County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society to report at its
lost annual fair. It is contained in the extract you
have made from that report (on page 24, last month.)

It reads "Fat, 83 C| 9." It should be

Feci. The error is a small one, but is somewhat im-
portant, as it shows the diflerence in the coarseness
of the three animals. I made another experiment the
past fall in cutting np two three-quarter blood Berk-
shire hogs, and found the result to correspond very
nearly with the table yon have published^ although
the hogs were heavier, weighing 360 each.

The readiag of T. C. I'eters' valuable letter on the
.ulijcct of "Piggery and Pork Making," induces me to
give you 0 short account of my method of wintering
store swine, consisting of ten full blood Berkshire
breeding sows, three full blood Berkshire boars, and
shoats of different ages, to make in all twenty-two.
Those I have shut up in lots of from two to four each,
and feed them twice a day, say morning and evening,
with one cent's worth of boiled corn each — com at
3s. Gd. per bushel — or I lb. 4oz. each, before it is boil-
ed. I boil the corn about tvs'clve hours by putting it
over the stove in the morning in a copper boiler, and
let it cook through the day — let it cool in the night,
and feed it the next day. I fiisd that twenty-eight
pounds of corn, when boiled will weigh sixty-eight
pounds, ond it increases se much in bulk as in weight.
I feed no water nor slop of any kind to my hogs;
they have nothing but the boiled corn, and they come
out in ilip spring in as good condition as they were irt
the fall This is the secoml winter that I have pursu-
ed this practice. I have also tried the plan of boiling
potatoes and ruta baga, and mixing bran, shorts, &e.
with them, to make swill; but it costs more that way
than on boiled coiiu

I wish to inquire of Col. Sawyer whether the por-
traits that yon gave »f his Berkshire swine ore cor-

rect in their proportions. If they are not they have a i '
tendency to mislead the public; but il they are correct 1
they add value to your journal. It is a subject that I [
hope gentlemen giving portraits of animals will be
careful about, — that the beauty of the portraits may
depend on the excellence of the animal and not on th« '
skill and fancy of the artist. ,j p

Yours respeetfnily,

E. CORNELL.
hliaca, Tompkins Co.. Feb., 1S41.

Remark — The Portraits are pronounced ccri; eoMpl.i
rect. — Eds. fftiri

'if

Maple Sugar. u

The following communication contains excellent
hints on the subject of making maple sugar. Th«
two leading requisites for success, we believe to be^
boiling the sap as fresh from the tree as possible, and
the most punctillioug cleanliness in all the different
operations. As the season for this work will sjon 1
commence, we recommend the remaits of our cor-
respondent to those iyerested, as well as those of A.
S. Chew, from the Ohio Farmer, published last year
on page 4.5 of this journal. We believe it to be aa
easy and economical, by proper management, to make
beautifuj, white, crystalized maple sugar, as the eom- I
mon, dirty looking, brown substance, which is- not I
generally in faet, the very cleanest produciioa of the I
materia! world. *

Messrs. Editors — Having seen I'n yeur paper an

inquiry for making a vat or box for boiling sop, and
having long wondered that sohitle attention was given
to making maple stigar, I give some of my own expe.
rienee in relation to it. I have been surprised to se*
so little disposition to improve the usual mode of
catching the sap in troughs, and boiling it in kettles
hung on a pole, by which it is filled with all manner
of filth, and the article of maple sugar, (the purest of
all sweets,) rendered unwholesome and forbidding as
it comes into market.

From twenty years' experience and observation,
using kettles in various ways, I have adopted sheet-
iron pans, which are here coming into common use,
and have been ustd for ten or tv\elve years with good
success. Pans with sheet-iron bjttoms and wooded
sides did not succeed well. The pans are simply a
sheet of Russia iron turned up irt tlic sides and end*
about three inches, and will hold about three pails
while boiling. A rim of band iron is rivetted round,
about one inch wide, with rings as handles. The
cost of a pan is about $4. Two or three are set
lengthwise on an arch, built of stone; from one and a
half to two feet in depth, and about twenty inches ra
breadth, the pan being about twenty-two inches.
The arch should be even on top, ond a wide bar of
wrought or cast iron across the arch between and un-
der the pans to prevent the heat from the fire reaching
the sides. The pons are slid ofl" when emptied. One
of these wdl boil about as much as a caiddron kettle.

I have for some years past used six, set three on an
arch, side by side, and have about six hundred trees willi
buckets for the same, and average about twelve hun-
dred pounds per year of sugar, which fetches eleven
cents per pound, and the profits are fiom $80 to ^100.
This is done at a season of the year when little else
can be done on a £»rm.

The sugar boiled in poms, I believe to he ten per
cent better than in kettles, other things being equal.
To make maple sugar as it should be, much care is
needed to keep every thing used about it clean and
sweet, and the sap should be boiled as soon as it can
be to prevent fei mentation. Maple sap of itself has no
color, and if it could be crystalized without stain,
would be while and transparent, and the sweet of the
pnreet kind. Much is said about cieensing sugar, bat

s^o. 3.

AND GARDEiNER'S JOURNAL.

45

belter remedy is to keep it clean. Tearlash or
ileratus put into the eyrup while over thfe fire, will
imove the acidity caused by Icrinentation.

GEO. HUMPHilEY.
nuilford, Feb., 1841.

lOW Prices faroiAble toNatioaal Exports and

J National Wealth.

Messrs. Editors — Within the lost two weeks 12,-
M to 1.5,000 barrels of flour have been purchased at
4,75 in New York, for shipment to England. Be-
ire this can be consumed there, it must pay 50 cents
er bbl. freight, $3 duty in the English port, and a-
jut 25 cents commieeion, &c., which will make the
rice to the consumer in England about $8,50 per
irrel.

Thus, in spite of the duty of $3 per bbl. on Amer-
mn flour in England for the protection of her agri-
oltural interests, their profits are very much reduced
f the corapeliiion of our bread stuffs in their own
larkets.

The friends of free trade in the United Statep, may
ell cite the obove facts to show the bitter fruits of a
igh protective tariff. They say that it only inflates
rices at home, thus enabling the British inanufactu-
)r to undersell us not only in the foreign market, but
[so in our own ports. The experience of the last two
ears most positively shows that the low prices of our
giicultural productions have had the effect to treble
ur exports of manufactured articles, a consumma-
on which could not have taken place under a protec-
ve tariff with high prices for the necessaries of life
nd consequent high prices of labor.

When the agricultural staples of a country are sold
; low prices, the price of manufactured articles con-
>nn to them, — both become substantially the articles
" exportation, and the country gets out of debt much
later than it would if prices were so high as to stop
xportation. Another and paramount advantage to
le country, from the low prices of its productions, io
le great spur it gives to our maratime commercial inter-
jts. We now no longer hear of ships rotting at the

harves; tbey are busily employed carrying the pro-
acts of our soil and our work shops to every part of
me world.

Should England lake off the duty on American
our, would not English corn have to fall in price as a
tcessary consequence, or be driven into the grana-
leS, by imported bread stuffs ? Certainly it must, and
le result would be that all manufactured articles in
Ingland would be sold at correspondent low prices,
iiglish manufactures would then more successfully
ompctc with our own, in our markets in spite of our
uty, and they would effectually drive our manufac-
ues out of the great South American and other for-
ign markets.

But although we are opposed in the main to a tariff
iclusively for protection, we feel that a tariff tor re-
enue should be so mended and increased as to act as

countervailing duty, while it also protects those
ranches of American industry which have already
ommenced in the absence of all protection.

It is said that every hogshead of tobacco shipped to
Prance pays an impost there of $300. As France
annot produce tobacco, this duty is ten fold as one-
OUB to the American tobacco jilanters, as the operation
f the corn laws of England can be to the wheat
[rowers of the United States, as our foregoing re-
narks will explain Hence we premise that the most
astidious advocate of free trade will not oppose coun-
ervailing duties on French silks and wine. We have
It a previous communication shown thot the balance
jf trade against us with France is more than 14 mil-
lions annually. A balance which has heretofore been
laid by drafts on England, State Stocks, United
Siaice Bank Stocks, Jiw. &c. Bat since the failure

oti both States and Bank, ought not such excessive
free importation to fail also 7 S. W.

Cause of the " Decay of Rtita Bagas."

Mkssrs. Thomas & Bateham — I see in your paper
of January, an inquiry made by Silas Pratt, of Chili,
as to the cause of his Ruta Bagas rotting.

I have, the last fourteen years, cultivated both the
sugar beet and ruta bago, raising from 2000 to 3000
bushels for my cows. I have almost invariably found
that when I sowed early my roots were more or less
rotted. In 1830 I lost most of my crop from that
cause, having sowed the seed os early as the first of
June. The last season I sowed from the 15th to 20lh.
1 had scarcely a defective one. I have always obser-
ved that those which are sowed early grow very rapid-
ly at first, but are generally checked in their growth
by the heat and drought of July, in xvhich state they
remained until the fall rains set in, when, from so
great a change from drought to excessive moisture,
the roots craek open, rot, and disappoint the expecta-
tions of the farmer. Should these suggestions prove
of service to Mr. Pratt, or any others who have met
with a similar disappointment, it will give pleasure to
A NEW SUBSCRIBER.

Roxbury, Mass-, Feby. 1841.

For the JS'ew Genesee Farmer,
Rats and Rat Catching.

Messrs. Editors — The sagacity and cunnihg of
this little animal are really extraordinary, and its da-
ring courage is truly remarkable, considering its small
size. Although almostevery body can produce a bud-
get of stories about rats; yet how few are there who
have accurately observed their habits, or even suffi.
ciently to rid themselves of such destructive vermin;
and it here occurs to my mind that I have never seen
the subject treated on in an agricultural paper. We
mny oftcti see people carefully baiting traps in a place
where rata are swarming, and marvelling that none
can be tempted to enter; when the simple reason is
that front want of a little consideration, the sagacious
instinct of the little animal is a match for the bad at-
tempts made to capture it. The black rat Cmus rat-
liisj is characterized by the body being black above,
whde the brown or Norwoy rat, Cmtts decummans,)
has the upper part of the body covered with light
brown hair, and whitish underneath. The black rats
ore not very numerous, becouse the brown rats prey
on them whenever they meet — the brown rats aid
likewise in keeping their ownspecies in check, a large
rat being the terror of the small ones. If it were not
for this fact, we should surely be overrun, for they
are very prolific, breeding three times a year; produ-
cing from ten to twenty in a litter.

The enemies most dreaded by the rat are the com-
mon weasel and the ferret. These little creatures, in
proportion to their size, are more blood thirsty ond da
ring than the most tremendous ond rapacious quadru-
peds. A cat or a dog cannot follow a rat into its hole,
consequently they are of little use, compared with the
weasel or ferret. Only turn a single one down a rat
hole, and the horror and alarm created is soon manifest.
The rats fly with all possible speed, the ferret pursu-
ing and darting at the neck. I have been acquainted
with several men who followed this occupation, and
they told me that their ferrets wert frequently wound-
ed severely, sometimes losing an eye in the conflict;
but the moment it fixes itself on the neck, its victim
is secured, for it cannot be shaken off until it has
droined the life blood.

Farmers may sometimes drive a«Tiy rate from their
premises in the summer season, by blocking up their
holes with broken glass, [or blacksmith's cinders.—
Eds.] and plastering them with mortar, repeating the
process wherever new holes ajipeai.

Among other expedients, I have tried a box balan-
ced on a stick, with a boit on the end. One morning
i found my box down, and on raising it I found no rat,
but a quantity of little chips, tor the little rogue had
gnawed his way out; but this I remedied with a nar-
row strip of tin round the lower edge. Another way
16 to smear a rot, (when caught,) all over with spiiits
of turpentine, set it on fire, and start him into one of
the most frequented holes. A friend once told me
that he took a full grown rat, and first cutting off bis
tail and ears, he singed ofl" the hair, ond fastened a
fringe of stiff writing poper round his neck and let him
go; but the whole body politic did not choose to be
scared for one unlucky vagrant.

Now, my advice to any of your readers who may be
troubled with rots is, to procure, if possible, a weasel
or ferret, and turn him into the principle holes obout
once a month. But if neither can be procured, try the
expedients above mentioned; but in case of these foil-
ing, the rats moy be materially checked by perseve-
ring in the use of traps, baited with the following
mixture: — Take of oatmeal one quart, one grain of
musk, and six drops of the oil of rhodium. Put the
musk and oil into sufKcient sweet milk to moisten the
meal; then mix all together in a stiff poste. The oil
of rhodium can generally be procured at a druggist's
store; and seldom foils, together with the nnisk, to
draw rats into any place. Caution is requisite to
guard against the common cause oftrapsfailing, which
is the smell of the bond. This can be ovoided by
using an old knife or spoon. W. N. H.

Yates Co., Feb., 1841.

Hundreds of thousands of dollars are yearly wasted
in this State by the depredations of rats, and the sub-
ject is well worthy of attention. Dr. Godman, who
says they " are the veriest scoundrels in the brute crea-
tion," (though more excusable than some other scoun-
drels,) recommends poisoning them withnux vomica,
mixed with corn meal, and scented with oil of rhodi-
um, which he soys is very effectual. In using steel
traps, a good woy is to conceal them in light bran,
using a spoon instead of the hands in covering them,
although in this case, when the surface of the bran has
been profusely baited, vve have sometimes seen it
marked thickly with their tracks, except directly over
the trap. *

For the Aew Oenetee Farmer,

The Importance of Indian Corn as a Crop for
Man and Beast.

Messrs. EdItors — Humboll says that the Musa
Parudisica, misnamed by his translator Banana, in-
steod of Plantain, is to the inhabitants of the torrid
zone, wbot the cereal grasses, wheat, rye, oats, and
barley, ore to the inhabitants of Europe.

A single bunch of this vegetable weighs from 6G to
88 lbs. It is probable, as Humbolt asserts, that there
is no other plant capable of producing so much nutri-
ment, on so small a space of ground, — still, the culti-
vation of Maize (Indion) corn is much more general
in equinoctial America, hot hlor the subsistance of maa
and beast, than any other vegetable production. —
Ought not this single foct to encourage our farmers
to give more of their attention to the crop of Indian
corn. There is no doubt but that on a first rate soil,
100 bushels per acre may be cosily produced. A hea-
vy growth of stocks as fodder, particularly in a dry
season, has never yet been duly opprecioted; ond the
working of the soil planted with corn, is a certain
means of eradicating those weeds which are so often
introduced by manure in the cultivation of the ccrcol
grasses. S. W.

Erratcm. — Page 42, Col. 1st, line 23, of this num-
ber, for " hum" read ki.

46

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2,

For the IS'ew Genesee Farmer.
HlUs and Forest Trees.

Messrs. Editors — During our peregrinations this
winter, which hove not been ' few nor far between,'
though confined chiefly to this State, we have seen
many, very many, beautiful farms; which we be-
lieve might be rendered still more beautiful by a little
attention, and at a comparatively trifling expense on
the part of the owners, to a portion of them now
nearly or quite useless and unproductive.

We allude to the small gravel and sand hills (in
some instances calcareous) so common throughout
our Stale, more particularly in the Western part of it.
Many of these aie so steep that when the surface is
disturbed by the plough, (which should never be,)
much, and in some instances nearly all the productive
portions of the soil is washed down by heavy rains,
and finds its way to the plains below; and as these, by
this unavoidable process, (if the surfaces of steep de-
clcvitiea are disturbed,) become enriched, the hills be-
come impoverished, and very nearly in the same ratio.

One who has not closely observed these operations,
can have no adequate conception of the vast quantity
of earth that descends from mountains and hills, when
these are disrobed of their natural covering by any of
the operations of art, even when undisturbed by culti
vation. In many instances these effects are ruinous
to both, for years at least, and perhaps would require
a century to regain their wonted fertility. Now all
this may be prevented, and in our opinion ought to be;
and will therefore venture to propose the following
beautifying, cheap, and at the same time profitable,
method of accomplishing so desirable an object.

Let the owners of these hitherto naked and com-
paratively unproductive and unseemly hills, provide
themselves with a few biishels of chestnuts, black-
walnuts, hickory-nuts, butternuts, acorns of the seve-
ral kinds, OS well as the seeds of the pine and locust
—in short, all, or any of the seeds of our native forest
trees, which fancy, taste, or nlility may dictate. —
There are also many shrubs that are eminently beauti-
ful, and worthy the attention not only of the horticul-
turist but of the agriculturist; all or any of them might
be selected at pleasure, to beautify, enrich, and adorn
these now uninviting portions of their farms; The
seeds should be gathered as soon as fully ripe, and sown,
without depriving them of their natural covering,
broadcast, in November oi December. This method
is to be preferred for the sake of avoiding that dctesta
ble regularity too frequently observable in door yards,
lawns, and pleasure grounds, as well as inorchardsof
fruit trees. The sameness of such a view tires the
e;c, as docs an extended plain without any undula-
tion of surface.

If this has been neglected during the months of
November and December, it can be done even now,
with as great a certainty of success, as freezing is on-
ly required to facilitate the vegetating process. This
done, the covering may be performed early in the
spring, by means of a shovel plough or heavy harrow
— the latter being preferable, as oitlya slight covering
is required; for nature, who never errs, drops thcni
on the surface to be covered only with a few leaves,
ond the work is completed; and if timely and proper-
ly performed, he will not only be ostonished by the
ropidity of their growth, but in a few yeors amply re-
warded, yea a thiuaand fold, for all their toil and trou
ble: and thus these hitherto neglected portions of his
farm, be the most ornamental, and probably the most
valuable pait of his whole domain.

Let none deem this work a useless ornament; for
whatever beautifies and renders more dear to man his
home, can never, by a reflecting and s;^nsible mind, be
deemed useless.

"Happy tlic man whose wisli and care,
A few paternal acrea bound ;
Content to breathe his native air,
)n his own ground.

Whose fields with bread, uiiose herds with milk,
AVhosc flocks supply him with attire,
AVhoBc trees in summer jicid him shade.
In winter fire."

In a future article, should this meet with a favora-
ble reception, we may give you our thoughts on the
injuries already done, when little more than half a
century has elapsed since the sound of the woodman's
axe V as first heard in our noble forest, and in his mad
career, cherishing malice prepense against every tree,
bush, and shrub, has well nigh swept the whole from
the earth, not only to the great detriment of the soil,
but even to the climate and health of our beloved
country; and with it the noblest orn iment and great-
est source of wealth to any country — its majestic for-
ests. NATURAL CROOK & CO.

Hemlock Hill, near Silver Pond, Jan. 1841.

Military Fines.

An esteemed correspondent, in allusion to that part
of Governor Seward's message, which relates to mil-
i'ary fines, and consciencioua scruples against paying
them, suggests, that such persons pay an equivalent
of the cost of military service, to be expended in books
published by the American Peace Society, for distribu-
tion in the common school libraries, and in tracts to be
placed in families, for the spread of the principles of
peace. He wishes to throw out this hint for public at-
tention. As his communication is rather foreign to
the objects of this paper, we hope he will excuse us
for not publishing it at length. *

Fanning in Allegany Connty.

Joseph B. Skiff, of Hume, Allegany co., gives the
following average products of a farm in that place for
the three past years, as an indication of the state of
agriculture there, and not as any thing unusual or ex-
traordinary for that region.

1838 '39 '40

Winter wheat 16i 17 20

Spring wheat, 1$\ 12 15

Barley 14 25 37

Oats, 27 51 40

Corn .50 25 40

Potatoes 300 233 288

Hay, n IJ U

Importation of 8ilk.

The Journal of the American Society states that
the importation of silk into the United Slates, during
the year ending 30lh of September, 18."I9, amounting
to nea.-ly twenty-three millions of dullars. Compar-
ed with other articles imported, that of silk is one-
fourth more than the amount of any other. The a-
mmint of manufactures of cotton imported was $14,-
(i92,397: of iron. $12,051,668; of cloth ond eassi-
meres, $7,078,806; worsted stuffs, $7,025,898;
other maiuifacluresof wool, ,'J3,567,161; and half the
volue of silk and worsted stulis, .>j;I,16!>,04l; total
woollen goods, $18,831 90. The importation of su
gar amounted to ,'fi9,924,632; liiicn, $6,731,278. So
that the importation oi^ silk nearly equals that of
woollen and linen together, and is equal to half of the
other fabrics combined.

From the Magazine of l/orticuUure.

On the Cultivation of the Dahlia.

Agreeably to your desire, I send you a few remarks
on the cultivation of the dahlia; and, if you deem
them of interest to your readers, you may insert them
in your valuoble Magazine.

'This much esteemed flower, having been for many
years a great favorite of mine, I have perhaps devoted
more time to its cultivation, and had opportunities of
seeing it planted in a greater variety of soils and situ-
ations than the majority of your readers; therefore,
without hesitation, I give you the result of my expe-
rience.

I have invoriably f)und the best general bloom upon
those roots wmcu wore pmiiteo upon a modeiatcly

rich, sandy loam, in a cool situation— if B clay bottom,
so much the more favorable— as in hot and dry situa-
tions they do not suffer so much from drought, as those
planted upon a gravelly or sandy bottom.

Planting the roots upon a proper soil, near the mar-
gin of a river; or other large body of water, seems to
me the best adapted to ensure a perfect bloom of this
exquisitely formed flower, as the continual evapora-
tion from the surface in warm weather, produces a hu-
midity in the atmosphere, much more congenial to
the nature of the plant, than can be accomplished by
any artificial means.*

I odmit thit cultivators may obtain some very good
flowers from plantations made upon a dry, sandy soil, i
but neither will the flowers be as abundant, or as large
as those upon plants growing on the favorable location
just noticed; and, if planted upon a strong, rich soil,
the cultivator will hove a much more vigorous growth
of plants, but with a diminished quantity of good
blooms.

These remarks will not apply to the striped and mot-
tled varieties, so far as regards the soil. An experi-
ment which I tried last summer, with that novel varie-
ty, Striata formoeissima, leads me to the conclusion,
that to bring out the colore, the plants will do better
upon a poor gravelly soil, than elsewhere. The ex-
periment was as follows : —

No. 1, I planted in poor, gravelly soil, in an open
situation, and all the flowers but two were beautifully
mottled.

No. 2, I planted upon a soil, as first recommended
above, and not one half of the flowers were mottled.

No. 3. Three plonts, very highly eiuiched, and ev-
ery bloom but one was self-coUred. [The same re-
sults have attended otir own ctiitivalion of the Striata
formosissima. — Ed. ]

Respectfully yours, T. DUNLAP.

Harlem, N. Y. Nov. 10, 1840.

From the Wei tern Farmer and Gardener,

To the Ladies.

' No more toil

Of their sweet gardening labor than sufficed
To recommend cool zephyr, and make ease
More easy, wiiolesome thirst and appetite
More grateful." milton.

Since the editors of this work are doing so much to
enlighten the stronger half of creation, as to the ways
and means of securing the solids and durables ol lite,
it is but fair that something should be said to enlist the
attention of the gentler sex, in regard to the ornamen-
tal.

Let me be understood, then, as giving you, one
and all, an earnest request to take up the science of
cultivation, in what pertains to ornamental gardening.
"Poh!" — says some good house-wife, looking up
from a portentious pile ol stockings — "What's the
use of fuddling and quidlingover plants and flowers?"
" Dear me I" saysa young lady, between sixteen and
eighteen, engaged in the momentous pursuits incident
to that time of life — " How is any one to find time to
attend to such things 7" "Oh I" soys another, "I
admire plants and tine shrubbery, but then they ore so
expensive ! one must pay so much for them, and hove
0 mon to tend them, &e., &c. And there are still
others, we must confess, even among our own sex,
who, should you show them the most peerless of flow-
ers, in its fullest bloom, would tell you quite composed-
ly, "La! that's only a rose, I've seen thousands of
'em !" To this last class, any argument on the sub-
ject of such very common affaire would be entirely out
of place.

But as ladies in general, and American ladies in
particular, never do any thing, even to undergoing the
tightest lacing, and wearing the thinnest shoes in the
coldest winter weather, without having good and suffi-
cient reasons to sustain them, we must of course give
a few solid ones, as to why the pursuit of ornamental
gardening is so particularly to be recommended to them.

* Of ihis, wc think, there can lie no doubt. Mr. Thorburn,
of New York, whose garden ia situated at Astoria, L. I.,
nearly oppo>ite Hurlgnte, inmiediatcly upon the East River,
running to within twenty feet of the water, has not failed,
for several years, to produce an abundant bloom; while cul-
tivators in the interior, at Jamaica, and at Brooklyn, and
other places, have been unable to obtain a hundred flowers
from the same number of plants. But. as it is impoBslblo
for most cultivators to avail themselves of such a situation,
the best means must be adopted for procuring flowers in
such soil and situations as llmse who are admirers of the
dahlia, possess- This will undoubtedly be best effected by
planting in the best soil and most favorable aspect that the
garden affords. If the soil is sandy it should be well trench-
ed. In order that it may retain moisture a greater length of
time, and allow the roots to penetrate more readily to a
greater depth, which wiil enable the plants to wiliistand
drought. When the extent of a garden will allow of the
choice of such a locality as Mr. Duhlop iccotnmeads, it
ihQuld U once be selected.— i^v.

w

AND GvlRDENER'S JOURNAL.

47

the firet place it conduces to bealtb. A gcnlle-

I I my acquaintance lold mv, that he would ride

II ly niilee to e6e one really healthy woman I and
II hunomenon we think would be rare enough to jue-
f ii'' effort. Now all our treaties on the preaerva-
OLiI health, in recommending exertion as its "sine
u I'Mi," insist also, that that exercise must be taken
1 c iipen air, and that the mind must be engaged
n MLiied equally with the body. Now what occu-
I II lulfils these conditions like gardening 1 Let

practice it a while out of doors, on a beautiful

iiLirning, with all the delightful excitementof

) • "lit a border, sowing seeds, transplanting and

r Ling shrubbery, and they will find by the quick

jjI every pulse, and the glow of the cheek, how

iful is the exercise. And as a sort of enpple-

to this part of my subject, I would add, that the

lit of gardening leads directly to early rising,

some of its most important olHces must be per-

id before the burning heats of the day come on.

"dear me I" says some young lody, "I never

p early; if that is necessary in order to raise

rs, I never shall do it I" Never fear, my fair

I, once get your heart and soul engoged in the

r, and you will rise early, because you cannot

I. The images of your geraniums and roses

aunt your morning pillow, and you will be down

the first dawn, to see if the blossoms they promi-

e day before, have stolen forth, like beautiful

I in the stillness of night.

5n again, gardening is a graceful accomplish-
for a lady, and has so been held from the time of
T Eve — if we may credit the saying of a very
old gentleman, one Mr. John Milton, who
many handsome lines to that effect, and who
'ery inuch admired in times when eeery body
nt write such fine poetry as they can now-a-
-We seriously think that it is every woman's
ce, as far as in her lies, to see that the outside of
•veiling is well arranged, trimmed, and orna-
d, 08 to endeavor after bright brasses, pretty car-
Id id handsome china, in the inside.

'< ^hat is the use of flowers !" exclaims a thrifty
lU keeper, meanwhile busily polishing her fire-
tt What is the use of bright fire-irons, say we
r y 7 or of any fire-irons at all ? could not you
k 1 fire on two stones, that would keep you quite

Population Statistics.

We annex a comparative view of the Census of the
United States ot the several enumerations token by or-
der of the general government from Ic'OfI to ie40. —
The increase of population since 1630, is at least rouii
MiLF.ioNs. The present population of the United
Stales is very little short sf seventeen millions.

in ? What's the use of handsome table cloths
d spreads 1 one might eat on a board, and sleep
a buffalo skin, and not really starve either !

nuch for the " utile." Perhaps many of our
I will remember how involuntary was the
mt they have formed, in riding by houses, as to
iracter of their inmates. When you see a house
g all alone, bare of shrub or flower, except per-
ime volunteer bunches of thistle and pig-weed;
0 you infer of its inmates 1 And when you
jssed even a log cabin, where the sweet brier
refully trained around the door, while veils of
g glories and of scarlet beans, shade the win
do you not immediately think of the dwellers
IS neat, cheerful and agreeable ? This is more
lly the case in regard to the homes of the poor,
edit of the rich man's grounds may belon" to
dener, but they who can keep no gardener,
ose simple flower garden springs out of mo-
itolen from necessary labor, pofsess a genuine
dial love of the beautiful, to render an humble
g 60 fragrant and fair.

I J t then the time and e-tpense of keeping an or-

•^ -' garden!" — says some one. — Gond, my

H is a consideration — but I have used up my

paper. Next month, however, I may show

to find both time and money.

H. E. B. S.

(flutes.

18i0.

1810.

1820.

18.10.

1840.

Elaine

151.7.9

228,705

298,335

390,0.15

501,706

.\. Hnrap.

18.1,782

2I4,.1G0

244,161

269,328

284,481

Vermont

154,4(15

217,713

2;M,781

280,852

291,848

Mass,

4-i3:ZV,

472,040

523,287

610,408

737,48tl

11. Island

69,1*J

77,031

83,059

07,109

I0?,«.17

Conn.

2.51.0(12

282,042

273,202

297,803

310,023

.New \ ork

586,751!

959,949

1,372,812

1,918,B'J8

2,432,8.15

\ew Jer

21 ,fl4!l

2J9,.5.'.o

277,575

302,8-23

372,332

Peiin.

602,3()5

810,091

1,049,458

1,348,233

51,069,717

Delaware

84,27.3

72,674

72,749

78,748

7", 120

Maryland

341,518

380.546

407,:)50

447,040

467,228

\ irginia

880,200

974,822

1 ,W>5,379

1,211,4113

1,M1.444

N Carolina

478,103

55S..900

038,829

737,987

753,110

S Carolina

345,591

41.1,115

502,741

581,185

549,439

Georgia

102,101

552,433

340,987

516,823

•8:9, 104

Alahaina

20,843

127,901

309,.529

t479,449

Miasisaippi

8,850

40,3,52

75,448

136,621

376,099

Louisiana

70,.5.56

153,407

215,739

ril9,638

Tennessee

105,002

201,727

422.813

681,904

a 823,0.17

Kentucky

220.055

406,511

384,317

687,91';

Ohio

45 383

230.760

581,434

037,903

1,515,095

Iddtann

4,875

24,.520

147,178

343,031

683,314

Illinois

12,283

5.5,211

137,455

423,934

."Missouri

20,458

68,580

140,145

e 327,731

■Michigan

4,762

8,876

31 839

211,705

Arkansas

14,273

30,388

94,912

DiB Col.

14,093

ai,023

33,039

39,334

43,712

Fl. Ter.

34,730

Wis. Ter

30,692

Iowa Ter.

43,305

Total,

5,305.925

7,239,81 1

9,638,134 12,86692015,775,843

5 Bradford county and parts of Union and Luzerne not in-
cluded

* Ninecountiea not received.

t Incomplete.

t Returns from the Western district not received.

a P.irt of Monroe county not received.

c Seven coiiuties not returned according to law, and not
included in this aggregate. It is supposed they have a popu-
lation of aliout 50,1 00.

PROGRESS op THE WHOLE POPULATION.

Vear. Number. Increase.

1790. 3,929,827

1800. 5.305,925 1,375,098 or 35.1 per cent.

1810. 7,2.39,814 1,933,889 " 36.3

1820. 9,6:j8,13l 2,.198,317 " 33.1

1830. 12,886,920 3,227.769 " 33.5 "

1840. ahout 16,900.843 4,033,923 ■' 31.4 "

By an examination of the tablesit will be seen that
the white population has increased in a very uniform
ratio from 1790 to the present time; the increase in no
decade being less than 34 per cent., nor more thon
36.1 per cent. The ratio of increase among the free
colored people has been very fluctuating; but taking
the colored population en masse, slaves and free, the
fluctuation has been moderate down to 1830, and the
average ratio of increase neorly as great as among the
whites. But for some reason or other, (perhaps the
Abolitionists can explain it,) the ratio of increase for
the last ten years, has been greatly reduced, both
among free negroes and slaves. A few have gone to
Texas and Canada, perhas 30,000 in all, but this af-
fords a very imperfect explanation of the phenome-
non.— Jour. Com.

ta th(
*(al i
Hthis

•5'P"!
fJnr to

V Feet.— How often do we sec people tramp-
t'Utinlhe mud, with leather soaked through,
1 V often do such people when they return home,
d n by the fireside and permit their feet to dry

3c changing either their stockings or shoes.

I then wonder at the coughing and barking,
r umatism and inflammation, which enable the
to to ride in their carriages ) Wet feet most
in lly produce affection of the tbroot and lungs;
> L-n such diseases have once taken place, " the
»i 8 on fire," danger is not far off: therefore, let
m.-at our readers, no matter how healihy, to
tt gainst wet feet. — Med. Ado.

leiat has no bread to spare, should never keep a

For the New Genesee Fanner.
Education of Farmers' Children— Alo. 2.

Of the hind and quantity of education for the chil-
dren of farmers, the following would be a just esti-
mate:— 1. It should be appropriate and pertinent; 2.
practical, as far as may be; 3. extemice as their cou-
dition and means will permit; 4. moral ond inlelkc-
tiial ; and 5, derating, and not depressing, them in
their rank in life.

These particulars will comprehend more perhaps
than some will be ready to admit; but, it is believed,
not more than is required by all above the middling
class of farmers. The acquisition of it by this por-
tion will soon exert a salutary influence on those be-
low them. It embraces what is necessary for all, that
education in the common and elementary branches of
which no youth in our country should grow up ignor-
ant; next that which is specially pertinent to the far-
mer, that knowledge of ogricultural subjects which is
placed within his power; next, instruction in various
kindred objects, and those general subjects which have
a connection with our most important civil and social
relations, including much of natural philosophy,
some chemistry, moral philosophy, the elements of

I

the principles of government and our constitutions
and laws, and the rights and duties and privileges of
citizens, and something of political economy or the
knowledge of the classes of men and of production
and distribution of property as well as of commerce
and money.

Besides these, there are various sludicB, which have
an i7idirect but poiccrfiil influence in forming the
mind, and strengthening it and fitting it for thinking
correctly and closely and profiiably, such as algebra,
geometry, languages as the Latin, botany, minernlo-
gy, surveying, rhetoric, a portion of geology, and
other things of lees consequence. Those may hovo
no direct influence upon the son or daughter in fitting
them for the immediate labors of a farm, or garden,
or farm house ; but they exert a great influ-
ence upon the mind, to bring out its powers, and to
give to it energy and activity. Several of these ore
important to the sons especially, ond will preserve
them nearer the level of ihe dangh.crs, os they will
keep them longer at school, will carry more of them
from home a few monibe, and show them more of
men and manners, and will place them more on their
own responsibility, and tend to elevate their whole
character.

It is on undoubted fact, that the daughters too often
receive those advantages to a greater degree than the
sons, ond that the latter are depressed by the compari-
son. Besides, many of these extra studies are impor.
tant to both, and may he obtained by them. They will
employ the sons longer, ond when their minds are
made more mauue. But, how far they shall be pur-
sued in any case, must be left to the good judgmenta
of parents and the parties concerned. True it is, that
the sons need more special attention. They would
not be so likely to be dissatisfied with their condition
in life, and another end would be gained too by such
a course; the daughters, expecting a settlement in iho
same relative condition, would have a stronger in-
ducement to qualify themselves for those household
duties, for which they will find a strong and constant
call. In this respect, there is need>«oo, of correction
of mistakes, and the practical education of the daugh-
ters should go on hand in hand with that of the sons.
The loiter should not alone be required to labor and
toil in the appropriate works of a former and of a far-
mer's house. For these domestic duties, there needs
a wise preparotion. He that ly the plough would
thrive, must either hold or drite, is a plain practical
truth in all places, and conditions, and business. The
mistress of a family has no lees occosion for its appli-
cation than the farmer himself.

Finally, such on enlarged education would make
the sons and daughters more miitalle companions for
each other, and the amount of happiness would be
greatly increased. The rank, the notions, the aims,
ond the efforts, would be more neorly alike. They
would be far more contented with thst truly honora-
ble ond hoppy condition in which their benevolent ?"a-
ther has placed them. Their children will be provi-
ded for in a wiser manner, so that their " sons may
be as plants grown up in their youth, and our daugh-
ters may be as corner stones polished after the simili-
tude of a palace." D. C.
Rochester, feb. 1S41.

A DiRAELE WiiiTEvv.tsii. — Before putting your
lime, which should be unslackcd, into the water, ^tu-
rnie the water with murioie of soda, (common salt.)
This will make a whitewash that will not rub off nor
crack, and is very lasting

Ctre for tooth ache. — Mix alum and common
solt in equol quantities, finely pulverized. Then wet
some cotton, large enough to fill the cavity, which co-
ver with salt and alumn ond opply it. We hove the
autboriiy of those who have tested it, to coy it will
pro\e 0 perfect remedy.

48

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.'J|

To Coriespondeuls.

We thank a fair incognttu for liur Icuer, but can-
not guess out the enigma it contains. We shall wait
with impatiencn the promised answer, and can as-
(uro her the favor will be highly appreciated. We
hope the will not yet lay aside her useful pen. The
errors mentioned were in the copy.

Where is A.isette ? There have been quite a
number ofinquiries respecting her of lale. Iler com-
miinicationa have had a good effect, and we hope she
will not abandon us. IC We have received a beauti-
ful 6ong, composed in her praise, and sot to music. If
she will only inform ua of her ichereabouts, we will
forward it to her, or call and present it in propria per-
sona.— Li). Jr.

" Grnham's Magazine," and " Godey's Lady's
Book."

We are now in the regular receipt of these two
elegunt periodicals, and as some of our readers are
lovers of fashionable literature we would recommend
them to their notice. The engravings alone are worth
the price of subscription. Wm. A. Uerrick is agent
at Rochester.

Genesee County Agricultural Society.

We are informed by T. C. P^.ters, Esq., President
of the Society, that, at a meeting held Feb. 10, a list
of over 20U premiums was made out for the coming
eeason, and it was decided to hold the annual Exhibi-
tion and Fair at Alexander on Wednesday and Thurs-
day, the 13ih and 14ih of October next. The list of
premiums will be circulated in handbill form. C. P.
Tt/BNER, Esq., is Secretary, Batavia.

State Bounty on 8ilk.

The Committee of the Aesemblv, to whom the
subject was referred, have reported a bill entitled '-An
act toencourage the growth and manufacture of Silk."
It provides that o bounty be paid, of fifteen cents for
each pound of cocoons, and fifty cents for each pound
of reeled silk produced in the State. The report is an
interesting one, and we will publish it nextmonth, by
which tiii.e we hope the bill will become a law.

L^^e Hogs.

Mr. Geo. W. AiwiU, of Lima, Livingston Co.,
slaughtered a sow and nine pigs, the weight of which
when dressed, was 4,414 lbs. The pigs were less
t'lan eighteen months old. The litter consisted often
in all; one of them was sold. They were a mixed
breed, mostly Leicester and Bylield. The weight of
each was as follows: — Sow, 493 ; Pigs, 466, 454,
370, 511, 430,445, 397, 406, 442. Total, 4,444.
Average, 444 each. Quite a lusty family of porkers !
Another.
Mr. Hendricksnn, near Miamisburg, Ohio, has a
hog (common breed we suppose) which weighed, in
October Inst, 8:58 lbs. — about three and a half yea
old. He has also a fine full blooded Berkshire boar —
particulors n It given. Mr. Rogers, of Mianaisburg
also, has some thrifty pigs — part Berkshires.
Large Pigs.
Mr. Sheldon Cook, of Bergen, Genesee Co.,
slau filtered 7 pigs, of a cross breed, (Leicester and
Bsrkshire,) only 7 months old, all of one litter, —
which weighed, when drtsjeJ, 1,500 lbs. The lar-
gest weighed 244 lbs. They were not fed corn, ex-
ceptin ; about the lajt two months. Has any body
bad larger, of no greater age 1

More Yet !
Mr. Slmuel Lundf, of Waterloo, informs us that
he slaughtered 12 spring pigs, Leicester breed;
which weighed, when drcesed, 3.014 lbs. The 6
oldest were 9 J months old, and weighed 1760 lbs
One of the largest weighed 308 lbs. lie challenges
the Berkshires to beat this. If the expense of feeding
Was coils dorcd, perhaps the Berkshiies would appear
to lb& bast k4vi;itagD: als': In the quality of the pork.

" Frank."

Our thanks are due to Messrs. Kimbcr& Sharpless
for three copies of " Frank, or Dialogues between a
Father and Son, on the subject of Agriculture, Hus-
bandry, ond Rural Affaire, " by James Pedder, Editor
of the Farmers' Cabinet. We learn that they were
forwarded last August, together with a box of the
same for a bookseller of this city; but were by some
oversight detained on the way. Sec adrertisement.

KNGLISH .M.\KKETn!.
By the arrival of the f^tetau ^^hiI) Bntiinia at Boston, we
liave received the Mark Lane Express and other papers of
the Isl of February, from our friends iit London, for which
they have our tlianks We observe no material change in
the reports of the Alarkets. Business generally was said to
be dull :ind unsteady. The beet brands of I'niled ijlates
flour continued to bring 30a per bbl. At Liverpool the de-
luauU for cotton bad decreased.

NEW YORK .M.^RKET— FEB. 22.

Provisions — There is no chnnjie in Beef. Pork is ralher
(irnier ; several hundred bbis Ohio Mess have been sold at
gl 1,75, and some lolB of Ohio prime at S5',~5. New York
tstale Pork is glO and gi2 bbl .Small sales ef .\oithern
Laril at l^c ; City rendered is held a little higher. Butter,
except that of prime quality, is very plenty ; and for fair
lots in rolls only t* or 9c can be obtained. Cheese steady
In price.

Sekos— Clover is at SoS^c lb., and rough Flaxseed at SIO,
23 1C-. 100 Ics Timothy sold at S25, and some afterwards at
327 tee, though this is more than can be certainly calculutcd
un hereafter.

.\siiES— The stock of pots is about 1000 barrels, and of
pearls 2650 brls — bolh sorts sell a' SO per 100 lbs, though
noihingof importance was done in poi.-j.

Corn Exchange — The sales of riuur have been moderate
in extent. Genesee at 64,75, New Orleans at S4, 75, Ohio,
nt>rlh about, al®4,^s', Georgetown and Howard al. in a very
small way at 85. ^ome shipmenls were in.-ide of various
kinds. A mixed parcel of Jersey Corn was sold al 40 c:s,
and aquaiititj uf r\e in the same lioat at 50cts,50 lbs. These
prices are considered rather too low fur a quotation Jer-
sey oats sold al 30 els, and Southern at 2G«-J7 cts per bu. —
^alesof conimeal alS2,75, barrel, and rye rtoiir at ®;1.25a;37.

Cattle .Market — .\l market 540 head of Beef Cattle, in-
cluding 100 lel'l over last week, 130 was from the South, 120
from the East, and the balance from this State ; 124 ludch
cows, and 1150 sheep.

There was a fair demand for beef, and 540 head were taken
at ©7 to SUj, averaging S^i the 100 lbs.

^iilch Cows — Former prices were t'ully maintained, and
100 ive e taken at 820, 830, and 810 each.

Sheep were in good demand, anil all taken al 83 to 81^ for
common, and 8o to 80a for good.

Hay — The market was well supplied, and the sales were
mostly mode al 02J to 69 cts the lOU lbs

PHIL.^DELPIIH .MARKET

Flour for shipment to England, about 700 bbls. were ob-
tained al 84 5t» ; and part of it delivered al ihis price. Rye
Flour— Fair sales at 83 per bid. Corn Meal — Sales of
Pennsylvania 3Ieat in hhds. al 812 25 lor superior casks ;
for ordinary hbds. the price is li 50. There has been a
steady demand for Clover seed, and upwards of 1200 bushels
have'be^u taken at4 75 lo 5 t3 per bushel.

0

CLOVER SEED,

,F nXCELLE.NT Ql ALITY for sale at the Sc«|»|
lore. BATEHAM Jt CROSMAN.

March I.

f/^R Dlnlngups I etwccn ft F.ilher nnd Son, on the suh*
V-/ jects of Agriculture, Husl'andrj' and Rural Atfairs."
Th)8 interestini; and instructive volume is now for ^ale by
D llovT. State st.. Rocliesler. The extracts published in the
New Genesee Farmer iiurin(t the pa5t year, cannot fnil to
convim-e ilie renders nf that paper of the value of this bookf
e^peciiilly as a present for farnierfi* diildicn, or young peo-
ple in (he country.
March I.

W'

AGENCY FOR PERIODICALS.

JSl A. IlKRRICK, No. 61, Buffalo St., opputite Ea|l«
Hotel, Roohcsier — A^ent for
(jodcy's Lady's Hook,
Grahanrs Gentleman's and Lady's Magazine,
Littcll's j*clect Reviews,
The New Yorker,
The New World.

R

GOLD VINE PEAS.

AISED in Can.ada by the original producer of this varie-
ty, for sale al the Seed Store.

BATEHAM * CROS.MAN.

ROCHESTER .MONEY MARKET.

Specie, pur. Eastern Funds, par.

Treasury Notes, 1 prct preni. Indiana, 8 a dis-

Eastern l>rafls, 1 " do. illiiiuis, 8 a do.

Pennsylvania, 6 a :0 dis. I'niied Slates, 15 a do

Ohio, Q a 8 do. .New Jersey, par a 3 do.

.Alii-higan, 12 a 13 do. Canaila, 6 a do

.Maryland, 0 a 10 do, Suspens'n Bridge, 3 a do.

MOrNT HOPE G.^RDEN & KURSEKIESf

ST. PAfL STREET,

ROCHESTER, .NEW YORK.

THE Proprietors of this establishment ofier for sale an
extensive assortment of FruiLand Ornamental Trees,
Flowering Shrubs, Green House Plants, Bulbous Flower
Kools, l>ojt>leDahli.ia. &c. &c.

Gardens laid out, and Gardeners furnishCil on reasonable
notice. — Persons requiring information on any suljecl eon-
necled with ihe business, will receive a prompt reply.

.All orders, letters of inquiry, Ac. musi be addressed {'port
paid) directly lo us.

Trees, Plants, lie., will be carefully packed, so that they
may be cirried to anypartof ihe country in safety ; and pack-
age-s will be marked and shipped as may be designated in the
order.

Persons with whom the proprietors are unacquainted, are
requested to give a satisfactory reference, or name some per.
son in the city of Rochester, who will guarantee the pay

Jtochesltr, Dec. 1, 1S40.

ELLWAXGEK li. B.UiHY.'

TIMOTHY SEED W.\SiTED, At the Rochei.
ler Seed Slore. BATEHAM i CROS.MAN.

41
25

Agents for the Rochester Seed Store.

AFt'LL assortment of seeds, [an up at llie RochesteTSeed
Store, may be found at each of ihe following places
Subscriptions will also be receivcil ihere for the '• New
Genesee Fanner and Gardener's Journal ."

Buffalo ^Y & G. Bryant.

l,ockport, S. H Marks & Co.

.\lhion C W Swan

Brockporl George Allen.

Scollsville .\ndrlis A: Garbut

Lr. Roy Tompkins &. ^Morgan.

B:itavia, J \. D. Verplunck.

Allien R. Jk .N. Wells.

A\'arsaw E. It. Basconi.

Perry L. B. Parsons A Son.

I\Iounl Morris, R. Sleeper.

Nunda, W M. Clupnian.

Geneseo, J. F.A: ti.W.Wynian.

Canaudnigua, J Lt. Hayes.

York R. It French.

Geneva .\ Heiniup

Waterloo .\firam Deuel.

Palmyra Hov t & May.

Syracuse T B. Fitch i Co.

Vtica J. E. Warner.

Oswego II CanJield

Hamilton J .\ ■ Molt.

Coopcrslown S. Ilou'iledny.

BATEHA.M &. CROS.M.V.N.

Rochester Seed Store, March I.

GRASS SEED WANTED.

A YERY HIGH PRICE will le paid for good elean
1\. Titnoth) beCil, dclivere I soon r.t the .'-"ce I Store.
.Vorc* I. BATLJLV.M i CUOS.MA.N.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT-

COKRECTED FOR
THE NEAV GE.NESEE FAR.MEB, MAH. 1, 1641.

WHEAT, per bushel $ 81 o $

CORN " 37J.

OATS " 2-^..

BARLEY, " 31..

RYE, " 50..

BEANS, White,.. " 6aj.

POTATOES " 1U.»

APPLES, Desert,. " 31..

" Conunon, " 25..

" Dried,... " 75..

CIDER, barrel, lOU..

FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,25.

" Fine "...

SALT, " ....

P0RK,Mes8, " ....

" Prime,.... "...
" Hog, .... lOOlbe.
BEEF,

3,50....
. 2,00....
.10,0(1....

. e,oo....

.. 3,75....
.3,50....

.. 75
. 22
. 38
. 31

. 8H
. 150

3,75

.11,00

. 9,00

. 4,00

. 4,00

POULTRY per pound, 6 7

EGGS, per dozen, 10 18)

BUTTER, Freeh, .. per pound 14 16

" Firkin,.... "... 10 121

CHEESE " ... 6 7

LARD, " ... 7 8

TALLOW,Clear " ... 8 9

HIDES " ... 5

SHEEPSKINS ench,... 75 87

PEARL ASHES, . .UK) lbs. .5,00

POT, " .... " ..4,50

WOOL pound,.. 35 40

H.\Y ton,.. 7,00 8,00

GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. 1,50 2,00

CLOVER, " " ...6,00 7,(0

FL.VX " " ... 75

PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton,6,00

" biilk.'nt Whentland)3,50

Remarks — We make but few alterations in our tablet!
month. Business generally is dull — the roads are bad, a
very little produce is broneht into nmrket. The price
wheat has advanced a trifle, but the quantity brought In
small. The !Millers generally are not yel prepared topt
chase fo"- spring business. A little pork still comes in a
sells mostly at four dollars. IJntter, eggs, poultry, &c..
in good deninnd — supplies moderate.

Clover seed has been brought in lllierally from PennsyP
nia and Ohio, and the price has de.-lioed a trifle. It v
probably advance, as sowing time advBii'jcs. I'tiliotbyw
if Kvc^, aod price liifh ^t presmC

9M. B. BATEHAM,
C. F. CROSMAN, Proprietors,

VOIi. 2.

ROCHESTER, APRIIi, 1841.

XO.

. } JOHN J. THOMAS,
^* S M. B. BATEHAM. D/i/or-"?.

PLBIilSHEO >IO\THIiY.

TERMS,

FIFTY CENTS, per year, payjihle always in advance.

Post Masters, Ajjents, and others, sending money free of
postajre, will receive secen copie? for S3, — TucUc copies lor
^o, ■•^' Vic tnly -five copies for SIO.

The posuige oi ih'iA paper is oiiJy one cent to anyplace
within this state, and one and a half cents to any part of
Uie United Slates.

AH suliscriptions mnsl commence with tlie volume.

Volume 1 (siit*:hed) can lie furnished to new subscribers.
Price 50 ccnis.

Address BATEHAM Si. CROSMAX, Rocheslcr, N. V.

not arturdtosenil tlie Farmer at the wholesale terms, (allow-
in? a commission) and if the discount is more lh;in len per
i-ent., we mt:stre:urn the money. (Several of the -"^ Red
back" banks in Western New York have slopped payment
of Jalc, and their bills are unsaleable at prcsen:.) The fol-
lowing are the present rates of the principal kinds of bills.

specie par.

Pennsvtvania.. . . ti a 10 dls.

t. S. iiunk 20

Ohio 10 a 15 "

Canad.". B "

Suspension IJridge,3 a 5

New England par.

iMaryl'iid^c Virginia.tia lUdis
New Jersey,. ... 3a 6 '•

Indiana 10 "

Illinois 15o20 "

1 Michigan, 25 "

in£r

CO\TEXTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Publishers' Xniicrs. &c. Hints for theMonili. To Gar-

(<deiicrs New Silk Keel — Cocoons 40

Fire Wood. ** Bois anil Horse Bees." Kust on Wheat.. JU

Slaking H;ty. A^riculinraJ Experiments, .heir depend-
ence on Climate an.i Suil. Peck's Pleasant (Apple.)
Sore Throat in Swine. Effects .jf Plaster on Land ... 51

Important Discovery — How to render Wood Imjierishatdc
and Ini'oinbusliblc. Joint Interests of the North and
South in their In:rr-State Trade, Arc 52

Transplanting Fruit Trees. Agricnluire in Xova Si-oTia. 53

Fic'ilious Si.'iialnres. Importance of Wheat Ctilture.
Best Time for CultingTiniher. Discovery in Sugar Ma-
king. Blue Grass and tjuick (or CoucJi) Grass 54

Couch Grass Educatioi* of Farmers* Children, \o. 3.
Sugar Beets 55

Gardening for April. Flowers inEnghind. WiU. U.
Smith's Farmery 56

X^i. Y. Legislature — Bill to Promote Aff. Horticultural
Electing at Uoche=ter. Burlington Silk'Frame. Agri-
cultural Implements Wanted. Ciiemical Apparatus. .. 5"

Castor Oil Beans— Ricinus. Cheap Laboratory. Hints to
^Veslern Emigrants N. Y. State Ag. Society 58

Treatment of Peach Trees. Comparative VaJue of differ-
ent kinds of Silk Worms 59

pleasures and Profits of Agriculture. On Cattle. Col.
Sawyer's Berkshires (K)

"Whiting's Wisconsin Plou^rh (uilh Cut.) " The X^rth-
ern Light." ^ Gl

The Past Winter. Veget.Tule Oyster Pudding. A Scene
in Asia Minor. Cheap and durahle Fences. Sliding
Gates for Cars f.2

Proiecllng Fruit Trc^s. Merino Sheep. Durham Cows,
as !\Ii!kcrs. Different Soils. Paying for Luxuries.. . . 63

Ontario Co. Ag. Society Xolii'e. Pea-X'ut Silk Worm
Eijgs Wanted — Seed Store Xoticcs, &c. Reports of the
Markets. Adverrisemenis. \-c . 04

Publishers' Notices,

To Agents andSibscp.ibers— Jti iTzp/sBflfion.— The num-
ber of IcUert received daily at the Farmer office is tcry great,
^sometimes from 50 to 100) and the licalth of the ncting pub-
lisher will not at present allow him to give clc-c attention to
business : so that letters are not usually read by the publish-
ers themselves unless they contain something of more than
ordinary importance. This will explain many cases of ap-
parent neglect — especially such as omitting to send cvtra
copies to agents entitled to them, but who have noiask£d for
them. Tt will also explain why letters of acknowledgment
have not more generally \.ecn Kent.

The clerks in the (ilS'e arc corapc'.cnt and careful, hut they
ere not infallible, nor do ihey know every thing. Some mis-
takes ore made, but miiny complaints arise from the negli-
gence of the persons ordering the papers, in not mentioning
what State th* Post Office is in. There may be a dozen offices
of the same namei i th? I'nited States, and if the letter is not
narked, it is no wonder if the papers are sent wron^,

A few cases h^ve come to our knowledge where the letters
have evidently miscarried or been purloine 1 from the malls
and the money lost. In such cases we consent to bear the
loss af:er being satlsfiei that the money was correctly mail-
ed ; and when informed of the particulars, we forward the
papers.

Distressing Times I

Tt is too bad— we cannot endure it. What shall fpc do >
"We daily receive a gre.-iier or less amount cf money, on
which we have to sacrifice from 10 to 15 cenl3 on a dollar, in
discount, and some bilfg we have to return to those who send
them. AVe presume our friends send us sueh money as tliev
■uppnge to be gonj. and therefore we do not censure tliem.
bat we wish to ca,!I their attention to ths table below, and to
tBfcm tkw Uwtlf U)«rP i»'di9epunt <R) tlie moatry, wq can- <juftr^

The bills of alt the Safely Fund Banks are received in de-
posite by the BuTiks of this city ; and all llie Free Br.nk^ arc
also received at the Rochester City Bank, except the follow-

AU the 9 Banks lit Buffalo— Bank nf Western Xew York-
City Trust — Chelsea — Tenth AVau] — STaten Island — Far-
mers', Senei'a Co. — [Millers'. Clyde — Tonawanri;: — Lodi —
Lowville — Clean — Silver Creek — Alleghany — EinghamtOTi —
Watertown — Cattaraugus — St. Lawrence — Exehatitre Bank
of Genceee at Alexander — Farmers' &. Mechanics' ; t Bata-
vla — James Bank — Drnsville — Farmers' Bank of Orlc-ns at

Gaines — Delaware-Mechanics' & Farmers' at Uiica— and mixing Nvith the 6oil, to four loads of GtaUle df.-
Washington.

Spring wheat should be sown ae eoiiy ae prnciica-
ble. If the goil be dry, it isbest, like pens, ii covered
by means of a light plough. Where wheat hos been
winter-killed, it nmy be ndvanlngcous to bow those
vacnrtt epots with epring wheat.

Let all the manure which hos been collecting during
winter be cnried out on the land. 'J o leave a large
heap unapplied is tiirowingaway monry by bandfu'.s —
a single load will often produce several bushels in-
crease of crop — an enormous waste rctulte from ne-
glect. But where manure is not now applied, let it
be made into compost, by mixing soil, or what is far
belter, fiwan.p muck and peat, with it. One load of
stable manure, and three of pent, mixed togett-cr, v-ith
a small addition of lime, will make f<-ur loads of com-
post, ffilly equal in etii'ct, and far euperiur In tj.-plying

Several of the above Banks are no rioulit perfectly solvent
and will soon lie a^ain current — Rochester Daily Adc.

To Readers aud toirespondents.

We are gratified in being able to ^ive the names in full of
several new a^ld valualde writers this month. Other com-
munications are received, some of which will a[)pear next
month; but seveial, without proper si gnaiures, we must
decline publishing.

The Monroe Cut'NTY Agricultural Society, it
should be rememb red, meet on the 5ih day of May.
to make arrcngementa fof the season.

Ilitits for tiie Moathi

Closer and ^raee seed, if not already sown, should
now be, as soon as possible, that tbey may recjive the
full benefit of a moist SDil, and a crumbling surface
from freezing and thawing, to assist vegetation. When
sown upon wheat, a Wz^nkairoicing more efTectually
insures their growth, and benefits rather than injures
the wheat. Be eure to put on plenty of seed — a few
shillings more per acre in seed will often bring many
dollars more per acre in crop. Sinclair gives the case
ofa farmer who always stocked heavy with grass seeds,
and who always cs a consequence pecured a heavy coat
of herbage the first year, which differed from, old pas-
turc 07iiij in being more luxuriant.

nure. ** Manure is money'* — let it not be watted.

Let all spring crops be put in, in thebctt manner; —
** a good beginning makes a good end," — mott com-
monly, plough well — let furrow slicr.B be narrow —
(e.\cept sward — ) furrows sl.x inches wide, wiU show
a much handsomer looking field af'.er ] ioughing, than
those a foot wide. Try it. Thorough woik is cliuap-
eat.

Sleds, now out of use, should be well token care of,
put under shelter, and raised from the grouiid. S!cds,
cart wheels, &c. are often more injurs^d by standing
on damp earth, by which decay soin commences, than
all the use, and (other) abuse, that tbey receive.

Trci.splantinglrecs mustbe done now, or very soon,—
or else put off another year. Farmers! baveyoufruit
trees enough f — recollect they cost but little — and pro-
duce much. — Have you ornamental trees enough round
your bouse ? — they are easily planted — cost but a Iri-
i!e — and make home dclirhifu! — rendering what ia
invaluable, still more invaluable— now is the lime.

To Gavdcrieis.

Our readers will perceive by a notice in another
page, that a Horticultural Socikty is about being

organized, and as an exhibition of Fruit, Flowers and
The farmer should also remember tie adtiinEage oft Vegetables, will be held some time during the sum-

a mi.Mure of gross seeds,— different species subsisting 1 mer orfoll, it would be well for gardeners and ama-

upon different parts of ihi^soil— and ihet a given sur- '[ :eurs to make early preparotione. Our June No. will

face of the soil will therefore support a much greater

number of plants of different, than of one and the same

species.

New meadows should be early and carefully picked

of all loose or projecting stones, and tbe surface rolled

smooth. By clearing off stones nnd filling covered

ditches or building walls, the farmer kills at least tkrtc

birds with one stone, — he enables the mower to cut

more closely and thus save a largf.T crop of hay ; he

contain the Constitution of the Society nnd noiico of
whatever arrangements may be made with regard lo
exhibitions.

N'ew Silli Rep!"Caeoous.

Mr. Joseph AUeynof this city, has invented a ma-
chine for reeling and spinning silk which it is thought
will prove superior to any now in use. It is not quite
perfected, but the public will soon have an opportuni-
prevcnts the frequent loes of houva ill the thicken of 1 ty of judging of its merits. A more part.cular nc

haying from the dulling of scythps; aad. useful drains
and permanent fences are cons'triicted.

Plaster should be sown 9?T',y,. _ai soon as the grass
and clover slang a l'"\e— a hus'^el and a half, or ihere-
^^^ ^ *^^« °"^» i^ av»sll w three times that

count of it may be expected next mouth.

Jlfr, Hiram Hoi/bins^ near Allen's Creek, ir». tha-
town of Brighton, offers to lake a few busbcla.of co-
coons and manufaciurc lUepTtinlo sewing si!k on equal
bbares, (halves.) "We have seen sewing silk manu^
fwrtitf«q,t7y hirn, nftid it ww of exwll^t qnality,

50

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2,

Fire-Wood.

Every individual in the Innd, ehnres the benefits of

fuel for domestic pui poses; nnd no subject can be pro-
posed for our examination in which a greater number
of our readers ore interested.

Although fossil coal may now be obtained both
from tlie east and from the wesl—vpicnrd from Alba-
ny or downward through ihe Chemung canal; and
though j>eat, apparently of on excellent quality, has
been found in some of the adjoining counties; yet
farmers will probably for a long time to come, draw
their supplies of fuel from their own woods. We
shall therefore confine our remarks for the present to
this branch of domestic economy.

The difference in value between some kinds of
wood is very great. In this district, sugar maple and
upland hickory, are considered the best; and willow,
buuen wood, and Lombardy poplar, perhaps the
worst.

But why is not a cord of Lombardy poplar equal to
a cord of maple 7 Chiefly because it does not con-
tain as much carbon. We do not sny it would not
make as many bushels of charcoal— it would probably
yield more. The deficiency is not in the bidk but in
the weight. Its texture is more porous — there is re-
ally less of it. A cord of maple has been estimated
in the Genesee Farmer * to produce 2,5 bushels of
charcoal, while a cord of basswood or white pine
yields 32 bushels; but then the former will weigh 25
pounds a bushel, while the latter only weighs 15
pounds.

The relative values of fire-wood, have been stated
by the same writer in a table, which we shall expand
and render plain to the comprehension of all of our
readers, I's it may be useful in assisting purchasers.

Where n cord of liard maple is worth 100 cents,
lohiU beech and ijellow birch are worth 80 cents — white
ash and wlitle oak, 75 cents — soft maple, white dm ,
and swamp ash, C5 cenls— chestnut and butternut, 52
cents — basswood, wiiitewood, and whitepine, 45 cents.
It should be understood however, that in comparing
the different kinds of wood, it ought in all cases to be
dry. Some sorts contain much more sap than others;
and if we undertake to burn them green, a larger part
of the heat'wiU be occupied in carrying off the mois-
ture in some than in others; for all the heat that is re-
quired to turn the sap into steam, is lost to us. As
an illustration — we should prefer tohite ash to either
sugar maple or white beech, if we must burn them
without drying; and the simmering fires of white oak,
white elm, and swamp ash, we should rather not ap-
proath.

But another view may be taken of the comparative
values of fire- wood. It will not be far from the truth,
if we estimate one cord that is will seasoned, equal to
two cords of green. Here then by laying in a stock
one year before hand, we gain about one hundred per
cent.— a speculation certainly worth the attention of
every housekeeper.

To leave wood corded up in the woods, however, is
apoor plan. Afewoutsideslicks whensplitfinelolet
out moisture, may dry enough to be much improved;
butthe interior ofthe pile, especially if itbe inashndy
place, will retain so much of the sap as to become
tcur — a most unfavorable state for fuel. We prefer
green wood fresh from the stump.

But though wood which stands corded in the open
ground, receiving the benefit of the sun and wind,
may dry enough not to turn sour, it may still be in
poor condition to burn at the eommencement of win-
ter. Every heavy rain has soaked it, often for days
together; and its state will be very different from
wood that stands free from the ground under a

• VjI. a. pajc a.

dry ehcd. More than 25 per cent, of moisture will be
retained, which is a heavy drawback from its value.

The difference in the quantities of heat received from
the same kind of jvood'in different conditions, is so
palpable where a stove is used, that a person of good
observation might satisfy himself without a thermom-
etor; and we believe the following scale, beginning
with that in the worst condition, will be found nearly
correct: —

1. Wet and partly decayed, or water-soaked.

2. Soured by a fermentation of the sap.

3. Remaining corded up in shady places.

4. Corded up in the open ground.

5. Partially decayed in seasoning.
G. Sheltered for 9 months or a year by a good roof.

7. Seasoned several years in a dry building.

8. Kiln-dried.

Whoever will carefully make e.\periment8 on fire-
wood in all these conditions, must become satisfied
that great improvements may be introduced into this
branch of domestic economy.

t

For the New Genesee Farmer.
" Bots and Horse Bees."

Messrs. Editors — Some other facts on this sub-
ject may be added to those mentioned by " Spectator"
in your last paper. It is not easy to decide in what
manner the nits, deposited by the botfy on the hair of
the horse, pass into the stomach of that noble animal.
The fact is certain. By the shaggy coat of the stom-
ach the nits are detained by some unknown contri-
vance till they hatch into bots. By the same contri-
vance probably the bots are detained till they are full
grown, deriving their nourishment from the coats of
the stomach. In the course of the following winter
and spring, many of them are raided by the horse,
and may be seen in the manure of the horse stable,
half an inch long, sharper at one end which is their
mouth, showing many rings, and giving signs of life
on being touched, probably to be changed by the heat
of summer into botflies. But many ot the bots are
often retained for a longer period in the horse's stom-
ach, before they are voided by the animal. It is in this
case that the bots are so dangerous, and often destroy
the horse, as they pass their tapering mouth or probos-
cis through the shaggy and into the other coals of the
Btomnch, and even through all the coats. I once saw
in the stomach of a fine horse that had died from their
action, multitudes of hots sticking into Hie coals, and
many of them had pierced through that organ, so that
on scraping them off with a knife the liquid matter of
the stomach jiassed through its coats. Those bots
were large and strong and of a deep flesh color.
They might have been detached perhaps by the action
of spirits of turpentine, for this substance has great
power over all such animals, but the death of the
horse must have ensued from the numerous lacera-
tions of the stomach. The only way to prevent the
fatal termination, is the application of remedies before
the bots have got so deep a hold, and of course before
there is any indication, or any alarming symptoms of
the disease. In other words, the remedy must be ap-
plied while the horse is in good health. This will
not commonly or very often be done; and if it should
be done, it might not prove effectual. We can know
the danger only by the symptoms of the disease, the
indications of the danger.

The name given to the bot-fly by naturaliets has
been Oestrus, from the Greek to excite or to sting.
Hence they called ihegad-fy or goad-fy, which lays
its eggs in the backs of cattle, Oestrus potis, or ox-
fly; the insect that lays its eggs in the nose of shewJJ,,
Oestrus ovis, or eheep-Btinger; the bot-fly, Oeslrui^
eyui, or liorjje stinger. The last, bectwuie it inhabits

.the stomach of tUelWKSf-isjnQW eallfid GasUrophilus

equi, the lorer of tlie stomach of the horse. The eco-
nomy discoverable in the works oi nature, leads to ihi
belief that the bot performs some important serticej
tlie stomach of the horse, while its own being is devel
oped and it is preparing to become a flying insect
Probably it is only in a diseased state of the bots ihl
they cease to be useful and become injurious to th
stomach. It may be that some disease of the hon
first brings on the diseased state of the bots. It|
very certain that the larvae of the sheep-stinger U
come diseased in the nose of the sheep, and work thii
way upwards towards the brain, and bring on blin(
ness, and dullnees, and loss of appetite, and the st«|
gere, and finally the death of the sheep. The exan
nation of the head shows them to be large, strong,
tive maggots.
It is well known that the transformations of insectei
different and take place under different circumstanct
The silk-worm winds up itself in a cocoon to becoi
a chrysalis, and thence a fine moth. The commoni
pletree-worm winds up itself by its web and a le
and thus undergoes like changes; thus also many or
ere. The worm on the milk-weed attaches itself
its tail to the underside of a rail or limb of a tr
drops off its head, and becomes a beautifid bluei
spangled with spots of gold, from which in a lew di
a splendid butterfly comes forth. The large yell
worm on the common cabbage descends to the groi
after its period of eating, drops off" its head, and
continued working forces its way into the earth f<
winter residence, and the next spring works up to f l»
surface, and comes forth in July or August one oi i it
moths that trouble our candles in the evening to b | »
an extent. The earth too, becomes the habitaiio | ii

bots, till the natural changes take place, and the | m
ilies spiing into life to take their common roun t H]
annoyance to horses and enjoyment to tbemse' ^ ^
This annoyance is greatly increased by the fact I »)
the fertilization of the nits takes place after their d 1 iw
eition on the hair of the horse. is

How wonderful are these contrivances and adi j k
tions for the diffusion of life. What a multitut 1 pre
those wonders present^ themselves to the eye of | kii
careful and patient observer. C. 1 : »i(

March Wn. «

' w\

For the Hew Gexeset Fan- > l»i
" km

Rast on Wheat.

(Concluded from page 38. J
There is a great diversity of opinion upon this j
ject, and it seems almost impossible to reconcili i
discordant views of those who have written upo
In an article, on rust, over the signature of J
List, copied into the New Genesee Farmer, vi
page 100; from the Farmers' Cabinet, are the fo
in" passages: — " It is stated that the fungus is a
sitical plant like the misletoe, but this is not the fac
the fungus has no power to attach itself, or pern
lUe healthy stalks of the wheat." The foundatit
cause of tlie rust of the fungus, is the putrefying
ter discharged from the ruptured sap vessels fl
phint"

Before settling upon any definite conclusion, ;
the state of the stalks at the time the seeds of thi
gus are deposited, it may be well to notice a few
relative to this subject. The past season I had a
of Italian Spring wheat, containing two acres, ?
joined a piece of winter wheal a distance of 60i
rods. The winter wheat was badly injured 1
rust the whole distance, and at the time of ham
it, the spring wheat adjacent, was found to becoi
rably rusted. Some 10 er 15 days after, the f
wheat was cut, and was affected M follows:
'awarth, badly rusted,, perhaps 7-8ths shrunl
*waitb> » li»)9 lesBi snd eo «b to the Stb, wh

the
tit
ml

TO
1

m

ki
k'\
«lit

I Wj

m,
itsi

iit
•ui

h

dill

on
pk
hi
Itei
<»l
k
»l:i

No. 4.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

rust disappeared and the grain was plump. The re-
mainder of the piece was not rusted in the least.
There was nothing in the soil or quality of the land
Where these Sewarths grew, different from the rest of
the piece. A few rods from the dividing line be-
tween the spring and winter wheat, and in the latter,
surrounded by wheat badly rusted, was a bunch of
wheat, (containing some 30 or 40 stalks,) straw per-
fectly liriglu and grain plump. It attracted my at-
tention, when I discovered a pile of excrement that
iiad been dropped by a horse, lying at the roots of the
wheat. Two similar cases were noticed the year be-
fore.

A few years since my father hauled a number of
loads of chip manure on hie wheat field, in the fall af-
ter sowing, leaving it in piles of two or three bushels
each. Through negligence it was left without
spreading. This field of wheat, particularly in that
part where the chip manure was hauled, was very
much injured by rust except around these piles. Hrre
tlie slraiD was bright and the grain liandsomc.

I will now notice the first passage quoted above, the
import of which is, that the fungus is not a parasitical
plant; and the reason assigned for this belief is, that it
"has no power to attach itself to, or penetrate the
healtliy stalks of the wheat." It is evident in the
case of the spring wheat, that the sporules of the fun-
gus were blown by the wind, (remember it lay di-
rectly east of the winter wheat,) and became attached
to the stalks (whether /(eaW/y or not I cannot say) of
the wheat, and thus produced the effect described. It
is very proboble that the wheat must be in a certain
state, as regards its maturity, or rather its approach to-
wards maturity; and it is also probable that much
may depend on the state of the weather, to cause the
pr«^gation of the fungus. There could have been
no inherent principle to cause the rust in the ei^ht
Bwarths, that was not common or co-existent with the
rest ot the piece. The conclusion is, that the rust or
fungus spread from the winter wheat, and could its
propagation have taken place sufficiently fost, it would
have spread throughout the whole piece. But the
wheat was advancing toward maturity, and by the
time the rust had reached the distance it did, the
stalks hod become more hardened, and the weather
being unfavorable, its ravages were checked. And
here I can account, in a measure, for the escape of the
wheat from the rust, in the case of the excrement by
the horse, and around the chip manure. The roots of
the wheat were protected from the action ol the frost,
and the nourishment received from the manure, ad-
vanced it sufficiently to escape the rust.

Before leaving this part of the subject, I will notice
two more facts relative to it. Wheat under sliade
trees almost inrariubly escapes the rust.. In this case
the ground is more compact, and is not acted on by
the frost so as to injure the wheat; and again, the
wheat, if much shaded, is retarded in its growth, and
may not be enough advanced to become inoculated
with the disease. I had a field of wheat the past sea-
son, which on one side, was shaded by a row of trees,
a distance of 40 rods. At the time of harvesting, this
shaded wheat was in the milk, and although this side
of the field was much injured by the rust, this strip
was not at all affected by it. It was left stonding, and
sometime alterwards I examined it; it had ripened
free from rust. The other tact mentioned, has un-
doubtedly been noticed by almost every farmer. The
outside land of a field of wheat, which baa been
packed or trodden down by turning the team while
ploughing and harrowing, generally escapes the rusL
The reason is obvious: the wheat is not so much acted
upon by the frost, consequently ripens sooner.

As it regards the second passage quoted above, to
wit: ^'TlKfoundatien or (autt of tht nst ar fungus

51

li- the putrefying matter discharged from the ruptured
sup vessels of the plant," I sholl say but little. The
peculiar manner in which the spring wheat was af-
fected by the rust, (in the cose given above,) conclu-
sively settles the question. Else why was not the
whole piece rusted ? Or why should it have gradual-
ly decreased until it disappeared with the 8ih swarth 1
" Then, if the disease is contagious, there must be
a beginning?" Certainly. But where do the spo-
rules of all fungi originate ? "The leaf and stalk of
the wheat, then, must be in a certain state or situation
to ensure the growth of the fungus?" This is the
grand question. Wheat most likely to be affecte(l by
the rust, is thot which has been injured by the frost,
during the winter and spring and kept backed until
the weather becomes warm, when it grows too rapid-
ly, becomes rank and succulent; it advances in this
state until it has eared out and in the blossom; render-
ed still more tender and moist by the damp, warm
weather; the pores swelled to excess, occasioned by
the luxuriant flow of sap. It is in this situation,
when the seeds of the fungus come in contact with it.
They find the right place for their propagation — the
fungus soo7i'comes to maturity, the sporules fly from
stalk to stalk, perhaps carrried by the wind some dis-
tance; it spreads like wild-fire. J. B. BOWEN.
Aurora, 1841.

Making Hay.

The old proverb says, " Make hay when the sun
shines;" but there is something else besides sunshine
necessary to make good hay. The grass must be cut
when it is mature, or the animals that have to eat it
will have a hardbargoin.

Many people, including some good farmers, judge
of ihe quality of common hay by its greenness and
brightneEs. It is o fallacious test. We have been
feeding out, for a week or two, (3 mo. 8,) hay that
was as bright as any body could desire, well made
without rain, and kept in the barn. It was a mi.xture
of red-top and Timothy, cut about mid-summer on
account of dealing the enclosure for the cattle; and
which, had it been left to stand one month longer,
would have made excellent hay. As it was, the cat-
tle ate reluctantly, and evidently with some loss of
flesh. It is now a pleasure to see with what eager-
ness they take hold of hay that was cut afterwards.

There is a great difference between the natural
and ARTIFICIAL GRAS6ES. The former, including red-
top and Timothy, yield their nutriment principally
from the stem ; and like the Sugar Cane and other
plants of the same natural order, should be suffered
to stand till the sitms are moture. On the contrary,
the leaves of the artificial grasses, including the
clovers and luceru, are the most valuable parts; and
for this reason, these kinds should be cut when the
leaves are in the most perfect state. t

For the New Genesee Farmer-

Agricultural Experimeuts—their Dependence
on Climate and Soil*

Messrs. Editors — It strikes me os very important
that every correspondent vi-ho stotes the result of his
rural experiments, should give the name of the State
and county in which he lives, in order that the effect
of soil and climate may be taken into the account.

A farmer in Pennsylvania, without giving his lon-
gitude, comes out deadly hostile to Timothy hay, giv-
ing clover the preference. Eastern Pennsylvania is
too warm and dry to be a first rate hay country; hence
the long tap root of clover pentrating into the moist
subsoil, is thus enabled to yield well, when Timothy
is dried up. Not so in the elevated mountain region
of north western Pennsylvania. There clover grows
rank, and its stalk is ligneous and almost worthlcBB,

while Timotby buauu t perfeet growth.

I once, at Germantown, Pa., saw Indian corn sown
broadcast for fodder. The same is done in the
Island of Cuba and other equinoctial countries, too
warm and dry lor grass.

Of late several clover machines have been ordered
from this place to Alabama, where it is said clover
thrives well, while Timothy can hardly be made to
live.

There is very little doubt but that in Madison and
the South part of Oneida counties,in this State,a much
larger crop of potatoes can be raised for a succession
of seasons, than in what is called the Genesee coun-
try, from the fact that this region is higher, cooler,
and less subject to summer droughts. But on the oth-
er hand we are, with like atention, much more cer-
tain ol a crop of corn, and our clover bay is betier, from
the very fact that our climate is warmer and drier.

SENECA.

Peck's Pleasant (Apple.)

Some years ago, we received grafts under this namo
from Rhode Island; and tliongh one branch has borne
several crops, we hardly became acquainted with it
before this winter, except to observe that it was gen-
erally fair and free from thatsn.ut (a Lichen ?) which
damages so many sorts of apples in our hunnied sea-
sons.

Fruit above the middle size, heavier on one side set-
ting the stem rather obliquely, somewhat flattened,
broadeafnt the base, 3 inches in diameter, 2^ deep. —
Eye closed in a shallow depression. Stem three quar-
ters of an inch long, inserted in a wide and deep
cavity. Skin greenish when first gathered, changing
as it ripens to a delicate pole yellow, except on the
side next the sun, where it is tinged with pale red.—
Flesh yellowish white, firm though tender, sub-acid,
delica.e.

A dessert apple, keeping through the winter. 3
mo. 10. It is now in fine condition.

Its principal defect when it grows on crowded
branches in the shade, is a deficiency of flavor ; but
where it is of good size — has been fully exposed to the
sun, and acquired a fine blush, — it is a very superior
fruit.

We have seen no notice of this apple except ia
Prince's Catalogue and in Kenrick's New American
Orchardist, where a meagre description occurs. It ia
given on the authority of Stephen H. Smiih of Rhode
Island : " One of the most saleable opples in market
— skin smooth — yellow in the shade — o blush next the
sun — flavor pleasant and good — an excellent dessert
fruit. — Nov. Feb." We abbreviate the language, not
having the book at hand, but endeavor to preserve the
substance.

C? A few words in regard to describing fruit: In
theory, the calyx (or blossom) is considered the upper
end because it is more remote from the root, although
it may hang below ; and hence the Eye of an apple is
described os being in a depression (a sinking in) while
the Stem or Stalk is said to be in o cavity {a hollow
below.) t

Sore Throat in Swine*

Messrs. Editors: — Turn animals so effected, into
a pasture wheic there is fresh feed and ground to root.
It is a disease resulting generally trom confinement.
Pounded Chorcool mixed with food, where pasture
cannot be had, or room for exercise, is one of the best
preventivesof diseases in swine. J. M,

Discovery of the Etl'ect of Piaster on Land*

Professor Leibeg, of Gieseen, has discuvertd that
snow and rain water always contain ammonia; hence
its presence in the atmosphere. Platter, (sulphite of
lime,) forms this ammonia in the soil, and keeps it
there to stimulate and feed vegetation, in the same
manner as lime pi events the escape of the humic acid
and other fertilizing gassN, fioia animal and vege able
manurea. S£^'£CA.

52

THE -\EW GENESEE

EARMER,

OL.

For the I\'eio Genesee Famer.
Importntit Discoven-»!Io\v to rcnclpr Wood
iinpcrishable and lucombustiblp.
Messrs. Editors:— A discovery of the highest im-
portance appears to have been made in France, by
which the long-eought prcssrvaiiou of wood from or-
dinary decay, combuslion, &,c., ia finally achieved. —
This has been done by introducing into the wood it-
self, ihronjh the agency of ve;;otable life, the 6ub-
Btanccs which contribute to these important ends.

It has, indeed, beei\ long known to a.iiaieur Botan-
ists, that the (lowers of house plants, &c., may be
colored by the introduction of coloring matter into the
organization of the plants ; and that the flavors of
fruits may sometimes be injured or destroyed by liquids
poured upon the ground, at the root of the tree, at the
ssasoa of their ripening, which are subsequently im-
bibed into tiie vegetable circulation. But theee iiola-
ted facts have hitherto rcniaia^d with their possessors,
without any uselul suggestions having been drawn
f.om iLern, like a nndtiiude of other ericnlilic truths,
which only require to b« tpplkil to the arts, to produce
ihe most important results of uscfulncis to mankind.

The announcement of this ditcovery comes to us
nnJer circum;tnncos which leave little doubt of its
truth. The discoverer having submitted his results
to the Academy of Sciences, of Paris, a commission
^a; named from that highly scientific bo(iy, to inves-
tigate the subject, and make a report thereon. In the
top? of usefulness, I have made a translation of this
report, (omitting some portions, as irrelevant to my
purpose,) for your paper, which I fubjoin; deeming
it highly important that experiments should be exten-
sively made, the ensuing Bummcr, in conformity with
the discoverer's process, as shown in the report. It
would be no trifling result to secure timber, in all
situations, from decay, and our buildings from confla-
gration, at a cost BO trifling as to be within th.e reach
of ail.

A physician of Bourdeaux, Mens. Boucherie, has
nrrived at the all-important result of rendering the
^sue of wood almost entirely unattackable by those
causes of destruction to which it is ordinarily subject:
and at the same time hii processes render it much
more suitable to the various purposes to which it ie
applicable in the arts.

A commission of the Academy of Sciences, at Pa-
ris, having been named, to examine the subject,
Mons. Duma?, in the name of the commission, made
in December lost, the following luporl, as the result of
its investigations:

" The Academy has charged i\Ic8srs. Aragn, de
Mirbcl, Pnncdet, Gamhey, Audoin, iJous'-aingaull
and myself, with the examinatinn of the Memoir of
Mons. Boui:berie, relative to the preservation of wood,
the following is the result of our labors:

" The Academy has already examined, with the
most lively interest, the preparations of the author;
and it has before it| at this moment, pieces of lh<'se so
remark.'ible that the ta^k of its commission is thereby
greatly abridged. Mons. Boucherie proposes to ren-
der wood much more durable, to preserve its eiasiieity,
to prevent the variations in volume which it expe-
riences through the agencies of dry and humid atnioe-
pheres, to diminish its combustildeneee, to augment
Its tenacity and its hardness; and, finally, to commu-
nicate to it variuHs and durable colors and odor^.

" To assume that all these exigencies have been
satisfied, and that this has been accomplished by meth-
ods, cheap, simple and new ; and consummated
through the agency of subetances that are c,oiiitnon,
and which hear but a low price, is to iix the attention
of the Academy, in a few words, njion the important
features of the subject we are charged to examine.

" Kor the purnoae of penetrating an entire tree with
preservative, coloring, or other matter, the authof has
recourse to no niechaiucal, cosily or coniplieotcd
means; be finds all the force of which he has need, in
tha't process, within the tree itself, — the same force by
which its own sap is elevated and distributed through
its va.-ious parts. This, alone, euliifca v^ convey frum
the b^s« of tUe tru"k to tho votf i«iv«{b all the liquids
' - - * • -

which he wishes to introduce, provided that these are
maintained within certain limiie of chyniical concen-
tration. If a tree be felled, while in full sap and leaf,
and tiie base of the trunk be at once plunged in a vat
or reservoir containing the liquid which it is desired
tlie timber shall imbibe, that liquid, in the space of
a i'ew days, will ascend to the very leaves, and pene-
trate every part ol the vegetable tissue, except the
heart of the tree, which, in some instances of gr<at
age and hardness, or imperfect vitality, resists the ab-
sorption, and is not penetrated.

" It is not entirely necessary that the tree shall re-
tain all its branches and leaves during this process,
although it is important that those of the cxtieme top
Should remain uninjured.

" It is not imporlant that the tree shall rcmoin
standing during the operation, which would not al-
ways be convenient: it may be iellcd, audits butt sub-
merged in the liquid it is destined to absorb, when
this will find its way to every part.

'■ On the other hand, the tree may be treated stand-
ing, if this be prclerred ; for it is only necessary that
cavities be cut near the bottom, or the trunk be par-
tially severed by a saw, and that the parts thus pre-
pared be put in contact with the liquid, to ensure the
desired result.

" This species of penetration, or absorption, which
is efTecteu in a few days, without either difilculiy or
labor, ie, as will be readily seen, wholly dift(;rent from
any means hitherto employed. Previous methods are
v.cll known to consist of lorcing the ingredients into
the ])orc8 of the wood, by powertul pressure, or of in-
troducing them by the prolonged and imperfect action
of liquids prepared at much cost, in huge vats, in
which the timber is kept submei'gcd.

** The new and ingenious process of Mons. Bou-
cherie has placed at the command of industry an im-
mense natural force which enables it, without cost,
to conduct into the most delicate vegetable tissues all
soluble substances which it may be desirable to dcpo-
site there.

" If the author has resolved, in a simple and ready
manner, the great problem which he at first proposed,
he has not manifested less sagacity in his choice of the
substar.ces which he has adopted for fulfilling all the
indications announced obove.

"To augment the durotion and hardness of wood,
and to oppose its decay, either dry or humid, the crude
pyrolignite of iron is to be introduced into its tissue.
This substance is wisely chi. sen, because crude pyro-
ligneous ocid is produced in all the forests, in the
process of manufacturing charcoal; and it is easy to
convert this into the pyroligniie of iron, by simply
putting it, even when cold, in rontact with scraps of
old iron; and because, also, that the liquid, thus pre-
pared, contains much creosote, which independently
ol the ssltof iron, itself possesses the property ofhard-
eniiig, and of guarding against the attacks of decom-
position, as well as the destruction caused by insects,
v.'ood and timber employed in constructions and for
other purposes.

" Autiicntic experiments tried in the cellars of
Bourdeanx, upon hoops, prepared by the author, have
proved, in the most conclusive manner, the prolonged
duration ol' wood, after bubjoclion to his process, —
The ordinary hoops fell to powder, upon the leaat ap-
plication of force to them, while those of the same
age, which had been subjected to his preparation,
were as solid as upon the iirst day they were placed
there.

" If he wishes to preserve the elasticity of wood,
and to render it less combustible, the author has found
in the cmiiloymcnt of chlorine with an earthy base,
the mcone of accomplishing these ends. Kver pre-
occupied v.ith the thought that his discoveries, to be
most serviceable, must receive universal practical ap-
plication, the author hos not contented himself with
the emjiloyment of the chlorateof calcium, notwith-
standing its great cheapness, but he has analyzed the
sea water from the pits of the salt works, which is
without value, and by so doing has obtained therefrom
all the qnalities necessary to his purjiose. The difl<;r-
ent wooda prepared by his saline solutions preserve
their Uexibility, even after several years exposure to
the air; and thin sheets of this wood were twisted into
spirale, first in one direction and then in the contrary
ono, without tbrir suffering the slightest fracture or
injury of any kind. Exposed to the air these thin
pieces were neither split or otherwise injured however
dry they became; and, finally, they were so for incom-
bustible as to be ijicapablc of sustaining or propagating
conflagration.

" To these highly useful properties, which the con-
structors of ships, bridges, dwellings, Ac, will readily
■pprcviate, tmd (urn to profit, the authoi' has joitioJ

odiers, less important, ceitamly, butstdlnew, and
not without interest, in the arts. lie culvrs woods in
clouds so varied antl casual as to promise iniich utility,
by the employment of his method in ornan;eiiiiin{ the
most ordinary woods, so as to fit them for the fabrica-
tion ol iurnitnre, and for other purposes of ornamental
use.

"The specimens of thiskind, now before the Acade-
my, relieve us from all details upon this head; and it
therefore suflices !or us to say:

" That the pyrolignite of iron, alone, gives a very
beautiful brown tint;

" That by causing tannin to be absorbed by the tree,
after the pyrolignite of iron, the mass of the tree i»
rendered black, while some portions exhibit tints of
bine, black and gray;

"That by introducing, first, the pyrolignite of iron,
and ai'terwai ds the pnissiaie ol Potassa, a fine Prussi
blue is produced;

" That by introducing, successively, the acetate
lead and the chroniate of potassa, a lemon, or chromatf
of lead color is produced; '

"That by intmducing into the same trunk, the pjJ
rolignite of iron, prusbiaie, and acetate of lend, and
chromate of potassa, the whole wood assumes aserief
of clouds of blue, green, yellow and brown, whiclii
collectively produce the most varied and pleosingefi
feet.

"The colors and shades may be varied almost to i
finity, according to taste or fancy; as chymistry ii
sufficiently rich, in agents of this nature, to satisfy tiM
wain.«, and even the caprices, of the most lasiidious.

" We havcsaid nothing here, of the communication
of odors to woods, by inipregnniionso;' this kind, be-
cause this is an application cosily comprehended with-
out explanation; and also because it is too stricll]
limited to the demands of luxury to be placed in tilt
same scale of importance v\ilh the val liable result
which we hove above enumerated.

" It is evident, Irom the bare announcement of a'
these results, that they hove not been, and never coul
be, the result of accidental discovery. The author hi
deduced them from simple ideas; and ihcy ate ii i
fruit of long continued and laborious stud.|s and e; if!"'
perimenta." '"*?

The commission closed their labors with a recor
mendation that a copy of their report be transmitted
the ministers of agriculture and commerce, of the pu
lie works ond the marine, of finances and of war, whi
recommendation was adopted by the Academy.

At a subsequent sitting of the Academy, that bo
received notice from the ministers of wor and of
nance, that they bad recommended the method of I
Boucherie to the special attention of the eommissioni
of engineers, the artillery, and the woods and foree-ij
This shows the importance that is attached to ths'
covery, by public functionaries, and by the first
tific men of this, oranynge. residing upon the
where its results have been witnessed and invi
ted. R. W. HASKI

Buffalo, March 22, 1841.

lii

ml;
fei;

fiinola
rren
Sill
oiFra
liotily
pmllli
ilgiif

Joiut Interest of the North and Sotitb iu
iater-State Trade.

All classes at ihe North taxcilfor llerenuc — not
the Sovth. Tobacco Planters brginnivg to
stand their interests. The end nj State Stocks (
remittance to pay foreign debts.
iMESsRS. Editors — The Cotton Planters of
South export more, and consume less, of their t
productions, than the farmers and manufacturen
the North. Hence our maratiine commerce rccc
its greatest stimulus from the South. iS'orthernii,]
carry both ways all that is raised of agricultural
pies, and all that is consumed of manufactures at|
South; and as Pcnnsylvonia, New Yoik, and l\
England, are more legitimately the workshops foi
South, than all the rest of the world, we can eafiily|
of how great importance the South is to the North,
vica versa.

But the South very much overrates her import!
to the Union, when she asserts that because sljej:'
large portion of our foreign debt with her cotton
ought on that account to receive her wince qud
without impost.

Kit

tiSBii

iltiui
luililitl

!ni
Bilya
UMilTIl

lljl ■

iljllpl
•^IJl'ci
•""!!<il)
*;i ii

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jNo. 4.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

•HS5

53

It is ascertained tbat there is not a sufficient impost
levied on foreign importations, to support the Federal
Government. But if it was double the amount it now
ia, we would ask what proportion of this revenue
would be paid by the cotton planter ? Does his bore-
foot black laborer, who receives his yearly suit of
Yankee tag lock cloth, and cats his peck of corn a
week, consume any article that pays a duty to govern-
ment ? I believe there is a single manufacturing
town in New England, which, if silks were taxed,
would pay more of the duty on that article, than half
the cotton planters in South Carolina. At the South,
the rich only consume those articles which pay an im-
« post duty. At the North, and in all the free States,
' the whole mass of the people, the poor as well as the
rich, contribute in this way to the support of govern-
ment. But in the cotton growing States, the great
working mass of the population, are of no more politi-
cal or social account, save in the representation they
give to their masters, than the horses and cattle of the
North.

We have shown, in a former article, that all the
cotton shipped from the United States to France in a
single year, did not pay (or the silks imported from
thence the same year. Is it not therefore a wise poll-
cy to encourage the culture and manufactnre of silka
in our own country, by a moderate impost on the im-
iported article. Would not the South be much more
(profitably employed, if, instead of all cotton, she turn-
led her attention, in part, to silk culture ! Her plan-
tations would not then be so continually desolated by
that exhausting crop; her banks would not then be
ruined; her planters bankrupt by the low price of cot-
iton, the result of over production and consequent
'glutted markets.

Our tobacco planters, heretofore so obtuse in rela-
ition to the laws of trade, now, quickened by a sudden
(insight into the full extent, at least of their own suf
tiering interests, begin to ask for protection in the
■shape of countervailing duties. When our fanners
complain of the British Corn Laws, they are answer-
ed by the fact, that there is generally as much corn
and pulse raised in the United Kingdom as will suf-
fice its consumption, and that if foreign corn was ad-
mitted free, it would only lower the price there, to the
itimulating of the manufacturing interest into our
more successful competitor.

But as tobacco is not indigenous either in England
or France, the enormous duty levied on it there se-
riously lessens its consumption, while it reduces the
profit to the American tobacco grower, without oftijr-
ling any boon to European Agriculture.

If ever there was a time when countervailing du-
ties might be tolerated, and home productions encour-
aged as indispensible to this nation's social health, thai
time has now arrived. For years back we have paid
for our surplus imports in United States Bonk shares.
State stocks, &c. &c. But in the utter failure of all
these devices, all balances must now be paid in coin,
every dollar of which we are told will give to thecom-

]~munity three dollars of sound paper currency, which
alone can keep up the prices of the real estate of the

country in like ratio.

S. W.

Tiaiisplauting Trees.

Although we gave some directions last season, in
regard to transplanting trees, — yet we feel warranted
in calling the subject up again on account of its great
importance, and because it is so little understood by
many persons who ought to cultivate trees.

When they are taken np in the nursery, care
enough is not commonly taken to guard the roots
against drying or freezing. Oftentimes they arc car-
ried many miles in an open wagon through warm sun-
shine, without as much as a blanket to protect them,
and perhaps kept a day or two in tbis state. If the fi-

brous roots are not all destroyed by such treatment, at
least the spungiolcs (tumid ends of tlio fibres) must
be all withered; but frost when it reaches them in this
uncovered state, is not less injurious if they are allow-
ed to thaw in the open air. Bury them therefore
without deloy, and keep them so till the frost is all
e.\tractcd. Even peach trees, which are more tender
than pears and apples, have survived when planted in
a frozen state. In short, guard them at the time of
transplanting from both cold and dryness; and reflect
how much a fresh wound through our own skin would
suffer from exposure.

It is not uncommon for a farmer to determine on
planting an orchard, without stopping to consider
whether his ground is in a suitable condition, or not.
Perhaps it is covered with grass — a meadow or a pas-
ture. Holes are then dug just large enough to admit
the roots of the trees; and if a prong should project
too far, and be too stiff to bend in, a side cut is made
for its special accommodation. When the roots are
covered, the job is finished for that season. A friend of
oui's, three years ago, procured pear trees from our
nursery; planted them in the manner we have descri-
bed; and the season proving favorable, all of them
lived, which however, he had no right to expect; and
they continued to live as he informed us to-day, but
with no more growth perhaps than just to keep them
alive. Now what has been the result of this course ?
All the time since they were planted has been lost in
regard to them — the period for gathering their fruit
has been deferred ; and the money so invested has pro-
duced no interest.

Ground to be appropriated for an orchard or fruit
garden, should be ploughed deep, and reniiered per-
fectly mellow before the trees arc planted out. No
better crop can be selected for this purpose, than pota-
toes. To those who intend to have things done in Ike
best manner, we would recommend holes of six feet
in diameter, and eighteen inches deep; but those who
feel as if they could not work in that style, may dig
holes four feet in diameter; and then the tollowing di-
rections maybe useful: —

Lay the rich soil at the side of the hole; but the
yellow or sterile subsoil throw back, so as to have it out
of the way, and not in danger of mixing with the
better materials. Chip-dirt, or something similar,

should be mixed with the earth in filling the hole

perhaps one-fourth, beginning from the bottom. All
trees that we have tried, seem to luxuriate in such a
soil. Set them nearly at the same depth as they
stood originally in the nursery; but then the earth
should be raised about six inches above the level of the
ground round the hole, to allow for settling — other-
wise the tree in a year or two may stand in a depres-
sion.

It is important to have fino earth to throw amongst
the roots, leaving no hollow, but every fibre coming
in contact with the soil; and it is a good practice
when filling in, to shake the stem from time to time,
an inch or so up and down, to lot the earth settle in
between thern. When it is all filled in, press the
earth down firmly with the foot.

There is another way of planting trees that may do
however, when a man has no spade, or is unwilling to
use one; and tbat is, to plough trenches where the
rows are to stand. Broad hoes or shovels well worked
would soon make the necessary excavation; and the
rich mould may be removed into it by the scraper, at
the same time taking care not to mix with it the ste-
rile subsoil.

Well, what next 1 Why, havepvery tree fastened
to a stake, so that the wind shall not shake it and loo-
sen its roots; or by pressing the stem against the earth
near the surface, make a hole down which the air can
reach them and dry them. It is ecMom, if ever, that
n young tree does well when it is bent about in that

manner, either by the wind or by the pigs. If the
stake is to be upright, it should he act clothe to the
stem; and as it might injuic the routs if driven in
amongst them, we prefer driving it before the tree is
set, which can then be placed near the stake without
danger. Sometimes however, wo drive the stakes
slanlhig into one side of the hole, and thus avoid
bruising the roots. Straw bands are the best for fas-
tening, becaiise if we wrap the band onca round the
stake before the tree ia connected with it, it prevents
them froin chafing.

When the trees are planted, they are not to be for-
gotten. Neither horses, nor cows, nor sheep, must
approach them. If bogs are permitted to range there,
first and foremost, tie branches of the sweet brier
round every tree as a sign for these aiiininio to keep
their distance. Hogs will take hints of this kind,
and faithfully observe them.

Not done yet 1 No — we have some more advice to
offer of great importance. Strawy manure from tho
stable or barn- yard, may be very usefully employed
round the trees to stimulate their growth, to keep the
ground cool by shading it from the tun, and to keep
it moist by retaining the light showers that fall through
the growing season. But this is not all. As often as
once a month, the litter should be raked off, and tho
ground round each tree well hoed to the distance of
two or three feet, and to the dcfth of three or four in-
chci. See that the workmen do it faithfully, for
some may think an inch is deep enough; and then re-
place the manure.

A tree planted and treated in the manner recom-
mended is almost sure to grow, if the soil is not woik-
ed when it is too wet; and will grow many times
faster than one that is neglected. Besides it will come
much sooner into bearing, and always bear larger and
better fruit. t

Agricalture in IVova Scotia.

Through the politeness of the Secretary, Dr. C. C.
Hamilton, we have received a paper contoining eome
transactions of the Cornwallis Agricultural Society.
We extract the following remarks from the report of
a committee on the condition of agriculture, and the
best means for its improvement in Nova Scotia: —

'* Vour coilimittee do not hesitate to say, that one
grand cause, why our agriculture does not occupy
that exalted position among us, to which it is entitled,
18, the want of intelligence in the farming population.

This can oiily be remedied by the acquisition of
agricultural knowledge, and its application to practi-
cal purposes; and your committee would earnestly re-
commend the members of our society, and others, to
jioruse the periodicals end standard worts devoted to
their calling, which can be so cheaply obtained, and
which so much abound in interesting and instructive
matter to the Farmer.

In pioof of our deficiency in this respect, it may be
mentioned, that although there are about 450 farms,
only li! agricultural newspapers are taken, throughout
this Township. The great advantages of iniellectuol
cultivatioit cannot be too highly prized, and can only
be appreciated by those who enjoy them. Of all other
ai ts and sciences, a thorough knoH'ltJge of their prin-
ciples, is considered indispensable to success: surtly
the farmertviU not remain inert, and Indiircrent, with
ample means of infiirmation within his reach, and
with prospects of a speedy, and adequate reward to
animate his exertions.

Your committee in directing their attention to those
sources, from which our Agriculture may be revived'
and improved, cannot but deeply lament the withhold-
ing of Legislotivc assistance.

In England, Scotland, Fraoce, and the United'
States, &Q., large sums are annually given for tbe en-
couragement of agriculture, ond in proportion to the
expenditure, has been its rapid advance, in oil tboso
countries. Any one conversant with tbe suite of ilieir
agriculture, can readily draw the painful coutrast. —
Your-coriunittee hoving observed tbe spiiit heretofore
manifested by the House of Asseniblv, cannot forbeaj'
from urging on onr member?, the necossity of renewetl
diligence, in the hope that somtihing lyay be accom.-
plished, era another session eballpass by,'

54

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Fictitious Signatures.

Il" it were the custom in any deliberative assembly
—whether at VVnshington or at Albany — for the ora-
tors to conceal their persons and disguise their voices
by speaking through trumpets, — would their speeches
interSBt the audience as much as they do at present 7

When a person walks in, or sits down in a legisla-
tive gallery, is he satisfied to close his eyes and listen
to strange voices 1 Would not the same sentiments
and the same arguments be more interesting if he
knew from whose mouth they proceeded ? Is it not a
laudable curiosity that prompts him when a speaker
takes the floor, to ask who ho is, and to whom he be-
longs 1

Now as we presume our readers will be willing to
concede the right answers to these questions, we will
take the liberty to osk another. Would not the anony-
mous articles which are found in our columns, be
more interesting if we knew who wrote them ? Wc
are free to admit the title of some writers to conceal-
ment, such as our [Fair] correspondents "Annette"
nnd "Fanny;" but to "C. D"— " S. W."— "P"_
" B," and many others, whose names if written out
would shed a halo round our pages, — we feel unwil-
ling to make this concession. We do not insist, in-
deed— being gratified to hear from them under any
aignatnre — but we hope they will consider how much
our interests, and the interests of the community,
would be promoted by such disclosures; and how
much more eagerly the reader would take up our pa-
per to learn something of hie old friends and acquain-
tances, t

For the New Genesee Farmer,
Importance of Wheat Culture.

Messrs. Editors — To improve the true interest of
lite farmer, of any section of country, you must most
Burely instruct him in the manogement of his lands
for the production of the staple crop of the country,
or to the growth of that crop for which his lands are
best adapted, and which will yield him the greatest
profit. It is well known that our principol profit is
produced from our wheat crop. It is thq odaptaiion
of our soil to the production of this finest of grain,
that will ever render our lands voluoble above any
others adapted only to the production of the coarser
grains. And accordingly wisdom would dictate that
our improvements in agriculture should tend mainly
to the increased growth ol' this crop. It is true that
exclusive wheat cropping may not be advisable; but in
the management of our farms we ought to odopt a
system of lototion not calculated to interfere with the
growth of wheat; but rather to fit and prepare our
lands tor the reception of that crop. Since the set-
tlement of this country perhaps too much attention
has been turned to raising wheat, or we may have
practised a bad system, and thereby drained and ex.
hausted our londs in many cases; bnt having discov-
ered this error, we must not henceforth quit our old
crop ond bestow our attention on other branches of
forming to the neglect of this. And now, Messrs. Ed-
itors, what I would compla.n of in your paper, is the
little attention paid by your agricultural writers to
wheat growing, and the much to other things of mi-
nor importance. Perhaps it is taken for granted by
■11, that no information con be imparted to our formers
on this subject. The old motto that " practice makes
perfect," I think will hardly apply in this cnso; for
•urely I believe that there are no greater errors com-
mitted among us, than in wheal culture; and there
is no branch of cropping in which larmers more disa-
gree than in this. For example, some think the best
time for seeding is the last of August and the first o(
September; others think the middle or tast~of Sep-
tember preferable; somewUl plough in eeed, others

harrow in: some think one bushel per acre sufficient,
others two and others three. And also in regord to
fallowing, there is much diversity of opinion. Now
theee and many other points which might be mention-
ed, are subjects worthy the attention of some of your
intelligent, practical, agricultural writers, and subjects
vhich might be profitably discussed. If some of
your able correspondents will give us a chapter month-
ly on the subject of wheat culture, grounded on expe-
rience and observation, there will be more good result-
ing to the farming interest of Western New York,
than oil the articles on ruta baga and mangel wurtzcl
that hove ever oppeared in all the agricultural papers
in the Union. Not but thot the root culture has its
shore of interest and credit, but in this section it is of
minor importonce; and surely the New Genesee Far-
mer ought to be adapted to its location

Yours respectfully, R.

We fully agree with the preceding remarks on the
importance of the wheat culture, and we earnestly
call upon our correspondents to furnish whatever may
be valuable upon the subject. We think however, that
the culiure of root crops is quite underrated, os it is on
these that the former mutt greatly depend for the suc-
cessful and profitable feeding of cattle, and consequent
manufacture of manure, that prime mover in good
farming, not by any means excepting the culture of
wheat itself.

A premium would have been oflTered last year, by
the Genesee Agricultural Society, for the beet wheat
crop, hod it not been too late when the list of pre-
miums was published. «

Best Time for cutting Timber.

We suppose onother age must pass away before the
notion of lunar ivfluence on timber will be entirely
exploded. When the yielding mind of childhood re-
ceives a wrong impression from a parent or preceptor,
and it is allowed to harden for years before Philosophy
attempts to efface it, argument too often glances ofli'
like water from a goose's back.

On what does this notion rest 1 Why the moon
raises tides on the oceon. Admitted; buton whotclse
is its influence felt ? If it has not room enough io
raise tides on our lakes, can it possibly raise tides of sap
in the pores of a tree, where a microscope is necessary
10 discover them ?

But if it did raise the sap, what advantage could we
derive from that knowledge ? It would raise tides
every day; and no one particular time would be better
than another.

It has been handed down to us as a rule worthy of
remembronce, that " the old of the moon in February
is the best time to cut timber." But why is theoUof
the moon better than the new f This question might
puzzle a Philadelphia lawyer. The "old of the moon"
may come on the first day of the month; or it may come
on the lost — it may difler a whole month. The sap
may be frozen, and the moon notable to stir a particle.
Or can it act on solids as well as fluids ? If it con act
on frozen timber, why not on seasoned timber, or solid
rock? We cannot understand such occult principles.

We admit indeed that the time prescribed may serve
well for cutting some kinds of timber; but certainly it
is not the best time to cut all kinds of timber.

We believe it maybe laid down as a maxim thot
limber is most durable if cut when it contains the least
sap; and we hove no knowledge that sop ever runs
from a tree in full leaf. On a former occasion we sta-
ted a fact from an observant neighbor that basswood
rails which be cut when the sop was in full flow, rotted
before they seasoned, though immediately loid up in a
fence. On the reverse, we have several instances of
timber cut in summer that proved very durable, with
not one cose to the contrary. We therefore infer that

the gradation from the best time to the worst is in the
following order: Summer — Autumn— Winter. No
timber should be cut in the Spring before the tree is in
full leaf.

Physiologists when treating of the functions of
plants, hove been too fond of drowing generol rules,
like other people, from a few observatinns. Because
the sap of some trees, flows not in winter, they have
erroneously concluded il was so with all. The sap of
the sugar maple however, flows us soon as the leaves
drop in autumn; therefore to hove thattimber durable,
it should be cut when the tree is in leaf; and as every
leaf is employed in pumping out the moisture, it might
be well to let the tiee lie unlrimmed till they are with-
ered.

A timber tree may be very valuable or otherwise,
according to the time of cutting it; and in this country
where they are growing scarcer every year, it is more
especially important to hove the best information on
the subject. f

Discovery in Sugar Making.

The following communication came too late for last
month, but we now insert it, with the hope that possi-
bly it may not be too late for trial this season. We
know nothing of the value of the proposed improve-
ment.

For the yew Genesee Farmer.

Messrs. Editors: — As the time for making Maple
Sugar is at hand, I take the liberty of sending for in-
sertion, a very simple plan for clarifying it and making
a much purer and whiter article than can be done by
any other means. For some time the process was a
secret, it having been accidentally discovered by a far-
mer whose sugar in consequence always commanded
a higher price and more ready sale than that of his
neighbors, and who for a long time would not let the
method he used be known.

The story is this: — Having once borrowed a sugar
kettle from u neighbor, on attempting to use it, he
found it leaked from some cracks. Hoping to remedy
the evil he threw in some Indian meal to fill up the
cracks and enable him to use it. It did so; and to his
astonishment on " sugaring off," he found a much
better article than he was in the practice of making.
As the corn meal was the only thing he could attribute
it to, he continued the use of it, and soon osccrtained
that it was a very great improvement on the common
method o*'sugar making.

The receipt is as follows: — To the sap required for
40 or 50 lbs. of sugar, odd about a pint of corn meal,
to be put in while cold and boiled together.

The above I received casually from a farmer who
has used the process, and a neighbor of him who dis-
covered it. It is so very simple, and I am induced to
believe so very efficacious, that I send it for insertion
in your valuable paper, with the hope thot it may
prove of use to some of your readers. Should ony try
it, I hope they will let it be known in some future
number, how it succeeded. VERNET.

Cazenovia, Feb. Uoth, 1841.

For the New Genesee Farmer.
Blue Grass and Quick Grass, (or Couch Grass.)

Messrs. Editors — The prevalence, tenacity, and
prolific dissemination of the grass well known amon"
us by the name of Blue Grass, (Poa comprcssa ; )
the increased expenses of cultivation, and greatly di-
minished returns of product which result from its
presence in our groin fields and cultivated meadows,
at once demand, and will repay, the strictest inquiry
as to the most successful means for its prevention or
eradication.

This gross seems to be the natural or spontoneous
growth of rich, moist land in this country, and its
seeds opjiear to be thence disseminated by domestic
animals, upon the upland pasture, where the opera-

I No. 4,

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

tione of tillnge divide and spread its roots and seeds,
[eventunlly filling up the soil to such a degree, that or-
dinary, and otherwise sufficient cultivation, produces
Jittle or no return of grain; and land seeded for mea-
dows, where it exists in the soil, produces one or two
meagre and inferior crops of hay, and is then run out.
But the most common mode of disseminating this
grass, is by sowing clover seed cliafl' mixed with its
jeeds, having been mowed from land where it exists;
iind in this manner whole fields, previously exempt,
laave been at once filled up with Blue Grass, An
ibvious preventive in this case, will be to use the clo-
cr mill and sow the clean seed — although an opinion
3 very prevalent that the seed in the chaff is more
ikely to vegetate and survive than if sown clean.

A more pernicious, but somewhat similar variety of
fttiss is found on some farms in this section, called
iuick Grass or wild rye, (TiUicum repms.J They
ppear much alike in their general character, modes
f propagation, and injurious effects; and both re-
[uire the most thorough and persevering care in culii-
ation to destroy them. The extreme severity of our
finter frosts; and also the usually continued drouth
nd heat of our long summers, aflord us facilities for
lis purpose which are not possessed by the agricultu-
Ist of Great Britain. Numerous experiments con-
rm the opinion that the vegetative powers of this
rasa are very much weakened by exposing the root
) the action of severe frosts. Accordingly shallow
longhing, (as the roots do not run deep,) applied the
;ter in the fall the better, by exposing the tender
)Ota to the frost — the tillage to be continued by
toughing or harrowing as soon as the land is fit in the
)ring, has been found very efTectual. After this pro-
;ss, it is advisable to plant the ground with corn, and
iltivate it thoroughly, or to summer fallow for
heat.

In one instance a very heavy coat of Blue Grass
rowing on wheat stubble, (the wheat crop was a to-
1 failure,) was ploughed in the fall, and though
orked in the spring, was wholly unfit for oats or corn.
, was sowed with buckwheat at the usual time,
hich, producing a heavy growth, completely des-
oyed the Blue Grass. The next season however,
lere was much very minute Blue Grass in the
nd, supposed to have sprung from the seed; which
iggests the necessity that the cultivation, or the den-
ty of the succeeding foliage, should be such as to pre-
9nt this result. Inslancesof success are stated from
le ploughing and rolling, performed just before plant-
ig with corn. Of this the writer cannot speak from
iccessful experience. The usual process of summer
.How, by two or three ploughings, commencing in
lay or June, although it may produce pretty good
rops of wheal, has little effect in permanently des-
•oying this grass, or fitting the land containing it for
rofitable meadow. In managing a fallow much ad-
antage is lost, by failing to apply the harrow, during
sying and harvest. The eflects which a harrow ap-
lied, once over, every ten days, in dry, hot weather,
OS upon all noxious grass within its action, is truly
urprising. In cases where small patches of the vari-
ly here termed Quick Grass exists, much caution is
lecessary to prevent its spread by the plough and har-
ow; and when the soil is properly loosened, a man
vith a many pronged fork and basket, will find profit-
ible emplyment in gathering the roots and carrying
hem off the land. ,

;iij!I I Messrs Editors — I consider this, an important eub-
iim jcct, and have given it considerable attention for some
years past; and as I have not seen much in your paper
16)1 especting it, am led to hope that the foregoing sug-
1:1 igestions may be useful to some of your readers.

I am cordially yours, &c.

JOHN McVEAN.

Couch Grass.

The following is from a correspondent of the Yan-
kee Farmer.

Sm — In the fall of 1839, it was recommended in
your paper to kill Cmtch Grass by ploughing the
ground late in the season, and expose the roots to the
action of the frosts, by which their vitality would be
destroyed. This advice was again repeated in your
editorial remarks in the fall of 1840. But my expe-
rience shows me, that late ploughing will not kill
Cniic/i, or Tirilcli Grass, as it is sometimes called. —
Soon after that notice was published I turned over by
ploughing, just before winter set in, a piece of ground
which was very much infested by this grass. It was
green sward in the spring of that year, and was plough-
ed ond planted with Indian corn; and at weeding
lime, this grass so completely look possession of the
ground, that iherows of corn could hardly be seen,
and my neighbors inquired what kind of grain was
sown there. Intending this land for turnips the next
season, I uirncd this over by the plough, as before sta-
led; and what was the result? Not a root of ihe
grass was killed, and it appeared in full vigor in 1840,
and the field looked os green as if covered with a crop
of rye. What was then lo be done 1 This would be
a troublesome tenant with my turnips, and having the
advantage of prior possession, and firmer hold of the
soil, would contend strongly, and perhaps successfully
against the young turnip plants, and make the chanct
for a small croj), or a good crop, to soy the leost, rath-
er doubtful? I iben determined to extirpate it, root
and branch, which was accomplished in the fol-
lowing manner: — The ground was ploughed and har-
rowed, and then my men followed with their lakes,
andraked out the roots of the grass into heaps which
were afterwards car.ted into the hog-yard; and ibis
was done three times before sowing my turnips; and
this 60 completely destroyed it, that scarcely a root ap-
peared in the subsequent cultivation.

Ak old Colony Farmer.

Plymouth Co. January, 1840.

For the New Genesee Farmer,
Edncation of Farmers' ChUdren"?jo> 3>

Messrs. Editors — I have spoken of the useful
part of education, as it either directly or indirectly in-
fluences the mind. I have taken a rather extended
education for the general standard, because we are so
liable to fall below than exceed the standard, whatev-
er it may be. I wish now to consider the real object
of education, the dcceloping:, exercising, training the
powers of the mind. It is not so much the mere
knowledge itself, valuable as that is in various respects,
as it is the fitting of the mind for the business and du-
ties of life. Of arithmetic, only a few rules find ap-
plication in the business of the farmer and of most
men; but who would desire his son to study only these
rules while the others have a far greater educating
power upon the mind. Indeed, if we contemplate'
only these subjects which will have a direct application
and be direcdy practicable upon the farm, they will be
found very few, and the influence of education ex-
ceedingly trifling, 03 the time taken to obtain it must
be very short. Indeed, of what benefit will be much
acquaintance with the art of reading, if only utility
is to be studied in all our reading; if only there must
be a direct employment of the knowledge on the farm.
By auch an education the mind must be left almost
untouched. It will be rude and unpolished in its
thoughts, low and common in its language; it will be
left under the control of the animal nature chiefly; it
will have only coarse views and notions of morality
and religion, and of responsibility and obligation, it
will be more subject to the power of temptation, and
more easily seduced into the ways and works of folly
and wickedness; or, it must be preserved from vice
and crime by the fear of pu.nishment and the strong
arm of power, and not by those ennobling moral prin-
ciples wliich are suited to our nature and circumstan-
ces.

The young fanner needs this cultivation of mind,
this training of the intellect which education gives to
prepare him for reading, and all the benefits of that
knowledge which now fills the world. A taste for

reading is as much made and acquired as a laeie for
any thing. The untutored mind can have no relish
for it, unless it is for the marvellous; '.he curiosity
must be excited, or no motive will be presented to the
mind little trained by culture.

The young farmer needs this cultivation too, that he
may have on inducement to employ hiamind daily, or
often, upon books. The great improvement of mind
is made by reading regularly for a short period every
day. The instances of this, though far too rare, are
abundant to show the great consequence. " Great
effects from little causes,'* is the rule of Providence,
and ought to be the motto for action. The diligent
hand malicth rich, in whatsoever it undertakes.

The young farmer needs this cultivation also, that
he may have some just estimate of himself and have
more influence in the world. There must be superior
wisdom in him that guides others. Trick ond plan-
ning and wiles may succeed perhaps for a time; but all
such arts must foil in the end because the ignorance
will be disclosed, or ihe supeiior wisdom of others will
be discerned. Even good common sense, that best of
all human endowments of the intellect, must have
knowledge and principles to exercise its power. Tact
cannot operate without some materials to act upon and
to work wiih.

The young farmer needs this cultivation also, that
he may have some adequate notions of the necessity
ond advantage of education ond moral principles in a
free community, ond may labor for ihe wider and
more general extension of knowledge and virtne.
Standing as the very bone and sinew of society, he
must have the strength and power which wdl sustain
the interests of society. For this end, education in
its general meaning, the training of the mind and
heart, is the grand means.

I have spoken of ihe wants of the young farmer in
these several respects, for their bearing upon the main
object of those papers, that the interests of the farmer
suflfer from' the too limited education of his sons
compared with that of his daughters. I have already
said that I would not diminish the one, but increase
the other. These views are not new indeed to many
intelligent farmers, but they need to be diffused over
the community. They cannot be fully appreciated
without ensuring correspondent action.

I was about to enjoin some views upon the ornamen-
lal, as connected with the education of our children,
but must defer them to another time. D. C.

March, 1841.

Sugar Beets.

Messrs. Editors — Agricultural chemistry may in-
deed cavil at the supposed value of Sugar Beets os
food for animals; but the results which nauiie gives,
clearly prove ihoi there are some wonder working se-
crets in vegetable physiology, which science has not
yet discovered.

A neighbor of mine, who is a first rate gordener,
told me that he hod raised 60 bushels of Sugar Beets
last year on an incredible small space of ground in
his garden. I osked him which wos the most profita-
ble, corn or sugar beets. He replied, boih. I then
named potatoes, when he burst out into a horse lough,
and said that he could roise ten bushels of beets easier
than one of pototoes, ond that his cow gave more
milk when fed on beets. Added lo this, be said that
potatoes wanted digging, ond that, too, by daylight^
in short and often wet days; but that any quantity of
sugar beets could be plucked and liouseJ in a singja
clear evening, and that the trouble of securing the
two crops was also tea to- one in favor of beets.

SENECA.

SevMa CO., March 14^ 1841.

63

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Gardcuiug for Ai>ril.

The wcaliier during tUc pnei month has been so
winiery thai but little cjiild be done in the garden ex-
cept with bo:- be<!a. No time should be l"st this month,
when the v.'entbcr will allow, in commencing the oper
tions of eprmg. Manure can best be carried nn when
the ground ia frozen. Prune or trim frait trees and
bushes; repair espalicrr, i^d procure new stakes for
raspberry bushes, &c. Dress asparagus and rhubarb
beds, and carry off, or burn all litter and rubbish. As
Boon as the ground is in good order, select and prepare
the best apartments for early plr.nting, and bejin to
plant or sow the mure hardy vegt'lablee.

Onion sets aliould bep'a:ited, and Pea?, Lettuce,
SpinaL'e, Parsnip and Solsify seeda sown as soon as
possible. Towards the limer part of the month, (*nr-
lier in Ohio and other Siatt-s south of this) sow seedsof
Carrot, Uett, Onion, and plant Enslisb Beans and early
Pota'.oes; and, if not sown in a hot-bed, eow Cabbage.
Cauliflower, Broccoli Tomato Pepper, Celery, &c. on
& warm border where they can be covered with mats
in time of frosts.

In Oiiio, and wherever danger from frost is not ap-
prehended, most kinds of garden tecds are sown early
this month; but in this state, severe frosts sometimes
occur as late ns the Ist week ill Way, and tender plants
must not be cNpo^ed till after that time. It will then
be time to sow Cucu;ubcr, Melon, Squash, Pumpkin,
Beans, Corn, Radish, Turnip, &c.; aleo, most kinds
of herb and flower seoJe. For remarks on sowing
flower seeda, see Vol. 1, P. 56.

*,* 111 health of Mr. Bateham mu3t be an apology
for t!ie brevitv of the remarks under this head.

Flowers in Euj^land.

From the Gardener'sChrtoiicle of '* Feb. 6, 1841,"
published in London, and edited (in part) by Professor
Lindley, we make the following extracts: —

*' Ptnlliinflia itiiniata, n pretty bulbous plant from
Cusco in Peru, allied to Paucralium and Nairissus,
producee its clear scarlet iiowers readily, and grows
very fieely."

" Geranium ruhifolltim. The erect habit of this
plant, and its large tiowers distinguish it from G. ncpa-
Unse. It ia a mat hardy [lerennial, scorcely exceed-
ing a foot in height. It should be planted in light soil,
or on rock work, as it is destroyed by the wet in win-
ter. Itll-iwersin July and August; and may be in-
creased by dividing the roots when in a dormamstate,
or by seeds, wLich are produced freely, but the seed-
ling will not (lower before the second season. It was
raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society,
from Himalayan seeda piceenled by Dr. Royle in
May 18:i<)."

'• IJakHas. A correspondent of the Fhrlicxdtural
Magazine, gives a long list of Prize Dihliaa, from
^li:ch we c.>:Lract the following names of varieties,
which according to tuia writer have gained more than
fiity |iriz,;3at the shows for 1840.

Aniato fM'>unijoy's, ) 7U.

Argo (VVi(liiaHV,)ul.

Boniiiy of the plain (Spnrry's,) 69.

Climax (Jeli;'rv'8,)89.

Conductor (Widnnll's,) 62.

Definiice (Cox's,) 67.

Duchess of Piicbmond, (Fowler's,) 63.

Essex Rival (Sorrell'a,) 109.

Eva (Foster's,) 7X

Grace Darling (D.)d'e,) 115,

Hope (Neville's,; 10.').

Lewisham Rival (Mend's,) 98.

M'irquisof Loiliian(GoodhaIl'8,) 123,

Mary ( Dod's, ) 92.

Miss Johnstone (Williaon's.) 87.

NePlua Uliral\Vidiinll'8,)92.

Ricnzi(VVulnaire,) 1110.

Rival Sussex (Slnnlord's,) 109.

Springfield Rival (Inwood's,) 122.

SuH'ilk Hero (Girlinc's) IIS.

Topaz (Girling's, ) 77.

Unique f Anscll's,) 164.

Virgin Queen (Prolheroe's,) 87."
^^'HhoflotUndrou vKtrimnm grows much better in
ehade than in sunny situaiionc; ihe folinf;e js of en
ixii uoee tits usual size, and of a mucli filter green."

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>VM. K. ^SMITH'S FARMERY.

EXPLANATIONS.

a. Root cellnr filled from the windows, 10 feet wide including walls, i, alley, boarded on the stable fide,
to the top of the ninngeis, lour feet wide, c, stalls lor the cows, &c., seven feet wide, d, ox stables. 8 feet
v^•ide. c, stalls for the horses, 5 feet wide. y, apartments for the .firi/i ioys. it, room for boiling, slicing
loots, &c. A, ehtep troughs, with racks communieoiing with the loft above, i, calf shed, j, wagon shed.
k, barn yards. A'o/c — The upper part of the above cut ia a front view, and the lower part a ground plan.

Tor the New Gcncscc Farmer.

Messrs. Editors — It is very probable that the sketch of the barn obove may strike many persons as be- <
ing altogether too large and expensive for general use. This is diubtless true to a certain extent. Indeed;
my only hope is that some persons may profit by so7nc things described, os I have no expectation but that gla-
ring faults will be found in the plan. The inconvenience resulting from want of arrangement in our farm
establishments is also great.

On many farms, having nearly or quite as mony buildings as those described, the barns, &c. are so pla- i
ced as to require much additional labor in passing from one to the other, and in the feeding of the animals.

Manures. — The man who at the present doy neglects this important branch of lobor, ought to be lookec ■
upon as laying the foundation for future poverty. Yet, 1 venture to say, that not one person in fifty wbt i
builds a barn, takes this subject into consideration, unless he may do so for the purpose of finding, os a frient '
of mine did, a lugh knoll, that the wash of his yards might give liim no trouble. I

Several methodj have been proposed for soving and increasing manure, but on the whole, the plar J
adopted by Judge Buel seems to me best adapted to our circumstances. This consisted, as the readers of th<
" Genesee Farmer" will remember, in shaping the yard like a dish, leaving a margin of ten or twelve fee
quite round the outside. With this, if straw be freely scattered weekly over ihe whole, and the litter fron
the 6tiib!es wheeled out and spread, subject to the treading of the cattle, ten times the usual qttnntity will ac
cumulate.

-Aigain, it IS the decision of some of our best New Englond farmers that pork making is a losing business
unless particular attention be paid to the compost heap. If this be true where great economy ia used in feed
ng, what will be the fate of those, w'qo, like myself, have no boiling apparatus nor economical hog yard 1

In the sketcli, I have placed this yard in the centre, where the excavation is the deepest.

Roots are justly coming into general use; but no systematic mode of feeding con be adopted unlee
they ore accessible at all times. The long, narrow cellar exhibited in the plan, I think will be found ver
convenient. A sort of hopper with a grated bottom might be placed in the windows, into which the car
would be emptied.

The extreme wing at the right in the elevation is the carriage ond tool bouse; to the left of this is th
grain barn, say 32 feet front by 45 feet deep, leaving long, narrow bays on each aide the floor. The strav
stack is directly bock of this, and on the west aide of the yards.

The centre building has the corn crib and general store room, occupying two-thirds of its length from th'
bock end, which communicates by o trapdoor with the boiling vats below.

The from is used foi a shop, stairwoy, &c.

To the right and left of thie are the hoy lofts, which communicate with the feeding alleys below.

The large building on the left, corresponding with the grain born, covers the sheep house — the plane
which may be thought somewhat whimsical. 1 know the strongest of these useful animals can lite, thoug
exposed to the storms of enow and sleet incidental to stack feeding; but it is susceptible of the clearest proo)
that the expense of a comforlnblc shed is more than paid for by the increased quantity of wool ond flesh,
propose that rouges of feeding troughs, four in number, should be placed in the bosemenl, running from th
olley to the back end. These arc to consist of a rack, and monger at the bottom; the two outer ones single
and ploced against the wall; the inner double, that is, to supply food from each side. The racks will commu
nicato with the floor above, from which they are to be supplied with hay.

A narrow floor communicating with the doors shown in the li^'ure, ruua the whole depth of the building i^j.
On each side ore the hay mows, which ore raised seven feet above the level of ^ihe floor, that the rocks may b
accessible. In this way a Urge number of sheep can be provided for in a small space, and without waste t
time or food. The smoU wing on the left is the poultry house.

In the stables two cows or oscn occupy the same stall. The ground floor should be paved, as being bel ' '
,teiin every particular than plonk.

Uaaifin, WM. R. SMITH.

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\ND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

YV-

57

Y. Lestslature--" Bill to promote Agri-
culture."

We stated lost month that no re|)ort hnd been mode
the Legislature on the petitions for the encouroge-
;nt of agriculture; and such we still consider to be
fact, olthough some may think we are niista-
It is true, Mr. Johnson, sometime in the
riy part of the session, btforc the /lelilions from the
'estCTn part vf the State leere rcccireil, ollered what
IS called " A Bill to Promote Agriculture;" but its
jvieions wert> to meagre, ond so unlike what the
mers asked for, tliat we were in hopes the fommit-
:, on the receipt of the petitions, would become
lamed of their bantling, and report something more
accordance with the petitions, and more worthy ol
! Empire State. But a warm friend of the cause,
10 has spent some days at Albany, informs us that
s bill is likely to become a law, without improve-
:nt, and without opposition.

Half a loaf is better than no bread,' it is true;
1 the passage of this law will doubtless be a great
nefit; but we shall certainly feel a degree of shame
announcing to the world that the great ond wealthy
ite of New York has passed a law for the improve-
ntof agriculture, ond appropriated only $7000 per
lum to the purpose.

The bill before the House provides that $7000 be ap-
priated annually for live years, in the ratio of ijoO
;och member of Assembly, and .'jfGOO to the Slate
iety. When any County Society has raised by
untary subscription any sum of money, thecomp-
ler is authorized to pay an equal sum, provided it is
greater than the sum appropriated to that county.
mention is made of Commissioners,
t is proper to inform our readers that this bill was
ned in answer to the petition of a few individuals
«t Albany — self-styled the N. Y. Stale Agricultural
:iety — who it will be seen, were careful to provide
their own interests. But, as yet, no notice has
n taken of the numerous petitions which have been
red by the yeomanry of Western New York.
Ve have seen no account of any further action
the bill for the eseouragement of Silk Culture.
1 hope the members of the Legislature will not dis-
ard the wishes of their constituents and the inler-
of the State so much, as to neglect these matters
il is too late to secure their passage.

Horticultural Meeting.

Lgreeable to the call published in our last No., a
ilingwas held in the Lecture Room of the Young
na' Association in this city. Dr. Moses Long was
ed to the Chair, and U. M. Ward, Esq. appointed
retary.

Uter some discussion, it was agreed to form an as.
otion to promote the interests of Plorticulmre, to
:alled the Monroe Horticultural Society; giv-
to persons residing in other counties, the privilege
lecoming members if they wish to do so.
)n motion, a committee of five was appointed to
pare o constitution for the society, and report at the
t meeting.

The tollowing persons were nominated: Silas Cor-
'8^1, S. O. Smith, H. M. Ward, P. Barry, Beuj. Hill.
The meeting then adjourned to meet in the same
eeon Thursday, March 25, at 2 o'clock, P. M.
^ A. meeting was held agreeable to the above adjourn-
nt, but not being so numerously attended as was
jcipated, and the committee being unavoidably ab-
it, it was thought proper to postpone the adoption of

;Bjij : constitution until the firsiTbursday (being the Gth)

jiyli May next. The meeting adjourned to meet on
!« It doy at the same place, ot 2 o'clock, P. M., for
! purpose of organizing the society.

j,l^ The friends of Horiiculture in iMonroe county, (and
^jse who please from adjoining counties) are reepcct-

^ vlp requested to attend.

.,

According to our promise, ond the request of sever-
al subscribers, we here give a description of the "Bur-
lington Silk Frames," mentioned in our Feb. No. —
The engraving and remarks below, render the subject
quite plain. If any persons in this vicinity desire to
obtain any of the frames, they can leave their orders
with our publishers, ot the Rochester Seed Store.

BT RLINGTOjV silk FRA5IE.

This simple yet complete apparatus for feeding Silk
Worms, invented and patented by Edmund Morris of
Burlington, N. J., has been found, after repeated trials
to accomplish the following important objects. —

1. It secures the most thorough ventilation to oil
parts ot the tramc on which the worms ore feeding,
below OS well ns above, and obliges them of necessity,
to clean themselves of their e.\crement ond other rub-
biah

2. That part of oil former modes of feeding which
requires waiting for the worms to mount upon fresh
foliage in order lo clean them, is entirely dispensed
with; and though cleaning is never necessary, yet
should the worms require changing, it is done almost
iiisLciuly, a thousand at a time, and without the worm,
being conscious of the change.

3. The whole apparatus is as portable as a quilting
frame; ondall the parts which require hondling during
the feeding season, are os portable as an umbrella,
without being liable to breakage.

4. Ventiloiion and cleanliness are so perfectly ac-
complished, that disease seems out of the question,
unless originating in the egg.

5 The age (trom the spinning) of any number of
cocoons, from ono thousond up to a million, is idenli-
tled to a dny, and they are gathered with six times the
facility of the hurdle system, at the same time coining
out pertecily clean, and wiili but little wasie of (loss

6. By using branches, cut down with a grass hook
or scythe, it eaves more than one half the usual ex-
pense of gathering foliage and feeding it out to the
worms, ond more of them are accommodated in the
same space.

7. It is cheaper ond more dur.ible than the hurdles.
-\ll the purchaser is required lo do otier receiving his
frames, is to put in a iew nails to support his uprights,
and to put straw into his spinning roofs, ond the whole
eon'rivonee is complete and ready for use.

The vast supcrioriiy of ihis over oil other fixtures
tor feeding silk worms, is such os lo be apparent even
10 persons not acquiuntcd with the rearing of tbem ;

while intelligent gentlemen, practically conversont
with the bu.^iness, hove pronounced, without a single
exet^ption, that il fully accomplisliea oil lliol lins been
said above. It has been tried repeatedly ond Ibuiid
successful in practice, ond may be seen at the liurliiig-
un Filature, wliere persons interesled in the silk busi-
ness ore invited lo examine into its merilp. It rejects
the hurdle sysiein entirely, and is original in all its
parte. A frome sufficient to feed 6, 0110 worms, nioy
be seen ot Jos. Leeds' U. S. Silk Agency, No. 2
Fronklin Place, Philadelphia, the proprietor of which
has been appointed agent for the sole of frames and
rights, lo whom, or to the patentee at Builingion, .
apj.'lieation may be maile. An engraved view, with
a lull description, will be sent on opplieaiion, post paid.
Gentlemen about to erect cocooneneswill lind it high-
ly important to e.^iamine the copobilities of this Fmme,
previous to erecting any oi'aer lixiures.

The most unqnohtied approbation has been awarded
to this Frame by the numerous visitors who hove ex-
amined it, and none have mode any objection, or ex-
pressed a doubt of its copabiliiies. Many large
cocooneries ore now being fitted up with it, for the
coming season, ond others are building, in which no
other fixtures will be used.

The Patentee proposes to manufocture and sell these
Frames, or to dispose of the right to individuals to
make them for their own use, in order to occomniodaio
those who reside eo lor from this city os to make the
cost of transportation too heavy a lox for ihem to pur-
chase here. In either cose, however, ihe purchaser
should make his own uprights, as ihe freight would be
costly. Each upright, 8 feet long and C inches wide,
by 2 inches thick, contains 8 feet, costing about 10
cents for hemlock or pine — the expense for making
grooves is obout 6 cents for each upright. Ten of
them will occonimodate 54 frames, each 3 by 4 feet.

The price for a feeding frome and roof, coh-uloted for
ihe worms to spin in straw, will be CO to 70 cents for
the two — and this latter kind is gieady preferable to
the lath roofs. The worms are remoikabty fond of
spinning in eirow so orronged, the cocoons are gother-
ed with equol fociliiy, and come out perfectly clean,
without waste of floss.

To those who prefer to make their own frames, the
prices of rights are as follows:

For the right to make and use

50 fromes and 50 roofs 5 dollars.

100 " " " 10 •'

300 '• " " 20 "

500 " " " 30 "

1000 " " " 50 "

These frames con be monufactiired by the P.itentea
at 0 cheaper rate than any individual can furnish them
for himself, as machinery will be used fbi ^e purposa.

The proper size for the fromes ond roofs, is 3 by 4
feet, which will oceonimodote l.'OO or more worms.
The dimensions con be varied to order. The straw
roofs are covered with muslin or thick posielioard.

Application may be made to Edmund Morris, Bur-
lington. N. J., or to Joseph Leeds, Aueiit lor the
Patentee, No. 2 Franklin Pioee, Pliilodelphio.

Agricultural Implements Wanted.

There is consideroble demand for approved ogricnl-
lural implements in this place; ond if o good assort-
ment were for sole here ot moderate prices, the de-
mand would soon be very great. But there are but a
few kinds manufactured in this region, and the trouble
and expense of obtaining them from the east, are ^o
great thot many will not be obtained from there. We
would therefore invite some enterprising mechanic
from the east — one who is familior with the difTeient
Approved implements of the doy — and who hns a litlle
capital to invest, to come and estoblish o manufactory
in this city. Here are the best of materials and faeiii-
ties for the business, means of transportation in e\ery
direction, and the New Genesee Farmer to circulate
intelligence oil over the Western World. Now, who
will come ? Any communications on the subject, ad-
dressed to the publishers of this paper, postage paid,
will receive otlention.

Apparatus tor Laboi.-itoiies.

Professor Dewey informs us thot the ort'cles men-
tioned in another column for a " Cheap Loborotory,"
may perhaps be most ensilv obtained from Chorhe A.
Spencer, Conostotn, Mndison Co., N Y. Mr. S.
will send a caiologiie of prices to any person who will
1 'liroet 0 letter, post paid, to him. From the coiologue
such selecuon can be mode as may be desired) and
tiie order will be spet^ily attended to.

58

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

For the yew Genesee Farmer.

Castor Oil Beans—Ricinus.

The cultivators of the soil, and indeed all claeees of
citizens, have reason to rejoice that this invaluable
medicinal seed, is likely to be turned to a very useful
account in the domestic economy of every househeep-
er. If there is any truth in the following statement
taken from the Peoria(Ill.) press, the composition de.
scribed below may serve the whole country as a sub-
stitute for sperm.

"An important discovery was made about ten
years ago, by Mr. Isaac Smith, of Eastville, North-
ampton county, Va. which enabled him to render castor
oil equal if not superior to the best sperm for burning
in lamps, and for which be intended to take out a pa-
tent. This he never did, and permission has since
been given to make the improvement known for the
benefit of the public. The methed of preparing the
oil is, merely to mi,x with it spirits oi turpentine,
with which it readily combines; in proportion of one
of the latter to four of the former.

*' Now, since sperm oil is becoming scarcer, and
the deniand for it increases, the citizens of the west
especially will find it to their interest to take advan-
tage of the knowledge of this composition.

** As to its excclfence, there is but one opinion
among those who have tried it. A lamp filled with
this composition will burn four or five hours without
the slightest appearance of crust upon the wick, and
on extinguishing the Hame, there is no fire remaining
in the wick, as is generally the ease with sperm oil,
except of the very best quality — indeed, in the extin-
guishing and re-lighting a lamp of this oil, there is a
eirong similarity to that of a gas light. But it burns
perfectly free from smoke or the least degree of ofien-
eive smell — emits a clear and powerful light, and
never congeals in the coldest weather."

The main difficulty experienced by those who have
undertaken to cultivate the castor bean in a small way
in this latitude, has arisen from a want of knowledge
how to purify the newly expressed oil, so as to prevent
its becoming very rancid and unfit for use. Perhaps
a plain and concise explanation of this process which
has long been held as an important secre; by the manu-
facturers of pure *' Olemn Ricini' maybe of service
to some of your numerous readers.

This oil is extracted from the bean either by soak-
ing it in boiling water and then subjecting it to a
weighty pressure; or by bruising the seed and expres-
sing the oil cold. The latter is called cold expressed,
and the former hot expressed oil, in the market. Most
of the castor oil consumed in the United States is im-
ported from the West Indies. This, as well as a
thousand other articles sent to us from abroad, ought
to be produced at home and largely exported. Good
oil is now worth by the quantity in New York one
dollar and thirty-eight cents a gallon, which can be
obtained from a bushel of beans. Land well adapted
to their growth, and properly cultivated, will yield in
this latitude from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels to
the acre. The expense of growing and harvesting
does not greatly exceed that of an acre of corn. The
press and other machinery used for the manufacture of
linseed oil w'll answer very well for making castor oil.
The proneness of this oil, and indeed of all fixed veg-
etable oils, to become rancid, arises mainly from ibe
mucilage which is intimately blended with it when ex-
pressed. Mucilage is quite insoluble in boiling wa-
ter, honce if we put crude oil and water together in
the proportion of five quarts of water to four gallons
of oil and gradually heat them over a moderate fire,
the mucilage will rise to the surface in a thick scum.
All of this should be carefully removed with a skim-
mer into a vessel for further purification. The skim-
ming should be continued during ebulilion as long as
any scum arises. The boiling should be kept up un-
til all the water is evaporated, when the oil should be
removed from over the the, otherwise it will burn.
It should then be put up in clcon tight bottles or casks,
and is ready for market. Other oils may be purified
in the same wa^.

There are but few farmers who could not find room
and time to cultivate an acre or two of the castor bean
VN'ithout interfering materiolly with their other farm-
ing operations. It should be planted on a warm, rich
8oil, and OS eorly in the spring as can he done and es-
cape frosts. The hills and rows ought to be about
four feet apart. In warmer climates they are placed
five feet asunder, because the plants grow much larger
than they will in Western New York.

There is an estoblishmcnt erected at Peoria, for the
manufacture of castor oil, the proprietors of which of-
fer to contract for all the beans they can obtain at one
dollar a bushel. May the boat success attend the en-
terprise. Yours truly, D. L.

Buffalo, March, 1841.

Query.— "Will the Ricitius tlirivc nnd produce seed to ad-
vantage, in ns cold .-i climate as ol'lliis State?— Ed3.

For the j\ew Uenesee Farmer.

Cheap Laboratory.

Messrs. Editors: — As you have not given a reply
to the question on the articles and cost of apparatus
for a cheap laboratory such as a farmer would need, I
submit the following. It is difficult indeed to give
any very definite statement, because the object designed
to be accomplished by the apparatus is not stated. I
suppose, however, that the mere examination of soils,
as the amlysis is rather diflicult, long, and perplexing,
is not the object. Should that alone be the object, a
few crucibles, tumblers, wine glasses, plates and vials,
with tongs for handling the crucibles, and scales for
weighing accurately to half a grain, would be necessa-
ry, and cost two or three dollars. To these should be
added several small bottles of chemical tests, such as
acids, alkalies, nitrate of silver, oxalate of potash or
ammonia, which cost three dollars more, and for the

whole, $6 00

For General lllintrations of Chemistry.

Pyrometer to show expansion of solids, 4 00

2 Bolt heads " " liquids, .5a 1 25

6 Florence Flasks for boiling liquids, 6d 37

Wires for showing conduction of caloric, 1 00

2 Air Thermometers, 20c, and 1 Farenheit, $3, 3 20
Pair of Tin Mirrors for reflecting caloric, 4 50
Ballfor do 4s, and Air Theimometer,4s,l 00

3 feet of Glass rods, 18d, and Iron stand and
rings, $2, 2 18

Argand'slamp $2 50, and spirit lamp 50c, 3 00

Fire pump or air condensing Fire Engine, 1 00

2 pint Retorts Cs, and 2 half pints 4s, 1 25

1 Gas bottle §1, and Tin pipe to conduct gas 4s, 1 50
Gun barrel for procuring oxygen, 1 00

Or an Iron bottle for the same, 2 00

And 6 feet lead pipe to conduct it, 50

1 pint receiver closed at top, or large tumbler, 37
1 quart receiver with ground stopple to burn

Iron wire in oxygen, 1 25

Small gazometer to hold oxygen, 3 00

Or two small gnzometers in a small cistern to

hold oxygen and hydrogen, 4 00

And compound Blow-pipe for the brilliant ex-

I>eriment8, 4 60

Tin pipe for burning stream of hydrogen, 50

And 2 glass tubes for musical tones, 75

Iron turnings for liydrog.n, 25

Bottlesof acids and alkalies, 2 00

The preceding articles would enable a man of some
experience, to perform a great many experiments. —
Most of the articles wear out with use, and some break
easily. Some knowledge of chemistry will enable the
enquirer to select from the preceding such articles as
would be best suited to his object. The whole amounts
to less than fifty dollars. A good selection might be
made for thirty dollars. I have been willing on this
account to give the articles more numerous than may
be desired.

If it is wished to add experiments in Galvanism, I
shall be happy to give any Information in my power.

It is ardently to be desired that some of our independ-
ent farmers might succeed in establishing small labor-
atories, and in exhibiting the more common and gen-
eral parts of chemical knowledge. C. D.
March, 1841.

Hints to ^Vestem Emigrants.

Drink cold tea, or buttermilk diluted with water,
but no whiskey. Go out of your ploughed and new-
ly cleared fields before the sun is down, and the miar-
ini begins to rise, and keep in doors in the morning
until the sun has dispersed the same.

In hot weather make a fire in your house every
evening, to dry and cleanse the air. For ordinary
medicine, drink strong boneset tea; if very bilious,
take Gregory's Pillp, (not the spurious sort,) they con-
tain antimony, but no calomel.

Few and simple as are the above directions, had
they been strictly followed, many lives might have
been saved, and hundreds of congestive fevers pre-
vented.

The history of deaths by fever at the west, is but a
combined detail of gross neglect and still grosser ig>
norance. Some men think that as long as they have
a morbid appetite to eat, they have no need of medi-
cine or a physician; and when a physician is called,
he is looked upon as a magician whose office it is to
raise the dead.

I once asked a physician how one of his patients
got along. He is very sick said he, but he will
not die, for his wife is a better physician than I am,
and all of a nurse to boot. I asked in relation to an-
other patient. He is not dangerously sick, said he,
but I fear they will kill him — dont you think they were
trying to feed him toasted cheese and fried cakr.

GENESEE.

From the Albany Cultivator,

N. YORK STATE AG. SOCIETY.

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Albany, Feb. 10, 1841.

Pursuant to public notice, the N^w York State Ag
ricultural Society met at Knickerbocker Hall at Alba
ny, this day at 11 o'clock A. M. The Present being
absent, Alexander Walsh, Esq., one of the Vice
Presidents, took the chair, and Jesse Bcel was ap-
pointed Secretary pro tem. A quorum bi in J present,
the minutes of the last meeting were read. The Re-
poit of the Treasurer, C. N. Bement, Esq., was then
reci ived, read, and accepted.

The Constitution of the Society being called for,, "*"
was read, when several amendments were proposed
by Messrs. Tucker, Nott and Fuller, which, after ^
discussion, were adopted, and the revised Constitution! ™
directed to be published as follows: — •"

11! ll

Constitution of the N. Y. State Ag. Society* loa

As Amended Feb. 10, 1841.

The style of this society shall be " The New York|'*'i
Stale Agricultural Society;" its objects shall be to
improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture,
and the household arts.

Sec 1. The society shall consist of such citizens of
the State as shall signify, in writing, their wish to be-
come members, and shall pay on subscribing not less
than one dollar, and also of honorary and correspond-
ing members. Itnj/

The presidents of county agricultural societies, of Vii-^
a delegate from each, shall ex-olficio be members ofi kj-!j
this society. . JL,

The payment of fifty dollars or more shall constitnMw [
0 member for life, and shall exempt the donor fromi ^
annual contributions.

Sec. 2. The officers of the society sholl consist of-
a president, eight vice presidents, one to be loca;ed in
each Senate District; a recording secretary, a corres-
ponding sccretarya treasurer, an executive committee,
10 consist of the officers above named and five addi-
tional members, of whom three shall form a quorum,
and a general committee, the members of which shall
be located in the several counties, and be equal to the
representatives in the house of assembly.

Sec. 3. The recording secretary shall keep the mi-'
nutes of the society.

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AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

59

e corresponding secretary shall carryonncor-
idence wiih other sociuliee, wiih individuals and
be gcneial commiuee, in turlherance of tbc ob-
of the society.

3 treasurer shall keep the funds of tbe society,
eburse them on the order of the president or a
resident, countersigned by tbe recording secte-
and shall make a report of tbe receipts and ex-
ures at tbe annual meeting in January.

executive committee sboll take charge of and
ute or preserve all seeds, plants, books, models,
ivbicb maybe transmitted to the society; and
Iso have the charge of all communications, de*

or calculated for publication, and so far as they
eem expedient, shall collect, arrange and pub-
e same in such manner and form as they shall
lest calculated to promote the objects of the su-

general committee are charged with the inter-
the society in tbe counlies in which they shall
vely reside, and will constitute n medium ol

inication between the executive committee and

lote members of the society.

4. There shall be an annual meeting of '.he so-
1 tbe third Wednesday in .January, in the city ol
, at which time all the oflicers shall be elected
urality of votes and by ballot, with exception of
eral committee for the counties which may
•inied by the executive committee, who shall
>wer to fill any vacancies whicb may occur in
icers of the society during the year. Rxtra
js may be convoked by the executive commit-

fteen members shall be a quorum for the
ion of business.

5. Tbe society shall hold an annual cattle
id fair at such time and place as shall be desig-
y the executive committee.

6. This constitution may be amended by a
two-thirds of the members attending any an-
geling.

nmittee of fifteen was appointed to nominate
of the society for tbe ensuing year, to report
;ling to be held at the Senate Chamber, at 3
P. M. to-morrow. Adjourned to 3 o'clock,

Feb. 10, 3 o'clock, P. M.
■ursuant to adjournment, for the purpose of
iig with tbe invitation of Ezra P. Prentice,
visit Mount Hope Farm, near this city, to
■■ beautiful and extensive herd of Improved
orna owned by Mr. P. Tbe company, some
r twenty in number, after an examination of
•t Horns and South Down sheep at Mount
'ith which they were highly pleased, were ta-
cilWr. Prentice to Mr. Coming's farm, where
sp an opportunity of viewing a portion of tbe
1 cattle and Cotswold sheep imported by Mes-
ilng and Sotham the past season.
Senate Chamber, Feb. 11, 3 o'clock, P. M.
ursuant to adjournment, H. D. Grove, Esq.,
ic vice presidents, in the chair. The com-
ippointed to nominate officers, made their re-
lich was read and accepted; and the following
;n were unanimously elected officers of the
or the ensuing year: —
oel. B. Nott. of Albany, President.

• tlcc Presidents.
itrict, Jeromcs Johnson, of Kings.

Robert Denniston, of Orange.j
Caleb N. Bement, of Albany.
Edward C. Delevan, of Saratoga.
Benjamin P. Johnson, of Oneidn.
Lewis A Morreli., of Tompkins.
Willis Gatlord, of Onondaga.
T. C. Peters, of Genesee.
.anal Members of the Execulice Committee.
i.LEXANDER Walsh, of RensseUer,
iEorge Vail, of "

Ienry D. Grove, of "

L. Linn, of Schenectady.
OHN D. -McIntyre, of Albany.
T S. RA^DALL, of Cortland, Cor. Sec'y.
P. Prentice, of Albany, Treasurer.
ER Tucker, of Albany, Recording Sec'y.
bllowing resolution was introduced by J. J.
Esq., of Rensselaer.

serf. That a committee of five be appointed to
and present, a memorial to the Legislature,
easion, praying tor an appropriation of $7,000
', for the benefit of agriculture, to be distribu-
e several County Agricultural Societies in the
$.50 to each member of Assembly, and the
I'c'^GOO to the State Agricultural Society; tbe

money to be paid to the several Societies when they
shall have raised an equal sum.

After an animated and interesting discussion, in
which Messrs. V'iele, Johnson, Root, Fuller, and
others, took part, the resolution was unanimously
adopted, and Messrs. Viele, Tucker, Bement, Mc
Intvre and Van Bergen, were appointed a commit-
tee to memorialize the Legislature for tbe purpose ex-
pressed in the resolution.

Several Reports were received from Committees
appointed at the last meeting, to report on various mat-
ters ol practical agriculture, which will be published
hereafter.

On motion of C. N. Bemeut, Esq., it was

Hcsolrcd, That the E.xecutive Committee be re-
quested to procure reports from difi'erent members of
the Society, on the following subjects, to be presented
at tbe semi-annual meeting.

1. On the most approved method of stall feeding
oxen and other neat cattle.

2. On converting green crops and other vegetable
matters into manure.

3. On tbe best method of increasing manure and
forming a compost.

4. On the proper time to cut Timothy and other
grasses, and the most opproved method of curing tbe
same.

5. On the comparative economy of employing ox-
en and horses in the usual business of the farm.

t>. On the comparative economy of potatoes, ruta
baga, carrots or beets, as food for cattle, sheep, and
swine.

7. On the relative value of apples as food for swine,
or other domestic animals, compared with making
them into cider.

8. On the best means of eradicating Canada this-
tles.

A Resolution was adopted requesting the Presi-
dent elect to deliver an Address in tbe Assembly
Chamber, in furtherance of the objects of the Society,
on the evening ot tbe aSd inst.

Assembly Chamber, Feb. 23, 1841.

The Society met pursuant to adjournment at 7 o'-
clock, P. M. The Hon. Jeremiah Johnson, Vice
President from the first District, took the chair and
called the Society to order, when the President, J. B.
NoTT, Esq., delivered an address, replete with elo-
quence and instruction, which was listened to by a
large and attentive audience with great satisfaction.
The thanks of the society were tendered to Mr. Nott,
and a copy of his address solicited for publication.

Meeting of the Executive Committee.

The Executive Committee of tbe New York
Stale Agricultural Society, met at the office of the
Cultivator, Albany, on the 23d of February— tbe Pre-
eident of the Society in the Chair. A letter was
read from P. B. Johnson, Esq. Vice President, expres-
sing his regret that he siiould not be able to attend the
meeting. Mr. J. says — " It will alTord me great
pleasure to communicate with you at all times in rela-
tion to the interests of the Society, and to unite with
the officers in such measures as ohall be best calcula-
ted to promote the interests of Agriculture in our
Slate. I hope something will be done in aid of our
objects by the Legislature; and could County Socie-
ties be established and sustained, it appears to me that
great good will result."

A letter was also read from Col. H. S. Randall,
Cor. Sec'y., accepting the office, and assuring the
committee that he will devote himself zealously and
untiringly to the cause. Hesays — "I wish you would
express to the committee the deep regrel 1 feel in not
being able to meet them. Say to them, that as one of
their body, were I present, I would counsel action, —
decided energetic action. A mere formal organiza-
tion— a nominal Society merely, is useless — nay, the
next thing to ridiculous; and unless 1 greatly mis-
take the signs of tbe times, effort on our part will be
met with more of corresponding spirit, than it has
been in preceding years."

After theappoinlmentof apartof tbe County Com-
mittees, the business was postponed, and a committee
appointed to make the necessary inquiries and report
suitable names at tbe next meeting.

A committee, consisting of Messrs. Tucker, Pren-
tice, and Mclniyrc, was appointed to report a code of
By-Laws, and Regulations for the better management
of the affairs of the Society.

Tbe following resolutions were unanimously adopt-
ed;—

1. That the Executive Committee will hold regular
monthly meetinsrs on ihe Third Wednesday of each
month, at the room No 7, Exchange Building, Alba-
ny, at 3 o'clock, P. M;

2. That to enable this Society to carry into effect
the great objects of iis formation, it is necessary to
raise the sum of $1,500, in addition to the aid expect-
ed from tbe Stale.

3. That as one means of increosing the funds of the
Society, tbe Corresponding Secretary addressa circu-
lar letter to the members of the Executive and Gene-
ral Commitlees, urging upon them the necessity of
immediate and persevering personal exertion to in-
crease tbe number of both life and annual members of
the Society.

4. That the Recording Secretary prepare and re-
port at the next meeting, a correct roll of the mem-
bers, specifying those who have paid their annual
dues, and tbe sums due from those in arrears.

.5. That the Executive Committee will decide upon
the place of holding their First Exhibition and Fair,
at their regular meeting in April; and that a commit-
tee of nine be appointed to report on the Premium
List, so far as practicable at the March meeting. Tho
committee consists of Messrs. McIntyre, Walth, Be-
ment, Randall, B. P. Jbonston, Grove, Goylord,
Morreli, and Peters; and it is expected they will re-
port individually, their views in relation to the objects
whicb should be made euhjecls for premiums.

Treatment of Peach Trees.

A respected correspondent in the State of Ohio,
says: " Two years ago lost fall, I scalded a part of my
peach trees. On removing some of the soil, the
worms were exposed in various positions; and all the
trees that I scalded at that time, were found to be free
from worms in the spring.

" Some that were scalded in the spring however,
were not benefitted. The earth was lefi round the
tree so that the boiling water stood above the part af-
lected, and proved of no use.

" .-oap suds and weak ley, have sensibly benefitted
tbe trees; and from a slight experience I have reason
to hope that brine will be found useful.

" Among tbe useless remedies tried, I will name
boring and plugging icith srtlphtr.

"Soapsuds acts like a charm on healthy peach trees;
but on such as have the yellows, it is like food in the
stomach of a dyspeptic." t

From the Journal of the Amerifan Silk Society.
Silk Culture.

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF SILK
WORMS.

Gideon B. Smith, Esq. Sir, — In June last I
tried an e.xperiment with several varieties of cocoons,
which may be interesting to the numerous readers of
the Silk Journal. The silk worms were carefully fed
and were perfectly healthy. I intended ihem for ob-
taining eggs tor the year 1841, and was anxious to as-
certain, by my own experience, which are the best
varieties. The cocoons were carefully reeled on tbe
Piedmontese reel, and tbe silk weighed with a small
copper scales.

8 oz. of mammoth white cocoons, floss on, chrysa-
lids not killed, in number 141, yielded 360 grains of
reeled silk.

8 oz. of pure white pea-nut cocoons, floss on, in
number 134, gave 359 grains of reeled silk.

8 oz. of various colored pea-nut cocoons, floss on,
in number 148, gave 323 grains of reeled silk.

8 oz. of mammoth sulphur cocoons, floss on, in
number 134, gave 327 grains of reeled silk.

1 have not succeeded in keeping silk worm eggs in
an ice-house, to batch successive crops through the
summer. Last winter I sent a quantity of mammoth
sulphur silk worms to an ice house in Newbern.^
They were put up in a box, in tbe manner recom-
mended by the Messrs. Carsons. In July, I had the
box brought down, and spread the eggs on a feeding
shelf — not one of them batched out. I am informed
the ice house was not filled until March; it is proba-
ble the hot weather in February started the hatching
process, and then putting them on ice, in March, des.
troyed their vitality. Silk Nvorm eggs intended fo." a
succession of crops, in this latitude, should be put in-
to tbe ice bouse in December and January.

I have raised about 30,000 muliicaulis mulberry
trees this year, for feeding silk worms, and intend to
give tbe silk business a fair trial before I give it up. —
My cocoonery is 120 feet by 20, a single story. I
cannot perceive why the raising of silk should nol be
a? profitable in the United States as it is in Fiance and
Italy.

I am, very respectfully, yourobd't servt.

JAMES MANNEY.

Beaufort, N. C, Dtc. 14, 184.

60

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

For the yeic Genesee Farmer.

Pleasures and Profits of" Agriculture.

Messrs. Editors — in the lasi number of ihe Gene-
see Farmer the enquiry is ninde, wbelher Agriculture
con be made profitable? Nr. Colmitn answers ibis
question in the alTirmative, so far as New England is
concerned; but the inquiry still remains, what are the
profits of agriculture in western New York, or rather,
what may be the profits uncier a correct system of cul-
tivation? The wealth of the farmer consists in the
productive power of his soil, rather than in the extent ol
his territory. The farmer who possesses 100 or 1000
acres of unproductive land may be poor. The farmer
who possesses 10 acres of land with power and skill to
manage and cultivate it so as to supply all his wonts,
is rich.

An increased fertility of the soil is n source of profit
too generally overlooked by the farmer. The great
defect in our agriculture, so far as my knowledge ex-
tends, is want of system. Any system which shall
embrace the two great principles of agriculture, name-
ly, a careful attention to the making and application ol
manure, and a judicious rotation of crops, will ensure
success. A general attention to these great principles
would raise Western New York, Willi a soil naturally
productive, to the very summit of agricultural pros-
perity, if at the same time proper attention be paid to
the rearing the best breeds ol animals. Of the system
or course ol rotation the best adapted to his soil and his
circumstances, the farmer must be his own judge. An
acre of good corn land, well manured and properly
cultivoted, will produce 80 bushelsof corn in a season.
After the corn crop is taken off. this acre will produce
20 bushels of wheat. If this acre shall be thoroughly
stocked with clover and ivell plastered, and for two
years pastured with cows and hogs, with what manure
may be made from the land, it will completely preserve
the fertility of t'.e foil, ond even increase it. Here we
have a four yeor's course, which will most assuredly
preserve the fertility of the soil. Eat the great ques
tion remains to be answered. What will be the result
of this system, as it respects profit and loss ? An an-
swer to this inquiry must determine the course of the
farmer. Two acres of clover on rich land will pasture
two cows and four hogs in the best manner, through
the season. The acre of corn stalks and the acre of
wheat straw, with 40 bushels of corn in the ear, ground
and fed with the stalks and the straw, will winter the
cows in the best possible manner. Fifteen bushelsof
corn ground with the cob, ond making about '22 bush-
els of rich provender — this fed to each of the four hogs
together with the slops from the cows, will make oOO
lbs. of pork, or more — this would give 1*200 lbs. pork
at $5 per cwt, would 6e $6J. The produce Iroin the
two cows in butter and cheese, or some of both, can-
not be less than $20 each, making $40 for the two.
The whole value of pork and dairy produce is jjilllO; the
Talus of wheatfroni the acre, at one dollar per bushel is
$20 — making the whole value of the produce of fonr
acres $120; $oO will give one dollar fiir each day's
labor, and pay all the necessary expenses, leaving $70,
or the interest of §1000 for the use of four acres lor
one season, and the soil improving at least five per
cent, per annum. Ten acres of good land cultivoted
nficr this manner, would afford a family of five persons
all the neecssai'ies of life. Forty acres cultivated on
this plan will pay the interest of $10,000 annually,
without any diminution of copitol.

However visionary the results of this system may
appear to many, it is founded on facts and principles
which every intelligent farmer knows to be correct,
and can most assuredly be reollzcd by careful and per-
scfering attention. I do not pretend that this system
is the best which can be devised; theie is such a va-
iotyofsoil, climate and circumstances, as renders it
B'poaeiblo to devise any system which shall suit them

all. If any of your numerous correspondents will
point out the defects of this system, or devise and re-
commend any other which shall be more profitable, or
which shall do more to simplify the subject of agricul-
ture and bring it within the means of all our common
fanners, he will deserve well of his country, and be
entitled to the character of a public benefactor.

Thus far I have written upon the profits of agricul-
ture. So far as respects the pleasures of agriculture
I would just observe, that the man who has a mind to
adopt a system of husbandry embracing all its great
principles, will find an employment more conducive ti
the health of his body and the peace of his mind, than
any other; and, while he stands upon his own soil, and
sees a variety of veg|table productions springing up
and coming to maturity around him, cultivated by his
own hand,' if his heart is susceptible of grateful emo-
tions, he will " look through nature up to nature's
God," and adore that power that scatters blessings
around him in such pleasing variety ond in such pro-
fuse abundance, JESSE IVES.

Homer, March nth, 1841.

For the ^'eiD Genesee Farmer.
On Cattle.

Messrs. Editors — Having spent some time this
spring in Genesee county for the purpose of purchosing
cattle for the Eastern Market, and seeing an ardent
desire prevailing among a considerable portion of your
intelligent and enterprising farmers of improving their
present stocks of cattle, I propose giving some gener-
eral hints upon that subject — more especially to those
however, who breed for the Eastern Market. For
steers and working oxen, I prefer the Devon's to any
other breed; as their fine horns and beautiful red color
united with their quick, graceful motions, give those
of the same weight, over other breeds, a price varying
from §10 to ^40 per pair more.

For cows, the Diirhams stand unrivalled for their
superior milking qualities; yet whi n we consider their
color ond coarseness of flesh and the quontityof food
consumed, they are not so much beyond the Holder-
ness, or a cross of the Duihom and i^evon and Holder-
nesB, which suit purchasers generally full cs well as
the Durham. I have frequently sold a Cherry Red
cow when driving, for full os much as I could a Dur-
ham, where the blood of the Devon was evidently to
be seen, from the fine color and horns taking the foncy
of the purchaser. But I would not by any means wish
to be understood to rank the Devon or Ilolderness in
the same class with the Durham, hut would either ad-
vise the ciois, or the pure Dnrboms (oy cows. I
would also suggest the evil which results from the too
Ircquent Diactice ol many of youi formers in over-feed-
ing their bulls of pure bloods, of either kind mentioned,
with grain, &.c. &-c., in order lo make a great show-
to their neighbois, in the size of the animol, and als.i
ill publishing the weight, ot 6, 12 ond 18 months old,
which is proof sufficient that they arc not proper ani-
mals for sires. iNlore especially where ihis practice
has been pei severed in for some two or three genera-
tions. It is generally known that the offspring of
healthy men, who live and wade in luxury, hand
down to their posterity o curse which will follow them
through life, and which cannot be eatily shaken off;
and most certainly where two or three geneiations
follow the proctice of their oncestors, their bodily pow-
ers sinking into numerous complaints incident to the
human family. So with the brute creation. And,
depend upon it, if you rear calves from bulls that have
had their digestive organs distended, the some will be
bonded down, and if not fed with the same bountiful
bond, such stock will sink into comparative insig-
nificance.

It would be much better for those raismg stock to
sec that their bulls should b6fed»well! that is, have

k

as much good hay as they wish to eat, and kept (P
the old saying is, " heart icltolc." A few roots
winter, say given as often as once a week, would
advantageous perhaps, ond ndvisable, os in winter
animols like a change from dry hoy, malung the
most "hearty."

I noticed a small stock of very fine Devons in Sh
don, in this county: also a fine Devon bull, near .
Roy: also a fine herd of Durhams, the property ol
Mr. Remsen, near Alexander, and the very fine I
von bull. Red Jacket, near Batovio, the property o:
Mr. Cone, lately from Connecticut.

All the above named cattle I would particulo
recommend to the farmers of Genesee county, as tl
have not, 1 think, been over-fed, any of them su
ciently to injure their stock. Mr. Cone assured
he had Ict'his bull run with his other stock, none
>ihich had had any food but hay ond straw. Thii
the best way to produce fine stock. For what fart
is there that can feed and nurse his whole stock ? t
what farmer is there that wishes any stock of the kii
mcnuoned, but that will improve his old stock, on
same keeping ? Rest assured that good blood will
prove your stock, but great feed to particular onirr
shoidd be condemned.

The Devons have proved themselves to the parti
lar favorable attention of the farmers genei oily, i
cepting, however, those who keep dairies,) for ha fj
constitution, standing the long winters, and ke<i{ JJ"''

as well as any other stock on the same feed.
Yours,
AN EASTERN DROVEB

Col. Sawyer's Berkshires.
To the Editors of the New Genesee Farmer:

In the last No. of your paper, (page 44,) E. Coi
asks, if the portraits given of Col. Sawyer's Berki
pigs are correct lihenesses?

In my opinion they are not correct likenesses,
pictures of the two boars are much hitter likeni
than those of the sows, bul are not exact. The
traits of the sows, alihongh intended, no doubt, •
faithful copies of the almost perfect onimals they
port to represent, I feel bound to soy, ore mere "
cy's sketches." To show the defects of the pict
would require more time ond space thon I can
command ; but the simplest observer will at one-
tect the wont of symmetry, and of true anatomici
well OS (if I may so use the expression in this vie
it) architectural proportions belonging to this prin
swine, the " Improved Berkshire" pig.

I was in Rochester a few days since, and p
visit to Col. Sawyer's piggery, where I saw some
pel feet specimens of thorough bred, and crosies t
Berkthiie. His imported sow, now about two
old, and his boar " Young Prince," from the pij
of i\Ir. A. B. Allen, ore probably as perlVct speci
of the middle sized Bcrkfhires as can be found i
countryjland can only be exceeded in st:c, hut
haps not in sijmmctnj, by a few individuals in tb
tensive piggery of Mr. Allen. Col. Sawyer b
with great skill and judgment ; and I hesitate i
say, that the originals of his Berkshire pigs far J
in perfection of points ond general excellence, th<
traits thot I have seen of them in your excellent p
\'ery respectfully yours,

Buffalo. L. F.

Note. I hove no desire in these remarks to cri
too severely, the portraits of animals that oppe
and odd so much of interest to your voluablepul
tion. The correct drowing of aniniola, is os mu'
art as thot of copying faithfully, the human foce;
this accomplishment is more rare than that of tb'
er. From the absence of patronage in this coui
few have chosen that branch of the profjssion,
is from this cause alone, that so few faithful coj
of animals are found.

fctp'o'
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^^^:^P§?-S^3'?5''i"^'=^ ' '

WHITING'S WISCONSIN PLOUGH.

"i

;a

The inventor of ibis plough, by a few yenr'e experience in the use of the common ploughs, on the prniiies in the west, become fully convinced that the renson
hy earth so generally odhert's to the mould board, i8 none other than the mould boards being so short and crooked as to form a hollow that catches the dirt instead
f a plain 0ot surface, that would receive equal pressure as it passes through the sward His next step was lo construct one so ns to ovoid the ditficulties common to
ther ploughs, without in the least impairing its usefulness. And after taking one of the common ploughs, and using it in the prairie soil until such dirt as would
aturally adhere to th; board had become fully compressed, he examined it and f)und that a perfect straight line was formed the whole distan'^e of the board, wheth-
lengihvvise or cross.vise (ns in the cut represented above) with a gradual wind to turn the award. He consequently constructed one on this principle, and expe-
ence in its use has since taught him, as well as others, that it is the best and only principle that can be adopted, whether for prairie or other soils.
Many recommendations might be given, but tne following are deemed sufficient.

The following certilicate is from the Society of Shakers at Watervliet, accompanied by an order for fourplonghs, and will show the estimation in which this
lough is held by that intelligent society of people.

" VVe hereby certify that we have tried the Wisconsin plough, ns exhibited to us for trial by Ebenezer G. Whiting, and we hesitate not in giving it the prefer-
tlca to any thing we have ever seen of the Plough kiud, both for ease and utility.

CHAUNCY COPLEY, D. A. BUCKINGHAM,

BENJAMIN TRAIN, WM. THhASHER.

Tho following is the report of the judges appointed by the Mechanics' Association of Western New York, held at Rochester, October, 1839, awarding a Di-
loma to the Wisconsin Plough:

A Gretn Sward Plough — from E. G. Whiting. This article is constructed upon strict philosophical and mechanical principles, combining many advantages
T tough, strong sward land, and those that are new and rooty, as well as those of ordinary kind, and cannot fail to br' n lnvorite article.

C. DEWEY, L. B. LANGWORTHY, S. W. D. MOORE, Judges.
The following certilicate is from Mr. Elias Cost, an extensive farmer at Oaks Corners, near Geneva, accompanied with an order for 6 ploughs:

Oaks Corners, December 15, 1S40.
This is to certify that I bought a two horse plough last summer of E. G. Whiting, of Rochester, which plough I think is the beet i ever used. In the first
lace it moves easier, and no plough can turn over the sod better. I therefore would recommend the plough to any one for a first rate article. ELIAS COST.

' References for those who have never used the plough, and are unacquainted with the above recoiumends; — Hexry Vosbl'kg, Gates; Mansfikld Parsons,
irighton; Omveu Culver, do.; Rodn'ey Lyman, Rochester; Geo. Whitney, do.; Peter Bursee, Pittsford; Isaac Mooke, Brighton; George Brooks, do,;
oiiDs Chapman, Riga.

To avoid difficulty for those who live at a distance, patterns for points will be furnished on application.

The above plough is mnnufctuicd and sold at A. J. LANGWORTHY' S Eagle Furnace ware house, Rochester; also at No 1 Buffalo-st. west end of the bridge,
y the Patentee, or SAIVIUEL RICHARDSON, Agent.

N. B. Patterns for the various sizes, furnished liy the patentee. Also Castings by the ton to Plough-wooders. E. G. WHITING.

WHiTIXG'S PLOUGH.

Messrs. Editors — In the December No. of your
iper, 1 observe an article headed "Important Plough-

g Match and Trial of Ploughs," purporting to have
:en held at Worcester by the Mass. Agricultural So-
ely; and as that report is calculated to convey an
rroneous impress:on, and unjustly prejudice the minds
f the community against my plough, you will great-
r oblige me, and subserve the cause of justice, by
ablishing the following remarks with the annexed
hallenge.

I am tho inventor of tho " Whiting's Wisconsin
'longb," mentioned in that report, and was present at
heexhibition; but as I had understood it was to be a
State exliibition, and did not go with the intention of
»inpetiiion, but merely to witness the exhibition and
«8t the draught of my plough; but being invited to
lut my plough in for trial with the others, I cheeiful-
y did so, althoughwilhout the least preparation — so
necessary on such an occasion, and used to so good
,geby others. I will not now take up your time
to detail what I deem the errors and unfair-
34Khe report of that trial, but will do so hereafter.

uiBce it for the present to say, that disinterested per-
sons who were present at the exhibition, gave my plough
« itdied pref«rence« nod together >vith hundreds

who are using my plough in this State, agree in de-
claring that the report is both unfair and untrue; and
if catilc had the gift of speech, there would be more
than human testimony to the same point.

Those who are in the habit of using ray plough,
say it runs easier than any olher plough now in use in
Western New York, doing equal execution: and no
one can persuade them that the above mentioned re-
port is correct, or any where near correct. In order
to bring the matter to a tesi however, t hereby ofTer
a reward of

ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS,
for any plough, manufactured in Massachusetts, that
will do as good work, and run (not 100 percent,,
but even) one per cent easier than mine: and, in or-
der that distance may not prevent a trial, I will meet
any person halfway, or thereabouts.

Address, E. G. WHITING.

Rochester, N. Y. March 29, Itf4I.

" The Xortheva Light."

This is the title of a large Monthly paper, just com-
menced at Albany, which bids fair to become very
popular; and, judging from the reputation of the con-
ductors, and the appearance of the 1st No. now before
U8, we can safely recommend it to such of our readers
as desire a cheap, iiistrui;ttve, and useful paper, of un-

exceptionable moral character. It is publioued in
double quarto form (16 pages) suitable for binding —
Terms $1 per year in advance. The following is an
extract from the prospectus: —

" The principal object of the publication is to diffuse
information on subjects of practical usefulness. For
the more efiectual accomplishment of this object, it ia
proposed to give it a popular shape and to afford it at
so low a rate as to place it within the reach of all
classes of readers. In this respect, it will bear a
strong analogv to some of the periodical publications
put forth in Euiope, by Societies for the D.tfusion of
Useful Knowledge. In like manner, it will be con-
ducted hy an association of gentlemen, whose co-oppr.
ation has been secured by the proprietors. The
association consists of the following persons: John A.
Dix, T. RoMEVS Beck, Gideon Haweev, Amos
Dean, Thomas W. Or.coxT, and EnvAhD C. Dele-
VAX; and the immediate superintendence and man-
agement of the publication will be assumed by the
individual first named. The character of these gf n-
tlcmen, and the fact that they may be considered ns
representing a variety of inleresis, political and pro.
fessional, afTord to the public the highest security tl at
the objects of the publication will be kept steadily and
faithlully in view.

The Dublication will embrace four distinct broncbca
ol inquiry and intelligence:

Ist. PoLiTicAi, Economy;

2d. Agriculture :

3d. Literary & Scientific MiscEtLAKT;

4th. Crf^r.ltAL I«T£t,UG£SC£."

62

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

22 o

76.

28

44.

25

14.

25

51.

19

32.

27

02.

27

78.

32

08.

23

38.

25

20.

2G

61.

25

0.9.

For the fs'ew Genesee Fanner.
The Past Winter.

Messrs. Editors — The winter which has just clo-
sed, hae been peculiar for the mildness of some part of
it. The weather has been quite uniform, though
eome severe changes have taken place. The barome-
ter has shown no great variations in the weight of the
atmosphere.

The mean temp, of Dec. 1838 was 22

" " " 1839 '

« .1 .. 1^40 '

«« " Jan. 1839 '

II a .1 ig40 "

u <• ■< 1841 <-

" 'f Feb. 1839 "

" " " 1840 "

u 1. .• 1841 '^

Mean of 3 winter months just ended,
for 1840
" 1839

The mean temperature of February, 1840, was un-
commonly high, and made the mean of the winter
somewhat above that of this year. The influence of
that warm month was felt through the spring, in the
preparation given for the early starting of vegetables.
In December, 1840, there fell in the last half of the
month, about 21 inchee of snow, and near a foot of
it on the 26th and 27th, forming the first sleighing of
any consequence.

On Jan 3, 1841, the temperature was 1 ' below zero.
(( ^ ti t( (( 4 tt It

The next half was warm; but on the 18th the tem-
perature fell to zero, and the next day was only 3
above, while the rest of the month was warm. At
the beginning of this month, snow fell 6 inches, and
the sleighing was good till the 7th, when the whole
was carried away by a sudden thaw, and on the 9ih the
ice broke up in the Genesee and passed over the Falls.
Little snow fell the last half of the month, and the
roads were smooth and fine for carriages.

Februaryl2, 1840, the temperature was at zero,and
from the 10th to the 18th was a very cold week, 'with
constant and brisk N. VV. winds; and the last half of
the mon h was considerably colder than the same part
of January. The whole month was 5° colder than
that of January. Several inchee of snow fell in the
nionih, but the sleighing was at no time good. So
much for the winter.

The first week of March has now passed, and has
been only one-tenth of a degree warmer than the first
week of February. On the 7th snow fell 14 inches
deep, and the sleighing is now excellent. The pre-
sent cold offers few indications of an early spring.

RocUesler, March 9, 1841. C. DEWEY.

Vegetable Oyster Pudding.

"A lady of no small standing," as our Wisconsin
friend says, has furnished us the following, and were
we at liberty to append her name, we are sure it would
be a sufficient voucher for the excellency of her dish.

" Having a gteatdeal of saleity or vegetable oyster,
I tried many ways of cooking it; at last I thought of
making a pudding of it — and it is very nice indeed —
fit for Queen Victoria.

"Take 1 pint of sweet cream; 3 eggs; sugar
enough to sweeten it, probably 3 large spoonfuls; a
tea spoon of salt: a spoonful of bread crumbs; a tea-
cup of grated salsify or vegetable oyster; and a quar-
ter of a nutmeg. Make some pie-crust, line a dish,
and bake it about half an hour."

Regretting that we cannot give the name of the in-
ventor of the above famous dish, we recommend it to
special notice ; and hope in future that none of our
distinguished female friends will bide their names un-
der a bushel, though it may be no (additional) honor
to them, even if appended to so Hue a dish sa the
•bove. *

A Scene in Asia Minor.

Know ye the Jand wJiere the cypress and myrtle

Are eoiljlems of deeds that are done in tijeir dime,'

Where the rage of tlie vulture, the Inve of the turle.

Now melt into sorrow, now madden to crime ?

Know ye the land of the cedar and vine,

Where the flowers ever hlossom, tlic lieams ever shine?

Where the light wings of zephyr, oppressed with perfume,

Wa.t faint o'er tlie gardens of Gul in her bloom?

Where the citron and olive are fairest of fruit

And the voice of the nighting,ile never is mute?

Where the tints of the earth, and the hues of the sky,

In color thougli varied, in beauty may vie.

And the purple of ocean is deepest in dye ?

Where the virgins are soft as the rosea they twlae

And all but the spirit of wan, is divine?

We copy the following sketch of a scene in Asia
Minor, for such of our readers as are fond of flowers,
and who have not read the " Letters from the Old
World, by a Lady of New York. It occurred on the
wild route between the Gulf of Maori and Smyrna,
about latitude 37 * , but if we make the usual allow-
ance of 10 or 12 degrees on account of the difler-
ence in physical climate on this side of the Atlantic,
we shall find no corresponding temperature in winter,
nearer than the middle ol Florida.

It is a sad reflection that lands fertile enough for
such productions, and under so fine a sky, should be
entirely deserted by the husbandman; and all this on
account of the oppressor, — froin the savage bandit up
to " the most unlicensed and remorseless despotism
that the world has ever seen." *

The party, of which this lady was one, carried
theirown tents and provisions, a cook, «&c. &c., and
encamped wherever it seemed to suit them best. Our
extract begins with the morning of the third day after
their departure from Macri. t

" The next morning a most glorious scene present-
ed itself to us, which we bad not observed in the dusk
of the evening before. We were in the midst of a
paradise of flowers of such magnificent appearance,
unusual size, and profusion of quantity, that were I
to relate to you a tythe of what I saw of these splendid
productions of nature, you might think I was draw-
ing largely on my imagination. Were I to lell you
that I had seen Olaindcr-trecs twenty-five feet in
height, you might accuse me of "drawing a bow" of
equal dimensions; nevertheless such is the fact; for
not willing to trust to our senses, nor having the
means of making a trigonometrical measurement of
their elevation while standing, we caused one to be
cut down, and found it to be of the height before sta-
ted, and the body of it six inches in diameter; about
ten feet of the latter we have brought away, with the
intention of taking it home with us. This was only
one of many, many thousands which we could see at
one glance.

" Very few stood singly, but as far as the eye could
reach, we could see them bordering each side of a
stream of water, as in Palestine, only of far greater
dimensions and in greater numbers.

" In the latter country, wo only saw them near
streams of water, but here we find them also in the
midst of the plains. But the most extraordinary and
almost incredible thing for you to realize from my
description is this : — Here wasa plain fifteen miles in
circumference, which seemed more like a land of en-
chantment than any thing that one can realize from
the limited observations one is in the habit of making
in countries where Flora is less prodigal of her lavors.
It seemed to me as if 1 was in a land where giants had
been amusing themselves in arranging and cultivating
parterres by the square mile, instead of by the square
foot, as we do.

" Distributed over this plain in all directions were
groves of Oleanders, from ten to one thousand feet in
diameter. At the outer extremes of these circles and
ovals, the trees were not more than one foot in height,
and in the centre they were of the loftiest dimensions.

" The smaller plots resembled beautiful cones,
while the larger ones appeared like mounds of roses,
80 entirely were tlicy covered with flowers. The
leaves of the larger trees measured fourteen inches in
length by two and a half in diameter.

" So delighted were we with this grand Floral dis-
play, that we coursed our horses round and round them

• B wood.

in ccstacies, plucking handfuls of flowers, and si
ing them on the verdant carpet beneath our feet

"The daybegan to waste away, and we had
yet made a mile of progress on our road; and
guide informed us that we sho\iId find subjects en
of this nature to engage our attention on every si
us during the whole day, if we proceeded onv
We then took up our line of march, and i
scenes of a far more pleasing and not less extra
nary nature presented themselves to our asion
gaze, during the remainder of our day's journey,
. " We rode through forests of flowering trees ii
blossom, of such rare beauty and splentjid inter
ture of species and colors, and of such overpowi
fragrance, that we really supposed ourselves ii
midst of " the gardens of Gul in her bloom."

"Here were the Pomcgrante, with its inci
blossom, its fully expanded bright scarlet flower,
beautiful fruit; the Myrtle in full bloom; Limt
Orange trees in b'ossom and fruit, with many ot

" VVhat are with us but mere shrubs, culti"
with the greatest care, and demanding constant o
lion, are here literally standing trees of large di
sions. Around the bodies of those are seen a
variety of flowering creepers, Honcysvclsles, J
mines, &c. &c., which reaching to the tof
branches, hang in festoons from tree to tree, so th
that sometimes it was with much difficulty we ■
make our way through them.

" Our attention was attracted to another sin
appearance in the vegetable kingdom; we rode
and found it to be a vast field of Heath and B
plants of so great a size that we could not at fin
lieve our eyes, that what we beheld was the
Scotch HeaUicr fifteen feet in height with bodies
suring six and nine inches in circumference of
wood. But upon close observation we found we
not in error. *

" The whole field which was of great extent
covered with blossoms. We saw many other fie
the same kind afterward.

' There was too much enchantment about all
scene for us to hasten from it, so we encamped
in the day in order quietly to luxuriate on the bet
of this Eden."

Cheap and Durable Fences.

Messrs. Editors — As it will soon be time
pair fences, my plan is, where a fence is to stand
out being removed, I stake out the ground,
throw two furrows towards each other, within ;
eight inches of meeting, then plough two mon
same way and lay them on the top of the oth.;rs,
plough the loose earth where the last were taken
and shovel it on the ridge and raise it about tUrei
high, between two ditches. Then lay a strait
on said ridge, by placing the bottom rails on s I
or wood; cut your connecting blocks of wood <-
two feet long and lay up the fence five or six raill il
Then stick stakes without sharpening, in the r
edge of the ditches and lay on heavy rails for ri k
and no cattle will jump or throw it down. B • ;
method you can build a lence that will stop gAfi ^
pigs, will drain the water from the field, no dfl'
will grow near it, the bottom rails will last mud l| j
get, and it is not liable to blow down.

Sliding Gates for Bars.

To obviate the inconveniences of common
take two 4 inch scantling, 5 or 6 feet long, and f
the end of the bars into them, take up your bar
and throw them away, place two stakes or posts
where your bar post stood, the thickness of the
apart, and two at the other end four inches apai
receive the frame and keep it perpendicular; mo
out at the bottom of each post so as to receive 4
rollers: bed two slabs down level with the surfa
the ground, one at the end of the other, and ;
gate is done. No longer time is required to n
such a frame than to make posts and bars, and

* !n lioudon's Encyclopa'dia of Plants, no Britlsl
is marked more than ?iro fret high ; but Ertca
is inarkeil four feef ; and E. arborea. also from the
Europe is marked Jive feet high, Oiir travelers
been very correct in their botanicoj rxainlnatronf,
genus of many snecl^o fnnd Erica tias UW) i\ iff
iiiffii:ull to avoid niittkef.

i

\o- 4.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

63

very easy to open and Bhut. It ie prefernble to a
swing goie in the winter, in a drifted enow. I have
adopted the plan many years and find it answers well.

Protecting Fruit Trees.

Build a crib round them, (drawing in towards the
top,) of any split firewood; three feet long will an-
swer the purpose, and the wood will not be lost;
place something at the top to keep the trees from cha-
fing. Such a frame will keep sheep or cattle from
injuring the trees. By keeping the land loose, the
ho', snn from injuring the bark, and the wind from
racking the trees, they will grow twice as fast.

J. SPRAGUE.

CItatauqua Co. March 1840.

For the Ifew Genesee Farmer.
Merino Sheep.

In answer to " jl Subscriber," who asks informa-
tion respecting the Merino Sheep imported from Spain
by Col. Humphrey, 1 tjke the liberty of extracting the
following from an Essay on Sheep, by Robert K. Liv-
ingston^ L. L. D., President of the Society for the
Promotion of Uselul Arts, &c., published, N. Y. 16U9.

" To Humphrey and Licingslon, their country is
indebted for that breed of sheep, which bears the ma-
terial for the finest fabrics. The former by his
poetry, has placed himself among the literary wi)rthie8
of his time, and by th.sacthas rendered himself more
worthy of pastoral celebration than any swain of Arca-
dia. The latter had by his proficiency in the law,
shown himself an upriglit and impartial Judge ; and
by this act has proved how deserving he was of the
honor of the wool-sack.

The first animals of this race, were two pair bought
in France by Dr. Livingston, and sent to New York
under the core of one of his own servants, where they
arrived in the springof 1802. Afterwards he obtained
permission to ship others, chosen from the highest
bred flocks in that kingdom, by permission of the
minister of the home department. All these derived
their pedigree from the stock given by the Spanish
monarch to L'niis 16ih, in 1786. This royal donation
consisted of four hundred rams and ewes, assorted
from the best collections beyond thePyramus; and
were conducted to their new residence under the care
of Spanish shepherds. Afterwards, by the treaty of
Basle, five thousand Spanish sheep were introduced
by the government: and out of these national flocks
was formed, by cullingsand pickings, the famous flock
of Rambouillet. Mr. Humphreys obtained his sheep
direct from Spain. A numerous flock arrived in good
health at New York — the particulars of which we in-
sert from the report made by Eleazer Goodrich, Esq.
to the General Assembly of Connecticut, in October,
1608. This gentleman and bis colleague of the com-
mittee, state — That they have carefully investigated
the facts and connected the various subjects rcterred to
them: and take pleasure in observing, that Col. Hum-
phreys, while discharging the high and important du-
ties of his public station, availed himself of the facili-
ties which his character and acquaintance in the capi-
tals of Spain and Portugal aflbrded ; and in the year
one thousand eight hundred and two, extracted from
Spain a chosen flock of one hundred sheep of the Me-
rino race.

[Here follows a statement of the committee's of the
results of their examination of these shee^, proving
their distinguished excellence, and adaptation to the
climate of this country, which general experience has
since fully corroborated. We deem it therefore un-
necessary to publish the statement, — Eds.]

Spanish il'ool was first introduced into England in
the reign of Henry H, at this time the best Englisli
■uperfine broad cloths are chiefly made of Spanish
wool.

There are two kinds of sheep in Spain distinguished
as the Migratory, and the Stationary sheep: — the
former are Merinos — they afliord the most valuable
leecee; and this superiority has been attributed to
their being exposed to a more equal temperature, ran-
ging upon tbe northern mountains during summer,
and pasturing during winter, on the plains and valleys
of the Smth. Mr. Townsend states, that the wool of
the Merino sheep is worth about twelve pence a pound,
while that of the Stationary flocks sells only for six-
penw i and thai every etiec p is retkoned to yield a elear

profit often pence lo the proprietor, after all expenses
arc discharged.

I am yours, &c.

£. Hdhphrevs.

Durham Cows, as Milkers.

The following remarks were made by Mr. Colman
during a debate on the subject of Cattle, at an Agri-
cultural Meeting in Boston, a faw weeks since: —

"Mr. Colman bad not intended to enter upon this
discussion, but he felt it due to his official relation to
the farmers of Massachusetts, to say that he had Lad
the pleasure of seeing improved Durham stock of the
Messrs. Laihrops, ol South Hadlcy, aud he thought
them eminently beautiful, and evincing great skill and
care in their management, on the part ot those gentle-
men. He had seen many of the imported animals
throughout the country; and one of the herds import-
ed for the Ohio Company, which he sow on their way,
was truly splendid, and in beauty and perfection of
form, far eurpa^sed ony thing which he had ever wit-
nessed.

He must, however, injustice, add, thatheyetvi'ant-
ed the proof of the Durham Short Horns being the
best stock for our dairies. Seven of the race which
he had owned, some full and others half-blood, had
been inferior as milkers. The quantity of milk given
by many of the animals which he bad seen, was re-
markable; the quality, in general, inferior; though
he had found some exceptions, he believed, were acci-
dental.

The Cheshire farmers, who were as distinguished as
any in the country or in any country for the produce ol
their cheese dairies, preferred tbe native stock. From
a dairy of eighteen cows, an average of 633 pounds
new milk cheese to a cow, in a year, had been obtain-
ed. He had challenged in writing and conversation
the owners of the Short Horns in the country lo prove,
by actual experiment, the dairy properties of this
stock; and he would furnish of a hundred cows of our
native stock, which had made from twelve to fourteen
pounds of butler per week, through the season. He
was far from having any prejudices against the Im-
proved Durhams. Hewasan enihusfasiic admirer of
them; but he wanted their dairy properties tested by
actual experiment. A very distinguished English far-
mer, Mr. Shiner, who had made the tour of this coun-
try, expressed his regret at their introduction, and
pronounced them in his book the poorest dairy stock
in England. We could not be said to have formed
any distinct race among ourselves, excepting the trials
made by Mr. Jaques, and a long-continued improve
ment carried on in reference to milch cows, in another
part of the State, upon which he had reported. Much,
undoubtedly, yet remains to be done, but nothing in
this respect can be eflected but by skill, extreme accu-
racy of observation, and long perseverance.

He thought the Durhams not well adapted to the
scanty pastures and negligent habits of many of our
farmers. All high bred animals require particular care
and the most liberal feed. Two of the finest oxen
ever raised in the country were of ibis stock. One,
it is believed, a full blood, from Greenland, N. H.,
weighing over 3400 pounds, live weight; and one
a half blood, raised in Claremont, N. H., and sent
year before last to England, for exhibition. His live
weight was said to be 3700 pounds; und he was pro-
nounced in England, by the best judges of stock, as
unrivalled for weight and thrift, ond eminently well
formed.

The best breeds would soon run out if negligently
or severely treated. This race were undoubtedly well
suited to the rich pastures and abundant products of tbe
West of Kentucky and Ohio. There they would
flourish. What might be done for our own stock by
more liberal keeping, was yet to be seen. He had
known a calf from a native cuw, at four months old,
to weigh nearly 4 0 pounds ; and another, at five
months old, to weigh (300 pounds. If the improved
Durham stock should prove the best for us, and he
kept his mind on this subject open to conviction, we
could at once avail ourselves of the distinguished im-
provements of half a century's skill and toil and ex-
pense, 80 liberally bestowed in England. At any rale,
the improvements which ttey had accomplished in
England, so obvious and impressive to tbe most care-
less observer, read a most important lesson to us, and
showed what might be done by skill and care, by ju-
dicious selection, by steady perseverance in a regular
system, and by liberal keeping; and presented, at the
same time, the most powerful motives to exertion and
enterprise in a branch of husbandry, acknowledged by
all 10 be of tbe first importance."

Diflereut Soils.

" Soils, Every farmer should have some general
knowledge of soils, and be acquainted with the nature
of plants, so as to adopt those he cultivates lo the soil
of his larm. This is an important branch of agii-
cultural knowledge; every plant will flourish best in
that which is congenial with iis nature; and if far
mers were acquainted »vith tbe art of adopting plants
to soils, much manure might be saved; somesoils re-
quire little or no manure to grow some kinds of
plants, whereas, to grow other kinds of plants upon
the same toil, requires much manure. "The best in -
j(^M to the nature ol soils, arc the plants that grow
■ upon it; true, the chemist has it in his power to deier-
niine the nature of soils without this natural index,
yet every farmer who knows the timber, underbrush,
and plants which a soil spontaneously produces, de-
cides at once upon its value for cultivation.

The principal soils are silicia, sand, or earth of
flints; /!«(<;, or calcareous earth; ubniiina, or clay;
magnesia, a mineral substance; with these are blend-
ed vegetable and animal matters in a decomposing or
deconipoeedstate, and saline, acid, or alkaline combi-
nation.

The nature of silicia, or sand, is dry and hot — alu-
mina, or clay, cold and wet — a proper mixture of the
two, improve both — all experience shows that manu-
ring sandy lands with clay, or clay lands with sand, is
best for grain or pulse. But it is not the best natural
soil that the farmer ought to consider, but the depth of
it. The farmer should never lose sight of these facts.
For if the richest soil is from four lo six inches deep,
and lies on a cold, wet clay, or stone, it will not 'ce as
fruitful as a poorer soil, that is deeper, or lies upon a
better stratum. It is now generally agreed that gra-
vel, if not loo compact, is the best substratum to make
land prolific.

We shall now attempt a plain description of the
diflijrent kinds of soils, by noticing their quality. We
shall begin with the best kinds of looms and natural
earths; these are either of a light blown, or hnzel col-
or; hence, sometimes called " hazel loams." They
cut smooth and tolerable easy, without adheiing much
either to tbe spade or lo the plough-share; and are
light, friable, (.crumbling,) and fall into small clods,
without cracking in dry weather, orluininginio tough
mortar when very wet.

The next best are dark grey, or sometimes called
" russet mould." But ihe worst of all natura' soils
are ihe light and dark colored. These clays may all
be known by the sight. There is, however, another,
and perhaps as equally sure a test of good clays, as
ihot by sigbl — smelling and feeling. The best
kinds of clay emit a pleasant scent on being dug or
ploughed up, especially after rain; and being a just
proportion of sand and clay inliniat> ly blended, or
mixed, will not stick much to the fingers on handling.
We would however, remark, that the best soils in the
world may be impoverished, and completely worn out
by an unjudicious succession of crops, and especially
it tbe ploughings are not frequently repeated before
the seed is sown.

As said before, plants are a good index to soils; for
we find, if we examine tracts of lands not cultivated,
we may also find that time has adapted diflerent kinS
of plants to most of the distinguis-.bable varieties of
soils; and though some belonging lo one may, from
some cause or other, be found on lands of a diflerent
quality, they seldom thrive or perfect tneir seeds so as
to become general. The great care ot tbe farmer,
ought, therefore to be, by proper mixtures, to reduce
hie land to that state and temperament, in which the
extremes of hot and cold, wet and dry, are best cor-
rected by each other; lo give them every possible ad-
vanlage flowing Itom the benign influences of sun and
air; and to adopt such kinds of plants ss liiey afford
in this state, tbe greatest nourishment to; ond
lo renew their fertility by a judicious allowance of the
most proper manures. When these things are done,
there are few spots so unfriendly to cultivation, as not to
repay his expenses and labor, with a plentiful increase.
But without these, the best of land will, in time, be-
come a barren waste, or produce little but weeds." —
Practical Farmer.

Pnying for Luxuries. — The Pocket Ship Albany,
from New York for Havre, look out $1.')0,000 in
specie. So much for an article, that might as well be
produced in this country, employing our own labor
ond capital, and furnishing a market at home for our
agricultural productions.

The annual amount of cheese sold in Cincinnati, is
estimated st 900 tons for the last six yeara>

t)4

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

Ontario Agricultmal Society.

At n meellng of ihc Executive Committees of the
B'jvernl ti.wns "of Ontario county, convened nt the
C'lurt Hoiiee in Conandai!,'im, on the 9ili inetnm, to
fix upi'n premiums lor 1641, it was agreed to award the
foll.HV.ng p.ernmms, among others, upon the article
of M-iple Sugar, that is to fay:

For the bCil ll!0 Ihs. of Maple Sugar, $^7,01)

" " Becond beat do 5,0(1

" " third bust do 3,0U

Competitors to exhibit their Sugar nt the Court

House iu Cunanrtaigun, on the third Tuesday of filay

next, at 10 o'clock, A. M.

Oi.tVKR Phei.ps, •) s,,,,i^rics.

Vi 51. OoKHAM, J

ACKNOWIEDGJIEKT.— We uc indebted to Hon. T. Kerap-
thall, .M- C, and to Hon. A. Kelsey, for sundry Interesting
documents received from thein during tlie winter.

Hatch's Sowing Machine.

Owing to the engraving not being prepared, we are
obliged to defer the description of thisinachine tiUnext
nionlU.

RlTTENHOCSE & BlACKWELl's CloVER MaCHINE.

The description and certificates respecting this ma-
chine were received too late for this month; they will
appear in our next. A. Jl. Hukd is agent, Waterloo

Pea-Nut Silk Worm Eggs Wanted.— Any per-
son in this vicinity having these eggs to spare, may
find sale for them at the Rochester Seed Store.

Wild Rice. — Another small quantity of this seed
has been obtained Irom Canada, and will be distributed
to such persons ns desire it for experiment.

Early Asparagi's.— Three bunches of Asparagus
were left at the Rochester Seed Store, March 23, from
the garden of Dr. M. Brown— Stephen Quinn, Gar-
dener.

The Lost Box FofSD. — The box of English Seed
reported to have been lost, has come to light, but
probably will not arrive before the 1st of May. Some
choice articles will then be on hand at the Seed Store

PKAR AXD t'HERKV TKEES..

DAVID THO.MAS.

OFFKRS fnrSalc tlie fullowing select kinds which ripen
ill succestiiin : —
i*EARS; .Miulelciiicor K.irly Harvest, Jiireonclir, Julienne,
Skinless, Scplenilier, t^eckelj \"irgalieu. Mostot these are
ol'J.nrge size.

OnLRRies: KnifTht's Karly Bl^ck— culled Black Tart,-.-
riaii — White Tanafian, lilack Crown, .May Duke, Transpa-
rent Gui::nj, Carnatiuu

Ornamental Plants.
Trees, shrulis, and herliaccalis perennials in greet variety,
which will be sold cheap.
Greallicld, near ,\urora, Cayugaco. 3 mo. 30. 1841.

PHI'IT TUBES, MULBEKRIES.

THE subscriber ofl'crs to the public Hip usual very large
assorlineiit, coiiiprisinE the clHiiavJl Truil Trees, of ev-
ery class, anileiuhracingall the newest varieties. Also an
iuuiiense collection of Ornaiiiciital Trees, Shrubs and Flow-
ering Plants, tlreen House I'lants, Bulbous lioola, and the
most extensive assortment of splendid Uahliasin the t'nion;

All these articles will be sold at a reduction to suit the
times, and as cheap or cheaper than they can be elsewhere
obtained, (-'or the silk culture, are ofterci the finest varie-
ties of Mulberries, which are the Circ;ission, Elata, Alpine,
iMuIlicaulis, and liroussa-, all of which are very liardy ex-
cept the .Miikicaulis, and that withstands iinli nary winters.

The Slate of ,\ew York having now granted a bounty of
g'2 per lb on .Silk, and iMassachuselts and Vermont h^jvin^r
done the same, liu^y will no doubt take the lead in this great
national pursuit. \VM. U. rUIiNCL;.

Flushing. March 7th, IfrlO,

IV. li — l*ricrd catalogues will be sent to every applicant.
Any persons who wish to establish silk plantations will be
snp'pheil with trees, payable liy a share of the proceeds.

Eruata.— (This number) Page 58, col. .'id, line 0. for miar-
lui read miitsmi. Page Oi, col. 1, for Kobeit K. Livingston,
(bad Robert R. Livingston.

E.\GLISH M.\RKET.S,
We received English papers of 1st .tlarch, by steamer
Caledonia, The flour .and grai» trade bad been quite dull,
but was thought to be reviving a little. American flour in
bond (i. c. sul.ject to duly) w.is Ms. lid. per bbl. The duty
on wheat remained as formerly, 25s. ed per quarter. The
Cotton trade at Liverpool w-s active.

NEW YORK MARKET.— M»Rcn 25.

The Cotton market continues active. The sales this morn-
ing arc Mtluu bales at full prices. 'I'here are sales of Genesee
riour at SI SI, There have been sales of Corn iitl^ccnts.
Ryeis.>'Jct3 Hops yO cts. Ashes both sorts, nominal at
Sli .Sales of c.oiiulrv Mess Beef at $S,7jaS9i Prime cmu-
mands j{j,5t)aS J,75. 15l)U kegs Western Lard sold at 7.ic.

BALTIMORE MARKET.— Marcu 18.

FLOUR — Limited sales of Howard street Flour have been
made ai S^-^'i, for good common brands. The receipt price
has adviuiceil to jjl.'ii. City .Mills Flour, 81,5 i,

GRAI.V.— Sales of Alaryhind white Wheats at 00 n 05
cents, and red at 95 a OJ cents. Some parcels of white were
eold this morning at 97 to lUUc, Sates of Maryland Oats at
25 a 27 cents, and Virginia at tl3 a '.14 cents,

CIXCIN.VATl >L\RKEr .M,iRcn 18.

ng the past week the markers on the whole have been
•hat brisker. In Pork there has l;een an increase 1

ss ; our uuotations of the article are (inner, though
at any advance, e.vceplin .Mess, of which wc can quote
at ®tl per bill. Flour is at decided tidvaucc; sates
;» been made at Iho Canal at $3,t!P. The supply of the
: is lint lighlt the imports iiy Canal during the past

lunonnted to O'lCB bbls, being some 6UU libls less than
the previous week.

The Imported English Horse, "Emigrant,"

W'ILL stand for Mares the ensuing season, at the barn of
■Mr. C Ashton, in Shelby, one mile west and h:df a
mile south from Medina, Orleans Co., where he has stood
the two l.'ist seasons.

It is but just to say that he is not probably surpassed by
any horse in Western New York. Good judges who were
I the Fair in Rochester, last fall, think that if he had been
tliere he would have taken the premium without any doubt.
His stock is rightmost llie thing, for farmers and the mar-
ket. Gentlemen who wish to raise good iiorses will do well
o call and sec.— He is cjtltensively knoivn in Livingston
ounty. T. H. ASHTO>l,

J SHERV.'OOU,
K. L, CHASE.
IMedina, Orleans Co., March 9, IPll.

ROCHESTER SEED STORE— 1841.

BATEHAM i CROSMAX, the proprle ors of this
known establishment, respectfully inform the public
they ha\e now on hand a general assortment of supe
English and American SI'EOs of the growth of lt^lt>,
other articles in iheir lirie ortjusiness.

For the F.AR.tl — choice varieties of Corn, Grain. Gr
Clover, SiC. and seeds for Root Crops, Biich as Mangel W
lel. Sugar Beet, Carrot, Ruta Baga, English Turnip, &:c

For the GARIJ}'\— all the most valuable and apprc
kinds of esculent Vegetable Seeds. Those which groi
Greater perfection in Europe, are annually imported 1
England : — such as the different varieties of Cabbage, Ci
ftowor, Broc'-oli, Radish, Turnip &c. Onion seed is obt
cd from Wetherstield, and other articles arc raised for
establishment with great care.

FLOWER SEEDS— about 200 varieties of thenio.stb
tifnl and tnteresling kinds. — (Price 5U cents per dnz. pap

ROOTS .\-\D PLANTS— Choice kinds of Potatoes,
paragus tind Pie-plant roots, Cabbage, Cauliflower and c
plants in their season.

TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS, of various kinds, fo
Farm and Garden .\nd a large collection of vali
ROOKS on subjects connected with farming and gardei
silk culluie. &c.

SILK WORM EGGS— of different kinds, on hand in
season.

JD-CATALOGl'ES gratis on .application. Mercl
supplied with Seeds at wholesale, on lilicral terms. O
from .a distance containing a remittance, or good city r
ence, will receive attention.

BATEHA.M & CROSMA

ylrcailr Hall, Itochtatir, jljrril 1, ISII,

'^* Publishers of newspapers, in WesternNew Yorl
Upjier Can.ada, who choose to insert the abow 0 times,
bsentitled to three dollars worth of seeds, on demand fl
store, or any of our advertised agencies, B. &

SAVE YOUR Ql'ILLS.

A HIGH PRICE— say 81,50 to S2.00 per thousand- will
be paid fur any ([uaiitity of good goose quills, delivered
at the Rochester Seed Store
April 1. BATEHAM & CRO.SMAN.

GR.\SS leBED WANTED.
VERY HIGH PRICE will be paid for good elean
Timothy Seed, delivered soon at the Seed Store.
Marrh 1, BATEHAM .t CROS.MAN.

A

0

,F EXCELLENT QIALITV for e.ile at the Seed
Store. BATKHAW & CUOSMAX.

March 1.

Diiri
8om*»\v
biisinr
willio

iiav

arti<!!c

WCPl

during

R

GOLD VI^E PEVS.

AT?5KD inCaniirlfi liy the orisiiinl producer of this varie-
ty, for sale nX UieSeed Store.

BATEHAM & CROSMAN.

F.it'SiTnUrs ot fjptte-s fiom George Washing-
ton^ I're-il ln:it of the Unite, I S^itt-s, ui Sir John Sm-
cf, MR. 0:1 A?ricul'.iirr.I an 1 oilmr IiiliTrs'.lus Topics I-'ii-
p'-nV'-l from orijiinut le'era. so iio to hp an exact f.iL* simile
of ihe liaiiJ writing of General VVushingtoii. IVii:i», ftl.
Forealoby 0. HOVT.

Koobcfitor, March 30, I&IU

*^ FRANK,"

tC|pvU Dialogues between a Father and Son, on the suh-
^ jects of Agriculture. Husl)an(lry and Kural Alfairs."
This inlerestiUK and instructive volume is now for sale hy
U Hoyl, State st., Rochester. The extracts puhlishcd in the
New Genesee Farmer during ilic paft year, cannot f;iil to
convince the readers of rhat paper of the value of this hook,
especially as a present for farmers' ciiihUon, or young peo-
ple in llie country.
Marek 1.

Seeds at Anburoit*

In the list of Aeents puhlipho;! last monlli, T. j\l. Hcnt.
Auburn, was omitted l»y accident.

Aticnts for the Rochester Seed Store.

AFL'LL assortment of seeds, puiupattlie Rochester Peed
Store, may he found at each of the following pUu-es
Sui)scriplioii8 will also lie received there for tlie '* Xew
Gruc^cc Farmer aod Gardener's .Journnl ."

Buffalo W & G. Drynnt.

Lockport S. H Marks k Co.

Albion, t: \V t^wan

Broi'kport, George Allen.

^^colt5vi!lc Andrus & Garhut.

Le Boy Tompkins & i^Iorgan.

Balavia, A, \W). Verplanck.

Attica R. &N. Wells.

Warsaw V..\i. Bascom.

perry ..L. B. Parsons & Son.

INlonnt Morris, R. Sleeper.

Nunda * W M. Chipman,

Geneseo J.F.& G.W.Wyman

Canandai(;ua, , T B. i1a^'e».

York R. H Frnich,

Geneva A lleniinp

Waterloo Abrum Deuel.

Auliurn T. M, Hunt,

Palmyra Hoyt A: Mn\.

Syracuse T B. Fitch'& Co.

l'tic:i I. I-i. Warner.

Osvegi DCanfield

Han ilton J A. IMott.

Coojierstown E^. Double'Jav.

BATKUAM & CnOSAIAN.

liochc^tr Set J Store, Mftrcb 1., ,

MOUNT HOPE GARDEN & Nt'RSEK}

ST. PAL'L STREET,

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK.

THE Proprietors of this estaliMshment offer for sa
extensive assortincni of Fruit and Ornamental '
Flowering Shrubs, Green House Plants, Bulbous F
Roots, Double Dahlf lis. A:i-. Ac

Gardens laid out, and Gardeners furnished on reas(
notice. — Persons retiuiring information on any sulijec
nccieil with Ihc business, will receive a prompt reply.

All orders, letters of inquiry, &.c. must be aildressed
paid) directly to us.

Trees, Plants, &c., will be carefully packed, so thi
maybe carried to any partof tliecoutitry in safety, and
ages will be marked and siiippcil as may he tlesiguated
order,

^*er^'onB with whom the proprietors are nnacqnalnli
ref^uested to give as.itisfactory reference, or name yon
eon in the citj of Rocliester, who will suaraiitee tb
ment. EL.LW ANGER ic. UMi

Rochester, Dec. 1, I&IO.

Cf

w

AGENCY FOR PERIODICALS,

M. A. HERRICK, No. 01, Uuffalo St., opposite
Hotel, Rochester — .^.gelit for
Godey'a Lady's Ftook,
Grahiim's Gentleman's and Lady's Mogoziae,
Ijittell's s^cleet Reviews,
The New \ orkcr,
The New World.

ROCILESTER PRICES CURRENT

CORRECTED FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FARMEK, APRIL 1, V

WHEAT pef bushel,

CORN " ...

OATS,

BARLEY

RYE

BEANS, White,..
POTATOES, ....
APi'LES, Desert,.

" Dried,... " 75.

CIDER, barrel, lOO'.

FLOUR, SupcrCiie, " 4,12*.

" p'irtc,

S^LT,

PORK, Mess

79 o $

37i

25

:i7.\

50".

62J

2a

•ss

Prime,
Hog,

100 lbs..

. o, / o .

. 2,00

.10,00.

.. 8,00.

.. 3,75,

BEEF " 4,00.

POULTRY per pouikI. 8.

EGOS,

BUTTER, Fieeh,
" Firlun

CHEESE, " ..

LARD, " ..

TALLOW, Clc^ar,.... " ..

HiDES, Grerii " ..

SHEEP SKm.S ench,..

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.
POT, " ....".

WOOL, pound,

HAY, ,0,,,

GRASS SEED bushel,

CLOVER, " " .

FLAX " " .

PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton,6,00,
» bttllifat WheBtl3nd)3,60

••I

. .per dozen, 19i..
per poundlSJ.,
. " ... 10..
. " ... 6..
. " ... 7..
. " ... 8..
. " ... 5..
87i..

5,00..

4,.-iO..

M

..7,00.,

..1,.^0.,

..6,00..

75..

^MJMMdMSS^.

M. B. BATEHAM,
C. F. CRUSAIAN,

Proprietors.

VOIi. 2.

KOCIIESTER, MAY, 1841.

,,„ ^ > JOllM J. TUO»

MAS,

l>iJUIiSSilIEl> MO.\THL.Y.

TERMS,

FIPTV CENTS, per year, pnyahle always in advance.

Post iMaslcrs, Agents, and others, sendinit money free of
postajie, will receive seven copies for $y, — Twelve copies fur
ff5, — Ticcnlf/-five copies tor ®I0.

T/ie poatajfe of Ihis paper is only one cent to .iny place
within this state, and one and a lialf cents to any part of
the Tiiiled States.

Address DATEHAM A, CnOSMAN, Rochester, N. Y.

'X S'

CONTENTS OF THIS NTTMBER.

Publishers' Notices. Hints for the month. Gardening, 6j
Wonders of Horticulture.'* Cultivation of Daidias —

Portraits of .Animals. Cohhie Stone Uuildings GO

craps : L,ar^e Ox — Quality of Fuel — Cure for Bots—
Grain Worm — South Down Sheep — Draining — The
Phifosopher's Stone Found! — Saw-dust as Manure — Uo-
han I'otato — White Carrot — Corn Husking .^lachine —
Durham Cattle in Encland, Canada Feed of Durliam
Cows. The Peach Worm and the Borer 6T

Clover Machines. &c. Low Prices not heneticial. The
Flowers of Spring. Bots and Horse Bees 6?

TheCurculio Sugar Beets for Cattle, 4:^. Crop of Corn 69

Wasliin^lon's Letters on Agriculttire. On the Value of
Live Stock with relation to the weight of Otlal 70

Geology of Pennsylvania. Letter from AVisconsin. l\Ii-
chigan Coal 71

Monroe county Agricultural Society .^Meeting. Legisla-
tive Aid. Organize the Societies. Horticultural .Aleet-
illg. The Season and the Crops. Inquiries: Larv.T in
Cattle— Poultry— Hemp— Tohaccco —Wild Kite— Beet
Sug.ir — Cure for Spavin — State Bounty on Silk Ex-
tracts from Corresponflcnce. Culture of Asparagus and
Rhuharh 72

The Arahian Horse (Engraving). Cultivation of the Fil-
hcrt. New Drill Barrow. The Late President. Oflicial
Reconmicnilation 73

Kxcresi-eiices on Pluin Trees. Woolen IMaimfactures —
Tariff, &c New Trees and Shrohs. Decayed "Turnips 74

Influence of Solar Eclipses on We.athcr. Ripening Pears.
To the Ladies 75

Experiments with Potatoes. Indian Corn. Berkshire
Pigs. Cross Pear. The Season. Education of Farm-
ers' Children, Xo. 4 70

Mr. Earl's Stock Holkham Hall. Spring. Poetry, &c.
Hessian Fly and other Wheat Insects ', . . . 77

Artesian Well at Paris. Farmer's Irrdependent Condi-
tion, &c. British Corn Laws— T.alde of Duties. Castor 78
Oil Bean — Sunflower Seed, &c. Countervailing Duties.
To render Wood Imperishahle and Incomliuslible. ... 79

Beports of the Markets, Advertisements, &c 60

Tlien, hnving got your teams, all in good condi-
tion, and youi' ploughs and other implements, nil of
the beet kinds, and in fine order, you can begin \vilh
eonie sntisfaclion.

Plough rodl — if the ground be already broken,
plough very narrow slices — it will look much better,
and be much better for it.

Let all crops be well put in.

Apiily all your manure — sufTer none to be idle — suf-
ier none to waste.

IMaiit corn carhj. To keep off the crows, warm the
seed before planting by hot water, then pouj^on a lit-
tle lar, which will finely coat it while thus warm,
then roll it in air-slacked lime. This is experience.
The crows will "beg off."

Plnnt the rows perfectly s<ra«g/(«. Then the culti-
vator will run well between.

Put in plenty of root crops — carrots — sugar beets,
mangel wurtzel — turnips, — and so forth. They mnke
fat cattle — aitd a fat dairy. IIow many there are in
this region, who would have been glad a few days ago
to have had an odd hundred or two of bushels, to
have filled the mouths of their hungry and starving
cattle, in the absence of the last morsel of hay. O,
one word about carrots — get seed of the nac white
kind — they are much more productive — and much ea-
sier harvested — we have tried them.

Get your ground ready for ruta bagas by mamirin".
and then ploughing and harrowing repeatedly between
this and the time they are planted. This puts the soil
in first rate order — kills weeds — and lessens subse-
tiuent labor exceedingly. *

™

Take Particular Notice.

O" No subscriptions for this paper are received for less
than one year, and all niu.st conniience ^vith the 1st No.

O" Volume 1, stitched in .a cover with index, &c.,can still
be furnished — price. 30 cts.

inT" No commission, or deduction of price can be allowed
to Agents if the money sent is more ihan 5 percent, discount;
and if over 10 per cent, discount, the money will be returned,
(Michigan is 'it, and Indiana lo.)

O^" Subscribers who wish to change the direction, or send
»ny instructions concerning their papers, are requested to do
BO through their postmasters, or pntj the pc/stttn-e. Those
who send us unpaid tetters, wlilcli are of little or no beiieli.
to us, must not complain if they do not receive attention.

Ilj" Our friends will please rcmemlier that this is a very
busy time with us, and letters are sometimes so numerous.
that a little delay on our p.art is unavoidable, especially as
Mr. Balcjiam's health is not very good.

Hints for the Month.

This is the montli for the farmer to be wide awake.
There is " oceans'' of work to do, as our friend down
east would say, and the farmer must not relax his for-
ces, if he would plough through this ocean by the end
of the mmth — something more will bo required than
ploughing the soil, all important as this may be.

As good and efficient teams ore of the first conse-
qtiencp, let all your horses and oxen, be very carefully

";en care of; — well and regularly fed, — well and

_ ilarly watered,— and rcguhirhj, but mo:leratcly
worked. A bushel of oats, well fed, wiU doP more
good than two buihela, f»d improperly.

Gardening for May.

The Benson is remarkably backward, and but little
if any work has yet been done in gardens in this vi-
cinity. The weather has been quite cold during the
past month, but there is now some prospects of its
being warmer, and danger from frosts is mostly over.
Let no time be lost in sowing or planting the early
hardy kinds of vegetables, as mentioned last month.
This done, and all danger from frost being over, pro-
ceed to put in the more tender kinds, and such as are
intended for fall and winter use. For the benefit of
new subscribers, and to refresh the memory of old
ones, we repeat some of the directions given for Moy
last yeor.

Beans. — The early kinds may be planted early in
the month, and the Inte kinds about the lOlh or l.'ith.
The Lima Beans require a warm, fandy soil, and
should not he sown during wet or cold weather, as
they are liable to rot.

Beets, Carrots^ ParsnipSj Onions, SfC., may now
be sown for tlie main crop. Those sown Inst month
should be thinned out as soon as the plants will per-
mit. Stir the ground Irequcnily, and be careful to
keep it clear from weeds — now is the time lo kill them
easily, and n few days' neglect iriay spoil the crop.

Broccoli, Caidijlowcr, and Cubbiige plunls, raised
in hot beds, if of sufficient size, should be transplant-
ed into the open ground early in the month. Take
them up carefully, and immediately immerse the roots
in mud, to prevent their drying : this renders it unne-
cessary to defer the operation till a rainy day. The ear-
ly York and other siriall cabbages, need not be set

more than half the distance apart of the Drumhead
nnd the Cauliflower. These ought to be three feet a-
pnrt, and on very rich land. The. Purple Cirpe Broc.
call is an excellent vegetable, and easily raised. Tbo
seed may be sown in the open ground; early in May,
nnd if the soil and cultivation are good, they will head
finely in autumn. Winter cabbage may also be sown
now.

Cmdljlower seed may also be sown in the open
ground early this month; and if a favorable season, it
will do well.

Celery if sown early in a hot-bed, will now need to
be transplanted in a nursery bed, where it can gain
size and strength, and be fit for setting in trenches
next month. Set the plants four inches apart and wa-
ter frequently. Shade from hot sun till rooted.

Tomato, Egg Plant, and Pepper, should be remo-
ved from the hot-bed about the middle of the month.
If the plants are getting large, they moy be removed
curlier, but must be proteced during cold and frosty
nigl'ts. Egg Plants and Peppers require rich land;
a light, eandy soil is best for Tomatoes — if it is rich
anil iiioist they run too much to vine, and do not bear
well.

Turnips.— Sow a litile of the Early White Flat
Dutch Turnip, as soon as may be, and if the soil is
free from worms they may do well. Sow again the
latter part of the month.

Radishes may be sown now, nnd repeatedly during
spring and summer.

Lettuce should also be sown often. Transplant
some of the earliest sown, in order to have fine largo
heods for summer.

Peas. — Sow iNlarrowfat, and other large kinds re-
peatedly, during this and next month.

Indiun Corn. — Plain some of the early golden va-
riety as soon as possible — if jt escapes the frost oil is
well. Plant some Tuscarora and Sweet Corn as eorly
as danger from frost will permit; and again about the
last of the month.

Melons, Cacuvihers, and Bqunshcs. — Plant early
in the month, for early use, and about the l-'ith for the
main crop. If planted on highly manured lidges or
mounds, they will bear much better than in the ordi-
nary way, especially if the ground be cold and heavy.
FUncer Seeds may now be sown in the open ground.
Those forwarded in hot beds should be transplanted
about the middle of the month.

Watering. ~X)o not neglect watering in dry weath-
er— it should be done in the evening, so that the water
may sink in — not dry up.

Agents for tlie Rochester Seed Store.

A FULL assortinentof seeds, put up at the Rochester Seed
Store, may lie fuuud .-a each of the following places.
Subscriptions will also he received ihrre for the '* Now
(jcnesee Farmer and Gardener's .lournal ."

ButTalo W. .t G. Brvant.

Lockport, S. H Marks it Co,

Alliion C W Swan

Brockport George Al'en.

Scottsville, Andrus & fJarbut

Le Roy, Tompkins ,V Morgan.

Batavia 1. V. D. Verplanclc.

Attica K. Sc N. Wells.

Warsaw, I-'. R. Bnsconi.

Perry, L. B. Parsons &. Son,

IMonnt I\lorri? R. Sleeper.

Niinda, . . . . W M. Cbipman.

Geneseo J. F.A^ (V.W.Wyman

C;uiandaigua, .T H. Haves.

York R. II French.

Geneva .\ Hcmiup

Waterloo, .Alirimi Ilencl.

Auburn T. M. llont.

Palmvra llo\ t ..t AL-iy.

Syr.acuse, T. 1!. Fitch .t Co.

rtie^n .I.E. Warner.

OswCiO D Cr.nfield

Hamilton .1 A . IMott.

Coopcrslown, ..S. DouMed.iv.

HATEUAM & CUOSMAN,

RodieUer Seed Store, March I.,

66

THE x\EW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

" Wonders of Horticulture."

An exchange paper credits the Gardener's Gazclte
for the following extract, which we copy for the pur-
pose of comment : —

" Few would suppose that the pench (from which
branched the nectarine) hud its origin in tbe wild (I )
lime. That favorite edible, celery, springs from n
rank and ncnd root, denominated Bmallage, which
grows in all sides of ditches, and in the neighborhood
of the sea. The hazelnut was the ancestor of the
filbert and the cob-nut, while the luscious plum (2)
can cloim no higher source than the sloe. P>om the
Bonic [sour ?] crab (S) issues the golden pippin."

(1) What is the wild limet In England, where
we suppose this article was written, the linden (Ti/iuJ
iscallcd thelime tree; and hence Cowper in enuruera-
ting their forest tree?, mentions

the Ume at dewy eve

Diffusing odors

but we can hardly think the Gazetteer could imagine
there was much resemblance between a basswood and
a peacli tree. So we turn to the CUiiis limctta ("the
lirae of which punch is made,) but find ourselves no
nearer to a solution of the difficulty. The lime is a
berry of 9 cells — the peach a fleshy rind with o hard
Btone in the middle. Such a change would be trans-
mutation indeed I and Botany would be no iongw a
science ; but such a change never happened.

(2) The plum ( Pninus domesfica) is a distinct
species from the sloe (P. sp'mosa;) and neither
Ray, Linnmus, nor any other botanist of whom we
have any knowledge, has ever imagined them to be
nearer akin. It is absurd to talk of one species
springing from another.

(?,) Onthis point, tbe Gazetteer has authority onhis
eidc; but we believe nevertheless that he is in an error
Riy considered the English crab-tree or wilding, a
distinct species from the cultivated apple; and we
think no good reason can be given by modern bota-
nists fur confounding ihcro together. The perma-
nent characters of these two trees, (as given by Per-
soon and Gray,) show that they differ more than sev-
eral other species of the same genus whicli are admit-
ted to be distinct by all botanists. We subjoin those
characters :—

Crab-trek. * Leaves ovate, acute, villous under-
neath; styles bald; fniU the size of a chestnut, aceib,
astringent, austere.

Apple-tree. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate,
glabrous; styles villous; fruil more or less sweet.

Now if we compare these differences with the diffe-
rences between some other species, we shall find them
very lull and ample. For instance — Pijrus Pollceria
diflers from the common pear (P. communis J in ba-
ving doicii on the under side of its leaves ; while the
True service tree (P. domestica) is epeciticnlly dis-
tinguished from the Mountain Ash (P. auniparia)
by its leaves being villous nnderneaU^ while those of
the latter are smooth on loth sides.

It may be proper to explain that all seedlings of the
apple are called icildiiigs in some parts of England;
but such is not the wilding whose character we
have given, and which Sir Humphrey Davy says
^^ always produces trees of the same kind — all hear-
ing sour and diuLinvtieefruii."

To distinguish varieties from species sometimes re-
quires more expanded views than botanists have al-
ways taken. They may be minutely correct on many
points, and yet fail to grasp the most important fea-
ture. Does a plant spread into many varieties like the
apple — then there is a danger that some of these may
be exalted into s/«oc5; but if it differs essentially in
its leaves, its blossoms, and its fruit; and pertinacious-
ly adlieres to its primitive character like the English

• N<it tlic Crab ap;ilc of tliis country (V^rus cvrvnaria)
which iB entirely distinct from botii.

Crab-tree, without any approach towards any other
kind, — then we may be satisfied it is not a variety h\i\,
an original species.

The triumphs of Horticulture are surely sufBcient
without straining alter wonders, and traversing ihere-
gions of romance. t

CuUivation of DahIia.s»Bone Dust.

I have been a cultivator of Dahlias for several
ycarf; but it has only been within the two past
seasons that I have succeeded to my entire sntiefac-
tion. My usual mode of preparing the ground, was
to dig holes of sufficient Eize, and then to fill up
with mould and rotted raonure, properly mixed. Un-
der this treatment a portion of the plants would flow-
er early; ond others, of a later habit, not until autumn.
The early flowering ones were apt to become exhaust-
ed, and to produce a very scanty display in the fall ;
while the later varieties were seldotn covered with a
free bloom. On the whole, my success was indifier-
ent.

For the two past season, however, my success has
been complete. I had the ground prepared as former-
ly; and in addition to the manure, I made use of a
small quantity of horn shovings or bone dust — about a
pint or a quart to each hill — well incorporated with
the soil and manure. The growth of the plants was
most luxuriant from the time of sprouting. They at-
tained ffvery great size without ever being watered,
and were covered with a profusion of flowers from
mid-summer until frost. There was also a corres-
ponding developement of the roots. Many of the
branches, taken as they grew, would nearly fill a half
bushel measure.

I have found the bone dust to be an excellent ma-
nure for all tiibeious rooted plants. Nothing that I
have ever tried has produced me such crops of Irish
Potatoes. Tap-rooted vegetables pre also much im-
proved by it, — as the beet, parsnip, salsify, carrot, &c.
It is no less valuable for all the cabbage family, inclu-
ding turnips. T. S. P.
Virginia, 3 7no. 20, 1811.

Portraits of -\uimals.

Few appear to be aware of the great importance of
the most rigid exactness in delineating animals. The
faccof ahnraan being, that the individual may be re-
cognized, must be drawn with the nicest accuracy; a
nose a little too short, or a mouth a little too twitching,
spoils the whole. The man who cannot distinguish
the portrait of George Washington from that of
Deidrich Knickerbocker, or Louis Phillippe from
Jack Downing, pays but a poor compliment to the
painter. But in some of our agricultural journals, in-
dividual animals are not only wretchedly represented,
but it is sometimes even difficult to tell even to what
race they belong. The portrait is the representative of
the animal, in its absence; let it not therefore deceive.
Skinner, of the American Farmer, very justly objects
to a figure of a short horn cow in the Cultivator, with
a body, he says, weighing about one thousand pounds,
standing on four spermaceti candles ! The owner of
the cow has since published another picture, still
worse than the former, intended for a cow, but the
body certainly looks more like a tightly stuffed wool-
sack. We must also come in for our share of criti-
cism— a fine cow appeared on our pages, with the
legs very much as if squeezed into gun-cases; and
even the figure of tbe cow "Jessamine," in our March
number, though the general otuline is very correct, by
some fault between the droughtsmon and engraver,
has one fore-leg represented like a board tacked on to
her shoulder with ten-penny noils. It is better not to
attempt figures of animals unless they can be executed
in the very best style for life and accuracy. Turn to
Youatl's tieatise ou cattle, and take his representation

I

of the Old Craven Bull, Lord Althrop's two short
horn cows, and the head of " Firby," as models.
There is one journal in this country, which deservet
especial commendation for its figures of animals — th*
Farmer's Cabinet. Mony of them, it is true, oreco. fi:
pied from English books on cattle, but those drawn i^'
by Woodside, of Philadelphia, who is first among llw
first of animal painters, are worthy of all praise. Ill'
deed we have not seen a badly drown figure in the
whole work, since in the hands of the present proprii

km
ii.«

lii

Cobble IStone Buildings.

The first cobble stone buildings that I remember
have seen were at Pittsfoid in INlonroe county, near!
twenty yeors ago; and from the rude oppearance i
the work at that time, I have supposed the art waj
then in its infancy; but perhaps some (jcntleman of thai
neighborhood will furnish a sketch of its history.

About six years ago the first building of that di
cription was erected in this qnar'er, one mile east
Aurora; ond in my opinion the walls are more beail'
tiful than brick. The beauty of such structures how.
ever, will mainly depend on the size and color of th«
stone, though the color of the sand will have an influ-
ence.

If the stone and sand ore both dark colored, tb ^
building will have a lurid aspect; for the proportidl ^^
of linre in the mortar (one-eighth or one-ninth) is lot
small to whiten it sufficiently; but if the sond be (
light gray, the contrast of the colors with dark stone,
will be pleasing.

Cobble stones of any size not exceeding six inchet
in diameter may be used; but for the regular coursei
on the outside those of two inches in diameter thnult
be preferred. Smoll stones give the building a mucl
neorer ospect. Two inch stones arc very neot, thougl
three inch stones will answer. The inside row o
stones may be twice as large as those on the outside.

Tbe mortar is composed of one bushel of fresl
stone lime to eight or nine bu~hels of clean shar]
sand. As the strength of the building depends on th Jii
goodness of the mortar, it is very imporlont that sani
of the first quality should be obtained. Yellow sand-
or any sand that conlaii s clay should be rejected •"
Gray sand is sometimes found so pure os not to die iki
color the water into which it is thrown; and sucl ,„;
should be procured if possible.

Monor that has been made some weeks is gencrall;
preferred. Some masons ore particular to reduce th
lime to a thin paste, and then while it is hot to oppl; i b'
the sand.

The thickness of the wall is sixteen inches, ihongl
twelve inches will answer very well fur the gable end
above the garret floor.

When the foundation, or cellar wall, is leveled om
prepared, a loyer of two (or two ond a hr.if) inch s o
mortar is spread over it; and the stones ore prcssci
into the mortar in two rows wh'ch mork the outsidi
ond the inside of the woll, leaving about on inch be
tween each adjoining stone in the same row. If ihi
wall is to be grouted, the two rows ore formed inti
two ridges by filling the vaconcy between the stone
with mortar, and the space between these two ridge
(about a foot in width) is filled with such stones a
are not wanted for the regular courses. The grout i,
then applied. If tbe wall is not to be grouted how
ever, the mortar should be carefully pressed round ev
cry stone, making the wall solid without Haw or in
terstice. When one course is leveled begin another.

Between every two adjoining courses on the out
side some have the mortar to project as far out as the
stones, in o Fcgular line round the building It ii
wrought to an edge with the trowel, ond adds to thi
neatness os well as to the strength of the woll; for du
ring this process the mortor is pressed round eacl
stone; and the smoother it isinade the stronger it wil
be, and the better will it resist disintegration.

It has generally been the practice to hove the cor-
ners formed of cut stone; but in a two story buildin|
erected hist season within a few miles of us, this ex-
pense was ovoidcd by rounding the corners ond usinf
cobble stone. The cut stone is not the only sovingbj
this plont however, much of the mason's time is con-
sumed in laying such corner stones.

On the first mentioned building, the workmen were
employed by the day. Four walls, amounting to one
hundred and forty-six feet in length, were commonly
raised eighteen inches every day by three masons.
This is a little short of ninety-nine cubic feet of woll,
or SIX perches to each workinon. Souieliincs in douif
weather they had to stop awhile for the mortar to set.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

67

Till' buililing erected last scnsnn wns contracted for
1 Uh- percU at tUiny-eeveii ami n half cents; and bnlf
, tins sum additional, was allowed for the tender.
IV walls, however, were groulcd — thntis, all the in-
,tiL03 between the atones were filled with liquid
I r I'll; and this substance must have more time to set.
r tins reason not more than three courses a day can
hud in dry weather; and not any when it ia sUosv-

V.

It requires from ten to twelve bushels of sand to a
re ii besides the lime when made iuto mortar; and
stones lie in a heap when thrown from the wag-
■ ut as compactly os they do in the wall.
1, roliljle stone buildings are so cheap as wood, as
e of those proprietors believes, they will be much
eaper in the long run; and ihiswill beevident when
consider the freqeent paintings which are neccsBa-
to keep a frame house in dccout repair.
P. S. Since writing the above, I have received
0 communications from persons who have had cob-
5 Btones houses erected. One says, " the thickness
the wall is measured from the outside of the stones,
eces of timber, four by si.'i inches and two feet long,
e used for setting the lines. These are laid in the
urses just tim.«hed, and the line is drawn through
w-cutBJust si.xteen inches apart.'*
The other s.iys, "The cost of cobble is about one-
tth less than brick; and probably one-quarter or
e. third less than wood, — on the supposition that the
nes may be had within a mile, and sand within two
da half miles." It must be evident, however, that
e.\pense of cobble, brick, wood and stone, must
Tor considerably in diflerenl places, according to the
ices of those materials and the distances they have
be carried. — Alb. Cultirutor. D. T.

Greafjteldj Cayuga „o.

Scraps,

COXDENSED FROM EXCHANGE PAPERS.

Large Ox. A late number of the Farmers' Cabi-
t contains a good portrait of the ox "Pennsylvania,"
iroes between the Devon and Durham, eight years
1, lately slaughtered at Philadelphia, which weighed
len alive, 3,330 lbs., or more than a ton and a half.
e was sold for the enormous sum of fifteen hundred
liars. He was only 400 lbs. less than the weight of
e celebrated " Durham ox" in England, the owner
which refused two thousand guineas for him; and
ly about half a ton less than Dunhill's great York-
ire ox, which perhaps stands at the head of the list
this kind of monsters.

QoALiTV OF Fuel. According to the experiments
Marcus Bull, of Philadelphia, the following are the
tantities of different kinds of wood required to
row off an equal quantity of heat — all to be well
•ttsoned.

Hickory 4 cords,

White .ak 43 "

Hard maple, C§ "

Soft maple, 71-5"

Pitch pine, 91 7"

White pine, 91-5'

Anthracite coal, 4 tons.

BoTS IS Horses. A dose of molasses, is said, on
ae authority of experiment, to be effectual.

GraIs Worm. S. W. Jewett, of Middlebury, Vt.
hinks, from some e.vperiments he has made, that the
:rain worm may be successfully repelled from wheat
ields, by making use of the peculiar and intolerably
Il-ecented lluid emitted by the skunk, for that pur-
lose.

Sooth Down Sheep. E. P. Prentice, near Alba-
ly, sells these for $'20 to $50 each.

Draixin-g. Judge M'Call, of Allegany county, by
tneans of underdraining, raised last year a good crop
}f spring wheat, at the rate of 2o bushels to the acre,
irhere the year before the land produced little else
than the coarse water grasses. He constructs under-
dtains in soft ground by placiTig two pieces of plank
on edge at the bottom of the ditch, securing their po-
sition on edge by stakes driven inside, and covering
with ft ilab. Small notches ar« cut in the upper edge

of the plank for theadinission of water. A more sub-
stantial way, and adapted to quicksands, is to lay a
slob in the bottom, scantling on each edge, and anoth-
er slab at top.

The Phii-osophek's Stone found. McDuffee, in
his late agricultural address, speaking of John Ran-
dolph, of Roanoke, says, " In the midst of one of his
splendid rhapsodies in the Senate of the United States,
he paused, and fixing his eyeson the presiding olKcer,
exclaimed, ' Mr. President, I have discovered the phi-
losopher's stone. It consists in these four plain Eng-
lish monosyllables: Pay as you go.' "

Saw Dust, is converted into manure, by the Sha-
kers of Canterbury, N. 11., by using it as litter for
stables. It has a very decided advantage over straw,
in the case with which it mixes with the soil while the
manure is yet unfermented.

Rohan Pot.vto. H. D. Grove, in the Cultivator,
fives the result of an" experiment to test the relative
productiveness of the Rolian and JVIerino potato.
The soil was in fine condition, being similar in quality
for each variety, but the Rohans received the most at-
tention. The Merinos yielded at the rate of 550 bush-
els to the acre, and the Rohans only 2G3 bushels. We
have observed in nearly all accounts of the productive-
ness of the Rohans, statements of the rate of increase
from the seed merely, and not the rale per acre.

White Carrot. A late number of the New
England Farmer, contains several statements of the
value of this new variety. It grows partly above
ground, somewhat similar to the mangel wurtzel. In
one experiment, the same number of men, that har-
vested in 1839, eighty-two bushels of the orange car-
rot, harvested in lS-10, one hundred and eighty-four
bushels of the white. Tw-o prize crops, one of the
vellow, and the other of the white, yielded 23 tons to
the acre, of the former, and 38 tons to the acre, of the
latter variety. Another crop of the white yielded 2G
tons to the acre. Another, of 4 acres, yielded at the
rate of 1300 bushels the acre.

Corn husking machine. The American Farmer
contains a figure and description of Goldsbnrough's
Corn Husker and Sheller, and according to the state-
ment of Robert Sinclair jr. & Co., the manufactu-
rers, 700 bushels are husked and shelled by it in a day,
or 1200 bushels shelled, if previously husked. The
husks, (stripped ill fine order for matress makers,)
cobs, and corn, all pass out together. A boy will rake
the busks and cobs from the corn as fast as discharged.
The machine is on the principle ot the common
thrashing machine, with o spring concave bed set with
fluted rollers. The cost, separate from the horse pow-
er, is $35. The manufacturers expressly guarantee
them to perform as represented.

Durham Cattle in England. The following
prices were obtained for fine animals of this breed at
the Earl of Carlisle's sale Inst autumn. One at 110
guineas (about $500;) two at 150 guineas (about
.■s^OO;) one at 320 guineos (about $1500; and one at
415 guineas «( over $l9i)0.) It was from the Earl of
Carlisle's stock, the famous bull Rarer, formerly be-
longing to Thomas Weddle, was obtained, and from
i which most of the fine young animals of T. Weddle'e
stock in this country, originated. *

It is said thot there are there vast swamps of red
cedar, (Juniperus Virginica : ) that under the
earth in these places for many feet in depth, are found
large trunks of those trees, apparently of antidcluvian
growth, and perhaps of a much warmer climate than
in the present day. On this side of the lake our ce-
dar swamps are filled with the white cedar only, an
entirely different genus ( T/ivja occidcntalis.) Our red
cedar is confined to the East bank of the Cayuga and
Seneca lakes. S. W.

Canada«

Messrs. Editors — Will not some of your Canadian
subscribers give us a sketch of the rural productions
of the country, its soil, climate, geology, &c. As
we have no primitive rock cxcepfthe erratic boulders,
wliich have been swept over our country from the
North, we incline to the belief that the geology of the
North side of Lake Ontario must abound in primitive
rock in-situ.

Feed of Durham Cows.

We observe that Skinner, Colnian, and other men
of high authority, consider Durham cattle not adapted
to the short postures of the atlantic states, but suited
only to the rich lands and luxuriant feed of the west.
If this is the case, we can mention one very decided
exception. The full bred Durham cow, in the posses-
sion of W. R.Smith, figure in our Starch number,
was kept through the Inel summer entirely on the shor-
test pasture that could be selected, yet during the whole
time she contiued so fat that fears of danger in calving
were strongly entertained; the native breed, in the same
pasture, continuing in greatly inferior condition. *

The Feacli Worm, and the Borer.

While ibe pcacli-icurm confines its operations totha
pulpy part of the bark, the horer cuts through the sol-
id wood. Both insects are occasionally destructive:
the former by girdling, prevents the descent of tho
juices or liquid wood, and destroys the tree by stran-
gulation ; while the latter by perforoting many ports of
the alburnum through which the sap ascends, cuts off
the channels of its nourishment, anikdestroys the treo
by starvation.

The pcacli-JCorm in this district is found chiefly, if
not entirely, near the root of the peach tiee. The lio.
rcr, on the other hand, lives in the quince tret, the
mountain ash, and not unfrequently, the apple tree.
We have never known it attack the pear tree, nor any
tree from which gum exudes.

Both of these insects spring from eggs which are
Generally deposited in the bark near tho giound; but
the flcrtc/i-fcorm works chiefly (/oicnwarrf, so as to have
itshobitationaprotected from the cold of winter by
the soil, only coming occasionally to the surface to
dispose of its filth. The borer, on the contrary, pene-
trating into the interior of the wood, and keeping the
entrance of its hole entirely closed, so as to exclude
the cold air, — often works vpward ; and we have
known it, when possing into thepertect state, to leave
the tree at the height of more than two feet from the
ground.

We should judge that the easiest way to destroy the
pcuch-icorm, is by scalding, as noticed in our last
number by a correspondent from Ohio; but this reme-
dy would be useless in most cases, against the borer,
on account of his ascending progress, and his position
in the interior of the tree. We have destroyed them
in considerable numbers by means of a barbed wire,
but the operation is often tedious from the crookednesa
of their holes. We have therefore (or two years past,
endeavored to exclude them from one of their favo.
rite trees (a mountain ash) by coating the barls
to the height of three feet with tar; and by rol-
ling a newspaper round it, to piotect it from the wea-
ther, tied in three or four places; and the plan boa
succeeded completely.

The borer is the chief cause of the scarcity of quin-
ces in this district. We have had more than thirty
trees destroyed by it; but we do not despair. The
same process that protects the mouniain ath, will pro-
te.':t the quince tree. Let the stems be single to lh(f
height of three or four feet; and only port of a day
on the commencement ..f mild weather, would be re-
quired to guard a hundred in the inannw lUat we have
mentioned.

t

68

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

For the New Genesee Farmer.
Clover Machines— Raising and Cleaning

Clover Seed.

Messrs^ Editoks — Tlie attention of the public hoe
boen culled at different times to the 6iibject of Ritten-
bouse & BlacU well's Patent Clover JInchine, for clean-
ing or liu'ling clover eced; and I will take the liberty
of again calling their attention to this subject.

Living in atlistrict where large quantities of clover
seed ore rolsed, and having been extensively engaged
in purchasing and selling the seed, and also, having
beon engaged in cleaning it with one of Rittenhonse
& Blackwell'e machines, propelled by water power, I
have had uiony opportunities for acquiring informa-
tion upon the subject.

I am satisRud that Rittenhouse & Blnckwell's clover
machine is the best one now in use, as it can hull the
seed luster and j^leaner, and can be propelled by lees
power than any other ; which must give it a pre-
ference where horse power is to be opplicd.

I have seen the certificate of a number of gentle-
men with whom I am well acquainted, some of which
(as I nnderstniij) have been forwarded to you for
publication; and I can say, I have no doubt of the
truth of the stateo.ents made by them.

The power of two horses is nccesoory to propel a
machine, and any horse power con be applied to this
machine as well as to a thrashing machine or cotton
gin, by regulating the size of the pulley block or band
wheel, 80 as to give about 800 revolutions per
minu'.e to the cylinder. The concave is placed by
means of nuts and screws, as near to the cylinder as
jt can be wiihoulH'utting the seed, which of course
must be regulated by the man who may use the ma-
chine.

The chaff should be thrashed out with the flail, as a
thrashing machine cuts up the straw too much, which
mingles with the chaff, and renders the process of hul-
ling much slower. Some persons use a hand bolt
abiiut 1'2 feet long, the reel of which is covered with
thin boards bored full of holes five-eighths of on inch
in diameter, through w'hich the chaff is passed before
it is passed through the clover machine.

After the chafi" has been hulled, it n»y be cleaned
through any fanning mill, by arranging the mill n.s
described in your September number for 18-10, which
perhaps it woidd be well to republish.

In the number above referred to, you make some
inqurics about the plan adopted for raising the seed, the
best soil, &c.

In this vicinity the farmers usually sov? their seed
in April, the same as if designed for meadow. The
second year it is cut for hay, about from the 25th of
June to 1st of July. Another crop springs up which is
for seed. This is cut when sufficiently ripe, and if
not peifectly ripe it should be cut before any frost
comes upon it. The farmer must exercise his
own judgment as to the fit state of the seed for being
cut. It should, if possible, be secured without getting
wet, otherwise much seed will be lost in the hulling
process. Where land is sown for the purpose of pro-
curing a crop of seed, a'. least a bushel lo five acres
sboiil J be used. From two and a half to three bushels
of seed is a fair average crop per acre. I have known
Bevcn bushels raised.

Almost any land is good for raising the seed, al-
though some kinds of soil require a free use of plaster.

I would here observe, that farmers cut clover three
years in succession for the seed. Yet it is better for
the lond that tlie clover should be ploughed under the
third season. Yours respectfully,

N. P. LEE.

IViitriino, Sciiccaco., N. Y.

P. S. — After the seed has been passed ojice through
tlif fanning mill, it should lie passed thvotigh a fine
riddle, with the meshes i"nfficicntly small for clover
seed alone to pasa through.

IjOW nnd High Prices.

Messrs. Editors — Much has seen written of late
upon the improved system of agriculture, upon Leg-
itlotive aid, nnd upon agricultural societies, — all of
which are subjects of high importance, calculated to in-
crease and multiply the real and substantial wealth of a
country. The only difficulty in the improving sya
tcni and the rotation of crops, increased outlay on the
farm, &c., is the low prices of produce. And yet,
perhaps, for the lost year, considering the crisis of our
country, this has been for the nation's interest. But
it is only a desperate state of affairs that can render
such a depression of prices even tolerable. Until we have
more to encourage us than we have at present, under
the low prices ol all produce, and a prospect of none
better under a continued reduction of the tarifi', but
little improvement in agriculture can be expected, as
there can be but little or no profit derived from it.

These ideas may be considered vague by some, but
they are nevertheless true; that when a business of-
lers a fair emolument it will receive the attention of
enterprising men, and it will become a courted and
popular occupation. Whereas, without this reward,
it will be neglected. During the high prices of from
ISoG to '40, more encouiogement and more improve-
ment was realized throughout our country, than in
any number of ycors previous. Not but that prices
were too liigh for our country's benefit during some
part of that time; but the attention and progress in
all parts, in forming during thatperiod are sufficient to
prove the truth of my remark. In regard to Legisla-
tive aid, it is needed not so much from our State Leg
islature, as from our national. Nothing short of an
increased tariff, to promote and foster the mauutoc-
turing interests, can ever place our farming interest
in a prosperous and healthy condition. At present,
we can only look for fair prices in the result of a short
crop in Europe or our own country, which, at most,
can be but accidental; and then our country may
grow rich only on the misery of another. W^e must
correct this state of things which we are now practi-
cing, of buying of other countries millions and tens
of millions of those articles which we con as well pro-
duce and monufacture ourselves, if we would be on
independent ond prosperous people. And there is no
woy to effect this object, unless we become so poor we
cannot buy, but to lay on a duty on British and French
goods corresponding to their duties on our produce.
The objection now raised to the toriff, that it is at va-
riance with the interests of the cotton planters of the
South, will, in my opinion, cease to e.xist in a few
years after we adopt that system. We moy soon so
increase our manufacturing business as to create a
home market for a great share of the cotton grown in
our country. The idea of making all, producers, ond
relying on a foreign market, cannot be considered a
wise policy, for a free trade with England con never
be realized, whether it might prove beneficial to us or
not. British ogriculture will ever be protected — so
ought American manufacturing to be. By driving
all into the business of groin growing, ipe encourage
so rapid a settlement of our rich wheat country to the
West, not yet hardly begun, that in a few years we
should be able to supply almost half of Europe with
bread stufl", for which there can be no demand. By
these remarks I intend to show in opposition to your
able correspondent " S. W." that low prkes of agri-
cultural produce arc not in general more licnejlcial to
the nation's prosperity than high prices. A surplus
will alwoys couse a decline in price; but fair prices for
produce and fair prices for labor, ore blessings of pros-
perity; whereas, the reverse is a check to enterprise,
and by no rule can be made beneficial to notionol
wealth or prosperity. A SUBSCRIBER.

Siccden, N. Y., April 20, I84L

The Flowers of Spring. ^^

Though the season is backward, and the balmy doj
of the Inst month have been few, yet some brigb
fiowers hove come forth, exholed their odors, and pni
sed away.

The SnoiF drop, while like the snow that often in
vests it, is always the earliest flower of the spring!
ond seems regardless of inclement weothe.-. No
riety, except that with double flowers, has sprung fn
this plant; but another species from the Crimea
been described, though we believe not mentioned
any American Cauilogue, and perhaps it has not yci ju
crossed the Atlantic.

Next to this flower in earlinesa stands Erantliis hyt i
malishom Italy, with its yellow bloom scarcely ihre fi
inches above the frozen soil. Its generic name mei
earth-flower from its humble stature.

Then the Crocus follows, consisting of several

ill

8l

epe Ml

185

cies, — all nearly allied, though varying greatly in co)
or — pure white, deep yellow, and rich purple, wit
many intermediate tints. Some florists advertielm
more than a hundred kinds, but none icitK rcdfutccri
The Crocus, unlike the Snow drop, opens its cup aB
looking upward to the sky, but closes it on the ap
prooch ol a dork cloud as if fearful that somethini
would drop in. No garden should be without thea
ornaments.

The Bulbocodium moy be considered a vernol Col
chicum, to which genus it is nearly allied. Its pale re
flowers contrast finely with the Crocus.

Differing entirely in form nnd color, comes fort
the Persian Iris, as delicate in tints as in fragranc
which "scents the garden round." There is one ch
cumstance however, respecting this flower, whic
may be peculiar-: the olfactories of many persons ar
unable to detect its odors.

No shrub is so early in bloom as the Mezereon; bn
its frogronce and beauty are i ejected by some florisi
because it bears acrid or poisonous berries. If w
were to eat every thing that comes in our way howe^
er, our journey on earth would be short; ond we hav
not been able to discover why other berries — those (
the Nightshade for instance — are not entitled to c
much consideration.

The Siberian Squill, resembling n hyacinth in mir
ioture, seems to peep out as if holf afraid of the seoson
but OS the spring advances nnd a milder air surround
it, it raises itself to the htight of three or four inchee
It has no rival ot this time in the delicate form and co
lor of its flowers.

Primulu teris spreads into numerous varieties un
der the names of Primrose, Polyonthus, and CowslJ:
(modern botanists to the contrary notwithstanding;
and seems to pass into all colors except blue. Somi
of these kinds almost equal the Auricula in beauty.

t

For the New Genesee Farmer,

" Bots and Hoise Bees,"

Messrs. Euitobs — Since the appearance of you
last number, the inquiry has been made, whether thi
nits or eggs of the hot-bee must be hatched in thi
stomach of the horse or not at all. The reply is, tha
the bot has rarely, if ever, been found in any aiiiiiin
but the horse. This is its appropriate place lor habi-
tation and food, as the apple tree is for the canker-
worm. In general, all such auininls are endowed
with the instinct «hich leads to the deposition of iheil'
eggs where they will obtain their oppropriote nutri-
ment. The wisdom of this general law is most ob\i-
ou9. The tick is found almost wholly on the sliecp,-
ond on the stcinc he w.iuld soon die, as was once re-
marked by a former of the luuse in the same situation,
of starvation. The hrvas of the gad, or gondfly, finds
ts home and food on the bock ol cattle. They uften
abooiid, loo, upon those which hav* inferior strength

t

it

Pi

I

,0. o.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

69

I I'ltiiees. Hence, in tlie spring of the year, ihey
in gieaily to aid by their activity in the eliin, in
k iil; the poorest cattle still more unable to increase
ir flesh. The more special care of the fanner
U to be bestowed npon sucli parts of his herd.
■ raine is true also of the sheep; the iroorer suffer
i li more from those insects which have been depo-
-i M their nose. It is from the consequences of
5 Ian, that some judicious farmers never intend to
1.' ;• an inferior animal.

\\ 11, lo mnicing such general and wonderful laws of
niiiiual world, itmay be well to explain a fact, sin-
u till understood. In summer and the hottest
: -I the day, sheep congregate beside fences and
- and the like, holding their beads down and be-
en their forelegs, till suddenly they run in terror
] !;"glu to another part of the field, where the same
no 13 acted over. It is to avoid the insect that lays
' i-'iTs in ibeir nostrils, that all this is done. In the
■ ! u'eather, or cooler part of the day, the insect is
'live, and doe- not annoy them.
!i; respect to bols as a disease, it is to be remarked
i;i other diseases are often mistaken for it. Hence
- ino reason why the remedy applied often fails
Jesired success. Sometimes other animals ag-
e tbebots, and would prove fatal without the oth-
I have seen worms from four to six inches long,
:r. iig the liver and some other intestines of ahorse
.; wiiasick with botsaud died from one orbothcau-
I. It would be well if more frequent and carefnl
Tiiinatlons of the body were made in such cases,
vements in anatomical knowledge have been of
i'hest consequence to the understanding and cure
me diseases of man. Similar results might be ex-
i' J from like examinations, to ascertain the seat
i cause of disease in the horse, the noblest and
ist useful of our domestic animals.

C. DEWEY.

applied to some plum trees last season by our friend
Tboiuas Lcfever of the town of Venice. It consists
of a circular trongh made of tin, which was kept con-
stantly supplied with water; and the narrow space be-
tween the trough and the tree siufli;d with tow or
something similar. The trees so treated bore good
crops, while not a plum on the other trees cscoped.
A few of the plums however, were found to be wormy,
occasioned perhaps by some of the insects remaining
on the tree when the troughs were applied; and it
would therefore be prudent to jar the trees at that time.
About harvest the apparatus should be removed.

Tin troughs of that description are worth about
eighteen pence; but the person who applies them,
must understand the art of soldering. t

The Cuiculio.

Now is the time to attend to the Curculio; and to
■e your plums, nectarines, and apricots from des-
ction. We believe the winter-residence of this in-
.■t bos not been satisfactorily ascertained, thotigh it is
ibably in the earth; but for practical purposes, it
>y be sufficient to know that it is always ready for
sincss as soon as there ia any thing to do — always
uly to puncture the young fruit as soon as it is large
nigh to receive a nit.

Several methods have been proposed or adopted, to
event its depredations. Spreading sheets under the
■0. and kimcking down the Curculio on them, by
living the trunk or branches with a mallet or ham-

:. has been found very successful. The insect af-
r ii has fallen, generally lies still long enough to be
light and crnshed; and its dark color contrasting
)iu the whiteiiets of the sheet, favors its detection.
ilia work should be done as early in the season as the
predator can be found. In a few days it may do
Hch mischief, and it is no easier killed after the
eepass is committed.

Some have employed turpentine round the tree, and
l; of shingles dangling in the wind to frighten the
urculio away; but we are not prepared to say any
nng in their favor. The most recentproject that we
" r noticed is to dip strings in the drops that fall from
fi rubber as it burns, and then to tie them round
1' tree, which it is supposed will be sufficicnily viscid
) arrest the insect in its ascent. We should be gratified
1 hear of any successful experiments of this kind;
ut though we have gone so far as to environ one tree
n the manner proposed, our hopes are not very san-
(uine.

The most successful fixture to prevent the ascent
t tUit insect thtu has come to our knowledge, was

From the Alhani/ Cullivfttor,

ThR Sugar Ceet.

Messrs. Gaylokd & Ti'ckkr — I have noticed in
the late numbers of the Cultivator, Dr. Guthrie's and
Mr. Beiuent's attacks on the sugar beet, insinuating
that it is an almost worthless root for the feeding of
slock; and as the opinions of these gentlemen, with
partial experiments, are directly at variance to those of
the most eminent agriculturists of France and Ger-
many, after an ex|)erience of more than thirty years,
and to those also of many of our own counirymcn, af-
ter trying it with satisfactory effect aoout five years;
and as I had the honor of oppearing in tlic fast May
number of the Cultivator, strongly recommending ils
production and feeding, I feel bound to make some
comments on these communications, and reiterate my
own experience in the feeding qualities, of what I con-
sider as one of the most valuable of roots.

I am perfectly satisfied by Dr. G's statement of the
analysis that he made of the beet, vol. viii. p. 40, mat
he was either grossly imposed upon, in the purchase of
seed, and had grown the mangel wurtzel instead of
the white Siletian, or that he had planted it in so rich
a vegetutHe soil, as lo produce so jank a growth as to
almost destroy the saccharine matter that is usually
found in it, especially when he adds, that " the bee'.e
brought upon our talde are totally destitute of sweet-
ness." Now I have not only my own taste for three
years in eucceseion, lo prove that ihesugar beets rais-
ed in and about Buffalo, are exceedingly stocct and
nutritions, but can also luring a hundred witnesses at
any time to corroborate the assertion, from their own
daily eating. The famous blood beet cannot com-
pare with the sweet, tender Silesian, and as for man-
gel wurtzel and other beets, they are almost tasteless
al'ter them; and they are never boiled in a pot by
themselves, that there is not a sweet syrup at the bot-
tom, almost of thickness and agreeable taste of eugar-
molasses, which, in my opinion, only want lo be clarifi-
ed and graduated to make good suaar. So much (or per-
sonal taste and experience; now for that of stock. I
know that fed raw to cov>'s, they considerably added
to the quantity and especially the quality of the miih,
making the butter as sweet, and almost as yellow as
is produced on fresh summer's grass: they also keep
them, with the addition of hoy alone, in the best pos-
sible order; and the yonng stock fed on ihem, togeih-
er with hay, were as fat and almost as fine and glossy
in their coats, as when on the best of summer pasture.
I never tried them with horses, butshould hordly think
them hearty food enough for those at work. Not
keeping sheep, of course I could not experiment with
them; but others speak very flatteringly on this point,
as may be seen from some comiuunicatione that went
the rounds the year past in most of the agriculturol pa-
pers, copied, I think, from the Philadelphia Cabinet.
Bceis there were said to produce the best of mutton,
and the finest of wecj.

The most important use, however, that I have made
of them, is with hogs. But as my breeds embrace on-
ly the China and Berkshire, it is in reference to ibese
superior animals alone that I can s;ieak; and here it I
seems that Dr. Guthrie's Berkshires did tolerably
well, while his others almost starved. The first win- 1
ter I kept my grown swine partly on beets and partly
on potatoes, raw; the second winter almost exclusive-
ly on raw beets, thrown to them on the ground. I
did not notice any difference whatever in their appear-
ance during these two seasons, but each time they were
kept in as good tlesh as ever I wish to have breeders,
and they were by no means allowed to eat their fill ol
them either. 'The third winter, (the last,) having
erected a steaming apjiaralus, with a new piggery, I
commenced cooking the feed for my hogs, and hace
rcquontly i. e mod beeis alone ond fed them to all

ages, from the pig two months old, up to the grown
animal of four years. To the Inst, 1 lutd lo stint ihem
lo a common water pail half full twice a day, or say
fiom eight lo ten quarts, or they would get loo tat for
breeding; and as to ihe former, with the addition of a
trifling quantity of corn, I never taw onimals ihrivo
better, or more contented in my life. Thi y would
fill their bellies and lie down in their straw, and dose
away for bonis together as contented os puppies and
IIS whist as mice; and this sunk thus trcaicd, I om
not afraid to show, cither for general size or finenefls
of point, ogaiUBt any thing in the United Slates, sa-
ving my late importation, and that only fur great
weight, these lost being some what of a larger class thon
IS usu:.l among Berkshirca. During this same wiiitcr
I steamed a mixture of carrots und jioiniues wiih tbo
beets occasionally; but in feedinii 1 found that as a
generol rule, the pigs would pick out the beets first,
ihe potatoes second, and only cat the cariots when
hungry at lost; but if any one v\ere to ask which I
ibonghi the most nutritious, I should say the potato
without doubt. My occoninindaiions arc too liitiiled, ,
however, to make the careful experiment as to the re-
lative value of roots, bushel tor bushel, and agoin in
comparison with grain, as rcquesicd by Mr. Caion, of
Illinois, but I trust that the above will be satisfoctery
to him and to others, so far as it goes, for it is expe-
rience and not theory. I must soy that I do not like
ihis jumping at conclusions from partial experiments.
I recollf ct reading an address, some two yenis ago, by
some one in Pennsylvania, before an agricultural socie-
ty, in which the writer maintained — and beseemed to
be an intelligent, scientific man — that ruta baga, by
analysis, was but little else than wood, and therefore
as a food for man and beast, it was almost totally
worthless. Indeed I And yet this same despised
root, together with a little straw, makes most of the
English beef and mutton, and in some instances at
times one-fourth supports its laboring population. —
Apropos to this ; I recollect once telling anJintelU-
gent neighbor that I cultivated pumpkins a good deal,
and liked thein much as food for swine. " Well," he
replied, *' they never did any thing for my hogs but
scour them." The fact was, he had an inferior breed
of animals. Again, I shut up some Berkshire sowa
that were quite poor, about three weeks to put them
in condition; they were allowed nothing but pump'
kins during this time, and were then turned out, hav-
ing got really, in that short time, almost too fat for
good breeding An intelligent gentleman who had
seen them previous to their being shut up, ond lbei\
agoin when they were let out. ocknowledged that noth-
ing but seeing the thing with his own eyes would
have convinced him of the truth of it, and wound
lip by adding, (1 do not give the words exoclly, but
the idcos,) *' why, insteod of falling them, the urine
that would have come from common bogs thus ted",
would have iriade them skeleton poor by this time.''*
I am no chemist, and therefore humbly a^k what
would be the onalysis of clover ? Not much, 1 fnncy,
but water. And yet Berkshires, ond in fact, all good
crosses of the China bog, will keep fat upon it in
summer and grow well; and I will conclude this long
letter on sugar beets by saying, that if their stock does
not thrive upon them, why then gentlemen hove been
deceived in their seed, or they hove not got the right
sort of aniiaal to consume their roots.
Yours,

A. B. ALLEN.

A Crop of Corn.

I give below on oecount of a crop of corn raised lost
year. The lot contained four acres, of a rich gravel-
ly soil. It was well manured from the barn-yard, and
then these rows were intersected with rows of majinre
from the hog-yard. It was ploughed of sufficient
depth, well harrowed, and planted about the fifth of
May. The corn wos a bright eight-rowed yellow va-
riety; the rows three feet by three and a half, five
grains to a hill. When sufficiently high, it was dres-
sed with a mixture of one port by measure of plaster
ond three of ashes, a table spoonful lo each hill. Afr
ter weeding, it received another similar dressing.

The product was seven hundred and fifty btishelsof
good sound corn in the ear, twelve loads of pumpkins,
sixteen of stalks, and the nctt profit of the field wa»
ninety dollors. A. G. S.

^pringhitl, Cayuga CJ)., April 12. 1841.

Pride is the first thing that overcomes man, and the
I last thing that man overcomcG. — S(. Avgv}ti\ie.

70

THE NEW GEN]:SEE FARMER,

'OL. 2

" Washiiigtous Letters on Ajiiculture."

Mr. D. Hoyt, Bookseller of this city, has placed on
our table a very interesting and curious volume; be-
ing Fac-Similies of Letters from George Wn.?hington,
President of the United States, to Sir John Sinclair,
on Agriculture, and other topics. This is an Ameri-
can Edition, copied from the Knglish, which was
published in London some years ago, by Sir John
Sinclair, from whose advertisement .we e.vtrnct the fol-
lowing remarks : —

" It could not but be highly gratifying to mc, to be
possessed of so many interesting cominunicnlions
from such a distinguished character os the President of
iho United States; and it was natural to suppose, that
the public, but more especially those individuals who
revered his memory, would wish to have in their pos-
Bessio.i copies of a correspondence which displayed to
such advantage the superior talents, the generous
views, and the unbounded philanthropy of that cele-
brated statesman.

"The peculiar predilection which General Washing-
ton has so strongly and so frequently expressed, in the
subsequent letter, for agricultural improvement, which
he preferred to every other pursuit, is another circum-
stance which 1 was an.\ious should be recorded for the
benelit both of the present and of future times, from a
desire that it may make o due impression upon the
minds of those who might otherwise be induced to
dedicate themselves entirely, cither to the phantoms
of military fame, or Jhe tortures of political ambition.

"As it is a singular circumstance that a person in
such an exalted situation as Gencrol Washington,
should have leisure to write, witit his own hand, so
many letters to an entire stranger, and some of them
of considerable length, I have been induced to have
them engraved in order to represent the handwriting
of their celebrated author: they are exact copies of
those received by me. It is proposed to deposit the
originals in the British Museum, as the precious relics
of a great man, lit to be preserved in that valuable re-
pository."

Some Remarks on the Value of Live Stock,
with relation to the Weight of Ofial.

BY THE UON. AD.i^I FEROCSSON, OF WOODHILL, CANADA.

Messrs. Editors — In the improvement ot live
stock in this country, the views of breeders have been
long directed to the selection of animals of good shope
and a " a kindly handhng;" and attention to the es-
tablishing of new breeds, or to the improving of old
ones, has olways been appreciated by the public, os re-
flecting credit upon the enterprise of the individuals,
Jind as conducing to the prosperity of the counti^y. A
judicious improvement in live stock is not limited in its
effects to that object alone. It never fails, at the same
time, to improve the agricidture of the country
nround; the laud being necessarily drained, enclosed,
and culiivntcd, in a manner adequate to raise the supe-
rior kind and quality of the produce now required.
Such being the beneficial consequences of an improve-
ment of live stock, no suggestion ought to be disre-
garded which may lead to that important end.

It may be laid down as a maxim, that those breeds,
or varieties, are best, which will pay most, all things
consiiterctl, in the shortest period, or which will pro-
duce the greatest weight of marketahh produce from
any giren extent of land, and u-ilhin a.nijgircn period.
And, in like manner, it may be stated, that the ani-
mal of ony given breed, which, in relation to its lire
weight, will bring to the butcher's stall the greatest
/jnaittity of good meat iindtallotc, is the aidmal of the
{ireatest value. Now there is some reason to suspect,
that a question having relation to this latter point has
been of late too much overlooked, arising from care-
lesness on the part of the farmer, with some profes-
sional mystery, perhaps, on the part of the butcher.
The question here referred to, is that of the live and
doa J weight; and the ratio which one bears to the other
in properly fed animals. It is true, that various ta-
U.'s, fovtuded on thedetermiiiation of this question.

have been constructed with the view of assisting the
farmer in the disposal of his stock; and such tables
are no doubt to a certain extent convenient and use-
ful. A difficulty, however, bos generally presented it-
self in bringing their accuracy to such a direct ond pal-
pable test, as to be suflicient to silence a keen and de-
preciating purchaser, and compel him to admit that the
seller does not overrate the weight of the animal. It
would seem that attention, at once more extended and
minute, must yet be bestowed before the relative live
and dead wcightof stock can be ascertained, in a man-
ner equally satisfactory to the buyer and the seller.

The particular error into which it is conceived many
have fallen, lies in estimating the dead Rlonlyone half
the lire iceigiil. It is sufficiently ajiparent that should
the former, in any material degree, exceed this pro-
portion, a very serious loss may be incurred by the
seller, who founds his calculation npon that datum;
and from some outheutic returns, to be jnst submitted
to the reader, it will be seen that an inference to this
effect may be reasonably drawn.

In the extensive farming concerns of the lote Mr.
Curwen, at the Sehoose, County of Cumberland,
England, — a mode of estimating dead weight was a-
dopted, somewhat singular in its nature, and said to be
remarkably correct in its results. Glover, the stock
bailiff, a very intelligent man, made use of what he
called his " magical mimhcr," "5.5C," by which, up-
on receiving the live weight, he professed to give the
dead weight, sinking offal, of any fat onimal submit-
ted to his lest. The writer need scarcely observe,
that there is nothing really " magical" in the number
556, or in the manner of obtaining it. If on ox were
to weigh .50 stones when alive, and the dead weight
were found to be 25 stones, the ratio of dead to live
weight would bo represented by the fraction 25 to 50
which, converted to decimals, .would give 5, and this,
multiplied by the live weight, would give the dead
weight. But if Mr. Glover, by a series of more cor-
rect observations, found that upon an average of o.xen
the live weight was 50 stones, and the deadweight
27 stones 11 2-10 lbs,, the proportion of dead to live
weight would be represented by 27 stones 11 2-10 lbs,
to 50, which converted to decimals, would give ,55G;
which again multiplied by the live weight would give
the dead weight. In one instance, (verified by the
writer,) Glover's calculation certainly opproached
very nearly to the truth, and gave a greater return
than competent judges were disposed to allow, from
handling the onimal alive. The subject of e.xperi-
mcnt was an Ayrshire heifer, 18 months old, which
Mr. Curwen slaughtered at one of Ids grcot general
meetings, as a sample of his favorite system of soil-
ing. This animal had never been a day ovt of a calf
pen or sttmc yard, from her birth, had never tast-
ed oil cake or grain, and was undoubtedly a very for-
ward onimal of her age. Her live weight was cor-
rectly oscertoincd to be 55 stone, of 14 lbs. to the
stone, which being applied as a multiplier to the/u-
mous number, ond cutting off the three figures to the
right, gave the following product: 550 ><55= 30,-
5-0, that is, holding the three right hand figures as de-
cimals, about 304 stones. The weight of this hei/er,
by measniement, in Aiiislies tables, wasjjrelly nearly
the same. The actual result gave 30 stones of meat,
and 2 stones of loose fat, fine marbled beef; but by no
m;ans prime fut. In this animal, then, which had
certainly not ottained a state of perfection, we have a
return considerably exceeding one half of the live
weight.

Mr. Rennie of Phantassie, (probably the greatest
practical agriculturist in Scotland, of his day,) and
Mr. Curwen, with their respective adherents, differ-
ed in their cetlination of the live and dead weight up

more than one half of the live weight to be reckonci
upon, except in cases of extraordinary fat, to whici
certainly the heifer in question had no pretensions
and in whose case, notwithstanding the proportions c
Mr. Rennie, were considerably below the mark.

The following details will still further illustrate thi
subject, and may tend to excite more than a doubt
whether one-half be not too small a proportion to b
assumed in estimating, the live and dead weight c
stock.

Tables of Sheep and Cattle slaughtered in rnrioit
years, icith the amount of lice and dead weight-
stone of H lbs.

Ill

1 . A Leicester ehecp, 2 years old,

2. A Cheviot sheep, 3 yeors old,

3. A black faced sheep, 5 years old,

4. A black faced wcdder, 4 years old,
.). A Cheviot weddcr, 3 years old,
(!. A Leicester wcdder, 2 yarn' old,
7. A black faced wcdder, 5 years old,

5. A Cheviot sheep, 18 months old,

9. A Cheviot ewe, 4 years old,

10. do do

11. do do

Total,
Average,

1

5 ,-- ^--_« p-

p ^ M tc 00 o 00 c: o J-D ^J c: ?: ^

*»■ ** OS i* ^ .C

i«

..^ w ►-. ■— ' «^
1— »*cooccicj*^M<t5: ^

5C
M cs O O O O ►-' h-i H- I-. &

According to thtf average on the above table, Mr
Glover's rule would give 5 stone 5 lbs. as thi'*'

deadweight; but the true multiplier would be 605 1'™
instead of 556, according to Mr. Glover's practice; o |
instead of 500 according to the common practice.

I

> 1^

3 2^'

•X

*-I

(O

en

*-»

^.•

rr. <^ (X) (^ t^ Zl tC ^

■u <~i <x c;> -i^ o •— S^

5?
a

C-.

*» i-' *^ m M w ct '2

E

OCO0Cl.i.C>*.C-. ? 5-

ci tn en -1 en i-T -i v.

"^ P -** — £" I
*. <l iX ■ ■

The above table gives the same result to a fraction
as the last, and this curious coincidence is deserving of

on general principles, Mr, Renniv- would not allow I notice, m occurring in the cose of animals so entirely

0. 5.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL

71

11 net in their form and clinracter, as sheep and oxen

The general conclusion to be drawn from these re-
•113 would seem to be, that the practice of estimating
e dead weight at one half the live weight, is errone-
3. It would by nomeaus, however, be sale to draw
4i«iitic couclusion as to the actual proportion of live
dend weight from the tables now given, onaccoum
tlielimited nuinbcrof the returns made. It ison-
liv means of a great number of such experiments
ai we can hope to obtain a just medium, and found
■n it a safe conclusion. Could farmers be induced
^!vo more attention to this Buhject, by keeping ae-
rate records of stock slaughtered by them and their
icnda, much might speedily be done to settle the
lestion uf the live and the dead weight, while there
good reason to believe that many respectable butch-
8 would concur in preserving and communicating
milar details. A further purpose might be promo-
d by constructing such tables. We should, by means
' them, be able to discover the breeds or varieties of
ir different species of stock icliich i/ield the greatest
ttuni 171 proportion to the of (it, and thus perhaps be
labled to draw conclusions as to the relative value of
fferent breeds.

It has been before observed that the question of the
itio of live to dead weight serms to have been a good
eal overlooked of recent years. At one period, the
itention of individuals, admirably fitted fortheinves-
galiou, appears to have been awakened to the impor-
mce of the inquiry. In the able report of the coun-
f of Durham, some interesting details on the subject
re given; but these can scarcely be said to do more
inn open up the subject; and certainly a great blank
smains to be filled up before the farmer and the pro-
sasional butclier shall be placed on equal terms as re-
ards their information upon this point.
Should these cursory remarks tend to direct the at-
jntion of breeders. and graziers to this interesting
abject of inquiry, the object of the writer will have
eon fully accomplished.

of the formation, and their position shed some light on
the manner in which ihey were deposited.

About half a mile northeast of Phcenixville in Ches-
ter county, on the opposite aide of the river Schuyl-
kill, on a hish hill, we saw OYSTER SHELLS im-
bedded in the solid rock which had been laid bare by
a torrent. It was shown to us in the fall of the year
180(5; and as we had not found any fossil shells he-
low the Blue Mountainsbefore tual time, we viewed
it as a great curiosity. t

Geology of PennsylTania.

In the " Third Annual Report on the Geological
Survey" of that State, (1839,) Professor Rogers in
■lescribing his "middle secondary red sandstone
roRMATioN," makes the following remarks : —

" It seems to have originated in a long narrow
rough or bay which had its sourceat least as farsoiuh
19 the central latitudes of Virginia, and which proba-
aly opened into the ocean sjmewhere near the present
oositions of the Raritan and New York bays. Their
materials give evidence of having been swept into this
estuary or great river from the south and south east:
and hence the almost universal dip or inclination of
the beds towards the northwest, a feature clearly not
produced hu any uplifting agmaj, but assumed origi-
nally at the time of their deposition in consequence
of the direction or set of the currents, which laid them
down layer after layer. AVith the exception of one or
two fossil fishes lound in this firmation in New Jersey,
/ am not aioare that any animal organic remains have
been hitherto met with in any part of the stratum;
and hence it becomej difficult to assign its precise
place in the general series of geological formations.
Relics of vegetation are however, occasionally found
under the form, especially of highly compact and bit-
uminous lignite,*'

It is possible the strata wero formed in the manner
he has mentioned; and that no " uplifted agency" has
given them their present dip; but we think such a
conclusion ought to be founded on something more
than cursory observation. It seems to us very i'li-
probable. We have not learned however, whether
this able geologist has relinquished, or still retains that
singular opinion; for it has not been in our power to
procure either of his later Reports; but if he should
e.xamine the locality which we shall proceed to desig-
nate, it is probable those fossils would indicate the age

For the Neto Genesee Farmer.
tetter from Wiscousiu.

Messrs Editohs — Perceiving that you have no cor-
respondent from this territory, I take the liberty of fil-
ling that station, and v^'ill, whenever time shall per-
mit, give an account of matters and things as they
exist in this " Badger" territory of ours — premising,
however, that I leave it to your readers whether my
communications are interesting or not. Many of
them have friends and relatives in this territory, and
it may prove of interest to them to hear occasionally
froirt this quarter.

Much has been written and said in respect to Wis-
consin, its fertility, its universal wealth, and its natu-
ral advantages; but much remains to be told in rela-
tion to the system of farming that has been adopted
in some parts of the territory; although there is much
to be urged in extenuation, as the country is new, and
most of the settlers are men of limited character; but
still therearemany among us, who, if they would take
the trouble to look a little into the future, and loose
their purse strings, could confer a benefit upon the
territory, and upon themselves and their posterity.
The introduction of improved farm implements and
machinery, such as the thrashing machine, the straw
cutter, the horse rake, the cultivator, and the hundred
other useful implements to be found in the agricultu-
ral repositories of the east, would be of immense util-
ity on our fine rolling prairies, where there are no
stumps nor stones to obstruct their operation.

Many of the settlers are men who have not been
bred farmers, but who have left the workshop to try
their hands at the plough, and some of them are ra-
ther " green" at the business, among which 1 class
myself. But I find one trait among them which is
not found so generally among the old class of farmers.
They are more of a reading people. Deprived of the
advantage of experience, they are obliged to depend
upon the knowledge of others, and are therefore more
willing to lend their support to the agricidtural jour-
nals of the day, than are those who have imbibed their
knowledge and their prejudices from a daily expe-
rience in agricultural pursuits.

Although at this time the natural fertility of the soil
of Wisconsin supersedes the use of manures, the time
will come, if the eastern skinning system is followed,
when it will require all the renovating powers of a
proper rotation and application of the various fertili-
zing substances, to render an equivalent to the farmer
for his labor.

Wheat is destined to be the great staple of this ter-
ritory, and many are pursuing the same system that
was adopted in the Genesee country, that of growing
wheat to the exclusion of any other crop, on the same
land.

Corn ripens well in this country, but it will never,
probably, be grown to the extent that it is in Indiana
and other states to the south of us; but enough, how-
ever, to supply the community, as the "badgers" are
not such "corn crackers" as their neighbors in the
hoosier slate and in Kentucky, whose national dish is
"corn dodgers and hoe cake." Every variety of
soil maybe found in this territory, and. any thing
may be grown here that will thrive in New York or
N?w England.

With an extent of territory larger than any state
in the Union, and possessing, as she does, immense
treasures in her lead and copper and iron ores, AV is-
tonsin presents at the present time an object worthy
the attention of every well wisher of this countiy.
Still reposing in her minority as a territory, sheholda
out to the patriot and the moralist the hope that her
constitution and laws, will receive the benefits of the
experience and legislation of the older states of the
confederacy, and that by their misfortunes and mis-
calculations, she will steer clear of the rocks and
quicksands on which many of them have been nearly
wrecked. Taken as a whole, I do not believe there
can be found a more moral class of people in the
United Slates than in this territory. They are com-
posed, to be sure, of almost every nation; for here
you will find the Dutchman, the Norwegian, the Eng-
lishman, the Russian, the Prussian, the Frenchman,
the Scotchman, and the sons of " Gicen Erin," all
congregated in one community and amenable to the
same laws, although they retain their national habits.
It is amusing to see some of the Norwegians and
Dutch open a farm in the thick forest. They make
thorough work of it. In clearing, they commence at
the root of a tree and dig round it so that it falls, eith-
er by its own might or by the wind. They then
log it and bum it before they proceed further. By this
means they get a clear field, uticbstructed by stumps
and logs, as you will find is not usually the case with
the Yankee or English farmer.

Wisconsin at this time holds out great inducements
to breeders of stock, especially as her beuatiful prairies
afford the best of pasture, and there are many thousand
acres yet unentered, that would far surpass in worth
many of the meadows of the eastern states, for the
pasturage of cattle. Nearly all the neat stock now in
the territory, is from Illinios and Indiana, and consist
uf all bloods, colors, shapes, and sizes; and you may
see here also the famous breed of hogs which friend
Robinson, of Lake C. H., took such a fancy to as to
think he could fat them. They are the real land pike
and alligator breed, snout and all. An improvement
is beginning to be made in this race of quadrupeds
and you may see the Chinese and Berkshire blood
running in the veins of many of our grunting inhab-
itants. There are a few full bloods in this neighbor-
hood, arid their progeny are being distributed through
the country, and will result much to the benefit of the
farmer. There have been a few importations of
blooded cattle into the territory. Jupiter, impcrted by
Mr. Geo. Reed of Milwaukee, is a fine full blooded
Short Horn Durham Bull, eight years old; and anoth-
er, belonging to Judge Dity of Green Bay, have been
productive of great benefit to this section of country;
and half bloods, and other grade aniiuals may be often
met with.

But I have written more than I intended at first,
and shall conclude, and take another opportunity,
when 1 am "in the vein" of giving you a second
communication. Yours, &c.

E. B. QUINER.

Blilwaul.ee, W. T., March, 1^'41.

Michigan Coal.— A load of coal passed through

this village a few days since, on its way to Detroit,

froiu the village of Corunna, in ShiawoEse county.

The oeutleman who owned it, left a small fpecunen

with us. It has the appearance of the coal fjund at

Pittsburgh, Pa., and burns as freely, emitting the same

ell. The gentleman informs ui

that, from present
app^earanceT, the supply is inexhaustible, and is found
within three feel of ihe surface It it isos leprcfentcd
by our informant, which wc do not doubt, it «■'! be a
source of much wealth to the State at large, and add
Immensely to the business of the place at which it is

found. — Pontiac Jucksonmn.

Wilbeforce, who had a great taste for horticult.ire,
considered flowers to be the smilee ol the Divm»
goodness.

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

ROCHESTER, M\V, 1811.

lUonroe Co. A|;ricnltaral Society Meeting.

A meeting of the Monroe County Agricultural So-
ciety will be held according to previous notice, on
Wednesday the 5th instant, at 10 o'clock, A. M., in
the long room, 3d story. Arcade Building.

It is uarticulorly desired that all who feel an interest
in the objects of the Society will be present, as very
important business is to be transacted.

Legislative Aid.

The bill for the encouragement of Agricultural So-
cielies, has passed the Assembly and to a third reading
in the Senate. It will doubtless become a law be-
fore many of our readers receive this paper. (We stop
the press to announce its final passage.)

Corrections. — The bill appropriates $8,000 per an-
num—not §7,000 as stated last month. We also
stated that the report was made to the Assembly be-
fore the petitions from Western New York were re-
ceived. We should have said before ma7ty of them
weie received.

We will, next month, publish an abstract of this
bill, and also the one for the encouragement of Silk
Culture, if passed,

Oigaiiize the Societies I

As the law for the encouragement of agricul-
ture has passed, every County in the Stale should
organize a Society, and adopt efficient measures to
carry out the purposes of the appropriation. We hope
at least to hear that oil the Counties in the Western
part of the Slate have done so, and it will give ue plea-
sure to receive a list of the officers of each Society for
publication.

Horticultural Meeting.

An adjourned mcsting of the friends of Horticulture
will be held on Thursday next, Way 6ih, at 2 o'clock,
P. M., in the Lecture Room of the Young Men's As-
sociation, for the purpose of organizing a Horticultural
Society.

The committee appointed to prepare a constitution
will lay their report belore the meeting. As most peo-
ple at tills season feel interested more or less in gar-
dening, it is to be expected there will be a numerous
attendance.

The Season and the Crops.

The severe frosts of last month have done consider-
ble injury to the late sown wheat in this vicinfty, es-
pecially on light soils, which heare by frost. Some
pieces we have seen, are entirely destroyed.

We ibserve accounts from nearly all parts of the
country respecting the backwardness of the season,
and the scarcity of feed for cattle. One would think
n few such lessons would convince every farmer of the
neceesily and advantage of raising more rout crops.

A paper from Onekia Co., states, that "seldom has
60 cold a spring been known, even in this part of the
country, so near as we are to the region of perpetual
snows. The winter has been so long and severe, that
the farmers in the north part of tins county have fed
out all their liny, and most of the coarse grains and
forage are exceedingly scarce. In snuc pnrts, cattle
are dying for the want of food, and some farmers are
»Ili»g their caillo at auction, having found it iirpoesi-

ble to furnish the necessary keeping, both on account
of its scarcity, and for the want of means to purchase
at the present high price of hay. The prospect still
is far from afibrding any encouragement that vegeta-
tion will relieve their sutferings. On the hills north,
the snow is yet very deep over the entire surface of
the country."

The Troy Whig of the 24th April, soys, " we Icarn
by a gentleman from Platisburgh, that loaded teams
crossed Lake Champlnin at that place on the ice, on
Friday last.

"There are three feet of snow only ten miles west
of the Lake. The farmers are nearly all out of hay,
and their cattle in a starving condition."

IXQIIRIES.

tarvoe or Ul'ub:^> in Cattle.

Messrs. Editors — Will some of your correepond-
enls please give the public the benefit of their observa-
tions concerning griilis in the hack and sides of cattle ?
They seem mostly to be found In these animals while
low in flesh, in winter and spring, and to vary greatly,
both in number and frequency, in diflercnt seasons.
It is presumable that they are the larvse of some insect;
yet in the absence of proof this must be mere pre-
sumption. From our own small experience, we know
them to create great annoyance and irritation, fever
and emaciation, to cattle, if nothing more.

It is desirable that something be known in regard to
their origin and character in natural history, the
means of prevention, and what is of still more impor-
tance, the means of best obviating the evils resulting
from them to our stock.

JAMES n. C. JIILLER.

Jackson co. O., Fch. 17, 1841.

Poultry.

Messrs. EniTons — I vvisU to ask through your val-
uable paper, the following questions, hoping that some
of your correspondents will rejily to ihern.

Ist. ^Vill hens lay as well when confined as other-
wise 1

2d. Will they lay as well without the male 1

3d. What kind of fowl will lay best ?

4th. Will hens pay better in eggs than in rearing
chickens ?

5th. What quantity of feed for n given number, and
what kind is best to moke them loy 1

Gth. Is there any work written on this subject, and
what is it 1 — the best, I mean. S. H. CLARK.

Mattituck, N. Y. April, 1811.

Culture of Hemp. — A correspondent in Canoda
asks for information respecting the culture and piepar-
otion of hemp.

Culture of Tobacco. — Another asks the same res-
pecting tobocco, in this climate.

Wild Rice.— Mr. P. Hunt of Milfoid, Mass., has
obtained and sown some wild rice, and he requests
some reader of the Farmer in Canada or elsewhere, to
give information respecting the growth and use of this
grain.

Beet Sugar. — If any of our readers made any ex-
periments in the manufacture of sugar from beets the
past season, they will oblige us by giving an account
of the result.

Will the Managers of the White Pigeon Beet Sugar
Co., inform us whether they made any further experi-
ments, and with what results ? — Eds.

Cure for Bog i-'pavin. — A correspondent has a fine
young horse aficcted with bog (or wind) spavin of 2
or 3 month's duration, and asks what is the most sim-
ple and effectual remedy.

Sy The inquirem respecting Silk and Silk Worms,
and Flowers and Shrubs, are referred to the numer-
ous articles on these subjects in our lost year's volume,
which, if net already posccsscd, can be obtained for
50 cte.

Bounty on SiUc.—\V. B. B. is informed that the
State of New Y'ork has not yet passed any law to give
a bounty on silk. We only staled that a bill was re-
ported to the Assembly tor the purpose.

Extracts from Corresjiondeuce.

" A. G. S." ui Cayuga co. made, in the spring of
1839, five hundred and thirty pounds of maple sugar
from one huitdredand iwenty-fivc trees; and in 1840,
from one tree, thirteen pounds of sugar, and seven
pounds ten ounces of molasses. He decidedly prefers,
instead of making sugar into cakes, to boil it until it
will grain, so that the impurities will settle to the
bottom of the vessel, and the molasses remaining
gently poured off.

"A Mtrcer county Farmer," (Pa.) saye, "My
crops for five years have been as follows : — Wheat, 15
to 27 bushels per acre; corn from 40 to 60; oats from ,
40 to 50: potatoes generally 400 per acre. Our kinds
ore the Mississippi or Merinos, which will yield 500
bushels per acre, and the' NLshanorks, not Mesha-
nocl^, as this is the county where these potatoes were
first raised by James Gilkey, on ycshanock creek."

Culture of Asparagus.

This wholesome and delicious vegetable ought to be
cultivated by every family that possesses a few yorda
of ground. It is a dish that nearly all persons are
fond of, and it supplies the table during the most desti-
tute season of the year. A good bed will last fifteen
or twenty years, and will bear cutting some twen-
ty times in a season. It occupies but little space, and
the trouble and expense of culture is much less than
is generolly supposed. A bed, five feet by twenty,
will contain one hundred roots, and is large enough
for a moderate sized family. If good two-years old
roots are used, they will bear some cutting the next
year after planting.

The following directions will enable any intelligent
laborer to form and plant the bed :-»-

If there is any choice, select a wartn location, where
the soil is deep and rich, neither wet nor dry; mark
out the boundorics of the bed, and dig out the earth to
the depth of eighteen inches. (If the location is rather
wet, and the bottom hard, dig six inches deeper, and
put in six inches of oyster shells or loose stones.) If
the top soil is good, lay it on one side, but wheel the
poor earth away. Then take well rotted manure and
mix it with an equal portion of good earth, and fill up
the bed even with the surface; then rake it
smooth and place the roots on the top of the ground
twelve inches apart; spread the fibres and fix them in
their natural position with the hand; then cover the
whole with threcor four inches of the mixed compost,
smooth it off neatly, and the work is finished.

Water the bed after planting, if dry weather suc-
ceeds, and keep it clear of weeds during summer.
Before selling in of winter, cut oil' the stalks, and
give an annual dressing of two or three inches of
manure. The roughest of this should be raked
off in the spring, and the surface of the bed loosened
with a manure fork.

ID" Fine two-years old roots arc for sale at the Seed
Store. Price $1,50 per 100.

Rhubarb, or Ple-Plaut.

This is another of the earliest luxuries of the sea-
son, and deserves more generol cultivation. It is of
the easiest possible culture. Plant the roots about
three feet opart, in deep rich soil, well manured. A
warm border on the south side of a fence, is the best
place.

The Early Red variety grows the quicker-t, ond in
using requires the least- sugar. One dozen roots is
sufficient lor a family. They are for sale at the Seed
Store. Price, 50 cts. per d<^z.

so. i).

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

73

THE ARABIAN HORSE.

From Low's grand work, " lUustralioiis of the breeds of Domestic Animals.'

(copied from FARJIEas' CAEINET.)

The exquisitely benntiful nnimal, here most fnithl'ully represented, exhibits correctly the form nnd chorac-
: of the genuine Arab. He was tuken in on nssnult by nn Arab tribe, on a party of the royal family of
:rsia, when journeying on a pilgrimage. The chief who headed the attacking party was killed, and his eu-
rb Chorsrer, galloping into the Persian ranks, was taken: a ransom, enormous for so poor a tribe, was subse-
eiitly offered by the Arabs, but was refused, and he waa brought to England by Sir John McNeil. He
inds fourteen bands and a half high, is g nile in the highest degree, and so thoroughly trained in that kind of
ercise which the Arabians are careful to teach their horses, that he may be galloped round the narrowest
cle. When his portrait was in the course of being pointed, he ft'as languid fiom the effects of cold; it was
shed to rouee him from his lethargy, and the idea occurred of trying the effects of a few tones of simple
jeic — the sounds no sooner reached his car than his whole frame instantly became agiiaied to a violent de-
ee; his heart throbbed convulsively, and so great was his excitement that it was found necessary instantly
stop the music I some chord of feeling, it would seem, had been struck — perhaps he was reminded of his de-
*t home, and his friends and companions, from whom he had been eo rudely severed. The generous animal
here depicted as scenting the garments and weapons of his slaughtered master, nnd no one can examine the
eamentsof his expressive countenance, without experiencing a gush of feeling arising within his breast, in
mpathy with the beantiful mourner.

The gentleness of the Arabian horse is proverbial; and although so elegantly formed, and so delicately
e and sleek his skin, even the English horse would perish under the scanty fare, the toils and privations he
doomed to suffer. They are patient of hunger and thirst, to a degree unknown in any other race, subsisting,

entimes, on the withered herbs of the desert, and roots dragged from under the tond, and even on the milk

the camel. They bear continued exposure to the fiercest heats, and day after day pursue marches of incre-
ile toil tbrouah the burning sands ol the wilderness, forming by their bodies a shade from the fiery heat of
! Bun, under which their masters repose during the halt for a period in the middle of the day, and n shelter

night. But an Arab never beats, or even speaks harshly to his horse — he treats him as a companion, and
I children find in him a playmate, and his wife a nurse for her infant, and all making a pillow of his neck

night. Without the use of the bit, he will obey the slightest motion of his rider; stand at a word, or put
mself at full spec I in an instant I Such is the creature so happily formed for the scanty herbs, the thirst,
J toil of the burning desert.

THE LATE PKESIDENT.

Our readers will pardon the liberty we take in de-
voting o small space to the commemoration of nn
event which has spread sorrow and mourning over
this whole land. The death of Willi.v»i Henry
Harrison, whom the sovereign people, by their free
will, had so lately choeen to pieside over this greet
nation, has in all places, and from all panics, called
forth manifestations of the deepest regret, and most
abiding sorrow.

Devout minds cannot but regard this national be-
reavement as an afflicting dispensation of Divine Pro-
vidence; and such will willingly comply with the fol-
lowing recommendation of President Tyler, as the
most appropriate manner in which a Christian peoplo
can commemorate this solemn event.

TO THE PEOri.E OF THE UNITED
STATES.

A RECOSIJIENDATION.

When a Christian people feel themselves to be over-
taken by a great public calaim'ty, it becomes them to
bumble themselves under the (Jispeneation of Divine
Providence, to recognize His righteous govenmient
over the children of men, to acknowledge His good-
ness in time past, as well as their own unworthiness,
and to supplicate His merciful protection for the fu-
ture.

The death of Wit.t.iam Henrv Harriso.v, lata
President of the United States, so soon alter his cleva-
vation to that high office, is a bereavement pecidiarly
ealculolcd to he regarded as a heavy affliction, and to
impress all minds with a sense of the uncertainly of
human things, and of the dependence of nations, as
well as of individuals, upon our Heavenly Parent.

1 have thought, therefore, that I should be acting in
conformity with the general cxpeciaiion and ftelinga
of community, in recommending, as I now dtt, to the
People of the United States, of every religious denom-
ination, that, according to their several modes nnd
forms of worship, ti ey observe a day of Fasting and
Prayer, bv such religious services as may be suitable
on the occasion; and I recommend Friday, the Four-
teenth Day of May next, for that purpose; to the end,
that on that day, we n^ay all, with one ajrcord, join in
humble and reverential approach to Him, in whose
hands we are, invoking him to inspire us with a pro-
per spirit and temper of heart and mind#under ihefe
frowns of His Providence, and still to bestow His
gracious benedictions upon our government and our
country.

JOHN TYLER.

Wasliiiigton, April 13, 1?4I.

From ttie Mag. of Horticutlure.
Cultivation of the Filbert.

The filbert is one of the finest nuts, and although
eat quantities of the fruit arc imported, and sold in
3 frnit shops annually, there are scarcely any, ns yet,
Itivated in the United States. A sterile variety of
3 English filbert may be seen in many of our gar-
ns, which rarely produces any fruit; but the finer
rta, which thrive luxuriantly, and bear most abun-
ntljr in this climate, ore scarcely kno%vn in cultiva-
n. Nothing can well be easier than the cultivation
this shrub or tree, ant^vc are confident that were
e merits of the better varieties generally known, no
rden would be considered complete without them.
few years since, we imported small plants of the
D8t celebrated English varieties, nnd have, without
e least attention to pruning, realized quite an abun-
int crop of fine nuts, for t'vo years past, which are
lite an acceptable addition to the dessert.
Among the finest of these varieties are the Frizzled,
e red Kernel, the Northampton Prolific, the Cobnut,
d the Cosford. We have found the Cosfird, Friz-
id, and the Northampton Prolific, the most produc-
'e varieties in this climate. All the varieties grow
iry vigorously in any good soil, naturally dry rather

tW an moist, but a dry gravelly loam, or sandy loam, is
nsidered preferable. In pruning and training fil-
irts, the first most important requisite is to keep the
ain stem free from all suckers; and the eecond, to
revent too great a liisnrianee of wood, which, if suf-

iMS^ied to g|f>w at random, will prevent the production
large crops. The nuts are produced, both upon ih"

sides of the young wood, and upon lateral spurs, an-
nually produced on the older branches, after the pre-
vious year's bearings lateral shoots have been trimmed
away. Abroad, therefore. \\'hat is called the spurring
ill system of pruning is adojiled, and the extremities
of the leading shoots are shortened every spring.
This throws nearly all the vigor of the tree into the
bearing branches, and produces a larger crop of fruit
annually.

In some parts of England, large plantations of fil-
berts are made, for profit. Kent is the most celebrated
nut growing district, and the average crop there is a-
bout eight hundred weight per acre, although, in good
soils and favorable seasons, thirty hundred weight have
been raised on an acre of ground. The bushes are gen-
erally trained with single stems, nnd the heads pruned
in the form of a hoop, kept about six feel high from
the ground.

There does not appear to be the lenst obstacle to the
profitable cultivation of the filbert on a large scale, in
•his couniry, nnd our dry fine summers would proba-
bly be fmind more favorable to the iiroductions of large
crops, than the moist ones of England. A return of
fruit is speedily received after planting on good soils,
nnd wc would, with confidence, recommend a trial of
a filbert orchard, to enterprising cultivators.

In gardens, a row of the finer s->rt of this fiuit may
be advantngeou-ly introduced, ns a screen or barrier,
in portions where such a feature is desirable, as the fo
liage is large nnd dense, and iluis the double advantage
of fruit, nnd privacy or prctcciion will be reeUz.'d.
A, J. DOWNINfl.

Norhirgh, X. Y,

For the .Veir Ger.cscc Farmer,
New Drill Barrow.

IVIf.ssrs.' Editors — To the hundred inventions for
planting rutabaga, beet, nnd other seeds, I must add
one of my own, which I have had made, and shall give
a trial this spring. If it succeeds, as I think it will,
I shall send you a description of it, ns I think it will
be found the cheapest thing yet of this kind. It con-
sists merely of a seed barrel and two band w! eels, one
of which is placed on the axle of a common wheel bar-
row, by which motion is given to the barrel containing
seed; a furrow is opened by a cultivator tooth, the
seed is dropped, a chain covers it, and last of all a rol-
ler piesses the earth upon the seed, and the planting
is finished. The advantage of this contrivance is, it
can be att!.ehed to a common wheel barrow, by tnking
off the bottom boards. When not wanted as a drill
barrow, it can be converted to its legitimate use; and I
have found it very handy about the place, in making
garden, hot beds, &c. Yours &c.,

E. B. QUINER.

MHicauheo, W. T., April, 1841.

SILK WORM EGGS.

LARGE WliitcIV.-iiiiil. r.ii'l I.irsc NMikin Peanut eggs,
(die Siiia liliraUI. ancl MirtsbeljavTe. of the Frcm-li ,)
iinrl the common Suliihur varieties, ure for s.nle at itic .«eeu
Store, liv B.VTKH.^M i fROS.MAX.

RBcheker. Jpril I, ISII,

74

THE NEW GENESi^E EAK.MI:R,

Vol. 2

Excrescences on Plnm Trees.

In a late journey througb some pons of Senecn nnd
Ontario counties, we coulil not but observe the in-
crease of these unsightly bunches on the i)Ium trees,
wiiliin the past year; nnJ the inquiry came before us,
Have these peoj)le no eyes 1 or do they see not thnt
their trees must soon perish unless they lend a helping
hand t Branch after branch becomes loaded, the nu-
triment is turned into other channels, and a general
decline must rapidly suporveite.

Vet these worms which feed on the best juices of
the tree nnd load it with deformity, are utterly help-
loss, and live entirely through our forbearance or ne-
glect. No work is more easy than to destroy them, if
■we go about it in the right way. Let every man that
own9 a plum tree and wishes to preserve it, cut ofl'
every branch on which these excrescences are found,
and burn them to prevent the possibility of the insects
escaping. We do not expect however, that worms
will bo found in these old habitations at thisseason-:-
tho perlect insect escaped from them last season; but
eggs were most probably deposited again in the same
branches; and our object is to have the young worms
destroyed. Soon alter the receipt of this number of
the New Genesee Farmer, begin to watch for new
nests, as they will probably appear soon after the
tree comes into full loaf. Let the search be thorough,
cut Ihcra oil" and barn them widiout delay, and there
■will be but few to disturb the tree next year.

We have observed that this insect is generally not
much inclined to travel when it can be accommodated
near its native spot. Some limbs are more crowded
with these bunches than others; and we have lately
Been83veral trees standing near together that were ru-
ined; while two or three others at no greater distance
than a few rods, were almost exempt from those rava-
ges. VVe mention this to show that the progress of
those insects is moderate — not rushing on in ovcr-
■whelmiug numbers like many other insects. Be en-
couraged then, 'and go to work. t

Our WooUeg manufiictiircs i>icju(liced by the
Compromise Act, owing to the duty on fine
foieign Wool. Cheap capital and cheap pro-
duction makes Eu^tiind a creditor uatiou«-
iiot her restrictive measures.
Messrs. Editors — It was an oversight in the fra-
mersof our Cumpromise Act, to make the same re-
duction in the duties on imported woollens as on any
other article; for the reason that England admits for-
eign wool into her poits at a merely nominal duty of
one penny per lb., while the United States puts a pro-
hibitory duty on fine foreign wools.

The low price of wool in Germany enables the Eng-
lish manufacturer to procure his fine stock from
thence, much cheaper than it can be procured at home;
and as it is imported almost without duty, he can the
more successfully compete with our own manufac-
tures, who are cut of] by a high duty from a supply of
line foreign wool. Hence the minimum duty of 20
per cent, on foreign cloths, vs-hich itntler the compro-
mise act is to take effect in 1842, is by no means a buf-
fieient protection for our woolleit mnnufuctures against
competition from abroad.

In 1321 the duty on foreign wool in England was
6d. sterling, about 11 cte., per lb. But in order to
give the woollen mnuufoeturer a boon to compensate
him fur the cfTect of our high tarifl' on British wool-
lens, the British government reduced the duty on for-
eign wool to one penny per lb. Hence the hardship
of the provisions of our compromise act in relation to
woollen cloth, as it reduces the duty on foreign fine
cloth, without a correspondent reduction of the duty
on ftue foreign wotd.

Should Congress take off the duty on foreign wool,
our wool growers would havo Height to complain.

What then is to be done for our woollen manufactu-
rers 1 I reply, revise the compromise act so as to
give them that relief which their necessities and the
justice of their cause demands. Let the advocates of
free trade reflect that in a moderate protection extended
to our woollen manufactures, they arc also encoura-
ging the wool growers, by giving to this class of our
agriculturists that stability of demand, and consequent
regular profits, tbcy have never yet enjoyed.

The friends of a high tarifTin the United States are
coirtinually urging that England extends towards her
manufacturing interests, an almost unlimited protec-
tion. On examination we find that out of 11">0 arti-
cles on which an impost duty is levied, only 20 of
them pays a duty fur protMlion — the remaining 1 130
paying a duty lor revenue only. Is it not rather the
cheapness of capital and the low price of labor, rather
than a highly protective tarilT, which enables England
to sell so much, and to become the great creditor na
tion of both the civilized and pagan world 7

Much has been said of late about the prejudicial
operation o*" the English Corn Laws upon the trade of
the United Slates. What right have we to complain
of England for thus saving her agricultural interest
from utter prostration and ruin, by the free admission
of our more cheaply raised productions ? We have at
least one ealvo in our dilemma — the protection Eng-
land gives to her ngrictdture is a direct charge upon
her manufacturing interests. Mnnufacturing Eng-
land, under her corn law restrictions, is a much lets
dangerous competitor to manufacturing America, than
she would be if American bread stufTs were admitted
free into English ports.

There is another reason why the recinding of the
English corn laws would fail to give any considerable
demand for bread stufTs from the United States.
Germany and the north of Europe, can at all times
supply England with grain on quite as good, if not
better, terms than the United States.

Let farmers then, instead of depending on the dcvi-
cesof legislation, learn to look to their own resouices,
and " make not haste to bo rich." Let them diversi-
fy their productions to suit the varied capability of the
soil, and the probable state of the markets. If prices
are low, so far as the farmer is the consumer of his
own productions, he loses nothing. If his surplus
docs not bring as much as in other times, neither does
the manufactured article he neetlfe cost as much. If
he owes old debts, he is indeed the loser by the cheap-
ness of the times; but this loss must be chargeable to
the year in which the debt was incurred, and not to
the present era of exploded humbug andsobcr reality.

S. W.

From Ike (London) Gardener's Cltronictc of Feb. 27.
Tiees and Shrubs.

The f illowing list of the newest and most remarka-
ble deciduous trees and shrubs, embraces all the more
desirable, but many of them are at present extremely
rare: —

Lciiccstrria formnsn, a handsome shrub from the
Norlii of India, produces its white flowers in August,
nnti makes a pretty appearance with its red bracts
which siirrouiKl the llowers, and large leaves. It is
particularly vnlui:blc in exposed situations near the sea
where the bracts and lenvea a-sume a deeper color.

Pawloicn'ui iinperiitlh^ a low tree from Japan, in
appearance very like Catalpa syringae.'blin, has beauti-
ful lilac-culorcd flowers.

Corniis viiicrophylta and [C] grandis, handsome
shrubs, growing from 10 to 12 feet high — the former
from the nortti of India, and the latter from Mexico.

CariigaiKi. Gcrarilhnia, a haiidsonie lowshrub with
jellow flowers from the north of India.

Cij'.isiis Wrldaui, a shrub from Dalmatia, produ-
cing spikes of yellow blossoms, like a Laburnum, but
the spikes have an aaecnding direction instead of be-
ing pendent.

Spirica [Jnifletjana, a fine species from the North
of India, nearly related to the well known S. eorbifo-

lia. S. aincifolia, IS.'] Inziflora, [S ] Taccinifolia,
and [S. ] rotunUifulia, are also from the North of In-
dia, and liirm pretty low shrubs S. Jissa from MexU
CO, is a handeume shrub, growing from 15 to 20 feet
high.

Loniccra Ledihourii, a curious plant from Califor-
nia, remarkable fur its bright blue berries.

The genus P/tiluilLl/jltas has had several accessions
from the north of India and INIesico. P. Gurdonin-
nusixQui Northwest America, is one of the finest spe-
cies,bearing its while flowers in great profusion in Ju-
ly, and forming a bush from H to 10 feet high. P.
7ncxi<-u7n;s from Mexico, [P.^triJIurus ani [P.] to-
vinitosiis from the North of India, arc also desirahlo
plants well adapted for theshrubuery.

Dcutzut cori/inbosa, from the Himalayas, produces
white flowers in June.

Bcrhcris coriariii is a handsome species from the
north of India, with fine evergreen leaves nnd yellow
flowers.

Coriurin iicpalerisis is a fine plant for a wall.

Hilies Slenzicsii with scarlet flowers from North-
west America, and [/{.] glaciate with white flowers
Irom the North of India, deserve a place in every col-
lection of plants.

Araliajfij'uvica, a curious shrub from Japan, grow-
ing from 12 to 20 feet high.

Betula Filiojputtrit, a very handsome large tree from
the Himalayas, nearly related to the common birch.

Amygdalus incaiut, a Caucasian species, is extreme-
ly ornamental in Apiil, when covered with its bright
pink flowers; and in the summer, its light green leaves,
covered with white down on the underside, make a
good contrast when planted among evergreens. A.
Pallasii frcm Russia, is also a pretty low shrub.

Clematis Hcndcrsonu, a gai den variety [a hybrid ?]
is perhaps the handsomest of the genus, producing a
profusion of large purple flowers from June to Sep-
tember. It is adajited to covering a bower or trellis-
work, and if trained umbrella fashion on a lawn, would
form a most beautiful object.

Atriigciic macropetala, a Siberian creeper is by no
means unworthy of a place on a wall.

Acer colclikum and [.4.] Lohelli, the former a na-
tive of Colchis and the latter of Italy, form handsomi
low trees. A. Lobelii is reniaikable for the fine pur-
ple bloom which covers its young shoots.

Decayed Turnips.

Seeing many inquiries as to the cause of therottin;
of a turnip crop, without the least appearance of ihi
disease externally, and having had much experienci
in the raieing root-crops of various kinds, I woidt
say, the evil arises from a wet and retentive subsoil
Four years ago 1 sowed a trcsh broken up piece o
land with ruta baga; it had been in wood, and thi-
was the first cultivated crop that had been raised upoi
it. The plants came well, and flourished for a season
when some of them began to turn blue, and they weri
then soon full of the animal, called familial ly th<
plant louse; others, however, retained their health;
appearance, while their internal parts were one mas
cit corruption; audit was curious to observe, on put
ting one's foot on a large healthy looking turnip, am
full of foliage, how suddenly the whole superstructun
would crush down into complete rottenness, the shcl
ni't being more than half an inch in thickness. Ol
examining the tap roots of many of them, they wen
:uiind rotten, although the disease had not extended
in some cases, to within several inches of the bulb
while the effluvia which arose from many, even ofihi
comparatively sound looking roots, was convincin,
proof ol' inei|>ient decay. IVJfcny of the roots, to np
pcaranee perfectly sound, were packed away for win
tor provender, but I believe I may say, that no oneo
them proved in reality so, and no catile would loud
them.

The winter following revealed the trnth, for, on ex
aniining the land, it was found to be full of stagnan
water to within a few inches of the surface; sinci
then it has been drained and well cultivated, and
have no idea that the crop of turnips which I intent
10 grow upon it the piesent season, will decay on thi
land. Should they, however, deceive me, I will lei
the truth, and iniorm you of the result, "right 0.
wrong."— far. Ca4. J. STURGES.

From the lietc England Farmer,
Decayed Turnips.

I observed in the last number of the Farmer, an ar
tide from the Farmers' Cabinet, in which it is statei
that this disL-ase is the ronsequence ol a wet or too re
tentive subsoil. That a soil of this description is no
suitable to the cultivation of turnips, is generally ad
mined; but how does Mr. John Stnrges at^countfo

No.

AND GAUJ)1:N!:R'S jouknal

75

tlio rolling; of crops on Innii where ihere is no such
c'liisr exieling ? Tile " rot," piipulnrly so colled, is
oU. n foiinii 10 prevail on tree nnd lighi soils ns well ns
un Uiose of n more henvy lexturo, nnd indeed in siuin-
li'iid where there is no eubstniuim liir yards, nnd even
riijs helow llic surface. The farm which I cullivale
is .'I free sandy loam, and 30 open ihnt in order to ob-
t'liii water it is necessary to dig from eighty to ninety
I' I. i\o water can be obtained in the village short of
(f'li Jretnnce, but we have often had lollen luinipa in
' uabiindance, even in this soil, ns well as on the
' ^ of our eminences, where the soil is so light,
I I. Ill order to prevent the surface from being washed
away by heavy rains nnd showers we have found it
necessary to haul on clay nnd muck. If Mr. Kturges'
theory be correct, the tap-roots of our ruta bagns, like
those of the Ohif> parsnips, must bo " rather long."
Again — Sir. Siurges assures us that the grub never
attacks the turnips, unless when previously diseased.
But until he proves that the tap-root of the ruta baga
is capable of permenling a light sandy soil, or earth, to
the depth of SO or 90 feet from the surface, and of tip-
pling upon AxQ stagnant (?) waters of the earth's in-
terior, I shall reject the lattertUeory, ns no less unsat-
isfactory tlinn the first. H. D. W.
Wlnillmm, iMc , Ajiril 5, 1841.

The article from the " Fnnners' Cnbinet," referred
to by our correspondent, was as far from being satis-
factory to us ns to him. But it was nn nttempt to
exhibit the cause of frequent losses of a crop which
ninny of our farmers wish to rnise. The attempt was
praise- worthy. The matter of rot in the ruta bagn is
B serious evil. If its cause can be ascertained, nnd
rules given by which the action of the cause can be
avoided, a great good will be conlerred upon our com-
munity. It will give us pleasure to receive informa-
tion, or even hints and conjectures, upon the subject,
from any of our readers.

We have seen this rot where it was impossible that
superabundant moisture in the subsoil could produce
'.t: in one season it prevailed more among thnt pnrt of
the cro( which was sowed (nbout the first of June) up-
on unfcrniented dung, thnn upon ths pnrt manured
with a mixture of ground bones and ashes. And more
n each of these lots than in those sowed nbout the let
)f July. This was in 1.SH8; and the crop that year
ivas not.by any menns n failure. In 1839, we sowed
ipon fresh manure from the barn cellar, on the last
IVednesday of May. Land, n light loam— subsoil
Iry. This crop was very badly injured. We con-
ectured thnt the failure wos owing either to the envly
lowing, or the fresh state of the manure. In 1840,
ve sowed where the minure had been applied the pre-
jeding autumn, and the same evil wos experienced.

The senson of sowing nnd the condition and nature
if manure or soil, it is not improbable, have influences
n increasing or diminishing this rot. But what the
iroper season for sowing is t what the safest soil and
■ubsoil ? what the best kind of manure 1 what stage
>f decompo..*ition should the manure be in? — these
questions our experience nnd observations cannot nn-
ivrer We nre in the dark. And we put the question
listinctly to any man who can, or to any man who
'hihks he can, answer it — What is the cause of rot in
■Hta baga ?— Ed. N. E. Far.

Influence of Solar Eclipses on the Weather.

Extract from ** Travels through the Western Coun-
try ill 1816," — (By David Thomas )

" On the day of our arrival in Pittsburgh, we had
leveral thunder showers from the west. The weather
hen became clear; and for three days we had brisk
;olc8 from the north-west, of unusual severity for
ner. The surface of the rivers was rolled into
;, and each night was attended by considerable
rost. Indeed, it still continues, (fi mo. 10.)

"It is said here, (is in New York,) that the sea-
lOJis are much colder than formerly; and the conver-
intion always terminates, whenever the subject is in-
roduced, by a reference to the great eclipse of 1806.
\i this turn, I have always listened with diminished
-..■si;ect.

" This populnr opinion took its rise, from some
■ 1 weather, in the summer seosons of 180G ond
- '7. A retardment, in the nvernge progress of vege-
-T.inu, for a few dnys wos deemed cause sufKcient
j ova^ok nil terrestrial ngents for the nbsorption of
lent, and to charge it directly to the moon.

" Of the facility, with which errors not pnlpnble to
l.he aftn^es, may be propagated, we hnve long been a
»vare; but that men of understanding should adopt
liisnoiion, — which originated in the grossest ignor-
ince of the causes of eclipses,— is surprising. Such,
lowever, is the case, and to these I offer a few obser-
I'alions.

" The same ehadowthnt nttends the moon, has
constantly projected its dark cone since the crenlion.
Within every term of n few ycnrs, its point hns
touched the earth; at least twice in every year; our
satellite has passed so nearly between us and the sun,
ns pnrlially to hide it; niid once in every month, it hns
revolved round the earth, nnd npproachcd os near to
us ns it did on the day of the great eclipse. These nre
facts that admit of no dispute; and the inference is
clear and consiHteiu, that, if eclipses nfleet the weather,
the seasons ought to be equalized by such nn equality
of causes.

"Other views of this subject would justify the as-
sertion, that a solar eclipse has no effect whntever on
the atmosphere, except during its continuance. The
darkness is nothing but q transient shadow. No rea
son can be given why the moon, in passing between us
and the sun, should produce more extraordinnry ef-
fects than when the earth rolls between ns nnd that lu-
minnry. The Inttcr ease happens every twtnty-four
hours; and the chillness in clear weather is not only
much greater, but the duration of the darkness will
overage more thon three hundred times longer thnn
in other eclipses.

" But every point of view, in which this belief can
be placed, shows its absurdity; and whether it be said
that a pernicious vapour c&cn[ied from the shade of the
moon, or that the atmosphere received a shock, the
supporters of this doctrine are equally discountenanced.

"It will be proper to inquire, if the seasons have been
uuifornily colder since the year 1806 than before that
period 1 A correct answer to this question would
show that much fallacy aitcndi this popular opinion.
Pennsylvania has been subject to summer frosts since
its first settlement; not, indeed, very destructive, but
sufficient to show that cool weather was frequent.
The celebrated David Rittenuousk, who resided ma-
ny years in Norriton, twenty miles north-west o(
Pldladclpliia,, asserted, "that he had discovered frost
at that pince in every month of the year except July."
He died in 1796.

"This was in times of old. In more modern days,
but before the eclipse, I remember a severe frost in
some parts of Cayuga, in the 6th month, 1800; and
a considerable fall of sncw happened ot Philadelphia
in the 5th month, 1803. Many of the citizens were
owokened in the morning, by the crashing of Lom-
bardy poplars, the branches of which were in full leaf,
and unable to support the load.

"We will now notice some seasons, since the
eclipse, of a different character. The spring of 1808
opened so early, thnt flnx was sown near the Ca-
yuga Lake in the 3d month; ond on the first of the
4th month, young cattle we-e turned to pasture, be-
cause there was n sulTiciency of gross. The whole
summer was unusually pleasant, excepting some ex-
tremely hot days. Similar observations weremade in
the year 181 1, one of the most remarkoble which the
oldest settlers in this country remember. The spring
opened about the middle of the 3d month, without any
subsequent frost; nnd the autumn was so fine that its
mildness was ascribed to lite comet.

*' It thus oppenrs, that the popular doctrine of eclip-
ses is inconsistent with reason and contradicted by
facts.

" This reference, to which I object, however, com
ports well with certain operations of the human mind.
When two remarkcble occurrences in the sky and on
the earth, hnve happened near the snme period, the
ignorant of all ages, hnve been subject to believe that
one depended on the other. Ancient nstronemers nr-
rnnged the disasters of the times with their accounts
of comets nnd eclipses; nnd in our own day we have
hod three remarkable illustrations of this principle.
In Eastern Pennsylvania,

the swift

And perilous lightning, fioiii tlie anirry clouds,
were thought by some to be much increased, on the
introduction of plaster. To the north-east, the fre-
quency of cold winds, since the great eclipse has been
iihserreil beyond all former example; but in the south-
western part of the United States, leliere no greeit
eclipse appeared, some of the old inhabitants declare,
thot this change of seasons arrived with the Yankees,
from the north."

Ripening Pears.

Bcurre* Did, ns well as sonic other kinds, require
a peculiar mode of management after they are gaiher-
ed. Two thnt were beginning to turn black on the
skin, were put in a drainer near the fire, where they
lay for a week or two. When cut they were perfectly
melting nnd delioious. — Gardener's Chronich.

To the Ladies.

In our last number we promised to find both the
time and mode for ornaiuental gardening, — and we
shall find them both in one intelligent word — inclina-
tion.

We know of one poor woman who lives in a log en
bin, does all her own work, takes care of four young
children and a boby, lor whote support she tokes in
woshing. Yet in front of her door you may see a
neatly tended border of flowers, — the seeds bought
withafewhnrd earned pence, nnd planted and wed
after the toils of day are over, or in a few stolen mo-
ments before her children nre up in the morning. We
remember too, another wash-woman, whose windows
were curtained on the outside with scarlet beans and
morning glories; and whose double balsams, mari-
golds, and sweet peas, often drew a look of admira-
tion towards her otherwise cheerless dwelling. So
ninch for instances among the very poor. Among
those to whom fortune has been favorable, we know
of one matron, who has reared a large family of chil-
dren, and whose hands of course were full of domes-
tic care, whose garden and grounds hove yet been tho
admiration and ornament of the neighborhood; nnd in
the wholesome spirit stirring exercise nltendant on tho
cultivnlion of plnnts ond shrubbery, she has found
both recreation nnd rest when wenried with fninily
enres.

Surely there nre indtnnces enough to convince eve-
ry one thot inelinniion con supply both time ond mo-
ney. The beautihil productions of nature are so a-
bundont, that the poorest can afliird the cheap, yet
delightful ornament they afford; a dwelling unndorned
by their presence, con only be occounted for, by sup-
posing its fair inmates destitute of that love of linj
beautiful which is one of the most engaging traits in
woman.

We know there are some that affect a distaste for
the more common flowers ond shrubbery, that any
body nnd every body con hove. " Could W'e offurd
to keep n green house," say ihey, " nnd to purchosc
plants renlly worth hnving, we might feel some inter-
est in the thing; but these every day nfloirs nre not
worth the raising." Such show thot they hove no
genuine love and appreciation of the beautiful crea-
tions of nature, but regard them merely ns matters for
ostcmotion and display. Let the fragrant myrtle, or
the splendid pomegranale, once become common flow-
ers, adorning the ojicu field and fringing every brook,
and they would henceforth lose every cborni in their
eyes; nnd the stu|iidest cabboge that ever vegetottd,
might become elegant by becoming so rare that only
the possessors of thousands could own it ! Those
who hove a genuine love of nature, must have
s-imething; if they cannot possess the costliest and
most elegant, they will have the cheap nnd the hum-
ble, and ore thankful that the Author of nature is no
aristocrat, but that he has shed 0 grace ond beauty on
the more common of his works, far superior to that
which adorns tho rarer ones.

AVe would that we could point our readers to the
gardens of some of our fcmole friends, where a very
beautiful show of flowers and ehiubbery has been
created with scarce an item of expense.

Our friend Mrs. A. is an example — will you walk
with ns in her shrubbery n few moments? See that
noble rose geranium I — it was tho growth of a slip
sent to her in a boquet, nnd cultivated by herself till it
has reached its present size — those honej-suekles that
entwine tho porch, were at first smoll cuttings lfd;en
from the vines o! a Iricnd: but IMrs. A. nursed them
to thcirpresent growth — that white rose, whose snowy
blossoms cover one end of the house, was in the be-
ginning a small offset, from the garden of one of her
neighbors, but she has cultivated and tended it till it
has reoched its present maturity — thnt ornni^e tree per-
fuming the ojr wi;h its blossoms, fbe raised from the
seed and innoculoted with her own hands, nnd so with
many others of her choice thrubbery — in like mnn-
ner the cape myrtles, the oleanders, the dahlias; thise
splendid oruoments hove been sources of very little
expense. Mrs. A. does not garden by proxy. After
the gardener hns once arranged the borders in tho
spring, the planting nnd watering nnd nursing ond
transplanting is mostly done by herself; and early ev-
ery morning you may see her in her cottnge bonnet
nnd gnrdening gloves, busy nmong her shrubbery; nnd
if you will nsk her, she will tell you that she gains
health and vigor daily by the exercise.

If any of my renders are half persuaded to under-
take a like course, we will next month give a few
hints as to the laying out and arranging of a garden,
nnd the selection of plants for persons in moderate cir-
cumstances.— Western l\irmtr and Gardertr,

78

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

Fitr the .Vei£ Geiieiee Farmer.

Experiments with Potatoes.

Messrs. Euitobs — Observing in your first volume,
various exiierimcnts suggested on the cuhurj of the
polnio, I have perlbrmed the following. I Gclected
ground in my potnto lot, the soil b mixture of clay and
gravel, a moderate portion of siahle manure was pui
upon the sod, then well ploughed and harrowed, and
lightly marked with a small plough, about 3 feet apart
and 18 or 20 inches between the hills. They were
planted on the 2d of Jnne, the cultivator passed
through them, plaster applied, and some time after
they were ploughed and hoed. G. S. T.

Krie co. Pa., Miach, 1S41.

1. Pieces one eye only, 21 hills to a roie.

1. 5 pieces each hill. Product 95 Iba.
a 4 " " 96 "
3. 3 " " 90 "

2. Pieces usual size, from the top half of the potato,

I G hills to a tow.
1 pieces each hill. Product 81 lbs.

2. 3 " " 83 "

3. 2 " " 88 "

3. Pieces tisuttl size, from tite root half of the potato,

16 hills to a TOW.

1. 4 pieces each hill. Product 87 lbs.

2. 3 " " 87 "

3. 2 " " 89 "

4. Potatoes ordinary size, the pieces quarters, parings

thieh, and cut in 4 pieces, 16 hills.

1 whole potato each. Product 84 lbs.
4 pieces " " 89 "
4 parings " " 72 "

5. Potatoes small ; 8 hills.
4 whole ones each. Product 44 lis.
3 11 11 11 11 43 II

2 11 11 11 11 44 <'

The above experiments were with Calico potatoes;
the following with Scotch Greys.

6. 30 hills to each row.
i. 1 whole one each. Product 180 lbs.

2. .-i pieces " " 127 "

3. 4 " " " 157 "
Remaiiks. — Accurate experimenls are always valu-
able, out they require repetition and considerable varia-
tion, to establish any point. For instance, a very slight
variation in the soil of each row, may cauee a diflfer-
ence in the result, greater than any difTerence in the
mode of planting. Hence in trying one mode, seve-
ral rows should allcrnato with each other, and their dif-
ference be individually, as well as collectively, com-
pared. Again, in cutting poiaioes, whole ones suc-
ceed best in dry soasone, in dry soils, or when planted
shallow and perhaps cut ones when the opposite is the
case. These, and many other circumstances, are to be
taken into considciaiion. *

feet apart, and eighteen inches in the rows, the same usually come in the first week of March. A shower

time as the other, and in the sBme manner. As soon
as it was of convenient height I went through it with
the cultivator, followed with the hoe, ani plastered it;
the next time with the plough, followed with the hoe.
About tuc 1.5th of Se|)t. I cut up the corn at the roots.
After husking and sorting the small ears, I had eighty
bushels of cars from the half acre.

Beik.shii'e Pigs.

Major E. Corning brought into our neighborhood,
in thi' town of Hastings, a full blood Berkshii'e boar,
and I, like some of the rest of niy neighbors, thought
that our native breed was equal to them; but after
seeing some of his stock, I purchased a sow that had
seven pigs from his boar. The sow was quite small.
1 fatted her, she weighed only 250 lbs. The pigs
I wintered on one-third less feed than I could have
done the native breed. On the first of March, I mo-
ved into Cnyuga county, and drove my pigs; 1 could
have sold them on the way two or three times for six
cents per pound, whereas the native breed fetches only
three cents. I will give you the result of my pigs
whenfalted. Very respectfully yours,

WM. K. JOHNSON.

Cato, Aprils, 1841.

1.
2,
3.

1.
2.
3.

The Cross Pear.

In the last numberof the Magazine of Horticulture^
there is an account of this new native variety of the
pear,with an outline and description of the fruit, by the
editor of that journal. It issupjjosed to have origina-
ted in Newburyport; and bears the name of the pro-
prietor of the garden where it was ditcovered about
fifteen years ago. Our friend R. Manning, whose
judgment will not be disputed, has pronounced it
without hesitation, " a most excellent fruit;" and the
editor says, " The beauty of this pear, together with
its abundant and constant bearing, and its melting flesh
and perfumed flavor, render it a desirable variety in
collections, and one which will rank with the Gush-
ing, Seckel, and others of our finest American
kinds."

We copy his description of the fruit:

" Fruit medium size, roundish, two and a half inch-
es in length, and two and a quarter inches in diame-
ter. Htulh three-quarters of an inch long and very
thick, inserted in a slight cavity. Eye small, and
consideriibly depressed. Skin smooth, dtep yellow,
red on the sunny side, very russety round the eye,
and covered all over with russety dots, and sprinkled
with small black spots. I'le.sk melting, juicy, and
swrct, with a perfumed and agreeable flavor. In eat-
ing in December, sometimes earlier (in November)
and occasionally keeping till February." t

Indian Corn.

Messrs. Eihtors — I had two pieces of corn; the
first two acres were clover sod — the send the twelve
and sixteen rowed, known aa the Stt'nton corn ; it
was put into the ground dry, on the 15th of May, the
rows three feet apart each way. During the season 1
•plastered one half, and asiicd the other once, and went
ihrough with the cultivalor once each way, and once
each way with the plough, followed with a hoe each
time. About the 2l)ih of September, the corn was
cut up at the roots, and stookcd for ripening. After
hunking and sorting all the small ears. 1 sold eighty-
eight bushels of shelled corn from the two acres.
Had 1 managed it as I did with the other piece,
I think I should have got double the crop, with one-
hird more labor. The other piece, one half acre,
was corn stubble of no richer soil than the other;
I drew on it fifteen loads of long manure, and spread
it equally over the ground ; planted it in rows three

The Season.

Amidst the oft-repeated remarks upon the peculiari-
ty of the season, let us recur to the records of past
rs for thi'ir evidence upon the point.

Ist half &'2ncl half of month.
Mean temp, of JIar. 1833, 30,53 36,66 mean 33,59

34,02
34,28
28,88
37,24
48,58
48,78
40,20

and some lightning happened on the 27ih, at which
time the Genesee was high from the melting snow ;
the change to below freezing point on the 29th,
doubtless prevented much desolation.

The first half of April was uncommonly cold ; in-
deed it was not till the 23rd that the mild south wind
began to blow upon us, and the flowos, which^open
in the woods near the beginning of the month, began
to appear. Till after this day the grass scarcely show-
ed any signs of reluming spiing.

April 25, 1840, the temperature was 88 ° , extreme-
ly hot. April 24, 1841, it was 70 = . Examinaiion
shows the great peculiarities of this season. For the
raising of fruit the lateness of the season is considered
favorable. At the same time it increases the farmer's
expence for the support of his cattle, &c., in no in-
considerable degree. C. D.

For Ihe P\ew Gevttte Farmer,
Edacation of Farmers' Cliildrcn"Jio. 4.

O.V REFLNEMEST OF MAS.NERS.

Messrs. Editor — It has been my endeavor to]
show the necessity of giving more education to our|
sons, thai they may have advantages equal to those of
our daughters, and take equal rank with them in so-
ciety. 1 was brought up a farmer's son, and rejoice
that I know by experience the necessity and virtue of
labor and industry. I am able to speak of what I
have seen ; and can give some reasons for facts which
I did not then understand. I saw indeed that the
daughters were generally in advance of the sons in
all those acquisitions wTiieh make an impression upon
others, and see the same to hold true at the present
day. Besides the greater degree of education in pro-
portion and the greater facility with which the female
attains that which is interesting, there is another fact
which has far loo wide and great an influence for ma-
ny years, and often ihrough the growth of ioth. —
There is not the same successful moulding of the man-
ners of the sons, nor the sa7nc attention to their dress,
7ior the same introduction of them into society. If
there is company at all, the daughters more naturally
fall into it, and enjf.y its advantages; the sons are in
the field, or at work in the garden or yard, and their
clothing is suited to their work, and not to visiting or
attending on company. The dress of the daughters ia
often, not of a better kind, but more altractice. The
sons, when in early youth, often acquire a distaste for
seeing company for the.=e leasons, and avoid far mors
than is for their good all the means of social improve-
ment thus thrown in their way. Often too, they are
ass ciated with hired help of no refinement and im-
provement, whose influence is pernicious upon their
minds in every social respect. It thus happens that
youth passes away before they begin to feel the im-
portance and desirableness of society ; and their
manners and course ol life have not fitted them to in.'
terest others or to impart to them much pleasure. I
know that often the son is in fault, in that he exclude*
himself far beyond what his parents or his sisters de-
sire, from seeing company and enjoying thebencfiisof
social intercourse. Let, however, the circumstances
be considered, and probably there will be found room
for iinprovenient on more than one side. The posses-
sion of good-breeding, politeness, and good manners,
is not made of as much consequence to the son, and
in the view of the son. His mind is nit impressed
with its value in an equal degree. And yet rusticityi
coarseness, vulgarity, inipolitencss, have no necessary
connection with a form and our agricultural j^frsuits.
The fine manners and gentlemanly appearance of ma-
ny a farmer, who have in some way become ejcep-
tions to the too general fact, present us with all the
testimony needed in the case. But manneis will be

" 18:;.9, 32,45 35,60

" " " 1.-40, 33,98 34,58

" " " 1S41. 23,82 23,76

" " April, 1838, 37,04 37,45

" " " 1830, 4o,30 48,67

" " " 1840, 42,86 .54,71

" " " 1841, 3.5,24 45,15

This comparison shows the uncommon cold of March
and April. The first half of March was as cold as the
mean of February. March 17ih, was the coldest
morning in the three years past, being 5° below cy-
pher. On the 7th day there fell 14 inches of snow,
and on the 13ih also 12 inches, and several inches
more in the following days, so that the snow was
nearly two feet on the level after settling several
inches. Tho birds appeared about the 30lh, which | rnde and coarse, and the appearance unpreposee'sing

No.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

77

without elFort nnd culiivniion and social intercourse.

I Even education, tUougli it naturally places persons in

j| a siiuoiion for the improvement of the personal ap-

i pearunce, will not of itself render one agreeable and

interesting in society. Many a scholar is unpolished

in his manners compared with many a farmer. We

often indeed deride appearances as contrasted with in-

Itrinsic worth; but, after all, the maxim of the Ger-

,man ia true, ** T/utt ctcry pcrsoJi is to others ichat he

tiPPKARS to he.** At the rtrst sight of a person this is

land must be trtie; and on intimate acquaintance it is

■iqually tiue. The son that diercgaids appearances,

I )r cares little what his appearance may be to others,

ioes himself a great injury; for he will lead others to

;i lower ealimate of him. The parents that are not

Itenlive to the manners and social appearance of

heir sons and daughters, commit a high injury upon

hemselvcB and children. Let there be an equal re-

nove from coarseness and vulgarity on one side, and

rom aficclation and dandyism oit the other.

The remedy is obvious to every intelligent farmer.
jCt the sons feel the kind transforming influence of
ie mother, and the father lend hie efficient aid in
ringing that moulding influence to bear upop. the
lind. Let not the daughter alone share in this plas-
c power of maternal love. Let the benefits of soci-
y be enjoyed to all resonable extent. Let the good
fluences begin to be exerted early, and let them be
mtinued without intermission. In this particular,
Bt not icearij in Kcll doing." D. C

Mr. Earl's Stock—Yates Co.

Messrs. Eoitors — 1 wish to call your attention to

"ull blood Durham calf, belonging to Mr. Jephthah

irl of Cashong, in this county.

Mr. Earl has long been celebrated for his excellent

eds of hogs, both Berkshire and Leicester: and

tre recently has turned his attention to the imported

glish breeds of cattle. The Durhams are his favo-

■9, and of them he possesses some fine specimens:

I . the one to which \ now shall particularly advert,

i 1 bull calf, which, in elegance of form, and sym-

1 try of proportion, approaches, in my opinion, very

1 irly to perfection. He is of a white color, with a few

I spots; and has reached his present remarkable size,

1 nothing more than what would be called ordinary

1 ument, for such an animal. He was accurately

^ ighed a few days ago, in the presence of several

I sons, and bis weight was seven hundred and eight

\ nds, being, at the time, oidy seven months and

I days old.

iefore sending this to the post, I called on Mr. Earl
t> et the pedigree of the calf, which I now add.

\>met was bred by Jephthah Earl, sired by Fora-
g ; dam, Bcllflower.

, 'oiager, dam, Victoria, by Rover. By Rocking-
J t>i dam. Cherry, by Wonderful, grand dam by Al-
, gr. gr. dam by Chilton's old red bull.
IrfUflower's pedigree extends to North Star, Comet,
iryandDanby. A FARMER.

'imton, I'(//fs CO., 1841.

Holkhaiu Hall,

owned as the
fenown

11 no part of Great Britain is to be found a finer

T imen, either of the style of life of a country gen-

:i, or of the management of a first-rate piactical

1 iietor's estate. In the year 177(3, Mr. Coke

.i |ed, in the English House of Commons, the dis-

j« linuance o( the American war — which was carried

majority of one — and headed a committee to make

ri address to the King, in pursuance of the vote,

8 white-top boots and frock — his customary dress

d every American must respect him for the

ivement: nor will they regard him the less, when

are told, that every day at his table, during the

le of that barbarous war, he was accustomed to

t it the health of the greatest man in existence —

< URAL Washikstok; and this liberal spirit has al-

^ent of the Earl of Leicester, better
,9 " ;\Ir. Cuke of Holkham."

ways distinguished the man, who, were he now in the
House — which his nge, 8'^, prevents — would be, by
many years, " the Father of the House oi Com-
mons."

The extent of Holkham is about S.'jOO acres, nearly
surrounded by a high brick wall, about ten miles in
circuit. This comprises plantations of wood, and a
beautiful lake of water, and nothing can appear more
rural than us borders, completely overtbadowed with
forest, and wild as in the depths of some solitude in
Michigan. All the woods have been planted — tl e
Work ol his own hand — the whole estate being plenti-
lully sprinkled with various species of trees, arranged
in coppices, in acres of forests, and long avenues ; so
that, instead of a vast jmrk in one body, it is every-
where an ornament and a shelter, over hill and dale,
nowhere in excess or in the way of the farmer. Im-
mediately around the mansion are gardens, delightful
walks, nnd a wide extent of velvet lawns on every
side; but these are marked by their own schemes of
practical utility, for here may be seen the stately
pheasant and the graceful deer, that feed nnd browse
and bound about on these soft lawns, and enjoy the
seclusion of the cool shades in perfect security. —
These are charms to the eye, and exhibit the tasteful
elegance of the noble pioprielor. Here are woods,
too, and while riding through their long winding
lanes, one is charmed with the perfume of the forest
flowers of most exquisite fragrance, and the cbirjiing
and fluttering of birds — the yellow-hammer, whirling
on his gay speckled vvings ; the shining blue jay,
glancing "like the javelin by," and the wood-pecker
" tapping at the hollow beech tree."

The remoter lawns are sprinkled over wiih flocks of
sheep — ot which more than three thousand are kept —
of the famous Soutli-Down breed; and in the pastures
are to be seen the tine, sleek, bright-looking Devon
cattle, browsing in herds, more than three hundred in
number, besides an immense dairy of Scotch cows. —
Beyond these pastures, one comes at once into the
midst of cultivation, and a ring of this, skirted and
sheltered here and there with avenues and copses and
trees, encircles the whole estate. Here may be seen a
field of one hundred nnd thirty acres in barley, ano'her
of sixty acres in wheat, with fields of peas twenty-five
and twenty-seven acres each ; the arable lands being
divided about equally between these grains, and tur-
nips and grass, which crops, sometimes having grass
lor two years, constitute the routine of the succession
of tillage on the same ground. There are in cultiva
tion at this time, about four hundred and thirty acres
of wheat and barley, each in fine condition; in tke
steward's estimation, thirty bushels an acre are indif-
ferent crops — forty and fifty, more the " right thing."
It must never be forgotten, that Holkham has lite-
rally been made what it is by Mr. Coke. Wlien he
succeeded to the estate it was a mere waste ; not a
tree, nor was it believed that the land would grow
them — the only creatures that could exist upon it were
rabbits, and they were stnrvingi Now, what a tri-
umph is here! But go into the village of Holkham,
which belongs virtually to the estate, and tubsists by
it in one way or another. Heic are five bundled per-
sons probably, with cottages that are n cininsili/ of
rural neatness and coinfoi t ; delightful gardens sur-
rounding them, with flowers hanging around the win
dows and over the doorways ! About one hundred
and fifty persons are employed on the Farm alone ;
those in the gardens, which are surrounded by a wall
one thousand four hundred yards long and fourteen
feet high, are perhaps forty more; in the brick-yard
twenty; in the smith's shop ten; — with carpenters,
bricklayers, wheelwrights, game-keepers — a little ar-
my of servants without ; while in the mansion, besides
male servants of every grade, twenty females are em-
ployed when the family ore present. Women also
assist in the labour of the larm, in hay and grain har-
vest, na well as in weeding and hoeing the crops,
which are all drilled.

Beyond, and outside the walls of the regular estate,
is another plantation of six hundred acres more : here
all were hard at work sowing turnips, all the parts of
the process going on at the same time — twenty men
and boys spreading manure from five or six carte
drawn by three horses each (one hundred being kept);
half a dozen ploughs with two, without a driver; cast-
iron rollers with two; three and four harrows with
two; drill machines with two, with harrows again,
brining up the rear. And to crown all, the noble
asylum for the old, and schools for the young ! Truly
this is one of Nature's Noblemen ! Here, the sons
of gentlemen come from all quarters to learn the
science of agriculture, under the care of the steward,
the whole establishment being a model both of the
science and practice of I'arming. — Boston Transcript.

Spring.

"This delightful season has. nftcr a long nnd teilioua
winter, made its nppearnnce. Bright beautiful Spring 1
we again greet thee with joy, and welcome thee with
a smile of delight. The heart of that man niuot be
callous nnd cold indeed, whose spirits do not eympa-
lliise with this delightful senson. Poets mny well
gather inspiraii. n from the clear unclouded late of na-
ure nt this senson of the year. The snug of birds —
the bounding of the playful laiiibe — the gicen pas-
tures— the budding trece, are objrcls which have in
every nge been the theme of the poet's song.
" S.ny ) e tjiat knij^-. ; e who have fell and seen,
t=priiig8 inorliing smiles, nnd soul ciiliv'niiig green,
Say, did you gi\c the thrilling transpor* way T
Did your eye hrighleii, when youiiglauilia at play,
Leap'd o'er your path witli animated pride.
Or gazed ill merry clusttrrs hy jour side ?"

Spring ia endeared to us by a thousand recollections
of our boyhood days — when we wandered o'er hill
and dale, or followed the swollen brook to its source,
or chased the robin ftom bough to bough, free as the
very air WG breathed. Youth may well be styled ihe
spring time of life, the Elixir, the very cream of our
existence, but like the sensons it quickly passes away.
but not like them, to return."

THE VOICE OF THE SPRING TIME.

BY MARTIN IUaVER, JR.

I come! I cornel from tlie flowery South,
"With tlie voice of song and tlie shout of inirtt ;
I have wandered ('ikv, I have wandered long.
The valleys and liills of the Sou:h among ;
On woodland and glen, on niountain and moor,
I have smiled as I smiled in d.iys of yore ;
In cnieraltl green I Iiave decked llicm forth,
Andl turned again to my lioine in the Xorth.

I have roved afartlirough the storied East,
And held on iier hills my solenin feast ;
I'lirough her cypress gro\'es my voice was Ilcard,
In Ilic music sweet of my fa\'iite bird ;
Each plain I liave clothed in sunlight warm.
And slunihercil in peace 'iieath the desert palm;
A garment of light to Ihe sea I gave.
And melody sot^ to each rushing wave.

I come ! I come I with the song of the thrueh.

To wake with its sweetness the morning's Llueh;

Tn hang on tlic hawthorn my Ijlossoms fair.

And strew o'er each field my fiowrcls rare.

Tlie lark, he is up, on his heavenward flight.

And the leaves are all gemm'd with diamonds bright \

Tlieliills are all liat!;cd with purple gold.

And llie Llealing of flocks is heard from the fold.

Go forth 1 goforll* for the spring time ia come.
And makes in the North his bright sunny honie )
The sky is his banner — tiie liills Iiis tiirone —
"\\"here in sunshine robed, he sits all alone;
In the depths of the woods his footsteps arc seen
By each nioss-covered rock and tcll-tule stream ;
And his voice is heard through each leaf-cIad tree,
In the plaint of the dove and ihe hum of ihe bee.

Grafutm's Maffa2iii4,

STANZAS.

Why does the rose conceal the thorn.
And fairest flow'rets hasten from us —

Delusive pleasure never yields
One half the joy she seems to promise.

Say, why so much coiningled ia
Life's every scene with joy and sorrowj

To-day onrcup o'erfluws with bliss,
'Tia filled with woe and tears to-morrow,

'Tis better thus, or we should cling
With madness to time's fading pleasures.

Our light aflficiions are to bring
Our liearts to seek enduring treasures.

Ves.just enough of grief is given,

To lead earth's w.mderlng sons to lieaven.

From the Farmer's Cabitiet.
Hessian Fly and other Wheat InseciSt

In the last two numbers, 6, and 7, of the current
volume, 5, of the Cabinet, and also in some former
volumes, several communications have nppenred,
treating of the Hessian fly (cecidomyia destructor of
Say,) but I shall pass them by, inasmuch ae Tlie natu-
ral iiiBiory of that iusect has, for a coiieid«[abIe tim*

78

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

past, been as cicaily arcurioiiieil aa that of any oiher
whatever. Tlie tirst publication that 1 know of, is by
General J. H. Cocke of Virginia, dated l<^17, which
dcscribea the fall duposit; sec American Farmer, Vok
1., p. '^98. The second ia l)y myself, dated Ibt Febru-
ary, Itf'-iO, alrfo dedcribinjr the fall deposit; sie same
■Work, Vol. II., p, l«iO The third is by Dr. Isaac
Chapman, communicated to the Agricultural Society
of Bucks county, 1 4th August ld"20, said to have bee:;
written in 17i)7, tfU n^ itsappeaiance in liucke coun-
ty in ]7d(i, andJls progreps for some lime afterwards;
also describing its several changes and habits; butjtlte
Doctor has only noticed two generations, having blind-
ed the second and third together; See Memoirs of the
Philadelphia AgricuUunil Society, Vol. V. The
fourth, by myselt, dated 12ih February, 18'21, which
traces the history of the insect throughout the year;
Bee American Farmer, Vol. 111. p. 187. The fifth is
by my.-iclf, dated let June, 18"JI ; see same volume, p
213. The si.xth is by myself, dated in 1823, trenlmg
of the fly and three other insects injurious to the wheat
nop, and proposing a remedy; see Memoirs of the
Pennsylvania Agiiculiural Society, p. 1G5.

I refer you to all of the abovemcntioncd papers, par-
ticularly the laet; but as many of your readers may
not have nn opportunity of seeing them, I will trans-
cribe what I deem to be essential.

The Il'^ssian fly, I believe first made its appearance
on Long Island, N. Y. in 1776, or soon after the Hes-
uiuns we're there, and is siip]3osed to have been intro-
duced among some straw which they brought with
them; hence the name; but the late Judge Peters, that
great fiend and patron of agriculture, iit his notice-
for a young farmer, sayf, that the insect was unknown
in Hesse, " that its name docs not prove its importa-
tion, for that appellation was bestowed during our
revolutionary excitements, when every thing we dis-
liked was called Hessian. The insect has been accu-
rately described by Mr. Say aud Dr. Chapman; but
.Mr. Say was mistaken respecting the deposit, as the
npcrture which he noticed in the sheath of the leaf,
was occasioned by the insect passing into the winged
state, and not perforated in the act of depositing its
eggs. The fly is of a dark color, about the size of the
mosquito, and the male much like it except the wings;
the body of the female is larger; the wings rest hori-
zontally, and where they join the body are almost
pointed, gradually expanding tovi-ards the other end,
where they form nearly a semicircle. The egg is
Bjarccly discernible to the naked eye, is oblong, of a
pale red or anib "r color, and placed in the gutter of
the led, from half an inch to an inch or more from the
Btalk; the caterpillar, of a pale red color, is hatched in
a few days lime (according to the stale of the weather)
and parses down the leaf to its junction with the 6talk,
thence between the sheath and stalk, to near the root
or joint; it there becomes stationary, feeds on the saji
of the plant, and, being bleac led by its covering, is
mistaken fir the egg. The first deposit takes place
from the fiftcenlh to the last of April (as the season
may be) changes to the pupa from the first to the mid-
dle of May, and evolves in the winged state, the lat-
ter part of. that mon;h. The second generation com
mcnces from the first to the middle of June; the fly
chooses the stunted plains, and deposits both on the
top and undLrne;itb the upper leaf, and the larvjc pass
to near the two upiier joints, but are found mostly
about the upper, and in such numbers as many perish
for want of fiod, the increased number being so dis-
proportionod to the plants which suit their purpose;
1 have counted u;)wards of two hundred eggs on a
single leaf. The third depor^it is made in the manner
of the first, and commences about thefifteenth or later
in August, and is continued on until cold weather;
The irregularity of this generation is occasioned by
the varioiH situations in which the pupa of the sec-
ond is thrown, it is lodged in the straw of the stunted
plants, 80 that in harvesting, much of it is scattered
about the stubble-fields and the rest is carried to barns
or stacked; such as is early exposed to heat may pro-
duce a fjurth generation, whilst that which is covered
till winter may not give a third.

Oitilisi'overing a fly in the act of depositing, I secur-
ed it, and on examination (making the bcstcaleulation
that I could, and not knowing whether it had deiiosited
any egjs bcforel I supposed it to contain one hundred
eggs; if siicli he the fact, the first deposit would he one
hnndred; the second ten thousand, and the third one
million, all in theciiurse of o le year; happily, howev-
er, they have enemies which vastly reduce their num-
ber.

The only plants, according to my observations,
which arc suhji.-c-t to the de;iredalion8 of the fly, are
wheat, rye, and barley; rye, owing to i's early sining
growth, is not naucb injnred; grains should ho sown

(in this climate) about the first day of October, ns that
sown afterwards suffers more from the winter than the
fly.

The only remedy which 1 have any confidence in,
must be applied to the second or summer generation,
(it is the only one that f think can be assailed with ony
prospect of success) whilst in the pupa state, by plough-
ing the stubble-fields betiire putting in the next crop;
in that case, gross seed could not be sown among the
groin; but by changing the course of cropping, begin-
ning with wheal, rye, or barley, followed by corn, and
ending with oats and grass, the diflitulty might be
avoided; nor need the stubble be ploughed till towards
the first of April, or any time during the winter;
plants about clacks and other places must also be at-
tended to; ond let it be remembered that farmers must
pursue the same plan, as it is vain for a few individuals
to attempt nn object, whilst thonsands are united to
oppose it. I will further observe, that the surest way
to raise n good crop of any grain subject to injury from
ihe fly, is to put the lands in a proper state of cultiva-
tion, as where that is the case, and when the season
proves favorable, little or no damage will he sustained,
although the fly may be very numtrous, as it certoinly
is every year. It is folly to sow wheat on a poor
soil.

The insect described by Miss Morris is nol the Hes-
sian fly, and i think she is mistaken in the manner of
depositing its eggs, it appears to be the same as that
noticed by me in 1S23; it has three generations in the
course of a year, and isobserved a few days earlier than
the Hessian fly, and the same remedy may be applied
to both; the spring ond fall generations are to be found
near the roots of ihe plants, and the ?ummer are at the
several joints. There is another insect lodged in the
strow above the upper joint, which causes the prema-
ture oppeniance of ripeness of the heod and prevents
the grain from forming; it has not yet done much inju-
ry, but may hereafter increase.

There ia also nn insect which attacks the roots of
wheat and causes the stunt or sedge; it is probably a
species of aphis, and the remedy must be applied to the
soil. I would recommend sailor ashes; perhaps lime
might be good. JAMES WORTH.

Sharoyt, March 1, 1811.

The Artesian Well at Paris.

Late accounts from Paris mention the complete snc-
ecssof obtaining water from beneath the beds of chalk
which underlay thot city, after seven years of assidu-
ous toil, and an expenditure of one hundred and sixty
thousand francs. The depth is variouJy stoted — one
account mokes it 1837 feet The iron rod of the ou-
ger was " as thick as nn ordinory nxle tree" (just the-
thickness of a lump of chalk;) and " on the 26th of
February," at the moment of withdrawing it, a copi-
ous gush of warm water followed. The lemperature
was SO" of Farenheit. Warm baths for publicaccom.
modation are to be constructed. The engineer was
honored with a decoration, and he is to be employed
on three other such wells. Enthusiasm was at its
height. Ministers bad been to see it. Crowds had
carried away portions of the water in vials and bottles,
and some had shuvcil llicmselrcs in public with the
warm fluid !

It has long been supposed that the central parts of
the earth consist of melted matter nt a high tempera-
ture; and experiments in deep mines nave invariably
shown an increase of heat with an increase of depth.
The mines of some countries however, are warmer *
than the mines of ether countries, at similar distances
below the surface; nnd this might be reasonably expect-
ed from chasms which allow the heat to rise through
ibem in some places, and from thick masses of solid
rock which resist its ascent in other places. In the
mines of Cornwall, at 9G"2 feet the water was nt 74 ° ;
and at 1200 feet at 78 ° . This shows nn increase of
one degree to .')9i feet.

It bad been calculated however, by Cordicr that 51
feet correspond to a degree in France; nnd that the
depth at which water would boil from the natural heat
of the enrth under the city of Paris, is 8">'12 feet, or
nearly a mile ond n half.

* Coiilicr :iilinil3 tliis may I;c twice, orcvca lUrite, as great
in one countryhos another. *

In applying this rule for calculation, we must com-
mence wiih the lemperature of the earth near the sur-
face; and if wc assume this ot 50 ° , and divide 1837
by 51, the quotient (30) added to 50 will give the oh-
ierrcd temperature wilh great exactness.

Warm springs may therefore only indicate the great
depths from which they rise; or they may derive their
heat from volcanic action in the neigliborhood.

The temperature of the sea, on the contrary de-
creases with its depth; because if the rocks at the bot-
tom were even at the boiling point, the heat woidd be
speedily carried up to the surliice, nnd colder portions
of the water immediately come in contact. The cold-
ness of the sea therefore, conslitues no argument
argainst central heal. But the water under the great
basin at Paris could nol escope till the reservoir was
lapped, and consequently the heat was retained, t

Farmers-'their independent condition-tbcir
happy exemption from the evils of the times.

Messrs, Editors — Blessed is that man who from
his own farm ann, by ordinary industry, procure all the
comforts and necessaries of life, nnd sleep contented.

Look at the great mass of speculators, and see what
is their condition. The country brought to the brink,
of ruin by their example; new varieties added to
crime by their high handed practices; the whole tra.
ding nnd manufacturing community paralized or em-
barassed, solely by the consequences of their infla-
tions 1 1 !

In excluding farmers from sharing the evils of the
times, I do not mean him who has left his legitimate
calling to join in speculation, nor him who with the
poor ambition for banking, lends his title to fee sim-
ple, as if he were only eager to join in the general ru
in. But, I repeat, blessed is that man who is conient-
ed to receive from his own farin, those comforts which
moderate industry never fail to procure. To hiiDi
alone is permitted the heart to feel, and the eyefi
to see, the true glory of heaven at night, and thi'
brightness of the earth in the morning. No feven
dream poisons his sleep; no rising sun wakes bim t<
grinding responsibility, diminished self-respect, ruil
nnd disgrace.

If he loves reading and study, rainy days, lonj
evenings, nnd the hours of relaxation from his dail
task, give him suflicient leisure. If be lacks books
the School District Library nlone, enlarged as it no\
is, contains a store house of useful and even scientifi
knowledge. If he loves agricultural chemistry, hi
farm is a laboratory in which, with little aid from th
schools, he may most delightfully unite the vtilc wii
ihedulci. S. W.

The only things in which we can be snid to hni
any properly are our actions. Our tbonghts may f
bad, yet produce no ixiisou; they maj' be good, >
produce no fruit. Our riches may be taken troni i
by misfortune, our reputation by nia'ice, our spirits 1
calamity, our health by disease, our friends by deati
but our actions must follow us beyond the grav
These ore the only title-deeds of which we cannot I |||
disinherited. — Lncon.

F'om the American Citizen.'

British Corn Laws.

Having seen w-ith much satisfaction, severol articl
in the American Citizen, on the oppressive nature
the English Corn Laws, I nm induced to send the fi
lowing tables, taken from an old newspaper whi
accident lately threw into my hands.

'■ English Corn Laws. — The M. Y. Courier saj
the following accurate and very valuable table, exh
iting the rate of duty per b.irrel on flour imported ii ■
England, was prepared several years sint^e, by n hi^
ly intelligent American merchant, then residing .
Liverpool. Its nc(-iiracy cannot be questioned, a.
we consider it a table w-ell worthy of preservation 1
all who arc in any way interested in the exportB:!
bread stuffs to Great Britain, under the present ex ■
ing Corn Laws of Great Britain. Act 9th, Geon

ii

No. 5.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

79

4lh, cbnp. 60, the duly on foreign wheat is as I'ollowe,
viz., when the average price of wheat io at and
above" —

per qr-

Duty per qr.

Puty per bl)l. on flour_

S.

*. d.

s. d.

73

1 0

0 7.7.32

72

2 8

1 7.1.4

71

6 8

4 0.1.8

70

10 8

6 5

69

13 8

8 2.21.32

68

16 8

10 0.5.16

67

18 3

11 2.3 4

66

30 8

12 5.3.16

65

21 8

13 0.1.T32

64

22 8

13 7..^).8

63

23 8

14 2.27.32

62

24 8

14 10.1.6

61

25

15 5.9.32

60

26 8

16 0

59

27

16 9.23.32

53

28 8

17 2.15.16

57

29

17 10.5.32

56

30 8

18 5.3.8

55

31

19 0.19.32

54

32 8

19 7.26.22

53

33

20 3.1.32

52

34 8

20 10.1.4

51

35

21 5.15.32

50

36 8

22 ».22.32

49

37

22 7.29.32

48

38 8

23 3.1.8

47

3a

23 10.11.32

46

40 8

24 5.9.15

45

41 .

25 0.25.32

44

42 3

25 8

43

43

2G 7.7.32

' On barley and Indian corn, if the average price ie
'' 31s. and under 3Js., the duty is 12s. 41 per imperial
J quarter, and for every Is. per qr. that it advances, the
I,, iuty is decreased Is. Od., until it reaches 4l8. per qr.,
It which price and upwards, no more than Is. per qr.
^' 8 levied; and the duty increases in like manner Is. 6d.
■'■ 5er qr. as the price declines Is. or part of Is. under
ii. 339. per qr.

(( On oats, if the average price is 258. and under 2Gs
,11 )er qr., the duty is 9s. 3d. per qr., decreasing Is. 6d.

lor qr. as the average price advances Is. until it reach-
\ a 31s., when at that price or more the duty is only
'•', .s. per qr., and in hUe manner it is increased Is. 6d.
ci .er qr. for every Is. or part of Is, per qr. the average
, I,, ecedes below 24s per qr.
.(3 For the convenience of those who do not readily

nderstand quarters and sterling money, I have prepa-

ed the following tables, exhibiting the rates of duty
la; er bushel in federal money, together with the duty
i,y n flour per bbl in federal money, so arranged that they
"' orrespond with the preceding table, and will be at

nee understood. Thus when wheat is at and over —

per bush.

duty per bush.

on flour per bbl.

S ct9. m.

$ cts. m.

S ctsm.

2 02.6

02.8

13

1 99,8

04.9

35.2

1 99 0

18.5

88.8

1 94 2

29.6

1 42.4

1 91.5

37.9

1 81.3

1 as.7

46.2

2 22 0

1 S.-r9

51.8

2 47.9

] 83 1

57.3

2 75.7

1 80.4

60,1

2 88.6

1 77 6

62.9

3 01.6

1 74.3

65.7

3 14.5

1 72.0

68.4

3 29.3

1.60.3

69.4

3 42 2

1 6().5

74.0

3 55 6

1 63.7

74.9

3 68 6

1 6il9

79.5

3 81.1

1 57.5

80.5

3 95 9

1 554

8.-.. I

4 08.8

1 52.6

86 0

4 21.8

1 49.6

90.6

4 34.3

1 47.1

91.6

4 49.6

1 44 3

94.9

4 62.5

1 41.5

97.1

4 75 4

1 a*. 7

1 01 7

4 88.4

1 35.9

1 (j2.7

5 01.4

I 33.2

1 07 3

5 16.1

1 30.4

1 08.2

5 29 1

1 27.6

1 12.8

5 42.0

1 24.6

1 138

5 55.0

1 22.1

1 18.4

5 69.6

1 19.3

1 19.3

5 90.2

From an inspection of the above tables, it will be
!en that tho duty oa flour is 50 per cent. hisUer than

on grain: consequently shippers generally send wlicnt
in bulk to Knglnnd, unless the price ia very high,
when the duty is eo small as to make the freiglilnge
more than counti-'balance the extra duties. At be^t,
however, it is buta hazardous business, and often at-
tended with ruinous loss to American exporters. The
extra duty on flour is no doubt intended as a .'sort of
protective tarill" to English flour manufacturers, and is
abundantly characteristic of English tact and statcs-
mnehip. I have no wish to make comments now;
the time is coming when this subject will be canvas-
sed in all its parts, and an atlmbiUiration elected that
will put forth all its powers to procure either a total re-
peal of these unjust laws, or such a mudiflcation of
them as will justify American merchants in seeking
the ports of Great Britain as an available market for
our increasing surplus of bread stufl's.

J. 11. HEDLEY.

Castor Oil Bean~Sutt Floiver See<l~Cottoii
Seed Oil.

Messrs. Editors — You ask if the Castor Oil plant
will come to full maturity in otir climate. As the
(Ricinua communis) castor bean, is a tropical plant, it
is hardly probable that it will attain its greatest perfec-
tion in our climate. There are many tropical plants
which perfect their seed in our climate, without at-
taining the enlarged growth of the torrid zone.

Half an acre of sun flower seed was planted in this
vicinity last season, with the intention of using the
crop for oil. The seed was planted on a strong muck
soil about the first of June; it grew very large, but
continued green until September. When harvested,
the fall rains had commenced, hence it was got in in
bad order. It was a little neglected, and the siied got
mouldy and spoiled.

Had it been planted earlier so as to have been har-
vested and thrashed with our flax seed crop in August,
I think the success of the experiment would have been
complete.

I was told by a white lead manufacturer of Pitts-
burg, that cotton seed oil, mi.ted with one-third spirits
turpentine, made the beet paint oil for inside work; it
being much lighter colored than linseed oil. Why
would it not answer equally as well for lamp oil, as
castor oil mixed in the same manner with spirits tur-
pentine ? SE.\ECA

Waterloo, N. Y.

Countervailing Duties.

The efiisct calculated to be produced by countervail-
ing duties may be seen by the second resolution pas-
sed at the meeting of the American Chamber of
Commerce held in England on the 2d of March of this
year; in which a reduction of duties on the agricultu-
ral products of the United States, of flour, rice, tounc-
co, cotton, and oiher articles, is recommended, from
the anticipation that the tariff in the United Stiles
would otherwise be augmenied in the course ol this
year, on the manufnelures of Great Britnin: this an-
ticipation being founded, doubtle.'^s, upon the discus,
sions in the United States as to the suitableness of a
policy of countervailing duties, with the view of
bringing about a more liberal scale of duties on our
products in England. — Nut, Intel. A. Farmer.

FesoUed, That this Chamber, being composed of
members deeply interested in furthering the commer-
cial relations between this countiy and the United
States of America, feel it incumbent on them to ex-
press their thorough conviction, that unless some im-
portant modification of the existing duties takes place
in respect to flour, rice, timber, tobacco, cotton, and
other articles, the growth of that country, changes in
the tarilTin the United States will be introduced, in
the coursof this year, hicjhly injurious to the Biitish
interests, and especially detrimental to its principal
manufactures.

To Reuder wood Imperishable and lucombus-
tible.

(fiktiier particclars.)

We last month gave a somewhat detailed account o,

the remarkable discoveries made by Dr. Boucberiefor

preserving wood from decay and combustion. A late

number o( the London Gardener's CUronicle contains

the following additional information on this intponnnt
subject, extracted from a pamphlet publithed by Dr.
Boucherie.

" It is obvious that to render a power of preserving
timber generally useful, it is necessary not only that
the substance to be employed and the means ol apply-
ing it sbiHikl be extremely cheap, but nleo tlini the for-
mer should be perleclly free from all unwholesome
qualities. Among the ninny substances that occurred
to Ur. Boucherie was the impure pyroligniie of iion,
manufactured abundantly from refuse iron for the uee
of dyers, which the lollowiiin (xperiment led him to
believe would be perleclly eflicacioiis. The soft fruit
of the melon did'ers from hard wood only in the
greater qiiantiliea of soiuble matter which it contninsj
rnd as the decay of wood has hern ascertained experi-
mentally to be caused principally by its soluble con-
tents, it appeared highly probable that whatever sub-
stance would preserve so perisb.able a vegetable sub-
stance as the melon, would a fortiori act with energy
upon timber. A melon then was divided into two
equal parts, one of which was immediately placed
upon a jilate, and the other was plunged for a few
hours into the pyrolignite, after which it was laid upon
a second jilale by the side of the first. As usual, the
unjireparcd half speedily became putrid; but the other
gradually became dried up, and at last acquired the
hardness of wood. Experiments upon saw-dust beet
root, carrots, and flour, having given the samt^result,
Dr. Boucherie proceeded to apply the pyroli;;nile to
wood. To gain this object completely was his next
inquiry. Mere immersion will pioduce only a super-
ficial eflfect and to force the pyrolignite into the tissue by
means of pressure is too expensive. It occurred to him
that the simplest, the most certain, and economical
method would be to take advantage of the vital
forces of a tree while in full vegetation, and to present
the pyrolignite to the lower extremity of th^' trunk, as
if it were food to be taken up into the circulation. Up-
on trial, this mode of impregnating the trunk was
found perfect; the pyrolignite rising rapidly through all
the permeable parts of the timber up to the extremities.
The method employed is simjile immersion of tho
lower end cut ofi", when small arms of trees are to be
operated upon; but when the weight of large timber
trees prevents their being so treated, without exp.cnsivo
tackle, the following contrivance has been adopted. —
At the ground line, a hole is boied, hoiizonially
through the trunk, so as to open a passage from s:de
to side; a coarse-toothed saw is then introduced into
the liolc, and worked right and leh horizoniolly, till
about an inch in thickness remains undivided on either
side; by which means nearly all the sap-vcsscls are cut
through, and the trunk remains supportefl by two op-
posite points. The wound is then carefully closed ex-
ternally with pitched cloth, except at one point,
through which a pipe passes from a reservoir contain-
ing the pyrolignite. A few days in the summer or
autumn are sufficient to eaturotc a large tree, for which
purpose pyrolignite to the amount of about one twen-
tieth of tlje weight of the green wood is required.
Timber thus impregnated becomes so ha:d and tough,
as to be very dillicult to work.

Having thus ascertained the practicability of intro-
ducing substances into the interior of trees without
having recourse to any expensive juocess. Dr. Bouch-
erie turned his attention to the possibility of increasing
tlie elasticity of wood, and of diminishing its conibusti-
bility. He found that these most important results
could only be arrived at by the use of a deliquescent
salt. His experiments taught him that (he elasticity
of wood is generally in proportion to the quantity of
moisture it contains, and that those qualities are univer-
sally lost when perfect dryness is prOLiuced. Such
eases as appear to form an exception to this rule, are
either dependent upon some particulor structure of
wood, or upon the alkoline salts which it naturally
contains. IMiiriate of lime, an exceedingly cheap de-
liquescent salt, was employed with pcifect success: a
weak solution increases the elasticity and flexibility a
little; concentrated solutions render those qualities
excessive. Veneers of pine-wood prepared with a
concentrated solution of muriate of lime became so
pliable, that they could be twisted in any direction, or
bent into a perfect spiral, without giving way. It ap-
peals probable that the same preparation will render
wood durable; but in the absence of proof ol this, a
filth part of pyrolignite is added to ihe muriate. The
c-isting, splitting, and shrinking of wood, are all pre-
vented by the same means; and what is of much great-
er moment, its combustible qualit es are almost des-
troyed. Upon this most interesting subject we quote
the Words of Dr. Boucherie: — " As soon as J had_
discovered that a certain amount of moisluie could ba'

80

THE NEW GENESEE FARMEU,

OL. 4,

coiiotahily mtiintained in wood by ihc employment ot
the larihy murjotcs, it became ensy to conceive ihnt
by ibe Bamc nicnne 1 eboiild not only diminieh very
considernhly ita inllarnnmbility, but olso render the
combnaiiun of ila cborcoiil dilHcuIl in consequence ol
the nicliiiig of ibe earthy salts at ii8 enrlace and in its
Bubainnre: and eo it is. Wood prepared with tht'se
Bilts catches fire with great ditBciiliy, and burns to
ashes cxcee-ively slowly; so that it may be regarded,
fur practical purposes, as incombust-blc. Two cottages
{cuOunvs) t^.xactiy alike weie constructed; the one with
prepared, the other with unprepared wood. To set
tbein on lire, on equal quantity of combuatibloB was
employed. The latter whs burnt to ashes, while the
inside id" the other was liardly charred, the fire having
been unable to uiaTnlain ite^eU". These, and other facts
lead us to conclude that conHogrations might be ren-
dered almuct impossible, except m consequence of the
inHammable materials that houses may contain.

Remarks. — As some of our renders wdl doubtless
d(.'9ire to test this euhjoct by experiments, they will
nriLurally inquire, How the ncrvssury ingredients can
be obtained- We thercdore subjoin a few remarke.
kindly furnished for the purpose by Professor Dewey.
— Eu?. N. G. Far.

The jujiidit^nitc of iron is used chiefly by cuUco
vrintrrs, and may doubtless be procured in those sec-
ti.ins of our country where the manufacture of calicoes
ii cnri^d on. It may be readily formed too from the
pyroligneousacid and tilings of iron. Thepyroligne-
ous n',*id 15 produced from the distillation of wood, and
is lliG liquid which drops from many stove-pipes when
green or wet wood is burned. A tew years ago it was
a'jundant in the northern Stales under the popular
name of essence of smoke, and used tor the curing of
hams^ instead of the cjmmon process of smoking
them. This acid can now be obtained nt Meesr?,
Hawks, druggists, in this city, and probably at other
places; and the pyrolignite ol iron can easily be made
(as mentioned in the former article on this subject, p.
52). It would be premature to decide upon the merits
of the discovery of Dr. Boueherie. High authority
haa given it support. The subject deserves a fair and
full trial. The pyrolignite of iron seems to be com-
mend^-d for its cheapness. It is not improbable that a
eolation of copperas will produce the same result; and
ealt wbich will not malennlly be decomposed on mix-
ture, may bi? still m»rc profitnbly employed.

REVIKW or TUK MARKETS.

M:\V YORK. Ai-Rii. 'iH.
Cr>RN EXCHANGK.— Flour has iiiovetl hut slowly, anti
this lias been the cxse generally throu;:h tlie winter ; yet ihc
rery large stock whicji was in store last fall has almost all
gone off, so that now not more than a ten days' supply rc-
maliiii. The price of Genesee and Ohio is at S4 01 a ©5,
Bcareely any ihing to lie had however at the lowest price. —
Troy is selling freely af ® I ?3. 0('.Michi2:in tlicre is ni>nc. —
<»eor2Ctown soM for exportation at ^1 7.>-, Huward E?[reet i s
ftj 7.3. Rye Klonr. .fJ-J 7.3 a ei ; Corn Meal, S'i 7.> per hrl.—
Several parrels of Genesee an'l Ohio Wheat have licen sold
nt y.j rts. per liu , say :iH,hOO iiushcls in all, and loOO Uushels
very prime \\ cis, hu. more. Rje anri Corn are rather scarce*,
the last tiale nf Wye was at -jj cts. lime and iiit(;rest. liui ■ li
was deinaiidrd on parcels to arrive. Corn closed at 51c.
welirht. with several sales at that price- There is hut little
ch m^c in Outs ; Northern are G9c., Jersey 34c , and Rjoutii-
erii 'if* a 'll.

SKl^l).-*.— Clover is very dull ; 12 tierces, not free, sold at
6i cts. 11). TimoThy sells "at $-ij a ^"iS tee in lots. !?ome
Clover is cxpurtinfj.

CATrLn >IAKKt'.T—APBir.26.— Beeves— ?00 at market.
300 were froiii thr South, hal.'ince from this Stale— sale^
reachrd to 7jO at S' to ©9, averaging ^8 per cwt. with a fair
deuian I.

Cows and C 'Ives.— There were 110 oflcred, 110 of which
were tiikcn at iS'-'U to S-H' each.

Sheep an I Ijtunl's — MO at market, 410 taken ; Sheep at ©2
to S"). an I ljam'>3 at jj'-i to S'^'^a-'h. Good demand.
llAY.— Sales by the load at 75 to 97^ cents per cwt.

KNGLAND,
The* steam sliip Cohimliia brought Liverpool advices to the
4'.h ultimo. Foreign (Jrain and I'lour were somewhat de-
pre-'^n 1 in price. A sale of yOD Icirrcls U. S, Flour had heen
ma le hi bond at 23 shillin^i^, lieins; n de'dine of one .shilling
pf^r barrel since tlte previous aiKires. This price, it is said,
would not neit to the shipper %\ 50 per barrel In New Vork
at the present rate of pxcliange.

CIXCIWATI, April 22.
Pales of Flour were made at the canal at S3 5.% which is a
Blisht advance ; the receipts were small. The produce mar-
Ket wa^ animated— sjiies of 50.000 llis. bacon, ho* round sold
nt 4Jt cents, cash ; and ■i-'O kens lard at 6^ cents, cash.

KITTEN IIOISE & BEACKWELL'S PA-
TEXT CLOVEU SEED MACHINE.

THIS IS acknowledged to be the most perfect ami portable
maciiinc now in u^c, lor cleanirif.' clover »=ec<l. It only
wei^l"* rtliout 300 IIiB., and ii of less ^i/.e than a common fan-
ning mill. It is as easily kept in repair as a thrashing ma-
chine; and when the iceih are worn smooth, new irons
can be furnished by the nianufucturers.

This machine will he furnished to order, at Butlalo or New
Vork, for Highly Dollars, or at this place for Seventy-Five
Dollars, (payahle on dehvcry.) with right of use for ihe pur-
chaser atone.

The following certificates, from gentlemen oi' the hishest
respectability, are jrl'^en as evidence of the utility of this
machine, and of its rc|tutQtion in this vicinity.

West Favettk, March f=. 'f^4I.

I certify that I have used Uittenhouse &. Black well's Patent
Clover >iachiiie, I ly horse power, for ihe iwo last seasons ;
and have no hesitancy in saying that I believe it to be the
most simple of coustrucUon. and can I c kept in repair with
as little expentie. and will perform the l.esl of any I have seen
in use I have huiled, ready for the fanniii2 mill, when ihe
clialf was in good order, with a cylinder two feet four Inches
in length, at the rate of seven bushels of seed per hour.

^ NATHAN SAF.GER.

Halsry Vii.T.E, Tompkins co. N. Y., Feb. 20, 1S41.
I have used for two seasons past, and am now using, pro-
pelled by water power, Uittenhousc A: Bla'-kwell's Patent
Clover Machine, and am well pleased with its peformance.
and give it a decided preference over any machine tliat 1
have seen for cleaning clover seed.

NICOLL HALSEY.

Fayette, Seneca co., J;in. 27. 1S4I.

This is to certify, that I have had one of Uitteiihouse &
Blackwell's Patent Clover Machines aliached to ho^^•e pow-
er in my barn, and in forty minutes it hulled out of the chaff,
five bushels and a half of clover seed, readv for the fanning
mill SAMIEL THOMAS.

A. M. HcTiD, of this place, is agent for the transaction of
all liusiness relalingto tlieseniachines. All letters adilressed
to him (post paid) will receive prompt attention. He has
full power of attorney, and will sell rights for towns, coun-
ties, or stales, on very favorable terms. Orders for ma-
chines should be sent early in the season.

JEHl V. BLACKWELL

AVaterloo, Seneca co , N. Y. Pruprictor.

P. S — Dr. George Lewis of tliis place, has the agency for
the state of ^Michigan, and for the counties of Erie Chatau-
qua, Cati.'Lraugus, Chemung and Tioga, N Y. J. H. V.

A FARM & COl'NTRV SEAT FOR SALE.

A FIRST KATK Farm, witii new Buildings and Fen.-es.
siluaTed onlj one and Ihrce-fourths of a ntile from Ro-
chester Post Office, on the Stage Road leading from IMonroe-
sireel, cast.

Tlie Farm contains Fifty Acres of Excellent I*and, most of
which is in a high state oX' cultivation, a Two Story House,
with a Wing and Columns in front, sood Barn, Carriage
House. &.C.. about 300 Hearing Fiiiil Trees of various kinds,
cood Water and Wood. 3lore or Ir^s Land can he had with
the Buildings, if desired. A fine Horticultural Garden is
now in progress adjoining said Farm.

Tliis properly is worlliy the attention of a purchaser,
either for farming purposes, or a pleasant place of residence,
fteing near a rood market, good schools and seminaries

For further particulars. -please apply at the house ou said
farm, or address, post paid,

C. LVGERSOLL,

Uocliester Post Office, N. Y.
Brisrht'm, May 1, 1?41

j FRFIT TREES, Ml ERERRIES.

THE subscriber oflcrs to the public the usual very large
r.ssorimciit, comprisiiis the choice-st Fruit Trees, of ev-
ery class, ivnil embracing all the newe>^l viirieties. Also an
immen^^ccoilection of Ornamental Trees, Shrulis and Flow-
ering Plants. Green House IManls, Bulbous Roots, ami ihff
iiiosi extensive assortment of splendid Dahlias in ihe Cnion;

All these articles will he sold at a reduction m suit the
times, and hs cheaji or cheaper than they ran be elsewl-.ere
obtained. For the silk culture, are oflVred the finesi varie-
ties of .^(ulbcrrics, wlrich ;;re the Circussion. Elaln. Alpine,
Muliicaulis, ami Rroussa, all of which are very hardy ex-
cept the MuUicauIis. and that withsiamls ordinary winicre.

The Stale of New York having now granred a bounty of
S2 per lb on Silk, and Massiichui^etts and Yermont having
done lb." siune. they will no doubt lake the lead in liiis great
national pursuit. WM. R. PlEiNCE.

Flushimr. .March 7lh, I?40.

N. B —Priced cataloenes will be sent to every applicant.
Any persons who wish to establish sdk plaiil.itiitns will be
siipplieil with trer-s. pay.ibic by a share of ;he proceeds^

THE IMPORTED HORSE "ALFRED,"

WILI., stand this se:iHon. comniencingon Ihe I2lh of i\tay,
at the stable of Mr. Rodnev Russell, adjoining the old
Norton Farm, F.ast IJIoomficId, Ontario co., as follows, viz:
From WcrlnesJav, May 12th. to Tuesday. May ieih;'fio.n
We Inesday, May 2r>ih. to Tuesday, June I'st ; from Wednes-
day, June Hih. to Tucsil.ay, June I.'ith: from Wednesday. June
ft-ird, to Tuesday, June'itUh ; from WeJnesday. July 7th to
Tues lay. July 13'h ; nnri at Mr. G. Forden's. near Geneva,
the tiiie.-me Hate Time.— TERMS, the same as last veason
Rochester, April, 184L THOMAS WEDDLE.

PLOUGHING MATCH M

Tins is to certify, that, wishing to purchase the best
PloM;rh 1 could olitain, I proposed to Mr, Langworlliy,
proprietor of "AVIiiling's Wisconsin Prarie Plough." ami
also to Mr. Wright, proprietor of *• Wright's Patent Gen-
esee PloTigh," to take a i)]ough of each of their mannfac-
lure. and give them an impai-tial trial before purchasing
either, which I accordingly did. Mr. Langwnrihy requesied,
I being a stranger to him, liial I should select some of our
hest farmers who were unacquainted \vith either of the par-
lies conr-erncd, to judge of the merits of the plough, which I
have done, as will be seen below. After a fair trial, lliey
came to the dei;ision as appears in their certilicate, witii
wh'.ch opinion I cordially concur, and tliercfore ha\c piir-
chascl the *' Whiting Pluuirh "

EDGAR F. BENJAMIN,

PerrtJiton.
We, the undersigned, practical farmers, and residents of
this town, bein:? requested by l\Ir I-Jdgar F. Benjamin, to
jud^e between " Whiting's \Visconsin Prarie Plout'li." and
•' Wright's Patent Genesee Plough," (both made at Roches-
ter.) After giving them a fair and impartial trial both in
green sward and stubble lamls, do agree, lliat the " \\'hiting
Plough" has the decided preference, botli in doing gond,
clean work and the amount of jiower required to propel it.
LARRY AVILCOX,
JESSi: HANFORD.
STEPHEN H. Fl I.I,AM,
SAMUEL BENJAMIN.
Perrinton, JpriHB, ie4L

PEAR AND CHERRY TREES.

DAVID THOMAS

OFFERS for Sale the following select kinds U'hich ripen
in succe*bion : —
Pkars : Madeleine or Early Harvest, Jargonelle. Julienne,
Skinless, September, Seckcl, Virgalieu. iVIost of these are
of large size.

CiiERRU-s: Knisbt's Early Bl.ack— e:illed Black Tarta-
rian— White Tartarian, Black Crown, I\Iay Duke, Transpa-
rent Guisn^', Carnation

Oi'nanieiitiil Plants,
Trees, shrubs, and hr'rbaceous pcrctiniuls in great variety,
which win lie sold cheap.
Greotficldinear Aurora, Cayuga co- 3 mo. 30. 164L

ROCHESTER SEED STORE"18^»

BATEHAM & CRO?=MAN, the proprie'ors of this well
known establishnieni, respectfully inform the public that
thev have now on hand a general assortment of superior
F.nglish and American SEEI>i< of ihc growth of 1540, and
other articles in their line of husiness.

For the FARM— <hoice varieties of Corn, Grain. Grass.
Clover, 5tc.. and seeds for Root Crope. such as Mangel Wurt-
zcl Pu"ar Beet. Carrot, Ruta Baga. Englisli Turnip. &•

For tlie GARDEN— all the most vr.lualple and approved
kinds of esculent Yegetable ^T^:EDs. Those which grow in
greater i>erfeetion in Euro[ie, arc .innually imported from
England ;— such as the diflercnl varieties of Cabbage. Cauli-
flower, Broccoli. Radish. Turnip Stc. Onion seed is obtain
ed from Weihersfield. and other articles are raised for ihii
establishment with sreal carp.

FLOWER SEEDS— about 2no varieties of ihemostbeau

liful and interesting kinds.—(Price.)0 cents per doz. papers.

ROOTS AND PLANTS— Choice kinds of Potatoes, As

paracus and Pie-plant roots, Cabliagc, Cauhflower and otUc

plants in their season.

TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS, of various kinds, for 111
Farm and G.irden And a large colleciion of valuabl
BOOKS on subjects connected with farming and gardeiiini
silk culiure. &.c.

SILK WORM EGGS — of different kinds, on hand in the
season.

turGATALOGFES gratis on application. Mcrchan

supplied with Seeds at wholesale, on liberal terms. Ordc ,

from a distance containing a remittance, or good city refe j

ence, will receive attention. . „ '

BATEHAM & CROSMAX.

Arcade Hal!, Rocheiter, Jpril 1. li<4l.

The Imported English Horse, "Emigrant,'-

WHjL stand for Mares llie ensuing season, at the biirn
>Ir. C Ashlon. in .Shelby, one mile west and ti;i!i
mile south from Medina, Orleans Co., where he lias sm
Ihe two last seasons.

It is but just to say that he is not probably surp.is^rl
any horse in Western New York. Good judges wlio v. >
at the Fair in Rochester, last fall, tliink iliat if he had li
there he would have taken the premium without any 'I'M
His stock is right— just the thing for farmers and rlic m
ket. Gentlemen who wish lo raise good horses will iK^ w
to call and see.— He is extensively known in Liviiiiz-i
county. T. H. ASHT(»\.

J SHERW<.K-t|)
R. L. CHASE.
iMedina. Orleans Co., March 9, 1?41

ROCHESTER PRICES Cl'RKENT.

CORRECTEU KOR

THE NEAV GENESEE FARMEH, MAY 1 , 1841 ,
WHEAT, perbueUcI, $ 81 a $

CORN, '* 44..

OATS, *' 25..

BARLEY, *' 37.^.

RYE "■ 5U..

BEANS, WLiite,.. *' ^1^.

POTATOES,.... " 22..

APPLES, Desert,. " 38..

** Dried,... '* 75..

CIUER, barrel, 100 ],".

FLOUR, Superfine, " 4,12i A,'^

" Fine, ** 3,75 4

SALT, '' 2.00

PORK,IVless, ** 11,00 12,0

** Prime,.... *' 9,00 11,(1

^r

e

!*

Hog, .... 100 Ibe.... :^,75.,

BEEF, " 4,00..

POULTRY perDound, 8..

EGGS, per dozen, in...

BUTTER, Fresh, .. per pound 12i..

" Firkin, "... 10..

CHEESE, " ... C.

L\RD , " ... 7..

TALLOW, Clear,.... "... 8..

HIDES, Green " ... 5..

SHEEP SKINS,.... encl,,... 87i.,
PEARL ASHES, . .100 11.3. .T^,WU.
POT, " .... " ..4,.'.0..

WOOL pound,.. 35..

HAY, ton,.. 9,00,.

GRASS SEED, bushel,.. l,'.n..

CLOVER, " " ...(i,00..

FLAX,.... " " ... 7r>..

PLASTER, (in bbis) per ton,G,O0..,
♦• bulk(at Wheotland)i},50..

4,f

4,ei

11,1

M. B. BATEHAM, )

C. F. CHOSAIAN, Proprietors. (,

VOJL. 2.

ROCHESTER, JL'IVE, 1841.

JVC. «.

JOiJN J. THOMAS,

M. B. BAl'EHA.M, Editors.

PURIilSIIED MOi\TIIIiY.

TERMS,

FIFTV CENTS, per yerii-, p lyulile always in advance.

Post Masters. Agents, and others, sending money free of
postage, will receive seicn ccipies for ®3, — Tuelve copies for
95, — Ticenty-Jive copies for ©10,

Tl'c postage of tins paper is only one cent to any place
within Lliis state, and one and a half cents to any part of
the UniteJ Stjites.

Address BATEHAM i: CROS.'MAN, Rochester, N. Y.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

An Apolniry- To Delinquents. The State Law — Conn-
tv SoL'icties, Rcntrdv for the Turnip Fly Hints for
the Monlli. The Weather of May SI

PearTrees. Ripening of Pears. *■ Grulis in Cattle." How
can Farininel-e nir.-le profuahle.' — Slilisoil phtugliing.. .t'J

American tJociely of Agriculture. Letter from Wiscon-
sin. Large Hogs F3

The Flo .vers of Spring. Wlieat turning to Chess. Man-
ufacture of Silk in State Prisons 34

Gnlvanic Plant Protector. Wilkie's Scotch Plough P;ir-
liiigtnn on the Grasses. N. Y. State .-\g. Society On
the Tarilfaiul Trade P5

Tlic Wheat Interests, Lcavitt's Memorial to the U. S,
Senife SO-87

Cheering Protspe^'ts To our friends. Pleasing Letters.
The Self-Protecting liee Hive (with cut ) 88

Opeida county ,\\vake, Beehe's Straw Carrier, (wrtli
cut.; Important from England— Corn Laws Soaking
Onion See Is. Stripe 1 Hugo — Inqniry 89

Answer to Inquiries ,".l;out I'Vuit and Flowers. Thorn
Hedges. ErtV'Ms of High Prices on .Xalional Wealth —
Use of Mosqviiloes ! 90

Native Fruito. The importance and utility of the Pissem-
Ination of Knowledge aniong Farmers. Treatment of
Hi'elMen. Is the Taritf a Political Question .'.... 91

N. Y. Sta e Bounty on Silk. Report of the Assrtnldy and
Aclof the Le^lriture. Lie^ieg's Agricultural Chemis-
try V.

I An important Suggestion — The use of .Ashes. Log Hou-
seB. Vai-ieties of Silk Worms. To destroy Rats and

Mice. The Use of Flowers. Poefry 93

' Cheese making. Cure fur ^Murrain. Leachel .\slies as
Manure. Agricultural Rank of the several St;;tes. N.
Y. St.-.te Act to Pronio'e Agriculture 94

Flowers and their odors. To the Ladies — On Horticul-
ture. >Iodes"y. Time 95

Letter f'-om -Annette. An Iminirv from Michigan. F.as-
icrn Ploughs. IMarkets Advertisements Prices Cur-
rent, Slc 96

All Apology. — Otir paper was dclnyetJ n tiny or
two this month, by nn accident hnppen-n;^ to the ma-
ehinerv coiineuted \vith the power press on which it
is primed.

To Delinquents.

There ia a Inrge amount of email sums due us from
agents and poet ma-^terd. They wil! greatiy obIie:e tie
by remitting their balances without delay, bo that we
1 need not trouble them with a more particular call.

The State Law-County Societies.

By a reference to the act to promote agriculture, as
published in another column of this paper, it will b'^
Been, that where no society exists already, the Coun-
ty Clerk is required to give four weeks' notice of
• public meeting for the purpose of forming one. —
Notices have been given accordingly in a number of
counties, and many societies will doubtlef38 beorgani-
led during the present month. We repent our re-
quest that the Secretaries will send us a list of their
officers.

Monroe County Society.

The Annual E.xhibiiion of this Society will be held
«t Kochester on the 15th and IGth dnys of October.
The list of premiums, regulations, <^c, will be pub-
lished soon, in handbill form, and circulated through,
•ut the ooi:niy.

Ontario County.

The Cattle Show and Fair of thie Society will be
held atCnnandnigua, on the ISth day of October. The
list of premiums and regulations has been published
and circulated.

Genesee County.

This Society will hold its Annual Fair at Alexan-
der on the 13th and 14th days of October. The list
of premiums, &c. has been circulated, and may be
had of tiie Secretary, C. P. TunNEtt, Esq., Batavia.

Remedy for the Turnip Fly.

The following simple mode of guarding against the
depredations of the Turnip Fly, if not new, is certain-
ly not generally known, and may be of great benefit to
some ot our readers :

Messrs. EoiTons — It ia well known that the great en-
emy of the Ruta Baga (and other turnip) crops is the
small Ilea or fly that destroys the plants almost as soon as
they appear above ground ; and ns this crop is becom-
ing extensively cultivated, it is very important that
some method be devised and made known for guarding
against this insect.

J have long been in the practice of raising Ruta Ba-
gas, and for the past live years have not failed of ob-
taining a ^ood crop. My mode is simply to soak the
seed 24 or 48 hours in Tanner's Oil, and then roll it
in Plaster to facilitate the sowing. A very small quan-
tity of oil is sufficient, as it ia only necessary to moist-
en the seed thoroughly, and allow it time to penetrate.
The offensive odor of the oil is imparted to the seed,
and the first leaves of the young plant are so impreg-
nated with it that the flies will not eat them. I have
frequently tried thee.xpeiimentofsowing asinnll quan-
tity of seed without any preparation, and have almost
invaii^ibly found those plants nearly or quite destroy-
ed, while those from the prepared seed escaped unin-
jured.

To the incred'ilous I would say, the trouble is
but little, the expense nothing — therefore, try. the ex-
periment.

The oil does not seem in the least to injure the vi-
tality of the seed. J have known it to vegetate well
after soaking ten days in the oil ; but I think two days
is sufficient, and prefer it to a longer period.

L. B. P.'VRSONS.

Perry, N. Y. UlayQG, 1S4I.

Hints for the ^lonth.

Among the most important operations this month, is
the sowing of ruta bnga Feed. Farm re who want an
eX'-ellent and cheap feed for their horses and store cat-
tle, and especially those who have been sadly pinched
this spring for hay, &c. must not omit the proper
season.

But, one thing must be remembered — that ill suc-
cess is nearly always to be attributed to bail nwvage-
mcnt — and not to the nature of the crop itself. Where
the soil has been well enriched by previous manuring;
ia not too wet; ha.s been well mellowed by frequent
ploughings and iiarrowings; the eeed planted as early
as the middle nf the m^iTh- and rMled sm^ch where

the surface from the stiffness of the soil may incline
to be cloddy, to prevent the fly — and where the weeds
have been completely destroyed at the outset, and kept
out of the field, — failures have been estrcmly rate.
Planting in drills, ridging, or sowing broadcast, orecf
secondary consideration, though drilling is to be pre-
ferred where practicable; and ridging is useful on
shallow soils, or thoae inclining to too much moisture.

Ofditi'eieni operations already commenced and in
progress, the tollowiiig must be closely attended to :—

Keep your beet and carriot crops perfectly free fiom
weeds, especially when they ore young.

Thin them out at proper distances in the low.

Give corn fields early and frequent cultivation.

Andreiiiember ihat^i'tor^'z early drcE8ings,tocorn,
or any other crop, are quite aa cheap oa one tedioua
and laborious one, after the weeds arc a foot high and
as thick us grass on a meadow; —

And benefit the crop incomparably more.

And in all work with lioes, lenieniber that a touch
on the grindstone, at leaai once a day, is strict econo*
my, and great comfort to the laborer.

Canada thistles must be mowed before seeding to
prevent spreading; — and to destroy them, keep them
constantly below ground by ploughing or otherwise,
and they will soon be smothered and destroyed.

All other troubletome weeds should be wttched,
and destroyed.

Keep in mind the importance of frequently stirring
the soil about cultivated crops — and let all young and
newly transplanted fruit trees be well hoed about, and
kept clear of all grass and weeds. •

The Weather ol' Way

Has been no less remarkable than in the preceding
months. The teinperaiure of the fust half was 44, S8,
ot the second half 63,04. Of May 1840, was 50,62,
64,87.

The first half continued to be cool, vegetation made
very slow progress, tome trees and planus shot forth
their flowers and their leaves. From Thursday the
20th, when the warm ^^eother began to appear with
some power, vegetation put forth with astonishing ra-
pidity, plums, cheiriee, apples and quinces followed
in rapid succession, indeed some apple flowers appeor-
cd with the late peach bloteoms. The same plum trees
which lost year blossomed fully on April 26th, were
this year in full bloom May 21st. Some cherries blos-
somed fully in the morning, began to drop their petals
in the afternoon, and the next day shov.-ed clearly their
fruit. Tbeleavcsond flower stalks of the Horse Cbea-
nut burst forth on the 21et, and in four or five days tha
blssiins were lully formed. The rapidity with which
the forests were covered with foliage, was unpniollel-
ed in this region. The earth was covered as in a day,
with its verdniu carpet. It required constant attention
to keep up with the profusion and variety of the flow-
ers. In (en days more the sc.nson will be nearly as
forward ns usual. The mean temoerature of the
month was 45,30, and of 1840 was 57,97. The Bar-
ometer has stood almost at the same point, 29,50, (o r
ihe!a<.thnlfnf»h»ni?n'h. C. DEWRY.

b'2

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Ptar Trees.

We find p or trees in lees demand tban nlmosi nny
other article in the nursery. Wbyehonld this be bo ?
Tue pear >s one of our most deliuious fruits; though
from the ac-arcity of trees in the country, it is not im-
probable that many cultivators have never tasted the
better kinds.

As an excuse fur negleciin? the pear tree however,
we have often heard it said, " they are si long before
Ihey b gin to bear." Now this is the very reason why
they should be p'anted without delay — why no time
thoiild be lost.

The re nark hiwcvcr, isonly true inpart. Some pear
trees indeed, like the Berganitit, require much tin e to I
gel ready: but others, like the Julienne, np|iear to
come into henring as sion as the apple tree ; and this
trait of chancier is ccrtniidy of nu lets importance
than the color or the size of the fruit, which pomolo-
gists are always so careful to mention. If the time
required by each kind to come into bearing, was gene-
rally known, uurchasers of young trees could be much
better acco.nmolate I. Djlicious sorts would in all cn-
Ks be wonle I, but we could well afTird to wait seve-
ral years for the Summer Rose, the Rousselelte de
Rheims, or the Belle et Bonne, to grow large and get
ready, when Williams' Bin Chretien, the Summer
Frankreal, or the Bloodgood, were bearing in the
mean time. Of 81 sorts noticed by Manning in his
" B ok of Fruits," 17 are mentioned that ** come ear-
ly into bearing," though several belonging to thin
class, he lias n it marked; nn 1 nt this time we have in
the nursery, many trees of the Julienne, not more than
liz or seven feet high, in full flower. Grafts of tbio
Tariety, of the Cusbing, of the Johunnot, &c. set ujj
on old stocks, bore in two years.

The pear is one of our hardiest fruit trees; and so
far as our observations have extended, it is neither
subject to the attacks of the caterpillar, nor the borer.
Sime perish h.iwever, with \.he firc-bliglu; but it
should n It be allowed. The owner has as much right
to complain of bad luck when he stands by while his
cattle are destroying his youitg trees, as he has when
he stands idle, wi'.hout reaching forth a hand, while
Scolijtiia pyri destroys his old trees. Possibly howev-
er, tuere are two kinds of lire blight; but be this as it
may, many of our trees have stood more than twenty
years, without any losses of eonoCiiuence, though the
fire-blight lias been several times amongst ihem, — ow
ing en;irely as we believe, to this circumstance: we
htce cut tijf tltc dtfi/iif limb, and burnt il witbout
delay. t

Uipeiiiug of Pears.

After select ng the article on this subject from the
G J,r duller^ s C'Lroiticlc, which appeared in our last
nunber, we brought two kinds of pears from the cel-
lor, wliere they hid reinainud all winter as hard as
when they were taken from the tree, and placed them
in a warm room. In about ten dnys, one sort which
had been as green as grass, changed 1 1 a golden yel-
low, an 1 became nudting nn\ delicious. An accideru
has prevented us from giving the name. Tue other
sort als 1 softened soon after, and was coneide ed Hue;
but it is clearly a misnomer.

In Winters past we have bad several kinds of pear.-
in the cellar, that eit'ier rotted or were thrown to the
pigs in th-i spring, which wo are now satisflcd would
haT« ripened in a warm room. t

of the goad jly or gad-fly, eo often seen on the bucks
of cattle ill summer, the scientific name of which is
Oestrus bocis, or the Ox-stingrr. The eggs are depo-
sited in the tkin, and the larvai produce considerable
swellings on the backs and sides of cattle. They ir-
ritate the flesh, and beeom>. n disense, often painful,
weakening, and emaciating to the animal. Tlicre is
not any pmevticcnf their depn datione, or any remedy
for their action, wbich has fallen under my eye. Tbcir
eflectsare much more powerful upon poorer and weak-
er cattle, and perhaps their eggs arc laid with grea er
ease in tuch animals, or that they may meet with less
resistance fiom weaker cntde. Ifsurb is the fact, the
farmer will find th'' grand prcrmtirc in the good
stren:;lh and power of the animnl, and the bist remedy
in the good keeping and consequent vigor of his cat-
tle. Let him not tcinler any inferior animals, eilbei
of cattle or sheep, as both tbrse stem more subject to
surt'er ng from the larva; peculiar to tbi m.

Rochcsler, May, 1841. C. DEWEY.

For Iht ^tt£ Genesee Farmer.

" Grabs in Cattle."

Messrs. Editors — Perhaps yourcorrcspondent, M-.
Mi ler of Ohio, will find a satisfactory answer to hi.-
inquiries on the above subject, in the remarks on "Bits
and Horse B es," in the last two numbers of the Far
mxr. Il it well kiiswa ibat \iieee s' ul>a are the larva

From the j\ew England Farmer.
How can Farmin^r be made Piolitublcl-"
^ubxoil Ploiighin{;.

Letter of E. Pliiiiney, Esii. to A. iliiioiiigton, Esq , puh-
lislirl ill the rraii:j..c.iutis uf llie Es&ei AgncuKunil bu-
ciety, l!:40.

A. IJe.NTi.NGTON, Esq — Deor Sir — The question is
often asked, i low can fanning be niade jirohioble ?
1 answer, by liberal ninnuiiiig, deep and thorough
[jltiiighing. and clean cuiiuie. I wdl \eiitiire to iit-
liiin, without fear of ciiniradietion, that no instance
Clin be cited, where a fiiriiier who has nianuied his
grounds highly, niiide a judicious use of the plough,
anrt ciiliivaled with cine, has failed to receive an oni-
ple reitiuiieioiion fir the amount invented — noy more,
that has not received a greater advance upon his out.
lay iliaii the oveiage profit derived from any other
busiiieos. One great Oifficuliy ie, ihoi. most Inin-.eis
seem not to be aware of the fuet, that t'^e eveater the
outlay, to a rea^oiiiible extent, when skilfully npplieri,
the greater will be the profit; they therefore ninnuie
.-pariiitrly, plough shallow, and the couteqiienee is,
get puoily paid for their litbor Th'S has raiteii a pre-
judice and given a disrelish to the liusiuet^s of farming,
e-pecially among those who are in the habit and aie
dcoirousof realizing something moie from their occu-
pation ilian a iioked letii n of the oinount <xpeiided

The larmei who is si s.iarnig of his manure tb'iihe
cnii get but thirty bu hels of corn fiom an ncie. geio
barely enough to pay him f >r the eX| eiise of cultiva-
tion; end in oddition to thie, by the ordiiiaiy method
of ploughing. Ins field, at each sucte.^Mve lotation, l^
deteriorating, his crops becoming lets, nnd in a few
years lie finds be must abandon his exbaii.-ted nnd
Mtrn out fields, to seek a fcubsit-tence for hinitelf nnd
fHimly in some other biir-iness, or in smiie other leg on.
where the bond of man has been less wasteful of the
bounties of naluie.

Instead thiMi of his senmy manuring often cnrl load?
to the acre, which will gi\e liiiii but thirty bll^heldot
corn, let liiin apply tlii ty loads. This ndditionid
iweniy louilt, at the utual pi Ice of mnnure in Ibis part
of the countiy, wiM cori bim thirty dolhils. But be
now, instead of thirty bushels of ciirn. gels sixiy buth-
els, and the increased qmtiuity oi tiover wid mo e
than pay tor the excess of labor reipii ed in i-ultiva
uwj, and barve.-ting the large crop over tbni of the
smalt one He has then added thirty busbeis of coin
to hiB crop by means of meniy loads ol nianuie, which
at the usual price of one dollar per besbel, p»\s bmi
111 tbe first crop fir bid extra oiitbiy. Hisncteof lond
is laid to gra s after taking ofi'tbe co-ii, nnd the effeci
of bis twenty lo-ids of nddiuonnl ninnuring. will be lo
give bim. 111 the lovvest estimate, vbiec nddiiionnl lont-
of h'ly in the three first years of mowing ii, wor^h
liiteen dollars a ton standing in ihe field. Now look
at the rei-ult. Mis thirty dollars expended lor extra
iminiiiing was paid (or in tbe first year's crop, and at
the end of' three years more he w-ill have received
:orty-five ilollnrs profit on his outlay of thirty dollars:
■iiid in addition to this, his land is improved, and in
niiich bet er condition for a second roiotion. Tlieie
IS no delusion in this. It is a practical eeiilt, nt tbe
reality ot whieb any farnie niny satisfy himself', who
will take the tiouble to try the experiment.

From no item of outlays con ibe fiirmer derive fo
am, lie and so c.rliiin a proili, as from his expi'iidiiuus
tor mnnure to a eeriiiin extent. This has Icii mobt
slrikini;ly vvitUvd by »oui« of our West Ciunbridge

larniers. It is not uncoirimen ;imong soac of iLe
farmers in thot town, lo put on their gioiinds one hun-
dred dollars' woith of manure to tbe i cie, nnd in n oie
iustaneia than one, tbe gross salet, of produce ti' m
ten acres under the pitiujih, have amounted lo five
ihouuiind dollais in one season. This is the reeuli of
high ninniiiing nnd judicious cult vniii.n of a toil
too which is exceedingly poor and snndy.

The subject ot sulisoil 1 1 ugh ng is one upon which
ihere has been little snid, and Itss done, in llli^ part of
tbe country. In nil our grounds, ixiipi ibot-e whiih
are very loose and tnndy. iheie is no doubt iljnt gicat
benefit would be derived fii in ibe u^e of ihe si.bfOtl
plough- In England, the efli ct of ^ub,-oil j^loi t^'ig
.11 incieosing their crops, as i-taicd h> tome ngncuhu-
ral wriiers, would teem almost inctediblc. By this
menus, the crops in tlint countiy hn\c hem doubled,
and in n any instances trebled. The expi use howev-
er, is Slated to be veiy grtat — so gieal, os to lie in yi nd
the means of most of our lainiere. In one ease the
• x; ense ot tubsoil I'loughingon a faim ol over fi\c
iiiindied acres, was rstiniated by the owner to cott the
enormous sum of ibiitien bundiid pounds Blerlipg.
This caleulntion took into coiiBirierotion the ll^e ol the
lieavy Deaston plough, which always required lour,
and in some Btiif clajs. six borBes to work it. 1 om
aware that an implement nogbt tie constiucied, which
Ihoiigb it might not do the busirets quite so well,
could, nevertbeliss, be made highly liinelic:al in the
hniidb of our farmers, and obiniiied nt n fiir lets cott,
I am informed llint M"-. Botson, of ibe Yniitee Fnini-
er, has, with a h gbly prnii-e-wortby ut\\ in the inter-
est of agriculture, imported from England a sulisoil
plough, which iiiny be woiktd with .. le^B poweiful
team ti an the one cunimonly in use in that country.

In a cliinnte like our own, which at that siatonof
ihe year when our iro] s, pnnicidaily our rooi crops,
most iieeO tbe tienefil of inoisiuie that may be demed
ironi deep ploiigbing, and aie most likely to fufler
trom drought, the Use of tbe Bubsoil ploigh would be
iiltended wiib nnquestionuble btntfii. On a l.eld o.
my own, «bich hnd been set to nnoicl.oid, nnd tbeie-
liire kept under tbe plough lor some vears. in ntiiuip-
iing to underdiain a part of it ihnt wns usually fluoded
by water in tbe spring of tbe year, 1 noticed « bat the
English call the " upper ciust." This lay some inch-
es below tbe snifnee, at the depth to which tbe tnnd
lind been u.sunl y ploughed, formed by the trending of
ilie o.xeii nnd tlie niovinieiiis of tbe ploi gb over t.
This 1 found to be so hord ns to be njipan nt y ns im-
1 eneiiuhle by the rods as a pitee of niaible. and dis-
covered to me at once the cause of tbe Ihiluie, in a
urtht nunsuie, of n.y crop of potatoes the veer before.
Having discoveied what 1 supposed to be ibe cai.se of
the taifuie, 1 eel about devis.ng mta.-urcE to remedy iu

I hove never seen a siibsiul pboigb. llieie never bav.
mg been one Been or made in ibis pnit ot the lountiy.
I consulted my ingenious friends. Messis. Pioiiiy &
Miars, nnd, ut my request, lliey made an intiiiin.eni
ol veiy cheap ni d simple eonsiriiclion, eoiisisimg of a
wooden hi am, about ibree incbes tqmne, nnd llneo
I'eetlontr, with ihue tines or teeth ol lie eomii on cul-
tivator, placed 111 a direct line in the beiim, extending
nliout eight inches lielow lie benni; lo this bandhs
were attached similar to the bnncl sofa plough. On
iiying this by runii ng alter ti.e iliiU plough, I loui.d,
in my haul stony subsoil, ii was quite inndiquuie to the
business, bein:; tmi li^bt nnd ol iiisefhcieiit stienglh.
I iliin bad one eoiisiiucied of siniilni plnn. but niiich
heavier nnd siionger. The beam five feet long, six
incbes square, of white ouk, well iioned, with il.rie
tines in neaily a right line, ninde of the beti Swedes
iion. one and a half inebes squnie, cxundiiig twelve
inches below the lu am, with a spur nt the loot, si me
IciS ilian that o( the tine ol ihe ciiltivnior, wiin strong
hninilesnnd an non beam exieiidiiig lioiii inch lirnd 0
to the eeiitie of the 1 enni, by vvhicb tl e balniiee is ea- ;
sdy pri served. This iinpleiiKnt, diawn by two Jik*',
ot oxen, lollowid tbe drill ploimh m getting in carrots,
ni d peiloiii.ed the woik l.eiiii ilinii 1 I nd nniieij nied. :
The ** iqiper ci ii t"' gave wnj , tbe rt a sinnce ninde by
ihe bind gravelly boi torn and smaller stones was n ad\., I
ly overcome. The enrth was loosened in most placta (
twelve or fi'urtein incbisfroni tbe sui lace, and though ]
not BO tf'oroujbly piilveiized ns it piobnbly would
biive been by n peilict tutisod plough, yet, in my very
b ird. stony subsoil, I am i' elm- d n> bilieve, tbat lor
simp'e drill hu>bnniliy, this will be baind to ben valu-
able sulistiuile for tbe English siibsuil plougli. And
CO- sidering the small pi.c; of tbe iniplen ent, nnd ihe
gieater i ase vviib wbieb it is vvoikid, il:e Irict'on be-
ing much Icrsened f»y dispelling with tl e sole, 1 shall
i-oniinueto u.-e ltd- iiitil I cnii find n teller. A pnrt
ol my croi of cairo s was sowed i!;.on the same bniu
opproprioteU lor that erop lau y«flr; no note maiiura

No. 0.

AND GARDENEli'S JOURNAL.

wasnpplicti ihan in ihe previous year, and notwiib-
slaiid 11!} tlie severe druuglit wniih greiitly injured
most "!' inir rool cro; 3, my crop on ihie piece of land
WIS nearly doul 1 : to tlint ot last ytar. There ie n"
kn')wn ciiiee 10 wliii-li 1 can aUribute this great in-
crea.se of tlie pniduce, l>ul t'le use of my new con-
6triict-d 8ub,-tiiu,e lor a snba il plouiili. Tlie aod was
Btirred to the depih of foil teen inche- ; by this meam-
tlie rooti? of the carrots were ennbleil to eirilie deep,
and thereby not only find more noiiriBbmeiit, but to
overcome, in a great meneiire. the elVeete of a very
pinching drought. With great respect,

Your ob't Fcrv't.
Lexington, Mass. E. PHINNEY.

Frtfm Ji'cstern Fa>mer.

American Society of A^riculliire.

An Address to thefiirmcrsofthc United States; to ev-
ery J'riind itf a^riadtunit intjiroremimt ; to erenj
Citizen of tilt United States who desires to see eleva-
ted Ihe ch/irartcr and standing of the calticators of
American soil.

M)8t respected and most respectable friends and
brothers, give me your attention liir a few fleeting mo-
ments; y Mir humble brother, who now addresses yon,
published a suggestion iibjut three years ago, for the
purpose of arou-ing jour aiten i.in to the subject of
forininga Natimal Agricultural Sjciety: thai sugges-
tion was then responded to with a hearty good will
throughout the country. But action upon the sniijeci
has been overwhelmed by the political whiilwind that
has swept over our country. In the first lull of the
Biicceeding calm, ihc proposition to form such a socie-
ty has been renewed, and with one exception, has met
with a cheering " God speed the project." None
d)ubt the utility of the proposed society, yet doubtless
there are many who would like to see the object, end
and aim of the society more fully expla tied. To such
1 now ofier some of my views, and in doiitg so, invite
you all M give yours; for this is one object of a Nation
al Society to interchange our vievvs.

Miny warm friends of the measure, who are nn.x-
ious to s^e the society in operation, cannot see how it
18 to be organiZ ;d. They s ly. " No doubt if once or-
ginized. It would daily increase in strength and us'-
fulness: but it is like a great complicated piece of ina-
chinerv, of threat use and value when once in motion,
but very difficult to start." Now, to me there is no
ditfijulty in the way. All that is wanted is a few ac-
tive engineers to put the machine in motion. Imme-
diate and do..;iiied action of a few of the active friends
of agricultural improvement, who must assume the
responsibility lo act as engineers as well as pioneers
ibr the whole Union: and having once given the socie-
ty an e.x sience, it will tlourifrh and increase in strength
jus', as our political Union has done.

The following plan of organizng the society is sug-
gested to your considenil on :

Let as many of he friends of the project as can be
indu 'ed to do so, meet at the city of Washington, on
foinediy of the au uinn iiflSll, (the particular day to
be hereafter fi.xed.) and there lorm a constitution for
the society, and elect officers, to w t: a prepident, a
vice president ftr each state, a recording secretary for
each state, c lunly, city and principal town in the Um
ted States, a treasurer, and probably a publisher of a
national piper, to be called the Journal of the Ameri-
can S icx'ty of .\griciiliiire.

The first officers will hold their offices until the next
annual meeting, which should be held at the capital of
that slate which bad furnished the greatest number of
members at the" lime v.lien the president of the socety
shoni I issue his proclamation to convene the second
mening.

Tue place of each annual meeting shouMbs fi.xed at
the ore :eding one, in s.)ine state other than the one
where it was then held, so as to give the members in
each slate an easier opportunity of attending.

As in the f irmatlon of all such associations it is ne-
cessary to have some cash funds, are you willing to
dmate "a miiu" to accomplish this great national
obji'ct ?

If so, an opportunity will hereafter be offered you
to do so. U.ion some of you f hope to make a person-
al call fjr lliit purpose, should it be thought advisable,
after due relleciioii, to proe- ed in the organization:
therefore, I pray you to give this subject your serious
consideration.

If yon should aid in the format'on of this society,
will not your children ' rise up and bless you ?" Foi
on? of the lirst objects of the Naii"nal Agricultural
S 'Cietv s'.ioiild be to connect with it a " National Ag-
riciiltilra; Sjh > >l."

N It such a '• National School" as the only one we
IKj-i' b%v(>. wai'.-h hti, with (00 mn«b truth, bsen eal-

led "a nursery of aristoeiacy" — where the bumble
son of a farmer is rarely nduiitted, and if adiiutted,
what is he taught ? Not how to cultivate his moibcr
earth, and make her sons glad; not how to inciea-e
life, bui the art of destruction, the trade of blood I I
Such is now your only national school.

Such will ntu be ihe only one, in a few short years,
if yon will lend your energies to form a National So
cicty, whote motto will be, " to elevate the character
iind standing of tlic cultivators of ihe American soil."
For wlun once organized, you will show a united
f irce of many thousands, whose voice will be heard In
the halls of Congress demanding our birthiight. lie
assured we shall be henrd. "L.nall our energies be
cunceniraled, and we can do any thing in the power of
man; but divided and scattered as we are, we spend
our forces, as it were, drop by drop; whereas, union
would make us uvald'icr than a torrent." We can,
shall we tay we will form siub a torrent as will over-
whelm onr political rulers, unices ihcy will do justice
to the agricultural class of the community.

As soon as the Nationol Agriculuiral Society is form-
• d let us osk Congress to appropriate the " Smythso-
nian fund" of half a million of dollars to establish a
National School. If we unite as we should do, our
" torrent" will be too strong tor time-serving politi-
cians to resist.

I look upon the National Agricultural School as the
greatest blessing to flow from the National Society.

But the Journal of the Society will also prove of
immense advantage. It will embody a vost amount of
matter, useful and interesting to every cultivator in
the Union. The most carefully prepared tables of the
productions of the earth, from every section of the
Union will be kept constantly befoie the reader, total-
ly difTerent from those vehicles of deception, and often
fraud upon the farmer, called " prices current.'' It is
by the quantity produced, end the probable demand
therefore, that we can understand whether .t is for our
est interto sell our crops now, or store them up. At
every meeting there would be numbers from every
state in the Union, as ready to impart as to receive in-
ormation.

" All the inducements of the business of a Nation-
al Society, a National Fair, and a National School,"
and the honor of being a member of such a society,
would be enough, 1 think, to make na all feel that it
would be a gieater honor to be elected a state delegate
to one of the annual meetings of the National Society
than to be elected a member of Coni:res3.

It cannot be expected in this short address, that I
should point out all the good that would flow from the
action of the proposed society. But if we are convin-
ced that the ellect would conduce to the interest and
happiness of the great inacs of American agricultu-
rists o( the Union, let us act, ond with spirit too.

And now my liicnds, one and ail, do you approve
of the plan of organizntion ? S;ieak out boldly if yon
d ) not. And if you do not object, the leading friends
of tne measure will tix upon a day for the first mcet-
ng, and proceed in the manner proposed.
Tuere has been an argument raised against organizing
siich a society at pie^ent, "because the public mind
iias not been sufficiently instructed, and does not s uf-
liciently appreciate the advamages of such an associa-
tion to render it successful." '

Now It is on this very accou I that the friends of
the proposed National S icii-ty wish to see it establish-
ed, ihat the operations thereof may wake up an e.vcite-
iiient throughout our *' wide scattered population,"
ihat shall be the moving cauce of changing the " con-
dition of the country."

It is also argued that the failnrp of several state and
county societies is proof that a national one must fail
also.

Let me ask if this is a valid argument 7 This short
quotation, in my mind, is Eiifficent to knock the
whole force of the argu:uent into nonentity: " Divi-
ded and scattered as we are. we spend our force as it
were, drop by drop: whereas union would make us
mightier than a torrent."

■Tlie object of all state and county societies has been
of a local n'lture. Their e.xistence has been known
only in their own locality, and they have been too
weak in numbers to command legislative aid. Who
can tell what would have been the effects if all the
members of all the local societies in the Union had
been atlached to one National Society ? If all the ex-
ert-on of all these societies, collectively and individu-
ally, had been concentrated upon one object, would it
noi have formed a '* torrent" as mighty, comparative
ly speaking, as the thimdi-ring Niagara? If the na-
li n. inst nd of individuals, had received all ihe light
of the intelligent minds that have been devoted t) these
local loeietisf, would it now be nii " thai the public

mind was not sulTicienlly Piiliglitened to appreciate the
advantages to be derived from a National Society?"
il all the money that has been devoted " drop by drop"
upon " model fainis" and local schools bad In en con-
ceiitrated, should we not now have an institution wor-
thy the great coiiniry we inhabit 7

if our population is scafcred ; if " long distaners
intervene heiwcen the most efficient friends of (.grcul-
ttiral iiiiprovcmpnt," so iiiiiih the more need id lorm-
ing such a society as shall draw them together in " on«
strong bond of brotherhood."

Is it a fact " ihat the time has not yet arrived when
such an association can he organ'zed with a reasona-
ble certainty of success ?" If such is ihe fact, 1 nin
disappointed in the energy and character of my coun-
trymen.

Once more I call upon yon to answer mc this quel-
tion; am 1 so disappointed in your character ?

Do not refuse your counieimnce to the n eafure be-
cause it does not originate in high places. For " if
ever we a-e to have a iN'ational Society of Agriculiurr,
it must be got up by ihe farmers themscKcs;" and as
one of that class 1 now oddiess you.

II the present ottempt at organ-zntion (ail, the matter
may be considered as decided for the present geneia-
tion.

The only question then is. shall the matter sleep un-
til you and I are past waking ?

I om a devoted friend to present oreanization of a
National Society of Aaricultuie.nndn Nat onni Schorl,
Ihat will elevate the character and standing of the cul-
tivators of the American soil.

And your friend and broiher.

SOLON ROBINSON.

Lake C. H., In., April 1, 1S41.

For tlie ^Veic Geneaee Farm«r,
Letter from Wisconsin,

Messrs. Editors — Among the interesting nrlicIeB
in your paper, none are esteemed more highly, or
looked for with more solicitude by me, than those re-
lating to the fiowir garden and to horticultiiial pro-
ducts, by your valuable assistant, D. T. He is al-
ways entertaining and useful; and I should like to
take a peep over his garden fence in a nionlh or two,
although our prairii sand woodlands can boast of ti.eir
peerless beauties in the woy of flowers, not to be ex
ceeded by those cultivated in easlern gaidens. I am
not a ecientific botanist, but can appreciate well the
beauties of Flora. Here many plants grow wild, that
are nurtured and esteemed among the florisia of the
east. I shall make a collection of the most of them
and place them in my front garden, and will some fu-
ture day, do mysef the pleosure of sending some of
the seeds, &c. to you.

By the way, I see you ore making a collection of
grasses. I think you could find quite a variety in thii
country; for we have many varieties growing wild in
our marshes and low lands, many of which make very
good hay. We have also wild rice in abundance; for
you must know that this neighborhod was the rcoi-
dence of the Menonimee Indians, or wild rice eaters,
as they were crjied by iheFrench, and a few of whom
still linger round their ancient homes.

I wish to iuquire what is best to apply to cure a loM
of the eye in neat cattle I have a favorite half blood
Duiham cow, which last summer had ihe misfurtuns
to lose her left eye, the sight having all run out. Now
I wish to know what to apply to heal over the wound.
Will you inform me ? E. B. QUINER.

Milwaukee, II'. T.,

iiurge lloga.

Mr. George Baker, of Edgmont, Delaware coun-
ty. Pa., slaughtered, on the lllih of March last, a bog
which weighed, when (iressed, (579 lbs.!
Another,

Mr. Philip S. Bishop, of Edgmont Delaware coun-
ty. Pa., also slaughtered, on the 30lh of March, a hog
which weighed, when dressed, 9G7 Ibs.l Those two
hogs were about 21 years old, and of common stock;
both of one litter. The litter consisted of twenty,
three. We challenge the Betkshires to beat this.

84

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

The Flowers of Spring.

SDme travelers have spoken of ihe punctuality o(
the Beaaona in both high and low latitudes, as if the
lines there ware stretched tight: though we know the
oscillation in more temperate climates, ie very great.
Thus Dr. Clarke says the snow in Uiisiia went off on
the day that had been foretold; and Bruce observed a
tree in Abyssinia to bloom on the same day for several
years. lu this countiy however, in 1634, the fliwers
of the Japan Quince were " nearly ready to expand"
on the first of the fourth month; but in 1641, on the
twentieth of the fifth month.

The difference however, is not so great with the
apricot. In 18.''.4, it bloomed on the thirteenth of the
fourth month— in 1841, on the lOib of the fifth month,
showing a dilTcrence cf only twenty-seven days.

The peach tree blossoms later than the apricot. In
1831, the difference was three days; in 1835, six days;
in 1841, ten days. But this delay is easily explained:
Cold winds from th» north, continued several days,
and vegetation was nearly at a stand.

We will now notice flowers that appear earlier in
the season.

Enjtkrunium dcns-canis from England is a beauti-
ful little plant. One variety has white flowers, others
of a reddish purple. It is earlier than our native spe-
cies, and increases more tlowly.

or Corijdaiie, we think the American species are
ratJer murerdelicate than those from Siberia. All do
best in a shady soil abounding with vegetable earth,
particularly C.formosa,nndC.nobilis; but C. cava,
C. cncuUuric, and C. canadensis, ere very pretty in
the open border. ■C. soiidu with UJ, hae not brought
iufi'iwersto maturity.

The Crown Imperial is "a thing to wonder at;"
but it is splendid as well as CL'rioue. Some other spe-
cies of the same geuue (TrilUlaria) are also interest-
ing. 0[ ihese, F. pt/reiiaica, ai^d F. incUagris, wiih
brownish variegated flowers, are the finest that we have
«een. i'. persica has very little beauty.

S >me species of Narcissus are too lender for this
climate; but others are very hardy. The Trumpet
MiJTr in two varieties, is remarkable for its earliness
and the great size of its nectary. The single Dnflo-
dil is showy, though less so tjjan its double varieties
known under the name of PJicEni."!. A^. bijlorus of a
yellowish white, isinterestjc-g. N. argiisli/oUus.and
N. pnUicus with white petals and shallow nectaries
tipped with crimson, are very fine; and though near-
ly allied arc sulKcieuily distinct for both the botanist
and the florist.

Tue Jonquils are sometimes frracged aca separate
group, though tclonging to the same genus. These
are, the great jonquil f:V. calalliinusj and the com-
mon or fragrant jonquil ( N. jonquilla. ) The latter
has a variety with double flowers.

Tue Hyacinth is a most dcjirablc plant for its beau-
ty and its fragrance. Its varieties spread into almost
every color, though in neither red nor yellow, are the
marking intense. Loudon quotes Miller as saying
thtt in hia time the Haarlem florist had 2000 varieties;
a.iJ he adJo, that though the passion for this flower
hid greatly declined, they have still upwards of hall
that number.

Tae grape hyacinth and nutmeg hyacinth, both re-
imrkuble for their fragrance, are now placed in the
genus Muscari. The former has small flowers of a
rich blue-puiple.

The common Tulip is called " the king of florists'
fl.iwers:" and certainly ranks among the moat splen-
did. Rr'd, yellow, while, are almost endlessly eom-
poun.led; while blue, purple, violet, ore eschewed.
L-'udon sjys a late London catalogue contains more
VnaaftSOvsrietiosef this floT-or.

Another species (Tulipa turcica f ) has bright yel-
low flowers, increases from seed, and makes a fine
display in the border, (t is sufliciently distinct Irom
the common tulip to excite attention.

The Iris is a gtims that long continues to decorate
the garden. Soon after /. persica has faded, the pur-
ple /. pumila, another wilh light yellow flowers, and
a third ( I. crisluta,) — come into bloom. The last is
the most of a dwarf, but nearly covers the ground as
it spreads, and is remarkable for the delicacy of its
tints — a light blue finely variegated wilh purple, white,
and yellow.

The trailing species of the Phlox, also exhibits mas-
ses of bloom; and few spots on earth are finer than
those covered by P. subulata and P. setacca. P. ni-
caiis appears to be a variety of the latter; and a bank
of enow may tjive some idea of the multitude and
whiteness of its blossoms. It requires some protec-
tioi) in winter.

Pulmonaria rirginica, a native plant from the allu-
vial soil of our rivers, eighteen inches high, has large
delicate leaves and fine blue flowers suspended from
the top of the stem. A white variety is rare, though
we have seen it on islands in the Schuylkill, and on
the banks ol the Tonnewaota.

Magnolia uhocato, a shrub from China, blooms
when only iwo or three feet high. It is almost hardy,
and quite so in mild winters. The flowers arc large,
purple on the outside and white within. It is mag-
nificent, t

fair chonce, it multiplies with far gi eater rapidity than
wheat, and hence the constant tendency it has to the
ascendancy.

And those, who like our correspondent " R." have
seen, or heard of, head- of chess growing out of wheat
heads, or on wheat stalks, we would respccllully re-
quest to forward them to this office, where they can
be seen. It is a little singu'ar that auch gn at curiosi-
ties are never preserved; or if they have been in some
instances formerly, they have invariably on rigid ex-
amination, proved impositions. If any of our corres-
pondents, or any other person, will procure us such a
specimen, which shall be pronounced by an experien-
ced examiner of plants, such as Prof Dewey, as no
hoax, he shall have one hundred dollars for his trouble,
with our thanks. *

Wheat turning to Chess.

We had hoped lo have kept clear of this controver-
sy— we hope si still. Several communications have
been received, favoring transmutation, but as they ap-
pear to us not only wholly inconclusive, but as not af-
fecting in the least degree the immutability of the law
of nature that plants or animals of one genus never
change to another, we beg leave to decline their publi-
cation, as well as all others which do not amount lo a
dcmonstraliun of such change. In the mean lime,
we may stale two tacts, capable of the clearest proof,
which may be furnished if necessary, either of which
we consider a itrttonslratioji that wheat does not turn
to chtBs.

1. No plant, nor animal, hns ever been known, to
change from one genus to another, as a swan to an ea-
gle, a hen to a huinniiug bird, an elm to a hemlock,
or a Triticum to a Bromus ; and to admit such changes
would be to throw the beautiful order of Creation into
inextricable confusion.

2. There are farms, and regions of countiy, where
chess has been carefully excluded or eradicaied, where
it does not return, and vt'hich it would of course do, if
a change occurred.

To those who may be puzzled to explain the fre-
quent appearance of chess where wheat has been inju-
red or destroyed, except by the conclusion that auch
injured wheat is iranaformed to chess, we will merely
instance a few, out of many facts, to assist them. 1.
Chess, like the seeds of many other weeds, will remain
for years, wiihout growing, in the soil. 2. It has
been seen, when overshadowed by wheat or ginso,
with a single grain growing on a stem two inches high,
ripening and perpetuating its species on the soil,
wholly unobserved by a common eye; and when the
wheat has been destroyed, it has been seen to shoot up
from a single seed, four feet high, and bear ihousinds
of seeds. 3. Seeds of chess generally escape the
teeth of animals, and are scaUcreil with their manure
wherever ihey moy pass; and birds may scatter it pro-
fusely in the same way, unobserved. 4. Chess, from
its insignificant appearance, frequently escapes the eye
of ihe farmer, and is sown by him over hie fields, when
it might he detected by careful examination, as by
siirMding it on 9 teblft or floor- 6- Wlj»n a!!o«-ed »

Itlauufacture of Silk in State Prisons.

It is well known that for several years past numer-
ous memorials have been presented to the Legistalura
of this State complaining of the mechanical labor per-
formed in the State Prison at Auburn. Gov. Seward
has lately called the attention of the Legislatre to this
subject, and recommended that the present system ba
gradually abolished, and the culture and manufacture
of silk adopted in its stead. Experiments already tried
have shown the practicabiliiy of the enterprise, and as
it would entirely obviate the evils complnined of by
the mechanics, it aiipeara to us to be a very wi-e meas-
ure. The only difliculty in the way of its iminediata
success is the want of materials, and this will doubt-
less soon be obviated. Mr. Polhemue. the Prison
Agent, has issued the following notice, which we
cheerfully givea place in our columns:

on, Aul/um, N. Y. )
May 15th, 1841. \

TO FARMERS AND OTHERS.
Slate Prison
Ma

The subscriber as agent of said Prison, having
commenced the manufacture of SEWING SILK, by
convict labor, will pay three dollars per bushel for all
the Cocoons of a good quality that may be offered at
this Prison, herealter. Any communication upon
ihis subject, addressed to the subscriber, (post paid, J
from any part of the United States, will receive imme-
diate attemion-

iJaving become thoroughly satisfied of the foct,
that t)ie Mortis Multicaulus MulbeTy will endure the
frosts of winter in this latiiude, wilhout care or atten-
tion, nearly, if not quite as will as the common Apple
Tree, the subscriber bus det'-rinincd upon c.vieiiding
the business of miinufacturing Silk at this piisoii, to
nnv anionnt that the procurement of the material will
allow ; and hopes ultimately .o make it the priiieipul
employment of the convicts here confined. Under
this determination he will be prepared at all times to
purchase lor cash, at the above price, all the Cocoons
of a good quality that may be offered from any part of
the Unit d Slates.

Tlie immense amount of foreign Silks annually im-
ported into the U. S. demonstrates the policy, if not
the necessity of a combined elfort on the part of iho
citizens of ibis country, geiier.Tlly, for the produciion
o( American Silk, which when ptoperly I", bricated, it
is believed far excels in quabiy ibat produced in any
other port of the world ; hf net every inriiviiiuni in the
community, fmm nioiivcsofpairiotism, os well as in-
terest, should feel a deep solicitude for its cu.ture a. id
success.

li is believed that most farmers will, too certain ex-
tent, find it orofita'ile, so far at least, as the necessary
labor in fiseding the worms, etc., eai be performed by
the juvenile members of their families .

Tbe tree may be planted by the fence side and in
othei unprodueiive portions of iheir groniids, to on
extent sufficient, after a few year's growth, to produce
alarge amount ol Silk — nor is it necc-sory ios baa
been supposed) to incur any expense in pieparing
buildings or fitting up apnriiiieiiis lor the feeding of
worms — a common bnrn, or out houset of any de-
Bcripli'in will answer all ibe piiipoais ; barns in par-
ticular may be used to ^rcoi advaiiuige iluring the ear-
ly part of the season, previous to the ingathering of
the crops.

Being aware thai very erroneous opinions are enter-
tained by many in regard to the pr'^:«ss of produsin^

No. (i.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

85

thcCiXOon, to obviale whi<-h, nny person desirous ol
correct informatioii upon this eubjcci, will be fnrnisb-
ecl the eaiiie gintiiit'.usly on npplicalinii to .Mr. John
jVIuRRisiJiV, Qt i|i,Q piiajn, who has u thoroUi^h knowU
eilgo 01 the 'jiisinesci in nil its pons, having for many
years hr^j the entire i-bnrge anil superintendence ol
*** **-Xteneive silk ninnuraciorv in Europe.

HENRY POLHEMUS, Aijem.
P. S. Editors ol' Newspapers in lliis State who are
frjendiy to a change in the mechanical b»-anches now
carrieii on in our State i'risjjis, are requested to give
the above a gratuitous insertion. H 1'. Ag't.

Galvanic Plant-Protector.

It appears by a late English paper, that a galvanic
battery has been succeosfully employed to guard the
Dahlia against slugs and enails. Most of our renders
will get a correct idea of this apparatus from a tin ba-
sin, six inches in diameter, with (he bottom out. The
mnterial however, must be zinc, surrounded by a band
of copper one inch wide, neatly fitted on the outside
near the rim, and held up by dots of eodcr. It is
pressed into the ground, so that no insect can crawl
under it; and its eftect is thus described:

'• The mollnsca may crawl up the zinc with impu-
nity, but on coming in conmct with the copper, will
rece.ven galvanic sh 'Ck, and immediately turn away,
or f'lll to the ground. I have repeatedly watched them,
and have observed they were c.xtremely cnutious in
approaching a second time. — The apparatus act- in
wet or dry weather, and is therefore always in action."

We ought to mention however, that the upper edge
of the zinc has an indented flange, turned horizontally
outward, just above the copper band.

We have thought of applying this apparatus to the
plum tree, &c. to protect the fruit against the curcu-
lio. Insects that fly into the trees, of course will not
be interrupted; but the curculio, like the snail or the
slug in England, is decidedly a crawler. To prevent the
hogs from interfering, a guard of thorns or briers may
be useful: or perhaps it may be found to act several
feet up tha trunk, where rajs or tow may be stuffed
in between the tree and the magic circle. t

Wilkie's Scotch Plough.

John M'Connell, of Ontario, very justly objects
to the want of accuracy, in the statement of the com-
mittee on the Worcester trial of ploughs, where they
describe the performance of a " Scotch plough," with-
out naming the inventor or mnnufaclnrer. If our cor-
respondent will turn to the very full repor: of that tri-
al, given at the time, by Henry Colmnn, in the New-
England Farmer, he will find this deficiency of the
committee supplied, and that it was Wilkie's plough,
imported, which was there exhibited.

In justice to Wilkie's plough, it may be proper to
state, that at the late trial of ploughs, under the direc.
tion of the Committee of the Ayrshire Agricultural
Society, it accomplished a given quantity ol work with
more ease than any other, except Ransom's plough,
though the latter did its work in a far more imperfect
manner than Wilkie's, whenlheexperiment was made
on sward land. We do not consider the Worcester
trial as at all decisive, as circumstances, and especial-
ly differences in the tenacity and condition of the soil,
are found to vary the results very materially. We
believe however, that experiments of this kind, are
the only accurate test of the merits of different
ploughs, and we hope they may be repeated with every
necessary variation, as in clay and in sand, in sward
and in stubble, with wide farrows and narrow, shal-
low and deep, lapping and flat, and we have no doubt
that some which may prove imperfect in one way,
may be excellent in another. •

Darlington ou the Grasses.

We have received from the author. Dr. Darlington,
of West Chester, I'a. his " D.seourse on the Chornc-
t«r, Properties, and Importance to man, of the Nam-
'la Family of Plants called GraminfE, or True Gras-

ses. [Delivered as a lecture before the class of the
Chester County Cabinet of Natural Science, Feb. 19,
1841.]"

This little pamphlet contains a large fund of infor-
mation relative to this very important order of plants,
and the high attainments of the author as an Ameri-
can botanist, and the plain and colloquial s'yle of the
lecture, render it uncommonly interesting to the young
student in botany. With the exception of one in-
stance, where a nauseous and pernicious drink is
termed a " rich potation," we have also been [ileascd
with the occasional remarks of a general and moral
character contained in it. *

N. v. State Agricultural Society.

We have received a letter from H. S. Randall, Esq.
Corresponding Scc'y ol the N. Y. State Agricultural
Society, complaining of some remarks in our April
number, in relation to that Society. Mr. R thinks our
remarks do injustice to its managers, and afford evi-
deitce that w-c labor under erroneous impressions res-
pecting the character o( that Society. We cannot
consistently publish the whole of the letter, without
following it with n lengthy rejoinder; and wishing to
void all cause of animosity, wu prefer to explain, or
retract, our remarks, and only give some extracts from
the letter.

In the first place, by way of explanation, we re-
mark that the article alluded to, was written in great
haste, and under a feeling of considerable disappoint,
ment, in view of what appeared to us the meagre ap-
propriation, named in the bill reported to the Legis-
lature— beingonly one-half of tho amount asked in our
petitions. In the second place, we wrote under wrong
impressions, in supposing the bill was reported before
any of our western petitions were received — which
we have since learned was not the case. We also
supposed that the " N. Y. State Agricultural Socie-
ty" %vould, as heretofore, confine its operations main-
ly to Albany, and be managed chiefly by gentlemen of
that vicinity. With these impressions on our mind,
and its past history in view, we think it not surprising
that we did not cherish the most favorable opinion of
the Society, or expect much general good to result
from il.

We are happy to say however, that the late proceed-
ings of the Society, and the zeal and public spirit now
manifested by its ofiicers, have made a more favorable
impression on our minds: and so long as itsopeiations
are governed by the principles wo believe they now
are, the New York State Agricultural Society shall
receive our cordial approbation and support; and we
think we can safely promise it the good will and co-
operation of the majoiity of our readers in this State.

With the worthy Secretary therefore, we say, "let
all bickerings and jealousies be forgotten," among
those who labor in this great cause; and let us put
forth our united efl'oris to help on the work of im-
provement,— let our motto be 'Ontcard for ilie gimd
of all.' Then glorious success, the increase of hap-
piness and prosperity, will surely crown our efliirts.

We heartily concur with the sentiments of the fol
lowing extracts, and hope that we and our readers
maybe favored with a farther nquaintance with the
writer.

" The meeting? of tho State Society have here-
tofore been held at Albany, to secure the co-operation
of members of the Legislature, and such other business
men as resort to the Capitol during the sessions of
that body This inight have been on error. But if so,
it was one that escap-cd the notice of the most wcslerji
members of the Society. * • * » The annual
Fair is to bo held this year at Syracuse. It was pla-
I ced there on the motion of an individual, who has
I been for years a member of the Slate Society — and
the role received the concurrence of e^-evy Member of

the Board, residing "about Albany." All that the
old members of the State Society demand is resjint
for their motives, — when it comes to the mnttcrof riol.
larsand cents, they ask no priority — no privileget. —
The eastern nicnibeis will meet their \\etiern friends
at Syracuse, and compete with them on fairrnd even
terms. Is nut this nil that can be demanded."

« # M « M

The cavse demands that there ihould be no bicker-
ings— no jealousitB in our ranks. The New Genesee
Farmer will certainly not be the first to scatter dissen-
tion and jealousy among friends and co-workers. If
there be rivalries between men or periodicals, or sec-
tions of country, let it be manifested in a struggle to
outvie each other in excellence, in efforts to adranct
the cause. Instead ol destroying each other, let UB,
like the rivals of old, see who can plunge deepest into
the ranks of the enfTTiv/ • • • •

I have the honor to be, Gentlemen,
Your ob't servant,
HENRY S. RANDALL.

.4 Tariff ou Imports, acting incidentally for
Protection, not generally unfavorable to our
Foreign Tia<l«.

Messrs. Editors — It strikes me that the protective
policy of government towards its own manulactures,
when the protection is incidentally given by a tariff for
revenue, cannot impair the legitimate importing trade
of the country.

We admit that the amount of capital employed in
the foreign trade in New Y^ork alone amounts to 48,.
000,0(10, but if we refer to the stati-tical details of tho
articles on which this trade is based, we shall find that
our own manufaaured articles of cotton, wool, and
iron, besides cabinet-ware, upholstery, and the thou-
sand and one other Yankee notions, form a large item
in the aggregate amount. It is true thot our trade
with England and France may be diminished so far
asimpoitsnre concerned, if our silks, wines, woolen
gooda, rail road iron, &c. &c., are in part supplied by
homo iiroduelion. But will not our trade wiih ail tha
rest of the world be proporliouably increased by it \

Before the protection which the lariflf of 1354 gavo
to our cotton manufacturera, such a thing as an ex-
port of American cotton goods was unheard of; but
now so great is the export demand forour cotton fabrics,
mutlins, calicoes, drillings, &c. &c., tbat the price*
of those articles have actually improved of late, when
foreign goods are a drug in the market.

Is it sound policy for the north to consume mora
French silks than they can pay for, in order that the
south may sell France a few hundred more bnlea of
cotton 1 Would not the south be more profiiably em-
ployed, if in varying her productions, she becomes lesa
dependent on n fluctuating unsteady foreign market;
more free from the effects of competi lion in the produc-
tion of a single staple, which of late years has so dis-
astrously effected tho pecuniary condition of the
Union '

Even the advocates of protection would not oppose
the cotton growing, or as they too arrogantly call
themselves, thi; " exporting" states, from exchanging
their staples in Europe to any extent they please, for
articles solely for their own consumption. If they
can buy their negro cloths, woolen and cotton goods,
boots, shoes, cabinet- wnre, &c. &c., on better terms
than the north will exchange with them for their cot-
ion, the north will not complain. But is it right that
the north and west, who have no market in England
and France fcir their agricultural staples, to be compel-
led to support an impoverishing importing trade with
those nations, merely to enable the south to expor^
more cotton ? In order to import we must first be able
to consume; and how can we consume foreign fabrics,
if we cannot sell (be productions of our own industry J

9. W,

8ti

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

The Wheat Interrsts.

The nnme of our paper hns become almost oynony-
moua witli tcUeat growing; and tbis being the lead-
ing bueiiieas of ai least nine-icnlbs of our readers, we
feel assured ibat no apology ie necessary for the epnce
all 'Wed tbe following document.

Tbis inemorial, witb its accompanying staiislicB,
was prepared, with greot labor, by Joshi'a Leavitt,
Editor of the N. Y. Emancipator, who, to say nothing
e: his zealous labors lor the abolition of slavery, de-
serves tbe tbanke of the farming commumiy for his
valuable etibrts to promote the interests of agriculture.
The Senate deemed this memorial worthy of being
printed for public distribution; and unless we greatly
misjudge, it will do more to open the eyes of tbe na-
tion on tbie grcatsnbject, than any o:her paper that baa
appeared. The complete document is for sole by the
author, at the low price ol $1 per hundred; and we
hopj all of our readers who feel interested in the sub-
ject, will not only se-ure a copy lor themselves, but
distribute somt to their fiicnds.

We regret ihot our space does not allow us to pub-
liali 4t.cojiiplete.

ME.nOlilAIi

OF

JOSHUA LEAVITT,

Fraying the adiptioii of measures to secure an equita-
iiU ujtd udtijutUe inarhclfor American wheat.

In' Senate, Feiikuart27, 1841.
ReferreJ to iJie Com. ua a °, .-intl ordered to be printed.

To tlie iionoriible Senate and House of Represrnlutires
of die Unitetl Utalts in Congress conicned :

The undersigned, a citizen ol New Jersey, respect-
fully solicits the attention of Congress to the following
memoir, presenting a few considerations connected
with the whiiat prodm-t of tbe northwest.

The six northwestern states, (including, ns such,
the two territorial governments, soon to be admitted
as states,) of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, VVis-
konjin.ond Iowa, spread over a surface of 2:iG,2 11
8i]uare mile?, not inckiding the portions of Wiekonsin
and Iowa, still held by the Indians. Being .-ituated in
■ temperate and healthful climaie, with The greatest
natural facilities for communicntion abroad, with a soil
of amnzng fertility, they constitute a region of coun-
try OS well adopted to the residence, support, improve-
ment, and hnp|)inesi of man, as any equal portion ot
the globe. Their present population is 2,969,(i96, be-
ing only 12 6 to a square mile. (* I, 3.) Of the
17d,fil)ti,672 acres of land in those states, (e.xclndincr
Indian lands, as above,; T2,C!13,-11-1 acres, or 40 peT
cent., have already passed into piivute ownoiship, by
sales, grants, or reserves; leaving 105,923,258 acres
in the hands of the Federal Government. In the set-
tlement and value of this land, the national treasury
has a deep interest, as may be seen in the fact that it has
already rece.vnd the sum of .$72,214,932 from the ac-
tual sale of52,166,.n4 acres in thefe states, (2 ) The
land in private ownership gives 24 5 acres to each in-
habitant, and is more by 11,771,414 acres than all the
lands 111 Great Britain and Ireland that is copoble of
ciiltivntion. (3, 5.) The land actually sold by the
Government may be regarded as all bought for cultiva-
tion, and exceeds by more than five millions the quan-
tity n iw under cultivation in the United Kingdom.—
The sales in the last eight years are 31,75t;.6(j(j acres,
bein,' only two and a quarter millions less thon the
Inndj now cultivated in the island of Great Britain.
Of this quantity, 10.068,999 acres, or 31 percent.,
were sold in the lost four years, since the season of
•peculation was over; which fact, token in connection
With the vast influ.x of emigration during the prece.
ding four years, coriel us vely proves that a much smal-
ler pr.poition of the land soles of that remarkable pe-
riod, in these states, were taken for speculation than is
generally supposed. At the rate of a-ilcs of the whole
eight years, the londs in these states would be entirely
disposed of Ml less than twenty years; and at the late
ot the last four years, the whole would be sold in se-
verty-two years. (4.)

The whole quantity o( land in the United Kingdom
•l^Oreat Britain and Ireland is 77,394,433 acres: of

I>eoi^*'r.nfh'r'"" P""!""-"!' 'efer to niiniericnl l„ble» np-

which 46,922,970, or G0.6 per cent., is cultivated;
giving on average of but 1.88 acre to each inhabitant,
of tbe ;i7,704, 1 18 su;iposed to be the present popula-
tion of those islands. Fourteen millions, or 18 per
cent, more, are deemed capable ol cultivation; leaving
I5,»7I,463 acres, or 20.4 per cent of the whole,
worthless for human subsistence. (5.) At the same
rote of productiveness with the cultivated land in the
United Kingdom, the land already sold by the Govern-
ment should produce subcistence for near 30 millions
of people, while the vast quantity still unsi-ild admiis
of a nearly proportionate inerense. The lands being
all held in fee simple, in forms of sufficient size to in-
sure the greatest product with the least labor, nuincum-
bercd with rents, tithes, or poor-laws, and no part en
grosscti by noblemen's porks or rfiyal foie^ts. the pro
ducts UKy be expccied to reach tbis amount tar in ad-
vance of the pioportionoie increase of population, pro-
vided such a market sliall be found lor the surplus as
will furiii-^h the adequate motives and rewards to in-
dustry. It is to this point that the attention ol Con-
gress is particularly requested.

The actual inccase of population in these states
^hows that there is something in our land system, our
freedom from taxaticm, and the general character ol
free inaiiiiuions, as spread over this region by the be-
nign influence of the ordinance of 1787, eiiiiiienily
calculated to imparl a heathy vigor to a rising empire,
b.."yond any precedent in the history of the world. —
Forty years ago, the whole civilized population of this
district was but .50,240; now it is 2,970,096. The
ratio of increase during i ach decennial jieriod of this
century is 483 202,85, and 102 per cent. The nu
merical increase of ibe last ten years is 1,502,604, be
ing more in number than tbe whole increase of Eng
land and Wales during the first sixty years of the last
century. Tbe increase per cent, is greater than the
inccase per cent, of England and Wales during the
whole of that century.

Of tbe actual growth of trade it is impossible to
speak with equal precision, although some valunble di -
la for an estimate may be found in tbe appended tables.
(7, 8, 9.) S.) great bus been the influx of einigrnnts,
that it is only wiihin three or four years that large por.
Lions of this district, the best adopted for w-heat, have
ceased to import bread stufi's, nnd it isbut just now that
the actual pressure ot a siiipliis of these products be-
gins to be felt upon the general market of the country,
b'lrely suggesting to the wisest forecast what is to be.
Let the estimate of tbe future be formed in view ol
tbe tables, and of the facie, that the soil is as fertile as
any other, with a smaller proportion of waste land,
from r^cks, mountains, or swamps, than in any region
of equal extent; that there are no barrens; that boih
s lil and climate are favorable to the production of pro.
visions of all kinds, while at least two-thirds ol the
whole is eminently odapted to the culture of wheat:
that the population is almost exclusively agricultural,
wiih the advantage of owning every man his farm in
tee — purchnsed, too, al so low a rate that no probiible
reduction of prices can bring their lands down to ibc
original cost, while cultivation is constantly increasing
their value, instead of turning them to waste as in
some regions; that the character of tbe people, for in-
dustry, skill, education, general intelligence, order,
and regard for low, is surpassed by few other sections
of the world — affording assurance that they will al
ways raise as much produce as they can, if there isa
market lor it, ond will always require as much of tbe
products of other region-, in manufoctured goods ond
other comforts, as they con poy for, while their gciicrol
integrity and the reign of just laws aft;)rd a suoraniy
that they will not run in debt to buy what they cannot
fee a way to pay for by the products of their labor. —
The trndc ol such a country will be limited only by
tbe physical ability of the people, stimulated to the
highest industry by the wants of^ the most civilized
slate of society, unless it is clogged by obstructions
interposed by the policy of our own or other Govern-
ments.

Until the year 1805, wheat ch'efly in the form of
llonr, was the leadiiiL' article of export from this to
foreign couniries. Tbe average value for the five
vears preceding the one nonied, was $8,205,000. flO.)
Ill that year, cotton reached the value of ,'{(9,445,500,
ond took the precedence of wheal which it has since
maintained. The increase since, in the value of do-
mestic products exported yearly, isoboutfifty-iwo mil-
lions of dollars, the who'e of which is in cotton:
while the value of wheat ond flour has sunk to the
fourth place in the columns of exports. The settle-
ment ol the wheat region of the northwest, to such
on extent as to begin to furnsh o surplus, olready in
creases the export of tbis product: while ihe prospect
for the future «vills upon tho philosophic staiesmBn and

mcrchsnt to look upon this growing iuit-rist with the
deepest concern.

Wheat flour — from its value, its lightness of freight,
capabiliiy ol preservation, and adopttdm ss to the wants
ofdiflereni countries, 88 well as ihe naiiirol indicoiiona
of the soil and the abundance uf water power, eiihcr
in tbatcouiuiy or along the lines of comniunicotion
with the seaboard;— wheat flour must be the princi|ial
reliance of tbe northweet for fbieign export, tnd lor
the means of paying for articles of neceesity or comfort
brought fioin obrood. Tiie more extended introduc-
tion of this staple into our foreign troile would not on
ly increose the actual commerce and revenue to that
extent, but would tend to lelievc our teoeral moneta-
ry interests from the eeveriiy of the fluctuations ari-
sing from the prei-cni aliuusi exclu:-ive reliance upon a
single staple. But the most advontogeous foreign
markets for wheat are giievoiisly obctruc cd, and ren-
dered so uncertain ond lliictualing. as to be ni arly
valueless to the American Farmer, by the com laws of
Great Britain and France.

TheBrili^h corn law, as settled in 1828, by the act
of 9 Geo. IV, c. 611, is one of the most ingeniously
contrived schemes ihal con well be imagineti, colciile.
ted to injure the grain-growing inierecla olnther conn-
IriiB, and the grain-consuming portions of its owr
people, wiihoul, it is believed, a corresponding advan
tage to the agricultural imprest, for whose benefit i
wasintendcd. The variable scale of diiiics, rising ai
the price of grain falls, and falling as the price rises
is but little understood in this country The •* gene
ral average," as it is called, is declared every Thure
day, at the exchequer; anil is obtained by firft find n
the overage ofall ihe grains so d during the week end
ing on the precid iig isotuidoy. ot 150 ol the prmcipr li
towns and markets, and then tokingon averoye of ih 'k.
with tbe five lost preceding general averagi s: and th ■ -
lost is tbe declored or genciol averoge for that wtel
When the declared ave age of wheot is 73s. or U)
words per quorter of 8 bushels, the duty is Is.; oi
when the price is .52s. or under, tbe duty ie 34s. Sd \
ihe intermediate duties being graduated liy a scnle
laiifl'. (11,12.) Wheal and flour may be stored u
der bond for any length of time, without paying d
lies, and re-exported at pleasure.

Tbe object of this complicated arronpement is, fir
10 protect the landholders against foreign compi iiiin
ond keep up the lent of land so as to sustain tbe lo
of taxation imposed by the public debt; secondly,
secure the people against the daitger of fonnio,
which, from the density of the population, and the u
certainly of tbe siosons, tl ey ale greatly exposed; r.
thiriliy, to prevent, o' far ks possible, greai fluettiaii.
in the price of grain. The attempt to overiule
greot ond irreversible lows of node, wb ch strike
bolonce between demond and supply — or, in oil ■ :a
words, to pieveni iluciiaiions in a niBikei wleie i uj
demond \\ as constant ond tbe supply voriobh — ci ' 1 t{.)i
not but fail. Tweniy jeors ago, it wos conside: I ^r,M
that a deficiency of ore tenth in tbe harvest wo I kj,
raise the price of wheat ihree-lentLs, and a ricficici ' j;in
of one-third would treble the price. This ibcrnion; • \;^,
ricol sensitiveness o* the market incieates, as the • t^,
crease of population ovefposees the increose of prod • j [,
lion. The yearly consumption of all kmds of grl ^j,
in Greot Briioin, is estnnoted ol 52 million quarn , ,.',
equal to 416 millions lA' bushels, or 15 bushels lo c I ,'.''
inhobitont: of which 13 mill.ons of quoriers, or .1 ^'{''
million bushels, being o;J bushels to each iuhabitoi jf
is wheot. The supj.ly of 4J millions, or neorl I .'^
per cent., in 1839, was ot an average price of*. '
which was 80 per cent, obote ihe piiee in 18^5, i] J '"'
nearly 50 per cent, above that of 1836. (14, 16.) 1
the ten years, 1829 lo 1838. the yearly range beiw n
the highest and lowest weekly overage, o\eroged 1 ■. *
id., equal to 30 per cent. The greatest flueluoin ;'*''
»,is in 182S. ris ngfrom 52s. 4rf. to 78s. id., niakg ''"f
a range of 50 per cent. These fluctuations of « '!""
market in England produce still more disastrous f i.'"?!
tuotions in the maikeie from which supplies oie 11 e
drown. In ihe ten yeors above named, the ye v
fliietiialions were 54 percent, on on average; ontn ■;
1838, the fluctuation wos 154 per cent. (13.) it ''inicl

In those ten years, prices ronged from S6.f. to'f. ^•!.■'5
id — a range of 42s. 4rf., or lis per cent The of- -.
026 of the whole is about 5Cs. In 1828. the p» .].''''
rose, between 28ih September and 24th October, fm . ,'*•
68s. 6(/. 10 ~Cts. Gd. — citdit shillings in fourwes. ; "
In 1829, it fell, between 6ih August ond 17ih SepiJ- . ,''
her, from 71.-; 6^/. lo 55s. 4./. or 2s. ?d a weel- , ■"»
The general weekly avernpes, token year bv year, •• - ''*
ry. on an aviroge, Is. per week; and tbe wrekljt- , "
po-ti of a single market, (L'verpool, for iiisionO '■',''
flucttiat« up aid down, on an overage, oboui Is.i. '"'"

■Mr,

ij

No. (j.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

87

pi-r weik porquuier, c (uul lo 4^ ccms in a buahel ul
whenl, or .fi M a yenr.

Tuc commercial ciI'l-cI oI tbie system bas been to
enuiniratje a,)f?i,-u.utii)ii. Tue niunieniu d>liciency nji-
pears i.i i''l- oliglue^t degree probable, the grniii denl-
era ii iturally withbuid tbuir stock on bniij Iroiii ibc
maikcl ; orders nie sent lo tbc comiiienl for
grain, to be imported in bond, to be entered as
Slim as tbe tali of duties wdl answer; price-
are |,Uolied up by all the arts of trade ; and, oe
«'Mi aj ibe duty sinks to tb ! desired ratei?, (siy 6s.
8(/.,) tbe wuole stock in bond ,8 entcieil lor coiisuiiip-
titm, and thus added In tbc general stock; and, if tRc
deticieiicy proves imaginary, or siiiiill, prices fall nn
rapidly m tney rose before, ilie duty runs up a^ain, and
tbc s.ieculntora bnve received the wbole benetii. Tun,
a gainbliiig cbnracter is iiiiijailcd tu trade, as detrimen-
tal ti c iniiiicrcal niornls as to die general prosperity.
Krom July, IS-'S, to U-cember, 18i.-<, tbe qimnti-y en-
tered wai 6,7d-!.rfd0 quarieis, of winch 5,liti8,Slfl), or
75 per c^mt., pnid duties not exceeding Cs-. 8,^ : and oi
thiSj .■i.223.2Q:! or nearly 51) per cent, of tbe wbole
quantity, paid only Is. duty. In the year 18:i7, tbcre
were entered for con, umpiion,2;i2,71J3 quarters w. eat.
and 4l),187 hundred weight of Hour, paying duties to
the amount of £:!()6,S6). In the year ]H:J8, there
wej-e entered 1,740,S(IG quarters wheat and 393.-
857 cwi. flour — being more than seven times the
quantity of wheat, and nearly ten times the qnaii-
tuv ol flmr entered the preceding year, paying only
£UG.o3.'{ duties, or lets than 50 per cent.: wbereas,
lia 1 the rate of tbe duty been equal in both venis, the
duiv in tbe latter would have been £->.3X\l->'.). From
1st Seiiteiuber^ 18:38. to oOih November, 1S:!0, duty
wad piid on 4,532,(351 quarters wheat, tbe prices ran
ging in the time from GIs lOil. to 81s. 4rf., and tbe
duties ranging Irom Is to 2l1s 8'/.: but the averaged
dutiod was under 3s. 7d. (15, 16.)

Tbe tendency of this system to general impoverish-
ment, and t.) tbe increase ot misery and diic-mtent
among the poorer classes, is already awakening in
tense observation in Great lintain. The mamifiicto-
riesBtou work, becauieordersdonotcomel'roin .\meii-
cn: and the orders nrc not scut, becriuee that which
payment might be made to a large nmoiint will not be
received on iiiiy just and reasonable terms. The goods
are wanted here, and our fiee industry is abnndaiuly
able to produce the menus of payment, but the great
elnple of the mirilnvest is under on interdict. Tbe
operatives are thrown out of employment, and reduced
to the linveit means of subsiotence, and unable to con-
sume a lull measure of tbe products of agriculture,
and th lusauds are made pouiiers, and become an abso-
lute clinvge u|)on the land. Tue cimsiimption of agii-
cultural products is diminished; the agricultural labo.
rers share the common distress: ond agriculture Itself.
tbe very object sought to be bciiefitied by th s uniiatu

ral arrnngemeiit is oppressed by its own protection.

It is deinonstrahle that a well-employed, well-paul,
Well-fed, prosperous c immunity of operatives would
consume and pay lor more agricultural products, in
addition to the wheat they might import from Ameri-
ci, than a depressed and starving community would
without the wheat.

The best oiitborilieB agree that a very large propor-
tion of the misery which we bear of among tbe fictory
children, is the result of the c-orn laws; first diminish-
ing the employment and wagrsof the parent, and then
raising tbe price of bis provision^, until sheer want
drives him to sacriliee bis children for bread ! Tons,
while we are wanting goods, (not, indeed, tbe neces-
•nrie^ of lile, but the c miforts of civdized and retired
life,) our national revenue falling short, and our gra-
naries bursting vi-ith abundance, Kngland's inillsare
Slnndiug sii 1, and her poor perishing with hunger —
Surely the ciminon instincts of our nntuie, the en-
lightened and pbilogophie beneviilence which regards
human happiness as the great object of human society
and government, require a faithlid examination of ihij
•ystem by all naions.

The question, where Great Britnin is to look for
supplies of wheal to meet either the occasonni ihoufh
frequmt deficiencies of her hnrvests, arising from her
uncertain climate; or the regular demand, not now
very disnnt, caused by the increase of population be-
yond proJu -tion, is one already exciting the attention
of her s atesmen and pnliiical economists. The Bal-
tic ciniries are an unsafe reliance, because it is suppo-
•■^d they have already reached their miximum. Ire-
land, from which large qunu'.ities of grain have been
brought, is now in process of a great moral and social
revolution, which, by enabling every pensant to eot his
daily irci/i/, Will not only furnish a hone market fir
Irish wheat, but erelong, create a demand for Ameri-
•an flour in exchange for Irinh linen. Thcquaniity

of wheat brougbt from Ireland in 1832 was 552,74U
quarters: in 18:1!), but !iU,G.')U qiioiteie. (14.) The
Uuick S a IS another s uirce, but the wheat is of inle-
rior quality: lew goods are taken m payment, leaving
tbe balance to be met with specie: the voyage is long,
and wheat very likely to be injured: and the cost ol
height enormously disproportioncd — thecostof fieiglit
and charges from O lessa being from 16s to 19s. per
qiiaiter. The six nor;hweBierii siatis ol this Union,
With their pr. sent products, consumption of goods,
iind lopability ot inciease, exactly meet the exigency.
The exaininations made by the persons employed last
year in taking the census, show that tbe product of
wheat in those states, excluding VViskonsin, in the
yenr 18S9, was 2.5,241, Gu7 bushels, eipial to 8 6 bush
els to each nibabitaiu; of liuliun c..in, 87,62I),8G6
bushels, or 20 8 to each inhabitant: of other kinds oi
gram, 29,735,2(12. bushels, or 1(J to each inhabitaut:
and tbe total ol all kinds of grain was 48 bushels to
each inhabitant. Tuere can be no doubt that the pro.
ducts of 18411 was very much greater than this: bn;
there are no tnciins of ascertaining the extent ol the in-
crease. In some extensive Sect oiis It has been ettiiiia-
ted at oiie-fourib, and even one-third. Tbe wheat
crop of the whole United States, (exc.-pting iVorib
Carolina and Kentucky,) was 75.995,787 bushels, or
5 bushels to each person; cud of Indiimcorii, tbe crop
was 3dl,947,G58buohcls, or 20 bus els to each person.
(17.)

II we now turn again to the six norihw.-Btern states
and territories of tbe Union, we shall find that one oi
the greatest interests of tbe nation is the filling up ol
those countries with a tulii -ient popniati jn to complete
tile social organization. Without requiring that iliey
sbonid be made as populous as England, wiih Per 294
inhabitants to a squaie mile, it may be safely assumed
that the structure of society will not be rendered com
plete, in a country so destitute of inountaitisand waste
lands, w.th a le=s populadon than 50 to a square mile,
ol this number, tbey now have hut a quaiter. Any
policy, of couise ot events, which hinders the influx
ol population, is therefore calculated to protract the
pe:i id of compaiative imorganization.

In addition, those states have burdened themselves
with heavy debts, — all incurred for tbe purpose of ma-
king roads, canals, and railways. All these improve-
ments were caleidated with reference to the convey-
ance of the products of the soil to markets out of their
borders, and all cmverging, in efl'tct, towards the
great .Atlantic seaports, whence those products s boul
seek a European market Tlie stocks of these states
a e greatly disir.dited, — chielly. it ish 1 eved, through
the unfortunate neglect of a well establiehed axiom in
tinonce, which forbids the creat on, of a public debt.
Without a specific pK-dge of revenue, from to.\es oi
some other source, sufficient to prevent the accumula-
tion of interest. And even now, the states are reluc-
tant to tax themselves, and greatly injuring the coun-
try by delay, because tbey do not see a lair prospected
sate for the products of their land, which is all they
have to sell. And bow are they to acquiie the me ns
of paying tbc taxes necessaiy to sustain these stocks,
unless they have oniarkctfor theirstaplea ? And how
are t/icse public improvements ever to pay for them-
selves, unless tbe produce of the country con be car-
ried on them 1 And whither shall it be carried, if
there is to be no foreign nrarket ?

The Federal G ivernment has expended more tbon
a million of dollars in creating ortifieiol bnrborson the
upp.-r lakes: ond two or three millions more are re-
quired to conipltte them in such a way, that what has
oeen done shall not be destroyed. In addi ion, har-
bors are required by the most urgent necessity, along
tbe coasts ot Lake Michigan, now, tor hundreds ol
miles, destitute of a shelter for shipping. The=e
works are oil standing still, because the revenue is
short; while the tooth of Time is rapidly consuminir
the unfinished constructions. (18.)

Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to
he no bireign market for these products, the tine coun
try under contemplation is not, therefore, to be des-
paired ot Lr.t the ncce.^slh/onre hccuflic nppnrr.ni, ond
theie will be but one iiiiiKt among the people of the
.N.irth-West. The same patriotism which carried our
fathers through tbe self-denying non-inijie.rtation
agreements of the Revolution, will produce a fixed de-
termination to build up a home market at every sacri-
liee. And it can be done. What has been done al-
ready in the way of manufactures, shows that it can
iie done. I he recent application of the hot-blast with
aiithrocite coal to the making id' iron, and the discov-
ery of a mine of natural steel, would he auxiliaries of
immense value. W'e could draw to our factories the
best workmen of Europe, attracted less by the temp-
tation of wtges, than by the decire to leave libsny and

lond as the inberitonce of their cbildrin. But it
would take n longtime to budd up a nuimifac'iinng
iniciest adequate to supply the wants of the N. Wist,
or to consume the produce of those wide fields: and
the burden of taxation for internal improven.enis, tin-
co.iiph-ied and uiqirodnct vc. would be very hirny
and hard to bear, and all the population that is con-
centrated upon monufac;nies, is so much ktptbock
fioin tbe occupation of tliot noble donoin: and the na.
tioiial treasuiy would fi el tbe efT cteof the i-urtailment
of imports and the cessation of land sales; and lh»
(amount of misery which the loss of the American
market would oicasion to the staiviiig opeiatives and
fa^-tory childre.i on the other side ol the Atlantic, ia
worthy to be taken into the account, by every stales-
man who has not tin gotten that be is a man.

On the other hand, let it he supposed for a moment,
tbot the landboldeis of England vioiild be satisfied
with a fixed and moderate duty, in mldition to the pro-
tection atVorded by the cost of Ireigbi and importatinn,
niwomounting to 30 percent, of the net proceeds.
There would then be a constant market for wheat in
England, to which the nncomnnnly nnifiirm climate
of the North West would furnish a constant and full
>upply; and tbe whole returns would he lequired in
British manufiictuied goods, generolh- of the descrip-
tion that yield the greatest profit, immediotely. or-
ders v>onld go from this country to set every wheel,
and spindle, and hammer in motion. Immediaielv,
these states would !«.■ willing to tax themselves for th»
interest of the public debt, becausi tbey would see how
taxes could be paid. Immediately, the state stock*
would rise, because tbe interest would he secured,
with a certainty that the public works would be com-
pleted and rendered productive. Tbe mnnnfecturing
industry of England, and the agricultural industry of
die North West, would be siiniulaied to the highest
productiveness, by the best of all encourngernenti"—
the hope a lair reward. The great cotton staple, too,
would feel the benefit of a new ond healthy impulse
given to trade. The public works would be finished,
and the lines of communication now open would h*
'hronged v\-ith freight. New York would abolish the
duty on salt, for thAake of securing to her own
enlarged canal the transportation of the produce from
the Ouio, the Maiimee. the Wabash, the Illinois, ond
tbe Wiskoneiii canals, now strongly tending in that
direction. (19.)

The demand for the pnhlic lands would pour a stea-
dy stream into the national treasury on the one hand;
to be met by o current from the imports on tbe other,
I'urnishing .in adequote revenue for the completion of
our harbor woiksand national defences. The exports,
no longer confined to a single staple, and drovvn iVom
the most productive of all hrnnches of labor — tbe cul-
tivation of a rich soil that cots next to no hiiiL' — would
keep foreign exchanges in a healthy stote; new ties ol
mutual advantage, ond new inducements to mutual
justice, forbearance, and peace, would arise between
two nations of common origin, from whose influence
tbe world bos so much to hope for: our own nianufac-
lures would be left, under their present protection, to
a healthy ond natural growth with the growth of the
country; and our nation would be saved from another
tnrifl'contrnversy, to occupy and embitter the debaice
of another political generation.

Are not these objects worthy of the consideration of
American statesmen? Mayan obscure cit zcn, who
loves bis country, be pardoned for his presumption in
spreadingthcseimperlectsuggestions before llic Amer-
ican Senate ?

Your memoriulist respectfully requests that useful
information may be collected and diffused respecting
the wheat product of the tVorth West; the condition
and extent of tbe foreign market now ooen for Amer-
ican wheat and flour; the obstrueti,.ns inteipoeed by
the regulations of foreign governments, ond the prob-
ability of any repeal or modification of those retula-
lations: ond that Congress will adopt such measures
as shall be deemed wise and pro) er, to secure on equi-
table and adequate market for this valuable product.

Your memorialist lios orepored, from the beet motc-
riols in bis reach, with eo ne labor, o number of tables
illustrative of severol ol the topics in this memoir,
which are appended hereto.

JOSHUA I.EAVITT.

Wmkinginn City, Feb. 25, 1841.

It is moral excellence alone that renders a free peo-
ple great and happy. Without it, all is empty splen-
dor and hollow decay. Religion is the souiceof most
of the moral excellence of the race. Its influence,
when pure and liberal, is tbe most wholesome aiui en
noblin^

88

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

m^'

KOCHESTER, JINE, 1811

Cheering Prospects,
Ii ia highly gr.itifying to observe so many signs of
rfiurning prosperity, ca we think we do at present.
Tho unusual interests which ia now awakening
throughout the land on the subject of ogriLulmre and
dome:^tic industry; the expected modification of the
American tarifl' and of the English corn laws; and
last, though not least, thesniilesof Divine Providence,
in sending uewarm and favornhlc weather and promi-
sing crops, ia certainly calculated to drive away the
gloom and despondency which have enshrouded the
minds of too mony farnicre of lale, and to fill their
their hearts with hope and ohcerfulnefs.

To our Frieiids.

This number completes the first half of our present
volume; and the friends of the New Genesee Farmer,
who have labored so ofllciently to increase iis circulation
and promote its usefulness, will be gratified to learn that
complete success has attended their efforts. Our cir-
culation exceeds our most sanguine expectations, be-
ing now 17,U00; and before the close of the season it
will doubtless exhaust ourcdi;ion.

We arc conscious that this result is to be attributed
mainly to the favor and aid which the paper has recei-
ved from the friends of thocau^^hroughout the coun-
try; and while we express our sincere gratitude, we
desire to assure them that no reasonoble pains shall
be spared on our part to merit their continued confi-
dence and aid.

We regret that a pressure of other business, to-
gether with some poor health, has prevented us from
bestowing that amount of time and attention to the
Farmer and its correspondents, which we could wish.
We intend to make better arrangements in future, so
08 to increase the interest and ueefidnesa of the paper.

Pieasiu? l<etters,

'We nave not made a practice of publishing tbe nu-
merous complimentary and encouraging letters recei-
ved by us during the few months post, although they
have been highly gratifying to our own feelings. But
when, like the following, their tendency is to edify and
encourage our tViends and corrcspondenlB as well as
ours.Kcs, justice to our lead" rs demands their publi-
cation.

The first letter ia from a worthy Minister of the
Church of Scotland in Canada, and was written
ihortly after the commencemrnt of the present year.
It was not intended for publication, but we are confi
dent the writer will pardon the liberty we have taken.

Messrs. Koitobs. — Your detcrminotion to perse-
vere gives me much pleasure. You will please con-
tinue 8( nding me the Now Genesee Fanner, for I can-
not affuird to lote the instructive enjoyment of my
orm-cboir intercourse with your various correspond-
ents. When one has become acquainted with their
ways and words, and expects periodically to have the
pleaiure of their converpnticn, the stoppage of your
publication would be like the receiving of an hundred
funeral cards at once ! Who could easily resign liini-
eelf to the loss of the enjoyment of their dry humour
and practical sense 1 Besides the t<alpable advantages
of their invaluable information, one has tho entcrtain-
lO^nt of holding converse with almost every variety of

human genius. This, to ine, is one of the principal
charms of your publication, although I am aware it is
not the most important advantage. The principles "f
agriculture are to be inferred only from fncts, and thr-
facility which you offer for the statement of these facts
to every worthy and public spirited, young or old in-
dividual around you, is the gathering in of sheaves for
a great harvest of ecicncc. Tlint is the rare and great
merit of the New Genesee Farmer.

I cannot exactly say that it belongi to the ofT^ce of
a Minifeier of religion to publicly recommend and pray
for the success of the New Genesee Farmer, ttoiigb
things more absurd have in that way been done, but
there can he no objections to bis doing so in private.
One of my deepest convictions is, that a good farmer,
of all orders of men, is most likely to be a good chris-
tian. He must be a steady man; be must love to work
for the work's Bike as well as the wages, and above
all he must be a lover of all sorts of cattle. Now no
one that loves the different races of cattle can have the
nature to hate the race of man, and he that loves man
— ^just go on and see where you will end.

Excuse this, Messrs. Editors, and convey, if you
have any means of doing eo, my earnest request to my
Iriends of the by-gone year, that they will coniiune to
correspond vit/i mc — I ought to have said jcilli yon,
gentlemen, but beg pardon, and remain.

Yours, &c. L. T. W.

A Compliment from Ohio.

We have seldom received a more gratifying letter
than the following from a worthy and infltiential gen-
tleman in Ohio. Tho approbation of such men is no
small reward; and it encourages ua to persevere in
our attempts to merit such praise.

Mlssrs. EntTOR"^ — I have been making an eflbrt to
inciease the circulation of your paper among the mem-
bers of our Agricultural Society, and as the result, I
herewith send you the names of sixteen subscribers.
The superior value of the New Genesee Farmer to us,
above all other papers of the kind, I consider to consist
in its freedom, thus far, from speculative theories — its
refusing to publish the grumblings of discontented and
prejudiced men, calculoted to discourage farmers from
adopting the most approved system of tilling the soil —
and its plain practical common sense and safe direc-
tions to the farmer.

I am enthufiaB'iically fond of the cultivation of the
soil, BJid if I had time, I would give you the results of
my experience in raising and feeding roots, &c. — per-
haps I may do so htreafter. I have often risen from
the perusal of your paper with this thought, Nnirtfint
one number is icurih vwre than the priee of tiic trJtole
rolumc. I hope you will * go on and prosper.'
Don't hmnhig the farmers and discourage them about
any thing, if you can help it. They arc too ea-
sily discouraged at the best; and the failure of a new
production, or of an agricultural implement to an-
swer its recommendations, will throw (some of 1 them
back years in their improvement. When a good cause
gets well established, a single failure don'i injure it
much; but improved agriculture is not thus establish-
ed among the mass, and a puff of a poor thing, or the
discouragement of a good one, will alike do mischief'.
I know it is diflicult for you to avoid all these evils,
but you hove hitherto been very successful, and I trust
you will still continue to be careful. Wishing you
great sttccess, I remain yours truly,

Lorain ed. Ohio, May, 16)1.

We sinecicly thank the writer of the above, and
hope he will excuse the liberty we have taken. We
should be bappy to hear from him often.

*»* Wc should be pleased to add the signatures to
the preceding letters, had we permission to publish
them. — Ed3, !

The Self-Protectiug Bee-Hive.

Mr. Julius Smith has left several of these hives at
the Rochester Seed Store, and is desirous of intruda-
cing them into use in Wesiern New York. We be-
lieve them to be of an improved construction, and at
liis request publish the dfs.-nption given in the Culti-
vator, by the inventor and patentee, Wm. M. Hall, ;
of New Haven Conn.

" The hive a; your office, is of the exact form, and
of the most suitable size and workmaniihip lor use: and
it contains all the principles of my patent. By tho
construction of this hive, three very imporiant pnnci-
ples nie bruuuht into operation. 1st. The conmiuni-
cation Iriim drawer to drawer, thereby enabling the
bees to pass freely from one drawer to the other, ma-
king as it were, but one drawer, ivhen in fact there
arc two, thereby producing the most happy efTccts,
and causing the bees uniformly to build in both draw-
ers at the same time, when without the communica-
tion, they usually fill one drawer, before they com-
mence in the other. These drawers are removed by
means of two right angicd metallic t-lides. 2d. A
perpendicular hive is obtained which should always be
the case; without which the economy of the bets iE
uiHch disturbed. It is well understood among B|iia.
nans, that btes always build their combs in perpendic-
ular sheets, without regard to form or size of the apart,
ment, consequently if tbe boilom of the hive io con-
tracted, some of the filth must lodge in descending,
thereby causing much derangement in their opera,
tions; but if tbe hive be perpendicular, all tilth disen-
gaged by the bees, immediately falls to the bottom
when it is at once discharged by means of the inclinee
[ilane. 3d. The bate or protector. The base is the
licst possible discharger of worms and other filth
The planes moy be construeteil to any degree of incli
nation desired, without injiiiy to the hive or bees
they furnish an opportunity for the bees to alight am
enter both at front and rear sides of the hive, at tbi
same time enabling them to crmcl to any part of th<
hive without again flying. Bees on returning to i
hive, at a cool season of the year, partially benumbed
if obliged to fly after once alighting as from a suspen-
ded plail'onn, frequently die for want of strength t(
rise; and thatteio at a season when their nuir.beis art
more wanted to produce animal beat sufficient for thi
wants o( the brood. It is not unfiequeiuly the case
that whole colonies when thus treated, perith ir
the month of April. The hive is ventilated by do
sing the planes more or lees as circumstances seem tc
require.

I describe the construction of the Self-protectinj
Bee-hive, as follows. Observing that my improvet
hive consisie of three parts, viz. ]si. A perpendicu
lar hive thirteen inches square more or lees, as feer
in the accompanying drawings, fig. 15, A. 2d. Tbi
chamber with comniunicoting drawers at the top o
the hive for extracting the surplus honey, without des
troying the bets, as seen in fig. 15, B. B. 3d. Tb(
base or protector. The bnse is a square frame of the sizi
of the body of the hive, about 4 inches deep, without tO]
or bottom, on which the hiveiests, as seen in fig- 15, C
bfing connected and held in ploce by dowels, aa seer
lit X. X. and hooks as seen in the figures. The fron'
and rear sides of the base are narrower than the otbe"
sides by about an inch, lenviiig room at tbe bottom, fo
the play of the inched planes, which form a bolton
f"r the hive; consisting of two inclined planes tlant
ing from tbe top of the bose to the bottom. Thest
inclined planes consist of boards hung within iheboi:
of the bnsc, on pivots passing through the sides nea f
the lop edge of the center of the sides, and exicndinj''
below the lower edge of' the base in front and rear
with a play of about an inch, as scenat F. which lep
resents the plane inclining to the front. G. The fion
of tbe base. H. The pivc'.s on which the indinei

No. 6.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

8t)

plones hong. D. The projeccioii of the inclined plaiice
at Ili« bouom ol' ilic bnee. K. Tbc book to clofC it
tiglit against tne biitlom of the bnse when required.

" Tue base or protector should he eeparaled from
the hive during ihu process of hiving, wi^cn the heea
have entered the hive, it may again be added, ami the
planes hooL;;.'d up, when it may bo cnrricd to iiny sit-
uation desired, without injuruig the bece. Tiie base
may also he addeil to any hive of suitable size nnd
form already containing bees."

Julius Smith of North Brantford, Conn., boa pur-
chased of Mr. Hall, the right to make, use, nnd vend
to others the right to malte nnd nee the above hives in
the counties of Chautauque, Cattarougus, Eric, Niag-
ara, Orleans, Genesee, Allegany, Livingston, Mon-
roe, Wayne, Ontario, Yates, Steuben, Scneco, St.
Lawrence, Franklin, Hamilton, Monigomcry, Ful-
ton, Clinton, Essex, Warren, Washington and Scho-
harie, Stole of New York. He thcref re offers to sell
rights foi; counties, towns, or single hives, on reason-
able terms. The hives (■.in be examined at tho Uich-
ester Seed Store, and Messrs. Batebom & Crosman
are July authorized to sell hives ond rights. Price of
a hive §5.

The publ c ore invited to coll ond examine the obove
hives nnd reod the certificotcB of those who hove used
>''«'"• B. &C.

Oneida Comity Awake. Itnpurtaiit from liliiglaiid^-Curu Law:^.

Mksshs. EiiiToiis — An Agricultural Society for the L-me English papers bring the welcome intcll gcnce

county of Oiieida, was organized nt Rome, on tbe2l6i 'Ijo' Poilinmcnt bos commenced o discupsion on the

of April. An oddresB, full of interest, wns delivered ^^l^ject of the odious corn lows, which it is conlident-

by H. S. Rnndull. Esq., Corresponding Sccrcinry of b' expected wi.l end in their rrpenl or modification. —

the Stale Society

The following offi .'ers were chosen :

Hon. FO.MEROY JONT.S, Fresident.

Thomns Goodsell, Harvey Brndley, Riley Shep-
herd, Lester Barker, Ernstus Jtffers, Salmon Case,
John Barker, A. Cnrmichael, V. Tuthill, Inghnm
Townsend, Vice Presidents.

Benj. P. Johnson, Corresponding Secretory.

S. Moulion, 3d, Recoiding Secretory.

J. Hat mway. Treasurer.

E:oii Comsiock, J G. Green, W. B. Wright, G.
Wnlsworth. Geo. Bristol, 3Innogere.

At a subsequent meeting of the officers it wos

Resolved, To roise the oum of .«!400, ond to hold a
fnir on the third Wcdncstlay of October.

From the interest manifested, it is believed a new
impulse will be given in Oneid>i, to Agriculture, nnd 1
trust the time is nt bond, when our county, rich in her
natnrnl resources, will be rendered still richer, in their
successful developn)ent. Yours.

liotne, Hlmj 21, 1841. B. P. JOHNSON

BEEBE'S STRA1V CARI&IESC.

The above engraving represents a machine for removing the straw froin the cylinder of a thrashing ma-
chine— invented nnd patented by Uriah Beebe, of Riga (formerly of CIninndon.) It consists of six (or more)
revolving rakes (B) set in a frame in such a monner thot when in motion the teeth poss between eoch other,
and take the straw from eoch other to the end of the frame; while the grain is shoken out ond corricd through
a screen to a blower below, where it is separated from the cbnif.

One end of the shaft of eoch rake (A) passes through the side of the frame, ond ha." o whir atti^ched
(D. ) The third, or middle whir, (C) is mode of double thickness, so as to receive a band .iom the thrashing
michine. Another band is passed round all the whirs, nnd n strip of board is fastened to each, with a single
■crew, so as to give uniform motion. Thin boards ore placed above the sides of the frame, to prevent the
itraw from scattering, ond o floor or apron, of boards, is placed below to catch the short straws, where they
are taken up ogniii by the rakers till carried off.

The inventor has been several ycnrs experimenting with and prrfetting this mochine; ond he now feels
confident that it will be found well worth the attention ol farmers. It can be seen at any time at bis residence
in the town of Riga, half way between Chiirchville and Caledonia. Single mochinep, with a blov^-er, will be
ioldfor$3J. County or State rights on reasonable terms. Addrese, URIAH BEEBE,

Riga, Monroe co. X. i'.

Te.'SJimaaial.

We the undersigned, residing in the towns of Wheatland nnd Riga, having seen Uriah Beebe's Paten'
Straw Carrier in opcrntiim, believe it to be the best machine lor the purpose now in use; for the following rea-
sons: [t perfoims the work in the best monner ond with the least power. It performs the labor of at least
lour hands in the ordinary way; and the power required to propel it is only about the same ns for the common
tanning mil. It seporates the straw from the wheat, and with a blower ntmched, the chaff nisj. Possessing,
as it does, these superior qualities, we cheerfully recommend it to the public.

JESSE GOODWIN,
W. F. GOODWI.\,
J. O, GOODWIN,
D. W. McPHERSON,
DUNCAN TAYLOR,
J. J. ANDERSON.
B. F. SHEl'ARD

D. TAYLOR,

ERASTUS E. DOTY,

W. KNOWLES,

S. MARSH,

ROBERT SMITH,

J. McPHERSON, Jr. Le Boy.

The highest e.Ncitement is said to prevail on the sub.
ject among all closses, and petitions, with millions of
signatures have been presented to the government,
praying for the repeal of this oppressive system of tax
ntion. Lord John Russell bos nnnounced that it is
contemplated to esmblish a fixed moilcrnte duty on
bread stuffs, in lieu of the present fluctuating nnd ex-
orbitant rates. The subject wos introduced into Pnr-
linment by n motion adopted by a unanimous vote of
the Cabinet Council ; whereas only two years ago the
head of that Cubinet, Lord Melbourn, declared the
corn laws could be opproachcd, touched, or altered, on-
ly by a madman ! !

The London Times contains the follovi'ing remarks
which mny doubtless be regarded as the language of
millions:

" Thk Corn L.4ws. — It is no slight addition to the
claims 01 fl cause, which has nlready so niuch juttice
and reason on its side, thot they arc backed by the
most npjjalling statement.-? of the present dettituiion nnd
progieesive decline ol our n.anulacturiiig populiuion.
T/te si'ffering.^ of inillitnis demand rct'uf, ereii ihozgii
that rtlie/iccrc nul idcntiiul icilli llic tiuest jjvliaj i>f
Evglind. But the wellare of the moss is identical
witu the interests of the country ; nnd it is because
the gcnerul priiuliun avd the general loss have not
fainy measured against ihe jiatticiilar advunt^ige of a
protected interest, that the energies of the countiy ore
weighed down by on unequal nnd injiKJicicus syoiem
of ta.xation. We argued the other day, m favor of a
reduction of the sugar duties on behalf of tie West In-
dia planters ; and we now confidently nwnit that meas-
ure, with some others of equal imporiance, from the
Government. But with how much more weight
should we have spoken if «e bad dwelt on the siffer-
tng's tif a people uffiictcri hij the ci.Tse of scuTcity ; nnd
it we had asked our rulers not only to benefit ihe plon-
ter, and to increase the revenue, but to feed the people
by diminishing the duties on colonial pioduce — by ad-
justing the tnxcs on corn upon n system better cnlcu-
lated to nvoid the evils uf excessive flucliiniion in price
and entire prohibition, nnd by sweeping away the du-
ties which exclude us Irom foreign markets without
adding to our own revenue."

The London Chronicle (radical) of the 3d May
says —

The sensation produced by the Government notice
of Friday night on the Corn laws is rapidly extending
through the country. Every where it is the signal of
excitement and determination. By the monopolists
it will never be forgivtn ; nnd by the people it will
never be forgotten. iMinisters have fairly thrown
themselves on the nntien for support in the assertion
ol a great national rigtt and interest. The response
will soon be benrd in thunder. The untaxing of the
people's brend is a prospect lull in view ; and 'he roo-
ple will spring towards it like lions on their prey.

Soaking Oniou Seed,
MissRS. EuiToRs-J have tried the experiment of
sprouting Onion seed as per directions of a correspon-
dent of the Genesee Farmer. After covering the
seed with warm water several times in the course of
three weeks, I despaired of their sprouting, and platst-
ed them by laemselves — planting the adjoining bt d
with dry seed The result is, that the eoukcd see
came up in four or five doys, during the cool weather
of the early port of this month — they ore now ahead
of the weeds. The dry seed just begins to appear,
after two weeks plnnting. SENECA.

Striped Bugs— Inquiry.

Messrs. Editors. — Is there any certein preventive
of the vellow striped bugs that destroy our vines 1 I
have never seen ony thing yet that would keep them
off, that did not destroy the vine, if there is any
thing thot may be depended upon, please make it
known. T.

RtMARKs. — The only sure and effectual way that
we know of is to cover the vines witu milinet t'rambs.
Perhaps some of our correspondents can inform us ol
a better. — EtiS.

so

Titfc: NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

Answeisto Isiqiiiries.

Our carrespon Icnl oi Augusia (111.) U repectfully
informed thni wc have not roum in uur eolniniis for th.
nrtiflo on fluvera thai he vviBliej lo be repuhliehed:
but if ho will examine our first rul.me, he will (ijid
the propDicdaliernaiive in BDiiie measure, niuieijmti'J.

Jliny varieties of the pear, apple, &,■. are much fi
ner in some parte of our wide spreading country ihnn
in other parti. For ins'.ance: the most popular pear
in thid district id the Virgalieu. The fr-it is delicious;
nnd the tree is hardy, ihrii'ty, and productive; but it is
thrnvn out as worthless in some parts of Missochu
setts. Every nurseryman ought to aseertaio what
fruits arc best adapted lo bis |>eculiar climate ajid situ-
ation; and if he djes this ctieneively, taking bis sci-
ons only from hearing trees in his own district, every
thing that our correspondent wishes on this point,
would be accomplished.

It would be a great labor to give a list of our applee.
For winter fruit, ibc Sivaar and Spitzenburgh area
miiigtlie best; but to have them fine, it is necessary
that the trees he well pruned. As the branches become
crowded, the fruit lessens in si:e and \nflicor. Tue
Ii>x!niry R isset is chiefly valued for its long keeping;
bu:s);ne u;w kinJj, much liner in quality, are snid to
ke"p equally well; and of these, some account may
be given hereafter in our c ilnmi>s. t

Thorn Hedges.

Mt.ssBS. Editors — I wish through the columns of
your paper to inquire the be^t method f.ir making liv(
fctici (b dge.) List spring I took up what smnll thorn
bu-bej I could finl. and set them out about six inchct-
aoirt. Nearly all grew, nnct i should think they
would milio a g>)')d fence if they coiiM be obtained in
8u(H;ient quantities. In the f^ll of 13:3!), I gathered a
quantity of thorn apples, mi.ied them with earth, and
let them fre ze. In the spring, I planted them, bui
n ine have come up I wish to know in what way
they may be made to grow 7 an I if common thorn is
as good as the Rng'ish ] nnd where English seed can
be obtaini'd 1 In shirt, I wish to find out the best
way to commence and raise a live fence ?

L. II. BRANCH.

York, O'lio, M.iTch, 1841.

liitnirks. — In Ciyuga county we have seen the
Kngliih thorn ( Cmtd'rus oxycanth'i ) in two places,
six or ciglit miles apart, nnd in both it was suflering
from fiif, btisht. In Ontario county also, a eorres-
pmdentof the (CM) G^'nesee Farmer says, "where
the English thorn was tried, that part of the hedge
which was clipped [as all hedges ought to be] was
mostly destroyed by a small snow white insect, with
wliich it was in many place-' literally covered." On
•he contrary in Niagara county, we have seen I-.edge^
of the English thorn that appeared to lie healthy; hut
we should be unwilling to employ much labor or ex-
pense on this exotic. Many years ago, in the town o(
East ll.imptonon Long Island, nearly two hundred
miles of -.his kind of hedge had l)een planted; but it all
d ed. Writi-rs in that vicinity, ascribed ibcir loss to a
Hy that drposued its eggs throuL;h the bark, and to a
worm that preyed upon the twigs.

In the southeastern parts of Pennsylvania, we have
seen many miles of hedges made of the Washingl'on
or Potowmac thorn (Cratxgus cnrilaln.) The seeds
appear to grow as freely as those of the pear or apple.
A h.ix containing a pnrecl of them for us, had been de-
tained over winter on the canal; nnd when it arrived in
the spring, dozens of the roots lind penetrated the cloth
that coniained them, sticking through it on every side
like the s;iiuc9 of a hed^e hug.

This thorn however, though so easily pro]m.|Tated,
ic subject to a malady that greatly impairs its beauty,
&>,i hereafter may prove ruinous, In partieular

neighborhoods the leaves become spotted wiih yellow.
VVc have not understood that any of the hedges have
yet perished from this cause; but wc bad a crab tree
( I'ljrua coronar'ui) which died last season, after suf-
fering several years with spotted leaves of the some
kind.

While hedges of ibe Washington thorn were discol-
ored in ibis manner, we have seen hedges of the New
Castle thorn (Cratitgiis crus-gnlli) on the same farm
and closely adj lining, in perfect health and greennes".
N.) dangerous ineect is known to otiaek it ; and
farmers who have ulnnted milts of thorn hedge, deci-
dedly prefer it to all other sons.

The seeds however, are much more difncnit to
gerininaie. We have seen them treated in the follow-
ing manner; sud we have understood with uniform
success. A small trench was cut on the north side oi
a building, directly under the enves. Into this, the
haws mixed with sand, were deposited in autumn; and
'IS they received in this shaded place, the droppings o
every shower, they were kept always moist thnugh
two winters and one summer. After softening in this
manner for eighteen months, they were removed to the
seed bed.

Many oiber shrubs have been recommended for
h"dges, such as the Red Cedar, Osage Orange. &c.
With E. Hersey Derby of Massachusetts, both the
Englls'i thorn and the Honey Locust were entire fai-
lures; but with the Sea Buck thorn ( Rhamnus riithar
tints) he was completely suecestful. A part of the
Buck thorn however, like the Honey Locust and Crti-
tag IIS punctata, have no thorns n^^ them. We raised
hundreds, and never saw a thorn on one of the kind:
liut we have lately procured seed which may do
better. f

M

fl»
«tl
|jll(

Til
J!

Ill
.1
|i;di<
fl
(
if

HI

imii

IliSliPriccsindiiccd by H-sh Tariff on Imports
cannot maki- the rountiy rich, or pay its for-
eign debt— Protection uecessaiytoSilk Cul-
ture.

MtssRs. Eu'TORS — A correspondent of the New
Geneste Farmer takes exceptions to my text, " that
liw prices are more favorable to a nation's wealth than
high prices."

Him who takes this text in conncctioH with the illus-
trations of the cinitext, will find that, like a " plant of
bitter growth, it bears on its head a sweet fruit."

It has always been the case in England, that when
'.he piices of agricultural productions are low, capital
s cheap, her manufaeiiiring industry rcecives a new
impetus; competition reduces prices of manufacture ai
home, by inducing greater economy and renewed im-
provements and division of lobor in every deparimcn!
of industry; her export trade is increased to an unpar.
allelcd e.ijtent, and she becomes now, more than ever,
the creditor nation of the world. On the other hand,
when agricultural productions are high in England.
;he most feverish state of things exists; the banks cur-
tail their issues, that they may not be ruined by a de-
mand for coin to send to the continent to buy corn:
manufacturing industry is psralized or cmbarasfed
and the screws are immediately put ujion the debtors
of England in the United States.

What but t'e high prices of J835 and '6, has caused
the general l>ankru|iicy of our cotton growing States?
It is certainly not the low prices since Idliti, for they
are no lower than they were on the average for eigh.
years previous to 183.'). The ri.-e in cotton in 1834,
from KH to 13 cis , and then in 18.3;"), to ICi cis ,
turned every henil; the United States Bank endorsed
the inavia, and furnished the facilities to accelerate
the common ruin.

The hiffh prices of cotton, our great agricultural
staple, in 1835 nnd '6, was the great stimulntint!
cause of all the bank inflations, and consequent epeeu
lation nnd high priree throughout the whole union at

'iint time. New Englsud got great prices for hi
manufactures at the Smit'i and South West. Ne'
York felt herself rich v\'hen she sa" upon her ledg'
such vast amounis due from the South. Englund, i
1837, wanted our flour at .$8 per barrel i-j Ncv> Yorl ^
but our commii!i-ion bouses said, if we hold on, Ne'
England will give us .$^10. — Instrnd of (iporting, w
imported gtain from Europe. The same with manv
ibctured articles. In 18.36 we imported 5i6O,O0U,CO( ''■
while we exported next to nothing, owing to the big |,,|l
prices at home.

We now have the sad spectacle of a country grovt lilj'
ing poor in the mid^t ol high prices. How has it hee ""*
with the year of low prices, 1840 ? An unusual ex [|Ki
port trade — our exports exceeding our imports $27;
1)00,001) — an expoi i of monufaetnrcd articles treble th
amount of any former year.

Our exjiort of flour, and pork, and Indiaireorn, ba
also been imusually large the past yiar: it has don
much towards paying our foreign debt. But had th
price ol flour been only one dollar per barrel higher
It must have been consumed at home, ne bread stufl Jid
Irom the ports of the Baltic and the Black Sea, wouli
have su|iplicd the hungry parts of the earth at lowe
prices

Your correspondent says that by a proleclire taril
we may S'lon extend our manufacturing iuteiesis, S'
as to create a home market for the " great part of th
cotton grown in ourcountry." I would then ask bin
how we are to pay our great foreign debt of $2M.
0:10.000 ? — and besides, the most radical high taril
advocate does not claim any furtiier protection for »>u
cotton manufactures from foreign competition, thai
they now have. Orr Western tanners seem to iindet
stand the great importince of coiton to the Union. I
not only pays the foreign debts of the S luth, but ihi
Nonhnud We-itclso Cotton alone makes up in valu
four-fifths of our agricultural exports. I would thei
ask what would be the state of the nation wi;hout thi
g e It sta;ile, as nn article of exjiort, and an element 0
our foreign traJe!

Your (xirrespondent says, that in protecting ou
maiuif.icturing industrv, "oid is not so much needcc
Irom our Stale Legiclature as from Congress." It
relation 10 the ctilture and mnnnfnttnre of sillt,
would invoke aid from both. The State shouldgraR'
n bounty, and ("ongress should p.ny an impost en thi
"oreign article, os high as the spirit of the Compro-
mise Act will permit. S Ik is by fur the greatest iteir
in the accoun-t of our foreign importations. It ha>
lieen computed that the omount o{ foreign silks con.
sumed in the State of New York alone, for the Inst iC
years, w.ll exceed .«i50,000,0t)0 — an amount grenlei
than the cost of all our canals and other public im-
provements.

But too much proteetioB, tike high prices,onIy bringt
about tljose evils they nre intended to cure Mr. Clay
was once a radical on the subject of a protective laiiff-
but he is a man of too much genius not to profit by
the lessons cf experience. lie olso found that a tarl
tor revenue nnd protection was often inconsistent with
itself; hence his Compromise Bill is intended to he I
bill for revenue only. We ho|ie it now may be so re^
vised and amended, as lo serve the ends of protection to
such of our manufacturing brnnclics of iidnstry as
most need it, without infringing its character as a hill
for revenue only. g. W_

TKu/it/oo, Jl/oylO, 1841.

Important Discorery. — A Jamaica paper says, thot
an ingeni us physici.m and naturalist in this island,
has discovered the practicabiliiy of using mosquitoes
as a substitute for the leech, fil'iy of the large speckled
kind being found equivalent toonclopch; of the smol-
ler breed, Irom ei.viy-five to seventy being required —
The greater irritation produced by the new applicalioa
ha& als') been found ad vsntagootis.

Vo. «J.

AND (GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

in

Native Fruits.

Tbe last number of tUe Maijnzine of Horliculture
'"^i wntains Professor RussclU' Addri'BS before ibe Miil-
lleeex Horticultural Sjciety, from whicb we make
ihe foil )wing exiract: t

"Tbe venernhle relic of the far famed Cbclmaford
pear is yet ex:8tent on one of tbe oldest farnie in that
;o>vn. It is a mtnrnl fruit, of ex-elleni mnrkct qunli
tie?, and ku'twnns tbe Cuelmsford, Tvuiisboro' nnti
Mo^ul Summer. A mere tbin slicll of tbe once ex-
traordinary trunk, yet bears a (cw ecrSiiijy hrnnchf a
And Iroai itsro its are four strong suckera, all ftf wliich
»re ideniical in fruit W'th the trunk. Belore ibe great
gale of September 1815 [?] it was a very large tree:
but being injured by that t 'rnado, it rapid y declined
to its oropcnt condition. Tbe stem however, bears
an occasional crop, but vvas entirely bnrren the lust
season. Mr. ATnnuing, the great nomologist, of S'l-
lem, remarks ibni it is a tie.ir of the largest e ze. and
CKlremely productive. For many years be searched
in vain for its origin, spnring no exjjcnse in importing
iM pears from the French nurseries to identifv it. lu-
,.I quiry on my part enabled me to cuifcr o trifling favor
1 on my friend, and to establish the claims of old Chelms-
*! ford to a fine n.itive fruit.

*' The history of trie valuable Baldwin apple is fa-
miliar to you, bear ng in its cognomen a faoiily name
yet ex stent m our midst. A fine early apple has ol'tcn
been exliihited on your tables, originating also in
Chelmsford, and known as the Spalding. Tbe addi-
tion of these three na'ural fruits in our vicinity, to po-
mology, is suffic'Cnt to encourage a research into natu-
ral varieties, which ore as yet but little known. It
should he our endeavor to find these out, and no pains
ehou'd be spared in the attempt. • » " Our own
eonnirv is the region and natural location of tbe finest
fruits."

For the iVcif Genesee Farmer,

The Importance and T^tilityofthe Dis<!einina-
tion of Knowledge antoiji; Farmers.

Me5sks»- Euitors — Tbe influence of a publication
like your-', devoted to egricuUural interests, should be
directed towards tbe«imprnveinent of the minds of
farmers as well as the introduction of improvements
in t' e science of farming. Your columns have alrea-
dy furnished evidence that you are aware of this; and
therefore my object is not to urge upon yon any new-
duty, but to suggest a few reflections on the impor-
tance and infliien<^ of tbe dlsseminalion of iatellectual
knowledge among farmers.

It vvonid be a useless waste of words to enter into
ony argument to show that among this class of our
fellow citizens there is no want of intellectual capaci-
ty. And if among those who nrJ engaged in other
pursuits, there fire any who arrogate to luemeclvGS n
superior order of talents, they betroyan ignorance un-
worthy of a man of common sense. The occupation
of a farmer, it is true, will i5ot furnii^h an opportuni-
ty for a settseless display of fufibiou: nor will his ro-
bust firm and hardy countenance, give him the exqui-
site appearance of the straight laced and pale faced
dandy. Yet, unadorned by the trappings of art, be is
ctill one of nature's noblemeu; and his intellect, when
culticatcd, will display an mlarged aud useful capaci-
ty, not alone fitted to the occupation in whith he is
engaged, but to any station to which he may be called
through the o}>crat!ons of liberal institutions. And
whenever the cultivated cnpocity of a former has been
called forth to display itself, either as a legislator, or
in the performaiK;e of any other puiilic duty, it has by
no means suflered from a comparison with those o)
much higlier pretensions. It is not to be denied that
there bos been a lamentable apathy manifested by the
great body of igriculturists in this eounliy, for tbe ac-
quirement of intellectual knowledge, which ia the on-
ly thing that can de\-elop the reeonrees of tbe mind;
and perhaps among no other (dass has there been such
apparent neglect of books, «r as little disposition to
encourage the useful publications of tbe day. But
while we admit ttat they have neglected their own
i Bteresls in this respect, it will not fallow that tbey

have not the mental ability. It has heretofore been a
too common error among farmers to suppose that it
woulo be great sncritice of time which ought to be de-
voted to their bus ness, to appropriate any portion to
reading. And even now it is not uncomuuin, to hear
" want of lime" urged as an excuse for neglecting to
nourish the immortal mind from that fountain of
knowledge, which is accessible to thoEe of restricted
means as "eil as to thote of greater competency
Tliis mistaken uotiint however, is daily becoming less
prevalent; and ( believe there need be no hesitation in
saying, that the circulation of agricultural papers has
done more than any thing else to accomplish a refor-
mation 8t» desirable. B.'sides these however, theie
are numerous other valuable means afforded for im-
proving the mind. The am unt of knowledge which
may oe gathered from these various sources would,
when compared with the amount of dollars and cenif
which it costs to obtain it, be like a comparison of the
magnitudcof the most lofty mountain to that of a mole
hill. If any one thinks his means are too restritced to at
ford the expense of a weekly newspaper, or the st.ll
less amount charged for agricultural papers, let him
reflect for a moment, ,md be will discover that tbe
means for such purposes are at the control of every
one. It only costs the labor of a day, at forthtst a
week, to lay up a store for the mind upon which it may
feast for a year. Neither the lack of means nor the
want of lime, can be considered a valid excuse tosticli
as properly consider the subject What farmer is
there that can say he has not tbe time to give one pa-
per at least, a thorough perusal, and only appropriate
to it one-fourth of his leisure ?

Happily for us in this country, labor aflTords the
means of obtaining whatever may be necessary for ihe
comfort of the body, and at the some time may alto
provide lor the necessary endowments of the mind.
And if incentives be wonted beyond the comfort and
happiness whicb an individual will pcctire to himsell,
onr institutions have not foiled to molie the most am-
ple provisions.

Perhaps. Jiessrs. Kditors, I have cxtencd these re-
marks too fur, inaEinueh as they are only intended as
ail introduction to what I propose to submit to you on
this subject herecfier, whin time and opportunity pei-
mit, provided my remarks shall be deemed worthy on
insertion in your valuable paper,

Yuui s, &c. , C. P. T.

Balaiia, Mat/, 1841.

ry thing;" and if yoti undertake to thrive by kiep.ng
laborers on a thortidlowance. by working them rntx-

sivc minibcr of hoiiis, by dint oi scohling nnd hit-
I n: , by any seeiet O' tiliees, they will read jour bean's
rccitt purposes, and will find ways rnd means to
ihv\art y n in the iicconiplit-htnent of your de^ijiUs.
Imprutience and injiist.ce on the part ol enipUijers,
oeate in part the untrustworthtnesH complained of in
the employed.

We may preach next to the employed — ihc hired.
— \. E. Faimir.

Treatment of Hired Men.

Entreat not cril ihc ItireVmg that bcstowetli himself
wlioibj/or thee. — Ecci.EsiAsTictJS,

At t thou a man employing others Co till th.y grounds ?
Tiieii rememl^r that thou hast a Master who com-
mands the'.' not to over-tat>k or to abuse ibeni. They
are free men — tl'e rigbs of free men sretlieirs. O.'eii
tliey are your eipials in iulelligjinee, character and res-
pecii.biliiy. Both duty aitd interest require you to re-
gard ibeir rights. They may demand, at reosonobl
iime^, as much palatable and wholsome fiiod as is
needed to preserve unimpaiiLd their hcalib and
slrengih. They may dem%id as many hours for rest
nnd sleep as tbe human constitution ordinarily re-
quires. They may demand comfortable beds, in rooms
not unhenhhy. They may refuse such cstcessive el
torts or great e.tpostircs as would prematurely break
down the eonstitutioti. They may claiiu kindness and
civility in nil vonr language towards ibcm. and in oil
your ireniment ol them. It is no part of their con-
tract thfit they should listen to oaths and curses, should
such things pass your lips. It is no part of the con
tract that tliey shall bear such mental suflering, as un-
reasonable reproaches, unprovoked iault-findings. or
ungoverned passions on your part, may produce. Un-
til they forfeit it by misconduct, thi y may elaici your
confidence that they will be faithful to you and to your
interests. When lound unfaithful, let itn fault bo sta-
ted, and a lull mutual understanding be olvtained. But
It is bad, very bad for both employer and employed to
be suspicious of each other. Mutual confidence is for the
comfort ond good of botb " F.very body knows eve-

Fromlhe (yashtiiU, Tenn.) Atiricutluriit.
Is the Tariff a Political Question t

There is nit a more ignorant and vulgar notion in
society, than that which deilorcs pniiyii^m to claim pro-
tection in ihv sales of our own products, ('an jiny one
tell \\ hat party it was ihtit lay to heavy a duty upon for-
eign cotton goods, twenty five years ago, as to enable
Americans to make better fabr cs at one-foiirib the
value ol ibote imported 1 Can any ore tell what par-
ly it \^8 tliai iii.xed foieigtt books, iron, sugar, salt,
Ac? Oji, says the pseiido politiei ns, nil i«ii tics con-
tributed to these matters, lor It at was right. Very
good: but if both the north nnd the eoiiih enjoy the
iienefits ol', and stremionsly advocate measures to pro-
mote ibeir respective interests, does it not show that
l>iotcction is the wish of every American citizen?
The question of parly originates then, not from the
thing itself, but from the manner of administering it.
The north will nevi r consent to a tariff' which seciiisio
favor the south, nnd tbe sou h will not agree to n sys-
tem ihot will fnvor innnufaeimes more tlinn planters.
But 06 every man is for promoting a system of protec-
tion that Will favor h. sown interests, slo idd it not be
the study of all to nx such articles as would be the in-
terest of every section of the diuntry to do so ? It
does not seem that partiznus I ove become so sensitive
and leniful of shitd' wp,thatfeaif I they will do wrong,
ibi y do nothing. Suppose the English moke cotton
to t,upply her own factoru s, ami then br.ng a little for
sale at a low rate to our own fiictories. 'J'he Southern
will come fnrwnrri and advocati- a cotton tniitf, l)ui act-
ing under tbe Lrjt'ititms. he shoidd bn\e no lavois.
However, we think it would be light, ev* n in this
event, and it is a very pr^ liable on'-, to protect rur
own citizens. Tbe old iiiox m, that "charily begins
at honie," is pretty neatly nlwnts '-orreci. -4t present
it isdoubtles- the interesi oi every ' iizi n of tbe Unilid
Stiiies to buy less foreign s Ik.nni! raoe more at b'mie.
I he best menus eif nliecling these ends, -n our jiidp-
ine.it, 18 to lay a heavy lax on loreign silks, nnd give
premiums to otirc tizr-n- topreiduce he lb ti e row ni;-
terial nnd manufactured artcles. S -me one niny aek,
if we cnn protluc- bdk^ equal to others, anel ns cbenp.
why do we need protection t There nre but few. :8
yet, a -quoinied with the busines.-', and a certainty of
getiing someihiug, if it is a small price, will be suie
to indtce many to embnik in the bu-iiies=. Another
reason is, befire we become well ncqiininici! with tbe
leedmg of worms, and man factuie weainb'es. for
W.'Uit of knowledge, we may expect to nieei with ur-
fiitseen difHcullies and sustain teveie li'ft< s; ouel hero
our country's enceairagemeni w-ould ca se the d sa]"-
pointed a«d di-piiited to iry it again, nnd continue tf-
feut after tffijrt, till abundant sncccts ctiuld be seen.

There isafiertain training, or time of pupilage, et
scntinl to the success ol any thing ibnt is new, nnd th*
most wnlclilul iraoy expect to meet difficidiies. Ther^
is but liUlc doi&t sslk cnn beprodueed in ihls eonniiy,
twenty years hence, .st less tbaii one bnlf what it ear
be new. We well recollect in our boyith days, baf ■
ing to set up, on a "nading suml," at the late boms
of night, '• picking eounji".— lb s consisted in pulbng
the fibres from tbi- seed w-ilb tiie fingers, nnd ifa man
:ioi enough in a week of nights to make himself n sbitt.
be ditl very well; but see now vvhfli improvement his
done I Instead of half pounds, we count bales. And
n better article cnn cow be pr-idnced at less •ban a
fiurih what it could twenty-five yeme ago. Shnl »e
not aiiticipnle similar results for silk ? lioseee riy
be nntictprfited ci first, but imijroveiTients in coie .rr*
chiuery, &c. will produt^e wondeiful ehangcc
statesmen then beceime sensible, anel the jieople ..
gain encugh of patriotic sense, to make ibeir servants
smile upon their labois. When the peonb; come ti
understand their own interest, they will n.-K nddiesa
ibeir members of Congress, or State Lcgislntiires, ns
bumble petitioners, but ns sovereign lorels of ilic 'nneij
whose commnnds must be obeyed, at the bnzznrd o.
being r.e^lled. When the great moss get ripe uir oc-
tion, legislation will be favorable, not before. I^et
none be ashamed or afraid to talk of this mntier, snd
leach it to both young and old, nnd tbe intelligence sf
tbe people will soon establish the tik culture

9^

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol,

N, Y. State Bounty on Silk.

The bill to encouroge ibe growth nnd manufacture
of S.IU, was pasc-ed by ihc Legislature a Rhort time be-
fore its Bdjjurninent. We believe it was slightly a-
mended, ihiiUgh not materially, but ae it wjli beBonie
time bciore it will be publicbed by the Slate paper, and
knowing the anxiety of many of our readers on the
subject, "e give it them this month as reported by the
AfBcmbly, and if any alieralione wcte made by the
Senate, we will ni( ntion ihcm ncil month.

We first thougiit toomit all the preliminary remarks
of the committee, but on examination we found them
to contain bo much important information and correct
reasoning, thnt wo felt unwilling to withhold them
from our readers.

Rni'ORT

Of the select commiUcc on the bill enlillcd " An act to

encouiagc the growth mid munufiicti're nj*i>ilk'"
ICommliteil to the Coiiinilt;ce of ilic Wiiolr.J

Mr. Ward, from the select committee to whom was
referred the bill " to encourage the growth and manu-
<acuire ot'tilk,"
REPORTS:

Tuat your committee have bad the subject under
couoideraiiort, have collected many interesting facts in
relation thereto, and submit the same for the conside-
ration of the House.

Your committee are surprised to find how great a field
ie here open and how long it has been neglected. They
are sutislied beyond a doubt, that we have the powei
to produce and mauulQcture silk in this Statu to an im-
mense extent, and that no diHiciilty is to be encoun-
tered either from soil or climate.

In their invcdiigntions ujion this subject, the com-
mittee hardly know whether they have been most sur-
prised at the beneticini results which have eventually
accrued to thos'.i nations or govjrrnments where the
growth and manitiueture of silk have been encouraged
and brought to a Plate of citmparative maturity, or al
the inattention and apathy hitherto mnnile^ted in re-
gard to this great interest in this country, by a people
BO pre-eminent for iheir spirit of enterprise, and une-
qualled in their ability and leaourees. whetbrr mental
or physical, f;r the adoption and the successful prose-
cuiio:) of any and every branch either of science or the
arts, by which their wants may be supplied, their de-
sires aatitfied, and their independence of foreign labor
and foreign ingenuity be fully achieved.

Your committee can attribute this reluctance or ne-
glect on the part of the American people to embrace a
eahject of 80 much importance to themselves as the
culture nnd manufacture of ailk — an article which for
years has ceased to be considered a luxury, nnd be-
cjrne one of daily and almost indispensable necessity
— only to an ignorance which prevails of the great and
increasing amount which their wants demand, the hea-
vy tribute which they annually pay to foreign industry
nnd foreign skill, and their want of a correct an I gene
ral knowledge of the adaptation of the soil nnd climate
to the growth, and our ability to manufacture silk,
equal, if not superior, to that of any other nation on
the globe.

Accoriling to the report of the Secretary of the
Treasury, the value of silk impoiteri into the United
States i'l IHU.I, amounted to i(t;.i,4;)8,l!rit;; but had in-
creased in 1635 to the enormous sum of .<i'23,ySO,S2r.J;
while all our ex|)orts, except tobacco nnd cotlou,
amount to only about $10,001), ODI) annually.

The nations of Kurope and Asia, are generally en-
gaged in the culture and manul'ncture of silk; and
your committee are of opinion that, in order to a full
unJerslanding of the 6ubj'-ct,a brief history of the rise,
proiirefls and liiinl eiiCL-essof the culture of silk in those
C'.niuries, should lie g v. n at th.s time.

The nrot knowledge that we hove ot the cultivation

of th'.Sjlk won'O, a. 1,1 the manufacture of silk, was

°' ■'^ the inhabitants of S 'ricn, the northern jwrt of

.£ , 1, tVtiin whence it derived its name.

o ■« .ore than 2.000 years before the Christian era, an

npress of China, desirous of rend'.-ring silk worms
i)re extensively useful, collected them from the miil-
dorry trees, and introduced them to the Imperial apart-
ments. Thus sheltered and thus protected, they yield-
ed silk superior in ,]uality to that produced in the for-
e^t.i. Sire nli5o tnught in what manner to mauurncture
Bilk from the cocoon. This employment, nhhough at
first confined to ladies of the highest rank, gradually
ba.?a-.iie geno'al a-iung all tanks in China,

As the manufacture incrensed, it became an aiticle
of expoitaiion to neighboring counires, and finally
became the great and inexhaustible source ol wealth to
Chiiin.

I'roin China, it was exported to India, to Persia, to
Arabia, nnd iiidied to the whole of Asm. The expe-
dition of Alexander to Persia and India, first introtju-
ced the knowledge of Bilk to the Grecians, 360 years
before the Christian era. As in China, so also in
Greece, ladies of the greatest dietiucliini attended to
the rearing of silk worms at their introduction there.
Kor upwards of four centuiies, the cultivation of silk
was confined to the conntries of Gieece. Sicily and
.Naples were ignorant of the art, and itB introduction
into the rest of Italy was extremely slow.

At Rome, G30 yeais after the introduction of silk
into Italy, a silk mure of purple, was nccountcd by an
emperor, as a luxury too expensive for an empress;
its laliie being equal to that of gold, by weisbt. But
so extensive is its culture at the present dny through-
out Italy, that two-thnds of their whole exports to all
countries consists of silk.

It.= first introduction into France was in 1494. But
it is less than 240 years since n.s final and succcfsfiil
introduction into that country by Henry IV. Turn
government haB continued its losteiing enrc, until silk
and its mnuufncture has become the most productive
source of the wealth of Frnncc.

In nil countries '.;-,e culture of silk has engaged the
lariicular attention of governments, and every encou-
ragement has been given to increase its lulture, and
with success. Yet in our own country, so highly fa-
vored in ail respects by nature, the successful intro-
duction ol the silk culture, is mainly due to individu-
al enterprise. Until recently, individuals have strug-
gled single handed and alone in the cultivation of this
article.

On a careful examination of the subject, your com-
mittee are of the opinion that the period has fully ar-
rived, when the policy of the State of New York
should be directed tuwards encouraging, by every con-
sirlernti"n, the growth nnd manufacture of this valua-
ble product within our own territory.

A number of our sister states have thought it advi-
sable to encourage the culture of silk, by legislative
bounty for n limited period; and why should the Em-
pire Slate be behind her sister States, in encouraging
and fostering the benevolent enterprises of the dny.

A State bounty of fifteen cents per pound on co-
coons, and filly cents per pound for reeled silk, contin-
ued for a lew years, will induce farmers to engage ex-
tensively in the culture, and wnen once fairly estab-
lished, we have no fenrs for the reeidl. Ihc State
may then venture to leave the silk culture to rise on
its own merits.

It is an employment in which all may engage. The
rich, with honor and profit to hin^self and to his fami-
ly; and the poor man can by its successful cultivation,
place himsell nnd family beyond the reach of poverty
and want.

Silk can be raised to a much greater profit than
wool, because three pounds of silk can be produced
from the same land ihal would produce but one pound
of wool, and the raw silk will sell for eighteen dollars,
while the wool will sell but for fifty cents. The la-
bor of raisiig silk is performed in six weeks, and may
be perfirined by children or feelle persons, whose
services would be worth but very little for any other
purpose, while the labor of taking care of sheep and
providing them with food lasts all the year; nnd a man
with but little land, who has a family, can keep them
employed at home, without the risk of sending them
abroad for employment.

The cultivation of silk is an object more congenial
with the domestic habits of the farming population,
than almost any other o|()>ur household employments.
And nothing can bo said against the successful culti-
vation and manufacture of pilk, but what was with
equal propriety urged against the raising of cotton on
its introduction into this country as an experiment,
yet ilseuccess has be£.*n complete — tiiumphant.

Cotton was first raised in this country as nn experi-
ment in 17,-^.S, nnd nlthough but filiy-three yenrs have
elapsed since its first introduction, we now manufac-
ture annually from .1.5 to ;£;50,000,000 in value of cot-
ton goods, nnd export of raw cotton more than $00,-
000,000 in value annually. Such is the eficct, and
such the result, of well directed nnd properly protected
dune-tic industry. Our success in the growth and
manufacture ol cotton encourages the belief that simi-
lar success will attend the growth and manufacture ol
,8ilk.

j The history of the past maybe the history of the

future. Ami we trust the time is not far distant when

, we ebftll sec oiu wives and ilsufbtere arroyed in silk

;;Wllli

In
jBie.«8i

of their own maiiutacture; when, instead of payit
Ibreign nations .fi'JU.'iOO.OOO aunuolly for this art
we shall export und rece.ve back s.'ine of the n
millions we have paid to others lor this articl
luxury.

Entertaining these views, your committee have
amined the bill referred to them, and report the £
with aniendmentB.

AX ACT

TO E-NCOCRAGE THr GROWTH ASD MAjltJrACTCl
or SILK

[.4« reported amended by the select cummxtttt,

The people of the State of AV.o Vorii, represt
in Senate mid Assembly, do enact asfoUoKs :

Skctio.n- 1. To on) person or persons residiDi
this State, who tnnU present for examination, to
justice of the peace ol the city or town wherein ^
person or persons reside, n pound or more of good
silk Ciicoone, or a pound or more of good, well rce
silk, nnd shall, by his, her or their oath or nffiimaii|Wi'''
or by the onih or nfEtmation, of some other crcd
person, prove to the saiitfaction ol such justice t'
the cocoons presented, were raisid in the city or to
where such justice resicics, or that the silk was t'
ed in such city or town, and fr, ni cocoons tnisvd
this State. The said justice hnving exnniined
cnused the snnie to be weighed, shall give his offiij
certificate specifying the number of [ ouutJs ot cocoi]
or silk piesented, the time when, ami the place -whi{
the same was raised or reded, and the nnmes of l|
person or persons by whom the same was raisea
reeled, together with the nan;e ot the person by whc'
oath or affirmation the facts have been verified. A
on the presentn ion of any such certificate to t
board of supervisors ol the same cminty, they havi;
examined and found the same to be duly given, sb
audit and allow said certiiicaie, and caiue their alio'
ance to be endorsed upon the same, requiring I
treasurer of said county to pay to the bearer tbeieoi
premium of fifteen cents for every pound of cocoon
and fifty cents for every pound of reeled silk speciiii
in said certificate.

5i 2. It shall be the duty of each county treasurer
whom such c. rlificates thus audited nnd nllowed sbi
be presented, to enter in n book kept by bim for th
purpose, the date of said c(*tificates, the number
pounds of cocoons or reeh d silk named therein, at
the names of such person or persons fir whose bene
the same were giv, n, nnd to endorse upon snid ceiti)
catcs his acceptance thereof, and the time when pn
sentid to him, nnd return the same to the beaier then
of, to be presented (or payment as hereinafter directei

$ 3. On or before the first day of May, in each an
every year, the several county trensureis of this State
to whom shall have been presented for acceptance an
such certificate or eeitificntte as are specified in th
preceding sections of this act, shall cause to be mad
an abstract or abstracts of all such certificates so pre
seiited and accepted ; stating the number of pounilsc
cocoons or reeled silk, nnd the amount of prcmiun
due theielor, and shall transmit the snme to the Conip
tioller ol this Slate, « ho shall by his warrant, author
ize and direct the Trrnsurtr ol the State to pay to thi
county trcoeureis the several amounts specified in thi
ahstracts fy ibem tran--niitted. And the said coumji
treasurer shnll thereupon proceed to pay ihe premiumi
due upon the certifcates by them respectively accipt-
ed, ns the snme shnll be jiresenled for pnymcnt.

5 4 False swearing or iiflirming under this act shall
be deemed perjury ; nnd nny frnud prncticed under the
i;ame shnll be a misdemeanor, and be severally punish
ed as such.

5i ."i. A justice of the pence shall be entitled to re-^
ceive, for every certificate given by him, by virtue of
this act, the sum of twenty- five cents, to be paid by the
person receiving the ccriificnle.

^ 5. This net shnll continue in force until the first
dny of June, in the year eighteen hundred and forty-
six, and no longer.

iKtrtiint

[.jijini
»Jb! Sf
jiniiiw

Itisliof

im

I'cim

;!l« II
■idit

laik
■if'ti

■mi
inl
III tin

lit!"
to

inii:

«

to

m
mi
dli

Licbig's .Agricultural Cliemlstry.

We observe that nn Americnn edition of this work
has just issued from the press, nnd such of our renders
as are interested in ngricul'.utal science, will be richly
repnid for its perusal.

The high character of the work may be inferred
from the fact, that it was prepared by Prof Liebig at
the special request of the British Associntion for the
advancement of Science; and the ability with which the
task was performed is evident from the extracts we
hare seea

f. 6.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

93

'he BUlbor baa odvnnced some iheoriee, which ore

reverted by able chemisis of ihe day; and he ap-

8 nlso 10 l.avc made some important discove-

His theory of the operation of gypsum is

■ interesting, and altogether plausihic. After

ng ascertained the existence of ammonia in rain

r, be was led to the following conclusion. '* The

3nate of ammonia, contained in rain water, is de-

josed by gypsum in precisely the same manner as

le monufaoiuro of sal ammoniac. Soluble sul-

'*! 3 of ammonia and carbonate of lime are formed,

this salt of ammonia, possessing no volatility, is

equenlly tetnmcd in the soil. All the gypsum

aally disappears, but its action on the carbonate of

•jf, onia [of the rain] contintie<i as long as a trace of

Igi ists."

''le great mass of the opinions contained in the
, of course are not expected to be original with
Liebig, nitbongb be has amplified them, ard pre-
d them in an interesting light; and we have
surprised to sec the Cultivator and New England
ler, attribute to liim diseoveiice and opinions
rii in vegetable cheniistry long ago; especially the
} iful explanation of the equilibritim maintained in
lygen and carbon of the atmosphere by the com-
)n and rerpiration on the one hand, and the
tb of plants on the other, in the latter journal.

Ashes— An Important Su^sestion*

has been frequently observed by farmers, that
m on some soils, loses its efficacy, after several
isive applications. The crop of grasses becomes
f diminished, and the gypsum possesses no fur-
ower to restore it. The following extract from
f, contains a most important suggestion, ond the
ment is well worthy an accurate trial. The
will bear in mind that potash is an important
uent in most vegetables, especially grasses.

'hen we increase the crop of grass in a meadow

ineof gypeum, we remove a greater quantity ol

wita the hay, than can, under ordinary cir-

inces, be restored. Hence it happens. that after a

f several years, the crops of grass diminish on

adows manured with gypsum, owing to ihedefi-

'l""! of potash. But iy the meadow b" stretced/rom

^.'1 time with icojdashcs, even with the lixiviated

""i hich have been used by soap-boilers, then the

■ 'trices as Inxurianliij as before. The ashes are

) e means of restoring the potash." *

niiii
rtF.;a

C«f
n:ta
inoili

Citlil

««|
w;uffl

Los IIoui«es.
SRS. Editors — A log house in a newly settled
, has always struck me as exceeding good taste,
It rate domestic economy; although I have of-
rd sensible men and women remark that such a
onUI be " much better employed in hauling
J to the saw mill with a view to a frame house,
ban pile them up into such an unsightly dwel-

who ever heard of a first rate frame building
the first settlement of a country ? Such hou-
necessarily built of green stuff, by rude work-
rilh a hasty constructed crazy foundation; so

much greater expense in the beginning,
in come to be as worthless and more unsightly
ample log cabin, and equally unfit for profita-
lir

man who first builds a log house has more
ges in the premises, than may appear to the
ted. In the first place, instead ofe.xciting the
or envy of his poor neighbors, thty now all
'ith hearty good will to his aid, and his house
nfid ''^^ Jonah's goard, in a single day. He now
..i-| is substance to build a barn and improve his

■ils'oll
mil

mi £

id*

irraJ*
l«iitlil

1 fii*
Wrti"]

At his leisure he draws his logs to the mill
iTertod fti;? boards end 9<?sn^ling for a w^

house. He barters off his surplus products as he can
spare them, for brick, lime, nails, glass, &c In the
end he builds within his own means, a substantial
house, which adds to the com.'brl of his family and the
value of his farm.

Wbc-n I see a rickety frame house standing on o
farm badly fencetl and worse improved, ten to one but
the story is, that the piopiietor scaled his ruin by the
building of that houso, before his acres were cleared
and fenced to an extent necessary to enable him to
afford it; that he is now in debt, discouraged, and com-
pelled to employ that lime in providing for his debts
which is 60 much needed by his form. S. W.

Frum ihe Journal nf Iht American SitU Society
Varieties ol' Silk Worms.

Gideon B. Smith, Esq.

Dear Sir — Since your favorable notice of my prop-
osition to simplily the silk business by the adoption ot
simple names which shall be understood by nil, I am
induced to /ollow up the subject, reminding ynu at the
same t.me, that 1 proposed that you should make any
alterations in my clas-irieations which you thou"lit
projjer, and to show my readiness to take good advice,
1 biiiiU hencetorlb adopt your cla^siIicot^on, as lollows:

No. 1. Mirobel-Jaune or Large Nankin I'.a-niits.

2. Sina M:irabel or L^rge White IVa-nuis.

3. Commnn Pea nut or Small Wuite Fca-nuts

— Small Nankin Pea-nuts.

As the other varieties are all inferior to those, v^■hich
silk growers will learn sooner or later, and then dis-
continue the use of, ] deem it of no importance by
what names they ore called.

in the mean time, I recommend all who wish to as-
certain the precise value of eoch kind for themselves,
to adopt ihe same experiments made by Janus Maniiey
of Beaufort, N. C. in June, 1840 — see Jouinal, vol.
iii. folio 10. The important part of thiscx|ierimcnt is
to leain how many worms will make 1 lb. reeled silk
oi the different varieties — not how many cocoons will
lilla bushel — for, of course, a bushel of the smallest
cocoons i,tbe small pea-nut) will yield more silk than
the oval sulphur, and so also in drawing comparison
between the large pca-nu'.s and small pea nuts ; the
expense of feeOing an equal number of worms, say
100,000, being equal — the question is not how many
bushels eai-h will make, or how many pounds each kind
will weigh, but how much reeled silk willeach 100,000
produce, after having been reared with equal care. —
Mr. Monney's experiments ehi w — 1st, 8 oz. mam-
moth cocoons, in number 1-41, yielding 360 gre which
is 3008 cocoons, or 10 lbs. 10 oz. for 1 lb. reeled silk:
2d, 8 oz. pure white pea-nut (« bother large or small
18 not stated) in number 134, yielding 359 grs. which
IS 2806 cocoons, or 10 lbs. 11 oz ibr 1 lb. reckdsilk;
3d. 8oz. mammoth sulphur cocoons, in number 14.5,
yielding 327 grs. which is 3-108 cocoons, or 11 lbs. 12
oz fir 1 lu. reeled oilk.

Upon this basis it is easy for every silk grower to
calculate tor himself which is the most |irol;iablc kind
ol worms to feed, and weight of cocoons, to produce
100 lbs. reeled silk.

No. of Worms, lbs. Cocoons.

M.-immnth While, SWI.FOU
Wliitc IVr.-nut. 2-0 6011
.Maiioi'-'lil -Sulpliur, SW.SOa

1,0(17 )

;•?"» f reeled si.k.
i,i*j J

for 100 Ills.

}i our friends will institute comparison the coming
season, by carefully reeling, sny 1,(100 select cocoons
of eiicn variety of worms which they raise, and com-
municate the exact weight of silk prr>duced from the
same, to you lor publication, the question will not
then rest upon the opinion of one or two individuals,
who may be interested in rearing a particular species
of worms, but the- facts will ho ascertained from the
whole silk-growing public, and again diffused through
your Journal to those most interested in the subject.

I shall endeavor to experiment on your New Theo-
ry the present season — I shall not be able to do it as
fully ae you desiie, but will frankly communicate the
re.-ultot my experience. Tiuly, yours,

W. A. WOODWARD.

Wiaea, April 10, 1811.

IC Eggs of the large pea nut varieties, of Jlr.
Woodward's raising, can be obtained at the Rochester
Seed Store, if opplied for soon.

The most honorable, the most useful, the most in-
dependent of men, is tb:' well informed farmer, who
cultivates his own soil, and erijoyti the odvantages that
beol'h, otnpp'ence and inteiiijencoaieiure t>l>e5«ow.

To Destroy Hats and Mire.

Wo copy from the (London) Gardener's Chronicle:

"Monsieur Tbonard in 1832, tiibmitted to the
Academy of Sciences, a plan for destroyin',' noxious
animals in their h'ding iibices. The insiriinient of
destriiciion is sulplinrettcd hydrogen jzns, wLicli is pe-
culiarly destructive to animal lile. Animals when al-
lowed to breathe the pure gas, fall down as if stiuelt
with a bullet. Even when considerably diluted wit'u
(itmosplieric air, its effects ore deadly. A horse dies
in less than a minute in air containing 1-250 of ibis
L'os. A dog of moderate size is speedily kilkd in oir
containing only a thousand part of it, niiu o small biid
expires in a few seconds in air possessing 1 1500 of
sulphuretted hydrogen.

*' M. Thenard's first trial wos in an apartment in-
fested by rals, which showed themselves occasionally
during the day, and at night wire actively engaged in
pluudeiing artcles kept in the room. There wiie 18
rat-holes; and M. Tbenaid odapted lo each of them
in succession, retorts capable of containing hn/j'a ;"'•• t
by introducing the hiak, ond filling up the in onnl
round the neck with plaster. [The mixture will b«
mentioned below-] Inn few minutes not a rat re-
mained alive in the building.

" His next experiment was in nn old abbey, when
he was equally sncceseful, end having opcnid port of
the wall, he linind ll«nlber^ cf dead rots. He recom-
mends ihe npplicniion of ihis method to the de.-sttuc-
tion of mobs, foxes, ond all animals that cannot bo
extirpated by the usual means.

" Mix 4 parts of iron filings, or very small noils, or
scropmgs of iron, with 3 parts of (lower of siilpf ur,
and moislen it with 4 pans ol boding water, stirring
It with a piece of wood. Add gradually aliei words 4
linrls more ot water, and introduce it into the retort
Pour upon the mixture, common oil of vitriol diluted
with 5 times its qnantiiv of water, and continue to add
it gradually until the effervesence ceases."

These directions appear to us incomplete; and wo
wish to inquire of some practical chemist, how th«
operator is to avoid the ill effects of the gas, while he
is pouring on the oil of vitriol 1 and while he is clo-
sing tlft rat-holes round the retort ? f

The following poem, by .Maiiy Howit. we Insert by tlio
reque.t of a fair frieiiil, who jiielly olieervcs it may be new
to some of our reatlars, anil cannot fail to exi-ite feelings of
gratitude towards that I3cing who provides so liberally for
our plcisurcs us well ;is necessities.

The Use of Flowers.

God might have made the earth bring forth

Enough for great and small —
The oak tree itini the ccd.ir tree.

Without u flower .tt all.

He might have made enough, enough.

For every want of ours, —
For Iu-\ury, mrdicine, and toil,

And yet have made no flowers.

The ore, within tlir mountain mino.

Requiielli none to grow,
Nor dncs it ncCLl the Lotiis-flnweri

To make the river flow.

The clouds nii^ht give abundant rain.

The nightly dews might fall.
And herb, tlmt kecpetli life in man.

Might yet have d^unk tlicm all.

Then wherefore wherefore were thej luade

All djod in rainbow light,
All fiiBliioncd n ith supremcst grace.

Up springing day and r-i^lit:

Springing In valleys green and low,

And in the mountains high.
And in the silent wilderness,

Whsreno man pusses by!

Our outward life rr-Tuires them not.

Then wherefore had they birth?
To minister ilelight lo man, .

To beautify the earth:

To ronifort man — ^to whisper hops,

"Whene'er his face is dim,
For who so earetli for the flowers.

Will much more care for liiiii t

The first elements of weailb are obfdined by labir
from tht?e3it ' and -"-olor*. — Fr<rnk!ir>

94

IHE AEW GENESEE FAJiMEK,

OL.

Fur tht ytuB Genesee Farmer.

Cheese Making.
MrssRs. Editors — Cnnimunicaiitms are occcasion-
ally mudc thrnugh your paper, giving the beei milhud
of niiik.ng cliucse lioiii prnclicnl experiiiitnis. — As
your Jixiriial is tJesigiicd tur a medium ibruugb wb.cL
fnrmtre i«n iiiieitliMnue ibelr views upon ibi- various
BU'j'Xts coiiuectHd wnb Uieir b:gU rnll.ng, I fcubinil
■ the lollowiiig, if yuu tliiiik it wuiihy uf occupying a
CJJiier of yjur F.irmcr.

Tbe plan generally proposed by your correspond-
ents, is to biroin tbe milk in tbe tub over nigbt, and
warm it in the morninjr, carefully stirring in llie
■cream. Mr. A. F. Bill, in llie October number of tbe
New Gi-'nesee Farmer, Bays, — "In the morning take
«|T tbe rreiin witli a skiiiiiiier and put it in a vrs.-el
by itself: tl.cn warm tbe mk, ur a pait of it, over a
slowtire till about blond beat; then pour in tbe cream,
and stir it nioJerniely till there are no particles to be
aeeii lluating upon tbe sin lace."

It sceiiie to me evident, thut when the cream is once
•epirated fro.n tbe milk, it can never be so thorougblj
inc'irporaieJ with it again, as to set the milk as soon
aa taken from tbe cow.

Our method is this: Immediately after the cows
arc milked at night, (and tbe quicker the operation is
perforin'H -he better, ) we strain it into the cbie^e tub
and put in lb: rennet — as tbe milk when it first comes
from tue>;j>vi8in precisely tbe right tempeiaiure to
get. It the rennet is good, and properly prepared, a
1 arge table 8,ioonful is suffieient for a pnilful of milk^
Tne tub should then be covered with a cloth, and al-
lowed to stand undisturbed — in about '10 minutes it
Will coagulate. It is then carefully cut, the tub again
covered and left to stand till morning. When tbe tub
is wanted for tbe morning's milk, tbe night's curd lo
dipped into the cheerC ba=kel, or chieieeink, toArain,
and tbe morning's milk stiained into the tame tub.
The rennet is then put on, going through the same
pro ;ei8 as with tba night's milk. When suiriciently
drains I, tbe two curds are ready to be put together,
■ calded and salted according to the discretion of the
maker.

Tause who have had tbe least experience in the
management of milk, must know that warming it
after it has once ooled, gives it a tendency to sour tbe
quicker. Any person who will take the trouble to
ry tbe experiment, will find that curd made from milk
warm from tbe cow, will keep ataet much longer than
thit which has been warmed over the tire; and, be-
giles Ihi.'*, it saves the time and trouble of skimming
and wanning. Nothing will makeagoud cheese ma-
ker assume a belligerent attitude so quick, as to see
tbe ekiminer lloniisUed over the cheese tub.

From a long experience in a modern sized dairy, 1
am persuided that in nj way can sj much, or cheese
of 8 1 go id qualit/ be made, as to set the milk while
warm from tbe cjw. Yours,

E. UISIIOP.
Atlica, Ocncsce co. April, 1841.
P. S. — While upon a subject connected with cows,
let me suggest to your currespundents who occasional
ly send yuu the quantity of milk given by a pariiculai
cow, to give it 111 pourt'U, and nut in q larts. It can
be done much easier, and with gienter accuracy; ani
not only s >, but in the latier cnse it is too often gucs.-i-
eJ at, Ji meisured, froth and all, in bruised and bat-
tered quart mcasuica.

to you, in hopes that if you give it publicity, it
may be of some benefit to '.hose who are yearly losing
many ot their caitlc.

Il}:cii'E. — Give li nz. penrlnsb, dissolved in 2 qls
of iron-water, from hlacksiiiitb's ircugh.) If noibet-
(Cr in .5 hours, give i an oz more in 1 qt. water. The
water should be warm. Gve no drink but worm wa-
ter, for two days. Give warm mash to eat.

The person from whom I gut the recipe has cured
n great many cattle in this vicinity, ot one dollar per
bead, and ac-ked $1 0 for tbe recipe. I take ibis mode
ol making it ns prblic os possible.
Yours ti ulv,

TIIO.MAS FORSYTH.
• Chatham, Canada., April 10, IS II.

Far tlie .Vcw Gcutscc Farmer,

Cure for nitiniiin.
Mkssus. EniTOHs— 1 have 6Ci;n several inquiries
respecting the murrain in c.ittic, and being in posses-
sion of n recipe wh.ch in nine cases out of ten, has
p7>ov»d 8U0(»»rfuJ in coring tiietume, 1 het»wjib send

Leached Asb>s as a Maiiiiie*

Leached or drawn nsbes posirCrs a highly beneficinl
eiieet, partieiiliii ly when applied to lands dilicieni m
calcareous miaiers, as lime or nioil. They terve t"
improve the perniareiit tixluie of such so 1^. Tbi-
lisi les Iroiii the swap boderaoi Loud -n yield DO parts tn
100 of ealciirei.us matter. They serve to free light
'niids of sorrel, and in Rwanipy binds they eflectually
destroyed nishesamt other nciuntic weeds. They are
i-xtensivt ly used on the light sands upiin the Ailnnt c
const, and are bnugbt up at a t-biUimJ a bushel, in tbe
towns and cities upon our navigable waters, nnd trans-
ported thither. There ore imiiien eqiininit esiif these
iisiies in the interior, on the sitesof oldusbei its, \\ bicb
may be employed to great advantage to agriculture,
whenever the nguenltiinsis of frontier districts tind
lime and disposiioii to nrrett tbeHeteriorotion ot theii
lands. Tbe small quantity of alkaline suit and gyp-
sum which they contiiin, also, renders them much su-
perior to common calcuieotis matter os a top dreesing
'or every kiiid of tirai^s. Sonptioilers' nshes. according
to the "Ci'inijle.e Grazier," arealsi' excellent on a peiii
moss, in strong cold soils, when applied in the quan-
tity ot two or three cart loads an ocie In Lancashire,
they hove been timnd good and duioble on dry postures,
and iiave also been successfully u-ed in other parts. and
III various proportions. They ore gentrolly consider-
ed heller for pasture tlion nriible, and crops of clover
boy hove been more iban doubled by them. The ef
feet ol this mnmire is, that it aliciiy:^ destroys bi'gsaitd
ccrmin of ccerij hind. Evidence of tliese latter facts
iiioy be tound in coinimmications to tbe British Board
of Agriculture, vol. vi. pan ii. — CntUcaior.

In Woul— 1st. New York; 2d, Ohio; 3d, Vern or

111 S«ine — Isi, Tennetsie; yd, Ohio; od, Ke
tucUy. probably

In Liiieber — 1st, New York; 2d, Maine.

Louisiana, of couue, ta.ses tbe mod Sugor. B
there aie immense quoiititus of maple or count
sugar, mod. in New Y.ok, Ohio, and oti er S.o is.

Lviiking at the ab-ne rai k of ihe lea ing Sioles,
eight I'f the pr-iicpol articles of ogiieuKuiul prod
t oil, some cu, ions t.icts maybe iiit" rred. Fiisi: I
.ill tUe States 111 the Union, ibat wbi. h probably hi j,')j
Olid odnms of in tniure, the most rarioi.s prudhrtic
( not the gieaiebtoggregate,) isT^.N.sr.s.-KF. Tne r<
son of this wil: I.eotiv.ous Iruiii on iticpection of i
'I. op. I'be Sta;e embrocesbotb n 'rtl.ern ondsoiubt
productions, the most fer.ile land, and the most abi
dam niiiieial r" sources.

Secomlly: Tbe Stn'e capable of fuatalning the I,
gcat priiduc/iuns. is Ohio. I'bis is til^vmus troni
p i.-iti n i I le erince to Wheat, Corn. Hogs, W
nd many other productions »hich oie tsseiit.al to
,u^tenllnce of huieon lile.

Th.rdly: The State which ot this time produres
most in og-.;ri goie \olue, isNrw York. This is i
iiig to the combination ot capital, exper.ence, and p
libit on.

L.ioking to the moans of sustaining a veiy gl ,
[lopulation. Ohio stands nheod of eveiy other StI '",
and It is this greot fact, united with powerful mi 1^
causes, wiiieli has given i; such an ixtiaordin '„"
growth. Fertile, alluvinl lands have, over the wl ■''
euith, been tbe seat ol the den.-est population-, '''
the must Souii-bing einpiris — CiHcinnali CliTom

Make youiowu Measiiies.

We give below a rule by which every one can easi-
ly moke his own measures.

A barrel contains 10, 75'2 cubic inches. A box 2 I
inches long, by 15 inches wide, and 28 inches deep,
will hold just 0 barrel.

A halt tiorrel. Make n box for this 24 inches by 16,
ind 14 inches deep. This will contain 5,37U cubic
inches, or just boll n barrel.

A bushel. I his ha-i 2.1.50 4-10 euliic inches. A
bushel b.ix will be IG inches by 16 8 10 inches square,
and .S inches deep.

Hull buslicl A box 12 inches long by 119 10 incb-
cB ivide, and 8 deep, will lioid just half a bushel.

Peck. A bo.M 8 inches by 8 4 10 inches eqii.Tre, and
8 inches deep, is o peek.

Haifa peck is 8 inches square and 4 210 inches
deep, or 268 8 |u cubic inches

A hoi' gollon. This contains \?i\ 4-10 cubic inch-
es. A bi'X 7 inches by 4 8-10 inches deep, has just
ihot quantity.

yuan. 4 inches by 4 inches 4 2-lOdeep. — Bait,
farmer.

Agricultural Ranks of the several States.

I; seems from a recrnt statisticiil statement, that ihe
rank of the several States in agricultural productions,
i-. OS f ilknvs:

In Wheat — let. Ohio; 2d. Virginia: Sd, New Y'lrk.

In Indian Corn — 1st, Tennessee; 2d, Virginia; ;!d,
Ohio.

The re.-iilts in Keimieky ore not given. It is pos-
sible slic niiglit be second or third.

In P.itatoes — 1st, New York; 2d, Maine; 3d, Penn-
syl villi a.

In Couon — Ist, Mississippi; 2il, Alobanin; 3il,
Gjnrgia.

In Tobncco — 1st, Teimtssce; 2d, Maryland, 3d,
VirjJHjft,

■jii
nral

Hie

ill

An Act to Promote Agriculture.

[Passed M y 5, 1841
The People of the State of Niw York, represf,
in Henateuiid Aaemlilij, do enact as follows :

^1. The sum of eight thousand dollars per onn
ohall be and hereby is appr.'priaied lor the ten
hve yeira, for the promotion ologri. ullurc and bo .^„„
iiold manufactures in this Slate, in the manner iol ,,i,ti
ing, to wit:

To the county of Albany, the sura of two hun
and live dollars.

Allegany, one hundred and twenty-three dollar

Broome, sixiy-seven ilollors.

Caliarnugus. eighty-six dollars.

Ciiyug", one hundred and fifly-one dollars.

illti.
mill

titof

•null

liie

jiVtii
iTiie|ii

Cbaiitauqne, one bundled ond forty-three dolU iMf

Chemung, s xiy two d.idars.

£, „,„., „. ■'-i'k

Cuenniigii, one hundred and twenty-two doUav ^iltil.

:m:niil

tcldlll

>"i\n
mill I

ll!l«l(
IKifllB
Iwhif,

I'Llj
ikjai

Clinton, eighty-tnur dollars.
Columbia, one hundred ond thirty-three dollar
Cortland, seventy-bve dollars.
Delaware, one bundled and six dollars
Duichess, one hundiec ond tifty seven dollars.
Erie, one hundred and eighty-six d^llais.
Essex, seventy-one dollars.
Franklin, titty dollais.

Fulton and Itaiiiilion, sixty dollars. --;.

Gem see, one hundred ond seventy-nine dollar Kaior
Greene, nineiy-onedollois.
lierkimcr, one hundred and twelve dollars.
Jetll'ison, one hundred ond eigluy-ihrre doll
KiUL'S, one hiiiidicd ond I'oit) -three doUors.
Lewis, lifty-tbiee dolhirs.
Livingston, one hundred and seventeen dollai
Miidisiin, one humlred ond twenty d .ilors.
INlonroe, one hundred ninl ninety kuir dolla
M.inlgoiiiery, one hundred ond seven dollars.
New York, nine hundred and fifty dollar*,
A I erican Institute.

N.a^^ara, nineiy-tliree dollars.
Oneiilo, two hundred and fifty-five dollars.
Oiionilngii, two hiiiulrpd and four dollars.
On'.orio, one hundred and ilnrty dolln-s.
Orange, one huiidn d ond fifty-two dollars.
Oilcans, seventy-fue dollars. ^. ,...,

0--wegii, one hundred a d thirty-one dollar* fi«J «
Oisego. one hundred and forty eight dollare, ^^'
Piiliinm, tbirty-eiglu dollars.
Queens, niiieiy-one dollnis.
Rensselaer, one hundred and eighty dollars.
Richmond, tliiriy-li'ur dollars.
Rockland, tlnrly-six dnllnis.
Siiratiya. one bun Ired and twenty-one dollar
Seheni'c'.adi', filiy-one dolloie.
Si'h'ih'irie, ninety-seven dolbirs
Seneca, eevciity-tonr dollois. _

Steuben, one hiinilied ond tbiny-eigbt doIl»liB 'tef
St. L'lWrencc, one bundled ond seventy do.l|H?f""fill
Sutl'olk, ninety-seven dollars. Bii^'^o

- ■■ - ' ■ ■■ ^-'-.k

'«iliij,i|

>'<!(ilin

iritt,

ifeip«ii

Kalnainf
■'-E.xiei.i
line, wsi
';«. 10 1
"iimci
|f*'pnsi
>ii;ej 10
'■'iillt«
-■ cilli,
■siilbe
'«aia
iieji
I'liteol
'PT^iieo

ipreiji
■iJili

«r;'fiii)

'am,,

Sulhvan, forty-isven dpllars.

«0.

a

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

y.>

Tii'gB, sixiy-nno (iollari=.
'I'l'iitijkJHe, tmu bniidred nnd fonrleen dollnis.
L rCLT, uiiL- luiiidred and ihirty-Beveii dollars.
W'lirrrn, lorty dolbirs.

W isliiiigiDii, niic bundled nnd twenty-lhrce dollars.
^\.■|\n^% ciiu lunulrtdand twenty eiA di»llnr9.
\\c=icl)fs.er, line liumjrcd and lorty-six dollars.
Yuiei?, 6i.\iy-oi.e dcillars.

And to tin! New York State Agricidiural Society,
veil biiinlM'd dollars.

$■-'. Wbi n tbe Ni w York Stale Agricnlmral Soc e-
, and any cuiinty agnciiltnral s luieiy now lonniMl,
which iniiy hereafter be torined in iliia State, or thr
mencaii Inrtiiiiite in the city cf N, w York, ehiill
i:e by V()!uniiiry 6ul'8i:iipiion any tiini tif iininey.
e prcsideiii and tr at-nier bhall make an allidiivit ol
e hu-lS'f the I'orniatidn ol' siicb enciety, nnd uf ibeir
raiecd a certain sum, 8|iecityini; the amiuiiit
ercul", which nnidavil shall be tiled wi.h the ■ (ini| -
illcr ol ihie Stale, who tihall draw his wnrraiit on the
jaeiurer lor a enni etjnnl toibeainoiint oftucb volnn
ly fiibscniuion, nm however excei diny the atn"uni
which Mich county or ■ tate society would be enti-
•dy liccoidiiiy to the apiiniiitinent aCori eaid.
J. The Mew York State Agricultural Society and
aseveial conn y HgneiiltiiiBl Micietiesnow hirnied or

I ch shall be liirmed in th 8 State, dirini; the coniin
nee ol' ibia JCt, ehall aiinunlly elect such mid eo ma-

olUceis as they shall deem proper; and il thall be
; duly of such oHicers annually, to regulate nnd
■ard pienuinie n such art.cles, productions and im-
iveiiu-nis, as ihey may deem be-t calculated to pro-
ite the ai^riculinialaiid household inanuraciuiing in-
ests ol_ this State, having espceial reference to the
tt profits wh.ch accrue, or are likely to nccnie, from
■ mode ot rn sing the crop or stock, or the fnbricn-

II of ilieariicle thu a (dl'ered, with the inlention that
; rewurd slind be given for the mosi economical or
ifiiable mode of coni|ieiition; provided alwa58lhat
"ore any premaini sh.dl be delivered, the perwin

'■iming die same, or to whom the same may be award-
shall deliver in writing to the president of ihe co-
ty, as accuraie a description ol the process of pre-
ing the sod, including the quaniily and quality of
nure applied, and in raising ihecrop, or tieedingihe
mal, as may be; and al.-o ol the expence and proiJuct
the crop, or of in^ rease in value of the animal,
li the view of showing accurniely the profit of cnlti-
ing the crop, or feeding or fattening llie animal.
4. The president of the Sinte Agricultural Siciely,
. the several presidents of the caid county eociet es,
uchall rec-jiveor exj-eml any of the mmies hertby
roprinted. shall annually, in the month of Dtcem
, Iransniil to the comptroller, a detailed acci'Unt ol

expenditure of all ibe moneys which shall come
) their blinds under ihis act, and s.nting to whom
, tor what piirpoie paid, with the vouchers thereof;

the said pre siuents of ihe several county agricnl-
*1 societies shall, annually transmit in the monih
0 cenibi r, to the Executive Committee of the
» Yolk Agricultural Societi , all such reports or le-
18 as ihey are required to demand and receive from
licnnts for preminnis. together with an abstract of
r proci-eding tbroiigb the year.
-5. The fc'xeciiiive coniinittee of the New Yiirk
te Agric'ultnral Society shall' examine all reiiorls

returns made by the presidents of the county ngri-
urnl soLietirs. nnd conrtense nriange, and report
faille, t'tgetber wah a statement ol their own jiro-
lings, to the Secretary of State, in ihe nioiiih of
uarv ill each year.

6. Toe presidents of the several county societies.
Jelegaies lo be choeon annually by them lor the
pose, shall be ex officio ineiiibeis ol the ^ew York
le Ag' icultuial Society.

7 U sha 1 be the duty of the county clerks in the
aral counties of this Siate, to came notice lo be
;n m one or more newspapers in each county, ol
ft and place ot a meeiing lo be held in such couniy
the purpoee of organizing such couniy ngncidauai
tty: and notice theeof shall be given at least

weeKs previous to tncli nieeiaig.
This act shall take efl'ect immediately.
ten/ l\'cw Yiirk, \ This net having been nppio-
'■Crttunj's lijfuc. ^ ved and signed by ibe Governor
heath of May, ld-11, 1 do hereby cernly that the
le became a law on thai dnv.

JOHN C. SPENCKR,

Sci rtt'iru tf tilaie.

ill

lUi

ifi

Fluweisand their OilouiSi

haa occurred to nie, that the lovers of swett flow

who 1 ve oil ca'careous or limestone binds, may bt

W ifi'-Ud by a knowledge of the liict. that df-iiitegra

■<sil«x i>r sand, if not eeaeiiiial to Ui6 formation ol

the aroma of llowerp, certain 'y promotes it, and ren
ders it more abiiiidfiiu and ihlicale. Flowers of the
'■icbest pel tunic are the naiivcsol sandy lands — Piisiii,
Arabia, and ilie souiUern shores ol the JMrdneriiineaii.
Rosi s, ViolelK, Loiiici ras or Honeysuckles. iVc, in
[lois, shfuild be suitplied with a cousiilernble portion ol
sand; and those growing in gardens and pbaciiie
groiindsalao. In many indigenous plants whicii an
dretiiiUe of hark, the stem or culm is stienglliincd by
silex, taki n iip by the spongeolcs or elaboiated by the
orgaii- of the plant from its eleiiienls. Analysis do-
I els it in loiifidiiiibe quaiilities cvi n in the stalks ol
wheat and Indian corn: and 1 believe in all the grasses,
il e lloweio of which areaiomaiie. I in line lo think,
loo, that ill the r.ch calcnieous lands ol ihe wis*., away
fiom the sandv nlluvial soils of ihc livirs, giajies will
tie render' d ol beiU'i body and will give wiiie of a sn
jierior quality, if sand. ( iisiead of mniiiiro, when ihe
land ie rich,) be miiigkd with the soil; nnd i thoidd
tor these pieter even gravel to tine sand. 1 am not
iiwnre that the experiment bns been mil e in regard to
thi' grape, but it is worth a trial, if analogies are good
indices. Very truly sir,

your ob't. ferv't.
Wes. Far. 4- Gar.] JOHN LEWIS.

To the Lndit s.

In onr Inst, we promired to give some hints respect-
ing the laying out and arranging oinaniental grounds,
for those in monerine cir'-unisuinces. It peisons can-
not iifTord 10 keep a g'irdener, and have not mncii lei-
sure to give It ihemseUes, they had better ii(>i iiinbi-
take wilh the more delicate species of shrubbery or
liowers, however tempted by their beauty; but f elect
such kinds as will thrive and make the most show,
with the least care and attenlion. The whole tribe of
roses, witb some lew exception.-, are ot this desirip-
ti ill They are easy lo be obtained, inciease lapidly,
and ihougb well rejiaying a careful culiivat on, will
still flourish and bloom under nine si entiie neglect —
among these we will mention the Ohio Mnlufloia, n
llower indigenous with us; and ibougli a rustic bcl e,
scaice exceeded in beauty by her more cultivated sis-
ters of the name, li will giow eitherfiom cut iiigs or
seeds, and so rapidly as in a short lime to ovcr\my ihe
trouble o selling il. The same ie true ot the fragianl
sweet brier — a delightful ornament, and yet so haidy
as to be almost regal d less of Siiil or oi cullivation. The
senile; trumpet cicciier (we wont trouble yon witb the
long names of flowers) is a plant that abounds along
our high-ways nnd heogcB; very shoivy, and to rapio
ol increase as to be a terror to larniers. It answers n
tine purpose for oveigrowing and concealing unsight-
ly spots about your picmifes, nnd for pinnting on the
iiortli side of houses, where more delicate shrubbery
ofien langni-hes. The vaiioiis siJecies of honeysnckle
are also veiy easy lo he ohiametl, as ihey will all grow
from CHilings and lake care of themselves wilh very
little attention of youi3.

Il 18 well for you, if you intend to keep shrubbery,
to have a little nursery ol your slips and cnliings in
some shady nook: where you can weed, water, and
tend them all logether. Do not crowd them so close
that ibey will not have room to glow, lor somelinie
beforeyou remove iheni. Very youngslips, or shiiib-
bery, planted here and there along borders, requiring
iwice the time and care, besides being liable lo many
accidents. Choose, if posrible, a spot where your
young proteges may have the morning sun, bui Ie
sheltered fioni the heat of the aitcr part of the day.
Cut your slips just btlow n bud, — for eveiy bud con-
tains the rudimems of ii root In ibis way yon may
raise all kinds ot roses, alibeas, hoiuysui-kles, all tin'
vaiietiesoflilnc, seringa, nnd llowering almonds, with
veiy little lime, trouble, or expense. The best luce
for setting out such a nursery, is n the early pail ol
the s, 'ring, wdieii showers are fieqiienl. Slips set af-
ter this line require far more care ni d trouble.

But the depaitmentof the gajdcii on which you may
rely most tor elegance, variety, nnd constant succes-
sion, is undoubtedly the annuals.

In regard to the raising ot these, il is best lo plant
them together in a sort of niuscrj — designating the
kind by labels. This bed you can protect u iih biusb-
wond from the ravages of domeslic fowds, nnd othei
invaders of llower borcers. This lad ih-oild be iii a
dry and warm sitiialion; for the long rains which oc-
cur in the spiing of the year of tin s -rioujly dnniage
and relaid the growth of early planted seeds. If llic
eason he dry, you c ai wa'er the seeds occnsionnlly at
evening, for inoislure, as well as beat, is indispi nsable
10 germii ation. When the sei da are up. and bclon
tlie loois hn\e time lo ^trlke deep, remove iheni in it
lie biiticl ea wilh a Iren-plriiiling tiowel — Inking irre
lO have the earth well aiound the looti. Tianspkut,

it possible, when the skiis give pioniite of n shower
— lull It your plains come to n pioper elate lor iiico-
val, nnd the skies do not seem dispoied to ncconnio-
dale you, tr:'n^|llanl ill the evmiiig; water and pio-

II ci them for a day or two lioni the heal, by iivi is ng
1 llower pot over ibeiii, lenwng it off at nighl lor the
oeni 111 ot the dew.

In plamng annua'a it is n coninmn niisinkc to ect
too many in a buiicli. IVilin|8 toni or five | hints nro
set logether, and ibe c. iisi qiience is that all aie sninll
nnd puny. Alle; yoor ,,binis bigm lo deve ■ p ihtni-
se.ves, weed oui the iiioie si. ni'ei nm s, nnd leine on-
ly one or two in n hunch. Plain join diiieiuu btinth-
is ai avery good d siaii.e lioni each oil.u, wiih lelir-
eiice to the S]iaee which the) w il , tci.pv. Tl us wo
have .eiiia ihiiliy double babnni, in good gieiind,
spread over the face o more i' an two lei i all an und.

III man\ boideis the Howeis ale ciowo'i d, and the tin-
end i tied ol tin ni iiiiich iiijiiied. 1 y not ealc iilaiiiig
beloiehand the grow h of inch fjuciis. I'loweia
should be set, loo, with regnid to the ellect of ihi ii co-
lors 111 a border, wiih as iiiuch cnic a.-, joii would ar-
lange lliim in a b. uqiiii. hale and d. l.iate fl. wtis
should Ie enlivmed by brigher . nes; and gin tlni.i.g
CO ors reliiveil by rich burs. Thus the dnik'nintoon
lints ot the scabious, or the deep blue of li.e laiks| ur,
contioei lincly wiih the golci n linis ot the coitopsis
or marigold.

Ill ibe department of creepers tl'cie are manv annu-
nlscapnbleot pioiliiciiig sudden and liiniiiilnl eflicia.
While your honeyi uckles and roses, &.c. aie in iinin-
■ ng, you can p.oduce an immediate and veiy biautitul
subsiiiiiie in the fcar'et beans, purple pea, nnd the
varieties of conviilvus, and n any other ainiiiaU ol iI:o
kind. In the garden ol Mr. Jackson, near the Cbevi-
01, may be seen seven or eight variitiis ol criepiis,
I xiremely beautiful and lare, nnd some of ihi ni pos-
sessii.g a friedom nnd lapidity of giowih, thai lei.ders
them worthy the ntieniion of those who with to wit-
net-s some ininiediaie lesidls from iheir hoiiicidtninl
efiiiits. Some of if ese glow fiom ."ceds, i nd oil eis
from roots, which increate very rnpidi)'. "U'e ri cnin-
niend all our lair Iriends who wish to pnuure sonie-
ihing rare and benuiilul in this deparin.ent, to exam-
ine his collection.

If, after rrnding ibcse few lines, any of your retd-
er8 say, " after all, this rnis ng ol Ik wers i>- going to
he too much iroi.ble !" We soy to ihi n — only iiy it
— get your liushand or brother, or hire son e one lo lay
you out a bolder and begin; and if you do not tnil
alter n time, that noibing S' ems to be trouble thnt is
done wilh a willing mind, we are much niistaki n. —
IVcs. lav. if Gotdaur. 11. E. II. S.

Modesty.

Who shall win the prize? There was a meeting of
the floweie, and the judge was appointed to nwaid ihe
prize of beauty. " Who shall win the prize '!" asks
ihe rose, proudly stepping forwaid in blushing brainy,
with full ascuinnce of its winning wonh. *'\\ho
shall win the piize ?" asks the rest of ihe flowers na
ihey come forwnrd, each conscious of its atirnctionF,
ni d each equally sine of rtceiving ibe awnid. '*I
will lake a ptep at the asstniblage." thought the vio-
let, not iiiiending to niake one of the eonipnny, " and
see the beauties as th( y j ass." Just as il was laising
its modest head from its hunible and relir,iig coiner,
and was looking in upon the nneling, ihejidj:e aii.s©
to leiitkr bis cccice. To the violet, says be, 1 award
the prize of beamy, for there is no unit noie inie,
none more enchantmely beaiitdul. :lan — JMudtaly,

Time.

Tt is a truism that time j.nsies rapidly away. The
wheel IS constantly icvolving. and cniriiswiih it oer
griefs nnd our .joyf — and finally life i'sclf Tl e rn-
cieiits lepic entid Tnie with a fori lock, lo show thai
It should be seized wiiboiit delay, and that if once li si,
il cnniiol be sicnied. The duiaiion ot n nian's Ma
should nol be esiiniated by his years, liii fiy what he
has acconiplished — by the uses wdnch he brs nude ut'
Lime and opporlumiy. ' lie indiisirious man liv«8
longer than the dione — nnd by inuring oui body lo ix
exercise nnd nciiviiy — we shall nioie than double the
years of our existem e.

" The hundreds of idle young men scattered
throughout ihe country, and louniiing iil out in our
lame towns, furnirh indispiitnble evidence ilint many
of the ;ising gi iieiation a e coutraciii'g 1 ibiia wfiih,
in nfter li'e, niuft cause a large aoioiiiit of eonc w- and
wrelcbei'ness. Labor is nol respected as i thoulj he,
and the const quence is. ibal idleness lal cs the plice
of indu.-irv, and poviitv. (jladly ni.U wuiiLed, tin
of ch«eifulnes« and content."

96

THE NEW GENESEE FAII.MER,

Vol. 2.

Letter from Auiiette.

(as lITHiCT.)

Miistnj. EDiToiti— ' * • InmpleoBedtoob.
eerve ibui yni do not forget your fema'e reudcre, ul-
thougli ibcy seem greatly to neg'.eet you. It is a pity
tbnt "ijy rricuJ Fan>y, nnd others of the eieterhood,
who have the ability, ehoiild be so unwilling to Met
their lights ehino.' Such talents tihnuld net lie hid in
n napkin, when their jiroper exercise would he pro-
ductive of 60 much good.

I have read the articles of '■ D. C." on the Educa-
tion of Fanners' Children, with great satisfaction;
and I sincerely wish they could be read by every pa-
lent in the land. The subject is one ol great ningni-
tude, nnd the writer treats it with a masterly hand.
I hope he will not leave it till he has exhibited nil its
bo .rings, exposed the numerous evils which esisi, nnd
pointed out the remedy.

I heartily congroiulate you, Messrs. Editors, on the
success of your nuble enlerprite. I am fully convin
ced that the New Genetcc Farmer is destined to exert
a moit powerful influence on the farming comnuinity,
tie good eiVecluf wh;ch will be manifested throughout
succeeding ages. The arrival of your monthly mes-
senger is always looked lor with anxiety, and greeted
with a hearty welcome by the inhabitants of 7iwple
groee; nnd should its editors chance to roam as far as
ou.' sh'idi/ retreat, they may rely upon a most cortlinl
reception. I am sorry to liear of Mr. Bateham's ill
health — hope it Is nothing serious. 'VVhy does he not
rehx himself asvhile, and take a ramble among his
numeroui friends in the country, at this delightlul »ca-
» >u 1 He could thus better acquaint himself with the
wants and feelings of his patrons, and observe whc'h.
or they proiit by the instructions they receive. * '
Very rcsp.'ctfully, ANNETTE.

Maple Grore, Maij, I'i'-ll.

RKMiKKb — Now, A.in.tte, just "cease your fun-
ning:" tue la-t pnrigropU of tho above is loo provo-
kiii^ly mntaliiiMg to be patiently endured, nllbc;;;;:.
clothed in so much kindness " Roam as lar as your
shady retreat," forsooth, when you know full well
we have been puzzled in vain these twelvemonths to
find out Its location I

Mr. B. inienJs to spend some time in the country,
as soon as circuiiistniicea will permit; audit Annei.c
will make known her true tucas luibitiiUonis, he will
not fail to visit the skadij gruce. (If bis surmises are
c>rrect however, the journey will not be a very lengthy
one ! ) — Eiis^

All luqtiiiy Irom .^lichigan.

Messrs. Editors — Can you send me the first vol-
n nu of the New Genesee Farmer ? 1 find that bad 1
c>mincnced taking your paper a year ago, 1 jhuuhJ
have saved by the means more than a hundred tilue.^
in cost. I am c invinced that however email a liiriii
e man may eukivnte, even if not more than half nn acre,
an agricultural paper may be of immense ndvantiige to
him — each number worth the cost of the volume.

Re ipectfully yours, A. C H.

We can still fiirnith vol. 1- — E'S.

Graim —The supplies ol all iIosL-riptions are ligtit. nnn the
prices Kre con^ii!cruMy cnhaiice'l. Nnriliern Cum lias sold
ul IW ;i Hi. "eight ; SoulliiTii ilo 59. lt.>e very scur.e ; 5: a
Ijd itenmnilcd Southern Oats 37 ; .Nortliern do K .i H.

Sei»«.— Some ilriiiioi.l for Clover lor export at 7 a7|:
Tiniotliy SI" a Sit) per lierce.

At IMiiludclpliia Flour h::3 ailvai;ced to $'>. Tenn wliltc
Whri'.t lOUi llye SOi Soullicni Ityeol a .V2; I'er.li round
Corn liO 1 Soutliern yellow do 57a5S; white do j4 a 5j —
Oiits 3 ' a 40.

At Uld'.ilitore Floiir lina aivnnrrd 2j. IIo\vard-5t. 5 i.i;
siipiilv lipM City Mills .5 IKI; siiuill stocik. Snsqnehi.ni.n
.-,.1)11; liRlil 6t.uk. IViin red Wlir;.t 1 fcalUO: .Ml Wlie::t

1.); >1d wliitBCnrn .111 a .>7, \c!|owdo33i Pcnii Hye 04;
.Mddo.')i; MdOi.tsat a 40.

At CinciniiBti Flour lias improved to 3 S4.

London Corn Ex. rance, .May 3. —At nur n.arkct Uiii mor-
ning we h:id nioderi.le I'rcsh supplieii of l^tgibli wlieitt. The
annouiu'cnicnt nia.le l.y Lord John Hu:.f^ell in the House of
CoiiiniODS on Friilliy last rrpiir.lii;g The corn l.-.wa. ahlioU'Mi
il is ttllowed th:it liie pretent govcrniiieni is too w cak to car-
ry anv meiiiiure they may pro[»nse on tlic &utjcct.jHid the ef-
fect of rentier ing tlie trade dull this nioriiit.K. aiidVith a con-
'linuuice of very fine weatlier .-(dc-linc nf from Is. to -in. per
.|r. I.ii.ltohcsul.iiuue.ltoholhon nnslisli and foreign wheat,
and even at liiis reduction sales were low. In llour, no
change occurre.l. _^_^__

THE IMPORTED HORSE "ALFRED,"

WII.L stand lliis sri.=on, coiiiiiipii'-ing on the l'2t'i of IMay,
at ;lje btahle of .Mr. l!odne\ Kustell, ailjoining the old
>'orton Faim, Tasi Bl.jonificld, Onlariu Co.. is follows, viz:

From Wednesday, .May Htli. to Tuesday. Way Irth; f o;n
Wednesday. M; y 'ilirh, to Tuesday, June 1st ; fr. in Wednes.
day .June u'll). to Tuesday, June I5'.h : front Wednesday, J. me
■ioid, to 'I'tirstiay, June "ioth ; fr.nii Wednesday, July 7;li. to
TucsdiiN, July 13Ui; and at Mr. G. Forden's, near Geneva,
Ihe intcrnic.Iiatc liihC—TEUiVl:?, the siilne as last ieason.

Iturlirsler. Jiiril.\'-i\. THUM.\? WF.DIU.I'..

Err.Tta.

Fasr GO. co). 3. Kne 0 from l]Ot;om. for " plant'* read plan,
Pawe 67. .'Ol. 1. lirr 14 friiin Iiot'.nm. for "so" read a$. Pat'e
7 I, "col. 1. line 10 from l-oltom. for ''Ujdifle i'* rea I upl'ftiu^.
Page 7.>. fol. ■-', line 4, from lioV.ini, after the worrl "ye,
expunge thesPini
for "Cayuga," n
fr.^m lio'.iom, for

o'on Page 7.1, .-ol. 2. line 44, fiom intlom.
:uy Cntfii^'a cfiunty raL'e75, col. 2, line 10
' lightning " rc.t.l tisli'.ningn.

TIk; Inij-orttd i;iuglisli Hoise, "iimtgiaut,'

■\\/^II.L aland iVir Mares llie ci.euing season, at ihebarn of
VV :Mr. C Ashton, in f^lielhy, one niilc west and hall a
mile south from Medina, Orleans Co., wlieie he has stood
the iwo last gpasons.

It is l.ul just to say that he is not prnhahly surpassed by
any horse in Western New York. lioo.I judges who wcre^
allhe Fair ill Rochcsler. Ib.ii full, think that if he had I ceil
there he would havclaken the premium iviUioutany dnulit.
His slo.rk is right— just the thing for fanners ami the mar-
ket. Gentlemen wlio wibli to raise good horses will do well
:o call and see.— He is extensively known in Livingston
county. T. M. AMlTO.N\

J SHRP.WOOD,
R. U Cll.\Sli.
Medina, Orleans Co., March 9, 1641.

RUTA BAGA AND TL'KNIP SEEDS.

A Full and choice :issur:mcnt of Uuta Baga and other
/iTurnip Seeds, aie now . n ilieir way from England, and
will in a few days Le received at the Ko^diester yee.l Store.
BATEHAM U CROS.MAN.
Junel, IMl

Eastern I'longlis. — One of Howard's cclebrnted cn-
■y drauglit ploughs, nnd one of Prouiy & Meirs'
(small sized; do. for eale nt the Seed Store.

THETIIOROUGHBRED HORSE
Y O U N G H E N U Y .

THR ri'Bl.IC are infonnetl that the idsove thorough bred
Horse, raised liy H. Woolsey, Long Island, and now
owned by the suliscrilier, will slan'il at O Culver's, Brigh.on,
■Moiir eco., and will be lei to mares at fifteen dollars the sea-
son. I'.ncloscd an 1 good pusture w.llle provided, and all
liossiblc care nnd i-.ttptilioii w ill l:e paid to mares brought
from t d:stance and left with ihe li.irse; hut no respoasibili-
ly for accidents or escapes, shoul.l any occur.
Pedigree.
Young Henrt- was got by Henry, the competitor of Eidipse,
.Hit of pfaodliole, by t;clip.'^e. Young Henry is now 7 years
ol.l on the 4lh of Ju'nen.xt; he is applciidid figuie, with his
points (inrly ilevelopel . he is a .lark sorrel, and somewhat
over 16 hands high. For further partiiMilars. app'y to

OLIVER CULVER.
Lngh-on, Monroe Co., N. V., M.ay 20, IS4I.

ROCHESTER SEED STOKE— 1841.

B.VTEH.^M & CROrSMAN, the proprie ors of ihis well
known estabUshment, respectfully inform Ihe public thai
ihey have now on hand a genet al j..«sorliiieiit of superini
English an.l American SEEDS of the growth of lfc4U, ani
other articles in their line of business.

For llie FARM— ••hoice varieties of Corn, Grain. GraM
Clover, &,i-., ami seeds for Rout Crops, su.-h as Alangel Wurt
lel Sus.i Hpit. Carrot. Hula Baga, English Turnip, &c.

For the GARDEN— .ill the most valuable and approvei
kinds of es.-ulent Vegetable Seeds. Those which grow il
.■reater perfeclion in Europe, are annually imported froD

Eii.'lanfl ; such as the different varieties of Cabbage, Caull

ll'ovver Broccoli, Radish, Turnip Sic. Onion seed is obtain
. d frnii) Wethersfield, ami other articles are raised for thl
est iblishmeiit with great care.

FLOWER SEEDS— about 200 varieties of themost heau
tilul and ln;ercstipgkinds.— (Price 30 cenis per iloz. papers.

ROOTS ANl> PLANTS — Choice kinds of Potatoes, As
parasus and Pie-plant roots, Cabbage, Cauliflower and othc
plains in their season. . ._.,.,..

TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS, of various kinds, forth
Farm and Garden And a l.irge rolleclion of raluahl
BOOKS on Biil'jects connected with faruiing and gardenlni

^' SILK W OR.'VI EGGS— of different kinds, on hand in the

season. . . «, ,

rrj-CATALOGUES gratis on application. Merchan

supplied with Seeds al wholesale, on lil'eral terms. Ordc

from a distance containing a reiulttance, or good city refe

ence will receive attention.

^"''' BATEHA.M II CUOS.MAN.

Arcade Hall, Rochester, April \, li-41.

ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT.

CORRECTKD FOR

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER. JUNE 1, 1841.

Ro UKSTEa, Monday,
Jun.i 1, I&IL
MONEY MARKET.

1 N. England Bank Notes,

t4 lej'.e. par. 1 N. England Bank .Notes, par,

K<mcrn Drari, 1 pr ct prrai 1 In liana, 10 a dis.

J'e.uisylvan.a, 0 ft 10 dis \ lilinoi*, 1.', a do.

Ohio. Ilia 12J do. I Unilcl States, 2.1ft do.

]*llclil;;an, 'iS do. \ New Jersey, 3 a 3 i\o.

Itli'.rvland. 6 ft 10 do. I Canada, 7 ft do.

Susfi's'.i Uridjel a 7 do. |

The Money .>larke: is rather easier now than it has bc.Mi
for some time past This is owing partly to thi^ passage of
the .Appropriation Bill, which will give rel.ef to the Banks
wliicit were largely in advance to contractors on the public

works.

NEW YORK MARKI-^T- M»v 27.

Pt.orn ANn Mkai. — The nrrivalsof Western continue to
he i;oiiipara;ively light, an.l the market Is very hrni. South-
«rn is aliio e.-ar. c, an. I ndvuncing. We iiuo;e Genesee at
4.7.J a IsTiS; Georgetown an I Hoiviird-st. 4.67i a5 OU , Ohio
..«! .MUhlgan 4 12J; Richmond City Mills 4.2.1. Brandv-
•■;n«C'-jrn M»«l isalvan.'ing' hhls U*0, bMsS.iW. „

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE,

FOR the information of those who may wish the stock of
this celebrated horse, norice is hereby given, that he
will stand for marcs the ensuing season, at tlie stable of II.
V. Weed, Geneseo; and also M the stable of the subscriber.
In G.iveland, where pasturage will be provided, and attcn-
liui) pai.l to mares from a distance.
Jliaj, 1,1, IHU. C. H. CARROLL.

SILK WOR.H EGGS.

rARGI:; White Peanut, an.l large N.iikin Peanut ejgs-
J ( lie iiina Mirahtl. and Mirahtljattfrc, of the French ,)
ami llic common Suljihur varieties, are for sale at the Sect

.Store, by " " " '

Rothtstcr, April 1, 1841.

WHEAT,

CORN,

OATS,

BARLEY,

RYE,

BEA.NS, White,.
POTATOES, . . .
APPLES, Desert,
Dried,

per bushel $

88 a
44...

37J..

5(1...

22:..
38...

$ 91

75
25
60

88

CIDER,.

BATEHAM i CROS.MA.N.

A

A FARM & C :OUi\ TRN SE.VT FOR SAEB.

FIRST R.tTK Farm. tvKh new Buiblings an.l Fences,
situate! oiil\ .110 an.l tliree-foiirtbo of a tiiile fiom Ro-
idiester Post OlEce, ou the Stage lio.ul leading from .Monroe-
street, eusl.

The Farm contains Fif:y Acres of IvvcePcnt Land, most of
whi.dl is in a high state of cultivation, a Two Story House,
with a Wing and Cohuuns in front, sood Barn, C^arriage
House. &c.. about 3i.O BcaringFruit "IVi^es of various kinds,
good Water and Woo. I. More or les.s Land can he had with
llie Buildings, if desire I. A line Horticultural G.trdcn is
now in progress adjoining aaiil Farm.

This property is wortiiy the a";entinn of a purchaser,
either for f.irming purposes, or a pleasant plai-c of resi.lencc.
l.cing near a coo I inarke', goo,l schools an.l seminaries

l-'.ir further )iarli.'ulars. please app'y at the house ou said
farm, or address, post paid,

C. INGERSOLL.

Rocliestcr Tost OlTie, N. V.
B-igtai-n. ft'ry 1, 1*41

barrel MO ]50

KLOUli, Superfine, " 4,'2.'3 4,40

" Fine,.... " 3,7.''> 4,00

SALT, " ir>o

PORK,Mes8, " 11,011 12,00

" Prime,.... " 9,00 11,00

" Hog 100 lbs 3,7.'i 4,00

RKKF " 4,00 4,50

POULTRY perpound, 8

EC.tiS, per dozen, 9.

BUTTER. Fresh, .. perpound 10.
Firkin,.... "

CMEESE "

L\RD "

TALLOW. Clear "

IirOES, Green "

SHFEP SKINS,.
PEARL ASHES,
POT, "

WOOL, pound,

HAY

9.

6

7

.. " ... 8

.. " ... 5

.each.... 874

.100 lbs.. 5,00

... " ..4, SO

30

7,00,

n

Iffli

U

J.'

10,00

2,00

I

GRASS SEED,.... bushel,.. l.r.O...

CLOVER, " " ...6,00

FLAX " " ... 75 67'

PLASTER, Cinbbls)pertnn,(>.00

" bulkfnt Wheotlnnd):f,50

We have m.ade several alterations In our table of proJi
sineeour last.

Wheat is now uplo seven shillings and seven and thr.
an 1 the supply Is very small

Oats arc also in good demand at thirty-one cents.

Butter and Eggs arc eagerly sought alter at 'pioted prt«)(

The rrolute Market is no: ■erv britlr at prtwirt.

} JOHN J. THOMAS,
• S M. H, BATKHAiM,

Editors,

2 PUBIilSIlEI* MOXTHIiY
TERMS,

FIFTY CKXTS, per year, pay;ilile tilways in ndvnnre.

Ptisi ^llii3tcrs, Ageiitri, !uid others, sending niuney free of
^uige, will receive seven copies for aJ3, — 't'vetce coifies for
,~-'l\ceuty-Jire copies for $10.

The pufta-nc nf iWis paper is only one cent to anyplace
thin Uiis slate, and one and a hall' cents lo any part of
e United Su.tcs.
[hdAddrcss OATKIIAM & CROSMAN. noclicstcr, N. V.

CONTENTS OF THIS NrMBER.

ililishers' Nrtiiccs Hanestinj and Tlirashins; Ma-
hinea, A \cw Oil Plant— IVIailia saliva. The stri-
>eil Hug. Farnierfl. don'isull your Ashe.i. Clarifying

Waple r-ug;ir wiUi Inrliiin Meal, 97

e Ciirc.ilio, I.OL-ality 'if tlie Canker Worm. Bc-«t
tlethod of Iiiiproving S'ew Farms. Culture and Use of

Millet 98

ricliltural ??ocielir9— The "Act to Pnuriote Agricul-

iire." Slicep Poisoned liy the Ued Ciierry fl9

crescen ed oti Plum Trees. Kusl on Wheat. " t^.
A'.*' and :he Corn Laws. Ilutaiitm of Crop.';. Rout

;uliure 100

lUghing level land in Broad Ridges. Locust Tree In-
eol. American Siciely of Agriculture. New varic-
es of T'lrnip .*red5, 101

Ulc r^iiow !ind Fair of the IV. Y. Agricultural Society
List of Prcininins, vtc, Coniplenientary Colors. The

fcltiiws in Peach Trees, 102

tnny. Faruicr- and Me^-hanics. How to Eradicate
1» Itramble. Conaumption of Meat. Recipe for Wak-

ng French Honey. In-iuiry — i'osfage 103

r aim And K-tpectationa Douning's Landscape
rardeiiing. Arknowlcd^ments. S^rarcity of Fodder
-Scnsonalde Hints ^i\\e of Berkshires. The Dran-

ton fScovch) c^ulistiil Ploiij;li, (Willi cut.) 10-1

c Heiefnrd Or. (wiiii cut.) The Xew Kneland Far-

ler— Hay Making T 105

jaragu?. Dit;ease of Silk Worms — The Muccanline,

living Bee? 106

cular of ilie American Institute. To prevent Fence
'osis frrttn Heaving. F.it Cattle, Proper :?eason for

•tilling tiraiii. Application of Liuie to foils 107

i Fiowers of Sunnner. Spurious Ruta Baga Seed,. . iOS
e Weather — the I'rnp? — Harvest Prospectp. Sowing

•ornfor Fodder. Killing Raty .100

niFt Trees in the West. The Fruits of the Soil. The
ilk Business in Pennsylvania. Protection r.gniiist

•rougk'. The Duty to Lalior, 110

! F!owcr Garden— Cultivated hy the Ladies Leisure
'ays. What siioulil |):irenis t\n wi:h their hoys ? A
" ;ni from Lie*)ig. Culture of Buckwliea'. Go Forth

the Fields, (poc'ry.) Ill

irloo Woolen l-'actory. Devon Cattle. Mi;nroc Co.
{. So. .^Fa^ket5^. A l/eriismeai!?. Prices Current, 112

Some of our Canadian neighbors seem to forget thattherc is
any postage on letters in this Slate; and othTs remember ii
to hut lilUc purpose. We have on seveial oecasionf receiv-
ed letters containing one or more small hil!3, and then a ten
cent piece enclosed "In pay the American postage !" Where-
as the postage is charged on each piece, whether large or
small, iii:d the ten cent \ne-iejust paid its own postage and no
more! The people of Canada generally, and even [uany of
the post master!", do dul seem ID he aware thai the law al-
lows American postage to be paid together with the Cana-
di!in, at the office wlicre the letter is deposited. All that if
neces«ary is, fur the pnst muster to inr.rk on the ov:t^iilr
ihc atnoun'. eo paid. A\> hope we shall not soon have to
write another homily on this text

Ilavvc-stiug and Thra**liiiis Machines.

*' Pitt's Grnin Thrasher and Separator" is now in
operation near this city; and, as in other places, is
gaining thfi approbation of the farmers who witness it.
We are happy to announce that Mr. Pills is making
arrangements to manufaclure the machines in this
city.

One of Hussey's Harvesting Machines has just ar-
rived in town, and measured will be taken to aflord
the farmers of this vicinity an opportunity for seeing
ii in operation. Mr. Hussey is now manufacturing
his machines at Auburn, and will soon be ready
to supply orders. More about these machines next
mnnlh.

iuni'e, by which it wae found preferable to the oliv«
oil. which had been previously used."

*' For all ihcee reasons, it is to be hoped ihat th«
Madia saliva will eoon take ihnt plitce in Oirrit-ulture,
to which, by its useiulnes«, it is justly entitled; and
which, aUo, the lung of Wirtcuiburtr hns already ae-
knnwU'dued, by rewarding w;tli a gold medal tha nier
it of M. Bosch, in introducing a plant into field cul-
ture which promises to become unconmionly useful,
not only to our agriculture, but lo our nianufaciurcs
and iradca."

We phould be pleased to hear whether any experi-
ments have been tried with Ibis plant in the United
States.

An Apologry for Corres|>ondents*

is well known that most of our correspondents are
iticftl farmers, arul with most of ojr renders we are sure

i8suffi.jient excuse f<jr Iheir not writing more rt this
ion of the year. In Ibe mean lime, it gives us an oppor.
tly to select some choice treasures from the columns of

co'.enijioraries. AVe^rust, however, that our old friends
I improve the time [itfoided hy a rainy day, occasionally,

I not to allow our readers to forget them ; and as soon r.s
[hurrying season is over we shall again exhibit a goodly
fiber of honorable names.

$tr

One More Call.

ome post masters and iii;ents deserve our timnks for the
lortililciiinniicr in wiiicliliicy h.ive rcspondrd to the cnll
lar Inst -, hut there are ninny others still l.ehind hnnd, and
veilinlike to be personal, wc hope they will remit the
Hints due without delny, and save us further trouble.

"Thou Shalt not steal."

dnesbut little good to e(!Old, Imt really the way our pnck-
ve picked by sonic persons in the matter of postage, is
^ly endurable. One writes from Ohio that his paper has
•carried or lost, anotlter in Michigan asks some unim-
lant question for his own benefit, and eat'h robs
iftwo shilllngii '. A gentleman (?> in C.in.ida writes a
er entirely for his own benefit, mid encloses a business
It making double postngr and ch-atinH us out of three
linger .\nolher orders two copies of the Farmer and en-
a dollr.r lill, whifli is at a discount of from 7 to !0
J'.n^ :hen ju>'}e*i'' <is to donl.'e pQ=fage lit the b;,rf-aln.

The Striped Bug.

Several corresj>ondems bnve favorcH U8 with an-
swers to the inquiry in our Inst, (or iin effectiinl mod*
of proiectiiig vines from the striped bug. We giv*
the substance of these meiboJs, nUhnugh thoy ore not
new, anti we know from experience that most of ihera
are not fully eft'cctuol. In a season like tiie prrsent,
however, when the biig&are not very niuneroua, thesa
preventives may answer the pnrpose,

1. Water the plunts with a decoction of tobacco.

2. Spread tobacco eien;s, or refuse tobacco, around
them

3. Sprinkle the plonls frefjuently with water in
which burdock leaves have been soaked a few daya,

4. Spread soot upon and around the plmus.
.5, Apply ashes, plaster, or sulpher, in the iama

manner as the lost.

6. The Inst and must cfTectnal.if not the most easy:
get up — we moan ge out — early in the morning
while the dew ie on iht-ir v^'inga, catch them, and with
the thumb and finger, pinch off their mandihils. Or
administer a dose of the Fienchmaii's flfa powder,
thus : —

"First den, you catch d« flea;

You poureoine little powder down ha treat-;

Uegar he chok« I"

Faimeis, <ioii't Sffll your Ashes.

Me5sf.s. Editors — According lo loto discoveries iif

Agiictdtural Chemistry, Pi offeror Liebig saya. that in

taking the hay from meadows, the principal cause of

exhaustion to the soil, is the loss of the polaeh con-

. - . . . , tnined in the hay; and that uiis may be reodiiy reatO'

lew years, M. Bi^cb has civcn this plant a inir trwd i , , , , , , ■ . i*

' -, ' I . . .'= ,. ' , ., red bysowing the meadow wiih a ihin cuTeniia' of

on a ar^e scale, ate-.nsiderab e exi'cnsc ; and the re- J = •" ■ v«.ci...a «.

A Xew Oil Plant— The Sladin saliva.

The Bupcrintendnnt of theBeli'ast (Ireland) Botanic
Garden, presented Mr. Bateham a package of the
Madia sntiva seed. Part of this was sent to the Hon.
H. L. Ellsworth of the Patent Onice, who reqncsls
ua to publish some informolion concerning it. The
bestaccountofthis plant we have seen, is in Loudon's
Magazine of Gardening lor March, 1839, from which
we gather the following : —

".M. Bosch, Bupcrintendant of the gardens of the
king of Wirlemburg, haa made numerous ex-
periments for many years on acclimatising ex-
olitr plants, during the course of which one plant,
Mndia saliva, attracted peculiar attention, cs he tound
from the reports of travellers in Chili, that it is culti-
va'.ed in that country as an oleiferous plant, and an
xcellent oil is e.\tracted from it. During the Inst

suits of this trial hove surpaesed bia most sanguine
expectations."

It is an annual plant of the natural order Compos-
ilae, growing to the height of one and a half to two
fuet. The seed shon'd be sown in tlie spring, on rich
soil, at the rate of about 7 lbs. to the acre. The pro-
duce is about 1,500 lbs. per (English) acre ; and 100
Ibe. of seed yield about 33 lbs. of oil.

" According to a chemical analysis, 100 ports of the
Madia oil consists of 4.') parte of oleine (or fluid part
of the oili, 40 of siearine (the mucilage, or tally part),
and 15 of glycerine (or sweet solid part, a honey like
and glutinous oubs'.ance) This oil does not congeal
at 19" below Renuiriur, but only becomes a little less
fluid, which makes it an incomparnhle substance for
keeping all sorts of machines in order; and there can
likewise be a solid and well lathering snap made of it.
That it may be advantageously used in cloth tnanu

wood ashes,

I once heard a very successful former say, that he
never suffered a bushel of ashes to be eold from his
farm — that it wai worth .50 cents a bushel lo sow on
grass and corn, SENECA.

Clarifying Maple Sugar with Indian Meal.

VV. S. Tuppcr, of South Venice, informs us that
he tried an experiment according to the directicns in
our Aprd paper, for clarifyini; Maple Sugar by the usa
of Indian meal. Owing to the advanced state of the
season, ihe trial wae not very complete; still, the result
satisfied him that a quality of sugar can be produced
iu this way, (ar superior to thai clarified in the old
way hy the use of milk and eggs. He advises sugar
makers to give it a foir trial next y?ar, and pnhlisk

factories has bc^u proved by experimen's alrsodyl tbe I'etuUa.

^»

98

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

The CurcnHo.

We nrs but partially acquainted with the Curculio.
Its manner of providing for ita young by depositing
the nit in our atone fruit, may bo familiar to most of
our readers, — together with several other particulars;
but its food after it has passed into ihe perfect state,
its place of abode during the autumn and winter, and
the age it may attain, are tilings which appear to be
Tery imperfectly known.

If the life of this insect extends to several years, the
chief advantage to be derived from having iioga and
geese under the trees, must bo to prevent its increase.
A few of the old f nes indeed, may be trampled to
death; but in a large fruit garden, it is likely that
most of the young ones will escape; and if to these
we add such us immigrate from other places, there
will be an increasing array of them in the trees, be-
yond the reach of the hogs, geese, and poultry.

That such has beta the case in our fruit garden, we
are much inclined to believe. Si.\ years ago, the hogs
were nut permitted to run there; and wilitout doubt
many hundreds of young curculios were added to
those already in possession. Wo have lately under-
taken to lessen their number by catching them on
Bhcels; and wc now have about 1700 on the list.

From their difference in size, we infer a diflcrcnce
in age. Further proof indeed, is wanted; but some
of tiiem are not less than four or five times as large as
others. If they live through a period of years, they
must continue to provide for their offspring in some
kind of stone fruit. If we exclude them from the
plum tree, the apricot, and nectarine, they will attack
the peach and the cherry. The laWer indeed suffers
Bnuually to some extent; and a few years ago, owing
to a scarcity of other fruit, our peaches were almost
entirely destroyed by them.

These considerations have induced us this season
to pay more attention to them than in years past; and
we have been surprised to find them so numerous. In
B late article on this -subject, we proposed to jar the
trees before the tin troughs were put up; but one, or
even a dozen jarrings are not sufficient to get them all
down. The troughs therefore, should be fixed and
filled, very early in the season, before the insects as-
cend the trees, or the labor may be vain. We offer
Bome proof of this remark: For nine mornings in suc-
cession, some of our trees had been repeatedly struck
with an axe, so as to produce violent concussions,
each time obtaining a goodly number of curculios; and
yet on the tenth morning, from the same trees, we
caught more than double the number that wc had at
ony other time, t)wing to the cold which benumbed
them, and rendered them less able to hold on. From
the same trees we have since obtained many more.

Bome persons have doubted the efficiency of water
troughs; but from what we have seen of them, our
confidence has not been diminished in the least. We
liavo frequently caught curculios on the rim, as it
waiting for a passage; and have sometimes found them
in the water perfectly helpless. Now to prevent them
from climbing up, is all that wo can reasonably expect
from a water trough. It cannot bring them down.

For largo trees, the expense of these fixttires will
lie greater than on small trees, the amount of materi-
bIs to make them being greater, JfoeulUci^Uepacc
be left between the trough and the tree however, it
may remain several years without being taken
down-ahole being made in tho bottom as soon ae the
curculio season is over, to lot off tho water which
Blight collect there, from rain or from meJtin" snow
A small chisel, cutting through tho tin into o block o,
w-ood held firmly under, would make o Bumr,cnt
aperture, which might be closed the nejt ep-:ir .' tni
secured by « drop of sodor. Three or - « „.....-.
^ehtd up bst^rwn the uwb^ '
■ ■■^- "

inii

th

fi trpft fnstonpH

by small nails, support the trough; and rags or tow
stop up the remaining vacancy. We cap the whole
with a coat of mortar to prevent the insects from
working their way through the crevices.

Ilogs Bomefimes neglect to eat the fallen fruit when
it is very green; but shorter commons will generally
bring them to their duty. If the fruit fies long un-
der the tree, the worm escapes into the ground, t

liocality of the Canker Worm.

The Nashville "Agriculturist (as quoted in an ex-
change paper^ recommends taking up the earth round
.•"ruit trees to the depth of six or eight inches, and to
the distance of eight or ten inches, for the purpose of
burning it, in order "to destroy the germ of the con-
ker worn." Is the canker worm an inhabitant of
Tennessee 1 Perhaps some of our readers can inform
us in rcsard to this particular ; and also the bounda-
ries of that district on which the genuine canker worm
( Fhalaui TcmataJ is found.

Deane in his New England Farmer or Georgical
Dictionary says, " It is not less than about filty years
since this insect began its depredations in New Eng-
land, in the parts which had been longest cultivated.
But perhaps there is some reason to hope ihat Provi-
dence is about to extirpate them : for a little bird has
lately made its appearance in some parts of the coun-
try, which feeds upon the canker worms. Should
these birds have a rapid increase, the insect will be
thinned, eo as to be less formidable, if not wholly de-
stroyed."

The second edition of that work was issued in 1797,
"soon after the first," and perhaps we may set the
lime of their first appearance about one hundred years
agi. It will be safe to conclude they were not newly
created about that time, however ; and we may ask
whence they came ? or what other tree supplied ihem
with food before that period ?

The little bird was doubtless the cedar bird— one of
the greatest marauders of our land ; but having no
canker worms for him to feed on in this district, we
should be glad to send him where he might find use-
ful employment. t

From jrestcm Farmer.
Best Method of Improving New Farms.

If heavily timbered with oak, maple, beach, bass
wood, ash, &.C., together with a heavy growth of un-
derwood or brush, the best method in the opinion of
the writer, or at least that has fallen under his obser-
vation, to clear such land is, if it be undulating and
dry, to enter in the months of Juno, July or August,
upon the land to be cleared, when the leaves are large
and full, with axe and bush hook in hand, and cut
down all the trees and brush of and less in sizp than
six or eight inches in diameter, on the first five, ten,
twenty, or more acies, according to tho means at com-
mand, leaving the larger trees standing.

Trim up the fallen trees by lopping off the branch-
es, and then cut up their branches into suitable length
for rails, or to be thrown together into piles for burn-
ing, leaving the brush scattered over the surface of
the ground to dry. Tho next step recommended,
will be, after the leaves have fallen from the trees in
tho fall of the year, and before the buds start out in
the spring, to girdle the timber or trees left standing
so effeetually as to kill them ; and as soon thereafter
as the weather will permit, (if the season be favorable,
the last of April or first of May,) put fire to j-our
"fallow," and the probability is, you will get a "good
burn." When once cleared off', put on a brisk team
-'■ — ..nu cattle or horses, and harrow up your land
I'horntTgry till it becomes niCllC".' =""' P''«^l« '» "ic
hoe ; you may then plant it in corn or potatoes, or
BOW it to oats or other spring grain, at your option, or
as your wants may dictate. If you sow to oats, you
can immediately seed down alter them to "timothy
.-raes," "red top" or "clover," which will soon fur-
nish your farm with hay for your stock of cattle, &c.
Nor will tho 'girdlings' become dangerous to your
cattle, or prove detrimental to your crops for the first
threa or four years, and inthe mean time they can be

or lire wood, and

I cutaown ana useo '" '»" "TAu, fMm«'» >««> ^^
hsins drv. cut be burned 0*"'

almost any season of the year when he may have the
most leisure time to do it.

It being generally the case with those hardy indus-
trious men who most frequently break in upon new
farms, that they are limited in their means, and hav-
ing families to support, and some of them large ones
too, they require a quick return of the outlay of their
small capitals. And this method of clearing the first
forty acres of timbered land, if pursued, will place a
family in circumstances to raise their own food for
consumption, sooner than any other, as much labor,
time and expense are thereby saved the first year or
two, while the new beginner is beginning anew with
every thins; new around him. If "openings," "prai-
ries," or "plains," are to be worked, where there is
a heavy coat of herbage upon the ground, and no ob-
stacles in the way of the plough, in the month of June
or July enter upon the land to be broken up with a
sufficient team to turn over tho sward with case, while
the wild grass and herbs are yet tender and vegetating.

The depth of ploughing should be regulated accord,
ing to the depth of the soil. And as a general rule,
prairie can be ploughed deeper than either openings
or the willow plains. "Oak openings," the first
ploughing should be turned over to the depth of about
six inches, and great care must be taken to turn a
"clean, handsome furrow," eo as to cover entirely
the vegetable matter, for one acre well ploughed and
tilled, is better to the farmer than five but half done,
and if the whiskey bottle is suffered never to enter the
habitation nor the field, and proper care be taken, thi
farm work is sure of being not only seasonably, but
well done. The land thus ploughed should be suf-
fered to He in fallow, undisturbed until the following
spring, when it may be cross ploughed, harrowed and
prepared for spring crops.

It may be well, perhaps, here to advert to one reason
why the first ploughing in openings or plains, where
the sub-soil tends to clay should not be made too deep.
ArgillousBoil, in its natural undisturbed state, lies in
a compact firm layer, and is of a cold sour nature
and as new beginners are somewhat impatient for
early crops, th^'y cannot wait for the seasons with
their accompanying attribntes of heat and frost, show-
er and sunshine, to modify and subdue the natural
sourness of a clayey soil if ploughed to the depth of
ten or twelve inches at first; so therefore, as eoonaa
the vegetation and mould which were turned under at
the first ploughing, have sufficiently rotted to mix with
the under soil that was turned up, and which being
thin, (if ploughed but six inches,) and lying over a
compost formed of the vegetable matter soon mace-
rates, by exposure and the air changes of the weather,
and will if planted or sowed, yield a tolerable crop,
tho time is improved by the new beginners, to avail
themselves of the earliest possible harvest. And fur.
thermore, as all newly cultivated lands, if properly
managed, will yield a yearly increase of the products
of the soil for the first five or six years ; the de|)lh ol
ploughing can be gradually increased without nialcri. 'I'
ally lessening the productiveness of the c:op. At the Kl
same time the farmer is receiving a rich reward for hif
care and labor. As 1 have already occupied a largei
space of your useful coluinnsihan may be interesting
to most of your readers in partly answering a short in-
quiry, I shall dose by observing that if your " Tus-
cola" correspondent, "O. S." needs any further in
formation on the subject, after he shall have clearec
or broken up the first ten acres of land, by so intima-
ting through the medium of the Western Farmer, h« Wi
can be accommodated by

" CINCINNATUS."

Lapeer County, March UOth, 1841.

iti

iri(
(II
lii

pi

tm,

millet.

Culture. — This plant will grow upon any soil ol
tolerable richness, though it docs best on loom. Th(
ground should be prepared as for ordinary crops. Thf
seed should be so«n broad-cast, and covered with th« ^j
harrow. If sown early, the crop may be gathered ir "'
August, though if sown any time before the 25th o:
June, it will coma to maturity.* If seed is the object,
four quarts of seed to the acre will be enough; but itI
intended principally for cattle iced, the quantity ol
seed may be increased to eight quarts. It grows tt
tho height of from two to six feet, according to the
quality of the soil. Birds are fond of the seed, and
devour it as soon aa it begins to ripen. The croj
should be therefore cut before tho whole has matured,
and while tho straw is green. It may be cut with l'.
sycklo, scythe, or cradle, and should belioueed a« BOOl (I
as it is eulilciently dry.

itfi

, /odfifi

1 . WUon J"''"" ^'-."liEi

:the<*lct-Of'i"i|

minani»!l>«»''^'""

No. 7.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

99

Product. — The product will be according to the
soil, and will vnry from ten to lijirty bushels of seed,
and from one to three tons of fornge, on Che ncre. It
Bonistimes produces more than a thousand fold returns.

Use — We have found it an excellent substitute for
corn, in fattening hogs, either ground or boiled; nnd
if ground would probably be useful for neat cattle and
horses. The straw is eaten freely by cattle, nnd both
the seed and straw abound with nutritious matter. —
Albanii Cultivator.

The following opinions were advanced by Messrs.
Colman and Buckminster, at the Agricultural meet-
ings in Boston:

"Millet was both grass nnd grain. Mr. C. had
himself raised it at the rate of three tons to the acre.
It is an annual plant, and is useful when other crops
fail. He had known millet sown in August, and a
good crop obtniiicd nter the crop of hay had been cut
off with drc Light. Cattle prefer it to almost r.ny other
kind of hay. When ripened it is a valuable grain,
weighing from thirty to forty pounds to the bushel."

"Millet be (Mr. B.) believed a great exhauster
of the fioil: it probably would not exhaust so much
when cut for hay before it was ripe. It could hot be
profitably cultivatod in this country for any other
than a late crop."

For the New Genesee Farmer,
Agricnltnral Societles"-The Act of 1841
"To Promote AgricuUnre."

Messrs. Editors— There has been much differ-
snce of opinion amongst practical farmers, as to the
atility of Agricultural Societies. Some have said
hey are altogether too partial in their operations, ex-
;Iuding from competition all, or mostly all, of those
vho have not ample pecuninry means of preparing
lubjects for exhibition and premium at the annual
air. It is urged that the principle on which premi-
ims have been awarded, instead of rewarding skill,
iconomy, and good husbandry, has encouraged n few
ndividuals to vie with each other in pampering a se-
3ct number of animals, while perhaps their average
tock moy in consequence be stinted below ordinary
Uowance, and be of the most common description,
jome hove bestowed all their manure on one or two
cres, and by great expense of time and pains extorted

great crop of grain or roots, while the remainder of
he farm has met with corresponding neglect; and fi-
ally, be who has succeeded in cramming the moat
lidding into a pig, or has been able to drow the milk
rom the greatest number of cows with one calf, has,
B a matter of course, drn%vn the premium. Sir, how
lave you fed this fine animal of yours ? Oh, he has
ever had more than he could get, has been in some
l»|ase8 about the necessary amount of scrutiny nnd in-
esiigatiun as to method and means.

Ths man who, regardless of expense, obtains the

r» reatCbt crop from an acre or half an acre, will acom-

"l lish the same result. The same may be said of the

therwise frugal housewife, who neglects important

omcstic duties, in order to produce a highly wrought

air of silk stockings or a curious hearth rug.

These objections I confess are not altogether ground-
■98; yet, upon the whole, agricultural societies, with
II their errors of management, have stirred up a spirit
f emulation, showed farmers what can be done, and
een of great benefit to the inteiests of agriculture.

think the friends of improvement may felicitate
lemselves on the final attention which this subject has
eceived from the legislature, and the passage of an
c», which if carried out according to its true spirit,
fill obviate these objections, nnd place every one with-
1 the sphere of fair competition.

Although the allowance provided in this act is very
tnited; yet, as an incipient step, it is much better
lan no action; and it is to be Loped that the impor-
mce of the object will stimulate our farmers promptly
) co-operate in making up the duplicate to this fund.

I propose to make a few remarks on section 3d of
leact, which will be found entlie in ihe June num-
erof this paper.

i;i

Mention is made of "articles, productions and im-
provements, best calculated to promote the ogriculturol,
household, and manufacturing interests of this Stale."
All articles seem to be excluded from exhibition for
premiums, except those which fulfil the above inten-
tion. Thcolficers of the society are to have " special
reference to the nott profits which accrue or are likely
to Hccruc from the mode of raising the crop or stock,
or the fabrication of the article thus ofiered, with the
intention that the reward shall be given for the most
economical or profitable mode of competition." The
above clause seems to embrace the true principle on
which agricultural societies ought to operate and pre-
miums bo awarded. Farming in general is not car-
ried on as an arauseraent, but as a source of profit, as
an agreeable ond healthy employment. The data which
are to determine " nelt profit," seem to be perfectly
evident. He who succeeds in eliciting the most ani-
mal or vegetable nutriment from a given quontity of
material, with the same economy of time and labor,
shows the most skill; or, in other words, he who can
produce a fine crop or a fine animal at the least expend
ofmeane, will reap the most " nett profit." ItiswcU
known that two animals of the same age and weight
may be placed in separate pens, each may be fed the
same quantity of grain or roots — at the end of a given
time weigh and examine these animals and there will
be found a difference (sometimes very great) in their
weight and form.

The only possible circuraetancea which can produce
this difference, are ns follows: —

1. Method of preparing the food.

2. Time and manner of feeding.

3. Constitution of the animal, which embraces,

1. Voracity of appetite, which makes them what are
termed "good feeders."

2. Power of the digestive and assimilating organs,
by which n greater quantity of chyle is elaborated from
the same aliment in some animals than in others.

In regard to field crops, it is likewise known that
thejiiost striking diflerencoin the appearance and pro-
duce is sometimes only separated by a division fence.

This is caused,

1. By the previous condition of the land, quantity
and quality of manure applied:

2. Seoson of the year when manure is drawn and
method of application.

3. Number of times nnd manner in which the land
is ploughed nnd harrowed.

4. Preparation of seed and mode of planting or sow-
ing;—

5. And lastly, time spent in tending the crop and
manner of doing it.

A proper discrimination is required to hit right in
every particular, and so adjust the labor nnd expense
as to secure a profitable crop. The more skilful and
judicious consideration of the nbove circumstnnces,
can alone render one man more successful than anoth-
er. Here is ample scope for the exercise of thought
nnd experiment; nnd the man who by well directed
and careful experiment, establishes some principle in
the rearing of stock, or cultivation of the soil, and in
proof of this principle brings forward to the Fair a
specimen of production, which not only excels, but
has yielded a handsome "nett profit," will, by im-
parting his peculiar method, confer benefit on the
whole farming community. In pursuance of this lat-
ter consideration, the act goes on to provide that the
" person claiming the premium shall deliver in wri-
ting, to the president of the society, as accurate a des-
cription of the process of preparing the soil, including
the quantity and quality of manure applied, and in
raising the crop, or feeding the animal, as may be;
and also of the expense and product of the crop, or of
increaii! in vnUia of the anim»4, wiib lUe vi«w of

showing accurately the profit of cultivating the crop or
feeding or fattening the nnimal. This latter clause
strikes at tho root of the whole matter. It excludes
all mere fancy farmers, who by dint of money can ex-
hibit some huge animal, or produce an enormous crop
from a few rods uf ground.

It will be seen I think, that the spirit of the law is
to give the " race to the swift and the battle to the
strong," and as far as can he, reward and encourage
genuine merit.

Farmers of 1841, why are you not still muzzling
over tho surface of your farms with the old bull plough
with wooden mould board, and putting in your grain
with the triangular harrow of nine teeth ? Who
amongst you now, who if your stock is not all tho-
rough bred, have not a sprinkling amongst your
flocks and herds of some of the best blood in Europe 1
To whom are you indebted for the amazing improve-
ment which has taken place in farming for the last
twenty years 1 To the ingenious, to the enterpri-
sing, to the men who were willing to hazard time and
means in doubtful experiments — many important hints
on which you are almost unconsciously practicing
with success, you can trace to these men— men of
thought, men of persevering exertion.

I need not say that real excellence in any depart-
ment of business is not the result of accident, or blind
chance. It must be the fruit of cool reflection, of " pa
ttent thought." The brilliant emanations of geniug,
like those luminous appearances in the heavens which
sometimes occur, may dazzle and surprise and excite
our admiration; but most of the great practical im-
provements in tho ana which have raised men from
barbarism, have been the fruit of laborious exertion,
of protracted experiments. They have caused much
lacking of the brain and many sleepless nights.—
These remarks apply as well to fanning as to any oth-
er pursuit. The door of improvement is still open —
let the tide flow on. Every farmer, if ho studies hii
own interest, will become a member of the county so-
ciety; and if he has not the taste or tho time to devote
to agricultural experiments, let him cheerfully con-
tribute a little for the encouragement of those who,
for his benefit, are willing to search out tho most suc-
cessful and economical method of raising a crop, and
will be at the pains of introducing the most approved
breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and ewine.

Ogden, June 10, 18il. J.B.SMITH.

For the Sfeto Genrsee Farmer,
Sheep Poisoued by the common Red Cherrr.

Messrs. Editors — Some six or eight years since,
while cariying on farming at Rock Stream, one of
my orchards, in which was a variet)' of fruit trees, in-
cluding a number of the common red sour cherry, be-
came covered with a luxuriant growth of grass, to de-
stroy which, I turned in, about the first of September,
fifty or sixty merino sheep. The animals seemed
unusually fond of eating the young cherry sprouts
which had sprung up very thick under and about the
cherry trees. In less than an hour a large proportion
of them were discovered to be diseased, and they were
immediately turned out. They staggered continually,
pitching forward upon their heads, and often turning
entiiely over upon their backs. In the course of two
or three hours several of them hod died; tho remain-
der gradually recovered.

Post mortem examinations proved that their stom-
achs were compactly filled with the leaves of the
cherry sprouts, containing, I presume, prussio acid
suflicient to destroy animal life.

E. BARNES.

Note. — A neighbor of mine lost a cow from her
eating ths leaves of a cherry tree, which had been
blown down by a wind storm. E. B.

Oensva, May 2f>, 1841.

ICO

THE xNEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Excrescentes on Piiim Trees.

We {jfai observed ibe new excrescences on plum
tree? nbuul tbe 12ih of Inst tnoiuU; but ns vcgeiniitin
bns bifen unusually bnckwnrd, il is probnblc that in
other years, they will appenr iniicli earlier. Tbe
worms ill some of these bunches ore more advnnce'.l
llinri in others.

The more we see of the works of this insect, tbe
imre we arc sntisficd it mny be cisily kept in check,
or en'.lrely destroyed. Kxccpiing the few thnt mi-
grf.e, il srcuis not much inclined to wander from its
native tree, unless others ore very near. Where it at-
tacks plum trees with thick branches, the proprietor
may find an advantage in cutting out « port with oil
ibeir Unves and I'riiit on, — because he can find the
bunches 60 much more readily, and bccauee tbe fruit
that remains will be liner and more vahinble. Sum-
mer pruning is much approved by soms horticulturisiB.

Possibly some of our renders may think »e arebe-
s; jv.ing an undue share ol attention on this subject.
Wcton't think so. Wc expect tbe most indolent
w.U be the first to cumplninj and it is this class that
we more espocially want to stimulate into action.
fiei up half an hour before the usual time — steal
away from a noon spell to nltcnd to it — take the neigh-
bor thnt conies to spend an idle hour along to see the
operation and to assist — it will do him good — and the
plum trees will be saved from ruin.

Kven Hs lilts ns when our jiaper mnkcs it appenr-
d:ico in these nortUerii purls, it is probable that mnny
worms will still remain in their nests. Cut open the
bunches, and sec if it is so. If any arc found, destroy
them. If half of ihcm are slopped on their way to
initdiiff, it v.ill be soineiliing of great vr.lue, not only
OS it gets a man's band into tbe business, and prepares
him for doing his duly next year, but ho will have
much less to do. t

Rust on Wheat.

A well written paper on tbe cause of Mildew,
Blight, or Rust, was lately read before the Philadel-
phia Society for Promoting Agriculture, by Kender-
ton Suiilh, in which he endeavors to thow that this
mal.idy is occasioned by sniciiig grass seed amongst
ilie icltrat. We have no doubt however, that in diOl-r-
enl Beasonn, and diifdreni circumstances, the presence
of rust may be owing to more ibnn one cause; yet, if
sowing grats seed with wheat, often, or generally pro-
diico3 it, it is a most important discovery.

From this paper, (published in the Farmers' Cabi-
net,) we make the fjllowing extracts:

" The wheat of several fields which came under
mv observation [in ISoS] and whic'i had not been
»3'.vn with giiiss seed, was good, the straw bright, and
tiio drain ot (r.wcllent quality. I also remarkril, that
other field.^ which wera sown with grass seed, and in-
deed tbe cop gciieivdly ihroughoiu tbe country was
greatly injured, and in most instances, utterly des-
troyed by m.ldew or rust. What n|;pcnred very re-
markable was, that we heard of excflleiit crops which
had 'oecn ra;scd in the very midst of this ruin and des-
olation.

" In the summ'T of 1^38, I was appointed by lbs
BiclGly, one of a comtTiittee in examine a reaping ma-
chine, then ipconily inveniod. We visited tbe farm
of Mr. J-ihn Fox, of Oxiord township, Philadelplua
(i.innty, for the purpose, whera the machine was put
in operation upon a field of eight acres. This grain
was remarkably line in .all respects: il was tall, and
much of il was lodged, yet the berry was perfectly fil-
led, and licfi Btniw was in no respect touched with
iiKideW. There ttas no grass smcn ir'tk this grain;
n;id I have since learned thnt Mr. Fox and his brother
have for mnny years, always sown their wheat without
grass, and that their crops have been unit'ormly good.

" Adjoining this field wns another in wheat, the
straw of which was tall, and the growth of whii-h had
1'eei. np,)arcnl'y as vigorous, but the grain was shrunk
and of little value. This field was sown with
li'ootiiy the previous fall, and with clover in the
Oiriiij;, and the ground wns covered with n thick and

henlihy coat of these gratses. The soil, situation, and
ndvnntngcB of these lou, for tbe growth of wheat,
were to all appearance the same. There wns anoiii-
er field of wheat on the opposite side of Mr. Fox's
field, and only separated from it by a road, which wns
also utterly worthless from mildew. This lot bad al-
so been sown with grass, and there wns a strong
growth upon it. Here then was a field of very supe-
rior wheat, situate between two other fields which
weretcarcely worth cutting.

" Within the last two years I have heard of many
instnncpsof good grain, and but one instance of mil-
dewed wheat having been produced on lands not
sown with grass, or on which there was not n .'•trong
growth of grass or weeds. In every case of mildew
during that time, I have ascertained upon inquiry,
ibat grass had been sown with the giain, or prevailed
to considerable extent naturally.

" I do not wish to he understood as stating that the
presence of grass ahcatjs produces mildew or rust,
for I know that good crops of wheat have grown
with it in dry seasons; but I do contend that the pre-
sence of a thick growth of grass or weeds upon tbe
surface of thclnnd, predisposes the crop to disense or
mildew, and that in wet se.nsons it is nlinoot invariably
noxious and liunful to the wheal plant.

"P. S. lam informed by Mr. Isaac Newton, an
active and zealous member of tbe Society, nnd one of
our most enterprising farmers, that he had last year, a
field of about eight acres of wheat, which he sowed in
the lall with timothy nnd herd-grass, except one land,
ntarly in the middle of the field, which by accident
wns omitted. The wheat upon this land wns not af-
fected by mildew, nnd the grain wns of superior qiinli-
ty, while the rest of the field was rendered worihless
by mildew."

Tbe foregoing statements are very interesting: but
we would refer our readers to an able article on this
subject, published in our current volume, at pages
33 — 50, which is worthy of a careful perusal. Now
is ihd season for_ farmers to make observations in re-
gard to this matter. Let them take notice, in addi-
tion tJ the above suggestions, whether stable manure
is favorable or unfavorable? AVbethcr compost, in-
cluding a portion of lime, has a bad effect ? Whether
head-lands in fine tilth, but trodden bird after tbe
wheat was sown, are more free from rust? Whether
this fungus often spreads from low wet places into the
drier parts of the field 1 and wbetber it rarely occflirs
under the shade of trees? The sntitfactory determi-
nntion of these points may lead to vciy important re-
sults; and we should be pleased to hear from corres-
pondents OB the subject. \

"8. W." and the torn Laws.

To the Editors oftiie New Grncsce Fanner:

Your correspondent, " S. W." appears to have paid
much attention to the subject on which he treats; but,
on the whole, his speculations are much better adapted
to the stnte of information and feeling which existed
lii'ty years ago, than to the present time.

While every laborer must, ns he ought, acquiie by
his daily wages sufficient to clothe and educate res-
pectably his family and provide something lor fu-
ture use, il will be difficult to convince our farmers
that the'r profits will be increased by tbe " low prices
of agricultural products." Il may he replied that this
will regulate itself — that the cost of labor will be pro-
portioned to tbe prices of the articles produced; but
this is not true, except in part; nnd can only bcthe re-
sult of great uniformity in the cosf of the articles con-
sumed, according to their value For instance, if tbe
bulk of our importntions are purchased at high prices,
the wages of the working man would doubtless exceed
the means ol the farmer to pay, if wheal was at a low
price.

It is gratifying to observe, notwithstanding the les-
sons of patience read to ns by " S. W.," and bis con-
clusion " that we have no right to complain of the
English Corn Laws, which save her agricultural in-
terests from utter prostration and ruin,' ' thnt the spirit
of free trade is sjireadlng in Fngland as well as this

country. He has doubtless observed, that though
generally opposed by the landed interest, which seeks
but its owif selfish ends, regardless of tbe claims and
sufl'eringsof community, a mighty movement has ta-
ken plnce, which mustresultin the repeal of thoselnws,
at no distant period When this lakes place, it must be
obvious that the market for our wheat will he much
better than at the present.

If " S. W." will take into consideration the nn-
limited capabilities we possess of producing this great
staple and the certainty that in a few years at farthest,
our market will not be adequate to the supply, he wiU
agree with Gur. Davis, of Massachusetts, in saying,
" thai the policy of our n;ition in sustaining the cot-
ton growing interest to the negl«ct of wheal, is un-
wise and unjust."

It has often seemed passing strange to me that so
Utile has been done to promote the prosperity of mil-
lions at the North, in this important particular, when
a few hundred thousand men at the South have on ac-
credited representative at the Court ol St. James,
watching every movement which may affect in the
slightest degree their favorite exports.

But there is another aspect to this question, to
which I would direct the ottentior. of your correspon-
dent. He thinks we hove no right to complain when
ihe landed interests seek iheirown protection; but did
he ever reflect that this protection was the cause of
want and misery incnculable ? It is not the only re-
sult of this system, that the English laborer is obso-
luielr precluded from any higher expectation than
providing a scanty support for bis family; thus extin-
guishing those noble incentives to exertion, which lie
in the path of the humblest individual among us; but
let him bear in mind, that no small share of the peo-
ple of that country, from the operation of those lows,
inhabit damp and noisome cellars, crowd lo an incred-
ible extent every garret and hovel, and drngout a moel
miserable existence, that " the agricultural intercsla'
may ride in splendid coaches and feast upon the dain
tics of the earth. Surely the dictates of philantbrsp;
should outweigh those of cold selfishness. It is how
ever, by no means certain that English proprietor
would be the losers by an act of justice and mercy
for, says Lord John Russell in his motion for the re
duclion of duly on foreign grain, " the salety of frc
trade has alwnys been considered as an axiom by wri
lera on poliiicnl economy, nnd 1 see no good rensol'
why it should not bo reduced to prnciiee."

S. R. W.

I

/■(«• the AVif (icnesee Farm«r,
Rotation of Crops--Root Culture.

Messrs. Epitobs — I am often asked by brother fsi
mers how they can change from their old impoverisl
ing mode of larming, and adopt an improved systen
I say to such, fix on a proper rotation of crops — bcgi
on a small scale till ' sure you are right, then
ahead.' My rotation for a five or six years' course i
Ist. Peas, on green swnrd; 2d. Cum or roots, wil
mnnure; 3d. Spring wheat; 4ih. Oats, and seed wi
clover, or clover and timothy; 5ih. Hny or pastur
I find winter wheat a rather uncertain crop, on (i
count of Its winter killing, nnd therefore prefer spril
wheat. The Italian I have found the most product!'
variety. I have raised more than thirty bushels
'.his kind 10 the acre for the last four years, since
have adopted tbe nhovo rotation; and last year I CI
from one acre, 1010 sheaves, which yield, d fifty-l
bushels; and I believe I can do it again.

My ruta baga crop last year was 1836 bushels, fro
three acres. I kept twenty pigs entirely on them, a
four working horses in good condition, wiihout groi
1 also feed sheep, calves, and cattle on them, r
some farmers say, *' my pigs will not rnl them:" vi

'Us
pitr

'ill
S?
fcfe
•as
«!:
lid
*til
tiii,
M*i

H

No.

/.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

101

likely. Then boil ihe roots for tliem the firsidoy;
half boil tbem the next, nnd the third day feed them
raw, and you will have no further trouble.

I raise the carrot and sugar beet, but do not think
my land as well adapti d to them as to the ruta bnga.
Last year my while bceia yielded about 51)0 bushela to
the acre, and carrots 450 bushels. I should prefer
carrots to the ruta baga for horccj, if as easily raited;
but with nie they are more expensive.

Farmers think it costs too much labor t) raise ruta
baga; but if they will try it, and note the cxpentes, it
will satisfy them they get well paid for it. As I have
kept an account with my crops for several years, I
have ascertaiiud that mure value may be realized Irom
ruta baga than almost any other crop. I givp yon the
occount of one acre raisi'd last year, on land which the
year previous was sward, turned over and cropped with
peas.

Rent of land to cover int rest and taxes $3 00

Ploughing 1 50

Thir;y loads barn yard manure, 7 50

Ridging before and after manure, 1 50

Planting and seed, 1 50

Hoeing and thinning, four days, 3 00

do. do. ad. time, 2 days, 150

Horse and man with cultivator, three limes, . . 1 50
Harvesting and pitting, two hands and team,

two days

6 50

600 bushels ruta bagas a 16 cts. $97 93

$27 50

Nettgnin, $70 42

Cost only 4^ cents per bushel.

I call the miinure only '2.^ cts., as it only fits it for
after crops, and is nearly saved — I used to make
but one hundred loads of rotted manure, and now I
make three hundred from the same means.

As many of your renders have never seen the " Ru-
ta Bagn Hook," would it not be well for you to pub-
lish a description of it from the Cultivator, vol. 7, p.
124 ? I consider your paper invahinble to the farmers
in this region: as it is more particularly calculated for
Western New York than any other; and wish it was
in the hands of every farmer.

You may publ'sh any, all, or none of this, as you
may see fit. If you wish, I may give you an account
of some other cmps heroalter; but 1 can hold the
plough better than I can wield the pen.
With respect,
ER.^STUS SKINNER.

Pratisburgh, June 18, 1~41.

Rejnarhs. — Thank vou, Mr. Skinner. We like
your mode of wielding the pen, and should be happy
to hear from you often. We will show the Ruta Ba-
ga Hook next month. — Eus.

Pioagliiaig level Laud iu broad Ridges.

We have some acres of level land with a hard close
subsoil, through which the water soaks very slowly;
«nd sometimes in rainy weather stands for days to-
gether in the furrows. — (Why don't you drain it ?

We intend to — one thing at a time;) but in the mean
time we have been gathering it up into broad lands of
fifty feet ■ r thereabouts. This is done by plough. ngs,
repeated in the same order, without leveling it hack
•gain; and a very fine effoci has been produced. In-
stead of the soil soaking for a month or two during
our wet spring, ai||l seeming almost prepared when
dry, for the brick-kiln, it becomes light, mellow, and
greatly increased in fertility. Crops, double in value,
whether of grain ur grass, may now be readily ob-
tained.

As the middle part of the land is much elevated, so
the dead furrows are proportionably depressed; and
m tlie bottom of these, now a fwi or cig'jtc^n inches

below the original surface of the land, we intend to
moke covered droins, perhaps three feet deep which
sholl freely discharge all the wotcr that soaks down
from the lands into them.

In conclusion, we would just remark, that the
lands are raised without extra expense or labor, the
work being done in the ordinary routine of cultiva-
tion, t

Locust Tree Insect.

A correspondent in Seneca county informs us that
hiahicust trees arc infested with "small insects about
a quarter of an inch long," and he thinks they will
inevitably destroy the trees, unless we or our corres-
pondents can point out a lemedy.

We are not informed in what manner this insect
commits its depredations — whether it preys on the
wood, the bark, or the leaves — nor are we informed
whether it is a worm, a caterpiller, a beetle, or a fly —
but it id an insect about a quarter of an inch long!
Very definite indeed ! Who can tell what it is, or
how to destroy it ? We know ot but one insect that
infests these trees, ond that is the locust borer, which
in its perfect state, is a beetle about five-eighths of
an inch in length, of a dark brown color, with bright
yellow stripes across its wings and body. In iin
larva state, it is from one half to three quarters of an
inch in length, and docs its inischief by boring holes m
the body ond limbs of the trees, so that they break
off or die. They first made their appearance in the
Eastern states, we believe, about 15 or 20 years ago,
and soon destroyed mony of the trees there. They
began to appear on the trees at Rochester about eight
years ago, and in four or five years they destroyed or
disfigured nearly all the large trees about the city, and
they are still prosecuting their work of destruction.

We have not discovered them in many places be-
5'ond the vicinity of the city, but they are doubtless
extending themselves, waging a war of extirmination
against locust trees; and we have no doubt this ia the
insect found by our correspondent. We only regret
that we are unable to ofl'er him a remedy against their
ravages. Scroping off' the rough bark and giving the
tree a coat of white wash, has been practiced here as
a preventive, but with only partial success. They do
not seem to increase very rapidly at first, and their
numbers can be reduced by picking them out of their
holes with a barbed wire. The perfect insect may be
seen at this season of the year, running rapidly about
the body and large limbs of the tree.

American Society of Agricultiive.

We last month published the address of Mr. Robin-
son on the formation of a National Agricultural So-
ciety. We now give a circular and form of a subscrip-
tion paper received from him. If any of our renders
desire to send their names or contributions to aid in
this laudable enterprise, we shall be happy to forward
the same to Mr. Robinson or to Mr. Ellsworth.
To the Editors of the Nac Genesee Ftirmir ;
Gkn. — The obj»ct of the annexed form of a subscrip-
tion, is to ascertain whether thcie is a sufficieninum-
ber of the friends of this great measure in the Union
nt this time, willing to lend their intiuence, to war-
rant a call of a primary meeting to organize the So-
ciety. Should the indications oppear favorable, a
committee of the friends of the cause will take upon
themselves the responsibility of naming a time and
place for the meeting; of which yon will be duly
notified.

I fondly hopo you will promptly lend your own
name, and procure a few names of other friends of
agricultural improvement in your vicinity, and then
forward the subscription by mail in time to reach
Washingtin by the 10th of August; addressed to the

'lion. H. L. Ellsworth, Commissioner of the Patent
Ofiice,/or Sulon Robinson.'

If you are averse to obkingyonr friends to give pe-
cuniory aid to this measure in its incipient slate,
please moke use of the first part only of the paper.

I hope you will charge ibe liberty I take, to the
zealous ardour I feci in promoting ihlj great National
object.

I have the honor to subscribe myself your agricul-
tural friend and humble servant,

SOLON ROBINSO.X.

Laki C. H., Indiana, Juua Zd, 1341,

[form of SCBSCalPTlOS PAPER.]

Nntional American Society of Agricnltnre.

" To tlecate the C/uiriirfer and Standing of the Cul-
ticiitcrs of ihe 4'licyiciin ^'oiL'*

The subject of forming such B Society, bring nr.w
agitated in the United Slates, we do hereby pli-diie
oiiieclves to the (;upi>r.rt of such a socety, aeccid:ng
to our nbiiity; and wc earnestly hope tb.it tho cciivu
leading friends of the niensuie will mkc the nectsfniy
steps to organize the society in the course of the year
1841.

Knowing ihaifunds will be nrce6S!ii7 to bring tMs
great beneficial iS'-itional Inetitutir-n into active opera-
tion, particularly as we ho:'e to Fee a National School
of Agriculture connected with' the Society; and hImi
a seieniitic Jnurnal worthy the proposed name and
rhnrncier of such an institution — liir^se of us who have
added certain eurvs to mir niimee, have freely conliib-
uted those sum^^, and placed lliem in the bands of

to be expended in aiding the foniiotion of such
a Society.

New Varieties of Turnip Seeds.
A large assortment of Turnip seeds from Eng-
land, have lately been received at the Rochester Seed
Store, including, besides the more common vorictice,
several kinds quite new, or but little known in this
country. We extract the following disciiption of
some of them from the London Fanners' Mif^osine.

Grccn-Toppcd YcUotc-Bnlhirk — This turnip at-
tains n medium size. Its chape is globular, or soine-
wbat llatiened, with a very smiijl tap root; it is an old
variety, and is held in deserved estimation.

Ox-Hcart Vdloie — is an excdlent turnip: oithorjh
it comes early to matiiritv, aird attains a considerable
size, it is by no means deficient in hardiness.

Hood's new lars^e Yilloic — is a very superior,
farce, globularly shaped, bo.'riy turnip, rcniarkr.bly
perfect in symmetry, and 1.56 rather a lightish grien
top. It was introduced by Charles IJuod, Esq., nn
eminent farmer at Inverbroia, Sutherlnndshire, a
gentlen'.riii who has devoted much attention to tie
cultivation and improvement of field turnips gener-
ally.

Pomcrnniiin Gl.ohc. — This variety was int.'oduceit
some years since from Pomernnia, and may be co;i-
sidered the most i:eit"ect globe tiiriri'p in shape, as well
as the most regular or uniform grower. lis skin is
of a smooth witi'.e, and somewhat shining or trarsaj-
rent-like in appcorcnce: leaves snioolhish, oi" a desk
green colour with whitish nerves.

Red Tunkard.— In size, shape, nnd texture, t^•s
variety may be considered as occupying nn inieiirrc-^
diate place between the white and gitcn tankcid. It
is of a briaht red clover on ibe upper surface, and
white on the under.

Laicloicn Hijhrid. — This vaiioty, which wag raised
by James Wnalit, Ivq., of Law town, near Perth,
may lie coiisicerr d as bearing ihc same relation to the
Swede ne Dole's hybrid. Its leaves arc dnikijU
green, rather tmnll and smoothifh. reels roiindiflj oi
somewhat hciiri-tbcpeJ, being often tapered on :I,b
underside; v.iiite below and green above ihe surface
of llio ground. They are pnsccsted of more solidilv
and firmntEs of lexturc than nitst of the while £ort6. -

Lritishiim Green-Topped Ox-Ajcrt.— This is an
excellent variety, grown in soir;e of ibt si'uthern dis-
tricts of Englrmd and in E^ootlnnd. Itccquind tl!;ij
name from liaving been first introduced Ly JVjeasr^.
Willmolt and C>.,u( Lewisham. In color turd eboi'o
it very much .lescmblco the I.siwiowr hybrid, but is
somcwbai softer in texture ocU Lot^lsrgcr tuU li^wr
green coicvcd Ica^Ts,

102

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

CATTLE SHOW AND FAIK

or THE N. I. STATE ACBICl'LTURAL SOCIETY — TO BE
HELD AT SrBACUSE, SEPT. 29 AND 30, l&Jl.

The New York Sinio Agricultural Society will hold
a Cattle Show and Fair at Syracuse, on the 29th and
30th clnynof Sept., 1841, at which time the following
Prizes will be awarded. The Premiums otTered, arc-
numerous rather than large, the Society preferring to
make their appeal to the emulation and public spirit of
our farming population, rather than to that avarice
which can alone be called into action by the induce-
ment of laige rewards.

List of Preminmsa

ON C.\TTLK.
L BtTLLS — Of any breed — 3 years old and over.

For the best 820 I For the third best 99

For the second best,. . • . 12 ] For the fourth best, Diploma,
11. BULLS — Of any breed, over 2 and under 3 years old.

For the best <f20 I Forthe third best, ®S

For tlic second beet 12 | For the I0';rth best, Diploma.

ni. BCLL9 — Of any breeds under 2 iteara old.

For the heat,. • $12 I For the third lieet ®5

For the eecond best, .«•. 81 Forthe fourth best, Diploma.
IT. COWS — Of any improved breed, ^yeara old and uptcards.

For the best ©20 1 For the tliird best $s

For the second beit,.. • • 12 1 For the fourth best, Diploma.
V. IIEIFEHS — Of any improved breed, 2 years old and over.

For the best, ©12 I For the third best, ©o

For the second best,. . • • e ] For the fourth best, Diploma.
VL HEIFERS — Of any improved breed, under 2 years old.

For the best ftIO [ For the second best, .... $5

For the third best, Diploma.

Vn. COWS — Cross between the native and improved breeds.

For the best, 812 I For the third best 86

For the second best,, • • 9 [ For tlie fourth best. Diploma.

VIII. HEIFERS — Cross letKeen the native and improved
breeds.

For the best, . 810

For the second best,. . . 8

For tlio third best ®5

For the fourth best. Diploma.

IX. COWS— Native breeds.

Forthel)est, 810 1 For the third best 85

For the second best, ... . B J For tho fourth l>est. Diploma.

The greatest combination of those points or proper-
ties which indicate milking qualities and an aptitude
to take on flesh on the more valuable parts, together
with general beauty of form, (size in itself not being
considered a criterion of excellence,) will be the con-
eiderations which will govern the viewing committee
in awarding premiums in the above classes.

ON HORSES.

. . ©20 I For tlio best breeding

12 I _ Mare and Colt, . T'.".? | *20

For the best Stnllton,

For the second best,.

For the third best 8 1 For tlie second best,.

For the fourth best, Diploma. \ For the tliird best a

For the fourth best, Diploma.

A variety of horses possessing size, strength, and
endurance for field labor, combined with that action
which qualifies for the carriage or saddle — in short,
the horse of all work, is probably the most prolitable
class which our farmers can now engage in rearing,
and to such therefore, will the preference of the Socie-
ty be given.

SWINE— Oner W months old.

For the best Boar, ©10

For the second best 8

For the third best, 5

For the fourth best. Diploma.

Best breeding Sow,. ... 810
For the second best,.. . . 8

For the tliird best 5

For the fourth best, Diploma.

In awarding premiums on hogs, reference will not
be had exclusively to size or to present condition, but
to that form and that proportion of bone and oflal to
more valuable parts, which promises the greatest value
from the least amount of feed.

SHEEP-

For the best Buck,...

.1. LONO WooLEn.

. 810 I Best pen of 3 Ewes ©10

For the second best,.. . . 5 For the second best,.. , , 5

For the third best, Diploma. \ For the third best, Diploma.

II. Middle Wooled.

For the best Buck ©lO I Best icn of 3 Ewes 810

For the second best,.. . . 5 For the second best ^

For the third host, Diploma. \ For the third best. Diploma.
HI. Fine Wooled.

For the best Buck,. ...,•$ in | H.^Bt pcnof 3F,wes §10

For the second best 6 For the second best,. .. . ."i

For the third best, I>()j/wna. j For the third best. Diploma.

^ The term " long wooled" is designed to include the
Leieesters, Lincolns, Cotswolils, and nil the English
varieties of sheep which furnish the quality of wool
suitable for combing — the" middle wooled" the South
Down, Norfolk, Dorset, Chevoit, native, &c. — the
" fine wooled" the Spanish and Saxon vatietiee of the
Mwino and wrae of their ctossee,

FARM IMPLE.MEXTS.

For the best Plough,. . . §30
For the second best,. . ■ . 20
For the third best, Diploma.
For the best Uarrmc,, . . 8

For the second best 5

For the third best, Diploma.
For tiie be.st Cultivator, . . 8
For the HPCond best, ... . 5
For Ihe tiiird best. Diploma.
For the beat DrtV/BarroiT, 8
For tlic second be-st,.. . . S
For the third I«»3t, Diploma.

Best Thrashing Machine, §20
For the second best, . . • . 10
For the third best, Diploma.
For the best f/orse Rake, 8

For the second best 5

For the third best. Diploma.
BcBl Fanning' ]\Jitl,. ... 8
For the second best,. ... 5
For the third best, Diploma.
For Uiohc-^t ^traic Cutter, S

For the second best 5

For tlie third best, Diploma.

Discretionary premiums will also be awarded to
manufacturers of the best sub-soil and side-hill ploughs,
hocp, shovels, spades, forks, rakes, and other farming
utensils.

The economy and durability, as well as the excel-
lence, in other respects, of farming implements, will
be taken into consideration.

Discrctionar)' premiums will be awarded for the best
enmples and best varieties of winter and spring wheat,
corn, rye, barley, oats, pens, beans, buckwheat, hemp,
fiax, broom corn, maple, and beet root sugar, &,c. &c.

Also, potatoes, turnips, sugar beets, mangel wurlzel,
carrots, pumpkins, and horticultural products gene-
rally.

Also, fruits of all kinds, and flowers.

The varieties, when different from thos» in common
nee, should be properly explained, tho method of cul-
tme, &c.

Prizes to be Awarded in Albany.

The following premiums will be awarded at the an-
nual meeting of the Society, on the 3d Wednesday
of January, 1842 :

BUTTER ANn CHEESE.
For the best sample of

Butter, not less than

100 pouuds, _

For the second best,. ... 12

For the third best, 8

For the fourth best,. ... 5
For the (ifih best. Diploma.

JJ20

iS«20

Best acre of Wteat 320

For the second best. Diploma.

Best acre of Barley $13

For the second best. Diploma.
For the best acre of Rye, .«t 15
For the second best, Diploma.
For the best acre of Oule. .fl..
For the second hesl, Diploma.
Best acre of /n(ftan Corn, $15
For the second best. Diploma.

For the best sample of
Clieese, not less than S ^20
100 pounds.
For the second best, .... 12

For the third best 6

For the fourth best,. ... 5
For the fifth best. Diploma.
FIELD CROPS.

Best acre of Potatoes... . ©15
For the second best, Diploma.
Best acre of Su^ar Beds, S'lo
For tlie second best. Diploma.
Best acre of Rata Eaga, ,51.5
For the second best. Diploma.
Best acre of Carrots,, . . .^15
For the second best. Diploma.
For the best acre ot Pcas,^\5
For the second best, Diploma.

The rides and regulations which will govern the
Society in awarding their Premiums, will be published
in our next.

The prizes will be paid in plate or cash, at the op-
tion of the winner. Should not the Society obtain a
Diploma in season, some Agricultural Work or Print,
may be substituted for their Diploma.

Complementary Colors.

It has been long known that some colors when ar-
ranged together, are much more pleasing than the ar-
rangement of other colors ; or, that there are concord-
ant and discordant colors as well as concordant and
discordant sounds. The late Baron Cuvier took this
notice of the subject in liis "Biographical Memoir of
Count Ruraford."

" He determined by physical experiments, the rules
that render the opposition of colors ngiceable. When
one looks steadily for some time at a spot of a certain
color on a white ground, it appears bordered with a
different color, which however is always the same
with relation to that of the spot. This is what is
called THE COMPLEMENTARY COLOR ; and
the same two colors are always complementary to each
other. It is by arranging them that harmony is pro-
duced, and the eye flattered in the most agreeable man-
ner. Count Rumford who did every thing by meth-
od, disposed according to this rule, the colors of his
furniture, and the pleasing effect of the loliolc leas
rcmarlicd hy all who entered his aparlmcnts."

In a recent number of the Gardener's Chronicle,
this subject is discussed at sonic length, and theEssoy
of Chevreul (ivho has lately examined it with much
attention) is referrrd to, for several particulars. In
this way, the editor soys, "complementary colors
always suit each other. Now the complementary col-
or of red is green ; of orange, sky blue ; of yellow,

violet ; of indigo, orange-yellow ; and consequently,
blue and orange colored flowers, yellows and violets,
may be placed together ; while red and rose colored
flowers will hsnnonize with their own green leaves.
White suits blues and oranges, and better still reda
and roecs ; but it tarnishes yellows and violets. In
all cases however, when colors do not agree, the pla-
ciig white between them, restores the effect."

To tlie lovers of beautiful flowers who may wish
to arrange them with the finest effect, these notices
may be interesting and useful ; and the following suc-
cession of colors is recommended, where the flowers
are placed in lines ; viz :

" White, reddish-scarlet, white, rose-lilac, yellow,
violet or purple, orange, while, reddish-scarlet, pur-
ple tinged with green, roBC-lilac, yellow, violet or
purple, orange, white, red-bcarlet, deep purple, rose-
lilac, white, yellow, violet or purple, orange, white,
&c."

" To produce the best effect in patches of seven ar-
rang«d thus —

we may have 1. Six orange with a purple or violet
centre. 2. Six purple or violet with a yellow centre.
3. Six yellow with a purple or violet centre. 4. Six
scarlet with a white centre. 5. Six white with a
scarlet centre. 6. Six rose with a white centre. 7.
Six blackish green purple with an orange centre.
These seven patches forming a straight border, may
then be repeated in on inverted order which would
give 13 patches ; and there should be a patch of
seven whites at each end. If the border is circular,
without any central point of view, the foregoing ar-
rangement should be repeated ad infinitum willaout
inverting the order after the 7th patch.

" Another advantageous disposition wotdd he tha
following :

white * ' pink white " * orange

pink , yel.low , white orange, vio*Iet , while
white * " rose white " * orange

violet * • yellow scarlet ' * v.hile

yellow „ wh.ite » violet white, yel.low , scarlet

violet " * yellow scarlet * • whits

blue-purple • * whito

white , pi,nk , blue-purpla
blue purple * * white." f

From the Magazine of Horticulture.

The Yellows iu Peach Trees.

I hove noticed occasional useful remarks on tha best
varieties and the culture of fruit trees, in your valua-
ble Magazine ; but I have not, as yet, seen any re-
marks upon the disease called the yellotcs, which af-
fects the peach tree, or reasons assigned for its preva-
lence. If the cause could be found out, it might lead
to a cure, which would render a lasting benefit to our
country. However valuable meet other fruits are,
none are equal to the peach in delicious flavor and
healthiness, and I should therefore be iileased to see
this subject carefully investigated, and the experience
of some of your intelligent correspondents communi-
cated through your pages.

And as I have, for about thirty years, occasionally
had my attention dr.Twn to this subject, I am willing
to ihrow in my mite of experience. I am fully satis-
tied that the complaint ex'sts. Some persons say that
the worm at the root is the cause of the yellows. I
acknowledge that any disorder thot destroys the trees
will cause the leaves to turn y^ow ; but the com-
plaint I call the yellows will kill a whole orchard,
without any visible wounds, on or before the third or
fourth full crop, 1 think where any neighborhood
abounds with peach orchards, it will beneorly inipoB-
eible to keep clear of the disease.

On planting out young peach trees on the site of a
peach nursery, two years after the nursery was a-
moved, and altnotigh tli« ground waein other resptcti

itii

No. 7.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

103

well sttiteil for the growth of the peach tree, yet by
the nest antnmn, many of thorn were dead, and the
bolaiice so sickly thatl had iheiu all dug up, and there
was no sign of the worm at their roota. From ihia,
and other similar experiments, I think the disease may
be generatud by planting in or near where a nursery
or orchard of peiich trees lias been, or where the lat-
ter IS ; consequently, where a neighborhood abounds
with peach trees, there is danger of iis becoming over-
spread with disease, without greater care than is usu-
ally taken to prevent it.

I think I have seen evidences of its being in some
degree contagions. Richard Cromwell, the respecta-
ble and worthy peach raiser, near Baltimore, has for
upwards of thirty years supplied that city with peaches
of the best quality, on a largo scale. Some time since,
when I was walking with Mr. Cromwell through his
peach orchard, when the trees were hanging full of
ripe fruit, he pointed out a tree he said had the yel-
lows, having a full crop upon it, at that time worth
one dollar per peck, and to me it appeared healthy ;
but he observed to me, "as soon as I take the fruit
from the tree, I shall dig it up, in order to prevent the
disease spreading any farther, for I expect the side ol
the adjoining trees next to it will be afTected next
season." I liad occasion to pass through Mr. Crom-
well's orchard the next fruiting time, and the sickly
tree had been dug up, but, as had been predicted,
parts of the four neighboring trees were evidently
much affected, but only the sides next to the diseased
tree, which made it the more striking, and convinc-
ing of the contagion, if this is a proper term.

On another occasion, I had a favorite early pm-ple
peach, before I had a nursery, that I suspected was
partially affected by the yellows, and being desirous of
preserving the variety, I cut the healthiest branch I
could get, and I had twelve buds inserted in healthy
peach stocks, but when they had grown about three
feet, they showed the disease so plainly that in order to
prevent it from spreading, I pulled up all the trees,
and had them burnt.

Fro;u these cases, it seems to me the disease may
be generated by planting old peach orchards or nurse-
ries too soon after the removal of the old trees, and
also by planting too near those already affected with
the disease ; and if cuttings or scions are taken from
diseased trees, their product will be also diseased. 1
also think the yellows may be communicated to young
trees by planting seeds taken from diseased peach
trees. Respectfully yoni friend,

ROBERT SINCLAIR.

Clairmont Nursery, March 18, 1841.

Botauy.

In the whole familily of sciences there is not one
more instructive and pleasing than Botany. It culti-
vates and purifies the better feelings of our nature, by
directing our minds to the goodness of God, as dis-
played in a very extensive portion of His works. And
while it refines the taste and captivates the fancy, it
enlightens the understanding and strengthens the judg-
ment.

Cold and unthankful indeed must that man be, who
feels no warm emotion while he beholds the bounties
■nd smiles of an Omnipotent Creator. How then
can that science fail to be interesting which treat of so
important an operation in nature, as the process of
vegetation, and which classifies plants and explains
their properties. Whether we survey nature in the
wild luxuriance of the forest, or in the most delicate
beauties of the garden, without some knowledge of
this science, all is equally irregularity and confusion.
We may admire the wilderness of the one, or be pleas-
ed with the variety of the other, but we cannot feel
that interest which even a partial acquaintance with
this science will impart. All then is order, beauty
and harmony. We see the sturdy oak of ages, and
appropriate to it its legitimate place in the vegetable
kingdom; we acrntinize the polished petals of the
flowers and glow with admiration and delight. We
no longer walk in the woods, or the fields, or amuse
ourselves in the gaiden without discovering new beau-
ties in every shrub, and plant, and tlower, which
comes under our notice. The vegetable world at
once becomes animate. We read new lessouij of wis-
dom and goodness in every blade of grass, and find
that there is not a leaf nor a fibre, which does not per-
form its proper ofHce in the production of the plant.

'i'he science of Botany has already secured itself a
place in almost all schools of the hieher ordor, and on-
ly needs an introduction to be generclly received and
studied, in our schools of even the humblest character.
It has nothing abstruse in it, but is entirely within the
capacity of every grade of intellect, and may bo acqui-
red even by cliildien. True they may not become

thoroughly versed in it, nor are they capable of ful-
ly understanding many other branches of knowlcriftc
which they study. It is a matterworthy of investiga-
tion and trial whether the introduction of as pleasing
a study as that of tlowers, for which all children have
a great fondness, would Hot have a happy inllucnce on
our schools. It would bo connecting pleasure with
iniprovcmeiit, and would have a tendency to create a
taste lor study which should not be the least object of
schools.

It would bo an instructive amuEcment too for youth
of both sexes to study this science oven alter leaving
school. Youth is a period in which amusement will
have a place in the distribution of time. This is as it
should be, but that course cannot be an unwise one,
which makes thai amusement a source of instruction.
The study of which we speak, is one where the path
of science is literally strewed with Howers. How
many an hour which we spend in idle lounging, might
be occupied in some pursuit, which while it recreated,
would improve us. And at this seasoir of the year
nothing could be better suited to such a purpose than
the study of Botany. — Weslcm Star. FHILO.

Farmers and Mechanics.

We heartily concur with the Louisville Journal in
the ibllowing remarks. The Ncz/^ York Mechanic is
one of the cheapest and most interesting of our ex-
change papers. It is published weekly at the low
price of $1,50 per year. All mechanics and most
farmers, will find it worth many times the price of
subscription.

"Among the many valuable piipers which we re-
ceive, there are few possessing more substantial merit
than the ' New York Mechanic' It is a weekly pa-
per published in the city of New York, by Rufus
Porter & Co., and, as its title indicates, is devoted to
the diffusion of information on subjects connected
with the arts and sciences — notices of the progress of
mechanical and other improvements, discoveries and
inventions, scientific essays, philosophical experiments
and general miscellany. Each number contains plates
illustrative of some new invention or improvement in
macbinery, with accurate and copious explanations,
calculated to keep the mind of the reader well inform-
ed of the progress of the useful arts.

" The success of a paper of this kind is a cheering
evidence of the increasing interest of the reading com-
munity in whatever tends to develop the genius and
unfold the resources of our people, as well as of the
growing intelligence and enterprise of the mechanics
of the country. In times past, no class of society has
been so poorly represented in the world of letters, as
the mechanics and farmers. Literary periodicals are
every where to be found — political papers have multi-
plied until their name is legion — even until every po-
litical party and fragment of a party has its horde of
stipendiaries, performing its behests with a blind and
heedless devotion — theology has its champions — law
its advocates — medicine and surgery their defenders,
and even phrenology, animal magnetism and Gra-
ham's system of sublimating the mind on bran bread
and Taunton water, have secured the aid of the pkess,
which, with its thousand times multiplied voices, has
heralded the merits of each all over the land, and com-
pelled the public eye and ear to entertain its claims to
attention.

"Bnt the interests of agricidture and the mechanic
arts, and the beautiful and glorious sciences in the
midst of which they spring into life and usefulness,
have scarcely been deemed worthy a place in the ar-
chives of the age. It has been deemed enough for the
farmer to plough sow and reap, as his father did before
him; and for the mechanic to learn his trade and pur-
sue it in the beaten and unimproved track that his
master trod — as though labor were the only means on
which to rely for success and experience — interchange
of opinions — diffusion of knowledge — intellectual cul-
tivation and generous emulation, out of place or, noi
worih the pursuit.

" Of late however, those classes on whom the pros-
perity, wealth, and glory of our country so much de-
pend, have assumed a more commanding position. A
newspaper devoted to the interests of the mechanic
and the cultivator o( the soil, and conducted with taste,
abil'tyand eflect, is now no strange thing. We sec
no surer mark of the progress of society than the ele-
vation of the laborer to his proper dignity, wherein his
moral power is brought into action as well as his phy-
sical strength.

" Of all the varied employments of men, there are
none 60 well calculated tol unfold thej powers of

the mind and lead it on from discovery to discoverj—
from invention to invention, as the cultivation of tho
Koilaud the pursuit of tho dillerent branches ot iiie-
chnnical science. The rniud has always a fund of
fresh materials to work upon, capable, by a thousand
changes ami combinations, if being improved without
limit, yet without ever reaching absolute perfection.
The chemical prop'rties of soils — their adaptation 10
particular crops — the cultivation of the fruits o< the
earth, and the rearing of the useful animals, afford a
never ending series of instructive lessons. And the
mechanic arts, how noble — how useful — how well cal-
culated to enlist the inquiring mind in the pursuit ot
those improvements which, while they develop ita
own powers, enlarge the sphere of human happiness,
anil strengthen the dominion of the intellectual over
the material world."

How to Eradicate the Bramble.

I observe that a correspondent in your last number
inquires how the blackberry bush may be destroyed.
As I have encountered and eradicated some ibrmida-
Iile patches, which existed on the lands which I have
at ditTorcnt times added to my farm, I think I may
venture to recommend to your correspondent an in-
fallible prescription. Some time in the winter or
spring cut them close to the ground, and repeat the
ojieratiop. the last of July. A few will appear the se-
cond year, be sure to cut them also the last ol May,
and the last of July. This specific is based upon tha
scientific principle, that no tree, sknih or plant, can
long maintain tlu: life of the root without the aid of the
top. The leaves, &c. are as indispensable to lh»
long life of a vegetable, as lungs are to an animal.g

The same plan will destroy the iron weed or devil-
bit, which so much infests the blue grass pastures of
Kentucky, and which some farmers have vainly en-
deavored to eiadicate by cutting once a year for thirty
years in succession. Such nests are not to be exter-
minated by cutting in the blossom or in the moon, but
by tho dint of scratched hands and sweated faces.—
You may have remarked the freedom of my farm from
them, though a scattered one here and there shows the
propensity ;ii the soil to produce them, and that my
predecessors were industriovs enough to raise their
oion blackberries. — ^Vcstcrn Farivc7 and Gardtner,

Consumption of DIeat.

There are few things in the habits of Americans,
which strike tho foreign observer with more force,
than the extravagant consumption of food — and more
especially of meat. Truly we are a carnivorous peo-
ple. With all cur outcry about hard times, the quan-
tity of provisions consumed in America would sup-
port, in health, treble our population in Europe. The
vast consumption of meat is not only wasteful, but in-
jurious to Ucnlib, and to activity, of body and mind.
The body if made of iron, would be unable to perform
all the functions imposed upon it at one time — especi-
ally is it, we s'jould suppose, without pretending to
any science on the subject, deleterious to eat meat
suppers — or to eat a heavy meal immediately prece-
ding any action of body and mind. How well this is
proved by the experience of the turf. Suppose a race
to be made for a heavy sum, half forfeit, and on going
into the stable, the tiuiiier finds that although he ia
sure that his nag is the better horse, the groom haa
been bribed to give him a gallon of oats and water at
pleasure, would he not at once withdraw, and pay for-
feit sooner than encounter the uncertainty of paying
the full amount ? May it not be averred that one half
of the provisions consumed in this country might ha
saved with certainty of avoiding the numerous disea-
ses that arise from plethora, impaired digestion, and
disordered blood ? Let the heads of any family ex ■
amine, and they will find that a substitution of bread
and vegetables and milk for three-fourths of the meat
consumed, would be attended with economy and bet-
ter health. — American Farmer.

Kecipe for Making French Honey.

Take six eggs, leaving out two whites, one pound of
loaf sugar, a quarter ef pound of butter, the juice of
four lemons, and tho rind of two grated; the sugar to
he broken into small pieces, and the whole stewed over
a slow fire until it becomes of tha consistency of honey.
It is very nice. A Si/bsckibsb.

Montgomery CO., Pa., May, 1841.

Inqniiry.

A person renders me services, and I write a letter
of thanks, acknowledging the obligation. Who
ovghl to pay Ihcposluge ? Q-

104

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

To Jlr. Jamc8 Grccy, of Ki.'in, England, for arOe sown now, biood coei like onie, nnd will afford un

ROCIIESTCK, JULV, 1841.

Our Aim and JExi>ectiitioii8.

When ibe New Gem see Knrmer waa comnicnL-ed,
the publieiiers announced thai tUey ebould aim to
luako it the moei useful and most exteunivcly circula-
ted o>;nculiural paper in the country; and, allhongh
tome may have thoii;;bt this savored a little of egotism,
we arc willing to repeat the aESertioii, and do bo Willi
an oESuraiice of enccess immediately in prosiiect. It
is nnncceeaary to mention here wbat our friends eny
respecting out labors tbUii far; we only wish at prce-
•nt, to inform our readers tbat euch arrangements are
now making as we hare the ntmoet confidence will
fully accomplish the objects named. Our circula
tion is now double what it was last year, and we have
good reason to believe that next year it will be double
what it is tUia; or in other words, that we shall print
»nd circulatt about '10,000 copies per month I Djcs
any one say "it can't bs done ?" We reply, tkcicuril
can't is not in our rocnbidury, and we espcct, next
snonlU to niaka all this appear reasonable.

One word in the eors of our readers, 0° Pleasp
t«!l your friends and neighbors that we have now a
»upply of Vol. I. nnd Vol. II. from the commence
ment, but tiiia will iini be the case many months, and
gome%7ill repent it if they do not subscribe soon. We
hay* no time for stereatyping or reprinting back
rumbets. PUBLISHERS.

interesting letter received some time since, and th
annual ri.'port of the Nonnington Farmer's Club.

To some kind friends in London, lor valuable En-
>rli(h books and papers.

To TliomaB Allleck, one of the editors of the Wes-
tern Farmer and Gardener, Cincinnati, for a copy ol
"Bee-breeding in the AVest," a Email manual, intcnd-
eil ae an accoMipaniineiit to the "Subtended bee hive,''
well calculated to increase ihe sicrels of ruia! life.

To J. D. Bemis, Canandaigua, for several inter-
esting papers, among them a catalogue of teacherc
and pupilsof the Ontario Female Semmary, an insti-
tution which we are happy to know discrte^, as well
as receives, the liberal patronage of the community

Scarcity oC Fo<l<lei-"»t?t'a'ioiiab!c Iliuts.

Farmers wl;n "work it right," will of course take
measures to provide sutlicient food for their livestock
the coming winter, and endeavor, as far as possible, to
make up for the deficiency of hay and the failure of
tiome other crops. It is trot yet loo late to sow mi
— it produces both grain and fodder. Corn may also

abundance of the best of fodder. [EF See remarks ,
on ibeee subjects in another part of this paper.

Those who have not sown any root crops, or have
lost them, should r.ow sow luia bagas — juat in time —
and if they fail, eow English turnips about the middle
or latter part of the month. Much time has been lost
this season by the farnieis and their crops, and both
must now exert thetiiselves to the utmost, or winter
wili find them unprepared. We advii^e onr reade.s,
therefore, to bestir themselvcB, and keep stirring, and
above all to i/ir the giounJ often among their corn
and other cultivated crops.

Sales of Bcrlcshircs.

Mr. Lossing of this city, informs us, that he has
reeeiilly sold his fnmoUB bieedinti sow Maxima^ to Mr.
Curd of Keniueky, lor the handsome sum of $!.'iUO.
The animal is well known to breeders of Berkshire,
ns one of the largest of her kind in this country. Mr.
Lossing has also sold his imported boar Newberry, to
the same gentleman, lor §t'200. He was shipped a
lew days since, and weighed, including cage, tibUlba.
— Mbuny Cidtlctitor,

•'Dowuins's Landscape Gardenin;;,

Adr-pted to Nurtli AinrrUa. leiik ii. view lo the liii-
proremcnt i*f CoinUnj R. sii/ruccSj and with rc-
piarlisun Rural Architecture."

It is with no little satisfaction that we announce to
our readers the appearance of the above work, from
the pen of our gifted friend, A J. Dovv.ii.ng, of New-
bnrgh.

We have had opportunity but lor a hasty glance at
tie contents; and wish our readers could have shared
•ur enjoyment, and we may add, pride, as we looked
over this truly elegant voUime, The engravings are
very creditable to our aitisie, and the quality of the
paper, and the mechanical execution generally, leave
nothing to be desired.

The arrangement appears to us very simple andju-
dicious, and so far as we have examined, his subject is
treated in such a manner as to show a just conce|ition
ijf the wants and means of this, as distinguished from
{^urepcqn countries. His motto is,

?' Insult not Nature Willi a'lsurd cxpenge,
iKiir s[)oi) iiej- uiiiiple cliiirina tiy v.-iin [ircteaee.
IVejgti well IU<^ sulijeot, be witli e.-iution boltl,
l*rofu9c of genius, not profuue of gold,"

Bni Vfc must defer further notice until our m-xt num-
ker, which we liesign to enrich with extracts from the
vark.

THE I>EA3fST03r (SCOTCIS) SUBSOIIi PliOlGH.

The Subsoil Plough, we believe, is destined to efTect a greater improvement in Airwirican agriculture ihaj
any other implement that has been invented or introduced of late years. We published last month, the re
marks of Mr. Phinney on subsoil ploughing; and we now copy from the Farmers' Cabinet simc additions
observations oir the subject^ together with a representation of the Scotch Subsoil Plough. We have tee:
'hese implemems, both in Scotland and England. Those in the latter cmntry were mostly of a better an
more wieldy coit^truetiou than the tormer; and we have no doubt but that a still better nnd cheaper article fo
the purpose will soon be manufactured in this country. We intend to give representations of several modelc
in hopes to call forth the iiigenuilij, constructiveness and cnterjirise of some of our renders.

The Deanstoii Plough.

"The plough from whenet the above drawing ha^
been made, was brought to this country and depositee'
in the Franklin Institute by the Iste jnnies Ronald ;
son. Esq. It ie a gigantic implement, measuring I'J'
feeiG inches in length, constructed throughout of
wrought iron, weighing upwards of HOO lbs., am',
aiiable of rooting up stones of two hundred pound

iiig, the land can be laid to give a gradtiiil fah
hroughuut its irhule length — a matter of the highes
luipottance in the cultivation of every soil."

From the Xcic England Farmtr
Snh'ioW Ploiiyh.

On Thursday last, we siient the afternoon ii-
holding the plough. The work was on land wbicl

weight; it is intended for a team of 4 or 0, or evenllhiis been long pastured. The surface nioEsy, tLt
eight horses or oxen, when it might be let down to theJMward tender, the soil light. The subsoil partly c
depth of the beam. But much of the sjil of oui Ijloose and fine giavel and partly a yellow loom. Witl:
country would be cHeeti:ally worked with an iustru ! ;wo yoke of oxen we ploughed one half an acre witb

Acltnou Icdgntcuts.

Oar iinosre thanks arc due to Mr. Charles Down-
ing, of Newburgh, for a copy of hia brother's beauti-
ftil work on Landscape Gardening, and a copy of
liindley's Theory of Horticulture, republished, with
notes by Dr. Gray and A. J. Downing. More about
these hereafter.

Wo are also indebted to Hon. II. h. KHsworth, f<ir
(in^al pfloka09' of eaetli.

meiitof far less mngnitiidc, constructed chiefly ol[
wjod and properly ironed, the 6"/c m shnrc, probably,!
being of cacL iron; the length ot the handles being in
proportion to the weight of tho plough to oe raised by
means of their Icrernge.

"Sub oil ploughing has formed in Europe — as it it
destined to do in this and every other country — a ne«
era in agrieulture; it is apphcnble to all soils, art!
even in the most sandy will bo found of surperlative
importance, preventing the disease called the stud ie
wheal, which is eupjiosed to arise from a superabun-
dance of moisture which cannot pass away, by reas^ui
of some imjiervious s.ubslratum, until it hns ehilleii
and deadened the roots of the plants and brought on n
mortifieati'-in ol their sap-vessels; the disea.-e is in
some parts known as the Hunts or stunned. It is un-
derstood that the subsoil plough docs not turn ihe fur-
row— it passes along the oiicn furrow made by thi
common plough, rooting up the bottom to any depth
it might be put to, thus leaving it stirred and pulvcr
laed, to form a bed of loosened soil, into which the
lower or ttp roots of the plants might [lenetrale, when
they will easily liiid moisture in seasons of the great
est drought, and from wiience it is ptnnpcd up by theii'
for the supp'y of the lateral roots, which are destinei'
to aeek/(if)(/ in the upper stratum of the earlh, Thi
subsoil plough will be found, in many cases, to tak<
ih^ place of undcrdrainiug, especially if on plough ,

Howard's I'ioiigh E, '2, to the depth of 7 inches, andi
subsoiletl w iili Howard's subsoil plough about 7 inches. I
We found that JO inches of sulisoiling, wiih whiel
we coninieiiced, would worry the team. I'he stir-
ring of the earth to the depth of Vi or 14 inches, wt
thought that miglit be an improvement upon challow
ploughing. And where it con be done as chcnply r,(
in this instance, theexptrinient is not costly. Biiloui
ease must not be taken as a lair instance of dii-patcb,
for the fiurows weie 40 lods long upon a plain, and
the ploughs were changed only 14 times in the hah,
'lay. Ordinarily, where it is a day's work to breaki
up an ncie, it will take more than two days to break
up nnd sub;oil ihe same. In a few spots where the
suheoil was slightly rocky, the subsoil plough appeared;
to be moved more easily by the team than any wherei
I ise.

The extent to which the earth was stirred by ihfi,
new implement, surprised us. The siven incli fur-
row was scarcely three inches deep after ihis plottgh
had been passed under it.

We have strong faith that this instrument will comci
into extensive use. It is true that no great leliance
should be placed upon theories until conliiiiied by ex-
periinent; nnd we are not inclined to devote niiteht
,pace lo the praise of this implement ihe present 80»-
son; but should onr nmicipations be fulfilled we hope
10 be peiniittfd lo uryo its use another vcm.

No. 7.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

iO

TilJb] HEKEi-'OSSO OX.

Cjrrect rcpresenmtioiis of distincl breeds ol calllf, cr • more useful to farmers tlmii portrtiits of living aiii-
Biala which do not serve the purpose of illustraliou. Tue Ui-reford is oae of lie oidcel and most celebrated
breeds, and one which particularly interests the American farmer, owing to its entering so largely into the
composition of our common mixed breed.

The above purtrnit, which we find in th-; Karniera' Cabinet, 'copied, we presume, from Low's illustra-
tions,) exhibits the true form and characteristics of the Hereford Ox in perfcct.oii.

Mr. M.irshai.l's description of this fimoue breed of cattle, is as follows:

" The uountennnce, pleasint and open; the forehead bronJ; eye, lull and lively; horns, bright, tapering,
Bndspreadini;; chest, d.'ep; bosom, bioad and projectinii forwards; ilioaljer bone, thin, Hat, and no wny
protiibernnt m bone, but full and mellow in ilesh; loin, broad: hip9, wide and level with tb- 3;)ine; ijuariers
Ion; and wide ; rum;i, even with Ihe general level of the bt.cli; tail, slender ; bnrie', roomy, witli
carcase throughout deep and well bpre'id; ribs, br.ind an I standing close and flat on tlie outer surface,
forming a snwih, even barrel, the hindm ist large, and of ■nil lenijth; round bone, small and snug, and
not pro nim-nt; thivib, clean nn I regulaily fipering; leg;, upright and short, with bone below the Unee small:
flanU, large; twist, round and full; tlesb, everywhere, niclloiv, sok, imd yielding pleasantly to the touch, es-
pecially on the chine, shoulder, and rib; hide, mellow and supple; coat, neatly haired, bright and silhy; color,
a middle red, with bald lace.

" The breeders of these enttle would do well to preserve the old blojd in as great a stole of purity as possi-
ble, for they pissessoneof the moat vr.luible breeds ol cattle in the w.irld. Tue dietin^'iiisiiing qualities of
the llerctord Ox are, the great produce of beef, qUicli feeding in proportion lo their growth and size, with im-
mense strength and speed in labor. With re=p.;ct lo the most pioliiable return in quantity nf beef, it may be
presumed that no bieed in England cin stand in competition with them, and they have accordinsly bien most
'■''•''J successful at the annual pr.z ■ cattle sbo.va, coinmand:ng ihe tirst prize, alive or dead. A writer observes:
" Tais breed, so eelejratcd fir producing quant ty ot beef, s'ems to combine all other dcs:rablc qualities —
leii'^ih, depth, substance, rotundity, fineness, yet sulTioiency of bone. Their origin is supposed to have been
across of the old H iieford unJ the Northern breed, and this opinion is strengthened by the remarks of a Heie-
fordsbire breeder, wiro says, about Sd years ago, a Mr. Gallier, of the Grange, procured a bull from York-
shire With a white face, and w.de horns, and bred Irom him: tba produce became fashionable, nnd actually
laid the foundation of the present fanous breed — and hence the bald face of the Herefirds, a bleed which,
conjrining beef and lab.ir, stand on the summit: they tatten speeiiiiy at an early age, and will live and grow
fat .vhere others would scarcely subsist. It is however, universally ad nitted, that as mdkcie they are ini'erioi
to the D^vons and tniuy oilur breeds, wade co:nnredwitb these, they arc shorter in the leg, liigiiernnd
broader and heavier in the chine, r.mnder and wider across the hips, and better covered with iat; the thigh
fuller and in <re inineular. and ttie snoiildcrs larger and coarser."

The weight of Mr. Wes'.car's Herefordshire prize Ox, 2\'Ji lbs. the four quarters.

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The New Esglasd Farmkr. — We mentioned
some months since, that Atj.e.n Pctnam had assumed
the editorship of this old and respectable paper; but at
it bad faded reaching us for some weeks previous, we
could not apeak of the cil'ecis of the change. Since
rficn however, it has arrived regularly, and we oughi
before now to have stated that Mr. Putnam's adminis'
tration has, in oar opinion, wrought a decided im
provement in its character. The following article on
.Haymaking is a fair specimen of the genuine farmer
style of Mr. P. We thank him for saving us the trou-
ble of writing an article on that subject lor our readers.
Hay Making.

Scythes. — Procure a ^rnoil srh/iJtc for every man and
boy on the farm, who is to do any thing at mowing.
This work of cutting the grass is hard enough, with
the beat implement that con be m^de. And where
the tool is poor, the work must be done either poorly
or slowly — and in either case the thrnrer is losingmore
than the cost of furnishing a better instrument. Wc
know not — (by the way, this term we, /am tired of,
and shall, when it si ))lea.sce me, use the more proper
representation o( my single self, /) — I know not thai
any one of the manufacturers of this article excels all
others: some scythes from each factory are good, and
Bthsrs arc not a-?; — if you are iinmrtunale encugh to

get a poor one. there is no economy in trying to wor-
ry tbronyh the season with it; gnawing oil' your gross;
whetting every five minutes; fretiing your own body
or that of your hired man; going to the grindstone
every two hours: — these attendants upon a poor
-eythe are such ecmsumers of lime, thot it is better to
iirow the soft or the brittle thing aside at once, and
onrchase another. As a general rule the scythe ;hat
crooks towardsthe point works bcUer than the straight
one — at least it is so in my hands. The cost off
scythe should not he put into the hands of the boy who
is latniin^ to mow — he wants in his feebler ond iin-
praciiced hand, a sharper edge than is required by the
man. Give him a good and a light tool, or else ex-
cuse him from this work.

Hiir^c liake. — The value of this implement for use
on a farm of common inequolities of surface, and of
common size, is often over-slated in the advertisements
and puffs. But the urtiral irortli of it justifies its pur-
chase. We ba e used the revolving horse rake for
four or five seasms, on a farm where two acres is per-
haps the amoun'. mowed per ilay: the raking lip of the
thick green morning's mowing in the latter port of the
afternoon, is a fatiguing appendage to tlie [trcvioue
hard work of the day. The old horse who has been
in the pasture ell doy, and has nodiing to do at pre-
sent hut kick lies, can grcaily lighten and considcra-
ly shorten this labor: wc generally save r/i /("rnr prob-
ably from .15 to 6} minutes, and in siK^gtli more than

ball. Tins saving towards the close ol the doy, cornea
in rery oppni tiiiicly, and we would not part with iho
rake for twice iis cost.

To manage this instrument s-kilfuliy, rcqiiins some
practice — but as mon os one gets a little nccnstonied
to it, he can lay the winrows veiy well. On luris
farms its use must bs more valuable tlian on siiitill
ones. Where grain is mowed and lokid U|), lijiS
rake is veiy conveuii nt and conifortr.Me; it takes all
clean, ond siives from hard I. and raking.

This instrument descries more extensive use than
it lios found hitherto.

7'rmc if Vutluig. — Where grasses ore not lodged,
it is w(dl to cut when they are fairly and fully in blos-
som; but to avoid having some of them get lor past
this state before time con be found for securing, it id
prudent to begin ujion the niure luxuriant litlds be-
fore they reach full blossom.

Curing. — In the early part of the haying scOEon,
while the gross is cpiitc green, and much tiirie is re-
quired for curing, it is well to be busy in turning it up
to wind and sun: help it along os fast as yon can — but
later in the season, if the weather be good, it wiil bo
sufficiently cured the doy after mowing without much
nsoistance.

Some little matters amount to considerable in tho
course of the season: — in lurnhig vp hay, take the
help of the wind; do this too in raking; — in roknig
alter the cart, legard the course of the wind and tho
direction in which the teom will next move, and so ar-
range as not 10 be obliged to roke the ground over
twice. In this simple labor of raking ofter the cait, I
have found '" head work" as proiilable as in any of tho
operations upon the faiiii.

Suit. — Ilay that would be liable to he.it and sour
because not quite cured, may often be tninved away
with safety, if six to ten quarts ot salt to the ton are
applied. The use o'' salt upon neoily all the hny as it
goes into the barn may be wise I am inclini d to the
belief that a laMii in my nei; hb ''ho .d on which ta!t
has been very Ireely Uied in tl at w , bad been gi cul-
ly improved by it: that is, I ihink lie manure has
been much mere efficacious in • oneei n nee of the salt
ap;ilied to the hay. At home we nnd no bay so palat-
able to the stock as that which is cut yorng, ihrco-
fotirths dried nnd well soiled.

Clover. — Tiiis should he cured without much ex-
posure to the sun. 1 con tell a story that goes to show
that clover need not be so lb lougnly uiii d as m my
suppose. Last year, about !he middle o Jun ■, wo
mosved some very coirs' clover, tcoicely legino ng
to blossom, and as fail of sap as clover evei was. Tho
weather wos cloudy ond foggy for scverai days, fo
ihat but little progress was nnide in curing it. it con-
tinued heavy and green: after four or five dcys, and
while the cocks were damp with fog we loaded it, be-
cause the indications of rain were strong. It was ta-
ken to the 1) rn. stowed away, and tery thoroiighly
salted. In four or five days it was diipping we; and
burning lot; in fifteen days it was mouldy: in De-
cember it wtij me hay preterrcd above all others in
'.he barn by ^- uld Bi g Hum," a dainty cow that was
disuncd for the shoinbles; every animal in tho barn
would devour it greedily — and this ton, when most of
the hoy, and all the corn stalks in the bam bad been
saU d; — ;hc salttosie was no raiity.

DriiiU.^. — The bay-maker must hove a full supply
of diink; perspiration will be flee, and he iinst hava
something to support it. There is no danger from
frequent drinking in the hottest weather. Take cold
tenter OS ol'icn and as Ireely os you please; there is no
donger from it, if you bove not been too long without
drink. Colli icalcr is ihe best of all drinks for slacli-
iiig thirst — it nio^ be sweeleited with molasses or
with sugor; ond ifinilk is taken with them, the drink
is the most servieoble we hove ever found — furnish-
ing nourieliment while it ilitkes thirst. Hum rnd Ci-
der, and their kindred spirits, are not to be admin, d
to the field of the prudent and worthy farmer. I
know they are not needed; I know ihcy are not useful
there, "rhe boy will be cut nnd cured with more
dej^patch and comfort, when true temperance practi-
ces prevail, tbon wbeieolcohol intrudes.

N.nie but the iniemperate are injured by i'rinkin»
cold water. If told that 1 know not the htrdslup of
swinsting the scythe, ond the need a man then has for
tho stimulus, I reply that 1 do know what it is to
swing the scythe, ond that on the very hottest d.iy ot
1S40, 1 was mowing tVom half post four in tie morning
till three in the afternoon, with the cxceiition ol time
enough to cat, drink ond grind the scythe; and nei
tber then nor on any other doy of the season, did I re
quire the use of any other drinks stronger than mi'lf
and water. And no man, after one month of lempa
[icianc*; will cvei icT'iie any thing sticmger.

106

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

Asparagns.

An observant neighbor proposed to tie, the other
day, to recommend pluming aeparagiis in n single row,
each plant two feet opart. In beds, the plants crowd
each other; and c3 if surrounded by weeds, send up
more slender stems. These remarks agreed entirely
with our own obaervations; for though we have been
at the eipcnse of making deep beds of the best mate-
rials, our finest asparagus grows in common soil
where the seed was accidentally dropped. In beds it
is difllcult to remove such seedlings as spring up,
without injuring the roots of the older plants; hut
from a row this may be easily done; and all plants
that intrude on them should be treated as weeds.

To raise the plants: Separate the seeds from the
berries, and sow them in a bed Inte in the fall (not in
the spring) covering them with fine earth half an inch
deep. If put in rows, .so that the hoe can pass be-
tween them the next season, they may be kept clear
of weeds more conveniently; and when one year old,
if they have had plenty of room, they may he trans-
planted. One long row may he the best. And be
careful that not more than one plant is set in a place.

The cropping that asparagus endures, is very se-
vere; and it seems reasonable that the plants should
be strengthened by the gro%vth of three years before
t hey are mole.'stcd. To cover the stools in the fall
with stable manure, and to rake off the coarser parts
in the spring, is an old and excellent practice: It pro-
tects them from the frost of winter and manures them
nt the same time. Strewing salt over them liberally
in the spring, also adds to their vigor.

In a few years, an asparagus plant, neither crowded
on by others nor over-cropped, will form a stool from
tiTelve to eighteen inches across. t

Disease of Silk Worms.

The subject of Silk culture is assuming a degree of
importance, which, in our opinion, justifies us in de-
voting Jto it considerable space. The passage of the
law giving a bounty on Silk and Cocoons in this State,
will induce many to engage in the business who have
not done so heretofore ; and we shall endeavor to im-
part as much information on the subject as appears to
us important and is consistent witli justice to the ma-
jority of our readers.

The following article is from the April No. of the
Journal of the American Silk Society, a monthly pub.
lication by Gideon B. Smith, Baltimore, which ought
to he taken by every person engaged in the Silk husi-
ress. Price, ifiS per year.

IMPORTANT TO SILK CROWEItS THE MCSCARDINE IN

AMERICA.

Probably the most important information it has ever
fulleii to the lot of the editor of the Silk Journal to
communicate to tho public, on the subject of Silk cul-
ture in this country, will be found in the present
article.

It has long been known to every reader of publica-
tions on silk culture, that by thn Ravages of a disease
called muscardhte in Europe, the average loss oi
w irms, taking one year with another, amounted to 45
to r>(l per cent, of all that were hatched, and this too,
after the greater portion of the expense of rearing hod
been incurred. This evil has been continued fronj
time beyond the reach of history, till within a year or
two past. In tho United Slates all of us have hereto-
fore considered our worms exempt from this fatal dis-
ease; as it 1ms generally been supposed that it did not
exist here at all. This was a fatal delusion. We
have just received from France ai;opy of tho "Anna-
Ics dc la Societe Sericicole, fondee en 1836, pour I'a-
melioration ei la propagation de I'industree do la Sole
en France," for ISiW, 18?>S and ISiit), in one of the
ToJumes of which we find a moste.xcellent plate rcjjre.
swUing silk worms in the various stages of the nuis-
leardine, the first glance at which showed us ilmt it
was the identical disease of which a great portion of
tho silk worms in this country have perished. All
jvljo saw tUo diecc-e last year and have oeca this plate.

identify iLe disease instantly. We shall endeavor to
have tn!i;alation8 made for our next number, descrip-
tive of the disease, and it possible — if we can get the
menns — pubhsh the plate also. In the meantime,
however, we have thought it advisable to take this
hasty notice of the fact, that all silk growers may be
enabled to apply the remedy. Happily the remedy
will do no harm, whether the worms are ali'ectcd with
the ranscardine or not ; nor will it injure the worms
even if they are perfectly healthy, or if they have oth-
er iliseaees. Tho rem., ly is the free application of
air-slncked lime to the worms, and also over the floors
of thecocoonerj', and white ivashing all the wood-work
of the fixtures. The lime should be sifted through a
fine sieve on the worms two or three times a week if
healthy, and once a day if diseased, in the morning
before the first feeding, and always after cleaning the
hurdles. The qtiantity of lime to be sifted on the
worms may be just eulticicnt to whiten the worms and
leaves well. This remedy has during the two past
years enabled those persons in France who have used
it, to save and obtain cocoons from 97 per cent, of all
the worms hatched.

Now that we know the disease that has done uo so
much injury, and also know the remedy, the latter
should be applied ; and as there are very few, if any,
v.ho yet know tho disea?': by sight, we would most
earnestly recommend that the remedy be applied in
ALL CASES, whether the worms be sickly or not, as a
PKEVE.NTivE, for it is cvcii more efl'ectual as a pre-
ventive, than as a remedy, and, as before stated, will
do no harm to cither healthy worms or those affected
with other diseases. It must be boinc in mind that
this is a contagious disease, and if but a single worm
be affected by it, the disease speedily spreads among
the others, until all or a large portion of them are de-
stroyed. The French have discovered that the dis-
ease consists o{a finigvs groicth, something like mil-
dew, or mould on cheese, scarcely dipcernable to the
naked eye, hut perfectly developed by tlie microscope.
The fungus is propagated with great rapidity — so
much so that from the small speck on a single worm
it will spread over a whole cocooneiy in a very few
days. It generally attacks the worms after a fourth
moulting, and when not arrested, carries off the great-
er portion of them. Sprinkling the worms with sla-
ked lime, however, efTcctUHlly prevents tho disease,
and will cure all the worms in which it has not made
too great an impression.

We have already been asked hcv. lliis discovery cor-
responds v.'ith our New Theory, in relation to retard-
ing the hatching of the eggs, and anticipate further
questioning on that point. In our opinion, it is per-
fectly consistent with the principles inculcated by the
New Theory. Retarding the hatching of the eggs
beyond the natural period, the New Theory says, v.'cak-
ens the constitution of the young worms, and predis-
poses them to disease. Tlie present discovery points
out the particular disease thus induced, or at least,
one of them, and that the most formidable. Let the
eggs be hatched at the nalurul period, that is about
the time in It! 11 that their parents were hatched in
1840, and then the conslitntionsof the worms willnot
be debilitated or vitiated by the unnatural process of
retarding. By this means we shall usher the young
ones into the world with good sound constitutions,
subject to no other disease than those they may con-
tract from contagion or bad treatment. By this dis-
covery, therefore, we have only found out the name
and nature, and means of prevention and cure of a
disease we have all along bad amongst us. It must
not be considered in the light of a new calamity that
threatens us ; but rather as the discovery of Ibe means
of averting one that already afHicts us. It is fortunate
that this invaluable information has reached us at this
particular moment — just in time to be of immense ser-
vice to us in this our day of ordeal.

It must not be supposed that the above remedy is
alone to be dcpendetl upon, or that the application of
lime as above directed, luid for the purpose specified,
will authorize the omission of the usual precautions
and attention to cleanliness, ventilation, &c. On the
contrary, the strictest attention to cleaning the hur-
dles, removing rubbish, purifying the air by ventila-
tion, itc. must be observed atall times. Every worm
found on the hurdles in a sickly condition or dead,
shotdd be immediately removed. AVe haveneverseen
any valuable result from a sickly worm, and would
therefore recommend that all such be removed to a
distance and destroyed. Some of the French silk
growcre have liotiiilals for the reception of such iiirn-
liila as ailord any hope of recovery ; but we think it is
better economy to get rid of them at once.

Wo hear otcasionally of tixtuies being contrived for
rcftria^ the worase upon, that save the trouble of clean

ing the hurdles. We have ourselves years ago pur
sued such a plan, and with success too. But there
danger in all such, which must not be overlooked,
disease occur among the worms, the sick are apt to bi
concealed by the accumulating rubbish and branches
and dying in their concealment, the first notice we shal
have of the existence of disease to any considerable ex
tent, will be the oflensive odour evolved by the deat 1
worms; and very probably a rapid spread of contasio) ^^
among the healthy worms. In feeding with branch J^
es, therefore, we should clear the hurdles just as often 'j
and as necessarily, as when feeding with picked leaves '"

That no one may be misled by the remarks in thi
article on the muscardine and its preventive, by th [ih
use of lime, it seems necessary to eay, that several oth
er diseases affect silk worms, and many worms wer iti
destroyed last summer by other diseases. It must not ujlli
therefore, be taken for granted that the api)liealion o k
lime is to prevent and cure erery disease, though w
believe it will act as a preventive of most of them
when accompanied by other necessary and prope
treatment. If from any cause the worms have a debil [»«
itated and sickly constitution, they will be liable to va imi
rious diseases, and the proper preventives will be thi
above, viz : cleanliness, thorough ventilation, the usi
of lime, &c. We most truly believe that the mos jd^
proUfic source of all the diseases of silk worms las
summer, was the retarding of the hatching of the eggs 'gg,
The worms were weakly in consequence of it, an
thence more liable to be affected by the various exci
ting causes of disease, than they would have been hai
they possessed robust constitutions. We believe tha
the muscardine may be, and probably is, genera
generated by this very process in this country. Th
French say it is caused by a fungus growth, which fun
gus is a vegetable of an inferior order, and produced b
its own seals. The inference then is that it cannot b
produced in the absence of its seed. But we knot
that the mould of bread, cheese, &c. is also of the sam
order of vegetable growth, and that it is produced
any time when the temperature of the weather is favoi
able to it ; and hence we infer, not that it is a sponte
neons production, but that its seeds nliciiyn pervadea
substances in which the growth is found, and are onl
prevented from growing by the non-concurrence of th
circumstances necessary to their growth. Time, hig
temperature and moisture, are the circumstances thi
are generally required to concur in the production i
mould, mildew, &c. Take away either, and neithc
mould nor mildew will be produced.

One remark more seems appropriate here. Oi
climate is unquestionably more favorable for sil
worms than that of any part of Europe ; and it is pa;
ticularly so in regard to the muscardine. The extren
dryness of our atmosphere, compared with that ol an
part of Europe, is notorious; and it was this fact thi
induced the universal belief that the muscardine di
not prevail here. But although our atmosphere 1
comparatively dry, the air in our cellars and ice-hoi
ses and cocooneries is not always bo. The keeping <
eggs in damp cellars and ice-houses, wherein the
have become mouldy or mildewed, and especially whe
kept there for a long time and beyond the natural tire
for hatching, may very well be considered capable i
developing the fungus growth constituting the diseaf
called muscardine; and unless we take care to avo.
such, it will be in vain to expect our climate to prote
us against the consequences. c. B. s.

Hiving Bees.

I have practiced two methods of securing ne"
swarms of bees when they leave the old hive, both t
which I think preferable to the old fashioned way i
rattlingalltheold tin pans and sleighbcllsinthencigl «ii
borhood, until the swarm settles, and then brush thei
topsyturvy into the hive. My first method is this:-
as the season for swarming approaches, I cut an eve
green, such as fir or spruce, about six or eight fe'
high, and trim off all the branches on one side cloi
to the tree so that it may be laid flat on the grouni
the lower end, or butt, is sharpened like a slake ai
set in a hole made by an iron bar in the ground aboi
ten or fifteen feet in front of the hives. Swarms wi
very seldom seek any other nsting place, when abus
like the above is at hand. When a swatm leaves tl
hive I say nothing, but stand and look on, until tht
become still and quiet on the bush. I then careful
raise the bush from the hole, and lay it Hat on tl
gromul, and place the hive over, them. If the !im
on the upper side interfere, I pi ess the hive down aifj
lay a stone or some heavy substance on to keep it
its proper place, till the swarm takes possessioij
which is generally in ten or fifteen rniiuites. In th'
way l.hava never loet a ewarm, aad have frequent'l

m
[all

■u:-s
I

ibt
IKii

i"l

m

I

lived a swarm and removed them to the bee house
imoiig the old hives in one hour from the time oClheir
eaving the hive.

My other way is as simple, and as far as I have
ried it, equally sure. I take a board wide enough
0 set a hive on, and two or three feet long, bore a
lole in the centre, and drive in a pin, one or two inch-
is in diameter, and eight or ten inches long; I then
ake two email cords and fasten the end of each to the
orners of the board so that they form a loop at each
nd of the board about two or three feet long; this
loard thus prepared I suspend (rom two stakes in
rent of the hives, with the pin pointing downwaris,
iking care that the stakes slope towards each other so
bat the board may not touch at the end, around this
in the bees will cluster, and when they get still, un-
,ook the cord from the stakes, turn the board over
arefiilly, lay it on the ground and set the hive over it,
n this way much time and trouble may be saved, or
lere is no need of watching for swarms, only pro-
ide such resting places, and "there you will find them,
have left a swarm suspended under the board as laet
lentioned, through the day and found them safe in
le evening, and hived theni after the other labor of
le day was past. I think on the whole this method
Jie '>e8', as they »eem more contented under cover
, ijf the board than when more exposed, and not so like-
to take wing hel'ore they are hived — Mechanic and
amer. j. R. jyi.

■tf
ni

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fW'J

TllM
II til

l(.[

it'i
ir.m

^0. 7.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

r fTTpTr TTMfiT' —

107

Circular.

'othe Agriculturists, Manufacturers, Mechanics and

Artizans of Ike United States.
The American Institue of the city of New York
ive directed us, the Trustees, to announce to the pub-
;, that the I'ourteenth Annual Fair will be held in
lis city, in tha early part of October next. The
me and plr.-je, with a variety of details, wili be
ade known and published by the Managers as soon
1 convenient, after their organization shall be per-
cted. This Institute was established and incorpo-
ted by the Legislature of the State of New York,
promote domestic industry and improvements in
e United States. Among the means suggested in
e charter, are public exhibitions of meritorious pro-
ictions, and rev/ards for such as ate most deserving.
Thirteen Great Annual Fairs have already been
;ld. Their beneficial effects in exciting emulation
ve been seen and directly felt in more than half the
ates of the Union.

The popularity of these exhibitions, the extended
d intense competition they have excited, is without
jrecedent. More than one hundred thousand viei-
•s have been admitted, and more than fifteen thou-
id specimens ofdomestic products have been exhibi-
1 at a single anniversary.

A Repository for the daily exhibition of itnprovc-
jnts, and a Library, of great utility for practical
rposes, have both been established by this Institute,
d have been open for years free of expense to con-
butors and visitors. Five ploughing exhibitions
ve been held on fields in the vicinity of New York;
d many eloquent addresses, instructive lectures,
d able reports, have been made on ditTerent ocea-
ns, all having a bearing on productive industry.
The amount of gratuitous labor bestowed by the
iductore of this Institute in fourte<n years, it is be-
ved, is without a parallel in the history of our pub-
institutions. Hitherto the Institute has been sus-
ned by voluntary contributions, unaided by city or
«e bounties. Impressed with these ideas, the Leg-
iture, in a law just passed, intended for the promo-
n of "Agriculture and Household Manufactures,"
re wisely included the American Institute, and on
■tsin conditions appropriated to it nine hundred and
y dollars per annum for five years, requiring premi-
ig to be awarded as suitable means for accomplishi.ig
! objects of this enactment. In addition to the pe-

i,"'(j uisry aid contemplated by this act, which is timely,
i will enable us to extend our premiums, it is a
blic testimonial of the high consideration maintain-
by the Institute in the opinion of our Legislature,
le confidence reposed in the Institute is in the high-
degree honorable to its conductors, making it there-
the direct agent to carry into effect a law inipor-
it in its future efiiscts, and expressly enacted to en-

"^i i™gc the great and paramount interests of agricul-
•e, which supplies not only the principal materials
which all other labor is employed, but also afibrds
itenance to the whole human race.
iVccommodations will be provided at the Fourteenth

^ irfor the exhibition of every kind of agricultural

T^I horticultural productions, for machines and imple-
I nts, and steam power and engines. Separate and

suitable places will be assigned for exhibiting cattle,
horses, sheep, swine and other farming stock. The
best jiroductions of the manufactory and the work-
shop, including woolen, cotton, silk and linen fabrici-.
will have their appropriate rooms. Ijabor-saving ma-
chinery will not only be examined by competent
jtulges, but also tested by wteam power. All new and
useful labor-saving inventions will eoinmand atten-
tion, and publicity given to their merits. Purchasers
will have the best possible opportunity to examine,
compare, and select such articles as they may wish.
Gold and silver medals, silver cups, diplomas, as well
as rewards in money, will be bestowed on those most
deserving. The appropriation will enable the mana-
gers more liberally than heretofore, to reward indus-
try generally, and more particularly female industry,
for ingenious fabrics of household manufactory.

On behalf of this Institute, we would earnestly in-
voke the patronage and exertions of prosperous and
intelligent agriculturists, to enable us to fulfil the ex-
pectations of the Legislature. In its wisdom it has
laid the foundation of great and lasting good to the
Stale. But much of the success and popularity of the
law to encourage agriculture will depend on the
American Institute. Its position in the city of New
York is of all others the most favorable. There will
always be in this great emporium choice spirits, and
such as know well the inestimable value of agricul-
ture, and who are able and willing to aid any and all
great and beneficial objects. The whole island is sur-
rounded with fertile and highly cultivated farms and
gardens, extending into the interior, which bring their
supplies daily to our numerous markets, to meet the
vast demands of city consumption. A large propor-
tion of all the farming and gardening implements
used in this and the adjoining States is supplied from
this city; and with the facilities of conveyance by
horses and by steam, by land and by water, it would
seem to be the chosen place for agriculture and horti-
culture to present their lairest and best contributions,
anithe radiating point from which the knowledge of
improvements may be readily made to flow to every
portion of our country.

In conclusion we would also respectfully appeal to
all the multiplied interests of industry and art to make
their contributions of the best specimens, that the
miniature view may be presented of the skill, the ge-
nius, and the ample resources of our country at the
coming anniversary and to the public at large, whose
countenance and cheering approbation has uniformly
attended all our undertakings for more than thirteen
years, and to whose favor this Institute owes its exis-
tence, we appeal with unqualified confidence, and, at
the same time, with a strong desire for the special and
best influences of our fellow citizens, at this time, to
enable us triumphanily to carry out the coroing exhi-
bition, and discharge the obligation conferred by the
recent legislative grant. By the kind aid which the
public can confer, and wiih the means provided, a new
impulse may be given to agricultural improvemenis,
and to invention and the arts, over our whole State;
other States, tome of which are behind, will thereby
be induced to [)rofit by our example, and thus the be-
nign influence of liberal legislation will be exempl
fied in every section of our wide spread country.
Repository of the American Institute,
New York, May, 1841.

James Tallmadge, ")

Adomram Chandler, |

William Inglis, j

John Travers, } Trustees.

Alex. J. Hamilto.v,

T. B. Wakeman,

Joseph Titcomb,

For t/ie yew Genesee Farmer.

Tencp Posts Heaving by Frost.

Gektlemek — Can you inform me how posts should
be placed in the ground so as to prevent their heaving
by the frost ? My land is clayey, and a good fence in
the fall becomes a poor one by the next spring. Should
the holes be very deep and closely filled up, or left
loose at the top ? H.

Utica, June, 18-11,

Posts set in clayey ground, if eurroimded by the
soil removed in digging the hole, will be thrown up-
wards by frost, in spite of any precaution we know
of But where they are put in a gravelly and not
tenacious soil, they rarely, if ever, heave in winter.
Nor do they in a clayey soil, if the holes about them

ate filled with small or broken stone -rljscly beaten in.
Possibly other materials would accomplish the same
end, though we have no experience on the subject.
Deep and firm setting, is of course necessary. *

Fat Cattle.

Since taking charge of the Keystone we have ob-
served a very large juimber of fat cattle passing our
ofiice daily for the eastern market, and have made in-
quiries as the probable number. Through the polite-
ness of Mr. Kuhus, tho toll collector at the Western
end of the Harrisbmg bridge, we have ascertained
that from the 15th of April to the 17th of June, thero=
have passed over said hrlilge, eastward, seven thou-
sand eight hundred and fifteen head of fat cattle. Add
to this three hundred which were enabled to ford tho
river yesterday and to day, and there has passed
through llarrisburgh for the eastern market, ejglit
thousand une hundred and fftccn head of cattle.
These cattle, we understand, will bring upon an aver-
age gj.'iG per head, making them, in the aggregate,
worth $l.l'J,3ii5, — Keystone.

Proper Season for Cutting Grain.
It is a good practise to cut every kind of grain rath-
er before it is fully ripe in the grain or the straws. In
a.^iic season, some iurincrs cut their crops when they
fmd the neck oi' tho straw miuicdiately under the ear,
free of juice when twisted round between the finger
and thumb, and do not wait until the lower part of tha
stems are dry and yellow, because they find in such a
season the straw to die from the car downward. In
a had season, on the other hand, the lower part of
the stem first becomcB yellow and dry ; after which,
of course, the crop is not !^'N)-.ved to stand, for in such
aseti^-on the ear n.'-vcr becomes mature, having less
absorptive power, whilst the vitality of the root is
early destroyed by the combined eifectsof bad weath-
er and an ungenia! state of the soil. — Quarterly Jour-
nal of Agriculture.

From the Farmers' Cabinet.
Application of Limn tu Soil!4,

Read before the Fhilndelphia Society for Promoting
Agriculture, April 7, Itill.

Lime has long been regarded by farmers in certain
sections of our country, and cultivating districts, as a
most valuable agent. Stiff and tenacious soils are
greatly benefited by its application, as is admitted by
all who cultivate them. Whether the v.-rious chemi-
cal influences which have been assigned to its pres-
ence, are really those which constitute its virtue, I
shall not inquire in this essay : I propose merely to
submit some views that have occurred to me, which
the plain practiciil farmer can fully appreciate, with-
out the aid of chemistry oi science, or their techni-
calities.

Clays and red shell soils are compact and tenacious,
and are therefore greatly benefitted by an admixture of
lime, as they are rendered more mellow or friable by
its application ; the color of the soil is also changed
to a dark brown, and has a rich oily appearance.
These combined influcncee give it a greater capacity
for imbibing heat from the action of the sun, and this
additional heat communicates an increased vegetative
power; besides, the iinproved friability or mellowness
of the soil gives greater "iacilitics to the fibrous roots
of plants to shoot further into it, and hence they ob-
tain a larger supply of nourishment or food. Its capa-
city for absorbing moisture is also greatly increased,
because, for the reasons above stated, the plastic pro-
perties of a stiff soil arc removed, and moisture, either
from rain or dev/, is more freely admitted and absorb ■
ed; and having pen^.riitcJ deeper into the soil, ia re-
tained, as if by a sponge, for ajonger period. Far-
mers who are familiar with stiff soils, know full well
that they will not admit heat nor absorb moisture so
readily as those which are lighter, and the latter do
not bake and become so hard and dry ns the former —
besides, a purely clay soil is always cold at a short dis-
tance below the surface.

Such soils, so improved, have increased capacity foi-
imbibing heat from the action of the sun by day; and
this heat is maintained for a longer period at night;
and hence, a protracted evaporation or emission of
heat is secured, which, acting upon ihe cool atinos-
phere of nighi, produces a greater amount of dew..
The soil is therefore rendered capable of creating a
larger supply of moisture — of imbibing more heat,
and of receiving and retaining those agents of vege-
tation alternately, for a more protracted period. Dews
are occasioned by a cool atmosphere coming in con-
tact with tho exhalations from the healed earth, or

108

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

OL.

vice vcr«n, nnd huiice a cumJensation of llic nqiicoue
parliclos ; the 'lew-drop ol evening is first seen upon
B blade of grnss at its higbeel point.

Hoat and ni isiure are necc3i^ry to vegetation, and
ihr more von cun obtain ol tbcte agcnia tor yiuir
plants, the more vigoroualy will vegetation l)e sus-
ta ucd. Llnic, when applied to o Bliirsoil, renders it
more friable, porous or mellow, and it becornee more
easy to cultivate : the plough docs nit meet with the
•^ime rebia:anco: the routs of the grass and weed* are
mnrc easily Boparaied from the s :)il, and may therefore
be more readily destroyed, and a tborongli tillage or
pulveri/r4iii)not the land is thereby greatly laeiliiated.
liosidei, we find thit vegetation ia most vigorons
where the soil is adapted to secure ibe latgesl amount
of these supplies; and consequently that sojl which by
nature or cultivation is capable of imbibing and re-
taining the largest amount of these indispensable ele-
nionts, has the greatest capacity for producing vegeta-
tion. A sandy soil ajjpcars too porous to retain heal
■ t night, to promote to any im|iortant e.ttcnt a con-
densation 01 tbo atm->splicre, and thus supply itself
\vSth eulficient moisture from dew — be8id(.a. it is too
read.lydraiiieJ; while a clay or compact soil becomes
indurated upon its surface, and neat from the sun
cannot suHicienlly penctr'ctc it to be avadabic forn like
purp )3e: but when these are properly mixed and com-
Dtnod with other eiirlhs, sucli as lime, marl, or with
■lan ire, the S'mI opens its pores to rcfcivc the inv'^o-
raii'ig iiitlueiice of the sun during the day, nnd at
ntgiil the heated e-\hnlarions escaiiing from it, produc-
ing a greater ain->unt of dew, gu|jply the plants, nest-
led in it^ borom. With li^C' esary moisture Irom the
pure and bounteous fountains of the atino-phere.

Some farmers think that lime is injurious to wheat
land — that it makes the soil cold, nnd that their lands,
when drcised witli it, are more apt to produce mildew-
ed grain than they were belore it wa.s applied. 7'hnt
this, in many in-tancrs, has appeared to be so, I do
not ilouhi, because lite soil, by its application, is ren-
dered more productive, and therefore we have mora
gra^s, which, under our present system of sowing
grass-seed with wheat, ia injurious to that crop, as i
have contende-l in a firmer paper. Toll, in bis cx-
cenoiit 'rrentise on Biight, says, "Wheat being
doubdesa originally a native of a hot coumry, it le-
quire-. by its c mstitulionn conaideiable degree of hen L
to bring it to piM lection : and if much of ttiatdegne
of li-"aL is wiini.ng, it will be the weaker, and wnen
tbo sufir r.iys caniio; reich the lower pans of the
eta'ks, the lowest leaves and kno's cannot do their
olHcc;*' and hence the niaturity of ilie plant is pro-
tj'aclL-d, because "the lower parts of the stalks miisi
receive the greater share of heat, being nearer the
point of incidence of the sunbeams reflected by the
ground." Bong dopriv^:d ot iliis genial and ne-.-essa-
ry heat, since it is shaded near the rnota by grnis, and
belli:; iiiibedded in to,> moist and cobl a soil, it has not
the power of elaborating its sap or evaporating its
tluids, and is iberefire slow in ripening; a;id henet
the crop, becoming diseased, ia frequently destroyed
by mildew.

In the appiicniion of lime to land, much rare nnd
close olwer^'atioii is required, to produce the best re-
su'la. The farmer should not be too gciwrnvs: he
should ni". forget that lime rjid earth eonsiiiiue moy-
tar, nnd therefore his care should be only to apply so
much to his soil, if light, as will render it sulTlciently
compact to retain rnoir^turc and heal; for n sandy soil
is composed ol aphcrica! particles, and is t(x> readily
ventilated nnd diainrd ol ils moiRtiire, and being mix-
ed with lime, the interstices being close.!, the S'ul is
gren;Iy improved. Alter several ycaisof experience
and can*ful *>bservation, I am convinced that lime,
wlien npiilied to n samly soil, renders it more compact
and miu-h more productive; nnd that nianuie, when
a;tplieil lo it after a drcrsing of lime, will have a much
more la^tin^ influence than it would have had belore
its ajiplieation. Upon heavy soil?, lime should be ap-
plied only in sncb proporlions os Will render it mo-t
mellow or friable : any thing beyond ihis, will be
f.)und to be injurious. It is not material, as I appre-
hend, wh'ilher ii ba put on in a hot or cold sta'o, be-
cnu-ii- it issi>iui cooled uii ler thent'iuwpheri'- infliicni-c
after belna slaked, anti cannot be [iloughcd in nller
lining «;iread before it becomes chill, d. 1 nsunlly np-
\Aj it in ihe spring, when i)rciinring for corn, the
Workin:' of which, and theprejiaration of the land for
Ittiaequent crops, thoroughly mix it with the soil. I
obtiin the lime when ready to apply it. have it placed
in a silmtion convenient lor walcr, whcicit ia imme-
diately slaked: and as it falls, it is caned nut and
spread upon the Ir.ivl i>revioufcly ploughed, w huh, after
fcieing hatrowsd, is a'.iuck out atvtl planitd. I ha\p

applied It in oiUer ways, but the results were never so
satisfactory.

1 have Ijccn tolil by some farmers, that the greatest
benefits from ilic use ol lime on their land are exhib-
ited in about seven yeitrs atcr its application; some
say iiij'oitrycura; eoioe contend ihat they have seen
iis etb'Cls the second) ear, and others say that they
never saw any elicct whatevir from ils application,
although they put it on in generous qunnti lies. Now,
I \erily believe all these staiementa lo be true, and 1
account for this singular anotnaly in the following
manner. In the latter instance, the lime wne plough-
ed in 80 deep that it was never mixed with llie soil,
and ihcrcfiirc produced no cHect ; nnd in the former,
ihe admixinie took place probably in one, four, or
seven yeais after it was applied. In S'imc eases, it ia
said, land has been injured liy it. lam inclined lo
believe thai in those cases liie farmer tias been loo
generous, and would recommend as a corrective, that
he plough deeper, nnd ihereby mix more earth with
liislimc. He wilt thence have the advantage of a
deeper soil. As the quantity bestadapU'd lo improve
mo<t soils, I would recommend from f oly to filiy
bushels unslaked to the acre I have found excellent
results on sundy, clayey,* nnd loamy soils, from the
application of that quantity. As I have never farmed
limestnne or red shell soils, I cannot sdviae respecting
them.

I therefore repeat, mix your soil well with the lime
which yon may put ujion it — pclveiize it thoroughly —
destroy all natural vegetation, if you wish lo raise
naluralized crojis — exeicise a sound judgment ns lo
time and method, and you will seldom liiive reason to
complain, in this part of Pennsylvania, at least, either
of an ungrateful soil, or an unlavnrablc climate.

KENDEHTON SMITH.

The Flowers of Sum ncr.

In writing our sketches of the flower garden, we
hnve not had leisure to examine what we said in our
first Tuliime, on the same subjects; nnd possibly some
things may be repented.

Paonia is a spbndid genus, nnd 17 species were
known in Ib'^y. The single flowers are gone in n
few days, but the double are more durable. Tiie enr-
lieai kind that we have seen is P. tenvifoVui, which
spreads tl.r nigh the ground, nnd ill n few years forms
n stool of Ecvorai feet in dinmeter — ^flowers single, of
the brightest crimson

Soon after appears P. movtan, a shrub from China,
growing to the heighlof three feet in England, nnd
attaining the same stature in this climate. A well
grown " tree" (for so it is called) niny be three feel
or more across, presenting n magnificent display in all
its varieties that have con;e undtr our notice, though
die flowers vary in color. It is hardy, and starts to
grow very early in the spring.

P. offic'nnlis wns introduced from Switzerland in
1.546, nnd has spread into some fine varieties. The
double Eorts are the comnton crimson, the rosy, nnd
the whitish, or the iilbisaas. Sahincs crimson is one
of the finest of ihe single sorts.

This plant and P. corntlina are the only two spe-
cies credited to Europe, the eastern sitle of that conii-
ncnt having furnished most of thcspcc'es. P. elbijlo-
ra (called the Chinese) though herbnceous, sometimes
attains the height of -1 feet, and is very fhowy. Four
double vaiieties of this species arc now blooming in
our garden, viz' Ilumei, Whitleii, frngrans, and
Reevcsii — the lad, a blusb color, fading nfter it opens.
This species grows freely from seeds, springing up in
many parts of the garden, but requiring several years
tobr'ng-lhem into bloom.

The glutinouslocusi (Uohhtiu vifcosu) produces ils
pink flowers in abundance; nnd but few trees are more
ornamental. It increases snfTiciently from ils horizon-
tal roots. It is a native of the Souihern Stales,
though hardy here; and is classed wiih timber trees,
sometimes growing 40 feet high, according to Elliott.
In this northern land, however, it has the habit of n
shrub — 1(1 or !,"> feel high.

Philaihljilius. This genus of six or eight species,
produces only whit« Sowers. /*. hirsutu$ is much

I'll

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till

taller than P. coronarius, though L"udon only marl
ed it 3 feet high ! The flowers arc also much large
and whiter, but. scarcely so fragrant. The variet
called " double flowering," has not a tenth of its flow
era double. Another called " nanus" is hardly worn
cultivating. Both these varieties belong to P. con
nnrius, which is n native of Europe.

The flowering ash ( Onms eiiropaui) at the heigl
of 5 feet bloomed with us this seosin lor ibo fir
time. The flowers Ore while, vei^ small, nnd gro
in panicles.

The his is finely represented in this month,
large kind with light blue flowers, is remarkable fJ^*
its delicacy; and appears lobe a variety of / gfrrm«7i ^■
en. Four tall sorts with yellow flowers also shine ou t*"
While moat of the species exhibit their blossoms co,
spicuously on their summits, one called ihe blue Ru
sian, hangs ils flag half mast high — down among tl ■"
leaves. Two bulbous species from Spain (the Spa *"
ish nnd the English) have run into many varieties
of each kind have been advertised; but though son **
of the Spanish Iris, are beautiful, others have n lur
or dingy aspect, and are not worthy of culiivatio
.\11 the sorts that we have seen of the English I
however, are splendid.

Wislarin speciosa, a twining shrub, with blue pt'
pie flowers in dense racemes, is n native of the Sout
but endures our win;er». It deserves n place amo
fine plnnts.

Spliait aruncus, 4 feet high, is very showy; I
though its wh.tc flowers are small, they are vf
abundant Its inflorescence is also singular. In c
opinion, it ie finer than any herbaceous species fn
the eastern continent: nnd a worthy congener of
American variety of S. lulmlu.

Dracoeephaliim rinjschianum resembles the tlysS'
but its flowers are a fine rich blue. It is on old
habitnnt uf the gardens.

Jasminum livmile is the only species of the ge
that succeeds here in the open border. It is i
sometimes dnmoged by the winter; but when
I'rosia are not very severe, its yellow s'ar-like flow
make a pleasing display in the following scaton.
is probably n native of Italy.

We have two varieties of Chionanihva rirgini
now in flower both marly of the same age, but
hioad leaved kind is the taller, with fene.' blosso
Tl.e narrow leaved variety is loaded with bloom. H
is ihe white Fringe Tree.

The fine purple flowers of J'aboscvm purpi/ri
may be seen by early risers, but they begin lo shr
ns soon as the sun shines out with power.

For Lilies, Pinks, Roses, &c. see New Gene
Farmer Vol. 1.

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8iiUTioasKiita Ilaga Seed.

Mr.ssRS. Editors — Lnst season on« of our D
chnnts bought n quantity of ruia baga seed, and sol
out 10 n number of farmers in this vicinity. Itcanu ■lit
well, and the plants appeared like genuine till after "tei
second hoeing, when the roots were about as It
as a mnn's finger, the lops then nil branched out
run up to seed; so that ihe crops were an entire :
ure, much lo the disnp)K>inlment and Iocs of
farmers.

On inquiry, it was ascertained ibat the seed
raised from small ruta bagas, nnd was surroundei
mixed wilh mustard when growing.

Now, I wish 10 nsk whether the mustard caused
degeneracy of the ruta baga seed, and if not, v
did ? If you, or your correspondents can explain
matter, it may be of service to others. We farr
are, at best, slow enough to adopt any new artici
system of cultivation; nnd when failure or ditappt
mcnl orciire, it often tends to chock, if not cmi!

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AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

l((9

(til

5ri revent, the introduction of vnluable iinprovcnieiue.
Some of (hose who sowed tbe nbove seed, liad never
i/itt ttenipted gro^/iiig riua bngne before; nnd thie failure
in ss diecouragcd ilicm so tbnt Ihcy will not try ngain
oit jon. Respoeifully yours,

fflij ERASTUS SKINNER.

Prattslmrgh, ;>'. Y-, June 18, 1841.
i;|| Remarks — Several instances of diEappoinlment,
fin (milnr to tbe above, linve come under our obscivnlion,
rithin ten years past; and we biive taken some pniuo
3 ascertain ibeir cause, allbougb we have not always
I iiceeedtd to our own satisfaction. Tbe difli lent
(o >ecic3 of tbe genus Brfisstrtiy including tbe wholt'
nm Cabbage and Turnip family, not only mix icUfi each
K titer very readdy, but are very liable to degenerate
t(i rom want of care in raising the seed, oroibcr uni'a-
Ri orabic circumstances. In reference to the case nien-
•li ioned by our correspondent, we do not ihink tbe
iipii lustard was tbe cause of tbe evil, ahhougb we do
.! lOt say it might not have been. Mustard ( Sinnpsis)
son i considered by tbe botanists, adirterent genus from
lnr, le ruta baga; but it is of tbe same natural family, and
ears eucb evident marks of relationsbip tbnt it is more
ban probable they will mix, when in bloa-om togcth-
r. But if this bad been the cause of tbe difficulty,
pi lie plants would not all have run upto seed iiniform-
m[ t. We therefore conclude that the true cause was
m lie other one alluded to — namely, degeneracy. It is
tated that the seed was raised from sviJiU roots — per-
il! aps from a crop that was not worth harvesting, and
aerefore left in the ground over winter, and allowed
) go to seed — and it is not certain that the process of
egeneration bad not been in operation several years.
tl jic all events, jt is well known that tbe greatest care
1 necessary in raising all kinds of turnip seeds, as
'ell as that it be raised under favorable circumsian-
es: and as more core is usually bestowed on this bu-
ness in England, together with a more favorable
imate, it is generally found that imported seed pro-
iicea better roots than that raised in this country.

'he Weathei— the Crops--Harvest Prospects.

The longest and most severe season ot drought ever
nown before harvest in ibis section of country, has
een e.tpcrienced this season, and we believe the
ime may be said of most parts of the United States
nd Canada For about si.x weeks, scarcrly enough
Bin fell in this vicinity to moisten the surface of the
arth, or to encourage the hearts of its cultivators.
list one week ago, however, there commenced a suc-
ession of the most I'ruitful sboweis that can be ini-
gined ; and all nature now rejoices under their reviv-
:ig influence. About 10 days since, we passed over

part of this and several of tbe adjoining counties.
ad it was truly mclnneboly to witness tbe sufTeiing
tops, and to bear tbe mournful complaints of tbe
aimers. And tiuly many crops have sulTcred, past
ecovcry. Grass, of course, is very light. Oats and
arley the same. Corn that was planted early, and
in ra' her moist soil, looks well, but some pieces are
mire failures. Wheat is generally light, and must
all somewhat short of an average crop, allbougb
»# think it will be better than many have represented.
'otatoes came up slowly, and are very backward, but
here is still time for them to recover. Beet and car-
ot seeds, sown early, have mostly done well, but
hose sown later hove generally failed, as is always the
osein dry weather.

The latest accounts from other pans of the country,
orm a cheering conirast with those received twojweeks
igo.

**The New York Express states, on tbe authority of
lehonal observation during an extensive tour, in the
■* nost productive parts of New .lerfey nnd Pentieylvn-
is! lis, that the appearance of the fields of wheat, rye and
«t«| promises on alumdant borvest."

d

"Tbe Richmond (Virginia) Siar says — A great
deal of wheat has been cut, and we rejoice to under-
staiui, is ol a very promising ehnraclor. Indeed the
barvcot proniif^f B well The prob'tbtliiy i.?, that flour,
the gieiit sinple will be vny low during the coming
year — ami ibai is no slight comfort to poor people."

"The Albany Morning Alias savs: — ! he crops
throughout the counlry, generally, are represented a^
promising. Though in some pans we notice there
may be a falling oli", yet the average will be a good
one."

The Fort Wayne (Indiana) Seiuinel anys: — "The
sciison here has been leinarUably backward, but crops
arc now coniing on finely. Wheat never bid more
fair for an abundant harvest. Onta nnd grass are
equally promising. Coin is moie backward, owing
to the wet and cold wentber about pliinling time.
Some did not come up well, but we have hnd fine
weather for several days, and it Iiks grown astonish-
ingly."

Wheat Prospects. — We have the most flattering
accounts from all portions of our countiy, of tbe
prospect of a plentiful harvest. Kn unuBUnl quriiitiiy
of wheat waseown In&t full, and iis appearance now
indicnies a grcnt >ield. — Huron (Ohio) Adv.

The PninesviUe (Ohio) Telegraph, of a late date,
says: —

"Farmers may now obtain seventy-five cents cosh,
for wheiii, in our sireels. For Oais, 25 cents; pota-
toes, Itj cents.

These advanced and odvancing prices, and sales for
cash, arc encouraging to our larniers, nnd inspire all
with fresh hoi-es oi belter limes. Tbe prospect now
Is, ihnt noiwiihsinndiiig former feiure, the present will
be a seafi.)n of great abundance "

The Chops. — The Gorniantown (Pa.) Telegraph
snys: — "Our farmers have begun in earnest their hny-
moking, though niucb '>f the grass appears, from the
backwordmss of the spring, to be yet growing. The
crop generally, is as good as in any ordinary season ;
and should the wentber enable it to be boused without
injury, ihe supply ot this sinple prndue-iion, which it
renllv is here, will be equal to the demand of the cus-
tomary prices."

The necounls from the western portion of Maryland
are decidedly favorable to the growing crops. In
Frederick they had refreshing rams last week. The
1031 Uuiontown (Pa. J Democrnt hnd a paragraph com-
plnining ol the drought, but ils complaint was cut
short by copious rains which commenced falling on
Monday.

Tbe Savannah Republicon has intelligence from
the interior of Georgia, that tbe promise of the com-
ing corn cro]i. now considered ns half secure — is good,
the wheat in Upson county, w'lere tbe harvest is coin-
mencing, very good, the cotton crop, rather poorly
for the present.

The (New IlaTcn, Con.) Farmers Gazette, of June
25, says : —

"If fine weathei, nnd an abundance of it, tan have
a beneficial eire'ct on tbe crops, there is reason to be-
lieve that our farmers will thii! year have no cause of
complaint. The frequent and copious showers of the
post week have bad a most happy efleet on the vege-
tation ol Ibis n"ighbiuhood, and dis-ipated the fears of
ihoee who have been dispoeed to distrust tbe goodness
of Him who has promised that the earth shall yield
food sufficient for man nnd beast. We are lold that
in consequence of the rain of one day last week, the
price ot hay was reduced two dollors. Except in
some upland meadows where the drought was partic-
ularly severe, it is supposed thai the crop of hay in
this vicinity will be asheovy as an overage ol severol
years post."

Sowing Coin for Fodder,

The severity o( the dioughtat tbe present time,
threatens to diminish greatly the crop ofmowing grass
the present season. Red clover is now putting forth
its full bloom, while the slnlk is not more ihan ten or
twelve inches high, instead of twenty-four inches,
which it ought to be The lox- toil, or timothy as it is
generally termed, is now shooting out its bead, while
tbe stalk, on dry soils, is scarcely a foot hiah, when
in fnvorab'c seasons it would be two and a ball feet.
There is great reason, I think, to apprehend that the
crop of mowing grass will be diminished one half. —
Tbe seoson is 60 tar advanced, that moilernle rains,
even now, could nol, 1 think, relrieve tbe crop.

To the fanner who has a large stock to sustain
through another winter season, and whose calculations
tor a comoetent supply of food for them, are bnsed on
the certainty of a good, fair, average crop of mowing
gra^s. ihe prcseii! n>'cispert, I ibaik, tiiust cause inuch

an.\iety; and should the drought continue, even a lit-
ile longer, itniny nico seriously affect our root culture
111 this state of tilings, I consider it an act of prudenro
to look about us, ond see whot remedial mcosures, if
any, we c(,n rei-ort to.

In the course of my experience I have known occa-
aioiinlly just such a state of thinga. I have known
not only just such, but much more pictsing necessi-
ties to exist; and the best remedial course 1 liavc ever
pursued, has been to sow n crop of corn, broad east, as
soon as the deliciency of the hay crop had become
certain.

A small amount of good ground thus cullivotcd,
will produce a very great onicunt of excellent fodder.
I have sown from one acre to six acres. The product
will be prodigious — several tons per acre.

My prectice bos been to sow two and a holf bushels
good seeel corn per acre on the furrows befeue harrow-
ing; then to drag it thoroughly the same way it was
ploughed. The seed will toll mostly into the furrows,
and being well dragged will thus be deep enough to
have strength of root suflicient to sustain a tall etnlki
I bnvetiied different quantities cf teed. Tbe results
from the quantity niiincd above, I hove found most
iatisfnctory. With this quoiiliiy the stalks will stand
so thick as to glow up tall and slender. Cnitle will
consume them entirely.

One, by no means unimportant item in the value of
this nop is, there will ordinarily be found quite a
quaiuiiy of small cars of corn — much of it ripe — a
f"ull sufficiency for slock which has been accustomed
10 0 moderate feeding of grain during the winter
season.

To horvest the crop, tbe sickle is ured most advan-
tageously. When cut, tbe -la'Us should be bound in
small bundles, and be set up to cure in small stouts;
and when slocked forwiiiier, let it he stacked nsatihe
South, around a slnck pole, only the length o.'"a shecf
i'rom the pole, (n this cose the bulls, or bottom end
of tbe stalk, will all be exposed to thenir, and tbe pro-
cess of curing will be giaduol and safe. It must be
remembered that it is nn excceding'y succulent siolk,
nnd is cut green, ond will need core and time to safely
cure it. I hiive lost a large quantity by henting, after
I coi«idered it cured, by putting it into a large filncl ,
so as to exclude the oir.

Anoiher biuefit of this crop is, if sown about this
time, it con be followed by wheat in the loll. It can
be cut ond taken f om ibc giouiid in good season to
sow wheat. I have had turf ground turned over,
sowed wilh corn, nnd found it in a more snt:s!octory
condition for wheat, than when summer fallowed. — ■
The ground hns been kept dnmp and moitt by the
shode of the corn, and tbe tnrf has been sufficiently
decomposed. A single ploughing al'icr ibecorn is cut
off, is all that is needed tor sowing. — Horheslrr Duiiy
Dcmocrct. A FARMER.

The follovi-ing remarks, by protessor Dewey, were
suggested by an article on ihis subject in oni last.
Killing IiRt»i.

Thenard has proposed sulphuretted hydrogen. The
question is, how can it be applied 7 Use a lubnlared
retort, containing nil the mnteriala except the sulphu-
ric acid. When the neck of the letort has been sur-
rounded with mortar in the rat's hole, the sulphuric
ae-id is to be turned in through the lubulure, and the
stopple immediately inserted. The gas will then pass
into the hole, and to the lower parts, as its Bjiecifio
gravity is n Utile greater than that of oxygen gas, oHd
about one-fifth heavier than ntmosphwic air. While
the gas is very falal teonimals it is not so to man, nt
leost to near the some extent. Ch.en.ists often breathe
considerohle of it. Probably no danger would result
from using 0 common retort, tbe neck of which should
be mortared in the hole expeditiously. It is more
proboble that a worse evil would result frcm the dcoth
ofnumbers of rale in an inaccessible place. Tbe ex-
istence of tbe sulphuretted hydrogen will be known
by ita offinfire odours, wliicb is ihat of jujtrifijiiig
c^gs. If the rats cannot escape, they wiU doubi'ese
be poisoned. If they can escape by means of their
various pa^^engea under ground, they will flee with all
rapidity from so noisome and fetid an intruder as this
gas. This cfTect is as readily produced by the beating
of a drnm in the cellar, without ory exposure to a
substance so ofl'ensive. ond at n m leh cheaper rate.

e. R

MMaatMba^SM

110

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

V&L. 2J

I^cast Trees iii the West.

The Peoria, 111., Dcmocretic Press, ip. or. imercsting
menner, shows the great profits of ciiltivaling this
tree. Jt is of ndvaiitage to cwUivatc it in any section
of the U. S. : but here on our prairies, where so
much ie eai.l of the scarcity of timber, it is worthy of
rmich aiicntion. Dcaides being of moet rapid growth,
it furnibbeeoae of the most durable kinds of timber :
and if rail-fences arc to be used, (which we trust will
not be generally,) the fanner will find it for his inter-
est to give immediate attention to its culture. The
Press makes the following estimate :

Prairie, In acres, at ."JsHpcr acre, $30

Rails and putting up a fence round do. 6.5

Seed and attention to nursery, 20

Breaking up prairie, putting it in order, and

setting out seeds, 40

Subsequent attention to same, fence, etc. 35

At 6 per cent, compound interest, this sum,
$190 — in ten years will nearly double,
making 3S0

Deduct this from 0,400 trees, 12 years old,

say at only "lO cent each 3,200

I/eaves a not profit of $'2,S20

If we remember right, on the old homestead in
Conn., they used to gct.$i per cubic foot for this tree
forehip-building ; so that the estimated value of the
trees at 19 years -Id may be considered qi.ite low.

The following are the instructions of the pditor for
its cultivation, who says he is qualified by experience
10 give advice. He significantly remarks :

'^ Von II begin tids spring. The locust is raised
cither from the seed or suckers ; but as the foriaer
mode is best adapted to our ;iresent purpose, we shall
confine our remarks to it. Select a rood and a half or
two roods of ground that has been under cultivation
several years, and which is of a rich loamy soil, neith-
er too wet nor too dry ; put it in line condition, and
having procured the seed, in order to make them veg-
etate freely, pour upon lUem '; 'jjIIii.t -.vni^r and let them
souk a few hours. Then ecw them in drills three or
four feet apart, and two or three inches distant in the
drills, covering thorn nearly as thickly as you would
corn. But, we would have you bear in mind that
this sbouUl be done while the earth is moist, and when
done the whole shiuld be passed over with a roller of 1
sufiicient weight to press together i':ie PDrih 'O as to
liivor the retention of moisture which will accelerate
the gorminuiion of the seed. If these directions are
Btrictly adhered to, the seed will come u; na rerlainly
and regularly as bccns, and in many cases the young
trees will attain the 'jeight of f^ur feet the first season.
Care should be taken thot they ho kept free from
weeds, and they may remain in their seeding location
two years. At the end of this time, transplant them
to the ground designed for the purpose, and which
must, during the time the seedlings occupy their place
in the nursery, bo enclosed, broken up and prepared
for their reception. There is no diflicuhy in trans-
planting them, and where the roots are taken up care-
fully it is n rnre case to see a tree die. To give the
above number of trees in the 10 acres they must be
set 8 by 8J feet apart. In about two years after they
ore set out, the ground will aflbrd a superior pasture
to which it may be applied without detriment to the
trees."

" But, you'll say we have made no allowance for
paper calculation. True, we will therefore now throw
in, to moke up for thot objection, the ten acres of land
with the locust stmiips, which will be of immense
value for a now growth of trees, that will follow with-
out a nursery, and with less care, more certainty and
greater rapidity, than the first croii, at the same time
afibrding an almost inexhaustible source for locust
Btickers."

Tor the food that was to sustain and nourish them,
they had, the last ycor, more than 73 millions bushels
of wheat, equal to more than 14 millions of barrels of
wheat Hour, a rare article with those who subdued and
settled this domain. They had also more than seven-
teen millions of rye; upwards of si.x millions of buck-
wheat, and three millions of bushels of barley. The
value of the poultry that strolled about the yords and
enclosures, was more thun nine millions of dollars.
The number ol swine was up>vards of twenty millions,
and the number of sheep more ihan niaelecn millions.

These people of the United States had the last year,
more than 3u0,U0U bushels of Indian corn, and
more than ninety-nine million iiU.'hil.") of potatoes,
and upwards of thirteen millions neat cattle, which
furnished them milk, butter and cheese, &c. to the
value of more than thirteen millions of dollars. They
had at their command the labor of more than three
millions horses and mules, and upwards of an hun-
dred ond si.t millions bushels of oats, and nine mil-
lions of tons of hay, on which to feed these and their
othur cattle. To sweeten whatever seemed acid or
bitter to the taste, they had more than two hundred
and eighty million pounds of sugar. Their land yield-
ed to them, for their indidgence, more than seventy-
seven million pounds of tobacco, and upwards of two
hundred and seven thousand gallons of wine with
which to cheer their hearts. Such is the income of
the soil only; and yet with all this income they are over
herd in debt. The public debts alone, in a time of
profound peace, are estimated at near two milliona of
dollars. — New York Journal of Commerce.

flU

The Silk Btisiaess in Peansylvania.

On Saturday last, we visited the extensive cocoone-
ries owned by Judge Blyihe and Maj. Sneively. —
These enterprising gentlemen have three cocooneries
in the vicinity of our borough '*in the full tide of suc-
cessful experiment," and by their estimate they are
now feeding between four and five millions of silk
worms. As yet the worms are all healthy and doing
well, and we trust these gentlemen will meet with the
most perfect success in their enterprise, as it will have
a tendency lo encourage others to go into the business.
We have also, since visited the cocooneries of Wm.
Bell and the llcv. John Wiiiebrenner, and in the
building of the latter gentleman, we saw a large num-
ber of his worms spinning, having come to maturity
and spun their cocoons in three weeks, notwithstand-
ing they are called four weeks' worms. In regard to
the durability of Pennsylvania silk, we can speak
from experience. The writer of this article has worn
a figured satin vest for two seasons and has it on now
for the third, and the service it has gone through has
not been of the ordinary kind : yet it is neither worn
through at the pockets nor frayed at the arm holes.
We sincerely hope that the business may go on and
prosper until we are able to manufacture all silk goods
worn in this country. — Keystone. (Harrisbmg, Pa.)

ed, in a great measure by a non-conductor, of mois-
ture at the surface, the plants will suffer comparative- ii^'
ly but little. This is abundantly shown in practice. ^i«

Those who have not witnessed from experiments fi''
and observations the advantages of fine loose earth on (iH
the surface, as a protection of plants against the jiiB
drought, would not be likely to suppose its effects so
great as it is, though the theory is plausible and reason-
able. Corn and other vegetables that have been weH ge,
hoed in extremely dry times, have flourished well,
while some parts left for experiment, were nearly dee.
troyed by drought.

We noticed the powerful effects of this protection
last season. We cultivated a few acres, mostly dry
land, and the drought was severe indeed. Where the
soil was frequently stirred and kept light nnd loose on
the top, there was a constant moisture a short distance
from the top; but where the earth remained unmoved
it dried to a great depth.

A narrow strip, running across the piece, was left
for turnips, and remained unpioughed. On this the (3,11
soil became dry below the usual depth of ploughing,
and the weeds were almost dead lor waiii of mois-
ture, while at the side, weeds of the same kind in the
the edge of the ploughed ground, were fresh and vig.
orous, and the soil was dry only a few inches on ths
surface.

Where some grain was sowed, the earth was dr>
down six or seven inches; while by the side of it.
where the soil was often stirred, it was dried dowi
only three or four inches. And in this latter case, thi
moist tarth had a good degree of moisture, while th(|ttti
former contained but little.

On this subject an intelligent cultivator observed
that he would rather have six men among lands, stir
ring the earth to keep it loose and fine, in a seven
drought, than to have the some number of men enga
ged in watering the plants. — Yunltee Farmer.

'ffS

Ike

do

m

Tht: I'mltsolthe Soil.

The Btntistica accompanying the return'sof the lastcen-
BU8 show, that the sixteen millions of" people who live
vrilhin the limits of the United Stntos possess lumber
to the value of upwards of elevt-. r 'Uions of dollars,
which, with brick and stoneof an incalculable amount,
constitute tho malmiuls for their dwellings. The in-
come of their. orchards which grow around those dwel-
lings is upwards of six millions of dollars in value.
They had more than twenty-six millions of pounds of
wool to convert into broadcloths, blankets, and hosiery,
&c., with which to shelter their persons from the in-
clemency of the weather, more tlmn a thousand mil-
lion of pounds of cotton to manufacture into various
iifleful and neceesttry garments, and mure thon three
hunured thousand pounds of silk for elegant nnl tinn-
cy dresses. The amount of their flux and bonip uni-
ted, was nearly a niiUion "f tons.

Protection Against Drongbt.

In tillage, the best protection against drought that
con be conveniently practiced to a great extent, is fre-
quently stirring the earth, so as to keep it light and
loose. In this way, the earth at the surface is in ma-
ny small particles, which serve as a non-conductor of
moisture, and retains it below, where the roots obtain
a supply.

On the contrary, when the earth is hard and com-
pact, the moisture is readily conducted off through it,
even to a great depth in a very dry time. As an illus-
tration, if one end of a long bar of iron be pnt into n
fire, the heat will readily pass to the other end; but if
that bar be cut into pieces of one inch or less in
length, and laid along in the manner of a bar, tho
Iiieces would touch in some places, and in others there
would be a small space between them; and on heating
one end, the other would not be effected, os the heat
would not pass but a small space through the pieces.

Again, we will suppose that a fire of intense heat be
made on a block of iron, that is four feet square, and
ten feet high, tho body of iron would fast become heat-
ed downward, even to the bottom. Now, if that iron
should be cut or broken into fine pieces, and a body ol
iron formed of these pieces, of tho same size 03 the
block, and a fire of like degree of heat made thereon,
the fire would work down slowly, after penetrating a
sm.ill distance through the many particles, and the air
intervening between them. We give this as the theo-
ry. It is the practice, as in all other things, that we
rely on as the foundation of true science.

There is in a dry time, a great quantity of moisture
in the earth, that is continually riling and passing off
in evaporation; nnd if ihi* evaporation con te prevent

lit

II
:lt

;si
eIi

I'jil
snl
is-
i;i

ti,

The Duty to lip. tor.

'The world owes me a good living, and I'll hav.
it,' says some blackleg, as he finishes a luxuriant ic
past; ' here, landlord, another bottle of your prim
Madeira 1' Haifa dozen empty-heeded fops, wlio si
gazing on him, by stealth, in silent admiration, ho
the sentiment with a shout of applause: 'That's it
The world owes us a good living and we'll have it !-
landlord, more wine here 1 'we won't go home li
morning.' Let's go it while we are young. Wh
cares for the expense V The consequence of this ii
the pilfering of money drawers, the ignominious loi
of employment genteel loaferism, and so on, until or
of these enterprising gentlemen, in eager pursuit >
the 'good living' the world owes him, puts the wron
man's name to a check, or in some kindred way ge
a ticket for the marble palace at Sing-Sing, wliei
the Stale provides 'a living' for those it conside;
deserving, but not just such a one os consists with the
own estimate of their exalted merits.

The great error in this ease is in the original maj
im. It is false and detestable. 'The. world owe
you a living?' How owes? Have you earned
by good service ? If you have, whether on the ai
vil, or in the pulpit, as a toiler or a teaCher, you hav
acquired a just right to n livelihood. But if you hav
eaten as much as you have earned, or — worse still-
have done little or no good in the world, the worl
owes you nothing. You may be worth millions, an "!
able to enjoy every ininglnary luxury without care c
effort; but if you have done nothing to increase tt
sum of human comforts, instead of the world owin
you a living, as foc.ls have babbled, you are morally
bankrupt and a beggar.

Mankind arc just awaking to a consciousness of tl
duty resting on every man to be active and useful i
his day and in his sphero. All are not called to di
or hew — to plough or plane — but every man has
sphere of neefiilness allotted him by Providence, ar
is unfaithful to his high trust if he deserts it for id
pomp or heedless luxury. One man may be fitted b
nature and inclination for on artisan, another for
sailor, and a third for a merchant; but no man wt
overborn, fitted only to be an idler ond a drone,-'
Thn.sc who become such are the victims of perveri
circumstances, and a deplorably false education.

" But has not a rich man a ri.oht to enjoy b
wealth?" J\Io6t certainly: We would be the last t
deprive him of it. He has a natural and legal rigll
to possess and enjoy it in any manner not injurious II
others, but he has no moral right to be useless becaue
he has superior means of being useful. LeihimBUil
round himself with all the comforts and trueluxurM
of life; let the masterpieces ofort smile on him inhi
gollaries, and tho mighty minds of all ages speak It'
biiu from his libntry. Let Plenty dsck his board, an

So-

I

No.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

Ill

;he faces of those lie loves gallicr joyously around it.
Let him posacaa in abtindaiice, the means of satisfy-
ng every pure and just desire of bis nature, and be-
;ome wiser, nobler, larger in eoul than his less fortu-
aate neighbor; but let him never forget — as if prop-
erly trained he liever can — that it is his solemn duty
to bo usclul to his fellow creatures, especially to tho
iepressed and sutlering — to labor for their benelii, and
iutier, if need be, for their elevation.

The servile idolatry with which Ignorance and
V^ulgariiy have looked up to Power and Wealth — the
losannaa which the trampled millions have sung be-
fore the cars of conquerors and other scourges of ilie
jarth, are fading and flitting forever. In the twilight
fvhich succeeds this gross dari^ness there comes a sea-
son ol anarchy when men having lost faith in the jug-
gles which once blinded and bound them, resolves to
jelieve noihing, to decry and prostrate all who risebe-
iow tho lowest level. Now the laborer with his sin-
3wa returns hatred for the contempt once cast upon
lini, and says, ' What good is there in any thing but
iianuel labor ? Away with all else I Those whose
abnr ie chiefly mental are deceivers and moths I' But
:his ia a transitory ebullition. The world soon learns
.0 respect its benefactors in whatever sphere, and to
■ealize tbot he who truly and honestly exerts himself
a eonie department of useful efl'ort may justly claim
1 brotherhood with all who toil, make and earn. Let
he rich ccaso to look down on the poor — the merchant
m the porter; let each respect the dignity of Man,
vhether in his own person or in that of his less foriu-
late brother. Let haughtiness and pride on one side,
ind envy, jealousy and hatred, with their train of
lireful consequeu'-es, v/ill vanish from the other, and
dl animated by a common kindness, will move for-
vard in concoid to the attaintuent of the highest good.
- Selected,

The Flo^ver Garden Cultivated by the Iiadies.

A neat Flower garden in front of the farm house,
3 pioof that the farmer's wife and doughters are in-
kistrious and refined. It is proof that the work with-
n doors is well performed: for it is never the case that
;isorder and thriftlessnesa reside within, while the
;arden— tended by female hands — is neat and flour-
shing. Thia out-door labor gives bloom to the cheeks,
igor to the whole frame, cheerfulness to the disposi-
ion, and general efficiency.

Fair and gentle woman is never in a better school
Iran when busying her fingers and twining her affec-
lons around the iair daughters of Flora. There she
lingles with beauties whose tongues never utter en-
y or malfce, and whose ears are deaf to every idle or
inful word. There the lovely and innocent speak to
.erof the more lovely and innocent One who deline-
tes their graceful forms and paints their rich and va-
ied colors. Purer, richer, better, are the teachings of
he shooting blade and opening flower, than come
rom the musings of a listless mind, the pages of ro-
lance, or the gossip of corrupted society. The seeds
f health, and purity, are in the soil on which the
ink and primrose grow, and those who labor to pro-
ure the fragrance of the latter, will laste the delicious
ruit which the former bear.

Fear not, ye busy wives and daughters, that the
are of a small flower garden will be a burthen, ren-
ering more arduous the labors of the kitchen, the
airy room and the needb. For the invigorating ex-
alations of the freshly turned soil, the draughts ol
ure osygen which will be found among your plants
?hen the warm sun is expanding their foliage, the
ariety of exercise which the garden gives to body and
lind, together with the pleasure derived from the
■eaaty and fragrance of your flowers, will furnish
lore strength than the lobors of the garden will ex-
*Hst. — yew England Farmer.

Ijelsuvc Days.

By these we mean days in which the care of the
rop does not require attention — days when the farmer
an look about him and turn his hand to some odd
jb. Usually there are several such doys in June, and
he manner they ore spent is no small miment.

Of course it is not in our power to toil you what is
o be done on your particular place — for on one farm a
iew rods of stone fence is to be built; on another an
inderdrain is to be completed; on a third the ditches
equire attention, &c. itc. Butat these times keep a
ihnrp look out for manure making. The swine must
lave frequent supplies of the raw material, and leaves,
')U, muck, &,c. must be deposited near the hog yard
tplB, 60 that in the busy days of haying, something
My ba thrown in, and your hogs not left without
Wsna of doing their proper work. These days for
'hite washing, fur cleaoing up around lUe house and

barn, for seasonable repairs, and tho like, are among
the most profitable of the season. We class them un-
der the head of leisure days, but they should be far
from days of idleness: more of the profits of husband-
ry is obtained from the good judgment and perseve-
rance with which improvements and plans are execu-
ted; (wo mean the gradual implements which the good
farmer will have an eye to, and will carry on at times
when tho cost will be but little) — more of the real pro-
fits of farming turns upon these than upon the ordina-
ry crops of the fnrm. Where soil and manure are
alike, one man can obtain as good a crop as another,
or nearly so; the skill required is not so much that
of planting and hoeing, as of increasing the manure
heap, increasing the depth of the soil; protecting the
dry lands from drought, and draining those that are
too wet; the mixing of soils and suiting the manures
to tho soils and crops to which they are applied. Tliese
are the important iriatters; and many of them deserve
attention at this EcasLiu of the year. — 11/.

What should Parents do AVlth their Boys !

Many parents have sons, whom, when they arrive
at years • f discretion, they are uncertain what to do
with. For instonce, a respectable mechanic has a
good, stout, hearty, well disposed son, whom ho wish-
es to bring up respectably. If be is in easy circum-
stances, he some how or other seems to think that his
son must be brought up to some higher business than
a mechanic. He therefore concludes that he must
send him to college, and make him a lawyer, a doc-
tor, or a clergyman, and the honest well meaning pa-
rent labors hard to earn money to pay the expenses of
a collegiate education, for the purpose of making him
respectable, to make him take a higher rank in the
world than that of a mechanic. Here is a great mis-
take. When the bo/ leaves college, what is he to do 1
He is then just qualified for nothing. He turns peda-
gogue for awhile. He beats learning into the youth-
ful progeny; but few, very few, think of pursuing
the business of a school master as a permanent pro-
fession. After continuing it forayear or two, hequits
it, and commences the study of one of the learned
professions. Here are three or four years spent in
preparing to become a professional man, and at much
additional expense to his father. He at last le admit-
ted to the bar, or receives a degree of M. D., or is li-
censed to preach. The next thing is to get a living
by the profession he has chosen, and this is not so ea-
sy a matter. All the learned professions are full to
overflowing, and there seems to be no room for new
beginners. The consequence is, that the young as-
pirant for eminence, drags along, without getting bu-
siness enough to i)ay the rent of an office. Year after
year he toils, or would toil, if he had any thing to do,
without making half enough to pay his own expenses.
To be sure, there are some, whose superior intellect
and commanding talents will enable them to rise at
once to eminence, and to cuiamand a business which
will render them independent; but these cases are few
and far between.

When such do occur, the superiority of menial
power will shine out beforehand, and should be fos-
tered. But the propensity which some mechanics
have of bringing their sons up at college to make them
more respectable, we think to be a great error. It m
injuring a son more than it is benefitting him, unless
some extraordinary mental energy displays itself in
the youth. He goes through college, and thence,

'* Proceediag eonn a graduatetl duacc,"

he is just fitted for — whati He has spent the best
part of his youthful days, in qualifying himself for a
profession from which he cannot goin a living, or at
least a very scanty one.

In our humble opinion, as the professions now are,
w? should say to mechanics, and indeed to profession-
al me4i, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, give
your sons a good education, and then put them as ap-
prentices to some respectable mechanical business.
They will then as scon as their time of apprcnticoship
Is expired, be independent, capable of earning an hon-
est living at once. The profession of a mechanic is
daily becoming more and more respectable, thanks to
the good sense and good judgment of the present oge,
and it can no longer be thrown out oe a mark of re-
proadi, you are a mechanic, or the son of a mechanic.
It is on the contrary on honor.

As the question has been recently discussed among
a fev/ inechanics, what they ehotflddov/ith their eons,
we woidd repeat, give them a good education and then
bring them up as mechanics or farniora, if you wish to '
ensure them a comfortable, honorobia, and independ^
friX living and elation in f-ociety.— B(i»<oit Tratlcript.

A Gkji. — " Carbonic acid, water, and ammonia,
contain the elements necessary for the support of ani-
nnils and vegetables. The same substance are the ul-
timote products of tho chemical processes of decoy and
pulrefaction. All the innumerable products of vitali-
ty resume, after death, the original form from which
they sprung. And thus death — the complete dissolu-
tion ol an existing generation — becomes the source of
life for a new one." — Liebig.

Culture of Buckwlieat.

Dry light land is most suitable for buckwheat; but
when that has been swarded for a number of years
and then ploughed but once, a great crop cannot be
expected. Something may be obtained thia yeor and
a greater harvest will follow in the second year. Any
ground that bore beans, potatoes, or corn last year,
and for which you have no manure to spare this secson
will yield a good harvest. We sow the seed from the
twenty-fifth of June to the (ounh of July — sometimes
the earliest sown produces best and sometimes the
latest sown — it depends on the season, which no one
can foretell. A neighbor of ours, Mr. E. Freeman,
keeps one of his lightest fields on purpose for buck-
wheat. In the spring he sows rye on the field, and in
the last part of June he ploughs in his rye with his
horse plough and sows his buckwheat on the furrow.
By this practito he ia bringing a thin soil gradually to
fertility at trifling expense. He took ofTafino^rop
of buckwheat lost season, and he uses the straw for
fodder for his cattle. — Boston Cultlrator.

Pity is a passion proceeding from the misfortune of
another. Envy is a passion proceeding from anoih-
era success.— ^rf(/iVo7i.

Go Forth into the Fields.

Go fortli Into the flclils.
Ye denizens of the pent city's mart;
Go forth, and know the gladness nature yields

To the care-wearied heart.

Leave ye the feverish strife,
Tho jostling, eager, sclf-devoteJ throngi
Ten thousand voices, waked anew to Ufc,

Cull you with sweetest song.

Hark ! from each fresh-clad hough.
Or blissful soaring in the golden air,
Bright birds with joyous music, bid you iioiv

To spring's loved haunts repair.

The silvery gleaming rllls.
Lure with soft murmurs from the grassy Icaj
Or gaily dancing down the sunny hills,

Call loudly in their glee .'

And the young wnnion breeze.
With breath all odours from her blossoiny chase,
Id voice low whispering, 'inong the embowering trees,

WooH you to her embrace.

Go breathe tho air of heaven,
Where violets meekly s.nilc upon your way ;
Or on some pine-orown'd aumniit, tempest driven.

Your wandering footstepn etriiy.

Sect ye the solemn wood.
Whoso giant trunks a verdant roof uprear.
And listen, while the roar of some far flood

Thrills the young leaves with fear !

Stand by the tranquil lake,
Sleeping 'mid willowy banks of emerald dr}'.
Save when the wild bird's wings its suiface break,

Chequering the mirror'ii sky —

And if within your breast,
Hallow'd by nature's touch, one chord remnin ;
If a'iglitsttve worldly honors find you blest,

Or hope of solid gain —

A strange delight shall thrill,
A quiet joy brood o'er you like a dove ;
Knrth's placid beauty shall your bosom All,

Stirring its depths with love.

Oh, in the calm still hours,
The holy Sabbath hours, when sleeps the air,
And lieaven and earth deck'd wiUi her beauteous flowers,

Lie hush'd in breathless prayer.

Pass ye the proud fane by.
The vaunted aisles, by flaunting folly troJ,
And 'ne.Mh tho temple of uplifted >ky,

do forth Had worship Cod ( SdtciccI,

11-2

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Waterloo Woolen FactoiT"

MESSRS. Kditoieh — Ths loclory i cost nnd cni^ilnl
$30,000) mokes about COOO yards of drcsfed woolen
cl'iib per month. Its annual consuRiption of wool is
about 250,000 lbs.; the greater poit of •.vliicb is pur-
chased from the farmers wagons at the factory.

On Saturday lost, betwetn If) o'duck and 4, there
was received there over 7000 lbs. of wool, ihc greater
part of whith was paid for in cloth. It was cotnpri-
secl of eighty diirerent lots, and came from live of our
neighboring counties, including Seneca. For the
time being, the sales room was crowded with an intel-
ligent, well drejied, rural population of n;en and wo-
men, many of the latter supporting in their arms
those jewels, which the mother of the Gracchi* did
boast of. Some half n dozen clerks had constant em-
ployment in measuring and cutting cloth, to ray noth-
ing of the brisk ond bi^sy duties of the wool sorters,
or the more wordy, though the not less laborious task
of tlie BU]ierintcndent or of that Tcry active director,
friend llicliaid himself.

The cloth which this factory sells in New York,
ruiladclphid, and IJnltimore, atforda but little profit at
this time, owing to the drprcfsed state of the nioikei.
But the home trarle was peihnp^ never more profitn-
nble: fiid, what is better, it is doily increasing nod ex-
tending. The interents ^tf the wool grower ond man-
ufacturer, arc fnsl becoming iileiilical. Our shrewd,
intelligent farmers tiiid it better, far better, to give a
liberal price to the manulhcturer, who in return pays
tliem well for their wool, than to buy the imported ar-
ticle at a lower price, when thnt very article strikes at
their occupation, by destroying the market for their
wool.

It is nujipoBod by some woolen manufacturers that
the minimum duty under the compromise law of 2(1
per cent, on imported woolens, is not protection
enough for their clolh ogniiu-t tlie impoited nriidc.
But when we reflect that this duty is to be paid in
cash down, argent eomptant, and that the taxes and
extra expense of living to the English manulneturcr,
is mire than another '20 per cent in favor ol our innn-
utacturcrs, we think, with some self denial and ordi-
nary economy, they will not have to shut up shop.

'Tis true that copiial is cheaper in England, and
thnt their operntivea do not get wages sufficient tocn-
nble them, liko ours, to monopolize all the sirloin
bionks of the market; but the countless number and
enormous weight of their taxes, ii more ihnn an olT-
»ct to our better living. S. W.

Waterloo, Jtnit \\>th, IS-U.

Devon Cattle.

Messrs. Editors — I believe it is not generally
Knnvu to our farmers tliiit Mr. S. Vernon, of Roan
oke, in the town of .S;alVord, (iencsee Co., imported
B fine Devonshire Bull in the auni.iier of I8S). He
was bred by .Mr. Uavy, the rchhriUtd lirerilcr of North
Ihrnaj, in Deronahire, England, and selected by Mr.
lliiley, of Staffird, (when on a vir'it to KnglanH,) a
Eoo 1 judge of stock, and an intimate friend of Mr.
Divy. Air. Vernon holds him at the moderate price
of $.'? per cow, and I think he will prove a "valuable
acquisition to the graziers in Western New York.
Yours Ac. W. GARBUTT.

Wheatla7>,l, June IS, 1841.

Monroe Co. Agricultural Society.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee, held
June 2d., the following persins were apointed town
committees for the present season.

Whcnllimil — John McVean, Jirah Blockmar, Ira
■Wood.

Cliill—J^roh Strawn, Wm. Tone, John TuUer.

Rio-«—U.nni« Church, Alfred Fitch, Charles Teii-
ney.

Ogilcn — Wm. B. Brown, Jesse Harroun, John
G.iit.

■Sirc'/cn — George Allen, Humphrey Parmer, Fred-
erick T. Ro.it.

('birkson — John Bowman, David Forsyth, David
Allen.

I'lirmi — Abncr Darling, L. W. Metcalf, Roswell
Atchiuson.

Greece — John Mo.ton, Nicholas Reed, .\sa Rowe.

Gates — Matthias Garrett, Moses Dyer, Caleb Cor-
sen.

Bri'jliinn — Gideon Cobb, Nathaniel Hoy word. Hi
ram D. Calvin.

Hcnrittta — Ilirain Smith, Joseph Vt'illlams, M. L.
Angle.

Kiisli — Martin Smith, Jacob Clopp, Charles Cham-
berlain.

Afiwrfoji^— Abncr Cole, Thomas VVilcoi, Henry
Qiiinibv.

/'(V/.-yiirrf.— Edward AVilbur, Alexander Vorhecs,
II S. rotter.

Perrinlvn — Gideon Ramsdell, Zera Burr, A. Good-
ell.

Pevficld — Henry Fellows, Daniel Fuller, SomncI
.Miller.

JVehster — Byram Woodhull, Wm. Holt, Alpheus
Crocker.

Ironflrrjuoit—S. Shcpatd, Allen T. Hooker, H. N.
Langworlby.

liucliestcr- Lewis Brooks, Wm. Pitkin, A. Cham-
luon. George Wliitnev, Alexonder Kelsey, E. Darwin
Smith, Henry O'Reilly.

Tlie duties of the town committees are, to obtain
the names and collect the fees of members: examine
crops offered for premiums and obtain certiticates ol
the Fame ; and attend to the general interests o( the
Society in the town. (I'tinted Circulars have been
sent them.)

The Annual Fairaitd F.xhibition of the Society will

beheld at Rocher.tcr, on Friday and Sntunloy tliel.")th

and Uiih doys of October, 1*11. The list of pteiiii-

ums, Ac, will be printed immediately ond sent to

each of the officers end committee-men, and may be

obtained ot the Rochester Secfl Store.

L B. LANGWORTIIY, President.

H. M. W.iKt), > ^, , .
Til D r, / Secretaries.

M B. B.tTilH.lM, i

Rochester, .tune, IS II.

N. Knirl.inJ Eauk Xotes,

per.

llllinna, Hi a

dis.

llliniiis, l.> a

(In.

I ni'.eil Statee, 21) a

do.

\cw Jersey, 3 rt 3

do.

Ciiiud.i, 7 a

io.

Rochf..':ter. Mnnd.'iv, ^
July 1, Ib-ll.' 5
BIOXEY MARKET.

?*pe<?ie, par. - —

r.Ji^tcrn Hrr.fts, 1 pr rt jircTn
IVniiPvlv.inia, 0 a 10 iti->.
Ohio. ■ 10 a 1-2^ tlu.

.Michigan, 30 do.

Miiryhiiul, G a 10 do.

::«iisp's'fi IJritlge-t a 7 do.

Tl.rrc i<< no altrrr.tiiMi in the rate of uncurrcnt money. —
The lijoiicy in-irkci is ai a sl.ind slilt. ai:d ia railicr light.

NKW YOUK M.\tiIvI',T-J(r«E S'a.

The FI'Mir ilenlrr? hnvc still t'nrrlier advanrcd tlieir preten-
«ioii9. Sales jcs:crday of cr.nininn hrands ("Irnesee at Ci,:>7iJ
.1 .>..')0 ; Ohio Tdund hoop, 5,'J.> a S,:jli ; do. flat hoop, 5,3 J a
.7,37^; ."Vlifhigan ."i.I'ii a ;>.-.5; GeorgPlown and Howard st.
.5.3' .J a ri,ri(>. The nrrivuls arc liglit, and of many ktiids the
inafKetis hare. Thf* purdiaFprs arp coiifined 10 iminediale
WMi'H Corn ha? arrived ninrc fieelv. s.nd pale~s of Southern
have l't( n ni:ide to the extent of I2.i)U0 l-nshfls, at 50 v. (lOc
ine istire, anil lili- weight, dt-liverej; 1000 do. Northern at
G*JJ weight. The t tock of Wheat Jm retiueed, nrd 125^ is 2:en-
eially demanded for Ohio. A |>:ircel of ^OUU luisbels Ijong
I^htnd ndil at 1!">; for niiHin?. Tor ll>e Gle was abkcd, hut
we lieard of no ^n!p3, Snw.il sales of Northern Oats at 44 a
15. No Southern Oats at Market.

O

* Her ,'hUJreii — three lire niv Jcwclu stiM tlir mother of
'he fJrUi'tH.

RKVOLVISG HORSE RAKES,

F the Iiest i-oiistrutnion, are muniifiictiireil liy r. I
Wrichl. Suite street Uocliester — Prices S^^.
.Also, (.'ullivntors— Price, .?G,50 to § 1). July I.

THE TIIOROIGH BRED IIOR8E,
FLiORIZEIi.

FOR the information of tlinse who niny niph the sTork'of
thlH celchrated horse, iioiii-e is liercliy siven, tli.it lie
will ■Jtroid for mares the ensuine senson, :it the stiihlc of 11.
V. Wcril, (.ienesro; niul alsoiit the.stahlc of the siili.siTiiriT,
[in Gnvelnii'l, where iiasliir.ige will he provided, and atrea-
I lion pnld to mr.xft frrmi a fTi'ilflni'e.
I »/<!;/ I. ^, I W!. C H. CXRnOI.I,,

RITA BAGA AND Tl'RNlP SEEDS.

A Full and clioli-e .•issorlraent of Kuti Hr.»i and othe^
'lernip Seeds, l.-.icly received from tiiplrnid, for sale at
the Kochester ^ced Store.

BATEH.\M Jc CROS.SlAN:
June 1, If II.

THET no ROUGH BRED HORSE
YorXG IIEXRY.

THE rVBI.IC .-ire iiifornjcd that the aliovr thoroupli hred
Horse, raised hv H. Woolsev, l.oit2 tsl.-.nd, nn.l now
owl. el In the sulB.Tiler. will sliiiia at O Cuhcr';'. Brighton,
.^loiir eco., anil will he let in mares at tifleen dollars the tea-
?on. l-'.nclosed i.nd itoo-1 pasture will I e provided, and kU
Iioi^^ibtc rare nnd i.t'eiituni M ill he paid to mares Lri.ught
from I d'.Ftatire and left with the horse ; liul ao responsibili-
ty for accidents or escapes, sliouM any occur.

Pedigree.

YounR Hrary was cot hy Henry, the enmpetllor of Edlpce,
out of Saiidlioie, hj Kclipse. \'oune Henry is now? ycart
olil on the 4lh of June n«xt; he is a splendid liguie, with his
points finely dcvelnped. he is a rlark sorrel, and somewhat
over 16 bands high. For further panlciilnrs. applv to

OLIVKR CULVER.

Bi igbton, Monroe Co., N. Y., May 20, IrJ 1.

ROCHESTER SEED STORE—1841.

B.ATi:il.\M & CKOr-M.AN, the proprieors of this well
know n cstnljltshiiienl, respectfully inform the public that
tiie> hiLVe now on hand a general assortiiieiit of superior
Lliigljsli and American SlOKJ'Iti of the growth of lt40, Lad
other articles in their line of l-u»iness.

For the FARM — choice varieties of Corn, Grain, Hrass,
Clover, &c., and seeds for Ruut Crops, such as Mangel Wurt-
lel. SutjiirUeet, Carrol, Hiita Ltaga, Kngli&h Turnip, &c.

For the G.\RDMX — all the most valuable and approved
kimls of esculent Veiretable Skkds. Those tvhich grow in
•rrcater perfection in K.uropc, are annually imported from
Ki.L'lanii ; — such as the diflereiit varieties of Ciibbagc, Cauli-
Ihiwer, Broccoli, Hailish, Turnip Sic. Onion seed is olitaiii-
ed frnni WelheLSfield. and other articles are raised tor this
estalilishiuent with creal care.

FL()\VI;r SHi;i)8— about SOO varieties of the most beau-
tiful and in'ercsiiiu: kinds. — (I'riccoOccnis per doz. papers.^

ROOl S. AND rLA.Vl'H— Choice kinds of Potatoes, A»-
paraL'iis and I'ie-plant roots, CabbaiiC, Cauliflower and other
plants in their season.

TOOLS AND l.«Pl.F.:\IENTP, of various kinds, for the
Farm and Garden And a lariie collection of valuable
BtiKrKS oil subjects connected with farming and [;ardeiiing,
silk culture. &c.

rtll.K WOU.M KGOS— of dilTereiit kinds, on handle their
se.isou.

OzrC.VT.M.OGl'ES gr.itis on application. ftlcrchanls
supplied with i^ecds at wholesale, on liberal terms. Oulers
from a distance containing' a remittance, or good city refer-
ence, will receive attention.

BATF.HAM & CROS.M.\N.

Arcade Hall, Rochester, Jprill, 1641.

KOCHESTER PRICES Cl'RRENT.

COF.RKCTKD KOR

THE .XKW GE.NXSEE FARMER, JULY I, IMl.
WHEAT per bushel § 1,08 a $ 1,12J

COIUN,.

OATS, "

BARLEY, "

RYE, "

B£A.\.S, White,.. "

POTATOES "

APPLES, Desert,. "

" Dried,... "

FLOUR, Supeitine, "

" Fine, "

SALT, "

48.
.31..
37J.
00..

18..

r.(». .

75..

4.88..
3,75...
l.,^0..,

.50

.. 75
. 20

." 8S
5,00

4,00

P0RK,.Me9s " 1(1,00 11,00

" Prime " 9,00 10,00

BEEF " 4,00 4,50

POULTRY, per ponnd, 8

E(iGS, per dozen, 9

BUTTER. Fresh, .. per pound 10 19J

" Firkin,

CHEESE,

L\RD,

TALLOW, Clear,
HIDES. Green...
SHEEP SKli\S,.
PEARL ASHES,
POT,

WOOL,

HAY,

GRASS SEED,..

CLOVER, " "

FL.V.X "

9

9

1,00

..each,... 874....
.100 Ihs.. 5,00

... " ..4,.-.n

.pound,.. 25 35

...ton, 10,00. 12,00

hu6hcl,..l,r,0 y,oo

6.00

. 75 87J

ita:

tl;

PLASTER, (in hl.U) per ton,r..00

" bnlkfat Wheatland):!,.^>0

The market ia verv iinste.-idy. The various reports In re-
lalion to the crops, ha\e a tendency to renclt rtlle prices very
Hu tiintln','. Wliea'- has advanced to quoted prices, and wo
have heard snuie lots beins sold at prices still higher. Tlia
supply is small, and demand great. Flour for shipment, ifl
up to 4.K^, and .l.tlO, and is very brisk at that. Corn has ad-
vanced since our last. Oats have rather fallen ort". if any
thin::. T e ^\'ool market is very lively, and creat (juantl'
tics are coniin? in. Hay ha-s rather dropped off from whatti
was a* ono tone sia-'e our last, hut is now in iteiannd 1^
qiioIe-1 pric.-ir.

M. B. BATEHAM,
C. F. CIIOSMAN,

Proprietors.

VOI/. 2.

ROCIIESTEK, AUIiSJST, 1841.

WO. 8.

JOHN J. THOMAS,

M. B. BATKHAM, EJitors.

PUBIilSHEW MO.\TlIL.Y.

FIFTY CF.XTS, per year, piiyalile nlivnys in a.tvancc.

Pdst ^^I;i3[ers, Agenu, .iiitl oilier^, semling tiioripy Crec ot"
posta'^e, will receive seccn oojiie;' for ®3, — 7k6/tcc(i[JicB fi)r
8J,^'/W«(y-Jfrc copies fur ©111.

The pvsta^rc of litis p.ijicr is only one eeiit to any place
within tiiis state, and one anil a half cents to any "part of
the L'niled ??tate.=.

AKIrcss UATKllASIifRdSSIAX, Rochester, N'. V.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

The Harvest. The Wea'.lier of Jnne and July. Hints
for the Alontji) 113

Clierries. iMy own I^vperienre. Un-ler Drainintr. . . . 114

On Making Foods. Keep yonr Land Dry. Scraps.
Liver L'oniplaint — Dead Sheep — Costivcness of .siieep
Hoffa in Pastnres 115

The Flowers of Slimmer. Tiie Fruit Garden. A Bas-
ket of Clierries. The Ctirculin shut on' 116

A visit to >[r. SheffL!r's Farm. Berkshire Hogs. Sugar
Beets. Wheat Culture. Fig Sale 117

InSamalile Gase.vhaled by Flowers. Best time for Cut-
ting Tim'ier. The Hessian Fly. Important Discove-
ry— Destroying Insects !1S

Tlie Rose Bug. No fcind to Improvement. Humbugs.. Ill)

Apologies nnd Promises. The Fair at Syracuse. 3Ion-
roe Ag. Soc. Notice. County --Vg. Societies — Cayuga,
Kenec-i, Krie, Niagara, Livingston, &c To the Offi-
cers of the Cavuga Co. Ag. Soc. Meeting of the N.
Y. State .\g Soc 120

Slugs on FriiitTrees. " Dowiiing's Landscape Garden-
ing.*' Items from E.Kchange Papers. Cows pas' ured
on Morns iMuUicaulis — Silk Culture— Large Vear-
liiigs, &c 121

Durhnin Cows as Milke.-s 1*22

Sugar Beets for Spring Feeding. Drinking in hoi Wea-
ther. Desiroving Rats 1*23

Mr. NetPs Short Horn < Mtle. The Crops in Ohio.
Canada Thistles &,c . . 121

Reply to S. R. W on the Corn Laws. On the Silk Cul-
ture 12.)

Natural Philosophy. .Agricultural Cdn.-ation. More
large Pigs. How to ascertain the age of Horses. Col-
man's A'ldress on American Agriculture 106

Physical Education. The Working-.IIan's Dwelling. ..;jl2"

Tl-eOrchardist's Companion The Riita Uaea HMob.
Blight in Pear trees. Wonderful Precocity " Gnl.
libility " Docs the Citrculio tly up in'o the trees?
The Silk Bounty Law. Late I-'.ngii^h News. Reports
of the ."Markets. Aiverlisement.-. Pricc:^ Current, &c, 12S.

Still another Call.

We are now incurring large o.\pcneea, and greatly
leeJ the nuineroua s'nall surns — amounting in all to
tome bundreJs of dollars, still due us from Postmasters
jnd others. If not reniilicd soon we shall have to
lend, what ^ve bate to give or receive — special Dl.ns
SVe fear wo shall have to adopt sirieter rules next
fear.

To Corrf!f5po:i(lents.

Saveral communicttions, letters of inquirj", Ac,
ISTC not received attention this month, owing to our
ihsence. We will endeavor t> give a description of
1 stump machine in onr next. Helen- shall receive
Itention next montli — la O.ir Valley neat Maple
Groce? Then where are both 1

TiiB Weather of Jirne Kiid July.

The montli of ."Vlry left us coUI and dry, and the drought
contnucd till the 11th of June. The crops, especially grass,
clover and wheat, suflereJ severely, and were saved by the
rain before and after the mid.ile of June. In this vicinity,
the grass crop is below the average, and the same remark is
true resj)e^ting wheat.

Over the country it is gratifying to hear that the harvest
will be fully adciiuate for the wan'softhc people. Indeed,
the line weather, af.er the rain in Jnne, filled out the t»erry
of wheat to uncommon fullness, and thus the crop is larger
than many had anticipated.

It Is now obvious that the cold weather of May was high-
ly beneficial ; for with hot weather, the drought would have
destroye I grass an.I wheat, and much misery must have fol-
lowed in this part of the land. The rain of June, however
did not much e.xceed an inch. The 7lh and 8tli and CO.h June
were very warm — temperature 90 * or more at 2 P. I\I.

July has ijeen favorable for ripening grain, as well as fur
haying and harvesting; as it has abounded with fine wea-
ther. Considerable ruin has fallen in pleasant and Ehort
showers; we.-ilher warm, and a week from the *2"st very
hot. On the 2 st the beat was 03°, and almost as high OTi
the22d; and on bo' h days, above 90~ for more than three
hours: 23d, very little less heat; and 21th for some time
l»7°,and above U3= several hours. This was the hottest
day for seme yer.rs in this vicinity— hot indeed over the
country. The earth be t.inie parched, and occasional show-
ers seemed to have little influence O.i the 31st fell a great
rain, in showers; in the morning and long before sunrise
till nine o'clock, ihere was much tiiunjer, aitd more than one
inch of rain fell in an hour. The earth secnie I to drir.k in
the successive and abundant showers, and to be greatly re-
freshed. " Thou visitest the earth, and watcreth it ; thou
greatly enrichest it with the fiver of God that is fall of wa-
ter."

During the continuance of the drought, the horns of the
moon have been so turne.l as to indicate a if ci moon, though
it proved dri/.

Mean temperature of Jnne 0©,53

do do. of July 68,31

The Barometer has varied but little from 29,.i inches, in-
dicating regular weather. C. DEWLV.
Rochester, Jul) 31st. IMl.

The Harvest.

The AVheat crop of Western New York, like 'hat of Ohio,
ffill fall below an average in quantity, although fine in
luality. In several towns in this county the insect has dune
lome injury, but we believe not very extensive The wea-
ker has been fine for harvesting, and the crop is mostly se-
surei in good order.

In Michigan, the Detroit .\dverti3er of July tICtli says, the
Wheal crop is very abumlant anil secured in fine order ; but
corn anil potatoes were sufT'-ring from drouth— tliermom-

:er 90 in the shade. The Alton (Illinois) Telegraph •f

iuljr 3d speaks of excessive drouth, and potatoes being ac-
lly roasted in the hill: A correspondent in St Louis
, Missouri, says the Wheat Harvest never was better
m Canada we are intormei the erop is fair, though nol

'try abundant T'tK -amc rt re,''orte4 of reiin'»rl''ania.

Hints for the Month.

Fnimers should remember that weeds continue to
grow throughout the season, and that efforts to de-
stroy them should not be now relaxed. Corn and
potatoes should still be kept clear of them. It will
not only be of essential benefit to the present crop,
but save a vast amount of labor in future seasons.
Ruta bagas, canols, and mangel wurtzule, need con-
stant attention in this particular.

But perhaps the greatest evil from suffering weeds
10 grow, is the bad habit it leads to. Good order and
neatness should be studied and carried out on all oc-
casions ; and every cultivator should become alarm-
ed whenever he finds himselt growing easy under
careless management

Care should be taken rot to smc weeds. Seed
wheat should be thoroughly cleaned, and nothing
left but the pure grain ; chess and cockle may be re-
moved fro n it by a good fanning mill, and by wash-
ing in brine.

It should be a standing practice to improve all
kinds of farm crop.i by selecting the best seed. The
best prirtinns of tb« ftelH shouldbtt ch"fenl and, if prac-

ticable, the finest heads picked singly from the
sheaves for the growth of future seed. The tame
course should be pursued with corn and other crops.
Every one knows that animals are improved on n
similar principle, !ind vegetable productions aiaj
doubtless be equally so.

Weeds growing in pastur s need care to prevent
their spreading by seed. Their rapid increase in
Western New York shows a wretched neglect. Fields
in which, five years ago, the Canada thistles, Jobna-
wort, and o.^-eyc daisy, bad just obtained on entrance,
are now completely overrun with these weeds. A
tenth part of the expense they have indirectly occa-
sioned, would have extirpated the whole of them
long ago. When the worst conies to the worst,
farmers must attend to this subject, thoii,{h » bun-
dred times the Icbor may be then needed tha* would
do the business now.

Those who cannot afford to destroy spreniiing
weeds, should remember the miller who would not
pay a dollar to fill the musk-rat hole in his dam; the
second day the current had enlarged it, and ha would
then have gladly paid that sum, but it would coBtfic*
dollars; and the third day he was compelled to f*f
fifty, or lose all.

Garden seeds require collecting M fast aa they be-
come ripe. The best way is to cut off the etemo,
which hold the ripened seeds, and lie them in bun-
dles, until they c.in be conveniently cleaned. Where
seeds are not fully ripe, a large portion of stems at-
tached, will often afford nourithmcnt enough l« oom-'
plete the procees.

This is the best season of the year to bud peaches.
Apples and pears may be easily budded, if done early
m the month. Success in the adhering of the hud,
depends chiefly on the ibriftiness of the slock, so that
the bsrk may separate very freely. Peach huda
which adhere well are often destroyed by the tticcecd-
ing winter and perish the following spring. To avoid
this, select buds from the oldest part of ihs shoot
whence they ore taken, and be especially careful ti>
procure the strongest and thriftiest shoola.

Before concluding, wc wieli to direct enlerprizinj
formers to what we have already published, in laia
numbers, on subsoil ploughing. The scastm for sow-
ing wheat wiy soon be at hand, and we are confident
a great improvement will be made in our cropa by
this practice. One fact in eomfirmation: — A neigh-
bor had dug a ditch through his field, several feet in
width and depth; the subsoil, thus removed, wes
spread to the ilepih of about two feet on the adjoining
ground. This f-engon, when the drought was sucU
that the wheat in the rest of that field, tKd not pro-
mise five bushels to the acre, that portion on each
side of the ditch on which the subsoil was deposited
in a deep bed, indicated a product of more iDan twen-
ty bushels to the acre. The soil \vas a loam, not so
heavy as ever to become cloddy or bake from tern*

114

THE iNEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Cherries.

Last eenson we took some notice of our cherries,
(vol. 1, page 114) nnd we now resume iho subject.

Some fine sorts arc found in ibis county ; but we
doubt if one treehol.ier in ten ever cat n fine cherry of
his own cultivating; and wo believe it might bo as-
serted without much risk, that many grown people in
this land hnvc never eaten a ripe one. This sugges-
tion may seem rather etarlling ; but when we consi-
der that this fruit is generally taken to market in a
half ripe state, we may comprehend how the owner
fares with s few trees in the moat public part of his
grounds, who keeps off the boys and the birds with
one hand — as it were — while he plucks his reonty
portion Willi the other.

It is enough to sadden the hear! of a pomologist to.
behold the old " English cherry," and the upright tour
cherry, casting their shadows over the highway ; for
it tells of a deplorable neglect to take ndvantnge of the
fine climate of the Genesee country ; why such fruits
are not v.-orth the trouble of guarding against the
birds — not worth even the labor of gathering.

Now according to our experience — and we have had
a rcasonabjc share — the lest cherries grow on trees
quite as hardy, and quite as easily cultivated as the
worst. How then comes it that such apologies for
fruit arc tolerated ? We leave this question for our
readers to answer ; but we can inform them that
»reea of Jirst rate kinds may be had for fifty cents a
piece ; and that the annual interest on the outlay
would be three or three and a half cents — ^just the
price of n 3:.',aU paper of tobacco. In two or three
years, such trees, with the ircatnjent that we have
recommended, would come into bearing; and we
ore strangely deceived if the proprietor would take
less than many ti.iiea that sum for the crop.

Two causes have conspired to make most of the
thcrrie.3 on our old trees this season inferior in quali-
ty. The steady cold in the spring, kept the blossoms
back, and none of the young fruit was injured by the
frost, so that there was a superabundance ; while the
severest drought in the early part of eummer, that has
occurred in many years, withheld tbe usual nourish-
ment. On several trees that were hung with fruit,
like onions on a string, the leaves withered in the lat-
ter pan of the day, and some thought they were dy-
ing ; however there was no diaeaee but that of starva-
tion— too much fruit and too many leaves. The fruit
gave way first, and the loaves are now recovering.

It has satisfied us however, that old cherry trees
should be pruned when we want the finest fruit ; and
that to adopt the old English* custom of breaking
ofT.the twigs with the cherries on them is no great
proof of Vandalism. On such trees as are in danger
of overbearing, like the AVhite Tartarian, or Trane-
parant Guigne^ it is a positive improvement.

All the " white" cherries of England that we have
seen, become red under the glowing skies of this
land. Well, an old White Heart (so called) which
had borne abundantly, was unproductive for several
yews; but by cutting ofTa few of the leading branch-
es, it ^vns roujed from its torpor — vigorous shoots
sprung forth, nnd again it has become fruitftd.

We have never known the redar birds so scarce as
they arc this season. Young cherry trees have been
mostly allowed to ripen their fruit in peace; and whe-
ther we ought to say with the poet

—Joy to the tempest tliat whelm'd ihcm beneath

And niarle their destruction Its sport;

er Bjcribe their diminished numbers to some other

cause, we know not ; but wc should estimate them
at not more than one-tenth of what usually appear in
other seasons. Wo have not had opportunities to
shoot half a dozen.

The crow however, made soma predatory demon
strations; but on our strctciiing olufi two pieces of
twine between some of tbe trees, they euddeidy dis-
covered they had no further bueinesa in that quarter.

The manner in which ornithologists occasionally
cpcak of the character: of different birds, is ninuting.
According to Nutlall, the crow is "troublesome,"
"gormandizing," "voracious," "audacious," "pir-
atical," "pillaging," "guilty." "injurious," and
" formidable ;" while to tbe cedar bird is ascribed
"gentleness of disposition," and "innocence of char-
acter," besides being entitled to the adjectives,
" friendly, useful, and innocent." Now all the
charges that we have selected aeninsl the crow, apply
as well to the cedar bird, with the e.tception of two ;
and "innocent" es bo is made to appear, the same
acts committed by some other bipods vwilhout feath-
ers however) would entitle them to a lodging in the
county jail.

It is often extremely ditTicuIt to determine the <ruf
name from the books, when two varieties are much
alike. The time of ripenivg ia sn important chaiac-
terie'.ic ; but as this will vary with the climate as well
ns with the season, the most exact way to f x this point,
would be to compaie the ripening of the vaiiety under
examination, with that of some well kno« n sort. —
Unfortunately, pomologisla have generally chosen the
May Duke for this purpose— the most unfit of nil the
cherry tribe that vi e have ever seen ; for it goes on
ripening and to ripen for several weeks in succession.
All such references cie but of little value.

Our young trees have made us acquainted this
season with three more fine varieties of the cherry.
The first is the Elton whicli L'ndley cnlla " very ex-
cellent," and which ripens with tbe Black Corone.
Nicl says " it is distinguished by tbe extraordinary
length of the fruit-stalks;" and eo we have found it,
after comparing it with seven or eight other varieties,
all of which have shorter stalks. Tbe fiuit is large,
a wa.xon yellow, mottled or dnsbcd with red next the
sun. We think it will bcc.imc a general favorite.

Another kind has been called the DlacU Ei:gU;
but Lindley represents tbe genuine sort as r pening
at " the end of July or beginning of August" in
Englsjid, while ours ripens with tbe Elton, " tbe be.
ginning or middle of July" in that country. He
continues . " the fpura of the Black Eagle produce
bunches of tenor twelve cherries each ;" but ours
were mostly single. Again: "juice very rich and
high flavored ;" but ours, though sweet and rich,
and much admired, could scarcely ba entitled to that
epithet. Another year however, may throw more
light on the subject.

The third sort is the Elkhorn — a very remarkable
variety. We agree with Piince that it is one of the
lirgest black cherries that we have ever seen, and
when fully ripe a superior fruit, as it then loses most
of its bitterness. It is very firm, and must be fine for
transportation or culinary purposes. t

* Wc alllHic to Lyd(X.itc'B p-rcount of ttir I,iind<jri cries
(aliout llic )c;ir It.'iO) where lie mentions *' rherrjrs In llir
r>Fc." "Rysc,^'' says the New Kdiiiburpih Kncyclopirdist,
" Is n woiU rot yctolmolele in Scotland, slgnir/lng rarav or
twijs."

For the rfeie Gcnztti F«rrr~er.
Mr own Expcrleuce.
Mkssbs. Editoks — Last year was my first at-
tempt at farming. I commenced by subscribing for
the New Genesee Fanner, and Albany Cultivator.
By these valuable papers, every number of which is
worth three times its cost, 1 learned that Canada
Thistles, of which I had o very promising crop,
could be cfTcctually subdued, by repeated ploughings-
Accordingly I commenced about the first of June, and

ploughed them p.bor.i once a month, and harrowed
tbcm aa often, oUirnately, (with Wilber's improved
harrow,) till about the first of Octcbcr. Tbe result
is their entire destruction, except a few places where
the ploughing could not be well done.

I planted one bushel of Rohan potatoes, and rnifed
seventy butbeU ; four acres of corn, and harvettcd
two hundred; sowed ten bushels of wheat, and shall
not harvest any. So much for the first year.

Yours truly, V. YEOMANS.

Walworth, July'.), 1841.

Fron the Farmer'a Gazette.
l'nder»I>ra : u i u g.

The past month has been vciy unfavorable for out-
door businets, in consequence of the almost continu-
ous rains. It hes, however, allorded nie an excellent
opportunity to witness tbe benefits derived from viidcr-
druinivg. This branch of agricultural iniprovcn:ent
is wholly neglected by most of our f3in;ers, wbile
there are no twenty-five acres of ridgc-lnnd lying con-
tiguous, to Eay nothing of low or swampy gionnds.
but what some parts of it .It least would be mateiinlly
improved by diaining.

With many persons, the discovery is yet to be made,
that a euper-Bbiindance of water is as detrimental to
tbe growth of most plants, as a stinted supply of this
fluid. Tbcy admire that elevated lands should be
wot ; the lenson is, they do not look detp enough, —
if they did, they would diucovcr that tbe soil ot most
of our riii^cs rests upon a sub soil which is very tena-
cious, and as impervious to water, as a dith ; conse-
quently there is no way by which the water falling
upon the surface can escape, excipt by the slow pro-
cess of wending its way through the soil to some lets
elevated place, or by evaporation, except it is by ditch-
es, either covered or open. My remarks regard iho
former. After recommending a fystcm, the inferenco
will be that 1 l:nvc derived some benefit from it. I
answer in the aflirmniivc, and will state britfiy uiy
experiments.

I have an o'chard, one side of which is wet, stiff
iond : rarely any water stands upon the surface. Lot
lor Ecvernl months in a year the soil is complcic-ly sat-
urated,— eo much so, that n li' le dug a tew incbea
deep will immediately fill. The tiecsdid not flourish
ns well as on tbe more elevated parts ; it occurred to
nie that it might be owing to the roots being eo im-
mersed in water. Accordingly, two years ago I
caused thirty rods of ditch to be made, in dillerent di-
rections, all in the compass of half an acre, and tciinin-
nting in one, and thai in a low place, where I could
witness the discharge, and the quantity eurpiised nie.
Tbe favorable influence of tbe drains upon tbe land ly-
ing some dictnnce ofl", as well as that in their immedi-
ate neighborhood, also exceeded my expectation. The
etTect i.pon tbe trees is decidedly favorable, and tbe
grass is much sweeter and more nbundnnt.

Again, I have a field often acres, in N\"hich I have
made one hundred and fifty rods. This lot bad al-
ways been occupied for grazing ; some pait of it was
so wet (made so from springs) as to proeluce but little,
and by far the greater part of a kind of knotgrass,
which indicates the coldest of land ; will only hcep
animals, but not fatten them. The ditches hsil
so favorable an efiect that I determined to put the lot
under tbe plough, — that bcinir mv intention f-om the
beginning, provided I could drain it. I have bad two
crops from it, and my ex[.crienco is, that those parts
of the lot, which were the moet wet, have become by
means ol the drains the driest, mid tbe soonest fit to
plou<;h after a rain, nnd producing the best crop. It
wouUi surprise any one tei witness the quantity of wa-
ter discl.i-rged, and that it is not interrupted in the '
coldest weather.

Now OS to tbe size and expense of making. That
will vary according to circumstances. I have made
mine two I'eet wide, from eighteen to iwenty-fmr in-
ches deep Tlie depth, however, is to be determined
by the nniui-c of tbe ground, and tbe kind of water to
be drawn off. If sui face water, when you meet the
obstruction, (hard pan,) that is sufHcient ; if spring, -
deeper cutting may be necessary. Tbemostexpeditious \
way of filling the ditches is to diuvp the stones in;
but the best way, nnd tbe one which 1 Lave practised,
is to lav them in by br.nd, leaving an apetlure or four ,
or five inches square, just as the stones seem to favor,
.K* to cost, I calculated twenty-five cents a rod ; this
is what I pay for digging and stoning. Too drawing
the stones I count nothing, as they can be disposed
of in that way at a less expcnce than to draw thsm ^
nto the highways, er to some distant ledge or brokeii^

II ■■ IMIIMI iiimnii I I

No. 8.

AND GARI)]!:.\r:R'S JOI RNAf,.

115

about £15, nnl will conio n (ibove 7C0 h.'g-hinjs of
wa'.tr. Oiic of iuily-fivc hci in (linnit'ter, by five in
(]c; lb ill lue cfiilif, wMlcon'cin i!l:in;;.l!iO bcig>:l:eou8,
ar.d may be tX'Cineci f.tr abciu .Ci'-. This is a vfltl
supply at a 6i;ii;il c.\ycrco. Tbe wnli i- tbu.-i piescrvcd
IS i:l nii cxocllfiTt qusliiy, whtii not ii jmtd ly tbt
catilo.

Much might be Bfii"! upon lue rxcellvncc I'f ib'e
1 Inn, ln;t I will ictVnin iVi.ni tresji.'isslu;.' i-poii your
volutble foluiniid, by L'iving atiy observaiioiia of ni\
ow,-!, lliiiikinj' tbcy mny be uucallcd for,
1 LUi, tSir, youi ubcditni si-rvant,

YEOMAN OF KENT.

piece of ground. Tbe drawing lbs dirt on after pla-
cing li'.e stones, is lo quick du e, that it iiccd not en-
ter Into tbe c.tiJOiice.

Tbe liitcli jboiild not be filled nearer tbnu witbin
Bix iuclics oi' tbe eurfn/o. S'>d3 or slrnw tbould he
liii'l oil Uieiliues iirr\ior8 ro rep'aein^' '.be dirt. Tbs
quantity of %va*er to be d ^eharged, and tbct>tun:-a uiJ-
on the land, will influence no to widib nnJ depth of
the dilcb.

I hive r.inde my article longer than I had intended
\vb<:u 1 began tn wiite. I am not aiiibiiious to make
a display of my farming, b.it to elicit atttniioii to, and
promote agriL-tdtural interests. R. H.

Uiinburii, Mill/ 3, 1841.

Frum till f.i-ntlon Ttiarh L.ci,c EzpTcss.
On Sliik'i's i'oHiis.

Sir — Observing one oi yotir correspondents to he
making an iriquiiy as to a mc'h"d of making ponds,
I take the liberty nf sending you, lor his )n:'ormatton,
the method practised some time ago by Mr. Rjbert
Gardiner, of Kilham, in tbe Kast Riding of York-
shire.

Lei a eircio be marked on the ground eixty feet
ill diameter — ui«rc or less as tbe person choi:=es, or
(be fUe 01 tbe pasture may require n j-iipi It of v.'aior —
and if of tbit diameter, let it be bolloAed out into ihe
ebapo of a basin, or bowl, to tbe depth of seven feet in
tbe centre ; when tbe suifnce of this hollow b.ts been
mked situoib, let it be well beaten over, so as to re-
duce it into as even, uniform and liim a surface, as
the nature of the ground Will admit of; on this, well
slacked I'ud gcreeii^'d lime must be uniformly spiead
with a riddle, to the ihiekiiess of two or ibiee inches:
the more poroua or open the ground, the greater will
be the quantiiy oflimereeUTed : this lime tlieii must I 6
slightly watered, to make it adhere firmly to the
place, and great care mutbe talun to spread it equal-
ly, so that no place may remain uncovered— as on
the lime depends, m'lre than any thing else, the suc-
cees of tbe woik. On this limi; must be laid a bed of
clay, to about the thickness of si.v inches, which being
niuistc:m;d suIikMenily to render it ductile, is to be
beaten with mallets or beetles, into a eompacl solid
body, capable of being trodden upon without impres-
sion or injury. Great eare is to bs taken in laying
on this mass of clny uniformly, and healing it into a
cuaiptct body ; for ibis purpose no moie must be
spreod at a time up.in tbe lime tbati can undergo the
beating, while it retains a proper temper nj- consist-
ence for the purpose ; after the whole is thus (inisbed,
it is gone over several times with tbe beaters, and
sprinkled each time with water, and care is taken to
prevent any cracks being ILrmcd, which might entire-
ly destroy the power of retemiin.

Pure brick clay is not requ red in pirticular, but
any tenacious earth; that by be.".ting will Uccome a so-
lid conipact body, w-ill ;.n:^wer the purpose. As eoen
las this ope.-ation has been duly performed, the whole
•surface of the clay is eove.'ed, to oboiit the thickness
of a foot, with bnken chalk, ^e gravel, or the chip-
pings of mjuldering stuic, or limestone D prevent
any injury being done by tbe treading of eatile. —
It is nejjssary to observe, that coar-e stones ought
not to be made use of, as tbcy are liable to be dis-

filaccd by the treading ot cattle. They are also
iable to b? pressed into or through the clay, or
to be rolled down to the bottom of tbe pond ; un-
der all which circumstances, the beds of lime and
clay are liable to be broken, an.l the water conse-
<iuently let out of the i.ond. S.enetimcs tbe clay \i
covered with sods, the gr"35 side being laid down-
ward a? a supp irt to the g-a>'el, by which some sav-
ing of the covering may bo made; or a covering of
e%rth may be used, wiiere gravel and such like are
acSVee. After tbe clay has been well beaten, some-
workmen water tlie s-irfacs of it, and f)ld sb'^ep or
pigs for a c msiderable time upoa it — the treading of

which is found, to be serviceable in rendering it more

eompsct.
The h.-st season for making these pond?, is thought

to be .n autumn, r3 they are then likely to be filled the

soonest, and the least liable to crack bef« re they are
I'fiUed. Should the weather prove dry at tbe time

they are tinislied, it is well to cover the surface wiih

straw, or litter, to hinder them from cracking.

These ponds arc usually made at the foot of some

declivity where, after heavy rains, water may run into

Uiem from the load, but many are place! w'ithout any

iSBch assistance, it beinj found ihat tbe ram which

ifclla upon tUi.-ir surlace is lu general sufiicient for a

supply, after they have been once filled ; for this pur

pose snow is sometimes collected and heaped upon

them iho first winter after they are finished. One ol „ „ . , _ - ,

the Blw above (fiveii, hi ssya, may be executod for dnetiVB and of ctrsy mBProgement, ii first to TOironnd ]

Keep your Laud Dry.

The imponauce of draining is not duly appreciated,
nor Its practice well uiiderctood, among u^, Aiiiioeijb
water is indispeiisub'e to vegetation, loo imieh c>f it
is as hurtful as too little. It is nccessaiy to the germ-
ination of the seed, to tbe decom)ii)ditio;i of the veget-
able matter in lue soil, to llie transniissioii of tbe
food from the soil to the plant, to its circubitinii there,
and 10 tbe niat'iiity of the pioduct. All ihee-e useful
purposes are ilefented, where water rcmuins in tbe
soil to eicee.s — ihe setd rots, the vegetable matter
which r-hou!U scive r.s the fond of the ero|t, rcmtiiiis
unsoluble, in consequence of the absence of heat and
air, which the water excludes ; or, if the seid grows,
the plant io sickly, for want of its proper food, and
there is con.«"qiicnlly a virtual failure in the harvest. —
It is nut from tbe i,uifaee only we arc to determine
whether laud is siifiieiently dry to ruslcin a healthy
vegetation ; tut we a;e to e.xnmine the surfaee strat-
um, into whieh the roots of the plants penetrate, and
from wliieh th y draw their food. If this is habitual-
ly wet — if itgrowc marshy plants — it water will col-
lect in a hole sunk fifteen inches below the surface — '
the Inod is t'lo wet for culiivcted crops, and means
should be adopted to render it more dry. From my
partial acquaintance with this country, I feel assured
that much of your host land is tendered unfit for till-
age, or tbe giowih of the finer grasses, by reason of
the e.veess of water, which parses or reposes upon the
subsoil unnoticed by the cultivator. These lands are
denominated evld and sour, ai,d they truly are so. —
Cold sour Inn. is are invariably wet lam's below, if not
upon tbe furfoce. But if the euperlhions water
were judiciously conducted off by eflieient undcr-
drains, (for tbe coBstruction of which, you possess
tbe beat materials in abundance,) tliese lends would
be rendered warm and sweet, and highly productive,
and tbe ou;lay would be repaid by the increased value
of two or three of the first crops. Wet lands are gen
erally rich lands, nbounding in vegetable matters,
which water has jirescrvcd from dec.imposilion, but
whieh readily beeome the food of plants, when the
water is drawn olT, Let me imagine a case, which I
am sure will be found to e.vi.^t in many pans of your
country. There is a slope of a little bill, half a mile
in extent, terminating in a iiat forty rods wide, through
whieh a brook meanders. Tbe soil on this slope, and
in this fiat is of a light porous ipiality, si.'i; to twelve
inches deep, repo^ing oi: a subsoil impervious to wa-
ter, as eipy, rock or haidpan. By soil, I mean the
upper stratum, in which vegetable maticrBa''c blended
with earthly materials, an-.l which constilute the true
p.isture of plants, Menr the top of this sliqe, all along
on a horizontal level, oi .perhaps lower tlown, spouts
or springs burst through the subsoil, a thing very
coniiiion in hilly districts, the waters from which
tiiuling an ca^y passage tkrttvgh the loose soil, spread
and run donii the slope, and uptjn the stjisuit and
through the fiat, till they find their level in the brook.
A thermometer [ilunged djwn to the subnoll, will in-
dicate, at niidsumm.er, a temperature iirobably not
grea'cr than Go"' whereas to grow and mature many of
our lest farm crops, we requij'eaheat in the toilof70~'
or S)'', How shall we remedy this evil, and render
this land profitob'e to the occupant ? Simply by mak-
ing an underJrain or drains, in a gently inclining di-
rection ; a little below these spouts or springs, and,
if practienble, somewhat into the subsoil. Tlicse will
e-a'tcb and conduct ofT the spouting waters, and by
laying the lower plane dry and permeable to heat
air, develope all its natuial powers of fertility.

I will suppose another case — that of a flat surfaee,
underlaid by an impervious subsoil. This is render-
ed unproduetive, or difiicult to manage, by singiuint
waters. The rain and snow waters, penetrating the
soil, ere arrested in their downward passage, by the
subsoil, which not having elope to pass them oti', they
here remain and stagnate, and putrii'y, tdike prejudi-
cial to vegetable an.l animal health. Tbe mode of
raining such grounds, and of rendering them prO'

the field with a good underdrain and to construct a
■Tuffieieiit open drain fioni the outlay to carry off the
waters. Then with the plough, thrt w the lend into
ridges of twenty to thirty feel in breadth, oecoiding to
the tenai iiy of the soil, in the di.'-eclion of the slope,
iiiid sink an underdrain in each ot the fmrows be-
tween tbo ridges, terminating them in the lower
Cioss drain. The u;ateriuls of the nnder.diaina, which
are generally ttoues, should be laid so low as to admit
of the free passage of the plough over them. The
supeillaoiis water, by the Inwa of grr.vitatiioi, sdtlo
into these drains, and pats off and tlie soil becomes
dry, manageable and productive. An aequaintanca
called upon a Scotch farmer whose form had been un-
derdio iicd in this way, and being inforircd that
the iiiiprovement cost si.vteen dollars an acre, tila
having been used, remarked that it was a costly
m; rovement. " Yes," was the farmer's reply.

" but it cost a deal mair net lu do il," which he illus-
trated by pointing} to an adjoining fa m, like situated,
which h'ld not been drained, and was overgiown wilh
rushes and wiih sedge gross, and then to bis own
tiehls teeming with iH.^-.iriancc and rich in the indica-
tions of' an abundant harvest,

I have dwelt upon the c-ubjeet of draining with moro
detail, because I have peisonol'y realized its benefits,
iind am sure it may be extensively gone into with
certain prospect of reward, — Judge Buel.

Far the J^cw Genttea Fanner.
Scraps of Isifoimation.

LIVl.R C0.MPLA1.\T,

MiissBS, Editors — Barley is an old n;edicine for
the cure of liver complaints. In the countries west of
the Allegany mountains, animals ore particularly sub-
ject to such complaints, especially hogs. Repeated
experiments have shown, that if they are fed with s
proportion of barley while fattening — say one-third or
one-half barley — their livers, when they are killed,
will be found free of any defect or unsoundness:
Whereas, if they are fattened upon corn or other arti-
cles, such as are generally used, a sound liver can rare-
ly be founfl. In order to produce this efiect, it is best
to feed tbo barley without cooking il ; — boiling it will
lessen its medicinal properties.

DEAD sni;i-P.

If the wool of dead sheep is not wonted for stock-
ings, it should be sheaied oflTftom ihcni instead ol^ be-
ing picked ofl", lf"sheored off, it can be sorted by tho
manufacturers, and will be pui chased by them at iia
fair value. It is also n great saving of labor,

STKl.TdtES, OR COSTIVKNESS OF SHKEP.

This complaint frequently arises from dry bay be-
coming consolidated in their stomachs.

(;i;nj;. — To half a pint of yeast add hidf a pint of
lukewarm water, and, from a bottle, turn it down ihu
sheep's thio;,t. Dose it in this monncronce in two or
three hours, until relieved. ,

Th-s nicdicine operates by dissolving the contents
of the bowels by fermentation, and will generally opo'
rate when all other medicines fail — is Q cooking and
safe remedy. Doses of two or three quarts should he
given to oxen and cows clliicted wilh dry murrain,
which is similar to the complaint among sheep.

I'utntots. — Sheep ate not fond of Potato tops, es-
pecially when they ore full grown, or getting old —
therefore, if your potatoe patch becomes too grassy or
weedy, either before or after hoeing, turn in youj
sheep, and they will shortly cnt down the gross and

^veeds or'y he careful to tarn tuem cut os soon as

they hive fiu shed the gross and weeds.

HOCS IS PASTCKES.

1 have conversed wilh many farmers upon tbe sub-
ject of letting liogs in upon pasture ground, and I find
upon inquiry that a majority are in favor of letting
old hogs tn upon pastuie ground, and think that tbcy
add to the quantity of paaturoge wr.hout injuring tho
quality. My own impression is the reverse of ' ^^ ■ •

but 1 find so many large farmf-" ' ■"

should be pleased if y i_ .

' Iject and notice it in ,s3ing of Albany has sold a Berk-
Okm, Jvi\f, liii, the former for $200, and the lat-
V. P. Curd of Kentncky, Th»
weighed 880 lbs.
.4

116

THE NEW GENESEE FAJIMER,

Vol. 2.

The Flowers of 8nmmer.

Since our last article on flowers was written, we
have seen the Maktka rose in its glory ; and when
its tall stems are properly supported by a trellis, its
dark flowers make a fine display. The Caroline rose
is well adapted to the same treatment.

The Grerdle rase Etonds on the south side of a
board lence ; and with no other protection, it has en-
dured the winter without damage. The flowers
varying from pure while to almost red purple, even
in the tame panicle, present a pleasing contrast of co-
lors.

At different times, we had procured trees oi Mag-
nolia gUiuca but they could not endure the eun in the
open harder, though the soil had been enriched for
the purpose. Accident, rather than judgment howe-
ver, induced us to try one on the north s.de ol aboard
fence ; and it has grown finely, producing this season,
for the first time, two of its white fragrant flowers.
Sand with a large portion of muck from the woods,
constitutes the soil.

Our purple Chinese Magnolia, mentioned at page
64, (where its specific name should have been printed
oboecUa J two or three years ago shewed in its yel-
low leaves that it was eufl'ering from an ungeuial soil;
and we procured sour earth — such as corn would
dwindle in, from the northern part of Seneca county.
This material wa« applied three or four inches thick
to the bare roots, nol covered up with the soil that
had been removed to give it place. In a few
weeks the leaves assumed a deeper green ; and two
of those shrubs, which have been treated in this way,
might now be chosen as samples of a healthy vegeta-
tion.

Verbascum spedosum grows six or seven feet high,
and appears to be perennial. The stem supports
more than fify lateral branches, crowded with flowers
of • golden yellow which in the morning beam are
uncommonly brilliant. In the afternoon it seems to
fade, the flowers contracting or falling off"; and in the
evening it is nearly bereft of beauty. In the morn-
ing it ia again renewed ; and continues to bloom in
(his manner for a long time.

The double white Campanula pcrsidfolia has
blojjomed with us for the first time, and equals our
expectation. This species in its foilage as well as its
flowers, is among the moat elegant ol that wide spread-
ing genus.

Yueca jlaecida was mentioned last year ; and re-
mains to be a favorite. Its large white flowers conti-
nue long in bloom; and its leaves which are ahnnd-
ant and more than a foot in length, are as green in
wintsr as in summer.

Seflsre as the drought has been, Bocconia c&rdata
disregardj it; and from a deep factitious soil, sends np
stems seven or eight feet high. The light blvsh of
its petals before they open, which though small, are
exceedingly numerous, is very conspicuous and
pleasing.

Macrotya raccmoaa, degiadcd in some districts un-
der tha name of Black Snake Root, is much admired
for iU delicate white flowers. Where it is rare, and
no prejudice exists, it appears to great advantage.

lliflrangea quercifutia, from the far south, has en-
dured another winter, aiid retained enough of vitality
to come finely into bloom. The branches even above
the snow, were not destroyed, though impoired in
their vigor; but under the snow it is secure from all
injury by frost.

The dwarf Horsechestnut (Xsculuamacroslachya)

»« feet high, but flat topped and spreading wide, has

numerous panicles resembling spikes, projecting

■'■•"J'O, J,lie leaves, each nearly a foot in length, crowd-

'''•A'^on-w.iys,.aud reddish anthers on long

"• with eplandor.

A year ago we grafted the rosc-flowcring Locust
(Robinia hispidaj on the common kind, because
the former was not adapted to our soil. It flowered
the first season, this year it has grown finely, and ie
now in bloom. Some have spoken discouragingly of
its duration, but so iar it has done well. t

r) ic."

'• t6 IX wo.d rot yciblmolete i

twj^."

The FruiJ (jardeu.

The general introduction of fruit gardens among
the freeholders of this district, would go far towards
revolutionizing public sentiment on the subject of
petty theft— at least of one kind. People who hove
grown up in the practice of taking whatever they
could lay their hands on in the shape of fruit when
the country r/ns new, have in too many instances
trained up their children in the same licentious habitu.
Steal ? no, not they — out of a neighbor's desk or
cupboard ; but they would plunder him of the just
reward of his toil (melons, plums, or peaches,) and
glory in their wickedness. They would not rob a
hen-roost — that would be too mean ; but they would
rob the tree where the hens roosted, of every thing
else that was valuable.

A sprinkling of depravity has fallen on every
neighborhood — on some heavier than on others ; hut
we think there are depredators who would alter theii
course, if the case could be clearly presented to
their view ; especially those who have any thing ol
their own. The boy who owns a melon patch and
has to guard it, will be not much disiiosed to plunder
his neighbors. A fellow fueling strengthens his vir-
tue. His mind, in grasping the arguments that
show his own rights, perceives that they apply with
equal force to his neighbors, and be learna to respect
them.

By way of illustration let us snpposa a ease. B
and C owning village lots devote them to difTt-rer.t
crops. B plants no trees — trees cost money, and
years may pass away before th"y come in'o full bear-
ing. He is satisfied with the kitchen gorden, ond its
cabbages, onions and potatoes ; while C looking lur-
ther a-head without neglecting his immediate wants,
is preparing to have the cherry, apricot, plum, peach,
pear and apple, and in process of time he ia rewarded
for hie expenditure, toil, and care Now the whole
subject of begging or plundering fruil, turns on one
question : Has B any mure right to C"s peaches thou
C has to B's cabbages ? Let them barter, or let
them buy ; but the honest and honorable who have
duly considered the subject, can putin no other claim,
and apply on no other condition.

It has long been a general custom throughout the
country with them ihat have fruit, to shore it with
their neighbors ; and in many instances to keep the
smallest share for themselves. It has not been be-
cause the proprietor wished to have it so, but because
he woH not prepared to assert his rights in opposition
to a public sentiment generally expressed. He did
not wish to be called stingy, and therefore calmly,
though reluctandy, submitted to bo plundered.

Before we planted our fruit garden, but while we
were contemplating the subject, we became sotiblicd
that a new stand must be taken — that we must assert
and stand by the assertion, that the fruit was exclus-
ively ours — to use it, to sell it, or to give it away, to
whom we pleased, and to nobody else ; and as we
knew that some singularities may be indulged in,
without impairing a person's character, we determin-
ed to try the experiment. We therefore laid down
tha rule Not to gire fruit to them that ask for it,
subject to such exceptions however, as might be right
and proper ; and wc have found it to work well. It
ia the only way to make a fruit gorden worth having :
ond wc would strongly recommend it to every propri-
etor who wishes to enj")- the fiuit of his own labor, t

A Basket of Cherries.

Every body has caicn cherries; the common red,
" sour enough to make a pig squeal," is the compan-
ion of every farm house. What a pity that we should
rest satisfied with this miserable apology for a very
superior class of fruits!

1 have just hod the privilege of tastinsfeveral kinds
received from the garden of our friend D. Thomas,
and beg leave to communicate somewhat of my en-
joyments and conclusions, to those readers of tha
" Former," who ore as uninformed as I have hitherto
been, on this subject

First, I was introduced to the " Early Richmond;"
pretty lair thought 1, as I drew down the corners of
my eyes — sugar enough added to its rich, though not
high flavored pulp, would give us good pics before we
had ony thing else. " Tronsparent Guigre" rich
and high flavored, not quite sweet enough to suit my
taste. "White Tartarian" a very fine delicious
cherry, no one would say " hold, enough," with a
dish of this fruit before him. By this time, I began
to think " D. T." must have a very fine collection,
and felt a good deal like stopping by the way in
company with the good friends mentioned above, but
finnlly concluded to join bands with the " Carnation:"
for size ond beauty of appearance this cherry has few
rivals; its skin is suflicicntly copacious to hold half a
dozen of the common red (if snugly stowed) and
then its complexion so beautifully mottled ! who
could refuse eating itl I did not try; and al.bough
some charge it with hoving a bitterish taste, I did not
hesitate to soy, that no prudent mun would refuse it
a place in his garden. There woe a bunch on my
right hand, which in my eagerness I had almost
overlooked, it was the " Block Tartarian," for many
years considered as standing without a rival, and
when T state that it is thought very small unless thtca
fourths ol an inch in diameter, and that its juice, pulp,
flavor, and bearing quolities are in proportion to its
size; perhaps my readers will soy as the boys do, ** N.
C." (nufl" ced.) Animated with my success, 1 now
determined to push my discoveries farther, and seiz-
ed upon a long, black, rakish looking fellow called
'Elkhorn," and by making " two bites," succeeded
in dividing it; not that it wos tough, by any means,
but it justified Prince's description in "being suflicicnt-
ly hard to carry to market," This quality was not
very pleasant at first, but after repeated trials we
found that a most delicate sweetness wos left in the
mouth, which even the remembrance of the one pre-
viously described could no^extinguish. In ihia opin-
ion, toy wife (who in my estimation at leoet, is no
mean judge of these mottersj entirely concuie.

One more, the "Elton" — and lest I should tax
the patience and credulity of those who have read
thus far I will briefly soy that it ia a new cherry, a
cross between the Yellow Spanish and the White
Heort, and taking all things together " we ne'er shall
see its like again." In this opinion I am borne out
by those best qualified to judge. It is not to be un-
derstood that all the kinds spoken of ripen at the same
time, but t\ith a few of them there is much inequality, ,
some being ready for the table, while others on the
same tree are quite green. W. R. S.MITH.

Maccdon, 7/h mo. 23, ISll.

The Carculio shut out.

A cultivator of fruit intbrms us, that soon after the
flowering season, wishing to preserve some fine spe-
cimens of a fine plum, he made bogs, *' of that thin
stuir, you know," said he, " that women moke cops
of," and inclosed portions of the bearing branchet.
The result is, that those portions ate thickly covered
with foir untouched fruit, while it has entirely fallen,
in consequence of tho attacks of the Cnrculio, from
the rest of the tree. *

No. 8.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

117

A Visit to Mr. Sheffer's Farm (in Wheatland.)

It affords iia much pleasure to publish the following
account of the operations of our Iriend ShcfTer. Far-
mera would find it grea'ly to their advantage to visit
each other more frequently; and we wish our friends
would oftener send ua their observations on the man-
agoment and success of their neighbors. Mr. Shcf-
fer is a plain hardworking evcry-day farmer, enjoy-
ing m greater advantages than are possessed by thou-
sands of others in our land. — Ens.

Far the yea Gentsee Eartnir.

Mkssrs. Editors — In making a visit to our towns-
man,George Sheffer, lost week, I was so well pleased
with what I saw of bis management, that lorn in-
daced to send you a short sketch of my observations.

Mr. Sheffer's farm consists of 360 acres, and has
been in the possession of the family 51 years. It is
situated a little below the month of Allen Creek, and
i» part of the farm that was purchased of Indian Allen,
■o called. About two-thirds of the lond ia Goneste
Flats, the remainder undulating oak land.

In stock, Mr. S. is doing a fair business, with cat-
tle, sheep and hogs. His cows, (of the native mixed
breeds,) cannot probably be excelled in Western New-
York; and his other cattle ate also fijic. He hag a
thorough bred Durham bull, pure white; and a full
blood Devon bull. He is this year breeding from
the latter. In his pasture I saw a pair of yoimg
horses, of the Sir Isaac stock, very largo and fine.
Of sheep, he has some of the Improved Leicester and
some of the Merina breed; both kept distinct. He
gives the Leicesters the preference, and says the
greater quantity of wool they afford, will more than
make up for the lesser price: besides, they are one-
third better for mutton. He said nothing of the diff-
erence in feed; and if that was taken into the ac-
count, i think the balance might he in favor of the
Merinos. His hogs are of the Leicestershire breed,
with a small cross of the Byfield. He has 63 one
year-old store hogs, wintered mostly on cooked roots.
(Potatoes and Mangle Wurtzels we presume. Eds.)
They are now running in the clover pasture, with
iibunt the same number of pigs, all in fine condition.
He kept his hogs in close pens through the winter,
and thus made 100 loads of first rote manure which he
applied to the land for his root crops, (lam of the
opinion that he might improve on his pig management,
by feeding b.iiled corn with his roots; and if he had it
ground and slightly fermented it would bo still bet-
ter.)

In wheat growing, Mr. S. is not behind his neig.
bors. He has 110 acres, mostly extra-fine, for this
season. Some on the flat was injured by the winter
•nd the high water this spring, and is consequently
quite thin; but it is not filled with cockle or chess, as
Some of the readers and correspondents of the Far-
mer might suppose; on the contrary, not a stalk of
coekle could be seen, and in going more than 200 rods
around and through his wheat, I only found one soli-
tary root of chess, ond that he said was chargeable to
me, for I furnished him the seed. If the advocates
of transmutation would take a walk ihrouoh his
wheat, I think their faith would bo somew-hat sha-
ken; for here, if any where, is the place for wheat to
turn to chess; when it hos been severely frozen, and
covered with water.

Of Corn, he has 17 acres, planted on award land,
turned over and well harrowed, (after being covered
with manure.) This crop looks remarkably well,
and if the weather proves favorable will afford a great
yield. In passing through it, I could not discover
•ny pumpkin vines, and was informed by Mr. S. they
waul i not grow inj the shade, where the corn was so
Ih V;.

Ho has 27 acres of Oats, a part of which are on the
land where his root crops were raised last year, and
are very heavy. The remainder are on sward land
turned over, rolled and harrowed in; these bid fair to
afford a good yield. He observed that if oats did not
fetch three shillings a bushel, he fed tbein out.

Of Barley, he has about 10 acres, half of the six-
rowed, ond half of the two-rowed kind. He gi^e8
the latter the preference.

In Root Culture Mr. Sheffer is quite at home, and
is operating with a masterly hand. His long, straight
rows of Btets, Carrots, Potatoes, and Ruta Bagas,
are a sight worth seeing. Ho has nine acies of pota-
toes plonted in drills, manured in the rows, of the Ro-
han, Jlercer, and Ox-Noble or large pink-eye varie-
ties. He expects they will average four hundred
bushel* per acr». Next are two acres of Mangel
Wurtzel, in rows twenty-seven inchbs apart, and the
plants from six to nine inches apart in the row. Then
two acres of Sugar Beets, three acres of Carrots, and
four acres of Ruta Bagas, all in similar rows and all
looking very even and thrifty. With ruta bagas he
is very successful. He is very liberal with seed, us-
ing three pounds to the acre. The amount of labor
expended upon the root crops, including preparing
the land, seeding, thinning, and twice dressing has
avenged about ten days work per acre,

In taking a peep into his garden I found another
sight that but few farmers can exhibit. A good as-
sortment of vegetable luxuries, all thriving in their
proper places, and free from weeds. His melon vines
were so fine that I enquired his mode of culture; and
was infcrmed that he first opened a trench about two
feet wide and one deep; this is filled two-thirds full of
hog manure and the other third a little rounding with
river eond, on which the seed is planted.

The cider mill ia but little used. With his large
orchard, Mr. Sheffer only mode three or four barrels of
cider the past year, and that was used for vinegar and
apple-sauce. No spiritous liquors are ueod ofi his
farm. The apples are mostly fed to stock.

Last, though not least, I took great pleasure in
viewing the Apinry. Mr. S. has 16 awarms of bees
in Week's Vermont hivee ; with the bo.xes or draw-
ers filled or nearly filled with fine white honey, and
the little workers busily stowing away their treasures
for the owner, who says, Go on, industrious bee; I
will only take what you can well spore from your
store. With these hives the honey can be taken at
any time without destroying or disturbing the bees.
Respectfully, yours,

RAWSO.V HARMON, JR.

Wbtatland, Monroe Co. July\7, 1841.

what ia for better, to the living specimen, obtained
from 8ome"honest and competent importer and raiser
of the breed. We hope to sec something more satis-
factory from some of our correspondents under this
head next month. *

For the ISeto Oenesee Farmer,
Sngar Beets Plough Lnte and Plant Early.

Messrs. Editors — Finding that some of our beet
Farmers had abandoned root culture, I inquired the
reasons: " A puttering business — hired men won't
work at it," " increase don't pay the malting," &c.

Now if the time employed in digging, and picking
up small potatoes in the full was spent in hauling long
monure on to a, single acre of ground ond ploughing
it under, this acre would be ready early in the spring
for sugar beets with hoirowing only. Plant as early
as the ground is dry enough, thin out and transplant
as soon as the beets are three or four inches high, and
by the first July some of the beets will measure five
or six inches in circumference. I admit that if apiece
of ground is holf ploughed in the spring and planted
just before the droughts of summer commence, that
the culture of beets will prove a puttering businesj,
and the increase w.U not pay the malting.

SENECA.

Wutcrloo, July 18, 1841.

P. S. — I have now sugar beets in my garden, self-
sowed ond transplanted in May, that will now mea-
sure four inches in diameter above th» ground — heavy
clay soil. S.

Berkshire Hogs.
A. C. Blaekwell, of Round Grove, Mo., requests
"a full description of the never- varying flesh marks
of Berkshire hogs," adding that there are a great
many imported into that State as Berkshires, some
white with black spots, others black with white feet,
face, and the tip of their tails. He wishes the neces-
sary information to prevent imposition on himself ond
many other subscribers. We hope some one, properly
informed in this particular, will give the necessary
information in onr next number ; just observing at
present, that a very large portion of the Berkshires
now in this country ore of the color our correspondent
speaks of, — black, with white face, feet, and tail tip,
(not exactly nine white hairs in the tail, as some have
humorously and sarcastically said ; ) some others ore
spotted ; and some are even noticed on the most res-
pectable authority, as being ujhilc. We consider the
shape, not the color, as the distinguishing feature,
and as this cannot be easily described by words, we
must either refer onrlcorrespondent to some well execut-
ed ro.-traits, which we hav? rarely seen ourselves, or to

For the i>e» Geneiet Farmer,
Wheat Culture.

Messrs- Editors — Having been a reader of ih'
Old and of the New Genesee Farmer from their
first establishment, I have observed that some branch-
es of agriculture have been much neglected, while oth-
ers of minor importance have received their full shuro
of attention. I refer to our great staple wheat, as
one of the much neglected, yet one that inieresis us
more in this vicinity than all others. Now why it ia
BO after so. many repeated calls, I leave for others to
say, and propose to break the ice on this subject by
briefly giving you the results of any experiments.

The field contained six acres of lapd, principally oc-
cupied with Canada thistles, ond on which a Florida
war had been waged for twenty-five years or more,
with little prospect of success or termination, cost-
ing, as is always the case, all that was obtained.

In 1837, in the latter part of May, I broke it up,
and drew on it about one hundred and eighty loads of
manure, I ploughed the ground deep four times, and
harrowed it as often, in the heat of summer. From
the tenth to the filiecnth of September, I spread the
manure on the ground, sowed the wheat at the rat«
of one bushel and a peck per acre, and ploughed it in,
and then passed over it lengthwise with a light har-
row. The result was, that I killed </iro<i instead of
tico birds with one stone, for I harvested three hun-
dred and forty one doien sheaves, a part of which
being thrashed by itself, gave one bushel to^elevenand
0 half sheoves. The wheat wna the red chaff bald,
and the soil was a black loam with a subsoil of eloy.
Proof of the above can be furnished if needed.

In the above piece it cost me but little more than
other fields of similar size, I received about twice as
many bushels of wheat, killed the Canada thistles,
and my ground is in good condition for after-crop-
ping. AUGUSTUS D. ATERS.

Romvlus, June 2G, IS'll.

Pig Sale. — J Lossing of Albany has sold a Berk-
shire boar and sow, the former for $200, and the lat-
ter for $300, to W. P. Curd of Kentncky. Th»
boar with hie rag^ weighed 890 Ibg.

118

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

..i^^ ^ ^FoT the yex Getteste Farmtr,

Infiamable Gas eilialcd by FioAicrs.

Messrs. Editors— Having tccc-r.ily tried some e.x-
perimcnss on the Dictnm.-ius rubra, or Red FrnxiiielK
I have ihouglit it deBiinlilc lo coniiimiiitatt the rcbiilt
of the some through the mf Jiiiiii of the rarincr.

The Di'-'nmii'is riiUra (nnd nlha) is one of our most
hnrdy herunceous peronnial plniits, nnd is nniversnlly
B.Jmired, not only dr its ;rcni hcrmty, but nUn for it-
peculiar frngrnnce. Its bright lei-vcs, its creci posi-
tion, its lone spikes of tine flowers, cannot fail lo at-
tract the attention of the most cn^uul observer.

In some nursery catolngues it is stated that this plant
exhales on inllaniiiiable gas; yet probacy but few
persons have tried any experiments to teal this pe-
culiar property of ibis plant. A few days since,
huTin" several of these plants in full bloom, (and
it is only when in full bloom that they appear to
emit the stronscst odour,) I repaired to the gar-
den in the evening to try the e.vperinicnt On ap-
plying a lighted candle to the base of the spilie of
flowers, it instantly exploded, nnd in a moment the
whole flower v.-as enwrapped in a blaze. On apply-
ing the candle to the top of the flower, it bod no cflijct.
When applied half wiy down, the gas only above that
point would explode, but none below; end thus the
explosion was only complete when the torch was ap-
plied to the base of the sicm or flower.

I also tried the same experiment on the Dietanmus
alba, which protlu'^ed similar results, only that the
quantity of gas emitted from this plant appeared to bo
much less than that emitted from the rubra. The
explosion is aometbing like that produced from the
ignition of a small quan'.ity of gunpowder; yet it
produces no injury to the flowers.

B. IIODGE.

Buffalo Nursery, June, 1841.

For the yetc Genesee Farmer.

Best Time for Cntting Timber.

Messrs. Editors — Your article in a recent nunibcr
of the Farmer, under the above caption, is on an im-
portant subject, and contains some valuable sugges-
tions I coincide with you in opinion that the sum-
mer is the best time for cutting timber; but not that
every period of the summer is equally good. In the
early part of the season the flow of sop is so abundant,
that the retention of the juices in the pores of the tim-
ber is liable to projuce fermentation, nnd consequent-
ly, premature decay. If there be a period when the
circulation is almost inactive — when the sap nearly
ceases to flow and the bark to run — it appears to me
that reason v.'ould designate Ihiit as the most proper
tirnc lo perform ilie work. The qualities of the sap,
instead of being watery and abundant, as is the case
early in the summer, will have become concentrated
and viscid; and in.etead of hastening decay, will no
doubt contribute lo durability.

That there is such a period, is a well known fact.
It occurs in liie month of August, n few days earlier
01 later, according to circumstances, but generally
from the loth to the 90lh, nnd continues only lorn
very limited time. If the weather i.? diy, its continu-
ance will be somewhat longer. Persona who are in
ihc habit of inoculating fruit trees, select the period of
the autumnal flow of sap, which is from the Ist tn the
10th of September, as the most eligible for propaga-
ting eomn species.

I hive frequently had timber cut in August, nnd I
can certify that the wood is very compact and solid.

It has a different appearance Irom thai cut in winter

looking and feeling as if it had been oiled. My o\vn
experience does not extend farther back than ten or
twelve years; but Ihaie known, nnd could cite, a
number of cnsss of remarkable HursbiliTy, when ihe

timber has been cut according to the old Dutch rule,
in Oie dark oftht moon in Argrst, — which ia as near
the exact ti.Tie, as any person, relying on lunar in-
fluence, coidd approximate to it; and every third year
the rules mi'^ht very nearly correspond.

Tlie period mentioned, appears to constitute some-
thing of n crisis in almost all vegetation of a li;ncou6
chninr-ter. The simple belling of a tree, will so ef-
tectually deslrny vitality, that not a sprout will ever
shoot np from the roots or stutnp. It is the only lime
at which I have ever even partially Miccfcdtd in sub-
{luing the *' round cap" ( Cvplinhmtlius ociuJcnlolis)
which infests eur meadows and flat grounds, and w hich
grows from the smallest rection of a root. I eradica-
ted it cn'.irely, by'a single operation, so that iheicwns
scarcely a vestige of it for seveial yenrs afterwards.

Close observation is necessary, to enable one lo de-
signate the precise time when the work should he per-
formed. The moment, to begin, is when the bark is
found to adhere closely to the wood. T. S. P.

Virginia, C mo. 20, 1841.

The IIess:aa Tly.

Extract from remr.rks on the Ilcssj;in Fly, read Iicfore the
Cr.Ihoun County l-Midiisan] Agri'^ullLiral Pocjery, liy the
president, JuJge HicKr-K.

" Gentu:mk,n — We have a fno climate, less sub-
ject to high winds, to sudden changes IVom cold to hot,
from too much wetness to drought, from deep enow

10 bare ground, than is enjoyed at the cast. Tiie suil
cf this country is for the most part a sandy or gravelly
loam; rain soon .=ubfides in the eanh, while the great
proportion of lime it cimtains, secures the crop against
the dangers of excessive dryness, it is ia caiily cul-
tivated, uiid its ingredients are e.\nedy ado;rlcd tor the
production of wheat and for grazing; two branchcj of
business which should alwaj s enter into eur system of
Agrieulture.

" But we labor under two cmharassments; the one
which is of paramount importance to all others, be-
cause it is the nursing mother of a'l of them, is the
want of such a market for our produce as will in-
duce us, by its |>roliiableneas, eo lo cultivate our
farms as to have a; least one hab'or two- thirds of our
lots in grass while the oihers are undeT the oijcrntion
of the plough. In practice, this will be found indis
pensalile, especially where ti.e juice of Agriculiural
produce is low, and the wages of our labor arc high.

'* The second embarassmenl arises from the i rova-
lence of the Hcssiun Fhj, which has the la:l season
destroyed, it is believed, more than two-thirds of the
wheat crop in this country. This formidable insect
w.TS lirst discovered on Long Island, about sixty years
ago, and was suiiposed to have been brought from
Germany in a ship which transported the Ilcssiau
Army lo Long Island during the Revolutionary War.

11 has, however, been well ascertained that the insect
is indigenous in the United Slates.

" From the best accounts we have been able to ob-
tain of the Hessian Fly, it chooses for its prey the
weakest plant. In this respect it resembles mosi other
insect dejiredatofs, who prefer to make their repafison
the delirate sacchar no juice of plonia of n stunted
growth. It is a viporous, and usually deposits itseggs
in the gntteron the upper leaves, and in some instan-
ces on the under as well as the upper sides. In four
or fiye days ibe eggs hatch, and the cnterpillars crawl
down the leaf lo its intersection with the stalk, where
they may be found beneath the sheath, so m'nute as
aeareely to be .seen by the naked eye. This inseet lias
two generations inn year, distirielly marked, nltV.nugh
in scattered instances it maybe found in all its var'"us
states of exisicnee, from Aiuil to October. Virsf
Seiicrcilion. In spring, die egfs are lain in the latter
end of April or beginr ng of Miy, and a,Tc hatched,
and the caterpillars appnn in May. In the latter end
of .May, or the first of June, they change to the chry-
salis or flax seed stale; at harveslnparlof the chrysalis
are carried off" the field wiih the grain, but most of
ihcm rcinnin in the stubble in their oiigiml nest at the
intereeclion of the leaf with the stalk. The la'terend
of Jiily or first of August, they take wings and dcpo
ait their eggs tb.e lalier end of August and in Septem-
ber. Scronfl gcntrttlion. In a few days after the
eggs are laid, they arc hatched, nnd the e.iteriiillars
pass into the chrysalis or flix seeil stale in Octoher,
and in this slate they remain during win'er, an 1 ep.
pear with wings nnd lay their eggB tlio latter end of
April or beginning of May.

"The fly is not found, cr at least rarely, on lands
that arc subject to cnrly nnd late frosiF, such as cur
prairies, or the high lands on the head witeis of our
Etreams. But it wonld teem that the i.tber parts of
the State musi bo particularly subject to its ravages,
and ihat there is no variety of wheat thai can long re-
sist 'his formidable cncKiy.

" Prcren'.ire — The preventives which are meet
likely to be eflicicni, arc, not to fow until Ocuiber; in
the spring of the year, soon after the fly has deposited
its eggs, while the plants are « ct with rain or devr,
sow the wheat field with cau I c lime, or feed down
the wheat clise to iho greiiml, by a drove of cattle, or
what ib better, by a llockd'sheep, si.fllciently largo to
perfi'i in the operation in a few days — not to sow a field
(if wheat adjoining one from which a crop has b' en re-
cently taker — plough under wheat stubhie in autumn
— dcot.-oy all ibe voluntary wheal plnnis that may ap-
pear on the EtuLbIc ground before Oclober, by the heo
of a drag or in sonic other way, and ctiliivate lui'.d in
the liest manner, so as to have no weak or ttunled
plants.

" Jlotalion rj" crops a priTcniirc — But all this trou-
ble to guard ngiiinst the ll;s.-inn Fly may be saved by
the introduction of a proper system of rotation of
crops. A stiict adhctcnce to the true principles of
husbandry ndniiis, nevertheless, of a considerable va-
riation."— Western Fiirmnr.

Impijrtaiit D!scoverv-"l>tstroying Insects.

We embrace the earliest moment, after the receipt
of the following letter, to lay it btfore our readers.
The sensi'n is nut yet so far advanced that the process
may not be beneficial lo these who put it in operation:
iSI. P. Wii.Di-.u, Esq., Prciiilcnz of the Mussiuhtsclls
Horticultural i<ocicly:
Sir — Having discovered a cheap nnd effectual
mode of deetmyiug the Uose flag, 1 wish to be-
come a competitor for the piemium ofli»red by ll.e
Mnssachusoits Horlieuliurnl Society. After very ma-
ny satisfactory exi,eiimciits with i!-e loll'iwing sub-
stance, I am convinced it will destroy the above inseet,
in either of the states in which it appeals on the
(ilnnt, as the ily, when it is laying its eggs, or the
slug when it is commiiting its depredations on the
foilnge.

Wh.^le Oil Sjii", dissolred at the rate, of two
pounds to fifteen i^allims nf vatcr. I have used it
stronger without injury to the plants, but find the
above mixture elVeetuai in the destiuelion of the in-
sect. As 1 find, from expeiimenis, ihcre is a difi'er-
ence in the strength of the soap, it will be belter for
persons using it to try it diluted as above, and il it
does not kill the insect, add a liule more soap, with
caution. In corresponding wilh filcssrs. Dewner,
Austin & Co., on the dillerencc in its appearance,
they saj — " Whale Oil Soap laries much in its re-
lative strength, the article not beng made as Soap,
but being formed in our process of blenching oil.
When il is of very sharp toste, and dark appearance,
the aikali predcmunates, and when light colored and
flat taste, the grease prcduniinaies." The former I
have generally u?ed, but haic tried the light colored,
and find it equally efTeclual, but requiring a littlo
more soap — say two pounds to thirteen gallons of
water.

Node nfprcpaiKtion. Take whntevcr qnnntily of
soap you wish to prepare, and disol^c it in boiling
water, about one quart to a pound; in this way strain
it through a fine wire or hail stive, which takes out
the dill, nnd prevents its stopping llie vnlvis
of the engine or the nose oi ilie syr'nge; then add
cold water to make it ilie prnpcr ei:ength; apply it lo
the rose-bush with a hand engine or syringe, with as
much force as prnciienbic, and be sure thnteveiy part
of the l';a\e8 is will satuialcd iviih the liquid. What
falls to the ground in application, will do good in de-
stroying the worms nnd enriching the soil, and from
its trifling cost, it can he iiS'd with profusion. A
hogshead of 136 gallons co.-is foitylivo cents — not
quite four mills per ga'lc>n. F.nrly in ihc morning,
or in the evening, is the proper time to apply it to
the plants.

As there are many other troublesomo nnd drslruc-
tive insetls the above i reparation will destroy as cf-
reetnally as ihe ruse fluji, it iii.-;y be of beiiehi lo ihe
eiinniuuity to know the dilTcrent kinds upon which
I have tiicd it wilh snecese.

The Tlirips, ofien culled the Vine Freler, a small,
I ghl colored or apoitod fly, qii-e'i in motion, which in ^^
some plices are making the rose bush nearly as bod
in appeal nnee as ihe el'lcts of the sing. Aphis, or
plant Louse, under the name of green or brown fly,
nil insect not quick in motion, very abundant on, and
desiructive to, the young shoots of the Roje, the

No. 8.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL

111)

I'oncli Irt'c, and ninny other pinnts. The BlacU Fly,
n very Iroubltsoniu nail dcstrnclive insert, llmt iiilVtit
tlio young slioots of the Clierry und the Snow linll
lie 1 Imve never known any positive euie for ibo
111' CIS of tins intreet nntil this time. Two vorieties
ul inse'-is iliat are desti uetive to, nnil very nineh die-
ligtire Evergreens, tlie Halsani or Dniin of Gilead Fir
in pniiieidar, one an Aphis, the otiicr very niiieh
like the lOjeslug. The Acaras, or red epider, that
W( Ii kn'H\'n pest to tiardeners.

Thr Duccisi: Mitilac (.n tlie G'>nscberry, Peneh,
G.upe Vine, &c., &u., is checked and entirely de-
etrOj ed by a wenk dreteiiijj: of tlie solution.

Tile abjvc iiisecta are geneially all destroyed by
one application, if properly applied to all pni is of the
foihige. The Oii^s of tnobt insects coMtinue lo hatch
in r'H'ition, dining their etaeen. To keep the plants
perf.rtiy elcin, it vi-ill be nec-ssary to dress them two
or three times.

'I'/ic CaiJicr Worm. As the trees on this place
are not troubled with this worm, 1 have not but) an
opportunuy of trying experiments by dreesiiig the
treee, but have collected the worms, which nro killed
by bi-.iig touched » ith the liquid. The expen.se ol
Labor ami engines for dressing l.irge trees, to be iftect-
uai, nity be more than the application of it Wjll war-
rant; but 1 think by saturating the ground under the
trees w.th the liquid, about the time the insect changes
froMi thoohfysaii'J state and a-cends the trees, will de-
Buoy iliciii; or, wlien the modi is on the tree, before
laying its egg??, iliey may be destroyed without much
labor; in cither case, the mi.xture may be applied
much stronger than when it conies in contact with
the foilnge. Laying it on the trunk and branches of
the tree, at the consistency of thick paint, destroys
the brown, ecaly insect on the bark, and gives the
tree a smooth, glossy, and healthy appearance. — N.
p. Farwcr. DiviD Hagefstoji.

WatertotDii, June Idth, 1841.

From the American Farmer,
TheRose-Biig.

This little insect wherever it is known at all, is
known to be e.vtremely destructive to some other
flowers as well as the rose, and is sometimes ao nu-
merous as to desiro}' all the early cherries, the haut-
boys, the grapes, and sometimes the more delicate
varieiifs of the peach. Many years ago I have often
lost §11 these fruits except some of the varieties ol the
peach by these insects. Of late years they have
done me little or no injury, and they are nearly extir-
pated from my premises — they are only to be seen at
the places of their destruction — these arc Linilrn trees
whtn inhlnssom. When these trees first begin to
blossom about my yard and garden, at one of them
0* t a hard naked wall, I was surpiised to find the
r'Bi-iug, which had been vastly numerous and de-
Btructive for many years before, dead in great quan-
tities under it — as many as a pint or quart might be
swept up under it at a ume dciid. My first impres-
fiion was, that the bugs died about the linden tree al-
ter depositing their eggs and terminating their natural
career, but such is not the fact, and I now speak with
confidence after several years observation and expe-
rience when I say, the hlossom ol'this tree destroyt
them, and will extirpate, or nearly so, the race from its
immediate vicinity, 'Ui the farm on vliich they grow.
This fact seems to be out of the ordinary course of
nature, for we are tnughl to believe that all animals
in a natural state are ltd by the wise instinct of na-
ture to avoid that which will poi.jnn or destroy them.
In rushing into the enjoyment of the delicious fra-
grance and honey of this Hower, they precipitate them-
eelves on their own destruction.

I state this fmt, tor the information of (loiisis and
fruiters, and hope that those better skilled in phi-
losophy and natural history, may solve the seeming
heterodoxy. T. E.

No End to Iniprovementa

He that believes ngrioulture is perfect, and that we
have nothing to do but pursue the old and beaten track,
asblind animals move round the tread mill, deserves
our compassion. Nature proclaims that neither agri
Cttltu-e, nor any other branch of natural science, can
•ver become perfect. The mind of man is capable of
indefinite improvement, so are all the productions of
nature. For examples, look at the valuable plants
in the condition in which they were first found in
their native woods. The various kinds of corn, po-
tatoes, cabbaire^, fruits, &c., were all, before they
were touched by the finger of culture, as unlike what
they now arc. as diffMent species are unlike. Thi-y
«re all aus-'optiblo of continual improvement, all ever
ranni/ig into new variet'ies. It is not long ago, that

the potato was a uscleis, unhealthy vegetable in the
woods of South America, where it was first found,
but it has been so changed by the hand of care and iw
dtistty, OS to become large and healthy, and now sup-
plies food for nioie human beings throughout the
earth, than any plant, save corn and nco, and is no
doubt destined tons much future improvement ae it
has received in '.he past. Compare the maize or In-
dian corn, as first seen in the feeble stalk and sh nder
toasting ear around the wigwam, with its hundred
varieties in its present maturity, yielding in value its
countless thotieamis to national w^nltli. And we are
just now beginning to see the inipiovcnient of which
this valuable plant is still snsccptiblo.

The succession of the seasons — the calm — the storm
— the course of the winds — the revolution of the hea-
venly bodies — the nature of the earth — the food of
plaiitE — the infiuencc of water, light, heat and air on
the growth of vegetation — the proper composition ot
the various soils to furnish the greatest amount of
production, will ever be subjects too broad for the full
grasp of the most profound philosopheis, and in the
untathomable proiimdities of which, new discoveries
will be made as long as thia frame of nature shall en-
dure.— .3/0. Farmer.

Humbugs*

Almost every year gives birth to some ncir word,
or some new and peculiar meaning ivi the old word,
in the English, or rather American, language, — to
that there will be a need of dictionary makers and
new lexicons as long as the Anglo Saxon race exists.
In the political vocabulary, the introduction and per-
manent use of new terms, has become rciT/ common.
Take, for instance, the word "gerrymander" — an
entirely original one, which was invented in the days
of Gov. Gerry, or the words "twaddler," " loco-
foco," and the like, which have obtained a political
significnney, that until lately, were unknown in the
English langtiage; are not such terms evidence of the
lexicographical genius of our political fellow citizens?
The word "humbug," is another term which, of
late years, has assumed a new eignificancy; and fur
the harmless insect that hums its merry music in the
nocturnal atmosphere, has come, rather, to signify
whatever in politics, religion, science, agriculture or
the arts, deceives the people by promising much and
performing little. And so now, whatever does not
come fully up to what was promised, or rather what
was expected by a misconstruction of the pretension,
is familiarly stigmatized as a humbug. There is dan-
ger that we may go too far in this unceremonioudy
bestowing opprobrious terms upon every thing that
does not meet our expectations. By such a prema-
ture course, we may often do real injustice to men
who are engaged in great improvements. Their in-
ventions and improvements may at first not fulfil all
the expectations which were raised; still they may be
of some value and ultimately prove of great service
when the full design ia completed; at least their mo-
tives and intentions are good, and should receive tho
charity, rather than tho unmeasured censure of the
public.

Take, for instance, the experiments that are made
and the suggestions which are offered, relating to
Agriculture. No improvements can be had without
experimente. It is not to be expected that all should
succeed. But what then? shall more be made?
Some may be partially successful — leaving room for
still further improvement; others may be perfeot at
once If now a person who thinks he has made, and
actually has made some improvement, publishes the
results of his experiments, under the influence of that
partiality which ia always bestowed on one's own
offspring, and an expectation is therefore raiced, in
less partiiil minds which is not fully sustained —
though there may be improvement — is it lair or gen-
erous, to denounce the whole as a " humbug," and
its author as n base man and deceiver 7 We think
not. Some how or other, whatever gets in print,
some renders are apt to look upon as having a conse-
quence— that authorizes higher expectations than if
the same thing had come to ihem in precisely the
same words, from the li|is of n neighbor. Exorbi-
tant expectations, in this case, are the fault of the
reader, rather than the writer; and if disappointment
folf'ws, the blame is not altogether on one side.

We make these remarks now in relation to two ar-
ticles in agriculture, which we notice many persons
are disposed, olf hand, to denounce as " humbugs,"
because expectations hftvc been raised, either through
the faults of readers, who ascribe an undue impor-
tance to what appears in print, or to the writers who
under the influence of a parental partiality have de-
scribed them. \Vc allude to the Roh!>n potatoce and
the China Tree Corn.

For ourselves, individually, there was always
something from the first and earliest descriptions
which we saw, that led 118 to doubt whether the Uo-
haiiG were much better potatoes or greater yielders
than the long reds; and so we never rcconiniciidcd
or said much about them — not choosing to make any
experiments, or to give the results of them to the
public. But thete arc called a " humbug." Where-
loie? Do they not yield largely? They do. Very
largely? They do. So much then is gained. Are
ibey not better than ninny other potatoes for cooking?
It was never pretended that they were. On the con-
tiaiy, it was always said, they were not very good
for culinary uses, and were more approiniatc for
stock. In this, then, there was no deception. Call
them " humbug" if you will; neverihelee.s they are
crcat yielders; and if it so happened that we in
Maine have another sort, not thus made conspicuous
before the public by accounts of them, which yield r.s
much — the good hick is ours — no one is injured by
the Rohans. Why then should such terrible judg-
ments he decreed Bgninst the New Yorkers who pro-
duced and complimented a new kird that > ields so
well in that state. People hcru were anxious to try
them. The seed stores were called upon to procure
them. They did so to oblige cnstooicis. Purciio.»rB
bought one or two each and tried them. If they did
iiotfind them the beat | ota'-o. s n Maine, and tie
greatest yiciders ever si en, why should the seed
stores be blamed for enabling them to try the experi-
ment?

And now of the China Tree Corn. We can speak
more experimentally of this. We tried the experi-
ment on a liberal scale, not f.w our own, but for the
public benefit, and gave the result of our operations
to the world — just as they were. So that oiheisbnd
the knowlege at our cost. We never said that the
China Tree Corn was adapted to our latitude. Tliat
was a point to be ascertained. We found out that it
is not, and we told the public so.

It should be recollected that Thorburn from whom
the seed was obtained, resides in the city of New
York. His crop was raised on Long Island. His
descriptions of its capacities related to tlial latitude.
He never said it would flourish and ripen in Maine:
and if we choose to try the experiment here we must
do it at our risk, and if it failed, not blame the corn
for what it could do in the Middle States, but could
not do in Maine or in Canada. We have no doubt
that it ija very ear/ycorn {or tliat hititiide; and that
what Thorburn said of it is mainly true, so far as
relates to the reaion where he raised it, which was the
place ef his descriptions. He never said that it grew
like trees bearing ears on branches. This was an
emendation made by the conjecture of some secular
editor, for whose description Thorburn was not re-
sponsible. The truth is, it ;> a tremendous great corn.
It grows like a forest, and will yield, in climotes suit-
ed to it, beyond any corn we ever saw. This we pro-
ved by actual experiment. The year we planted it,
as we'did en a large scale, the season was dark, cold
and wet. It did not have a fair chance with us. But
still fearful us the odds were against us, — the seed
having been raised three or four hundred miles south
of us,°the most of it did ripen. Last year, we plant-
ed some from our own seed, and ihot was fully ripe
long and long before any frosts. We are not sure
yet, tiiat it may not be occlimated and become a fine
corn for us in Maine— bating its exhausting proper,
ties— for ilKiil exhaust the land at a great rate, as is
natural where a great crop is yielded.

People may call it n "humbug," if they choose,
but it is no humbug in Nev/ York and Pennsylvania,
I'orwe very frequently see accounts in the agriculiti-
ra! journals of those stales, setting forlh examples in
various places of its successful culture, and ol its enor-
mous yield. Wo ought not, in Mume, to expect a
corn to flourish here, which is adapted to the Middle

Slates. , . ■ . , . m

People brought il here from curiosity, to plant, io
gratify this curiosity our seed stores obtained seme of
it on sole Cut who woe really injured by it? Not
one in an hundred bought even a single ear, which
cost the capital sum of twenty five cents; and most
procured bul a few kernels at a price of a glass ot rum.
This expense, therefore, could not have been a great
ininry to ony one, and certainly not much land was
lost by its occupancy with the plants. People had
the opportunity 10 try ihe experiment, and this they
did wiihout injury to themselves. If they were sat-
ficd— well: if they were not, let_ them not^ scold as

if they had been imposed upon and robbed of a whole
sumnier's work, and their farm to boot. It is well to
try cxperimenis, tlioufih ihoy fail someumcs,— .4/oths
CiiUiralOT.

120

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

ROCIII::S¥EK, AUGITST, 1841.

Apologies and Promiscb.

Th« alisence of the ninnngiiig editor ilnring the
past raonih, must serve oe nn excuse for nny defects
ihat inny sppear in this numbcrof our popcr. For the
•ame reason we have not yet completed the new ar-
rangements alluded to in our last. We can assure
onr reoders, however, that such measures are in pro-
gress as cannot (nil to give them increased satisfaction.
A new Power Press will be procured expressly for
this wjrk, and a better quality of paper will be ob-
tained, sc OS to improve its oppearance and secure
punctuality. More attention will be paid to the edi-
torial departxeuiiban heretofore, and more aid is ex-
pected from valuable oorreapondents — so much for
this time. iS'ovy haye poiienee with us readers; and
tee if we do not perform all that we have promised, and
iD'jre too, before many months.

'^5 There sli.ill bean .nonual meeting of the Society on
the ad WcJiicsday anfl TJiurtdny foUovviiifr in October, at
Auburn, (or at such pl.-ice :is llic Board ot" Managers shall
dircrt) for ihciiurpose nt' holiltngtlic (Ciiular f.Jr :i.nd e\lii-
bition ofdoniestic animals, innnutacturcs, and articit^, the
[iroJuo'of llic farm.

The officers of the Society are requested to meet at the
.American Hotel, at Auburn, on the 13th day of August, at 11
o'clock, A.M.

ISeueca County.

An Agricultural Socir-ty for this county was formed at
Fayette on II. e29:h nf June, Ull. TUe following persons
were .-ippcinted utliccrs :

Prkbidext. — G. V Siicketl, Seneca Falls.

A'iCE i*nE5iDE?sT3.— Ur. John li. Kas'nian, Lodi ; Oeorgt
Woodwonh, Uovcrl; Andrew Duril.-.p. jr. Oviil; i;iij:ai
Detilon, Romulus; Tbcaiaa Burroughs, Varickj Dr. Oak-
ley, Fa>elle; Joel \\'. Uacon, Waterloo; fc'ilas Vander-
luark, Junius; Jason ^^mith, Tyre; L'eming lioardnian,
:*eneca I-'alls.

Utx-ORDINO Sf.cretart —A. B. Dunl.Tp, Ovid

CoRREspoNDiNo Secrltary.— ^^nniucl U'jIUajus, Waterloo.

Treasirer.— Jiiiin L>. Coc, Uomulus.

i'ow.v Committees.— Dr. Folwcll. G. .Miller, Johp f^eSerls,
Lodi ; Judge Woodworth, Trumr.n Bo;'.rdlitan, Jetco'iah
Kappleye, Covert ; Urn. K. Schuyler, Ali.nson \Vo.ldwor.h,
James Slarrett, Ovid ; C.J Sutton. John Kinnc. Col. Fol-
wcll, linmulus; Tunis Day, Jidm .A. Ch.'islopher, Or:.ngc
\V. Wilkinson, Varick ; Jolin King, .Augustus Reading,

The Fair nt Syracuse.

Our readers will not forget the State .Agricultural Fair to
t>« held at Syracuse on the aSlh and 3Utli of ne.lt month
<Sept ) The place eelecteil Ls a good one, and arthlesfor
exhibition can be transportc.l tbere with little risk or ex-
pense We trust the farmers of tVes-ujrn Kcw York will
do themselves credit on the occisjon. For list oj' premiums,
&c. sc« last month— further particulars hereafter.

Honros County Agricultural .Society Notice.

The Officers and Town Committees of this Society will
please remember the meeting on tlie 2rth August. The
town Comniitlces are expected to make their reports at that
lime, and arrangements are to be made for the couun" ei-
liibitiou.

COirSTTy AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Notices of the formation of a goodly number of county so-
eielioa h.ive appeared during tlie past month, but .hiving
been absent till almost our day o.'"publicatioj\ we are unable
to give them that attention we could- wish, and some must
b« deferred entirely till next month. Weintcudto publish
a complete list of the societies in the .«;ale, and give the
names of the officer, and time of holding the fairs, in the
western and central counties.

Cayuga Conntr.

This society was organized at -Auburn, July 52, 1841. A
eonstitution was adopted and the foUow Ing persons nppoint-
.«! oftlcers of t]ie society ;

President- Humphrey Howland, I.«'lv.vJ.

y ici: I'REsiDE.-irs- John ftl. f-herwoo"d. Auburn ; Lorin»
Willnrd, Aurelius; Isaac Bell, Brutus; L. .M. llollister"
Calo; Levi Colviu, Coniiuest ; 1). O. Uurkee, Ira; Wni'
F. Tompkins, Flemming; iMaihi.is ljulchii;soo, Genoa'
Wing Talior, Moravia; Samuel Bell, ,Men,z; Isaac Sjsson,
Locke ; Geo. K. Brinkcrholf, Oiv:i6co ; Jonathan Richmond'
L^dyard; .Mr. Fuller, Sempriinius; John W. .McFnd len
Sterling; K. A. Huwiand, Venice; :Ma'thias Vanderhvdeii'
Victory; John iSitser, .-iennett ; U. F. Doubleday, Sc'ipio-
Luther Fuller. Niles ; Henry Crane. Sprlngport; .Alartin
Birber, Suniinerhill.

/Jecobdi.voSecretarv.— Wm. Richardson, Auburn

roRui-ai'ONDiNo S.ORETARY-Wm. C, Bcardsley, Aubum.

fREASi-RER— John II. Dill, Auburn.

ElEruTlv. Committee— Ira Hopkins, Auburn; Thomas
Bell, Aureliiie: Moses lliioii, Drulus; Silas Dudley c.ato-
Kiios Wiihcrill, Comjuesl; Samuel I'helus, Ira: 'Eliialj
Sheld.m, Heming; Wilhaui Wilbur. Genoa; Isaac C.-idv
Moravia; Joseph Osbu.n, Mcnlz; .Mr. .-hcrman, Lociic-
John Au»tin, Owasco ; David White, l.elvard; Josiah
W.lcox, .Seinpronius; George Cooiier, Sterling; William
Bennett, \enice; I'etcr BoKart, Victory; Win. Webster
Sennctt; Joseph I'ettit, Scipio ; John l{,>ok< Niles- Peter
Yawger, Spriiigport; A. J. Vanarsdale. s?unimcrhill.
Erlracli /ram the Coiislilulioii.

i 8. nvery person desirous of cnnnectiii; himself with
this Society. sh.-iJl pay to th> Tre.asurer hliv cents at the
time of his becoming a menilier. and one dollar annually
thereiifier on the second Wo IncMlav aud Thursday lull„w'-
Ing In October, during his continuance as a mcinbcr .Any
person p.iyinrfivc dollars on aihiilssion niav bec.ime a inem-
tier lor bvc years. Any member wishing ib withdraw from
hp Soco^ty imist pay all dues ami g.ve a written nolkc to

rayeiie: \\ iiiiam s. ucll, Sliepard (
James SlevtUBon. jr., Waterloo ; Climon Perry, George
Van Cleef, Henry Powers, Seneca Falls: Thomas McGee,
Kbeuezer Mun.^on, Ale.xander H. Xicholls, Tyre; Israel
Lisk, OrrinSouthwick, -Abel Birdsey, Junius.

.4rr. //. (of the CunetiUttion,) Any person may become a
itieniber of this society, by p.iying into its treasury fifty
cents on admission, and fifty cents annually there.Tf'er, on
or before the annual meeting, during his continuance as a
meuiber. Any persrm p.aying five dollars on lulmission m.ay
beccuiie a member for five yeura.

The list of premiums, &e., will ba pnl.lished in the
"Ovid Bee "

Erie County.
A meeting was held at Butfalo, on the 20il of July, to or-
ganize an Agricultural Society — Henry Johnson o( Lancas-
ter, in the chair, and Aaron Riley, of Aurora. Secretary,
Horace S. Turner, Benj. Hodge, jr. Alex. Hitcilcnck. John
Webster, and Palmer Bowen, x^ ere appointed a Committee
to report a Constitution and Bye-Laws, at the next meet-
ing, to lie held at the Court House in Butfalo, on Saturday,
August Utij, CT Atlcnd, yannera !

Niagara County.
This society waa orgaaized at Lockport, June — . The
oflicers are —
William ParsonSj FrttideM.
John Gould, jr., C. H Skeel?, Viie Praidentx
D. S. Crandall, Recording Secretary.
Joel McCoIlujn, Carretpuitdiiiff Secretary.
Wdi. O. Brown, Treasurer.
Otlier particulars not at hand,

Livingston County.
A meeting was held at Geneseo, and a Society formed
about a month since, but the particulars have been mislaid
in our absence— will give them next month. We cgain re-
peat our request th.it the Secretaries will send us accounts
of the formation and proceedings of .Societies.

nor What is doing in Wayne, Orleans, ( hatauqne. and
several other coujitiei in Western New York, not heard
tVom ?

experiment of the kind, some 20 yeors since, hne been
tried and proved a failure; bccni.se the prtsentjin-
niencea untier much more favorable auspices. The
liberal bounty of the State, the incienscd wealth and
enterprise of iheagiiculiurists of the County at the pre-
sent lime are sure guarantees of its success.

The advcntages to be derived f,om this Society,
will be increased weclih, nuiltiplied produce of the
.soil, a vast imprcivcnKiit to all kinds of stock, en-
hanced beouiy ond cairifurt fioni fii'.it \ ards and orna-
mental shrubbery, ond a new iiiij:ul£e to moral ond
intellectual improvenunt, ond the meetings of the
Society, the nddretses delivered on such occasione,
the awarding of premiums, and the novelty and bustle
ot Ihe annual fairs will be sources o{ rational amuse-
ment, hippily calculated to take the piece of other
amusemenla of amoie danftercius eharoeier.

\V.M. RICHARDSON,
Auburn, July 26, 1811. Rec. Sec'y of C. A. S.

To the Oiiicers of the Cayuga County Acri-
.cultural Society.

Gentlemeh — It will he seen by referej;co to the
proceedings of the meeting held on the '2Sd inst., for
the purpose ol organizing an Agricultural Society for
the county of Cayuga, that by Resolution, notice was
given that B meeting of the Officers of the Sucietv
will be held on the 13th day of August next, to carr^
out the objects of the Society.

At this meeting all necessary Bye-Laws, Rules nnd
Regulations will he t'ronicd and adopted to carry into
full ctfect the design of the Association. It will be
the imperative duty o'' every Ofiiccr, President, Vice
President and Committee man, to be punctually pre-
sent at this meeting. Too much pains cannot be ta-
ken in laying the foundation of the Society, fir on this
depend the durability ond usefulness of the superstruc-
ture.

All the officers residing in the several towns in the
county, should immediately make individual eH'orts to
obtain members of the society, and if nny such sbouM
be olitained, their names should be handed to the Re-
cording Secretary, and the amount of their subsciip
tions should be deposited in the hands ol the Tren.sur.
er, nt the above incn.ioned meetin^of the Oflicers.

From the spirit manifested ot the meeting on the
2-Jd inst , and the high character ol the persons inter-
ested (myself out of the cpiestion,) I have not the least
doubt that this cause will be eminently succcsslnl. Let
iro rmin be disoouinaed cm *« 8''<""t<^ '!><" « foimcr

New V'ork State Agricultural Society.

The regular meeting of the Executive Coir.miitee
of the New York State Agricultural Society for
June, xvas held at the Troy House, in Troy, on the
16lh, — the President in the Chair

Letters xvere read from Metsis. H. S. Randall, H.
Munson, John H. Beach, Charles F. Johr.son, A.
Bergen and Jabcz Burrows.

New members were ailinilted to the Society.
Mr. Tucker introduced the following resolutions,
xyhich were unanimously adopted :

1. Resolved, That the Corresponding Sfcrelaty
be authorized and requested to open correspondences
with such individuals as he may deem proper, in the
several counties of our Slate, for the purpose of elicit-
ing inforniaiion on the liillowing points :

The present coT:dition of Agriculture in each
County, with such changes ns have already taken
place since the period of their first settlement — Aspect
of the county — Nature of the soil — What ore the
principal products '. — Where are the products market-
ed ? — What kinds of cultivation are in use? — What
are the favorite breeds of horses, cattle, sheep,
swine, &c. ? How are the stock generally fattened
for market 1 What ploughs, harrows, ond other ng-
ricnltural implements are in general use 1 What is
the general value of the land ? What kind of timber
generally prevails? What agricultural chonges ore
requisite to advance the prospeiity of the conmy ?

2. Resolved, That the Corresponding Sfcreiary bo
authorised and requested to open correspondences
with such individuals ns be nioy deem proper, (or the
purpose of eliciting information o.n

The most profitable breeds of cattle, sheep, horses,
swine, &.K., for our country. — the best ond most econ-
omical method of rearing them — Their diseases nnd
the method of treating them — The most profitable
varieties and the best method of culti\oting the several
varieties of grains ond root; — The best ond most pro-
fitable method of making butter ond cbceec — the
most economical meihod of fnticning domestic ani-
mals— The best and most economical method of win-
tering domestic onimnis— The cultivation of fruits —
Horticulture — the most profitable Grotees — Draining
— Rototion in crops — JlnniireE — Diseoses of plants,
and the remedies — Destruction of noxiotis weeds, &c.
— Construction and mnnagement of farm out build-
ings, yards, i&c. — Fences.

3. Residved, That the Corresponding Secretary
be outhorizi.'d and requested to opencoircspondences
with such individuals ns be may deem pio|ier, in the
United States and Europe, for the purpose of eliciting
inlormation on such agricultural subjects oa may be of
value to the farmers of our State.

4. licsolrcd, That the Finance Committee be re-
quested to addiess a Circular to the friends of Agri-
culture in this Stale, telling lorth the importance of
the objects for which the Nt^w York State Agricultu-
ral Society was formed — its inability to accomplish
those objects or any useful purpose, without the aid
nnd coopeintion of the farnieis and the friends of
agricultural improvements genernlly, and the coni?e-
quent neeesfciiy of an appeal to them to e.ttend their
Rid to the Society by connecting ihemsehes with it,
either as aiiiuinl or life member.'", or by contributions
in aid of ils funds.

Mr. B. Bement laid before the Cominiitee n com-
munication from Solon Robinson, Esq., in relation to
a conventirn to be Leld at Washington, to form a
.\uliunid Asviciillurul Sochly; whereupon,

Rcsulred, That the object is one of paramount im-
porianec, and the executive commif.ee earnestly re-
commend it to the friendly consideration ol tiie niem-
bcri of the Naw York Slate As«iniltnral Soeieiy.

S^o. 8.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

121

Slugs on Fruit Trees.

EBSRS. Editors —

About the first of July there appearcJ on the leaves of
cpciir trees in this vicinity, a small dark Iirown worui or
ig, from one quarter of an inch to an inch in length, with
bead much larger than any other part of the boilv, anti in
ch numNers as to Ihrea'en the trees tcith immediate dea-
iction. Half a dozen of them might of.en lie seen feeding
1 a single1e.'if, eating out tiie tender part like young sillt
orins. They iriL^reased in nuinticrs for about two weeks,
.d extendel their ravages to the cherry trees, but I lie-
!Ve no oilier kinds were injured by them. After continu-
5 their work of destruction for about three weeks, and
■ippirigmaiiy trees cn:irely of their foilagc, they began to
;, and have now mostly disappeare'K Now cs I am en-
ely ignorant of the name, origin and hin'.ory of these in-
ts, I write this coininunication in hopes that you or some
your correspondents will throw some light on the sub-
it A . B. C.
Bleemjield, Juhj aC.'J, If !1.

tlEMACKS —These slugs, nsthey are commonly called, have
en quite too well known in this vicinity for three or four
ars past. We are not sure that their operations are con-
ed to Western IVew York, alihough we do not recollect
ving seen or heard of them in other parts. Itisevident,
wever, that they are every year e.vtending the field of
sir oper.ations, and tiiey will probably continue to do so
some natural calamity destroys, or enemy devours thcin -,
■ however simple may be the artificial means for their
struction, it seems that people are generally too idle oi
jligent to put them in requisition. We last year pub-
acd several articles on the subject, and sugges'.ed some
ans fjr their destruction (Vol. 1. )

This insect appears to be a nondescript : or at any rate we
ye been unable to find out its true name, or any account
its history. We have discovered, however, that in its
■feet stale it is a fly, about as long and half as large as the
nmon house fly, but of slotver motion. It deposits its eggs
ing ihe month of June, which appear likesmall glutinous
a or scales on the upper surface of the ieaves. These
n hatch and produce the slugs, which feed for about
se weeks — then curl up and appi-ar to die and fall to the
Hnd But insread of dying as most people suppose, they
nje into the chrysalis state and escape into the gronnd,
ere they remain till the next summer, and then issue
b again in the form of flies — multiply their species, and
5W their aiisohief.

he most common and simple mode of destroying them
stofore, has been'to throw dry ashes or lime over the
s for several successive morninss It adheres to iheir
ycoat and kills them. If any of our readers have disco-
id any more easy or ellec'.ual method we should Lepleas-
41 publish it.— Eds.

I'Downiug's Lauiiscape Gardening and
Rural Architecture."

'Ti8 appearance of thia work at the present time,
ars, on tbe part of the Piibliahera, great confidence
he intelligence and good taste of our countrymen,
abiting a region but recently made sulject to the
Its of civilization, it ia a matter of course that orr
e and thoughts should be chiefly occupied with
It pertains to the neceaaariea rather than the ele-
cies of life. We were, consequently, not without
fears, that our ai:t'ior had mistaken his own zeal
high estimate of rural improvement, for a some-
it corresponding feeling in the community, and
refore, like many other writers of merit, his la-
a would remain unappreciated, until a more re-
!<i public sentiment should do them justice.
Jat we are mistaken; and if the plea of ignorance
amore credil to our honesty than information, all
can say is, that it is very gratifying to find the
iTailing taste in advance of our auiicipntions.
We knew indeed that huge piles of brick and stone
I been erected in the vicinity of our cities and large
/D8, with some pretensions at least, to care and la
) in planting about them; but we were not aware
«r much had been done remote from these, fai
m the busy haunts of commercial life, to catch the
piration of Nature, and make her beauties sub-
■vient to our comfjrt and elevated enjoyment.
•We bad oflen feasted upon ihe works of foreign
I h«rs as thoy described tic magnificent cfiuntry

seats of the old world; but we knew not that the no-
ble Hudson reflected from its silvery waters the light
and giacefiil tracery, the pointed arch and the lofty
pinnacle of the Gothic style; or that the warm and
rich Italian, transported from its sunny home, bad
found an appropriate resting place on the quiet banks
of the Dolnwnro. But what lias given us more satis-
faction than all, and for which we Ibink our author
deserves much credit, is, his attempt to bring this
species of enjoyment within the reach of every land-
holder, however humble. Republicans, as we are
by feeling and educolion, we hope never to see the
day when loully castles, extensive parks, snatched
from cultivation, and highly arlilieinl and costly gar-
dens, shall take the place of the elegant, but unosten-
tatious villa, the well kept farm house, or the neat
and comfortable cottage. The former how beautiful
soever in appearance, c'lnstanlly force the reflection
upon us, that toil and privation are wrung Irom the
many, for the g^atificntion of the few. It is partly on
thij account, that an impression seems to prevail, un-
favorable to ornamental planting, as being attended
with heavy e.vpense: hence also, when a wealthy in-
dividual, wishes to improve his grounds, he thinks
his object secured by the application of large sums of
money; he changes a gentle slope into huge terraces,
lays out his approach road in a regular curve, racks
his invention to produce a fence of the most showy
description; and if, behind these, rises a naked, star-
ing front of composite cohmins, his success is com.
plele. After all this he looks for enjoyment, and
wonders why it does not come; never reflecting that
the mind derives its chief saiisfation from the con-
templation of Nature in her varied, ever-changing
forms. Lot him then who seeks enjoyment in this
particular, keep his purse strings nndrawn, except to
the calls of the poor and the needy; but let him with
his own hands emooth and enrich the verdant turf;
let him in this low corner, plant the bending willow;
on that kno'l, the graceful, towering elm; lead the
circuitous path through this close planted grove,
the dark maple and the shelving beech invite

us by their refreshing coolness; here, open to view
the distant prospect; there, thul out by thick under-
growth an unsightly object; here, in an irregular pint,
suited perhaps to the bend of the walk, plnnt a few
choice flowers; and near by if possible divert ihs
neighboring rivulet to gladden and complete the
whole: Then our word for it, there will be no com-
plaint of sameness. This would be a world within
Itself which would afllird more of variety than all the
architectural display of the city. But some of our
readers are ready to eny, perhaps, "all ibis is very
well for the v/eallhy, but when sholl we find lima to
accomplish a work so e.ittensivt? We reply, in the
first place, we should be glad if there was a liiite
more allention given to the com/orts of life, and not
quite so much exclusive thought, in relation to get-
ting rich. And in the second place, let every man
strictly conform to his cireumetances, and if his front
and back yards occupy but a few rods of ground, why
let him improve tho^n in the best mannner. Is it ab-
solutely necessary that ihe lawn gate opens predsch
in front of the principal door? May wa not have some
reference to convenience? and must the straight walk
be bordered with flowers in a straight line, and the
whole area occupied wiih parallel rows of trees? In
fact it is common to find places arranged in this man-
ner which have required quite as much labor, as to
have laid out the grounds in a simple and effective
form.

We copy below as illustroting our meaning in
part, an engraving, representing a plantation of the
simplest description: let our readers observe the close
planting near the house, the wide spread lawn and
the graceful curve of the approach road, then let them
in imagination cover the whole with straight rows of
fruit trees, shut out the best prospects, if accident de-
cide, and lead the approach in a direct line to the
house, and then mark the difleren^ e.

We hope in future numbers to give our readers a
synopsisof the work, as we conceive the information
contained therein to be inlimately connected with tha
real happiness of the commuHily. g_

ITEMSl

CO.IDEXSED FROM E-XCHi.VGE P.VPKRS, &e.

New Pasture for Cows — Morus Malticaulis.—
The American Farmer says "In a recent conversa-
tion with a friend from Virginia, he informed us
that he had tried the experiment of turning his cows
into the field where bis mulberries were growing,
ind found that they ate the leaves with great relish,
and that the increase in the quantity and quality of
the milk was perceptible in a day or two." Should
like to kn.iw how many cows an acre would pasture.
Silk Culture. — Edmund Morris of Burlington, N.
J. announces the entire success ofhis experiments
ihe present season in the culture of silk, by means of
lis newly invented silk frames. His exper ments
ivere performed in the presence of crowds of visitors,
and several testimonials are given of ihe complete
success of his frames in other plaoes. Those wish- '
ing further informst^on may have it by reading his '
" Silk Record," a small monthly, sent to all without
charge, who are personally interetttd in lb* (illi bu-

3 RCSS.

Hen's Eggs. — A correspondent of the Cultivator
says he obtains fresh eggs the year through, by regu-
larly feeding his fowls as much Indian corn as they
will tat.

A Berkshire Hog in the f ossession of E. Marks,
Onondaga county, gained, while fattening, ihreo
pounds five ounces daily.

Working soil, according to Skinner of the Ameri-
can Farmer, is "the sovereignest thing" to prevent
plants burning from drought.

Tico Rules of JelTerson are very applicable to the
times: — "Never spend your money before you get
it;" and "Never buy what you do not want becauaj
it is cheap."

Large Yearlings — S. Hecox of Lyons, writes, in
the Cultivator, that he hos two bull calves, rated
from Thomas Weddle's stock of Durhams, the one
a three-quarter bload , which weighed ot one year oli
1015 lbs., the other a half-blood, which at the same
age weighed 915 lbs. Their feed during the piA
winleT wa» hay and roots only. '

12^

THE NEW GENESEE FARxMER,

*'iJDrbum «,'UTis as riiilk«:i>.''
We hnve no dcfire to prej.Jlce iLe Niinc's ul uii:
rc-aiierd cither for or o^ainst any |iBriieii'nr brred of
onir.mie; but na tbo conductors of an cjjrieuUiirct
j mrral. wc cor.ceiv.' it to lie our dtny to ptiLIi^h hucIi
factB imkI opinions, on botb tidcoo; ilisputcd guarteie,
as will ennblo our rendirs to decide intclligtiitly lor
tbcn^eclves. Witb tbis view, we insir'.cd in our
April number, the reinaiiis of H. Coi.MiS i>n the
milking qiTai.ticd of D::rbnni Cowa: and liiidin^ in
the Albnny Cuitiratt-'r u rt;iiv to those rcmnrka by
Ij. F. Aur.EN, He if.w iiulilisii the eubstnncc of his
opinions on Ui a eiibject.

(Our renders will belter underelond the followirg
remarks, by reading; ibcm in connect. on with the ar-
ticle on page 63.)

" In reftTcnce to pnrogro:>h ^lO 1 of Mr. Colmnn,
I hnve never eecn the herd of .Messrs. Lalhrop, ol
South Hadlcy; but if ibey are wbtt Mr. C. repr'.-
ecjitd, th<-y lunsi be benutilul nnd valuuiile f;niiimie,
and a g:ent ncquisilion to their neighborhood; al-
lliougb I exceedrMiily regret that A dM notgjve ilie
opinions of ihi s.: gen;lenitn as to Uirir value and ex
celleni;e in the Coiincetieut Voiley, and the resulio ol
e.tperirnco cnncerinng thcni. A detail of their ob-
seivalions wou]d have bcpn at Ivuet more saiiuJiictory
tbnn a .■ummary condeuiiiaiion wiibrut a Lennng.

Mr. Colman and myseUVeited the Ohio Compa-
ny's herd, wiiicb he nionlions, together in i-Miiipuny
ot liull'alo in J8:i5, n." thi y were pa?6iii;^ iLrcuijli
from the seaboard to Oliio, on their pas^eage out.
They were in bi;,'h condition, as few or none of the
cows were then in iv.ilk, and we htid no opp^irlunity
to jiulL'eof tluir crqiabilities for the pal; uliliougb 1
have since learned that several of llie cows were
gri-nt and rich inilkcre. It must bo undersMod, how-
ever, that man;- of ihe Englibh breeders of high bred
Short Hinis breed only for eale and the shambles,
and do n it cultivate the milking qiialitica of ibeir
cattle. This is almost universally the case in Ohio,
Kentuiky, and the Western States, where the dairy
forms no part of the farming business, and stock is
reared mo.Jtly for beef; bin from the universal ten-
dency ol the tnre Short Horns to excel in milking
propcitics, when appropriated to that purpose, I can
have no diJiibt they would show as advantageously
over the pail as in the stall. When ii is considered
also, that owing to their scarcity and high value in
America, ell the females are employed in rearing
their calves, and the imlls, instead of being converted
into stores for the shambles, are preserved as stock
getters, it is evident that comparatively but few CX'
nmples can beatldueed of their real supeiioriiy over
the common stock of our ciiuntry as milkers. Still,
a sulHcient number of specimens have been shown,
both in milk and beef, to demonstrate t'.at in each of
these ipialitiea the improved Short Horns have excel-
led all that has yet been produced of our native
American Ptock.

In prirairraph No. 2, Mr. C. remarks, that he
wauls proof of the milking e.ualilics of the Short
H )ri)s His own, eeven in number, proved inferior
milkers, although be admits that several of them,
either of his owner which he had seen, were large
milkers; but bo believes these, exceptions to the
general rule. That bis own cows proved bad milk-
ers, proves iioihiiig. Whni wiis their blood? Were
ibcy of/r.-fcand improreil Short Horn descent? No
data le here given ior iis to judL'e oi their properties in
this particular, and wa ore futceJ to pus.-^ on to

Paragrnph No. 2. The Ciieshire a:;:! many other
dairy firiners have Ion;; iiati an e.xccl'.eiit stock of
Bclccted native cows, which bn*e been propagarf^d
with pttiiicul'ir regard to thc.r milking proper:ies for
many ceucietion.i. Mr. Colman has traversed the
wholK State >f MtimnehusettB jevernl times, nnd out
of the whi)!e I ui.Thtr of co'.vs that he has seen among
many thousand.';, be prcs-en's a list ol one hundred ol
the-Tintlve stock which had made Ironi twelve to
f lurtecn pounds of Iputter per weak. He br.s cico
challe;igeij, both in w,-Hiiig and conversation, the
T.vners of Short flunis to prove toeir dairy qualities.

1 doubt whether one hundred tUuruugh bred Short
Horn eons can be conveniently pioriuecd at a'l in
"iio whole Siulesoi' iS'cw Voiic oad Masvichusetis, eo
few are there in comparison with the CiUiiiion stock
of the country. Nor do I bclitvi? five 'iioea that
number of grade cows of ha'ff>|yod and upwards, can
be unsily found in ett.i i Stato; liot 1 wi.l vi .lure
ihe aasortion, tiiatr where Mich cattle do oxi»t, no

tnatier what their parenifi;:e may be oa the n>Uirf-
Old'., if ti;ey were diicctly bred from imfrror<i! Sh-rt
Horn bi'.i.e, lour out ot every five of' ihcni 1 ave pr )-
vid superior nnikers; nnd at bast twenty p«r cent,
belter in the aggregate iLnn liie crdiiutry cows around
them And 1 v\.;l aI.-o a.-s^ ri, t'lat ut the wljole nine-
Wt \>i titoro-gli bred cons u\ our country, nine out
of ten are exceiieni, if' not superior milkers, and
tweiay-five per «ei»i above tlie ntcrngc nai.ve coiva.
I'o liliisirate tbib maiitr. as 1 iiave bied a large nuin-
ler of improved Ueru lim.k unirnalc. of the taigliest
blooii. Within the luc-t SIX \tur6, as wci! .':b many grade
citile from the native, l)cvon, and oihi-; breeds, I
will Slate the lesuits ol my i-wn i xpcricnee, iti.u idso
the opinions of sundry othei hieedere, with such facte
as a bnsiy reference will j-ermit.

"In I8:)5, I bre.-! ten or •.v.clve half blood heifers
from Ihiee Devon aid several eoniioun c^'Ws oi in-
terior quality and appearance. They weie Bind by
my Slioit Horn bull Favorite, bred near ij.istoii,
Mass., whose pedigree will be found at No. y,l)USI,
3d vol. Coate's Herd Book. These heifers pre.ved,
without an exeepiion, good iiiilkeif; much above
ihe average, both lor quality and quajtlity. In |.^-'^6.
7 and 6, I bred several one-half and thn c.lomib
blood heifers, also from Devons and others, which
although many of them were sold, have, so far as
I have heard from them, proved siij erior inilkeis. A
p.irt of these were tired by my Short Horn bull
Uevons'iiiic, No. 966, SJd vol. Coaie's Herd Book. 1
alto bad, during the year? frciii J834to near the close
o:'IS:-!y, n herd of full bted improved Short Horns,
varying troni 4 to ten milking cowp, of which all,
wiih one exception, (and that cow suiicred an in-
jury in her ttdder when young,) were first rale milk-
ers. One cow give often thirty quarts of milk per
day of good quality. Several of tueni gave over
twenty quarts daily in summer I'ted, and not one oi
them gave poor milk, or, as the term is, milked hard.
They were inuividually easy, plea'ient milkers, with
beautiful silky udders, and handsome taper teats,
and were, taken together, much beyond the average
run of native cows as milkers. I have now a Dur-
ham cow that has made her twelve pounds of butter
per week, and ol four lull-blonds now in milk, every
one is a superior milker. I have also live or six balf
bloods, all of which are above the average of our na-
tive cows, by twenty per cent, in their milking pro-
perties.

" To corroborate my experience, I need only men-
tion the evidence of such gentlemen as John Hare
Powell, of Philadelphia, «ho asserted to my father
that one of his full-blooded Short Horn cows bad
made twenty-two pounds of butter per week for seve-
ral weeks in succession; Gov. Lincoln, and Messrs.
Wells, Derby, and Dcaiborn, of LlaEsachusetts, who
have been the owneis of sevcial grade and thorough
bred cows; Francis Rotch, Esq. of Butternuts, in
this State, who baa repeatedly testified to the superi-
ority ofAii Short Horns as milkeie, and to his en-
tire experience, probably equal, if not sujicrior, to
that ot' any other gentleman in America, of the su
periority of the Short Horns in their punty and in
their grades, as milkers, i need not add tlie names
of many other individuals who have ie;'eaudly tes-
tified to these facts, as a reference to our agnenltura
papers for the last five years will coiroborale all that
I remark. And last of all, I will assert ilial Colonel
Jacques' fnncifuljy yclepcd " Creampot" breed ol
milkers, and which I saw in company with Mr. Col
man hirnslf, are simjily a crofs of a thorough b:ed
Sliorl Horn bull with a native cow, then at Colonel
Jacques' farm, ot good size and rpiiearanec, of a dcej.
red color, and with an apparent daoli of Devon blood
in iier veins. His bull that he then used was ncarij
or quite n thorough bred Short Horn, and all bis
heifers we'e high in that blood. This eame stock o:
cattle, Mr. C has himself highly recommended in
one of his agricuit^ral reports, and we are togcthei
living wiines.rr8 oi' the burpa.ising richness of tbi
milk nnd cream of tliese beautiful cows. With i.
lew selected lad .. I will elotc this testimony:

In 3d vol Ciiiiiva'or, page I.Ol. Francis Blood-
good's imported cow (she was a Durham) gave, when
l.r calf was two weeks old, tlii- y-lhree and a hjiii
quaits of milk per day. I^er feed was one and n
hidf buihels of brewer's grains per day, with hay.

" In vol. 7, same work, page 13"<;. Mr. Cower'.
Short Horn cow Dairymaid, for seven days L'avear.
average of tbirly-thrce and a half quarts per day.

" In New Genesee Farmer, vol. 1, pal.^J 1-13,
Samuel Cartiby'.'j Short Horn cow, Blossom, yielJ^.''
."or seven days over thirty-bve qeartii nei day. v.bi.i .
produced thirlocn and a qiiorter pounds good btittcr.

Vol. 2 ^

-ii

• I'SII"

«f

1
(fill

urn
nj

'• At page 149, same vol. Jubii Weterhull's Sho)
Hoin eow, fji.i jeaif old, uave iioiii tHcnty-six t
ih.:iy and a half .,uarts ol milk per day, and in oni <
week prouticed eleven and a bail pounds of butter, ^"
and in anotliLr vvcik fifteen pounds. f"'''

" In a PbdadJphio pape! of I8::i). "Col. Wot
belt's C::w l.-abel.a. a pure Short Hoin, gave, durinj (*'
evin daye, jm quarts, or near twenty-eight quart t'"
per day, wbicL pioi.i.ied fourteen and thue lonrthl
p.iundt butler ol tl.e finest quality." So much for ia«
asccrtiun that '* Du'Io n- cows are not gootf noikeis.*
"In paragrapii •'. >ir Colman introduces us U
the distingii shed hnglioU farmer, Mr. Sherif!', wb
has ina.ie the tour of this country. It tb'8 ranie Ml
Sberiif, who by the way J never heard ot belorc, b« I**"'
lis prolound in his rcmnikc upm our couniiy. its in.
habitants ami tiieir HuriUiii-, as the herd of Engfst
iiaviiers who have hit.erto tiundled lapidly over ii
t^r the pur,,ii£e, us it would seem, of wiitinu libeioui
books and holding u? up to tlie ridicule of'tngli.-hj*"'
oicn ni home, his ojiinion ic little to be regarded,
Hi- kiinv\'l<-de of Ihe plogrcsB oi^Shori Horns in hlu
own country inoy be well f«iiiiiated, when be ret *""
marks " that thry are the poerci't dairy stock ^.n Eng"
iniid." To ibis rmiark I ncid only of.-irve, tlmt
nine out of ten of tho intelligen: Engl.th laimci
who emigrate totbib eeuiitry, and all British ptibliea'
linns on ibe subject, asceit piecisciv the cuniiaiy;
for the high guide, and ofti n the thorough bred Short
Horns, have been for many years jasi taking the
idace of other breeds for dairy and nolking purpesra
m iht: grazing conntici?, and near the large towns and "i""
cities. That he shonld regret the introduction of any
thing tending to advance our agriculture, and our
wealth, is altogethei natural in an English book-ma
king touiiet. I am only surprised that a gentleman
of Mr. Colman's shiewdnesa th.ruld be thus easily
deceived. As to the '• dintinct race oC American cat-
tle" to be yet formed, the end of all tins is In be feen
in the continual effort at blending incongruities by
those expciimtnters who strive, without an accurate
knowledge of their subject, to produce what is al-
rcndy better made up to their bancs in the improved
breeds now extant. Such rxpciimcnls, as they live
end learn, have been alwajs abandoned as impractica-
ble and visional y. There is, nor can be, no such
thing C8 a "distinct Atn> rican breed," made up as
all our eatlle are from selections from all parts of Eu
rope; nor, if our agriculture is to be, as wc hope, |iro.
greseive in its excellence, is it desirable. Our cat-
tle ehouid improve with our geneial agriculture.
The la.-t of Mr. C.'s remark is very just, and con-
cedes, as we view it, the giat of what we eommend.
" In paragraph 5, Mr C. gives us the only reason
why Duihams should not become the stock of New-
England, to wit: the poverty of its soil, and the neg-
ligence of many of the peo|)le! Truly a very broad
i.dmisslon, hardly just, indeed, to the snug farmers of
New-England, nnd not at all within the desideiatum
for which the advocates of Short Horns contend; —
improved husbandry, improved care, and improved
stock. If, upon lards, a theusand acrrs of which
will scarcely graze a goose, and from which the very
vermin instinctively dee to escai e starvation, the
beautiful Shcit Horns are to be doomed to pine,
wiihoiii eric, find without sympathy, I at once admit
that the less of them the better. Nor do the mise-
rable animals of the native breeds even, which are
doomed to a wret< bed existence on those "scanty
pastures," exhibit any sisinsof ibrift astliey dailysuf-
ler from the "negligent habits of their keepers."
True, a long course of neglect and starvation endured
by their ancestors, and peipetuaud for in.any genera-
tions anterior to their own existence, may rentier
their wreichediicss more tolerable than it vvoii'd that
of a better animal; but what advocnie of any sort of
improvement is content to bind himself to such hope-
lesj sterility? Did we desire a lace of animals that
vvould^&iiTc the beet, wc cou'd at once make an im-
portation from tl-e Sliet'.ei.d Islands, ard establish a
shello " American breed" that v.ould bid defiance to
1 egleet and pov.:rty, and flouiish amid both frost and
desolation!

But this proposition is not within the category of )*
OT/r system. We bold, iliat if land he wonh cultiva-
tion at all, it should be at ieaat in a re-i.-i-mablo state

o' fertility. It should yield in any event a tolcrablo 'I

sliare of its various products tender tood nnd kindly
itention with which to ft^ed well the slock of the
iroi. If cows are not to l-e deeenily Ted, by no.
iieans keep the Durbame, or my otlie- valuable
repil. But ifit be intended to eivi- •• va'ue leeeivi d,"
I teed well. Ill (1 |;iiy am iiioi .-^ vour sioek, and
M re is no nilicr way to mak , ,y kind of i-;ock
rufitable, then let the breed be i.s • xvd as presible,

i

0. 8.

AND GARDE.\EU'S JOURNAL

rJ3

i ol as hii^'h a gnulo in l>Io xi as the n.ufnrc of novr
I and the climatic tcill permit. The (Klniitsione
,do bel'iie ihc; close cif ibis |)Tiagrn|ili, ol' ilie enor-
)ii3 vveiijlils of tbe l)»rlmni ox Willi goori keeping,
tnit to the Ciil'eft cx'.ent till llinl wc claim, when
iincl'iuce of I'ccJ is given lo ili" nninial.
In the C)ih and In^-t parograiih, Mr. C. doiihte
sthcr the Diirhnind are, iifiei nil. not the hctt ptoel;
ne to have, and candidly adniitf. ihnt his mind is
t open In cojsviction. Now ihie, after ninliiny ilie
md nsseriiona and dcninla tl;Qt are above cxlubiied,
:iot exactiv what we t-houid expect f.oni one ol his
servati^n and natiiteness It is indeed too nineh iit
! vein pf the old ndngc: " I lane hun lirct, nno" try
afterwards." Jr this Inst parn^rniih ail ic; ml-
tted that ihe ndvoealoa of Shori Ii')rn8 dct^ire. We
never n:^sertcd that liiey wonlil produce nrcni
amities of beef, or of mdk, without enfjiuient find;
r w nkl they thrive under contiiinni ill treatment.
Jeot and abuse; nor indeed, will they boar .sn mucli
rvaliiin and ill treatment as some of our n.nlive cnl-
; but v.-e do fcfirIe.-.-ly asscit tl-.at cither thorough
id or gtndo Sh.'^rt Ilorns will produce m(»re beef,
J more nidk, ench in their own proper time, with
ienmo quniuilies of grass, hoy, or other proper feed,
in any breed of eat'.le ever int.-oduccd into this
intry; and so have they thus far done in Eng-
d.

My own catile have never been highly kept. On
! contrary, o.viiig to my farm being at some few
les distTince from my residence, and therefore not
ving my dnily attention, my herd always received
t ordinary care, and sometimes, I regret to sav, not
an that. ]?ut I do say, that so I'ar as my e.\-perience
3 proved, ihey h«vo from the highest bred Herd
lok -heifer, down to tbe lowest grade, (never less
m half Idood,) been as licnUhy and as hardy as the
nmon stock ol the country, kept sids by side with
;m. The opinion, therefore that Durhanis are to
rejected for want of hardihood or constitution, is
t a prejudice that deserves :o l>e exploded.
Still I am no enihiHiast in this mu'ler. I wonid
t recommend every farmer to introduce into his
m the Durham cow. On the contrary, on very
n and light soils, I would not introduce them; nor
y thing else lliat ever lived on a luxuriant one.
It I do siy, on lands natural to grosf, which olTUrd
air yield ofpsstmeaud of hay, where either the
iry or the fatting of beef, or even the rearing of
t'e for sale, be the object, judging from my own
leritnce, and corroborated by that of oiiiera who
:e tried a single cross upon our native, or any ot'i-
brecd of cattle, no matter what, even np to high
ides.tlie D.irhams nrs altogether the most desirable,
.h for appearance and fir j rolit; with the exception
■haps, of the Devonshire, if tbe climate be very
id; and they are no milkers. Were I a dairyman.
d 3e=ired to grow np a race of the best and most
ifitabte milkers, I would select the best native cows
th'n my reach, then oi>tain a thorough bred Short
)rn bull of a good milking family, and raise my
ifers to as high grades as in their nnturnl course
mid be produced, always using a thorough bred bull.
in no other wny can the excellence and tbe true
iracieristics of the lace be perpetuated. Did I how-
jr, admit of any other foreign admixture, it should
a crofsof the D;von to give additional snugness to
i form: and then hut a single cro.s.«, for more than
It would degrade the milking qualities of the herd.
These animals, bred as they would be from native
W8^ would inherit their constitutions and habits:
d become identified, as ranch ns the mo^t ordinary
•ck, with oursoilsand our (abits of keeping. In
is way should we al once coin all we desire, with-
IBuddenor prejudicial change." » • • • »

SHsrar Beet for Spring Feeding.
SlB^I have for n long time been balling between
'0 flpinions, as to the value of the sugar bc( t ns win-
■ food forelock, and realh have been puzzled %vith
s .conSiciing testimony of pariiee, f'H* and ngninst
Tisit to a friend in nn adjoining st.ite, whicii ]
.ve been induced to take at the puggcstion of your
rr'eeponde it at p. 205 of the Cabinet for January,
'lid whom I c.Tn bear out in the remark, that such a
lod^ of eXtiniifi-ng a small sum is the cheapest and
rstway in which a min can study the science of
riculturc, has, however, brought me short alont, a
■ "ong advoc.nte for its cultivation, and I will tell you
hy.

Ijefore I left home, I was wondering within my-
If, how my poor stock were to subsist another month
ilhout a supply of fresh provender: my hQy.b;,rn an 1
rn-crib began to show signs of atrophy, the ribs of
« hltar rattling in the wind lik« a dried skeleton;

with scnicely a h ade oj gta^s to bo seen in tbe pus-
tules, into \vhit ii however, 1 had been Ci.>nipelled to
turn the poor creatures, in the Inipe that they niiglit
be able to pick up a litile t" help out; kiaiwin^i ail tlie
while, tbiii what ibey could extinct In in ;Le Kuti. if
the *od must be at the cxptnse ol tbe cumiiiy crop ol
hay. In this state of nuiirl and feeling, 1 icnched my
Iiicnd'e bullae, and was iiuiuitcly 8iiipi!.^i.d to liud
him leediiig all his cimlc lu.d hbu p, end iiidud 1
might mhi hogt, vibiLh ali^o came in for a ehnr.-./w
tltcJ'idUimd. as i;e termed it, with huijar beet, which
ue hud leaorved lijr this particular season, ns a link
bvlwe 11 the winter and summer crops, ihe value Uir
which purpose, to use his own words, was "quile
aliovc all price."' Said he — " ^Vhile ninny are tie-
liating r.bout the ijuaUty i-l tiic beet, and niu not ubic
te determine whcti:er its ciiliivatjon be ihc greatest
(;ood or the mojt considerabiu oi evils, 1 have gone
quietly on, sowing regulaiiy tl.o (luanliiy najesaary
lor my winter consumption, .i .iig careful to prcforve
a full supply for the whole nio;i;h ol Apiil, wuhoui
regard lo the stones thai are told about its dill, rent
and very dissimilar properiie>: and now you see me
«ilh plenty of food for every living thinj; about me
for a month lo come, obtained at a mott ir.fiing cost
of productior,; for, from iibout nn ecre of land, I har-
vi"6:ed a mounlnjn of green food, to mix with my hny
and straw, which have now become dry and hard from
keeping: and by these means I am able to keep all
i;iy stock Iroin the meadows anil pasture until iNlay —
a perfectly incidculoblc advnntngt; for thus I am not
only feeding iheiii Ihie yair, but adding astonishingly
to my m-aiis tiir the next winter, as I almoLt fancy
that by so doing I am able to mow double ihc qucn-
liiy of hay tlm; 1 used to do. And tliis is not all;
lor the large quantity and excellent qualiiy of the nia-
iiurc which 1 thereby obtain, is of lar more value lo
mc iliiin all the liibor a]id expense of cidiivuting the
heels, twice told. You see that my slock nic in
good condition, contented and happy, conliiied to
their winter quarters, and not permitted to roam
libroad, to ihe destiuction of ihe knees, tbe Icsdol
thtir dung, and the abs.dule nnnihilalion of the luiure
crops of hay; and ifthiseure net advantages sulKci-
cnl to induce ns to go tbrwiird with the ciillivaiion ol
the beet, I shouM be glad to be told what more we
iiave a right toc.xpeci/ Let others argue what is the
value of such a crop for winter food, and especially
lor spring use, while 1 am too happy to be , ble to cre-
ate a summer nmongst my stock during the most
dreary wiiiier, and preserve my spring crop of grass;
hy tbe very Iri'Iing devotion of about a tingle acre of
land to their cultivation. I repeat, my exiiu manure
pays me for all my extra expense; and my peace of
mind is above all price." 1 thought of my poor star-
ving animals at home, and shortened my visit hut 1
might rettirn and be prepared to practice ihe doctrine
which my friend had been preaching. — Far. Cabinet.

JoH.N LlCY.

Schvylkill County, April I, 1841.

The following remarks, from the N. E. Farmer,
should be read in connection with the article on Hny
iVIaking in our last number . —

Drink iug in Hot Weather.

Mk. Kliitor — In your number for June 23d, is an
Gxcclieut article on IJtiy making. I rejoice lo see so
iiinny of the.e jilftn, pr.iclical articles in your pajier;
and hope they will be read extensively, and be as ex-
lensively Ueeful.

There are one or two thoughts, however, in the
concluding paragraphs of the article to which I al-
lude, which do not stem to me so much in acconi-
tmce with generni experience as I wish they were.
You sn\ — mid 1 know others hn-.e also tuid it —
".\one but ihe iniempcraie are injured by dnnUiiig
cold water."

Now, unless you mean that the excessive drinking
01 cold water is iteelf intemperance, I am confident
this sictement cannot be tiue. Tbit intempciaie
men are injured most readily by cold \v:uer, 1 have no
doab:: but that any man, who is at once over hentci
and over-futigued, may be injured by drinking cold
water in large quantities, is al least equally cei tain.
Indeed, ii is certuJu that be who ia either over iicnted
or over- fatigued, may he injured in this wny. Cases
of injury troin the former cause are of almost every
day occurrence.

I know whai is the main thing intended hy the
writer of the article in question, in the remarks to
which I have here alluded: and I reioice at the effort.
To pvt dnirn the use of bad or even doubtlul drinks.
nnd/).v< lip cold water, is noble — and may God speed
him who dae« it, or asa'sta in doing il NevcrtUeloas,

we must avoid doing evil, if we eiiji. oi our efforts lo
• \o good. And insead ol saying, '• There is no don-
^; 1 U'A\\friqi:ent drinkii.;; in the lu.tte.-i W' aiherr
tckr ctildiriitir ns olun and ns ficcly ns >i u pUni-c —
lliiie IS I'o danger Irom it, ifycu have not been too
long wiiii"ut drink," &,c.; instead ol this nilvice, I
wish with all my henityou had said eonitthii.g like
the folh wing — that is, had yni belieeid it; "There
iunofiptcinl danger Irom frcqut-ni drinking, in the
iiotiest weather, prov.ded yoii ii!.e the following cau-
tions: 1. To dnnk veiy tlowly. S. To diiiik l:nt
:itlle al a time. 3. To tune jour drink, though ■ col,
not excessively cold.- 4. To use but little drink with
or near y'"'r nieal.'j. ,'>. To dunk but little, veiy
little, when over-fatigued and over- 1. ran d.

With thrse lesiiicnons, jou might have snid, ns
y.ni have— "Cold wil.r is tl-.e hc»t i.f .nil drinks tor
slaking thirst; there is no danger from it (with tho
rc-iiieiions .ihove.J if you have not been too long
without dr.nk," &c.

You say, " The bay maker must have a full supply
of drink: pciepiralion will be frte, and he niiibt have
something 10 support it." Yet 1 can point you to a
laborer now o'.erfO, and hcnliby and sliong. who-
hn&dir.nk almoii, nothing at all between hie meals nil "
bis Ills long, thoiigi he has perspired veiy freely, and
no man has enjoyed his hi,,- innre. Yet obstive, his
meals rue belter ihnn those nI the avernge of nit n. I
can t'jll yon of aniither individual, «h(se enijiloy-
nienls are pnrtly agricultural, and who.>-e lobi rs are
very severe — calculated to elicii thiist, in the common
v»ayol thinking; who can labor ibrough tbcsumn:er and
drink nothing at c'], and who ioi iicaily itn n inths,
begiiuii:;g with August H, It'iO, did so. And not
only so, but he suOcred lets from tliirtt (luting the
time, than he ever did belori" in any of the months of
his lile. ]3ut then he Urol right othcrtcise.

These facts are nut nieniiLncd, Mr. Editor, to in-
duce your readers to go without drinking nt nil. foi- I
cannot advise a person in ihe world to do that — al
Icasi ns long as he retains his prcstni hobits in other
respects. My object was simply to show that we
ne.d far Ices drink than is usually supjiosed, if he on-
ly exercise, eat. sleep and think as wo ought.

But I am extending those remarks too far peihaps.
Excuse the ireedom — well meant, 1 am sure — which
1 have inken. I was brought up a fnrmer — and,
thank God, sn intelligent one for tl e time — nnd 1 still
love farming and the farming interest, nnd tbe wel-
fare and hniipiiiese of the fanner. Would that 1 had
the means of being a New England Inrmer now, on a
small, but truly rational scale and sven m.

Yours, &c.. WM.'A. ALCOTT.

Pcdhirm, June'i'Sth, 1841.

[CJ* We thank Dr. Alcott for his sfriclures upon
the remarks we made last week. His long continued
atlention lo matters pcrlaining to health, entitles his
opinions 10 much weight. Wc most cheerfully make
them public. But nt the same lime wc are far from
receding an inch Irom the ground we took last week.
Will the over-heat and over fatigue occur, if cold wa-
ter is taken with sufficient frequencyl It is possible
that the orcrfittignc may; but if it should, we ques-
tion vvhelher cold water, to any extint which the ap-
petite craved, would be instantlij and ezcesaircl-y in-
jurious; (lor the injury dreaded in these cases is the
violent poin which oltcn pjoves faml in a short time.)
Our hclieif is, that if cold wo'er is taken so friquent-
ly ns to iirevent the ocerhcuf, there is no dangei from
its freest use. We reler. uf course, to danger of se-
vere attacks of pain. Whether it would not bepcr-
manenl.hj better for our laboring people generally to
use less diink, IS a quci-t'on to which wc hud na re-
ference.

riom the London Varmers' Magazine.
Ucstrc) ing Rats.

Sin — Ti;e following is a reply to your coriespon-
deni's inquiry as to the best mode of destroying r:iis.
.Should ho lind either ol these me'hoda succeed, he
Will oblige by a reply thiough your i_aper.
1st — Corlis, cut as ih n nssix; ences. rorsted, or stew-
ed in grease, rind placed in their tracks.
or — Dried sponge in small pieces, fiiid or d'p]icd in

honey, with a Inileoilof rhodiym.
or — Bird-lime, laid in their haunts, will stick to their
fu* nnd enUfC their departure.

II a live rat beciiughi, and wfil rubbed or brushed
over wlih ta' and trnin-oil. h.'kI nfiemards put lo
escape in the holes ol" (■ilurs, they wdi rlit-ap|ienr.

Poisoning is a very dongcrous and objeciionoblc
mode.

The proudest man on earth is but a pauper, fed and
clothed by tii« bomilyxtf^ Ueavieii.

124

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol.

Mr. XeflPs Stock of Short Homed Cattle,

TO BS SOLD OS THE SIXTH AND SEVENTH OF SEPTEM-
BER NEXT, NEAR CISCT.INATI, OHIO.

The B'.tcniioii of ibe reailcrs of this paper, in tbe
West and Siuiih, is invited to the notice of a sale of
cattle in^erte J in anotber column. Mr. NcfT has for
a number of years given bis particular attention to
the laising of improved cattle, and baa spared no
expense in procuring the very finest animals to breed
from. II. 3 herd has now become so numerous that
he has determined to sell off the whole or tbe
greater part, in order that he may begin anew. The
writer of this had tbe pleasure of viewing these cattle
n few days since, and he does not hesitate to pronounce
them the finest collection to be found at any one
place in tbe United States. If any of the cattle-loving
readers of the Farmer cnance to be in that part of the
country previous to the sale, they must not fail to
■lnj"Cfo ani! see.

On arriving at the Queen City of the West, first
call on Mr. Aill ck, the editor of tbe Western Farmer
& Gardener, and if you are not already a reader of
bis clc'.'Ucnt paper, subscribe for it at once, and in it
vou will lind a complete list with pedigrees of Mr.
NelV'e cattle, and numerous fine portrniis of animals,
engraved by Mr. Foster. Mr. Afllcck is a good judge
of s'.oclv, and if not too busy he will offer to accom-
pany you to Mr. Neff's form. If so, hnppy are you;
and with old Kentucky in tbe harness, you start off
right cheerily down Western Row, and on a good
turnpike road over the Cheviot Ililla till you come to
the Seven Mile House; then turning in at a gateway
you enter the premises of Mr. Neff, and the firm ob-
ject that arrests your attmuion is a number of splendid
two-year old heifers in a small pasture in front of the
house. That very la.-ge and handsome red and white
one is L')ui3iana; that beautiful white creature of
smaller size is Clifford; tbe other, red and white,
it Vir''inia, and the roan is Georgia. These four
are all too perfect and beautiful lor description. Then
go into another field, and there you see Rosalia,
Indiana, ]!olle-Cre&le, and some half a dozen other
thorough bred heifers about two years old; and he
must bo a nico jud^e who discovers delects in any of
them.

But pass on to the yearlings, and there yon will find
B dozen or so more, ' Gema' of the first water. Then
follow your Cicerone to the etnbles, and you see Cm-
cinnatus, a beautiful large white two year old bull;
and Young Prince, a promiting son of Piince Wil-
liam and Lady Catherine, with a number of other two-
year old and yearling bulls. Now take a look at that
long row of beautiful calves. Are they not " Buds of
Promise?" Bat hark! Is that thunder ? Oh no; it
it only the voice of old Brutns. Pass out that door;
see here comes, with all the pride and dignity imngin
able. What an enormous size, and yet how beauti-
ful he is! Brutus is 7 years old, roan; was purchased
at Mr. Whitaker's sale of imported cattle at Philadel-
phia in 183d. He is in rather high flesh and weighs
about 'J7I)I) pounds. See how kind and gentle he is!
Feel of his soft sleek sides; observe his fine limbs,
noble bead and neck; his splendid brisket and broad
Btraight back! Taking him all in all, did you ever
■oa a more perfect animal of hia kind? But hero
comes another, who disputes the pdin of excellence
with him. This ia Prince William', 4 yenrsold, roan:
also imported by Mr. Whitakcr. He is not in so high
ficsh, nor so large, but some consider him superior to
Brutus. If he had on more flesh be would nearly
equal him in weigl)t,and probably excel him in activ-
ity. See with what a stately majestic step he march-
es back to his opartinentl

Here comes tbe boy with the cows. Walk thib
•vay and stond by the ga'e, so as to view them os they
t Da aot laujjfh at that old-ftiihioRed lookinj;

dame in the lead; it is true she is not handsome, but
she is an imported cow of the finest pedigree, and, as
ia often the case, is a very superior breeder. Her
name is Ruth, she is 10 years old, and tbe mother of
some of the moat beautiful animals in the herd; for
instance Victoria, Louisiana, Sibella and G.-^eat Wes-
tern. That fine large fat looking red and white
cow, is also imported; she is properly named Beauty;
and the only objection to her is, the difficulty of keep-
ing her poor enough for usefulness. There are four
other fine imported cows, Blossnn, Profitable, Straw-
berry and Lady Catherine — six in all, from which
the rest of the herd were mostly produced, and some
of the younger ones are more beautiful than their pa-
rents. See that smallish roan cow : that is Ruth's
eldest daughter, and one of which she may well be
proud. She is aptly named Victoria, for like her
Royal namesake her greatest defect is, that there is no
more of her — both are rather too short!

Now looii at those 'Swill Boys' in the bain-
yurd. That long thrifty looking Porker is an Iiiah
Grazier. Yonder are more ol them; how thin their
coats are! They look as though they would freeze to
death in winter; bnt if you ask Mr. Affleck he will
probably inform you that they are a hardy and valu-
oble breed of hogs, although not more profiioble than
eome others. These black and spotted ones you at
once know are Bcikshiies. They ore generally con-
sidered the perfection of tbe swine family now.a-daye.
Here, under this shed, is a fine Berkshire sow, hung
in a sling, so that her feel cannot touch the ground.
See; her hind leg is bound up with splinters; it was
broken by being run over with a wagon a few days
since, and being a valuable animal, Mr. Neff deter-
mined to make an efl'ort to save her — hope be may
succeed.

I fear I shall detain you too long, and yet
I cannot leave without taking you through this thriliy
vincya^'d. Look at these Catawba, Isabella and
Schuylkill grape vines: how abundantly they bear,
and with very little attention. They ore more sure
to ripen and less liable to mildew or blight than in
New York State. There, in that inclosuro is a pair
of Deer, but they appear to be ont of their proper ele-
ment. This small building at the bottom of the gar-
den is the boys Rabbit house, and it ia well stocked
with furry quadrnpeds. Walk up this way through
the garden, and pick some of these Ohio ever-bearing
Rospberries. They ore of good size and pleasant fla-
vor, but not so delicious as the Antwerp. Their great
advantage is their habit of bearing plentifully all
through the season.

I find I must close this gossiping epistle, and have
not time to speak of Mr. Mahards splendid lot ef
Berkshire pics, but you must go and see them never-
theless, and perhaps I may notice them hereafter, to-
gether with some other sights seen in Ohio.

Cincinnati, J«/y 20, 184). M. B. B.

Em

not heavy; in others, aa in the sonthern counties, it #'
very poor — some fields not worth harvesting. In d i'-'"''

central parts, fields of nil qualities may be seen — soli if*
being very good, others of medium quality, and othe t'"^^
scarcely worth cutting. The difference being mai i"*
ly attributable to the soil, end the cultivatioiui P
Taking the whole State together, I was dieoppoin
in the wheat crop, and am confident the yield will
be as great as the popers have of late rcpreseni
My opinion ia that Ohio connot be set down for m
than two-tltirda of an average crop.

Indian Com is the next staple crop of Ohio,
almost the only crop of some parts of the Stale.

iek'

ifiitbC

has Bufi'ered materially this season from the cntworn >*'

113,^4 i
tlTb

at
ijinii

Uilll

is;
,IW

and the drouth in some parts; but in other parta
looks very fine, and the whole state must yield an il
mense crop; although perhaps not quite ae large
thatof the past year. The immense corn fields in ti KUl"'
valley of the Scioto, and along other etrenms in cei H'^
iral and Bouihern Ohio present to the eye of the lim »'
eler a very beautiful and luxuriant appearance, ani
afford striking evidence of the wonderful fertility tl
the soil. While silting at on elevated window in lb
" Niel House" in this city, (the thermometer at 9
in the shade) I was shown a field of 160 acres, in tb
valley below, that had been planted with corn 40 yeai
in succession, without any apparent diminution of V
productiveness. I should judge the stalks nowstan
10 or 12 feet high, and aa thick as they con gron
giving the whole valley the appearance of a deni
young forest.

Grass, on dry lands was very light; but on moil
lands it is pretty fair. Much of the hay in this slat, if,]
is not cut till after the wheat. Clover is much use
in some of tne best wheat counties, but not os genet
ally throughout the stole as I should think it migb
be with odvantage. The Cloter Seed crop ie no
very promising — owing to the drouth having checkc
the second growth.

Oats arc much raised, and are generally fair, ihouglf n
not uniforinly so.

Barley is bnt Utile raised, and is very light. ♦

Potatoes, in some parts, have suffered from droughl
but I think the crop geneioUy will not fall much be
low on average.

In conclusion, it is evident that the Bvrkeye Stat
will sustain her high rank for producing the ncecsssr
ies of life, although the aggregate yield ol iclieat mut
be considerobly less than for the past two years.

M. B. B.

The Crops in Ohio.

Columbus, July -ie, 1841.

Ohio claims the honor of producing the greatest
quantity of Wheat, and may perhaps justly be consid-
ered the most impoitant agricultural State in the Un-
ion. When we meet a friend, therefore, from this
State, the first question that arises is usually in rela-
tion to tbe crops. And as this ia a topic particularly
inlcrcBting to the readers of an agricultural paper, I
will give it my first attention. I have uowspcuttwo
weeks in traveling over the State, during the height
of harvest, and having taken particular pains to inform
myself on the subject, I feel confident that my views
will not be found erroneous, although ihey may differ
from some of the published statements.

M he Wheat Crop ie very uneven; in some pieces,
(13 along tlie lake counties, il is generally (iiir, oIiTiongli

Canada Thistles, &c.

"Aid TO Agkicultcre." — The Legislature latelj
passed a law appropriating $8,000 to promote Agri.
culture, by encouraging the formation of County So.
cieties, and enabling those societies to excite emulatiooi
among the Farmers by distributing premiums. Tbi«
is all well enough; but we can point out a way in
which the State authorities might still more effectuaU
ly promote the welfare of the agriculturists.

[n? Let immediote orders be issued by tbe Canal
Commissioners, for destroying the Canada ThistU
and other noxious weeds that abound olong the Can
lis, on the ground controlled by the State. Even
within the limits of the city of Rochester, there art
thistles enough on the Cnnal and feeder, to seed all
Western New Y^ork. Evfrymonwho has farm or
garden, or who rea'ly wishes to " promote Agricul.
lure," should aid in calling attention to the correction
of this nuisance, which annually causes more injury
to land by sowing them with foul weeds, than can b»
compensated by ten times the §8000 now annually
appropriated for " promoting agriculture."

ROCHnSTER

t>. 8.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

125

laiter pnrt of April or 1st of May ; from the leaves of
these his wife or children can feed JO, 000 worms.
The eggs may be purchased for ten shillings, He
can in a lew minutes erect shelves in a room of hia
house, barn, or any out house, to feed his worms on ;
if well attemled, they will produce three bushels of
cocoons, or 3 lbs. of reeled silk. He can in the fall
take up his trees, preserve them through the winter,
and plant holf an acre in the spring. By doing ibis
for three euccetsivo years, in the spring of the fourth
year, he will have trees to plant five acres, and 20,000
to dispose of. Five acn s of tries, with proper man-
agemciit, will feed 500,000 worms. Thenceforward
he will have Utile or no trouble wiib his trees: he may
leave them in the ground all winter, and the neit
year he may feed half as many more worms, say 750,-
000, the year following, double ih» quantity oftUs
first yeor, or 1,000,000.

The following calculations may appear at first sight
extrovogant, but as it is well known one acre of trees
will feed 100,000 worms, with proper management,
five acres, with the same management, will feed
500,000.

1 would here observe that these calculations are
made without reference to casualties that may happen
— such as Occidents, mismanagement, unfavorable
weather, di&eascs amongst the worms, &c. &,c.,
hough I have no doubt of complete erccess following
constant attention, careful, good management, proper
feedmg, sufficient room for the worms, end a free cir-
culation of pure air. From my own experience and
observation 1 am perfecdy satisfied it is a business
worthy the attention of farmers, provided they cna
get their wives and children interested in it. If so,
there can be no reasonable doubt of its complete
success.

I have in the following statement valued the co-
coons at an average of $3,50 per bushel. The Slate
bounty of 15 cents per lb. will make tbnm worth $5.
By reeling the silk, which wdl not cost more than ^1
per bushel, the value will be yet more increased, and
by adding the S:ate bounty on reeled silk, fifty cents
per pound, the silk, if well handled, will be worth $8
per lb.

Stntement of the product of 500 trees plaritd the

riKST-YEAR.

10,000 worms producing 3 bush, cocoons at

$5 per bush $15 00

Expence of 10,000 eggs 1 25

Profit $13 75

SECO.ND TEAR.

50,000 worms, 15 bush, cocoons, at $5.... $75 00

THIRD YEAR.

200,000 worms, 60 bush, cocoons, at ,^5.. . $rOO 0 I
Expcncci^, say 50 00

Profit $250 UO

FOURTH TK.IR.

500,000 worms, 150 bush, cocoons, at $5.. $750 00
20,000 trees for sale, at $1 per 100 2U0 00

(The Slate bounty ends this year.) $9.50 00

E.ipenses, say 150 00

Profit $800 00

FIFTH YEAR.

5 acres, the second year in ihe ground, 750,-

000 worms, 2i5 bush, cocoons, at $3 50, §785 50
Expenses, say 200 00

Profit $.565 50

SIXTH TEAR.

5 acres, the 3rd year, 1.000,000 worms, 300

bush, cocoons at .$3 50 $1050 00

Expences, say 250 00

Profit $800 00

The floss and cocoons which have been spoiled for
reeling to produce each year's stock of eggs, may be
manufactured into cloth, which will contribute no
small portion of clothing for the family. J. B.

A[aiama, Gnn^itt Co., -W;y, 1841.*

For the JVtu: Gencssee Farmer.

Beply to S. K. W. on the Corn Laws.

' [Eisus. EiiiTORs — Your correspondent S. R. W.
tadecidcd that the lessons of paiience and self de-
«• which S. \V. atlempts to " read to farmers" are
li ypsrs behind the oge," It is hardly necessory
I'c no to soy that he has not gone back far enough by
n h' eighteen hundred years — such lessons are coe-
5, with the Gospel D.spenaalion — they were the les-
Ri which Christ taught and Paul prciched.

1 my former articles on the national tariff", on im-
11 J. the English Corn Laws, &,c. , I endeavored to
rrcss farmers with the necessity of depending on
I pioducis of their own industry, and living within

I r own domestic resources, without looking too
r b to legislation, or to aid from without. If 1 have,

,!c statistics I have given, succeeded in convinc-
r n single individual reader of ihe Farmer, ihat the
H s ot high prices were years of unnatural inflalion,
: ■nvngance, debt and ruin ; and that the subsequent
)iixl of low prices has been one of liquidaiion, rc-
a iiig industry, economy and consequent pecuniary
]. lb, then I am well paid for my labors. But as
n notions of political and domestic economy have

II 'iiic instances given dissatisfaction to the readers
if ,: Farmer, I had resolved to abandon the subject,
II should not now have adverted lo it, bnt to defend

o( my articles from the strictures of S. R. W.
R. \V. felicitates himself on the progress of
trade in England, and its spread in the United

--." He speaka of the landed interest of Eng-
a us "sc{/£s/i, and regardless of sulTering humani-
T ond he predicts a much better market for our
f 11 when the English Corn Laws are repealed.

hould, asoneoftho readers of the Farmer, be
il led to learn from S R. W. how England is to
|e long with her stupendous debt, without the land-
id lerest. Who pays the great bulk of the taxes
u le landed interest ; who most supports the enor-
n I home trade of £100,000,000, sierling, but the
a J interest ; who feeds the people but the londed
n L'st. Selfish as they are, their selfishness appears

0 wonderfully adapted to the wants of the nation.
r about feeding England from the United States 1
f' wenty-five years previous to 1 825 all the foreign
V imported into England did not amount to more
h one week's supply. Since that lime in 1S31, a
'( of very thort crops, all the grain imported

0 inted to but twenty-five days' consumption, and
m one-seventh part, or three and a hall days' supply,
»• eceived from the United States of America.

the corn laAS we.-e repealed, Europe would sup-
'1; 'real Britain with corn at as low prices as it is
walling in N. Y, adding the Atlantic freight, if

10 )wer ; and the present prices in N. Y. are below
h verage, and certainly lower then S. R. W. with

11 iiproved nudern notion?, thinks they ought to
If In 1837 we imported nearly a million of bushels

1 beat and Rye from German and Russian ports,
in lilt foi the duty of 25 cents per buehel (an Amer-
ei not an English, corn law J wheat would often be
or rted into the United S'.ates for our own consump-

R. W. says that the English corn lai^s are the
'"•»; of incalculable misery. There are thousands of

1 ill England with wise heads and pure benevolent
'f 5, who differ with S. R. W. in opinion. It is

It even the timc-scrririg Lord John Russell is
together sincere in his eulogy of free trade, lor
I s any thing but free trade that has made England
»/ she is.

the introduction of foreign corn should cause the
JInense capital now employed in British agriculture
*> only in part withdrawn, what would be the state
•rf ogrejt home trade, which le new the only trade

that remunerates the manufacturer and enables him
to feed his operatives. Would not the laboring class-
es of England then resemble the Irish peasantry,
startivg in the midst of plenty, for the tcant of that
employment which alone can furnish the means lo buy?

S. R. W. says that " the interest of millions at
the north are neglected by our Government," '-while
a few hundred thousand at the south have an accredit
ed representative at Si. James, watching every move-
ment which may otTect their fnvorile exports." It is
somewhat illiberal, if nouinvidious, in S. R. W. to ac-
cuse the South with any thing more than their due
ipiantiim of social and political sins. The facts in
the case are simply these : Corn is indigenous in
England, but Cotion is not, ond besides cotton is on
indispensable article in her manufactures, hence the
duty on our flour there, and the free admission of
our cotton. The South is no more to blame for this
discriminotion on the part of England in favor of their
great staple, than they are that the Compromise Law
imposes no duly on imported silks and wines. The
South was willing to have these articles taxed, but
Mr. Clay preferred placing the duty on such corres-
pondent arlicles as were manufactured in ihe United
States. Yet by odmilling silks free, the exports of
the south are increased to the manifest prejudice of
the nation at large.

I might extend this communication by dwelling on
the importance, not of encouraging a free trade wiiK
the old over populated and cheap producing nations of
Europe, butof diversifying our agricultural and man-
ufacturing productions in order to build up a home
trade, which alone can guarantee to the farmer and
manufacturer a remuneration for their labor, secure
from without. But I am oware that there are many
readers of your paper, who still "sigh for the leeks
and onions of Egypt," I therefore conclude with the
Scriptural quotation, " Ephraim has joined himself to
idols, let him alone." S. W.

Waterloo, Julij 10, 1841.

Rcmarlis. — It is agreeable to our feelings (and we
believe it is in accordonce with the wishis of the ma-
jority of our readers,) that a small space in the Farm-
er should be devoted to the discussion of important
subjects not strictly agricultural, (nor parly political)
but we hope our correspondents who write on these
subjects will study brevity and perspicuily; and al-
ways aim at the elucidation of truth — remembering
that discussion does not mean controversy. — Eds.

Practical Remarks ou the Silk Cultnre.

To the Editors of the Xeie Genesee farmer:

It was with pleasure I noticed in your last publica
lion your determination to devote more space in your
valuable paper to communications on the subject of
the Silk culture. I hope the day is not distant when
a pnper devoted exclusively to that subject will find
ample support in this western section of the State. I
have no ifesire ro occupy any porlion of your paper
unprofiiobly ; but the interest I feel in the success
and permanent esiablishnient of that business, has in-
duced me to trouble you with a few remarks address-
ed to the Farmers of this section of the State, with a
view of inducing them lo make a fair trial — beginning
small, and increasing as their knowledge and stock
increases.

I have no desire to efTect that purpose by exagger-
ated statements, and shall state nothing but what is
founded on facts, in my own experience, or that of
others wiihin my knowledge. I make my slalemcnt
of what can be done by what I know has been done.

I know that any farmer con commence oi a very
trifling expence. He can procure 500 Morus iMulti-
caulis trees lor little or nothing. He can plant t'eeni,
root and branch, in a small 8|>oi rjf good land, in the

■I

,1^

gviajursj^^

Tin: NEW GENESi'E FAR.MEU,

OL. 2l

For t-'ie yeio Genetee Farmer.
NaturnI rhilosophy.

Why in il iliat eo lilile niteiilioD Is bcEtowcd in
etadying ibe Worlis olGod ly which wi a-e siir-
rminiiwil H"W can ilit- i'mver nml Goodness <if ibt
Al:iiiglity te rnon- gl.iijDiisly eXL'itiplilicd ibnn by re
ferenec to ibe Skill and Uttlgii mouifcsted thruugb-
oul all Nnlure'?

From the iniiiniCBt to the migbtieet, the works of
the Creator arc every "here cbarncterized by the
wise adaptation of means to ends— by irnitaof Wiedotn
and BcnefiL-ence which proclaim with "silent elo-
quence" the glory of the EtcjnsI God.

The Farmer is less excusable than any other man
for neglecting the wide field of Praclicul Wisdom liir-
nished f.ir bis contempletion by the objects constant-
ly spread before Lis eyes. The Earth and the Hea-
vens— from ibe soil and the dews of which bis har-
vests are l)le«sed — are everywhere replete with won-
ders. The millions of worlds which glisten around
him, are ecarccly more womlcrful than the animal-
cule which sport in thousands tb.rough a drop of wa-
lerl

The study of Natural Philosophy is replete with in.
terest and instruction — it cheers the heart, elevates
the mind, and promotes the love of God and man in
the human heart. It should be one of the prominent
studies in our schools, for nothing could more effect-
ually enlist the interests and affections of the young
— it should be a frequent theme in the sacred desk,
for what more powerful auxiliary could Religion
have in securing the attention and dignifying the
charnc'.er of manhood?

Let the Fanner consider well this matter— consult
some of tlie writers celebrated in Natural Science —
ex3rciae his own powers of observation and retlection —
and he will never regret that he has read this article,
if what we write shall have the slighteat tendency to
encourage him in " looking through Nature to Na-
ture's G^d." ROCHESTER.

Fortlt^ i^'cKl Genesee Farmer.
Education-" Agrlcaltiire~Correct feeling
well expressed.

MKsttis. Editors — Much b"S been said andwrittir:
on the t-ubject of the educaiiun of the young of our
country : ami I am happy in the belief that a change
ha'4 been wrought upon the public inird, on this ini-
portaiu tubje.-t. So much has been said by persons
cnpn'le of doing the subject justice, that it seems al-
most useless lor me to say anything: Bull con-rider
it of so much imporMnce, that I am anxious that it
should be kept before the public mind.

A few years since, a large portion of onr citizens
seemed to think it eervile and mean to labor in any
copviity — and rsp'ciaily as n farmer or mechnnic.
Our young men ceemcd lo bo benl upon getting n
livng 'without work." And our yonng women,
wbi'n niiy thing bnijpened to be said about " woik,"
seemed very cnrefuj, if perehnncc they had been
guilty of sucli a crime, not to let it be known. This,
I adin'l, wns more genernlly the case among a cer-
tain clnsj — a sort of " \vou!d-lie somebidics."

I ain ill llie belief that the public mind litis changed
oil this siibjrct You ni;" lad. OS seem not so fcnifiil
that it slioll be known that they attend to houach.ild
duties: And younu' men, instead of begging a sitiia
tion behind a counter or in some musty ofiice, seem
willing to employ themselves in that more noble and
useful avocation — ihe cultlvai on of the soil I say
" ii'orc n )li!'j'' — because what is more noble than for
man to cultivate those plan's and animaU tliat God
hfs given him to exist and luxuriate upon? nnd in do-
ing wh'ch he may more forcibly sec the divine good-
incisaitd raetojF esemplifuKi ia its hoMowiucnts upon

Bi sides, it is expressly declared that '• niitu sh/ill
cam hie bread by the Eweal of Lis brow." Now it is
perfeci'y plain that bread cannot be obtained except
by the ■'sweat of the brow." Some of us must
w.irk, or we all unrvt: And who dots not know that
the powers and fccultics of both body and mind are
much more vigorous when we subject nureclvcs to
manual labor? The idea that hard labor cannot be
endured by uB, is all iinaglr.ary. A sound bcalihy
person can work, and he eanrwt enji.y all the bless-
ings of health wiihoui working to some extent.

Let the idea that all healthy persons cannot labor
according to their strength, vanish — and let all idlers
■'cease to do evil and le.irn to do well." I under-
stand that the decree, ''man shnll earn his bread," &c.
includes oil men; and that ail men are in duty bound
to supply themselves with the staff of life, as far as is
possible. 1 do not say that all shall be farmers, or
mechanics, orofany particular culling; but that cnch
should cam his own living honoiably: And 1 am
quite sure that there can be no more honorable or
sure way of getting a com; etence, than by cultivating
the soil.

Cut, gentlemen, os I am a new-comer, I will not
trespass upon your patience longer. It has been said
of some of our most eminent men, they weie always
brief, and spoke to the point. Would it not be well
for ns all, and csiiecially our legislators, to think of
this?

With my best wishes for your success and the ad-
vancement o( agriculture, Iain, yours,

A FARMER.

Orleans Co., July,lS4l.

For the 3>a> Gcjiesee Farmer.

More Large Pigs.

RIkssrs. EiiiTOFs— I am a new subscriber to your
valuable poper, and have just received the back num-
bers of the current volume. On looking over the
M^rch number I observed an account of some very
ihrii'ty pigs raised by Mr. Sheldon Cook of Genesee
county, who asks if any person h.';o raised larger, of
no greater age. Also, -me by Mr. Ssmuel Lundy of
Waterloo, who challent;' * '-he Beikshiies to beat his.

Now, I hope these gendemen will pardon me if 1
say I think I have outdone them. I slaughtered four
pigs, January 1st., that weighed, when dressed, i:'.79
I'js., being an avciage of r!445 lbs. each, or separately
as follows: 306, 324, 363, 3S6. Tbi-y were only ten
months and eight days old, and were a cross of the
Berkshire and common Isr^-e breed. I think such o
cross is a great improvement, and goes aLejd ol the
full bloods.

I am only n young farmer, but I have had conside-
rable experience ill fatting hogs; nnd I have one word
of advice to give to my brother farmers on the sub-
ject. iLr Fat more spring pigs, and not so many old
bogs. Try the experiment, as I have, and you will
become satisfied that more ond better pork can be
mnde, with far less expense, from young than from
old hogs. Attention to this point is particularly ne.
cessary with those persons who feed bu: a small num-
ber, and where the irouUe and expense ot wintering
store hogs is an important consideration.
Ve;y Respectfully,

JOIl.\ SHATTUCK.

Oc/ord, Chertanso eo., N. Y., June, 1841.

How to Ascertain the Age of Horses.

An esteemed corres;)"ndeiil reques'.:, us to publish
directions for discovering the age of horses. The
following answer must su.'^ice for this month — when
we find a better we will g'vc it: —

In purcbasiiinr a horse, not the least important
mutter is lo be nblc to tell his age. In transfers ot
ordinary farm and sadtlle h iri-es, great impositions are
nftwn prsctistd wpon ths oredulotis mid OHinitidted

iij

purchaser. Ti>pievent ilie, to k:; gieat an eAtii:
po5--ib!e for the tulure, i« the object of this commu
cation to the publ.c. The in ist cerf ;i r . s cf;

ccru.inii.g iheege of 0 hu.si. is .i. ixmi.ii.- ii.i.chaii,
wiiicb take pliice with the teeth. The iwelie fti
t eib begin to shoot in about two weeks ofn t the e
is foaled. Thise are called colt teeth and are slitd
dilil-rent periods and replaced by ctbe.s. Whm ll
colt is about two years nnd a half old, the four m -,
die once come oul; in about niio'.her year, f ur othen r' ,i
are lost — ond in anotiier )car, or wh n the horsed *•"
lour and a half years old, the four Inst are ehcdi "''"
Thete Inst are replaced by what are called corner teeth ""■',
They are hollow, ond have a black nioik in their caw- ^"'^
ity. They ore scaicely visible, and the civity deep; ''^-' =
when the hirse is lour and a half jenis old, they bo ^^
2in to fill when be is sixand a half, nnd the nioik ccnJ
liniially dimiiiiirheB and contiacis, till the horsj it '
seven or eight years old, when the ca\ ity tills up unc '-''
the black nioik is obliteioled. The hoise ocquiie) ','*"
his canine teeth or ivsltcs about his fifth year. Th< ^
two in the ii>wcr jnw begin to appcor when he is bo- ^-^^
iweeii 3 or 4 yeaisold, and those in the upper jaw (**,
five or six months alter. They continue veiy shirp *•"'
pointed till six. At ten, the upper seem bInntcdJ !*•*
worn out ond long, the gum leaving them gradually;
the barer tbiy arc ihe older the horse. J'rom ten lo
ti-'urtecii, it is ddricult to tell the horse's age — .it ii -•
sulVuijnt then to know that he is old, and under tb<i
bard treatment which is given to borfes generally,
the conclusion will be s soiie one il ot he is worth bu
little.— &u Cult. EQUESTRIAN.

iiJ

Isii
lilu

An Address on American AgricuKnre,

_ Before the American Institute, in New York, Apri
14, 1841, by Henry Colinan, is an able and interest
ing production, in the i)eciiliarl_v pleasant style of th'
author. We moke the following extract :

.\merican Agriculture rtarts in the race of improve
ment in the enjoyment of singular odvnntages, bavinj
the benefit of all the improvements and dibcoveties o
the philosophers and practical ogriculturists ot thi
old world. The Agriculture of Europe differs fron
that of this country on account of differences of dim
ale and .-oils, and by vorioue circumstances in th.
social coTiuition, cbarocier and wants of the people.—
But the great jirincipled of vegetation and cu.'tivatioj
are every wboie the soine. Their ren:arkohIe im
provements in the redemption of unproductive, wosl'
ond wet soils, in the irrigation of lands, in drniiiin)
and sub-soil phjughing, in the composting and com
pounding of monurus, in the u?e of mineral manuiee
and more espccioliy in thi- improvement oi their liv-
stock, omnunting nlinosl to the creation ol new race
•it cattle, sheep andsivine, will not only stimulate ou
exertions, but serve as examples for our guidLiice un
der the qualifications, which the pceuliaritics of ou;
bitiioiion require.

The Ficnch and Germans, if their progress has no
been as great as that of Great Britain, ore now ad
V!incin_', in a course uf improvement in Agricultur
with on equal step. In the ajiplicatlon of Cheniistr;
to Agriculture, in C' mp'arnti\e onatomy nnd botany
in exact experiments, in the institution of mode
forms, where the most inipoiinnt agricultural experi
iiientb ore carefully going on under the sujiervision o
saline of I'uC most sulightcned men of the ogc, and Q
the cxpeiibo of the state, and in eti'orts and provisiont
lo creaie or. interest in the art and to extend any in-
fbrmniion, which is ocijuired ; and et-peci(dly, by i
systematic arrangement ond orgoniz'ition throughou
the kingdom, by which agricuhurol iiitiirmali.jn ii
collected from every Bourc, ond ognin tent ou
ihiongh the arteries into every part of the (-oliiica
bodi', the French nation is at this time in advance o
all others.

Ann rican Agriculture, though compnrntively in iti
infancy, bovmg ehv.ays had to struggle with the diffi.
-ulties I'f 11.-1 _^ca, itol .-md high prices of labor, may no-
vertlieless lesiiril itself with a good deal of sotir-faciion
Theeailic i j;.iblica;i..n on American Aaricullure wci
.nude in ITtiO ; and Eliot's Essoyson F.eld liusbondrj
will be rend with interest ond instruction for ages td
come. RIossochusetts, Pennsylvonio, and New Yorki
early established Agricultural tocietics, oflcred libersli
preii iiims for succeseful ext.enineiits in agriculture,
nnd held cattle shows and ploughing niatebce, which
have awakened n strong interest ond created a mosi
salutary competition. These three states, in the re-
ports nud incmoirsol their agricultural societies, have
given to the public more than twenty-three volumesj
of instructive nnd useful matter. Deane, Lowell and
PIckeiiiiir. in .Mns.-nolmsetis, Livingston, L'Horarai.
(lieu and I 'o nek in New York, Peters, Mease, Lorain
and I'oweil in Peims^'lvani'B, Stiles and Hwrajibreiw

n

iio

isri

:iiii

»M». iMJ^rant,- sxarr.

0. 8.

Ax\D GAUDJ^NER'S JOURNAL.

1-417.

Connecticut, n.c naunji wii!ch nre flo^'.ined, with-
t prejudice lo nny of tiioir UistingiiJoard conteinpu-
i-'3 cir piu'cejsors, i■^ ocupy the iii2lic:?t nichus of
lii'ii:);- Ja liio reLMids of American A^nculiure.

Pliysical l!]diicutiou«

{■ist tho:t daughters? Huvo a care of their body.

EcCLteiASTICl'S,

The inhnbiinntg olong the shore in :he o'd Bny
ii'-, arc becoming less robn^t and hnrjy ihun thi-ir
u<r3 wore. The piescat generniion has less vigor
1 bealih thin the- biat pi>3se--8od. The caneca are
.ib'Jeis many — and not a Tew of them are hidden.
n a ha.^ty glance at sncieiy will disclosy Bome de-
rlurce of the present generau'on from the habits of
13 past ago, which obviously tend lo debibiate. The
psenesa of our dwe!bng8, rendered di'tiroble by the
\y\x prices of fviel, cau-^eg ws lo breathe n b.es pore Qli
isphcrs; thnn peivadud the dwellings of the yeoinau-
in the times when tiie chimney corner would hold
If a ecnre of children; the extensive subsiitinion of
flee and ten for milk, b;:an p-irrJdge and the like,
ve brought mii n degree of feebleness; — the genera!
9 01 fin; wiiC i't-Mi fl nir ins'.cad of tbecorirse rye and
Jim of former iluys has over loaded and weake-.e I the
jesl>.'e organs in many onsL'd; — '.lie fashion which
eludes the thick .shoe and b )ot, and exposes the foot
c>ld and wc', has helped to bring: on many malo-
— '.lie abandonment of wrestling and other games
luiring great muscnlur eiF)rts, (ihovigh pcrbiips the
andonment is wise,) may bo a cause of the incieat-e
feebleness. In short, less of hardship and more
cury in mode3 of liv ng, have e.xcrtei their encrva-
g in'ducnce upon our coinmnniiy for ton last quar-
of a century. And though we are still a vigor-
!, energetic and enterprising people; yet, as thise
aracteristics are becoming h-gs prominent, it is pro-
for us to inquire int>ihe can^^es and help lo stay
r operations, Wc feel the disiy inru:nbent, be-
la.- we think that :!.e iniellectMal, moral and reiigi-
s ciiaranter of indiVidunU and nations, has a close
i intinutie cmnf.'ctlon wiih the health and strength
.he boily. Toe public good, ("not its prosi-erity in
•ney making meieJy) — tiu; public sood — in the
;hesl, broadt^!-:t. dee.'Cet sense of the terms — !sc!o;f'.
iiuerw.ivon w t!t the general health J.nd strength
.ha pei;ile. Therefore necessity is laid upon those

0 w.;U;J ha faithful p'lbbc ter,c!i.T?, to discounte-
ice ntl customs which tend '.> bring on general
blenobs.

iVe commenced with a fiu)titK<n fi^m a wise nmn
)lden tinned — '* Hisi t;r>ii laugl.' rs? Have a circ
-heir body;" and it was oar purpose to say dis-
;tiy, that th? physical eHncition .)f those wlr* are
)e the mothers ol the next gene: niion, is the first
7 01 parents: yes, wf. d Himctly put this branch of
ication first; for wiiile we would have habits of
th and obedience t-nrly formed, wc are persuaded
t these an! other enod habits are of much less
rth to the world when foun:) in one of feeble con-
utiim, .than wht-n c()nn<*cic ! ■.villi a healthy frame,

1 has power to act out the promptingrj of the soul.
-ketltethild hardtj; and to do this, the food must
simple, the clothing loos^- and comfortable, and ex-
ure to the weather in all its slates, must be ha-
lal. The dirt, and wet and cold into which the
Id will rush with delight, are all contribut rs to its
Uh and energy of character. There is much im-
deni p>!idrnre\x\VQ'*-\n\\^ ch!ld-en wiihln doors —
ch CTucl kindness in keepiig them from r-xpnsure
aach wrjnkening piison \n i\ie hcilfJiful t/clicacirs
dished for their feeble digestive organs. Let kind-
's to your odspring be far-sighied. Let it remem-

that health is promoted by vigorous exercise and
'e air. Let it not forget that winter's snows ant]
omer's suns help to harden and strengthen the
wing body.

Veserve the child from immoral habits and exer-
i little more restrn'-^t ih m is necessary for this,
.il the foundation oi iirm health is apparently well
1. There has been a tond.'ncy for a few^ years past
rorceihe gro vth ofth': intellect in advance of phy-
il growth; but this is a contravention of the
rse of nature, nud muslin many iuatancea bring
ler death or debility. He who formed the myste-
as connection between the body and snul, has ob-
uely designed that the growth of the former shall
cede that of the latter; and any course which shall
maturely develope the mind and call it into bigh-
^igoroua exercise in early childhood, is necessarily
• ■nded with dani^er of destroying the body.

3ut we designed to speak particularly of the phy-
*il eJucaii )n of daughters. Let them be accusiom-
*-o regular and vi|^oroue exercise, and that too in
*1 ojjcn ai; , It is Decerning olmos*. barbarnjue to

send the girls to the milking stool and •,<> the li;;l;ti'r
work m the fiold. \Vu arc not without n share of
the feeling on this subject which purvados this vicin-
ity; and yet looking at the future and roJisonin:^ from
well known fac's, the cmclusion is irre/i-tililc that it
would be b.nu'r — far Iie'ler — better fi<T ihcm and bet-
tor for the noxl generniion, that tmr daiiiihtcrs should
engage in the out-door labors which their grnndmo-
thers performed. ThL-n a frcabcr bloom would spread
over their clierks, and more healthful blood would
llow in ail their veins. Tht-y would discharge their
household duties with more desjintch and less briigue.
Their spirits, graduated i:y their health, would dif-
fuse more life into the family circle — and 'the mind,
sympathizing with the body, would be clearer in its
perceptions, more p-ompt in its decisions, more clii-
cieni in all its operations.

Looking forward to the future, we see not bow it
is possible for any o:hcr than a feeble race lo be pro-
duced from the pale faced girk', of compressed forms,
that are growing up in bnh city and country. The
subject is one of delicacy, but it is so closely conncct-
ted with human welfare, that s -me obvious truths
connected with it should not be suppressed. We say
that the same laws by which, in brutes, the offspring
paitakeot the characteristics of the pn;ent8, operate in
the human species; and no iL-ma'c can txpect to be
the mother of a healthy family of children, who has
not a firm robust con.-litution. The wcaknes^ea pro
duced by stimulanis, by unwholesome food, inac:ivi-
ty, irnpui'eair, tight lacing, thin shoes, ora\oidnnce
of vigorous exercise, will be transmitted to their
children. The Sins of the parents are visited iipnn
the chddren for generations. These truths teach a
I.-sson that should ho heeded. Could the young ol
cither sex, but be made acquainted with ihe fnct^
which wc have wiuios.^ed, they would learn that the
marriage relation often — very niten rtsuhs in a famdv
ol fcf Die antl inriricir-nt children, and this too in con
I sequence of such wecdtii-f^s in the pnrcnts thatshou!''
have deterred them fro.M entering into theinairicd
elate. For we bold it to be wrong for any intelligent
being to bo voluntarily instrumejital in bringing oth-
ers into existence, when the probability is strong that
the children vv-j!] inherit such weaknesses as wi [ren-
der them imh!ipiiy or burdmsome lo eociety.

This pubjcct ofpbysi'^nl education is more closely
connscten with human welfare than almost any other
that can be agitated. We have not discacscd it; but
the hints here given may cause some of our readers to
make it a matter of serious anil useful relleciion.
Shi'uld we but feel it a duty to dlsclopc all our con-
victions relative to this subject; and could our aiiviec
be t-tken, many of the yount; of each sex would ::o
d*-»wn to t'.ieir graves nnwedded auH childless, and this
loo. not ofmer from any fnults of their own, than from
iLe faults of parent" and of fnpbion. which have ren-
dk^red thei.i premature'y feeble. -^^V. E. FcTmor,

The \Voikiii??-35an's Dweliirsg*

'* When v/c Die.^n to IiuiM,
We flrat survey the idiil, then 'Iraw the model ;
AiiJ when wc see the figure if the licuse.
Then must we vote the coslui' :hcerec;ion "

Kiv^ Iltnry IV. pnrt 2.

There is such a sntisfaction in having n house oi
one's own, that most Americans begin to think of
budding as soon as ihcy are rich enough. It is pro-
verbial that this becomes a mania, even in the coun-
try, with men of wealth. In riuimliiy, thercfoje, we
have no lack: the defects are in the qu-ility nf uur ar-
chilectuie. For want of observing the plain dictate
of reason contained in my motto, many grest houses
arc finished less splendidly than they were begun. As
I seldom take a walk without eeemg the dwelling oi
some mechnn'c go'ng forward,' I am anxious to make
a fi^w suggestions on i!iis point.

A good site is almo^t cveiy thine: in such a land as
ourg, few are compelled to build in bad situnttons. Yet
half the houses we see in the couniry aic disadvcntn-
gcously placed. How Utile advaningo is taken of na-
tive g:oves ! I have in my eye a very costly edihce,
iust near enough to a bea\itiful copse to tempt the be-
lief that the proprietor wished to avoid its shades,
while he is making a strenuous eOort to bring H-irward
£ome starveling trees in a miseiabfe clay before his
door! The general design is next in i.iiportance;
this is what strikes the dte:ant beholder. The eye is
shocked when, in a clever budding, the door has three
windows on one side and five on the other. The pro-
potions of length and height, the pitch of roof, the
number, and size, and arrangement of light:^. are ail
matters which demand cartful study, in order to pro- ,
duce a good effect; but in most cases they are left to

chunce or wli m. Syn.nietry is as rbea atj ditpropor-
t.on, and ricli men should not uioiiopolivx- all r.cntncea
and taei'.'. A good plan giv^s bcr.my to the pbiinert
materials, while n-i expense can render afabe [iropor-
lion elegant. A well-dct?ignod cottage, of the hum-
blcfit diimmsio::? and simplest fah.-ic, fills the eye, and
gives repose to the nund. But finery camv-t hide bad
taste; it often betrays it. Wo may hcie apply Crabbc'a
couplet —

*' Faults Uia*. in duHty p-etures rest unknown,
Arft in an in^*t;iiit through ihc varnish shown."
Men who come suddenly to wenlth are greatly in dan-
ger of falling into this trap,* Tut showy in nrchitcc-
tiirc is usually coupled with the vulgar; juet as in
dres-^ the finest are not the trii'y well bred. Pope baa
satirized this abuse of ornament:

" I^nd eotr.c vain church with old theatric stMe,
Turn arcs of triumph to a gurdcn eate ;
Kcservc your ornaments, and hr.ny them all
On sc:me putcli'd dog-hole eked with cads of wall

*' Then cisp four slices of pilaster on't,
Tliat !a,-od with I i^s of rustii: m.ikcs n from,
Shall call tl.c winlathrough long arcadea to roar,
Proud to catch cold .it a Venetian door."

Some of our builders, I hope, vvlll read these es-
says: 'heir inlbience is of great numicnt. Jf well in-
Riructcd, they will tell sueh as apply to them, thnt the
word Architecture Is not confined to the massy pilesof
pubbc eddlces, bul that the very game principles which
draught ihe Birmingham Town Wail, or the Made-
lame, can descend to plnn the cottage or the rustic
bridge. These principles ought t- be studied, not (m-
ly in our colleaeei, but our lyceums, and other institu-
tions for the mstiueiion of uur working-men. Books
of K.ehiiectund plans should be compiled and absiract-
cil from ihe moje cottly Kiiropenn j-uhbcaiion?. 1 nm
euie anyone who ie familiar with the Tailor's luiisa-
ZJHC, Will grant thai there is no insuperable obstacle
in ihn way of a buiiderti i eriodiccl. And not archi-
tects alone, bul all planners and proprietors should fa-
miliarize tiieir eye to the contemplation of good models.

The day it is to be Loped will come, when even the
day laborer wdl not think it necessary to lie elovcnly
bL'cauee be is poor, and when ihc miiat incessant
drudjics f>hnll be^in to see that there &re 6( me good
tilings be--.iJtB coin and baiik-n^'les. The p,-cciical
man v.diose views are enlarged, will not fail to tee that
ideaeur^s of imngina'ion ami inste havealso their price.
Decoration iioluroHy comes after use; we bui'd our
bouses before we decorate them. But in the advance-
ment of society, there is a stage at which men slwaya
set a v;due upon oiaa'ncnt; and though tlese cirruni-
stflncGfi may breed luxury, ilu y have if uits which are
desirable, sueh as iiicrt.t.'cd cnnieatnicnt, placid j'<y,
refined lasio, cheerful refleoti'-n, and ;he love of home.

Along the baidi of a h;df-;;nislied canal 1 faw, the
other dny, a Hetilemcnt, which, at a (urlong's dieiance,
'^aowcd the origin of its lenr.nts- Exltmpornnenus
huts, barrel clii'iui- ys, fioors v iihout boan's, windows
without glaas, and a dunghill at the entrance; these
afford d the synii toms of a horcl. Here was no deco-
ration, and I arL'ue concerning this seu'ement, that
tl.ere arc no intel'eemal pleasmes, no taste, no gende-
nce.=', no fires. do hoppinets.

Let me ch»:ngt the Fcene. I know a fajnily of Fng-
lish people, no richer than those jiTsi noticed, \^ho bved
in a dwelling no larger than one or these — but how
diJi^Tent I 1 see it yet in memory, i'.s wh icned pa-
dngs and beaten walk to i!_,e door, its tight sides and
eiose roof, and eipccially iin edge ol summer fiawers
arountl a plot of the cleancs'. ifiais, anil its roses raid
woodl>ine (creeping over e-ejy w'ndow. They were
pO'-r, but they were tidy. Mmc than this; they were
Ond i''^ natural boau:y, and lond of home, and there-
fore alway^^ aim ng to niul:e hnrnc lovely.

FJvcry reader has nnaiy tim'-e seen the same thing,
and eonie have already learned the connection between
Himple decoration nn*i domestic virtue and peace. —
Why does an English cottage strike on American
vvi".h surprise 7 Why does he look, aa at a strange
thing, upon the Fri neh peasantry taking their eve-
ning repast beneath ihcir trees and vines ? Eecause
wc Americnns are t-r* pccuhf'riy practic:d, and so pi »-
eessed of the demon of trade, that nothing is valuable
which connot be sold. Value is becoming cqulvolrnt
to vendibility. Valuable means saleable: wnrlh mrana
money. If a fiower, or a hedge row, or a cascade, or
a bust, or a prospect, add to the price under the ham-
mer, these things are valuable, and are straightway in-
serted in the lithographic tiew of the auctioneer. They
are useful. Usefulneos is that quality oi" things wb«T8
by th^ bring money.— Tr(yWKjt,ilfi(m,

128

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

The Orchardlst^s Companioii.

Will the Farmer's Cabinet, or some one who
knows, plense inlorra im of ilie ** Terms" of tbia pub-
lication? It id of course n splendid work, bill is il
not too cosily for our republican economy?

The Ruta tlaga Hook.

In o'*c)rdance with the lequest of Mr. Ernstus
Sltinncr, we give a deacripiion of his ruta bnga hook,
aa published in the CuUivator.

The iiPi)lcmeiU is ma(ie wilh a strong eye and a
handle Ijke a common hoe ; the blade is a piece of
a hand-9i\v p!atc, 4 inches by C, riveied on to ihe eye,
the h'«)k5 or i)rong8 are six JHches long, and of the
eamo |)icce wilh the eye.

In using it, ihe man walks nl>ng the ro"^, and by a
light blow with the edge cuts olT ihe top ; then turna
it and with the hook side pulls up the root. Any
good common hand can lop and [.ull from 600 to 800
bushels with it in a day.

Blight iu Pear Trees,

Trtcre has been much complaint in this section of
country, about blight in pear trees. The bark upon
the pear tree is thinner than upon almost any oiher
tree, and as the sap flowe, the hot raye of ihe sun
against the stock of the tree, stop the circulation ; and
the consequence is, that a space two or three inches
wide on tiie sun side dies, leaving ihe stock dead. I
would recommend to take the bark from a chestnut,
something larger than the pear tree, place it sap side
up exposed to the sun, until it rolls up, place it around
the trunk of ;he pear tree, and lel it lemain during
the hot weather. Yours,

JONA. J. WATSOiN.

BtidiaCo.y Pa., 1841.

WoBidprfuI Precocity,

Friend BATKHAM—iMv beautiful half blood Dur-
ham Mtlfer "Neily" aged Onf year and ten dqys,
was this diy safely delivered of a fine heifer calf,
aired by " WEr.HAM." So far aa my knowledge
extends this case has not a parallel, and I am happy
to siy that the youn^ mother and her offspring are ap.
pareaily doing well. Respectfully,

J. C. HATHAWAY.

Fiirmijiglon, 7 mo 3, 1811.

We have never known an instance of precnri'ty
qnite equal to the above. Alexander Keleey, Esq.
of this cily owned a heifer last year which calved at
the ago, we beilere, of W months. — Kus.

"GiillibUsty" Gallinippers!

In our June nunilir.r wr copie i from nn excJinnge paper a
short iMrn^rnph hc.iile i wonderful discovery, annoiirniing the
Viiry irnpnrt.iiU fiiu't ihat Moiquitocs miglil be BuhstiHited for
Lrc'liea, in nie licit pmclK-c. Bui *' one of our agriouIlnr:i!
conic nfioraries" is bo fe-irful, lest liia renders will lie hum
*"ir^ei^. thnt he lakes Bpcrial p;iins to advise llicm " nut to
forsiikclheir harvests to enter iiitu tiii* Mosquito Specula-
tion !'*

Now we are quite sure thnl onr brother scrific wouM not
trca' Ihi'^ su'ijeot wilh so niurh indii-tiliy, were he not i<juo-
rant of il^ iniportjuice. If he hnd ever trftvcled in the Grent
■\Vcsl,he woulil have been nware that these nnimala form
the principal pari of the live stock nf niaity piirts of thiit
country. Along tlic borders of the Mauiuee an i Wnbush
rivers, they h;ivc an improved Iirce-i of Mosquitoes, called
C;.illi:iippcr9, which in size and action greatly excel the kind
known in this Btatc. They are easier raised thnn Ilerk-
Bhire pigs, and are in much more common use than Iccche^
for Ihe purpose of depletion. We sec but <me reason why
t'icy Hhniild not become rjuiie an article ofspeculation : and
t'lat il, the necc:*siiy (vf caging them in the sprirtg of the
^far, to ffrT»ri!nHT»«IrptiT!iiij up the Ctfrnl

Does the Cnrculio fly np into tlieTi-eesI

A conespundcnt informs ua that the Curculio can fly {'.)
and consequently any contrivance fixed around ihc body of
the trees will prove uf no avaif Now \\c readily ailnii; the
;»remif«hut the inference docs not neccsiuirily follow. We
have n&(, as he imugli^cH, "fallen into the common error of
e-.ipposing ihal this insect cannot fly." But doeg it fly up in-
to ihc tree* T — that is iheiiucstion. Who will answer from
positive knowledge ?

The Silk Bounty Late was passed as reporte*! by the As-
senibiy and pul llbhed in the June number uf this paper. It
was not altered or amend.^d.

l^ate JJuglish News.

The Sieam-Ship Great Western arrived at New York,
July 29, wiiii London dates to liie 14lh.

The whole country was in a great state of cxcienient on
account of the elections, which were nearly over. The ic-
turns wercnot quite all in, but ii was ecrtain ihat the Tory
parly would liave a majority in the new parliament, and
cnnsequcir.ly an entire clmnge would lake place in the .Min-
isterial t'abitiei. This revuluiion renders ii pretty certain
that no niodilication of (he Corn Laws will tiike place at
present. This subject was made a lest qoesiion in mosj
pans of the kingdom, hut sj powerful is the influence of
the landed in'.erest that It controls tlio tuiijorjty of voters.
Ills ipre<licled that Ihe triumph of the lories will be thurt
hved :—AVe think it likely.

The appearance of the crops is said to he promuing. but
the wcaiher had hcen rather uiif.ivor;ihlc of late The pri-
ces of Wheat and Flour had advanced somewhat. Ameri-
can FJour in bond was selling at 24a to 2os. per hbl.

NEW YOUK MARKliT.

AVed-Nesdat, July, 28.— The receipts of Flour to-day are
trifling — the (icinnnd ia moderate We quo'.e Gcnes._'c . t
^5.50 a 5,50; Oil io 5,25 a 5,37.i; Michigan 5,12^ a 5,25—
riouihern Sj,50. In consequence of a temporary light sup-
ply of Ohio and iNIichigan, sales ofthe?e descriptions have
been made at higher rales than we have quoted. The mar-
ket is bare of Corn of all descripllons — nnXes 800 bushels
Southern at (>4c.., small tots Northers al 07 a Ode. measure.
\o sales Ilye. Northern Oats are plenty and dull at 43 a
41c. Potashes are in fair demand at 5,5U. Pearls dull at
the same rale.

The following is from the Commercial Advertiser of Wed-
nesday evening, July 2^'lh.

Flolr— Canal Flour is scarce and the demand better to-
day. i;ales « ere mailc of about 15U0 bands from store this
morning at ©.'.75,

TiuRSDAY, July *29 — Finur — is befcr again to-day— good
bran !s of fresh canal are sold at ®.'»..S7^, and flour from store
that is stale, brings ©5,7J. For Ohio, the rales are $5,62ia
6,75. In Southern flour ihcrf* is noehange.

O.SWI^GO.
OswEoo, JfT.Y 2.").— Flour has declined during tlie past
week, nnd is now worth at nnr mills from ®j to 5,25. A fall
in the New York and Canadian markets, an! improved
prospects ofthc new crop aliout coming in, has given a
downward tendency to prices. Five hundred buvre s chang-
ed hands on Saturday, at one of our mills, at $5; wiiile
©5,12^ was refused at anoihermill.

MONTREAL.
Montreal, July 2?.— Flour— The marlft is extremely
dull, l)ut prices are not altered. Genesee at $.>,50 a 5,50;
Ohio ^■''.25 a 5.5It; and Michigan ©5,511 a 5,37^.
Ashey — Pot ashes ©5.51). Pearls, no sales.
GINGLNNATI.

CmciN-v.'Ti,jLLY25.— Flour— Since yesterdav noon. 594.
bhiB. liave 1 cen receive! by canal, about iwo-thl'rds of whlclt
were sold at SI,1?.""<* small lot at 4,2.), and 00 fiiils. a choice
Iirand.at ©1,31. A sale of about 151) bids. City Mills vesler-
day evening, al©I,37— still selling by dray load at $4.50.
CLKVELAND.

CLEVELArrn, JcLV 27.— The supplies of wheat hy wngons,
are very trifling, and ©I per bushe! is readily paid, ^'ales
from boats have range I from §1 a 51,0ti,aceording to quality
The quantity offering is sntalL

Flour has been nff'-ring nmre freely, than (lie demand re-
quired, and prices have given way. sales having been made
ai ©4,90 a ^r, from boals : the latter price is not accepted by
some of the holdcfs.

E\ULI81I IMI'ORTED SEED WHEAT.

f^lFTCKN or Twenty kinds of the fine.'^t varJetiei of
F>NtiLisTr WiiKAT fire for sale at the Seed Store. Ama-
teur farmers are invited to cdl and examine it.

Aug. 2. BATF^HAM A- t^ltOSMAN.

1 Alili SEASO.V. '

THE liMPORTEDENGLISH HORSE ALFRED

IS now at my Stable iuGreece, 0 milpH wesi of Uochester.
—near the Ciiiial— and will continue there until the firsi
flay ofSeplemlier.

All mares which may he sent shall receive the best attend-
ance, accidents and cacnpc^ being at the risk of th^', owner.
TliOMAS TVEDDLE.
flrc«c. Ju!v 30lh, ]«4I.

Great Sale of Durham Cattle. i

THE sale of cattle, advertised bv the snbs-ri'er to tafcu
place at his farm, on \\> 'ic- I. y. -jK^t of July, has ol
consideration of circunist;ji. ts, Iren postponed till ,i

MOM>.*Y AND TUESDAY, THE 6 I II AND VtH DAYS OP SHPT., NO!!

On thoBcdays he will < fTcr at public s:.'e wi |.o"it re=ervi^
at his farm near Chevio',. sfvi-n iui;<s f ih.i Cincinnnl > '
rerliaps ihk okeatl-^t nimder of KtALLY choice im ivii^

tAl,S op Tilt: IMI'ROVEDSHORT-IIORN DLRllAMS, lO LC foundl

anvone place in America
There will be sold at the same time and place, a laro

NUMBER or flVE HOGS, OF THE c;r.\ZI ER AND DEIlKSUIRt-: BTtnEf-i

a variety of siitep. consisUng of S"Uilid<»wiJS, Cakewcll: v
Cotcu'olds. &c.— the property of many of ihe Lest breedft S
of thi» regicm.

Also, a very fine farm of 1 15 acres, wilh good brick bout
and oiher improventeiiis. ,

Tnc terms of sale for tlie cattle, will be one yearns cre<tit-i

and for all sums over glOUU the privile<:e of a fur.her jew'iV^
lime, by paying six per cent, interest— approved personal (tjlil,
real Ec-uriij'. Tp

'I'he terms fur the farm will be one fourth in hand, and thf^_
balance in three annujtl payments, with annual interest/!^
six per cent — wilh mortgage on ihc premises forihe unpall i
part. WlLLlAiM NEFP. i '

Cincinnati, O. Juli/ iotb, 1841. |

FRUIT TREES. ]^.

TIIE 8nb>eribers have for sale, at their Nursery, neii
^T....A,l,.«..:ll. r%» >i .« c:«. „ 1 '

X Macedonvillc on tlic Erie cai

J\

aiiOO Peach trees, of thrifty growth, at 25 cts. each, ©20 w '
100. ,

8)0 Ciicrry trees, (needling stocks,) from 3 to 5 ft. hi^i,
37i cts. ea<h.

700 Apple fees, 3 to 7 ft high. 25 cents each. $18 per iW^i^

And inaddi-.ion, a few hnndied pcitr, apricot, and nectal C(
rlne trees, of smaller size and ofth' best varieties. 1„ ,

The Peach trees consist chiefly of the following varie'ie*^
Early Ann, Tillotson's Early, Large Ited Karcripr, Eailn
York, White Imperial, Royal Kensington, Seaboii's ('larfX
red.) Yellow Alberge, Red Cheek Malocoton, Late Yorll
and Ilcalh. forming a succession of fine fruit for more thu I
two months. ■.

The varieties of the apple are, "Woolman's Early, Yellov
Harvest, Rough, Mne Qua Non, Bnffington's Early, t?irav.
berry, Ramlio, Hcllflower, Swaur, &c.

The Cherries include the May Ituke, Early Rlchinoni,
Black Tartarian, White Tartarian, IJIack Carone, Trunspt
rent Guigne, Carnation, Ac.

XT All uf irhtch have been propa^nted from learirig tree
and their genuineness or exccUencc fvlly tested by rigid tzan. I .
nations oflhefniit. XI |

This practice will I e invariably adhered to, however lim
ted in conscjiucnce may be ihesupply. In pfopagalin;.'. frr ;
use has been made at all times of the line collection of yu
ved fruit in the possession of Uavid Thomas of Cayuga '-.an '
ty, and no pains have been spareil by the subscribers in e> ^
rending tlicir list of varieties for cvamination, selectioi !
Irom which, in addition to the above, will be offered to tl i
public ne\T year. ]

Orders from a distance, directed "Thomas & Smith, >Iac< I
don, Wayne county, N. Y." accomp-inied with remittance I
will be faiihfully and promptly attcndeil to. Orders nifiv a f
so be left wilh Uavid Thomas, near Au ora, Cayuga coiiui
Purchasers will please slate when any discretion is giv(
the subscribers as to selection. AV II. SMITH.

Maccdon,^ mo. 1, 1«41. J.J. TIIO.AIAS. i

ROCHESTER PRICES CVRRENT-

CURRKCTF.I) FUR

TIIE NEW GENESEE FARMER, AUGUST 2. 1S4I
WHEAT,.... per bii6hel,....$ 1,06 a $ I,C9 I \^,

CORN,

OATS, **

BARLEY, "

RYE, "

BEANS, Wbite,.. •'
POTATOES, .... **
APPLES, Desert,. '*
" Dried,... "■

FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl

*' Fine, ** ...

SALT, ** ...,

PORK,Mesa, *

fnew)
(do.)

50.

35.

44..

50..

62J.

75..

75..

75..

5,00..

4,50..

, 1,50..

10.00.

M

75

63
100

8H

Prime, .

11,00

" 9,00 10,00 ny

UI:

In.

BEF.F per 100 lbs 4,00 4,.50

EGGS, pcrdozcn, 10 121,

BUTTER. Fresh, .. per pound 10 1?J

" F.rkin "... 8 9

CHEESE, " ... 6 7

LARD, " ... 6

TALI.OW, Clear, .... " ... 8 9,

HIDES, Green "... 5 ,

PEARL ASHES, ..100 lbs.. 5,00

POT, " .... " ..4,50 ' I

WOOL pound, . . 30 40 i

HAV, ton, 8,00 9,00 I

GRASS SEED,.... buebcl,.. 1,00 1,.50 ,

FLAX " " ... 87i

PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton. 6,00.".
" bnlkfat Wlieotland) 3,50.

TliR wv.-ither id fine, niiil fRrincrs arc liusily engnged Ilfti'
vesting their wlient. Hut little ImsiTiess ia doing in mai
l(et; some smnll I<)t*t nf new wlic.lt have been brought Ir
mostly tor retail trade. The price of wheat is rather un
settled at present, an;I has decline I a trifle, but we do no,
think the late accounts from F'ngland and New York V
^.tlcni.lle I to depress the markets. Tonsiderable quantitic
of (lour have lately be'n sMppccJ fiom this i-laca fo^ Men.'
trcal-eanal tfade dull

I

»l— ^

l»LUIilSllEi> MOXTlIliY.

TERSIS,

FirTY CF.NTS, per yc.ir, ii.iyR!)Ir always in adv.ince.
^ -■Masters, A{,'Cins, aiiU others, ?ciidin^' liiuney free of
-^, will rpeeivcsecewfJiiic? (or g3, — *iVf</te copies for
ricmly.jice copins ior 3j'(0.

' /jos-M^c of this paper is only one cent to any pla«e
: this slau", and one and ft ijalf ccn'.s to any pan of
iiitcd S;:ites.
. . iii-ss HAli;;lAM i CROSMAX. noclieslcr, N. V.

CON TKIITS OV THIS NUMiJER.

ntsfortliciMontli. U heat jinJ CinnJ* Thistle. The

Khjwcrs of Suiunier

ichiaery applied to Agri-.-»llnre— The .\er.- World, or
Ucchanical >ys;eiii. I.cms. Fool Itot In Sheep. Re-
lonrt-es of the West, ll heat ii:.d Flour Trade of

Jhi

1 Uran as Slannre »!!!!'.'.*.*.*

« .\. V. S.-.vc Fair «t Syr«cu>e— unnniltes & Ref-
ilatitin«. Monroe l o. Ag. Fiiir Ooiuaii-.lces lOrie

^0. Jpfierson Co

^araCo. Livingston Co. Wayne Co. The Dronglit.
'acts and Denioasiations on Sillt Cullnrc — George

Lllea's Cocnonry .at Brockport

C|iortnnthe Herteccnus Plants of .Massachuss'.ts."

Ill the Importance of Sys'.oniati.-, rul;iv,aiion

! U orkinjmm'j Home Piuasurea. Morn. Hiickihorn

Icd^e

.n-t Agricui. F.iir.-it Syracuse. Dcstruc'liVe'llaji

•lorni. S unip I'nlling Machine— Engraving

nmnil Planting. The Sul)ten.|.-rt Cee-hive— Ener*-

ne .

alion of Crops. Early supper*. . -. . .-.

n Liiws. The pro Inels of laTiorthe only real wealth.

1-J«

ichi?an. r.vaporation.Lard L.imps..

icropsof ISIliaEastUlooinficli;. Twelve varieties

■ Whc;:t

rrles. Prospects ^.f Trade and the lUrVest' .'n En'j-

Inqniries

133

13J

133

ISC

]57
13"

ISC

I.IO

141

nd. A I*'-' ter on Female Self Education.

'Out .^.'ihcS

le and Kea.*:on— "Cotton f?tatistics-" Acricultdre

idEJucation. Scraps. Town and Country H2

iculturein Missoitri. Improve 1 UuJliandry 1M

rAdvertiscinenls. .Markets. Prices Current, te.. . H*

.1!

Ji

...V-

TorReadpis aiid Correspondents,

fe are cainpellod to oinit sjveial comin;inion'-ion?,
s written in CaiiiJa, and TurifiiiB other matters in-
.ed for thii number. Ojr friends must icritt
'.er in the month to «rnnre their articles an in^er
Mr. B.itehain haa bofii ab«3nt most of the paat
llfc.

nsats for the SJoiUh,

oio'mg tchnl \3 the must important operation to
t farmers during this mon'.h. It i« a matter of
•conscqitencc whether the cultivator obinine ten,
lirty bubhele at ne.Tt harvest.
etth?bii3-ness I'ncn be done rijht. Above nil, do
sow after wheat of this year. Many of the miss-
crops this season rrsiiltcd from this practice.
lough ilccp at len=t once, where the Eoil will ad-
ofit. If subsiii ploughing crnnot be practised,
e as near to it ns you cnn. A large portion of the
oil of Western New York, as well as of other
M, contains a portion of mail (lime,) and mi.xing
ih the rest of ths soil, is one of the very best
!of applying tliis m.-mure. Independently of this,
ploughing is very nsefuh
ongh evenly and urn narrow farrows. Thi« is
>n!y way to do the thing right.
H the best seed you can find in all the country
if it does co.?t a little more. Tlie UinJ we re-
ncndcd on page 141 of last volume of this paper,
sustains the character there given of it. Let
eeed be as clean ns possible, n3 it ia exceedingly
ih to take a:ich pains to plough and nre;)aic your
land fir wheat, and then go and Vow cockle,
i, and such wrcichcd siuTfor a crop.

Lastly, y;/o«^/i in your wheat with a h'ubt plough,
leaving it rough ju9t ns the plough leaves it. At
least tnj the practice. We have known it to succeed
admirably. And do not forget the well cleaned sur-
face furrows for draining, where they are wanted.

Cut up aorn this month as soon cs it becoincs hard,
that the fodder inay be well saved. The ripening
process will k« fully complete by the nourishment af-
tcrwarus derived from the stalks. Nsver mutilate
corn by topping it.

Let your hogs begin to hav4 the dropjiing apples
from the orchard, and they will fatten r«pidly.

Never feed nngroun.l grain of any kind, to Logs.
Let your twill or h»g. porridge be /e)?ne;i^d if you
cannot b»il it — to do which, you must have two
•will tubs or barrels, feeding fiom one while the oth-
er is fermenting. But eitensire hog-larmers should
alvv«ys boil tho food.

Keep every thing in first-rate ordar — cattle in good
keeping and fine condition — horses livel.v, and not
over worked nor under fed — calves fat and growin<--,
•0 that they may winter well — and every thing else
in equal style — and finally, pursue tho ma.tim of the
distinguished classical American statea.-aan, — " Ee
sure you'ra W^'if, ih«n GO AHEAD! " «

Wheat Rnd Canada Tliistles.

If the Canada Thistle Ehoiild generally induce our
farmers to cultivate their land better, its •vil aspect
would be greatly s:_i|'tened, though we should not dare
to call it a blessing in disguisj.

In years past we lisve frequently endeavored 'to call
the attention of cultivators to this subject ; and have I
given some detiils of the facility with which this weed
could he destroj-ed; but our last number contains two
communications, whieh we think deserve some further
notice; and we would hold ihem up for tho encour-
agement of ethers.

'■ I commenced about the lirrt of Ji-.ne," says our
friend V. YiOM.tM at page 114, "and ploughed them
abojt once n nionlh, and hatrnwed them as often—
tiM abotit the first of October. Tho rcsidt is, tlieir en-
tire dcstrvction, except a few places where the plough
ing could not be well done."

Knt 'ess favnrr.bic is the report of our corrssr.in'l.
ent Ai-ocsii.-5 D. Avers at page 117. "Th's fial,"
cnnlnir!;d ei.x acres, prineip'illy occupied with Cana^
da tbijties, on which a Florida war had been, wac-d
for twenty-five years, er more, wUh little i..Mpe"urof
success or termination. — In the latter pn-.t of , May I
broke it up— ploughed the ground d^cp four Um-s"

and harrowed as of-.en in the hen! of Rummer the

result was [,tj IMcd the Cana.hj, ,/,isiies, and my
ground :.i in good condition foe „,-(er cropping " j„
consequence ot this superior culture, and hi.ru mon-
iinng, lbs crop of wheat which followed was verv
fine; and we are left to infer that nearly sixty bushe's
to the acre were obtained.

Two causes have conspired ta make farmers slo-
venly, and to spread the Canada thistle: One is, the
strong desire to mwe all the whce; they can. by put-
t,ng in as much of their Ijnd aa possible; and the oHier
IS, tne very short time they have to pj-epare the ground
Business in the growing season of this climato. bur-
nea the fanitot st every mep. The getting in of
spring rr,->p,.,3,afieng,,c.vly retirded bv unfavornVe

iveaiher, and sheep-shearing, road nicnding,and some-
times continued rains, interfere with breaking up the
lailow. Tiicn comes the hoeing of cnrii, potaioef, and
rield-beets: and unless the farmer bestirs himself, liay-
inuking Will be on his beds. Haivestiiig the borley,
whect, and onls, is rarely finished belore the niiedlo
of tho laet month of summer when many are begin-
ning to so «■ their wheat — so near do seed lime end
harvest approach in this district. How thun is nun-
uring and ploughing the fallow once a month to bs
accomplished ? Go over less ground — apply the
same amount of labor to half the quantity ol land —
raise double crops to the acre (uli weeds) — and reseivo
the rcninindcr of the farm for pusiiue end irieoe'ow.

Sonietiines however, eloven'y mnnageinent suc-
ceeds well with wheal; and to succeed once, liko
gaining a prize in a lottery, encouiages the fanner tj
try it again, though there are ten chonces against hiir.
Success is always EUie to be reiiieiiibered. " Guru
stubble," or potato ground is olien sowed too lae for
the wheat to tiller, for it rarely if ever tilleis well in
this district if sowed more than a week afier the tun
crosses the line; and then between freezing om in
tho winter and spring, and the rust or blight in sum
mer, the crop stands but a poor cliaucc. From lot.
tcries of all kinds farmers ought to keep clear.

We now revert te anothi-r branch of our subject.
Deep ploughing, or pulling up the thiftles by hand,
is far more desiruclive than to eu: them elV near tho
surface. In the latter cose, the horizontal root with
the Ujiright stem attached to it, rcmrdiis undistiitbud;
and the plant urepnres to recover its foilago withsiit
delay. Bat when the plough breaks up tiie iiurizon
toi runner, or the hnrro-.v draws its frogmenis to the
surface it soon perithes in dry weather. There is a
jirofit in taking tho most thorough course. (

The Flowers of Summer.

Very few annual flowers have succeeded ",hra »ea
son, 60 severe has been the drought. Wo l.gyo n.jt
sren a BaUamiiic, except some that wcro wate-ed by
a small nil. Conrolrvhs tricohr an-', zivnin coccitL
ca aaempt to display their ber.uii.,. but they often
dioop in the parchnig air. Sor-.,« species of /oomea
(besides the .ollowiag) ar« ^leo in flower, hut i'ess vi,
gorous than usuol.

The Cypress Vine, one of the most delieet- forma
of the \ egetablo '..ingdom, reqr.ires a rich soil, and
seems to emiv a ,reat of soap-suds. It is a mornins

1 ue J .[jn- i^ji,j^ though shortened in it* stem, baa
lest r,,ns of its fieshnesi: ihe G/ilariiia continues to
u:' ,old its purple disk and yellew rays; and Ec/iiuops
rj'lMroi-fphalus appears n9t to su.Ter from any lack oi
moisture.

The same remark will extend to ihe TiMt colored
Fox Glare, eb erect in its stem, and so ne^.t in il.i
Ie«ves; to Ifiliisciis Carolincnsis ? with its fine rosv
flowers; and to Cirhorivm inlvlms v»iih blus rays uo.
prettily frinjsd. Vot this plant is geneia'.ly an oft',
casts bacauso it is an intruder, hard to be resUaincd
v.iihifi reasonable limits, and then pertinaccou«ly ad-
hering to the spot it has chosen.

tlitcua Hesia displays its brilliant scarlet; (,nd tha
old Monthly Honeysuckle, like all other sweet floir-.
ers is less frnarant in dry air, but always inlcrestiug
on account of its beauty, and of our cerly rcccllec-^
tions.

The White Argeinena, nn old fsTi'W— and the
modest lunkia lanceiftilw , — bloom, tiy.ioh feebly;
v.\i\UyPeriplocagraea, as if recollectlitg lite hot dry
air of its native land, seems to rejoice, and puts forth
Its long polished le.ivesof dark i;reen. in abundance.

I-ast year wo m.entioncd a Phlo:: of eobtr puipie \v,
the morning, which changed to a rosy hue in ih» a(-
trrnonn. The saipe phenomenon coniiiiMCB. BrrcU'i
f^crdUniT i, boaittiftil. •

w

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Machinery applied to Agriculture.

Messrs. Editohs — I herewiili eendyoii a nutice in
the New York Tribune, of n work which proposca ae
great a saving in the ninnual labor pertaining to i ural
economy, aa the powcn oom has eiibcted in the jiro-
duclion of cotton cloth.

I have often thought that if a portion of the great
Inbor-eaving improvements, which have in late years
been applied to inanHfuCiurea and river navigation,
could be so applied to agriculture as lo enable the
North to accomplish more, with less bodily exertion
and expense of muscle, and tho South to dispense
with Ware labor; that a greater aocinl revolution
would be produced by it, than our eyes have yet
seen, oronr hearts have yet felt. It may be said that
man, inUvewell, must " live by the sweat of his
brow;" liguratively speaking, that man docs so live,
who lives by orti/icial production; the liigh civiliza-
tion which labor-saving machinery induces, only
creates those renewed wants, which vary, improve,
and stimulate production. The simple comforts which
in past ages could only bo indulged in by the rich,
are new attainable by all; and if the time which
Henry the Fourth wished for, when "every poor man
could have his lovvl in tuo pot," has not arrived, it is
alone the poor man's fault.

It may be said that the cultivation of the potato in
Ireland, by the iniroiluciion of a more cheaply raised
necessary of life, has produced the same effect as la-
bor-saving in agriculture, and that the result has tre-
bled the population of Irelind %vilhout adding any
thing to their social comforts. But may not the
wretchedness of the Irish be attributed to other causes
that to an increased population? Is it not rather to a
lack of a well directed manufacturing industry; to the
want of that home trade which the aisentccism of the
aristocracy produces, by leaving the workers of the
soil to the grindings of tho middle man and the tithe
proctor; "Thou sualt not muzzle the ox that tread-
eth out ths corn," i;= one of those scriptural injunc-
tions which is never read nnderetandingly by the
land holders of Ireland. If her aristocracy would
slay at home and e.vpend their incomes tlierc, in pro-
perly encouraging and directing the induatry of the
people, there is no doubt but that the condition of
Ireland would at least compare with either of the oth-
er United Kingdoms.

When reading Humboldt's clcscription of the scanty
and widely scattered cultivation in some of the most
fertile sections of equinoetip.l America, I have felt
that nothing short of the discovery of labor-saving
machinery to be applied to agriculture, could ever
bring all the arable land of those hot and debilitating
regions into cultivation. What a stupendous revolu-
tion in the production of the edible things of the
earth, may not be produced by the application of ma-
chinery to a soil where organic Nature is enlarged to
Buch B gigantic scale, that not only theet.rth produces
its sempiternal vegetation, tuo trees their parasitic
families, but even the nir itself is filled to darkness by
the pendant drapery of the lianas, which hang in fes-
toons from tree to tree at the height of moro than a
hunOrcd feet. S. \V.

Waterloo, Jjly 26tk. 1341.

(Vtm tkeJ^tK York TrilniM.
Thk Nkw World, or MECBANrc.^L System, i!o per-
form tlic Labor v ' Man and beast by inuiiiinate
Powers thta cost ■nothing, for producing and pre-
paring the substances of life, by J. A. FJzler. Pub-
lished by C. r. Stollmeyer. Philadtlphia, 7^,
pages.

Tho object of this little work is, aa the nnthor in-
forms us, to show how lo cultivate in a superior man-
ner 10,000 acres of land by one machine and three or
four men, with a capital less than one Dollar per acre,
— bow to clear land from trees and stumiis, roots and
stones, — fill and drain sv.nmps, — nudce danio. can-

als, ditches, roads and perform any kind of work on
the ground, — build bouses, and famish as much inan-
imate power for ony place or stationary machine as is
wanted, — all by the same system.

TUc author of this work is certainly a bold, an ori-
ginal thinker, — is a man of a high order of talent,
ftlen hcreiofore have only applied machinery to cer-
tain general purposes, — to manufactures, mechanics,
nnvigiition, &c., but Ktzler has conceived the gigantic
plan of opplying it to the daily works of society, — to
cultivating our lands, buildt.icr our houses, roads,
canals. &c. To do nil this hu does not make use of
costly powers, like beasts of burthen and steam, but
of powers that cost nothing, such us the heat of the
sun, the wind, tides, &c. He has invented machin-
ery adapted to those powers, and so contrived it as to
niske use of them iitall times. Wcofcoursecongive
no idea of his machinery or invention; theb^iok itself
mu£i be studied; it contains plates and fuU explana-
tions.

Etzlerhas forseen and explained the immense ulte
rior results which would follow, if machinery could
be applied to agriculture and to the various daily La-
bors of Man: he sees that it would do awny with po-
verty, elevate tho condition of tho human race, fertilize
and cultivate the tropicr.l climates, which ere now ne-
glected and which are the fairest portion of the earth,
and load to a great and fundamental Rclorm in
society.

We particularly recommend his work to attention,
ond we trust that he may find the means of making a
practical experiment of his plan. The views of the
most celebrated machinists have been very limited;
they have not conceived the poseibi'ity of applying
machinery farther than to a few specialities. Is it
not pitiful to see our large canals dug out by single
spadefuls, blocks of granite hewed by human hands;
hricii? carried to the tops of houses on human should-
ers ! It seems so to us, and no one has felt it more
keenly than Etzler, and no one has undertaken befor*
liim to invent a general system of mochinery lor ob-
viating it.

For the Ifetc Genesee Farmer.

ITEMS.

Corn-cob Feed. — The best way to dispose of cobs
is of course to grind them with the corn. Bat we
observe two substitutes which huvo been successfully
made use of. One is to soak the cobs in a half hogs-
head of brine, when tho cottle eogerly thrust in their
noses and devour them. Tho other, or better way,
is to boil them. Ono farmer says he would as soon
throw away his fodder as bis coba.

P^escning Cheese. — Sjlon Rubinson says a neigh-
bor has practised for several years the method of pre-
serving his cheeses by placing them within a hay
stack, where they are kept from freezing through win-
ter.

Foot rot in Sheep.

An intelligent and eucoe5sful wool grower informs
us of the method by which ho entirely pretcfnts the
inroads of this disease.

It is known that the sheep, when removed from its
native mountains and rocks, to the soft and luxuriant
pastures, no longer has its hoois worn away as in a
state of nature, by which as they grow they aro pre-
served fresh and sound, — but the outer part, which is
natiirolly intended to support the weight of the ani-
mal, grows cut of all bounds, until it laps more or lees
over tho sole, and retains tho accumulated earth and
filth which collecis within. Trora this the disease
originates.

According to our informant, by repeatedly and
carefully paring off this crest of tho hoof, os often as
necessary, tho disease is eiToctually prevented. Where
it has already made progress, something more is ne-
cessary, as the application of turpentine, or tar vi'ith
cautorization, the disease being very similar in nature
to the " foul in the foot" in cattle, which is success-
fully treated by rubbing a hot iron rod with tar, be-
tween the hoofs Although it bad made such pro-
gress In the flocks of our informant, as to cause indi-
rectly the loss of several hundrod sheep, yet he has

succeeded after a year or two of careful attention, i
removing it entirely.

He thinkB it rarely reaches that degree cf malig
nancy described by European writers, by whom it is
represented to become contagious, and occasion di-
rectly the destruction of the animal; or at least 'hat D
several years would be required to produce suth a ic- 1*
suit; death appearing here to be caused by the severi-
ty of winter operating on weakened and emaciniid
animals nffected by the disease. *

$3

^4

t;

Kesonr'ces of the West— Agricultural Riches.

How can we belter promote the objects for which
the Genesee Farmer was established, than by publish-
ing some articles calculated to expand the thoughts of S
our i'armers by reicrence to the growing greatness^
and glorious destinies efthe Mighty West? The digni-
ty end importance of Agriculture can only be properly
estimated by contemplating such views as are here ; ro-
sented in tho annexed st«:einenta from Mr. Pentield^
formerly resident in Ri"hcster — a man whose talents -,
and observation enable him to speak confidently on the
vast topics which he discusses. Were Mr. Penfield
unltnown to us personally, wo hare an endorser in
his behalf, whose testimony would alone secure an in-
sertion for bis statements. That endorser is JtiSB
Hawlet — well known as one of the earliest and
steadiest friends of Intekkai. Imphovemest in tho
Stole of New York. Mr. Peniield was formerly un-
der the instruction of Mr. Howley; and doubtless pro-
fited considerably by the tta:it;.cal knowledge and
enlarged views of his IrieRdly instructor. The article
has not suffered in value by the delay in publication —
though wc must apologize for omitting it till this iira8
— having had it in possession for some months. Let
it be read carefully — let its staieinenie be maturely
considered — and let other et»tements beating on the
great questions, be attentively examined with a view
to more thorough knowledge of the vast regions wa-
tered by our Inland Seas.

From t/te Cleveland Herald.

Wheat and Floar Trade of the West.

NEW TOBK AND OHIO COMPARED.

Mr. Editor — In making up some occountson this
subject for a private communicatinu, 1 have since
thought the figures would not be uniniercetinj; to
some of your readeis; and hope I shall nut be con-
sidered too tedious for your columns or their pa-
tience, in the closing remarks.

There arrived at Cleveland by the Canol in 18-10,
504, iWO barrels of Fioar, and i;,1.5l,450 bushels o(
Wheat. We compute tbc flour as in wheat, allow-
ing OS in other instances that follow, 5 bushels to each
barrel of flour, making the aggregate 4,67;'j,950 bu;b.
There was bought from wagons besides 80,000 busb.
of wheat luid considerable Hour; the exact quantity
not to be ascenained, sulacient, however, for the con-
sumption of the city. The exportation from thin
jilace then was equal to 4,75."i,!i-'iU bushels. Several
other puinia on the Lake witbiii this stale also ship W
Inrge quantities; at Huron for instance, equivaient to
47'.2,676 bushels during th« past season. The export
of Ohio on Lake Erie we estimnie from .''•J to 6,000,-
000 of bushels. That on the Ohio river we hove not
the means of slating wiiU so much accuracy. Soraei
portion of the 130,637 barrels of flour shipped i^eost-
from Pittsburgh; the past seoson, was doubtless from
Ohio wheat. There are several points on the river
that send cil'uiore or le^s, besides those of Portsmouth,
whirotha receipis by conol were 34,134 borrela of ei
Hour, and Cincinnati, by the Bliumi canal 105,762
barrels of flour, ond 97,200 bushels of wheat. Wei
put the river export equal to 2,000,000 of bushels, I
making that of the State, not less than 7,500,000 I
bushels.'

Governor Sewnrd states in his mesaoge at the open- '
ingoftho Now York Legislature, in January last,
ihot there was delivered in 1840, at the eastern termi-
nation of tho Erie Conal, l,80r>, lo.") barrels of flour,
ond 1,395,195 bushels of wheat, equal to 10,420,870 <
bushels. Deducting . from this quantity, that
which went from the Western States, os will here

* A rct'eiil stalcuicnt, purporting to hp t'riMu IJie Cincin- *?
natl t'hroniclp, mules tfic export of tlir .Stall" from Clcvc- i|
Ifinrt, Huron, Portjinovii;) i.ui Cincinnuii, 8,CGO,000 buafiefs 11

.,870
part f
■reaf. f

I

.0.

9.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

131

r be noted, ond there reranina ng grown in the State
New York, 4,72S),'l(i3 biisbela; givini; to Ohio (in
;port Irnde ofwhent over Wesfrii New York of
ore thnn 2^ riiilliiins of hunhele, or noiirly 50 per
:nt. If any llonr has been sent Irom Roeheetcr to
annda, this r. fliilt will lie so fnr aifected, but we np-
^ehend little if nny hns been sent.
There entered at BafTulo and Black Roek perstnle-
ent of Custom IIouuC at liulfnlo, 1,582,888 biish-
aof wheat, and cicnred from Buffalo, per Cniml
oUcctor's etatenicnt (i89,(ilt5 barrels of flour. The
•neuinption ofBuflalo and vicinity of western flour
several thousand borreln more; bcaides small eup-
iea sold to ports between Ohio and Butfalo.
There entered the WeKand Canal 209,01G btrrcis
flour, and l,8'.i3,7G5 bu.^UcIs ot wheat, which ad-
d to the figured at Buffalo ami B!ack Rock, makes
e entire export Irom Lake Erie 7,Si)n,908 bushel.i,
the growth of the Wcotcrn Stales — a surplus wc
prehend not illy co;iiporing, the relaiive extent of
lageand population being also enusidered, with that
jich was garnered by Joseph for Pharjuh, in years
]en Egypt yielded even mere than her tisualiy abun-
nt hervosta. We observe here, that in one comity
rdering on Lake M.ehiiJian, the harvest of wheat
t summer was di:ni jidhed by blight from what \N'as
pected aa calculated by « comuiittee, of 5uO,0(JO
shels. Thi5 quantity, 80 large, has not been brought
I by high prices, for the very opposite has ruled.
Of the quantity paasing the Wellond canal there
■ived at Odv.'cgo 707,157 bushels of wheat, and
165 barrels of tlour: and of this 83,839 bushels of
teat, 110,300 barrels of fl.nir were shipped east on
; canal from Oswego, and 35,579 barrels of flour to
inada.
le quantity es before slated by Governor

Seward 10,420,870

iduct shipmeutji from Bafialo and Os-
wego, 4,691,402

own ill New York as before, 4,729,480

ippcd from Cleveland as before noted,. 4,755.950
The average annual export of wheat and flour from
1 whole United States for an indefinite period past
3 not equalled that of Cleveland the past season.
^xt to New York, Baltimore has tho largest flour
de on the sea board: but the inspections there ncv-
reachcd 000,000 barrels till the past season by the
•ersion which the tide woter canal has efTccted, the
pectinns exceeded 700,000 barrels, or my 4,000,000
shels of wheal. New Yjrk receives flour from all
taofthc west and eoiiih, yet her inspections had
irer been so large as the receipt at Cleveland the
It season till 1833. Again, if we ca'.imate the re-
pts at Ncv Orleans and the quantity sohl on the
or above at 500,000 barrels, (he west, besides sup-
ing a large emigrant pi.'ubtion furnishes more
leat than the rest ol the Union. We may re-
rk here that the crop of corn tho past season i.n
io, Indiana anl Illinois, cannot be estim.iled much
der 100,000,000 bushels.

t would appear that the quantity of western wheat
! to Canada, including the flour from Oswego and
small quantity of wheat to Ogdeiisburgli, was
lal to 2,309,413 bushels.

The Canal Commissioners of New York in their
t annnal report s".ate the business of the Welland ki
090 tons, whereas the wheat alone exceeds thai
onnt; and if tiie iirojuco of the west going ihrough
! Welland had entered at Baffulo it would have
elled the whole amount of tolls of the K.-ie Canal
upwards of .'j;2.000,Ol)0. Less than ono-ihiid, lu'
seen, of r,'e3:ern wheat went to Canada to twenty
Foreiit points abive Mont.'cal; and so did eveu this
tion fill those ports with on avalanche rush, thai
! farmers, wakinj up to the threatened destruction
their intere?it3 as tliey conceived, immediately pc-
ioncd the Homo Gu'ernment to lay duties on the
portatiou of I'siur and wheat fro.n the Uiiitcd S ate.'
.0 the provinces, vinually shutting out tho unwel
me flood. We heard also how the accumulation
d increased at one point of the transit, (Kingston,)
a complete glut, choking up the St. Lawrence,
d occupying not only all the facilities of transport
..a line of navigatiui traversed for nearly two cen-
ries, but had so taken up all the means of storage
it large quantities lay out of doors tor s^ms time,
d finally, many vessels awaiting to be discharged
rfarmed long quarantine for that purpose. Wo
,,|j n see what eii'eci this has on the ctporte of Monire-
and Quebec, and how it tends to augment Briiisk
mmcrcc. The quintity exported from these places
e past season was 72,725 bushels of wheat, and
13,094 barrels of fljur; equal to 1,638,195 bushels,
i>f which savnu aoDut 7,000 bushels v,'aB sent to

Great Britain. But it would seem that Canada has
not raised her own liicad; for, deducing

Kor weslerii money sent her, 2,309,441

Her eiports above, 1,688,195

Tho deficiency is, 621 ,248

But let Ufl ttillow this flour to the ports of Groat
Britain, admitted as it is by a very singular and fa-
vorably constructed larili' i'or Colonial Commerce.
There have be«n for several months shipments ol
flour, not to a laige extent it is true, making from
New York to England, and if the same amount of
exportation of Montreal and Quebec above had been
made from New York and the price in England equal
to 62s. sterling per quarter, the duties would have

been, $1,085,358

But being f'-orn Canada they weio only, . . 220,398

The diflerence being the bencflt to colo-
nial commerce, $604,960

or about 51 cents per bushel.

But to return — such is the West; the "garden"
and the granary of America, sending her products
from the interior of acomiiient in every possible direc-
tion, taxed as thty arc by the charges of an inland
transportation of 1,000 miles before they can reach the
open markets of the world: giving tho stall" ol life to
the languishing factories of New England, to Old
England, to Canada, and the Cotton and Sugar plant-
ations of the South.
We have stated the export trade of Lake

Erie in 1840 at 7,809,903

The shipments of wheat and flour from
Bafl'uio iu 1826, the first year after the
Erie Canal was completed — the Wel-
land not opened, were "453 tone," or 14,045
Such has been the growth of this one item, of tho
commerce of Lake Eric in the short sp ae o( fourteen
years, since the departure of the first c:inai boat from
her waters was announced by the splendid and unriv-
alled telegraphic cannonade; marking -an era in the
commercial history of America, second only to that of
its discovery by Columbus: Such is the past — of the
future; imagination returns from the contemplation
with fatigued wing and proclaims, " lap Lake Erie"
at as many points as you will, and with such di-
mensions as you will, the avenues shall all be fill-
ed. Here is a commc."Ce suddenly v.'oked into hfe,
.;ot diverted from other cheniiele, hut new creulal ;
yet more important ihan thdi which for centuries had
traversed interior Asia, borne by the slow and weary
caravan, halting at the gates of magnificent Palmyra
on its way to renow.nod and commercial Tyre and
other PhcBnician ports of the IMeditonanean, or that
siibsequenily, by another route, (or 1800 years depcs-
led its wares in the ampler store houses and mos'e
splendid shops of metropolitan Alexandria and Venice;
or which at a later period, v/iihout reshipment, re-
warded Portuguese enterprise in the success of a Vas-
co de Gama. If

*' WcstwarJ ibe star of empire takes its way,"
westward too, moves the star of commerce.

The mind in loidiing nt this great change seeks to
find what it ia, that, with such rapidity is transform-
ing a vast wilderness into fruitful fields; where man
had fi.'-Bt to cut his path into that wilderness, build his
cabin, and clear away tho forcat before this stream of
eoinnierce could begin to flow. The consiruction ol
lake harbors and tho use of steam navigation baveliad
a great influcnco in this matter; but towering high
'ibovc ail other agencies stands that of the Eric Canal.
Tunt was tho key ihat unlocked treasures of ever in-
creasing value and ever au^jmented growth. Truly
rortunaie among the eons of men was he whoso mind
was instrumental in efii-'cting such strides in his coun-
try's glorious career. Yet thai individual, who, more
than a third o( a century since, grasped the mighty
thjught oud gave through the press publicity to the
grand design in his '•Oce.rhind roulc nfUhf- Erie C'ltn-
aV" has never had the slightest recognition from his
own state that receives tho yearly increasing revenue
from its tolls. Not lees has the National Treasury
overflowed from the srdos of the public do:nain to
which tho influence of that canal has so much contri-
buted.

We mingled in the throng that in Isst summer's
solstice congregated on the green spot of Maumee's
banks, the story of whose defence had impressed it-
solf 60 indelibly upon the memory of our boyhood
days. Heard we not, mingling with the war blast of
the brave, other bugle notes that came from the still
gliding canal l>oat on the opposite aide of the river,

* Sccessftyg, over thp Rlffnaturoot'" Hercules," rcnul:I!;9h-
e1 In the ofpcntiiito Dr. Hosack's "Memoirs of De Witt
cr.iitoa" in 1*39-

pursuing "the oven tenor of its way" far on where
the battle field of " Tippecanoe" echoes to its thrilling
tones— where the Wabash rolls its tide uuvaid Mie-
sissippi's flood — tee that boat bearing on its return
I the rich harvesls from that celcbiatcd field of song. —
That canal is one of the daughters of the Erie canal,
with others of a numerous sisterhood, bringing its
Iribute lo the muiual imiuovcment. But ere the
clash of arms was heard on that field, there had been
developed in another qiiarier the project, that laid the
foundation of this iioulieni line of commerce which
has already encircled this interior spot wiili the arms
of its mighty influence, and is fast pervading every
port of the illimitable west.

But however unmindful of his eminent services
rendered, the generation to v.hich he belongs may
be, postcriiymay dti him jusliee. Indeed the enlarg-
ed canal itself and its increasing busincts will be a
monument, raised still higher, and the record more
indelibly made, of the merits of Jesse Ilawley. It is
quite beyond the limits of a closing oiticle to even
'iint at the benefits which the Wett has derived fiom
his labors. But while we survey with him the vivid
panorama of human industry and happiness, which ha
was instrumenlol in producing, we would for u mo-
ment, point him to that part ol the picture where, on
a western prairie, he could see "one field of 20,000
acres of wheat" waving its golden head lo the passing
breeze; and parting with him who v.-ould not forget,
that his hand touched the spring that set in mo-
tion a many thousand wheeled mocliinery, growing
more complex and extended, the hum of whose
noise shall be heard far down the vale of time. —
If he is worthy of the gralitude of mankind who
makes two blades of grass to grow where but one
grew before, what shall be the measure of praise
awarded to him, who had such an agency in tho pro-
duction of so great harvests as we have considered.
A. PEN FIELD.

On Uraii as a JSaauie.

g[R — As this is the season for preparing the turnip
crops, I am desirous of calling the attention of your
readers and tho scientific ogriculnirisis, to the consid-
eration of bran (the husk of wheat) as a manure, not
only for turnips, but also for wbcnt and grsee, Tito
great facility that every farmer has of obtaining it
from his neighboring mdler. and its exceeding cheap-
ness, (now about £1 10s. per ton,) v^'al■r8nts their
trying a geiics of experiments in drilling it with the
turnips ond wheat, and putting is oyer their grass
lands as a top-dressing; siibstiluling it for bone and
other manures, which ore costing two or three times
as much aa the bran would.

ExpcrimenlG hove been tried but not e.xtensively
enough to warrant its being said hew much is saved
in expence, and what quantities per ac/e ought to be
used to render the beat return.

It is to this point that I v>'ish attention to be directs
ed, and as Sir Humphrey Davy in his " Elements of
Agricultural Chemistry" v/ritce — "Nothing is more
wonting in agriculture ihan experiments in which all
the circumstances are minutely and tcientificolly de-
tailed"— would tome of your readers assist this object,
ond drill a small portion in eoch of their fields of
wheat and turnips, with bran in quantities from 3 to
6 cwt. per ocre, and report the result in your paper;
that is, the quality of the other manure used, the res-
pective cost for manuring an acre, the yield, and the
quality of the ground experimentalized upon.

The following extracts from Liebig, would leave, in
theory, bran to be at once the cheapest and best man-
ure that could bo emi'loycd:

" Phosphate of magnesia, in combination with am-
monia, is on invariable constituent of the seeds in all
"•rasses. The bran of flour contains the greatest
quantity of it.

" The perfect dcvelopemcnt of a plant occording ta
this view, is depeudaiit on the presence of alkalies or
alkaline earths; for when these substances are wholly
wanting, its growth will be arrested, ond when they
are only deficient, it must be impeded.

" So likewise none of our corn plants can bear per-
fect seeds, that is, seeds yielding flour, without a large
supply of phosphate of magnesia and ammonia; sub-
stances which they require for their maturity.

•' It is the grcntest possible mistake to suppose that
tho temporary diminution of fertility in a soil is owing
to the loss of humus— it is the mere consequence of
the exhaustion of the aWWiie." —Mark-lane Express.

A"-icultiire is the nursery of patriotism and virtue-
aided by science mokes a great man. All the energy
of the hero and all the science of the philosophe raioy
find scope in the cultivslion of One smsi? farm

wm^^^Bmm mimi

'OL. 2.

Jfew York State A^riciilturnl Society.
CATTLE SHOW AN1> FAIR AT SYRA-

At a TTircling of ihc Exocmive Committee of ibe
N. Y. State Atjricukurol Society held at Syracuse,
Aug. 18, 1811 — Freseiit, Meters. Nott, Johnson, (of
Oneida,) Gaylord, Randall and Tufker, — ;be follow-
inj; viewing Committees were appointed to award the
I'remiums ofl'ercJ by the Suciety (it their Cailic Sbuw
and Fair to be held at Ss'racuse on the iJ'Jtli and UOlb
diyaof September:

ON CATTLE.
Class I — BcLt-s — Of anif breri, 3 ytnrt old and uprcardt,
II.?nry S. R.inWI, Corllanil, ]C. N. IJcment, .\lliany.
A. B. Allen, Erie. | Willi.im Garhutt, .Monroe,

J. .M'Donald M-Iii:yre, Albany.
CInasca TI and III — Sl'Lls — Of any breed, under 3 years oU.
Francis Hutch, Otsc:ro, IJ. C. Hnthnway, Ontario.

Henry Rlioadrs. One!'!.!. [(JcorKC Vail, llcnnscloer,

George J. Puinjjelly, Tioga.
Clas? IV — Cow* — Of any breed, 3 tjears old and uptcardt,
AnthonyVan Bergen, Grtfene.lTliomas llollis, OtFc^o,
E. r. Vrenlicc, Alhnny. | Ira Hitchcock, Oneida,

llircm Koslwick , Clicuiung.
f^lassca V and VI — Ueifrhs — Any improved breed, under

3 years.
I>;»riF P. .Allen. Erie. [Thc.mnE WcJdIe, Monroe,

Silas Gaylord, Oiiondasa. jjolin Gn^kin, O;£Cj,'0,
JonnI) Davis. Clieiiinng.
Clasa VII— Gr.vde Cows.
Girret Snekett, Seneca, IM. IJiillock, Albany,

V. 8. Button, W; yne, iTlioniao Goodscll, Oneida,

Williaip Oltlcy. Oiit.irio.
CI;iSd \'III— Gkadk Ilelrt-RS.
9. "W. nrac". Onondaga. IWm Alexander, Olfiego,
Julin .M. Sherwood. Cayuga, |d D. Camiiljcll, Scbcncctatly,
liiiTus Uoiei, Cortluiid.
Class IX — Cows — jyalicc breeds.
I^Ivron .\dRnis, Ontario, I Aaron Hams, Oneida.

Thomas ti. Mcfi.'Ii.".ui.f)3wcgn[ Crane, Herkimer,

Tylor Fountain, Weslcheslcr.

ON HOUSES.

■William T. Porter, N. York,|\Vi'li;im B.artleU, Cortland,
L^wis F. Allen. Eric, |joIin J. Vicle, Rcansclaer,

AVilliam B. Ludlow, Columbia.

O.V SHEEP— Class l—Lonsr Pooled.
Jo'in P. Bi.'ckinan, Columbia. [Thomas . I ackson, Otsego,
John Snooks, Onondasia, ) Wiiliam C. Cornell Monroe,
John Holing, Washington.
Class n—M!idille Ifuolcd.
A. B Allen, Erie, )1>. 1). Clil"l, Putnam.

Thomas Dunn, Albany. ]lIo\veli Gardiner, .Saratoga,

Widiain Musson, O.sego.
Class HI— Fine Ifooled.
Wllltam Randall. Cortl.ind, |L. A IMorrell, Toaipklns,
Henry D. Grove. Rennselaer.jj. \\\ Knceve!», Uutchcsg,
Uoliert C, Nicholas, Ontario.

ON SWINE.

John Randall. Chen.^n^^o, INelson Washburn, Otsego,
Ezra Cornell, Tompkins, ItTlon Coinstock, Oneiiia.
Wiiliarn Salsbury, Greene.

ON PLOFGII.g.

CO-M.MITTEE OF ARRANGE.MENTS.

Jesse R. Burden. Rcllnselaer
AnthonyVanBergen. Greene,
Jcreojiah Johnson, Ktns-s,
John J. Thomas. Ontario,
Kawson Harmon, Jr, Monroe

lumphrey Howland, Cayuga,
Henry £?:e|ihcn3. Cortland,
Elias IMiinney, Miis5achu:^etts
Isaac Hill, New Ilatnpshlre,
S. W. Jcwett, Vermont.

ON CULTIVATOR =!. DRILL BARROWS, AND
HARKOWS,

J.'.mes iMcCall, Allegnny, lEnoch iM.nrks, Onondaga,
I., t:. Ball, KeniiMoIiier,' jGeorge W.albvvortu, U;;cida

Arvin Rice, Oswego.

ON THRAPHING IMACIIINES.
L B. Lan^worthy. .Moiiroe, IG. W. P;i'-terson. Livingston,
Orville lluugert"nrd,JclV,Trsoii; Lauren Bench, Ononduga,
Mic-ih Brooks, Livingston.

ON HORSE RAKES A.VD STRAW CITTTERS.

NIcoll Halsey, Tompkins, [John B. Dill, C.~ynga.
Jabcz Burrows. Chalauque, | Hiru:ii Hopkins, Cortland,
Chester Moses, Skaneatelef*.

ON F.VRM IIHPI.F.AIENTS— Ail/ enumerated above.
William Parsons. Niagara, IJesse Ives. C'ortlaud,
(Samuel Uecox, Wnyiie, jjoseph Hnstinga, Hennaelocr,

Ira Hopkins, Cayuga.

ON SASIPLF.S OF ORAi:^,

Pomeroy Jones, Onei>la. [Uoswcll (.'ur.is, C'ariiga,

G90rgc tf. Taylor, l-'nrlland. 1 Warner Abbott, Onondaga,
E. 8. Beach, Monroo.

OV SAMPLES OF ROOTS.
Ife-ein Cliapln, Ontario, ILrvvis Kames, Oneida,
S-' 1 .fihoar'M, OiiondaHa; jJ. F. Osborn, Cavuga,
S. B. Burchard, Madison.'

OW HonTicuLTi:nAi, pnonrcTs.

Fe^M Thomas, Cavug;\ IGrant Thitriiuni, Queens.

Ai£j»nilcrWal»l»i"R«nnsalner!E. Holiirnok, Purcinvi.*,
•liver Ph»lp', Orilari*.

Hale Sodettt.
Henry ?^. Itaii.lull,
Harvey Baldwin,
I.'nher 'J'acker,
AViiliam Fuller,
M. B. Batehain.

Onondaga Co. tueicty.
V. N. Itust,
Jos. lavage,
.HI. D- Burne'.t,
E. F. Wallace,
J. M. Ellis.

The following gentlemen were appointed a com-
mittee to Bolicil members and lunda tor the Society at
Syracuse:

.■M. D. Burnet. Eari. I P. D. Noion,

II. ILddwin, Es.] P. .\. Riijt,

J. R. Lawrence, l->q. j J. :^aiiford.

AdditiounI PiL-miums.
TO BREEDERS.
F. Rotch, Eiq. having given lh« Society $t?0 for
that purpose, Premiums will be awarded to breeders
as follows :

To the breeder of the best thoroughbred Bull g'O 00

To the breeder cf the best Ihoroueh hrei! Co\t 10 CO

To the breeder of the best thorough bred Heifer.. . . 10 Ott

FOR WORKING OXEN.

Willis Gaylord, Esq. having contributed $20, for
that purpose, a picniiuiii will be given
For the best \oke of working Oien 620 00

In awarding this Premium, particular reference
will be had to the close matching, cxcdlenl training,
and docility ol the animals, as well as to ilieir general
good appearance. Comniiitee: — Abel Baldwin, Da-
vid Bundy, and D;in. Ilibbard,

FAT CATTLE.

Mr. Rust offers a sweepstakes, twenty dollars en-
try, for the best volte of fat cattle. Committee: — B.
P. .Johnson, B. 1). Noxon. ami M. D. Burnet.

Cr A Ploughing Match, under the direction of
the Onondaga County AtirieuUiirnl .Society, will take
place inimcdialely alter the Trial of Ploughs, on the
second day of the Fair.

REGULATIONS FOPi THE FAIR.

I. A Committee of Arrangements, consisting of
five members, will in conjunction with a committee
consisting of the same number, appointee! by the On-
ondaga County Agricultural Society, exercise a gen-
eral Bupervieion and control on the day of the Fnir.

II. Clerks shall be niipoinicd by the comniiitee of
arrangements, who shall occupy a convenient stand
near the place of exhibition, who shall give to every
one entering animals, cards, with the number of the
pens which said animals shall occupy, and the prem-
iums for which enid animals are entered, written
thcrton — and such cards shall be conspicuously placed
noon the pens containing the animals. A list of all
i-uch entries shall be kept by such clerk.

Ill» No animalii shall be removed from Iho pens
until the close of eacb day's exhibition without per-
nii'sio.'i of a member of the Committee of Arrange-
mrnla.

IV. Applicants for premiums "n animals will be
prepared with written statements at"uintely detailing
he age and method of t'eeJing such finiinals; and
hose drawing premiums may be requireti to make
oath to the correctness of said statements. Such
written stutemenls will be delivered to the clerks on
tiuoriiig the animals.

V. All animals will be examined and prcraiiims
awarded on the first day of the Fair, and t!io viewing
commiticcs will commence ihcir inspection at 10
o'clock, A. 3T. Ni) spectators will be admitted to
the yard until after the viowiiig couuniltees have
performed their duties.

VI. Implements, products, lic. will be examined
on the second day of the T'oir. Implements, pariicu
lai ly ploughs, will be put to a full and fnir test.

VII. Any inhabitant of the S.file will be sulFered
to compete lijr premiums on animals and products,
and any inhabitant of the United States for premiums
on imdeinents, on the payment of one dollar, if not
already members of the Society.

VIII. Viewing Comniittcca shall in all ca»ea have
power to examine npplicant.sfor prcmiunia peisrinally,
when moro particular or satisfactory information is
desired.

IX. No promiums shall he awarded without a com-
petition, unless the viewing committee shall deem
the animal or product or implement exhibited, highly
.meiiiorious — nor in cases where there is compctiton,
unless they shall consider such product or implement
worthy of the B.imo.

X. All ropovte of viewing committpts ah.nll be
nitide in writing and signed by the ni-rabers assenting
ihrrelo

XI. All persons intending to compete for the pre- ■
miuins on animals, should give notice to thatefl'ect on '
or before the 90th Sept to Lither Tccickr, Albany;
H. S. Ra>dall, Cordend Village: M. B. Bat£Has^,
Rochester, or P. N. Rust, Syracuse — in order ibai
thi; necessary accommodations may be made for them.
It is desirable also that thoee who intend to compete
tor the prizes on Implements should give notice as
above bv the 20th September.

ICF Owners of stock throughout the Slate and ma-
nufacturers and patentees of agricultural and horti-
cultural implements, tlironghoiit the United Stai(~,
are invited to present their cniranla and iinpleiren'..-,.
Samples of larin and garden products, silk, cocoon.-j,
domestic manufactures, &c. &.K.. are also solicited.

[C? Discretionary Premiums will be awarded on
articles not enumerated in the Prize List.

D-TThc Society will dine at r>.ust'8, at 3 o'clock,
P. M. on each day of the Fair.

ttj* The ofiicere of the Society and the Committee
of Arrangiments are requested to meet at the Svta-
cuse House on Tuesday evening, Sept. 26.

Blonroe Connty Agricaltnral Society.

At a meeting cf the Society held at RnrhcJler on theSath
day of AngtiEt the following persons were appointed In-
specting cnfMmiltees to nw.ard the premiums at tlic c.vbibi-
tion of the Society to be helil on the 13th and 16th of Octo-
ber next.

On lloasKS— Theron Brown, Wheatland ; Sicph. Charles,
Rochester ; Harry yimstcad, Greece.

0.1 CiTTLn— George Sheffcr, Wheatland ; SXinuel H. D.-.-
vis, SwKlen ; Jacob Strawn, Chili -, Alonzo Frost, Roches- •
ter ; J. Allen Frost. Brighton.

0» SuEce.— Stephen .Merry, ^Mieatland •, Thomaa Wil-
cox, Mendon: Arthur Clark, Rochcr-ter.

Ov i?wlNE. — Edward Champenny, Roehcsterj Johu Ful-
ler, Chili -, Gideon Ramsdeli, Pcrrinton.

On PLoccniN'o. — Rawson Harmon, Jr., Wheatland ; John
Ayrauit, Perrinton ; Naihan Lock, Sweden.

Oh Ficr-D Caoi-s. — Lewis Brooks, Rochester; Nicholas
Reed, Greece; Elisha Harmon, AA'he.atland.

On Bl-ttf-R, Chkese, Honey, &c. — Henry E. Rochester,
Gates ; Caleb K. Hobble, Irondequoit ; Hiram Noah, Ro-
chester.

On Silk, DoMasrlc Cloth, &c.— Joseph Alleyn, Roclies-
tcr; Henrys. Potter, Pillsford; Medad P. Parker, Ogilen.

On Implements. — itIattMns L. .Angle, Henrietta; Jirah ■
Blackmar, Wheatland; II. N. Langworthy, Irondequoit*

0:i HoRTiceLTCRE. — Matlhif.s G.-.rret, Gates; Alexander
Kelsey, Rochester; Henry OTteilley, Rochester.

The E.Tccutive Committee sincerely hope that all the gen-
tlemen named will consent to serve on the Committees spo
cified ; but if any of them cannot consistently do so, they
lu-e requested ro notify one of the Secretaries as sooa as
convenient The gentlemen composing ihc committees, and
the officers of the .*jociety are requested to meet at the Ar ■
cade House at t) o'clock on the morning of the first day of
the Exhii-ition.

The Fiules and lie^lations arc published with the list of
premiums, in handbill form, and circulated through tho
county. Bills of the day will be published licreafler.

The Town Committees and etnccrs of the Society general-
ly, are rcqiiested^to make special ifforts to obtain inembera
eod funds previous to the time of e.vliibition.

L. B. LANGV.OUTilY, Fresidtnt

H. M. Warp, » ^ .

JcfTersoQ Connty AsricnItornI Society.

(Organi-.cdJuicr Klli. ISII.J
LIST OF oriTCillts.
J PaaslDETr.— Orvitic llur.iicri'ord.

VksPkesidknis.— W. C. PiiTpoTil F.lishn Cimp. Rol ert
no.\t.ater, George White, U. E. Clarke, Win. Carlisle, Geo,
Brown, Abiathar Joy, jr. Gen. Wooilruir.

ExEccTivn Com MlTTEC— Edmund Kirlv, John L. Golds-
mid, N. M Woodruff, Abi.er Baker, Jr John .A. Sherman.

CoRr.E^i'ONDiNG Secretakv.— -Micah Stcr.ing, Watertown.

Treascce'I— A. B. Brnytori.

KtcoamNU SbCttETARV,— Adriel Ely.

Erie County.

At nn adjourned meeting held in the city of BuflTnlo, on
the Mill of August, for the purpose of organizing an -Agri-
cultural Society for Erie County, a constitution was report-
ed and adopted, and the following named persona were
cleetcd ollicers ;

President. — I.rf'wis P. AJlcn.

Vice Prdsioents.— Cu»hins.';wift,of H,-mbnrgh t Horaco
S. Turner, of .Aurora; Jcs.'-c Vnnghan, of Checktowr.ga ;
Henrv B. R.visom, of Clarence ; Ctilvin Bisi'.ni', of .ilden ;
Jobn'Kester. of Bu'iton ; Isaac .Allen, of Collins; Timothy
S. Hopkiusof Anihors:. ^

roRRr:spn\ni^o in !> R FCPRnlNr. ?^c^.cTAHV.~War:en Bry-
c»t. of BiidS.lo.

No. 9.

AM) GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

133

Treasurer. — Bcnjr.inin iloUgr. of Bl.nck Uoek.

Kxb-curiVE CoMM-.TTKh:, — I^ldscs Case, Ahlcn ; Rol;crt
Person, Aurora; ,J(ili Heslow, Ainbersl; Reuben ti. Hca-
cock, Uutfiilo ; UcHj.-.inin H. Ifcslcs, BotHon ; Joh llaseall,
ISraiit-, Atnicr Urjatil, liUick liock^ Oraamu« Warren, Cla-
rcnco; Gardner J. Kijii), Clieektuwaga ; UirJiarU .*Sueet,
CoUle;i ; Samuel Tucker, Collins ; linocli S. Fry, Concord ;
Levi litintiiig, E Icii ; Aaron t^alislmry* Kviins; Dr.vid I".
White. Huniiiur^li ; Ifl;..ie Uuiuplirey, Uollaiid; CIc<nenl
ake:ce, Luucastcr; VMiinm Millrt, Nevvslend^ Ilela II.
Cnleyrove, Sar.linia ; Uriel Driggs, TonttwanJa ; Henry iJ.
Stevens, Wales.

Niagara Connty AgricuMnral Society.

(Organized Jurie -3ri, ISII J

LIST OF OFFICERS.

pRE^IDF:^•T.— Willijun Paraoita.

Vice 1*kesidknts.— . Jirisloptier Skej^'Ies, John Gould.

CuRRBSPONDiNG Si;l'Ri:taI'.v — Jocl McColium.

8l I'RurARY. — David S. Crandall.

Thkasirkr. — Wiilinm I*. Brown.

Kcsvtccd, That the foliowtrigeonipotre the Executiv»eoin-
nlue,'! ; Tiiiioihy Uiickus, i)r. Townsend, Richard SncM,
jn-k|iorti Williaio I'rccnKUi, Alausori T. Odetl, Ixwis B.
lurton, Rovalton ; iMartiR t?. Douglass. Samuel Cidcmnii.
. W. Bftiicock^ Somerset i; Sainncl Deveairt, Theodore
V'hilncy, Gen. P. Whitney, Niagara ; !!5icphe« Baker, W.
Vliecter, Harry Harrington, llartland; Janica Wisner,
'eter M'*ColliMn, Thomas W, ."Merritt, New F;inc; Daniel
hvight, D;inicl Hohnes, Morgan Johnso^, Wilsou -, \. iM.
Vard, John Sweeney, Henry Miller, Wheatland ; John

la|is.iddle, Leverctt Bristol, Jacoh i>iooi. Porter; liiifus

piiidiTif, Alexander Dickerson, Eli Plater, Lewiston ; Hi-
im McNeil, Daniel W. Cra()sry, David GouM, Caiubriu;

arofi Piirsitns, John Baker. .Mfred Pool, PeJidleton,

(Anuuul Ice of uieinher&hip fifty cents.)

Ijiviiigslou County Ajjricullural Society.

The Fair of this society \vill Le held at Gencsen on the
Mday of 0-;tober. Owing to the lateness of the senson, it
as deemed iuexiTeilient to offer prcminms on crops this
buta liljeral amour.t will be awarded for alt kinds of
rm slock, implements, domestic manufactured goods, &c
LIST OF OFFICERS.

PRESinENT. — AVilii.llU A SItlli?.

Vice I'RE-^iDFSx^. — Holloway Long James S. Wods-
rlli, D:inlel II. Filzhueh.
tlEcoiinixo StcRKTARY.^C II. Bry.iH.

UORRESiMNDlNQ ScCRETARY. — C. U. UuntL

rRE.wL'RKR.— \Ilcfi .Ayrault.

U.iSiUER3 — M. Dronks, Mount Morris; S. W. Smitll
arta; .11 II. C'arron, GrovelaiKh W. H. Spencer, York;
. \V. Waiisworth. Gciiesco; W. \V. W'ooster, Lciccs-
; Ileclor Hitchcock, Coneaus ; l-^dn-ard A. Le Roy. Calc-
li.'H Asliarl ^varncr, Lima; H. tS. Tyler, fipringwater ;
man Giliba, Lironia; J.jlin Li. Tainpkliiks, .-Vvon.
Vo\v\ Ciiinuiittee, — Cornelius SiicparU. Jun. Reuben
utres and Cliarlo? Coll, Grneseo ; .\ltVed Hubbard, \\'ni.
Morg:;n, .Moses Bar ron, 3Iout Morris ; Cliarles :5lieparil,
la. S;.itt, \" ra. ^. FuUerton, .^lorgnn HamnionrI, Sparta ;
\V. >IoNair, John U hite, v\ in. Kwart, CJrovelaiid;
ahel H. Warner, Jasper Marvin, .Samuel .Stevens, Lima;
aes Campbell, John .\danis, Uuel L, B-ake, Livonia;
•kcr 11. Pier^-e, Horatio Dyer. Zen.-vi Ashley, Sprinewa-
; J(dirl Ht-nderson. James De Craw, Jothani Clark, Con-
US; Col. Ciiyler, Jerediail ilorsford, .^llcn Sniead. Lei-
*.er ; John Hallow:iy, Jauics Dow, Wnt. Craig, John
*s, VV. tS'cwnrt J.-ijnes l» Harris anj A. McRc.in, York;
Lacy, T. n. Xewbold Jidm McKay, Caledonia ; John
Idey, AsaNowlen, Ira^Ierrill.

AVayue Coauty Agiicnltural Society.

ilc.Vnnua! Fair of this Society is advertised to be held
ewark on tlis ITth day of October, AVe have mit seen
It of tiie olfioors but they have published & respectable list
retniiKns, and ought lo have the co-operatio:i and sup-

of llie t'armers of Wayne. Tiiey can get up a good e-\-
:ioa if ihv^y try ; nrd now lUat aid is given by the State,

surelv triU try.

11.*:
lilt;''''

\:m

The Dronght.
.ccording to our recollections, no drought na se-
5 as ibe iiieseiit one, has occnrred in this district
hin tlio last tliiity-ei.x years. Periods of longer
ation witliQut rain to saturRte tbe soil, periinps
e happened, but they have been later in the sea-
, when tlie heat waa less intense; and the greater
:tb of the nights alfordeJ some refreshment to the
|Ib and pastures,

|he following statsment may serve to show how sea-

I of similar character often cluster together: In

jfaU of the year liii), having been scant of water

lur cattle, not only in that season but in several

preceded it, v.e dag a well nearly fitly t.-^et deep,

found an abundant supply. So wet have been

ittinmers since tint time however, that we have

'■r dra Afn n p3n.''al, having kept it closed as one of

iK-n'm; but it will now probably soon be opened.

0 uln;: wells have beome very low.

!3 c j'ecis of the drojght are not only visible in
i' ironms, and the dusty rurfacc of the g.oun-I, but

some trees are absolutely dying of thirst, and a few
others dropping their leaves as in autumn. Where
the leaves simply fall, tno branch will retain iis vital-
ity; but when they dry on the tree, it ia death.

Yet notwithstanding these appearances on hard
uncultivated soil, wherever the ground has been made
mellow to « good depth, we have never seen young
grow faster, or eccm to lulTer less with drought.
Some peach trees in parii«ular, have made great
growths; and even now while the meadows and pas.
tures are parched, their vegetation ia in the height of
its vigor.

Not less encouraging is the appearance of some
field beets that were not forgotten. It has been well
said that a men can produce more moisture by bis
hoe than by his pail: in other words, it requires less
labor to keep up a healthy vegetation by making the
ground mellow, than by carrying water. Wc think
the tiuth of this proposition may be casilyjshown. If
rich ground be well boed once a month, it becomes a
fountain of itself, to the plants that stand on it. Turn
it up in the driest and hottest weather, it will be
found moist; while a hard heavy soil will require wa-
tering every day.

A hard heavy soil cracks open In time of drought;
exposes the roots to the sun and air; and allows the
moisture from the depth of the fracture to cvaporate-
It possesses very little absorbent power. A light
shower can hardly penetrate it from ahoTc, or the
moisture rise up into it from Idoic. On the reverse,
a deep mellow soil never cracks open, exposes no
roots, and the moisture that rises from below enters
the whole mass of loose earth, and supplies the plants
aa they require it. But such a soil also imbibes
moistura from the atmosphere; and, like a sponge,
yields it to the roots while it imbibes more. It is a
perpetual though an invisible fountain.

Another cause however, should be taken into view.
Every weed or blade of grass, operates like a pump
to draw out and dissipate its moisture ; and from this
heavy loss well cultivated ground is exempt. Fur.
ihcr when decaying weeds are mixed with the soil,
they increase its absorbent power, so that instead of
diminishing, they add to its nutriment,

Perhaps some qualification to these remarks shonld
be m.ade on account of some plants rcquring more
moisture than others. While wc were writing the
above we have hod f'liit trees chiefly in view, round
which the soil may ' :well cultiv.ited without cutting
llie roots; but eoniv other objects of culture, even
with the best hoeint; would scarcely produce good
crops in a severe drought. We think indeed that all
the soap-suds from the wueh-tub may be profitably
applied to many jdams in the kitchen gnrden at such
a lime as this; and that the cucumber, i)Otato, and
Mbbage, would pay well both for culture and for
drink. t

Facts arsd DeiiioiiStratUms, in Opposition
to Speculative Opinious ou the Culture of
t^ilk.

MtisKS EoiTORs-I last week promised you some com-
munication on the subject of Mulberry and Silk Cul-
ture, but incessant occupation has hindered mo trom
fulfiling my engagement. Tou sre aware of my re
luctance to writing for publication, i am unoccus-
tomed to it; and have felt n reluctance to add to the
mass of speculative and inconclusive matter v/hich
has been thtown upon the public during the past ten
years. I aek therefore duo indulgence while I now
proceed to coinply with your suggestion, with all con-
eislent brevity.

My farm of 8G acres lies within the corporate limits
of Brockport, bounded upon the r.orth by the Erie
Canal, and situated in the somh'.-ast part of the village.
L'poa it is a mu'beri'y pl.iniation, occupying about six
acres nnd coudisiing of about rqml pro^iortions of the

two species of Mulberry, best known viz : Mortis
Alba and Morus Multicaulis — cornmoitced with both
kinds in my garden in 1833 and upon my farm in
I83G — adjacent to the plantation I h!i(ve this season
fitted up in a barn erecied lastscason, partly with a
view to this object— a cocoonery, &c., ciiibrncing a
loft and garret 42 by 22, a preparatory room on the
first floor, and basement for leaves, in which is a fur-
nace for keeping up a proper temperature in the feed-
ing deparmeut.

'I'he cocoonery is fitted up with the feeding and
spinning framea and np|i.Trnius, invented and patented
last season, by Edmund Morris, Esq. of Burlington,
N. J. The establishment altogether, fiirniohes pretty
concUtsive facts in illustration of the following propo-
sitions, viz:

That in Western New York, tho culture of Silk,
is a perfectly practical and profitable bueincee:

That in order to tendi^r it so, reliance must bo pla-
ced upon about an equal proportion of the Morus al-
ba, or some other hardy variciy,and the Morus multi-
caulis.

That tho Morus alba may be transplanted at any
nge not exceeding 7 years, (my perience,) and that
at any age after the 3d year, its foilage inay be used
with htntfit to the tree — that by the best method of de-
tatching the leaf, (pruning shoots,) it may be fed
without injuring the tree until rendered unfit by frost.
That the Multicaulis on suitable soU and aspect,
needs no protection from winter.

That its adaptation to the worm depends upon ita
management.

That it succeeds admirably by being grafted upon
the root of tho Morus alba, upon soil.' and locitions
unsafe, where standing upon its own root.

That it may be transplanted, (roots ono year old— •
[ have 11,000 plants done this season) between tho
25 and 30 of June, when in full leaf, and now, 2dtli
Aug. be used extensively for feeding.

That Morris" frames combine decidedly more ad-
vantnges for insuring success, in the iinportant opera-
tions of ventilation, (oppliodto each individual worm,)
feeding and spinning, »r winding, than any other eys-
leui now known.

I have now feeding several hundred thousand
worms in various stages from hatching (6 oz, s.iy
4'J,000 now hitching) to spinning, and of course,
they will continue through most of Scplember or la-
ter. I invite attention and iuvestijiation — and will
be at all times happy to exhibit and explain to respect-
able strangers hosesti.y seeking information, and to
citizens, on Tuesdays and I'ridays, between 8 and 11,
A. M. and 3 and 6, P. 51. Idle curiosity must seek
its sources of gratificotion elsewhere.

I am joint proprietor with Mr. Morris, for the sale
of his right for all the District of Weolern New Y'ork,
being west of fjeneaee River, and prepared to fur-
nish i'ramfB immediately. Apply to E. Jlorris, Bur-
lington, N. J., or to me at Brockport — Letters must
be post paid. Yours truly, GEO. ALLEN.

Bi-oehpvTl, Monroe Co., N. Y
P. S. Aware of the eflect of the reaction which fol'
lowed the speculation in Morns multiraulie plants ;
a few years since, I nm prepared to meet with incredti-
lily and opprobium, and therefore refer for further
facts to fcupport my potition, to the operations of .Mr.
John Adams, at Adams' Basin, en the Eric Cnr.al, 15
miles west from Rochester, and 5 milrs east of Biock-
port. Mr. Adams hah made 00 bufhels cocoons this
season, at an cxptnse of less than two dollars per
busbcl; ai.d is confident that if he could have obtain-
ed suitable eggs for late hatching, (my own were ro.
coived from Burlington, per mail 17th inst.,) he could
hove Biotcrially lessened the average cxpenfo. Mis.
-^.dnuis has already reeled lOlba. silk, whiub for lus-
tre and «>enncss will saiicfy all who arc coin;eieu:
to judge of its value.

Mr. Adams has used both kinds of Blulberry, and
Morris' frames ibis season t-xclusivel}-. His expcii-
cnce in feeding in the oidiBory way, emirates a u;-
rioJ of f?iu 0- five voars. G. A.

134

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2 (»,

*' A Report on the Herbaceons Plants of Mas-

sachnsctts."
Published agreeable to an order of the LegisUihire-
By the CoinviissioncTS of the Zoological aiid Bota-
nical Survey of the Stale. Camhridse, 1841.
The Botanical Survey of the State of Mopsncbu-
sctta was assigned to two individuals. The treca and
shrnba to E. "B. Erners:in, Esq., and the Herbaceous
Plants to our esteemed fellow citizen, Uev. Chester
Dewey, Professor of Chemidtry, Botany, and Natural
Philosophy in the Berkshire Medical Institution of
Pittsiield. (Now Prin;;ipal ol the Collegiate Insiitule
at Rochester, N. Y.)

In making his report, Prof. Dewey has avoided the
objection commonly made against Scientific reports ;
namely, thut they are too technical and abstriiBC to be
useful or interesting to common readers. lie has
adjptcd a systematic and eeientiiic arrangement, and
at the same time made the descriptions popular and easy
to bo understood; and taken notice of fnuts of interest
or importance to cultivators and others. So that the
work is highly useful and interesting, not only to Bot-
anists but to common readers.

The following notice of Indian Corn will serve as
an example :

Zea. L. 19. 3. Indian Corn.

The Greek name of some kind of corn, from the
Greek word to lire, on account of its nutriment.

Z. iiuiys. L. Maize Cultivated, but indigenous
to America. It is more abundant at the South, larg-
er, and more productive, and its flour is whiter and
more excellent. The necessity of hot weather to
ripen this grain in this Ifilitude, is well known and
veriticd by the heat of the Inst summer, (18o0) when
the corn was, to a considerable extent, lipened at an
early day in September, even in Berkshire County.
It is probable that seed which would ripen earlier, or
had become belter adapted to the climate, was plant-
ed, niidthe favorable season early matured it.

There are many varieties of Indian Corn, of which
Maize is the South American name ; all of which
may be reduced to one species. Some are far more
hardy than the others. One of this kind is mention-
ed by Nuttall as cultivated by the western and north-
ern Indians, and called " Early Mnndan Corn."
Some grow and ripen in England. The value of this
grass is immense. Its stalks ajid leaves are excellent
^dder for cattle.

Indian corn was introduced into England in 15C2.
The species Z. C-iragua, W. Crods Corn, from Val-
paraiso, and which parches into a cross-like form, is
probably cultivated in some parts of the State.

As our corn is liable to bo ailcctcd and sometimes
cut olf by a too early frost, it is important to obtain
seed from a more northern section, which will be far
more likely to ripen here. Though it may bear a
smaller car, the advantage is obvious. But, when
the crop is injured by the frost, it was clearly ascer-
tained a few years since, that more corn was ripened
by cutting it up ironi the roots and placing it upright
in snnll collections, than by leaving it to stand. In
the latter case, the juice of the plant eecm.i to be
drawn to the root, in the former to be carried into the
kernels on the ear, and to bring more of them to ma-
turity.

The smut of JNIaize is Uredo jcoo, Schw., a fungus
of dingerous propel tics. Only a little is produced in
our country, and it is avoided by animals. It is said
to have a deleterious effect on those who eat it.

In reply to the objection that many of the plants no-
tice! " arc nothing but weeds," the Professor makes
the following interesting remarks:

Of the Useless Plants.

A largo number of the plants which arc considered
useless, because they havo yet no known application,
aro particularly describoil in this Report. They oc-
cupy space ; they aid in covering the earth with ve-
getable life. They are, indeed, weeds, and often
con.5idcrcd a.'! mere nuisances. What is the advan-
tage derived from them ? What object is designed
by them ? Can any one be in truth, useless ? Cer-
tainly not, is the reply to the last (picstion. The
others may receive the following answers :

1. The vegetable kingdom is the great mennsof pu-
rifying the atmosphere, so that it may sustain the
animal kingdom. Respiration of animals and various
operations ni nature, produce surh a change as tends
to make the atmoaphere unfit for its great office. Its

oxygen has become combined with carbon, or the es-
sence of charcoal, and cannot be separated by the
lungs so as to support life. This fcparntion is effect-
ed by vegetables. They lake up the carbon and res-
tore the oxygen to the atmosphere. They do this as
they grow in the air, and also as they grow in and
under water. Provision is made for the absorption of
carbonic acid by water, and tbtis food is supplied to
plants, and life to animals. This is one of the most
beautiful provisions in the economy of Divine Provi-
dence. It has sometimes been doubled whether ve-
getables were able completely to accomplish the ob-
ject. None have maintained, however, that they did
not operate largely and chiefly to this end. Even the
general opinion seems to be strongly in favor ol their
perfectly eil'ecting this purpose. To accomplish this
object, vpgetahico must be spread widely over the
earth. It might not bo sullicient to depend upon the
results of cultivation. Besides, the vegetables must
be formed for growih through all the warm season ol
the year, and in all the variety of soil, situation, cli-
mate, condition. Plants that are directly useful
would not be more likely to effect this end in all this
variety ; it is doubtful, indeed, whether the useful
plants would be so well adapted to this slate of things,
as they generally require n more favorable combina-
tion of circumstances.

To secure this end, too, it is important that a host
of plants should have no natural attractions for ani-
mals, that they may grow Triihout molestation, and
exert their influence upon the atmosphere without in-
terruption.

This end is secured by the foilnge of forests, which
is chiefly removed from all access of destructive agen-
cies.

It is a general fact that animals midtiply nearly in
proportion to the supply of food. If all vegetables
were food for animals, the entire action of a great
multitude could not be employed, as it now is, in pu-
rifying the atmosphere.

In this grand respect, all pliints arc performing a
work of the highest utility. Uneeon and silent, they
renovate the very pabulum of life.

2. Another end of the vegetable kingdom is food
for the animal. All animal life is ultimately support-
ed from the vegetable world. But animal life abounds;
tens of thousands of smaller animals, and especially of
the insect tribe, must be dependent, as well as the
larger animals and man, upon vegetables. By their
foilngc and seeds, the plants now considered as use-
less by many, may give far more support in the arti-
cle of food, than is commonly imagined. We know that
niiny small birds derive much food from seeds, as also
a host of inseets ; and yet we may be in relative ig-
norance on this subject. Even the animals of the
seas must have no inconsiderable dependence upon
vegetable substances for their support. A great
ainount of d6con:,jo'ed vegetables must be annually
poured into the gr> it reocrvoir by all the rivers.

3. Plants enrich the soil, and lit it for the produc-
tion of vegetables in greater quantity. This is true
of vegetables generally, when they live and die and
decay on their place of gro-,vih. (Jultivationoftenex-
hausls land, because no adequate return is made for
the vegetable matter removed from the fields. The
vegetables, often considered useless, will, by their de-
cay perform another important service, in enriching
the earth, ami improving the soil. It his long been
remarked, that this effect i-jllows, because the atmos-
phere contains the elements of vegetable matter, and
plants derive their support from the air as well as from
the earth. Experiment has proved that a plant will
grow and flourish without any li^od except that ob-
tained from water and the atmosphere. The reason
for giving up exhausted holds to the growth of any
vegetables for a few years, is philnsopiiical and con-
clusive. Without the great fact of vegetables enrich-
ing the earth, the reason could not exist.

4 Many important properties andapplications of these
plants may yet be discovered and made, so that ihey
may bo seen to be more dirccdy useful. Great dis-
coveries have been made in this respect within the Inst
fifty years. It cannot be doubted that the progress
of discovery is only just commenced. The beautiful
I colors for painting, colled lakes, are many of them
I obtained from vegetables and many more may yet be
procured. Cumbinations too of vegetable matter may
develope important powers. Without this, indeed,
important uses have already been seen.

5. The beauty and variety of vegetable life are in
themrelvee a useful end. In this way are displayed
the wisdom, power, ami contrivance of the Creator,
the illimitable means at his control, the efleciing of
the same ends by objects so diverso ; the adaptation
of means to ends ; the conetatM supervision of his

4jti

ill

agency ; the ceaseless variety amidst surprising on
fxrmiiy.

These are reasons amply adequate to produce an ii
;ereet in respect to all parts of vegetables. The pn g.
ification of the atmosphere alone, and preserving '^
it the due proportion of oxygen in a stale to eupp
life, invests the world of vegetables with new aura ^m
tione.

Tl»

On the Importance of Srstemntic Cnltivatiog

Hate not laborinus work, nor the husbandry which tl
.Most Hiou lias erciiteil." — Bidi.e.

Agricidture is the oldest art of which we have an
account. It was the occupation chosen by God fi
the first man, Adam. By it, nations and commun
tics are kept together. It is th* bond of union tb(
unites all society. It is an art more conducive .
health, and mor6 strictly united wiih religious ar f'"'!-
moral virtue than any other. It is inijioitan, th( *:,,J
that it should be well understood. It requires lali(
rious work, and constant application. Inquiries in'
the principles of agriculture ore like the key of V.noy
ledge, that will open unto us an extensive fie!
for inquirj'. Intelligent and patient observation w
disclose vast riches for the mind to delight in, and ac'
vast resource* (or jihysical happiness. As noih
eomcs by chance, as there is a cause, a law fur evei
thing that occurs in the universe, the inquiring cull
vator of the soil may trace those laws, and ascerta:
correcdy the theory of nature in the production ai
re-production of plants; and *hen he prosecutes the.
interesting inquires, he will obtain the most profi f
able results for his labor, both mentally and in the i
creased product of his lands. He will be a sciattiji
or natural farn)er.

Why noi? Let every man understand thorough
the fundomental principles of hia own business. Wh
a fund of knowledge may agriculturalists acquire,

Many farmers are contented to abandon their pro
tice to their own tnste and prejudices, without t
tempting to make serious iuvesiigation into the st
':ncc or principle of their business, or of trying expel
mcnts, that they may be led to adopt improved mod
of practice, Such farmers, though they may succei
in obtaining a living by their labor, will never a
Vance in knowledge or wealth, or experience the tri
happiness, dignity and independence, which th«
calling, under intcliijjent and systematic direction.
so well calculated to produce.

Practice, to be beneficial to the land, and profitab' ifit'
to the cultivator, must be in accordance with notur
laws; and so far as any success attend the labors
the most ignorant and coreless, it is only tccnu
these laws have been partially observed. It is n
enough that a man was born and bred a farmer, to ei
able him to secure the most desirable results, for,
mar be, that his breeding has not been of the best o
ler, or, if he hos been brought up on a good farn
and his mode of culture produce him better crop
keep his land in better tilth, anci yield him more pr
fit than his neighbor receives, yet the experience ■
thers will be highly Udei'ul, for the field of enquiry
large; the knowledge obtained from good books, b'
ing the record of scientific and systematic e.Tperinieni
conducted by farmers, as good, not to say better tba
himself, will be found highly serviceable to him.

When a man of superior g«niU8 appl.cs himself
the arts, experience shows us that he does it wil
greater ability, force of mind, industry, taste, or
with more inventions, new discoveries, and varioi
experiments; whereas, a common man cunlines bin
selfservilely wiihin the common road, and to his ai
cient custom. Nothing opens bin eyes, nothing raisi
him above his old hobitudes, and after many years >
patient lobor, he still continues the same, without mi
king any progress in the profession he follows.

O.ie reason of the small produce of farms, and tl
small return to the industrious farmer, is, that agricu'
ture is not generally regarded as an art, that require
rtdcs, rejlection ami study. It has loo long been n
garded as a mere manual occupation. A man is cal
cd a farmer, and is thought to have performed h'
pait, when all that he does is to plough, plant an
harvest, without rrgaid to rules or system. It
strange, ilid.;ed, that I'nrmers, who, above all olhcri'
ought to undersland the theory of soils, and the prci
duction of pinnis, and to observe the phenomenon t
nature in these particulars, as a mennsnot only of ai
ding to their knowledge, but to their eaee anci profit
should neglect them most,

Experience is above all precepts, ond makes evei
the faults we have committed conduce to our ndvan
tage, fur from doing wrong, we olien lenrn to reform
The experience, then, of the thousands of inlelligen
min'.'s, who have elucidated and brought out trnthsl

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Vo. 9.

AxND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

l;35

r El;'

tan

n BubjectB directly and indirectly bearing upon ngri-
lulture, is to be regnrdcd.

In continuntion of this subject, wc ahnll endeavor to
loint out 0 good raetUod to pursno, to enable ue to
.dopt a natural system of cultivation. We must lay
mr foundation well, commence witli primary princi-
les, and the results must be successful.

The Working-Man's HomcPtaisnres,

"I crown lliec king of inlim.itfi dcIiKhis,
Fireeiilc enjoyments, homc-liorn happiness.
And fitl the comforts that the lowly roof
(if nmlisturb'd retirement' nnil the h»nr3
Of long uninterrupted evening know.'*

CoWPER.

OKI

IC1V(

The family relation implies community of interest;
IS there is a common 8toc\, so there are common sor-
0W6 and common joyo. Put a dozen ol people to-
other in a house, and let each lead the life of a her-
1, i nit: this would be no family, even though they might
,i!| 10 blood relations. There is more of domestic life
iven iu the steerage of a pneket-ship, where like seeks
ts like, and httlc congenial groups are formed before
he voyage is over. The true glory of home is in the
niddle region o( civilization: it is absent alike from
he highest and the lowest. What can be more cbeer-
cse than the sullen selfishness of the Indian wigwam;
vhore the relenile.93 savage wraps himself up in indo-
ent dignity, while the sqaaw and childrcd are spurn-
id, as unworthy of a look — u.'.lees it be the elegant
,nd fashionable household of the prince or noble,
vherc each is independent of the other, and has his
eparalo equipage and peculiar friends. Compare with
his the cottage of the poor laborer, who returns at
wilighlto.be welcomed by every human being, and
very domestic animal; who tells over, or hears, all
he occurrences of the day, and who feels that there
6 no interest which he doei not share with every one
round him.

There is more value than «U believe, in the simple
naxim^ let familij enjoyjnenis be common to all. If
here are few who deny this, there are still fewer wlio
ict upon it in its full extent. Something of it, as I
lave said, there must be, to make a family at all.
iVe occupy tbe same house, sit around the same fire,
•nd cat at the same table. It would seem churlish,
tnd almost inhuman, to do otherwise But I am for
larrying the matter much farther, and for knitting
nore closely together those who cluster around the
ame hearth; believing that every influence is evil
fhich severs father from child, vnd brother from bro-
ber. The morsel that ie eaten alone becomes sooner
.r later a bitter morsel.

Meniocrs of the same household should feel that
hey a'e ilcpendent on one another, and should be as
ree to ask, as ready to give, assistance. Kach should
•ise in the morning with the impression, that no duty
>l the day is more urgent than to make every indi-
ridual happy, with whom he is brought into contact.
\nd this contact should be sought not shunned. It is
I bad sign, when members of the same household are
shy of one another. I do not, of course, allude here
to those horrid instances of unnatural, brutal temper,
where persons of the same blood, daily gathered
iiround the same board, refuse to speak to one anoth-
er: malice and envy must rankle deeply where this
can be the case. I refer to a more common fault,
which Bometimos e-viets where there is a degree of
real adection, but where the members of a family
have separate pursuits and separate pleasures. The
hnsty morning meal is swallowed with little inter-
course. When it is done, each hurries to his or her
peculiar lino of employment. The mother is busy in
the kitchen, the father in the flup, the sous go
their several ways. This might do well enough, if it
were confined to business, but it becomes the habit of
the hours of leisure. The father has his evenings
abroad; the sons are seldom within doors till a late
hour, and too often, she who most needs the cheering
inSuencea of the family circle, the mother, is left to
patch or darn by a dim candle, with the cradle mov-
ing at her feet, during those hours in which her
daughters are laughing or singing among their yovmg
company. All this is highly undesirable. The eve-
nings of the industrious family may be, ard ought to
be, deligbtlul seasons of joint sntifactions. If we
must have evening parties of friends, let there be n
proper mingling of sexes and ages. The presence of
tbe old may tn a degree moderate the mirth of the
young, but in the same proportion the aged will be
enlivened. This parcelling and assorting society, like
labelled packages in a ehop, is becoming too common
and in my judgment injurious. Tue young folks
must be nil together; and the childion must be all to-
gether; and if matters go on thus, we may live to see
parties of greybsarda and parties of aucklings. No!

!,l

wherever it is possible, let the family chain be kept
bright and whole. In the|houee8 of the industrious,
it is surely broken often enough by separation at work
during the day.

Instead of thus living apart, which engenders sel-
lishncss and moroscness, I love to see the members
of families flowing together, like congenial drops.
There arc some houses in which no one makes a con-
fident of another: if one would learn the secret of his
brother, he must go abroad for it. This is unnatural,
and wholly evil; incompatible with the itVnnknees of
simple love. Show me the father often waliting with
his sons, and these sons often with one another, not in
business merely, but in sports; and I shall think 1
see a virtnous and happy household.

There is one particular in which the principle 1
have laid down may have n very important applica-
tion. I mean the cause of mental improvement. The
rule should here bo, so far as possible, let the pursuit
of knowledge in every family be a joint pursuit. For
many reasons this is desirable in every house, but it is
almost indispensible in the house of the working-man.
It wakes up the spirit of improvement; it saves time
and expense, and it gives tenfold zest to the refresh-
ments of leisure. To take one of the simplest instan-
ces, I wonld, in two words, say to every working-
man, Uaid aloud. If the book is borrowed, this is
often the only way in which every one can get his
share. If the family is very busy — and the female
members of all industrious families are as much so in
the evening as in the day — the reading of one will be
as good as the reading of all, and while one reads, a
dozen may knit or sew. There are many persons
who enjoy much more and retain much better what is
read to them than what they rend themselves: to the
reader himself, there is a great diflerenee in favor of
reading aloud, as it reganls the impression on his
own mind. The members of the circle may take
turns, and thus each will have a chance of learning,
what so few really attain, the art of correct and agree-
able reading. Occasion is thus oflered for questions,
remarlis, and general discourse; and it is almost im-
possible for conversation to flag, where this practice
i3 pursued. With this method, the younger members
of a family may be saved in a good degree from the
perusal of frivolous and hurtful books ; and, if a little
foresight be used, a regular course of solid or elegant
instruction might thus be constantly going forward,
even in the humblest family.

But the moral and social effects of such a practice
are not less to be regarded. Evenings thus spent
will never be forgotten. Their influence will be
daily felt in making every member of the circle more
necessary to all the rest. There will be an attractive
charm in these little fireside associations which will
hold the sons and daughters back from much of the
wandering which is common. It will be a cheap,
wholesome, safe enjoyment, and it will be alUhis, at
home.

The gains of an afleetionate family ought to be
shared and equalized; the remark is true of all de-
grees and kinds of learning. Study has a tendency
To drive men to solitude, and solitude begets selfish-
ness, whim, and inorosci-'-es. There are some house-
holds in which only one person is learned; this one,
however amiable, has, perhaps, never thought of shar-
ing his acquisitions with a brother or a eistor. How
seldom do men communicate what they have learned
to their female relations: or, as a man once said in
my heaving, " Who tells news to his wife? " And
yet how easy would it be, by dropping a word here
and a word there, for even a philosopher to convey
the chief residt of his inquiries to those whom he meets
at every meal. I have been sometimes surprised to
see fathers, who had made great attainmems, and
who, therefore, knew the value of knowledge, ab-
staining from all intercourse with their sons, upon the
points « hich were nearest their own hearts. In fam-
ilies where the reverse of thi3 is true, that i?!, where
ihe pursuits of the house have been a j.^int buEinc;^.
it is common to sec a succession of persons eminent
in the same line. Thus, among lingnitts, the Bux-
torfe; among painters the Vernets and the reales;
among muticinns, the Garciaa; in literature, the
Edgcworthi;, the Taylors, and the Wirts.

There are some pleasures which, in their very na-
ture, are social; these may be used to give a charm to
the working-man's home. This is more true ofno-
thmg than music. Harmony implies a concurrence
of parts, I have seen families so trained that every in-
dividual had his allotted pai't or insirument. Lot the
thing, however, be conducted by some rule. If pro-
per pains be taken with children, while they are yet
young, they may all bo taught to sing. Where cir-
cumstances favor it, instrumental muac may be ad-

ded. It is somewhat unfortunate that American wo-
men practice almost entirely upon the more expen-
sive instruments; and it is not every man who can or
ought to give two hundred and fifty dollars for a pi--
ano-forte. In countries where the guitar is a com-
mon accompaniment, it is within the reach ot the
poorest. There may ho lovely music, however, with-
out any instrument. The most exquisite music in
the world, I mean that of the pope's Sistine Chapel,
is known to be such. There is great room for eelec
tion, however, both as to music and words. It is the
height of folly to buy every new thing which comes
from the nuisic-eellers. So far as words are concern-
ed, a full half of v;hat they publish is nonsense, or
worse; and I have blushed to see a young lady turn-
ing over what she very properly railed her " loose
music." Those persons, thcrefoje, dcserveour thanks
who from time to time are publishing in a cheap fiirm
such secular music as is proper for families. I hers
refer chiefly to euch works ns Kiugaloy's Social Choir,
Mason's Odeon, and the Boston Glee Book.

But, after all, and without any reference to religion,
the best niusie is sacred music. It is on this that the
greatest masters have laid out their strength; it is this
which most suite the chorus of many voices. Secu-
li.r pieces, as commonly publislicil, are intended to
be sung by few, or by a single voice; but sacred com-
positions admit of the strength "fa whole company.
And it is truly delightful to drop into one ofthosa
families where the evenings are sometimes spent in
this way. There is the eldest daughters at the piaiio-
forte, accompnnicd by the eldest son upon the violin.
Another son and two daughters lead off vocally, with
the principal melody, while a neighboring youth
plays the tenor, and sings the same part. The old
gentleman in spectacles labors at his violincello, and
two or three flutes come in modestly to complete the
orchestra; while ncices, nephews, cousins, friends,
and, perhaps, suitors, fill up the sounding chorus
with right good will. This is, indeed, something
more than a mere family meeting, but it is what
grows out of it; and when the evening ends, and
some little refreshments have gone around, the transi-
tion is not abrupt from this to the social worship,
when all voices join once more in a happy evening
hymn. — The Workinsman.

For the New Genesee Farmer,
Mom.

BY D. tV. C. ROBERTS.

Whietling far through ether, springs
The early lark on soaring wings;
The sombre mists of midnight flee
With tbe dews off grass and tree;
As Morn, all decked, and smiling led.
Peers o'er the mountain's distant head.
Lo! her chariot's joyous train
Sweeps the heavens' cerulean plain!
Flowers, gemmed with diamond dew,
All the crystal pavcraente strew;
Aireof riclrest fragrance blow.
Floods of rarest music flov/;
The merry song of chanticleer.
And loo of kino, fall on the car:
The milkmaid, singing, seeks her cow;
The Farmer hastens to the i)loHgh,
Thus life and j'..y, on every hand.
Prevail when Morn comes o'er the land!

; BucUthorn Heilge.
If any gentleman wishes to see a beautiful buckthorn
hedge, he may be cratitied by stopping at the rcsidenco
of the editor, in Cambridge. Wc are satisfied, from
our o-,vu experience, that tanners mig'ot adopt th's
mode of fencing enclosures with succees. It would
be a perfect protection agairj?! all animals that usually
trespass on their grounds. The plant is not only use-
ful for this purpose, but is highly ornamental, fto
wor^ii ur borer attacks the root or tbe stem: no insect
preys upon the foilage. It is also of rapid growth;
and in six years it may be raised from tbe seed to a
elate of maturity euflicient to afford the protection re-
quired And the best recommendation of all is, per-
haps, that it will last as long as its owner or his heirs
may need it. Our plants were procured s.x years ago,
from Mr. Derby, of Salem, who it is well known, has
a specimen of the hedge which surpasses any thing ot
the kind in Maasachueetls.— Bosd'it Conner.

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

KOCIUGSTEK, 8Ii;PTE;»BEIl, l&il.

Graud Agiicsiltuia! Fair at Syracuse.
o» TiiK 29th asu oCth of septjjmbkr.
The arrnngoments and rcgulotiona for ihe N. Y.
Siste Fair will bo found on page 132 of this paper. —
(Tiio list of premiums was publiehcd in uur July
number.) Judging from iho preparaiiiina which art
making, and che general intercet wliiidi Ib niauifcsud
In th9 6Ul ject, wen e wr.tiilent tLn; this exhibition
will be B grand ofTnir — worthy of tho farmers of the
Enpire Siale. We wdl not insult the good eciisc o(
our r aders by ( ff;ring any arguments lo cmvince
them that they will derive both benefit and pleasure
j'rora attending this Fair, for we believe every intcUi.
gent farmer is aware of it ; and we trust every such
one who can, will be there. Those who cannot or
will not go are mora to be pitied than binmed; (or
their'awiU be the lots. But we wish to remind our
readers that if they intend to go, and expect to be
btnefttd thereby, it is tLcir duty, to contribuie
aemething to the common stock. They ought to
join ;bc Society, and pay nt least their dollar, and i
possible carry something for exhibition. The E.\cc.
nlivo Committee have placed much reliance on the
formers of the Western Counties for aid in gcltinc
rp thiaFair, and if ihcy arc disappointed the repuln
tion of Western New York will eiiffer. Those who
lire near the hncof the cnnal can eoeily transport an-
imals to Syracuse from almost anv distance; and
those wiio cannot send animals should send something
els;, 60 as 10 help to give interest and variety to the
show.

Two P«ck«t Bosts and two trains of Rail Rond
c irs le^ve liochcsier daily for Syriicu6c — both pleas-
nnt. clicop, and expeditious modes of travelling. —
Quite a niiinberof iucmcrs in this vicinity have al
ready eqiressed ihar detorminntion to attend — wo
ox ^ci to see at least o boat load irom jMonroe.

M. B. Batiziiam, of tli3 Rnclirater Seed Store, it
wil be seen is niipoiutcd one of the Committee of Ar-
racjorner.ls. He v.iil be happy to receive the names
ot ii^cmbcra fur the Society, and tliose in this region
who intend lo exhibit animals or implcmenls, are rc-
riueeled lo notify him tijereof, previous lo the 20lh
iiist.

Drstrncfive Haii Ptorr.i.

TA most dettrinlive storm of hail occured in this vicini-
ty cii Sunday afternoon, Aug. 2'Jib. It loininenctd its-
ourte .-.bout tlueo inilcs south of the city, oiidpaseed
ofi in a Norih-tinsterly d.'.'ection, over n S|'ace about
e?ven miles in length and one in hreiidtli. The hnil
atones were \ery large; many of them measuring
f.-oin ■! to live inches in cireuniference ; and being nc-
CJnipinied wit!) n gale ol wind their force was very
dsiruciivc to windows, i<nrdenfl, Orchnrd", and <rops.
Toe d'-vastiit on commenced near the County Poor
Ilousc, 111 wiiicli Ijiuliling it destroy; d aTV.) liglite of
glais. The hue new green hoiiseof ICIIwnngcr &
Barry, near i\Ji. Hope, had almost evciy light oT' gloss
br»kon, amuniuing to nc arly 2,000 feet ; bcsidee
which gteit damage was done to their choice stock ol
plants, end young (mil tries. (Their budding was
partly destroyed by fire the following d.iy ! The
loss Buetained by these cnterpriamgyoung ni.-'u is very
severe, and much to be rcgretlrd.) Pa«eing over the
ea -.em part of the city, the hail broke die %i-;ndows
o( iinmcroue dwellings, ineludins ih^ Seward .Semi-
Jii y, Altxandcr's Tavern &c., liiid gicntiv injured
i.ie line gardensand oicharda which abom'id in that
vic.iiily. Several niarliet Gardeners have lostneaily
/ill ll;c:r crops — the reward of n whole season's labor.
Mr SUcuok of Brighton, had slmiit .$1,000 worth of
I -.t;!! B ami npplcj dcttioj-sd. Mefpie. Pitkin.

jioodman, Hayward, Culver, Lockwood and others
ave also sullered great loss of choice fruit. Mr. C.
r^ Crotman has lost a large portion of his crops ol
'jarden teels &.c I; is said that birds, and even
,'ecec wf re killed by the !iail ; and some cattle in an
■pen field, which were slnrghtered in tho evening,
verc covered with the marls of bruises, when their
aides were taken off. Watei melons were brought in-

■o town the day folli»wing, e^ime cut entirely opeir
with the hnil, aud others with holes in thcni, sliow-
lUg where the siancs hnd entertd. Tkc croiis of
corn and potatoes were mortly too far advanced to bo
destroyed, nIthongU late pieces nre much injured —
[be leaves being literally cut into ahreds. Suchastoir.i
was never known before in this region, and we hoi.e
may never be again.

STraiP PriililXG MAC'IISXE.

Having been repcsledly rcquesled to publith a detcripiion rf a JMai hine fo;- cvtraclirg Slumps frrni land,
we have, at considerable e.\p(nse oblained a discription and engraving of the most ciiicicnt one fcr the pur-
pose within our knowledge. The above rppresenlntion, admiraoly drasvn and engraved by two young artists
of this city, will convey so accurate an idea of the machine that but little explanation is neccEsary.

A, the sills on which the frame work is erected; ter, 150 feet long, lo the end of which the power is

the side ones 7J, and the cros^ ones 4 feet long, mode
of 5 inch square timber. Under these sills are three
more cross sills under which planks arc fixed with

applied. LL, two rollers to prevent the friction of
the rope against the sides of the machine.

The chain, TiJ, is attached to each cud of tho iron

the front end turned up like the (ront of a sled or shaft, by a strong bolt and screw, and extends about

stone boat, to facilitate Ihe lemoval of the macine by
dragging over the ground. iiiJB. the upright posts,
three on each side 4 feet high, 3 by 4 inch atufl', the
middle one standing 2 feet from the front and 4 feet
from tho rear of the ninchiiic. C. girths 12 inches

4 feet double, wh«re it conveiges together and is
unilcfl by a triangular link aud then extends single
4 feet further and termiuatcs with a hook and swivel
as shown in the engraving. I'hc chain must hereiy
slrinig, made of the best of iron, the single part of 1 J

wide, t'J thick, framed into the posts. Several short I and the double IJ inch wire, the links smnll and short
girths ot this description are framed across the ma- ' like ship cable. Another strong chain 10 or 12 feet
chiuo and contain iron boxes for the shafts to turn in. long, with a hook one end and a ring the other, is
/>, the roof or cover, with 1 foot slope to protect the , placed around the top of the stump intended to be cx-
macliine from wet. £, n large cist iron s-hnft 4 feet tracted, and this is connected with the chain attached
long, 5J inches in diameter at the ends and swelled ' to the machine by a number of eonneciiug rods (A'J
to GJ. in the middle, on one end of which is a strong I made of ]J inch iron, 10 feet long, with a strong
oast iron spur wheel fF) 3J feet in diameter, with , hook one end and an eye the other, as represented
5! cogE. G, a pinion wheel 7i in^dies in diameter, ' above. There should be a sutllciont number of these

with y cogs to mesh into the spur wheel, and placed
on a wrought iron shaft f HJ passing through the
whole length of tho machine, 2J inches square near
the pinion wheel, but tapering towards each end. /,
the Clank, outside, in front of the machine, on the
end of the wrought iron shaft, by which to wind up
the slack of the rope, and nt the saiiic time unwind
the chain. K, a wooden drum, oA feet in diameter,
and Ij wide, atiai'bcd lo the shaft by iron arms.

rods to extend 100 feet or more. These rods coat
less, and are much easier handled than heavy chains.
Now go on the other side of the machine, and on
the upright posts, level with the large shaft you seo
two strong rings attached to heavy plates of iron
reaching to and forming bo.xes around the ends of the
shnft. To these rngr- t-vo strong chains are attached
by which the machine is anchored to a stump or some
other inir.ov;b c o'ljcit. It will readily bo seen that

aiound which winds a ttrong rope li inch in diamc- t ih'' pn*or acts ns much on one a He of the muchine as

No. 9.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

137

the other, nnJ coiisequenlly it niusl be firmly secured
to prevent its being displaced or tnrncd over. By
placing ibe cliain around ilie top of the slump to be
extracted, and anchoring the machine to the bottom
jf thconf on the other side, the 'brmcr will give way
first although it may be larger than the latter. The
asual plan is, to commence operating near tho outside
jf the lot, and after fastening the machine to a Krm
Hump, extract all within reach of the chains, leaving
only one good one within reach to which it may ne.\t
« fastened in order to extract tlic Pu'ner one. Jf it
e desired to extract a stump where'there is no other
ma t> wliicii to fasten the machine, a hole must be
Jug in the ur«und and a strong post set in it, well
iraced to the top on the side towards the machine;
ilace the chain around it eloss to the ground, and if
he stump is not very strongly rooted it will come out
vithout much trouble.

'I'he manner in which the machine operates must
tow appesr obvioas to all. A yoke of o.\en draw on
be rops; this turns the druir\ and the small wheel,
nd that turns the large wh el and shaft so as to wind
p the chain very slowly but with immense power.
V single yoke of oxen drawing on the rope gives a
ower equ.l to tliirh/-Jice or forti/ yoke on the chain;
) that somstliing must inevitably givo icay. It will
sadily be seen that the machine must be well made,
nd the chain very strong, especially if large and
rmly rooted stumps are to be pulled.
This machine was a good deal us:d in this State 10
r 13 years ago, but we have not seen or heard
inch of it of late. It was called " Pratt's Patent
tump Extractor." A Mr. Drake, we believe, was
roprietor of the right in this Slate; but whether the
Item or the patentee, is aliv* now, we have not been
)!e to ascertain. We will endeavor to give informa-
on on this point next month. Ono of the machines
\ m be seen on the farm of Mr. Whitney near this
' ty, from which the above drawing was taken. If
ly persen within a few miles of this place desires to
fe it, it ctn d lubiless be hired on reasonable terms.
It weighs about l.'JUO iiounds and is hung on wag-
Mi wheels e ) as to he conveniently transported.
In an old paper handed ns by Mr. Whitney, nn
ngineeron the Chemung Canal ce.-tilies that one of
ese machines extracted Gi stumps between 2 o'clock
idsunJjwn, and on another section 2:i0 were ex-
acted in one d.iy. Another certiltcate, signed by
ght pe sons, states that they saw this machine with
le yoke of oxen, extract 17 white pine stumps of
)od size in 52 minutes, without any of the roots bc-
ig previously cut: and remove a barn 22 feet eqnare
•nlainiug about 2 tons of hay and grain, with only
6 power of live men applied to ihe rope. Another
ites that a large green pijn tree, moasuring 12 feet
circumference and 150 feet in height was drawn
»wn by this machine, the chain being a i;ilied 22 feet
)ai the ground. Tjc depth of soil broken up by the
>U of the t c J v.'as between five and sU feet, and the
irffice 22 by '.',') iVet.

Auiiiiiiiinl Pianllns:.

A friend hns rciuested ua to caution our realtors

»ain3t planting out trees in the fall ol the year in

03C clays. Witcn the hole is dug, it holds icaUr

u a tub — :he trco is put in and there amongst loose

ilU it has to .soai till spring. Hardy indeed, must

the one that can bear it. In our last volun e, page

8, we mentioned a remarkable ciso of this kiii'',

itb the complete succces that followed undtr- Iraii -

g; and we can now state another: L''5t fnll, tl c

eaent Corresponding Secretary of the Cayuga Conn

Agricultu:'al Society planted shade trees in front

Uis now mansion in Auburn, part in a sandy loam

id part in a heavy clay. All tho la'.tcr died, and all

c former lived.

A ircnch fullicienily deep may be made with the
plough, by turning out the caith t'roni ihc same line
several tin.cj in succession. When the butttm of
the furrow is made smooth, straw, ccrn-stalks, pota-
to tops, chips, brush or old rails, may be laid in, the

trees planted, and the earth returned to its place.
With a proper dcf?c«tit, all llie soaklngs of the ground
will pass off, and the trees will be fully eslablithcd
in the soil before Ibofe aub&iantes decoy; but even
then, there will be a Eeam through which the water
can percohiLe. t

T21E .«5!riSTEXI>EI> BEE-HIVE.

We some time since acknowledged the receipt of a litile woik cmitled, " Bee Breeding in the West,' by
Thomas AlHeck, Editor of the Western Farmer & Gardener; and hiving given it a careful examination W8
find it so interesting and instructive that we make some extracts from it. The main points at which the au-
thor aims, are, Ist, Preventing the deproda'.ions of the moth or worm, and, 2d, Obtaining tho surplus honey
without destroying the bees. The^c advantages he contends can best be secured by the U6e of the SuLUiidcd
Dee-Hire; and his arguments are the more convincing from the eircimstance that his ehj.ict is not to favor
any patent ri<rht, or maker of bee-hives; for the invention hs describes is not patented, and ke gives directions
by v\hich any common joiner can cons'iuct the hives. He points out several objections to the difi'erent "im-
proved hives" now in use; the principal one of which is, that they compel the bees to work vpiourds, wh;la
their natural habits ahvays lead them t'> work doicnioiirds. This point he requires should be kept constantly
in mind, and contends tba t no apiarian csn long prove successful who practically disregards it: as by repeat-
edly robbing the bees of the new comb and compelling them to breed succcstve swarms in the old, the prc»
geny will inevitably deteriorate in size. We should like to hear the opinions of those who have long used
the Vermont and similar hives, on this subject. But to the work: —

When the bee is left to itself to seek a homo in the

woods, it pitclies i;,)on a hoilow tree or a crevice in
me clilfj!, and commences at ihe extreme to]!, theie
forming its first comb. As the cells .11 e formed, the
Queen'jluther deposits her eggs in tkem, rcgidaily
using the now ones for this purpose, and that only
once; she rarely places an egg in the same cell a
second time, so long as there is epcco for the forma-
tion of new ones. So soon as the young bee leaves
the cell, the workers clean it out, removing every-
thing but lh« rymphal robe, or white covering with-
in which the larv.T3 underwent its iransfonna'.ion,
which is pressed down to the boitoin and coverd over
with a thin coat of wax. This, of coiirte, diminishes
the size of the cell, which is then used l..r ihe reccp-
lion of honey; while the succession of eggs, as be-
firc remarked, the Queen's instim/t tenches her to 1 'J
deposile in the newly formed, full sized cells. So
long as their supply of l.iod is abuiidr.nt, and suOici-
ent'space is allowed them below, they go on increas-
ing: but to what cxicnt has not yet been determined.
Itleems probable that there must be a limit to tho
procrcative powers of the Queen; and as no two
queens can exist, in a state of frc."rioni, in the same
liive, all plnns which are intended to ptcvent ihcir
following their natural mode of increase— by swarm-

engnged in the lower part of the bellow or crevice,
and do not even perceive the theft; nor do they suf.
lor by being deprived of those iij'per combs, whiefi
have become eupeiflnous, by the new stock of pro'.i
sione, t\*hieh they go on. instinctively accumulating,
in their uninterrupted descending opsrations. Here
the whole secret of nature is laid open — liow to rob
them without doing them the least injury!"

Tho-e who have adopted the plan of adding an
empty box on the lop of the permanent hive, thiul<.
they hare made the same discovery, and that they are
I acting up to it. But tlicy overlook, in ibeir method
several nioet imjiortart facts — that i; conipcls the bec«
to breed, year r.fter year, in the same box: and of
course they must use the same cells for the repeated
liRtcliings, which thus become continually diminished
in siz', by Ibe addition (f two or three nympbal robes
in a sor.sen; i:ntil the dilicrence between the beea
from such a hive and from a thriving young one, is
apparent to the most careless observer. Then, whei»
so managed, they !)reed but little; the swartns "cca
sionally thrown ofi'are weak and inellicient, ondriro
ly exist through the first winter unassisted. "■ *

By a carclul compariton of the young bees from an
old liive, the cells i:i which have become much dimin-
ished ill size, with those from fresh hive, the dif-

ing— must end in lailurc. ^ ,_,..,_., ... ^ ^^.j,^ 1 ference in their size and thrifty appearance will bo at

They Ihus go on, as is their habit both in n ., ,... . perceived. New honev,'or that wbicli has been

and domesticated state, woiking always downward, | o"=fJ',^;f^;;_^'_|- J^^^^ \^^';JX WM, .vl.ii.r nn,l borer
their winter's store of honey at the top of the

eaviu_

nive, and congrc:

aling with their Queen, round those
cells' which contain their eggs and Inriffi.

It v.'as his observation of this fact, that such was
their invariable practice, that ledthe French writer,
to whom 1 am indebted for the first idea of the sub-
tended hive, and who originated the two-storied hive,
to adopt the plan of aidiiig his boxes below, and al.
lowing the bees to follow their natural cour.se. In
it is evident, if wc.in-

made the same season, though both whiter and tuirer
I to the eye, is neither so tine flavored nor so whole-
I some as that which has undergi^ne. as it were, a tern-
\ pcrin s in the hive. In a good, thrifty hive, there ii
I just that degree of heat kept up, that is necessary to
prevent the honey becoming candied in ibe celU — if
once allowed to got into that state, age does not im-
prove nor afiijct.

If the farmers of the west will think efthcse things,
and bestow a few ol the many hours which they 11 .ht

le'nd'wrob bees',''"hu's'lodyecl in a 'h.oliow'tice'or cleft '< tbrow'iway'in idleness, on 'the ..arc of a lew slan-'s
.a rock, without injuriuS them, we must attack the j of becs-acquirc a knowledge of their na u,-e an. Ir-
tore at tho top. There the combs are easily remoy- bits, and apply that """"■'.^^K'^J'',''';-'"" '> ' '•' '■''!

"d b-caae tile bees hive Itft them, and are bu-:ily | management of tbem-sowiug cnia.l pauUcs of m.cU

138

THE NEW GEiNESEE FARMEIl,

Vol. 2.

plnnls as migniocue mid white cljver, to yield ihem
pasturage — th"/ would improve thoir cotidition as
men, add greatly to their own wealth, and botc an-
nually to ilic country ojme milliona of dollars that arc
now lo3'.. • • •

Tlie certain destruction occasioned by tlic moth, if
it e/i'e..ta a lodgement, is the principil »iid most seri-
ous bnr to succejslui bec-ttecding in this region at
tue present day.

JJunierouB plans have been published for their pre
voniion, sjme of which were good^Kjtbere worthless.
The only ones that hare been successful, are tlioee
that have had for their object tte eni.re excluaion ot
the moth; and the keeping each hixe in « strong, heal-
thy cjndition, in a box or hive projiortioned to their
strength, fc-> ihit they were enabled to defend thern-
Belve* from (1*7 invnilers. • » •

in aliipting a plan for the keeping and manage-
ment of lje€3, several important poinia nnist be con-
sidered. It must combine simplicity with conveni-
ence; and cheapness with durability. It must allow
of the iuniales i»rocecding in their own natural way:
of tiicpi'.>|)rietor removing honey when it c«n be spar-
ed, without disturbing or injuring the bees. It must
alibrd them; durinj; winter, a warm and dry hsbita-
tion; and in summer a cool and airy one. Its en-
trances mnst be so arra".ged, as to allow th« hces a
free passage, and yet enable them to debnd them-
selves from cnomies. It luust aiford, with a reason-
able degree of care, complete protection against the
moth; and facilities fir putting two or mors weak
swarms together, where they come off late in the sea-
son. And it ought to give the proprietor control over
his bees, as perfect as the nature ot the insect will
admit of

All this and more can be attained by the uae of the

SIDTESDEI) HIVE.

It is a simple and economical plan; of easy man-
agement; and one within the means of any farmer
who can handle a enw, a platie and a hammer.

Tne bo.xes of which it ie composed, arc farmed of
good, well-seasoned pine plank — if posiibie, free from
knots and wind-sbokea. It ought to be at least one
inch thick. The boxes may be ten, eleven or twelve
inches square, in the clenr. Let the plank bo dress-
ed on each side, and jointed on the edges, so as to lit
close, without being tongued and grooved. Before
nailing them together at the sides, lay a thin strip of
thick white lead painton the edge to be nailed, which
will render it impervious to the ovipositor of the moth.
In the top cut two semicircular holes at the front, and
two at the back, of one inch an a half in diameter —
the straight side being in n line with the back and
front of the bo-t, so that the bees may have a straight
road in their way from one story to the other. I'ut
the top on without any layer of paint, using eight
atout screw nails, that it miy bo taken off to facilitate
the removal of the honey. Give the outside of the
box two coats of white lead paint, all except the top;
and let it be done so long before it is necessary to use
it, as that the emcll mny be dissipated, os it it very
otfensivi! to the bees. I'our a little melted bees-wax,
while pretty hot, over the inside of the top, which
Will enable the bees to attach their comb much more
firmly. Let three-quarters of in inch of the tbiekiiess
of the lower edges of iho box in the inside bo bevel-
led off, so as to leave but about one-fourth ol an inch
of surface to rest upon the stand — this will all'ord leas
filiclter for the egg^ of the moth.

Wc will siippcae the boxes, thus made, to be n cube
of twelve inches inside. In that case, the tunnel
stand will be inado thus. Take a p'ece of two inch
plank, free from knots and shakes — what carpenter's
xorm clan stuff; length 26, and breujth IS inches.
Ten inches from one end, and two fro.m the other and
from each side, is marked a flquarc of fourteen inch-
es. From the outside of this square, the hoard id
dressed off, with an even slope, until its thickness at
the front eilgo is reduced to half anincli, and at the
other three edges to nhjut an inch. The square is
then reduced to twelve inchei, in the centre of which
ia bored an inch auger hole; to this hole, the inner
squaie ia also gradually sloped to the depth of an
inch; thus sccurina the bees from any poasibilily of
wet I idging ab-iut their hive, and affurdiiij/ them free
ventillation. There will then bo a level, sfnooth stiip
of one inch in width, sniTounding the square of li!
inches, on which to set thehox or hive, 'i'wo inches
from the front edrro of the stand, commence cutting ;i
t!ianno; twj inches in width, and of such a depth as
to carry it O'.it, on an even slope, half way betwri n
the inoor edge ot the hive, and the ventillating bnle
ill the centre. Over this, fit in a strip of wood as
neatly as possible, dressing it down even with the
el-jpe of the stand, so as to leave a tunnel two inches

in width byn quarter of an inch in depth. Under the
centre hole, and over the outlet of the tunnel, nong
small wire grates, the one to prevent the entrance of
other inseclfi; and the oihor to bo thrown bock to per-
mit the "xit of the bees, or fastened down to kceii
them a; home in clear, sun-shining days in winter.
For feet to the stand, use four or five inch screw-
nails, screwed in, from below, far enough to be firm
The lov/er side ought also to be planed eiiiooth; and
the whole should have two coats of white paint some
lime before it is wanted. • • »

lUitatiun of Crops.

This is a subject of great interest to the Farmer:
And yet few points in Agricultare are less understood.
The importance of the systematic rotation in crops is
nowhere set foith in briefer or clearer terms, than in
one ef the Agricultural lectures of Dr; Daubeney,
Professor of Rural Economy in ihc University of Ox-
ford. (By the bye, why are our American Colleges
so destitute of instruction in ikat branch of know-
ledge !) Annexed is an extract frem that discourse;
an extract which, if properly appreciated by our far-
ming readers, will alone be worth more than the
cost of the New Genesee Farmer for an ordinary life-
time.— Read it, my trend — reHcct on it — and guide
your operations by the important principles which it
developce:

" Those plants ought to succeed each other which
contain different chemical ingredients," says the in-
telligent Professor, " so that the quantities of each
which the »jil at any given lime contains may
bo absorbed in an equaljrntio. Thus a productive
crop of corn ceuld not be obtained without the phos-
phates of lime and ijiagueiia, which ore prteseni in
the grain, nor without the silicate of potass, which
gives stability to the Elailts. It would be injudicious
therefore, to sow any plant that lequired much of any
of the above ingredients, immediately alter having di-
minished the amount of them present in the soil by a
crop of wheat or of any other kind of corn. But on
the other hand, leguminous plants, such as beans, are
well calculated to succeed to crops of corn, because
they contain no free alkilis, and less than one per
cent, of the phosphates. They thrive, therefore, ev-
en where these ingredients have been withdrawn,
and during their growth nliiird time for the ground to
obtain a Iresh supi'ly of them by a further disintegra-
tion of the subjacent rock. For the same reason,
wheat and tobacco may sometimes be reared in suc-
cession in a soil rich in potass, because the latter
plant requires none of those phosphoric salts which
arc iireseiit in wheat. In order, however, to proceed
upon certain data, it would be requisite that an analy-
sis of the plants most useful to man should be accont-
liliahed in die diflerent stages of their growth, a lab-
or which has hitherto been only partially undertaken.
It is a curious fact that the snine plant differs in con-
stitution when grown in different climates. Thus, in
the beet root, nitre takes the place of sugar when this
plant is cultivated in the wniiner pans of France. —
The e.xplnnation of this difference ia probably as fol-
lows: Beet root contains, ns "n essential ingredient,
not only saccharine matter but oleo nitrogen; and it
is probable that the two are mmually so connected to-
gether in the vegetable tissue that the one cannot ex-
ist without the oO'.er. The nitrogen being derived
Irom the decomposition of ammonia, niu=t be effected
by any cause which diminishes the supply of the lat-
ter; and in proportion as this ingredient is wonting,
the secretion of eug.ir will likewise fall off. Now it
has been shown by Liebig that the formation of nitric
acid ia owing to the decomposition of ammonia; and
it is conceived by liim that the last products of the de-
composition of animal bodies present tbeniselvcs in
the fo.m of arnnionia in cold cliiuntes, and in that of
niuicaeid in warm onts. Hence in proportion to
the amount of nitric acid formed, and of nitre abeoib-
od by the plant, that ol the nitrogen, and consequent
iy that of the saccharine matter present in it may be
diminiabed.

Dy order of Government, the roads in Prussia ore
lined on each side with fruit ireen. Noticing that
some ofHhcm had a wisp of straw attached to them, I
enquired of the coachman what it meant. IIo replied
that the straw was intended ns n notice to the public
not to take fruit fnmi those trees wi'hont special per-
mission. "I fear," said I, "that such a notice in my
country, wiu'd but be an invitation to attack ihem."

"Habtns sie kcins tchalen?" (Have you no schoolsJ
was his eignificont rejoinder. — Prof. Stoice.

From tht f^'eu England Farmer.

Early Suppers.

By late suppers I do not mean a fourth meal, such
as is often token in fashionable life, for I have seldom .J
known our pinin agricidlural families oddicted to thia ^ j
practice. They leove it chiefly to the inhabitants of
lar»e towns and cities, to go to the closet at 9 or 10
o'clock in the evening, when they ought to go to bed
and toko a meal of cold ham or tongue, and bread
and butter, or something else quite as difficult of di-
gcfiion.

But by late suppers among our farmers, I mean the
usual third meal, deferred to on umeaeonable hour —
to 7 or 8 o'clock, or even later. I have known ma-
ny a firmer who made it his constant practice at all
seasons, to work as long as he could see, and not to
take supper till his work was finished; consequently
his hour of snpper, during a part of the season, would
be from 8 to 9 o'clock — never earlier than 8, and of-
ten when the fields were but a little distance from the
house, as late ns nine.

The best and most thriving farmers I hove ever
known, however, take supper at precisely 6 o'clock,
even in haying and harvesting. I know that a thou-
sand objections may be brought to such early hour,
especially in the month of June, July and August; but
I know too, they con be met.

Some years since, having finished our haying, (I
resided then in New Coventry, Conn.,) I took my
scythe and went into the employ, for a short time, of
David H. Warner, in Litchfield county, whose grata
was rather later than cur's, and consequently was not
yet all cut. At that time I had not known of any
other way than to work till dark and cat supper when
we could.

But Mr. Warner bod supper uniformly, at six
o'clock. Whatever the weather might be, and bow-
ever pressing the work might seem to be, he requir-
ed us nil, at six, to suspend work and " come to tea,"
as it was called. This consisted of a light repast;
wholesome and perhaps rather too sol: , or I might
say heavy, but not luxurious. When this meal was
finished, which occnided, including a little conversa-
tion, about half an hour, we were permitted to go to
work again if we choose. In general, however, all
we did was to grind our scythes and get ready for the
next day.

I do not soy that when, by some unforscen occur-
rence— an accident or a shower — a very pressing ne-
cessity seemed to exist of dcr'erring supper half an
hour to get in a load of hay or oats, it was never done;
for I believe itwaseo; though I saw mlthing of the
kind while I was there. It takes no longer to grind
scythes at evening than it does in the morning; and
Mr. W.'e workmen were ready to go to mowing in
the morning, in the cool of the day, ond while the
grass cuts easily, instead of being compelled to spend
a part of the best of the morning in making prepaia-
tions which ought to have been made the night be-
fore. And having began betimes and got ahead of
their day's work, tL-.'v were net obliged to mow so
late in the forenoon in the great heat. As soon as
the ground and swath were dry enough to spread,
their mowing was finished for the day, and they were
ready to attend to it. And thus by being an hour or
two earlier in the morning, and by keeping btj'ore
their work, they found it as easy to get through at
six, as others at eight.

lint there are other and numerous advantages which
are enjoyed by those who take supper at six.

1. 'They are not quite so apt as others are to over-
eat. Our farmers — especially those who no not take any
luncheon in the afternoon — and there are ooiiie who
do not — and who do not get ready to sit down to sup-
per till 8 or 9 o'clock, are very apt to eat too much.
Some, it is true, lose their appetite, instead of having
it increased, but these cases are not very numerous,
and ore diminished some%vhat by the custom of taking
soiiietUing to give on appetite. My eld friend, Levi
Atkins, used to defend the practice of taking a little
spirit before supper, to give an appetite — but thi s va _
before the, temperance rr/orm comvieiicrd.

2. They do not si often go to bed with a load on
their etonicchs. He who eats at six, besides enting
less in quantity, is not so apt to go to bed till nine,
by which hour the digestion is'partly through. Where-
as be who takes hit' supper at eight or nine, ond goes
immediately to bed, is apt to have a moss of food in
his stomach either undigested or bit half digested,
for n considerable time: and is opt to toss in bed and
dream a good de:il, or else sleep too sovniibj.

3. And what is n nitural conscqueneo of this over-
Icadinj the stomach, he who eups late, gels up with s

No. 9.

AND GxiRDENER'S JOURNAL.

139

bnd inetein ihe nioiitb, bnJ feclinge in Ihc head and
sinmach, if not with diseased eyes; out of which feel-
ings, orrntber upon them, comes in no eninll degree
the habit of taking n morning drnm. How much
clearer the head in, and how much better the feelings
are, gencnlly, alter taking an onrly, light supper at
six o'clock, they best knoxv who have tried it.

4. There is one more advantage which I must not
pass over, wUich is worthy of consideration, and
which is highly in favor of early suppers. It i8,ihnt by
taking our repast at six o'clock, we may have the so-
ciety of the female portion of the family. They will
not wait for their supper till eight or nine o'clock, or
nt legist many will not, and none of them ought. But
they iciH wait till six. Need I say that such a cus-
tom would be IS favorable to good manners as it
would be 10 true enjoyment! Bi;8idcs, we are apt to
rcpronch theui now-a-days, with retaining their tea,
to excite their nerres — while they demand of us to
surrender our cider; but how do we know that they
would not, for the sake of our society at six, diapenee
with the lea? [3 not the experiment worih trying?

I have not exhausted the subject, Mr. Editor, but
my sheet is full, and I may have exhausted ihc pa-
tience of yoi;r readers. Yours, &c.

Dcdham, July 12, 1841. W. A. ALCOTT.

For the xVew Genaec Famur.

Corn liRivs.

I am a plain man, and hate controversy, — but one
or two things of " S. W." I think I ought to object
to, as I cannot, being a reader of the Farmer, silently
admit them. I was indeed greatly surprised to find a
citizen of Western New York, th« advocate of a here-
ditary ariftocracy; and attributing the payment of the
great bulk of the English taxes, and even the support
of " Thk Pkoplk" to them. The " landed interest"
be it remembered, is nothing else than the interest o(
a number of petty monarchs, whose ancestors obtain,
cd their pos?eo6ions by conquest or force, and from
w'aom they have descended ta the present occupants.
They " pay the taxes ?" We might as well say the
British Government itself pays the taxes which it cx-
ncts from the people. They "feed the people?"
No! the people, by whose toil and sweat those do-
mains are rendered productive, support the aristocracy;
and without the labor of the people, they would starve
in the mid^t of their own plantations.

It is a narrow policy, which must fade away before
the light of civilization and Christianity, for nations
to exclude one another's products from their pcjple,
because they can be furnished cheaper from oilier sour-
ces. Let ihe imtnenee wheat country of the northwest
throw its fupplies into England, and she in return
pour her manufactured articles thro ug'u our country;
who would be the worse off among the whole, because
the neecsiaries of life were cheaper there, and the
comforts cheaper here? Bu'. I must not enlarge, but
resneatfully beg S. W. to read l/iroiigk and aiUntircJy
Leavitt's wheat memorial, published in ihe Farmer
two or three mcnihs ago; only observing in conclu-
sion, that his objection to the repeal of the British
corn laws, on the ground of the little foreign wheat
ever cnrried there is very much such a one as this: —
"Why make a canal across the Isthmus of Darien?
No ship has over, since the beginning of the world,
been across there — why then make a canal_ where
there never will be any navigation 1"

- A RE.^DEIl.

APablic Benc-fiictor.

Among the enlightened friends of Agricultural
Improvement, the name of Colman of Massachusetts
ia emblazoned with the living lustre of a Public Bene-
factor. His services to Massachusetts — a State which
honored herself by making him her Agricultural
Commissioner — are invaluable; not merely for pro-
moting agriculture, but for rendering farmers cox-

TENTED WITS, and PROUD OF, THEIR KMFLOVMF.NT.

If he could be spared from Masstchusetts, we doubt
not tiiat ihousands would rejoice to sec him appointed
a Commifsioner for making an agricultural survey of
'he Slate of New York — ai enterprizo which should

follow the Geological Survey that has proved so ad-
vantageous to the interests and credit of the state.
TheProdnct of fcaliorthconly Rtml Wealth.

Agriculture is the foundation of wcalih. The sea
renders her tribute; but the earth presents to skill
and indvistry richer and infinitely varied contributions.
Money is not wealth. It is only the representative of
wealth Money is coveted because it chu coinmojid
labor; but of what use would it be, if labor would not
be commanded. What would it avoil to possess all
the riches of I'otosi, if thereby we could not acquire
the products of agriculture? What are manufactu-
rers concerned in but these products? What freights
tbebaika of commerce in their liquid flight, threading
every channel and whitening every poet, but the pro-
ducts of agriculture? Whence does the government
dcrivs its revenues but from the fruits of agriculture?
What constitutes the wealth of the country but her
cotton, hemp, sugar, rice, tobacco, wool, wheat,
beef and pork? Agriculture only can be considered
as the creator of wealth. The merchant, the mann-
fcciurer, the sailor, the varioiis nrtizans and trades-
men perform their part in making the products of ag-
riculture more valuable; in transporting them so that
the advantages of clime are equalized, and in putting
them in a condition fo; use; but agriculture alone
produces. Like the leader of Israel, she strikes the
rock, th» waters flow, and a famished people are sat-
isfied. She tupplies, she feeds, she quikena all. Ag-
riculture is the commanding interest of the country,
which with no singular interest of a secular nature
combined, can be brought into eoinpetition.

HENRY COLMAN.

Michigaui

This noble State, though sadly cursed wi'.h wild-
cat banking, is steadily improving in her Agricultu-
ral character. Readei* in various quarters may be
interested by the f.iilowing letter — which embodies
many interesting matters respecting the Agficuitural
wealth of the Peninsula State.

Marshall, July 8, 1841.

" J. D. Bf.mis, Esij. — " Dear Sir — I see much in
the papers relating to the wheat, and other crops, in
Western New York: from all which, there con be no
doubt, they have suffered greatly from drought. The
wheat, in this region, undoubtedly, was seriously in-
jured, in the early part of the season, Irom the same
cause, and somcwhnt, also, by the fly; but I nm hap-
py to say that timely showers in the eorly days of
June, operated eo eflcclually, that although there will
not be a great crop, there will be a lair supply of
wheat. The miserable low price of flour, for the two
lost years, added to the great expense for tiansporta-
tion, hod discouraged tho farmers from extending their
fields, and indeed from sowing all which were broken
up; so that the acres \n cultivation are scarce equal to
some former years. Yet, after all deductions are
made, there will bo a much larger crop than has here-
tofore been harvested. I have no doubt thnl Michi-
gan will have fmni 2,C{)0,0I)0 to 2,ri()0,000 bushels,
at least, iT surplus for market. With a steady de-
mand, at 7.5 ccnis per bushel, tho present population
would at once fuinish 5,000,000 bushels for ex| ort,
with ease, for it is cultivated with far less labor than
in New York.

The other crops about here, without exception, pre-
sent the most animating and deliglilful aspect, Th.i
Indian corn surpafsrs any thing I have ever seen, in
vigor, richness and luxuriance. But it will all be
needed, for the "swinish muliiiudo" has waxed
amazingly prolific. There ore, I think, over 600,000
of these animals now in the State; and if so, the sui-
p'us of pork the coming iail and winter, will come up
to near or quite 300,000 barrels.

The people of this State — (although lying under a
curse, resulting, in a great measure, from early legis-
lative mismanagemeni, in unwisely, if not dishonestly,
inctirringand squandering a $.">,000,000 loon in firEt
breeding a litter of wild cat bonks, ond then com-
mencing aeenseless hostility to all banks) — are enter-
prising, industrious and economical, in nn eminent
degree; and with their rigid habits of privation ond
eelf-denial, the surplus products of the prcEcnt year,
at fair prices, will pay up all individual foreign debt,
and leave a very handsome balance of capital, lor use-
ful and profitable investment at home.

But the most profitable staple article for exportation
by the Wo^verines, will, hcrenl'ier, bo wool. With-
out deducting at all from the present produce of the
State, 5,000,000 sbeop may easily be kept. It is only
ncccisary for a faroier to purchase 500 or 600 acres oi

these oak openings, which he may get for $'i per acre,
enclose the whole, cultivate 100 acres, or enough to
sustain his stock through our generally short and mild
winters, ond he is prepared, oil' band, to kecp2;ll00
head of sheep. There is no doubt that oil cattle, and
►beep especially, thrive better upon the nativa grasses
and shrubs, found in Ihc openings of this Slate, than
they do upon tho best cultivated grosses of New York.
I have no doubt it is the best State for sheep- husbon-
dry in the Union; ond the great ease and cheapness
with which wotd can be marketed, at Boston or New
York, renders it admirably fitted for the staple of our
interior country. Ovr formers ore becoming con-
vinced of thie, lor every one is trying to commence or
increase h's flock. The numbers now coming In
from Ohio n::d other States, arc iBmiense, and I have
no doubt the sheep now in the'Slate doubhs the last
year's return. Money to bay them, alone is wanting,
and that number would be ten-fold in twelve montha
to come.

I know that a eerious prejudice prevails abroad,
against this Slate, on account of the onerous taxes
imposed upon real cataie. Four fifths of these taxes,
however, have been imposed by school and highway
districts. In many cases they have been justly con-
demned as unequal ond oppressive. Doubtless a more
correct public sentiment is pervading the State; for
the most intelligent men hove become convinced that
the prosperity of a new country is never promoted by
the imposition of unnecessary taxes, so exorbitant as
to drive its own citizens away, and oruct all immigra-
tion from abroad. Such appears to have been the
consequence of the high taxation in this Stare. But,
as I said, a more correct feeling exists. Indeed tho
taxes are now much lov. er than in former years.

I ought to add, that for near nine months in which
[ have resided here, 1 never knew a heoltbier land —
the green hills of New England, thus far, do not sur-
pass it. With great respect, yours,

HENRY W. TAYLOR."

Evaporation.

A correspondent inquires " if water orniaple sap,
when heated to a given degree, evaporates iccording
to bulk, or surlnce."

Water (of which maple sap almost wholly consislsj
when heated to 212 - Fah. evaporates rapidly, and
this heot cannot bo exceeded (unless it is confined)
80 long as it remains in the vessel in a liquid state.
The evaporation only becomes more rapid, as the fire
is increased. And the rapidity of evaporation de-
pends wholly on tho quantity of heat which passed
from the fire to the boiling water. Of course the lar^
ger tho surface, the greater will be the quantity of heat
passing, the intensity of the fire being the same. It
a kc:ile has one square foot of surface exposed to the
fire, the evaporatici will be the same whether one
footer ten in surface, of the water, be exposed to the
air above. And the evaporation will be the same,
whether the vessel be high, and contain a barrel in
measure, or flat and contain only a gallon. Coneo-
qucntly it depends on the extent of surface exposed In
the fire, the intensity of the heat of that fire being tho

Fame. •

sDoiFiestic Eccuomy.

More Light! — Lamps may be easily arranged for
burning Lard, instead of oil. Many of them arc now
in use in Rochester. Ordinary lamps may be fi-xed
for this purpose — with a thick v/ire so arranged as to
be kept hot by the flimo, and thus secure the lard in
a fluid state. There is but little smoke and the lignt
is pleasant. It ia certainly for prefercble to making
candles of tallow; and will be a great convenience to
thrifty housewives, on t'ne score of ncotnefs ns well as
economy. This mode of burning lard was devised by
Mr. B. W. Oakley, of Tecuraseh, Michigan. Oil is
extracted friun corn, by distillation, to some extent,
at the west. The Niles (Micliigon) Repviblican says-

" We have been burning in " common hmp, fn- the
last few weeks, oil extracted from corn, a quantity of
which wc received from i'tr. R. A. W.-.rd, of Derr'on,
who manufactures the article. It gives a clear, beau-
tiful light, and burns longer than ihe common «ha!o
oil, ond emits no offensive smell. On tho whole wo
should think it belter aijd cheaper tjan any oiher
kind of oil for lamps."

140

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

\'0L. 2.

ror (*e !feu Genctee f'armtr.

Crops of 18^11 in EaM UloomfielU.

Messrs. Editors — It ia getting so raibioiiablc to
write of ibe crops oncl harvest, that we can ecarcels^
taUe up a paper, cither political, religious or ngricul-
tiirol, but we find a column heaji J the "Crops;"
end eucli are the co;itrndictory and extravagant etato-
menta given, that it is coining to be almost os neces-
aary to inquire whether the writer he not a coneuni-
«r, interested in representing the crops as superabund-
oat in order to lower the price, or a producer wishing
n round price lor his surplus commodities — as in
reading a political article to enquire to which party
the writer belongs. As the public feelii:^ has be-
come somewhat calmed, now that the harvest is past,
and the true stale of the ca.se is becoming more and
more apparent, 1 may be le&s liable to the imputation
of an interested writer, if I continue the record of the
crops in this town. In the Old Genesee Farmer, the
record is continued from \S'S\ up to last year. Last
year our crops were so uniformly good, and so much
waa ssid of the crops everywhere, that it seemed
irksiinie to repeat the story.

Wheat, our staple crop, is decidedly a failure. —
Whatever may be said ol other sections of the coun-
trp, wheat has not been so universally poor for many
years. The cause I brdieve to be the eame through-
ou! the couniry. Oiir farmers were very forward
with their sowing last fall — much of it being done in
August, under the impression that early sowed wheat
ia maca the svirest. The fill growth was good, al-
ih iM^h a few pieces of very early sowed shewed the
ravages of insects. The winter was as favorable as
usual. The latier part of April and the month of
May were tryiui; months. Freezing nights and thaw-
ing days with div antl old vviiids, continued for so
long a time as we had them, last spring, would seem
euflisient to destroy every vestige of winter grain, and
aim ist preclude the possibility of sowing any spring
eri\ia.

As we are liable to ouch sensana, and have our
wheat more or leas injured every spring, it becomes a
matter ol interesting inquiry in what manner we can
best guard agninit them. Protccti )n, whether by
bills, lorosls, orchards, or even fences, is the most «f-
fioieni guarantee against cold chilly winds, which dry
up the life of the f.'heat and prevent that thrown out
by frosts from taking root ogain. Early sowing on
land under thorough cultivation, thereby giving the
roots firm bold of the soil, is next in order to protee-
llon, and more under the control of tiie farmer. —
Draining all surface water is of the utmost import
ance. A regular rotation of ciope, inasmuch as the
land is thereby supplied with the requisite nourish-
ment for the cr.ip, ia of more consequence than uau-
o'.ly imagined. The skinning system of cropping
with wheat every other ycor, so very generally pursu-
ed among us, is the lecat calculated to endure such
etascns, and Las in the present crop received u most
fearfu' rebuke.

O! the kinds of wheol, little discrimination can he
made in such unpropitious seasons. The quality is
g-.od, and the yield will be greater in proportion to
the straw. There linsi eo i nuich complaint of insects
tu many fields that were injured by the spring— but I
have e-een no appearance of the wheat worm which
CDuld b« found so plentiful three or four years
sinco. Smut ani rust we have generally escaped this
eeason — but stein craut has made most rapid ndvanccE
upon U3. His darkeiu'd path may be traced through
t'le length and breadth sf the town, and some fields
he has this year appropriated cxclnsive'y to himeell.

Beside ihisprinco of thieves, we have a new en
emv 10 coni<-rd with, which, from its rapid stride.-,
wc have reason to fear will outstrip oil others in des-

troying our wheat crops. I mean couch cr quack
grass. If this is the worst weed the English farmer
has to eanteud with, it must be still worse for us, ns
we hove no cheap laoorers to spare for hand-v.'teding.

Spring wheat promiecs to be a fair crop. The sea-
ion »vae was so backward that but little was sown
• Barley was also unfortunate in its seeding time. —
What little I have seen promises an ordinary yield.

Oats. — !t used to be an old proverb, sow flax in the
fire ond oats in the mire. If therefore the proverb is
good for any thing, we ought to have good oats as the
ground was moist enough surely. It is generally
supposed that seasons like the present are not pood
for osta, yet the crop is with ua more than ordinarily
we get. During the month of June, they looked as
if going to head out before half grown. Tite straw is
indeed thort, but the heads are of good length and
well Slled. What it remarkable they all stood up
well, iliere icarcely having been a severe rain atorm
since theyi'ere sown.

Corn. — On some accounto this has been a good sea-
son for corn, and some fields of early planted will
come off fery fine. In general the drought has injur-
ed the growth and will prevent its being well filled. —
The prospect is that it will be early ripe. The stalks
being now much shrivelled ond dried up. The
amount raised will I think be less than usual.

Grass. — This is our poorest crop. Less has been
cut asd Ices pasture for our stock than we have had
for many years. The prospect is now that foil feeds
will be scarce and we shall have to feed our cattle
from our barns unless we have rains soon.

Potatoes and all root crops have sufTered severely
by the drought, ond if we get any it will be froin
early planting. Rohans I think will lose in reputa-
tion, and if the order is not reversed, one peck from
twenty bushels plonting, instead of twenty ond thirty
bushels from o peck of seed, it will be because they
are better than they look to be.

Buckwheat. — 1 have seen none growing.

Peas are generally said to be good, although I think
they will not be found to yield well.

Wool. — The quontity of wool grown in town is
constantly increasinj;, and is second to no crop except
wheat. It has this year been ready sales at fair
price?.

Fruit.'; of all kinds are in more thon usual abund-
ance; and although wc are short in n l*w iniporlint
crops we k«»e sbunuiint refsnns for gratitude for the
prosperity which hath ii'ended the lull of the hus-
bandman. Yours, &c.

ADAMS.

r. Bloomfidd, OnL Co., Aug. 25, 1841.

Twelve Vfirielie-s of Wheat.

Gen. R. Harmon, Jr. of Wheotland, has for seve-
ral years past cultivated many difTerem varieties of
wheat, with a view to test their relotirc value, or
adaptedness to our soil and climate. At our request
lie has left at the Rochester Seed Store, samples, in
etrawsnd grain of twelve d.slinct kinds. raised by him
tlic past season. The seed of several of these varie-
ties was imported from Englnnd lost ycor by Mr. Bate-
ham; but the past winter and spring being un-
usually severe fir wheat, ecvernl of these kinds were
a good deal injured by frost. This, however, should
not be considered decisive proof that they will not
endure our ordinary winter.-!: for many eases might
be found where common varieties were olmost entire-
ly destroyed the pott season The experiments of
Gen. H. ore valuable however, and he will plc.os- on-
ypt our thanks for the samples ond the following pa-
per which occompanicd them.

Kor the At'ir Gtnescc Fa. ,rier.

Mr. M. B. Batkiiaj:— Tlie following is a list of
the names ond a short description of the twelve varie-

ties of wheat, samples of which I have left et tba
Seed Store:

No. I, TuscAK. This variety was introduced intol
this town four or five years ogo, by Abrom Ilnnford,
The seed I believe wo? imported. It has large atrawj^
chafV while, bald; gro'n large and while, ripens a lit-
tle later thon the common Flint. I hove tried it onl
diflerent^^soils, but it oppears too liable to injure byl
frost for profitable ciiltiralion in this climate: still ill
may possibly become acclimated so as to be a valaable '
variety.

No. 2, Tcscix Bearded. This variety was found
mi.Ted with No. 1, but is very diU'eient from it in ap-
pearance. The straw is very large, with long beads;
chairwhite, with a long slilT beard; grain large ond
handfome. It appears to be less hardy than the pre-
ceding; more than two-thirds of it being dcstroj'ed
by frost with me tiie piet two fcneons.

No. 3, ViRGiRiA Whits MiV. This variety wos
introduced from V'irginiii, ond is said to be the kind
of which the Virginia flour is made, which elands so
high in the markets. The atraw resemble that of the
White Flint, hut is rather lighter. Chaffwliite, bald;
grain very short and ronnd, of a reddish cost, some-
what flinty. It we ghed last season sixty si-x pounc's
10 the buihel; ripens about a week earlier than tho
White Flint; endures the winters well, but has suf-
fered more from the drouth ihis year than most other
varielicE.

No. 4, Viroi.^iA Ebarded. This variety I obtain-
ed from No 3, by sowing it in the spring- Head large
and heavy, chaff while, with very stifl beard which I
consider an objection to it.

No. 5, Wheatla?!!! Red, obtained in the some
manner as No. 4. Straw large, heads rather short but
heavy; cLaff red, bald; grain redilith; has tlio ap-
pearance of yielding well, and is very hardy.

No. 6, CoM.MoN White Fli.vt. This name was
probably given from its white »trnw and while flinty
grain. Heads short; chaff while, bald; grain very
white and flinly with thin bran, ond yields fiour of sr-
perior quality. It ia moie generally cultivated than
any other kind in this county, but the seed can Eel-
dom be obtained pure. It is a very hardy variety,
being more seldom injured by frost than any other
kind I om acquainted with.

No. 7, iMfRovin Whits Flist, Selected from
among No. 6, and rt scmblee that kind, hut the heads
are lorgerond the grain not as flinty; makes verytu-
perior, flour and o greoler qiinntity per bushel than ony
other kind within my knowledge. (Gen. II. has
left seed of this variety at the Seed Store for sole.
— Eds.)

No. 8, WiiiTK PcovE.tcB. This was imported from
France. I obuiined it at the Rochester Seed Store,
and hove raised it two years. The Straw is smaller
thon any of the varieties I have cultivated, grows
thick ond is apt to lodge. Heodslatgs; chaffbrown,
bald or with short beardf near the upper end; grain
while, very large and fine, and hos the appearance of
yielding flour well.

No. 9, Peggi.esh-vm. This is on English variety
imported lost year for the Rocheatei Seed Store. Straw
short ond bright; heads very close rel ond heovy; ch^lf
white, bold; groin white ond fine. This variety »
coiioidorobly injured by frost, ond I doubt whether it
will prove sulljciently hardy to be vulnable here.

No. 10, Eclipse, From the same source osNo. 9.
Ingrowth ond appearnuce ihiS voiieiy resembles our
Red Cboir Bald, but the grain ia a darker red. It
doss not stand ihe winters as well os some other vn-
lietiea.

No. 11, Goi.DF.x Drop. Imported the same os the

lost tw.i. Resembles the White Flint in growth ond

pprorance; heed larger; grain rctldish, large, with

INo. 9.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

141

Fi ratlier coarse appearance and thick bran. Did iiol
stand tUe winter very well.

No. V>, Bellettb Tallavfr^. From the innie
liource as the last three. Straw large and white,
paid; grain large niid line. Thi« ia the most promis-
ing of the four English ratictio8. It stands tkc win-
er well and is as early as the Flint. I beliero it will
)e found vBluahle.

You will perceive that the grain in most of the
■ampiesis « laile shrunk, which is owinj to the very
Iry and hot woither just hofore h«rv»st. SeToral of
he imported varieties were so much injured by the
rinler, that the straw was very thin, which mtde
[hem several days later in lipcning. I skatl continue
ly experiments with them till better satislied of their
haractcr. Yours, &c., R. HARMON, Jr.

Wheatland, Augast26lh, 3811.

Remarks. — Any thinj; which tends to incrcose or
improve our wheat crop, is of the first importance to
lis country. And as there can be but little doubt
lot improvements can be made in th« kinds of
7he3t, we hope some of our readers will units with
len. Harmon, to test the mstter by eiperiments.
*lie proprietors of the Seed Store have been at con-
derablo expense this season to import some 15 or 20
fthe linest varieties of wheat to be found in England;

hich will be sold at $1 per peck — this barely pays
le cost and expenses. IIow many farmers wiU try
t«m all? — Ens.

Cherries.

1 Supplement to our Last Article on this Subject.
The Early Richmond ripens at ths same time with
« White Tartarian and the Elack Corone; and mjy
■- used for ctUinory purposes a'fortnight sooner than
e Kentisii, or conmion red cherry. We value it
wcver, chiefly as a dessert frnit. When it becomes
ry ripe, it loses with its briglitnesi moet of its acid-
; and in this state, it is chosen by many in prefer-
ce to the .weet cherries. The delicacy of its juice
■ surpasses that of the comnmn red cherry.
How long it would retain its excellence on the tree,
) not been ascertained to our knowledge. We have
pt it there more than six weelts after it was ripe,
is not inclined to rot; but its sweetness at length
facts many insects, including the yellow hornet.
le humming bird also c.imes in for a share; and we
/e seen it insert it^ little bill both when it was on
I wing, and when it was sitting on the branch.
The Early Richmond is but a shrub, and may be
ined very low; and if its fruit was protected by
iw, like the currant, it would probably keep as
g. In our estimation it is far more desirable.
'VV. R. Prince says this variety was brought by his
let from Ricl:mond in Virginia. It is probably a
.ive fruit.

The drought of ths present s:'as)n, has been very
orable to cherries that ore liable to rot in wet wea-
r; and it has given us an opportunity to observe
.t when the I'ruit dries up on the tree, it is general-
It consequence of the punctures of insects. We
lembcr to have seen many years ago near Philadcl-
a, one branch of n cherry tree well loaded, a montb
two ofter the usual time of ripening, and when no
t remained on any other part of the tree. Its ap-
raace was very singular. On opproaching it how-
r,^e found it was guarded by wasps and no living
ig could go nigh them with impunity.
?Ue Transparent Guigne is a heart cherry; and
those of its class, mt generally liable to the charge
oumcss, though the i'ruit had a tharpnesa this sea-
we had not noticed before. Was it occasioned by
iseiva suiis'.iine t We onsider the Tronspnrent
Igne as one ofour m-isi delicious cherries. t

liATJGST NE\T.«,

From the Liccrpoot Times,

Slate and Prospects of Trade— the Harvest iia'
Unglaud.

The accounts from the mnnufncluring districts con
tinue to be very unfavorable, with tin; excrpiion of
those from the wooMon disiiicts of Yorkshire, in
which there is some slit^lit iniprovenient. 'I'iie state
of trade in Lancashire is truly deplorable, confidence
having been excesBively shaken by the looses and cin-
barn.-smcnis of the Inst two yeaif, and the dciuaiid for
good* being at present misciably low. Nnihing but a
good harvest can restore the cotton maiiufaclurcs to
prosperity, by increasing the power of tbe middle and
laboring clnese.-', who are the great consumers to pur-
chase clothing, and by restoring confidence generally.
At present, unfjitiinatoly, the prospect of tbe country,
eo far as the harvest is concerned, is far fnuu encour-
aging, for tbe weather continues very cold lor the
season of the ycor, ond liie great weight of rain which
has fallen must iiave done some mischief. It is still
[lossibic that the harvest may be an average one, but
there is no lenson to hope that it will be more than
that, and without a change of weather it will be much
less. Should there be any greal deficiency, the con-
sequences will be very serious indeed, for the 6up;dy
of bonded grain in the country nt j)resent docs not
amount to mere than four bundled thousand qunrleis,
and any fLirlli*^r supply which may have to be got
irom the continent ol Europe will have to be purchas-
ed at very high rates, as the crojia are by no means
promising abroad, and the foreign granaries are unus-
ually bsie. For the last three weeks the prit^pg both
«f free and bonded grain have been rising in all the
princ'pal markets, and wheat has already reached a
price much too high for the comlort of the people or
the prosperity of trade. Unless there should be a de-
cided improventent in the weather, a still further and
much greater lise will take place, and one which v.'ill
doom the merchants and inaoiifacturers to another
year o( gloom and embarrassment, and the poorer
classes (iho^c whose wages, as we arc told by Lo'-d
Sandon and other great political economists, rise with
the price of bread) to short woik and still sliyrtcr com-
mons for twehe months lunger. Mowc^'erwdlillg par-
ty poliiiciiins may be to deceive themselves and others
86 to tile woritingof the corn laws, another deficient har-
vest,if, unfoitunattly iteiiould take idfice, will open the
eyes even of the most obstinate. Tliere has been
very little change in money matters during tbe last
week. Money continues to be abinviant, but there is
a great want of confidence in investing it. We are
glad to see that the bullion of the Bank of England ia
still increasing, though slowly. It now ani.iiints to
£5,170,000, which is an increase of £72,000 on tlie
quarter. Tbe weather ot the next three weeks
will decide whether it shall continue to increase
eteodily, or again decline much more lapidly than
it has advanced. Both ths Eink of EiiglatuI and
the joint slock b.inks have increttscd their i-sues dur-
ing the last quarter, though they are still low in com-
parison with what they usually are. The rise in the
price of grain has alieady begun to aflt;ct the averages,
rnd it is b..dieve:l that some deci'ease of tlie duty will
lake place either this week or next. Tne average
prices of wheat have advanced as follows during the
last six weeks: — The weekending the ISih of June,
the average wss G'.;?. 5d. ; on the '.iSth June G3s 5J. ;
the 9d July, G.'^s. lid.: the 9:h, 01s. 3d.; the IGih,
ti4s. lid ; the a3d, 643. lid. These returns do not
include the sides of last week, which were at conaid
arably higher rales. The duty at present is 9'is. 8d.
and the average price of ilie si-t weeks, tj.'>s. Cd. An
increase ol a shilling per quarter in price diniinifhes
the duty one shilling per quarter, until the price
reaches sixty-seven shillings, when the duty declines
tvS'O shillings for every tliilling in the increase of
ptice. At the came jioint the duty on Canadian
wheat falls from 53. to 61. per quarter, and the duty
on the barrel of dour to ojd. As the arrivals of Can-
adian wheat oird II. mr are becoming very great, an
tinufually large quantity woidd bo let into the mar-
ket it" the average of G7-^'. should be reached.

From the Til trL-Lam Krnrrss of Aujf. 2.

" In the early part of the week we had two or throe
days ol fine weather, and hopes were beginning to be
entertained that the rain hrid at length left lib; on
Thursday, however, it again bocanie overca-'t, and
since then heavy shov/ers have Inllca in various parts
of the country. The temperature has, throughout
the week, been exceedingly low liir the time of yrar,
and tho aiisence of hotev.nshino is groatly retaidmg
the m.'Un- n^; o. the crops, so that it has n iw bacome
certsia that iha harvesfi muat inevitably be late, and

consequently more thou usually precarious. With
regard to the probable yield ol Wheat, tlie reports ore
increasingly nnln^oiable; and unless a d.cidcd nnd
total change of weather takes place, it is much to bo
feared that that the produce will prove materially de-
ficient both in quantity and quoiity, nnd even under
the most auspicious circumstances we much doubi
wdiciher an average can be secured.

'• The high voliio which Wheat has now attained
has induced the Farmers to tlnash out rather freely,
and the deliveries have been somewhaimoie libcial at
a lev/ of the leading markets in the agriculiurnl dis-
tricts; and the very high pricea asked by sellers hav-
ing tended to check the dcninnd, there has, on the
whole been rather less life in tbe irade, notwithstand-
ing which prices have continued to creep up.

"Our Scotch letters inform us, that though tho
weather bad rather inijiroved in that coiintrv it still
continued cold and gloi my, and the want of that gen-
ial heat 60 much requ red at this season to ripen the
crops, had caused all species of grain to remain in an
unhappy state: of positive damage, however, we are
happy to say there ore fewer complaints than might
have been expected. ^

"Fiom Ireland we learn that a good t'cnl of uneas-
iness was felt there lespecting .he eScct of the lecent
heavy laiiis on the outstamiiig cr«|>s. Iloldcra of
grain hail taken the alaim, and enhanced latcs were
asked for both « heat and oats ot most of the leading
markets.

•' Tbe last London average is 9s. 3d. per qr. high-
er than for the week pievioiis, being n,'d.'jO qrs. rt 7:;s.
3d. per qr. Th & is of course not included in Thurs-
day's general weekly return; and as a considerabia
advance has, since that was matle up. taken place at
many of the leading provincial towns, the next aver-
age lor tbe Kingdom will probably be shout 2s. per
qr. higher than the last, and the duty will shortly recede
nraterially."

A I.etterof Inquiry on Femaie Self Education.

Mr. Editor — The kinti regard which you have manifested
for tile iiilerests of lIic female rcailera of jour paper, inritices
nie to hopetliat you will partinii the liherty I take in asking
for the use of a small space in its eoUiinus. Cniiscious of my
youth anil ignornnite, I do not seek to give, hut to obt.iin in-
struiilion : Hinl if sonic one who possesse; the iiifonnatinn I
desire, will give it through the nie.llum of the Farmer, I
think it iii.iy prove of great Iieiietit to others I.esides myself.
i\Iy fatiier is a farmer in inoderaLe cireumstanecs. and liko
ni.iny oihers in our l.ind is uiiitlile to atl'jrd his children any
belter means of education than cau he found .it acomiiion dis-
trict scliool. That 1 have atteii led as long as appears licno-
(ici.-vt, ni:d now, wishing to make Ilisjhcr attainments, I am
de'-crmined to com.'nencc a course of private study or self in-
structioil. I do not in this way e.vpcct to olitalil a perfecr,
much less A fashionable eJucatioa ; hu". i hope to become fa-
miliar with il'c most li;i]i(irtaat and useful branches of know
ledje. so as to be able to iiislrnctthe younger members of
th.". I'limil.v, and render luy life a greater blessing to myself
and to those around me. My situ:.tioa at present allows me
from four to live hours leisure each day, and I hr.vo tho
means of obtaining a liinitcvl supply of books; hull find
myself nt a loss todecide how to proceed. 1 write therefore
to entreat some person who is qualified for the task, to ad-
vise me on tills siiliiect. I wish (i.trticularly to be informed
as to the rotative v.llue or importance of tbe liilTcrcnt
branches of study ; tile best order to observe in relation to
the time of coaimeiicing.and the manner of prosecuting them (
the mosi suitable books, &c , &.^ : reference being had I o
my s tuaiion and circumstaacea.

A full and explicit .answer to this, will very much oblig
Voiir sincere fiieu.f, ilKljEN.

Our fallty, Juhj l?il.

1Ee.m.\rK3— It gives us sincere pleasure topuldish the fore-
going letter of our fair friend; and we hope some lady of
CTperisnce and educalon will assist li.^r in her praiseworthy
eir.i/ts. Wcsee no reason why fyrtiiers' .laughters, even in
moderate circunistaiii-cs. ni.iy not elevate themselves to an
intellcctuiil standard far above many of those who boast so
perior advantages We trust Helen will pardon us for
making some alterations in her cmninunication. — Eds.

Isiqniries about Ashes.

I\Ir.ssai». RoiToas — I wish to ask titc following quCBtioirt
resiiecting the use of wool hsh-'^s as manure:

Ist. What quantity of ashas is it proper to upply to an
acre of grass land ?
*3.1. Wii.tt kind of soil is ashes .jf tlie most benefit upon
^^ I What llmo io 'Ho year is tho best time to apply r.ahc a
4 h. M'ill ashes he ai bo.1(^dol t^pon land tlml has W.Sn
pl.-.£tere>(, .-.s oliia-wlse ' AtBlt'Ol-.^.

142

THE AEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Rhrme and Reason—Political Economr set
to Mnsic,

However dry some may consider Poliiical Econo-
my, a rbymsler eastward shows tbr.t rhyme may be
readily manufactured from 5ome branches of that nse-
ful science. Ojily think of the statistics of cot-
ton I interwoven Willi the flowers of rhyme! If peo.
pie will not study Political Economy more thoroughly
in its simple form, s ime rhyrastcr mi^ht render him-
self a public benefactor by rendering the great truths
of that science familiar to our cars through the aid
of rhyme.

From (Ac Xorthcm Lt^H.

COTTOX STATISTICS.
BY iiESP.y wiiinso.
Egyptian, Greek, nor Roman ever knew
That Bucli a pli-.iil ns cotton grew ;

Or, if 'twere known,
'Twasonly an a coiumnn, useless wceJ,
"Wlikii i'lly sprung up, fiouriah'd, went to seed.

By no one sown.
Tlie eastern Inilica grew it, spun, and wove ;
But, wanting "gins," anil su^am their loo.iis to move,

TliR trade was small,
Their hales, torn up as racs among mankhid.
Would scarcely serve its Ueeiling wounds to hind,

Muslins and all.
A century since 'twas thus. The distr.ff, and
The shuttle, ninilily thrown from hand to hand,

Eshaiistcl art. *
Spindle and powcr-'oom their race began
When England hrouglit to light those "ITriglu'sol man,"

Her Jrk. and Car*.*
What now? Why tak5 the thread hy England spuu
In one short year, and to and from the sun,

In course sublime.
Trail it through spheres of planet bright and star,
•Twould s!rc'j-,h, sllll stretch through all those journies far

The fiftieti lime.t
Or, take the wi:'i her looms, of giant strength.
In thc3 im:^ time send out— what is its length?

As girdle bound,
T'.vould span the earth's enormous waist.
Where longitude its longest line hastr.ac'd.

Ten tiniest around.
And arc these v.'ebs, which thus could swathe the globe,
(3 -at out that man alojie m.ay be inrob'J ?

'Tis even so.
It is the age of cotton. Fold on fold
Of its smooth tc.vturi- dollies the young and old,

Ttie higii and low.
And whence the raic ntate'iut wiiich supplies
These countless spind'es ? Vl'hich forever jiiics,,

Thu33 giant looms ?
From the warm South, 'Tls there th." genial earth
AVitli cotton teems— 'tis there It springs to birth—
'Tis \hcre it blooms.

But 'tis not England only tliat uplifts

Tile age with steam. That power with Empire shifts.

New-England long
Has felt the mighty impulse. Soon will ehe
^V'eave for the world — old England's rival be.

As rich, as strong.
Then let the Xorth and So-.ith in union live.
Nature and art to this their sanction give,

JjiuM hand in hand,
Prodvicers and consumers, mingled, claim
A common parentage, a common fame,

A common hand.
PUalJcz, Eiut Floridu, Julij, ISU.

Agriculture und Edacatioii.

These things should go hand in ham! everywhere.
The Farmer who neglects to improve the minds of
his children, gives melancholy proof that he himaclf
is unfitted to renUz3 the blessings which Heaven has
liberally showered upan the l.ind. See to the schools
in your neighborhood — visit them frequently — cn-
eiurage the teachers and the scholars with your pre-
eencs, even for a few minutes in a week — and the

* Sir Iti-'hard Arkwright Invcntci the spiudU ; the Uev.
Ed.r.iin J Cartwright invented the poirer-tinjiu.

1 These are .not poo'.i.-al fi^ilon^, biit tiiathem.-.tical c.ilcy-
l»t M.>| a pan of ratlftical re:o.-is, «{ilcS have been pub-

IlillOj

results will soon be nianifcsled by signs that will cheer
you onward to greater exertions in the cause of Edu-
cation. You owe at least this much to your own chil-
dren—and in dieeharging the duty to ihera, you will
hr.te the consciousness of incidentally benefitting your
whole neighborhood.

ttj" Wives, mothers, sisters! Tour influence may
be made all-poworfnl in promoting the welfare of so-
ciety in this way. How caa you allow your children
or other young relatives to pass through the schools,
unc'jeered by the encouraging visits and influence
which you might reasonably be expected to bestow
on the schools that exert such powerful influence
"lor weal or for wo" over the immortal minds of the

rising generation.

Let any one person, lady or gentleman, try the ex-
periment— visit the school or schools in the ne ghbor-
hood — manifest becoming interest in the progress of
education — and their exartions. V\e hcavcn-born
Charity, will be " twiea-blest " — blest to the reci-
pient as well as the banefactor — repaying all toil with
hundred-fo'd gratification to those who benevolently
engage in the blessed work.

For the Jfno Ctaun Fanner.
Scraps.
jMessus. Editors — Having been a reader of the old
and New Goncsce ITnruier, I h»vo l»kcn note of a
number of facts that have f»llen under my oljerra-
tion as a practical farmer, and am willing to eontribute
my mite in complionco with your oft repeated re-
quest.

Sir.ivi IN- THE House — Can be cured by mixing
a ttiblo spoonful of flour sulphur in the ish that is giv-
en th»m.

Win Spbeading— May be remsdicd by pressing
the tost full of milk ogainst a stone and rubbing it
siTiartly.

GuAFTiNG — Can bo done by any person by cutting
the shoots before warm weather, and keeping them
in an iee house till the flowers fall, or in other words
till the bork peels ; then cut off the limb, take a twig
three or four inches long and bharpen it by cutting en-
tirely on one side, from one to two inches in length,
according to the size of the twig, raiao the bark on the
stock with your knife and insert the graft — the bark
side next the bark. Apply sclve enough to gicludc
the air, and the process is corople:ed.

Setting graf's on this plan supersedes the necessity
of splinting the stock, they are much surer to grow,
and the labor is much less than the old way. The
end of the stock should bo painted with common paint;
it is better than wa.x.

Yellow Water. — The yellow water can be cured
by the follov/ing process : — First bleed the horeo ;
secondly, give him one teaspoonful saltpetre by dis-
solving it in a pail of -.voter ; the horse must be consi-
derably dry before he will drink it ; thirdly, give him
one table s.ioonful of roiin pounded fine and mi-ved
with bran or ineal ; let one day in'.orvene between
each. A second portion of rosin can be given if ne-
cessary.

Disorder in Hogs. — The writer has had a number
of hogs that have beconto lame generally in the hot
months of July or August. They were attacked in
the hind legs and became lamer and lamer, till it was
with much difi'icnlty they could move at all — lose flesh
rapidly, and if they get better in the fall, fat but poor-
ly ; the cause and cure is rospoctrully called lor.

Politics S. W. is treating political economy after

the manner of a master. But is it not dangerous
ground for you to tread upon ? I doubt your getting
a great ways without treading on sjme one's toes.

Cahada Thistles. — This scourge of all scourges
is making rapid progress in our country. Twenty
years ago it ac.ircoly ever seeded, but it appears to

have become acclimated and now seeds very heavily.
They can be killed by turning the land to posture, and
palling them as often as they make their appear-
ance.

Dhaglog. — This instrument can be made the easi-
est by splitting a log eight feet long and eighteen or
twenty inches through, and cutting again acroEs the
middle of on« half, say four inches wide and three
deep ; in this pin the but end of a pole. It may be
made lighter by hollowing out the ends. It is very
useful in smooihing newly ploughed sward.

West Xiles, April, 164]. W. R. <

liife in the Country Contrasted with City
Life.

The discontented farmer, who sighs for city life,
may be edilied by the picture of crowded towns pro
eented in the annexed sketch, from the pen o! JotiK
A. Dix, late Secretary of the State of New York.
The fidelity of the picture is wofuUy realized by those ,
of us who are surfeited and smothered by the heat and
dust and other accompaniments of city life under a
roasting temperature ot iiineiy.six to a huudicJ.
There is "more truth than poetry" in the sketcti, as
the doubling farmer may discover to his cost, it ho
forsakes the free air of the farm for the glitter of even
the best regulated city. The " Northern Light," tiio
valuable paper now edited by General Dix, has nev. r
been embellished with a more vivid picture than tuia
from the pen of its gifted editor.

Town and Country.

I!V JOHK A. DLX.

At the very moment when cities put on their worst
aspect, and the country its fairest and most aliractive,
it may not seem altogether consistent with inipnrlinl
justice to set up a comparison between them. And
yet it will not be diflicuU, wo apprehend, to hold the
balance ever.. Tnat cities possess some superiuriiieu
over the country, particularly at less genial teasuns ot"
the year, will not be disputed. When our friends in
the interior are blocked up by mountains ot snow, and
the intercommunications of pleasure and business
among them are diiIi'".iU, if not impracticable, each
man among us shovels oflhis twenty-live feet front of
sidev/nlk, under an eniivcning sense o! the line for
neglect thereof, and we pass from one extremity of
the city to the other, with as Utile obstruction as iii
the heat of summer. But cities have some superiori-
ties over the country ot all seasons. They contain,
in a more concentrated shape, the means of intellec-
tual improvement. Extensive libraries, reading-rooms
end bookstores are there to be I'ound, famishing in-
formniion on almost oil subjects, rfmd in almost all
languBgos. The perpetual contoci and collision into
which mind is brought with mind, quickens the intel-
lect and keeps it in constant preparation for conflict.
Men are, as it were, oiv;nys within pistol-shot of
each other, walking the streets and lying down at
night with their intei'cctual weapons siiarpencd and
their harness buckled to their backs. Vet we must
concede that the country has some sdvantage o»er us
in certain departments cf mental labor. Its ihadce,
its tranquility, and i'.s repose are peculiarly adnpted
to ineditation. He, who would penetrate the depths
of a subject, will more readily attain his object in its
cool and quiet retrcals, than in the heart of a city,
with all i;s bustle and its ^turnult to distract his
thoughts niid disturb his processes of investigation.

But nsBumIng for the city some superiority in the
particulars adverted to, how do we sink in the com-
pa.''ison when we turn to the other views of the eub-
jcctl Let us look about us, and see what is cur con-,
dition now. It is midsummer: we are in the very
middle of the sign Leo; and tlie "dig-star rages."

Let us look at the thcrmoinotei 0'2 degrees in the

shaJt! What a suffocating heat, and no esctqic from
it! The rich man did not long for a drop of wtfler
from the finger of Loznrfo more eagerly than we for
a mouthful of fresh air from the towering Catskill or
the martial llelderbergh, which we see in the din-
tonee. We close our windows and blinds and shut
out the light of (lay, uuiler the 8Ug;;estion ofophilo-_
sophical friend that light and bent are in some degieo
inseparable, and if we exclude the one we get rid of
a poitionof the oihir. We sit down in this BitiiiciBl
twilight of^cur dwellings, and find life insiipportablo.
But business calls us out. Wc must be at onr count-
ing-roon s, our offices, and our workshops: wo have

r
h

No. 9.

AND GARDExXER'S JOURNAL.

^m

r.m

a C1UKC 10 try at tUe Circuit; some good friend in the
mlcriur has sent iia inuney to pny taxes, or a power
jf attorney to procure o pension for one of the gallant
ipirits who sbcd his blood in assorting our independ-
rncc, and we must see the ComiroUer or the Pension
Agent: wc have promised to meet our friend Jenkins
It hi8 rooms, and assist him in that ugly business with
tvliick he is entangled. We are in the street. The.-e

8 not a cloud in the sky, and the sun shines out with
jquotoriol splendor. He has just reached a point in
:he heavens, from which he looks straight down the
ureet we are to walk through, leaving not a foot of
"hade on either side foreheiler. There is no choice
■ ui to hce him in all his fierceness. The pavement
iiui side-walks are healed to the temperature of a
urnac-. Our soles are none of the lightest; but our
-et burn aa we tread these pavements of brick, which
wm frefh from the biking. We pass along the
treet. The sun has been shining for hoiira on the
ronu of these houses, wkioh are exhaling, for our
hstomiurt, the i;ent they hf.ve absorbed. Here comes

1 cart heavily ladou, dragged painfully over the pave-
nent. Ths horsa is struggling with his load, pant-
ng at least thrice for every step he takes; and the
larnian is looking for a dry spot in his ted liandanna
landkerchief, to wipe olftho streams that are pouring
.own h'i mottled visage. An unhappy cur, with hie
lose muzzled under the dog-law,ha6 just passed nlons.
ire our Common Council ignorant of the natural hia-
jry of the animal, or did tlicy invent this torment for
lie express purpose of luikiii.^' him in«d by shutting
p his tongue -n his niMuth, and thus closing the
nncipal outlet i.r his surplus heat? A htlf a dozen
ibore™ have gathered under this awning, for want
f abetter shade. Ther have just finished their half
ay's IshoT, and are breathing a moment before they
icounter the fiery ordeal, through wh;ch they are to
us to their dinner. What would they not give, of
le little they have to give, it they coidd exchange pla-
J8 with one of the thousand groups of their i'ellow-la-
)rers in the fields, wh.i, at this very moment, are
lishing their lunch under a tree of impenetrable
lade, end are preparing to lie down for an hour upon
e boramof their mother earth, with the purest air
1 around, and the grass and ground and wild fiow-
sbcn.-ath them sending up freshness and fragrance?
'hat a contrast to all this do we prfc--ent! We have
■vered up the fair face of our mother with bricks and
ving-sionea; a few trees ssaiiered along the streets
ntalize us with conceptions of shade, which we are
■t to realize: narrow patches of grass of a few feet
length, i-.i front or rear of our dwellings, parched
Dwn, meet the eye here and th»re— solemn monu-
;nti, as they are, of the broader surfaces, which we
ve overspread and buried alive under our contrivan-

9 to hide the face of nature.
Bat, the heat of the day is past, and the night is

■■•- alike over the face of the country and the

him. We bring forth our pocket pistols, see that
they are loaded, put fresh caps on iheni, and place
them within reach of our bed. Thus prepared for tlic
most desperate extremities, we commit oursolvoB to
the caic of a superintending Proviaence, brondin"
over apprehended invasions of onr domestic altars by
our (ellow-man, and with a host of bloody reaolutiims
at our hearts.

These, however, are eras in our lives. We are not
always thus belligerent. But in our best estate there
is no lack of discomfort. We must lie down at night
in steaming bcd-chnmbers until the suiiiiner hcat« are
over, and rise in the morning, unrefrcolud, for the
repetition of the samcecenes, through which wc pass
ed ycaierday. JVor are w« comforted lijr the ft»^uiiu
suggMtions, which spring up wiihin u^, as to the
condition of him, who, in the calm and quiet retreats
of the country, lays bis head upon his pillow, with
the coid breath of Heaven pouring in at every door
and every window, thrown wide open to receive it,
and sinks to rest with the assurance that, amid such
evideuccs of the power and benifieence of the Al-
mighty na those which surround him, no impious
hand will be raised to take from him his property or
shed his blood.

Agriciiltnre is Missouri.

We have often rcmaiked that western agriculture
mu->tbe peculiar in some of its essential features, and
arc more and more impressed with the importance ol
discussing such psculiariiies in a manner that will
awaken attention a«d embody prohtable information.
We may say with much propriety that the agricultu-
ral science, regarded in its proper construction, as ap-
plicable to the west, has yet to be learned.

Wo cannot find a portion of land in the whole
earth like ours; and while wc admit that there arc
certain principles asctrtained to be proper in the
management of all soils, still there are oiheis only
suitable to such as in their nature require their adop-
tion. We require a somewhat pecul.nr mode ol
ploughing, a peculiar character of grains and seeds,
and peculiar treatment. This must be admitted, for
look at distant removes in any part of the v, orld, ond

respect, the policy beet to be adopted is apparently
obTious, for we are, in an unrestricted sense, an btti-
cu tural community. In keeping onr eye upon de-
velopment and epplication, we ■nf)nld say that al.
though we might orrive as a cominunitv to consider,
able eminence as a grain raising portion of our coun-
try, yet our markets are, and in all probabilily will
I'e such as to make it suicidal to our interest to make
taiB product a sinplc.

Wc say, tl,«t having properly ascertained all our
relations »s an agricultural community, wo must, if
we would thrive, mnke our atopic productione—
*/of/.-, robaccii and Hemp. Th»oe must be mod*
the articles c' export. Upon these wc must depend
ior our circulating medium. All of thsse criiclca ore
steadily rising in value and the demand for them
growing greater. There ie no danger of orerstock-
ing the eountry, for we are importing end shall bo
for many years, two of them, viz: Stock and Hemp,
and there is a substantial market of Tobacco in Eu-
rope, and this is growing better.— JJfo. Fiiriiur.

lin*

you find local prineiples and local treatment in tilling
soils that are only proper for their own locality. The
vast quantities of laud amongst us to be had at a
small valuation, and their exceeding richness, renders
it necessary tbot our agricultural operations and policy
should be pecidiar.

With what an ill grace do recommendations roach
us through the medium of foreign agricultural works,
such as the benefit of a nico system of driil husban-
dry— a system that woidd require as many honda to
an acre as we appropriaie to a dozen, the one acre
yielding, perhaps, double one of ours, which ie its
only argument. Drill husbandry is necesea.-y where
practiced, because land is senrce ond high, mailing it
important that every inch should be made available
in the highest de gree. When we take into account
the value of labor, the laigencas of our plantations,
ond the productiveness of our soil, such nice measures
must be discarded as imirolitic.

Then for us to adopt as a general principle, the lav-
ish appl'caiion of manure, is a doubtful means, and
unless an intelligent disci iminotioii is practiced, at-
tended sith danger. We do not say that we look
upon the attempt to increase the richness of our soil
as useless, or that it ought to bo regarded with indil-
ferenee, but would recommend, at present, other
means than the ajiplication of manure.

Such o( our soils as are inferior in production may
be vastly benefitted by deep ploughing, a mode that is
easy in i:s practice, and m.-.king li 'le .idditional draft
upon our time or force. This, toj^/i'.sr with a ;ho-
rough pulverizntion <if ev.-ard, will bv 1 -iind sufficient
for our lands for mony years — at It'sat it will be found
bettor to depend upon this, unii! odier equally vital
coneidereiions are acted upoi; yh.ch now plead more
or immediate attent«-5. We will not speak

ccd;
say

seem to requiro in order to advance' rapidly our inter-
ests by a suitable devei'wmcnt and application of oitr
rew)urcc9.

To this end we rs; Srst to loam the noture and
extent of these rcvivrcta. No individuol or commu-
iiity can employ mzvia with a good prospect of con
tinucd success u:'''.«8 a knowledge is first attained of
the character cf means in possession; when this is
decided, it ir -y.jy properly to apply. Are the re-
sources of a ^iAe or larger community geographical-
ly conlinc-J <•■> particular policy, diversified in their
nature, 6-,-.,-> j.ill it h •■ more diificuli to fix upon o
unifarrr. Y..-u of mear? 'ju; situated as we arc in tLi.

frn. We begin at length to think we breathe more
e'y. The streets arc no longer blazing vs-ith the
■'■of the sun; but aiii-! they have been gathering
It all the day long, and they are now giving it out'^
we pass through them, in streams as sensible as the
!ath of a volcano. Those, who keep or can afford
hire vehicles, have driven out of town, and are
atbing the free air, or snatching hasty glimpses of
■ fields and trees before they are lost in the diu-kness.
.esc are the favored lew. The lot of most of us is
pass the evening and the night where we have
«cd the day — in the heart of the city. And, spite
<t8_ heated atmosphere, there is something animat-
; in its aspect at the early hours of nicht — in its
g lines of ifiekering lamps,in the numbcricss lights
t stream from the windows of its dwellings, and in
hundreds and thousands thn: are seen in the streets,
ing at their porches or making the fhn'.y pave-
nta vocal with their tread.

3ut the hour of rest has come, bringing newdis-
nforu with it. As the air begin3 to grow cool and
for the renovation of our drooping bodies and spir- strongly f

we intist shut it cat. This is the overruling ne- negatively longer in reference to our local needs, but
sity of every night. The eity burgess of the raid- say a few words cunveyin.t our opinion of what we
ages was not more vigilant to close up the in- ' '

1 to his fortified dwelling than wa to shut up our
1 martial tenement — he against the feudal enemy,
I we against the houaebreoker and the thiel'. But
re are great occasions which call for fresh precau-
IB. The evening papers tell us that a gang of des-
f oto villains are abroad, and that our property and

I ^8 ore in danger. What a peering into the condi-

I I of locks ond fastenings do these warnings pro-

Wo exainino every wind)w, we lock aiid bar

'.'niblc-bolt the street door, end shut up every

n:,' through which the breath of night can gain

"ace. The dojj has his proper station OEsif^ncd

Subsoil Cnltivatiun.

Sir — I am an old man, and an old farmer; but my
eyes are not »o dim, but I can see that there is much
to learn m the way of o profession that has hilhcrto
been considered eith«r too high or too low— ic//iVA, I
cannot say— to admit of much advantage from obser-
votion or reflection; indeed it is plain that w» tholl
be distonced in the rocc if inipiuvements thot is ta-
king place around us, in farming, as well as in every
other science. But the subject that has awakenid
me to new life and fresh vigor, even in my old age,
ie, the cultivation of tho subsoil, by inetna of moving
it by such an instrument us that, of which you have
given us a drawing in your last,the Dr anston Plough;
and for the first time in my life, ) rcrret that ] was
born so soon, by 20 years. Why, MrT Editor, I con
see with half an eye that the thing will woik, and
can fully understand how that the operation must bs
as beneficial for a ssndy, as for a clay soil, much of
the former, as well as of the latter, having a retentive
siibsoil, which operates in u two-fold way to the injury
of the crop; first, in wet weather, ns preventing a glut
of water from passing away, until it has become pu-
trid and poisonous to vegetation, and next, in a time
ol drought, preventing the descent of the roots of the
plants in search of moisture, which is ever present,
even in the driest seosons, within n given distance of
the surfoee of the earih, and where, as you eay, they
go for water, which by their tap rents ie7)H7«p«/ up
to the lateral roots, while busily engaged in searr h of
food in the surface soil — a pretty idea that, and worth
many times tho subscription money of ihe Cabinet.

To a wont of deep ploughing might be attributed, I
have no doubt, the weakness of our v.hect-crop',
which are so Table to be prostrated by any little gust
of wind, after it has shot into tho ear, and often, in.
deed, before that period. With a strength, equal in
appearance to any vicissitude of climate, we find our
crops ready to fall by their own weight, ond wonder
that wilh straw ofieniimes like reed, they have the
substence only of the common grasses. This is the
cause, depend upon it, ond it is but natural that it
should be so, for I have long considered the top-root
of a plant — and which even wheat is furnirhed with —
10 act the part of an anchor, and the lov.er end deeper
this is cost, the greater will be the power of resist-
ance; vvhile the secondary purpotc \ihich it serves,
ihfit of " pumping from below the moiture that is to
servo as drink to the food which is collected by tho
lateral roots in the surface soil, " is new to me, ond
finishes the picture ndniirably. I consider therefore,
the operation of subsoil-ploughing the "neplus ul-
tra, " as the old blacking mukers eny — of euccesaful
■igriculturc, and have grent hope that by its adoption,
'Uie-half, at least, of the the evils attending the cuJti-
vationofthe wheat-ciop will be obviated, possibly
'.he blight and rust, end even the Kcssian fly, and es
•ecially Ike lifting of U,c crop by /TOSt.—ruriiuTS
Cabinet.

I

Improved Husbauclry.

The vast improvements in Agriculturul Products —
in roots, grain, fruit, and live stock — show whr.1 may
:.e done by judicious cultivation. It sh-ould be the
lim of every farmer to secuic tho best that can be
raised. The comfort of his family, and his pet un-
ary profits would thus be alike promoted. " A Vule
■arm well cultivated,'' is more jdtasant and profitcble
ihnn great deserts of land overgrown wilh mullcna
ind thistles. Thousands of farmers wlio now coi
scarce "make bith ends meet" on o hundrcd-ccrs
arm, might realize double the income and tenfcilJ
oinfort from fifty ^vcH-cul;^vatcd acred.

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

SUMMER ALL THE YEAR.

THE Sfi^-sTitrcr linviiig oblaiiie<l tiic oole privilege of
muiiufuotiinirg i!ic

JIACUUO.N HOT Alt: FIBNACB,
Ib now prepared to execute p.ll ortier^ Tor warniinsr dwelling
houses, acaJeiiiied. r'luiirhe-i an.i*li)cr public tuiililiii^s.

Tile entire pl:iri lia!< ini'Jcrgone a llierouglj revisiuii : an')
no expcripc Ii:is I.cen spare-l, to render tiie wiiole as pcrfcci
as poK^iltle^

Tlie tc-'itinionials annexe I from gentlemen of the iliglicat
rc^pectaliiliiy, leave no room for ilnulit, iliat.

Health, Comrort, and Economy,

will be grca:iy promote 1 liy tlie adoiiiion of tlie me hoJ pro-
pose I.

TliC suli3cril»er is pIeH;:cd to furnish the castin-^s, put up
In the l>eil s'yie, nta fixe I and nio-lerMe ra'e : having full
confi.Ion':c Uiat he will be sustained hy the merits of tlie in-
vention, anJ the discernment of tiieeommnnity.

( oinmuni'Tatlons (poKt paid) requcsciit!! information, or
en-^IOFiny orders, promptly altcndcd to, if addrcsse.l to W m.
K. ^milb, .Muccdon, \\ aync t ountv, or lo

DAVID ANTHONY.

C'niffn Springs, Cayuga Cottntt/.

Testimonials.

Soon aner the prcHen;yc;ir L-oiumenced, I had a hot-air
furnace erecte I. witlijruins of i\ m. R. :?iuitirs invention

The niil.liicss::nl purity of the air that flowed into the
rooms, >vas all tti.it courd l>c wished : and on mv healili the
cftect w.is eminently lie icficial. I had lieen subject to rnlds
(catarrhs) every winter for a Ion? series rf years ; but from
the time of kiiidlini; the lire in the furn.ice until it was dis-
continued late in llie spring, 1 was cnitrcly free from every
symptom of the kind

Toree moms were warmed by this furnace. Front either
of them when not occupied, Ihe hot-air was turned into the
otners; and on the reverse, if it w.is suddenly wan'c I, Ity
opening its ventilator at'd closin* tlie oilier for a few mi-
nutes, t'le apartment was matic coiufortalde before a com-
mon lire conli] be weil kindled

In regard lo the saving of fuel. I am not Jirciiarcd to stale
any lliiiig d-finitely ; Imt I h.ive ^ecn noihit-g to imiuce me
10 question the very favor.-.tdc statements of nthcrs. Tbn
exemption from the dirt and noise of carrying in wood, an I
the c-vcliision of woo.I-boxes, are items of some actmin'; hut
the savins! of lahor in prepariiij the wood, is one of great
value which in maJiy eases doubles or trejlcs its original
cost.

In using this furn.ice, we were also free from the constant
earc of altcniing lires in cold w.-athcr, because it tidmiis
large wood in such quantities tit a time tts to serve for seve-
ral hours, if the dampers are well re^'ulated. In this wnv,
the house may be kept cnmforta!ile throiigh most of tlie
jiiglr. without any attention whatever, and perfectly safe
from fire. DAVID THO.M.\S.

C;rea!jic>d, Cayuga Ctuntii, S mo., 2;5, 18U

AVe nave Li;ed a hot-air furnace the past winter, and find
it more than answer our e:tpec::itions. Since the 1st of
I)e •ember l.tst we have used only eight conls of three feet
wood, which has warmed four, and p.irt of the time five
rooms, night an I day The cast iron drums, as inven.ed
liy >Vm. K. Smith. ■Macedon. arc, I think n srcat improve-
ment in savin/ the licit free fro.li smoive, and iillowinv it to
pass into the rooms ahrivc,

I think the rooms that we have warmclMieIn t winter
wool I have renuired in the ordinary wav at least fil'iy coirls
of wood ; lie«i les a grealdcrl of labor in rutting an i split-
tinj is saved by this mode of warming a house. Iltiv n"
we..k lungs I am sensilile there is great henc/i; to lie ilerive.l
fron it, .as I never passed a winter so comforlaLly Icfore
tnd I think a person much le^s liaijle to take cold on "-nin"
out, notwilhsan ling the fears of some to the contrary-
Money would mt tempt us to h.ave it taken out of our house
■mi lie deprived of the Irenefits to be derived from it. I con-
sider it a great luxury to sleep in a room of even lempc.a-
ture, and as th-re is a strong column of cold air consianlly
prc"9ng into ibe nir ch-mber. the warm air is i;onsequen-|y
perfectly he;rllhy and agreealde. A. IIOVVLVNU

Lei'jarl Ct')n<r{t Cju:ttij, Auj. I«4L

1 have uised the .llacedon Hot-Air Furn.ve during the
p»«t year and take pleasure In s.aying, that I consider it in-
(lispe.isiblc to our comfort, as iite dsgr.^atlv to prnino'e an
e-'iual temperature during the dav iml uiglit. T*e puritv
and freshness ofrhoalr, wish the to-»l absence oflhosc cur-
rents from w.thoul, which are the fruilf.il cause of colds
nnl rhenmatism, can be valued only by those who hare
»do:»leI tills plan.

Theal-senceof all d.inger from fire, •nd fre» lorn from 'he
<1e )• an ila'ior alien laut upon the care of the lire-place are
It-iis of no small nccrmnt.

In the p.isl pr.ilonge I eol 1 season, we rised twelv* cords
and three r|uarters of woo I. y. VliO.tlAiV-J

ITthcorlli, Aiisrusl-ailt, IfdI.

MONROE HOUTIfl'LTrRAL G\RDE.f

AND PJrR.SEHIRS.

oursc?:, (xn.\R iiociii;sTi:u.) :mo.\boe co. n. v

AGilIv\Tl,Y increase.i Stock of Frnil Trees, Orri men-
tal Treci and rthrul.s, Herbaceous Klanf^, .Tiid a larj-
Bssortmeut of r.arc Urcon House I'lants .and BuLicos r.mts
con^lnntly for sale.

The s-o -k of Peach anil Cherrv Trees on ban I .it the nre-
■ca'l.ineislargr^.of voting and thrifty grmvlh, and were
inoa.ly cultivate I from bearing tree, In the nursery or vici-
nity. They Will 1,0 ga.aran.ied lo be true to the kind renre-
eentei. '

Orn.iment.el trees aud shrubs, of many kinds, of Large size
can be supplied. s^ r-i^,( ,

Orderswithdue rcferen-ea, or monev enclosed will be
enr-filly executed, and trees an,l plants" p.acked in a secure
manuer so tha- ihey may be carried to any part of ihe coun-
iij wi.n H;it<'iV.

Trees and plains will lie delivered on tile TMe Canal one
m Ic from the nursery, or at Ilochester - •'-- • '■
Lanling, if de*ired

Ca- I'oj-.ics can be had at the Uo.ihei'-
besc.i. :j appliiinn pe,- m.-.il if.-eqnM _

= 1.

u.- ihc steam'. oal
Sec] Store or can

MOTT'S PATENT AfiUICUI.TUnBST*?
FUItNACK.— iMdm:la,:tureH Ky M. C.\Ved:I,
Xo. 53 iiiaiii-st., Koclicstcr, N. Y. — Tlli^^ article was con.
stuclej in ronsecjueiice of a ?:iiir:jf>5iion f'nmi iHe Ameri-
ran Iiistiiute — thai a simple. portable, and Inwprired Fur_
iiane was much wanied by tanners, tor boiling orsieain-
iiig food. |)i-eparing maple or beel-root sugar, and for ma-
ny mecljanirai pnipost^s.

ii is so fonuetl tliat a spare from one to two inches is left
between ilie builer aiiil the ca»iiii^ilial surrounds it. caus-
ing thti heat in its passage i« the p'pe, to encir-cle all
parts ol'ilic boiler even to its upper eili:e.

The American Insiitute awarded a siWer medal at
their late fair.

The following is nn extract from the Cultivator extra
for December:—" Acuictii/rfKisT's Fl'unace.' [Fig.
3ii.] — "'A good, ciieap, aud durable boiler lias long been
sought for by the fanner, i'otash kettles. cauUliona and
boxes, with sheei-irou bott-uns set in brick, have been
used, as well as steain-Ijnilers. of various dcscri)>tions;
but they all take up coreiderable room, are clumpy and
burJeusume. For the last seven years, I have tried all
ilie above-named nrtirles, and have laid them by, and
subsiiniicd one of" Mott's patent Agriculturist's FurnLce
an^l Cauldion."

"It wid be readily perceived that it has many advan-
lages over those set in brick. It takes up but little room,
is light, and may be [)I.iced on the tloor, and requires
no ftKiudation to supptiitil. Besides being poitable, it may
be re:noved from place to place, as octiasion or conveni-
ence require ; two men are sufficient to remove it. It
can be made to bull full of vegetable* in 00 minutes, and
the .tiecond filling in 20 minutes. In'liiis I was happily
disappointed, for I had always supposed thatbrick retain-
ed t!:e heat better llian iron, aud alter being once heated,
would require less fueliokcfp it boiling. Anotlier very
imporfiui, cnisideratian, and will go far to recommend it,
is. ihatit requires mticli less wood than one of the same
size and form set in brick, or even the box. wiih a sheet
iron bottom, so higJdy recommended in some of tlie for-
mer volumes ofihe Cultivator. Allhougl) wood may be
plenty, ii takes lime and labor to procure it.

"Steam boilers may answer in very large estnblish-
ments, but I have found I'leiii very inconvenient, as t-very
larmer is not engineer enougb to manage it, and the con-
sequence was an occasional explosion or collapse, and
in either case an expense and considerable trouble was
incurred.

'■ .Sui?ie five or six years ago, I tried a copper iler — a
cylinder within a cylinder, tlie furnace in the centre, sur-
rounded by wafer, very sind-'ar and on the sanie principle
as the one figured in tiie J3tli number of the current vol-
ume of the New Euglaiitl Farmer, is Doctor Warren's
Fatent Cylinder Vegeuble Sieanier,' but I r.mnd it verv
expensive to keep it in order, and abandoned it.

(Signed)

Three-Hilla Farms. C. N. BEMEIS'T."

Also, for Bflie aime same place Wedd'a celebrated
Hm Air Cooking stove, fur which was awarded a silver
medaWor the best cooking si, )ve, at the la^it fair in this
city. The pulijir are invited tn call and ?ee it.

IIEnK8II!KE PISS,

COL. A.VOS .SAWVr.K, ..f il.is city, has n few very fine
y.M^n? Gcf k!.!.ire Figs wliicii lie desires to .(i.^nofie of to
tJie f.^rmcr!? in tli h vicinity. Oall .■tnri see them. .Sept l.

M

II/I*Er SGUO, uanie.i at the Uochcstcr Scei

^*torc.

Xo ADVfc-JtTisiiMKNTs will [jc ins'^rtcl in this paper except
such as relate :« Agriculture, Ii.>riicnUarc or rural nmiir;! ;
and none wdl lie in^-^rtc I more than three times i;i pueces-
sion. Tei-.Tis uf AdrcTlising —roT i'lUncB, oriels, ^I, for
Mic first insertion, nnd 50 cents for each suhscimenl inser-
tion.

Meclianics Fair ut KocUester.

The third onntial Fair of the Meclianice nnd Artt-
zfinaof Western New York wdl be held at Rochester
cn:n:ncncing on ibe l'2i'a dny of October. We have
itot room to insert the Circular thia month, nnd we
believe -iv) arguments nxz necessary to induce the
ihousandd to nltend who witnessed the p:c\i.>iia exbi-
bitioi)3.

MOLXT HOPE GARDEN & Kl'RSERIES.

ROCHESTER, NEW YORK.

I^HK Proprie ors uf tiiis Kslaljiisliincnt ortcr lor sale a ge-
neral assortment of Nursery articles, comprising Fruit
and Orni:n)cnt:.I Trees, Fmwering :!?brMlis. I!crl .'ucous
PlanlH, Tulips, ilv:icinihs, ami other Bulbous Flower Roots,
Ooublc Didili,;?, Ac. Ac.

They have also on hand a large nni fine co'lection of Green
and Hni Uoiisu (tlanls. includ.ng Geraniums, Chinese
Munildy Hoses, Cauicllia Japonica, Chinese Azaleas, Cr.po
J;icmine9, Cactuses, &-c. &c.

Orders for any of the aliove articles, whether large or
sm:dl, will [ e pronipily and fiiithfiil'y execute. I and cl'.rtrcco
in all I'iisrti will he very iiKMlcrp.ie. Persons ordering fiom
a Jiblain'cniny rely oti havins their artirJes scaurely packed
and markcil and shipped as ihcir or(!ers may design;;tc.

To sui'li persons as ai- almut forming new establishment*
or who may wish to ilispnse <.f Tries, Shrubs, Plants, &.c,
in their neii^htorhiKid, our terms will he very libetal

(Jardens and Pleasure grounds wdl he laid out in any
pari of the pnunlry ami t^kiifid E;:rdcncrs furnislied on rea-
soriahle notirc. end information on any suljeet connected
Willi the luisincsn will he cheerfully nnd promptly imparled.

U is expcclc.l that persons unr.<'quain;e.l with tlie propr".-
etors will either accompany their orders v.'iih a rcndttunce
or nranc a guarantee in the citv ot'Ko.-l nsier or viciniiv.
ELLWANGER &l CARRY.

Rochester, Pept. t. 1?41.

1\. R. Our Fruit Tree? comprise the most desirable early
and late varieties and the utmost care has been taken in
propagating from such trees only rs were in r hearing state
and whose ipialities have been siilfi.-ieutly tested.

NEW YORK MARKET— Al-ci'st 28.

Fr.ocR. — We notl/ed an adv.in-e in Flour lasi week to
3G.-»U, sin'"e ihcn the ncw^ fn.m l-ur<»pc V.i'.9 carried it up to
SO 7o, and the market is very firm -, and €\t^n at these prices
purchases have hcen made fur c-tport. The niarkel ithioad
will sustain present prices. Common br:>nds Wcsiern firm
at fi6,7.»; Ohio. f^Q.^* a §6.7.1; Mi.Thigan, ^G.-SO ; Troy
56,7o ; no Howard-street here, — Inst sales $a,&7 R\ e
Flour, Si.

Graix. — In the early part nf the week the supplies cfcorn
were larse, and the demand froni the Fast swept Ihc market
— a'oul aiMKJO l;nshels went out of th". market East. South-
ern corn at 7.5 a 70 measure, and IVorthem and Jersey 7S a
-0. 'I/ie market is still very firm— of wheat but little has
arpeared nt market — sales of cl oi:t SCOu buthels superior
Ohio aud .\or:!. C; ro'lrLiar Sl,^.i, which is a rise of 5 cts.
^iuce last week. Nortlieru oats stand .it -JO a .50 c's. R\e
has i ecu taken freely at C- a 70 cts. whicli is the saiuc as
last week.

Asnts. — The mrrket is perfeotly uniform. Both sorts icW
at $"j,7j. Po's are a little quicker th:iti perrls.

RATES OF UNCURKKNT iMONEY.
Specie, par. I \. iCngland Bank X

Kastern Drafts, 1 prctprcm | Inliaua,
Pcnns) Ivania, 0 a 10 dis. I Illinois,
Ohio, 0 a 10 do. | KcntU' ky.

Michigan, • l'ni;cd rotates,

M;ir>land, 6 o 7 do. I Xcw Jersey,

Susp's'n Bridge-I a 7 do. I Canada,

it XtKCg,

r^r.

10 a

dis.

1.5 a

•lo.

11 a

do.

■»\ a

do.

3 (1 5

i\o.

7 a

do.

ROCIlt;STEB PRICKS Cl KltEXT-

CUKKIX'IF.II For.
THE NKW CiliXEr^KF, FAK.Mt;K,SErT[:MBr.R 1, If 1).

WHEAT per bushel, .^ ],J5 ii ^

CORN, " 56

OATS, " 28

BARLEY, " 44

RYE, " 691

BEANS, While,.. " &H

POTATOES,.... " 44".

APPLES, Desert,. " 25

FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl 6,U0

" Fine, .... " ,''),0I) 5.25

SALT, " \,Zt< 1,50

PORK, Mess, " 10,00 ]0,50

" Prime, " i>,C0 9,50

BEEF per inO lbs 3,50 4,bO

1,28

31

56

7.S

S8

50

6,95

EGGS per dnzcn,

BUTTER, Fresh . . per pounl
" Firkin,.... "...

CHEESE, " ...

LVRD, " ...

TALLOW, Clear "...

filDES, Green " ...

PEARL ASHES, ... 100 lbs. .

POT, " " ..

WOOL pound,...

HAY u,„, ...

GRASS SEED bushel....

FLAX " " ...

PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton, .
bulk (at Vv'lienllnmi).

10.

10.

12i
10

7

7

U

40

5....

5.00....

4,.->0....

oO. . • •

12,00 14,00

],('0 1,50

t7i

6.oo;

:\s>o

Rkh.irks.— The wlior.t itir.rket lir.3 teen quite Ec:ivo for
some thiie past, nn I the price hns iii.ilerlnlly Rdvriiccd.—
Ln.st week it rose jis liigh ns S ,3a o ,« ,41 per bushel, l.m
ih.-it W.1S owiiiK to a Iitilc teiiipornry strife licLwcen the ii;il-
Icrsand forwarders, and it dp.:liiicd to §1.55 a SJ'.VS, which
ia ns high as the Hour market will warrant, nnd as hioh :ia
farmers can cxpei't, unless rrriv.ils ftem rnglaml sliould
i^ingarcountsof an iinfavor.ible harvest in Ilurope. Thii
Genesee filler is so low that the norliestcr Mills are grind.
i"S but little ; and eonse<5uer.;l.r no! much whcil Is »o\v
waiilel for this market.

.•*. ■•"A ^

.M^^'^M^f'^^^^^

'^0^f^^^^

'V^^-«N/\fi*

W. B. BATEIIA.M,
U. !•'. CROS.UAN,

Propriators.

VOIi. "i. ROCHESTKK, OCTOBER, 1811. NO. lO.

JOHN J. TilOMAS,

M. B. BATEUAJM. rdUors.

1'IBL.ISHEO MO.\TJll.Y.

TEKMS,

FIFTY CKVT.S, per yer.r, pay;i!ilr nhv.iyy in advance.

l*03t .Masrers, A^ciH?*, arirt olHpr.«, £cniliii;< money free of
Mra?n, vrill icjiiivesevtn cotJit;.-' t'<tr ^:J, — V'tcr^tccopips Cur
5,-*VVca/*/-ftVe co|i!cs Pir SKi.

The pustti irt uf this paper is only one cent to any place
'ilhin ilti;i slate, anJ one and a UalT cents to any part nt"
le Unitetl .'?l:i!*-?.

.A:Mre5s ISA TKIIA?.! Jt CROSMAN', Itnelicsler, N. Y.

CONTENTS OF TliiS Kt MEiEB.

ivord to our Frie;lils. Hin-s for the iMnnth. Kxcrcs-

een^e^ on l'lu:!i Tico?. KUie,-:;orry Wine I4'i

iir I'ucui-. inrrtvel Flo5< in O.Iio— .^Ir. iM li: r I's
Uc.k-illi.cs. D.situted Cl^ie^-.ions i,i Airri.Mil'.U'C. . . . 14C
'ay-sccd upon ii:vcrtcd sr. t. Cr.ctus ttii-.ngiih;rid. The

Pear Trc-. C r.nrciifSiik \,\-,

visii to liro :k.n»rt Jti-d <'lttrk^or. — Mr. Allen's Fi;nn—
l*atcr-iirr.in:n?. &o — tiiJk cn.l iMit!" errv uperatiuns —
The I'urin of iMr. B^iUivin— : he Farm of Dr. ' . [Jald-
^7i:i, C!:irks:>n — Irrigvi in — Dlser.se nmong Calvea —

Large Crape Yin". l*-ine as a ^laiiu-c \lc

oeaoni B.>.1s peri.^liinsin \vit.t*r. I.nportancc of color —
Pain-.In^ M'lurons.. .A Vis'l 'o \Yllhani C Corneii's.

^-rops ia :?o;ilh \'cnicc in ] 'II 1-lf)

1 tiie .Mois'.ure of tlie Soil — \Va'.erin?- • ■ ■ 150

le I-'Ioive-'-s of Summer. \Yool i.T .Michigan, r laming

> har.ls— Ped.ins Fruit Trcei 131

■ri;i[ltnral K.xhih.tions. lioi-ks and papcr^i a*; Prrmi-
inis. New \gri.;nl:u-;il Papers. \\'c5,e.'n Farmer's
.ndfiar ier-er's •Mmana-:. for 1:^12. Onr friends in Can-

.ia— Makiiii Junket and Clof.ed Cream 153

Cell's Sywinw Macliine. Dyeinc, i he Stomp !v\tr,ic-
or. .M..di£o:i i-uiinty ^VEiicuiuirrd Soi-ie'y Orle.-ms
onn'.y .Airri.',;ii;iiral Society. Mechanics Fair atRoch-

icr \Yill ICr-c 133

'he Different iirecdpofshefp. American Wool Pro-

t. Citl ore of the Tare or Ve'ch '.Tt

Iu9.':ey's lleajiin? .Machine. Yucca c'oriosa 15.5

Ij';: er from IIKnoi''. ?^ke*ches of Travel. Indian

Tl. \Vhe.nt Cnr.u.-e. Wheel I'louehs 150

iurrain in Ca'.tie. fold W a'er. Disorder in IIowp.
jHsh News. Pickles. ** Pearl Barley" of the

St 157

I he-Tiical. or Prepurrl Manures. Toma'o Fi^s. True

f-y -An i-Cfirn Lr.w Ap^tatinn in I-'/iEland. . . . 155
I ri;;ation. Inli-m t'orn an I .S,t^-ar IJeets. IIou'lo

leforn. Drivifie N'.tils in"o IL^rl \Yool

I ivertispii'e;i!>. ^I Tk-"' [imports. Pricei Currenr.

jiisi iA

ill It f'*'
<wi'>*'

1.-9
ten

.\ Word to our Fiiesids.

I'he Npw Giiiese."' Fnr:nor i-3 tlnily I'm ling ffivor.

I extending ii9 influence nmona: i!ie lillt^ra nf the

Oiir present editinn it nearly e.xb.insltrd, but tlie

|rwill soon close, when we intend tn— -nstonifli

! fulks. M ire nhout ibia, next month. An ai'o!-

lisdite to onr readers for the had nupearnnce .ind

lyofsomeof nnr Inle numbera ; the fault wns in

IPress, or ils ownei-. AVc Imvc mode a ch.inoo

1 montb, nnd we liope for ibe better. At nil eventt

lire determined t-i bnve mnitcrs uo r<^!tt shnrily.

'e hope onr correspondents will niolte good nee of

I OHg evenings now coming on, nnd Ut us bear

I them a little more frequently. We have no nn-

• yet fir Mei.f.v. Shall ws not bnve one next

ltU1 — We arc now off to SrRicfJi; — ^'reat new.*

|ur ne.itt !

Ilint<i for the Mnuih.

he past months have been devoted chiefly to tlic
action, — the present must be to the preservation
ops.

jirn should be Euflered to stand in the shock, until
|i become fiil'y ripened by nourishment from the
•but not l.ner, as UusUing wilh cold fingers is
isnt. Let it be placed where it will be w el! ex-
|l to the air ; as the quality of corn, boih for do-
le consumption and for feeding animals, is great-
ired by nioldinese, even of lac cob only, though
ly appear perfectly s^iutiJ. For the same reason,
ibonld be isken that shocks of corn stindinir on
[round, are no; injured by wet weather.
HMe^jiftcr dig^'ng. should nv. bs er.poseJ to the

sun. They lose their line quality, and acquire more
or less of bitterness, when kept in cellars exposed to
ibe light merely. Those for immediate domestic nee,
should bo kept in barrels, nnd the rest cither in large
bins lined and covered with turf, or mixed with earth
in barrels or hogsheads, or else buried in heaps in the
open air. But rentilalion is nectfsanj A bole
should be made with a stick or crowbar in the upper
part of every polntoe heap, and continue open until the
severest weather. sets in : for wni-.t of this, thousands
of bushels are lost ye-Tip-jinJ the I053 a tributed to frost
only.

Apples, and all root crop?, neid the same care, but
turnips more especially, which will inevitably be ru-
ined unless the heated air from the heap can pass off.

iSIangel wurizcl and eticnr heels should be com-
pletely secured by the end of the montb, and ruta-
baOTs not much later, if the danger ol loss by freezing
is to be avoided. Get a ruta ba;;n hook, described in
our eighth number of this year, by which a man may
easily harvest an acre a day.

Winter apple- should be crnthrred hefirc the ariivnl
of severe frost — till near the end of the month — they
should be carefully picked by hand bv means of con-
venient ImiderR — and should not be sulTered to become
in the least degree bruised until they are we'l packed.
As an easy, cheap, neat, and excellent mode, we
recommend pncking with chaff and lime in barrels,
adopted by W. F. Shotwell, and described on page
ISf) of our last volume.

Now is the season forplanting tree=3 — remember —
now is ns easy ns ne.xt yenr, or the next — and they will
be growing all the while — put off other work, but
not this Shade trees crivc almost the whole expres-
sion to a countrv or a town. If tlie work is done in
auuimn. nnd 7rr// done, the earth will bec.inie proper-
ly pctilod abunt the root's, and they will have no liing
to no in the spring, but to f^row — but if lemoved then,
greater or lesi check niu=t inc. itiMy be given to
them.

To have ground early in good order for crops next
sprinrr, piongh your .rrround this fall, nnd let it be es-
pn.«ied to the action of fropt through winter.

Prepare cattle yards fur the mnnufticlure of manure
on ns laree a scale as practicable — provide p'eniy of
straw for litter — remember, plentij. — and that is a
great deal : nu.I if possiiile, cart on your manure
vards nlaree quantity of swnmp muck : or ifthat can-
not be bid. simple earth, to mix with the other ma-
nure. The Inhnr will bo well repaid. *

Excrescesicps on PInm Trees.

The iiifcct that produces the?c unsightly bunches,
has not confined its operations entirely to the early
pnrt of the season ; but in the nursery we have fiund
(0 mo. 15,) s^veinl worms that have very recently
started into life. Tliose who ate determined to save
their trees, sliould thereiii-c be on ih-:? alert.

We have already recommended clo-e pruning as a
means of detecting these deprerntors. Tiie vigor ol
the tree n ed not be injured, while the fruit will be
finer, nnd the bunches perceived at a glance. In a
bushy tree, it is a tiresmie task to dipcover them nil.

It nppe.nrs that when the femnle deposits her egirs,
something is applied to the branch which causes the
wood to hecoMio granular or fui.zous — n fit receptacle
for her nrogenv : nnd not nnfr.'quenily the bunch
continues to swell when no face ol a worm can be
found there. Ev(ry excrescence is tberefoie not Iji-
bab'ted, hut soma bnve several tepants. t

Eldei-Beriy Wine.

Mr.ssiis. Editoi;s : — lia\ing come into possession
of several acres of land mostly covered with elder
bushes, which promise a great crop of berries, I wish
to inquire wether it would be prolitable making tltcm
into wine ; and if 90, wiint is the procesf by which it
is made. A. SUBSCRIBER.

C'linulttiique Cotnitij, N. Y.

Rf:ji.vrks. — The above is the second inquiry of the
kind received by us within a month pr.si. Asalvo.:ati.-a
of tenipeiance we woi.l I reply, ^■ e do rot bclicvo
that making wine of any kind will in the end be ioiind
pii fitiibo ; still to grntilyour Eubeciiberswe gi\e such
iiilornvitl-iu on the eiibjict ns we fiiid nlhnnd

TiiC loUowing is fioui a little English work entitled
" The Art of iMnkiir; W:ue Irop.i Native Fruits."

" Ei.i.'ERiiKunv Wi.vE — This fruit is (xccilently
calculated fjr the production of wine. Ittjtiice con-
tains a considerable portion of ihc fermentative ir.atttr
which is so essential for the pioductienol vigorous
fermentation, and its beaut ful color communicati s to
the wine a rich tint ; but as the fruit is I'eliclcrit in
sacrharine, matter, this substance must be literally
supplied. This wine is much ameliorated ly adding
to ibe elderberry juice a small ponion of siipcr-tnrtrtito
ofpoinsh. Dr. ftlaccuiloch ohscivcs, * that the I'.ro-
portion of this salt may vary from one to four, and
even six per cent. The causes of this admiB.-iblc lax-
ity Will appear, when it is considered that ihegicatt-r
part of the super-tartrate of potash is again deposit- d
in the lees. I may also remark, that from two to
four percent, wdl be found a sulTu-ient dose, in pro-
portion to 'be grentei' or lefs sweetness of the fatlt,
the sweetest requiring the largest quantity of this salt,
and rice rersn. The dose of it ought also to vary in
proiKirlion to the added sugar, increasing it ns this
increaree.'

To every two quarts of bruised berries put ona
quart of water, strain tit juice through a hnir seive,
and add to every quart of the diliiled juice one pountj
of lump fucnr. Boil the mixiuro for about one quar-
ter of on hour, and euiVer it JO ferment in the mauiief
bef ire stated

Qi , bvii.'se a bushel ofpicked elderberries, dilute tbo
mass with ten gallons of water, and having boiled it
for a few minutes, strain o!T the juice and squ'.cz'^ out
the busks. Measure the whole quantity of the juice,
and to every quart put three quarters of a poind of
Unnp sugar; and, whilst still wnnn, add to itbr.ifa
pint of ytnst, and fill up the cask with soiTic of the
reserved liquor.

When the wine is clear it may be drawn off fn m
the lees (which will be in about three months) and
bottled for use.

Forflavorinff the wine, ginger, nlle|)ice. or any oth-
er aroniat.c substance may be used ; the finvoring ma-
terials may be inclosed in a bng, ar.d suspended in
the cask, am removed when the dctired flavor is pro-
duced."

The next is from on old work on domestic ccono.
my, nnd, we believe, is the method commordy prac-
ticed by the cottagers in England.

" Ei,di;r Wivi:. — To every quart of Iciries put
two quarts of water. Iioilhnlfrm liour, run the liquor,
and break the fruit through a hair scive ; tbi n to ev-
ery quart of juice put three quart' rs of a pound of Lis-
bon sugar, coarse, but not the very coarsjst. Boil the
whole n quarter of an hour with ."^ome Jamaica pep
pers, gingers, and a few cloves. Ponr it into a tub,
and when of n proper warmth, into the barrel, with
toast nnd yeast to work, which iheie is more difTiculiy
o make it do than most other iiqiiors. Whrn it
ceases to hiss, out a Quart of brandy to tinlit gallcua
an 1 s'oo up. Bottle in the spring or at Ciirisinias.
The liquor must be in a warm place to m.';kc it
wnrli."

146

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

The Curciilio. ^

Every person wlio owns a plum irce.ought to feel an
inlereel in ilic bistoij of the Curculio, fir it has been
the chief obfllncle to raising plums, npricois, and nec-
Urince, tchere llure were trees. We believe it is not
known in Europe, ihough oilier species of the same
genus there, bove their peculiar mode of annoyance.

Of tte benefit of our circular tin troughs, we can
»ay nothing decisive, because they were not applied
till after the Curculio had ascended the trees, and we
jarred the trees that had those appendages, as well as
the others. To the slaughter that we made of this
ins»ct in the early part of summer, we ascribe much of
the abundance that our trees have yielded; and in
confirmation of this opinion, we may mention that a
tree in the fruit garden which had been forgotten,
bore three apricots, while another young tree of rather
lees size bore half a bushel; and wc know of no other
reason for the diflercnce.

Before this summer we had believed thai the young
Curculio continue 1 in the fruit till it fell, and only
escaped from its habitation after it had lain for some
lime on the ground. Late obscrvationa however,
have shown that impreesion to be incorrect. We
found both plums and apricots on llic trees, from
which the insect had taken its departure through a
«.miill orifice cut in the side of the fruit.

We have had some cuiiosity to nstcrtain the where-
about o( the old Curculio, alter it had ceased to depo-
sit its nits in the fruit, (which is Eaid by Judge Dar-
ling of New Haven to be early in the sevenlh
month.) We therefore spread a sheet under sev-
eral plum trees, abou". the middle of theeighth month;
and on jarring tbem violently, caught several, though
in for less number than when we last examined the
trees about two months before. Indee ', under some
trees where we most expected them, we found none.
This failure however, may have been chiefly owing
to the hot weather, so favorable to the activity of all
insects, and which doubtless enabled them the better
to hold on. Wo hope to repeat the experiment in
cooler weatker. t

Improved Hogs in Ohio.

Nowhere in the course of our travels have wc ob-
terved greater need of improvement in ewine than in
the Stale of Ohio. For while it is ■. greatest pork
raising Sta;e in the Union, the common breed of hogs
is of the \ery worst description. Our Western New
Tork farn ea with their fine Leiceeters, Berkshires,
Byfields, &;., would bepuzzled to find n suitable
cognomen lor the animals called hogs in Ohio. We
ora at a loss to conceive from whence they origina-
ted; but imagine their form and character has grown
out of their uncivilized mode of life; as they seem to
be admirably calculated for tcaod rnvgers, or for
br jaking down the large stalks when employed in the
field as corn htishtrt.

A work of reform has begun, however, and the
moie intelligent farmers have discovered that a saving
of about one-half the amount of food may be eflectcd
by adopting improved breeds of hogs, and a mor«
eciinomicol mode of feeding. Various crosses of the
Lcices er, Byfield, Bedford, Ac; and thoiough bred
Berkshires are rapidly multiplying in the State. The
latter in particular appear to be in great demand.

MR. MAHARD'S BERKSHIRES-( V R
CLNCLNNATI.)

This is the most numerous and (perhaps excepting
Mr. Allen's) the most beautil'ul lot of Swine we have
ever seen. BIr. Mahard has been careful to obtain
superior animals to breed from, and he displays ex-
ccl'ent judgment in their manogcmeni. lie has sev-
en or eight fine breeding sows ; several b<iars, and a
large number of piga of various a;;es, With his pre-

:ient facilities he will soon be able to supply the great
demand which exists for these pigs in lliat region.

Mr. Mahard is the proprietor of one of the large
pork slaughtering and packing establishments in
Cincinnati, and bis experience in that business has
given him superior knowledge of the relative value
of the diflerent breeds of hogs. The following re-
marks on this subject were written by him for the
Western Farmer & Gardener: —

Mr. EriiTiiR — You arc aware that I am now, and
have been ever since 18^0, ^xiensivtly engaged in
the pork packing in this city; and 1 leel that 1 may
without presumption, lay claim to not a little expeii-
ence in the business. It is felly as much to niy in-
terest, and that of every one else engaged in coring
pork for market, as the interest ot the farmer, that
the very best breeds of hugs should be scattered over
the country.

When 1 first entered into the business, the pork
brought to us was produced from the same miserable
race yet to be found through much the greater part of
the West. It yielded us liule lard, and the sides
were unfit for mess or clear pork — too thin, and only
fit for bacon. The first improvement we had was the
little chunky China hog — a perfect mass of lard —
bams light and too fat — though the waste of oiTal was
trifling. The next we had was the large Warren
county hog, requiring years to mature, and then com-
ing to us of enormous weight — great w^iste of otTal —
the hams too large and badly shaped, as was also the
shoulder — and tire sides, nevertheless of their great
size, were thin in proportion. They were still a
great improvement. The crosses of these and the
Kussia and Byfield, in the hands of some of the more
judicious breeders, produced a very excellent bog,
and we who were the purchasers, were anxious lor
any improvement on the unprofitable wood hogs usu-
ally raised.

Though, as I have remarked, so long engaged in
the business of packing, I had paid but little attention
tu the breeding ot hogs, though always keeping a few
of the beet I could find, on my farm, and improving
them to the best of my ability. It was not until some
of tne part-bred Berkshires were brought to us from
Butler and Warren counties, and 1 was struck with
the great imtirovement tbey were, on any thing I had
yet seen. The perfect manner in which they were
I'aitened — their extraordinary length of body, and the
thickness of the side meat — their small, yet thick,
lleshy shoulder — the great weight and hamlsomc form
of tbtir hama — the great yield of lard, and the little
xaste of ofTuI, either of inside waste, or head and
bone, proved to me that they were a something en-
tirely diflerent and altogether superior to any other
breed within my knowledge. On making further
enquiry respecting them, I found them equally ad-
vauingeous to the farmer and drover, as to the pork
packer. Prolific and easily kept; maturing early and
fattening kindly to as great weights as were desirable;
stamping their own ciiaracter strongly on any other
breed with which they might be crot-sed; and travel-
ling well to any reasonably distant market.

1 had before this, been breeding h'gs for sale, and
seeing at a glance the great advantage it was going to
be to me in my packing business, to have such a bog
as the Berkshire in general use, I at once engaged in
it largely.

True it is that I cannot give up my farm and my
attention and espilal, to the breeding of fine nock,
without a prospect of making money by it; but that
was the secmdary object I had in view — my pork-
packing business was o( the first importance to me.
I saw and dreaded the efforts that were made to in-
troduce an extremely large hog into Kentucky, for I
had about this time iransferred my pork business to
that Stole, and had gone to very great expence in
ercctirg an extensive establishment back of Coving-
ton, and intended making my entire purchases in the
State. We can make no use in this nnaiket, of oni-
mala weighing from 400 to 600 pounds, even though
they may bo well fatted. A hog of [the proper
form and quality of meat, that matures at ten or
twelve months old, so as to fatten properly, and then
weighs from 200 to 300 pounds, is the son for which
we will give ;he highest price, because it yields us
the greatest profit. Anil most assuredly it will also
pay the tanner best. We have no |)opulaiiiin to sup-
ply, that will consume large, course, indilferently
cured meat. Our principal demand is fir ciiy and
(amily use, hmh hero and in the cities of the south
and oast. The honi is with us the most valuable part
of the hog, and the celebrity of ifcosc cured in Cin-

" nnati is now great. This part must be hiavy w th-
out being large — round, thick and plump — the fleth,
though principally lean, yet maibitd with fat. Next
to the ham, the lard and side meat yii Id us the greatest
return — the former must be abundant in quantity and
fine grained; which never is the cnee with any hog un.
til he hassomewhat matured; the inner must carry itf
thickness throughout, having no thin flonky parta;
and must be fat. And last we rank the shoulder and
the jowl.

Many of the Boston and Richmond dealers, and
those from the other citie* in the East and South,
come here annually to have meat packed; th«y all
prefer such a hog as I have described, and will buy no
other if they can help it.

For my own part, and for my use for packing, I
wont neither an extravagantly large hog, nor yet •
very small one. A hog that has to be fed two win-
ters, never will pay first cost; if be can be bad of
sufficient 8 ze without wintering at all, so much ih«
more profit. A spring pig killed in the fall at 200
pounds neti, will evidently pay better than if tb«
same hng had been kept over winter, and reached
the se'orid fall 500 pounds nett.

1 have been speaking now as a pork-packer, not
as a breeder: and what 1 have said, I say in all ain-
ccrity. I have no desire to injure the business of
any other breeder of improved ho2s, nor to preveni
their continuing their improvements to as high i
point as they please. But I do regret to see gentle,
men of science and experience going back to a iargi
coarse hog, such as the Wobum, Irish Grazier, oi
Leicester, when tbey can procure a breed «o infinite
ly superior — the improted Berkshire,

JOHN MAHARD, Jr.

Cinci7i7ia<i, July Z, 1841.

From the farmers' Register.
Disputed Questious in Agriculture.

August 2, 1841;

Dear Sir: — It may perhaps be deemed a very iisf
less, if not presumptuous attempt in any individual t
suggest any meiins of settling for ever even a anio
portion ot those apparen ly interminable toiilioversii
111 regard to certain agricultutnl niaiteis with wbic
our agricultural papers have been and still ore oftt
filled. But the very circumstance of their being coi
tinued is, 1 think, a conclusive proof that each dispuiai
believes that they 7)unj be brought to a ci.nciusioi
provided a proper course was pur.'^ued for the purpos
In the hope, theicfore, of recommending such
course, I will proceed to notice a lew of ihc.e contn
versies, together with the manner in which the que
lions that gave rite to them have been tiented. Th
has been such, in most instances, as to serve scarce
any other purpose than to crowd our books ol hi:sba
dry with conirniiuicoiions, the nuthors of which oppc
far more anxious to put each other in the tcrong, tbi
to set the agricultural public right, in regaid to I
subjects of controversy. The cllict of most of the
articles has been to aggravate the unreasonable prej
dices against agricultural works; to perplex great
all young formers who read for information; and ii
measurably to weary old ones, in witrietsing such
wa^te of words — uttered, pn.tessedly, to give ligl
but, in reality, often making conluMon worse ce
founded. Instead of giving us accurate details of c
periments, most carefully made, together with lb
results, wbieli alone can satisfactorily settle su
matters, we find, in much of what they write, lit
else than speculative opinions and iheoreticol arf
ments, or ill-digested and unsound coiiclusions fri
some things which they call experinicnts, but whi
are rcolly deficient in all the particulars that it is i
scniial to notice most accurately, belbre they can
entitled to any weight.

This, I think, may truly be aflnrmed of nearly
that I have read of what has been written on the {
lowing controverted subjects ;

Wiiether vegeto-animal manures should be turn
under in their ficshest state, or left on the surface
the land until it is cultivated 1

■Which is the most productive variety of Ind
Corn in each section of coniury, where the clh
ate, soil, and situation is nearly the same?

At what distances is it best to plant, and by wl
modes of culture corn will produce most net profit 1

Whether it is injurious or beneficial to cut the rO'
of coin during its growth?

And last, though not least, what is the true op
ion in regard to that great ••pons asinouim" in i
riculiiire, the convertibility i)]' wheat ivto climt
c^fsaf

No. 10.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

147

Now, ill my humble opinion, nil ihcse etill mide-
tcnniiK-d iiuobiioii^ mi^Ui hnve l»cei\ ectcled many —
many years ago, ifilioae who were mos' iiiterestcd in
tlieni had taken the trouble to make a few such por-
feeily accurate expcrimenia ca any ciiltivnior of his
own or othera' land mi^'ht viry easily maUo; and to
publiah the reoiiUa ot'thc eanie in our agricultural jour
nats, inatead of the numerous vague Stieculutions and
inconcluaivc statements on the forCijoiny aubjccie.wiih
whieu these journals have so often been filled. Whe-
ther 1 am right or wrong in thia opinion, let your
readera determine, aftfr considering the lolbwing
queiieu to which I rcspedfully invite their attention.

How easy would it hove been, in i.rder to srttie the
first controversy, for all who felt sulficient iniereot in
it to desire that it should be settled, to spread vcj,'eio-
snimal manure equally over a email determinate
quantity of land, and then, alternately to plough it
under, and leave it on the surface of exactly equal
poriiona of this land, and to compare by accurate mea-
surement, the produce of each portion 3

Would it not have been equally easy In settle the
aecond contniversy, by planting a like determinate
quantity of land with as many varietiea of Indian
corn as the experimentalist wished to compare toge-
ther, giving to each exactly equal poriiona of the
land, the same diataneea between the hills and rows,
the some number of stalks in a hill, and precisely the
same culture: and then accurately to measure the pro-
duce of ea^-h portion 7 To prevent the produce from
being much alfectej by iitlerniixiure, an oblong form
migut be given to the land on which the experiment
was made, and the rows planted ocross, to the num-
ber, aay, of 12 or 15. Then, by comparing an equal
number ol the middle rowa only, the experiment
would approach sufficiently near absolute accuracy to
sntisiy even the most skeptical.

To ac-certain the best distances at which to plant
corn in the richest, the poorest, and the medium qua-
lity of land, what difficulty would there be in trying
nil such as are most approved by practical men, on an
iascertaint'd quantity ol land of either of the foregoing
qualities, giving to each d.snnce exactly the eam^
sized portion, and then measuring accurately the pro-
duce of each portion, as in the other experiments ?

With a view to ascertain the best modes of culture,
can it possibly bo satisfactorily done without compar-
ing them at the same time, on exactly equal portions
of land which is the same in soil, fertility, and situa-
tion; and can there be any great difficulty, expense,
or trouble in making this conipaiison. Yet who,
among our numerous writers on the subject has ever
reported any such experiment ? This, if it ever had
been properly made, would have settled for ever, whe-
ther it benctiis or injures corn to cut the roots, since
ciU they iedl be, more or less, by every mode of cul-
ture wuich has ever yet been tried. If the portion
of land on which fewest roota had bern cut produced
the most corn, and that portion yielded the least
where the root-cutting had been greatest, theu eurely
the lirst modeol culture would be preferred by every
body, but the obstinate fools who have no better rea-
«r>n for any thing they do, than ihat they have always
done toe same.

With respect lo the cheat or chess controversy,
lam almost afraid to open my lips, for most of our
brethren who maintain that cheat is the produce of
wheat, seem to have worked themselves up into such
B choleric and bellicose humor on the subject, against
U3 who maintain the negative in this matter, that it
ia quite a perilous thing to ofTer any argument in sup-
port of our opinions. I will therefore content myself
with only asking a few simple questions. Is it among
the unknowable things of this world to ascertain the
truth in regard to thia controversy ? If it is, why
should another word be ever said or written about iff
If it is not, can any one oblige me so far as to name
a single experiment, among all which have been so
ca'led and attted la pro.ifs that wheat will turn to
cheat, which ia not most palpably ded'ctive in several
csaential particulars ? I can truly e^y that 1 have
never seen even a silitary one., but that which was
made in 1833 by Messrs. Tiiomae and William J,
Cocke and yourself. This is to be found in the first
volume of your Register, on the 83d and 84th pages;
and to my mmd is most conclusive proof that for
leheat to p'oduce cheat, is quite as great an impofsibil-
i'.y aa for " thorns to yield grapes," or for thiatlea to
produce figs. I will further ask, if any experiment
made with less particularity aijd accuracy than the
one just referred to, ou^ht 1 1 be regarded, even in the
slightest degree, as contributing towards aettling thia
much and long agitated controversy, or indeed,
should be entitled to a place in any of our agricultur-
al papers 1 None, I think, who reilly deinro v tnrae

at the truth in this matter could reasonably object to
the editors of these papers requiring equal or even
greater accuraay and minuteness in the experiments
which they may be required to report lor either ol the-
parties ccncerned. li the zeal o;" those who maintain
the affirmative in this controversy, be not sufficient
when stimulated by the hope of victory, to impel them
to take the trouble of making such experiments as
have just been suggested, I would beg leave hereby
to call tieir attention to your pledge — made a lew
months ago, to pay one hundred doilare — not ** in
rage," but in good lawful money, to any one who
can prove by similar experiments, well authenticated
in all their particulars, that he has succeeded in con-
verting wheal into cheat.

I could mention several other subjects upon which
much ditfercnce of opinion has been expressed, for
many years past, and which still occasionally appear
in our agricultural popers. Serving no other purpose
than to show the great dispropor'.ion in number be-
tween the multitude who prefer writing out and pub-
lishing their conjectures on these topics, and the lew
who choose the less easy, but more troublesome road
of accurate experiments to solve their doubts. But
until this be generally done in regard to all matters
which can be settled by the experimental process, the
readers of our agricultural journals, (good as I admit
most of them to be) will have to pay for much that
ailorda them little, if any satisiactory information. II
** tiction, action, action,'* be essential to form the
finished orator, I would say that — experiments, exper-
iiitetil£, accurate experiments are equally, nay, more
important, to form the complete fanner, 1 remain,
dear sir, vours very sincerely,

JA.VIES M, GARNETT,

From the Ifew England Tarmer.

Hajr Seed upon laveited Sod.

Many of our moist lands upon our dry uplands and
the bog-meadows, though natural to grass, occasion-
ally need renovating. As long as a common top-
dressing will coll a good crop, nothing more should
be done than to apply the manure on the surface.
But when the better grasses have run out, and when
moss begins to collect upon the surface, it is necessa-
ry to plough such land. But where the plough will
do its woik tolerably ii ell, it is not necessary to plant.
These lands which are wet and heavy in the early part
of the season, and which bake in the scorching months
of July and August, are not profitable for tillage. —
They may yield a crop of potatoes, and possibly of
corn, but the chances for this are small, and it is usu-
ualiy bad working these wet spots in the early port of
the season. The best way to treat them is, to turn
the land over aa aoon as it can conveniently be done
after the crop of hay has been removed; to plough
in B:ieh direction that the dead furrows shall come in
suitable plucea for surface draine, to roll well; and
then put on a dressing of compost. When this has
been done, sow hay-seed and harrow thoroughly.
Then use the roller again, and the next season you
may obtain a fair crop of hay, and the following year
you probably will get a heavy burthen. Herds grasa
is better for these moist grounds than clover or red-
top. No one who has been acustomed to this process
will ever think of tilling any wet lands that can be
laid over smooth by the plough.

The process here recommended has b^en repeatedly
urged upon our farmers, by Mr. Buckminster, editor
of the Boston Cultivator; and as tiir aa he has influen-
ced tbem to comply with his advice in thia matter, he
has rendered them good service.

This ia the proper season of the year for working
all low lands, and it is by attention to them, that our
farmers genera ly must hope to thrive. They repay
the labor and expense bestowed upon them better than
most of the high grounds.

Cactus Triangularis.

The Charlestown Courier says, we were among
thu gratified beholders of the magnificent and numer-
ous bloom of this rare plain, at Mr. L. B. Baker's,
on Wednesday night last. The plant is in a state of
most luxuriant vegetation, growing in a box contain-
ing rocks, superficially covered with sand, and of
course deriving its nourishment chiefly from the at-
mosphere. When we saw it, thirteen magnificent
flowers, gigantic in size, yet gvaccful in form and ex-
quisite in beauty, siiniiltoneously expanded their pe-
tals to delight the eye, while at a little distance a
pleasant fragrance was diffused. The evening be-
fore, seven flowers, on the some plant, had commen-
ced and closed their ephemeral bloom. We carried
away one of tbf^* rich Woswras of night, kindly pre-

sented to us by their proprietor, and found to our
agreeable surprise liiat, by depoeittng it in a jar of
water, its existence was prolonged, and it bloomed
belle of the rosy morn as well aa the curtained night.
Th» bloom of this plant io one of nature's myeterica
— floral beauty the most rare oiid exquisite, dcslincd
only to hang on the brow of night, like a rich jewel
in the Plthiop's ear, and to close its petals in early
and lovely death as r„idnight tolls its knell — depend-
ent too wholly on human aid to prevent it from be-
ing born to blush unseen and waste its sweetness on
the desert air.

A fine specimen of this beautiful Ceetus owned by
Mr. Otie Everett, jr., which opened its blossoms on
Wednesday last, and was witnessed by many of his
friends, all of whom speak in the highest terms of ita
beauty and fragrance. The flower is very large, of
a pure white, with CO outer and 18 inner petals G
inches in length. It commenced opening at 4 P. M.
was half open at 7, fully expanded at 10, ond doted
next morning at 7 o'clock. Thia plant came from
the interior of the island of Cuba. Truly is it said
that this is one of "nature's mysteries," — Bosttn
Transcript.

The Pear Tree.

We are told that many persona are afraid to plant
pear trees lest they should die with the Jire-hlight ;
that they have done their best to savs the trees, but all
to no purpose ; and that they now settle down in de-
spair. In reply to this melancholy account however,
we can repeat the assurance that ice hace not lust a
single tree by tlte Jire-blight in twenty years. It has
been in our fruit garden several times, but always
seemed to walk out again aa fast aa we did ; for we
cut off the injured branches wii/ioi/t delay and burnt
them immediately, — destroying aa we believed, the
whole colony of insects that had committed the depre-
dation.

As soon aa the leaves begin to blacken on the
branches, lor two feet or more near their extremities,
let the owner waken up at once, lay aside all otuer
business, and proceed with aa much zeal to the task as
he would drive the pigs from his garden. We are
satisfied it is the putting off till a more convenient
season in such eases, that proves so fatal to the pear
tree. The stable door may be locked when the horee
is stolen ; and the limb may be cut off when the in-
sects are gone to another part of the tree. Did you
cutofTthe Vnnbbeloto where it was dead, say a foot «r
more? " No — we only cut off the dead part" — leav-
ing the insect at work below. Did you burn it when
it was cut off! " Why — no — we left it under the
tree" — for the insect (if there) to go up again at bis
leisure, t

Culture of 8lllf.

It is indeed " an ill wind that blows nobody good,"
The subsidence of the mulberry speculation is follow-
ed by cheeringattentiontothemanufactureofeilk. The
immense quantity of trees lately propagated for spec-
ulauon, essentially aids those who now embark with
a view of pursuing the Silk Culture as a steady busi-
ness. The vice of speculation is thus rendered trib-
utary to honest industry; and we confidently predict
that the crop of silk, in three or four years, will prove
that, whatever evils may have deluged the country
through the speculating mania, the "mulberry fever"
isfjllowed by healthy and efficient action in the great
cause of rendering our country independent of foreign
nations for an ample supply of Silk.

Wo congratulate thousands of thrifty farmers upon
the pleasant and profitable employment which the
silk business affordj to the females and children in
their families — affording means and inducements for
industry that may essentially serve those families
throughout life — promoting comfort and independ-
ence, and yielding returns that would guard againat
pecuniary distress, should the ordinary meana of sup-
port be curtailed by the loss of husband or father, or
by other reverses of fbrtune, R.

7W

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

A Visit toBrockport aud Clarkson.

I n ihc early pari of September, we took a ride to
Itr rkport, in company with L. B. LANowoiiTHr, Esq.
im 1 Mr. JojtPH Ai.LtY.x, wiili the imention i,f vitw-
iny. the farm and 6ilk cocoonery of Mr. George Allen,
Ml 1 visiting a number of the good farmers in Sivoden
un I Clork»'in. Owing to the ercessive warmth of the
wciither, and some indisposition on our part, we did
1101 accomplish a3 much aa we intended ; etill, we saw
much ihnt was highly interesting to 113, and gome ac-
»ount of which may gratify our readers.

Mr. .\Ileu's Farm
[s aitnated on the south cast side, and within the cor-
poiaic limits of the village of Brockport. It consists
of s6 acree, embracing a great variety of surface and
kinds of soil, now under good cuUivniion, but origin-
ally quite rough and some ports so wet and boggy as
to bo utterly useless. The improvements which Mr.
Allen has cfleeted, are quite surprising, and reflect
great credit on his ckill and enterprise. His syatcp'

■>f

Under-Draining aud Stock Watering

I? very perfect, and worthy of imitation. Me has made
oboul 80 rods of under-drain, by means of which he
Itns not only reclaimed several acres of valuable land
an 1 beautifiod his premises, but by placing reservoirs
in the drain', and putting down conducting logs, he
has obtained an abnni.int and never iailing supply of
pure water, at his yard and building?. In conslrnct-
ing drains, Mr. Allen has adop'.ed Eeveral mod-.s, ac-
Ci'rding to the nature of the soil or other circumstan-
c.-e. Where the soil \N"a3 firm, and the materials at
ominand, the drain was formed of I'lose stones, first
covered wiih liirf, then with cnnb, ,'V( other places
it was formed by nailing two narrow boards togetber,
like a trough, placing it with the angle downwards for
ilic bottom of the drain, then putting small sticks
Bi:ro83 and covering it with another board, so as to
li ave a crevice for the water to enter nnder the cover;
tlie whole surrounded with broken charcoal to focili-
tite filtration and preserve the boards from decay. —
Another method, and to us a novel one, was procticed
where the sub-soil was quicksand, and where aboard
or stone drain would soon fill up : ho went to the
woods aud cut beech brush, c )nsisiing of branches one
inch or less in diameter, with the spray on, which he
tied up in small bundles or fiiggoia, eight or ten inches
in diameter ; these he placed lapping each other in n
low in the bottom of the''drain, having first laid
ilown a bed of straw. The fag-gols are thon firmly
turrounded and covered with straw, and on this is
thrown the turf and rubbish, then earth or sand, the
whole firmly pressed down. IIow long such drains
will endure without decoying or filling up with qtiick-
snnJ. we cannot tell, but they seem to answer iho pur-
(Kise admirably, and certainly are not very expensive.
Mr. Allen is also largey engaged in

Silk aad Mulberry oiieratioii!),
As onr readers arc already aware, by his communica-
lioti wl.ich we published last month, end to v.hi;h wu
now refer for an account of bis cocoonery, &c. , in or-
der to p event icpotition. Wo were somewhat dis-
appointed in the appearance of the cocoonery, having
cx.iccted to sec a better finished building and more
expensive fi.xt»re8 ; but as it is, it goes to prove one
important fact, namely, that large expenditure of mo-
rey is not necessary for a commencement. Owing
10 a want of experience, and some mismanagement,
Mr. Allen was not very successful with bis early crop
of worms; but the later hatchings, of v.'hich Uc baa an
, nnitnse number n.ow feeding, appear very promis-
in". Some were beginning to spin when wo were
iUn-c. The cocoonery is fiitod up with Morrib' Frame*,
w'ulc'i unuoubtcdly combine morj ndvontagrs than
any othw cmtrlvance for feeding silk worms. Mr.
^ Ihn is 51 w.>;! c'lnvin-sd "f ilieTr n'.ilitr, thai he ha

become joint proprietor with Mr. Morris for the right
of all the districts of Western New York lying west
of the Genesee River.

The mulberry plantations and nurseries of Mr. Al-
len far exceeded our expectations. He had no estimate
of the exact number of trees, but thinks there is over
•200, OUI). They embrace the M. alba, M. multicaulis,
and several other varieties. Mr. Allen has collected
a vast fund of information on the subject of silk culture, \
and appears to take pleasure in commnnicating it to !
others.

The Farm of Mr. S. D. HaJdwin
Was the next place we visited. Jt onsisis of I'JOacres 1
of very superior land, only half a mile from the vil- I
loge of Brockport, on the south west 8 de. Mr. Bald-
win is very successful in the culture of wheat, Indian
corn, and other ordinary crops ; but what most at-
tracted our attention was 17 acres of broom corn. —
This was of on unusually fine growth, very tall and
thick, and being just in full head, it presented a most
luxuriant spectacle. Mr. B. has long been in the
practice of raising broom corn, and making brooms.
it affords profitable employment for the winter months.
Wo found another somewhat unutual crop on this
farm, but we doubt whether the owner deserves much
credit for it, although it looked very promising, for it
was nothing but weeds — yes, and the vilest of all
weeds — Tobacco! Jlr. B. is quite confident that this
crop can be raised with advantage on his land ; but
we shall not be surprised nor sorry if he is disappoint
ed when he brings it to maikct.

In horticulture, Mr. Baldwin is sadly deficient; but
we think he must be something of an amateur injllor-
iculturc, for wo observed many curious if not rare
plant? in bis flower garden in front of tbe hm.ise; §uch
for instance as Phijtulacca dccandra, (Poke weed,)
Rumcx sunguinca, (Dock,) Chmopodvuin rhumhifo-
Hum, (Pig weed,) &c. *fc-c.

After we had partaken of the hospitalities of his to- I
ble, Mr. Baldsvin conveyed us to Clorkson, where we
took a stroll over ihe large and beautiful j

Fami of Dr. Abel Haldwin.

His land extends from the Ridge Road to more than

a mile in extent on the plain below. The soil is gen-

eroUy good, though much of it is rather heavy. Ii

formerly produced large crops of wheat, but Doct. B.

says it has lost much of its wheat growing properties,

and he now intends to try the eliccts of lime and deep

ploughing. II he can obtain a good sul/soil plough.

he promises to give it a trial. He is doing consldcrfi-

. ble at under-draining, and says he bos observed thai

I ihe heaviest wheat is produced where tlie earth hat

I been thrown out in making drains; tin orgumer:

j which we have befjre adduced in favor of deep plough-

j ing on such lands. Dr. B. keeps a large number oJ

I cotile, and cuts much gross. On his largest nicadowt

! he bos adopted a system of

Irrigation
Which be finds of great odvantago particularly in dry
seasons like the post. A stream formed by a wootc-
wier in the canol, runs thiough his farm, and wbei
required a portion of the water is conducted on to thii
meadow in such a manner as to submerge nearly thi
whole surface ; from which it is again condueter
when necessary by opening several drains. We won
der that irrigation is not nnjre procticed in this coun
try, especially in places such as we often see, where i
coidd be done with trifling expense. In England,
notwithstanding the i.ioislure of the climate, irrigo
tion 's m.uch practiced and found to he of great ad
tage,

l)r. Baldwin bos a fine collection of cattle eonsistin.'
both of improved and common breeds. A lot of steci.-
and grade heifers struck us as being very beawiifu'
His cows ore also very fine, both of impiovcJ and se-
lected comninn stock.

Disease Among Calves—IuQuiiy.

Dr. Baldwin informed us that in ii:c momh of Au-
gust he lost twelve very fine calves about three months
old, by a eironge kind of epidemic that attacked ihrm;
the coutc and cure of which neither be nor his neigh-
bors understood. The colvts wore very lorge ond
thrifty ; all sucked the cows, and gave no evidence
of illhcalth till they Buddrnly became dumpy, refused
to suck, and in «il hours died. On removing too
skin lorge block spots were seen on the body ; and on
examination ibe second stomach was fouud to be dry
and hard. We presume some of our renders con
throw light on this subject, and I ope they will do to.
A Large Grape Viue.

In his fiuit garden Dr. Baldwin bos the largest and
most productive grope vine we have ever seen in this
country. It is an American variety called 'Winne,
resembling the Isabella. The branches run along n
trellis and over the tops of several fruit trees, covering
a space we should judge, ofot least forty feet square.
We tried to moke on estimate of the number of clus-
ters of fmit but time and our jiatience failed us. Wo
guessed there were about .3000 ; they arc not as lorge
as the foreign varieties.

Lime as a Manure.

Lime bos been considered the foundation of oil good
husbandry ; for where it is not tound naturolly in the
soil in sulHeient abundance, it has generally been the
task of the good husbandman to supply the deficiency.
It may be doubted however, whether lime is the
only mineral capable of rendering soils perpetually
fertile. The bloek sandy prairies of the \Vcstern
Slates seem to furnish on exception. We have form-
erly stated our views on this subject, and now repeat
them in the hope of inducing some able chemist to fur-
nish on accurate analysis.

Much of the prairie on the east side of the Wabash
river, which includes the town of Vincennes, was a
common when we visited that place in ISIG; and bad
probably been in that condition for more than a centu-
ry. In many places, it was enLiiely bare — in others
covered by coarse gross or perennial weeds ; but
n-berever it wos cultivated, the vegetation was most
luxuriant. The soil oppeors nearly black, but glisten-
mg in the sun. This reflection is from the white sand
which constitutes a large proportion, while the dark
color is derived from the finely divided matter. On
treating it with diluted muriatic acid, we discovered
no effervescence', and concluded it contained no cotbo-
note of lime. When burnt, it wos scarcely eJimrnished
in quantity, showing it contained but little caibon or
vegetable matter. By this procets, however, it was
jhangcd from black to a reddish cast ; and wo infer-
.ed that the fertilizing principle was a mineral, and
,;robably a sulphurct, but our ciamination extended no
urlher.

These tracts hn-.vever, fiirm but a very small pro-
lortion of the country ; ond wo recur to lime as the
general fertolizer. We intend not indeed to discuss
he sultjcci at lorge, but simply to point to errors that
igriculturifts have sometimes adopted.

Lime should ohvaysbe applied in the form of pow.
!er ; and it matteis not whether the icducticm of the
tore to this state, bo performed by grinding or Irurn-
II g ; but the latter method being the easier, has been
;enerally adopted. It is true there is a great difference
•etween the comminuted stone and quick liine, just
lacked , but the latter when spread out on the ground
■ecomes carbonated so speedily, that both have tho
lime eflect, 03 manures. A soinlion of quick lime ia
I'no porticular use in agriculturo ; an intimate inter-
li-vture with the soil is the principal thing ; end to
.event its becoming clotted, a most useful precau-
on.
T' grind mngnesion, litnfs'.one, if pia.-tirob'e.wnulil

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

11J

No. 10.

be far preferabie to burning it ; beca.,8a i„ that cnse, | The Antwerp Raspberry may also be mentioned, 1 make , ho place all that any reasonable man could wi.b.
ncahev the l,ni« „or the magncein wauM be caustic, j which with U3 is generally hardy ; but at Marietta, The farm con.i.te of 100 acres of excellent 1«„ 1
When .t ts burnt, h.w.ver, the bad oilbris of thecnus- 1 in Ohio, more than three degrees further south, " it beautifully undulating, and well watered w,th eprin^.s
t.c magnesia (hot l.me) may be avoided by scattering | requires to be laid down every autumn," says Doctor | It is div.ded offnuo 6 or 10 small .'ield., and all «cU

cultivated. Mr. C. is very sueccesful in raising wheat.

it in powder, over meadows or pastures at least one j Hildielh, "and covered with earth or straw to protect
eummer before they are to be broken up. Falling it from the /TOJing: a.u(i Rawing of our variable win-

anijugst the decaying bladea of gra~s, which omit
carbonic acid, the magnesia imbibes it and becomes
mild, which it would fail to do on a hare soil, as it at-
tracts that acid more feebly than lime, and the latter
of course, must be always served first.

Lime losfs none of its qnalilies as a manure by old i jured if grown ina noribern .'^haded exposure."*

ago or exposure to the weather. Henco the refuse Tr^^A: i„. .i i

, ,, , , , , ,, , "■■"-"->-. Ireadmg down the snow so as to accumulate a com-

tbal collects round limo-kiln?, is well ad.ipSod to ibe ^ „„~, ,„„^^ ^„„„j .u . j i . . .,

, . , , , ^ , '"^ pact mass round the tree, and then covering it with

larmer s use, and the value of the mass will be rci'ula-

ters. Plants which sland under the nortli sale of a
fence or a building, hear llie winter in a manner un-
luirmei. This is also the case with the Madeira grape
vine, and GreviUe rose, both of which are killed if
I exposed to the mid-day sun of winter, but live unin-

ted by it3 Irecdoin from small stones and other impu-
i-itics. O.T the same principle, the plaster from old
walls and ceilings, should never be thrown into the
To.id; but broken up with a poun-le.-, and applied M
the gar 'en, the field, or the meadow. It is a valuable
manure, and more especially for heavy soils. t

Blossam Biuls perishing in Winter,

A correspondent wishes to know why the blossom
buds of the pcacl>and apricot perish in winter? and
bIbo, il there is any way to prevent such loss ?

A flowing of the sap late in autumn, or in winter,
foUowe i by intense cold, has long been considered as

straw, has been found useful. We have seen an apple
retarded in its vegetation for a fortnight in the spring,
by piling wood round it: but the weather here is so
variable and uncertain, that what was useful in one
season, may be useless in another. f

Importance of CoIor"Pai)iting Wagons, &c.

The importance of dark and light surfaces, Is, we
believe, but liltio appreciated in an econo.mical point
of view. The difference between rough or darkened,
and polished motalio surfaces, in absorbing and radiat-
ing heat, is familiar to every student in chemistry.
A housewife would be considered ignorant, who did
not know that bread would bake more rapidly on an

the cause of ,h,s damage; artd we have no doubt of dd or blackened mctalic dish, than on a new or bright
.ts being toe true cause ; for those buds can endure a one ; that water cools more slowly in a bright tea-pm,
very low tempcr.,ture ,1 they are not started by un- j .ban in any other ; that a stove pipe of Russia iro,
seasonable warmth. We have no know cd^e that thev ' i,«o,o „ ,,„™ i .> ■

, , ..,,,., ".'•"""-'^ «''-'"'" '""J , heats a room less than a pipe ol common or rouob

linvo ever been lulled in this conilition, by the severest '

iron ; that water can scarcely be made to boil in a
new tin vessel, with a charcoal fire, until its bottom
becomes blackoed with smoke ;— all of which plain-
ly show the rapid absorption and radiation of heat by
, raiigb »nd bla:,-iened surfaces, and the reverse bv

!8l winters, when not interrupted by ihawe, lave ! bright or reH-cting ones.

tenerally, il not aUays, been succeeded by fruitful

cold of this climate — perhaps ten or fifteen degrees be-
low zero ; and in the elevated region between the
3u=quehonna and the Delaware, they have probably
!ndured a depression of ten degrees more. Our cold-

and his practice is somewhat peculiar. lie bos prom-
iseil to furnish ou- leadersanaocount of biscxperien.'c
in this business, and also in raising Indian corn, if
which we saw a remarkably fine field. We advisi.l
him to offer his corn crop in competition for ti'e cou;i-
ly premium, and if he does e> we think he wi.l
gain it.

In farm stock Mr. Cornell has a very cbou.'
though not very large collection, embracing the m(>.a
approved breeds of cattle ahoop and swine — Here wo
seethe true system exemplified — a small farm. In
small fields highly cultivated, with a limited amount
of stock of the best breeds. Tiiis is what we call ov-
t'lodox farming. The slieep in particular, struck on
as being very superior. Ho has nearly one hundrod
head, part pure Cotswold, and the others giha or
fths blood, crossed with the Leicester. We regim
thatMr. C. did not make arrangeiiient.s to take liia
thorough bred sheep to the Fair at Syracuse, but tl-a
dslance, and the diflicuUy ofprocuring a boat to take
them prevented. Ho ia fully convinced that tbo
Cotswold ebeep are tho most profitable breed for o, it-
farmers.

By an advertisement on our last page it will be se<n
that JMr. Cornell offers to dispose of part of his slock,
and we advise those in this region who wish to pui-
chase to go and see them.

easons.

In the winter of 13:51-3, the snow drifted around a
each tree in our fruit garden, so that one low limb
ras entirely buried. This rough weather was suc-
eeded by a thaw soon after New Years, and the thaw
y intense cold. Peaches were very scarce in the fol-
jwing season. The highest limbs— the very tope—
> which the reflected heat from the ground could
larcely reach— had a few, while the iinib which was
uried in the snov/, was loaded down with fruit.

The same effect was produced on a limb that rested
u the roof of a building, and was co

I TiiO inllu'uce of color alone, on absorption, is most
strikingly exhibited in case of solar heat. Bodies of
a black color, are found soon to become heated in the
sun, while white ones are scarcely affected. This
important fact should be borne in mind, in the preser-
vation, by paint, of all implements or machines of
whatever kind, which may be injured by the action of
the sun's rays. Wagons and carriages, especially,
which during use must necessarily be more or less ex-
posed, should always be of seme light color. A car-
riage of a light yellow or ash color, is almost incon-

ceivably less heated, cracked, and warped, than one
. , , , , ^eredupinadnlt. of a dark brown or black. And however unfnRhfnnn

ne warm winds that s<«rto/ the other buds, passed .fi"u nonever untashiona

iet without touching, and left it torpid.

On bleak nortiieni aspects, wc believe the peach

ble such light colors may be, we have no doubt that if
vebiecles generally, were painted with such, thot

lley of the same district, assured us that the peach friend Cor.aell in ti

^e with them was uiifruitlul as often as

seven.

is generally p^diic^X r ti;- 7Z^ Tl^Z T^r^^T'' "' '17 '"'"''' '' '"''' —''
rplain the following cases on the same principle - ^ ' f"""""f ^ I """' ''°"""'' ^""""^ "^

,r many years, we resided in a wide valley bounded! "''"'1''"'": '" Vf! ""'"^ aPP^ndages to

. two sides by high hills. In the valley, the peach ■ "'"' "^°-^ a domes-.ic establishment. _ .

M an uicertain crop ; but on the hills it rarelv fail- \ A Visit to Wm. C. Coruell'g

A careful observer who lived in a more sheltered ,' We made a visit some days ogo to the farm of our

lie south part of the town of Hen-
, ,,. , "^ y^-'fs out rietta, about seven milea from this city Mr C was

In vallies, the temperature is more variable formerly a merchant in the city of New-York but hk

Ter f'^ I'rr"''' "' ""^''-'-^ "'"' -•''- " '^-'-- n- ^--^ C-rable to h s he 1th it' 1 th
other ; for it has been ascertained that in severe but ; city and turned his attention to farming In selecting
m^wcathcr, the cold a.r settles down in the lowest a location we think he manifested gl'd jIdSnt a!

U^winter wasmdder than usual ; and yetwe had Z^^r ;;£ ^Imt r S^^i^^ ^t
w shrubs more injured than m seasons of intense systematic mind of the morcb„„f;=. „ ."^"'•^"'^' ">''
It appears that ,n these shrubs the sap had star- ; the farmer. Sedt - nThoei;-,::^^^^^^^^ '"
, and the sharp frosts that followed were destruc- ' with the farm • eve^y hi,r. V "h n an IT^

to a part of their b..,.iches. Amongst.these, were i an air of comfort and .^cT' "'" '''""

lurpi- ^-' . . ^

nf-mcm. Mis. C. r.lihou'^h

Purple Fringe tree, and thePyracantha , but Fon- 1 brought up in the ;; .o be . 7"''

^laphUlyroides, fro:n ^yria, more tender than | and well L teL ^^a' co ir li^ "we M

' 'Hovf.'.Ii.T-..|„^„r II ...:..., - „

Crops ill South Venice in 1841.

Wheat.— This crop is not as good as last seasoti.
I think it cannot be called more than half of an aver
age yield ; the berry is fine however. Slany fiel la
of wheat were nearly destroyed by the Stein Croi t,
(Red Root) which is making ruinous inroads upon
us. Spring wheat was but little sown this year, and
did not turn out well.

Grass — More grass was cut in this town this year,
I think, than last. The rain in May gave the mea.l-
ows such a start as to prevent the subsequent drouth
from seriously effecting the crop.

Corn bxiks very good, considering the season
The dry weather however has so affected it that out
farmers will not probably have more than enough fi i
their own conaumptin ; consequently the price mu<»
be high.

Peas.— This crop is very good— belter lUwi ln«
season. A larger quantity than usual wer« sown this
year— Many farmers prefer them ',0 corn for fattenip;;
pork.

Oats hare done well this year— I think they will
yield better than last seoson.

DitiLY is good, what little was sown.

BfcKwiiEAT was but little sown, but looks weit- -
will be a good crop if not injured by froat.

Flax — The cultivation of this crop is nearly
abandoned, owing to the labor rixpiired in mannfar
turing the cloth. What little w.aa sown looks veiv
well.

Pot .iTOEs were much injured by the drouth, an .!
will not yield well, however there will be enougli
for our own consumption.

Root Chops generally will fall much below an av
erage yield ; but arc not very extensively raised hern.

FsfiT is very plenty, save peaches. I think theru
is more fruit than last year. On the whole I think
the crops in this region are as good as in any othe<
part of Western New-York ; and we have abundani
reason for gratitude U} Him who has given us th&'o
necessaries and comforla of life.

Respectfully yours,

150

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

OL.

On tlic Moisture of the Soil.—Waterins.

We prcBUinc ihatalmoet every cullivnior of the Boil
in thia cnniry, bu, durin; ihc poac ecoBoii, fL'li the
need of more knowledge reepecting the operation nnd
cfTecia of iiioistuto on vegetation. It ia a subject
wbicb every farmer and gardener ebould fully under-
stand ; we therefore bring it before the minds of our
readers v;bile they realize ita importance. 'J ho fol-
lowing article is from "Lindlcy'a Theory of Horticul-
ture, with notes bvA. J. Downing and Dr. Gray" — It
is not long — read it carefully.

It has already been shown that water ia one of the
most important elements in the food of plants, portly
from their having the power of decomposing it, and
portly because it is the vehicle through which the sol-
uble matters found in the earth are conveyed into the
general spstcm of vegetation. Its importance depends
however, essentially upon its quantity.

We know, on the one hand, that plants will not
live in soil which, without being chemically dry, con-
tnins so little moisture as to appear dry; and on the
other hand on excess of moisure is, in many casi-s,
equally prejudicial. The great points to determine
are, the a.-nount which is most cnngi-nial to a given
species undor given circuiiisionces, and tne periods of
growth when water should be applied or withheld.

When a plant is ot rest, that is to say, in the win-
ter of northern couniriea and the dry season of the
tropics, but a small supply of water is required by the
soil, because ot that time the stems lose but little by
periipiration, nnd consequently the roots demand but
little food; ncvertbile^8, some terrestrial moisture is
required by plants with perrenial stems, even in their
season ol rejt, because it is necessary that their sys-
tem Ehould, ot that time, be replenished with food
against the renewal of active vegetation: hence, when
trees are taken out of the earth in ntitumn, and allow-
ed to remain e.iposed to a dry air all the winter, they
either perish or are gremly enfeebled. If, on the
other bond, the soil on which they stand ia tilled with
moisture, their system is distended with aqueous mat-
ter at a time when it cannot be decomposed or thrown
otf, and the plant either becomes unnaturally suscep-
tible ot the inHuonce of cold in rigorous climates, oris
driven prematurely into growth, when its new pans
perish from the unfavorable state of the air in which
they are then developed. The most suitable condi-
tion of the Soil, at the period of vegetable rest, seems
to be that in which no more aqueous matter is con-
tained than results from the capillory attruction ol the
eartny particles.

Nevcrtheles.-;, there are e.vceplionB to this, in the
case of aquatic and marsh plants, whose peculiar con-
stitution enables them to bear with impunity, during
their winter, an immersion in water; and in that of
many kinds of bulLe, which, during their season of
rest, are exposed to excessive heat. The latter plants
are, however, constructed in a peculiarmanner; their
roots arc annual, and perish at the same time as the
leaves, when the absorbent organs are all lost, so that
the bulb cannot be supposed to require any supply of
moisture, inasmuch as it possesses no means of taking
It up, even if it existed in the soil. This will be again
adverted to in a future chajiier.

It i-i when plants are in a state of growth that on
aliundont supply of moisture is required in the earth.
As soon 03 young leaves sprout forth, perspiraiion
commences and o powerful absorption must take
Iilace by the roots, the younger the leaves are
the more ropid the perspiratory action ; their whole
eiudermis must, ot that time, be highly sensible
to t'.c stimulating power of light ; but as ihcy
grow older their cuticle hardens, the stoniatcs be-
come the only apertures through which vapor can
lly ofT, and by degrees even these apertures are either
choked np, or have a diminished irritability. As o
general rule, therefore, we are authorized to conclude
that the ground should be obundantly supplied with
moisture when plants first begin to grow, and
that the quantity should be diminished as the orcon-
ization ot a plant becomes completed. There "are,
however, some especial cases which appear to be ex-
ceptional, in consequence of the unnatural stote in
which we require plants to bo preserved for our own
peculiar purposes. One of the eflbcls of an extrn-
Bive supply ol moisture is to keep all the newly form-
ed parts of a plant tender ami succulent, and therefore
sui;h a constant supply ia desirable when the leaves of
plants are to be sent to toble, os in the case of spin-
ach, lettuces, and other olcrnceous annuals. Another
effect 18, to render all parts naturally disposed to be
succulent much inoro eo than ibey otberwira would

be; thus we find market gardeners deluging their
strawberry plants with water while the fruit is swel-
ling, in order to assist in that, to them, important
operation. While, however, in ibis ease, the eiEe ol
the fruit is increased by o copious supply of water
to the eorth, its flavor is, in proportion diniiiiiehed;
for, in consequence of the rapidity with which ihe
strawberry ripens, and perhaps the cbstrucliin ol
light by its leaves, the excess of aqueous matter
laker into the system cannot be decompiiscd, ond
formed into those producle which give flavor to fruit;
but It niubt necessarily remain in an unaltered con-
dition.

It is for the reason just given, that the quantity of
water in the soil should be dimmislud when succu-
lent fruit is ripening; we see this happen in nauuc,
all over the world, and there can be no doubt ot its
being of great imponance. Not only is the quality ol
such fruit unpaired by a wet sod, us has just been
shown, but because of its low perspiratory power the
Iruit will burst from excess of moisture, as occurs to
the plum and grape in wet seasons- The melon,
although on apparent exception to this rule, is noi
reolly eo; that Iruit acquires its highest excellence in
countries where the roots are always immersed in
water, as in the floating islands of Cashmere, the ir-
rigated fields of Persia, and the springy river beds of
India. But it is to be remembered that the leaves ol
this plant have an enormous respirotory po«er, aris-
ing portly from their large surface, and partly from
the thinners and consequent permeability of their tis-
sue, so ihot they require a greater supply of fluid than
most others; and, in the next place, the beat and
bright light of such countries oie co]mble of decom-
posing and altering the fluids of the fruit with a de-
cree of rapidity nnd force to which we here can have
no parallel. In this country the melon does not sue
ceed if its roots are immersed in water, as 1 ascer-
tained some years ago in the garden of the Horticul
turaf Society, by repeated experiments. Melons
were planted in eorth placed on a tank of water, into
which their roots quickly made their way; they grew
in a curvilinear iron hot house, ond were trained near
to the glr.ss, and consequently were exposed to all the
light and heat that can be obtained in this country. —
Ttiey grew vigorously and produced their fruit, but it
was not of such good quality as it would have been
had the supply of woter to the roots been less copious.
Thus, in the tropics the quantity of roin that foils in
0 short time is enormous: nnd plonts are forced by it
into a ropid ond poweiful vegetation, which is acted
upon by o light ond temperature bright oi d high in
proportion, the result of which ia ihj most perfect
oiganization of which the plants ore susceptible:
but, if the some quantity ' f wa er were given to the
same plants at similar periods in this country, a dis-
orgonization of their tissue would be the result, in
consequence of the absence of solor light in sufficient
quiuity.

The effect of continuing to moke plants grow in
a soil more wet than suit" them is well known to be
not only a production of loaves and ill-formed shoots,
instead of flowers and fruit, but if the water is in
great excess, of a general yellownes of appearance,
owing, as some chemists think, to the destruction by
the water, of n blue motter which, by its niixiure
with yellow, forms the ordinary verdure of vegitation.
If this condition is prolonged, the vegittihle tissue
enters into a state of decomposition, and death ensues.
In somecasesthe jointsof the stem separate, in others
the plant rots oil' at the ground, and oil such results
are increased in proportion to the weakness of light,
and the lowness of temperalurc. De Candolle consid-
ers that the collection of eiagnonl water about the
neck of plants prevents the free access of the oxygen
of the air to the roots ; but it seems to me thot much
more mischief is prodnced by the coldness of the soil
in which water is allowed to accumulate. It seems
also probable that the extrication of corburetled hyt^ro-
gen gas is one cause of the injury sustained by plonts
whose roots arc surrounded by stagnant water ; but
npon this point we want much more satiaraciory evi-
dence thon we yet possess.

It is because ot the danger of oliowing any occumnla-
tion of woter about the roots of plants thotdrainoge is so
very important. In very bibulous soils this contrivonce
is unnecessary; but in,oll those which ore tenacious or
which, from their low situation, do not permit su-
perfluous water to filter away freely, such a precau-
tion is indispensable. No person has ever seen good
fiuit produced by trees growing in loiids imperfectly
drained ; ond all experienced gardeners must be oc-
quointedwith coces where wet unproductive borders
hove been rendered fruitful by contrivances which are
only valuable because of their efficiency in regulating
the humidity of the soil. Mr. Hivar (Card, Mag. v.

Gil) fpeoks of the utiiiiy of mixing smms in great
quontiiies with the foil, " ss tliey pitventihc nceiinu-
lation of woter in veiy wet wtatlur, and retain si fii-
cienl moisaire for the purpose of the plant in dry eio-
eons;" Olid, when we hear of such prtcoutiors as
ore delniled in tl e follow ing good nccoi.nt of piepar.ng
a vine border we only Irnin bow important it is to
previde cfrectuoliy for the ri Jnoval ol supiifiuous wo-
ter from around the roots, ond bow useless a watte of
money is ibat which is expended in loiming deep 'ich
bids of toilh.

" In preparing a vine border," soys Mr. Griflin,
of Woodhall, a succcttful grower of grojics, " one
foot in depth of the niould fiom ihe snivate is cleared
out 'rom the v. hole space ; a nioin dram is ihcn sunk
poiollel to ihe house, ot the exiitmiiy of the border,
one foot lower tbon the bottom of the border ; irto
this, Bnioller droins ore cortiid diagonally from the
house across the border. 'J'be diOiiis ate tilled with
stone. The cross draii s keep the whole boiicni quite
dry; but if the subsoif be gravel, chalk, or ttone,
they will not be necessary. The draiiiagebeing com-
plete, the whole bottom is coveted with biick, stone,
or lime lubbitb, r.bout six inches thick, nnd on thiS
ia laid the compost lor the vines." ^Hvrt. I'runs.
IV. 11)0.)

The pioctice of placing large quontities of potsheids
or broken tiles at the bottom of tnl^s, or pots or other
vetselfl in which plums ore looted, is only oooiher ex-
eniplifienlion of the greet nccifs ty of attending to the
iy\e humidity of the soil, ond the prevention of tiag-
nant water collcct'ng about the roots ; and the iiijiiry
committed by worms, upon the roots of plants in pete,
is chiefly produced by these creatines reducing the
earth to u plabtie state, ond dragging it cmting the
poteherds so os to stop up the pabtage between theB
ond destroy the dininnge.*

One ef the means of giiording ihe earth agionst an
occess on the one bond, ond o lofs on the other, of loo
much water, is by paving the ground with lifts or
stones; and the advantage of this method have been
much insisted upon. But it is certain ibal, in cold
summers at leost, such a pauemenl pieventsthe soil
from acquiring the neceseorj amount of bottom heot ;
and it is proboble that, whi.'t with this (fleet, ond the
obstruction of a free comii.unication between the at-
mosphere and the roots of a plont, the prociice is dis-
ndvoniogeous rather than the reverse.

More eomnionly rceouise is hod to the operation of
simple wotering, for the purpose of mnintiiining the
eorth ot o due state of humidity, ond to render plonts
more vigorous thin they otherwite would be ; an in-
diiipensnble operoiion in hot houses, but ol less mo-
ment in the open air. It is indeed doubtful whether,
in the lottci cote, it is not often more productive of
disadvantage thon of real tervice m plonts. When
plants are watered naturolly, ihe whole air is saluiaied
with humidity at the same lime us the soil is p( netra-
ted by the roin ; ond m this case the aqucons particles
mingled with the earth are veiy gradunl y introduced
into the ciieulating eystcm ; for the mosture ol the
air preAcnts a rapid pn spirotion. This opeiotion is
usually performed in hot dry weolher, ond must neces-
sarily be very limited in its effects ; it con have little
if nny influence upon the otniotphe e : then, the
parched air robs the leovcs ropidly of their moitlure,
so long OS the latter is nbundont ; the roots are sud-
denly ond violently excUed, and nfier a short lin-e ibe
exciting couse is fnddeiily wuhdrown by the nioincn-
tory supply ol wat r being cut off by evaporation,
and by filtration throu,'h the bibulous subsionccs of
which soil usuoliy coiifists. Tnen ogoin, the rapid
evaporotion from the soil in dry wcother bos the etlect
of lowering the temperature of the earth, ond this
hnsbeen before shown to be injurious (p. 113;) such
0 lowering, from such o cause, docs not take place
when plants ore refreshed by showers, because at that
time the dampness of the oir prevents evoporotion
from the soil, just os it prevents pretpirotion from the
leaves. Moreover, in stifl" soils ihe doshing of wa-
ter upon the surface has olter 0 liiile while ihc effect
of "puddlii g" the ground and rendering it iinpervi- i
ous, so that the descent of water to the roots is impe- .
ded, whither it is communicated ortificiolly or by the. I
all of rnin.' It is, iberelore, doubtful wbcther orti- i

'•[Glazed llower-piita arc totally unfit for most plants, ex-
-ent Willi ..p iiios' ctiiefiil ullrntion tu (Iridnuge, ftliif e\cn
Ijien tlicy :ire imich inferior lu coniinon iinelazed ones. 'I'lie
Imter per nit ilie el'Csn of wu.er to eBi-npc tliroufll tlicif
porous -Mies, wliiili is inipossil^le in the gl.nzeil pot; in
vhicli .r llie .pcriiiie fit lI'P lioHoni I ecoiiie 6lop|ieil, llie
pnrili 1 ■oaileri with »voter, llic plunt sutfers ond soon per-
Ijlies. A. .I.O.J ^ ,

t[\o rror is more common in this rnuntry tnr.ll «ur/a«- ^
ualerui/r 'i-wlv tciinsplioilcd iroes; unil we ilo not lie^itnte ■
loiiltinu I'.uit r'ull one liiilf tlie failnrrs, in ..ur dry Euinmere,
iirlee fto.ii thie injudicious practice. By pouring water daily I

No. 10.

AxND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

151

firinl watering of plania in ibe open air isndvanto-
ge'Hxa, unlcea in particular caeea ; and moat assuredly,
il It is done at nil, it ought to be niueh more copioub
thnii ia usual. It is cbiefly in tile case of annual erope
tlint watering nriilicinlly is really important ; and with
them, if any means of occaaionnlly deluging ground
Cflii be dev'eed, by mtanaof sliiicea or otberwioe, in
the aanic way aa we water niPJ'lovvs, it may be expec-
tcil to be advantngeo s.* Mildew, which is eo often
produced by a dry air acting upon a delicate ^n^face
of vegi table tissue, is completely prevented in annuals
by very abundant watering. t The ravages or the
b 'trytis rffusa, which ntiacks spinach ; of aci'osporivm
inontUotdcs, which is found on the onion ; and the
mildew of the pen, caused by the ravages of cnjsipke
romminiis, mny all bcsto[)pcd, or prevented, by abun-
diuit watering in dry weather. Mr. Knight tirst np-
I'liud this fact to the securing a late crop of peas for
the table in the following manner: —

The ground is dug iu the usual way, and the spaces
which will be O'x'npied by the future rows are well
e inked with water. The mould upon eoch side is
ihfii collected, eo as to I'orm ridgea seven or eight
inches above the previous leve' of the ground, and
these are well watered ; after which, tliJ seeds are
Bowed, in single rows along the tops of the ridges. —
The plants very soon appear above the soil, and grow
with much vigor, owing to the grcnt depth of soil
and abundant moisture. Water is given rather pro-
fusely once in every week or nine days, even if the
weather proves showery : but, if the ground be thor-
oughly drenched by the autumnal rains, no further
trouble is necessary. Under this mode of manage-
ment, the plants will remain perfectly green and
luxuriant till their blossoms and young seed vessels
are destroyed by frost, and their produce wil! retain
its proper flavor, which is always taken away by mil-
dew.

The Flowers «f Summer.

The following article was prepared by our friend
Dr. Ai.EXiNDKR Tiio.MPSoN of Aurora, Cayuga Co.
(who has one of the neatest gardens in the country) ;
but it was received too late for insertion in our last
number. We hope he will continue his contributions
to our columns. — Eds.

After the interesting monthly observations on Flori-
culture, given to the public in your columns, an apolo-
gy may seem due for introducing to your notice a few

on the topo!" iho ground, under a powerful sun and strong
winti, the surface beir^nu's so hard that aci^essofnirlothe
roots is ahrost precluded ; and the w.-i'cr rarely peneir.ites
more ihitn a couple of inches; while the operator iinngincs
lie j3 supplying the thirsty roots with nlnind.inl moisrnre,
he is doing them an injury liy the application of a very tran-
elent sliniiilus, which is followed liy an ini_Te;i8ed scnsil>iliiy
10 the drouth. In late spring planting, it is always prefera-
ble to leater abundantly in the hole.while plantihcthc tree, be-
fore tilling in the upper lajernf soil. This will in most cases
suffice, until the tree becomes sufficiently established by the
emission of new rootlets to support itse'f; and also serves
to ensure its growth by filling up all the small hollows around
the lesser fibres. In seasons of continued drouth, when it
becomes absolutely ncccss.iry to w.-iter flagging trees, two
or more inches of the surface soil shoulil always be rcmovd.
the trees watered copiuusly, and the earth replaced before
the surface dries. This will prevent evaporation and the
encrusting of the ground, and the moisture wili be retained
for ft much longer perioii. — A. J. D.]

*["In the vicinity of Liegen (a town in Nassau.) from
three to five perfect crops of grass are [annually] obtained
from one meadow ; and this is effected by covering the fields
with river water, which is conducted over the meadow in
spring by num TOUs smjjl canals. This is found to he of
such advantage, that supposing a meadow not so treated to
yield 1000 lbs. of hay, then from one thus watered 4-5n0O lbs.
arc produced. In respect to the cultivation of meadows, the
eoiiniry around I.iegen is considered to be the best in all
Germany." Liebig. Orgau. Chen. p. 105. — A. G.J

' I The mildew which attacks the young fruit of the for-
eipn grape, when reared in the open air, is one of the most
troublesome to the cultivator in this country. An elTectual
remedy is the flowers of sulphur dusted over the bunches
with adredging-hox (or the soUitivm applied with a syringe.)
when the grapes are of the size of small peas. But the
most certain prevention of this, a* well as most diseases to
which plants arc suiijcct. consists in keeping the vines in a
thrifty and vigorous condition. The first crop or two of a
young and thrifty vine is almost invariably tine and free
from mildew; but everv subseriuent year (if the common
mode of pruning is followed.) as the plant grows older, the
proportion of fair fruit is emallcr, until at last nothing but
shrivelled and mildewed hiinchses are seen. By laying
dovn half of the long shoots of each vine annually, ifius
forming new plants, and never allowing the same to hear
more than two years, a full crop, free f^rom rust or mildew,
mry tie obtained aanually. Even the liner sorts, as the Is-
abella, are sometimes li,alde to mildew on old vines : when
this oc'Urs, they should be headed back, to bring up a sup-
ply or voung wood, and plentifully manured. The young
an thrifty sh'iots will then have sufTicieat vigor towith-
BL-nd the attacks of mildew, to which the enfeebled fruit
rtoatfcvl by tUe Old wood |g so liable.— .\, ,■>. D.J

ants with whcwe phenomena you may already be
familiar. But I trust the "lover of flowers" will
never become weary with even a repcrusal of any
thing relating to the successful culture or peculiari-
ties in the structure of rare and benutilul plants.

Caltindrinia grandijlora. Having for the first time
proved successful in the culture of this interesting
plant, for the encouragement of those who have met
with like failures i am disposed to ofler some obser-
vations on the probable cause of my success, the repe-
t tion of which, if followed by similar favourable results
will introduce to the Horist one of the most beautiful
ornaments of the garden. Mjei plants of the genus
Cfdandrinia ore natives of California, and like many
products of warmer regions than our own, this species
shows itself illy qualified to endure the influence of our
burning suns. So far as relates to the trial made by
myself, the whole secret of success seems to have de-
pended upon a rich soil, a sufficiency of moisture, ond
a shady situotion ; the tirst consisting of a compost
formed of equal parts of well rotted manure, decom-
posed vegetable matter from the woods, and coarse
sand. Under these circumstances, during the whole
of the past month, while other plants were suffering
or entirely destroyed by the excessive drought, a
succession of these beautiful flowers excited the admi-
ration of every beholder.

Verbena. The introduction into Floriculture of this
unique and attractive genus of plants, is doily demon-
strating that by this accession to the garden, is added
one of its brightest gems. The facility with which
new species may bo produced from the seed, places in
the power of every one, on opportunity for making
choice collections, blending in their varied forms every
variety of the most brilliant colouring. Few flowers
require less pains for their succeasful treatment. Pro-
fessor Russell remarks " that a hot sun, poor soil,
and open air are the best means of cultivating them," —
three requsits which most gardens are capable of fur-
nishing. Indeed, during the excessive drought of the
past month, while most of the occupants of the par-
terre were struggling for existence, with a burning
sun above, and the perched earth beneath, the Verbena
daily exhibited its dense corymbs of brilliant flowers,
in the blight sunshine, almost painfully dazzling to
the eye.

DoDBLE Flowers. The appellation monster, by
which botanists have been pleased to designate those
flowers, which under peculiar circumstances of soil,
cultivation &c. are disposed to undergo transmutations
or conversions from one organ to another, and thus to
aaume new and varied forms, — in some instances
would acem to be misapplied, for among flowers of
this character we refer for many ol the choicest speci-
mens of Flora's kingdom.

From this indiscriminate appellation of the term, I
have been the more disposed to dissent since observ-
ing a few mornings past a splendid specimen of the
Double Tiger Flower (Tigridia pavonla.J

The characteristics of the original plant, so for os
colour, form of petals, &c. were preserved. In other
respects every organ ol the flower was double, the
twelve expanded petals arranged systematically as in
the single plant, and presenting a beautiful star shaped
flower of almost unequalled magnificence.

I am not aware that this tendency to the multiplica-
tion of organs is frequent in plants of this genus. On
the contrary,! am inclined to think that the occurrence
is very rare, though not an unfrequent event in the
ARTtFiciAL CLASS to which plants of this genus be-
long.

Wool is Micbigav. — In conversing, this morning,
with a friend from Tecumseh, Mich., engaged in
the manufacture of Cloth, we were informed that the
Wwl-graieing business 13 more extensive, in th»i

state, this year, than in former eeasons. He says
the location ond charocier of Michigan is peculiarly
well adapted to succcesful engagement in that busi-
ness ; and thinks that Wool will soon be a leading
and important orticle of export from tbot fertile ond
beautiful state. Wheat-growing and sheep roising
work admirably well on the same promisee.

We have noticed, in rcpnrlincr the lokc trade, that
some fair quantitiea of wool have been fehipped down
the lake from the Peninsula state. May her prosperi-
ty be commensurate with her industry otid economy ;
and let all be proportioned to her natural advantages
and soon no state may say "come ahead." — Rochester
Eccnivg Poit.

riantins Orchards-~Pe<ldUng Fmit Trees.

The great demand which has existed for fruit trees
in newly settled parts of the country, baa given rise to
a system of imposition, in the ehapeof peddling, which
demands exposure ; for it results in loss and disap-
pointment to thousondsof unsuspecting persons, who
purchase trooB in this monnci, hoping to improve their
premises.

In the spring of the year,p!!rlicularly,enormoueload8
of fruit trees may often be seen possing through the
country, on a tour of two or three weeks, without even
the slightest provision being mode to preserve their
vitality — tied up like so many bundles of brushwood,
their roots exposed to the fidl action of theean, winds,
or frosts, as though they were completely imper-sha-
ble; whereas a few hours exposure is often enough to
destroy all xhe fibrous roots, so essential to the life and
growth of the tree. It la indeed surprising that any
man of ordinory intelligence, especially any cultivator
ol the soil, should be so ignorant of the first principles
ofvegetnble physiology, oe to expect trees thua treated,
or rather maltreated, to live and thrive.

But a few days ago we were conversing on the sub-
ject of planting trees, with a gentleman from Canada,
where this peddling system is practised considerably ;
he said that he and many of bis neighbors had planted
apple orchards year after year, but with very littlo
success — not more then one third of the trees lived,
and they might as well have died, for all tho progress
they have made. We asked bim how be procured bis
trees ; he replied, from a man who was peddling them.
This at once explained the cause of bis ill success.
Partiol failures frequently occur from unskilful plant-
ing and other odverse circumstances, but in the cose
we have related, ond all similar coses, the trees were
in fact dead before they were planted.

The man who digs up trees and sends them about
the country in this monner, palming tbem ofT upon
the community in o ruined condition, is guilty of A
wilful violation of the lows of common honesty ond
fair dealing, and should be regarded as little belter
than a pickpocket.

But there is an argument of a pecuniary character
in favor of purchasing from these pedlars : — they usu-
ally sell their trees ot a lower price than regular nur-
serymen. Enough bos been said to show ibe fallacy
of this economy. But it may be asked why can tbeso
pedlors sell lower than regular nurserymen ? Be-
couse their trees are roised in a cheap and careless
manner, without proper regard being poid to the kind
or quality of the fruit ; cultivating those kinds which
come easiest to bond ond produce the most rapid
growth of wood ; while in nurseries where there is a
reputation at slake, and responsibility is assumed, tho
reverse of this is the practice, and in consequence of
the extra expense incurred in keeping all correct, and
in procuring new and valuoble vorieties from a great
distance, the prices must be somewhat higher.

We may hereafter have occasion to expose the mis-
conduct of some professed regular nurserymen; hut,
ono thiDj at « time, is our motto. O- P> Q-

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

OL. 2

T

<\ V.

KOCHBSTHR, OCVii,....-

I

Agriciiltaral E:«h:bil!on!t.

Th's is ibc n)or..U ot' ibe Knrinsrj' IloliJnvB — lli
niiiitb ill which ibe i.roducura — ibi inie iiobiliiy ol i
our land, will meel togclber At niuliinl picoeure and
iiiiprovcinciit. On ihtsc occBsiona tbe heat prodiic
tions ot ibe soil, the fincBi niiiiiialH. t.' cmusi niiprov-
ed implemc'iils, irnd ilic mosi ekillul ploiigbing mny
be B-.'cn by oil. No iarn'.er cnli witness ihusc txbibi
t:o:v3 wiihiiut learning eomeibing by which be t-nii iin-
|i.-ovc iM bi ■ practice ol' biisbaiidry. Lsi all iburclore,
attend— niid let all fuel it tu be their duty to do some-
tiling to jjive iiuerebl to tbe occasion. And bcic we
perceive tl;eie is apt to be iniaopprebension in the
minds olinany. Tuey appear to ibink t!;al any arii-
c'i^ t) bo lit I'or cxh.biton must be ol grenlsize. Bui is
flic ihc jirmcljial thing to be le^'arded.bi' eonuiiilieesai
our l-'iiiis ? li the largent calf, tlie largest bog, or the
Uiigjstcihhnge invari.bly ihc best ? Hy ao loeans.
O.I I e cJJilrary those ol ordiiiaiy tize are more )ro-
quciitiy the iiiojI perleet in form or in quality. Let
tbe O'.^niuiif.oea remember this i anl let I'anners who
have line animals or projuctians, bring lijem I'urwatd.
Tae draum in this Sti.ie has opened with a g.and
Muss Mating at Syincuss. We hope the ibonsundo
of farmers who jverc there will impart tbe light spirit
tj l.ieir friends and neigiibors ; and that ail wj)l Ui.ite
to give iile and inleie-it to the coiijily exbibiiions.
Tne whole country — especially tbe Emjjiie Slulc :S
nir.v wulii.ig vp on tiiis suLjtct, and we believe the re-
Bulta Will be such ea will convince every one oi' the
Uicfulneis ofogritu'tuial s.icietiei and of the wise pull-
ey el our Legislature in giunting tbem cncouiage-
nieiit.

Tin (ijjiccrs and town commillces of the county so-
oielics siiould consider that the cfTieicncy and useful.
11J85 of tbe society mainly dependd upon them. The
cxliibitiona are noiv close at hand and vigoious efforts
siiiiuld lie made to obtain iiicnibsisand funds, and per-
suade farmers to bring their onimals and productions

to llie fairs.

We regret thot more pcfeet informalion respecting

the societies in this Slate and eUewlieie, has not been

furnished us. We are proud of Western iVew-Ymk,

however — our Gcucscg Country hns organized nobly :

and we ate sure tbe f-\Uibitions wiil do her fu iners

h nor.

Tue followin; is a listed" ibe placcsoiid timeof bold-

in.j the F.iirs in the counties iiom which we hove de-
finite infiTination :

Ontario C'junty, at Con nduijjuo, Oct. I'iib.

Gencice " " Alciander, Oct. 13ih and 14tb.

MoLiioe " " Iliciiealcr, Oct loth and IGih.

Lvingst'in " •' Gcneseo, Oct. 2aJ.

OiIl-iuis " " Albion, Oct. 14t:i.

Niagura " " Loekport, Oct. 2-<?d.

E'ia " " B.ilViilo, Oc-. C;l-.

Clinutauiiiio '■' " MnysvilU'. Oat. Hth and 6;U.

W;i;in " " Newarii, Ojt 16.U.

Cny.ijn " " Auburn, Oct. ViM and Mth.

Omwcji " " Oswcg.i, Oct. 6tii.

Onei.ln •' " Oct, iJilih.

(Saratoga •' " Balf^nwn, Oct. 5;li.

Portn;;,', (O.) Rat^nnnn, Oct. 20ih and 21=1.

Durb'.m. (C.'^nnd-) .Milljiilo, Oct U);h.

NDribmiiborland. C, n^'n, r.rnfinr, Oct. CUtli.

Boolfsand Papci^a? Premiains.

We arc gl.id to perceive that feveral Societies jiro-
pose to award ngricuharal books and papers, insteod of
money, for the tmnllcr clats of prcniitmis. We be-
ievc it will in general be quite as eaiiofnctory and
much more beneficial to the recipients. Tbe Gene-
see county Society oflers more than ai-ity copies of the
New Gane?ce Farmer, together with other papers and
books, in their list of premiums for their approaching
Fair. We appreciate the compliment, Genilomen
Manogers, and lender you our tbiinks.

Our acknowledgments are nUo due to iheolRccre ot
the Niaanra D strict Agricultural Sfciety in Canada,
ior Tin order lately received ti>r sixty copies. The
Trcnsnrcr informs us that great good has been seen to
result from the circulation of our paper among the
members of that Sn-i'ty — Thus it will always be.

New .^giicuUuial Papers.

We find on our table quite a number of new ' Ex-
changes' seeking our aciiu.iintoncc, some of w'nicb we
liave toj lung neglected. Almost every day affords
US new nnd grat.fying evidence of tbe indenting de-
mand for ngncultmu! lending ; and convinces us that
the time is last approacliing when no intelligent farm-
er in our land will consent to bo witiioutoi Icuct one
paper devoted to bis prolisesion.

'• The Canadian i'urmcr and Mechanic" iallic title
of a paper coiiiiiicnccdat Klng.stan, August 16, 1811,
iiy Girfield &. Gjod, proprietors, A. 13. E. F. Gar-
field, Editor ; IG pages moiitl.ly, §1 per annum ;
(rather smaller than this paper. ) A well conducted
ajid 0 xccll cinulttlal ng iculluial paper in Canada,
would doubtless e.\ert a veiy Itflicliciai inliuence on
if.e iiros, eriiy of t'lo province, and we wish lliia ex-
periment succebs ; at the sumo lime, from our knowl-
edge of tl e field and CAporience in the business, we
nppixbend neigiibor Garfield wiil find !:e has under-
taken an euteiprice cf greater ddTiculiy than he ima-
gined.

Ano'hcr AgriculU.ral paper in Bvslon ! S. W
CoLii, formerly editor of tbe Yankee Farmer, has left
that paper, and commenced a new one entitled the
'■ Farmer's Juurnul,"a monthly slieet,;balf the size ol
this) price 50 cents a year. Tliece are besides this,
three weekly agiicnluiral papers and one monthly
h.^rticiiUurol, all apparenily well siistainetl. Ver'ly
New England agriculturists arc a reading | ejple,
nnd not afraid of" book farming."

*^ The Kent ichij ddticator" was commenced last
winter, but ei-:)pped for the want of— subscribers. It
hna now recommenced and protniscs to continue —
well done Mr. Virden. It is a neat little moiubly of
IG pages ; §1 per year.

" Tlie Plorgh Bo;f," is tbe title of a small semi-
monthly slicet, published by Wni, F. Diiriao, Edge-
field Court Hnuse Soudi Cuiolina, $1 oO per year.

*' The Union Agriculturist j" Chicago, Illinois.
Aficr a suspension of several months, arising from a
diiriciilty with the printers, this valuable paper has
agoin made its appearance — success to it.

" The Western Fanner's and Gunlcner's Ahnannc
fur liH2"—Bij Thomas Affi:ck, Ftlilor of the
Western Farmer and Gardiner, Published by E.
Lucas, Cincijnwli.

A CP,^y of the above work hosbeen politely forward-
ed us by the author, nnd we have examined it with
great satisfaction. It is a very neat duodecimo
partiphlet of ninety-six papres, and contains, be-
sides lljc usual calendar, &c., n lago amount of very
nsclijl and intoreeting mauer relating to agriculture,
horticulture and int-il alTuirs, with nnnieroMs spirited
engrnyiiigs by &].-. Furstcf. Tiic eha;ter on Swine
(with 15 portrait) s alone ^ortli 4ouMe the price of
Iji V.' -rli. Evv ry former and gaidrncr wljo-hns nn op.

portunity, should procure ibis almanac: we presume
it may be obtained at most of the Kioksellers in the
west, nnd w-e 8 nil advise the publisher to send somo
this way. The price is $'2 per do2cn, or '25 cents
single. It con be sent by mail if desired — t; e postcgo
is six cents for less than 100 miles, and ten cents for
any di-tance over lOOiiiilea.

The following glance at the contcn:s will give an
idea of the vnriciy and interest of the work :

TiiiKSof h.ilding Courts in Oiiio. Kentucky, Ton-
iiesiec, Inilinna and Illinois. Kates ol p< stage, liet
of Agricultural peiiodicnis. Jannnry — L:fe in llio
country, the gorden, resnseitatiiigoidoubardfj savi g
clover seed, li.e bee, Inrin buildings. Felirunry — Sii-
s;ar ni:dting. cuUure oi coin, faun liuiidmgK. Maicl. —
Uiick shooting, tbe lornicr's garden, laini sock.
April — The raising, 1 1 tatoes, tic liuii gaiumand
orchard, grafting, building, canecs of decoy in i eocU
trees, mnnuie. Way — Tue fl.iwcr garden. June — I
The Poultry yard. July — Fourth of July frolic, pick- I
ling, cure lor niunain, vermin in caiiie. August — 1
E.t.igiation to the wi ei, tiuiiips, removing weeds and
liriurs.Eiaggeisiii ivvinr, bovin cattle. Septen:Le! —
The vintage. Octobc — Cider inaking, the ptrcli
tree worm. Niveinber — A ehapier on begs. D;'-
cember — Wolf linniing on tbe ice, sowing grass tccds.
El giavinge — SieigUing parly, 6iibteiii;c,i hives, sn-
gor can:]', rim k s' ooi ng :n tl.e piairie (vvonips,
ouililing iog Loiiser-, gialting. budding, yoeng carCen-
ers,, the poultry yiiid. picnic party in I he woods,
party of immigranis, the vintage, cider iiiiiknig, peacli
:ree insect, bog killing, while China h"g, Worrcn Co.
do., W- bf;uin d.».. White BeiLehiie do, Dioc-
lor Martin's b".nter p'gs, end Beil.shire bai.'-ovv,
" Tom," do., "Daniel Lan.beit," Beiksiiiie sow,
" Modam," Sinnuse boar, Iiioli grozier sow, do.
boar, belt barrow, Neapolitan boa*", tli'ii-rincd sow.
Wolf hunting oii the ice, ajid eleven amusing tail
pieces.

P. S. Since wriiing tho above, we have received
from the pnblialier an invoice of the Almanacs and
''Bee-breeding in the Wett." So ti at botii of tbeso
works will soon Le for rale utt'.ie Bookstores end Seed
Store in tliis city, ntijjt^pcr dozen, or Sjceniecocl; —
orders arc solicited.

Otir Fri8!id-> in Cauadil.

The hearty weleoiiie and genuine old-country bos-
pitoliiy which we usually meet with among tbe Eng-
lish and -'•"cotch formers in Cui'oda, always makes us
regret thot our visits in that country cannot be longer
nnd more frequent. Wiiilc on a hasty tour in that
province last month, we collsd nt o p'eitant cottage
fronting the lake and surrounded by n beautiful gar-
den, occupied by two Eiglish friends, one a bachelor,
and the other wiih a better-half from one of tbe best
dairy districts in England. We hod, on one or two
former occasions been sruck iviih the peculiar e.\cel-
lence and great variety of ihc table luxuries produced
from her doiry. Twoofiheso, "Junket" and "Clot-
ted Cream," are larely met with in this eoiuiiiy, nl.
though wiih some ol us tbcy moy be associated with
the bappies-. recollections of our cbihihood. At our
request, our fiiend furnished us directions forpiepar-
ing these dishes, which we give our readers.

TO PRtl'-MiE J^)^KET,

Take one quart of milk warm from the cow, and
stir in a teaspoonful of rennet, and let it stand lill cur-
ded, which, if tbe rennet is of proper strength will
be in about fifteen minutes ; grate over it a little nut-
meg, and sweeten with mcple molasses or honey. It
is an excellent dish for supper.

SCALUKI), OR CLOTTED CUEAM.

Tiike a pon of peifec.ly sweet milk, twelve hours
old, with tbe cream on ; stand it on a stove or lurnnce
over a gentle fire till sliuhlly scalded, " when n ring
will appear in the citom of the size of the 60^/0771 of
the pan" ; tiien take it olTand leleland till cold; skim
ofi' the cream and it is fit for 1 s^. Wb'.n used na an
necompaniinent with fiuii, tarts, &c., it is sweetened
to suit iho titte. Tbi^ crjam is rstecmcd n cicat lux-
ury in London. It ie broujbl in by daliymcnondsjld
«'a h'ii'j piif-'.

HATCH'S SO^V

V?e are hnppy in being ab!e nt length to give our reiders i correct reprpaenta-
nand d^acriplion ol'Haicb'? Sotviii"; Machine — on invciuion which we firmly
eve will prove ol' mnre lioaelil ti ihe fanning cunimnniiy than any other that
^oppearei oi iale years. The nhovc (Jrawing ic si pcrl'ect that but litile descrip-
n is neces.^ary. Tae mac'.iine co;isi»i8 of a pair of wheels "{ the size of ordinary
rings wheels ; an cxeltrce 10 feet long, with a pair of shafts (or the hor;e
draw by. Jnst in frnntof the wheels, and csrnss the sliafis is tlie linpper (.4.)
feetlo.'jaiul capable of hildini,' 3 or 4 bushels of grain. At ihe bnuom of the
)per is a filide (»r Agita'.or 1 ineh erjuaic, faced wiili iron and hnvint; teeth on
inside, by the inoton of which tlic grain is shaken out. The width of the
vic3, and the co:ise|ue.Tt dsicharg.i of the seed, can b? increased or diminished
means of s^t screws, as sliown at B. When the machine is in operation a rapid
ratory motion is given to the a£;itator by means of a small rod and crank (C.)
icbe'.l 10 one end of a small shaft l.j inches Ion*:, on the other end of wiiich is a
on wheel ^ /), ) wi.'h cog3 or teeth meshing into the matter wheel E. The
3!er wheel is boheil on tti the inside of the spokes of the nigh wheel of the ma.
a2. It is'i^tjetio diameter, and one revolution of it gives eight revolutions to
ptm.)n wheel and eliift. On the t(.>p of the back port ol t^e machine is a seat
the driver. A small cord is attached to the end of the pinion shaft, and reaeh-
:o thereat of the driver, by meaiis of which he can readily put the machine out
;eiir, so as it stop the discharge of seed at any lime when desired. The ma-
ne will sow all kinda of graijt, gra^rs seed and plaster, at any desired rate from
uarta to 03 niany hu-Thela per acre. It is easily managed, and not liable to get
of order. A man or a stnart boy with a horse, can sow iVom twenty to twenty-
Bcrcs With it in a diy.

The inventor and poprielor of this machine has spent several years in testing
irapr iving it, and he now introduces it to the public with the nlmost assurance
t il will fully meet the wants and e.tpeetations of the eominuniiy. It's well

mTTo'l'o' "'"""!"-■ 'f ""?■ "^'^' ■""'' '^''^'="" "^"J ^"hoTiom operations of cbe far-

whh pas" \1i 'r~;""' '■'"'i";'" >''"""" '^« "-"fk ™"«-'lv. expeditiously, and
nlZL, }, r^"^'^'' "^'■'1 '!"« '"^"^1"'^^ =^'tc in declaring that ,t nnsweVs tho
n r , .^P » ■ ' ' '' ■"■' "" T ':"»";l"". i= » 'II in a few ^ ears he as uncon,-
tZehlngwUh a n"!?""'"''' '"""'' """'' '" ""^ ™"""^-- «« '' ""^ '« '» "« -°

eitv''inlt?ipr\i'''' ,'"''/'' ''T-''"=°r'/""'""""'-''''''"g 0 f"^- machinrsin this
no I A "\""''"<=e them to the fa.mers of Western New York, hut he can-

not, i.or does be wish to supply nil oiders, as his mi,in chjeet ,s to s. !! riuhte for
^tiiree'! O,'"'''- 7 ^f '\Vr °' '^'^ ""■■'^'-e '^ $^0^ lie is willing to Sen J

T'nJ II f """f t^'^lf ' J'^f "e purchasing ngbts. To enterprising meehr.n-

^1 Irpl r''', M '"' "-"'"jy " ^■^"' ^'='"'' "" <"«vorable terms. Letters
addressed (postpaid,) to jLxtfs Hatch, Rochester, wUl receive attention.

^ Aware of the deception wh ch is often practiced l.y means of Certificates and
..ecoinmendanons, and being dciermined that this Macbine fhall recommend it-
se.f, the propitetorbegs to refer those wish.ng information respecting it, to the fol-
lowing high y respeciable individuals who poEscEs ihim :
Riwo.v H.tR.iiox, Jr., Wheatland,

Svi, VASTER HaR.MOS, "

Elivih Uak.mo.v, "

II & D. Rogers,
Isaac Coi, "

Tno.MAS II. Nkwbold, Caledonia,
Isaac Lackv, Chili,

Marvin Smith. Mendon,
John Moxo.v, Greei c,
Asa Rowk, "

IliMiv Fni.r.ows.PenficM,
Ai.VA S. IIovT. Batavia,
C'hestkr Scott, Elba.

'O F.\Tv>IT;nS.— Tlic fn.lon in? re-ines .-ire invalu-
AJilclo house k'''pc-s, aii.l sh'»uM ':f prcse.-veii hy every
iicr'a wife I lie maiLicf comp'jutd, trdlgo compirund, and
\eomfouiid, are for sale only liy the *u'-SMi.ier. at the
'e sirrrt Drug Store, wlieic ."re iilso fur sale every de^-
■iottof dye vvooiis aai stuITi, at the very lowest cash' pri-

'0 color Madder fiei,— Tiike cne pnunil of Madder for ev-
IWO pomeU of yiirii or i-.Ioth, soak the ma Ider in a Itriiss
copper ke'.ite, one ninlr. i i \* iirio water, etiounh to eover
y.im you wish to color; ae-tl moriiins put in two otinjes
aodder conipnunil for every pound of inalicr whicli you
'e souke.l. Tli'^ii wet youry:>.rn or cloth nirl wriiisr U out
lerji water; iif;erwitr'ls iiut i" ttje dye. Now place the
J'eover tiie fire, an 1 tirins i; sl-^wly to a s^aUliag heat.
i;hivillti.k^ ii'mtit h.-i'f nil hour; kecji it at this 'fas tt hiilf
hoor, if n 'yi'M rcil i^ wior.e I. e-n i Iniiwer if .i dnrk one -,
color depea ling upon t!ic time it re^ni,iiis iii tlie dye.
\ hen :he color i-i iji,i;!c, riii.iic the cloth immediately in
JwiOcr.onJ i. will ilien lie linisho!.
'o Mlor Scarlet /fei/.— Take soft w,itcr, salBeijnt tQ eovcr
cloth nr yiirii yuu wish to col.ir ; Ijrin^ it to a lioiliii;:
' la a copper or hr.iss Ke'.tlc; the.T al ! 1^ u/.. of creiuii of
■•v fur every ponnJ of i-'otli ; now iioi! ;"; minute or two,
then Rd i twa oz. of powdered Lie. and :J ox. of .Madder
ipouni, (t' c t«a-: anicoiioioiiii-t luu^t lie previously iiiive 1
iKlcM or cArlh.^a howl.) Ii(i;i fi\e iniuu:c:?; no%v wet the
a in Warm w I'xr. e.n I w:i i? it. an 1 put it in the dye; luiil
wSolo iieiirly iiii hn'ir, tulie the cloth or yarn out, an I
|e It M clerir rot. I witter.

° vte "'"" — f"' evB-y I'oiin 1 of yarn or cloth, ad I 3
•'lOuroun-cj of aliiai and 1 pouii! of rnstii-. .S eep to
uteti-ensth. luit notb »i'; soak the cloth uu"i itacqui'es
'>i yeikiT MKrt, ii«i thrTTT aot t\» iHii.->« ain a-J I t;je

Fn liito conipoiiiij slowly, until ynu liave the desjre.l sliade
of Lit ecu.

'i'o color Piii/c — For every three poun Is of yarn nr i-loth,
in Sipinrts of w.tter, (or cnousll to cover it,) i:-.; one |iiiu of
the I'ink cotniioiiii I. ISring ih« water eoiiliii..iiiy the cloth
nearly to a sciililing heiit, and add tlie coiiijiouad entilthe
shade suits yuu.

51. B. CD.SON.
State street Drue Store, 30 State St., ne.vt door to the City

liank, Uo:lie5tcr. aug 29

" The Stump Extractor."
Mr. Drake, the owner of the right of this machine
informs us that the patent has nearly expired, but he
ia in hopes of getting it renewed.

Madison C04 Aaiiictiituial Socicly, Organized
St'iitfmber I, 18H.

Joh.sathan u. Lf.dvard, Presdent.

Elijah Mon'K. Horatio G. W.'.R.Nttn, James H.
Dc.vBAU, Vice Piesiiienls.

Ai-ExtNiii.R KncMDiiAAn, Cor. Sec'y.

A. S Si.oAX, Recording Secretary,

Uriah Lklam), Treasurer.

Jjiinaihan Woodward, Cazenovia: Thomas A.
Claik, Sullivan ; Stephen Coinan, Ectin ; G.o. R.
Rowe, Leno.K; Orr-n B. L^rd, lirmiilton; Jatncs
(Jo^didge: .Midis-in. Gfo Kilch. Nelson; B. I!. Slew-
art, Smitbfield: Stoekbndge, D.- -Rny-

ter, L-banon, Brookfiehl, Fen-

ncr, Gv' i^-'^wn, w^t) cb-^srH ?!r,n?!»g^te.

Oiieaus County Agiiciiltnr.il Society.

We have received o circular containing the consti-
tution of this Society, and the list of premiums to be
awarded at ihe Fair to be held at .•Mbion on tho ]4t!i
day of October. We have not seen the list of officers.
Charles Lkk, ia President, and H. Chask Sec'y.

Mecuanics Fttir at Rochester.

The third annual Fair of the Mechanics and Arti-
zansof Western New York wdl be held at Rochester
commencing on the TJth day of Ocober. We havo
not room to insert the Circular this month, and wo
believe iij arguments ore necessary to induce tho
thousands to attend who witnoEscd the previous exhi-
bitions.

Wild Rice~Iuqiiiry Ag.tiu.

AVe eh.ould begiatl if s.ime one of our f;ienJa in
Canada would give its some particular information re-
specting the Wild Rice, — whether il is ever sown or
cnltivnicd in any wry ; what depth of water it usual-
ly grows '11 : v.'hat i,uantiiy of grain it will yield iH;r
le.'c ; h w it .shi'-csteji six] ctcanttf. &c , Ac.

154

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

The Ditl'erent Breeds of Sheep.

Wool Gb')Hi»g ia becoming a very imporliini
and proliiable branch of agriciiUure in ihia Sale, and
many fanners ore anxioiia to infurni themselves re-
spccung the character and relative value of the d.fler-
ent breeds of sheep. The flolluwing article, copied
from ibe Western Fanner & Gardener, is the beet we
hove seen on this subject of late. We would advise
our readers, who wiah inf TMiotion respecting this or
any other kind of farm stock, to attend as many Agri-
cultural fairs as they can, where they may see the
different breeds, and compare them. We will give
sjrnc engraved representatii)n8 hereafter.

In my former comniiinication, I endeavored to lay
before your reid'is nome a count of the pirtieular ap-
plication of the different sorts of wool, to their manii-
tacturing purposes ; didtinguiyhing them by their
wuli known dii'ision ol long and short In continu-
ing the subject, I purpoee making a short review of
the various breeds of sheep, or such of them as 1 think
will be intere-ting to your readers; explaining with
as much distinctness as lays in my power, thtr origin
of the name held at present by each particular brcid:
having in view the intent of iniorming those who may
not be acquainted with the subject, what n meant by
the ■ oiswold, Bakcwetl, *fec.

The long-wooHed sheep shall first occupy our at-
t«niion; and, as they are more especially before the
public mind, we will begin with the Leicestershire.

Tue Oid Leicester, the New Leicester, the Uiike-
wcll, and tue D-ahley, are one and the same breed of
ahcep; the Old Leice.3ier being the original stock. —
Ab mt the middle of the last century, Mr. Bukewell,
who lived at Dishley, in Leicestershire, endeavored to
im,)r.)ve the existing sheep of that c lunty; which he
did by attention and a careful selection from all the
n)ck8 around his neighliorhood, without regard to
Bize, but having in view the greatest propensuv to
fatten, with that shape which he considered would
produce the largest proportion of valuable meat, with
the smallest quantity of bone and offal.

Having formed his stock fiom sheep so selected,
be carefully attended to the peculiarities of the indi-
vidals from which he bred, and (from the be.t in-
fornntion) did not object to breeding from near rela-
tions, when by doing so he put together animals
likely to produce a progeny possfssiiig the character-
istics he wished to obtain.

Some person-* supposed that Mr. Bakewell formed
the New Leceister variety by crossing different sorts
of sheep. There is no reason for believing this; and
the contrary appears to be the fact. He next estab-
lished a eyetem of letting rams for the season, instead
of selling them, to those whowi:?hed their use — a sys-
tem not only bcnchcial to the ram-breeder, but alio
to the fanner. It enables the ram-breeder to keep a
greoter number and give his whole attention to this
department; and secures to the farmer, any cross he
may require for ony portion of his flock, without the
necessity of in-and-in breeding.

Valuable as this system no doubt was, it was only
after 21) yearsof incessant perseverance, that Mr. Buke-
well had ihe pleasure of seeing his ideas on this subject
sustained by the breeders i>f th.-i country. Tue first ram
Mr. B let, wis for sixteen shillings. Twenty-six years
from that time, he let a celebrated ram called thu Two
Pounder^ for one season, at four hundred guineas
each iVoni two breeders, still reserving one-third for
himself; the value of the ram for this seoson, being
thus astiinated at twelve hundred guineas, (about six
thousand dollars.) Mr. Bikewell's improved breed
were called the New Li'ceister, to distinguish them
from the parent stock; by some they were designated
as the BnkewuU, and hy others the Dishley, being the
place of his ab ide: and thus we get at the origin ol
all thi-'se names.

B;fore closing this account it mny be well to des-
cribe the peculiarities of the New Leceister breed of
sheep The head should be hornless, long, email,
tapering towards the muzzle, and projecting horizon-
tally forwards; the eyes prominent but with a quiet
expression: the ears thin, rather long, and directed
backwards, the neck full and broad nt its base, where
it proceeds from the chest, but gradnnily tapering to-
wards the head, and particularly tine at the jiinctinn
of th'i head and neck; the neck seeming to project
straight from the chest, so that there is, with the
»ligh'.est possible deviation, one continued horizontal
line from the rump ti) tlie poll; the breast broad and
full; the sh'iiilders also oroad and round, and no un-
even or angular formation where the shimldcrs join
either the neck or the b«ck; particularly no rising of

the withers; or hollow behind the situation of these
hones; the arm Qe^hy through its whole extent, and
even down to the knee; the bones of tlie legs small,
standing wide apart, no looseness ol skin about them,
and comparatively bare of wool; the chest and barrel
nt once tlLepaiid round; the ribs fornnng a considera-
iilc arch from the spine, so as in some cases, and es-
pecially when the aninut is in good conditijn, to
make the app-irent width of the chest even greater
tliiiu the depth; the barrel well nbbed home; no ir-
regularity oi line on ihe back or belly, but on the
suits the carca^9 very gradually diminishing in width
uiwards the rump; the quarters long and lull, and, as
with '.he lorelegs, the muscles extending down to the
hock; the thighs also wide and lull; the legs ol a mo-
derate length: the pell also moderately thin, but soft
and elastic, and covered with a good quantity ol
white wool, not so long as in some breeds, but consi-
derably liner.

The New Lc'cesters ore not'howevrr, without their
faults; they are by no means prolilic breeders. This, it
is probable, may be the result of the in and-in bleeding
to which Mr. B ikewell no doubt sometimes resorted.
They vory much in eiz-, weighing at a yesr and a
half old from twenty-four to ihirty six pounds per
quarter; though we have instances of their bein^ led
to a considerably greater weight. We have it on re
cord that Mr. Morgan of L'uighton, led a pure bred
New Leicester bhjcp, the live wei;iht of which was
three hundred and sixty-eight pounds, and that of the
carcass two hundred and forty-eight.

The fibre of the wool varies f.'om five to more than
twelve inches in length, and the fleece averages from
six to seven pountls : it is used mostly in the manu-
facture of serges and carpels.

The Cotswold sheep takes its nome from a range
of hills on which they are raised in Gloucestershire,
and known as the Cotswold bills — being one of ihe
grand divisions of thot county. Camden says **that
they derive it from the cots or sheds in which they
were housed at nighi, — ur periimnently for the win-
ter; and the wolds or open hilly grounds on which
they were pastured in the summer." Every peison
at all conversant with the lopograghy of England
knows that the Cotswold hills have ever been famous
for the pasturage afforded to this ['articular breed of
sheep. In 1437, Don Duarte, King ol Portugal,
made application to lleniy IV. king o) England, for
liberty to export sixty sacks of Cotswold wool, that
he might manufacture certain ' loths of gold at Flor-
ence, for his own use. Stowe says in his Chronicle,
that in the yesr 1467, Edward IV. gave license to
pass over into Spain, certain CotswoM sheep, &.c. —
The object that I have in making iliese quotations, is
merely to show the antiquity of the breed. Very few
pure Cotswolds now exist, ond these we ore given to
understand, are last passing away. The description
given of the pure Cotswold is that they are taller ond
longer than the improved breed; comparatively flat
sided; deficient in the fore quarter but full in the hind
one; not fattening s-i early, but yielding a longer and
a heavier fleece.

The Cotswold have been crossed considerably by
the Leicester, and the prevalent breed may be said to
consist ol half Leicester, half Colswold. Though a
distinct breed ol sheep, the similarity that presents it-
self in the Bukewell and Cotswold sheep of this coun-
try, would carry conviction to the mind of any breed-
er, that the cross has been carried to a very consider-
able extent, upon most, if not all of the sheep ol this
name imported into America. In some parts of this
cDuntry — for instance, in the territory of Iowa, or any
other, where wool is the object and not the carcase —
the pure Cotswold is the better sheep; they are more
easily kcjit; are larger, th>uigh not so well formed in
the body, and produce a heavier fleece. This is speak-
ing comparatively between the Cotswold and the Lei-
cester.

The improved Cotswold, which is the ebeep we
have here, will weigh from 25 to 41) lbs. per quarter:
and yield a fleece of' from 7 to 8 pounds on the av-
erage.

The pure Linconshirc sheep, like the pure Cots-
wold, is fast disappeortng. Culley describes them as
having no horns; white faces, long, thin, and weak
carcases; the ewes weighing from 14 to 'Hi lbs per
quarter, and the wethers from 20 to 30 lbs.; with
lliick, rough, white legs; lorge honei; thick pelts,
and long wool, from ten to eighteen inches, and
weighing from 8 to 14 lbs. per flecco. According to
Ellis, they were the longest legged and lorgeei car-
cassed sheep of ail others; and olthough their U'ge and
bellies were for the most part void of wool — yet
they carried more wool on them than any other sheep
whateoever. The conttjst for supremacy between the

Lincolnsand the Leicestere was long ond acrimonious, '
and d uht even now exists in the minds of tome, with
regal d to the relai.vc volue of the respective breeds.
Tfie cross ol the Leceistersbire rom on the Lincoln
ewe, displayed to a great extent the excellencies of the
male parent, and the wether attained iis maturity in
a year less tune than it was accustomed to, with less
eompar-tive expense of food even in that time. Tiia
Lincolnshire sheep now, is for the most part crofsed
with the Leceibt- r — as indeed is the case with most
of the long wooled varieties. The overage weight of
the fleece of the present sheep, is about 7 lbs., and of
the pure Lincoln, nut more than U Ibe. — the liugiU
ol the staple from 8 to ii inches.

There are other long wool sheep, but from tbecroea
of the Leicester, they uave generally imbiljcd so much
of the characteristics of that bree.,' thot I think it un-
necessary to give any lengthened dcocripiion of them.

In a future number I will take a review ol" the short
wool sheep, and give my opinion as to the adaptation ,
of the particular breeds to western farming purpi ses. t
Yours, &,e. UMBRA.

American Wool Product.

To those who have poid the subject but little at-
tention, the amount ol money invesied in the produc-
tion ol woo, within the United States, will seem sur-
prising. It is very generally believed that this is ijiiilo
a secondary bran h of our general interest, inetc'd of
one of the most fruitful sources of our wealth, and
bestdcserving the cherishing protection of our Gov-
ernment. As shown by the returns of the late census,
"e hove in this country, exclusive of North Carolina,
Michigan and Kentucy, 19, 0ro,!)6J sheep ; and taking
ten dollars as the averrg'- value of land necessary to
tUotain a sheep and make a fair allowance for the
animals themselves, for the labor necessary lor ibeT
proper superintendence with tliat required to prepare.,
their product for its first market, which are os much
part oi the investment as the land which eusiainett;
them, the aggregate amuuntof capital invesied in this
branch of industry will be at least two bundled mil-,
lions of dollars This is certainly an immense sum,
and well deserves the attention of the General Gov-
ernmeni. At present, England supplies us annually
with some ten millions woith of broadcloths, and af-
ter all chooses to import her wool from the continenlj
to the entire exclusion of our own. In Ib39, her en-
tire import of this article was 57,3L'5,944 pounds, and
while we had some 40,000,000 pounds ol wool re-
moininL' at home, nearly two-lif hs of the whole wol-
len manufoctures of Great Britain come to the U. S.
And yet we have only $l-'>,000,000 invested in wollcji
inanuibcturcs.

Of the aggregate amount of wool grown in the
United States in lf;39. New York produced 4,012,-
144 pounds; Ohio, 3,650,970 ; Vermont, 2,'<;57,.
7!:5 : which, in proportion to her population, is much
the largest amount grown in any Store ;Peiinsylvonia,
3,076 783; Virginio, 2,672,044: Maine, 1,475,:51 ;
New Hampskire, l,2t0.9B8 ; Indiana, 1,202,209 ;
-Massachusetts. 1,055,591 ; Tennessee 1,029,516;
and the other Staiie various amounts between the
8li3,675 pounds of Connecticut, and the 45,^24 of
Louifiiina. — N. Y. Tribune.

Culture of the Tare or Vetch.

A subscriber in Canada inquires whether any for-
mers in this region ore in the practice of growing
English Tores; ond if so with what success. We
should be ple.tsed if some of our readers would give
us the results ef their experience on this siibjecl. In
the meantime, the following, from tbe Faimer'l
Cabinet, may be useful:

" At a late meeting of the Philadelphia -Agricultu-
ral Society, 0 member inquired if ony one present
could speak experimentally on the culture and valite
of the tare or selch, which is in such very general
use in England, where the summer-soiling system is
adopted; remarking, that from all accounts the plant
must be astoniehingly productive as well ne nulritioue.
Having myself employed it for that purpose very
largely, and for many years, I would eoy, its produc-
tivenecB hoe never yet been overstated, or its value
overrated, oa food for all kinds of cattle. Horses,
milk cows, fatting beasts, sheep and bogs, will grow
fat while feeding on il, ond the older i: grows the
more valuable it becumea, as the seed when formed in
the pod, is fir superior to oats or any other groin for
the purpose of cattle Iced; the seeds are black, and
the siie of very small peas. Tbe crop is used for soil-
ing, by cutting while green and taking it to the sla-

t:
i<
It

■I*

fo. 1

AiND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

Ifjo

i; it id eoinetiniod led off by sheep, conliniiig ibeni

it by meana of teinpornry tciicin^ or hurdietj; CBI-

i|.., grare not linlilc to boconie boveu wbi'o i'eedmg it in

■7 eiNgo of in growtb; on good land it baa been

»>vn ti> reacb the beight ol three feet and even

re, producing 03 miicu as I'-J tnna of green food

I acre, winch, when will dried, wUl yield 3 tons

(be mt^dt valnotde hay on the farm. The first suw-

r nkes place ne soon after harvest as possible in

.ilnnil. npon land designed lor tbo wheat crop the

, <_{ auuinin, with the winter variety of seed, which

n easily be disiingujehed from the summer tore, as

1 i smaller, rounder, and blacker; these will bear

1' severity of the winter; rye is olten mixed, to en-

I e the crop to stand up, when it attains a consider-

t e height, buta sprinkling ol' wheat has been found

ttst for this purpose, as it remains longer succulent

Ohe ouminer, The crop (Vom this sowing will be

t for cutting for soiling in May, and the stalks if

it in tiie ground, will a(f ird « second growth lor

IL'cp-feed; but as the tare is a fallow crop, it is the

St management to cut all off ond plough the land

I ep as soon aa the crop is removed, well working

d cleaning it during the summer, preparatory to

ical-sowing, early in the autumn, after n dressing

well prepared compost, if this has not been given to

e iares — a far better arrangement for both crops.

je ne.\t sowing is with Ihe summer variety of the

e. as early in March as the season will admit, on

id that had been ploughed prepaiatory in the an-

mn or wm:er; again in April another crop is sown,

d, if necessary, two other sowings might take

icj, the last so late as the end of June, that so a

cccssion oi this must valuable crop might be se-

rtd for the whole of the summer, and until the end

S.-ptombjr Such crops produce immense quanti-

isofmiuure, which is carried from the sheds and

mposted fir dresaing others: lurneps, for instance,

jieii may be sown on the land from which the liret

>p of tares has been carried, and fed off in time lor

je It-sowing in the autumn. It must not be forgot-

11, that the richer the land, the greater will be the

op ol tales, and none will piy so amply for monure:

It when the crop is very heavy, there is less chance

obtaining good scod, and if that be the object, it is

c I'nmended to ni iw the 'irst crop early for soiling,

d permit the secomd griiwlh to stand for seed, which

somnimes a'precarous business, nothing being

ire uncertain: I have purchased seed at a guinea

if a half a bushel, and so'd the ne.xt year's produce

itained from it at aix shill ngs a bushei! When the

ice of seed is m iderate, the quaniiiy sown is two

Hhels or two and a holf per acre, but whatever the

ice may be, it will be repaid in the crop, if the land

1 m good heart. As inucli as 3i) bujhels of seed per

:re has been obtained, but 15 bushels, and often half

.at, IS more common. Undei a heavy crop ol tares,

.e land will be found perfectly clean and mellow.

id will turn up like an ash heap: ami there is no

iiestion with me, that the crop may be raised with

iceess in this country, if well cultivated on good

iiid, rather stiff in its nature and lying cool.

With regard to the value of the tare for Boiling, it
13 been calculated that ten times tlie stock might b
ept on them than on any other com:nonly cultivated
rop: ho'Ses require no corn or any other food, and
)W3 give more butter while feeding m them than on
t\y other f)od whatever. Is it not strange that no
;.;olar exjenment on an e.itensive scale has yet been
iade on such an invaluable crop in this country."

Ilu-vsey's Reaping Machine.

In our July number we mentioned that one of these
nachines had arrived in this city, and that t form-
Ms in this vicinity would have an opportunity of wit-
lessmg its operation. But, unfortunately, the pro-
jrieior did not arrive till after the let of August,
.vjcn nearly all the wheat was cut, ond a good field
'or the purpose could not be found. A trial was,
aowever, made on the farm ol Mr. Whitney near this
;ity, and witnessed by a number of farmers and ciii-
jons. The ground was very unfit for the purpose,
being quite rflugh, and containing numerous stumps,
SI that tlic machine was exhibited under great disad-
vantages. Still it did good e-xocution, and convinced
all who were present that on ordinarily smooth land
it would prove a great saving of time and labor in
harvesting grain. It cuts remarkably clean — in fact
not a straw that stands in its way can escape; and,
fcoiu what was eliown of it here, there was no reaaon

to doubt that under favorable circumstancea it would
cut Hftecn acres in 0 day.

Wc regret that a more pi.blic and extensive trial
could not be made here the present season; but hope
that many of our readers will have on opportunity
of witnessing its performance next year. Jn the
meantime we copy from the Parmers' Register some
account of its operations in Virginia. After speaking
of an experiment made on very unfavorable ground,
William B. Harrison, of Brandon, says:

" The third day, however, we removed them to a
more fovorable site, where the bids were wide, th«
lurrows shallow, ond the wheat heavy, and 1 very
soon became convinced that Mr. llussey's reaper did
not deserve to be classed with the humbugs of the
day. By this time the horses ond hands employed
hod become better troined, and the work wos beouti-
lully done — better indeed than 1 ever saw done by the
moat expert cradler and binder, " with every appli-
ance and means to boot," to enable them to do the
work well. Less wheat wos left on the ground trav-
ersed by the muehinee, either standing or cut, than 1
ever observed in any wheat field belore.

" I wish I could speak as strongly in favour of the
reaper as a time saving machine, but the truth obliges
me to soy that 1 cannot. Still 1 think that it mil
save time; but the question is, how inuchf A very
difficult question it is, too, and by no means so easily
solved OS might at the hrst glance be imagined. In-
deed, 80 much depends on the locality, the length of
the rows and the heaviness of the crop, (the reaper
operoting to most advantage in heavy wheat,) that
the time saved is constantly varying; and to approxi-
mate the truth, therelbre, is as much as can be expect-
ed. Something, indeed, a good ucjI, depends upon
the fact, whether good cradlers have to be stopped in
order to run the machine; good policy, however,
would always suggest the propriety of slopping the
worst.

'■ It is not enough to ascertain the number of bind-
ers required to run the machine, in order to deter-
mine the time saved. Say eight hands ore required
for this purpoae in heavy wheat, ond where the rows
are pretty long, and such situations are the most fav-
orable to the reaper, ond six where the wheat is
lightest and the rows short, and a good deal ol time
consequently lost in turning. Are six cradlers saved
in the former case, and four in the latter, estimating
the driver and raker, who ought to be good and elli-
cieni hands, as of equal value with cradlers? Cer
tainly not; and for this reason. The reaper cannot
be started os long as there is any dew on the wheat in
the morning, nor can it operate alter much has fallen
in the evening. At such times the hands that attend
the machine have to be employed in soma other way;
and moving from one kind o> work to another is al-
ways attended with more or less loss of time. Nor
is this all. In shocking wheat after the machine,
some loss of time le also incurred. Where we use
the cradles, the binders follow immediately behind
them, and then come the pickers up as well os the
shockers, and the whole work goes on together. The
reaper, however, when operating in long rows, aa it
must do to work to advantoge, scatters the work so
much, leaving it in long narrow stringa.'that shock-
era cannot find constant employment in following it.
We have found it necessary, theiefore, to stop a part
of our cradles, once a doy, in order to bring up the
shocking after the machines, which certainly occa-
sions some loss of time. Snll 1 think on the whole
that the tecuring of our crop has been soniewhot ex-
pedited by the use ol these machines; ond if binders
could have been hired to operate them without stop-
ping the cradles forthe purpose, our harvest would
have been very 'materially shortened; and the loss of
wheat would unquestionably hove been mu':h lees.

" It would add greaily to the value of these ma-
chines, if the ingenious inventor, Mr. lluesey, could
devise some way to make them cut damp straw; so
that they might be kept at work all day. Whatever
Mr. Hussey has not accomplished, however, is, 1 am
sure, owing to the intrinsic difficulty of making the
improvement desired; for the wonder with me is not
that he bos achieved no more, but thot he has done so
much.

'•The reaper compares most advantageously with
iradli e in cutting heavy wheat that stands well, cutting
it quite as rapidly as it would a lighter crop, which
the cradles would not do; or in cutting fallow wheat
ibai inclined altogether one way. The fallow wheat
However, must be cut the way it inclines, the knife
going under it, and it is laid beautifully as it falls from
(bo tnacbine, for the binders; but tbe mtcbine must

go back without cutting. I am not of opinion that
the reaper will answer 111 all eitiiations, or will even
supersede the u^e ol the cradle all<>;^ciher; but I in-
cline to think that it may be used to great advantage
in securing parts of almost every large crop; at least
on level land.

After timeing these machines repeatedly,! have not
been as yet able to g«t either of them to cut more
than an acre per hour, and, by the way, that is quite
expeditious work in heavy wheat. Before itying
the reaper, I hod supposed that good ecytheinen
vvoiild overage more than *J acres o day in good wheat,
but I am now convinced that this is quite aa much no
can be done. My overseer, Mr. Adama, who super-
intended tue macUines, and is quite a judicious man,
entertains the belief that IJ ocres might be accom-
plished by the reaper in on hour, with fast horses and
superior driving. It is probable too, that the experi-
ence of another season might enable us to effect more
than we have yet done. But still I doubt if an acre
and a half an hour can eier be counted on for many
consecutive hours.

An observant gentleman of Charles City, and a
practical f'armer too, who has one of these machinea
which ho worked last year, informed me recently
that it would cut down sixteen acres ot wheat a
day, or would do the work of eight cradles. Tho
testimony of this gentleman is every way eniitled to
credit, and justice to Mr. Hussey seema to require
that it should be mentioned. 1 presume of course
that some allowance was made for the time lost in
the morning and evening, when the straw was
damp."

Another trial was made by R. B. BoLLi.ia, of
Sandy Point, who remark*: —

" 1 feel satisfied thot the principle is a good one,
and may be successfully applied to the object intend-
ed, and that the machine is destined when the invent-
or shall have better perfected its mechanical nriange-
mcnts, which he can, with bio greater experience,
easily do, to be an invaluable a.-qnisition to the fann-
ers of the wheat-growing region of country. With
three mules, a man to drive ond one on the machin*
to roke the wheat from the platform on which, as it
is cut, it falls, we estimated that rather more than one
acre per hour wos reaped. Sy Mr. Hufcsey'a calcu-
lation tbe machine must cut one acre in every two
miles that it travels through the wheat; 15 acres
therefore by this calc.ilation, may be reaped in a day
With one machine, pulled by three mules with two
men only to drive and rake, by travelling thirty miles,
a distance not too great on level land, through large
fields, where there would be but few turns. The cut-
ting of the machine where the wheat was rankest
was the beat, leaving not a straw scarcely standing
alter it, and rendering gleaning entirely unnecessary.
The wheat lor the " pickers up," or Binders, was de-
posited more evenly ond in much larger quantities t»-
gcther. than after the cradle, and wilh these advanta-
ges to the pickers up, eight were not always a'lle,
when the wheat was rank and abundant, to gather,
tie, and remove the sheaves Ironi the track of the ma-
chine, as it passed around the Fquare, The machine
does not cut well early in the morning, when the
wheat is moist; it cuts best when and where a crndler
would do least — in rank wheot and in the hottest per-
iod of the day. I hove concluded to procure two for
the next harvest, satisiied that much manual labor
thereby may be saved, at a critical and important
season to the farmer, when labor is always scorce,
and especiolly on the lower James River at that time.

The Editor of the Register remarks — " Both t*>eso
trials were undertaken at our request, ond we are
confident that both the individuals used every core to
have full and loir trial made, and the facts and results
accurately noted. It is unnecessary to odd that no-
where could such confidence be better ilnced."

'Vucca Gloriosa*

There is, ot the present time, in the garden of Mr.
Baynton, ol Honest, near Bury St. Edmonds, 0 lorge
specimen of the above plant with two flowir stems,
on one ol which are upivarda of 400 blossoms. Some
one lately recommended the application of miriite of
soda to Dihliae. A friend of ours tried it in a very
weak solution (about I ez to a gallon of wate ) and
applied it once to each root in th» dry weother of
June. The efi'ect has been a rich and powe.ful foli-
age. It is not too late to try it with g.-eal caution,
guarding against the chance of excess. — Leamington
( Eng.) Hpn. fkroit.

15ii

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. J

sin?""

•■'11

:,««'

lite!

IB
111

bl'

id J
iin,

A Jietter from Illinois.

Mcssr: Editors : — The foiluwing is an c.rtrait of
B luuer wriiieii by a gciuleiiinn of coneidcrobic iravcl
en J acquaintance lb rough toe great west, and so far as
refers to your portion oftoiimiy we aic prcpcrcd to at-
test to tbe cjrrceiners of bis remaiks, and you may
i;onier a lavor on such as may wish to niigraie lu tbe
west by giving Ibis a plncc in your paper.
Yours, &<:.,

fui;di:ric brackett.

BraclicU's J/i7is, Itimois-

" 111 all my ncquaintince tlirnugh tbe far faiiieJ
west, I bave not found a 6eiii>ii of country tba; in
every respect aa well uniies all the great requisites of
tUc farmer as that portion eiiibrncing the south part of
Elliugbam and tbe north part of Clay counties, on the
%ve3l sidcof tbe Little Wabash river, in ibe Slate of
lliinjis. Thcro tl:e prairies aresuiall, averaging; only
from one to tlircs miles wide ; high, dry, and ex-
tremely fertile; and tbe rivulets or small c.ciks which
divide these small prairies arc bordered with as good
timber as I ever saw in ilie UnitoJ States. They also
a.Turd great quaruilies of valuable rock both of tbe
limestone and freestone, and ine.xhaustable vrnter.

This is ibe only prairie country in which f have
ever seen all these great a.lvantnges in such ahviiid-
niicc. Spring water is cjnirnon both in the prairies
and timber laud, and excellent well w.T.er is obtained
by digging from iil'teeii 1 1 thirty feet, any where iu
ibf ountry.

The first year, tiie prairies here arc someK hat harder
10 jilough than old blue grass pastures ; tliey arc then
]! lamed in corn, and without any further cultivation
they yield from fifteen to forty buehelsper acre. The
ne.it year and onward lh■^y are extremely light and
productive in all kinds of grain and vegetables buitablo
ij th3 eliniato, thus is seen at once tbe great advan-
tages that result to persons who locate in the west; —
no clearing of farms, only fence and plough ; and the
cjiuury being entirely free from stagnant water J
have no doubt of its general health. It is woithy of
remark tiiat all this part of the country ia entirely hi^e
from that distressing disease called the milk eickncso.

Notwithstanding an almost unpa;nlled drouth from
the middle of M iv uiuil the tirst of September, corn in
this vicinity will yield at least filly buebels per acie
this season. I earnestly recommend this portion o*"
country to yourse.f and li iends, but what you do you
had better do soon, as tbe land will doubtless be pur-
chased rapidly.

S. range as it may appear there is ye' more than
liineicen twontietba of this beau iful and fertile coun-
try remaining to be purchaecJ of the Gjvernmentnt
.?l,2o perncre. It h.is b„cn overlooked by travellers
until lately, for want of roads passing through it, — but
it is now aetiling rapidly. Yours tiuly,

A. B."

SkiitcUcs of Travel.

In a recent jaunt as far east as Aladison and Che-
nango couniics, that whi^h struck our nticntion most,
w.as the great number of rural visitors on the road,
journeying, almost without exception, in expensive
steel springed corriagea and buggies, with elegant
side amps, the horsjd caparisoned with brass mounted
or plated harness, tbe dress and baggage of the ira
vellors in keeping with tbe equipage.

Twenty years ago when wc passed through this
country our springed carriage was looked on as a
straggling exotic, to bo wondered at rntiicr than ad-
mired, much less to be desired. Ox teams were then
more common than horse teams, I doubt whether
there was a farmer then within ten miles square, who
f-iuld boast of a spring carriage c.r a plated harness.
Taj fc.'.iijrs wju!1 tl-.eii ones a yr-ar fit out a ttarn

for Salt Point to buy salt, by furnishing each, a horse,
with a certain quantum of rope and leather called a
luclUhig.

If I was asked what has produced this great ebaiige
in the social condition of our lluiid population, 1
should say, it was varied and increased production.
The birth or introduction and increase of ihe mechanic
arts in the cjunlry has not been a whit behind tbe
progress of agricultural industry ; it may be said that
from the nature o( their mutual wants, they have
incidentally Btimulated each other. Thus has Ham-
ilton grown up wiib its endowed semenariea and
schools — and log citv has been converted from a little
city of logs as its signifioant early name implies, into
one of elegant mansions, Grecian cottages, extensive
factories, ani workshops.

There is not so general an appearance of rural thrill
in the counties of Madison and Chenango, as in our
own Seneca, but with their cold rough hills, and wet
hollows they have better pasturage, more butter and
cheese, more cattle, ond the eweettst water in the
world, we felt that such water in Seneca county could
not fail to establish a pel feet temperance reform.

The bop yards of Madison have of late almost en-
tirely disappeared ; over production reduced the pi ice
so low that the culture is generally abandoned ; the
consequence is that this year the price is unusually
high. It is said that one man will clear .$4,1)00 on
ten acres of hops this season. He applies to his hop
grounds all the manure of a large distdlory, by the aid
of which bo is alone enabled to realize such large pro-
fits. Hops require a cool moist climate, but dry and
very liih land. S. W.

Waterloo, i<e.pf.lS, 1-SH.

Indian Co'Ut the Kin;;; of Bdibles.

A Farmer from Onei Ja comity, now on a visit here,
says that our farmers strangely overlook ihc advant-
age of our warm dry climate lor Indian corn — hesays
that they eeld im fail to get GO bushels to the acre
there on an old sward, if they only have sun and dry
weather enough to ripen it ; he has seen 60 bushels
raised to the acre this season, without the aid of ma-
nure, but it was well tended with hoe and cultivator,
two iniidements "'but little used" he thinks in our
corn fields. Even in the aouih part of Oneida county
a great grass region, corn stalks in the bundle are
worth ordinarily ^'^ per acre.

When I see a farmer pedliiig a loaJ of pumpkins
ihruugh our village, boasting of their superior size and
quality, verily thinks I to niyscll", that man boasts of
his own shamcc-'-hc pumpkin growing farmers may
have p.umpkins, but they will have no corn this year.
Tile kindly inllueiice of n warm sun, while it has
done wonders for the thrifty industrious farmer's corn,
has proved too strong a siimulous for the late planted,
half manured, and woreo tended corn, of the mere
pumjikin grower.

Perhaps there never was a season when corn repaid
the labiir and attention bestowed upon it better than
this j-ear ; on the other baud never did the neglected
field yield less. 1 have seen some fields where the
weeds far outweighed the stalks, ar.d others of like
soil, where the stalks were worth more per acre, than
•.be grass from our best meadows.

Although glass and potatoes, in cinscquencc of our
long drinight arc not half a crop, I have no doubt but
that if our Indien corn Imd been early planted on rich
land and the earth kejit loose by the lioe and cultiva-
tor, the crop this season would have been far above
the average.

I have obiier\-ed that the stalks this year, after the
' corn is ripe are full of saocliarine matter, both horses
.Tnd cows devour even the Lutts with avidity.

Either Irom bad farming or some other cause, it
wuuld seem that western NeM-Voik is fast bipins a?

quondam character nsa wheat growing region,
if I mistake nut, its reputation as an Indian
growing country has always been loo low, niej
ficm the fact that its eultuic has been neglected
the more profitable production of wheat. But
when wi have no more of nature's own virgin i
insure large crops of wheot at tittle expense, wo I
that more attention will be paid to that much abij
prince of edibles for both man and beast, Indian i
Waterloo, Sqtt. IB, \Sil. S. Wi

Wheat Caiture.

.■M:.ssRS. Editors — It appears to mc thnt ttic culture
wheal has not rc^eivci lh;it attention from argricuUi
writers which its iniitort.-incc(Ic:naa:U I think it n-oulil
of great benefit to your readers if our wheat growers woi
more generally '^jive us the results of tli.»ir e-vperienoc,
tlicir ino:Ie of priictiL-c in liiis bran.:h offiirniing. TJicre
pears to l;c liiuoh 'liversily of upiiiiuii on liio:.l points C'
nccteJ Willi this auhje.:l; and for one I shoul.I lilci- to ki
the opinions and pr.actice of the most successful whi
growers in this country; partic'.ilurly with rclcrenec to
ii)ani:er of preparing the kml. tlir? time of sowing, quantil
of see I, anil mo le of prcp.'iration, if .-iny.

As far as my own experience ?oei, 1 think I Il:ive olttnil
eii tlie licst crops liy fallowing the Inni, with three timi
plousliing; thrown into riP^e^ of seven or eight paces wiii
sown frnm Ih'j eiu'htli to the sixteenth of geplcmlier ; five li
five an I a h-i'f pe.-ks of seel to the .icrc ; prcparel by seal
ing in lirnf> water from twelve to sixteen hours before sowJ
iiig ; the seed harrov.-cJ in. I Iiave some sea.=:ons sown my
wheat about the first of Septeni'jcr, an.l when th.at b.is beoa
:lie case I have almost invariably euffe-rcl more or less fnirn
tlieravagcs of the fij. I think early sowing renders \\i.;".t
more exposed to this evil. Snch is my practice, and if :."y
of the c.^r^espon1cllts of the Farmer can suggest iinprovc-
inenis on it, I shitll be ha;)py to learn and adopt llieni

•' Old Genesee,' Jiiffust liil. M. .V.

Remarks. — We timiik M. S,, for calling the attention of
our readers to this sulije::, and wc unite wilh him in the re-
questthal others will favor us with a description ofllieir
practice in wheat cultivation. We hope however they
will be more particular than our friend iM. X., anil not for-
get to mention liie kind of soil, depth of plongliintr. kind of
wheat. and tiie quantity of produce; and nut omit to sign
their names — Kns.

Tbe following suggestion we believe to be of great
importance. The advontage of a wheel over swing
ploughs, was fully elemonstrated by ibe accurate and
repented experiments of Prof. Puccy in Scotland.
Ploughs of nearly the same actual weight were lound
to differ in the strength of the d'aught, required to
move them on the surface of the ground, as four to
one, when without, in one ease, and with a wheel, in
the other. This great difiertncc must he obvious,
when it is considered, that tbe chief weight of the
phmgh is brought by the draught upon the wheel
which otherwise has to drag hcavdy along the ground.
The friction occasioned by this dragging, it is ploin,
must be greatly increased, when fifty or a hundred
weight of earth ia eoustnntly pressing upon the mould,
board. As very few of our ploughs in this region are
furnished wilh wheels, we beg leave to call the atien-
tion of funiers to this subject. ,

FoT the KtK Centset Farmer.

Wheel Ploughs.

Messrs. Editors : — It is rather lote in tho ecason
to talk about breaking-np ploughs. But 1 consider it
of much importance, ond hope it may draw cut tome-
thing from our brother farmers, that will not bo for-
gotien bcfi)re anolhcr tpriiig.

We ail know that the breaking of the " fallow
ground" is the hardest job that we have ill preporing
the ground for the seed. It is important then that wa
manage this business to the best advantage. We hato
in our courtry a gieat variety of " patent uLuglis,"
some of which we ihink good ones, andoll undoubtedly
real improvements upon ihe old fashioned plough?. Of
the merits of any particular I'attcrn I ehnil not speak.
I '.vill only 3^^■ lo my brother fcrtners, gel the best

N. 10.

AND GARD :NEII'S JOURNAL.

157

I

1 Du con tinJ. Jt coeis no nioic lo miike or buy a
;ilinigli than a baJ one.

il ihere is an article ol' gearing which I consider

cut iinportniicc in iilougbina, that I am sorry to

3 n>t yet in general use, at least in this part ot'

country. I refer to the wheel uniler the cud of

caul, a_; a ganger, his iniporlanl tbnt ibc land be

jhcti as nearly even as may be. With the wheel

•an manage thia to your liking.

didej it is well nsccrtoined that the team will pcr-

ihe labor much easier wiih the whiel than wiili-

;. Suae say thai two h.irses with the wheel wdl

rin as much and with aa much eiise as three

>Ht. I am not entirely satisfied that there is this

I ence, but there is no doubt n great difference in

of tlie wheel. My plan is to put on three horsf s.

hen let the plough go in according to the strength

J team, I care ni't how deep. I think Ibat we

a not been in tho practico of ploughing deep

ij;b.

iiiy be well to describe the manner of faa:ening

liecl to the beam. There are several dafercnt

of doing it. Some mortise a hole through the

just back of the devise, large enongh for n ston

iron, whica is split at the bottom, or anotlar

added, and spread so as to receive the wheel.

nortise should be secured from wearing on each

f the beam, by I'lsieningon wide etoutband iron,

1 hole through of the same size. The end of the

t runs through the beam has several holes

;h it, 60 that it can be raised or lowered at plea-

anJ fa=tencJ throngh the beam with a bolt. An-

way, and which 1 like the best, is to take two

ifiron of sufiK-icnt size, bond them in a half

form, with holes for the gudgeon of the wheel

in, at tile lo.ver part of il^e circle ; one end of

rs should have eeverJl h"Ie8 in to raise or low-

wbeel. Ill order to do ihis, the bars must be

■ue of course. The wheel should be about 8

in diameter and about 2 inches broad.* The

"or three horses should be made on purpose lor

3, with nil set to land and an extra amount of

/here the wheel is used, so that tho plough will

to dig into the earth. 1 have two beams for

taking plough, one for three horses and one for

Itis a short j.)b to shift iham. 'J he coulter is

irally used, that it will probubly be of no Uio to

'fits merits. But I have written more than 1

■S. A FARMER.

,|,ijj tans Co:mti/, August, ISJ!

Fur the iVew Genesee i'lirmcr.
Kluriaia iu Cattle«

grain of prevention is worth pounds of cure,"
given my cattle for stverol yeais past, plenty
mixed with ecjual quaniiiies of house ashes.
f thein have been troubled with the murrain,
)elieve il will elK'Ctiia'ly prevent it-^^only give
8 much OS they will eat. N.

Colil Water

be safely drank in hot whcother, provided a
\ti\\ first wash his temples and wrists wiih it.
tried it for years (with the above precaution)
t the li'ust injury. N.

ig.m, August, Ic41.

Fur the A'cw Gcnosse Fwiner.
Disorder iu Jiogs,

St this head a correspondent in tic lost number
New Genesee Farmer, wio signs hiii'.sulf W.
ectfully calls for information concerning a cer-
oeness which eoinctinics attacks his hogs dur-

rter :ii.it the wliecl in;iy not sink iti soft grounil. and
[ra'.bcr ihan ussi^t Llie pluugh, i: stiould nc -s)ii(>.;'J
irgc .'-.3c.r.:uins:::u.'c> Will aliiiit, utic! it m^yLc well
bCAiu m;iy be so inaio :istoliO'Hirv<-V*«I»!y e!eTi;tt'il.
inlinjt a liirjfr u hC'^'.-— I'r.

iiig the hot season of the year. I have reason to at-
tribute the lameness lie complains of, to the c'oeing of
the issues of the hind lega ; which I think is caused
invariably by iiidammalion produced by high feed, such
as corn and barley meal, without first undcrg'iing the
process of ferincniation. Having I ad several liogs
attacked in the same way tome three or four years
ago, while being fed wiih the above-mentioned fjod,
!inJ every r.vpcdient in t'le way of common dosing
proving iniffi>.-:ent, we Imd rceour-e to a neighbor of
ours who had bad experience in pork-making; he
immedialely informed us of ibo cause ; wo caught the
bogs, and by o thorough rubbing of the pores or issues
ofihelegs with a cob thiy were made well in twenty-
four hours. K. II.
Ko. Cortland. Sept. 21, 1841.

EXGLiISlI jVE^VS.

Iiiveirool Grtiin Market.

Skpt. 3. — We had rather more inrpiiry at ibis
mormng'r: niarkel for whe.il and Hour, bjlh free and
in bond, and in the few srdis which have taken place
the prices of Tuesday lost were obtained. Outs and
corn meal were each dull of sbIc, but at notlccline on
their previous value. Other articles in the trade met
with bui little attention, and no change in prices from
'he quotations of Tuesday last.

Tiie Weather and Crops.
The henulilul weather has nindi;- n great and excel-
lent change in the harvest, a good deal of all sons o(
corn has been secured in good order, and many farm
ors in the Weald have cnr;id nil loeir wheat ;'biu on
the DtAvns, tho qoaiuily of weeds and green s'.ufl'in
the bailey, has induced tho I'uimer to use every ino.
mcnt be could to secure thai crop, and hence we see
large pieces of wheat aiill siandaigoul. Anoiber week
of fme weather will secure, pi city nearly, an average
crop of whc.-it, but of course there arc exceptions- —
Brighten Paper.

The wheat crops c;-me to hand much heavier and
better than was expected. The foiward oau hove
been got in well, and the backward crops look prom-
ising The laie fine weather is expected to work
ureal improvement in the barley. The ])eiis that have
been harvested turn out well, and the beans aie flour-
ishing.— Maidstone Giiztiic.

The harvest has been generally good in the neighbor-
hood of Newark, and in some places a good deal is
housed : but the rain of Tuesday nighl has greatly lo-
tarded the harvest. — Lincoln Guztitc.

The harvest ol Tyle side has commenced, and will
be general in this neighborhood in annlher week. —
No new wheat has yet appeared in Newcaotle market,
but it may be expected that samples will be shown on
Saturday next. It is generally coiisidercd that the
wheat in the northern counties will be belter in quali-
ty than that of die grenterpartof theEoutbern districts,
where iho weather has been more unfavoral le than
with us. The weather has been very warni and dry
since our last.— T^h^ Mercury.

The weaiber is very fine. Wo need scarcely add
that the farmers have been "making hay while the
sun shines," and thatiho harvest isd.-awing toa close
in our locality. The accounts as lo ibe yield are very
cuiuradiclory, some maintaining that it is an aveiege
crop, and others that il is ne-iily ^o ^-Worcester
Clironidc.

The harvest has become very general in the east-
ern divisions oi this c:>unly ; we ob.erve Ilelds cut on
Pulerlon, Th irnionloch, Skaiera, East Uariis, Bir-
neyhiil, Onwellinuins, Wesicr I'aikerlon, Biar.dsmili.
Newiaiilees, East-IJrnomhouse, Newhouses, Jjitcb-
ficld, West-Barnes, Beloii, tSc. Tiie Karlcy oiid
oats seem of ail average bulk, the wheat generally
" stooks" light. The weather has been very wet,
hut should it clearup, next week harvest will be gen
oral. — hir em tss Courier.

j and paring, and tinimering and stirring, as is going
j on Iroiii one end ol our happy land to the other, is a
j caution lo young folks, lor if one of ibcsc yoiingeicis
I liajipen to kiik iqi a row in ihc midst of this hurry
and hunle, and thus inlcrrupl the harmonious elnng
of pots anil kettles, he is almost certain t..|iave his lit-
tle roiundiiy pickled very handsoincly, and ai ihe very
m.iTnent when he leapt expected or desired ihc favor.
We have jin-t lit upon n receipt for milking a glo-
rious pickle, which we copy for the benefil ol hoiite-
keopciB generally. ]i is like all oiber pickles, aLout
ns indigestible as the doctor or the uiiderloker ctuld

wish, and would give Old hin.self the gripes in

five miniiles if he wtre lo swallow it.

RIa.xgoks,— These are made of green miiskmel-
lons, as late in the season as possiole. The conimott
muikmellone make ihc best mang<'e.=. A small picco
is cut from the side, and the seeds corelully scraped
out ; it is then soaked in salt and water three or four
days ; when token out it is sprinkled on the iiii-ido
wiih powdered cloves, |m p]ier, niiliiieg, and filled
with strips of lioiseiadisb, einnaiiRiii, small str.ng
b.aus, small pieces ol Hag rool, nasturtiums, small on-
ions, radish tops, &c. The crevices are filled with
whole mustard seed.

The excessive londnces of these diabolical com-
pounds, which pievails more particularly among the
younger portion of the fair Eex, is at <inee ihe ciaico
and evidence oi iUkcatlh. We liave seen moie than
one ol these loveliest creations of nature destroy her
healih and life, by ihe Ute of these iinnotuial siiniu-
lante— actually pickle herttlf lo dioih I

We advised the young men a shoit time since to
mairy, eveiy mother's son of iLem, and we now ad-
vise them to h^ pnrticulnily careful of inariying "ills
who aic rerij fond of pitkles, and will cot a half gal-
lon jnr full of ihtni at every meal.

Jl ihey do not take our ndvice, and marry onimaied
vinegar erutts, they may, perchance, escape being
poisoned tlirinselvcs. but iLey will assiiiediy have a
weary lime of it in this world, with thtirs.ekly. peev-
ish, half- dead wives.

The danger we run in making these asserticrs, is
great. Tiie ladies will all be in arms, or rcthtrin
tongues, against us. But we d^i not fear to encoun-
ter it. We wiile for ibe tenelit of pnslcrtty, and
if the prcseiit race will not do us credit for our good
inteniions, the next will -~IUninilul Jouinal.

i'ickJes.

About lliis season of the year, the good mothers and
>vives thiough'iu; the country, ta.^ their ingenuily to
ll;e utmost to make jiirldes of every ihing that comes
w.ihi.i their reach. Nothing eseai es ibera. They
piiUL' potatoes, and cucuii.bers, and peppers, and lo-
matojs, and beans, and nasluriium-', in short, every
vegoiable they con lay ib.eir bonds on, ami thil is in
an cd.nirublc state ol tiiln.'iotts immatuiity. Such a |

"Piarl Barley" of the West.

The editor of ihc (Det.'-oii) Western Farmer baa
politely sent us a small sample of wiiat he calls " I'catl
Barley." He says respecting it : —

"A new kind of bailey has brcn introduced into
Wisconsin by an emigrant. A gentleman at Green
Biy, Ir.st spring, oblciikd a quoutiiy of the seed and
has raised 13U bushels. The seed came from Russia,
and is a large plump kind, and weigl.s consideioblo
more ihan our common barley. A bushel weigl 8 t!>
pounds. It makes line bread, and is luoily equal to
wheat. It was sown on the 15ib of May and harvest-
ed in July, and with proper cultivation, it will yield
from 35 lo 40 bushels to the acre.

We have a small quaiiiiiy of it in our olTice, and in-
vile ihengiicultural public to call and examine it. It
is the besl ariicle that h'la ever came under our ob-
servaiion At our requ st, a quaiiliiy of it will bo
seni to Olivkk Ki.wiitKKY, of this city, and Wiu. S.
M.iv.vAUD, Esq., of Ann Aibor, lor sole."

The above named barley is not a neiv kind, but one
which wo have long kn iwn by the name of Two-Row
cd Nulied Barley. It bears long heads, and hand-
some grain which threshes out of the ehali like wheat.
Small quantities of it have been sild at the Rochester
Seed Store f)r several years past, but i;s cultivation in
this country has never loour knowledge been found ad-
vantageous. Law-son, in the Agricullurisi's Manu-
al says, " tliis variety has been iiuroduced to the ns
lice of agriculturists oi various limis and under dill'cr
eiit names, but i'.s euliivation has always bem obcn
dorcd, or at least, never carried to a great ex'.ent
The straw becomes vtry brittle and tender tnwarde
the peiiod of ripening, so as to be unlit for supper. i-
ihe eara."

From Ma/mill ff' s Bjo'i of FnLrta

One of our best European Pears, \\ic ^^ Diiciuss of
Angoulcmc," when grown as a dwarf prodtcea a f.na
large fruit, bu: small and greatly inferior when growj.
upon a s(and.riQ, t

158

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

OL.

.\o.

Ckcmicali or Prepared Manures.

It is somelimes asked, nnd thai loo in a way indi-
cating a belief that the queslinn cannot be oatialoc-
torily answered, what are the advantnges tbat science
bai conferred on Agricultnre? more tbnn inlinialMiy
that kniwled^'e, bo essential to all other purtuits, ir-
of no value to the former. Ilia asnfiicit-nt reply lo
all this, ti Bijnply point to the articlea named ut the
head of thia pajior; chemical, or prepared nianurcB-
For the present we Bhnll confinu ourselves to a single
class, those derived from urine and night soil, or ol
wh:cli thene famish the most important part.

It may be said that the iifce of night soil bns been
known from the earliest ages as a manure. This is
true, but its use has always been limited, owing to
prejudices arii-ing from its disagreeable nature, and
its offensive odjr. T^e celebrated Swedish chemist.
Berzelius, was among the iiret to eail the attention o(
moderns to these substances by bis analysis of them,
which gave the following results:

Kighl Soil, 100 t>arl3. Urine, 1000 parts.

■\Va;er 73.n Water 935 00

A'egrra'-Ie iii.ilter unU ;l'rca, 30.10

aiiiinnl remain:?, .... 7.0 tfuli'hnte of potash, ... 3.71

Bile 0.9 .-ul|,h.ite of smln 3.18

Al luuien, O.U Phospliate of soju. . . . « 04

Fe.-tiliiir :ind exlrac- Miiriiileof uoda (cum.

tive matter 2.0 >.ilt.) 4.45

SaltB 1 - Phospluitc of amino-

Injuluijle residue, 14.7 ni;i,

Muriate of itiimioiila, .
Ace::ite of alnliioiii:i, )
Anliiifil manors. J
EiLrttiy pliospliutes & \
Finale of lime, 5
Silica atiil mucus

1.05

1 511

1.00
0>5

The intelligent farmer will see at a glance that the
matters enumerated in these tables consliiute iTiOst
effijiCnt fertdiZr-rs, and in spite of their repulsive na-
ture, the Flemish farmers have long been in the ha.
bit of mixing these etercjraceous matters wiih water,
which, applied with much labor lo their fields, gave a
fertility uiikn iwn to the rest of Europe Some 28
years since, Divv suggested to his countrvmcn, the
English, tbat night sod was a very powerlul manure,
liable to decompose, 5 iluhle in water, and in whatev-
er state it ia ascd, furnishes abundant food for plants.
He fninJ, by e-xperiment, that quick lime de-troyed
the di agreeable smell, and ascertained that it might
be dried, pulve.-iz 'd, and delivered by dnila at the
time of sowing the seed. The manufacture from
night soil of the valuable manure called -poudrttie,
belongs to the French. Nearly 40 years since, a
chemist, M. Bridet, obtained a paper for \i\epoiidre
regetalice, manufactured from the cesspools ol Pans;
and such win bis success that simlar manufactories
were erected all over the country, particularly in the
vicinity of the large cities, so that what was once a
nuisance, is n iw deemed of the grca'.e'St value.

In 1814, the Frentih Riyal Society ot Agricnituie
granted a gold medal to Madame Vibcrt Duboul, who
obtained a patent fir |.i years for her " Alkaline Ve-
gi.'t'itive powder." Her plar, consisted in fermenting
the m.>3t li.)uid parts of those mailers, and mi.\iiig
thein with silked lime aficrwards so as lo form a
powder m-ich superior and more durable in itfl elTects
to common poudret;e.

In 1818. t e tiist manufnctory of " Urate" pro-
perly so called, was c.immcnced near Paris, by the
choinists Diuni «t Co., and the product was submit-
ted lo the cxaniin ition and test of a committee ol
chemists and agriculiiiri.sts, in which wi/re included
BJme of the ablest men of Franco. This committee re
ported that llu^y bad liiuiid the preparation s i powerful
on the dulleet soils, th it they recommended it ohould on
Iv be employed by skilful and d.scriminating farmers.
On good suU, or in large quaniitiee, it gave such a
growth of straw as to be fatal to the matuiity of thi-
gr-iiii. Tile whole matter collected liom the ccss-
po.ils iif P.iris, is now eonvertiid inio pinidrette and
urate, an 1 is u-ed by the farmers and gnrdcuers,
principally Wiihin a circuit of 30 miles around Pnris.
A new preparation called " engra'is animuiizt'," or
tlieinfected night sod, has recently been entered upon
at Pans, and a arge manufactory has also been es-
tablished at White Chapel, near London. It is made
by mixing the night soil with a consider ble quantity
ofliuely pulverized charcoal and then diying tlit
mass at a very gentle hem. Thus prepared it lorein-
hles the friable mold, rich and dark, of an old hot
bed, and is totally deviod of smell. The Englisli
farmers, if we may judge from th(.ir tcpona and jour,
nals, are highly pleased with this manure, particular-
ly as a dressing for tiirneps, giving tlu-in a quick
growth at the start, which is of great importance with
this -oot. There is another preparation culled -'O^v.
en's Animnlizod Cnrhtm " principally brought inti.
England from tbc Baltic, 0B« no of which i^ coii^d-

ered equal to 115 bushels of cruahed bones, while the
cOst io but little more than hall as much. It proba-
bly differs little from the tngrais aniinalize, except
ihMi it contains more carbon, and, of course, is a ieaj
powerful manuie.

Tucre is a chemical preparation called " Seed
Manure," prepared by Messrs. Hodgr^nn ai d Simp-
»on, oi Waketield, England, the coinposition ol which
IS a eecrtl, but the baoe of it if, doubtless, urate, mix-
ed with a portion of" saccharine matter, ammonia,
salt, and nitre. Their dTeciions are as follows, and
by lollowing them Mr. iSlilburn and others have ex-
perienced the best cfiects on their crops.

" U.ssolve '28 lbs. of this manure in a pail' by ad-
ding water in small quaniiiies stirring It at the same
lirne, until the mixture is of the consistence of creom;
it IS then poured over the seed intended to be sown on
an acre of land, and the whole repeatedly turned over,
so that It appeals one uniform mixtuie; the seed is
then lo be spread out thin, on the floor lo dry, lor ten
or twelve hou.-s, and mixed with a siiflicienl quantity
of eoot or any kind of ashes, to render it sufficiently
friable or dry to be sown by the hand or by the drill."

Prof. Johnson in his valuable papers on manure,
has the following remarks on these chemical prepara-
tions of night soil, purticulaily the carbonized cluts,
which, when properly made, he seeiiis to consider
preferable lo any other of its mixtures.

'• Tue preparation of the Mets'S. Polievin of the
engrais aiiimalizc at London, is the same as that oi M.
Payen at Puns. It combines, and siiccesofully loo,
the great object of driving off the water of nightsoil
by a gtntle heal, aft'-r all its gaseous malti rs hare
been ubiorbed, by mixing it with a portion of newly
prepared earlioii, in ihc tincsl poasible state of divi-
sion, than which, no known substance has bUch great
powers ol absorption of all gaseour mntlere like tuose
which abound in, and impart the ditagiceable odor of
night soil. The presence oi' the carbon in the ma-
nure thus prepared, is valuable in two woys; it grad-
ually combines with ihe oxygen of the otmosphere,
forming in the etate of carbonic gas, the food of plan's;
and at the same time, all the gaseous matters ol putre-
faction, with which it is saturated, are thus preserved,
siored up, as it were, for the use of the ro ts of lUt
cultivator's crops: nothing is Uist, the emission ol the
gases from the slowly diSEOlving charcoal, being so
gradual, as lo be almost^ if not entirely, impercepti-
ble to the senses."

The J ustly famous preparation, called cs above
" Urate," may be very eucceosfiilly imitated by the
common farmer who will take the pains to provide a
reservoir or CiStern lor the pieservolion ot urine, with
wLiicli, when wanted for distribution with his seed,
he must mix gyptum or plaster till the urine is ab-
sorbed, and the ma^s sulliciendy dry lO sow with the
drill or by hand. This is one of the most powerful
prepar.ilions on dry or sandy soils llmt can well be
imagined, and is one of which every farmer may
avail himself to a greater or less degree.

Tliere aie at the present Jinie, two manufactories of
poudrctlc and urnle in the vicinity of Mew Vork; and
there IS most ahundaul proof that it coustitulis here as
elsewhere the most valuable class ol manures. That
such manufactories will become common in the neigb
borhood of our principal cities and towns, where alone
the materials are lo be found, as the value ol such
manures, both tor the efficiency and portability are
better undeietood, we have no doubt. Their use is
rapidly converting the vicinity of the principal Euro-
jean cities iiiln a garden, and the use of these male-
rials ^hichhave constituted the greatest nuisances
■■ind were most productive of diseases, inlo mantiree,
will not have a better effect on the soil, than on the
lienlih of tho-'e congregated masses of human beings.
Alb. Cultivator.

Tomato Figs.

Patent Office. July 10, 1841.

Dkar Sir — The medicinal qualities of tomatoes
nave greatly increased their cultivation, and every
new preparation vf the article is deserving considers-
ion. A sample ol "lomnto figs" has just been de.
.Mailed at the Patent Office, of a superior quality. —
From the taste I should suppose all the good qualities
>f the fruit ore retained. In appearance, the drum
if tomatoes resembles one of tigs so neaily, that they
might e.'isily be mistaken for the same.

'I'he sample is deposited by Mrs. Sleigcr of this
:ity, and the recipe transmitted with it is enclosed for
lubiicaiion. It is deeply to be regretted that since the
leri'idicals of the day are open to communications,
iiat so many valuable inproveinonls are lest lo the
world, barely for ihe want of puWicity, Oibors may

have dried the tomatoes with a recipe, however W'''
successful. (i^^',"'

Very respectfully, H. L. Ellsworth. HI' '"

Hon. J. ^•. ^liinncr. j I*'

Rkcipe. — Take six po'tnds of sugar lo one peclf*'
(or 16 lbs.) of fruit. Scald and remove the ekini|*';'|
the fruit in the u ual way. Cook them over a fir'i'''ui
their own juice being sufficient without the additiol ![','
of water, until the sugar penetrates and they ai ■
clarilled. They are then taken out, spread on dish*
tialtened ond dried in the sun. A small quantityij-
tne pyiup should be occasionally sprinkled over theilj*"
whilst drying ; afttr which, pack them down in boxej*''
treaiing each layer with powdered sugar. The syrojC'
Is afterwards concentrated and bottled for uae.-l'^'
They keep well from vear loyear, and retain snrpri]*r
ingly their flavor, which is nearly thatof iliebef.1 qual'l
iiy of fresh iiga- The pear-shaped or single tomaHMl ^"
answer the purpose best. Ordinary brown sugar mi
be used, a large portion of which is retained in ik
syrup. — American FuTintr.

For the yeu Geteiee F«n
TRUE GLORY.

BY UrwITT r. ROBKRTS.

Man seeks content on every shore —
Where deserts spread — where oceana roar I
What recks he danger, toil or blood.
By famine, sliipwreck, field, or flood ?
What boots it where Ills footsteps roam.
If be seek not the prize at Home.'

Deluded man I vain di earner ! ccaee '.
Say.' what can set the mind at ease !
Can gold-dust scraped from Afric's sands.-*
Can diamonds wrought by servile hand« —
Can rnpine, war, or murder yield
Aught, save to Fame— a battle field J

Back lo thy honest toils again!

Go! speed the plough and till the plain.

Thy bristling grain, in thick rows set,

Shiill rival e'en the bayoiie: —

Thy maize, arrayed along the land.

Shall image many an armed band —

Thy gold, the yellow maize shall he ;
Thy gems, the dews ihat deck the lea;
Such be thy glory— such thy wealth ;
Thy rich reward, content and health —
Nor prouder spoils e'er won the bay.
Or dcck'd a Rjiu.in triumph day !
JWjraSt/i, 1911

TI

Mi

tall

*■>
ml

r"

Tit

iiii

r<i

Anti^Corn Law Agitatiou in England*

Papers by the Britannia bring us the accounls oft
opening or first days' session of the great Anli-Co
Law Conference of Ministers, at M.inchcster, on ll
17th of August. More than 6.')0 Ministers bad a
nouuced their intention lo be present The people
iMunchesier vied with each other in hospitable nrrang|| i
menls to enterlnin the reverend gentlemen. TI
Conference assembled in the Tower Hall, ihe bench
of which were completely tilled. The Rev. Dr. A
Kin was called to the chair.

In his opening address bespoke of the present m«
ing as witbont a parallel among the counci's and «y
ods recoided in ecclesinslicnl hictory. Ministers
Christ from all parts of the Empire, not in hostilea
ray. sect against sect, and party against party, with
the narrow linesof sectarian dcniarcalion, but occiip
ed with an object greater than that which could hard l(j
engage the minds of the most eminent Christians.- I \
They bad met at the call of sulfering humanity, whit ||f
reached their ears, not from a foreign land, but fro ' ,
the green valleys nnd populous streets of their own b
loved laud. At the nulsei, however, they were ni
by the question, *' What have Ciiristinn men, ond
hove all. Christian ministers, to do with temporal po
itics?" But when they became the denizens of ant
ilier kingdom, were they lo abandon the duties of ihw!'
It was not necessary, when tbcv became Chrislisnilll
that they should ceaie to be men. For bis own por
he would hnve considered himself a traitor both to li
ligion ond humanity, had he refused to obey thesuui).;
mons to attend the meeting. n.

What was the present siluntion of the empire!- j |
Here was 0 country great in arts and arms— the schoi jjj
offcienceand literature — the marl of literaturo—lb v
cradle of luxury — the emporium of the morul world-
occupying the .'lighcsl position amongst surroundin
nations, and shedding its light over Ihe most distill
lands. Yet this country, possessing within itself, ii
exhttiatible reA>iirc<e8, whilst it was tbc rivhost in d i>

h

A

INo. 10.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

159

w.n 'd, \vn9 in one ecnee, niso, tbe prujreat. Its popu-
lajoii, iiifjttnot «?■ it was wiih aii.l.)r, nnd unrivallod
fnr i-a industry, wns unemployed, and in want. —
h loma were eilent — iiianiifactonea were closed — com-
mercial men looked at each other in conBlcrnntioM and
dcsi)n)r I What wns the cause of thiu extraordinary
eiiue of things 1 It wae in be foimd in the laws which
l>robibit ihe exchange of labor for food. The eyes of
the c uuury were turned upon Manche>lcr. It wns
necoasary, therefore, that thooe uasembled ahoiild stand
clear from all imputaiion, and it was most desirable
that tho- eiioiild avo.d commitiint^ tbemeelves to any
distinctive line of pnriy politic, which might coni-
IproinioC them in pnblic opinion. Let them adhere
firm'y to principle, but avoid giving oiTence to any
one — uniting to the courage of the lion the gentleness
of ihe Iamb.

Di\ Vye Smith followed with on energetic appeal
to the syinuathiea cf his audience. He contended
ihal the Corn L^ws were a part of that vicious t-ys-
lem of legislation waich had its origin in the night of
ignorance and baibarisiii. Some person objecled to
lake part in the proceeding/9 of the Conference be-
cause they snid it was interfering in a matter of tiscal
regulation. Such ought not so to be recrive i. lie
protested ogninet the doctrine that ministers of religion
ought noi to interfere with politics. The alternative
■now presented to the country was this — removal of
iniquity, or tbe ruin of the nution. — Emutdpator.

Irrigation*

The cfTecte of running water flowing over grogs
nds, is 60 highly ben< licial that every farmer should
Bsceridin whether ihtre is not nonie portion of hiy
lands which may be cheaply irrigated. \Xeeny cheap-
Iffj because the price of lands ,n this region is not high
eiiough to justify such outlays as are often profitably
made in England and on the cuitinent of Europe. —
Toe waters of many a email tstream in our hill country,
might by a few hours work wiih the plough, be car-
ried along the hill-eidc in such manner that they would
percolaie ihrouiih the slight embankment and nourish
a vigortms growth of iirass on all the sloping ground
bA 'W the d.lch or canal. This is cheap manure — ap-
plying itsell year after year — and long maintaining the
r.:riiiity of the soil unimpaired. At the baee of the
nil It w.U often be necessary to open a drain for the
wn-cr wiiich finds its way di)wn. Siiould it come to
1 lilt and cold soil, as it ofien would, at the terniina-
,io:i of the descent, th:it soil would be injured. While

I )wing wtitcr is favorable to vcgetalde growth, stag-
lint water is baneful. Wherever the farmer can
:;.iu?5 water to flow over his irniss lands without stag-
Titing npm the.n, he will find gieil benefit from the
),)erati ni. Toe following article from the Southern
A4riculiurist, wid be read with inter 'tt, though it de-
-,crii>e3 processes more expensive than most cultivators
will be ready to adopt. — .V E. Earmtr.

\Vasiiington, April 3, 1341.
T[» the National (nstUutionfor tlie proinoUon of i>ci-

ence :

Smee the brief elatement of the advanngos of irri-
gniion appeared in my discourse dr ivcTPd before the
jn?lituti(m in January Inet, 1 have leceived so many
applications f)r inormaiion on the manner of water-
ing land, that 1 am induced to bcheve a more extended
noLH-e of the subject may be acceptable and useful.

Tiic numerous and abundant rivers, atreamp, and
bri'o'o, which traverse our country in evervdirec:ion,
all^rd great facditiea for irrigating the soil, and thou-
emdii of acres of barren land might ther'^by be render-
ed as produciive as any in the United States.

The thin soils, which drain and dry easily, profit
mist by the use of water, and are the irast prodirjlive
v-iihout it. The gravelly, sandy land of Chile pro-
fin ccs by irrigation, upwards of thirty bu~hels o( wheat

I I tlie acre, and the pior lands in the neigh!Kirhood of
M-'xico, are made equally produciive by this process.
Th3 great advantage, however, to be derived from
th^' free use ol water is not so much in the increase of
grain, as in that of grasa crop3. A water meadow
ni.t'i!,h'd to a farm, gives the farmer an abundance of
mmure fir that portion of his land which he keeps in
tillage ; for h« may convert into dung the whde of the
h ly it produces, wliile it requires nothing in return but
w.!t?ring

In ihe Carolinas and Georgio, the low lands border-
ing on the rivers are '"rrigaicd a.s high up as the influ-
cn -e of the tide extends for the cultivation of r.ce. The
w itcs 18 a Imiited into ditches paralel and perpendic-
ular to the river, and thenfe dislr.buted by feeders
over the whole surface, so as to druwn the land, by
T opening the sluices when the tide is rising ; and after
^' keeping it there 03 long na ia rfceincd neaes^ary, it is

let off at low tide. This method might be practiced
With great advantage (m all the tide-water rivers thro*-
out our country, where the banks are low enough to
admit the water at high title. Elai lands that have not
the advnntage of tide water, are the most difficult to
irrigate successfully, tor it is essential that when the
water is let off, the land should be drained perfectly
dry ; otherwise it will produce coarse grass of inferior
quality.

Linds that have a gentle slope, even steep hill side,
are better adapted for irrigalio'i, as they admit of the
wa'cr flowing over them without ntvering the top of
the plants, thus giving tiiem the advan^age ot air and
moisture. A gentle current is considered more ad-
vania_'eous than stagnant \\atcr, and the land thus sit-
uated will always drsin dry when the water ceases to
flow. On level land it is necessary to condui-t the
drain so far that it may enter the river low enough to
ensure a sufiicient fall to dry the land.

Where the stream is rapid and the fall great, it is
not necessary to construct any dam ; but simply to
tap the river high enough up to lead the water along
the highest part of th*: field ; but where the current
IS sluggish, the water must be raised by a dam erected
at the point where it is to be used.

The;e are two methods of wotering lands. The
one by dividing the field into regnlar beds, and the
other by what is called caich work, which is resorted
to where the iorm of the ground i** irregular. It va.
rios therefore with the circunittances of the land it is
piopoHed to water ; hut the conductors, feeders, and
drains, must be laid so as to profit by the natural
movements of the toil both to water and to drain it.

The fi 8t thing to be done by the farmer who de
sires to irrigate his fields, is to take an accurate level
of the ground which he intends to water, so as to com-
pare the highest part of it with the height of the water
to bo used. The surface of the water must be eight,
twelve, or twenty incnea higher than that of the land,
according to the distance of one, two, or three hun-
dred yards from the one it. the other. The main con-
ductor is then to be cut from that point as straight as
it can be, to lead to and continue along the highest
side o*" the field.

If the land has any swells on its surface higher than
the rest, it will be neccrsary to give to each of them
its own ctmducior, wilh feeders branching Irom it, to
convey the water over that portion of the field. The
width of the conductors must depend upon the quan-
tity of water they are required to convey ; and be deep
enough to receive the muddiest portion of the stream ;
for although the land Will profit hy being covered with
clear water, it ia more en-iched by the deposit of tur
bid slrC'ima. Kach conductor is to be prov.dcd with
a sluice to regulate the admission of the water. In
case the river does not run in such a direction as to
allow the water, after flowing the land, to be di«^*har-
ged directly into it, a mnin drain must be cut along
the lower part of the meadow to icreive the surplus
water and convey it to the river. This shonid be of
the same dimensions as the principal conductor. The
portion of meadow to be wate ed by each conductor
is next to bo divided into beds from thirty to fifty feet
wide, the feeders, wmch branch at right angles from
the conductor, running along the centre of them, ex«
ccpt wh'Te the ground ffdis twu ways, when il may
be necessary to make the feeders nearer to one dram
than the other. A bed two hundred yards long will
require a feeder where it leaves the conductor to bt;
iwemy inches wide, nnd irradually diminishing in
width to twelve inches the txiremity. A drain is to
be made between every two feedc-rs, and parallel to
them of the same dimensions, btit reversed form ; t' e
upper part being ten or twelve inches, and the drain
gradually widening to twenty inches, where it termi-
nates cither in the main or in the river. Su|»pooing
these works finisiied and rt-'atty to go into operatinn.
the manager opens the sluice to admit the water into
the conductor, where he adjusts the stops ia such a
manner as to eupply the feeders. He next regulate;*
the 8to;,8 in the first fecd'T, so that the vva'.er shall flow
regulai ly over its bides from one end to the other. He
then repeals this [ rocess in the second feeder, and so
on, uniil ail the feeders are adjusted. The eiops may
beof pit'ces of board or of turf pinned down, if neces
sary, taking care to keep the heads of the pegs below
the surface of the water, otherwise they arc apt to
collect weeds and trash.

The proiiti ari&ing fn m irrigation are so great that
they will justi'y a cipns.derahte outlay. The works,
therefjre, ou^ht to he well and durably constructed ;
the dams and sluices of ihr? be^l materials, and able to
re^iot the audih'n rising of the water. The baU which
as aheady stated, are to be from thirty to fifty feet
wide, gSj^uU he raised from one (ooi vo fourtoon inches

in the cenfe, so that the water will fall gently off
from the feeders which run along their summits to the
drains.

1 have endeavored to give such a description of the
prt)cesfl of irrigafion as will at least enable a farmer to
judge of the practicability of watering any portion of
his land, if not lu execute ihi; work himself. Those
who Bcek fur fuuher information on this important
subject, may consult the works of Boswell, VVright,
Smith and Johneoo. Loudon's Encyclopedia of Ag-
riculture, ond Stephens' Practical Irrigator. Tbe con-
Piriielion of works for irrigation belongs, however, to
the civd engineer, and it is to he hoped ihot those of
the United Stoles will turn their otleniion to the sub-
ject.

Our extensive linea of canals may, for the most part
be convened into conductors, and the water be bene-
ficially used to fructify the country throngh which
they pas". If a bleesing awaits the man who makes
two blades of grats grow where only one grew before,
the irrigator will be thrice blesbcd — f.ir well waieied
land will produce at least three limes as mucii grass
as the same quality of sod under dry culture.

J. n. POINSETT.

ladiau Corn and Sugar Beets.

We have certainly never bail a more continued ami
atorehing drought in this vicinity than th;il with which wo
are now visi'.cil. The clouds Bonieiinies roll up nnd prescut
all the usual tigns of rain ; but il would tfccni that the dry
and heated surfiicc possesses a power of repulsion, or railier
a tnek of attrr-ction, for the sun again brey.ks out wilh its
wonted firea, and the clouds di.s.nppcar as if they werein th»

•' Deep bosom of the ocean Imried."
Pasture is dried up ; potatoes, even those which were plant-
ed early, arc no hing. But it would seem that a kind Prov-
idrncc has given UF,in addition to winter gr.ain, two article*
of food for man and Least, which from their early rapid
growtli and large con 'ueting leaves, are cahable of Kubsis -
ingand thriving well fur a long tinir, without other external
moisture than the dews of heaven.

We have now Sugar Beets from 4 to 6 inches in diam<»teT
growing only i2 inches apart, they were transplanted early
in June. We have corn planted 15th May in drills 3 feet
apart ; 8 lo 1-2 inches apart in the drills, with 1 full ear and
a nubbin on utmost every stalk. Such a growth of Sugur
Beets and Corn we have never had before in the same space
of giound, in any one season. A niasicrlv farmer in thli
vicinity corroborates on a large si-ale our small experience
he iilsu says that his clover bears the drought well.

We have no doubt but that Ihe green stalks and Sugftr
Beels raised on a single acre would feed more cows at ibis
time ib.in all the pasture witiiiii a mile square.

A stinmier drouglit to some extent seems lo us to be an
annual occurrence in the rhnnipnign regions of Western
New Yoik. lIcHL-c the import;. nee of a more general cult -
vation of those vegetalile productions which thrive better in
dry than in cold wet seasons. It strikes us that this kind of
cuIti\"alion should obtain more ond more, around our now
rapidly increasin? villages, iJong Ihe canal and railroad;
routCH, wlicre manurff is cheap and plenty, and the lalmreri
are not t'ew. S. W.

WuUrloo. Auffutt ^%, S4'.

llow to Cure Com.

Cut It off at the ground, as every goo I fjirmer will do,"
then draw it off an t staii 1 It up against the crooks of the
fences around ihe fie! I, from o:ie to two feet ihick. It will
cure much better ani quiikcr in this way tnan if stacked in
the n>nal manner; it is a saving of time ; and the ground
win be clear for putting In wheat if desired. M. N

Rkmark. — If the field is not fery *m/i//, w^ apprehend it
will ^e^;iire the stalks to bepla-el more than one or two
feet thick arounitho fences, iinlejis the crop ia very light,
or the fences of other fields arc used. — Eos-

Driving \ails Into Flard Wood,

We have lately seen another experiment of driving
nails into hard seasoned timber, fairly tried The
firs* two n<nla, ofter passing through a pine b'ard, en-
tered about one ineh. and then doubled down under
the hammer ; but on dipping the points of ihc other
six or oii;ht nails into lard, every one wos driven homo
without the least difficulty.

Carpenters, w-ho are engn^ed in repairing old build-
ing3, sometimes carry a small lump of Jard or l&IloT
for this pnrpoffs on ono of tbcir boota at sboea.

i

.WULUIM i.«J_IUita

1*50

THE NEW GENESEE I ARMER,

Vol.

pT^oirr; cattlk, 8?ii;kp. ajvd ju^gs

VV I'or ^Sa !«••■•• l'^ siHiSK:ril cr. \vi^'llillz l»> (ii^puse ol p;;- ^
ol' lii5 faroi iiuck, effort tor na.'c tlic following vuluj'jle i-ni-
miUs >—

Thclhoron^Ii-Iirrd >Ii.ti horn Bull. Yof>fj Ai.BiON.3ycnrJf
o1(l,»liilP; Iircl [ly Ur. ilussiick ul'Hyile Turk-, guoil pedi-
grrc.

A thiirouph-'Ted sliorl liorn Imll cclf. 3 months oM, from
ihc 8iock nC ' nlrtion Van ensseliior. of Athnny.

A BUprrior youn^ buck, sirci Ity 'riiuiiins \Ve<ltlIf'*i iinpor-
te.l Ijciccs'rr ; tl::ni. an impurlril Oib-wold.

Tlirfte ihrpc-fiiurtli!) Iilooj yc^rlins CoiBWoliI l-iirks, ami
fif.cca J^uek lainlia of s.niilar ami hiphcr priule ; r.int a few
ewe-tAf the situief lmr::<*ier, if *ic*irc I.

\ fall lilooil l!c'kdliirt* l:oa,r Mid sow, 2 years oltl ; purclin-
srd from (; N Ucinnu of Allmiiy. Also — a ilinrougli-li/*'(i
liei'Ci'.rr Imiir an! sow, onr yoni ol.l ; from pure impor'cil
mock ; six lioar pigs 4 iiion'.lid old, n crotfs nf Berkbliire :.iid
lieiceeter ; uiv.l one boar and iwo sow pigs, ."i mcn'.lid old —
|.r.re trfji :fsrrr.

Til'" Jttiow nni:iml9 will 1 e sold on very Tensona! Ic tcnnB.
Part of them will lie cxIiihJlcd al ilie !\loiiriip Comily Fair, if
not previously di^iposc I "f. Tliey c:u) l;r srcn at ni: y time al
til'' farm of liic 8ul*crijer llircC-fonrlh'« of a mile vuuth-rasl
cf Westllfuricltti. \vM. C. COltXKLL

Oc'-oler la", i$l\.

. nrr-.r

an of

» iwo

ffur

A Small rarm

I^Ott Sale, of a'. out ihiriy u re-, very finely siiu:;ted
* the pW'as.-intvillnsc of i^-hiiyra, and consisiinjr in ji
very fertile npl-tud, and in pari of creek flats, prodtii '
toiiueeionsof hay toilier.TCi.nniially, orriL-h pasMirr
rows. It lias a fioodsione bouse oml o'hcr iinprovcmeiits,
rri.!e reaponable" and terms e;-.sy. I-'or fur:licr parti.-.u'.jir?,
r.ppiv, (if by letter, post paid,) to

-• J..T. TItO.MAS,

Araceloii.Oinn ; IMI. Ma'-^rlan, Wuyiic Co.. N'. V.

DErii:K5>lA' the best Wnchine known in
ihe.-**' ]j;tri6, lor culling fodder, for tale al thf ^t-cd -itnre.
I'fi ;e $^0. .M. H. HAT I : HAiM

PiiU.VI STONES— tt-;:ntcd immcJiatcly, at il:e Seed
rStore.

APPLE TREES FOR SALE.-The snljscri'^er
has c.HistanUy tor sf.Ie at his nursrry on Mj.in st. ime
mile ciist of the I'lri l^e, Ittnlics'.er, a clioi 'e QBsoilnicnt of
g'l.t el Pi" If irees, of large size, wnrr;.n:e.l of ihekin la rep-
rcnen cd, i.nd cinbiai-in^ fiom oO to -lU of thn test variciiea
for puniniT, fail, and win'.cr use. I'ricc $i.) per lUii. Or-
ders from a distance conlainingr rt.mi'.tancc or goo i cily rcf-
rrr-ji:-e, wili f^eeive prom, t n'.lenlion, stnd llie ttncs will he
^hip|le.l or dcliverc-l :-.'_'Co:ding to ina ructions.
Horheatcr, O^-t. I. I.-II. I'.LlXTrS JiOAW HMAN.

GARDEV SEiiOS in Koxes.-. . l-\ CIIO.SMAN
rcspeL'trully info ois b!s cunntrj fiicnds atid cus-.Dnrcrs,
il:a". iie wi:i al ilie usn.-.l Unic. le preiiarcd la supjily them
w.tli fresh assnr'miTils of fjarden f-eeds, of bis own ruising
«r sele-tion. sn .h as In' is confident will gl\c sali-i action.
Ilo-hester. O.rt. I. 1^11.

M

UshiyV 8EEj>, wanted at the Rochester geci

Siorc-

MOUNT HOPE GVRDEN & M'USEHIES,

UOCHKSTER, NFAV YORK.
ri^HE Proprie'ors of this I-'a:ablisbn;enl rrt'-r for 5nle a gc-
X neral tissttrtmeni of Nursery ariii^iea, cninpri>injr I'ruii
ftn:l Ornjjncnlal I'rcc-, Fiowcriii't t*brnbs. ilcrbaceoua
l'lanl4, Tnlrps, lly^icin'.liH, and other BuIIioum Fiower iJon;s.
U >ti')le Uidilia?, &c. <fc-.

Tliny have also on hiLod a larcc and fine co'lcction nf Green
and lint (louse plants, including Oerunium!^, Cbin<-sc
M-nthly Roses. CiuieliJa Japonica, Chinese Azaleas, Cape
JoHuiines. Cn:'n?e3, &-c. &!-■.

Orders for any of the above ariicJes, whe'Jier large or
^m!lM, wtll I e [innnpily and fiiiihful'y cxRcu'e ( ;.n 1 rlmrgcs
ill ill oases Will be very nnKif:Tarc. I'ursions ordcri!:^ fmin
a diH*-nn>^om.''.y rely on bavin-^ Ibeir arti.-Icd securely packed
B,n I mark"? I and shipped r.s ibcir orders may desiirn.-iip.

'i'o sujh persons na ai about forming new cs'.idilisbnieiiis
or who may wlsli to dispo^*^ i,f Tr«-rs, Shrnls, I'l.nits, &e.
in their nci2h';orh<io I, our ii'rmtt will be verv li'diil

(Virden-i and Plc.*.-*ii-e eroun Is w.U hr. ]ul\ nni in any
pan of the ciiuntry and 'kiifui gardenery rur;iishe I on rea-
Bonalile notice, and infornnitlon on JUiy suljcct c<nniecte.l
wiUi the i<n3ine«3 will be cdiecrfjJIy and promptly imparts I.

It is expe-tel llint pcTsons unn''qu:iin"e I wirli tlie propr'.-
r'org will oi'.iier r.i:-*Muip. ny their order:* wiUi a rrnii'.tanoe
or name a gu:irtnlec in the cliv of ltoi;hesFer or vi.-iiiiiv.
l^LLWANGKtt iL KAKUV.

Ilaolca'er, Pep!. 1. I-IK.

.\. B. Our Fruii Treo^ comprise tlie most desiraMe cnrly
nn [ lalo var'o'.iej an 1 Ibri utniosi c:ire has been li ken in
Ifropa^ati 15 f.oi) auch trees nrilv nn wore \n a benrintts.aie
■cm \v)in7 ; ;nr'iil?t-9 \u\'c \fp r\ st.ffi ;<-n:lV frs V(.

FKriT TREES.

TUFj Fobscrihert* bi.vc for sale, v.'. lliclr Nursery, near
i\i,.' e lunviWe on ;hc Firie cj-.nal,

3000 IVuLhlitcs, of thfifiv growth, a' 25 ds. car h, £20 ycr
100.

t-tO Cberry trees, (seedling Blocks,) from 3 to 5 ft liigb
37^ cts. each.

7(!0 Apple trecs,3lo7fX high. 25 cents ca.h. $1P per ino.

And HI addi:iun| a few huiuued pear, apricot, and necta-
rine Irrrs, of smaller size and of the I e!>l variclics.

The Teiieh trees consist chiefly of the following varic'ie>:

F.arlyAnn, I-^^rly Tillotson, Lnrge lied Uarcrii-e, Karly

York. W'hilc Imperial, I*oy:d Kcnsing'.on, r-ealoll's flatte

rrd.) Vellow Atbergc, iJcd theek Ai:.l.. colon. Late York,

I and He.-itb. forming u succession of line fruit furnmrcih^n

; tw>i months.

I The Varieties of the apple are, Woohnan's Farly, Yelbiw
Harvesr, Hough, Sine (.^ua Non, Uuffing'.on's l^arly Slraw-
i;erry, ]!;.ml:o, llellflowcr, Swaar, &C.

The t'licrries include the jMay l)uke. F-arly Ilicbinond.
Black 'I'artarian. White Tartarian, Block Corone, Tran^i^r.-
reniGiiigne, J:.rnati<in. Ac.

TT A't of which hate teen propa^ntrd from learin!^ trees,
and t! tir geiiitineness or exccllenct fully tinted by Ttffidezurni-
nallims tf the fruit. JZ^

This practice will I.e invariably adhered to, liowever limi-
led in co(;!-'e<iiience may be the supply. In propagaling, fice
Ut^e h:-.s been ni:.de at all tin;es of the fine collrction of pro-
ved frtiit in the possession of Uavi.l 'J'honias of {.'ayugaroiin-
iy, and no pains ha\e been spared by the snbs/ribers in ex-
tendinc Iheir list of varieties for e.\i:m!nr.lion. pclec'.Ions
Irom ^^ bich, in addition to the above, wiil be offered to the
public next ye::r.

Orders from adlslani*e, directed "Tlionms & Pn:ith,Mr;ce-
don, Wayireconnty, N, Y." accompanied with rcmiilancej^,
will be fiiithfiilJy nnd promptly attended to. Orders may al-
so he leit with l>aviil Thomas, near An nra, t/yuga county
Purchasers will please state ^vlien any disL-re.ion iȣi\cn
the su' ?L -ril.-rrs :<8 to Pclection. \V \X. SMI'i'H,

Mnrr.h,v.>^ ivn. \H\. J. J. THO.M fS

Si tSiHllR ALL THE YEAR.

THIj Eiilscfilcr having obtained the koJc privilege of
manufaciiirins the

I\IACEI)0.\ HOT AIR FrUXACn,
Ik now prepaid lo cve.:ute all orucra for warminff dwelling
lion?es. academies, churche.-' .".nd other public buildings.

'J'be entire plan hna undergone a thoroujih revision ; anil
till c.xprr^se hus been spaie!, to render the whole as pcrfe.'i
as possible!

The t.\---.iino:iinIs annexe:! from gentlemen of the highest
respe^.alnlily. leave no rnoin for doubt, that.

E7enUI>, romfort* nnd Ec-otio;ny,
will he yiea.f.v iijomolcti b}' ihc ailopiion o| the method pro-
I o'-rd.

'I'he Bu' scriier is plndeed to furnis=h the castings, put up
in the best style, at a fivcij ;.iid moilcrrite ra;e : Iiavini,' fiiM
confidi-nce that lie will be sns'ained tjy the iiie;iis of the in-
vention, and tbr discrrnuient oftbecommunity.

( oromnnica'tons (post paid) requestioE inf<irmr.tion, or
pnrUisins orders, promptly attended to, if addressed to \\ m.
\i. Smith, Mjicedon, ^\ ayne Lountv, or to

UAVID ANTHONY.
Union SprirgB, Cuyuga County.

Testimonials,

Soon afrer the presont your commciired, I harl a hot-r.ir
.furnace erecterl. with drums of W m R. ^^nli^ll's invention

The niildnpssand puiiiyoftlje air tin.t flowed into the
rooms, w.is all that could t-c wished : nnd on my health the
efl'ei't was eminently bei eficlal. I had been Eiihjecl to odds
(catarrh--) every winter for a loj)g scf ies ef years ; Iiut from
the time of kindling the fire in the fnrnr.ce until it was di,--
cimiinued late in the spring, 1 was cniirely free from every
synipicm of the kind

Three rnon.s were warmed by this furnr^c*. From eith-^r
of them when rot occupied, the Imt-air was turned intoih"
oiliers: and on thf reverse, if it was suddenly wnnterl, lt\
openin;^' its xenlilator a' (I closing the other for a few mi-
nntes. tbe npafln:cnt was made coii'fortuble before a com-
mon fire conlJ be well kindled

In regard to the saving efffiel,! am not prepr.red to sta'e
:iny thins di-firii'ely ; but Ih.iveFren nnihii:g to induce me
tAqnestion the very favoraide statements of fathers, "bi-
exemption from thedirt and noi^e ofcarrying in wood, an!
the cx':luiion f»f wood-boxes, are items of some account; but
the savinir of I.-bor in preparing the wni-d, is one of great
value which in many cases doubles or tre!)le3 its original
cost.

In usins this fiirnare. we were also Uc<:^ from theconstirut
care of :;'tendin'_' fire? in cold weather, I ccause it iidm.t-
large wood In snch qujtniities at a time as to serve for sp\t-
ral hours, if the dampers are well re^'ulati'd. In Ihis way.
the hotisi* may be kcfit conirortable throoKh most of Hie
nlErlit without any attention whatever, and perfectlv safe
from fire ItAVID TilOiMA?^.

Greotjiehl, Ca-uj^a County, P mo., 2.^ 1S4I.

MO\ROE HORr!r|Ti/ri'H\f, GARDEN

AND n;^rweui5':s.
GRFFf :r<. /m:ai; KO(.iii',sTi:[i.) MONRor co. n. v

AGlll'.ATLY incrcase.i h^tuck of Fiuit Trees, Or m men-
tal Trees j.nd Slirnlis. Herbaceous IM.'int'^, and a lar!.'e
assortment of r: re Green House Plants and IJulbous nm:s
constantly for t--; Ic.

The s o'kofiVach and Cherry Trees nn hand at the pie-
f^ent tin.'* is I.-.r^e, of youn,7 and thrifty L'ruwih. an.l were
nms'.ly cultivate! from bearinc trcr's in the mirsery or vici-
nity. Tliey wi!l be guarr.ntied lo be true to the kind repre-
sented

Ornamental trc^yiud thrubs.of many kinds, of large size,
c:in besupplicil.^^

Orders with dt:e reference?, or money enclosed, will be
carefully (•xeirurerl, and trees nnd plants pa-ked in a secure
manner, so ih Uhey may be carried to any par; of the conn-
try with sift-ty.

Trees and p*j r.ts will be delivered on the Frie Conr.l. one
mi!e from the nirsery, or at Rochester, or the steaml.oal
Landing, if dcci e.l

f'ataioirnes crn be had atthe Rojhes'.or Seed Store or can
I.cs nt to applicnnt.i per mail if retjue-Jic 1.

. ,, Address, AS \ ROWF.

<?»-tf^, Min-r^ TUi . A'. T, tugu$f. l»lt.'

PRixrr's M rsf.rie.s atcd c^ni>i;Nl
— 'I'he New Ci.i.-.iiijri.es u\c now le-.dj fur (Jj iii
grati.;, lo th; te wl-irpidy post (nd I perm il. T! cv totj
pu.-e the imn:enr:c .'.ssortment of f mil :!nd orn; r.u*:; t \ in
-brnbbery and plants. CI in.-, roges f>f 150 vj-riet:es. t ul!
flower roots, splendid (hh:ia.-<, ereen liou^c plar.is, cardes^-'
seeds, &;., all t'f wliicJi .-.re priced at much reduced rales.

A discount of li' per CI is mry!e where crsh or a drift on
some city is sent wi'h the order, as then r.M trouble of nit-
leci ion is saved. Orders per mail to \Vm. R. I'Bivrr, will
receive prompt at cutiou. arul be e.\eruted in r. nii rner Hiui
cannot f.'.i] lo givesati^fiiction, and will Le forwatdcd ::& di-
rec ed.

Also, for sale at very low rates and liberal ere it, IfO.CCO
MuPerrira of the choicest kinds for silk, comprising ibentut-
licnulis. alpine. alaia. c\i>.'.nsa,m'.)re'-ti,l rou&Ma.&.c. As two
of our green bouses haveio cou:edown on accuunlof f>t:eetA^.
I will fell 50(;o green houFe i li.n's very low,

Flu^hins. (ne.ir New Yo k.l f'ept. I>-ll.

IB.

RATES OV UNlUUKt;,\T MOiNtY.
pc'-ie, iKir. 1 N. England Uuik \atcs,

K:»;:erii Drafts, 1 pr c'. pri-m
I'eiitisyivunio, 6 a 10 dtti. 1
Ohio. i a 9 do. I

Mii-lilEr.n, .

Mi'rjKiiiil, 0 a 7 dn.

Susp'&'n UridecT a 7 do. I

[ndicnn.
Illinnl.l,
Kenlui ky.
Liii'.c'l ^-uac8,
iVrw JtTicy,

1(1 a
M a
lU a
■in a
3 a 3

PM.

i

do.

il.

10.
9.
6.
C.

8.

. . 5.011

.. iM

.. 3n

..12,00

.. i,r>n

t7>. —

121

10
7

7

ROCUKSriiK PRICKS CI KUEXT-

CllHliECTl.il KOK

THE NEWGK.M>Ki; 1 AliMi:i!, OCT' ERR 1, \m.

WHEAT iierbutlal ^ 1,18 a $ l,aO

CORN, " 56

OATS, " 28...... 31

BARLEY, " 4! £6

RYE, " t'jj

BEANS, White,.. " 6^'i 75

POTATOES " 31 3^

AITLES, Desert,. " ti. 3d

FLOUR, Supei tine, perbhi.... 5.75 6,00

" Fine, " F.,l)P 5.25

SALT, " L:« 1,50

PORK, Mess, " 10,llli 10.50

" Prime " 9,00 9.50

BEEF, per 100 lb? 3,.50 4,00

EGGS, per (Jozon, i-I ISJ

BUTTER. Fresh., per piiind
" Firkin,.... " ..

C'lEESE, " ..

lARI), " ..

T.iLLOW, Clenr " ..

HIDES, Green " ..

PEARL ASHES, ... inoil-s.

POT, " " .

WOOL, pound,... 30 40

HAY ti.ii, . . .1 2,00 1 4,00

GRASS SEED bushel,... 1,50 1,75

FLAX,.... " "

PLASTER, (in bbls) per ton, . C,00'

" bnlk f-it AVbeniLiml). 3,50

The Whe:tt mnrkct i:.i9 hren very fluctnr.ling durine ihaT
p.isl month, owing priiui.KilIy lo the rjirintitc recounts rrom
Cnglan.1. Firs", ren.s cninc ;h:it tlic weather w.-\8 rery un-
fiiX'onililc there, sii that pri -es ll;uim;;lcriMlly .^dv.nnced-, con-
^"ef|iien'Iy pii:es j dv.-.nred lieie.^lso. nn: hi'cr .',rriv;ds hnvo
tiroiight intelligence tlK'.tih? wci.ther h.td Improved, nr.d tri-
ces had decline 1 \ r.cccriiiMEly prices hr.vedeciired J.ere .-.Iso.
Fiom our Ir.test nd\ic9 from KnKlr.nd (.\itp. 4,) it is quitft
cviilenl that the wheat crop in that country will i:o*. failD'.uch
if any helow an f.ver;it;e; so there w.is everj prospect of
its hcing secured in gco.l order, nnd Ihr.t it is net probubla <
that very lar^c orders will jje sent for flour from Ibis coun-
try, r.nd we see no reason for anticipating njucli rise in tll»
price of wheat or tloiir.

NEW ^ OiSttv .^lAUKKT, Sept. 24.

Flour is a shade down, wi:h a fair denii.nd. Genesee hfts
lieen sold at 8(i SiiioO; though no l:.r>c los could Ic lud nt;-
der S6 i\, uhin in round lioop.u, fresh, s.,ld at JO 37. Pnuih-
ern Flour ®C 50flti'2 i a sate w .-.s made of Hye nt 75^ taken in
the slip. Jersey corn is 74 cts I ush. 'I he re"-eipl*t uf Flour
are on a Ml oral scr,le; so f;:r Ihis n;on;h, tlie qn: nity dis-
charged from '.he Erie c.';nal i? ciealer than it w as I: st j ear.

The s.iles of IVarlashes aie St"ii per ICJO |(ii;nif9. I'ots are
SO a:)n.!7. Hales of Fla.\sce I for creshii p, at Sl(l •.'5 tierce,
Wlii^key remains very dull. A i-r.ie w;.S)i.i;dc of OhioPoik
at ©1(1, .2, me^s.

riiicin^tnti, Kcitl. 20.

Froen.— The Flour whi -li ariive.l o-daj was not for Pale,
and II', t-a.les liave heen made from the caui.l A few wagt.w
lo.ids have I een sol, I n! )J.) 25 a iM 3l.

WiiPAT has a,"' ill advanced mid now conini,".nds5>lo©l Cfl,
ncording to quulity.

f'levc!.".H«I, Kppt. 22.

The receipts r.f wheal t"-day .iic near t.'5,ton l-eshels. rnd
the market is very much depressed Elides fiom loatp, fif
I'lOO hushcis IVoni Cirelevillc at 110 con's. I JOll biislie s from
iNewcoiiiorstawn at ll.i c(-ni>-, mid 13l;U hiishels from .Massi-
'on at I 7 cell's, are all that liaxc come to our I; now ledge- —
XO bushc's of corn sold at i'l renu ',!UU bids cf Hour "D,
Adatns" brand nt £G from Loat.

DetKiit, P»rf.21.

Flour son this niurninif nt ^.i.-Iit. The news hrwever, ly
.he Qre-.it Vcetcrii, ki;o,:kc.l it ric^'n in the i.f.ejiioon to

?t.5tt.

,M. B. BATEHAM, Proprietor. \

VOL,. 2.

\:

ItOCHESTER, NOVEMBER, 1811. IVO. 11. | ^^^^ "^ THOMAS,

M. B. BATEHAM, Editors.

! PUBLiISHEO MOJVTIIIiY.

' TERMS,

\ FIFTV CKNTS, per yc;ir, pjiyalile always in aiivance.
i l*ost .Masters, Aiteiils, aiitl idliers, sentliiii; money free of
{ >n5:;i;,'(*. will receive 5etfc« copies fur ®3,— 7Vf«;re copies for
J 9''i,~Ttceit[tj-Jive copies for g!0.

} Tlie postage (if lUis paper is only one cent to anyplace
(within tiiis state, anil one and a half cents to anyiiartof
I the United Slates.

A.lilress jM. B. IIATEIIAM, Unchester, N. V.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

PiiMisliera' .\o',ices, &.C Hints for the Month. Effects
iif the llro'iiflttand (ja-tcr Uain Flowers IGt

Fool ail ill Sheep, Kjriy and late fruit— Village of Au-
rora IC-J

Imlportant Discovery in Agriculture. Culture of Silk.
Ontario co. A-j. Fair 103

liviigaco Fair. Cortland co. do. tJreat yield of Corn 104

iM-iicseeco. Ag. Fair — IVeniiuni Ploughs 105

.Monroe CO. .\g. Fair, Reports lOtt

1 Krie CO. Fair 107

Durham Short Horn cow Gypsev, (engraving.) i>Ir. A.
B. Allen's Importations of Stock. Oneida co Fair.
Scraps 169

To Cnrrespondents Trial of Ploughs atSyracuse The
Hessian Fly and other Wheal Insects !69

.\iM.'ess at Uo.;hes:er, liy K. Darwin Smith, F.sq ITO-l

INT. Y- State -Ag. Fair, at Syracuse 17'2-3

Free Tra'e— British Corn'Laws at the lowest scale of
duly. Acconnuo tatioiis at Syr.acuse, IMilking prop-
erties of Dnrhain cows 174

Salt in .^lichigan. Cause and prevention of decay ;n
I'cach Trees, Botanical l-itymology. Sugar from
t "orn Stf.lks 175

tii-ology of N. Shertjrook, U. C. Seneca co. Fair. (Jen.
Harnton^ vvhcat Culture. .Advertisements, Prices
Current, Sec 176

To ths Readers of the New Genesee Farmer.

It will be seen, by n notice on the last pnge, that
the cJ-p^rtiier8liip which wna formed one year ogo be-
tween myself nnd C. F. Crosjux is dissolved, nnd I
nm aunin sole proprietor of tlic New Genesee Former.
I tike this opportunity, therefore, to tender my ac-
knowledgments to the numerotis friends of the paper
for the favor whicli they have shown it, oiul especial-
ly to those kiipl friends whose icrilings have contrib-
uted 80 larsrely to its popularity and 6ncces.s. After
two years of incessant elfort, I am exceedingly grati-
' lied with the present cond.tion nnd future prospects of
the i)ub1icaiion. iVIy health is somewhat imptiired, so
that it is necessary for me to seek relief or assistance ;
nnl believing that the aid of some person can be
obtained, who is hotter qnalilicd to do it justice, I
have determined to relinquish the charge of the paper
as soon as I can place it in suitable hands. Several
well known individuals have been conferred with on
the subject, and it was hoped that the new arrange-
ment could be announced in this number, but it is
f >und necpss.iry to defer it till the ne.xt. In the mean-
time, a new Power Press will be obtained, nnd other
facdiiies got in readiness for commencing the new
Volume in superior style.

In order to complete the arrangements, I find it
necessary to go immediately to Boston and New
York, so that I shall be absent from home for two or
three weeks, M. B. BATEHAM.

Roclicster, Nob. 1, 1811.

Prospectus for Ne\t Tolume.

I Not having completed our contemplated arrange-
ments, we have concluded to defer sending out a pros-

\ pectus, till next month : hut we wish to assure our
friends that this paper will go ahead ne.\t year — no
mistake. It will he improved in matter and appear-
ance— price only 50 cents. So, reader, when you
call for your next number, be prepared to hand your
Pojt naster half a d.ilhir fo u^, antl don't for^jct to
ajk y-iitr n-M'^'j ir to d i li'< ■ v sc

Terms for the Next Volume.

Depending on an immense circulation, we shall not
increase the price, nhhoiigh our expenses are greatly
increased. But we shall have to insist on a more
strict construciion of our terms.

let. Pnynicni must in all cases be remitted before
ihe paper will be sent, as we cannot keep so many
accounts and collect the amounts.

'2d. No commission or discount can be allowed to
Postmasters and other Agents, unless the money sent
is at par value here, Uncurrent notes of all solvent
banks will be received in payment where no com-
mission is desired.

Please to remember that all subscriptions for this
paper must commence with a volume. Many per-
sons have requested us to violate this rule lately,
but we aL«'ays send the back in mbers of ihe cunent
volume, sr else let them wait nnd begin with the next-

Eiig:ravings"Portraits of Animals.

We intend in our next number to give a spirited
portraitof the beautiful Short Horned Bull, "Arch-
er," the property of J. M. Sberwood, Esq., Auburn,
which took the first premium at the Stale Fair. We
have also ready for the engraver, portraits of two
superb heifers, belonging to J. B. Ddl, Esq , Auburn,
both of which took premiums at the Seneca county
Fair ; also of several fine animals belonging to J. C.
Hathaway, Farinington. AVe intend theee portraits
shall excel any pictures that have appeared of late. Cut
our readers must bear in mind that they cost us a great
deal of money and we shall call upon them to lend us a
helping hand in a month or so.

Stltl Another Agricultural Paper in Boston ! — We
noticed last month the Farmer's .lournal, and now
we have before us several copies of the Boston
Ploughman, a lively weekly sheet, edited by Wm.
Buckminster, the former editor of the Boston Culti-
vator, which paper he left on account of some misiin-
derstandins with the proprietors. Mr. B. iniikeRon
interesting and useful paper, worth more than $'2 a.
year, the price of subscription.

Hints for the Month.

The principal work at this season consists in fin-
ishing the out-door work, and preparing for approach-
ing winter.

Cellars should be properly secured from frost.

Potatoes in heaps and elsewhere, should receive
their filial and full covering.

The same care should be given to beets.

Ruta bagas, \f not harvested, should be speedily —
taking special care to ventilate the heaps as recom
mended and described on former occasions.

Pumpkins, where farmers have them plentil'uMy, ns
all good farmers ought to have for milch cows, should
be preserved from frost, or they will soon be good for
nothing, instead of being sound for use through win-
ter.

Tools should be collected from all quarters, and be
carefully housed. Do not forget the plough, harrow,
cultivator, cart and wogons, horse rake, spades ond
shovels, hoes and picks, wheel-barrows and hand
carts, and whatever else of a perishable nature.

Plough all ground, intended lor spring crops, now,
"^practicable.

5ee that drains are in proper order to perform their
work cirectively assoon OB the first thaw may occur.

PluRi nd 30W garden seeds, of all plants which

endure the frosts of spring, and early crops will be the
result.

Remember the Kood pile for winter use, and have
plenty.

And whenever the weather is pleasant and open,
do not fail to plant ornamental and ftuit-trees wherev-
er they are needed— .and the former nt least are need-
ed everywhere. If you cannot plant many, plant a
few — keep at it — a little at a time will accomplish a
great deal by perseverance-^" non despairo !" as the
young laiinist said — " many a little makes a
mickle." *

Effects of the Dronght and the Latter Raiu.

At page 133, we gave some account of the late
drought ; but its effe.-ls in conjunction with the latter
rains, on some fruits, have been very singular.
Nearly all the pears oti the south side of a large Su7n-
mer Bon Chretien tree, which were most exposed to
the sun, withered and shriveled witli large wrinkles.
When the rain came however, the hollows swelled,
and the surface became even ; the pear took a new
start ; and though not so large as those that ripened
earlier in the season, thsy still continue green (10 mo.
25,) more than a month after the usual period.

A tree of the Hoiisselei dc Rlieims is now in full
bearing with pears not one half the usual size. These
are spread however, regularly over the tree. If they
were worth gathering, they might pass for winter
pears, though they usually ripen Bix weeks earlier
than the present time;

The Blue Gage shows a etill greater difference in
the time of ripening. More than two months ago, the
fruit began to crack and drop from the tree ; and
though small on account of the superabundance, it was
delicious. After the rain that immediately succeeded
the drought however, the Iruit eeased to fall ; and
much of it now, even at this late period, remains on
the tree. We have no recollection of any similar in
stances.

The effects of drought ond hot snnshinr; on (iiflvr-
ent fruits is not regular — the ripening t,f sons* being
hastened; of others retarded, while n third class is not
materially affected either way. The Gntenstein ap-
ple has matured earliei- than usual, bui the Strawber-
ry apple later, 'drapes have been Uastened— peacbea
retarded.

A Julienne pear tree during the drought, dropped
all its leaves ; but when, tbat was over, it revived, sn^I
one branch is now in full Sower.

This variety ismcve iiaiiatienl of drought than some
other kinds. A sprout from the stock, had shot up
unobserved, among ih? branchs ; but when they
dropped their leaves, this sprout was detected by ap-
pealing in full foliage, green and vigorous. t

" Why is it tluti tlie lore nf fiowers takes sitrh deep
hoUl of Ihe heart?" Why! Why it is bccaupi^
they are the emblems of love Show me one v»hf\
does not feel his own heart expand as he watcifpa thaj
expanding beauties of some dolieate (lowe;, and yru;
will show me one who knows nothingo^" tfaatpure an^
perfect nffpcti^ji of the heart which bintje the hiimaB
nmilv tug^'h';r,"

162

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER.

Vol 2j

For the Xrw GeiiLScc lartnir.
Foot ail ill Sbeep.

Me98r«. Kdiiore ; — No:icink; on nrttcle in ihe Insl
Gjnc'oee Former on tbe aiibjtcl oi foot rot ill slicep,
ill wbiub tlie uriier says he has prcveiiicd ibe disease
by paring olV ihe under side of ihe houf, I am induced
lo trouble yoa wiiU a \Vi>rd on that subject.

I do not know but poring tbe boofin the manner he
suggests miy be bcneliciol, but I doubt altogeiber that
il produces the etfect the writer supposes. 1 tbinit he
mistakes tbe nature of tbe disease ; I do not consider
it to originate in the ball of the foot — the part covered
by tbe envelop which the writer would pare off, and
of course do not believe, as he supposes, that the dis-
ease is generated by the filth collocied in liie foot, and
pro ce:ed and retained iliiic, by that part of tbe hoof
which grows over the sole of the foot.

Tiic disease coinrnencce between the clows of the
foot, at tbe Siiot where tiiehorn of the hoof unites with
the rtesh. At its conmicnccmont it exhibits the np-
peirancG of a slight inil.irninrttion as if chnfed or scol-
ded. Tue animal at this stage is slightly lame. ' It
soon bccom. s a sore, with ftliglu inatnrati'in. which is
8 imewbot felid. It row ottrocts the ninggni-lly and
is soon tilled with imggnts — unless destroyed, they
c insuine shortly tbe entire ba I of the foot. II the
fore foot is diseased, being bro.iglu into con'.oct with
tlie aide of tbe nninint wijcn in o lying posture, it de-
posits on the side some portion of the fetid discharge.
Tliis attracts the 11 , md the side is soon alive with ma-
gois, which eat throngh the bi^- in a few days, thus
causing the death of the animal.

Now I hove no idea that the theory of the writer
alluded to above is at all correct, nor that his remedy
o*' paring the hoof is a preventive of the disease.

I suppose the disease originates in natural causes —
tint it IS iminediaiely induced by on acrid ttate of the
fluids of the animal — that in certain eeasone and loca-
tions it will prevail, n\r.\ at other times will not ; that
the discharire from the large pore or issue which ex-
ists in the leg just above the parting of tbe claws be-
ing dhmscA and iicrid, scalds the flesh between the
claws — which is always tender — the pan becomes in-
flamed— a fetid inauiration ensues — the fly is thus in-
vited M b;8 work, anl soon completes the miscliief —
Wual may be the remote cause i;f tbe disease is not
certainly known ; whether the wetness or dryness of
the seas hi, or the food of tbe aiiii^iil, o sortie no.xious
or piisonou-f herbage may oi may not be concerned in
it, I cannot say any more tlinn I can tell why the in-
fluenza or other ejiidemics should prevail at certain
times and not in oiicrs, or why all the members of a
family circumstanced alike, should not be alike affect-
ed liy it.

Tne d. sense seems to be, with us, one of modern
introduction. We have known it only a few ycar.s. —
It IS a c-ilamity, and the part of wied iin is to discover
its cause, if possib'c. Bias to know bow to apply pre-
veir.ives — :n failure of this, to learn the nutiiic of the
disorder, so as to apply si.itable and efficient reme-
dies.

An opinion prevails, that it is infectiotiu. 1 ilo not
yet believe it is either contagious or inlectious — either
com iiuiiicabie by the presence of a diseased animal,
or by matter deposited on the ground and received by
a sound loot by treading ihereon. 1 hue no idea from
olHcrvolioiis bithcrio made, that tbe disease is ilnis
communicable. It is possible, I allow, a d therefore
I have for experiment, separated the d.seased from tbe
sound. Cut I hav;> loimd no unexpected increase ol
new cases, when they have been all together, nor has
there appeared to be any diminution of new cases
when they have betn sepa'oted. Wh.m the animal
hiis been long confined to low mnisl ground, and the
season bus beim wet, I have imagined this might b-
Ibo originating cars'. Again, whcn^he seas 'ii li>

been uncommonly dry, as during the past Euoinier, gate or door of tbe floblo or pen invbicb the ebe
and the disease has prevailed, coni lusivo evidence is ; are enclosed, ond leaving the ttnfcle they [.osa in a fel

furnished that the character of the season in this rC'
spect is not tbe cauee. At one lime I have imagined
that poverty of condition niigbt br iig it on, ond at an-
other time this opinion has betii met by the fact that
sheep lit for the butciier'e stall have been equally af-
ftcted with those that were poor and thin.

I have been conversant with sheep husbandry for
many years, but hove known nothing of this disease
until within four or live years past.- In reflecting on
the subject, I con realize no difference in the care and
management of my own flick between the lost five
years and any former period, except that formerly it
was toy practice to keep in their pasture, troughs ul-
icuys snpjilicd with stttt^ protected by a rail over the
toji, aupporieil by stakes, so that the animal could have
access wiih tbe bead to the salt, but could not get into
it with the feet to soil and injure it. This practice
has been neglected for a few season.s pa t, and salt hoj
bceii^d out flccus:on'dly to the flock during tbe sea
son. Whether ibis change bos bad any influence in
eousing or aiding tbe disease, I kn iw noi. lean
however, realizj no diiK;rcnce in their circuinslancCa
for many years, except iu this respect. Although we
consider tali necessary for the bialih and comfort of
the animal, and that nature will dictate just the a-
monnt needed when a supply is always ajttnni, still
it is by no means certain th-it the wont of such supply
will cause or aid the dieeasc— we can only eoy it is
pocsible. 11 the theory is correct and leadoiiiib e lliai
tbe local diseasi; commences in an acrid discharge
from the pore or issue above the foot, and if an unre-
stricted use of salt would have a favorable iullueuce on
the fluids ond secretions of the animal, then pel bops
its tVe2 use daring the sumnier niigh'. prevent the op-
pcnraiice of the disorder.

This disease is not iit'cesaarily iuciiii.iilc or fatal but
it is an inconvenient and troublesome malady and re-
quires EDine labor and attention to subdue it.

As to the remedies. Lime — being a powerful an-
tiseptic should be employed as a jrrct'ciiftrc ond
remedy in the first stages of the diccose. Let tl.e flock
be made to pass through a small bed of lime once o
week from the lesi of June until the first of Septem-
ber. Collect them into a stable or pen, and make it
necessary in going out of it f.ir them to pass tbicnig
a passage sime three or four feet wid>.", ond twelve i>r
fiiieen feel long, tbe flioror biUtoin of wlnoli being

inomen.s through this passage of lipic. I recmi
mend this practice urgently to farmers » ho cither liav
the disease in their flocks, or who fear and drcnd i
approach. 1 hove mode these suggestions, Mr. Edito
in the hope of drawing the attention of formers to thy
subject, that flacks hitherto sound, may, if po^sJ
be 60 preserved, and that those which ore discasi
may be restored and a recurrence of the disorder I
prevented. A FARMER.

ISrighton. Oclubcr 11, IbJI.

iujiie
fJt

Early auU Late Fruit»\'illagc of Aurora,

Lovers of fruits and flowers, and the corly thini
the gorden, were you ever at Aiiloro, on tbe ea^ll
shore uf (.'»>uga Eake ? It is u quiet, vnnbtius;
villogc, where the rich live in great eiinpliciiy — i
poor, with decent c unfort.. Here arc grei-n peas
let June, ripe potatoes and apples in July ; the nv
delicious plums an I peuehes in August; and. ai tl
lime, such high li.ivored clingstone peaches, grnpi
and apples, as few otiier plirccs can boost.

'Tie said that w lien D. T. comes down from
spaikling Eden a.G^eot Field tv.o mill s ea,i: he c
his tye a' t!ic pn-cocous vegelo:ion of ili s lake-vvoinii
cd spot with a sigh, not from em y, for bis oinn pres.
ent chriftionity ejects the feeling, 'tis only on imo.
tion of regret, that Flora and romonn could not be
thus pioplliaied at his more elevmed location.

I have often heord it said that leaches did not
thrive on .*. clay soil, but here arc the best peaches in
tbe world, growing in great variety, on a hard ceh a-
reouB clay relieved by s'.able manure aione. Tbe
trees are never pruned, the soil around ihcni is kept
loose and entirely clear from grata and weeds.

Reader, if you never saw a villogc where fi iices ond j.
locks were .unnecessary to prole t the frui'.s and flnw- (
ers from biped tlcpredati.m go to Aurora : Here oie I
Foil Pippins, Pound Sweets, and Brush's Nonesuc::, [
lying in heaps — all who rnn may cat with inipuniiy,

itl'«

the lialonce is fed to the cattle.

Il bos been s'lld ihai a poor man cannot live in Au-=
rora, but ibi following anecdote will show that a poor
man's widow is of quite a different opinion A ft
years since, a laboring man of this vi'logc remo\dc
with his family to Indiana, where lie aficrvvanla died;
of a congestive fever, leaving bis wife ai'd ciiildreii in
dcMituti.in. The shrewd widow immediately wroi«
to her former iieigbms at Auroro, soliciting their
covered with finely flack lime, about four inches ciocp. I chority ; lUc result wasihato purse wus mode u,)Y,-r.
It will enter heiween I'ue cluw.s, give healthy action to |,er relief, which w.aa remitted to her by moil ; whi
any small sore and corriict any iriitiiled discharge, ,ho widow opened the letter, she held up the suf
thus preventing tbe inviiaiion of the fly. In place of I /-((nrf 4;;;, to the astonished gozo 01 tbe longfirgt
the, a little Blue Vitiiol, finely powdered, and appli- j Ijooslcis, saying there was more where that .am '
ed to tbe diseased part, will ininiediatciy diy up and ; iVotn, and ibut every .loilur of this, thould he expend
heal the sore. If tbe foot is badlj d'S-ased, and niog i ea in paying her passage, and tiial of her cb.ldreii|_
gots are presenl, pare tbe hoof so as 10 expose them j ba^k fj Aurora. S'le did come back in the cheeileas"
and opply spirits of Turpentine wliich will inslonily j ,j„„„i, of November, but so farlVom lind.iig a eld re-''
dielolgeond soon destroy ihem— use a probe lo be i gpj,t|„|,_ iij^ ^e -itol of one half ber sufl'erings Bullied '
ceilaiii ihot they are ail removed, and t' en apply the j i„ unlock every female heart in the villnijc; a general '
blue vitriol to the diseased part. A^i ibe foot in this j contribution took place, one furnished a bod, anotiier-
ease will he sore and tender for some diiys it will b« , ^-ii^ire, a third a table, knives, forks, &.i;. &c. The >'
necessary, in oid.ir 10 prevent a return of the fly until 1 jvjdow and her little onts are now the c luiiortabloiiti
It becomes sound, ii ii.iply tar freely to the foot, ex- .[(Jy^ inJusirious poir ones of Aurora, who are only <^
lending tbe tar an in -li or two on too leg above the poor in coiiipnrispn with the gcnefnl-thrift which sur-«>
hoof to prevent tbe fly ctreclua'dy from apyjipaebing | lonnds ihciO. ' ' ' ■ ■ > -' -f . ^ ^

it. It will also be necessary 10 examine the uoof core- Here is an Academy well endowed, and whst in
I'ully once in three or t.iurdays until it becomes per j better, cheoply and tho:-i.ghly conductnl. A strofr
leclly sound. I think much of the use of lime, as j y,. would ulnioRt imagine himself at times in n llii i 1
above suggested, both oa occoiiiil of its efficiepcy and j steam boats, or on boaid of o man of «av : so of . 1 ,
the fuciliiy of i!s employment. I use for this purpose both l"lc and eai'ly, dots the bi-il sirike, .'uinni.iiniig

the closses to recitation. 'Tis said tlint the only pm-
ishment the principal inflicts on a dull 'die pupil, ic i.i
recoinn end biin 10 go where ho will be ixquiifd '.a
Gtudv b-'.

the common pouablc slicep rock in w-liich hay is fed in
winter, about twelve or lourteen feet long and two
onl 0 half wide. I nail fo it n temporary totioni and
put iu iholinic I'Mir inches deep, placing it before the

I

F. m.'jw .' tg'JMPf JWtfw

i

AND GAKDii-NEli'.S JOLlt.NAL.

^63

m

■m.

le are im K,')'^ei>|>iil miiJ a i*ietlijMi:rit.n (il lice,
ey are nol well Biipporicd ; there are iilvvnys Ki"
lpropia>yer3 ill tbe cdinp ntriong tUc rich ; G'Hl
KeiiLTitusly blteiis the C'liufme of his icIigicMi nii
|»ly beat led, enusiiig him to rejnieo Ji\ tbeprivr-
'.lie t'lheriii.-ie, " whore the lace of the iiiaii
Ine-.h that ul hia friend."

ffo are la.vyers here, bu: ihtjy are not carniver-

^lie rr-sideiu phyu'ciaii lovea iiatiue lor lier

llir Belf, and science fir the g )od it had done lo

line, not for the benefit which medieine has con

Ion science, as eouie of our latter day lights

have us believe.

■t of the |je:it up city, who live wlicre the Strug-

|Tfct Heivcnprr)tected tliwer in Piccioli'a prison

|til*ed no root ; where puny infancy — liie paller

uscence, the prcinnturc decay of riper age,

lA the violatl<)n of natii;e's laws ; if yon want to

1^ slip to corporation taxes, breathe a pure air,

|your own vfgetaliei. I'rHits and Hiwers, feed

»wn cow and keep a pig, without being classed

|>ur iteighiiorri among the iinfuhaUionablc, go to

s. w.

Itttcrlan, October '2, lail.

iro.jc^e^ ol
isiou iTi'.ur ■

lip Importniii Discovery in .^sricultiire.

e following; article iVoin the N. Y. Evening Post
ins 30 ne new, and iftiu ;, very iinportanj diseov-
ui w'.:u;it grooving. There appear-- so be niueli
ibiliiy in the arguments, but for various reasons
e inclined to think the account is s inicwhat e.\-
•ated. S;i!l, it is well worth some experiinentf,
ve have no doubt many of our readers will test
latter fir tijcinselvea next season.
the Po'ilangc, a F nirier pa;)er published ot Paris,
8. II. n novel discovery is describt'd, which, it
will work a great change in an iin|jortaiit depart
of agricu'tural lab ir. It is coiiiinuiiicated lo
'arid print, by Ciiarles Puiiiard, and M. l>.;riKtrd,
due their leiter at 11 est, Angus;, l>ill Ii op-
i that while they and some of their friemls, whi>
their own (States, were engaged in conVv?rdaiion
le subject of agiiculinre. it w.i^ observed by one
lem, lint thnt braiu'li of iniustry was sutieiing
fr un the want of capital and enterprise, than
other, and that mibini; was t) be done wiibonl
ure, which wa-5 every day becoming more scarce
exieni'vo. T.iia remark led to an inquiry Into
of manure, and particularly as to what
had undo in those uncultivated re-
^, wheie there senrn^ to b-j a vigorous and lu.xu-
! irowih, with nit artificial "ssisumce.
In observing nature unassisted, or nuthwarted,
ei by the hand of man, in veget-jble reproduction,
f Hind iliat when ih.' seed is ripe it fills upon the
ml, and t len the plant which has produced it
Is its leaves, or fills itself upon it, in decay, and
ai ers and pro.eets it from the .veather, uniil geiiera-
I has comni'-nced, and the young plant is able to
w up in he liih and strength, and lull development,
ecommeuc,; the same routine of seeding and of re-
duction.

' From ihis it i'ollows that, in nature, every plant
duces us own soil or hiitiius, and that the earifa
. V serves to hear the idant, and not ti aid or iioiir-
i ,: m vegetation. Toe nnur slimciu of plants is
• I' supposed to be derived from nir and /outer, hml

ii light, or electricity, in ditfereiu proportions, adap-
I to'iiie dilVerentvorieties of vegetable nature."
With this general iietioii in their minds, and cnn-
rinu' wheat to be, in present circuinstineee, one
:■ most iniportam vegetable substanees, they a-
'. to Iry cxp riments, and in October last, under-
1 i;i the loilowing operatons :

!]n a field which had been sown with rye, because
le hnd was dee'iied to ) |nor for wiieat, n pint of 1:J
mic yards, tintiUed and left without manure, was
iremliy strewed over with the grains ol wheat, and
neatsn straw was laid upm it closely and about one
ich in tliicltness. In a g'lrden, nl-o, wbitii had been
eglecled several year-*, a few square yards of ear^h
•c'e troildeii over, and the surfAce being made close
nd hard, some grains of wlieat were gcittered on this
ardened sffac', and a layer of straw one inch in
eptli, was care I'ly laid over it and lelt, as in the for
ler case, to ta ."■ its chance without ulterior atten-
ion. And, in order lo make doubt in-pofeiblc. con-

cerning the mere rjccondaij rmeiions of" uiineiid earth
m vegetiibte rf[iroiliK-lioii, twenliy ginins of wtieat
were town upon the suifa*c of n pane of glass anil
covered with some sua \v alone, as in the other eitae.

The germination of the seed was soon iippaieiit and
nio.-t healtiiyin development. " The wniter has been
riiioioii^,'" says these ci>rtesi)ondenis, '* lor this part
of the country, and the earib has Boinetinies iiei n fro
/.en in one i-elid mass to a depth of si.x iiicties in the
garden where the wlieai was sown, a:id this has hap-
lieiieii several times during the winter, lo the gieai
injury of many plants, and even the entire fleeiruetion
of some, while the spots iiroiected by the stiaw weie
neverthoroiigl.lv c 'iigcaled, iinr were the grams of
wbeni, ihoug' l>itigon the siirfnee under the straw
at all alTected by the cold. Uiiiing siiring excessive
dronnlits prcdonged, and several limes lepeoted. have
prevented vegetmion on llic common jjlan iroiii flour
ishiiig in iioalihy progress, while our little spots ol
wlieai hove bardlv bit the inconvenience of e.tecesive
dryness, for the earth protected by the straw has never
^een depriverl entirely of moisiu.'e. and our blades of
corn were liourisbiiig, when all round wnis drooping
•md uncertain. To •ouelude then, we have 'horongb-
■ y succeeded in our (iractieal e.xperiinent, and tiie
wheat produced is ot iho finest qualiiy. The straw
was more tiian six feet hlidi, and m the ears were 50,
61), and even 8i) grains of wheat of full development,
the admiration of all who saw them, and partieu'oily
those which grew upon the pane of glass, and which
were quite as healthy and as large as those which
ffrew upon the coninion earth. It miisit be observed
■itso that there was not the snuiUesi particle of earth
upon ihe glass, and that the pbiiila were left entirelj
to ibeniselves. without being watered or ottended to
in aiiv way whatcvei, fioiii the time of sowing to the
time el reaping.

Tue cause of this success, they think, may be ex-
.ilainel in tiie fillowmg nnmnei :

•* Siraw beiiiii a !iad conductor of heot. and a goorl
ooiidu'tor of eleetriciiy, maintains tiie root of the plant
in a mcdiwm temper lure, and preveiiie the earth from
lieing deprived entireij' o in lielu'c. Tlie moisittie oi
the eiirtli or ibesubtratnm, being eoiuinunl, faeilitairs
the gradual and constant absorption of catbonic ac:d
gas trom the eitrroiiiuling atmosjihere, and hydrogi-i^
and carbon, the chief elements oi nourisbmeni to ve-
'jetnbles, are ihus ccononiized in regular supplies
where they are coiisiniilly required, and pass inio
combination with oxygen from the mots up to the
stems and branches t>f the plants in wdiich ihey arc as
siniilated, and tlie o.\ygen throws olf in e.s'halation
from the leaves. Tiie stra ' decaye but slowly, ond
t'lns furnishes its substance by degrees to the young
plant in due progre.-s on and proportion, (such as the
-iliquous ingredients, for instance, of the pod of enp
sole) so that the decomposition of the straw corres
ponds to the fiur phrases of fermentation in progres-
sing from the S' cchnritic to the alcoholic the acUi ami
the putrid stales, nna'a^ious to tlu.se ai infimcij, bud
dins voidli, and scrding of die plant.

•' We observe that our blailes of wheat have but a
vry few roots, and those aie short and hard, sotnL-
thing like a bird's claw : and this agrtee with the le-
marks of .M ins. Raspail. who slates that the mosi
healthy plants in ordinaiy vegitation have the leost ex
iiberanee of roots and fibres.

•'Another imponaiit oh;ervation, also, is, that
weeds and parasitical vegitation are prevented by thi^
method, for the straw i^liokea every o her plant but
that of its own seed. Many other interesting obser
valions might be made on thefe ex|)eriinehts, but we
refiain, at present, from obtruding on your readers;
but if any of ibem wisli for further inrormatinn on this
subject, we shall willingly allord tliem every facility.
The importance of the general result will easily be-
come apparent without lurtber commeni, and a revo-
lution ill the present modes of agricultural labor is a
necessary consequence of this discovery. No tillage
will now be required, nor any orliliciol stimulants in
manure and other more or less expensive coinbinn
tiims with regard to soil and culture. In Inct, it
wou'd be tedious to enunieiatc the various advant-
I ages that may result in practice from this ea nal ex-
I pt;riinent, and therefore, we procli.iia il simply to the
world that all may profit by it."

As this exiienment c.nn be eas 'y iri'l, we hope
some of our farmers will ]jut it to ilic test, and com-
municate the result. We shall certainly try it on a
small seven by nine lot of ground, which is ije lurg
est that is vouehsnfeH lo n do-. I'..i- -n il'" r-liy.

<'ni(u'ti of sua

It is indeed " an ill wind that blows nobody any
good." The subsidence of the iNIulberiy speculation
id followed bj' eltccring attcnlion t« tUe mpnufavtHro

if oilk. Tlie immciiee quimtiiy of iieos lately prnpa-
iiated for S|ieciilntion, essentially aids thote «ho now
enibaik with a view of pursuing the Silk Culture as
0 snady business. The vice of speculation is thus
rendered tributary to honest industiy ; and we confi-
dently pieuict that the crop of silk, in thiceor four
years, will prove that, whatever evils may have del-
iigcd the eountiy through the spcculuiing mania, the
•' mulberry fever" is foil, wed by healthy and efficient
action in the great cause of reiideiing our cuiintiy in-
dependent ol foreign nations lor on ample supply of
Silk.

We cnngrntnlate tbouEanda ol thrifty farmers upon
lie pleasant ond probtuble emploinicnt which ihe silk
business aflords to the females and children in their
families — affording means and inducements lor indus-
try, that may essentially servo those families tbrougii-
out life — promoting comfort ond ioilependtncc, and
yielding relurna that would guard ogoinst pccunioiy
dielrees, should iLc ordinary menns of support be cur-
tailed by the loss of husband or father, or by other re-
verses in foiliine. R-

CiLniio County Agiicitltural Fair and Cattle
Show.

It wMS our intention to have attended thisexhibiiior,
but hay,ng been denied that privilege, we copy on
account ol the proceedings f'rein ihe (Jnluriu HejiOfi-
wiij, by which ii will be seen that die light spirit wua
manifested, os usual, in that noble county :

Toe annual Fair ond Caitie Show ol the Ontario
Coumy .Hgricuituiul S.e eiy, wna behl in ibis viLago
■ m ihe 1-JiU instont iNotwiiustandiiig the iniirvoru-
olc Wioil.er the day previous, and on the nioriiing of
ilie Fiiir, there was by lar the laigest cohecuon ot
people e\er as einbled m the county. 'Ihe number
has been variously estimated at Iroai five to ten leou-
sand, - '

A spirit of enthusiasm seetricd "to ommaie the im-
inei.se crowd. aaUe creditable to the inen.beis of ibe
oocii ly and propuious to the cause ol agriculture in
our eooniy. it wns, on the whole, o proiiU day lor
tlie Fiirmeie of "Old O.itnrio." The exiubition was
gioced by a large coilei lion and variety of the best
.-peciinens from their fields and gardens, as well us of
tueir utefii nninials mid dunieeue moiiufacuiiCa.

[The list of pieniiunis wilt be lound ui another col-
umn.]

At 1 o'clock P. M., 08 many aa could crovvd the
spacious conn room not perceptibly diniinisLiiig the
iiunieions throng in our eiiie s, a^a inletd theie, and
.isiened to an interesting odniesa from Gee. WiUson,
Kq., which, we bel eve, is to be piiblislied.

Alier Mr. Willson had delivered bis address, on
.1.01, on of Timo hy Buell. jr of Kasi lii-onilleld, it
aas unanimously re-oUed, that the iliaiiks ol he
nienib'ers of the society be tendered Mr. VVilleon for
his interesiing address, and that be be rtqueaied to
lurnith a copy for publiciit.on.

Toe members of the Sonety then proceeded to the
choice of officers for the en-uing year, when the fol-
lowing gentlemen were chosen :

Joii.-j GuKto. of Ciniandnigun, President.

tiharlts G.affrey, ol Senccu, 1st Vice President.

liemnn Chiipin. of East Bloonilield. yd do.

peter fllitchell, ofManchesier, 3d do.

Josepli Fellows, ol Gv-ne\a, 4th do.

Willia Otiley. of Pbeipe, 5ih do.

Josep'i Girliiighoue. ol Richmond, 6lh do.

\Vm. W. Gorbom, ol Cunandaiguc, Uecording Sec-
retary.

Oliver Phelps, of Csnandaiguo, Corresponding Sec-
reli.ry.

James D. Bemie, of Canandaigun, Ticasurer.

10H.\ M.1N.VG1:RS or COJIMtTTEKS.

<anan(lait:uii — Win. Bulling, j'., Charles Sbep
ard, Jacob S.uitb, Iltzekiuh Townsend, Henry How

C„n(K/i(:e T-Hiram Culegrove, Frederick West-
brook. Robeit Aimstroiig, Sylvester Austin, Josioh

Jackman. , „ , . n-., j

Kast liloomfieU.—T\moihy Bnel, )r., Theodore
Spragup, Myron Adams, Bani Bradley, Flavins J.

"^7/1-4 B/oom/^tU.-Rtynold P.ck, RUn Worth-
niton, B.zaleJ C. 1".'. Josi'er <-• »««''> "*"
TiiouiTw.n.

164

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

VOT

Bristol — Francis Mason, Erastus H. Crow, Anson
Packard, Wm. T. Codding, Phineaa Kent.

6'oa(A Bristol. — James Parmely, jr , Simri Collins,
John Sicison, Allen Brown, Franklin Crooker.

Oorhatn. — David Pickett, Ephraim Blodget, Na-
thaniel Smith, Hiram Harkness, Collister Merrilt.

Hopacell. — Cyrus Gates, Andrew M. Bush, Eben
Benhom 2d, Theodore Crosby, Ephraim Watkins.

Manclusler. — Nicholas Howlaiid, Abner Barlow,
jr., Edmund B. Dewey, Manning Redfield, Jedediah
Dewey, jr.

Naples. — James L. Monier, Bronson K. Lyon,
Alanson Watkins, Ephraim W. Cleveland, Josinb
Porter.

Farminston. — Russel! M. Rush, Joseph C. Hatha-
way, Wilmnrth Smith, Perez Hathaway, Welcome
W. Herendeen.

Richmond. — Hiram Pitts, Noah Ashley, Edward
Swan, Zacbariah Longyor, William F. Reed.

Phelps. — Elias Cost, William Post, Spencer Hild-
reth, Wm. Dickenson, Charles Scott.

Seneca. — Phineaa Prouty, John Devereu.x, George
Fordon, Abraham A. Poet.

Victor, — Jared H. Boughton, Wm. D. Dickenson,
Thomas Eiubry, Samuel Rawson, Henry Pardee.

The President then read the repot is of the several
committees.

List of Prkmiu.ms awarded by the Ontario Agricul-
tural Society, at the Fair held on Tuesday the 12lh of
October, IS 11 :

HORSES.

Best Stud Horse kept in the county G months prece-
ding the E.xhibilion. $7, to P. W. Dickey, of the
town of Phelps.

3d best do. $3, to A. C. Bulle •, Phelps.

Best Stud Horse over 4 years old, raised in the coun-
ty, §7, to John Post, Seneca.

2d best do. $.'>, to Benj. Washburn, Gorbam.

3d best do. $3, to Samuel Scott, do.

Best pair matched Horses, not over 7 years old, $7, to
Marvin Gage, of Gorham.

2d best do. $5, to W. W. Herendeen, Farmington.

3d best do. $3, to Charles Godfrey, Seneca.

Best single Ilorse, not over 7 years old, $5, to Sam-
uel Groenleaf, Cnnandoigua.

2d beet do. .'jt3, to Jos. Garlinghouse, Richmond.

Best Mare >vitU Cult J year old post, $5, to Ephraim
Walkins, Hopewell.

2d best do. §3, to Wm. Ottlcy, Phelps.

3d best do. $2, to Nathaniel Smith, Gorham.

Best 3 year old colt, $5, to A. T.I. Bush, Hopewell.

2d best do. iJS, to Samuel Remington, Canandaigua.

Best 2 year old coll. $3, to J. Wolverton.

2d best do. $2, George Gooding, Bristol.

CATTLE.

Best Bull, $7, to Tim. W. Gooding, Canandaigua.

2d best do. .$5. to J. C. Hathaway, Farmington.

3d beat do. $3, to B Thomas, Cunandnigua.

Beat pair 3 year old s'.cere, $5, to W. W. Herendeen,
Farminglou.

yj best do. .|;3, to Myron Adams, East Bloomfield.

3d host do. $2, to Lemuel Bannister, jr., Phelps.

Best ])air 2 year old steers $5, to Harvey Pratt, Hope-
well

2d best do. $3, lo J- S. Jones, East Bloomfield.

:> 1 best do. Si, to yilaa Harris, " "

B^stpairofl year old steers, $.5, to Seymour Reed,
Bristol.

2J beat do. ,>5(3, to Danforih Booth. Manchester.

31 best do. ^2, to S. P. Harvey, West Bloomfield.

Beat 1 year old heifer, $.5, to Robert Higham, Can-
andaigua.

'i 1 best do .*i3, to Thoniaa Bell, Gjrham.

3i bfst do rjf'l, to Anaon Packard, Bristol.

Dss; Miliih cow, ifi.'i, to E. Hale Caiiandoigtia.

2d best do ^3, to Heman Chapin, East Bloomlield.

3d best do §'i, to J. C. Hathaway, Farmington.

Pest Bull calf, $5, to Tim. W. Gjoding, Canandai-
giifl-

■i 1 best do $'.i, to Henian C'hopiii, Eist Bloomfield.

3J beat do ij'i, to J. C. Hntliajvo)', Farmington.

Ji:;st heifer calf, (tji.'), to Anson Packard, Bristol.

2d best do Sf'if, to f. C. l^athayvay, farmington.

."ill beet do ij'i, to " " '.'

^ost pair of Working 0;cc);, §7, 19 James Scars, Bcn-
eio.

yd ibcsl do ^j, to O Morse, Caijfiiidiiigun.

M bcsf do $:i, to F. J. Branson, Eait Biogmi^eliJ.

SIICEP.

Best Raiu, reference 10 carcnes, ifi5, to Geo. Cny ward

jr., Iji)uc*-i5ll.
lii {feat ilo, iTetcrcncc fo csr^Ass, $3, to Guy Collins,

Beet Ram, reference to fleece, $5, to W. B, Dicker-
son, Victor.

2d beet do do $3, to Jared Hathaway, Farming-

ton.

Best G Ewes, reference to carcass, $5, to C. B. Meek,
Canandaigua.

2d best do $'S, to George Cayward, Seneca.

Best G Ewes, reference to fleece, $5, to Jared Hatha-
way, Farmington.

6WIXE.

Beet male Swine, $5, to H. Hubbard, Canandaigua.

2d best do $3, to Amasa Carter, East Bloomfield.

3d best do $2, to E. Humphrey, " '•

Beet Sow, $.5, to John Jones, Canandaigua.

2d best do $3, to Amasa Carter, East Bloomfield.

:« best do $2, to J. S. Hart, Hopewell.

Best Litter of Pigs, $5, to F. A. Spaulding, East

Bloomfield.
2d best do $3, to John Jones, Canandaigua.
3d best do $2, to James D. Bemis, Canandaigua.

FLOUC.HING.

Ploughing with horse team, .J of an acre, to be within
an hour, $7, to William Burling, Canandaigua.

2d best do $'), to Charles Godfrey, Seneca,

3d best do $3, to Collister Millen, Gorham.

Ploughing with o.\ team J of an acre, best within an
hour, $7, to George Hewson, Seneca,

2d best do $5, lo A. Jones, East Bloomfield.

3d besl do $3, to Daniel Parshall, Canandaigua.

DOMCSTIC MAXtFACTURKS.

Best 10 yards of Caesimerc, $5, lo N. P. Brewster,
Farmington.

2d beat do $3, to M. Norton, Farmington.

Best 50 lbs Buiter, $5, to Parez Hathaway, Farming-
ton.

2d best do $3, to Thomas Bell, Gorham.

3d best do $2, to Bani Bradley, East Bloomfield.

Best 20 yds Flannel, $5, to Edward B. Dewey, Man
Chester.

2d best do $3, to Thayer Gauss, East Bloomfield.

3d beet do l|2, to William Oiiley, Phelps.

Best 20 yds Carpet, $5, to John Lnphain, Farming-
ton.

2d best do $3, to Franklin Beebe, East Bloomfield.

3d best do $2, to A. B. Rnpalje, Farmington.

BcBi 20 yards of Woolen Cloili, $5, 10 E. B. I)ev\-ey,
Manchester.

2d beet do $3, to William Bryant, Manchester.

3d best do $2, to William Otlley, Phelps.

Beet 100 lbs Chceec, $5, to Uri Bench, East Bloom-
field.

2d best do $3, to John Lnpham, Farmington,

3d best do ,$2, to P. Hathaway, *'

Greatest quantity of reeled Silk §5, to A. Hathaway,
Bristol.

Ne.xt do do $3, to M. Newton, East Bloom-
field.

Next do do ,*|2, to A. N. Buck, Manchester.

Best 5 pounds Cocoons. $5, to Jonathan Buell, East
Bloomfield.

2d besl do $3, to A. Hathaway, Bristol.

3d best do $2, to H. ftlunsnn, East Bloomfield.

Best ounce Black Sewing Silk, §.5, to WKlter Whit-
ney, Hopewell.

2d best do $3, to Jos T. Shaw, Canandaigua.

3d besl do $2, lo William Blodget, Gotham.

Best ounce Sewing Silk, assorted colors, §0, to Wal-
ter Whitney, HopewLll.

2d best do $3, to Jl. Miinson, Ensi Bloomfield.

3d best do $2, to W. Blodgei, Gorham.

CISCRF.TIONARY PREMIUMS.

3 Shawls 3 dolls to Jnslus H Sanger, Canandaigua ;
1 do 1 doll to E B Uewey, Manchester; 1 Lamp
Siand 1 dollar to Bani Bradley, Easi Bloomfield : 1
Red Silk Coverlid, 2 dolls 10 Charles Scoit, Phelps ;

4 blue and white Coverlids, 2 dolls 10 Willinm Ouley,
Phelps ; 1 red do 1 doll to T Palmer, Gorham; 1 blue
do 1 doll to W Oilloy, Phelps ; I plated BllandSti^-
rups, I doll to S W Gregory, Canandaigua ; 1 Lace
Cap, I doll to Thiunns Boll, Gorham ; For Stocking
Yarn ) doll to F Penoyer, East BI"omficld ; 1 Gice 1
[(earth Rng 2 dollars, to Mrs Hannah Sanbmn ; For
blue and while Mitlene, 1 doll to Frederick Penoyer,

East Bloomfield ; For fancy do 1 doll to ;

For Hearth Rug red and black, 1 doll William Bry-
ant, Manchester; For blnek Slockinsrs .W itt to W.
Wljilncy, Hopewell ; For White do oO els lo W Ol-
tley, Pholpa ; For blue oiid white Coverlid, 1 doll to
A B jiap«lja, Farmington.

Siagara, iVairpA, l^icingston, and several other
County reports, WicriO rcg ivcii loo late to be noticed
i)ji? moptl).

-^

Cayuga County.

The firet annual Fair of the Cayuga County AgiS**
cultural Society was held at Aubu n, Oct. loth ai (a''
14th. The Auburn Journal boyt — " There wbb H''
fine display of cattle, horses, sheep and swine prese tfi''
ted for competition on the firet day ; and on the 2n B "
a goodly variety of the products of horticulture, ve if'"
etablee and fruits of the garden and orchard ; as wi ^1*
as domestic manufactured goods of wool, silk and a ii*'"
ton. The result so far, has been highly gratifying <•'
the friends of the most important interest of the com >«1S
try — Agriculture — us it has shown conclusively tli ti^
Cayuga is little behind the best counties of the slat iiii'
in the true sources of wealth." If

We intended to publish the complete list of prcB i«l
urns, but find our space will not permit. I'm

The Commiitee on Silk reported that ihe beetap if'
cimen of Cocoone was presented by Mr. Joeeph I 1'='
Wood, of Montezuma, and the premium of |,-2 wi W
awarded to him. There was also presented by
Fitch, and H. Polhemus, two lots of eewing silk ol H''
superior quality, manufactured in the State Prison.'
'I'he silk is equal to any Italian silk now in use. Tl C^
opinion of the coramiticc is that the growing of ■ fi'
might be made profitable.

Datid Tliomas, Chairman of the Committee 1
Fruils, remarked, that "considering the pleasu
with w hich our citizens receive a ptcscnt of fiiiefrv
the Committee are not a little surprieed al the indiflc Ijl'
encc and neglect manifested in the cultivation of U
superior varieties."

Great crop of Corn. — " The committee on grain
warded to Joseph F. Oshorn, the first premium of J
for the besl crop of corn, prcsi nied by epccimens, bo
in quality of seed and quantity produced, which ie 1'
bushels 1 1 pounds to the acre.

The second premium of $i5 /orqnantily, (121 hue
els 15 lbs. to ihc acre,) was awarded to James She
man, of Spiingport. The seed we conceive not ofll
best kind."

We ehould feel obliged il some friend would sei
ue a particular account of these torn crops — soil, ci
lure, kind, mode of measurement, &-c. — Eds.

Ml

HI

me

CD

(I
ki

|0(
ill

Cortland County.

The third annual Fair of this Society wds Ik Id 1
Cortland Village on the 5ih ult. The Democrat
" The day was uncommonly clear and pleasant, ar
the display of animals was larger and far finer thon t
any preceding ocrasion." Judging from the publisl
ed report we should think that the number or
omount ofpremiumsoflered were entirely too small
c.\cite epimcd competition ; but we presume thiewi
be improved hereafter. We observe that our fricn
Col. H. S. Randall, the worthy Corresponding Sei
rotary of ihe Stale Society, carries off' the palm i
most kinds of Cattle and fine wooled ehceu:

|k

Great Yield of Corn"C!osc Planting.

A Scotch farmer residing in the town of Sodni
Wayne county, N. Y. informs us Ibat he raised, lb
past season, 400 bushels of Indian Corn on 4 acres 1
land, notwiihstanding the ilrynets of ihe season. H
attributes his euccess mainly to his manner of plani
ing, and iliinks that larmers generally plant too thin
ly. His mode is, to plant in rows 3 feet apart, ail'
drop two grains in a place only 15 inches apart in th
rows. The variety used ie the Rod Blazed Flint
Tje soil is sandy loam, and 100 loadsof manure wer
put on the 4 acres. The corn was ripe and cut sufli
ciently early lo sow the ground with wheat.

An Object OF Ambition. — It may not be in yon
power to excel many people in riches, honors, or tb.l
ities ; but you may e.\eel thousands in goodncfs
heart. Hiihcrto turn your ambition- It is an objej
worthy ct it.

11.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

165

Genesee Cubiity Agricultural Fair.

lis exhibilion was held nt Alexander on the 13ih
Utli ult. We were not able to be present on the
day, but were informed that the display of cat-
vaa very good, and gave evidence of considcra-
Tiprovement. On the second day the cattle had
ly left, but we noticed a fine lot of grade animals
Herent breeds belonging to the Messrs. Heeton,
lof which are very beautiful. The large herd of
o»ed Short Horns belonging to Peter A. Remsen,
we also witnessed with great pleasure. We were
0 that Mr. Remsen had some fine cattle, but
: by no means prepared to see so large a number
jfsuch excellence. We hope to give a more
cular account of them hereafter.
,ic Ploughing Match excited a good deal of inter-
BS usual ; but the work was performed in too
t baste to be done well. We would advise the
agers berenfier to ofier premiums for those who
irm the work in the best manner within a given

iie exhibition of Domestic Manufactures &c. was
aqua! to our expectations, or very creditable to the
ewives of Genesee, although a few families de-
s great praise. We noticed, in particular, a very
I assortment of useful and elegant articles exhibit
ly Mrs. Wordon Matlison, of Darien, consisting
Ik glovesand hose, sewing silk, linen thread and
work, domestic cloth and linen diaper, the
le alTording a greater di.^play of skill and industry
is often produced by one family. Other articles
rve to be noticed, but our space will not allow us
lumerate them.

rom what we saw of this Fair, we are constrained
ty we were disappointed with Old Genesee. —
I rich agricultural county is capable of doing bet-
hings, and ought to be one of the very foremost
he march of improvement. Wo were greatly
rised when the President of the Society informed
lat they hiid not laised a sufiicient amount to be
to draw their full quota of funds from the State.
s fact alone aObrda conclusive evidence that some-
g is rong ; and the officers will have to put forth
efforts to awaken interest in the subject.
^e have no desire to dictate, but from what we
e seen we are fidly satisfied that Alexander is not
most suitable place lor holding the Fairs, and
le of the best towns in the county refuse to co-op-
e because they are held there. It appears to us
:e are manv resaons in favor oi holding the Fairs at
acM. In the first place we believe the citizens of
: place would contribute liberally tow ards the funds
ho Society, and t\'ith the co-operation of the rich
rthern and Eastern towns which now keep aloof,
re would be little dilficidty in raising at least a suf-
ent amount to secure the full portion of State aid.
e are aware that some of the Southern towns might
lagrieved, but if we are correctly informed there
' but few of them that have heretofore rendered
ich assistance, so that but little would be lost in
It direction. Besides, Batavia is the centre of bu-
less and attractions, has excellent accomodations
d ie easy of access. Sj that a much larger attend-
ee would always be secured there than at Alexan-
r. We presume the officers of the Society will con-
Icr this matter, and that such arrangements will be
■de for the coming year as will redound to the credit
tbl3£mpire county.

of sheep and hogs, was very slim, and a great falling
off from last year. It was far from creditable to so
large a county, and will probably be remedied at our
next Fair.

The Mechanics seem to have taken little or no in-
terest in our meeting. Premiums were offered for al-
most every kind of mechanical production, but there
were only a very few kinds exhibited.

The household arts were, if possible, still worse
represented, and the Ladies of old Genesee have much
to answer for in allowing themselves to be so poorly
represented. I feel confident it will not be so again.
On the second day the ploughing match came off,
and was by far the most exciting part of the whole ex-
hibition. The ground to be ploughed was one eighth
of an acre, and the premium to be awarded to the
person doing it the best in the shortest time. The
ground selected was a pasture on the flats. Four
teams entered at first, and their performances were as
follows :— 1st, 13 minutes .'iO seconds, 2d, 14 m. 25
sec, 3d, 14 m. 35. sec, 4th, IG m. 20. The second
took the premium. The team and plough were own-
ed by L. E. Heston, ploughman, Mr. Brownell.—
Had all the ploughs been equal to Mr. Heslon's it
would have been a very close contest. The plough
is manufactured by Smith & Co., at Batavia, and is
called the " Scotch Improvement." It is a decided
improvement, lipon the ploughs of this county nt least,
and must prove a great acqaisilion. There is no farm
implement ol more importance than the plough, and
yet there is almost as much improvement to be made,
as there was from the old btdl plough to the one now
in use. Two other teams entered subsequently, and
did the same quantity, in 12 minutes and 10 seconds,
and 13 m. 35 seconds.

1 think the arrangements for the ploughing match
were defective, inasmuch as it should have been the
best within a reasonable time, say 25 or 30 minutes.
It would then enable weaker and lighter teams to
compete, as it would not be so much time aa work-
mnnabip, and that after all is the true test of good
ploughing, time being only a secondary object. I hope
such will be the order next year.

There was also a defect in the arrangement relative
to the cattle. No person should be allowed to exhibit
cattle unless each animal is tied to a stake.

The speeches should also be made the first day, and
the premiums awarded and paid the second day.

All these things will be made right after a little
more experience, and famera must not complain if the

mon or crossed, C. Carter, Durham, out of native De-
vonshire, got by Weddel's imported Young Rover.
This bull shows in an eminent degree, the great su-
periority of a cross with good Durhams. Z. Cono
andL. E. Hcston each drew premiums in this class.

OXEN AND STEERS.

Remean, L, Fisher, S. W.

Kingsley, L. E.

E. P. Beck, 2.

P. A

Heston, and C. Tompkins.

cows AND HEIFERS.

p. A. Remsen, 2 premiums, J. Heston, and E.
Stevens. Devonshire ; E. P. Beck, 4 premiums.

COMMON OR CROSSED.

W. E. Heston, D. Malory, and L. E. Heston.

HORSES.

J. Jenne, C. Burrett, S. W. Kingsley, B. Bene
diet, H. Dunham, S. H. King, L. E. Heston, and
C. Barrett.

HOOS.

E. P. Beck, E. J. Petibono. H. Brown, and L. E.
Heston.

SHEEP.

George Shapman, C. Hannum, 2

FIELD PRODUCTS.

H. Brainard, best acre of Corn, 07 bushels— beet
acre of Potatoes, 400 bushels— best 3 acres of Spring
Wheat, 37 bushels, per acre. Mr. Brainard had n..
competitor.

DOMESTIC ARTS.

E. Scranlom, for Reeled Silk , E. Bishop. Flan
nel ; E. Murdock, Sewing Silk ; E. By.ngton.
Woolen Yarn: Mrs. W. Mattison, S.Ik Hose ;^.
Cone, 25 lbs. Butter: Mrs. T. R'^d'^. Carpet ;Le.
vi Hall, Saddle ; T. Yates, F.nc Boots ; W. Sillery,
Ladies' Walking Shoes and Slippers each.

DISCRETIONARY PBEMItJMS.

The following discretionary premiums were aword-

An Ottoman made by Miss Matilda Butler, Ale.\an.
jer, $1— Hat, manufactured by P. Durant, Batavia,
^1 50~Work Bag Miss Satnh Jenne, Bethany, $1
—Linen Lace Cap, Linen figured Tablecloth, Lin.
en Thread, a fine specimen ol Sewing Silk, and Co-
coons, by Mrs. and Miss Mattison, of Darien, $4~28
lbs. Maple Sugar, very fine by Mr. Mattison, $1—
Woollen Rob Roy Shawl, manufactured entirely by
Miss Farnham, Alexander, $2-Beautiful specimen
of Reeled Silk by N. D. Hart, $2— Elegant Hearth
Ru", Mrs. E. G. Spalding, Alexander, $1 50— Gig
Harness, double work Harness, travelling Trunk,
Valice and Carpet Bag, by Wm. Manly, Batav.a,
Very fine specimen of Penmanthip, by A. S.

Pratt, Alexander, $1-Very excellent article ofLeatb-
■nian'agement of Ihc Society is not perfect the second lor, by Wm. Gcer, Alexander, $2-0n a numhero.

For Ike Nex Genesee Farmir.
Gexts. — I s'nd you a briefnoticeol the proceedings
the Genesee County Agricultural Society,' at the
Bind annual Exhibilion and Fair, held on the 13th

\l 14t'a of October, 1641.
The s'jow of cattle and horses was very fine, being

Inr^i' o.iin oy.»r H^t year's Exhib-'.i^-'n. The sh-iw

year.

I am Eorry to say that there is not as mucli spirit
manifested by the farmers as there ought to be, nor
have they come forward as liberally as every person
had reason to suppose they would. There was a
large concourse of people, but nothing when compar-
ed with the assemblage in other counties. I regret
exceedingly that we were not able to draw from the
state all the money to which the county was entitled.
We have not received our portion into sixty-one dol-
lars. It does not tell very well for the " EmprVe
Counlij," that out of its 7,000 farmers, there could not
be found enough to raise the sum of $179 00. The
premiums will all be paid, but still it would have been
much belter if there could have been something in the
treasury lor another year.

It was resolved to keep the two counties, Genesee
and Wyoming together as one society, and officers
were elected the same as though the county bad not

been divided.

Piemiunis Awaidea.

BULLS.

Devonshire, M. Vcinon, T. G. Goodwill, E. P.
Beck, 2 premiums. Durhams; B. Murpbcy, P. A
Rem^cu, 2 prr-miums.

Fowls raised by Mrs. Palmer, of Attica, called the
Top Knots, wbicU were very fine, $2,

OFFICERS FOR ESSUISG YEAR.

President, T.C. Peters, Darien ; Vice Presidents,
E: Bishop, Attica ; L. DeWolf, Middlehury : John
Jenne, Bethany ; H. Ranisdell, Batavia ; C. R.cb,
Alexander; E. P. Beck, A. Sheldon. R. Rich, Le-
Roy ; P. Dickey, Elba. C. P. Turner o. Ba-av.a,
Recording Secretary. P. FoUett of same place, Cgr-
responding Secretary. L. E. HeMon of Batav.a.

Trensurer. , „ . „

1 had intended to have made some remarks on the
different breeds of cattle, but this article has been so
much longer than I expected that I shall reserve tfaei*
for a future number. Yours &c.,

Darien, October 16, 1841.

P.cst Full of any age cnm-

T. C P.

Premium Ploughs,

In justice to the manufacturers, we remark, that the
plou-h which gained the first premium at the plough-
C;atchin.his county, was the Whiting plouob.
ma'de by A. J. Langworthy. of this city i and the one
which gained the second premium was the .mproY,i
I.ivinestott county Plough, made at Caledonia

loo

TIII^. NEW GKNESEJ'. FARMI^R,

Vol,

Monroe County Agrsciiltiisal Fair.

Toe arnunl cxhibilinn ol iliij S^cieiy came off in
ibia ciiy on the IJib and IG.li of October. Tn.' dis
piny of animnis, of every r!oB?, was beucr ilinn we an-
ticipiied, allh lugli wc fell quite sure old M mnn-
would da h'.rself credit. Iiulecl «e dn not btlicvi
any cvunty m tl'.f S;ile hna had as good on u.xbib inui
thiBSca»>ii ns Miutroe. S "ne persons rtmnrUed ihni
ibe cattle thow was not equal to th It of last yenr; but
wh.:n th<;y cnnaidct that a nuuiuer of ibe linest aiii
mala exbibiiedlajt year, belonged to odj >iuin^ coun
ties, we tUinli lb' y will admit that ihie county wa.-
bciter representid than last sea on. In thoep and
hogs especially, we noticed a very great improvement.
The breeds are better, more numerous and diAtinci,
and the number of specimens grea'.er and of liner
qmliiy.

The Ploughing Match excited much intorcsi.aB uar
cV dent from the thoue-iiid^ offirincre and cii!z Jiia w hn
ibrongod the ground to witness it. Twelve team?,
with eltillful ploughmen, en eccd for the coiuesi, ami
nobly did they all perform their work. The rn-
p.d.iy and e.id;- with whit'h single tjania tui nc.i ovei
an old tough swar 1, waa a pleaeinq; sight, and spoke
volnmi-s in praise o( liDth ploughs and plousilimen.

Toe exliiliilion of Horticultnrol produciinns, iinple
ments. domestic mpniifaclin-e, &c , wis quite rispcct
tnble, but did n U fully meet onr wishes or expecta-
tions. We do not bilicvc there i^ any luck of indue
try or skill among the farinerj wives and dnugliters ol
".'I'jnioe, but there seems to be much iinwidinanets
w exhibit specimens of their work; owing to diffi-
dence or an apprehension that it will be excelled.

This is a wrong feeliiig,and one which we hope here-
alter to eee done oway.

It gives us peculiar pleasure to observe the very
general attendance ol fainiTs and tL-ir famiiies ni
these exhibitions. At all place.'! which we have seen
or heard from, the Agricultural Fairs are most numer-
ously attended. Who can estimate the amount o!
b mefi. t'lat will result to the country, from the iiifor-
miition which the thousands of Wealth Pinducers
have obtained at these exhibitior.s 7 What farm
er can itness one of them without Ictrnin'T somi'
valuable lesson in husbandry, or without forming some
new resolutions and pLms for iiuprovement.

We regret to notice a dis|_o-ition, on the part o!
some, o find fault with the decisions of the Commit-
ters in aW'irding the preminnif. Those who serve in
this .;apacity have a best an arduous and ihnnkle.^i-
task, and after performing it with faithfulness em!
integrity.Bccording to the beet o( Iheir ability.it is im-
kind in the ex;rcine to charge them with unfairness
Suppose they do occ'ieionallv err in judument, and a
premium is awarded where it ahonld net be what
great hann is done 1 Is the gaining of a few dollar
in preminma the great object which exhibitors bavi
in view? Wc know ihey will spurn the idea.—
Their object i', or should be. to aid on the cause of im
provement ; and. although it is natural for rveiy
man to think hiehly of his own cnttio or production-,
all should remnmher that the owner is poorly quabfi-
e I to be an impartial judge of his own property ; and i
disinterested Committee are not half so likely id |,
mistaken ns the owner.

The lepirts of the various Committees render it un
necessary for us to proli.n? our remarks : but wo can
not close without exprcsiing a desire that all will reml
the excellent address of Mr. Snith, which may b.
found in our columns this month.

Premtnnis Awnrilod by the Monroe Co. AtI-
culturnl Socirtv for 1831. "

HOIIRF.S.

Th" Committee on horses remarked that the'
ere governed mjre by the appearance and action o'

.''> (Ill

7 Ob

.-S 1.0

3 Oil

7 Oil

5 00

:! 00

5 Oti

:i 01/

the animals than by any reference to their Mood or
pedigiee. After careful exandnaiion and ci miiari-
son of the numerous in e hnrtca exli bited, they asncri
to a. vard premiums 10 the following, os those which
ni c )rdine to the best of their judgment appeared to
combine the most of iho.ie qualities. requitite for use
piliif'ss, diiiubiUty .'ind tiigaiice'.

For the bet Stud Horse, (.Imported Unree

Allred.) Tbnn.as Wediilc $10 00

■ill do., J K Udenime 7 00

3d do , Will. T me

B at Pair iMiitcbed Horses. G. Peck

•2ddo.,A L'ine

3d do., M. Olmsied

B 'St Mare, John Avraiilt

■>d do., Wm. Tone..'

Hd do., Wm li.ilcntine

B.st 3 years old Colt, (by AllVrd) H. Pud

d.ck

•>,i do., ^bv AllVe.n II. F.llnw,.

HERON IJROWN. )
CIIS D GODFRF.y, /• Committee
HARRY OF.MSTFD. )
C.ATTLK.
The Committee on cattle leport that owing Ui th*-
largc numbi-r of superior aninm s cxliibitid.they fomu
ilddicult 11 Slim cases to di'cide which was enlitlcci
to the greatest merit; but after mature delibeiation.
and the exercise 01 their beal'judgiucni, they decn!ci
to iwnrd premiums as fi>llo«3.

For the best B'dl, (Durham Short Homed,

.\irericnn Coniit, Thomas Wcildle SIO Oil

2d do , Ramsilell & Cde ' 7 I.I)

:id d'..., (Albion,,! Win. CCainel! 5 01.

Bist Pair t'? years old Steers, John Ayrault. r> Ol.

•>d do., Stephen f^e^'gelt 3 (Ml

Bi'St Pair ol Failed Oxen, John Ayrault..., 7 Oil

ad do., John Br ndlcy 5 00

Beet Piiii of Woking O.'ien, John Ayrault. 7 OO

21 d.i. , .Tohn Lei/gi'tt '.

3d do., Gideon Krnn-dcll

Best Ml 'ch Cow. (Durliaiii Soon Homed

Grl7.clle,^ Thoiiins U'liidk-

■2.1 d.... Win. C Cornell

3d do.,— Smith

GFORGE SHEFFEK
JACOB STRAWN,
JOn.\ BUR.\S.
SWINE.
The Comnii tfe on S vi'ie remarked ihnt the c.xlii
bition of this class of animals was liighly creditiible to
the Society and the county. Many very beautiful
hogs, besides those for which nreminnis were award-
ed, deserve special notice. Aumngthese was a sow
with six pigs. Byfield and L.-icesier, owned by J .Jin
Putnam of Greece : three fine young Leicester sow-,
owned by Miitthins Garret of Gates; t'jrte bmntifiii
young 8 'Ws and one imnr, pure Berkshiie, Otvned b\
Gem i;e Whitney of Rochester ; a very siipciior Berk-
shire boar pi», four months old, owne 1 by Ch ties
.Marchant ol Greece, and a sow with six pi^'s, Riirs.i.
■ind Leicester, owned by Hsrry Olmsted of Guece.
For the best Boar. Berkshire) Isaac Moore.,*? Ol;

'2.1 do., Naiiinniil Hnywaid ' r> t.O

id do., Amos Snwjer, (Belk^hlle) o (;(|

Bi^si g.iw. (with pits, Liicester.J T. Waisoi'i 5 Oli

'"I

,1 li. '
i ill'
I kitii

5 Ol:

3 01.

7 01,

.5 01-

3 01

Committee.

For the best Buck, lefircnce to caieats, . i^iid

;Li-iceHir, SmeonLewlt ^S ■,

•Jd do , John Betle idge 3 '

B. Bi for Fl.cee, Wdla Liimlon Sf' k""

•M do., Jisi-c Harroun.. j t'.^

Bed 3 Ewen.refirtnce to carcafrB,(Co swold,) ^^

Wm C. Coiiuli

2.1 do., 1 Soutl.rlowii.) J Pare, rs

Best i> Ewes, relennce to (Ici ce. Mr. El\
2d do , M.. SnvdtM

Bc"l3Lnnibs. (Cotswoid,,! Wm. C. Cnmc 11.
2d do. J.'lin B. tleridee

Best S faiti d tlrei'. Wm. C Cornell. . .
2d do., S.nieon j^eu i<

THOM.^SU ILLCOX. )
JOH.N ROBINSON, > '
ARTHUR CLARK, )
FIELD CROrS.
The Committee on Fie'.dCro]is, rcfpecifnlly n lesi
ihat they have attended to iipi'lications for jf '
nms, in thi- department, from the lollowing rtB f)
Gentlemen who have, by evidence satiffactory tl »,
Conimittci , cttrblisbed their claims to the hnfll ^,ij
hiiving laseii n|jon their rcptctivc farms the loS
ing products, viz :

wnE..\T.

James Be'itty of Greet e. un average of 53 bii
aii'l al) |b,i in /be acre — 6 acres.

Giorjii ShifTer, of Wheallnnd. an a\r:agc£
bii.^he 6— 7^ acres. " -■ '

S.uiiuirl Sha.ibolt, of Chili, nn aveirgc ifCu^]
elt — 0 acrtfi, '

CORN.

Robert D. Mnrlin, of Club, nn aveiage of 94 I
ei5 to the acre.

Ebenezir G"i ding, of Herrrictta, an cvcrii
90 bushels to tl e iicre.

Lyiiian B. Langworthy, of Greece, on avcro(
80 l-J2 liiielielt. t.. tl c niic

Jiiin. b llsri, ol S"edin. at the rote of !)C be
to the acre on one acre and a half.

Abraiii Cosi'mnn. wiilioiii vi uchers. joe^en'
mi moranduin, s owing 18 luisbels to tl.c tcie.

-d do. do , Anin-; S

nwyt

3 00

GIDF.ON RAMSDELL, )
JOHN FULLER. } Committee.

EDWARD CHAMPENEY. S
SHEEP
The Commilteo on Siiecp report that thi'y dischnrg
■d their duties with all the care and failhfulne.e ol
.wi eh t ey weie capable. For the honor of the
•.lunty, mid partieulni ly for that of the fnrmeis ownint!
iic numerous beautiful anima's exhibited on iheoc-
ision.thc Committee take pridoinsaying they were all
lily choice and desirable lotsol sheep. Rt.aidis i|,„s,f
■ r whi h premiumo were awarded the Cminiitee
Icsire to mention as worthy of special notice, a
nail lot of Merino Ewea, owned by Eliphah-t Day, of
)4den, and of Alc-riuo B. cks, owned by his son ; al-
1 some Meiiiio Bucks, owned In Gideon Cobb ol
Orighton, — Premiume were awarded as follows.

POTAIOES.
Owen M'Gii r.', . f Gncce u-lu biirbels to the
Georue S i tie , ;U2 burbi Is o tbeacie.
S.1111U.1 Davidson, of Gicece, ifcO bii.-hcis
acre

Ebnizcr Coding of Henrrietta, 247 b-iohels
aric ^

F P. Root, of Sweden, 1200 btisl els Ruta Bf
[be acie.

George Sheffer, Gri?i butl e's Carrots to ilie

" " II (11) buHicIn .Mr.ng. 1 W rfa

•' '* ilfii) bii!-hi-!s ol Suenr Bie

" " .5i'2 Im. Ii.is ol Ru ;i Iiii:;a ill

Charles Filer, Ca rois at the ra:e • f 72li 1 in b

^;h of nn acre, which b.-ing tbcn ol the pntciit

nil nsions cannot claim a pri mium.

The {.'oinmitite, in accoidanci with llie ubov
have aworilcd

WHEAT. .

To Jami s Beany. Esq . i f Gii ece, tl e fiisl p

0111 ,*ll) — i|iiaiiiiiv ."Si!,',;!) 6 bi.sUls to the n't

G-oige Sluller, E q., Wliatli.nd. Ul do $7-

Samuel Sbadbolt, Esq , Clali, od lio. fiii — J4

CORN.

Robeit D. Mailin, C'lnli, first prfmiiim.j

qiianiitv !M bushels to il.e r.cie. F.bei czi i t"

Ueiirietia, 2d do. §r;_<,Udo. L. B. Lungwf

3il do. $::— 60 l-i2 do.

POTATOES.

Owen McGuire, Giecce, iiit-t piemiuni, $a
iity 340 biiblil- 11) ihc acre. _ Georte Shiliei. \V
biud.Sil do.,.>ji3— 312di>. Sami.el Du\ist.n, GJ
3ddo.. ,«(2~280do. ■

ROOTS.

F. P. Root, Sweilcii. lirM pn mium, n
Baga. §■— qiiamiiy, 1200 buhels to lie acre.
Slii-fliir, Hrst picniiiim on iMnntil Wurize!
lOIIO do. Do. du: Sugar Biet. .«;:->— 1160 do,

Tlie season having been an uiifavojable one fn
production of large crops, the competition for pi
nms has necessarily bicn conlined to a small n.ni
Tliese, however, it is ihonghi, do no difciedit i
speeiim ns exhibited, to the soil or culture of M.

Little regprd has been paid, by many of ther
cants, to the rules pri scribed fcr ccuifyir.g;*
Committee, iLc iiecesiory facts in n i^ntd .U

l.ii

iVo. II.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

W7

.ymmiuee.

iieaBUreolilie Iriiid niiiJ ilie nude of nei'diniiuiig ihe
Jiiuliici, oiul ihi: Cjiiiiniitcu Ijnvc rcJLctoil, in one or
wo iii^iniici-s, niiplicnnlB who duublliss might lime
;!!iiinetl pi'cniiunis Iiul fijr (lii^ n*ju!«ct. The impor-
:nnt diuy of t'lirnitthinir a de*rripli'>n t>(' soil modr ot
■iduirc, expensf, &c. has hteii mgicctcd by several
il' the npiilicflnls — ihey have however pronilat^d to sup-
ply ihia deli'ci in nil coses where premiums arc nwnrd-
pJ. Tlie Co.nmilee svouUl rcspccllully recommend
tlini all who may be disposed to contend /t)r preniiunie
hereafter, procure in due lime the proper directions
in rpgDrd ti tliepc pRrticulnrfl.

LEWIS liROOKS, )

NICHOLAS RKKO. } C

KLISHA HARMON, .Ir. )
CA'.'OiMiin.ut' the mode (>reuU;vjuionj soil &c. .of"tl:e
preiiiiiiin crops will be published hcreofier — Ens.)

PLOUGHING MATCH.

The commiilie on ploughing, report that twelve
(l.orsc) If-nms entered the Held for eoini^elition. The
coiiie»-t was very spirited, and was witnessed by a
largre coneouree of 6pectalori=. The woik was mostly
perf.irmcd in good style, and the committee were
highly gratified ot the display ofskiU in this important
ail. Besides tho?e to whoni premiuma were awnrd-
c'l, the committee would mention that Mr. Robinson
and Mr. Crillenilcn, of Henrietta, deserve mu.h
praise for their skilful ploiiybhian^liip. The picmi-
ums were awarded as follows :
F.rsi Premiu.Ti to Simeon f.ewis, of Brisjiiton. . . .$7

S-euid do. - Edward Howell. Chili 5

'J',.ird do. Cha. Burr, Piiinliii 3

R. HARMON, Jr,
Ciiairman ot C innnittee.
KMPLE.ME.NTS.
The Committee to whom was referred the e.xami-
mtionoffnrni implements, &c.\ report that the num-
lir-r ol articles presented fjr tlieir. inspection, was very
small, and does not reflect much credit on the manu-
i'lrturers in this county, who it is well known are se-
c'uid to bill few in this business. Some meritorious
arlielcs were exhibited without competition, and
tiicrefnie are not entitled to premiums. (Hatch's
B iwing M:ichiiie was exhibited, in operation, during
the Fair, and elicited great praise, Ifiit ns it was not
present at the time of inspection, the Cornniiltee omit-
t :d to report on it.) They decided to award promi-
U'ns as follows.

To Andrew ,}. Lnnaworlhy, for 'ho " Loeklin
Pl"U,'h.*' it bcinj^ considered the best green-
sward PItiusli •' $5

To P. D Wright, for the Gene. sie Plough, coiisid-

e:-;l the b.;si f-r stubble or cross ploughing.,.. 3
T 1 A. & J. W.-d I, li>r the Agrio.u'lurisls Furnncc,
n V':.y useful article for heating water or boiling
f > id lor ani'uals, a discretionary premium of., 3
To A. J. Langworthy, f'r an cxldbition of various
cnst iron horticuliurnl implements eonvertcdin-
tomaihahln iron, a discretionorv premiuin of 3
MARTIN SAGE. )

ABEL BA! DWI.N, } Committee.

L. B. LANLUVORIHY. )

BUTTER, CHEESE &c.

The number of competitors in this class was not
large, but the articles exhibited were ol very rxecllent
quality. The Committee awarded premiums as fol-

1 AVS.

For the best Butler, to David frost of Carthage.. §3

S;cond, do., Jacob Sirawn, Chill 2

Best Cheese, Allred Filch, Riga 3

S.5:.'ond do., Win. S'criibeig. Hentietta 2

Maple Sugar, AUred Filch, Riga 2

CALEBK. HOBRIE. )

N B. MERRICK. } Comniitlcc.

H.E ROCHESTER. )

On Silk, and other Domestic Hauiifactnres.

In this department th''re was finite an interesting

committee have omitted to notice some articles, owing
to the want of compulitiou, and others from want of
merit. Siune of ihosc for which premiums were a-
wnrded, were deserving of the highest praise. The
I'omniitice award to

Mrs. A. Good<^ll. fir the iiost sawing ailU, $3

Mis Hirani Robbins, f.r 2d do. •>

Miss El'za B.ngham, for best silk hose and other

ariicl. e 3

Mrs. Tbeodotp BiickuR. liir 2d do 2

.MissLucina Goodrich, for 2 very handsome blan-
ket shawls, 2

Mrs. Lyman Potter, for iwo fine pieces of carpet,

and a beautiful hearili ru2, 2

M P. PARICER. )Com-

ALEX. ICELSEY. } mil-

MATTHIAS GARRET, ) tec.

HORTICULTURE.
The Committee on Ilorlicultiire report that the dis-
play of Fruit, Vegetables and Floweis was very le-
spcciahle, and in some respects extraordinary, cor.sid-

erins the lateness and

orableness of the season.

The Apples, Grapes, and tjuinecs were very line and
abundant. But the most consp'icuous and beautiful
object in this deparlmmt was a large and splendid
pyramid of Dahlias, from Alexander Kelsey, Esq. con-
sisting ofabont forty varietiesof blooms,the colors very
bcaiiiifuliy arranged. A table of elegant green house
plants, and seveial large boriicis of Dahlias and other
I'Ui ll.'Wers, from Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, also
added much to iliobenuiy of the exhibition. The
gnvrien vegetables were mostly of line quality, but the
i-ompctiiors were not as numerous as ihey should be.
Premiums were awarded as follows.

f). Hanford, best do?.. Apples .^1 00

ti Coibv, " " Pears 100

S. W. Lny. (discretionary) Pears 1 00

Matthias Giirrel. best Pluins 1 00

L. B. Loiiwonhy, b.-st Peaches 1 Oil

lat do. Devon do. Aaron Guild, Mainburgb, ... 3

1st common Bull, Aarui Paik. r, Haiiibiitt;b, (>

It-t yeailing do. J ih;i Webster, *' 2 "

ist yoKe working Oxen, .1 ■hii Collins. Bl'k Ro.k. lU
2d do. do. do. Jesse \'augbaii. Cue* kto-

vvaga "

let 3 yr. Steers, Smith Salii.bnry, Hamburgh, C

iid do, ilo. CMinuneev Abbott. " 4

1st lull blooded Cow. L. F. Allen, Black Rock,.., 6
Isi mixed Durham Cow, SvU'ci-ter Cbambeilain,

Biillalo 4

Ist mixed Devonshire Cow, Aaron Gould, Ham

burgh 4

Ist common Cow, Alex. Hiiclito k, Cheektowaga, 6

2d do. do Peter Curtis, ItuHido 4

1st 2 year old Durham Heifer, William S. Reese,

Evans, 4

1st common Heifer, Piter Curtis. Buffalo 3

l=t yj-arlini; Diir'in Heifer, Orlando Allen, Buffalo, 3
Ist do. common do. Joseph Clary, Buffalo, 3

1st mixed Call, Wm. Hamblelon, Hainbiirgli 3

2d do. do. Warren Granger, Black Rock, ,. . 2

HOGS.

1st Berkshire Boar, A. B. Allen, Black Rock, ... , 8
2d do. do. Manuel Henshaw, Haniliurgh, f>
1st Sow and 6 Pigs, A. B Allen, Black Rock,. .. 6
2d Sow and .5 Pigs, Lewie Eaion, " " ... 4

Ist Sow, A. B. Allen, Blai k Rock, J

•.id do. A. B. Allen, Block Rock 3

SliKF?.

1st fine wooled Buck, Arnold Green, Lancaster,.. •>

1st South Down do. Win. Bulloik, Evans b

Ist Leiee.-ter Buck. Charles W Naeoii, Hoinburgh 5
let half Leicester Buck, Jas B i knall, Aurora,... 5
Ist 6 South Down Ewes, W. M I'ari.er, Lancaster 5
1st 6 Lcicesttr Ewes, Cbas.W. Nason, Hamburgh, 5

y.iRM CKOP.S.

1st 4i acres Wheat, A. & J Mi-Arthur. B Bock, 5
Ist 2"acre3 Barley, Jesse Vaiighan, Cheektowaga, 4
1st 2 acres Corn, Moses Case, Aldnn, 4

Z Burr
»„■ .

iVI. Garret, 2d

Mr. Donncl.-,
Win Wcl.b.
.\lfred Fitch,
J- T. Young,
S:iuashe:
,\. L. Jones, best E

Quinces 1 00

Gropes, 2 00

" 1 (10

Muskmelons 2 Oil

Watermelons 2 00

" S.juashes

(discretionary) Pumpkin and

2 00

■ Plants.

Wm. Hamilton "
T. Bicltns "

Wm. Webb,
Z Burr, "

Wm. Webb, "
Simon S'-'iler, '•
Wm. Hamilton "
Alex. Kelsey,

1 00

2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00

Beets

Carrots

Parsnips

Turn-ps ' 1 00

Salsify 1 00

Cabbage 1 00

Onions... 1 00

Dbl. Dahlias, asst 5 00

Ellwanger & Barry, 2d best, do. do. do 2 00

D.i., best cut Flowers, asst 2 00

Do. 21" do. do 2 00

M. B. BATEHAM, )

II. M. WARD, '• Cominilteo.

N. GOODSELL. )

$10
. . ()
, 10

., t'l

Erse County .«.gricuUural S>ociety.

Premiums awarded by the Eric County Agricultu-
ral Society, at their Fair and Cattle Show, held in
Buffalo, on the (ith Oct. 1841 :
riOKs::s.
Ist Stallion, Stephen Osborn, Clarence,...,
2d do. Bushnell Stron;:, Buflalo, ..,..
1st Mare and colt, Sain'l Hudson, Sardinia,..
2J do. do. .\aron Gould, Hamburgh,

[The Committee noticed with great pleasure, the
fine display of matched horses belonging to Jacob S
& Charles Miller, of Buffalo. Finer could no where
bo shown in the Stale.]

CATTLE.

1st full bloo:'cd Bn'I, L. F Alien. Black Rock,,, $C^

2J do. do. Warren Granger, do 4

1 3d do. do. A. & J. Mc:Arthur. do 3

list mixed do. George Bruce. Lancaster. ... 4

|-2,I d^. do J is'h Hutchinson, Amhert, .. 3

c.xh biit.in.olthoi gh the numherand variety of articles i .y j^^' ^^ j p Vn„ A Ion. Bl'k Rock,

were too small to reflect much credit on the house- j isi'i yr. Dnr'm do. .4mos Chillicou. Hamburgh, 3
wives and daughters of the farmers of Monroe

The 1 2J do. do. do. Orhindo Allen, Black Rock, . . 2

Ist i acre Carrots. Leviis Eaton, Black Roik.

Ist J acre Ruta ISiiga, Lewis Eaton. B Rock, 3

Ist I acre Sugar Beet, A. D ckev, B'ack Ri'ck, . . . :'•

2dl do do. do. R.L. Allen, Black Rock,.. 2

KCTTEU, cni:FSE, ETC.

let 5 Cheeses, Isaac Allen, Colliiis 3

1st 2.") lbs. Butter, Aaron Parker, Hambureh 3

2d 2.5 lbs. d). Jee&e Vaoclian. Cheektowaga. . , 2

Ist 10 lbs. Honey, John Webster. Ilambiirgb, 2

2J 10 lbs. do. L. F. Allen, Black Rock 1

Ist 5 bush. Winter Apples, Lewis Eaton. B. Rock, 2

Ist 5 do. Fall do. Beiij. Hodirc, Bl'k Rock, 2

HOrSKHOI.D MANCfACTl'RKS.

1st piece Flannel. Ira McCall, Auiora, 4

•id do. do. H. S. Turner, •' 2

Ist Woolen Blankets, Moses Case. Alden, 4

Ist Counterpane, Lucy Foster, Plainburgh 3

0() Jo. Aaron Parker. do 2

Ist Woolen Shawl, Cynthia Paine, Aurora, 3

•>i do do. Aaron Parker. Hamburgh, 9

Isi pair Women's Woolen Stockings, do. do. . . 1
Ist pair Women's Woisted Stockings, H. S. Tur-
ner, Aurora 1

Ist pair Men's Woolen Smclings, W. L. Parker,

Lancaster, 1

Ist do Woolen Mittens, Ptliss E. Henshaw, Ham-

buegh, 2

1st lot Cocoons, Henry P. Russell, Black Rock, ... 2

•2d do. do. Harvey Clark, Lancaster, I

MISCELI.\NE0t;S.

let. — Mott's agricultural Stove and cauldron. Dud-
lev &. Thompson. Biili'alo 3

let. — Plough, Joseph H. Smit'ti, BiitTalo, 3

The following articles would each have received a
first premium, had they not been excluded by the
rules of the Society, as not being among the adver-
tised list of premiums, viz :

A beautiful worked lace veil, by Miss Wakely, ol
Lani-aster.

An el9?ant worsted worked Bell Rope, by Miss
.Tohnson, Buffalo.

A superior patent Lock, manufactured by J. W.
Davock, Bufl'alo

A pair of superior Woolen B'ankets, from the fac-
tory of Ileacock & Duriek. Buffalo.

WARREN BRYANT,
Recording Secretary.

The Mecaanics' Fair in this city commenced on
the 12th and continued open till tho 15 li ult. The
exhibition wa highly intertsting and was attended
by a large number of visiloie. More about it hereef-
.er.

1<J8

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

DL'RIIAM SilORT IIOR\ CO^V ••OYPSEY.

The j^roj/erty of Wiltiavi FuUctj Usq.y Shaneatdcs.

Gypsf.v is from the herd of ttc late S. Van Renfstlncr, Esq. ; is seven yenis old, post. She provee Uerseir vnlunble for stock. Mr. Fuller hns hnd ihree heifer
calves from her in three yenrB, and all of them promise to ninUe fine animals. Sbe ia remarkably er iy kept, thrives rixdily end is a very good hnndlcr. It is not
known how much milk she would give through n season, as she has alnnys suckled her calves. Mr. Fuller's mode of raising them is, to let ibcm run in the posture
with the cow, the first summer, then treat them ibc same as the rest of his stuck.

( The above drawing was taken at the Syracuse Fair, and is believed to be very correct. Mr. Fuller has not bad an opportunity !(• inspect it. — Ens )

Mr. A)len'$ Importations'of lStock<

Mr. A. 5.- 4-llen paid us a short visit a few days
since, on bis way banic from England. He has been
very fiwcesslul in the Prai.ch.ase and importation of
some very .superior nnifliols. Tlw first shipment was
per packet abip Mediator, npd coiifiisteif of Berksh re
swine of very large size. One ol ihese ''stood three
feet high, of great length, and wcul^ fatten {o vyeigh
about 8U0 Iba." Another sbipinent .was per p^ixt
ship Wellington ; and l.iet a general aeisonmcut at-
tojjipanicd by himself, per the Jlendrick Hudson, cm-
bracing some very large swine of the Yorkshire end
KeniKvorlh breeds, which, it is stated in the Farmer's
Journal, will (jtten to weigh 1600 lbs., but Mr. Al-
len thinka the moxinuim about 1300. (Large enough
in all conscience, erd we think Mr. A. can now sat-
jefy even the Kentu<:kiflna.)

(^From i/tc A'ew I'osk CommcTcial Adtertiser ]
jMPojirKn Stock. — We are happy to announce the
roUi.''U from England of our friend A. B. Allen, Esq.,
of Buliuli), who has visited .Grtnt Britain upon an ag-
ricultural tour, «nd inspected all ihe principal herds of
/he Kingdom. Pcfhnps wo have ;io one who could
bave done this to better advputage. Mr. Allen has
l;ng been devoted to t'le br.ncding o( cattle, and has
raised sime beautiful Uuilmjus and pigs, such as we
have never seejt surpassed. He now brings home
from hje excursion a large cnlWtiou of South Downs,
Yorkshire, Kenihvurth and Berksliirc pige, Khcimnl's
dogs, i)orkiug fowls, English pli£aeanis, &-,c. He has
iiflder bis car£, some valuable sheep, worib $500 per
bead, lor Mr. Stevenson, Bishop Mende, of Va., and
F Uuich, Esq , of Oisego co., N. Y. Mr. Hutch's
lamb is a South Down, only 6i.Y months old, and
Weighs K/2 lbs. It is indeed an acquisiliotl to our
etnto, and we dnuht not will be a source of profit to
i); impor'.ir. Mr A. came n pasEcngor inthcHcc-

drick Hudson, Captain Morgan. The lost named
gentleman brought out n very fine Durham cow for
bis own farm on the Connecticut.

Oneida Oaauty.

The Cattle Show and Fair of this county, was held
at Homiiton, on the 20ih and 21st ult.^The itMitan
Citizen says respecting it, "although the weather was
unfavorable, the extent of the exhibition exceeded all
expectation, and the village ol Hampton was filled to
o'/ciflowing in every nook and corner. It has ex-
ceeded all our most zealous friends bad dared to hope—
and it has, forever, we trust, put to silence the evil
forebodings of those, who have projihesied evil of this
Association, dosignud to do so much good to the
Farmers and Meehanicaof this county. The display
of working Cattle, Cows, young Cattle, Sheep and
Swine, was very fine, in the Dairy Department,
Oneida has done her dutv. The samples of Butter
and Cheese, were such as to -.hallenge competition. I
In Domestic Fabrics, there .was a sad deficiency but
we trust it will not be so anolber year.

There were many fuie horses exiiibiled, tljojigb '
great improvement ia needed in breed of .horses, and
some matched and draught horses, ns well as Studs,
and breeding MarcB, were of the choicest description.

The amotintof premiums paid, was i^GH."

The report on Field Crops, we deem valuable for
the purpose of comparison :

" To Elisba Pettibone of Vernon, heat acre of win-
ter wbeat, o7J bushels, sfiinple exbiWicd of the very
be.t quality, §l'> 00 ; Julius Curtis, Westmoreland,
bcetacreof corn SI bushels ilC llw. S!L.'> UO, ibeeoiii
was e.vcellent liom 8.Tmple. Elioha Sbuw, Rome, iii}
,bce; acre corn, 83 bushels, 16, very Hocdccrn, ^ OO^

Nathaniel S. Wfight, Vernon, btst acre of outs, 16
bushels, 3 pecks, ,$1.T 00 ; Jay Pettibone, Vernon,
best acre barley, fiO bush. 5 lbs. $10 00. Benjamin
P. Johnson, Rome, btst half oere potatoes, (Silver
Lake) quality and quanliiy cnsiired, 106 bushels,
$10 00. James Phinnc-y, lest half acre quonlity
aionc, i9'^ bushels, $10 00.

Lyman Stoddard, Westmoreland — 2d best J acre —
as to quantity — 17b bushels, $5 00:

Benjamin P. Johnson, Rome — Best } acre Ruta
Baga— 21 3 bushels, $1000.

The officers regref.cd that they were I'bligcd to ex-
elude <he crop of Corn of Stephen Scott of Lee,
which yielded i)7 buthels and -10 lbs. to the acre — and
the crop of Ouis of Eliaer C. Burton of Lcc, which
yielded 84 bushels 20 lbs. per acre."

Oniissluiii

The mark (t) was omitted in *!«) ploces « here it
ought to appear in our last*. The first ts the article
on The Pciir Tree p. 1 47 and the next ieOrkmg Nails
into Hard Wood, at p. 159.

Vied — 'J/ie Canadian Farmer and il/tr/i«;iiV which
we noticed last month is said to have died — from
wantof care and nourishment.

New Goiiesec Faimer.

We dcuiht whether there is any thing of which the
" Empire Slate" has n.ore occasion to be proud, than
cf its Agricultural Liieniturc. 'i'be Cultivator at Al-
bany, and tbeGcncEce Farmer at Kocliester, are both
notle repositories of agricultuiol science, and with
their ijumcnse circulation, n UBt have a mighty intlii-
cuce on the farming Intel ests ol that and llie iieigl bor-
ing States. As their successive luimhers come before
us7 we cannot' but ndiiiiie the tichiKss ol their con-
tents, nor forbear rclleciing on the biiieicia! le.-ulls,
th.Tt must flow fiom such niiextmbivc diiiution ofng.
riculturnl l.iiowkdge. — Maine Trvifiuaiicc Gametic.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

IG«)

To Readers and Coirespondeuts.

Several coitimunitaiions are unavoidably deferred
this month, in order to make room for the reports of
Fairs itc. We trust however, that this number of
oiir paper will not be found delicient iu interest, even
IS our most distant readers.

The sQcond coinmiinication of C. P. T. "on the
importance and utility ot the dieacminaiion ol knowl-
edge among Fanners," is received, and shall have a
place in our next. The author informs us that a want
of time prevented him from I'urnishing it several
months ago, as wos intende I.

The Peas received from Ciis. E; Norton, So. Ber-
wick, Maine, aie called Knight's Tall Honey Peas ;
they are the best variety known for the table, but
grow so tall as to make them objnctioi-ablc to many.

The specimen of Wild Pea from Asa A. Burnham,
Esq., Cobourg, is the Lathyrus rcnosus of botanibts.
It IS not often, though occasionally, found in these
parts. The flowers are quite ornamental, resemb ing
the Sweet Pea of the gardens, to which it isneuily
allied.

S. C. is informed that we know of no process by
which good wine can be made from the native Frost
Grapes.

" M.inroe," and some others who wish to draw us
into an endless Chess conirovcisy, shall receive atten-
tion next month.

Trial of Ploughs at Syracuse.

The late trial of ploughs at Syracuse, under the di-
rection of the State Committcj, it was reasonably ex-
pected, would be attended with most important re-
sults. Wuen it is considered that the yearly tost of
ploughing in the State, amounts to millions, it be-
comes evidently a matter of no small macnitudc, ii
that cost tan be diminished one third or one half.

In oiVering a few remorks on that trial, it inay be
well to state, that the writer, although of the Commit-
tee, was unavoidably absent when the decision and re-
port were made, which he lias nut seen, consequently
no other of the Committee is responsible lor any thing
here said.

That the trial was unbaiisfactory, none can deny.
The failure of the Committee to meet previously,
and make necessary arruugements, caused a contusion
at the time of the trial, which alone would have prevent-
de complete success. Most of the members of the Com-
mittee who were present, were appointed to hll vacan
cies on that day, and consequently had no time to in-
I'orm tbe(n3Plve3 of any particulars relating to the sub-
■cct. S iiiub!e ground hud not been selected, and its
unevennoss rendered the strength for draught so con-
stantly varying that it was impossible to determine it
accurately. The Dynamometer was very imperfcc',
though exhibiting v.iih some accuracy the rdatirc
draught of each plough. Only one kind of sod was
tried, which wos so much drier than is usual in
ploughing, that it was not a fair test of the operation
generally. The Committee had full opportunity to
examine the coivslruction and ojierationoleach plough,
so fur as it could be done by a single trial in dry sward,
and that their decision is not far from the truth, is to
■ bo tak.en l.ir granted. We doubt much if a finer col-
lection of pbujKj or evon so fine a one, was ever be-

fore seen. The improvement in one year alone, has
'cen rery great. And we hope that the unsuccess-
t ; competitors will not be discouraged in presenting
thi.ir ploughs again next year, when it is hoped a ful-
ler tiial may be made. It was to be regretted that
some ploughf entered, were, in consequence of the
rain and confusion, not tried, among which were on
excellent plough from Stephens Cook of Onondaga
county, and the celebrated Howard plough, from M.
B. Batehamof Rochester.*

One of the ploughs was rough from the furnace,
some had the mouldboords painted, some were well
scoured by use, and others were even ground sharp
at the point ; ell of which tends to vary the result.
As the object always in pointing out errors is to avoid
them in future, the writer respectfully suggests the
following points, among others, to be observed in fu-
ture trials.

1. Let suitable ground be selected beforehand; it
would be better to pay a sum of money for its use,
than to have that which is bad. One Held should be
clayey, another medium loam, and another sand ; a
part sward. a part 6tubble,and a part r jcently ploughed
an i harrowed. Let it be the most iven and uniform
iiiLt can be found, for the trial of the dynamometer.
The ploughs may be tried on rough or stony ground
without this instrument.

2. Every plough should be scoured bright by pre-
vious use, an 1 have no additional preparation by
gtindingor o bcr\Aite.

3. The rela.ive force exerted in ploughing difier-
ent widths and depths by the same as well ns by dif-
ferent ploughs, should be carefully measured by the
dynamometer. Especially the force required in cut-
ting through, and below, the grass roots in green
sward, and in running so deep as to lift the subsoil ;
and the comparative friction on long and short mould-
boards, in light, and in adhesive soils.

4. The q- liUy of the work done by each is to be
porticulorly'noted.

5. One ploughman, and one team should be used
for the whole. If one of ihe Committee bo the
ploughman, all the better.

6. It is of tlic MOST VITAL IMPORTANCE,
that the trial be not made on the daysof the annual fair.
To attend properly to oil the above paiticulars, tico
or three hours ore the very least that could in any
wise be in justice bestowed on each jilough ; more
time would be desirable. If fifteen ploughs were en-
tered, as was the case this year, several days would
necessarily be spent in their proper e.tamination.
Some other time shuuld ihercfoie be token, and an
agreement bo prev.tuisly ma.le with the members ol
the Comniitice, to he iuithfuily at all times on the spot,
which they wouid doubtless bo wdllug to do, for the
sake of securing a full, faithful, and indisputable dt-
cieion, on the merits of this king of instruments in
iiuriculture." *

" Great crc:lit slioiild be ijivcll to Mooers .iiij SLilcr, pro-
prietors of " lJ:irii:-hy niul Aloocrs' si.Ie-Jiill .-md level land
plough," for their pericveriug e.V|ieiiiiicnts with tlie djna-
liionieier. to delerniiiie the furiii for tlie most easy draft for
agooii nioutd-bo.-ird, wi:h other hiiprovemciits.

If ony apology is necessary for the length and some-
what too scientilic nature ol the following article, we
think the importance of the suliject in relation to the
wheat growing interests is a fulficient one. — Eds.
Fioin the Allmnij Cultiraltrr.

The Hessian Fly and other Wheat Insects.

K.Vl'LiNATtON OF THE ENGRAVINr..

1 — Wheat Stalk with the larva of the Hessian fly
deposited — diree of the stalks punctured by the Ich-
neumon, Ccra/;/irort — natural size, 3 yOths of on inch.
— a. a. larva and pupa.

2 — Section of the wheat stalk, with the larva mng-
iiilicd.

■T — Lara advnui'ed to the pu;ia state, maanified.

4, 5 — Mfll.' and .'emale Hessian dy, t'uiihmyia ilc
stnictvr, n>,.gnitied— 6 antenna of the female. — 7 an-
tenna ol the male

8, !) — .Male tiiul female Ichneumon, Cern/ihron ilr

sttnctor, magnified. — 10 antenna of the male. — 11
antenna of tiie female.

12,13 — Male and Female wheat worm fly, Ccct-
domyia trilica of Kirby, magnified., t

14 — Section of a grain of wheat with the young
wlieot worm within it magnified.

There is, perhaps, no period ofour agricidtural his-
tory, wheiein the ravages of the Hessian fly have at-
tracted more attention than during this stoson ; the
memorial to Congress of the individual who professiB
to have discovered a remedy, end who is r.sking for a
compensoiion ; the reference of this memorial to the
Commiieeon .Agriculture at the very moment thut
elforts are tr.aking to establish a National Society ;
the observations of Margakltta Morkis, attracting
the attention of so many eminent men and so mony
acute observers, joined to the extent of the insect's de-
predations, and to the odvoncement of agricultural Bci-
eiicc inollitfi departments, except entomology, havo
combined to attract this attention. Among other con-
tested questions, arising out of the discuKsion, is the
identity of this destructive race, Ccc'utowyia destructor
of Kirby with the wheat worm ef iNew England, the
Cccidomyiu trilica of the same author. The circum-
stance ot the great Linnaeus making but one species^
under the name of Tipula tritica, io itself a strong in-
dicnlion of their identity. Whether lulnre investi-
gations will enable us to restore the system and the
nomenclature of this great Swccdish natuiidist, time
alone is to determine. I frankly acknowleiige that I
dislike innovations upon such perfect sys;ems, and
think, ns the Ilibernion would say, that the two in-
sects are identical ; but v\'hilc we should frown upon
all attempts by vtcn of science to introduce new naiiiea
for the purpose of cxierding their own pretended dla-
toveries, we sh.inld be equally disposed to encounig«
accurate investigation into the true character, habits,
transformations and operations of Insects :

'• The saered sous of vengeance, on whose loyrse
Coirosive. famine waits, and kills the year."

Having recent y returned from a visit thiongh «
wheat couiiiry where its ravogcs have been scveicly
ell, and found that farmers ha\e n r.i<y n cie woiili
hin ii'-"as tc'pictin^ ii ; tl'iii tlnr if ii uih iiiilisitn

iro

THE NEW GEXESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2

ill i!iiir viu\v3, SKmecnlllni ii " ilie insei-i," uithoui
ivir lliinking or inqiirrni; wbcibur llic-ic ore iwo ;
"iliers deecrihiiig wLat is iin>|iiectionnbly lli.; Hiesiiiii
lly umlur the iinme of ihe '• wheni ivorin," wuliou;
kmnviii!; wiieiliiT the worm bccaiRc nil iiHcc:, dimJ
Binii.' vice versa ; wUile tome arc igiioraui euoui/ii,
Hii i ilicy nrc in very ianilcd immlicr, lo c'liijiiiiil ii
wail n ejlojiti'Diis insocl ot' ibo bci-ile iiibe, known
nl lb': s.iulb lis ibe weevil, which iiifi s;s ihe {jraiicry
niul ihe hirn, — I hnvo wisliet! myself ciuoniol.igisi
r:i.)U4h to ilcycrilie iiii.-dc-preJinor nr ileprodulors ; mid
1ft mtuic iii.|iiir.TS icl] wlieilier the descriptions cnii'
I e fo reconcile I lis til niokc tbcin either co;;eneric or
i.lentieni, but ns I «m not, nixi like nil other men nre
linj.iilic'Hl in lavor of my own opinions, tho aiieinpt
will iiiily be an iipproxiumt on to the triub. It i.i ne-
le sury i)rc_mnrk tb:it the IJe.-siaii lly, (Cec.idomijm
dtslnicUr- u< Kirliy.) is tlicnr.ly n;ii; known sniih o!
Iniitiid.- 40". It is n singnlnr ln^!t, tcmliii^ to the l-s
iiiljiisb iicnt of tlic iilfirmative "f th!:< quesiun, tiiiit the
ll.'Sjrin (iy nnd Lie wbcnt worm in ihi; same stage of
tb^ir existeneo, nrc preycJ niion by u pirns. lit: in«ec-t
of the order Ili/mr.nojitera. {f nir winy«d,) belong. ii,'
to the genus C'er^ip/imn of L-nrirllr : " This is iVu-
rpijiuiy taken for the wheat fly or Hc'sinn llv, fiotn
i.ic c-K*;iiii-^linoe of its being frequently found in vai^t
mill i,T- diirini» tnc (isvastai:ons coriiii,tt»d l^y lli.it
iin'ct. .i:id ninny have been doceivciniy t c specious
r i.ii iist:inLe ol its ovolution from the pupa of the
H '^s nn 11/ under their own eye ;" when in triuh it
u ili.i tinly proti'ctor we liiive Irom the titnl desiiiic-
lion ol our wheat hy the rnjiid increase of tiio fly. .-ind
beioniTj to that v,nt class of insects in.;l;i lid liy Lin-
ineus uiiJiT tb.' name ol l.-lme .inon ; I is i.isr,-t dc-
p i-jiw nereS4s in the larva of the ilcssi'in .ly. throiiijii
II p iii'nnre made by lier nriue oviduct in -.ho sioiii of
the wheat : and i;iis puncture has p;ivert rise to the
o.iinion, an i in fact furnished the wbolt !;r omd hr it,
th-'.t .he H ■is'inn (1/ piercis the wbi nisiolk lor tbopiir-
p >5e nt depositing Its e;;2 in the manner 1 have eii-
di'.av.irud t.i d.-!iue-ue in I'le ali.ive tit»urr, when it is
the inva iulde evidenee of the ihstruetioii of tiie lly,
iinl of tliebirib of its d.-adliest fo'j : and ibindcel a
w.inlsrfii: .lispiay ol tlial inninctive fiiculiy by which
ilie goniij Cr.r.iphr '11 is enabled to find the true place
(■1 deoiisit. wiier*' h.. r youn^. protof.ed hy t'ic indura-
ted cov.jrin.; of the liy in its pupa or n:i.\5jed (.[.iie,
fee U s.'imrfly until thu Intler is killed. If the wea.li-
cr happens to he nnfavimble to ih> Ichneumon, or if
any o;ber caiHC prevents its cIVeetin? this o,ierntion at
the luo er period, the following eeasui is always n
dreadfii! one to the wheat ^rnwe ■, ns tiie lly upon an
avo-n^e has ah >iil eight or ten vounj;, whose rnvngv^s
ovr the whole ("ace of the wheat irrowini; region nre
CO 11 iii'nsiraie with their in. MTased n.inihcrs.

In ihe British h'ariner's Mieazine, vol. ", p. -193,
we ui« t il that the /(rnj of the (',;ci<liimyit iriticu,
th) n.k:iow'e.hoii whent fly of \uw.K.n^'and, nre
pi'Vel upon !y the Ceiaphni. an iehneii ii-m flv,
which d.'pi'S'ts It eg'ja in the bidy of the larva" of the
wiioit lly. " 1 could nit iScterminc," eays the very
iinMra'.c aif.h ir of that article, " whether it actually
d.-^j i^in its e^i; ill the in iirii'it's body , hat there can
be nid oih: of tb'i Ichu'^.i.ii 111 piercin;; the innjrr.it
wi;h a dtiiig ; and from slini»ing tl^n same mnL'<X'>- re-
p.'a ed;y, it is pr.ilmhle the Hy deliuh's tn de^tiMy llie
iin^i; >t.^, n^ well ns to deposit e^cjs in their bidies.''
W'j sli ill see presently that the Uce of the worila liimi
nn I midgut in the above e.x'.rnct, indicate R-.roii^ly,
ih'il if tie writer has not the Ilessiim P.v liif.ire him,
he his anv thin-^ but the whent inirni ol New Kng-
land ; an I he us s tlio terms " Cccidomyia hilliui"
in the s-imo sentence.

1 think myself fully jiislilleil in nsrertins, that the
piricture su'oftcn n!i<»c?rved in the wlionl s'.alk ie made
only by the Ichnotinnn, because 1 i.nvc fieqiientlv
b^/ai Willi Thinias S'ly. when pursuing li's invesii^a-
lions upon thi.i iiv^rin, and have B"en ond nsiisted in
flrlppiny down the gliinie or leaf ol the wheal slalk,
exaroii ing the dead or punctured lurvn, and the living
'Cernphron ; ond the circnni'.innce furnishes nddiiion-
u' testimony to ibe truih of Maiu: »rktt.\ Mouiiim'
tliscovery, that the Hy de.io.iit^ its I'ii'j. on or i:i the
L'l'a II. and not in the -talk, hseenia indeed impoifsi-
b'e that the Hes-iiaii Hy should effect the latler obj;'ct
with lilt piinciuring the str.ik or strippiiia down the
leaf; hut it is not so clear nn inipmsibiliiy that il
nhiiild be lain in the root Wbe-.h-^r laid on the ker-
nel or in the rout, it must have grov.-n with thewrnwih
of the plant : and if in the latter, it will probably he
louiid more difficult to provide n remedy. If the Hes-
sian Hy nnd wiieat lly biith deposit their e22s on the
grain, it shows that some of their habits nre similar,
and that the ova most probaMv passes through thi>
same proiress in its trnn.^formniioiis.

1 frankly neki\owle;lgo tli.ii Mir^arettn Morri~' ob-

servations leceived no favur in my eyes. I tlioughi
It so well neceriaiiK'd thai ilic Ilesaiaii Hy deposited
116 egg in the ftnik or culm, tlint her coneliisions nx
cited rid culc rather than conviction Having lieen
so imieb in the coinpany of Say, and having relied so
much upon bis nceiirote habits of iiivebtigation, my
fiiiili was not to be fbnkcii hy n wnmnii : but it is not
too f.rnl lime men have been compellid lo yield to the
other 8o.<c : >mJ the priiicipul ddli'iilcy that remuiiia
is. Ilia! ihe liessian fly ha-, not be;n seen in the state
of n w.irm, nor ihe wheat liy in ibefia it or culm, by
any person who is willii g to become voucher for the
fact. Tlic insect, whose operiitn'iis she wntclud eo
atientive^y. niuy therefore have been tbc Cccidomyia
triiica. which, 't is notoriously the opinion o| nil New
England, deposiis its egg nn or in the berry ; nnd
then, " crvdutj'itletfs oppr.lhi^ mnke? its ne.\i appear-
ance in the sliajic of looir, th-.n infusoria, 'heir bodies,
in the enrliestslage gi liilinous, semi-transparent, hoiii-
ogenuiis, cintroctile, without verlehra, iir rndioted
tenincnta, feeding in the beriy until it is all eaten. —
While on the coiuaiy, the Hes-iian ILy in all its earli-
er st.igis is found Within the slalk ; its larva when
first produced f oin tbc ova, is white, its tail very ncele,
and abruptly attenuated, the bend incurved ; the up
per euifaee of the body e.\hi''iting a glassy or bycljiic
aspect, Aitli an internal viscera like a greenish line :
uiiderncaih it shows thick while clouds, which ns ii
udvaiiees to the pupa or flaxseed sinte, beeioiies united
so ns to exhibit regular transverse segmenis ; when tn-
ken from it? enrly moinl-riinaceous covr-iiog it seems
perfectly inert ; but when the pupa isadvano'd tii its
lull stature, anrl assiiines a dark reddish brown color,
like Ha.v seed, with its jointed covering firmly knit to-
tieiher, I have kno-.vii it tn sinrt and roil over several
times on being reniovtd friimjhc wheat stalk. If the
oneci who=ohnhit3 were thus wnichird hy Margaretta
M iri'i, was observe by her from the time of deposi-
tiiiir i:5 eg2 niitd it became n Invva in the cii/ni or
stiitli, or if its progress was marked from the latier
s-.ate until ihe e^g was depos.ted on the berry, so ns
lo.siy Willi certainty that it was depojiied by the same
insect that was hatched from the larva that occupied
the culm, th n I think the identity of the two is pla-
ced aliiiorjt bevond controversy. It n plain that the
writer in the Critish Migazine could not have npplied
ilie teims m'/ggo( ond liirra to Ibe \vorins described
hy Judge iluel.

We have now arrived at what seems an insuperable
impediment to recognizing the two insects ns congen-
eric, vii.: the birth from the ova, of a living active
worm in the one cu^e. n.ul of nn inert vnrieSra'.ed lar-
va in the other ; nnd I inu-l be permitted here to
make the remark, with perfect deference to the judg-
ment, the aeourate observation and excellent inteniion
of that Eieat and good man, Judge IJuel, that he has
hivaely euitribnied to ciroalite erroneous views upon
this important subject. In looking over the e.irly vol-
■imtsof the thilliva'or, I find all bis inforinaiioii co-
lived from othc'.s ; m.ist of it irom Ijiit'sli w.-iicrs,
and some from very in.Tecuvate cnnesponden's — not
one eyll.abl.; from n iiinn of scientific investigations —
In vol I, p. 8-, he cons'dcrs the wheat »/r.'i/-.7t a^i ovi-
parous: a ltd even goes so far as lo disji tci'iee.vist
ene.! of njlif altOL'clher, giving from anthontics near-
ly lorty Veaishack, drawings of the full grown worm,
in the very act of laying its egas within the kerne! of
ihe wdirnt where it bad niiaincd maturity. The whole
ol tlii^ nrticle eommemling nnd adopting n repoit to
t^ime F.nglsh S icieiy. said lo be from the p'^n of Air.
Haner. 1:5 evideiiilv a I ibore I elVort, not to identify the
whent_//i/ ni- Ccculoniij'ui tritlfui. (whose existence is
disputed,) with the insect then makingsuch di.-nstrous
displays of its power; but to show thai the injury
was not to be iinnuted to any thing belonging to the
ela.""! inseil'i. Thnt the Judge was soon obliged to
m.idify this npininn i^ manifest from the siibscqueni
numbers of the .^aiee vol p. 11."), wdicrc he confouiid-
it, throush the agency of a eorrespoiideni. willi the
weevil ; and m vol. o. p Ooi he nd nils it to he n
sii'iffhrown ftji, and says it is .« iiiliIiiics fonf:iundal
iriili tiu: lOcatiL ; and liiially on p. 1I-", he arrives nl
ihe name c.incliieion a.5 other nalurnli&t?. iind makes it
a Fi.v, depositing lis eirgs on the wheat, but dropping
when in the pupa state upon the jironiid where it re
main.* during ihe winter. As all ihe prevalent ii i-
tions of the wheat worm deriving its existence fioiii
the wdieat /?!/, hnveorieinated from thisoreoniecqual-
ly loose fonndalion, without nnv necnrntc or properly
at'iheiiticated invi-Htiiiati'.ii, I shut! take the libcrtv of
Mi/i^iHg mat the whe.at worm is the J-s'cii/s pnnul'ir-
ills, which 8 said t" have been so dertrueiive in Scot-
Imd in the year IS:!!), (Conntry Times, May 17.
I8H0 ) I place nl! the JHej Hint infest the wheat, if
indeed there nrc leo'C tlom one, under the order Dip
Ura, .Mr. Bauer (and Judgo'Kuol endorses his opin-

ion) call.i bis worm the lUrio Irilica, which in plain
twiglisb, nieknsu jiij viiraimg or ijuiccring orer ihc
wlieiit, — ond nt the same tune fiinusbes a plate of a
leumi laying iis egg ni th" grnin. nnd sunoiinded by
its young brood, ns discribed In the figure ; ibe JuJue
niituinily enough adopting the figureaiid njectiiig thn
I. aim cautions bis readers ngaiiiet the opinion »1 a jitj
oiiginaiing 80 much mischief nnd argues in favor of
the worm.

Hut ilio whole argument derived from the deposit
of larva in the <uie ca^c, nnd of a living animate be-
ing in the other, may be put on the debtor side of our
prohl and loss account, when we know that iheie aro
a considerable number of insects ol the order Dijitcra,
nnd a large^iuniber of the Vibrio, that are ovipnruiis
and vivijinious in the same singe or period of ihcir ex-
istence, i. c. they produce young ones alive ill the
■^prii-n", anil then lay eggs till autumn Wbi.-ther the
tlessian Hy or the wlieut fly possess this power, 1 nm
not nntuinhfi enough lo decide ; ibat ihiy neither of
ihem produce living nnininted contiactile trorvis, \
am fully satisfied, ns well fioni nil the iinnlogiesol nn-
tiire as from the writings of those who lavor euch nn
opinion in the columns of iht- Ciiltivnior. They have
lind no more success in eoiivinciiig iiic of such nn
opini^.n, than they ivonld have bad il they bod trnced
the geiiL-aKiiiy of the House of Haiisburgh — or the
transo illation of wheal nnd chess to the same source.
When the two insects attain what is called ibe pcilect
or 11 • state, they are so exactly simdar that 1 amnt n
loss to make the necessary di8linctii>n3 ; and if there
is any, it piobnbly arises Irom the one lieiiig baicbed
from tlie ova an I larva in the grnin i>t' liie wheal the
same sens.m, nnd the Jiither remaining over the win-
ter, and growing with the wheat stalk. The f. Mow-
ing very sigiiili<-ant remark of S.'iv. who bail Kiily's
Kntomolnjv before him. is woitli iii'tie.inii iip»iii ibis
suhjeci : "When several of them ('iddonii/iii dc-
:it urtor) are coiuigiuiiis on the SJine plain, be pie^-
f-iire on the body of the larva is itneqml, and Hn inv,
quutiiij in the form of the body is the consequence."

It Is admitted hy nil seienlillc write rs, that in hnth
f^tfci^s of the Crcidoniiiiii, ihe aiienna tire filiform,
with j'lints suhequnl nnd globulnr : wings inciinihent
and hoiiy.oiual, and iirobo.-^cis tnlieiu or moving with
a snap ; thiir legs and poiscrs the eame in foiin nnJ
numb r. Having myself never seen any but what I
thought the same insect, and having no compound
microsctipe, but only a small magnifying glus--, my
description of the Hessian lly woiil.l of course he not
very minute, but the head nnd thorax nrc hlncl; ; wiugs
ciliute dark brown, loiigcr than the body ; the abdn-
men itself is brown nnd is covered with short hIneU
hairs. This rleseription is from the living specimen.
Now whnt says Kiiby, who desciibes lioth insects,
hiid crtrif ol/ter trriUr wdio undertakes to describe the
Oxidiiiiniiii trdira — tnat ilie hcnd nnd thnriix nri!
Mack, biidy of a dark orantte line — trinirs brownish,
friiifjed leilii ilcndcr hairs, iiiciinibem and borizinilnl :
shorter nnd wider ibnii those of ihe Ilessinn fly nnd
approaching more lo the sub oval ; the whole in-
sect somewhat less ihan the Ileiisian fly. l!e repr.-
sentfi il ns having n eiing or jiuncturini: instrument,
which we have not yet detccteil in ibc Hcssinn liy,
but which il is very probable the latter nl.'D posicsses.

If I should follow ihe example of Judge Bnel, re-
ject the writiii:_'S and ado;u the drawing of the wheat
head from Kirhy. it would be very easy to show that
eveiy tr.tnn delineated in the wheat is n true /rtir« of
a lly ; the joined segnicnls, meinbrannccnis covering,
nnd general aspect indicate this very Mioimiy ; and
the cireiintstnnce of its being preyed upon by the Ich-
neumon, cirroboratcs the opinion. Hoi rciiiii.

Fnc)irfn7/c, Pti. 7 mo. 3.1, 1811.

.\gricnltnral Address at Rocliester.

The AddreFS delivered before the Monroe County
Agricultural Society was listened to bv a large nnd
evidently highly gratified andiince. Nothivithsinnd-
ing the hour waa late, nnd many farmers had a long
way to go lo their homes, none seemed to regret the
time occupied, or wish it were shorter. At the close
it wGs unanimously resolved that n committee be ap-
pointed to wnit on the S;ifnker and request a copy of
the Address for pnolication. We do not often deem
it expedient to occupy our columns with agricultural
addresses, but this one cintnins so much imoortant
truth, so well ndnptcd to the times, nnd so eloquently
expressed, that we think we should do our readers
injiietiee by refusinj it n place in the F"arnier. Wa

No. II,

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

171

wish every one oi mir tweulv ihoiit-aniJ remleia woulii
rend It, niui we bclicvt n tne who do so will itgiLl llic
bpucu ur time it uccnp ei.

Ruclic^tf:rj Mojuhnj jjivrningy Oct. JS.
E. D Smith, Esq. — D.;ar is>r : Tac unJeraigned
by a rcsoluti'-iu of ilic S.)c!. ty, were nppoiii'cd n cotii-
niiiieo to request a co| y o( your nddreea, delivered be-
Jore the A.i^rieultaral S tciely on Ssiiurdoy, tor piilili-
catiou, in obedience to vvhicli we now rcspcctridiy
request the lav.>r uf a copy ihereot" for the pnrpute
aforesaid. L. BROOKS.

M H liATEIIAM.
HE.NRY M. W.^KD,
Co/umiUcc.

llorhc-itAr, Oct. ]9, I.«U.
Me-sri Lk\vi> Brooks, M. JJ. B.vtkham, nnd ItIkn-
RV M. \Vaki.~

Gjnis — I have received your polite note requestiiiiz
n cnpy i>f my nddresa for publication. The requeei
im,)lie8 a coinpiunent to the nddress which I f ur tin
public wdl deem uiule.-erved. Tue address wn3 has
lily pfi!] ared, upnn n bhori notice and in the nudel oi
prcjjiuj* profesi^ional en^ageoients, and 1 should gnat-
]y prefer not to have it public^hed ; but upon reflection
I have cinelidcd liiilif it is supposjd the addies^ wiii
in uny d^'gree proi'ioie the in-eresis uf ai^riuulturr, 1
nni hardly at liberty t*^ withhold it. 1 be^ leave to
eay however, what id well knowii, geutlemcji, to you,
but niny n ii be to all wiio may read the address, t ai
the 0, in:ona tx,ire.-Bud in it have thid con-
iirinaiiun n my practice: that I ie:noved fro.i this
city a '!iie iwo or three years aijo, on to a farm in an
adj lining t-jwn w.iere I now acLuaMy reside iiud culi.-
vutc sucU lurni.

I am yjurs&c ,

E DARWIN SMITH.

A I> 5> l£ JD S S

Di'-ircTcd h fore fJtc Munroe Co. Agricultural Sockf-Jj,
Bv E. DvKwiN SsiiTU, Es(i

Mr President, and U^n.leinea oi thoS.icieiyt — T\u'
firti'. aiatiuut of mfiii i8 to piuv.de lor iiiti ciuO.-iLtcncc.
T Hi ti>6. ed >rt o; h s leason will bu lo dcLcrm:ne iun\
luis can i«s'£ oe done. Ii man wt-re iike liie Leiott
wiwc.i pe' itf.!, and bad n) big.ier purpose — d boticHeU
AvitU'H durJijient provision (or hid animal wnnls— lie
li:id no ungnliiiud vv.eiies — ni Jollier aspirutiond, tbf
iK'c 8=5i.it-S of bia iifilaic w.juld rtqiiire o! hiin but
B 11 i 1 ,i-iya cil eXeruon, and liie charucter of b'S em-
ploy tie. It would be a matter ol much indijfcrnncr.. —
ii it sajla Bint trjui; h; " feold Wit U;ii Ui.nsell an
o.u^r^v d v.:i-j .'' ne -a co.iajious ihit h.a exioteiice
h' r ; bi' a high'ir rti;/i— i*; \s filed with hingiutrg for n
be'ter ala a,^ — ju bo.ieVed liiere is m tesuive for him a
li >b" -r (itt-t ny,

Wun. thert'fo'e, ifiin looks ar nind hiai to carry
out V^'-' pnmarif i7isfinci of his nutuie, ai n r-stioiial
being !)0--.-edded of an iinmortiil epuii, ue n luialU
sjeks fir 3Ujii einpt'iyment as will bc^t enable hiMi to
provide lor his jjiiydicul w.iiu-, and ai luc ^nll.e tune
be tno^it CMiducjve to bit 'lappiness heie, Hud lno^;l
subservient 1 1 i :e great n d of bis bciug. Me iindc
i \ lUe si-nple doom of l*iMVi lence — •' by the owcat ot
tiiy. fjce ahnic tuou eat brtaJ" — :h it he must dig htr-
sn^jjis.i-iice f ooi th^^earih. F-'r the uio^i of aiaukinil
tbere is n ) otiier alieriiiiive. Tug inquiry ibc i nat-
urally ariSL'>, U the employment of the agriculuiriS".
h.?5t .'idapie I l> prrtmit* the true intcn*fit and bni'pi-
ne 3 of niM ? The affirm itive of thi.^ inierroga.o y,
it ii my p V ose 1 1 itlustri'.f. A.'l ihecni >\-m."i > of
m ■rd ssnsc cei.tre in i^ood kcaiOi, To a diseased or
wiclily ir;!i:ir, Wiitu !;iX u> nU>jrec^:;d to in- ijaiu*,*.-; cnii
mini^'.C" ffr'ailicaliou ? To a pale, enn-.-ini'/d, hoail
etrieken hd ng, what ia there in the mugniisceucc of a
pnlu-e, in ;i e pride ard pomp of wealth, in toe grncot

He may be witbuui some of what the wealthy ano
elitimnaie of ibe cities cad luxiirhts ; but be has a
Simpler lasio and ft wcr arlituial wnius. The weal-
thy iuhiibitaiit of the ciiy may live in splendor, sur-
rounded by hie retinue oi ecrvnnie. — the laimer, like
ihe pRtnurchs ot old, lives in Bimplicily, a tervant
unto hmiseif.

A luxuriitus dinnc may t'elain the gentleman of the
city two or ibieo bours at the iiibic. Mirc frugal ul
h(8 time, and moio rntionnl in bin taste, a simpler
meal eniiBtieg the taimcr. The citizen may sip hib
wine after dinner, and d Bsipate his even.niiy at the
theatre, or otUer phiccs ol amusement. The pvue eoli'
water of the bubidrn.: fpiiug is tin* Iiixunoub drink of
the farmer, and hie evening amueeincut le gathered
in the bosom of bis family, impariihi; tnsfrucliim to
hi8 cbihirtn, and receiviog hfippinets in return from
their duiiful attention, fiom the inter. ■sllu^j develop-
menis of litcir budding iniclleets, and from ihe many
leetimoniala of giuiuude and atftctitn which then
?ni!|)!e, pure, waim young heart- prompt tbem to
exbibit.

So tnr then, as good health and mere animal en
jiiijincttts aic conceiiied, the cullivntors ol tbchOil hiive
i^iiMUly the advantnjie over any other c!aes id' mun.

Bat it IS not ehictly in th ^e respects that I claim
superior adapicdncfs in ibe einploymeiil of lue agr-
culturiet lo promete the true happiness of num.

The ^reaier-t t^ouice of happiiices among uitn is fai
ahov*: the mere gTM/;^(:«/('o«i' <^/* AVH.<c : it lies in ibe
'cultivation and lievel jpmenl ol iheii mental and mur
'tl pnwers.

So inr a^ mctitd /lOtcet: is concenieJ, it is a well
settled truth, ttiat tbe incrfased phyaicul t'.renylii
which ma.iuril lab ir (Mntuie, impaitd aUo addiiifiuil
vigor to the aiind. Heiice tiie capacity k'r ineiUal
improvenu-ntt xicte^ in a higher degree wuh iho. e who
lab r tban with th-tcc who do nv>t. But ii nmy In
-aid tuai the agncuUuri>ts have not the s.'ime time to
devote 10 the ciiU.vntion ol their menial poo.LMS a*
some oilier cln^^scs of men. Th.ois not necccst.niy d",
'O lar as pi iniary educnii'Ut is concern il, Tbcre is no
reason why tbe larniers children in tins country should
not be as well eiiiicnted us those ol any uiher chis^,
iiiul so iar as mere ciHinuun s -l-.^ol education is eon-
eerned, tbey geneially are. Wlien tbe tanner lius a
lt )od education at h s :>ct!ing oat in life, be wdl nat-
urally hj consiaiitiv add.ng lo hi-j store ol knowledge,
iiy reidiiig and icflection. ]t i» doujiless true, thai a
fnrmer \vh se neee.-8;iies rKjmre him to he e.i.nsiantli i
empioyed, cannot iiiako tiie biime advances in the s;:.-
ences. as the man of wealih and leiame Neither is
It essential to his happiness ibat be should do 60. In
ihe p:eacni etatiMif civi'ized soeieiy iheie mus. he a
diversity of pursnitb — the exigencies of society require
it.

It is not beet or fil that every man e-Lould attempt
to be his own physician, la.vye", ini'or, ci'bbier, and
■he like. Grtaier eKeellence isflUained m th**- vaiioub
deporimen's by ibe^-e divi-ions, and conimunity in oi
couisc niucli better served.

Now I Ui-k not for the farmer thnt he should ^i-<e
eialiy excel in nnv departioenl hut /ii.< onn ; it n nnt
io be especuvl; hut I do nak that he have a fair sintl
at tbe beginning — that he be as well educated ai adidi
a^e as the rest of tbe community ; then i say that bis
inplnymeni is most faviooble tJ mental improve-
ment.

The farmpr tead^ n qu'et and peaceful life. He hap
more lime f >r read.nu and reflection than the mer
bant, the mechaaie, or any class ot bu-;ine=s men.
except such reading as necessarily fdls in ibc wny oi
the profecsional man. The merchant, tht^ arlizan, or
oiber businesi man of the city is in a constant whiilot
activity and excitement. His store or his work-thop,
uis ledger, hii notes at ihe B'uik. the protests be re-
ceives or fenrs, the foil or rise of stocke, the ibicina'
t'ons ot trade, tiie coniijeiition.'s, and slrlles, and bus-
de of business, the thirst ami the plans for gieai gain,
and the appivdirnsions of sudden loss from the bank-
ruptcy or fraud of oiiiers, occupv. unsettle, niid fi'ticr
awiy his mind. TiiJs clas? tf men read much L-^s
ibnn the ianners ot the country. They uiriy take iheir
two or three doiiy newspapers and other penodrcals ;

of be'iu.y. t at cm eonterany thing 'More than a pain- ; tl'.cy glance hastily over their contents and then liiiow

ful and irni stent emotion of ple:istire. Where, then
do we rind giod health — the ehietest blessing in ex-
ia'enee — ;o so i;rcat a degree os among ihe euU.vat")!"^
of tbe 8 >il I Tue loboriui^ man knows noihiug of the
dv8JPP-^y» the gout, and the numeious other ailments
that alfl et the sedi^ntary and the imciivc.

L ib >niii^ in ilia open alrsirengthena and invigorates
his e >nsiiiutKMl, gives a kecier relish to his f)od, and
a s'.veetii ss to bis sleep, it sriy uuA.iio*)vn lo the iuA*
urione idler.

tbeiu nsidc, no more lo think of ihem. \\o\ dilFer
■lU is the case with the farmer. He takes his wof^kly
or semi-werdily paper tor general intelligHnce. and
his agricultural onpnr, and perhaps others. He icads
them carefully at morning, noon, and evening, and
p''ndcis well their contents. Besides tiny, be has
much time for historical, scientific, and miscellaneous
reading. As be follows hi* pl.'Ugh, aa he hoes hie
corn, or miiks bis cow, his mmdis biisij with what he
is readim:.

But if the luimer reads less than ilie busihCbs man
ol the City, it IS not those that rcjid ihc mosty tiiat kuoio
the most, bui those Ibat trfcrt the most.

Who ever, among proftsrional or liu-rary men, has
bad ocens;on to mingle with ihe larmeis ol this emm-
try, at least ni Wesiern New Yoik. and spend a ni^ht
u«'W and then al a fanner's bi>u.-e. comiut fad to buvo
bicn delighted, perhaps turiuited. nt the extent and
variety ot itie faimei'a intoiiiMilion, at the btiongih
and Vigor of his thongbtc, at the nciilei.eeS and tnrco
ot bis undei>tandinL'. Sucii has been ihe speaker's
experience on more than one occatuin, and he is pioud
10 pay ihis iribnte of respect wbeic he thinks ic is bo
justly due.

But if the farmer equals, if not piirpagBcs, most oiher*
clapset of nnui in imelligcnce, he fads nni beliind any
in viiiiie. His employment is i-eeuliaily lavornble lo
piety. ''For him ibe Fpnng di.-ids itb dews." He
notes each dechnnig sun — be maiks each Ii^illg cloud.
When he tcntitis bis t-eed he | uts bis trust in I'jovi-
dence for its germination. He wuichee it as it S) ling-
eth up, knowing ihai bib puny aim cannot make even
a bhide of grass to gmw. It the ear'h is diy and
}.arehed, be looks to ilim who haih sei Irs bow in the
cloud, and haih promised the early and ihfc hiier rain.
More ibon to other men each day's labor buggcsts to
the farmer his ilependeiice upon a Siipien;e Beijiii. —
To moit other classes nfuitn it matterb not, wiieibei*
;he sun shines, or the tempett lowcrr, or the rain Oe-
hceiids in tor;ents, their daily avoentuois are the same.
N"t feo with the larmer.

Like tbe mariner toteed upon the billows of the
tr-ubled ocean, be is conf^tuntly at the mnjcy ot ihe
lb mdUiS. llis fields o( giiiin, one uiipropiti- i:f show -
i-r, loie Btorn of bail. *aie um.nielv iioet, inay dcatioy.
Wnen, then, autumn comes, and " uiiges cveiy lu-
tde branch wiib blooming gold,*' end lie gaihejo in
the corn fui.'y ripe, mn;--t nut his bcirt t.veiliow wiib
liialitude :o H.m **\\boridc:a upon tbe whiilw.nii i.nd
.iireciB thesUnni" ?

Tne tanner mus". hL- a good citizen. He s to.i Imsy
lo be vicious: hi; has lo tune for pIoLlmg m.schitf
an i wrong : he is removed from the tempiat-on» to
crime ; he is the centre id' a sonal. inoial ndiuence ;
hs every action i^- known to bis lamily Mid ij.cmls :
iiis ainbition wi'l Icid bim to Ite usehil ; bis p()siiIon
inakes him im^ept nd'. lit, hi^h mndtd. and potnoiic.
Tue oecupatmn ot the ag: iculiurii-t ;s siq poted bv
■ onmy to be unfavorable to tbe cidiivauon ol laste and
iretiiument of manneis. Th;S is not so in any ji;tt
and legiimate sen.-e. If nitinti>n to i-ie iuppfjy ^f
d.e-s and lln- fiivolities ot fatbioi. — *if eacrdcing
si.b>tuiicc to shutc^ and Enheiitii'..iig tlie ariit:eial tor
tbe naiurai" — if a pn&sion lor vain and irivolims a-
niusenjent*^, it a coniempt tor alt indu. irious employ-
iiitfut, if a paluy atfeclai on of titVi-.^iVtjn.vsai.d caste,
it a tosie for iriti ng and eti!6eU>s con\el^Htlon. and
nn exclu--;ve re;:aril lo ibe necideniai CMcuivbtcnces ol
hUth-, or ivi-ai'h, or position^ co:i;!:inic snperu-r le-
hnemeul ol maniieis »r ot mind, tiicn I coiitess the
t'aimer, and tbe tarmer's sons, and t e farmer's dongo
iert', are tlestameof tarte and rtHnenunt.

But \i good sense, elevation ol ihougl.t, respect for
mental and nun at word), and a c pid-.ili.y of diMiin-
lus: It- i' a 8en^il)iliiy lo all the l.eaniics ot nature and
cif an, if an admita'.iun ot w. at is grand and sublin e
in tne works of ihe Creator, or magiiibcent. or great,
or noble in the wniks ol genius, cr in the develop-
ments of mind, eonsiiuue or indicate good toste and
rebneoient, ihete belong to the cnl[!\atnrs of ihe ti'd :
and one well educated larmer'e Icmily po&sesees more
genuine good la^tc, refinement, and pelite' ere, than
till ibe gentlemen and ladits winch ihe Parisian lad-
oisend milliners l:ave ever made.
if die views I have prcccniedarcjiisiar.d eoorrtet how
intrinsically res]e.c;nl)le is the emiii^>n;ent of ii;e
larmer ! — and yet it is qu.t ; <>bvioiis ihat these \ icws
are not generally entertoiiied or practieal.)' legi-idi li —
and why is it fo ? Ceilainly the tiraie&t depaiiriicni
of human industry — ihai wbjch Providtute has allot-
ted for the most of mankind ouLht not lo be diB ■
ctleem d. That il i? to any extent diecsiecmetl and
undervalued islbeutuit ot opimors ond pjejud ees
ibat ought long since to ba\e been cxplooed. It in
one oi the errors ibot have ceme down n* iis from a
feudal age — ond moi.arehieal governmenis — ihai lo Ic-
biir 18 not respectable. Becaiifcc. in the countres o| ;bft
old world the farmer is o ttnuni or o serf — tiibjeci to
ibe capriciousncis of son e arrogani nobleman — the
opinion seems to be enteria.ned by many who af1>ct
to give u tone to society in ibis country, that to lau r
wiib tbe bands is disreputable ^-r nl.en to true geniil-

iiy-

Ilence, the age is cbnrac'.erized by a general eimg-
ule in escape from lahtr — the noiivms of the age >eem
practically to regard iUUmss as the only Biote ot hap-

172

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

pinesa or respectability. How fnlse the idea ! bow

egregious ibe mistake !

Those who arc raised to a condition of eaeeand in-
dependence aeem virtually to despise ihoae who are
Compelled to earn their eubsistance by the sweat of
the brow — not that many will admit thL — not that
many retilly think fo when iliey trouble themselves
to tlunii at all upon the Biibject — yet many such per-
Bona actually do treat the laborer ne though he were
on inferior. This is radically wrong. It is no dis-
honor to be a laborer. It is nublo — it is beet it is

wisest for rnnn. It is a nceesiuy imposed upon him
by tlie Author of bis being, more in jitcr cy ihait melius-
lisemeiU. It is unfortunate to be ignorant — perhaps
a reproach, so far as the means of improvement are
neglected — but lo lahor tcith his hands no man should
be ashamed. U is the fulso pride of a weak mind to
feel It is any degradaii.in to labor. To icork — what is
it but to fulfil man's dutyand destiny — lo promo e bis
health — invigorate his body, developo hi^ powers, and
perfect bis nature.

The desire to escape from labor is particularly in-
dicated by the rush that has been for years going on
and is still g.)iug on into the learned professions and
into mercantile pursuits. How many a farmer in
this county wiihin the last len years has listened to
his son ogainsi his own belter judgment — and strained
himself to bis ulmost lo sel up that son in trade, or lo
aid him to buy eily lots — or western land — and bow
many families have been ruined by this greedy desire
to accnniulaie property rajiiiily — as though iccallh were
tlic chirj good. How inimy a father loo, who iioil
earned a handsome property by hisown hard labor and
honesi industry, has been stripped or' his all, and been
obliged in bis old age to leave bio long cherished
home and seek a place lo lay his bones in the fur west,
because his eon wished, by trade or ppeculniion to gel
quiclUi) rich, that he migl t escape labor. But this is
not all ; bow many a fatlior has s.leeted his most
weakly SKI, whom ho thought too feeble to labor on
ihcfurm, and eenthlni to stliool and college to get bis
living by a profession ; as though men can live by
llieir Lmirning alone, and luijiiire that learning with-
out the scrcristand most dcpr-.ssing tod. How many
lives have been thus sacrili-jLd ! ' But if any think
that protcESional men escape labor, they are niosi
egre-^jiously mistaken. When oil the professions are
K) ovei -crowded and surcharged, as at present in this
country, no man cbu get a live ibood honestly, in any
profussioii, without ihe lireatcsl exertion and the most
laborious application. Tne professional man who at-
tains ciiiinuiice, or even respectability in liis profes-
sion, hib.us harder than the commonest hodman. Un-
like the farmer or the mechanic, liis task is not done
at the se.ting sun. The midnight lamp witnesses his
toil, and his wasted health and his enfeebled b idy tes-
tify the price bo pays tor whatever ol distinction he
ncquirej. No — fellow-citizuns, you may assure your
Bins that no jjrn/cssional man reposes on a led of
roses.

It it not my purpose to cxdt the employment of the
Agricub.urisiat the expense of other occupations. —
Far be it from mo to deprecate the mnclionic a ts, or
any other deparimcnt of industry. The exliibiiions
ot the last few days in this eiiy, have |ircsenlcd many
works of skill, ingenuity and taste, to excite an odmi-
ration, and make us proud of our relations as neigh-
birs and friends to the mechanics of this county. —
The Mechanics' Fair just held in this city, reflects
much honor ii|)on the mechanics concerned in it —
honor upon Rochester — honor upon the county of
Monroe.

But then. I must insist that ihe ariizan is not gen.
erally surrounded by intluences so happy — so elevat-
ing and so ennobling as the farmer. H j is ordinarily
pent up in crowded cities — " those festering sores up-
on the liudi/ politic." But he has even thcie some ad-
vantages over farmers— principally, however, in the
iiicility with which be can as.soeiate with others in the
same c oidition. The inecbauics can often meet to-
getlier.and by means of their Trades, Union, and oth-
er Associations, are d->ing much to elevate themselves
nsa clos.s. These societies, ilie offsprings of free in-
stitutions, indicate the existence of a noble impulse
pervading the popular min I — an impuiso ibat is calcu
lated !o break down ihe sicial barriers and artiKcial
ineqinlitios ibat exist in society, and place all men iip-
<m thn repiililicaii ground of a ommon cnualiiy.

It IS 10 the same spirit and for the same purnose
that Agiiuullural sicietiosnro formed. Such socie-
ties ore eminently calculnlcd to clevaie farmers as a
das'-. Their oliji^ct and purpose ie to remove, as far as
praiticah'e, the d.sadvaulages attending llieir dispers-
ed I on lilion. Toey seek lo bring together tho«e who
IbroH' a comni >n oe.-njin^on n.id have a conmion m-

teres . Tlicy serve to promote acquaintance and so-
cial feeling — :o excite emulation and to etimulate ac-
tivity and enterprise. These socieiies now, through
the munificence of the Slate, are springing np in ev-
ery county, and arc calculated to do great good — every
farmer should sustain them by his aid and his influ-
ence.

It is true that the premiums which these societies
are able to award ore but trifling — but they can be in-
creased and will be, os fanners more generally contri-
bute to their funds. But it is not ihe premiums that
onr members chielly look lo. These cannot be
awarded to but few — and diversity of opinion may
arise and doubtless ivill exist in regard to the discrim-
ination which 'he various committees must necessari-
ly make. The committees may err — but irhat of
that / — the principle of improrement is the point at
which we aim. If but twenty farmers in the coun-
ty give increased attcniion to the cultivation of their
farms, by reason of this society, much is ottaincd. —
The experiments, dsicoverics and improvemenis of
these twenly farmers may do incalculable good. Lei
but one half the farmers of this county come into this
work, and lei the New Genesee larmer, (which per-
mit me to say should be a constant visitor in every
farmer's family in this county,) herald monthly the
iiiiprovemenlR and discoverirs which would be made —
and what important resulis fur the farming interest
of his county, and this whole country would be pro-
duced.

The American farmers have a noble field for culti-
vation. In the r hands is the destiny of this nation.
'• To them is committed the ark of man's hopes" —
ond it remains n fearful problem to be solved "wheth-
er they will faint by the way or bore it on in tri-
umph."

Farmers of Monroe — Arc you prepared to meet your
high lesponsiliilitles ? In the heart of one of ihctinest
sections of country in the world — occupying a soil of
unsurpassed Icriility- with hardly a waste acre of land
in your county — where luxnriontly grows all the
fruits of a tem()craie climate — possessed of extraordi-
nary facilities for the marketing of your surplus pro-
dncls, and for the diffusion of intelligence and the in-
terchange of social ■ liiccs — what may not the world
expect of you in advancing the important interests o*"
Agriculture, and in carrying forward tiie great cause
of human rights and christian philanthropy ?

Who can tell but that from this Fair, an impvlse
may be gathered which in the process of years may
result in converting this county into another Paradise,
and in rendering its inhabitants the niostenteiprising,
the most intelligent, and the most enlightened in all
America.

The Fair at Syiaca«e.

Before this paper reaches our readers, most of them
will doubtless have seen pretty full occonnts of the Cat-
de Show and Fair of the N. Y. State Ag. Society,
held at Syracuse on the 29ih and 30lh of Sept. : and
as our columns ore very much crowded this month,
we have concluded not to give any detailed remarks
concerning it. The exhibition was a very good one,
andil in some respects it did not quite equal our txpcc-
ta ions, it exceeded tbem in others, so thai upon the
whole we were highly gratified, ond became fully
convinced that the annual Fairs of the State Society
nioy be mode eminently useful, os well as interesting.
The attendance of farmers was very great — and the
bringing together of such an assemblage of intelli-
gent and public-spirited Agriculturists, from oil parts
of the country, cannot fail to produce the most benili-
cial results. It is projiosed to hold the Fair at the
same jilace next season, and if that is agreed on we
fell quite safe in predicting thai it will be a most
splendid affair.

We were greatly disoppoiiited at ihe late Fair, in
ibot there were no cattle or stock of any description
from the Western counties. Our Western friends
ore greatly at fuull in this thing, ond we will not at-
tempt to screeni '- ' rom the censure whicn Is justly
cast upon thcnt It is true, the expense of transpor-
tation was great, and, in one case sickness was a por-
tial excuse, still these are not sufficient. The East-
ern stock owners expected and desired competition
from the West ; and while we give them great praise
for their nnble and '(IJ'^iint jeal, wc are obligt>d to

confess thai cor fsvonte Weatern New-fork will
stand disgraced until by proper exertion she retrieves
her character. All we can say for her is, we believe'
>hat she will be well represented nc.tt year, and that
a goodly share of the premiums will go to poy the ex-
pense of transporting Western animals.

Want of space, this month, compels Os to omit
some of the remarks connected with the repOTtsof
Committees ; also the resolutions and proceedings of
the Society. We may give some of tbem next month,
together with the list of premiums on Field crops, and
Butter and Cheese to be awarded at the annual meet-
ing of the Society to be held ot Albany on the ]8tU
and 19ih of January, 1642.

Award of Premiums.

CITTLK.

Class I. — BCLI.S — 3 years old and ucer.

To John M. Sherwood, Auliurn. for his hull 'Artlicr,' brc<l

hy F Kotch, Butternuts, Is; prize.
To E. P. Prenlicc, Albany, for liis butt * Nero,* bred by him-
self, *2d prize.
To V. N. Kcuient, Albsny, for his bull ' Astori.-i,' bred !iy

tiiliiself, .3d prize.
To Silas Gaylord, Skancatelcs, for his liull ' Splendid,' 4th
prize.

" There were several other anloials fin this class] on the
ground, possessing in the estimation of your L-oinnottee, hi^rll
grades nf c.xcellenL'C, and they only regret that the premiums
u-ere not more numerous. Aiiurig these, your ctunniittee
pariiculnrly iioliL-ed the animals of flicssrs. !\IL-Intyre, Van
Bergen, Fonda, and vicars." — Report of the Committee.

Class II. — Bulls — 2 years old.
To John Jolinston, Fayette, Scnoca co., for his bull ' Hayal

WMIi.-on,' tired liy G V Sacket, Scneon Fulls. 1st prize.
To Tlioinas A. Clark, Chitlcn.-iiigo.for hisl;u!l • Vctung\\'ar-

den,' bred by Thomas llollis, tiilbertsvitle. '2d prize.
To I) 1). f,-im|ibcll, Schenectady, for his bull ' Kuttcrdain.'

bred by himself, tld prize.
To Nifliubis Garner, Burlington, for his bull '- ,' brcJ

by himself. 4lli prize.

Class III.— Bulls — I year old.
To Moses Kinney, Cortlandvllle, for his bull * Daniel Weli-

sler,' bred tiy G V Sr-ckel, .Seneca Falls, 1st prize.
To Enoch IM.trks, Navarino, for his liiill ' Brutus.' 2d prize.

To Benjamin Stoker, Cortland co. for his bull tJd "

To Joseph B^ker, Onondaga co. for his bull 4111 "

" Vour committee beg leave to express their regret, th.it
though the e.\hil)ilion in cKisses 11. and III. were very nume-
rous, jct but iev; of tlie aniuiuls were in what lliey consid-
ered common store order ; n hicli rendered Ibe efiort uf compa-
rison with such as were liigh fed very difficult." — Heport of
Committee.

Class IV.— Cow?.
To John M. Sherwood, A iilmrn. for his cow 'Stella,' breil

by I'' Uoteh, 5 yc;irs old, 1st jirize
To Ezra P. IVeniice, Alhrtny, for his cow 'Daisy,' Syrs oh!,

Iircd liy iiiiiisclf, '21 prize.
To Jnliii M. Sherwood, Auburn, for lii3 cow * Daisy,* 12 yrs

old. 3il prize.
To Joiiii j\I. Sherwood, Auburn, for his cow ' Panscy,' 5 yrs

ohi. 4lh prize.
To Curniirw Sc Soihain, Albany, for their Hereford cow

• MatchiCFs,* imported, an extra prize, equal to llie highest

preniiuni awardetl on cattle.

" ^^)U^ L*i>niniittee further report Ihat a r.cw and Iieautiful
r;ice of cattle were presented f<(r th -ir exaininiilion,llieIlorc-
fonl*. imported by a dislinj^uifhed breeder ofcatlle, 'esidins
in Albany cimnty. wliii-h they take pleasure in reconin>riid-
ingto the attention of ihoge who desire to improve their
stuck. Your c'lniniittee reconmiend a special preiniiini of
twenty dollars Un the Hereford cow Matchless ns we con-
t-idcr her a very superior nniuml ; and they would aleo suf--
gesit the propriety of oifering and awardin-j premiums for
the best hloodeil animals of each individual breed. Improverl
Sliorl Horneil Durhnnis, Herefords. and Devons, at their next
annua) agricu'tural meeting, in addition to premiums ufferetl
for \\ (best animals of any breed." — Report q/ Com.

Clafs V. — Two Years Old JIkiffrs.

To Jidin J\I. Sherwood, Auburn, for his heifer ' S\ Ivia,' bred

by I' Rolch, Ut prize.
ToK P. Prentice. Alb.-.ny, for his heifer * Dinna,' bred by

himself, 2d prize.
To Corning &l Solliam, Alliany, for their Short Horn r.ml

Hereford heifer ' Etiza,' imported, 3)1 prize.

Class VI. — Yearling Heifers,
To Kzrn P. Prenti.-e, Alhnny, for his yearling calf ' CJmr-

lotte,' bred by himeelf. 1st prize.
To John ST. Sherwood, Auburn, for his jearlinecrJf 'Noma*

bred by H S KandiJI, CorilandviMe, 2'd prii/e.
To John M. .'^berwood. Auburn, for his yearling heifer * Di-

anihe,* bred by J A''.\nnder. Dtirlinfrton.Sd prize.
To Williiim Fuller, Skaneatcles. for his heifer ralf ■ ■- ,

bred by himself. 41 h prize.

[tT All the animals on which the above prizes were awar-
ded, with t!te e-vcepiion of the Hereford cow and tl e Short
Horn and Hereford lielfcr of Ulessra. t'orning Jk SotIir.m,
were thorough-bred improved Short Horns.

Closs VII. — Gbadk Cows.

To Willirm \A'ard, Camillus, for his S years old half bh.oU

Holilcrness row, Ist piize
To \\ . H. Solhani, Perch l,akc Farm, for liis half blood Uur-

liani cow. No. I, 'M prize.
To x\'. H. Soihnni, Penh l,rke Farm, fcrhi}= h:.lf blood Dur-

ti:im cow \o. ^, 3il jirivc.

No. 1!.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

173

To W. II. Sotham. Perch Lake Farm, for his half blood Bev-

onsliirc cow, 4lh prize.

" Tlie licst gr.iile cow which came under our observation,
belonged lo U. V. Sacket of rSciieca Falls, l»ut he brinj.' o?ie
of the fomiiiitiee, generously wilhdrew her from cotnpeti-
tion.*' — Report of Com.

Class VJH. — Grade Heifers.

To H. S. Randall, Cortlandviile, for bis roan heifer, bred by

liirii>jelf, Isi prize.
To Ci. V. Sacket, Scneea Falls, for his red and white heifer,

bred by hiniself, 2d prize.
To (J. V yackel, Seneca X-'alls", for his roan heifer, bred by

himself, 3d prize.
Tc H S. Uiindall,CortI.in'Iville, forhis red and white heifer,

bred by himself, -Ith prize.

Clasa IX. — Native Cows.
'* The comniiitee oivnalive eowa would report that very
few cowa, and ihosc of an inferiorquality, were to be found
ill the pens ; and they probably not intended for exbibition.
Tbey regret thai the fiirmers in this vicinity should have re-
fr.iined from taking advantageof the very li'eral cncourage-
iiient olfered by this society, by the false impression that
cows were going to be brouybt fiom a distance which would
have eclipsed the cows of this neighborhood. We are un-
willing to believe that there are not cows in This village and
vicinity that would liave honored the exhibition, and been a
credit to '.he state. They regret that a matter so important
as the improvement of our native cows docs not excite more
nltenlion. Such cows mustof necessity be the ground work
of much of the iniiirovetneni in cattle. If a farmer Jins a cow-
possessing sonic exeellent qualities, he is prepared to im-
prove in atiy desirable point, i he general dissemination of
high blood animals renders such crossings easy and cheap ;
and it is a nuiller yet at issue whether such crosses will not
make the most dcsir;ible animal forlhecommon farmer. We
want the best n -tivc cows for sucli crosses, andthecom-
milteeareof opinion thai the Kxe^utive committee of the
ritate Society are holding out liberal encouragement for ac-
tive competition in the matter of improving our native cat-
tle. In con^-'lusion, we would add that we hope that no fu-
ture committee will be under the necessity of reporting no
eompe'-ilion, but let the farmer, Ihe lawyer, ihc merchant,
and mechanic, bring forward their beat cows, and remler it a
matter of nice discrimination lo decide between them."— /i«-
part of CommUtee,

Clfiss X. — Working Oxen,
To Caleb Gasper, I^larcellus, Ist prize.
To Samuel Allen, jr., New Haven, 'id prize.

Fat Cattle.

To P N. Rust, Syracuse, for the best yoke of fat oxen, one
of which was bred by G V backet, Is) prize.

Bull Calves.
To FiZra P. Prentice, Albany, for his thorough bred improv-
ed Our ham bull calf 'Homer,' * 6 mouths old, bred by him-
self, 1st prize.

To Siioiuci Phelps, Ira, for his grade Devonshire, 2d prize.
To Breeders.

To Francis Rntch, Butternuts, as the breeder of the best bull,

I Tize.
To the same, as the breeder of the best cow, prize.
To tbe same, iis the breeder of liic best 2 years old heifer,

prize.

[The premiums to breeders having been offered by Mr.
Rotch, he decline I receiving more than a certificate of the
Award, leaving the money ($:10) with the Society, to be of-
fered in prcniimns for tbe same purpose next year j

Horses. — Slaliw-n^,

Nathan A. Cooper, New York city, for his bay horpe ' iVIes-

senger,' got by Menil)rino,dam by imported Messenger, Isl

prize.
J. B. Thompson, Fayelieville, for his bay horse ' Young

Membrinu,' got by JMr. Thorn's Eclipse, dam by Membrino'

2a prize.
p. & O. \\ arren, ^lanlius, for their grey iiorse * Messenger,'

got by Ehle Messenger, dam Ciueen Ann, 3d prize.
Cale!) Oas|:er, MarcelJiis, for hiti bay horse * Giisper,' — pedi-
Bi^gree not known — llh prize.

Ma RES -

Samuel Townsend, Canterbury, for liis bay mnre ' Lady Py-

racui^a,' by * Onondaga,' out of the 'Lady of the Luke,' 1st

prize.
W. Colton, Lenox, for his grey m.-u-e, 2d prize.
AVm. Cook, Lysander, for his bay mare, 3J prize.

SHEEP.

Class J. — Long Wooled.

Corning Sc Sotbam, Albany, for their imported Cotswold

buck, >iii. I, Isi prize.
Coming &. c^oiham, Albany, for their impcr'ed Cotswold

hui'k. No. 2, 2d [irize.
Oirning &- Sotbam, Albany, for their imported Cotswold

buck, \o. 3, 3.1 prize.
Rohert r>. Mu:*snn, Gilbcrlsville, for liis pen of 3 I-eicestcr
rwes, being the only ones in tiiis class, prcsenteJ for ex-
hibition, 2d prize.

" The committee would make honorable mention of three,
ewes presented by ^Ir. Henry Clifl of Onondaga, which were
a cross between tbe bmg wooled and the short wooled vari-
eties, but iiiusinuch as they did not come exactly under the
class they were r.-quesled to examine, they cool I not award
a premium ti 31r. Clift, which, under other circumstances
tliey would have been very happy lo have done." — Report of
Com.

Class II. — MiDPLE Wooled.

Francis Ratch, Butternnls, for his South Down Buck, 1st

prize
I'ri .lackson, Jr. Buttepnuls, for his South Down Buck, 2 1

prize.

• This calf Wii.'' sold by Mr. Prentice, at the Fair, to .Mr.
Di.MUi of I yon'-, for S2j0 cash.

John Snook, Skaneateles, for his SoutJi 1/own Buck, 3d

piize.
Francis Rotch, Butternut.^, for his pen of three South Down

ewes, 1st prize

There being no others presented, the other premiums were
nol awarded.

Class llf. — Fine Wooled.
Daniel Marsh, Pompey, for his buck, 2il prize.
Chester Moses, Marcellus, for his pen of ewes, 2d prize.

" The committee have first to express tlielr great disap-
pointmeni, on account of the very fi-w slicep exhibited for
premiums on '.his highly important occasion. And second,
the itiiliflcrenl character of tbuse which came under their
examination.

In reference to the first retiiark, it is nnnceessary to say.
that tbe disappointment, and we may justly add, chni'ri'n,
now no less entertained iiy tbe immcn.^e body of spcctalors
than by the commiltce — and it is conlidenHy liopeil and ex-
pected that on no future od-ntion of this kind will hke dis-
appointment again occur. Tbe state of New York has with-
in its borders no less than fix'e millions of sheep, and how
astounding will il appear abioail, when the fact is made
known, that but barely seven sheep were exhibited of the
class com.ng under tbe cognizance of tliecntnmittee! When
it is a truth, and well known, that no slate in the I'nlon can
produce so great a proportion of sheep producing fine wool
compareil with the wbcde number w itbin i's bounds. The
causes of this nieasrc display, bowev er, are several and very
obvious ; and first, the expense of transportation, but more
pnriicularly timidity, grounded on the expectation of great
competition and consciiviently nn ap|>rclicnsion of failure to
obtain an award.

This should not be bo. for if many are disappointed, let i:
be noted and remembereil.'hat on ail fuinrc occastons of ih!s
kind, animals characterized by general excellence will meet
with ready sale, and at prices much exceeding ihose in ibe
immediate neighborhood where tbey belong. This rem.rk
is confirmed by the large number of wool growers who have
come here at this time— and many from a distance— to nmke
purchases of the class of sheep under consideration. — Rcpoit
of Cum.

SWLN'E.

C. N. Cement, Albany, for his Berkshire boar, Rip Van Win-
kle, 1st prize.

Jesse (JampbcU, Sullivan, for his Berkshire I^oar, 2d prize.

P. N. Rust, Syracuse, for his Leicester boar, M prize.

.Samuel liccox, Lyons, do tio do 4th do

C. N. Bement, Allmny, f.ir his Berkshire sow, l.sl prize.

.\ntliony Van Bergen, Coxsackic, fur his Berkshire sow 2d
prize.

William McKnlght, Syracuse, for his Berkshire sow, 3tl
prize.

L. G. Collins, Butternuts, for his Berkshire sow, 4;h prize.

On Ploughs.

Ilowj'.rd Delano, Mottsvjlle. 1st prize.

E. G. Holladay. Hansvillc. for the Locklin Ploiigb, 2d prize.

Elijah Wilson, A'ernon, for the Livingston couniy P.oiigb,

No. J, 3d prize.
Cbe?trr Dexter, lltica. for the AVisconsin Plough, 4tl) prize.
Mooers & Slater, Ithaca, for their double mold-bnurd side-

bin plough, an extra prize, e(|uril to the 1st premium
Stevens Cook, for an improvement in tbe Onondaga Plough

an extra prize of So.

" The committee appointed by the executive board to exa-
mine ami lest tliC valuable properties and inipnn-cnienis in
the plough, beg leave to report, that they have hud a mos
arduous duty lo pcrfmni. Near 20 of Ihem were presented
for our inspection, and tbe coumiittec aie free to .say that
tbey never have seen so great a number of remarkably ex-
cellent ploughs together before, and have to regret that tbey
are circuniscrihed in their award of premiums, when they
arc c(nifideiit so many ate entitled to the favor of the soci-
ety

After as cnreful an examination o( thesubjei ns we have
been nble to give, and a -rial of ploughs by the dynamometer,
we have awarded the first premium of $30 to Howard Dela-
no,^for a very beautiful and h glily finislied plough, with a
new form of a cutter in place of die connnon coulier, wl.i-h
we consider nn improvemeni well «or:by of a fair trial a-
mong the farmer.-; of the country

The sei-ond premium of ;520, tiic conmilltce have awarileJ
to i;. G. Holladay. for his plough, already favorably known
as tbe Locklin PInuirb, and which the coinir.;t"ee found to
woi k by trial with theDynamomercr with great case of draft
and steadiness.

Tbe third premium of JJIO, the couiraittee award to I'.lijah
Wilson, for a very fine well male and well proportioned
plough, crdlcd tbe Livingston connty Plough, No. 4.

The fourth premium, a diplcma of the soc:e1y, the commit-
tee award to Chester Dexter of Uticn, for his Wisconsin
Plough.

Tbe committee have also detcrmi'ied to av/ard an honora-
ry premium cipinl to ilic first premium in» ploughs fiJ30,) to
Mooers & Slater, for a newly invented douide inol.i-lMir.rd
side-hill plough, which the conimitlrc believe will pro\c a
very valuable acqiiisi'.ion to the farmer for nivnv oUicr pur-
poses Iicsilcs siJe-hill ploughing, it having performed adnii-
ra'dy handsome work upon a level surface.

Tlie rommitlee also award a prsniium of S'> to Stephens
Cook for an improvement made by him !n the nmdcof fus-
tenins the land side of the Onondaga Plough, including a
very good model.

The conmiittee cannot close without saying that owing to
ibe unple:tsantnrs.s of the day. r.nd the want of time, they
weretinahleto devote that attention to this iniportitnt sub-
ject, that this most important of aU agricultural impleuients
require, aiid we most cr^rnestly recimunentt to 'be society to
dcvoie (unre attention to this niatt<rr another year, ami we
hope thnt tbe compe'itrr* who have been unsnccessfol tl.i:'
year, wTu not lie discouraged, but will continue to press for-
ward in this grand work, rccollecrinp tbr.t tbe cornnri'tee
distinctly say that the whole collection of ploughs e.\lii;jited.
xvere such as do ?reat credit to Amerb-.nn manuf.icturcrs of
.■igricultural imri'emenls " — Report of Com.

CuLTlVATfiKS AND Dftll.LS.

C. N. Bement, Albany, for the best fnliivator, Is" prize.

An*bonv Van Mercen. Covsai-k-e. 21 prl/.e.

Calvin 6lds, of Verii.ont, for a l>.'il! BurrO'v, 2^1 prUc

Thuashikg Machines.
A. Douglass, Skiineateles, for Tinnsiiing I\Iachine, 1st prize.
Henry Olifs, .Syracuse, 2d prize.
D. G. Staft'ord, *' 3d jirize.

Horse. Powers.

Norman Ackley, Rodiestf r, DiMde's Horse power, 1st prize.
Davi<l (i. iSijilToril, f^j,racuse, 2d prize.
Archibald Douglaws, Skaneateles, 3d prize.

Straw Ci/TTers.

Jonathan S. Wilcox, Auburn, for * Gilson's Machine,' let

prize.
J. S \\ right, Jordan, 2d prize.
W. B. Abbott, Syracuse, 3d prize.

Horse U.tKES.

But one was exhibited, and as there was no competition, Ihe

2d prize only was awarded to A. Holbrook, Whitcsboro'.

Sowing Machine.
Julius Hatch, R( Chester, for a machine for sowing seeds jmd
plaster, a prize of glU.

PiTCHEORKS.
Lewis Snndford, East Solon, a premium of .*.5, for half a do-
zen, of superior manul'Licture for strength and huish.

Fanning Mills.
Orrin HelT'-nu, Dryden, 1st )rize.
James Bcelc, Sullivan, 2d prize.
John Gilbert, Lyons, 3il prize.

Agricultiiiust's Furnace.

Jordan L. Mott, New Y<;rk, for his Agrijulturist's Furiiac.'
and Cauldron, a silver cup.

Smut Machine.

Jireh Durkee, Utica, for 'Grimes' Patent Smu: Machine,* a
premium of $20.

Rout Cutter.

Wm. Thorburn, Albany, for Fowk's Machine, a prize of 02

Samples of Grain.

Itawson Harmon, Jr. Wheatland, for samples of 21 different

varieties of wheat, ex.iibjte I in the berry, and in the head

on the stalk, a i)remi:;m ot ^10.
M. B. Batehain, of Kncbestcr, for 12 v.nrieiies of imported

wheat, a premium uf g.'i.
Se:h Starr, of Sullivan, for the best specimen of Spring

Wheat, e.5.
John Townsend, of Alb.-my, and lo Wm. Ingell, of Volney,

fur two best specimens of Intlian corn, $S each.

Roots.

The commiltce on Roots notice with conuuendaiion.sampleii
uf Potatoes friuii J. F. OsUorn. Port Byron; Wm P. Buel
All'any, and Wui. Ingells. Vf.lney. *

Samples' i»f while carrots, from C. N Bement, Tb ee Hills
Farm, and \\ m. P. Duel, Albany — Yellow do. from John
Bninbiidge. ^

Samples of Mangel Wurzel, from J. P. Oshcm, and Red
Beets frtnn It ufus Cosset.

Also a very fine sample of Onions, owner's name unknown.
Fruits and Flowers.

Preniiums of Books on Ilorlicnllurc were awaided to

David ThoniiS, Aurora, for a lot of about forty varie ies of
apples, pears, peaches, plums, and grapes, sonie of ihem of
new and valuable vaneiics, presented by J. J. 'ihoma*>-,
nurserjman, of Maccdon.

Dr. Beaumont, Lyons, for several baskets of very fine and
excelcnt grapes, including the Grey Tokay, Golden Chas-
scl.is. Scuppcruong, I'urplc Royal Chnsselas, Isabella, and
Sweet Water the qumity of which the Society had an
opportunity of testing at llie dinner table, " in cou'niiiiee
of the whole."

Samuel Hccox. Lyons, for a lot of sixteen varieties of for-
eign and domcsiii* grapes, very fine .-;nd well ri[-ened,— ef
which Mr. Hccox raited above lifty bushels ibe present
season.

James Wilson, nurseryman, Albany, for a beautiful boquet,
and a large lot of Dahli:is of splendid varie'.ics.

Wm. P. Buell. Albany, fur a miniature parterre of Dahlias
of very perfect and well chosen varicJies of great bcautv,
and twenty-one kinds of well selected varieties uf apples
of fine growth.

Ezra Cornell, Ithaca, for a basket of fine Red Cheek Malnci-
ton Peaches, some of iheni measuring more tliau 7 inches
in ' ircumferenco.

James Cochrane, Oswego, fur a basket of foreian varieties
of grapes, among which were the Cbnsselas, Sweet Water,
Frontignac ami Pinou Noire, a hardy variety with a vin-
ous anti pleasant fruit— :dso a tiaskct of Silver Clingstone
i'eacbes.

"Mr Will.'^c, of Oswego county, for a basket of fine itpples of
known varieties.

J. F. Odborn, Port Byron, for 29 varieties of cuttiv.-iled ap-
ples, of well selected sons, toge'Jier with three varieties of
I ears.

Mr. Cosse*.', Onondaga, fur a basket of fine grapes. includin(;
the la.iliclla. .Mexander. IMunier. ai I Sweet Water, well
ripened and large growth.

Mr. Huntington of Onoudagn, presented a large basket of
a]>ples, of beuutiftd forni and fine flavor.

M. B. Bate]Kim,proprielor of the Rochester Sec I Store, pre-
senle I '.wo seven ye.vr pumpkins, raised by H. N. I^ng-
worthy, of Ironriequoit, in 1?;i7 and IJ^KI.

John Richards presented the a inc ami products of one Fced
of ilic Citron Wateritirlon, amounting to 1p in nuniler,
and weighing over 3bU ll:s.
flTT Those lo whom Prizes w-re awnrile', snd who have

not re.-eived them, can ob.'jiiii ibfiii by : pplicatinn lo E. P.

I'rcntice, Esq., Tieasurer, or to L. Tucker, Secretary, Al-

:iy.

O' The Rppnri on Silk ni:d the rcmnrks of the
comniiitoe i>n li-TFee. tonotbcr with f('nicn:!:er niQt-
t' r?, arc unavo.dably dclVir-iJ till next iitonib.

174

THJ-: NEW GENESEE i AliMER,

Vol. 2

Kice Trade-

■Briti-<h Com f.iiu'> at the Low-
est Sciiie «1 Duty.
A wrilcr in llie Oclober miinher of liie Democinlic
Il'jview, proiinces u long elaUirnie, Imt rather alnehing
nrticle under the nbfve Iiend, in wliicb be snye ihn:
ibe etiecis of realiicliim on Iriidc in ibe blinpe ol' q nn
licuiltarilT is CO " produce o mere- trnneler o( Inbor
" and capital, to take money frnni tbe pockets of one
'■ c!nd3 of men to put it in tbosc of anotlier ; wlinl one
" cinss bns gained nn.)ilier bas lost. One mclbod ol
" industry lm<i been encouraged while all others have
" been dejircssed. Lnbor and capital in n particular
" departnie:U have been rendered more productive by
" duninishmg and exbausling their energies in other
" deparl;ne!Ua. In what «ay has industry been
" stimulated ? What ceneral advantage bas there
" been in ihib ? By diminishing its productiveness
" in ninety nine branches, in order that the hundredth
" may be raised to iLeaveiagc produetiveness ol what
" Ihe Gibers were before !" itc. <.Ve.

Well mnv the writer of the above article call to his
»id the far fetched and one tided evidence given in
b fore the British House of C.)nunons, to support his
dictrine ; since all ihe results of practical experience
on thefubjeet ;n onr own countiy slrdic at the vers
lo It of bis theory. We will nut go beyond our own
niannfactiiring town to prove, tliat snce ili'- niaiui
faelme eMiimeiiC'd, of thosi^ articles whiih are jiro-
tecte'J by the compromise tr.r'V. real estate bas lihcn
; 0 per cent — bmh tbe consumption and the price ol
all agricuUural production in the vicinity Imve in-
creased in still greater ratio, giving a correspondent
increase to the wages of the mechanic and tbe h.bor
er, and multiplying the number to a ten f.il. I extent,
ri.i far from ihnse nrtniifaeturingeplablisiimenis which
arc favored by a tarilV, being prejud eial to ilie gener
al trade, they give it its greaiusi biiiniiloiis, by the aid
they give to the fanner in the purcbas'! of his staples,
and to the hborcr aniWiieclianii; in the eni).l'iyincnt
they receive.

We have one extensive woollen company liere,
which could not have bod an existence.but for the pro
nction given by the cnniproni=e bi;l — at this time
ticir cloths arc selling in N. Y. at remunerating
prices, to an cxlent which alone does more towards
equal z;na the exchanges of this county, than all the
other staoles sent to tbe same market, if wo except
lloin, and yet the amount ibns diriposcd of is not n
lylbc of tbe home trade. And what has produced ail
(lii; — we answer nianuiactiiring industry jiuliciously
f I'lniilaled by moderate pro:eetion, in the shape of a
n'ltioiial tax on vbo cnrresiiomlent iniporteil article,
from tbe over populated old woiUl.

The ativ icntes of free trade have sujiposed ibot the
r .-peal of the British Corn L'lws would be a great bomi
11 the United States, what is the result now when the
duty on wheal in Kogland is reduced to three half-
penso n buebel. '1 he continent of Iiiurope anppliee
her cheaper than we can. Such is the pric- of labor
jii the United Slates, such the demand f.)r ihe home
C)nsumption, — for ir.aimfacliiring New-England ; —
that should England want two or three days rations ol
bread from n— the pricj in Now Vork would rise a
dollar or two on the bnrrel of llour. When (lour in
New York is ali.ivc .*;;i, I'.urope can buecessfolly com-
pete w Ih us in the sale of bread slnll's in most of the
foreign ninrkeis — let na then look to a home trade
rather than a lies liade for our sure and stedlaot hold
of hope. *^- ^^■

tVtUtrljin, Odnb,

cnsc did their very best, at tbe late State Fair, none,
I presume will qncetion. 15ui Ibe extravagant char-
ges made by the principal tavern, should not be imss-
ed in silence. If any thing will deier our farming
citizens from attending such fails, it is this gentml and
Iwnorublc way of oniptying their pockets. Indeed,
we are rendering ourselves altogether ridiculous, by
preaching economy and moileraiion at nil other limes,
and then recommending tluii, which is accompanied have oeen.
with profuse waste of money. Some of UB well re- « be i
member, of other similar societies broken down, and
by costly dinners, merely ; bow much more so then,
will it be in the present case, where after spending
two or three days, and partaking of no better fare,
certainly, than at our own oriliiiniy birMiboufe dinners.
( g lod enough to be sure, j we f oind onr.-ehes very u o-
deslly charged al the rale of about a d liar a meal, in-
cluding breakfast and supper, ibrouffhout. 1 am told
that olher houses were very reasonable.

But it is said that this high charge secured select
company at the house in question. Not at all ! The
majority, I doubt not, neither knew nor snspeete.) any
thing till they paid their bills. But had ihey all
known previously. — why then — 5ave me from such
eninpanv I A cnnipTuy, not of the sens'ble. tbe in-
telligent, tbe w'se. But rather of spendthrifts, and
purse-proud, and needlessly vvasiefnl, and wonh! be
tbonjht rich. No wise man, no business man, will
throw away money. There are calls enough fir it
elsiwbere. An extravagant man is one generally
who neglects to pay bis honest debts, so far as rnyob
servat'on exiends.

I would respectfully susgest, that the Executive
Committee of the Nev/ York State Agrienlinral So
eieiy endeavor to remedy this ev.l in fiitnir, as
they desire the prosperity and good of the S.jciety,
and to extend the brmlit of its fairs to the I rul-
ing eommunily at large. And I would propose that
an arrangement be made with public houses to give
the pieference of admission to mcmhcTS ; this would
induce many to join, for ibc soke of entrance, imilljc
the. mciins pcrhiips of jmtthig hundixds of ilutlurs in-
to llic trciistin/.

Hnviiia now done wiih the exoihilnnl side ot the
tion, permit me to notice one ■iistnnee ol pr.n'Se

ny Joseph Lee ; andt'iic low. the produee of Arabel-
la, imported by tbela;e Siep'^en Wjlliams, and t-even
..iher female descendanie of ihc la^t named nnimni

Oneof these cows is si.vieeii, and two others ioiir-
teen years old. All of them are in good beeUb nml
exhibit the appearance, bo far as condition is coneeii!-
ed, of being young annnids, and two of tbeni have
regularly bred up to this time. 'I'bese facts ilo not
contribute to prove liiat ihis breed of niiiiiials ore mo
tender and delicate to endure our cold elimulo, as t
oiiolly teen and hcntd it alleged
k tVom nearly all of our c.iws is unuau-
aliy neb, and the quan.ity much greater than we have
been able o obtain from superior nniive cows with
tbe tame keep. My brother bao «egnlarly hod good
common cowson lus fnrin lor about twenty )en.s, and
he alHni:* without (luoliiicaiion lb s loci.

Our cows have not given aj iniicb milk, nor mode
as gnat a qunntity ol bit iter, as ha%c some other Kn.)rt
ll.uns, yet one of them, in April bisi, on lay. made
more than twelve iioiinds ol butter in a week, and we
hnve repeatedly converted the c earn in small i|uanti-
ies from tiiise'inv, into butter ii. fifteen Bieomls In
June, upon gross aUuie, His cow gave :i()il lbs. of
milk in a week, being nnlUcd but twice a day ; ibc
milk at th s time was ennvertid into chiese, and eon-
seipitntly no butter made from bi r. Ilnd the been
milked ibrre times a dnyoitb. 8 period. I am (,iiit«

eoiiti lent that her product 111 niilk w d have reached

■100 lbs. and of bMtter not less than 14 lbs. per week.
We have another cow whuh avciagcd .18 lbs ol n.ilk
tier day ill June, and ttill another, (now quite old,)
which a foimer owner astuies lue has yielded MH
quorisof milk per day.

We have also two bcilers with their first calves,
which avi.ioged 37 and oolbs. mdk per day through-
out ibe month of June last

I will rendilv admit that among the great mass ol
ihe coiiiiiiou c.iws of die couniiy, we i.icaMonally l.i.d
iIkhc which aic viy deep nml ro h milkers l!ui ut-
ile reliance, iiovi'ev.r. can beploe.d in ihiir progmy
lor the some propeities, whdst wiih tboiougb bred
nniuiols, by nsing bulls from deep imlUiiig fomiliee,
the produce is quite curtain to partake largely of ilic
sires and d-mis. ,, •,, n

U would indeed be remarkable, a- Mr Alien well
obfcr\es, if, iiitrover..iiiL' the who'eofibis State, in
ibcdischargeof biSolVic.ol duties, .Mr. Colninn, our
laie highly respectable Agrieulluial CoininibBiO' er,
did norditcovcr among the great mass of our com
innn slock, B.nne superior mitkcrs and vnluab e dairy

animals. , , ,, t .■ j i.

In the 4ih vol. NewEnglcnd h armor, 1 hnd the
■ tbe Short Horns, by CJov-

■H, 1S4I.

Fur the (icttesce Furmcr.
.VcconmiiJtlitlioiis al Syraoisf.

A 5U.N ellVKai.l) .V uoLL.vn A MK.M..

It must be cmfesjed, that il is no vi;ry insy task
f.ir the. public hiusoi ol one village, to ..ccommo late
*(j,-orjl ihouatnl pcisne. Tu'ii tie p'.ppls of rijia

wort'iy liberoljiy. in the cose of the Auburn and Sy-
racuse rail-road Officer , who ran an ex'ro train of cars
cieli dny, clraraing only n dollar for each pnsaenger lo
Svraeusc and back. And a lownic to say also, while
ou the fiiil'jeet of roil-roaHs, that 1 was veiy sorry to
.-ceanme linicago in ibe Kew Genesee Faimer, a ic
eimimeiid.ition of this ami leiekei boat Iravdlingaa
r.'fOTi) modes for lurmcrs. Old Ben Eronklin |ireaeb
...j Irom n ilifh-rent text, lonching economv :— lead

P.ior Ricliord^ A MEMBER.

I'ruiii llir. AlbiDiij <\iltlriil(ir.
MilkiiiK Properties of the Iniiiro\e<.l I). Cows.
Mi;s?Ks. Gavi.ord ash TtcKt.u— An rsieemed
friend, .Mr. Baktmitt of Coimectlcui, has called up-
on my brother and myself, tbroui;h the July number
of your voliinbic periodical, to give bopil' neeoiml ol
our herd of Short Horned cattle, and I must plead
ether and more prcs.sini! ovoeoiions as tite only reason
why he has not met with an earlier response. The
object of Mr Burtleit a|ipenis tJ be, lo show Ihot so
for as oiir animals an- coneirned, ihey do not sustain
C"oi..MA.s's|io6itioii, that, Diuhams are iiderior to the
nalive race lor milkint: and dany propertiis. liKWi-
!•'. Ali.ks, Esq 10 whom Mr B refers, has, in the
Jmie nun.-er of vour pap-r, met the posilioii taken
by Mr. Colman with great ab'lity anil success.

Besides high grade, nml tome native, we have
iwenty-livc ihoriiimb bred auiniols. By the lerni
I'Loniudi-brcd. 1 u.aui animals whii-h are iheinselves.
,r wboc dura.! r.iid tilts are recorded in Coate s Herd
Book, which liiruithes lor them full and undouiiieii
pedigrees. Among ibest; animals, we have one cow
Olid three female deeeendants, the produee ot twoani-
miil.i which were imported bv Euoih Si'tby, Ivq- ol
ibis state, umler the noiiie of " Bos:on, and were
hied hv Uobert Ctiny ; one eow wiib two b-uole dc-
-eemlau.s. tbe produce ot Wiisbmition mid 1 oiizy,
iir.-.Mrted by the lote ratioon, and bred by Mr. (.ham
p.on , tutifamale:^, the pi iduteof H'lrnet. iioi>i^ilrd

lollowiiig o|iiiiion given i

eriior Lincoln, in a letter lo Mr. I'owcll :

••] have now (ofDenon's progeny) seven heifers
in milk, four of them three ytors old, and thiee two
■■•ears old : and fur richness in quohiy onii aliiindaneo_
ill qiiantiiv, tbey aie not .xeelhd by the bett cows ot
nniiwc of the native ttoc't. A b.iler tbiee veai> old,
with her second calf, bos not been dry Miice the diopt
her lirst calf, having given i quarts on the monniie ot
her second calving. For the dairy and tbe Biall. 1
speak with tbe utmost conlidence ol their pie-tnu-

Ihove recentlv hod an interview wiib the inlell i_-
cent and i.erseverinn owier of the '•Cream I'ol"
breed of cattle, and (.'ol Jacqui s assured me thoi he
aiiributed tbe rich ilairy proiertics ol his held moio
ilec-sively to the Short Horned hull Cielebs, than to
[the native Hatkius cow. from which his whole herd,
\ as I underhand, diseended ; end it would teem liom
Mr llasUin's own account ol the produce ol iliis cow,
as published in tbe 5,h vol. New Englan.l Farmer,
that he must he correel in tins opinion ; she is theie
ici.nstnlcd as baviut; made in two days i'J lbs. but-
ter, which is 9 lbs. 1 I ounces per week, hung by no •
uieansa ri inarkable product when compaied with that
of many of the Short Hoi lis.

In M.'-. Allen's valuable communicnlien, be Las
"iven the product of six short horn cows, viJ., in 1 oib
milk and biitn r fiom ibiee ar.iiiiols, mbuiler alone
from one, ond in milk alone licun two animals.

Tie butter from the lour animals varies Iron) 1 li lo
•>■?. potimls per week, making the average of tbe lour
cows !."> lbs. li oz. per week. ___,

The milk lioin the five cows is lioni'28 .o.ioquorls
per day, averaging for each animal more than 3d quts.

per day. . i r i .i

Besides the product nl these six cows, I Imd the
proiluec of butter fr<im six mere Durham cows, as

loUows. Viz : , ,, • ,,

, , / Ann L.

Mr.Hntkei"8 cow. 19 lbs. bu:t::r in Iwc.li, > f,,.,^,.^,

Mr.Colvert's cow 37-! do. do. inlliwcekt, ^^^l^;^J,.

Mr.Canby's cow oSS do. tlo. in one year, > j^^,^ ..

No. 10.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

I /.)

Tli)mna Ash's ctnv, 54J Iba. du. inSodsyg do. vol.

I-',-?/ Oil.
A U. 1:1111111 cow, 1-lJ II18. do. iuunc wfck. — I'ul. IT,

/I. 4u:l
Mr. VVij)livicU's cow, Mg lbs. do. iu I. week. — Cul-

licalur, rot. (i, /;. III','.

iity bcliol IS iliut ill..' pure Sb'iri Horns, wiUi good
kfep, (ami no niuniul will lUiivc when stiu veil) is
Hindi oioii; valii'ilile ilinii any oihcr race, for ilic Bdnni-
Mus. for iLe pail, and for iLio dairy : \'ct if our fathers
have reared a better race, without system and without
the least cure in brerdin^,', I shall how with siibiiiis-
Bion, regret the cost of my eiror, aiid^erealfr "tread
in their footsteps." WELLS LATIIKOI*.

SouL'i lliiilli.ij I'lilh, Mass., Aus. It), I84L

Salt ill Jlic!iis:nn.

The followiiis; article fioiu the Grand Kapids In-
<;uirer, contains imeresling and ioiporlant facts for our
Western Readers :

"Salt. — We coiigrattdate our fuilow-citiiieiis ot
Gran. I iliver X'uib/, .ml of Westirn Michigan, up-
on tne fi tunatc re^nliof the endenuiviiigof Mr. Lv-
ov to obta'ii B:ilt water at this place. His elliiria arc
CL-iWiieJ With success coeilual with hij Wisheo, and 111
one pnrticuliir far e.vceeding b.s iniaginatioiis. Tor
qIi lilt eigtjteun m tilths the work hiistK-vn-prog'-i-aiiiig,
wade iii'iny doiibad, anil all hoped, but few weic
61111 iiiine of suocBs.', Ala d pih of about o(M feet,
iiiiticitiiiiisof sail lir^t bicnme apparent, but for a loiii;
d itaacj ui.er n itliing further seemed lo he gamed,
ao.l many begin to ihnik ihey had been cheered foi
11 'iig.it. Toe wi:k< were eiiitinued until the shaft
h:i i Ijejii s.ial; ti'Jl leet, wuen the evidences weie
such tint tue operation of b. 'ring wassuspeneded. and
tuoe.^ Simli 1 1 aseortarn t.io quantity and tjuality of the
brine. — On S iturdny last (iherfStb) the tubes were
put down to the depth of 3S0 feet but little over hall
the de,;iii of the well, wuen .0 the joyful eurpriseof all.
iri:;i-f lirim, iif Ik' qimlitif iifunchiis'icl ufsnU loj'iom
5 ) tj o:i g dlofis, asco.ided and p.iiiied out of th tube
witii iiiiiienso fuce. It is estimated that the tub. s
might bo e-irried fifty feet higher, and the. brine yi t
93jape Wuat 13 the liimntiiy of lUe brine which will
111 i.nentHnly dischaig;-, it is ditlieult to asceitain, but
t IS citinnted Iron) d 10 8 g.Tllons. This, witboiu
he use of n pump, or any means of elevation, we
lucm unpiraileied iu the history ofs'ilines

It is intenderf to sink the tubes still lower into the
iait wi-il, uiider the am cipation that tin: brine obiaii
id wtil be much strongc:', as it is liirtber disc jiinected
roin the Iresii toniitains above. Mr. Lyon, as we
eftrii. Will eiiniiiience u tiling immediately, as soon as
le can obtain kettles and place them.

Again we congratulate our readers and this valley —
ye nave a fuintuin of \v,_-nllh in our midst, which will
i^arile Ui t-> forget the eto, and sniiji our fineeisiit the
sJ'jnki upt ati.l D;atribiition Do'l^. What may we not
lov anticip;ite tro;ri our .s-////, 'iir ptiisUfy oiir/;/;iR, the
'6rf.Uiti/ 0/ o:tr soiff our imiutn^c 'ivtifcr power, out-
mud, an I our nurigabU rucr. Whei'e can we lino
acn a eombiiiaiion of s.^iirced of wealtii In Michigan
IT the west 1"

Vom Ike ii'cstcnt Farmcr^s mid Garde ruT's Al^lunac forl^'i

auscs of Ueciiy in Feacli Ticts, and its
I'levetitiou.

'To the cnrly s^ntlers of the West, tlie poach was a
'cap nii I easily procured luxury. Tiie kernel wat-
lante.l in the fViice-eoiner, and grew and produc
d a iiirifiy and healt y true, wit 1 but little eare 01
liliuie, b'-aring large nud^ regular crops of fine (rnit,
3r a imnib'ir of yearf. '

Tbi- being tae case, w hy do we find so much dilli-
ulty at ti:e [iresent day f How do wc account fo:
heir suecc-s then nml f»r our frequent fndures fiow '.'

In early times, when tile whole iiiee of the counlfi
I.T1S lieivily limbered, our winipra were lees sever.
Ifiin lliei are now. Our climate, uiiliko that ofGiea
Ifit'iin, seems to inei ease in rigor as the coimiry is
nproved, iiiivil, at ibis time, tfe peach trecc are no;
nfri qucnily w.mer-kired, ' '

ill addition to this, the following causes had theii
lUiueiiee: T c keiuel was lalien from ihe fruit of an
.tibuddu 1 in-e : tliosn being of course selet^tcd whicl-
■ftiriuc.id good fruit — thus the iiiflm nee, exerted by
ie stock if evil, was ov.iidi-d. The kernel was plant-
fliore It W.1S meant to s-.and — the young t?co c!capiiu
" J le mutilation and ciiecks too oiien leceived in t ans
ftftling. Ifwiisleit to grow pretty much in a stan
Toature, by which the stem was shaded from the 111
iriuua eifects of'tlic lull blaze of a siiinnier'saun; to
lis tree, like the beech, will not do well if so exposed
'lie B-jil .vBS fresh and good, and kept the tree in a

vigorous and growing state. The elearln.? Iieiny
generally small, was in n great measure protect-
ed from late spring Iroais. T;.c disease called '*yel-
lo%\&" had not a own itself, nor had the peach iusce'.,
the " iEgeria cxitioaa" ol naluriil.ste.

Now, trees are bought li 0111 the miracry men, the
older and tile larger the belter I Ti:C slocks too of-
ten prodticed from ihe kernels of iiidini-ient or even
unhealttiy peaches ; allowed to grow iwo or threi
years before they are budiled 1 dug up witbont eare,
and scarce a root, and rertamiy not a fibre, left lor
their 6iii>|)0it ; the fteins biineed and chafed, and
closely [iruned 10 proportion them to tl.e niulihiteil
roots. Ttioy are kept out of the ground for n length
of timet c.niveyed to the phinting ground unprotect-
ed : and there set out, in little holes, fliig out of th(?
sod, iu thin, poor soil, where ihiy arc lelt to snuggle
through a yearortwo of a niis.'railr-, sickly e.vistcuce.
In tlienursery-iow, the top of the one protecied the
stem ol ihe other ; but now there is no such defence.
'I'he peaeh-lly deposits ils eggs, wl.ieli are left to
hatch, and t. e worms to eominit v cir lavages undis-
turbed. And being gene'aily planted in on open,
soiitlieni exjiosure, the bhics im-bud^weil too soon,
and are desMoyid by the first severe lio^t.

Let us now stale what we consider lo be the proper
practice.

.Scleeta piecoof rich, new land ; if a toleiably siili
loam, with 0 stirllicc coaling ol loaf mould, on the
north or iijilli east side of a h'.ll, near u large wutei
course, the crops will be moie abi.nd.ant omi sure, llio'
not so highly llnvored as if grown in a sandy soil. —
Plough it deeply and carefully in ihs lali ; eiul 111 luL
ditioii, iiioik off the bol-fs. and have them dug doW
to the uiib-soil, or at least two s;jn..cs deep, and ri,v hel
in diameter. Ifynu intenl pmtbas.ng trees of aniii-
seryinai,, which is the cheaper course, il Jo" have
one withiii leneli, in wlunii you can dopci-.d, go as
early as possible in the spring, and tfi!eel young, thril-
ty tiees, not more than one year from the bnd, and
two fioia the kernel. Have ibem taken upverycaie
fully, so as not 10 destiny ivcn a rootlet ihat can be
avoid''d ; dip the roots in sludge, it yon have 10 carry
them inore than a inilu, and plant ihcm withoul de
lay. Throw sniic of the surface soil into the hole,
niter loosening the b ttom with the spade ; drive n
stout stake into the centre, lo whieli to tci-ton the tree;
then place the tree close n|) alongside of tin; slake, and
while sn asslstaiii throws in the surface soil round the
r.iots, shake the tree gently, so us 10 allow the larlli to
run 111 and iiil up evciy vacant space ; taking cnie to
spread the roots out regularly, and to plant 11 but very
little, if any, deeper than it 6100 before, 'i'ltad the
ground lightly ; and alter p. lining a couple of fuekels-
fuU of water round the nee, and frisiening it flnidy to
the slake with a soft band, yi.ii may e nsider the ope-
ration i^i' planting comukicd ns it ought to be." It is
perfect folly to puichtise trees and plimt them, as they
aie usuiiily plauicc. If the soil is not naiuially rich,
manure it all over, but do not put any round llic roots
of Ihe trees — rich conipi st or mmiUi from the wood.-
or stable yard, may be plueid immciliatoly loundtbe
roots.

l! it is intended to grow the trees from the krrm 1
select good ones, the produce ol healthy iiei ?. limy
tbcni in about two or three incbca of soi', as soon as
p aeticab'e afier they are Inkiii from the peach. 11
they arc in quantity, mix them with double their bulk
of earth, and ridge tlitni up in a tnfe part of the gar-
den, covering the whole wiih an inch or two of soil,
and leave them over winter. Towards the end of Feb-
ruary, or first of March, exainine ibem, and plant oni
.-nch as Kove ojieiied li«t without removing the shells.
Put three or. i'our where they are intended to stand ;
•ind in .Tilly or .iugUHt, inoculate tlicni with the kind
.if fiiiii yon wish. In liie fail or E|.ring, all can bi
I ■cmoved but one. Never put off inoeulating till the
\ .^econ 1 year, Kor ibeir n ter ticiilinent, sec the article
on budding. A peach ordiard should be tended in
some sncli crop as potatoes, beets, melon?, sweet pola-
locs, eti: , and ifnecfsjaiy 1 1 sov.' it down, let it be
like clover ;. taking eare lo keep n Sjiaee round the
tree, of six or cigiil fett in dinmeler, dee Ir.mi gra^e
;ind Weeds. Tiocs never do well, bear or thrive, in 0
meod.iw, or bliie-grnss sod.

F r some years past, the ii\ecct cnljed ibc " PoBch
tlv," or " Peai'li-irec worm," hasoi-casinned the ruin
■■>( tiioiianmU of trees in ihe win. See iiriiclc 011 theii
history, and the nrevpntivcB to he used.

Wew Uo6£ii>

A pint of linseed oil, two oUnces of beeswax, t«o
lunees spirits of turpentiije, and lialfcn ounce of Bur-
gundy pitch, — -lowly melted together, ond then nii.
plied I.) new /loots, will render ihem water ligbt with

.uit beconi ni; stiff. Tne CuiTeepuiideut o( on ex-
change paper, says he has used thiscompo.«iiion ninny
\ e:na ; and believes llint ///;■• sliociniikcr's hitt has liccit
mlacal laj it one hu/f, so conservative are itselleeis
on the leather. t

IloCiiiiiciil Utyniotd^y.

When Dean .Swilt suggcotcd that the noire of An-
dromadie tin Homer) was deiived fioni Anilrew Ala-
i7,«a ScolchnKin, he was in h.n ; but when I'loies-
sor Eaton attempted to make out Aillumia fiom the
Circek, he was in kahnkst, — ihongli we consider it (if
potsiblej the greater bmltsque of the two.

A few words will explain our meaning. Ab.mt
twenty-five j earsag.Minoie or lets) Professor Rafi-
nesqne cliangi.d the name of ti.e | lai.t Vciijiliil.i.i fun-
jos« ti> ibatol Aillumia chrliosu ; and Dr. Dailing-
i.in says* (what we had unuerstood b.-l..ri-) that the
new genus was " dcd.cated to Major .lubn Allium, u
diotinguishcd cultivator ol iho vine," who resided
tome years before his death ni-nr the eiiy of Wi, thing-
ton, and whote name and cl.tiiacter 10 is l.nd long
been familiar. With part ol his father's family in-
deed, (raoi)ier,biGlber, and sisters,) «e were peitonai-
ly acquaiutetl, ecuhat no shade of uuceriuiiity or doubt
can hung ovi.r the nuoly ol ibat famdy name.

In ibe Sih edition of liie " Manual," or " .\orih
American IJ nsny," pubiisbni last year, we f iid how-
ever, nt page Sll that Atlli.mia comes Ion the
Greek: — ■ u (withoul), tumeit (dirt), a sii'.'osi.u
cleanser." .Now will not ihe leciiud uiuhor if the
" (.'uKiosiTiKs OF LiTiiHATi.iiK," givc ihJs cicuiu-
str.nce a hiiing place in hie next edition I

SiiRar fiom Corn Stalks.

William Webli baa addresced a letter to t' c Presi-
dent of the New Castle county Agiicnltural Socict)-,
in the State of Delawaie, daicd Wiliniiigion, f'lh mo.
•25, 1841, leeommending the manufacture ol sugar
from corn stalks; and we learn from the Pennsylva-
nia Freinian, that the fpeclmens exhibited (including
niolafises) weie much admired fir their fiavor and np-
pearonee.

During the llovolutionary war, when our comii.erco
with the West Inilies was nearly annibilnted, we ean
remember that niolusses was prepared front this nia-
te-inl, by pressing out the juice in a eider mill, and
boding it down ; but tbo-igh sweet, it was rather lui-
palatalde, Jiot having been properly purified. No
doubt can exist however, of well ripened corn sialkn
abounding iu siiccbaiinc niniicr; and hoys in the
b.t of chewing them, soon diocover that the sitmtlis
ami reddest uir ulwuijs tlic tirixttM.

In accordance with this fact, W. Webb reeoni.
mends planting the corn in rows two and a half het
apart, leaving the stalks lo stiind in the rows only
tliiee inelies from each otbi r. iVo cais nic allowed to
groworiipen; and on this pn caution be eonsKlers
the success eniinly to dejiend. In relerence 10 ih'a
impro\ed method, he says, " In one case I oh ained
from a small piece of gieimd, at the rate of 1(10 lis.
of sugar jer sere ; but other experiments made since,
have cdjitiusictlj skuicn that had a dilibrcnt mode of
planting been ad. qited, ihe product would hove been
inrreascd ten /old."

The Clop "ill generally be lit to take up

' 111 !sep-

teniber. The stalks are tlien cut wp rit the root, tirip-
I'.ed of iheir leaves, and taken to the mid, where llie
juice is pressed out between iron rollers. Lime water
iliout the cons'etency of eieaiii, is then mixcei ivitb the
juice, one spoonful to the gallon. U is left to sellle
me hour, and the 1 poured off into boilers, nhieh mo
covered until the liquid approaches neatly iotheboil-
• iig point, win 11 the scum must he tiiken ( ff- It is

roge

*8rf'

76

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol

then boiled dow.i aa rapidly aa possible, taking olTlhe
scum OS it ri.-ea. A'J tUe juice approaches the state ol
synip, it is necessary to eUckentbe lire tn avoid burn,
iiig. Tbe boiling is generally completed whea six
quarlaarc reduced to one ; it is then poured into cool-
ers, IT miiulds, and set aside to cryslalize."

lie contrasts tlie manufaclure of sugar from corn
etalke and beet routs, as follows :

" Ist. Tbe corn is clean and agreeable to work
with, while the beet is not.

i.M. Tbe machinery for sxtrncling the juice from
beets is not only more costly, but is more liable to get
out of rcpoir.

yd. The beet juice coniaine a much grcnier propor-
tion of foreign and injurious matter ; dcLOmposition
commences almost immediately after it is pressed out;
and if al|.)\vud to go on to any extent, will entirely
defeat tbe making of sugar.

4ih. The proportion of sicchnrine matter contained
in eiiual quantities of corn and beet juice is as llirce to
one in favor of the former ; therefore the same differ-
ence will be found in the amount of fuel necessary in
evaporation.

5ih, Ceet sugar wlien obtained is inferior in qual-
ity, nni loses a larger per centage in refining." t

Geology of Korth Sherbrookc, V. C

We received, in August last, a cominunication of
a very interesting character from E. Wilson of North
Sberbrooke, U. C, on the Geology of the District,
where he resides. We have only to re!;ret that it is
of a character more purely geological than comports
with the object of our poper. We had designed to
give some portion of it, but hove thought it would
prove more silislactory to our friend, the author, to
forword the whole article to Professor Silliman, for
publication in his Journah We quote, however, the
following in relation to the effects of the violent earth-
quake, which, according to the words of the Jesuits, in
Quebec, deranged a large trocl of country, in U. C.
Mr. W.snys," With the exception of n fewrcicruitsi find
no trees in my broken neighborhoTd older than about
213 years. 1 have ciun'.ed tbe annual circles of the
White Pine, the stump of which was G feet 3 inches
Dy 4 feet i) inches across, und found it (about ten
years ago) '221 years old, so that it began its career
2i?l years ago. Now, as it happens ever in tempests
thit sweep the forests, that only suioll trees ore left
standing, a young tree struggling to get up in the for-
est is neither lorgo nor easily thrown down ot the age
ofG4; for such must have been the oge of one now
240 yeors old, in the yeor 16G.5, that is I7G yeors ago.
I counted the annual rings of a sugar maple less than
six inches in diameter, and found it 80 years old." It
eecir.s very probable then that '.he earthquake of 1GG5
prostrated the older trees of the forest. The fact
would account for the age of the trees now existing.
It should however be enquired whi'lher over this wide
country tlic trees of the forest have a much greater
ago than those mentioned by Mr. W. D.

that you invite such of your friends as would be like
!y to attend. Perhaps there never wos a time like tbe
present, when the effi>rt3 of all inlluential good men
were so necessary to arrest that growini; deterioration
in the public murals, incidental to lute speculation and
extravagance, and the consequencis ihcy have entoil-
ed on comiuunity.

We feel that tho=o efforts cannot be better directed
than in encouraging u thorough ."yslcm of Rural Econ-
omy, whereby man miiy be madf lnuiorably useftil and
intelligently happy, in the sueeessl'ul pursu't ol this,
iilmosllbQ ov'ij culling, which bns no Umplalion ad-
rerse to the ^rtcc/jts ol religion and morality.
Very Respectfully Youis,

SA.MI,: WILLIAMS, Cor. Secy.

Gen. Harmon, --Wheat tUiltiire.

Gen. II. Harn:on, jr., of Wbeailand, in this coun-
ty, exhibited ot the S:ate Fair at .Syracuse, 21 varie-
ties of wheat, in enniples both clean and in the straw.
Fie exhibited tlie same ot thelnle Fair in this city, but
as it did not come under the particular inspection of
cither of tbe c^niiitecs, no mention is made of it in
the reports.

Tlie Stump Pulling Machine. — Colonel Drake of
Owego inf.irmsustboi the patent right for this ma-
chine, of which he was the proprietor, e.xpirpd in Au-
gust last ; and any person who wishes to construct
them is welcome to do so.

WESTEKBf Farmer's and Gardenci's Al-
manac, for 1842— By Tlionias .\ffleck, i incin-
nnti.— Also "Bee hrecilinc iuthe Weal," l>y tlie snnie nu-
ilinr. I'ricc -.? cTs. crich— S- per ilozcii. lor sale at tlie ?)ccti
^•lore :intt Uoukstores in Rochester. — Nov. I.

YOUNG'S Farmer's Almanac for 1843.— >Vc
have just piihlishel the " FiiriiiCf's Alinnliac for let2,"
cont:iiniiig3fl p.'igea, priiileil on fine paper, with npproiiri;ite
cuts, Agrioulliiral remarks, cures, valiiahlc tables aneciiole-*,
recipes and niist-ellany, for sale at wholesale anil retail pri-
ces upon the most rcasnnalile terms.
octlj ti. W. Flr*aBlt &, C(l., 0 Exchange st.

Seneca County Fair.

This Fair was held at OviJ, Oct. Slstond 22d.
We have not yet seen the report, but the Ovid Bee
says, '■ notwithstanding the nnfnvorable weather, the
show of fine Caule, ilorses, «fec. was such os to d.i
credit to the county." We deeply regretted our ina-
hility to attend this Fair, especially after receiving the
following polite invitation, which we take Ihe liberty
to puliliah on account of tbe just Beniiments it con-
tains.

Waterloo, Oct IG, 1841.

M. R litTKiivM, Esq. : Dear Sir — lam request-
ed liy the o'lii-cr« oftheSenccn County Agricultural
Society, to inviii.' you to at'.cnd the .\griciilluial Fair
to be held at O^ d, on the 2l8t i 'd 2iif inst., and al»i

MOTT'S P.VTENT AGRUUI-TURISTS
FURNACE Manula.tnred by M. C.Wedd,

No. -<i main St., Uocliester. N. Y.— Tliis arlicle was con.
stucted in consequence of a silg^restion froui the Aiiieri.
can Institute— that a simple. portable, and lowpriced Fur.
iiace was much wanteil hy fanners, for boiling or steam-
ing food, preparing in.nple or beet-rool sugar, and for ma-
ny mechanical purposes.

It is so formed tliat a space from one to two inches is left
lietween tlie b.iilec and the casing that surrounds it, cans-
ing the heat in its passage to the pipe, to encircle all
parts of the boiler even lo its upper edge.

The American Institute awarded a silver medal at
their late fair.

The follnwing is an extract from tbe Cultivator extra
lor December: — " Aguhiii.tuuist's I'l'hs ace." [Fiu'.
;i(i,]_-A good, cheap, anddurable boiler has long bei n
sought forby ihe laniier. Potash kcllles, caulrlrons and
lio\es, witli shcel-iroil bottoms set in brick, have been
used, as well as steam boilers, of various descriptions:
'.ul lliey all take up considerable room. are clumsy and
liurdens.nne. Fertile la.st seven years, I have tried all
the above nauieil articles, and have laid thein by, and
substituted one of " Mott's patent Agriculturist's Kurn-ice
and Caiildinn."

"It will be readily perceived that it has many a.ivnn-
lages over those set'in brick. It takes up but little rouin.
is light, ond may be placed on the ilcor, and requires
no foundation to support it. Besides being portable, it may
be removed I'roiu place to place, as occasion or conveni-
ence require : two liieii are suiriciem to remove it. It
can be made to boil full of vegetables in ;)o minntes. and
tlie second filling in '.'0 minutes. In tins I was happily
disappointed, for I li.id always suiqioscd ili:ilhrick rctniii-
e.l the heat belter tli.iii iron, and aller i-.e:iig once hp:uc.l,
would require less fuel lo keep it boiling. Another very

important consideration, and will go far lo recommend it
is, llialil requires much less wood than one of the same
size and form set in brick, or even the box, with a sheet
iron bottom, so highly recommended in some of the for-
mer volumes of the Cultivator. Although wood may be
plenty, it takes time and labor to procure it.

".Steam boilers may answer in very large establish-
ments, but I have found thein very inconvenient, as every
farmer is noi engineer enough to manage it, and the con-
sequence was an occasional explosion or collajise, and
in either case an expense and considerable trouble was
incurred.

"Some five or six years ago, I tried acopper boiler — a
cylinder within a cylinder.tlie furnace in the cenire, sur-
rounded by water, very siniilar and on the same principle
as the one figurW in the 13th number of tbe current vol-
ume of the New England Farmer, as Doctor Warren'a
Patent Cylinder Vegetable Steamer,' but I found it very
expensive to keep it iii order, and abaiidcuied it.

(Signed)

Three-Hills Farms. C. N. lJEMli:NT."

CT They will be soM at New York prices, addoig Irans-
portiitiun i liurrel Slii 1 liatrcl S'20 ; '2 barrel 8^0; 3 hur-
rcl g4l) ; 4 ttarrel gjti. The .Mechanics' Fair awarded u sil-
ver inecal for this-, and the Agricultural Society S3.

Also, for sale at tlie same place W'edd's celebrated
Hot Air Cooking stove, for which was awarded a silver
medal for the best cooking stove, at the last fair in this
city. The public are invited to call and see it.

DISSOIjI'TION.- The co-partnership heretofore ex-
isting Itetween the stiliscrilicrs was ilissolvctl liv niuiual
consent on the 1st day of October. All accounts and affairs
rclaling to the Seed Store and Genesee Fanner, will lie set-
tled tiy and with IM. iS Uateiiam, who will continno tho
business as heretofore. All matters relating to llic Farm or
Seed Garden, Will be settled tiy C F. Ckosman, who will
continue the business of growing seeds.

M. B. BATF.HAM,
Rochester, Oct. 20, 1041. C. F. CltOS.M AN.

GARDEN SEKDS iu Boxes.-L'. F. CIIOSMAN
respectfully informs his country friends and custuiiiers,
that he will at the usual time, be prepaied to supply them
with fresh nssortiiients of garden seeds, of his own raising
or .^election, su.jh as he is conlident will give satisfucliun.
Uochester, Oct. 1, 1841

M"sl

IIjLET 8££J>9 wan:eii at the KochesttT See
SU)rc.

APPLE TREtlS FOR SALE. The euhscriljer
hits eoroiiiiitly lur sale al his (iiirsery on Muin si. one
liiilc. east ol" llie briilce, Unchestcr, a choicf assi>rlineat of
yiiil'iCil iipple trees, of lart:e si/c, warranted ot'ihekinils rep-
reseu'ed, and embrat.-ing from iii* lo 40 of tlie hest varieties
for eummer, fall, and win'cr use. Trice §A» per 100. Or-
ders fftun a disiaiiec contiiiiiing remittance or good city ref-
erence, wHt receive prompt attention, and the trees will fie
shipped nr delivcre-l according to insiructions.
Knchesier, Oct. I, l-i41. (XKfTl S UOA»DMAN.

GIL^ON'S STRWV CUI'TER!

DECIDEDLY the bent Machine Uiiowu ilk
these parts, for cutting fodder, lor snie al the ."^ecd store
Price SiO. M. R. BAT^^IIAM.

HATES Ot' UNCURRfcINT MONEY.

\. Knglaiid Bank Notes,

Intlian.a, 'i'i a

Illinois, 12 a

Kentucky. 10 a

United States, '2(1 a
New Jersey, 3 o 5
Canada. 7 a

f^pccie, par.

Kastern Dr.Tf'.s, 1 pr ct prcm

IVniisylvania, 0 a 10 dis.

Ohio, 9 u 10 ilo.

Miclii>;an,

.Marvlaiid, G a 7 do.

SUSP's' n UridgcJ a 7 do.

OuIiM
UJ

Fill
ll.c

ritiis

pai
dt<
do
do
do
do
do

ROCUKSTER PRICES CURRENT-

CORBECTKD KOB

T11KNKWGENKSEI-: FAlt.>li:K, NOVF.MURn 1. 1M;
WHEAT, per bushel, $1,00 a. $1,06

CORN,

OATS "

BARLEY, " ....

RYE, " ....

REANS, White,.. "

POTATOES "

APPLES, Desert,. " ....

FLOUK, Superfine, per bbl

" Fine, .... " ...

SALT, "

50.

31..

44..,

56...

024 . .

227..

2.5...
5,50...
5,00...
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EfiGS,

PORK, Mess,

>' Prime " 9,00..

" per 100 lbs 3,00..,

per 100 lbs 3,00..

per dozen, 12i..

CUTTER. Fresh., per pound 13..

" Firkin, " ... 10. .

CMEESE, " ... 5..

LARD " ... 6..

T.i*.LLOW, Clear, " ... S..

HIDES, Green " ... 5..

SHEEP SKINS 50..

PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,'35..

POT, " " .. 5,."0..

WOOL, pound,... .">n..

HAY toil, ...1.1,nf>..

GRASS SEED,.... bushel,... I,."i0 .

FLAX,.... " " ... i-T.U

PLASTER, (ill bills') per ton, . O.m)..

♦• bulk (at Wbcatlmtd). 3-,.50..

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. B. BATEHAM. Propnctor, ^ VOI/. 2. ROCIISSTEB, DECEMBER, 1841. NO. 13. \ a?"b^ bATKW AM.\

Editors,

I'UBLISIIEO illOATlIliY.

TERMS,

FIFT V CENTS, per yenr, payable nhvays in advance.

CONTEXTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Publishers Notice-*, Slc. H. Colinan'a Card.. 177

Applet. To mark namos on fruii. Kipeiiing of Win-
tt*r IVars. TliP Meiiieranean Wheat. Review —
■ ■ The ^rcUanl." 178

Sii.tll Ag. SiiciecicH he BustnincJ? Love of Birds... 179

Purtraii iif J. .M. ,:!herwocMl'8 Buil "Archer." Alle-
gany Co. A«ricuUural Society. Wayne Co. Fair
tuiJ Cattle Show. Murrain in Cattle 180

Culmrrofihe Premium Crops— Ruta Baga— Carrots.
Culture of Silk in Faiiiilies. Agricultural Fairs.
—The Right Spirit revivinsj 191

I/iviussvonCo. Fair and CatileShtnv Niagara Co. do. 18*2

Th(^ Farmer. Items— Great Heifer— India Cotton—
I'arriagp Sprin!i3 made of Air— Corn Oil— Trees-
Cheap Roofs — Bud liU2 Roses— To remove old putty
--Traneplanting Evergreens. Germinating sec'ls
under colored glass. How to have good peaches. 1S3

Ol Is Corn Pl.in'er. Report of the Conimitteeon Silk.
N. Y. State Agricultural Society. Premiums to be
awarded in January • • • • 1S4

ILnis for the .Month. Dry Feet, Lend us a Hand.
Make Home Happy 165

Oil the Diffsrent Brecls of Cattle. On the Importance
and Uiiiityof the Dissemination of Knowledge among
I'arnier.H ISiJ

Annual E:chibition of the Mass. Hort Soc. TheSh»trt
Morns as Milkers — 187

Publishers Notices. Comptimentary Notices of II.
Cohnan. Prospectus of Vol. 3, New Genesee Far-
mer. Rochester Prices Current, &.e 18?

THE CASH SYSTEM.

Subscribers ar* reminded that this paper is published
HI the CASH SYSTEM, and this number completes
he volume. Those who have not paid for the next
.olume, are required to remit payment before any more
japers will be sent them, (Correspondents excepted.)
^ Hand the half-dollar to your Post Master when
,ou get this No. trom ihe ofliee. See terms, &c., on
ist page.

New \rrangemeut"New rdltoT.

It is with fcehngs of no onlinary degree of satisfac-

ion that I announce to the pubKc, that HENRY
rOLMAN, of Massachusetts, has consented to re-
Tiovc to Rochester, and take the editorial charge of this
uppr. As an agricultural writer and orator, Mr. CoL-
ii IN is so well known to the public, that nothing more
lecd be said at this time on that subject. The readers
)!" this paper, and the friends of agriculture in tliis State
■specially, have reason to congratulate themselves on
.his arrangement; and Western New York may well
eel proud of the honor conferred upon her. Mr. CoL-
vi.vN will advo?ate the interests of the whole country,
.vlthout sectional prejudice or partiality; but (it the
iime ti!nc,the district in which he resides wHl of course
L'rive the greatest benefit from his influence, and
should make the most e.xertioi^ to

Give Iliin a Hearty Welcome !
Mr. CoLMAN has been a.ssured that the friends of
ijriculture in Western New York and the Great
Wkst would lend him their co-operation and support;
Inl through the medium of the Genesee Farmer, he
•ould hold monthly converse with a Vast Ho.st of the
illers of the soil, and that the profits of the publication
.vould afford him a liberal compensation. Q- Let
MM NOT BE Di.SAPPoiNTED. Take your horse and
■all on your neighbors— get them all to subscribe, and
hoy will thank you for it hereafter.

Agricultural Societies

should make especial ofTorts to circulate the paper in
their districts or coimtics. Experience proves that
THIS IS THE O.VLY WAV to have Useful and spirited as-
sociations. Farmers who do not read such papers
never make good members of agricultural societies. —
Their minds are not interested in the subject, and they
do not rightly appreciate their profession. Let the
friends of the cause in the Empire State remember tliis,
and act accordingly ; and the spirit of improvement
which began to manifest itself so gencra)ly the past
season, will soon produce most glorious results.

M. B. BATEHAM.

To Correspondents.

Several conimur.icationa were received loo Inte for
insertion in this number, and various motters requir-
ing editorial otteniion are unavoida'ily deferred.

O" We hope our friends will improve these long
evenings and stormy days, so ns to send us accounts o£
their past season's apperations.

The Syracuse Houl. — ^We have received a letter
from Mr. Rust, proprietor of the principal Hotel at
Syracuse, complaining of a communication in our
lost. It shall have a place next month, with explana-
tions.

The Index and Title Page for Vol. 2, will be found
in the middle ot this number. Those two leaves
should be taken out, and ploced in front of the first
jiumber, then the whole volume stitched together.
Those who have the Ij't and 2d vols, should get both
bound in one. The first volume can still be furnished
if desired.

Post Masters

In this and the Western States, will receive pro-
spectus' and a specimen No. of the Farmer; they are
respectfuity solicilctl to remit names and payments to
us, (as allowed by law.) Our most sincere acknowl-
edgements are due for past favors of this kind.
Papers to Europe.

Subscribers who wish to send the Farmer as a pres-
ent to their friends in Europe, arc iatbrmcd that we
send quite a number o£ copies every month. The
price is 75 ccnta per year. (This pays the American
[X)Gtagc.)

A Card.

At the desire of Mr. Bateiiam, the subscriber an-
nounces to the friends of the Ne-.v Genesee Farmer his
engagement to remove to Rochester, and take, on the
first of January ensuing, the exclusive editorship of
this work. It is not without a just diffidence that he
undertakes tliis enterprise; but, with honorable inten-
tions, he is persuaded that in the generosity and pubUc
spurit of the New York agricultural community, he shall
find a welcome. He leaves the good old Bay State,
the land of his natiWty and the sepulchre of his fathers,
not without many strong emotions ; but he does not
feel that in going to New York he is going from home.
He has been long acquainted with New York and her
citizens; and has taken always the deepest interest in
her enterprizcs and improvements. He has always
regarded her agricultural progress and success with

admiration ; and now that in addition to the common
tics of friendship and political fraternity the two States
are to be linked together by iron bonds in the great
interests of internal trade and commerce, he deems hi«
removal much les,s a separation from home and the
friends of his youth.

In going into New York, he feels that he is going
among old acquaintances. He had many years the
pleasure of an intimate friendship with the late lamen-
ted Buel ; and he is happy in standing in the same re-
lation of mutual respect and esteem with the present
enfightened and indefatigable editor of the Cultivator.
Her Aliens and Thomases, and Wadsworth and Gay-
lord, and Rotch and Vicfc, and Ball and Blydenburgh,
and Beekman and Grove, and Bemcnt and Hall, and
Walsh and Van Rensselaer, and Dunn and Coming,
seem to him Skc old and tried friends, united by a bond
too sacred to be polluted by any base and selfish inter-
est; the bond of a common devotion to the advance-
ment of an Improved Husbandry, and the social, ir.-
teUecVoal.and moral elevation of the rural and laboring
classes.

He goes lo'Jfew York to continue the labors to which
forty years of his life have been devoted ; and to unite
his humblc^fforts more closely with theirs in this com-
mon cause, the cause of human comfort, of good mor-
als, of private and puWic good. He will be most happy
to be recognized as a joint laborer. He goes to New
York with no assumption of authority either to teach
or to lead. Nothing is farther fi-om liis thoughts. He
goes not to drive the team, but to draw in the team ;
and while he has wind enough left, he promises, with-
out goading or wliij^iing, to do his best to keep the
draft steady, and his end of the yoke square. He has
no higher earthly ambition than that it may be said of
him, when the bow is pulled from his neck, " he has
done a good day's work."

The object of the present note, is merely to make hi*
bow to his New York friends ; and to say that he hope«
for their better acquaintance ; and that when he calls
again, somewhere about New Year, he shall, "if the
old folks are willing, respectfully ask leave to stay all
night." He has now just dropt in, and won't intrude
Respectfully, HENRY COUVIAN.

Boston, 27th Nov., 1841.

Premium Pitohfork.

Wlicn at the Syracuse Fair, Col. H. S. Randall
presented us one of the Premium Pitchforks manu-
factured by Lewis Sanford of East Solon, Cortland
county, N. Y. For beauty of form and finish, and es-
pecially for the quaUty and temper of the'steel, we have
never seen its equal. It is quite a curiosity ; we wish
the maker would send a thousand this way— they
would sell rapidly.

Hatch's lowing Machine.

Mr. Hatch requests us to say, that in actnrdonee
with numerous requests, he is now engaged in manu-
facturing the Machines at this place, and will be able
t J supply orders in lime for spring sowing.

If you wish to bo wise, it is wise to wish.

178

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

Apples.

We should estimate the difiercnce of prodvct be-
tween common seedling apftle irpps and the best se-
lected varieties, to be not less than ten to one in favor
of the latter ; but the difference of r«/«e will apiienr
much greater if we lake into view the ipiaUty as well
OB the juantUy. An extensive orchard of seedling
trees, originally ; and great numbers growing in o
hedge, fully bear Ha out io these conclueione.

The fruit of seedling trees, is not generally so dili-
eient in number as in size, though boih deficiencies of-
ten occur ; and in wet summers many apples, which
would be of good size in dry seasons, become block
knobs in conaequenoe of the Lic/ien ? which spreads
oyer them in the form of BCabs.

It is remorkable that pomologists have generally
neglected to notice this circumstonce. Have all of
them lived in drier climates than ours ? Be this as it
may, some fine varieties are scarcely worth cultivating
in Western New-York, solely on this account. The
Queen apple may be given as one instance, and the
Aututnnnl Swaar as nnother — both fire fruits in dry
hot summers, and both without doubt, bct'er adapted
to a lower latitude.

On the other band, russets with scarcely nn excep-
tion, are free from this smut. We are also inclined
to think that apples with thick skins, like the Black
GUtiJlnwer, more generally escape than those with a
thinner integument. It is not improbable however,
that some variation from this rule may be found.

The value of apples as food for milch cows, and for
■the fatening of swine, is becoming more extensively
known ; and it may serve to console such friends of
^Temperance as were once largely engaged in cider-
making. We find that we have never too many,
though we make no cider except for vinegar or apple
sauce. Many years ago in a dry season, we first tried
the experiment of giving bruised apples in mcasiured
quantities to our cows ; and their milk \^8 greatly
increased. Our hogs also grew fat by feeding on this
fruit, without any labor of oars, except to see that a
sufficiency falls. As the weather grows colder how-
•ever, they gradually lose the relish for this food, espe-
cially when they get something better.

It has long appeared to us that farmers might save
themselves Irom much expense, by planting out small
orchards expressly for the keeping and fattening of
swine. We recommended this measure to the public
more than twenty years ago. By selecting the earli-
est apples and such as ripen in regular succession, food
might be provided in abundance for them during a pe-
riod j>f throe mo.^ths. A little swill enriched by milk
or meal however, is a valuable auxiliary.

More than four hundred kinds of apple trees are ad-
vertised by some nurserymen ; and among ihem are
doubtless great numbers of which we know nothing ;
but we are not acquainted witU any apple better adapt-
ed to such an orchard than the Sweet Bough which
begins to lipen in harvest. It bears every year with
us, and every year alike— a full crop without breaking
down. The tree is rather compact in its form, not
spreading wide, and one hundred and sixty migbt
grow on an acre. The fruit continues to drop from it
for more than a month, and soraetiniea for nearly two
months.

In plan'ing out such on orchord however, there
ought to be earlier apnles than the Sweet Bough, sueh
as the Yellov! Hareest ; and some later. We wont
apples for swine, several weeks after the Sweet
Bough is commonly gone ; and among the multitudes
thot ripen ot this season, the farmer cannot be much at
n loss to select some that are always productive, and
always good.

In another article we have mentioned the Graren-
stein—'' esteemed the be^i apple of GermnBy and the

Low Countries." We have waited two or three years
after the tree began to bear, without propagating it, so
that we might fully and fairly test its fruit ; and we
have now arrived at the conclusion that it is Jtrst rate
in every respect. The tree grows freely — a model of
thriftiness without any wild luxuriance. It bears well,
and the fruit is large, fair and excellent More than
one toster has exclaimed — " I never ate a better ap-
ple."

Its excellence is tl-.e more remarkable on account of
its being one of the rc;-y /ViP European sorts that suit
our climate. Some years ago we received from Buel
& Wilson, a considerable number of such as are most
highly recommended by Limlley in his Guide to the
Orchard and Fruit Garden ; but with ihiesolitory ex-
ception, they ore not worth cultivating here. It is
true that the King of the Pippins is beautiful, but it
is too austere for our purposes.

Several things are necessary to constitute a variety
of the^rst class. The fruit may be fine, but the tree
comporatively unproductive. Such for instance is the
case here with the Neictoicn Pippin. It is easier to
raise five bushels of the Sicaar, or the Spitzcnhurgh,
than one bushel of the former kind. It is a first rate
opple in well grown specimens, but there our eulogy
must end. '

Ripcuuig of Late, or Winter Pears.

At page 82 of our current volume, we irventioned
the effects of an increase of temperature in ripening
winter pears. This fall, when we gathered in our
Virgalieus, part were put in a warm room, and part
in an outhouse. The former ripened mueh sooner
than the latter.

Sicvcn's Genesee pear was nuich later than usuol
in coming to maturity. Tlvey turned yellow obout
the commencement of our outumnal frosts, and fell from
the tree ; bnt remained hard while they lay on the
ground exposed to the cold On bringing them into
0 worm room however, they soon became melting. —
The Beurre Eiel and several others, under similar
treatment, were att-ended by similar results.

Neither apples nor pears ought to freeze ; but the
nearer they are kept to that temperature without freez-
ing, the better they will keep ; and we have no doubt
that some autumnal pears moy be kept until winter, or
even until spring, in an ice house.

Many apples may be frozen hard without material
injury, if the warmth be ofterwards applied very grad-
ually. For instance: if they are taken in a frozen
slate, not exposed to the sun, and buried in the
ground. The intensity of the frost \a of lees conse-
quence, than the manner in which it is removed ;
and if frozen opples were pneked iji ice, it ia not im-
probable they would keep all the yeor.

But what we want chiefly to inculcate at present is,
that the time that winter pears ripen will very much
depend on the temperature in which they are kept.

t

To Mark Names ou Fruit.

The Charleston Transcript recommends putting
wax on the sunny side of half-grown peaches and nec-
tarines, "in any desired shape or form ;" and the
wax will hinder the sun from coloring the part that is
covered. When the fruit io ripe the wax may be re
moved.

A more convenient method however, may be odopt-
ed lor marking pears and apples. Write on the fruit
when it is gathered, with a biack lead pencil, or a
small stick not sharp enough to cut the skin, and the
bruised part will soon change-color. Where the fruit
is not deeply colored, the writing v.tU be as plain as if
done with ink, and perfectly indelible. We have
iound tWs methiij very onnveiiientand \ispful. t

The Mediterranean Wheat.

We (baerve thot the attention of farmers in the
south.eastern part of Pennsylvania, is becoming moie
and more turned towards a new kind of wheal called
the Mediterranean, the merits of which have been
variously estimated ; but as we have not seen this
soil, we shall confine ourselves to loying the opin-
ions of others before our readers.

From a writer in the Farniei'a Cabinet, (Vol. 6,
page G9, ) we quote the following :

" Its diminutive ears, and short strow, its inequoli-
ty of sample, and inferiority of flour, render it to me,
n very cxceptioiioble variety ; indted I wonder how
any good mannger woiddbe content to grow ears two
inches in length, yielding oaily twenty grains on an
average, with straw so weak and short as to fall be-
fore the crop is ripe, and diminishing the size of the
dung-hill nearly one half. I have examined many
crops of this peciilior species of wheat, and r.m con-
vinced in my own mind, that it is tiie real " Tres
mois," or Frf nth spring wheat, which as its name
imports, becomes ripe in three months from the time
of sowing, and of which I hove seen hundreds of acres
growing in Europe, particularly in the Channel Is-
lands, Guernsey and Jersey, wl.ere it is \«'ued- chief-
ly on this account, a charucier for earliness which it
has sustained in this country and climate; coming
ripe under the same circumstaneee, ten days or a fort-
night earlier than any other variety known oniongst
us; thus probably escaping the rust which is pretty
sure to fall on the late ripening wheat ; but wherever
it is sown in Europe, it ia considered a very inferior,
crop, and is cultivated only on land that is either too
poor or ill-conditior.ed to warrant more then hall s
yield of other varieties."

In the same paper,Ju4ez Jcnkias of West Whitcland,
in Chester county, says in regard to the same kind of
wheat :

" It appears to have eecoped the Hessioa fly and
the rust. On a rich lot of two acres, I bai-e hor-
v.ested 1494 eheaves of usuai size. The crop on two
large fields is not heavy, owing it is thought to too
large a growth of timothy that hod been sown with it,
hut the yield is tolerable and the quality good."

A correspondent of ours near Downingtown in the
same county, says in a letter lately received : — " Our
wheat in eastern Peimsylvania, will average about two
thirds of a crop ,; but the lately introduced wheat call-
ed the Mediterranean has yielded nearly a /nil crop
wherever it has been sown ; and as yet it has escaped
the attacks of the Ilcssion fly and the miidcw. It
mokes good bread, though 6omev>'hat harsh, ond
weighs from G'i to 6G pounds to the btishc-l."

Another of our corrcspendcnts i Bucks county,
who resides more than forty miles from llie former,
under tlie dote ot -9 mo. 27, eaye : " A kind of red
chaff' whent with large kernels not unlike rye in shape,
and called the Mediterranca;i, boa been sowji in this
vicinity for several yeara past. It is not liable to the
ravages of theliessian fly, nor ofTccied by rtiet or mil-
dew, like other wheot ; and does not re<jnire such
high manuring. It is fully as productive, ond in
many instances more so than oiwother sorts of wheat. ;
It can be sowed early without donger of the ily, and it
is fit to harvest a w.eek or more bolore the usual time.
1 he flower made from it this seoson, is better and
whiter than any we have bod in our house for a long
time. A very deep rooted prqjudice prevails with
many, against it, without ever giving it a trial,"

We should like to knew whether this kind of wheat
has been introduced into Western New-York, and if
so, in what estimation it is held 1 t

Review.

"The Orchard: including tlio nionngement of
wall ond standard fruit trees, [and the forcing pit ;
with selected lists ond synonymes of the most choice
vorietiea." By Chorles M'Intosh. Lond.in, 18o9,
(Price unknown.)

This is a large duodecimo, very neatly printed, and
ontoining eighteen handsomely colored plotes, and
numerous wood cuts, all executed with muih Uis'.e

No. 12.

AND GARDENER'.S JOURNAL.

179

end skill. It has good descriptions of one hundred
and tltirtij-six varieties of the Apple, eight of the Ap
r\cM, fifteen of the cherry, twelec of the fig, /ircofthe
filbert, nineteen of the melon, sccenfcen of the ncciQ-
rine, sevaitij of the pear, iwcntijsix of the peach with
notices of many others, tJiirty of the pine apple, yo;/i/
of the plnm, tttenUj-nno of the strawberry, liccntij-onc
of the grape, and imperfect descriptions of several oth-
er kinds. Thee descriptions are vaUinble, from the
care taken by the author to seize on distinctive and
permanent characters only. Same of them, of four
lines, enable us much belter to identify the fruits, than
a whole page of loosely written stulf, from some wri-
ters of former years. Wo give the foUosving as «pe-
cimens of the authors descriptions :

" Gravenstein. Originated at Gravcnslein, in IIol-
Btein, Germany, and with the Courlpandee Plat, is
the beet apple the continent can boast of. Size, large;
form somewhat oblong, with angles terminating in the
crown ; color, yellowish green, ntarked with red on
the side next the sun ; stalk, very short ; eye, wide,
sunk in a deep basin ; flesh, pale yellow ; flavor, very
high and vinoua ; duration, fiom November tiUApril;
habit, extremely heaUhly, raihcr a shy bearer ; merit,
one of our first-rate desert fruits."

" Gansel's Bergamoi. [St/n. Brocas Bergamot,
Bonne Ronge, Joe's Bergamot.] Orignated about
17G8, from a seed of the Autumn Bergamot, at Don-
neland Hill in Essex, the seat of General Gansel.
Siz(?, large ; form, oval roundish; color, dull brown
all over, rather deeper brown next the sun ; eye,
Bmnll ; stalk, short and fleshy ; flavor excellent ; du.
ration, November and beginning of Decemhei ; habit,
although of English origin, it is much too lend> r to
succeed as a standard ; its merits, however, claim for
it a place on the wall of every good garden."

The author, in addition to his own extensive and
thorough knowledge, has availed himself of the nesis-
tanee of Robert Thompson, of the London Horticultu-
ral Society, under whose eye a greater number of
fruits have been proved and minutely examined, than
that of any other person. For this reason especially,
the list of synonymes is very valuable.

A number of blunders, typographical and substan-
tial, occur here and there, which v^e pass by, and
merely give the following queer statements : —

" It is no unusual thing to fee an American peach
orchard containing ono thousand trees growing as
standards, as the apples do with us, and after the juice
is ftrmented and distilled, producing one hundred
barrels of peach brandy. The Americans vsuallu eat
thr paries or clingstones, while they reserve the melting
or frrc-sloncs for feeding their pigs."

" In the United Slates the stones of the peach are
sown on a seedbed, [&c.] In the fourth or fifth
year, they produce friut, and thus thousonds of sub-
varieties are produced ; not one perhaps in ten thous-
and is ft for the tahle." &c.

The work is however, so far at least as the practi-
cal part is concerned, written with great judgment
and accuracy, and notwithstanding the peculiarties of
culture in England, it cannot fail of being of great
value to every American cultivator of fruit. An edi-
tion, adapted to this country, would he sliU more val-
uable. *

For the New Genesse Farmer.

Shall Agricnltnral Societies be Sustained I

Messrs. Editors : — A few days after the Fair of
our County Agricultural Society, I was accosted in
one of the streets of our village, by a veiy respectable
farmer, with the following question, viz : '• Would it
be any, and if so, what advantage to me, to join the
Niagara County Agricultural Society ?" " Or, what
is the use of such Societies ?"

Being under an engagement at the time, and the

circumstances not being exactly suitable for the dis-
cussion of so important a subject, i propose to answer
the quesUon through the medium of your useful paper.
But 1 do not expect at oil to advance any thing new,
to the general agriculiural readtr. The subject has
been presented in most inviting forms, and in the
most glowing colors, by able and experienced writers ;
but the great body of the farming connnuniiy have
not rend such articles, neither have they rend any
thing of tJie kind, except it were casually or inciden-
tally- There has been a most remnrkable stupidity
and indiiierence on this subject. A general opinion
or impression seems to have prevailed, that all was
known that could be known ofeiihor practical or sci-
entific ogricultuie ; and therefore, instead of profiling
by the experience of one another, we have rather
sought to find fault with every thing not according to
our previously conceived opinions. In short, Mr
Editor, as yon have doubtless long since learned, we,
as a community, are a most self sufficient, self -trilled,
self conceited race, always ready to teach, hut itcver
desiring to be taught 1

Now what shall be done to break this charm ? If
you write at such you will not write to them, for they
will not pay one cent per jncck for the best monihly
agricultural paper which can be furnished. As an
evidence of this fact, (if report do not lie,) the "Em-
pire County" I containing seven thousand farmers,
on the evening of the first day of their Agricultural
Fair & Cattle Show, had furnished but eighty names
as members, at a fee of 50 cents each ! Eighty out
of 7000 ! one out of every ninety. We mistake very
much, if the " Empire County" does not furnish more
worshipers o( Bacchus than that I

But we most sincerely rejoice, that a better spirit
prevails in some of the counties of the ' Empire Siaie.*
That here and there a green spot can be seen — that a
waking up, and looking about, begins to be manifest.
But I have wandered too far from my subject. The
question to b© answered, \\'as — What is the use of
Agricultural Societies ?

1st. They serve to correct one of the greatest evils
in the general management of our farmers, viz : that
of cultivating too much land. The average crop of
wheat throughout Western New York, will not prob-
ably exceed lor the last two years, 15 bushels per acre,
corn 30 bushels, potatoes 100 bushels, and grass IJ
tons. Query. What would be the cost per acre, to
make these same lands produce double the quantity,
or the same quantity from one half the number of acres?
The influence of Agricultural Societies is to test this
question. By the act of our legislature to aid Agri-
cultu'e, &c., funds are provided to be paid in premi-
ums to those who raise the greatest quantity of pro
duce at the least expense. The inquiry will arise in
every mind, " How shall I manage such a piece of
corn, for example, that I may obtain the greatest num-
ber of bushels at the least cost ? How many times
shall I plough it? How much, and what kind of
manure sha'l I opply to it ? How often, and in what
manner shall I hoe it ? How mnch horse labor sliall
I use, and what implements shall I use with the horse?
The plough, cultivator, or neilher ? And again, how
shall I harvest the crop ?" Such like inquiries will
naturally suggest themselves, and we shall adopt that
course, which, in our various opinions, will be most
likely to produce the desired residt. And when we
have found the best course to enable ns to obtain a
premium for the best crop, we have also the best course
to enable us to enrich ourselves.

It will be noticed that the provisions of the act re-
ferred to, require the payment of the premium, not
for the greatest quantity raised on an acre of land, but
lor the greatest quantity at the comparatirely least

erpcnse. I may put a hundred loads of manure to an
acre of lard, and spend the whole season in the tillage
of that acre, and obtain therefrom 100 bushels of corn,
or 400 bushels potatoes, or 50 bushels of wheat ; when
if I were to charge that crop with all the expenscB
thereof, it would perhaps cost me more per bushel ihan
rny neighbors crop w.iuld him, at one halflhe expense.
Thus we see, that ihe most economical course is the
one to be sought for, and not merely the raising of the
greatest quantity per acie, hutthe raising of the great-
est crop at the Icost comparative expense. The same
principles are to be recognized in the matter of raising
and fattening of stock. The object is not to see who
will produce the largest or fattest calf or ox, but what
stock will fatten at the least expense ; and what kind
of feed is most profitably fed to cattle or swine. Also,
the same rule should be applied, in awarding premi-
ums for agricultural implemeitte.

Now suppose our whole farming community. I
mean crcry farmer, should carefully read an agiicul-
tural paper, should join the cotinty agricultural so-
ciety, and should apply himself, by reading, reflection,
conversation, and experiment, for a couiscof ten years,
according to the principles set fonh in the said act,
whai do you suppose, Mr. Editors, would be the re-
sult ? Should %ve not see the effect on the very face
of nature? andespecially on thcface of raoji? Should
we not see it in our buildings, in our fences, os well
as in our crops ? Should we nol feci it incur very
bones, as we return from our daily labor, to the houe^
on which no man has any claim for the ereclion there-
of, and wherewith the happy family, wo enjoy the
fruit of our labors, and where no constable or sherifT
can " molest or make us afraid."

Again. The operation of agricultural societies un-
der the present law, will lead farmers to keep accounts
of their ejipenses and profits ; a consideration of no
small importance. He thus ascertains, not only what
his wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, &c. cost him per bush-
el, but which is the most profitable crop. And the
same practice carried out, will lead him to keep an
account of his expenses for the support of his family,
for his hired labor, improvements on his farm, build-
ings, &c.

Again. The formation and support of societies is
the most efficient means of improvement in all the use-
ful arts. It encourages a spirit of enterprise and em-
ulation, it difl"u6e8 a knowledge of usefid experiments,
afibrds opportunities of social intercourse, and serves
to dispel those illiberal feelings and groundless jeal-
ousies, which often exist in communities, and block
up the avenues of friendly feeling and pleasurable en-
joyment in a neighborhood.

The fruits of such societie6,wilI be the improvement
of our ogriculiural implements — the introduction of
improved breeds of stock into every town and neigh-
borhood— a proper rotation of crops will be better un-
derstood— manures will be greatly increased and more
understandingly applied — and a general spirit of in-
quiry will be awakened, and a spirit of commendable
competition will be encouraged. We not only calcu-
late and reason that such would be the case, but these
statements have been proved true to a demonstration,
in the operations of many societies, both in this coun-
try and in Britain.

Yours, &o., as ever,

Lockport, Nov., 1841. NIAGARA.

Next to the love of fiovers is tlie lore of birds. —
Teach your children in mercy to spare the nests of the
harmless little birds, and if you have a heart to be
thankful, it will rise up in union with the lilile songs-
ter's coral, to think your lot is cast in such a pleasant
vale of flowers and singing birds. These are some of
the many things provided to lighten the toil of labci,
and it is only a vitiated taste acquired from a false sya-
tern of education, that prevents us from deriving a
great deal of happinest from such email accompani-
ments of the journey of life.

180

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

'■^youKQD.

,lMLliS"

IMPitOVED SlIOKT IIOUX BUIili " A K C H E R."

THE PROPERTY OF J M. SHERWOOD, ESQ., AUBURN, N. Y.
Obtained the first Premium at the Fair of tlie Neio York Slate Agricultural S^ociettj, at Syracuse, September 29th, 1841.
"Archer," is in color mostly white, with a roon head and neck — his body has £omc roan spots — was bred by F. Rotch, Esq, Butternuts, Oisego Co., N. V.
Calved, ISih of June, 1837. Sired by Roli.o.

Dam, Adaliza, by Frederick, (Herd Book) rO60.

G.

G. G.

G. G. G.

G, G. G. G.

G. G. G. G. G.

O. G. G. G. G. G.

Adelie by Orpheus,
Alpide by Alfred,
Strawberry by Winsor,
Old Dairy by Favourite, -
Old Dairy by Punch,
Old Dairy by Hubback,

iTi.
23.
698.
252.
531.
319.

G.

Rollo, sired by Patriot. (Herd Book) r4'2.

Dam, Romp by Admirnl, 16 )S.

G. " Mobs Rose by Yoiuig Denton, 9 i3.

G. G. " Rosa, by Young Denton, - 9 i3.

G. G. G. " Ruby by Denton, - - 1!13.

G. G. G. " Old Red Nose by Frunnell, G ,0.

We reeret that the absence of IMr. Sherwood Itns preventen him from inspecting a proof nf the above Engravin?. We have spared no pain^! to have i^ cnrrct — Kns

~ Allegany Co. Agricultural Society.

At a. meeting, held for the purpose, in Angelica,
October Gth, 1841 , an Agricultural Society was fonn-
ed for the County of Allegany, Tlie following per-
sons were elected officers for the ensuing year;
WILLIAM G. ANGEL, President.
' Vice Presidents. — John Ayres, George Loekhart,
Orra Slillmon, James Wilson, jr., Andrew Baker,
William Van Campcn, Stephen Wilson, jr., John
Boles, Martin Butts, Stephen Mundy, Rodman Free-
born, William A. Slacey, Edward H. Johnson, Peter
Lervy, David T. Hamilton, Josiah Uiter, Isaac Van
Austin, John White, Jabez Burdick, Luther Couch,
Samuel C. Clark, John Seaver, Asa K. Allen, Jacob
Clendening, John Jones, James Perkins, James Mc-
Call, Abraham Middaugh, Jesse B. Gibbs, Jonah
French.

Recording Secretary. — A. S. Diven.

Corresponding Secretary.— Ransom Loyd.

Treasurer. — Alvin Burr.

Managers.— Vial Thomas, Stepto Woodruff, Chas.
Maxson, Brice Carr, Hiram Harmon, John Simons,
William Brown, James Mthews, Eli Laeure, Noah
Smith, Elias Smith. Levi Latham, William Duncan,
Moses Parsons, Stephen Wing, Hnllis Scott, Samuel
Jones, Reuben Weed, Hiram Wilson, Oliver M.
Russell, Samuel S. White, Calvin B. Laurence, Isaac
Andrews, Joshua Rathbone, Moses Smith, Orleton
F. Messenger, Abram J. Lyon, William Knighl,
John Loekhart, Daniel WilUrd.

Wayne County Fair and Cattle Show.

At Neicark, October 16, 1S41.

We find the following remarks appended to the list
of JH-Clnivims in the Wayne Co. Standard :

The Fair. — Saturday was a great, a glorious day
for Newark, and a proud one for this county. The
Fair which came off here oti that day, was, to say the
least, more than ordinary. The weather during the
week preceding Saturday, was April-like, showers
and sunshine, with a considerable more of cloudy
murkiness than sunshine, and consequently the roads
were somewhat wet and muddy. These circumstan-
ces seemed to impress our villagers in the morning
with the belief that the Exhibition would prove to be
rather a "slim aifair" — yet contrary to ilie expecta-
tions and forebodings of all, and in accordance with
their v/ishee, the overhanging clouds withheld their
showers, and the attendance of people and toe num-
ber of stock and articles exhibited were far greater
than had been anticipated.

The Wayne County Agricultural Society is
yet in its infancy. It is, to three quarters of the
farmers of this county, what may emphatically be
termed a " new thmg ;" yet with its present flatter-
ing prospects, and the awakening interest that it is
apparent is being taken in it, bids fair to be one ol the
first agricultural associations in the State.

Murrain in Cattle.

"A Grain of prevention is worth a pound of cure,"
Sj says your corrcBpondeut N. in the October num-

ber of the Farmer, and in that I perfectly agree with
him. I think it is probable that aslus may be of some
use as a preventive of Murrain, but from my observa-
tion, 1 believe that stdl peirc is a much better article
for tile purpose. The proper quantity is, a peice
about the size of a large kernel of corn, given once a
week A neighbor of mine has used this mode of
prevention for twenty years, v\ith almost entire suc-
cess.

When cattle are attacked with this deadly disease,
I would recommend giving them, say, 2 oz. of Gum
Gamboge, dissolved. Tnis is a powerful physic ;
and it is very necessary to get something to pass the
animal. I believe that the Dry Murrain always pre-
cedes the Bloody Murrain, and is the cause of this
last and most fatal disorder, which is often quite prev-
alent in the Western country.

WILLI \M WALLACE.

Barcelona, Richland Co., Ohio.

Annual Meeting of the State Society.

We invite the uttention of our readers to the notice
in another column, of the Annual Meeting of the N.
Y. Slate Agricultural Society, at Albany, January
ISth and 19ih, and to the list of Premiums then lo be
nwardeil. All who cnn, should aiieud.

No. 12.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

181

Culture of the Premium Crops.

AVe intend in this and forth-coming numbers to
publish the statements respecting the mode and ex-
pense of culture, vnltie and use of product, &c-, of
the numerous extraordinary crops for which premi-
ums have been awarded the past season. From tlie
publication of this kind of information we bclicve.jvill
result some of the greatest benefits to be derived from
agricultural societies. We cannot devote much spoce
to the subject this month, but will commence Nvith
eome Root Crops.

Rl'TA BAGA.

Crop raised by F. P. Runt, of Sweden, Monroe
Co. — 1200 bushd per acre — Soil, black vegetobic
mould — rather moist — previous crop, Wheat. The
ground was ploughed once in the fall and twice in the
spring, previous to sowing. Only a part o^ the land
was manured — that part produced the largest roots.
Theseed wnssown on the lOihof June. (Other par-
ticulars not state '.)

Crop uf Rvla Bagn raised hy Geo. Shiffcr, of
IVkiail'indj Monroe Co. — 5.'J2 hushcU per acre —
Soil, black clay loam, CGeneeec Flats,) bears drouth
and wet extremely well, Previons crop, corn ; no
TTianure. Sowed at the rate of two pounds of seed to
the acre ; in rows 2 feet and 3 inches apart, and left
the plants 6 t) 10 inches apart in the rows ConeH-
ers the roots worth 12i cts. per bushel — feeds them to
sheep, principally.

SUGAR BKETS AXI> MAXGrT, WURTZEI..

Raised hy Geo. Shcffcr, of WheutUnd—WOO
bushels Sugar Beets, — \0M bushels Mangel ll'urtzcl
per acre — S lil the same as above ; previous crop. Po-
tatoes ; manured with 25 loads of well rotted manure
per acre, ploughed under in the fall. Ploughed once
in the spring when ready for planting — midle o( May.
(Manner of preparing the ground, planting, &,c., the
eame as described liereafier for Carrots.) Sow three
pounds of seed per acre. Feed these roots to my cows
and other cattle — consider them worth about the same
as Ptuta Bagas.

CARROTS.

Raised by George Shiffcr — Coih bushels per acre.
SrATKMC.vTS. — The soil on which I raised my corrots,
is a black heavy loom ; ( Genesee Flats,) not liable to
suffer much from drouth or excessive in'oisture. The
previous crop was potatoes. Twenty-five loads of
well rattled manure were applied per acre, and
ploughed under in the fall. It was then left till the
time of planting — 20ih of May ; 1 then commence
and plough a narrow land on one side of the field —
this I harrow and roll immediately, before it becomes
dry, which leaves the surface fine and smooth for
planting. I then mark out the rows, tu o feet apai t,
with an implement made for the purpose, resembling
a heavy rake wiih two pegs or teeth 2 liL-et apart,
which is drawn across the field by a man, first putting
up three or lour stokes to meosiire with and go by, so
OS to moke the rows straight.

I s.ink the seed 48 hours, then roll it in white plas-
ter belbre sowing. Two pounds of clean seed are
requisite for an acre. I measure off the ground and
ascertain how many rows there will be, bct'ore I com-
mence sowing ; then 1 measure the seed and calculate
theciuantily per row; then a boy dropa the seed by
hand along the brills calculating the requisite qnonti-
ty for each row. Another percon immediately passe
along with a hoc and covets the seed J to Jihs of an
inch A'Bf, with fine earth, smoothing it down firmly
with the back of the hoe, which leaves the rows dis-
tinctly visible and greatly facilitates the first weeding.

As soon as the plants sliow the third leaf, I hoe and
thill them, leaving them from 3 to G inches apart. 1
keep them clean of weeds during the summer, and
ab.nit the 1st of Noven:ber 1 harveet the crop — dig

ihcni with a spade and put them in a cellar.

The following is as nearly as I can estimate the ex-
pense of raising and value of my crop, of one acre of
corrots.

Preparing the Innd and plonting, 5 days work.

lloeing and thinning It^t time, 9 do.

" " 2d " 6 do.

" " 3d " () do.

" " 4ih " 4 do.

Digging and sccurirg crop 10 do.

Soy 40 days labor at 7.) cents per day, $30,00
Two pounds clean carrot seed, 3,00

Expense of crop, - - - $33,00

I feed my carrots to horses, and consider them
worth at least half as much oe oats,
S.iy 653i bu.shcls at 1 shilling and 3 pence 10-2,10
Value oi the tops for fall feeding, at leaat 10,00

Ti'tal value of crop.
Deduct expense, as above,

Nett profit of the crop,

112,10

33,00

.$7i),10
GEO. SIIEFFER.

Wheatland, Monroe Co-, N. V.

Remarks. — Our readers will perceive that Mr.
Sheffer hos omitted to reckon the rent of the land ond
the value of the manure used for the above crop.
These items we should judge, would reduce the nett
profit to olxint Sixty fire dollars. A liberal sum for
one acre. — Ens.

IIj° (Other premium rrnps next month. )

Ciiltme of Silk in Families.

We hove received a communictition uf some length
from Thomas Lefevere, of Venice, Cayuga county,
detailing in full his first experiment in the culture of
ailk on a small scale, which oi r li nits will not permit
to give entire. Our correspondent did the whole of the
work hinicctf, and kept an aecurote account ol the
lime required in attendoncc upon the worms, on ob-
stract of which is here y ven, with cost and proceeds ;

Dr.

Time fecrlintt, &.c 103 hoiira.

Fixing frame, &c 7 "

tiritlicVing cocoons and picking them clean . 3 "
Dryingtlieu). . • 2 "

115 hours
wliii-h at 10 Iiours a ilny .ire 11 days 5 hour!—

wliich lit only 50 cts a day is ©5 7.'*

1 year iutcredt on cost of trees, HO

Cr.

Haifa Iitishel and 2 quarts cocoons, at 83 00,

The .Auburn price 1 78

State bounty 2*>

$i 04

Loss $4 21

The midberry used was the v.hite Itolion and Mul-
iJCTulis — mostly the I'ormer — and our correspondent
adds, " I find by this oxperiinent 10,000 worms would
be full employ for one person, which, if no casualties
occurred, would produce 3 huabclsofcnccoone ; ihcee
at the Auburn price would be 9 dollars, and the state
bount; would be §1,35, making $10,35 for the labor
of one person fiir at least 40 days ; allowing nothing
for trees and attending them, interest on their cost,
and on the ground, &c. and without any allowance
for tiiTie in obtaining the state bounty. And even if
it could be attended to hy the wife and children of a
farmer, to save expense of hiring, even then the pay
is so jmall as not to be worth the additional labor —
leaving out the loss by neglect that the butter and
clieeee would sustain — as n.oet females, particularly
the wife, have as much work as can usually bo nccoin-
pliahed. From this trial I am fully persuaded ihot
silk cannot be rai.^ed in a small way in a farmer's
family, to any ndvontogo — though it moy perhaps an-
swer better on a large scale as Q busiiics:* by itself, fls
with many other things."

We would merely re:nnrk, that with all the disnd-
vontogesof a first evpcrinient, inipcrfoi't fixtures. &e.,

we think this is perhaps quite se successful as could
have been expected. The silk business must of
course be like every other pursuit — it must require
thorough experience, strict economy, closo application,
and everything in good order, to be profitable — and
those who expect to jump at once into wealth hy this
means, will find themselves os greatly mistaken, as
the farmer would, who, without knowledge, without
tools, without seed and without live stock of modern
kinds, should dive ot, into the wilderness, and attempt
at oiicc to compete eucccssfully with the products of
our large markets.

Asricultuial Fairs— the Iliglit Spirit Kevivliig.

The Aummo of 1841 fans been peculiarly distin-
guished hy the attention that hos been given to the
couse of Agriculture. The great Fair of the State
Agriculturnl Society at Syracuse, the Fair of the
American Inetitute, in this city, numerous Fairs of
county Societies in this State ond of other Agricul-
lurol Societies in the Stole of Maesochueetts, Con-
necticut, Pennsylvanin, ond several other Slates, have
exhibited products of the soil, and improvemcuts in
the mode of cultivating it, never before equalled in
this country. These assemblages have also encour-
aged, attended and conducted by the very ablest and
host of men in the country; and we cannot doubt
have sent abroad a spirit that will exercise a most
wholesome.influeuce upon the pursuits, the habits, and
chniaeier of the people of this country.

The natural busincES of the American people ia
agriculture. It is the basis of our weolth ond inde-
pendence. This ia evident from the extent, fertility
and productiveness of our soil. The national ond in-
dividual welfare of our people requires that agricuU
lure should keep the position which noture has assign-
ed it. in advance of all other callings. We would
n u depress manufactures and commerce, but would
let them depend upon the products of the soil, ond be
sustained thereby. It is impossible thot they should
be successful to a proper extent, if regulated by any
other standard.

It is gratifying, therefore, to see the lively iiitetcst
every where awakening in the cultivation of the
earth. It is on honest, and independent and a healthy
business. It was grossly neglected e few years since;
rnrms were aold in city lots on speculation, instead of
being planted, os they should hove been, with corn,
potatoes and turnips; our people were so deluded as
to buy grain from the shores of the Block Seo, rather
than raise it on their own lane. Depravity of mor-
als, commercial ruin and general distress fidlowed as
the inevitable consequences of this great erior. We
are glad to see the people returning home from their
wanderings, filling their boms, and houses ond storts
with the products of honest industry, ond rejoicing in
ihestnidy independence of thrifty farmers. Long
may it be before our fertile " pototre patches" ond
" cabbage yards" ore again laid waste by being 6ur-
vevedaiid iilhogropbed into uninhobiloblc cities.

It is the duty of the press ond of our public men to
encourage the movement of what moy he considered
our great national business, agriculture. There is
no dot^ger of overdoing it. Who ever heard of over-
trading in this branch of business ? No motter how
extensive i>nr surplus products may be, there will be s
market for ihem in some part of ihn world. The bu-
sinraa of exporting and exchanging them will suppo. t
a vast commercial interest, ond a large manufacturing
interest will also grow up as a natural and nccesfory
incident. But agriculture must take the lead; in it is
heotiginofal prosperity; before wee begin to trade
we mt'st produce something to trade with; and we
must produce the raw material before wc set up fac-
tories to improve it.

No matter, therefore, how much we stimulate by
proper means the cultivation of our soil, there is no
danger but that commerce ond morufaeturcs will fol-
lowloit enough of their own accord. They arc iriore
liable than agriculture to exc«6S and over action.
Their results are more splendid, and ambilousadvtn-
uircsare more en ily coptivotcd by thctn. There is a
c instant tendency, especially in commercial nffaiis to
TO too fast, Noapprebtnsion reed therefore he lelt
Ten the business of ogricuUnrc should get too for
ahead; the difiiculty is in le ping t sufficiently ad-
vanced. Let commerce be regulated by it, dealing
only in the surplus values produced in the country,
and looking to no ficiit ons and tcmporory stimulants,
ond how soon the Umncssof the eminlry m every
deportment would become settled, stnhle, regulur and
permanenrly profiioble. Wc should hear ol '">^"'<^
ruinous revulai-ns and fluctuations, and should hove
no troubles with a depreciated currency.— A^ 1 . Sun.

IS-2

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

I^ivingston Couuty Fair and Cattle Show.

CAt Ucncseo, UcUibcr 2id, IBIIJ

The Secreiary informB us that, allhouyh the dny
WBfl stormy, and ibo roads muddy, the exhibition woe
8uch 09 to iiial'C it a meeting of great interest. Tlic
display of stock was unusually large and fair. Tlie
nuirierouB pens and ample grounds set apart for the ex-
hibition were at on early hour filled, and the commit-
tee for that purpose had to construct a ronge of new
pens to contain the incoming throngs of cattle, aheep
and swiuc. A great many very noble specimens of
stock were exhibited. A fine pen of I loldernoss own-
ed by Mr. Skinner of this town ; a Teeswater of Mr.
Kemp of Groveland ; several Dcvons and a great
many Durhams from several towns were exhibited.
The improved yhort Horn Durham breed seemed
most in favor. There was also a tine show of Swine;
of the Berkshire, Leiceslers, and Byiield breeds and
crops.

The Butter exhibited wos very abundant and of
matchless quality. Some very beautiful specimens of
Needle Work. Domestic Cloth and Carpeting were
aico exhibited and excited much admiration.

Upon the whole, the exhibition, considering that it
was the first of the kind, was highly creditable to the
county. And if the Society follow up this first etlbri
with becoming zeal the next exhibition, which will
embrace a greater range of articles, will show that
Livingston will not be more famous for the fertility of
her vallies than for the richness and variety of her pro-
ductions.

The following Premiums were awarded :
Ist best Bull 2 years old end over, $15, David M.

Smith, Avon.
2d best Bull do $i, F,. A. r,e Roy, Caledonia.
3d best Bull do $b, Holloway Long, York.
Best Yearling Bull $i, David Brooks, Avon.
2d best Yearling Bull $',, John R. Murray. Mount

Morris.
Best Bull Coif .fS, D.miel II. Fitzhugh, Groveland.
Best Pen not less than 3 Calves $5, Thomas Tyler,

Genesco.
2d best Pen not less than 3 Calves $4, David Brooks,

Avon.
Best Cow $10, David Brooks, Avon.
2d best Cow ^:>, Thomas Newbokl, Caledonia.!
Bejt Heiler 2 years old .$.">, Isaac Casey, York.
2J best Heifer 2 years old $3, Uoswell Stocking.

York.
Best pair Working Oxen $10, Roswell Root, York.
2d best poir Working Oxen $8, Allen Ayroult, Gen

cseo.

^'York"'^ ^ "''" "''' ^'"'^" *■'"' ^"""«"'y Long,

Best pair 2 year old do $.5, George Root, York.

Best tatallion$10, David Brooks, Avon.

2d best do $5, Robert Whaley, Avon

Best brood Mare $S, Pdl Teed, Leicester.

2d beet do $4, Reuben Squicr, Geneseo.

Best Spring Colt $5, Pell Tee.l, Leicester.

2d boit do $3, Reuben Squier, Geneseo.

Besi pair Matched Horses $10, William A. MiUa, jr.

Mount Mums.
2d best pair Matched Horses $.5, Ja's. S. Wadsworth,

Geneseo.
Best long Wool Buck $G, Mr. Oliphant Mt. Morris.
M best do $4, Thomas Parsons, York.
3d best do $2, Richard Peck, Lima.
Beit fine Wool Buck $G, Roswell Root, York.
M best do $4, Charles Cole, Gen^sco.
3d best do $2, Reuben Squier, Geneseo.
Bo.t len not lees than 5 long Wool Ewes $5, Allen

Ayrault, Geneseo.
2d beat do do William Squier, Geneseo.

Coft! Gelfeo.''"" ^ '^"" '^'"" ^^"''^^ ^'^- Charles
2d best do |3, Reuben Sqnier, Geneseo.
B :at Boar $8, N. Hathaway, Geneseo
2J best Boar ,$.■-,, T. Tyler, ^' "do

Geneseoi'"' '*""' *"*' ""'"""" ^- Wadsworth,
2d best breeding Sow $5, Sullivan Drew, York
Bos Pouah.$.^ K. G. Holliday, Spar.o!' ""'•
^d best Plou-li $3, none offered.
u, Sf. I'u" Of B""" $4, David Bro-As, Avon
U«« a-ilbs. Roll do $2, Mr. S. A, Hooper" York.

Best 50 lbs. Cheese $3, Thomas Tyler, Geneseo.
Best pair fat Oxen $10, William A. Mills, Mount

Morris.
1 Divan, 3 Ottomans, needle work, $2 50, Mrs.

Campbell Harris, York.

1 worked Chnir and 1 Screen, needle wuik, $2 50,
Mrs. John Young, Geneseo.

Plaid Flannel $3, Mrs O. D. Lake, Mt. Morris.

Black and White Flannel $2. do

Moscow stripe J'lonnel 3, and Full Cloth 2 — $5, Mrs.
Esther Harris, Y'ork.

2J best fulled Cloth $1, Lyman Turner, Geneseo.

Stocking Yarn $1, Mrs. Cornelius Shepard, Gen-
eseo.

Skeins Silk$l, Mrs. McVcan, York.

2 pieces Carpeting $1, Pell Teed, Leicester.
Entry ;and Stair Carpeting $4, Mrs. G. Nowlen,

Geneseo.
Specimens of Glass .$2, Mt. Morris Factory.
Best fine Wool Lamb $3, Charles Colt, Geneseo.
Best Leicestershire Lr.mb $2, William Squier, do.
2d best do do .$1. Richard Peck, Lima.

Best Yeorling Colt $1, Jonathan Miller.
Best 2 year old Colt $2, Ribcrt Wiialey, Avon.
Best improved Fanning Mill$l, Pell Teed, Leicester.
Improved Clevis $1, E. G. Holliday, Sparta.

Immediately alter the reports of the eonimittees
were read and the foregoing premiums were declared,
the Society pro.eeded to the choice of otticers for the
enduing j'ear.

The liillowing officers were elected : —
JAMES S. WADSWORTH, President.

Edwahp a. Le Rov, )

RuKL L. Blake, > Vice Presidents.

Paul Goddard, )

C. H. Brvan, Recording Secretary.

Felix Tracv, Currcepoiuling Secretary,

Allen Ayrault, Treoeurer.

MANAOEns.

Holloway Long, York. Jerediah Horsford, Leicester.
William A. Mills, jr., Mt. Morris. William Scott,
Sparla Harvey S. Tyler, Springwoter. John Hen
dersiin, Conesus. Augustus Gibbs, Livonia. Asubel
H. Warner, Lima. D. H. Fii/.luigh, Groveland. Ira
.Merrill, Avon. Charles Colt, Geneseo.

Niagara Co., Fair and Cattle Show,

At LuckjiuTl, Vn. 2-id, 1841.

The following account of this exhibition from the
pen of our old friend "Niagara," accompanies the
list of premiums published in the Lockport poper.
We are happy to learn thot this fine county is also
waking up to a sense of her true interests.

Although this was the first attempt at ony thing of
the kind ever witnessed in this county, and though
the roads weie exceedingly muddy in consequence of
recent rains; yet the gothering of the entcrp ioing
larmersand others of the county was very numerous,
even beyond the expectation of any. The day «as
favorable, for the season of the year, and the multi-
tude were apparently never in better spirits. As
such a meeting was a novelty with us, many attended
merely as " lookers on," yet words, oetions and looks,
bespoke unusual gratification and pleasure, and this
' farmer's holiday" was pronounced by more than
one, 0 proud day for Niagara. Political and feetarinn
distinctions were apparently unknown or forgotten,
and an expression of kindly, fellow feeling was uni-
formly monifeat. The show of animals, although not
as nnmeroiis ns in some of the eastern and middle
counties of the state, was very respectable, not only
in number, but in grode and oppeoronce, ond nfford-
ed the most gratifying evidences of im|iiovement, and
that our farmers and herdemen are not asleep, or indif-
ferent on the subject of cattle husbandry.

The cattle exhibited were nearly all of them crose-
oH between the Sbnrt Horn, Devonshire ond the no-
live breeds. Although the frosty nights, rainy days,
and muddy roads, hnd rendered their appearance less
sleek and beautiful than it otherwise would have been,
yet we venture the opinion that many of them would
not suficr in comparison wiih the best aniniala in some
of the older counties. There were several calves ol
improved breeds which excited much attention, some
live or six yoke of working oxen were preheated, ol
the most stately and beautiful appearance, and were
much admired.

The number of horses, &c., on the ground was
very salisfoctory, and better poirs of matched icnrh-
ing horses, such as the farmer wants, can hardly be
linind.

Of the swine exhibited, some were specimens ol
very good Bcrkshirce, Chinas, &c., but the show was
not very numerous, nor as good ns may be expected
in future years. Enough was to b? rccn ho^Yever, to

convince the observer that our pork makers were dis-
poeed to improve their breeds of porkers.

The dillcrent varieties of sheep, were ecvcioI of
them represented. The Merino, Sa.\on, Bakewell
ond South Down were by no means indifferent epe-
cimcns of these varieties, some of which attracted
much notice. One buck introduced by Mr. Hess, of
Somerset, was very much admired on account of the
fineness of the wool and size o( the carcase. A full
blood South Down Buck exhibited by Mr. J. Wit.
beck, of Cambria, presented o good combination of
the most desirable qualities for the farmer, viz : a su-
I erior quality, and a fair quantity of wool, with a size
of carcase onda nobleness of form showing a strong
and vigorous constitution. There were others per-
haps equally deserving, which 1 did not porticulorly
notice.

The show of vegetoblc products, such as beets, car-
rots, pumpkins, squashes, &c., wese such as to prove
that the soil and cultivation of Niogora, (some parte
01 least,) are not surpassed ony where. A sugar beet
exhibited by Mr. E W. Smi h, raised on as hard and
clay soil as can be found, weigiied 22j pounds, show-
ing what mov be done by cultivation. Several speci*
mens of cauliflower, olbo raised on the some ground,
were most splendid. Whcaifield andCambiio fur-
nished pumpkins weighing 40 pounds and upwards.
Squosbce large enough to fill a half bushel measutc,
were exhibited by Mr. Alwoter, of Lockport.

The specimens of wheat and corn, oats ond polo,
toes, were admirable. As line somiihs of wheat as
can be found in the world, were exhibiied ; corn and
oats at the rote of 90 bushels |)er acre, and potatoes at
the rate of 400 bushels per acre, and that too, with-
out any reference to an ogricultuaal exliioitiun, give
some evidence at least, that our bolder county eon
tains the soil, and the cultivators thereof, which will
not sufler in comparison with many others much more
celebrated. Notwithstanding great credit is due to
our yeomanry, to our breeders of cattle, horses, sheep
and swine, yet, a meed of praise not a whit less, is
due to the " ladies of the farm hoUbC," niony of whom
graced our numerous assemblage, not only wiih their
piesencc but with the work of their hands. The ex-
hibition of carpets, flannels, woolen yarn, sioekinge,
socks, &c. &c., were all respcctoble, ond some of
them very much admired. But in the article of but-
ter, there were many samples of superior exc Hence.
One of the viewing ctunmittee remarked to me, that
he hod served in the same capacity 14 years, in the
eastern counties, ond thot ftc ntvtr had seen so tnant/f
a^ pt'ifixt 8ani[ les of butter, — a fact redecting much
credit upon this bra eh of household manufactures.

When we coiibider that this was the first cflbrt of
the kind ever attempted by us: that our society woa
nor organized till near the last of June, — thot tLe list
of premiums was not made known till the middle of
July, so that ifo stock, or vegetable could ha\e been
raised, or cultivated in relcreiice to such premiums. —
what may we not expect when our society shall have
attained years of maturity and e.xperienee.

Yonre. &c., NIAGARA.

LorJqiort, October 25, 1841.

' V. Presidents.

The election of ofTiccrs (or the ensuing ycor, which
took place on the day of the Fnii, resulted os follows :
WM. A. TOWNSEND, President.
DAVIS HURD,
JOHN GOULD, Jr.
Wm. Par.50ns, Secretary.
Wm. O. Brown-, Treasurer.

Execctive Committee.

Camhria — Thomas Comstock, D. W. Ciapeey,
H. McNeil.

llAiiTLinu — C. H. Skceic, Abiter Kitridgc, Harry
Harrington.

LocKi'ORT — Joel McCoIluiii, Jacob Gaunt, Rivera
Stevens.

Lewiston — Asahcl Lyon, Rufus Spaulding, Eli
PInyter.

Niaoara — Paikhutst Whitney, C. H. Witmer,
Eliphalel Gillct.

Nkwkane — James Wisner, Peter McCollum, T.
W. Merritt.

Porter — J. C. S. Ransom, J. Clopsoddlc, Jacob
Most.

PExnLEroN — John Baker, George Hawley, Aaron
Parsons.

RovALTON — Wm. Freeman, Eiostus Hurd, W.
Carpenter.

Somerset — M. S. Dougloss, Pclcr Hess, J. W.
Bnbcock.

Wilson — Daniel Dwight, Daniel Holmes, Morgan
Johnson.

WHrATFiELD— N. M.Word, J.S^veeney, H. Miller.

io. 12.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

183

The Farmer.

If I wna Baked who belonged to ihe privileged order
II our land, I elionld reply, the former, for no other
eaeoii than lUat be is rarely ever the victim of those
lucliiatione of trade oiid ibc currency — and that be is
inlircly relived in the sale of his products Irom the
vils of that credit system to which almost every oth-
r class of the community is subjected.

Whether the price of the necessaries of life be high
r low, it is all the same to the farmer so far as he pro-
luces tliem for his own consumption, ilia surplus
iilike the wares of the tradesman, or the products of the
iianufacturer and the mechanic, will alv.'aya command
ash, and on that account it is at all times free from
hose aesesamciUs which the credit system never fails
a impose on the capital and products of the other
laeses of community; in fact it is always the farmer's
wn fault, and it can never be said that it was an evil
ncidcntal to his profession, if be is ever found linkeil
i^iih bankruptcy, or his substance diminished by bad
Icbts.

Look at the poor unfortunate miller and the pro
uce-buycr, growing up under the hot-bed influence
I' Banks, which gives an additional atinmlousta their
Iruady too active gambling spirit. They are the
irmer's victims.

Look at the clergyman, faithful and gifted as lie

ny be in leaching those lovely lessons which make
lan godlike ; yet is he hardly sure from one year to
nothcr of a place whereon to lay his head.

I,ook at the lawyer, now starving, unices he can got
raciicc in that jury leaa court, whose title burlesques
20 name of eipiity.

The merchant and the trader encumbered and par-
lized by competition, bad debts, embarrassment,
ankruptcy. A victim of the credit system and bank
iRations.

Tiie meclianic, felony eating out his substance or
Isgracing his fair fame, in the shape of a States Prison
)-brother ; often reduced to the hard necessity ol
idking Ilia employer rich before he can get his pay ;
IS career is too often one of lobor and embarrassment.

ut the farmer with the stntTof life in hie barns, sheep
n his hills, and pigs in his pen, laughs to scorn the
ictitious ills of life ; 'tis true, he has his cares, but
'ithout them he would be much to be pitied. Ifev-
ry thing was done to his liking without his own au-
ervieion, the devil or some demon passion would be-
3me his master,

*' Making iiis aljunJance, the means of want.'*

The industrious, provident farmer has the earth for
is chemical laboratory, which, in common with its
lowing vegetable surface teochea him many lessons,
'lora 8 his handmaiden, and Cerea and Poraora ehed
neir bountiea upon him, making him nature's iioble-
iian, £?. W.

Items,

Condensed from Ejxliange Pitpcrs, ^-c.

Great Hkifek. — A heifer, raised by Col. Poxton,
if Columbia county. Pa., was recently e.\hibited at
'h.ladclphia.- She weighed three thousand pounds,
8 half blood Durham, and waa sold to her present
iwner for one thousand dollars. She ia five years
lid. This shows the great advantoges which farmers
vpould derive from crossing their native cattle with
jood full-blood Durhams.

L-JD1.1 CoTTo.N. — A lot of 100 bales of cotton was
sold in the summer in London at 84d. per lb., being
the first shipped from Madras, from the new English
plantation-

Carriage Springs Made of Am. — Allen Put-
nam, of the New England Farmer, says that H. L.
Ellsworth, (who is at the bead of the patent office,)
nforma him that he lately aigned a patent for a man
10 conitruct springs for rail rata so that the passenger^

may read and write without any inconvenience ; and
that he rode in a car, conatructcd with such springs,
containing 80 passengers, which fully answered the
expectations and promises of the patentee. It appears
that the spring is made by using upright 13 inch cyl-
inder."!, containing air condensed to one-thirteenth of
its usual bulk, on which a piston rests ; but how the
air ia kept completely confined by this piston, while
the latter plays freely, wo connot fully understand, as
it is unexplained.

Corn Oil.. — In Indiana, where corn is worth only
10 cents a bushel, lamp-oil is made from it, by grind-
ing the corn, and fennentiifg it with malt ; the oil
rises, and is ekiinnied from the surface, and the meal
fed to hogs.

Trees. — lu Japan, there ia a law, that no one con
cut down a tree, without permiaaion of the majestrote
of the place and even when he obtains permission, he
must immediately replace it by another.

Cheat Roofs. — A correspondent of the Famer's
Cabinet, says, that if rafters, ore covered with kiln-
dried half-inch boards, closely fitted at the edges, and
these with sheathing paper, (such as is used under the
copper of ships, ) with a coating of tar added, an excel-
lent roof is formed that will last many years. That the
following composition was used in this way for o roof,
twenty years ago, which is now as good as when laid :
Eight gallons tar, two gallons Roman cement [water
lime], five lbs. resin [rosin we prceume], end three
lbs. tnllow; boiled and very thoroughly stirred, laid on
the roof very evenly with a bru^h while hot. Sprinkle
this while hot with sharp sifted sand, when cold
npply onother coat of tar, and of sand ; and one coat
of tar in six yours.

An incombustible wash for tue above is made by mix-
ing six quarts of dry, water, slacked, sifted lime, with
one quart of line salt, and adding two gallons water,
boiling and skimming it. Add to five gallona of iliis,
one pound olum, hnlfo pound ofcopeross, ond slowly
half a pound of potash, and four quarts fine sharp saiid.
It may now be colored as desired, and applied with a
brush. It is said to be as durable as atone, will atop
leaks, exclude mote, and is excellent on brick work.
Try it.

Budding Roses. — Dr. Von Mons buds roses in
June, 60 that they grow, and frequently blossom the
same year. He prepares the young and unripe wood
by separating the leaves, leaving only the foot stalks ;
two weeks after the bude are swollen and fit for in-
sertion ; at the time the bud is put in, the stock is
cut ofTsix inches obove it. They arc bound with bass
mottinf , previously drown through a solution of alum
and white soap, and dried, which completely excludes
water.

To Remove Old Puttv. — In taking out broken
window glass, nitric or muriatic acid will soften the
putty at once.

TKANSr'LANTlNG EvERRREENS. P.nCS Ond SpruCCS

arejustly considered a great ornament in door yard
scenery, and few ever succeed in transplanting them
successfully. The following mode, copied from
Downing's late admirable work on Landscape Garden-
ing,though notaltogetherncw,ise.xcellent,andwe hope
many will be induced to practice it at this season ol
comparative leisure. " The trees to be removed are
aoler-ted, the situotione chosen, and the holes dug,
while the ground ia yet open in autumn. AVhen the
ground is somewhat frozen, the operotor proceeds to
dig a trench around the tree at some distance, gradu-
ally undermining it, and leaving all the principal mass
of roots embodied in the hall of earth. The whole boll
is then left to freeze pretty thoroughly, (generally till
snow covers the ground,) when a large sled is
brought as near as possible, the ball of earll^ contain-
ing the tree rolled upon it, and the whole tran.iported

to the hole previously prepared, where it ia placed, in
the proper position ; and as soon ae the weother be-
comes mild, the earth is properly filled in around the
boll." When skilltiilly performed, says Downing,
this ia the most complete of all the modes of traiie-
planiing, and the trees scarcely show, on the return of
growth, any eni'clafrom removal. "

Germinating Sccils liuder Colored Glas^s.

The following remarks by " Mr. Hunt, the Secre-
tary of the Royal Polytechnic Society," in England,
relate to a most curious discovery ; and, one which
may prove very useful to the cultivators of rare exot-
ics. We hope some of our readers will be stimulated
to repeat the experiments, and lo tend ua the results.

"It is scarcely necessary to explain that every beam
of light proceeding from its solor source, is a bundle of
diflercnt colored rays, to the absorption or reflection of
which we owe all that infinite diversity of color which
ia one of the greatest chorma of creation. These rays
have been long known to possess diflerenl functions.

" The light which permeates colored glass partakca
to Bume considerable extent, of the character
of the ray which corresponds with the glass
in color ; thus blue glass adinite the blue or chemical
loys, to the exclusion, or nearly so, of all the othera ;
yellow glass admits only the permeation of the lumi-
nous rays, while red glass cuts off all but the heating
rays, which pass it freely. This affords us a very
easy method of growing plonts under the influence of
any |)artieulor light which may be desired.

"The fact to which I would particularly call
attention is, that ihc yclluio and red rays arc destruct-
ive to frcrminiition, whereas vnder tlieivjluance nf do-
Ictj indigo, or blue light, the process is quickened in a
most extraordinary manner.

" The plants will grow most luxuriantly beneath
glasB of a blue character ; but bcneaih the yellow and
red glasses the natural proc'ss ie entirely checked. In-
deed, it will be found that at any period during the
eaily Id'e of a plant its growth may be checked by ex-
posing it to the action of red or yellow light.

" It is with much satisfaction that I find the rc^nlls
to which I have arrived, corruberated by Dr. F. R.
Horner of Hull."

Blue glass for hot beds could be very conveniently
employed. t

jlow to Have Good Peachts-"Indian Corn.

Much hos been said and written about prcaerving
the life and fecundity of peach Ireea. From the great
success attending the recent practice which has come
under my observation, I am inclined to believe that
keeping the ground under the trees clear from gross
and weeds, and loose and mellow by continual work-
ing, with a judicious opplicotion of manure, will do
more towards preserving the tree and improving the
flavor of its fruit, than all the nostruma in the world.

It ia said that the cofl'ee tree can only be made pro-
fitably fruitful, by adopting the above plan. A coflee
planter would as soon allow his yard ond planting
patches to overrun with weeds as bis coffee grounds.

I om much gratified to sec of late a more lively in-
terest in the better cultivation of that King of the ve-
gitaole kingdom, Indian corn. If it ia true, thot stalks
alone, can be more profitably cultivated for sugar than
sugar beets, as affording more sacberine moiter, and
requiring less outlay of capital and expense in the
manufacturing process, then truly u happy new era
has arrived in the rural economy of the north and
west, which will give wealth and independence to the
great corn growing region of the great West.

The red blazed is the fovoritc voriety of corn among
the masterly corn gioweia of Oneida Co. — it has a
small cob ond largo kernel. It is earlier than the
Dutton, and grows larger in Seneca thdn in Oneida

county.

S. W.

184

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

OliO'S COUN PliAXTEU

Mkmhs. BiTrMASi &c.— I liave f>r about iwo years been eiigngcd in gfittlng up n mochlnc, under

New York, will satisfy Ibe public mind, b.ttcr ibnii my "wn nilcBiulions.

Tlie nbove cut is n represcuatinn of my dnnbic corn pinntor, «hicl> plants two rows nt once, and makes tbe
rovva both wave, to be drawn by a borsc. Similar letier.n reler to similar parts— o reimeenig tbe lorA-ard
wbee 8 b tbe blank places on tbe bind wl-.eels to show wbere tbe bills are, c tbe plougb, d ibe coveter run-
mnsr w'ltb on au"le of 45 degrees, replacing ilie corlb ibrown out by tbe plough, /■, the initre gear of the
Ironnin" wbcels" " tbe cuiis, with moveable bo'.toms lo increase or dmiinibb tlie qiianiiiy of feed at plca.Mire,
A tbe boxes con'.a'iniTig tbe seed, t tbe tube to convoy ibe seed to tbe plough, i tbe blide or gate to regulate
the dcjib of seed under tbe dropping wbcel. , , , .,

I have al-o niacbines for planting one row of co-n, borsc power, which may be arranged to drop tbe corn
nnv distante apart, from a continued drill, to hiUd of live Icet or more. It will alto drop two or more kinds
nf seed in the eime row, »' given points, and may be applied lo dropping the fine manure in the bills with
the seed The snnn^ principle applies to the bond drills, for sowing or planting the seeds lor tbe various root
crops &.C 1 have also a plan for sowing wheat in drills or broad cntt, which will npp y to oil grains and
i-rass's-ed' together with the tine manures. 1 have appointed J. ^l■ott & Co., -21 Cortinnd street. New Voik,
niienl lo n'lanulacture and sell the above defcribcd inacbincs. where they can be eecn at any time. All orders
trom any part of the United States, post paid, directed to them, will be promptly attended lo. Those wish-
in" to nbtain machines for tbe coming spring, will do well to order them .-oon. I intend myself. 1 rovidence
perinittins;, to travel through the western and eoulherii states this fall and coming winter, to introduce the
above niticles where they may be wanted. .. „ . , ,. • ■ j

F, litors of ngricidtuial papers generally, and all papers friendly to ngriciilinral improvements, arc invited
to i;ivu the nb.ive such notice as tlicy may think practicable. Tbey will aieo confer n favor lo tbe si.bsciibcr
by sending him a copy containing ibcir quotations and remarks, directed to his residence

CALVIN OLDS.

Keport of tlitt Cummittpe on Silk,

M the Fair cf tlie ^'. V- Sli'tc Agncultuial .Society
nt i:*i/rficusc.
Tlje committee on Silk Culture have examined
Bimples subniittod for inspection by the following per-

Thosus Meixex, of the town and county ol Mad-

Isi. Four f-Ueins of reeled silk, of difrcrcnt iiuni-
Dcrs of lilaoieiue lo each thread, and fed on dill'ercnt
iiarietic? of mulbeny. , n-

'ii. Several varieliea of cocoons, fed on dillercnt
varieties of ibc Morus multicaulis, and mnile by differ-
ent kinds of worin^, aa tbe I'eanut, Sulphur, Oiange,
ijiid Two Crop.

;{,! A tine, liot small, sample of sewing suk.

•till, lie showed a sample of the trees and leaves of
« variety of Mulberry which he calls Morns Oreponn,
wh cb he reprcsenis os possessing excellencies not to
be fiund in any otbe.- ; his cvoons were very lino,
mid his samples of silk showed an elegant lustre ; his
trees were very small, bot their l.'nves lnr;;", «"d ta-
ken all log -iber were meritorious. However much
the (; im-nittee may hive been pleafed with Mr. Mel-
len's liornples, tbey would have been more gratified
had ibev been larger.

IL' .Mr. RoiiiNi, of Brighton, M mroe county :

A small sample cd' sewing sdk, miinnfactured very
handsomely, dyed and pui up with tafte and success,
woriby of encouragement to all new beginners

r>v Mrs. Mti.oK.i Shovk, of the town and county
of O.iaiidnga •■

A large cample of sewing silk, successfully nianu-
factureif, and that upon the common spinning wheel
Olid reel, hnndsoinely skeined, after having been bean-
Ufiilly colored, and all this W'tboiU instruction, evinc.
ing much perscvercuce and crowned with correspond-
itlil success.

Ilv Mr. Li:oNARn, of Carthage, Jederson county :
Isl. A sample of henutil'nl flms from tbe pierced
cocoons, together with saniplrs of knitting yarn man-
iifac:tnred therefrom, a valiialile ariicle.

iid. An elegant sample o'' reeled silk with a large
lanple of sewing silk, all handsomely manul'nctnred
in his own family, and upon the ordinary spiiining-
Wheel and reel — tbe sewing of beautiful and various
jOlora, a very successful experiment.

3il. Samples of Sulphur and Orange cocoon.*-, fed
on Multicaulis and were n line si/.e and firm. Mr.
L"onar(] also exhiliiicd a model of a feeding Irnme,
combining much that is useful w.th some thai is new.
The ingenuity, )iei6everance and suitcefs of Mr.
Leonard coinmende him to the approbatory notice of
the Society, and a worthy example to all who may
feel disposed to enter upon the silk culture.

By Thomas GooDfFi.i., of lltica, Oneida county :

1st. A epeciineii of outside Hoes, perfectly neat and
dean, but not boiled out, in fine order for manulac
luring.

2il. A sample of floss from pierrcd cocoons boiled,
fiee from gum, and drawn out in roping form and
wound in balls without twist, ami about the size ol
oranges, vvbicb lie is iiislrncted is the form and condi-
tion fiir the article to be iiiarkelcd.

od. Very fine specimens of" cocoons in point of size
and firmness, from tbe Orange, Sulphur, and Peanut
varieties.

4th. A S'lnple of reeled silk, n woriby article for
Inairc, cvcinK-sfl and strength, wrought on the Pied-
montesc and Dennis' silk reels.

.'>ih. A .Mnlticoidis tree of ihe present yenr's growth
(and not far from tbe average growth of bis lot )
nearly nine feel high, with leaves accoinpanj ing it.
(although plucked fiom it.) measuring ibirteen by
fourteen inches.

liLh. One bent of his Cabinet Feeding and Wind
ing Fiame, full size.

This Frame, in ilio opinion of the committee, pos-
sesses ndvaniages which should recommend it lo the
ailcntion and consideration ol silk growers. It is a
neat and compac; stincturc, occupying little room, rc-
fpiiring less labor in lending, and rendering greater
facilities lor winding, than moot articles ol this kind
in use.

By Mrs. DiRius Cirter, of East Bloo:nfield, On-
tario conniy.

1 St. A pamjdo of fair cocoons of tbe V nnut variety.

21. A large sample of sewing silk, pretty well mnii-
ufacuired, and very RnccnssfiiUy ilyed, cxhibitiog (as
she informed np)Bevcniy dillcient shades ol odor.

3d. A very handsome piece or specimen of Black
Fringe.

4ib. One pair of ladies' stockings, black,ond a pair
of mills.

.5ih. One elegant reticule, 1 purse, 2 pair mills, all
of net work, manufactured from yarn prepared from

flofS.

G:h. One piece of cloth, 1 apron, 2 handkerchief,?,
togeiher with yarn enough already colored to make
20 yards of cloih, all of which articles and yarn well
prepared from floss, and is ihe work of her own
bands ; she informed tbe commiltee that her co-
coons measured one hundied biisl o's ; tbe manu-
focliiring, all performed with household implements
only. Lnlerpriee, industry, ami suceeFS like this,
should not pass the couimiitce nor the Society, un-
heeded or unrcwiirded

By the Agcni of the State Prison, at Auburn :

A fine sample of sewing eilk from convict's labor,
which for uniformity and equality of filament, lustre
of staple, brilliant-y of colors and lacte r-f putting up,
would not discredit on Italian factory, and is to l' o
Stale o(' New York, an encouraging earnest of what
we may expect with tbe advaiuoge of a few years' ex-
perience.

Tbe committee recommend that a premium be
awarded to Mrs. D. Curler, of East Bloomfield, for
samples of KJO ekeine ul' sewing silk of 74 ditVerei t
shades, samples of fringe and silk prepared for wenv.
ing, I pair silk hose, 2 pair r^diis, 1 puisc, a piece of
cloth Irom silk fioh-s, a premium of j;20. j

To Mrs. Mclura Shove, Onondaga, for 100 skcina
of sewing silk, a premium of ^\i).

To Mis, Darve) Baldwin, Syracuse, forsptcimcns
of Needle work, a prize.

Itfew-Vork Agricultural Society.

Annual Nuting, Jan. 18 and 13, 1842.
At a meeting of the Executive Commiticc, held ot
Albany, on the SOtli October, A. W.vlsh, Esq. of
Laneingburg, in tbe choir, it wos unanimously re-
Bilved, that the Trcmium list fur Field Crops Butter
and Cheese, be enlarged and amended eoaa to read c»
lollows :
PREMIUMS ON BUTTER AND CHEESE.

For Ihe 1 est siimplc of Batter, not less than 100 pounds.. $30

For the sccon<l dcst. . . .do* • * • do dO

I-'iir the third best do do IS

For tlie liest s.inipic of Cheese, over one > cur old, not Icsk

Ihaii 1110 iioulids *•

Fur Ihc second licst, do do !•■

For tltc l,<-st do., less than one year olit, not less Ihaii 'JOO

pniiii'lM 20

Tor llic second Ijcstdo do 10

Tbe butter offered fur premiums may be presented
in tubs, jars or fiikins. Encb lot must be numbered
but not niaiked, and any public or known mark must
be completely concealed, nor must tbe compi tilors be
piescnt. In default of either of these requisitions the
claiiitanl will not be emitlcd to a premium.

The claimants lor premiums on butter, must stole
in writing, the number of cow-s kept on bis farm ; hie
mode of keeping: the treatment of the cream and
milk before churning ; tbe mode of churning, winter
Olid summer ; the method of freeing the biiiier from
the milk : the quantity and kind of salt used ; \\belh-
e" saltpeter or any t»tbersiibstnncts have been cmploy-
id : ihe best time for churning and keeping but'cr in
hot weather ; and the best mode of preserving it in
anil through ibe summer and winter, and in wbal
vcs-els.

Those who present dieese for the premiums oflercd,
must state in wriiing the number of ci'wa kept ;
whether the cheese is mode from one, Iwo or more
indkings: whether any additimi is mode of cream; tbe %!
quantity and kind of salt iiseii ; the quaniily of lennel
used and the mode of preparing it; the modeof prca-
sure and ihe ireaimeiu of the cheese afterwords.

iffl

A:
III;
nit

Ti
Ji!

Ti
iifi

Ai
lie

llK

Ar

riiiili
lit

W

Qi
lib

m

mill

biT
til.

PRE.MIUMS FOR FIELD CROPS.

For Che hesl lu-renr Wlieu 5a>

For ihc sevoiiii hcsl 10

1'\t the Iresr acre of liarley, IS

(-'or the sc-oad I'est tl

Fur llie liest acre of llj e tspyi

Forllip i-ei'ond tic

For the I e»l ncre of Oats 13

Fortlio'ipcn I liesi «

lies'. licre of In-iian i era, 20

Ftir I he second hesl 10

I'iic lie-it ai-rp of Polatnci, 15

F'lr ihp se.tond Iiesl H

\\f^\ iicrr iif Snsar Berts 13 Heact

Fur the HfCItd licst 6

Hesl acre nf Uiita Ujifa, *fi

For 1 he second licst, fi

'I'hc licst acre of Carrots fS

Fur llip second liest ^

l-'or the Irpst cere cif Peas. W

[■'or iiie second lic?.t f

Those who present claims lo premiums for fariti
crops ninai stale in writing the following particulars: 1
the condition of the soil at tbe ••omrrencement of cul
iivation for the crop : the previous cultivation, proj

Ofe

' : biiiii

Ra

|IKI1

W'l

Ililli
KiM!
Ujfc
I?
Klttl

No. 12.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

185

hut and mnnure need up^n it ; the quniitity of mo-
cure the presem eeneoii ; ihe qunruiiy of si'ed used ;
be lime ond niQiii.er of sowing, clen.Ming and harvesi-
ng ibe crop ; ihc amount of the crop determined by
ii'iiml ijicoaurmenl ; and tbe expeni^ of cultivation.
The land shall be measured by eoine eworn surveyor,
iiid the claimant of the premium, with one other per-
wn shall certify to the above panicnlnrs.

Applicants for the premiums on butter, cheese and
arm crops, must make known their detenninaiinn to
jUtukkTl'ckek, Albany, (if by letter, post paid,) on
>r before the first of January nc.\t, and the [larcela de-
losited in such place in Albany as the Ex Committee
liny hereafter direct, on Tuesday moining the Itith
if January, before ten o'clock, at which lime the
■inimittee will proceed to examine the lotolVered for
■romiums.

I

IIiut« for the Mouth*

Winter is now upon ns — and the farmer must be

igilent to secure what he has gained by the labor of

ummer. Flocks and herds need close attention, or

hey will soon lose much that has been gained by half

year's care.

Animals thrive rapidly in warm weather — this
hriving may be continued through winter, by creating
rtiticially the advantages of summer; for instance,

The green and succulent food of summer is imiiot-
J by leeding roo^s copiously;

The comfort of summer may in some degree be
onferred by hoving good stables and other shelters;

And other things may add materially to these, as
he frequent sailing of food; the fiee use of good
nor; and constant supply of pure fresh water: —
To fied an animal on dry food e.\clusively, would
e like feeding n man on dry Indian meal, which
loi.ld be rather hard;

To dejirive it of shelter, would bo like making a
inn sleep in the enow drift, which would be rather
old:

And to deprive a man of drink and condiment, he
■•ould think was rather short allowance. All would
ave a tendency to thin of}" hii flesh; and what would
L'duce the flesh of a man, would tend to reduce the
csh of an animal. A want of comfort is a waste of
oeh.
Horses that have run to grafs all the past season,
huuld not be kept on dry hay and grain; the danger
r disease, so common at this season, would be grea:-
( lessened, if they had a liberal supply of roots. They
oon learn to eat all kinds.

lie very careful not to waste fodder — have good
neks and feeding troughs.

Chop up cornstalks finely for cattle; the body of the
talks, usually wasted, is the richest part. If Wm.
A'cbb of Delaware, can make ],000 lbs ol sugar
rom an aero of cornstalks, after the. leaves ore strip-
■ri ofl", such rich and sugary fodder should not be
hrown away. Salt it and meal it, and ihcy will soon
at it.

Straw, or coarse hay, sprinkled with brine, is read-
ly eaten by cattle, and the salt does them good.
Thresh your grain soon, before the rats eat it.
Repair broken tools, and procure new ones, of the
.■ery best construction only.

Read the New Genesee Farmer for the past ond
)rcient year, make a memorandum of every ihiiif
vjith practising, arrange these memoranda for every
veek next season, and put them into actual operation
li each proper season arrives. Pursuing this course,
«,ill make, in a few years, ony man of decent common
sense a first rate practical farmer. Try, if you have
iny doubt, — and if you have not, try. •

CT Don't forget to send your half-a dollar for the
lext volume of the Farmer, 8\d ask your neighbor to
io likewise.

Dry Feet.

Observing in the last New Genesee Former a pre-
•aiation for " New Baois," and believing th." protec-

tion of the fctt from dnnij) ond wet, a motler of much
importance, os well conducive to healtli as to comfort,
1 take the liberty of giving a better composition. It
is in fact the some receipt, (whi.;b I found o year ago
in aniMher aj;rienltural paper,} but bj much improved
upon that 1 think it worthy of record.

The tor on (or rather in) the soles, I have nsed for
a great number of years, and have found that it not
only made my boots water proof, but nearly proof
against weoring out. The receipt is as fullows, and
is to be used for the ** uppers" oidy.

Ncais-foot oil, J pint.

Beeswax, 1 ounce.

Spirits Turpentine 1 do.

Tar, I do.

Burgundy Pitch, J do.

To be eloH-ly melted together and well incorporated
by stirring, taking care not to set the mass on fire, as
the orticles are all highly inflamable.

The boots being damp, the composition is to be
spread on with a small brush, taking care to cover the
seems well, and then allowed to dry. The applica-
tion to be renewed until the leather is saturated.

The above is for the "upper leathers" — for the
soles, tar alone is the best opplication, to be put on
while hot, the boots also having been by the fire, so
that the soles ore quite warm. If there is no grease or
other foreign matter on the soles, three or four, and
sometimes more, coats will sink into the leather. It
must also be used until the soles are completely satu-
rated.

Boots whether " new" or old, (provided they are
sound) will, by the above, be rendered entirely water
proof, and the leather not only retain its elasticity, but
become soft and pliable, ond less liable to crack, as
well as much mote durable.

Nor will there be the objection that there is to boots
rendered water proof by linings of gum elastic; for
these being also air tight, the feet are kept, when ex-
ercised, in a constant state ol' perspi-ation, which is
v'ery uncomfiutable as well ns piejudicial to health.

The trouble of preparing boots after the above di-
rections is veiy trifling, ond any one once having tried
it, and experienced the comfort of being all day in
the snow and slush without having wet feet will
never fail to continue the use of it. \\

Cuzcnotia, Nov. 20, 1811.

[We borrow the following dialogue froin the New-
England Farmer, but hope our readers will consider
the sentiments our own, and addressed to them indi-
vidually.]

1/611(1 US a Ilautl.

rar7ner 4. Yes, Mr. Ediior— I'm not very busy
now — I'll give you a I, It. Wl.at do you wont done.

Editor. — \ wont you, now that you have got your
fall work well done up, ond con spare a little time, to
write out an account of your process in reclaiminn-
that medd<.w of yours, .where you now cut2.i tons oi
English hay per acre.

Farmer A. ] thought yon osked fcr o lumd—lhai
1 could have lent ; hut you seem to be calling lor head
w.)rk, ond that's quite another afltiir ; t don't kno.v
about that.

F.dkur. I wont the hand at the pen.

Farmer A. At the pen that's wiiere it dont't work
very well : it's loo slilf for pen work— let it go to
the shovel, or spade, or hoe, and it feels at honied and
will woik well, Olid the head will work with it down
in the ditch ; hut when you come to pirt the huge paw
upon white paper, the head won't work rijjlit, nnd the
fingers don't move right. I don't know, iMr. Editor
about my helpinL' vou. '

FAlilor. yVell suppose none o{ you practical men
write, how shall I make up such a paper as you want '
1 he tacts which eomiiion larmers give to one an.ither
through the popers, ore the most instructive and use-
tul part of our weekly sheet; and if you wont tell
what you have done, and farmer B. won't tell what
be has done— if all the others all the woy d.iwn the
0 phoLet won't tell-why then the editor can't furnish
flit ihot you want— he can't furiiish wiiit vou want

most. He can theorize ond give odvice, and extroc
from other publications ; hut Tic con't get hold of tha
ini|)ortaiil lact-s, unless you — yes, you, and others liko
you, will " lend a hand" ond o Iieod too. Come,
now, farmer A., give us a lew lima, and set n gootl
examiile.

Farmer A. Fact, Mr. Editor, what you say takes
a leetle o' the starch out o. my lingers. 1 never eee'd
the matter jist in that light nfore. I wont to know
how neigliber U. raised his luinder'd hii.-h.-ls of com
to the acre ; and how jMr. W. raised his 'Icvrn luin-
der'd of taters. I'd like to hove 'um write all about
it ; what kind o' land 't was — how niucli they plovv'd
it, diing'd it, and worli'd oii't. Yes, I'd sortinly liko
to know all about it. Bui ok to my medder, Mr. Ed-
itor, why it's done pretty well, as to ihoi. 1 do git u
good crop of Elll!li^h buy where I did n't git nothing
to speak on, and that poor stufi". I'd like to know
how other folks work ii, nml if you ran'ly think, Mr.
Editor, that my writing would set them at it— why
then I'll try.

F.ilitor. That's right, sir— that's rifetbt. Now,
farmers, send in your ttatements, without further in-
vilotion.

Make Home Happy.

It is a duty devolving upon every member of a fam-
ilv lo endeavor to make all belonging to it happy.—
This may, with a very liitle pleosant exertion be dona
L.t every one contribute somtthins tnworde improv-
ing the grounds belonging to their house. If the
house is old and uncomlottoble let eoch exert himself,
to render it better ond more pleosont. If it is eood

and pleasont, let each strive still furiber to adorn it

Let flowering shrubs and trees be plonted, ar.d vines
on 1 woodbines be trailed around the windows and
rioors , odd inleres'.ing volum s to ihe family library ;
little articles of furniture to leploce those which ore
fost weoring out ; wait upon and anticipate >acb oth-
er's wants and ever have a pleasant smile for all and
eoih

Make home happy ! Parents ought to teach this
lefson in the nursery, ond by the fire side ; give it the
weight of their precept and example. If they would

ourn would be a janppy and more viriuous country

DrunkciinCBe, prufonity, and other disgusting vices,
would die away ; thev could not live in the influence
of 0 lovely and ri fined home.

Does any one think, •' I om poor ond have to work
haid to get enough to sustain life and cannot find time
to spend in making our old house more otiroctive."
Think again ! is there not some time every day which
you spend in idleness, or smoking, or mere listlese-

nefs, which might be fpent obout your homes ?

"Flowers ore God's smiles," said Wilberlorce, and
they are as beautiful beside tbe eotloge'os the pnloec,and
may be enjoyed by the inhobitonls of the one os well
r-8 the other. There ore but few homes m our coun-
try which might not be made more beautiful and at-

fai:live, not to strongers only, but to their inmoies.

Let every one study then, and work, to make whatev-
er place they may be in, so attractive thnt the hearts of
the obsent ones may go bock to it as tbe Dove did to
the ark ofNooh. — American Farmer.

It is not essential to the hoppy home that tl'cre
should he the luxury of the carpeted floor, the richly
cushioned sofa, the soft shade of the astral lompp.
These elegancies gild the oportnients but thry leoeh
not ilie heart. Ii is neoines."', order, ond o el eerful
heort whii h makes home that sweei po'odi'c it is so
often found to be. There Is joy, os real, os heartfelt,
by the collage fireside os in the most splendd saloons
of wiolih and refinement. What a lovely picluie has
Burns given us of the return of the cottager to his
home, after the labors of the day.

At lenetli Iiij lonely cot ^ppc-ir.*: in view

Beneiiili ihe slipper of .-m nee i tree.
The e.^iicotnnt wee thine.*, to.iilliae stoSEOr throiieh,

Til meet ihelr dail, with fluttering noiBc ami glee.
I His i-Icin henrth stniie. lits tlirlf.ie wife's smile,

The lisping Infalit pr.itlllns on hi-s knee,
Does all hi«! wenry ciirkino i-iircs hp^liil.

Aaii niiikes hiinquitc forget liia l;ilif r and his toil.

The luxuries and elegancies of life are not to be de-
sniscd. They ore to be received with gratitude to
Him who has provided them for our enjoyment. But
their possession does not ensure happiness. The sour-
ces o( true joys are not so shallow. S^ime persons,
like some reptiles, hove ihe faculty of rxtrocting poi-
son from every thing thot is beontiful and sweet :
others, like the bee, will gother honey from sources in
which we should think no sweet could be found.
The cheerful heart, like the koliedeFcope. causes most
discordant materials lo arrange themselves into har-
mony and beauty.

Talk little and say much.

ISO

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2.

^0.

On the Different Breeds of Cattle.

To tlie Editors of the Nao Genesee Farmer.

CrsT : — At the present lime there appears to be a
great diversity of opinions in regard to the diiVercnt
kinds or breeds of cattle which are best calculated for
the farmers of our Northern latitudes. What conclu-
siim can a disinterested person arrive at, if he is gov-
erned by the different articles which are penned on
ibis suliject ? Were we governed by all that contend
t"ir the increased vulne of the different varieties ol neat
stock, we niisjht arrive at a safe determination upon
ihia point, yet but few of 'our farmers are able, and if
60, willing to gii into the rearing of those breeds which
B'.and in higher order than our native stock, as all en-
terprising men are willing to he governed by the ex-
perience of those pel sons or nations that have excelled
in that kind of business which is necessary in a course
of farming operations. If we place due credit to all
that have written on this subiect, and no doubt from
a thorough conviction of the truth of their observa-
tions in this branch of business, we shall find that all,
or nearly so, vary in their observations according as
they are interested, consequently we farmers must be
governed by those who have two or more of the dif-
ferent kinds, &e. : Devons, Durhams, and Hcrefords
which seem to stand pre-eminent amongst all distin-
guished breeders, both in England and the United
States. Yet, in England, we find a variety of con-
flicting opinions in regard to the above breeds as in the
States, for instance — in Cultivator, Vol. 8ih, No. ],
page IG, wo frnd a Mr. Price in England, challeng-
ing the Kingdom to produce as fine a stock of cattle
as those reared by him, which were pure Uerefords.
But on reading further we find a Mr. Bates who was
ready to meet him in his challenge by producing a
stock of pure Durhams; but sickness of the ft>rmcr
gentleman was the cause of the loilure in the testing
between the exceedingly fine qualities of those twu
stocks, which would have been a great point decided
if disinterestedly upon their true merits. Mr. Bates
remarks that he thinks the very best Short Horns,
which arconlij a/cio, are capable of improving all oth-
er stocks in the Kingdoin, yet ho says the common
Durhams are inferior to the Devons, Ilcrcfords and
others, which is candid in him. Itseeins also, from
the statement of Mr. Howard of Gainsville, Ohio,
that in the year 1625, there were sent from England,
us a present to the Massachusetts Agricultural S.iciely
a true Hereford Cow and Bull, from Sir Isaac Coffm,
of the Royal Navy, which proved a great acquisition
n the stock of that country, and were highly appreci-
ated by the teamsters from their fine horns,
stately gait, powerfid draught and beautiful mahogn-
iiy color, &.C.

In the same article which will be found in Cul.
Vol. 8, No. I, page 19, he says— " I w'.ll here re-
mark that 1 knew many and owned several of the pro-
geny of the improved Short Horn Bull Admiral
(which animal was also sent as a present by the same
Mr. Coffin to ihe Massachusetts Agriciihural Society)
and 1 have no hesitntion in saying that for the ordina-
ry us^ato which cattle are applied in the Northern
eectiim of our country I considereii the stock of the
Hereford Bull alluded to decidedly preferable. ' NeR
we hear iVom a very intelligent rearer of stock, Mr.
Hepburn in Cul, Vol. 8, No. 2, page 33, in an arti-
cle which says, " that an argument to prove that the
Hereforde are an aboriginal race is the largenessof the
head and thickness of tno neck when compar-
ed with the Devon cattle :" — Furiher he state-,
" were it not for the while face, thick neck, and large
head, it would not be easy at all times ti distinguisb
a light Hereford from a heavy Devon," itc. &c. His
ideas are quoted from Youalt. I would here remark,
that by some the Herefurda are considered a distinct

race of cattle, by others a cross of the Devon, with
some larger breed. From the best of^ourcesof informa-
tion, 1 should think that they were most certainly a
cross of the Devons with most probably the Durhams.
In support of this I would also refer the reader to an
article witten by Judge Buell, in Cul., Vol. 5, No. 1,
page 8, headed " Select Breeds of Cattle." He also,
in the same aeticle quotes from a British author in
high terms of a cross between the Ilolderness and
Durham for the dairy, and ends in these words: •' The
Devons were introduced into Berkshire county some
dozen years ago, by Col. Dwight, and at the last fair
in that county we thought the working cattle surpass-
ed any we had before seen, and we attribute their ex-
cellence in a great measure to the Devon blood which
we saw strongly developed in some of the finest indi-
viiluals. We unhesitatingly recoitimcnd a cross ol
the Devons upon our native cattle, as a certain means
of improving both their working and fattening proper-
tics." In the foregoing extracts which are only a
few that might be cited from good authority, what
course is it proper to pursue in getting ccnain and cor-
rect information, 60 that in improving our stock we
shall not be disappointed but what we have the best
animals for the country and latitude in which we live ?
I am aware that it is impossible to have a breed of
cows which will keep fat and give great quantities of
milk.

I would upon the whole, from the eonfiicting opin-
ions and views of those who are interested in reaiing
and selling their stock, that farmers who are wishing
to improve their stock, (and I doubt not but what all
are,) that a course of inquiry be instituted from those
gentlemen who have Bulls and stock to sell — setting
forth by their own slateinents, and corrobcrated by the
certificates of their neighbors, what has been the
course pursued in feeding their improved stock, in
comparison with their other stock, and the result ac-
cordingly. For instance, if a cow gives 25 quarts of
milk per day on the same feed of another cow which
gives only 20 qi.arts, then stale the different results
of butter made from the milk of each which may easi-
ly be done by the Lactometer which is a tube of gloss
graduated, which readily shows the rercentnm — as I
presume all ore aware that it is not the best cow in all
cases which gives the inoet milk, as experiments go
to show that in some coses the milk varies in
goodness some 50 per cent, accor ling to quality In
short, we want to arrive at the fact which breed of
cattle will produce the most net profit from the same
feed — requiring each breed to stand the severity of the
climate alike. In conclusion I would ask of Mr.
Shefl'er which he considers the best breed of cattle, ihe
Durhi.m or the Devon ? as I see in the report of a visit
Ol Uawi^on llnrmon jr., of Wheatland, in the August
number of the New Genesee Farmer that he has both
kinds of Bulls on his farm. — Al.«o stale which of these
two breeds he considers best for the majority of farm-
ers in Genesee county. State fully which will stand
our cold winters best, fed as is the case of the exten-
sive wheat gnnver in this county. — Also which arc the
most profiiable to raise for the eastern market, consid-
ering the keeping, i^c. Hy answering these ques-
tions he will confer a favoi on

Yours Trnlv,
Gmesee Co., Nor. 14. A. SLiBSCRIBER.

Ou the Tniix)rl!iiice aiitl I'lility of tlie Disscmi-
iiittioii of Kiiouletige Amuiig riiriiicis.

Mkssrs. Euitoks, — I owe an apology to you, if not
to your readers, for the delay in further considering
the subjf.'ct proposed in my first article, which per-
haps was hardly worth the fpace it occupied in your
III p 'r, and still less the attention of your numerous
eade'3, though honored by on insertion.

1 nm aware that, in treating upon suhjcrts about
which tlieie hoe been mi.cli said and written, ihere is

great danger of falling into old and beaten tracks,
where nothing new can be introduced to attract the
attention of the reader. If in the further remarks
which I shall submit on the subject already introduc.
ed, I may be so fortunate as to present some consider
utions that will not have a "hackneyed" appearance,
I shall consider that neither my time, nor your space,
will be unprofitobly occupied.

I propose to speak inainly of the importance of the
dissemination of knowledge among farmers, as the
greatest if not the only means of establishing a pro.
per system of human economy in society, and as tha
surest method of procuring the greatest oniount of so-
cial happiness. There would be but little to compeil'
sate for the toil and exercise of the mind ond body in
procuring something beyond a competency of food and
raiment, if the demands of nature did not also require
every man to provide for certain social duties and ad-
vantages. The elements which compose the best re-
gulated and best organized society, experience teachei
lis, may by comprehended under the head ol virtut
and wisdom. This idea may be at variance with thi
prevailing notions of the day, still it is aeknowledget
by the candid and reflecting portions of community,
over whom custom as yet, has not hod sufficient influ-
ence to make them mistake the trne test of chnracier
It is a popular, and may be said to be a prevailing ic
lusion, to judge of the shadow instead of the substand
of what in fac: constitutes a character for worthy as
sociation. The modern notion of refinement, basse
up an arbitrary rule, by which external appcaranc
and outward show, accompanied by certain set form
of ceremony and etiquette, are made requisite qunlifi 1^
cations fir such as with to mingle in what is calle
polished society. Thus it frequently happens, thi^
the inost worthy, are overlooked and neglected, froj
the fact, that the fnshion of their drees, ond their wni
of thatgr«« wich constitutes an exquisite bow ; — the
arecalled " aiclncard fcUoics" because they have n(
learned to play the hypocrite in those absurd notior
wiih which community has already been too muc
fooled. The dignity which always graces a man i
refined talents, a bright intellect and a well store
mind, all, tending especially to qualify for social di
ties, are now looked upon by the devotees of fashioi
as secondary considerations, ond by too many wl
pretend to take the lead in giving a direction to pul
lie opinion, as of little consequence. And it is to \
regretted, that wealth, power and education are mat
the evil instruments to produce the advancement
such a state of things, when, on the contrary the
might be the mcans,and God whogives,grant6them,fi
no other purpose, than as elements ministering in tl
establishment of sound principles, which insure in
freedom of action, and the enjoyment of both boc
and soul.

The occupation of a farmer is looked upon, by tl
class alluded to, as disqualifjing him for the bi(.
rank they have assumed for themselves, while the di
ernment and common sense of the man who ti
soil, forbids that he should desire such associations,
envy their station, in jircference to the_ peace ai
tranquility of his own. Properly considered, there
no situation in life, in which a man may be place
affording him greater advantages, than that of a farr
er. Ttiisprnposition needs only to be reflected upon,
order to become at once convinced that it is true. Wbe
in all the other occupations in which men areengagi
can there be found so much time for reflection, m
where the mind is left free to form sound view
without being contaminated by the evil associoiio,
of such as are not permitted to enjoy the blessings
so favorable a retirement. It is a common err
among formers, that the business in which they are e
gaged, shuie them out from ihc enjoyment of odval

till,

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No. 12.

AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL.

187

iges eo nbimdontly scoured to other men, Whnt nre
vimmonly cnlied groat Ddvanlnges nre by no mrnns
■ Lured alone to nny one elaes of society; indeed, there
8 but little worth seeking for, but what may be ob-
liiied by nil who arc willing to make the eflort. The
dna that a polished education is an indiepeneabie re
luiaite [or the acquirement of knowledge, and that
;reat learning will only enable one to poseess intelii-
;cnce, is not only erroneous, but a miochievious con-
ation of the mind. For eucli as would arrogate to
hcmselves the right of monopoly over the cbundant
itreatris which are pouring into the mind of every one,
he lights of knowledge and intelligence, it is not sur-
irising to hear them advance such an idea. Upon the
mportance of education wo cannot however place too
iigb an estimate, for the beneius which it has and ul-
i:iiately must bestow upon mankind. But it is only
ivbcn education is need as a means of enlarging the
opacity of the mind and prepares an individual to fill
■ome useful station in society, that the greatest good
.v.ll result from it. And on the contrary, if used as
.he instrument of producing those sickly plants, too
requentlysent forth from our schools of learning to play
he fop or the piano, it overloads society with a set of
I'^eless beings, that arc a burthen upon it. From the
inowledge of educated men Agriculture has not failed
.0 receive important aids, but not, when compared
.\ith other things of less importance, its due propor-
1 m of benefits. When considered a science, os it
mly is, it is easy to conceive that the study of it
^;bt profitably occupy the most polished mind, and
t : baps there is not a science from which educated
lion, who strive to apply their knowledge to useful
■ iirposes, have derived greater pleasure, than from the
.iiuly of the principles which cause the earth to pro-
duce all the wealth of which indjviJuaU or even na-
i."ns ran boast. I venture to predict, that no one
wlio has applied his talent, education, or experience,
.u the examination of the most simple principles ol
lusbandjy, but what has found an ample scope for the
rrofitable employment of either. But while such as are
•ngaged in what are termed " professional pursuits,"
lire obliged to become acquainted with the ancient
languages, in order to be familiar with certain obscure
iirms and phrases, the farmer has no occasion to
search out any but the most simple terms to gain a'l
ine knowledge his most ardent desires may demand.
In the school of practice ho has daily opportunity for
ffiiiuing knowledge, while at the same time, experi-
t nee and practical observation, will enable him to
dLinonstrate every principle connected wiiU the busi-
lu 3-^ of his life. Comparatively but tow engaged in it,
consider how important is the calling of a farm-
er, and many have settled down under the con-
viction that chance or necessity has compelled them to
fill a station, if an opportunity had oflered, their choice
would not have dictated. From this, perhaps, more
than any other cause, the but too prevalent idea has
originated, that this class of our fellow citizens are set
down as only worthy of the associations of the '^ sc-
coiiil class." What error has failed to do in filing
the minds of many with false notions, prejudice has
not failed to accomplish the whole work : and there-
fore it is, that a mote general dissemination of knowl-
edge may be considered necessary;

in my next it will be my purpose not to deal sn
much as heretofore in general remarks, but shall en-
deavor to confine myself to a more particular applica-
tion of the Buhjeot. \our8, &c.,

Biitucia, Oct. 20tli. ISJl. C. P. T.

For the Is'eut Gcnesne Farmer
Annual Hxhibition

Of the l\fassacltiisetfs HorticuUiiral S^ccieiy — Horti-
aiUure in Monroe County^ 4»c. 4**^.
It will doubtless be gratifying to the friends of Hor-
ticulture thrQuoliiiui the c3Ui]try,!o hear something o(

the Intc Annual Kxhibition of the Mafsachuseits Ilor
ticnllural Society, held on 22d 2:kl and 24lh of Sept.

From the report published in the October number ol
the Magazine of Horticulture, it appears that the va-
riety of Fruits was greater than any ever before exhi-
bited in the United States, Mr. Manning, of Salem,
the greatest promologistin Amer'ca, sent ona ImndrctI
and t/iirtij kinrls of Pears ; Mr. Wilder, the Presi-
dent of the Society, llfty ; Mr. Gushing, forty,
and many other gentlemen, thirty, twenty and ten
each. A magnificent pyramid of Grapes, cotiiprising
twelve varieties on a base t-f Peaches, ISeclarines and
Plums was presented by Mr. Ilaggortson Gardener to
J. P. Cushing, Esq. The exhibition of vegetablet
was also unusually good. T! e Dohlia thow far eur-
passed any previous exhibition of this splendid flower
by the Society, and the number of Pot plants, C'ul
Howcrs, Biiqueis, &c., was very great.

At the close of the exhibition the members celebrat-
ed the loth anniversary by n dinner, after whioh sev-
eral excellent addresses were delivered and appropri
ate toasts and sentimonia were given, — of the latter
we have eelocted the following, as our limited space
will not admit of publishing all : —

Agriculture and liorticnltvre — The first a nation's
greatest wealth, the next, its greatest luxury.

Tlie Cultivation of the Earth — It was the first act
of civilization, is the basis of all other branches of in-
dustry and is tiie chief source of the prosperity and the
wealth of nations.

Tne Primeval Employment of Man — To dress the
garden and keep it.

Horticultural Societies — " Fiscal corporations*'
whose capititl slock is a well cultivated Bank of Sail,
whose Directors arc producers, whose depositors get
cent per cent for their inccstuieuts, whose exchanges
are never below par, and whioh *' operate y;crA-c over
the Union."

The lifussachusciie Horticultural Society — Itsbinh
day opened a new era in the hoiticuliure of New
England.

The Pose — While we aoknowlcdee her as Queen
at the couit of Flora, weare happy to recognize among
our guests the dJ6tingiiiblied lopreseniative" of that
Queen, whose Kingdom have adopted ill the Rose
their Floral emblem.

Horticulture — The art whioh strews our paths with
Roses — loads our tables with luxuries, and crowns our
labors with the rich /naVsof contentment and happi-
ness.

Wcman — " A feCiiling sprung from Adam's si.ie,

A mnst CKLKSTlAL snonT,

Bcc.lnjp of Pjirariise the pritlo,

And Ijorc a world of frcit.*'

We cannot but do injustice in this brief notice to
the report, which occupies nine pages of the Magrzine,
and much remains yet to be published. This Society
is one of the most useful and flourishing of the kind,
in the country. But 13 years ago since it was orga-
nized ; tlieir meetings were at first held in a small
room ; and by steady and persevering elltn is worthy
of all praise, they have gradually advanced so that now
they occupy a spacious hall iiiTremont Row, Boston.
It would be impossible to estimate the advantages
which have resulted from their labors, not only to New
England, but to the country at large. Mr. Walker.
a prominent member of the S.)ciety, in speaking o'
this, remarked, "who can recount its «c/s and ihi
benefits thereof to the commnnity and after genera-
tions T Had I the eloquence of a Cicero, it might b»
exhausted on this subject."

We would strongly recommend this subject to thi
attention of Cultivators in our own favored disiiioi.
In view of such results the friends of HorticuUuu
should want no other inducement to as-soeiate them-
selves together for the purpose of promoting Horticul-
tural improvements. Every instance where propi r
attention is bestowed lo this branch of industry. proves
most satisfactorily that we possess the means, if we
only avail ourselves of them, to excel both in quantity
and quality of our Horticultural prodijctiot)f. At the
• Mr Cattan, '.lie Uriti^ti <-'oun*iii :iji iir- i eJ ^1 e:ri.

ate Agricultural Fair for this county the exhibition el
garden productions was excetdingly limited, only
•cboul half a dozen exhibitoTs ol frnit — two or three of
dowers, and five or six of the more common sorts of
vegetables. This, for the Horticultural deparlmeiit
of the Fair for the whole county ol' Monroe, will I.e
admitted by all to be far from what it ought to be, and
argues forcibly the necessity of making some move-
ment that will excite more general interest on aeub.
jcct of such vast impoitancc to the piililic. P.

From t/ic Atbany CuHitalor,
The Short Horns as Milkcis.

Mi;ssne. G.wi.oki) & Tuckfr — In the .luno No.
(if the Cultivator there appealed an article, signed
Lewis F. Alien, in wiiich ihe opinion was advanced,
that the unproved Short Horns were the stock bett
adapted for New-England dailies;

The ability with v,hich Ibis article is written, and
the suorce from which it comes, ensures it great
weight with your readers. But as this opinion ia
contrary to that of most agricultiirnlists in this neigh-
borhood, (the vicinity of Boston) I havcbeeu in hopes
of seeing an answer to it in your pnper by some one
more familiar with this subject than mj'felf.

That this stock is the best suited to the rich pastures
iind 'or'ile lands of New-York and the Western slates
appears to be generally admitted. Arc they equally
well suited to the thin soils and scanty pastuieaof
New-England ?

In the fear of saying too much for his favorites, Mr.
A. has given them less praise in some respeits than
we should readily conced to them. He eomparis
them with our average native cows ; we are in tl e
liabit of comparing them with our good dairy cows.
The quantity of milk given by the Short Iloinsas
compaied with our average native cows is greater than
Mr. Allen asserts. Thequaliiy of the milk is con-
sidered by us generally as iufeiior to that of the com-
mon cows of the country. Much of it would not, I
ibink, sell readily for milk. This is contrary to Mr.
A's experience with his Short Home ; and there are
(certainly among the grade cows) many exceptions to
It here :

Writers are too apt to forget that the most impor-
tant question, and what we really want to know ip,
what stock or.stocks will give us the befcl and ch< ap-
est milk, butter, cheese, and beef; and not «hat
stock will give us the most per eapilem. If it costs
three times as much to raise and to keep an imp'Oi-
ed Shoit Horn in our climate and on onr soil as one
of the native breed, although it gives l«icc the butter
and cheese and twice the beef, it may be a poor stock
tor us.

No one here I thiiik would be inclined to accept
the wager oflered by Mr. Allen at the end of his
communication ; for we do not contend that ten or
twenty cows, which should be a fair average of the
native breed of New-England, wuuld give as much
milk, butter and cheese as ten or twenty cows of a
bleed of nearly twice their size when both lots had
as much nutritive food as they collide at. That, our
ceiws seldom have all the} ear round.

-iMr. A. refers to British publications to prove the
superiority of the Short Horns. PV'llowing his ex-
ample, I will quote the Briiifeh Husbandry and Low,
as the best Briiish authorities 1 know e.f on this siib-
icct. In British Husbandry, eh. 36, on milch cows.
It is siad, ** the breed most in esteem with the London
cow keepers who sell the milk without making butter
or cheese, is of the old Yorkshire slock, or a cross be-
tween the Twceswater and Holderness, as producing
'.be greatest quanliiy ; for they aie in that case roiled
lu the house, aiul of course provided with an abund-
ance ot cut grass brewers' grains, and succulent loots ;
but when grazed, they requite veiy good pastuie, and
lire not generally consieleicd to prodnce milkol a lich
quality. But the breed which of all others appeals to
lie gaining ground throu{.hout the United Kingdom
for abundant produce upon ordinary pasture is the
Ayrehiie kyloe."

David Low in his Elements of Practical Agricul-
ture says, " by long attention to \\lf characters U:i:l in-
dicate a disposition to yield milk, the breed of Ayr-
-hire has become greaily more esteemed tor the dairy
than other animals much superior to them in size and
leeding qualities."

I hope 10 See this sniiject more thoroughly diecrs.'sed
in your journal by flir Allen and others, who, lil e
him, speak lorcibly what they sincerely believe.

A YOUNG FAR.MER.

Vicinity nf Poslon, Sept. C", It-ll.

188

THE NEW GENESEE FARMER,

Vol. 2^

KOCIIESTER, PECKnBER, 1841.

Farewell—Till Xext Year.

Wc feci soTicwhat reluctant to throw aside our pre-
sent subsoripiion book, containing; as it does, the names
ol" nearly twenty thousand of our esteemed friends ! —
But it can't be helped— and wc hope to have the plea-
sure of recording tliem all again in a short time, with
many more besides. We have got a hr<»cr and hand-
somer book for the next year, and all who wLsh the
honor of having their names recorded in it, will se.nd

LS FIFTY CE.\"T.s!

ITncnrrent Money.

Bills of Bolvent banks in Ohio, Indiana, Ken'ueky,
Pennsylvania, Canada, &c., will be leueived at par in
payment for ibis paper, if sent free of postage and no
commission deducted. Michigan and Illinois bills
cannot be received at present. Dills of the Bufl'alo
(Safety Fund) banks will be received from subscri-
be^a in Mkhigan and Illinois. (Till furlher njtice. )
Tiavelliiig Asenls.
We do not find it necessary to c:nploy travelling
Agents for this paper; but C. F. CnosMA.v, will act
as su;h when travelling on his general business in the
country. He will carry out Garden Seeds of his own
raisin" and Corn Brooms and Brushes of liis own man-
ufacture. '
The Editors.
Mr. Colman is expected at Rochester bv the latter part
of Udcember — in lime to eupcrimcnd iLe next No. of
the paper. The present editors will continue their
osaislance, on 1 the character of the work will not be
materially changed.

It may be well to remind some of our renders that
the articles which ore fouud in this volume, marked
thus, t are wiiiten by D.ivid Thomas, of Aurora,
t^ayuga Co., and those marked thus, * are by bis son
Jjh 1 J. Thomas, of Micedon, Wayne Co.

Ileiiry Colinan.

Much has been said in praise of Hf.nry Colman,
by agricultural papers of late, but as many of our
readers probably do not sec other papers of the kind,
we deem it proper to give an extract or two by w.ay
of introlucing him to their acquaintance. As wc do
tliis wiTiiDUT Ills K.vowLF.DCE Oil coNsr..vT, no onc
can accuse liim of egotism on account of it.

The firil b from the Farmers Monthly Visitor,
edited by Ex-Governor Hill, of New Hiimpshire.

'* 7'Ae AUtssucltusitls .■Xgiindturid Ci'mmissoncr.
— There is no mail in America more nrde.. in tbe
catist) of Ajricidlural imjirovemcut than Hk.miv Cot,-
MLS, who 13 uudcr the employment of Uie Lej^islaiure
111 M HsachusetlT>, and who visits dilTiTem point-' in
that Commonweolih with the view to inspiril the far
mors and tj present the resulis of hie observations and
labors to the public. For elfpciing his objrct, Mr.
Ciliiian traveU in variuuj direciious among the yen.
niaiiry of iho Commonwia th, with his horse and y g-
wa^on and in filmoiiiag plnin an iitiirens the woikiiien
in the licld. We have o lew limes seen Mr. C'llmun
umong iho farmers nt ogriculiurMi <ibihition8 and
< Isewiicrc ; and ihe eiuhnainsin he exhibits on cricli
ii'ricullurol tojiic cannot fail t.i inlusu i'.aelf into the
most insensible farmer and arome all his eiieryies.
The conversational powers of Mr. C. are equal in
those of the b^-ai man we ever inoi ; tiis language
tlow,^ like a Htrcam of pure water ; and like many
gulling rivulets that ooz.; from ilic hills and ferializj
the land below, 8 1 do his writings throw translucent
light upon the euhjecl he describes. * *

The Commiss.oiier will tind but few equals in the
art of describing the plooeiires and the a.ivantiges ol

rural lite, and of rescuing that occupation on which
all oiher occupations depend, from the neglect in
which Indolence or lack of enterprise attempts lo ob-
scuro It."

The next is fromlhe;Baltimore)American Farmer,
ihe oldest agriculturni paper in the Union, edited by
John S. Skinner, a veteran writer in ihe cause.

" HE.N'RY COUMAN— We draw three lines un
der this name, as we believe it is the printer's sign for
large capitals I and because we would, in every way,
do bonorto an eminenlly useful man: and we know of
no one whose labors of uiility are more wide-spread, or
likely to be more endu.ing iban ' the Commissioner

FOR THE AgRICUI.TURAI. SurVET OF MASSACHUSETTS.'

There is originality, vigor of ilioughl, and prociical
usefulness in his observaiions on the agricultural prac
licea, and products, ond capacities of his State, and
his suggestions for ihe luriher dcvelopemeni of ils re-
sources, ihat must s rike every one, at whotever dis-
tance, who, by any chance, sees what he ia doing."

Tlie following is from the (Rochester) American
Ciiizni, edited by Gen. Wm. L. Chaplin, who is
pers'inolly acquainied with Mr. Colman :

I am happy to nnnoiince to the farmers of Western
New York, that Mr. Bateham has recently been able
to secure the service^ of He.vrv Coi. man, of Massa-
chusetts, as a permiinent Ediior of the New Genesee
Farmer. He also becomes a joint proprietor in ihe
paper. Mr. Colman was for many years an eloquent
and popular preacher. He is a well-trained scholar —
richly furnished with inlormat'on in the various de.
pariments of literature ond science — a man of warm
and generous impulses, ond an accomplished gentle-
man. His pen is sprightly, nervous and instinctive.
Some years since, he hecaine o practical fanner in one
of the most delightful spots in the beautiful valley of
the winding Connr-ciicut in the upper part of M'lssa-
chueetis. From that lime lie has cherished agricul-
ture as 0 profession, with the loving enthusiasm of the
most devoted artist. For a few years past he has been
the Agricultural Coininisiioner of Mnssachnaeits by
ihe appointment of the Governor under an act of the
L"gislatiire : along widi his keenness of observation,
'ind his untiring 'Zeal in the caiiae, be hue oiij.>yeci the
amplest opportuniiicB for a*;qiiiring and digesting a
vast s'.ore ol every-day available knowledge. It is
hazarding nothing in snymg, that it would be difficult,
f not impjssible, to find a man in the country whose
qualifications are more happily adapted to give life and
interest to au agricultural journal, than HtNr.v Col-
man

He comes to Western Now York, with the purpose
of making it a permanent residence. In eomiiarison
with New England, he will find a new country, whose
resources as yet a-e but very partially developed, and
but imperfccily coinpielieiid.,-d by the people. He
cannot fad to he delighted ni nniicipaiion of what in-
dustry and ingenious husbnn Jry will one day make
this garden of ihe State. II by his Ariitcn essnys and
oral adJrc8-?es he can succeed in imparting to a lew
leading mind>, but a tithe of h.s own cntluisinsin in
the pursuits of agneuliure, a few years will produce a
revolution iu that department which will asl'mich us.

THE NEW GE.VESEE FARMER,

AND Gardener's joohnal.
VOLUME TIir.EE — FOR 13I-2.

THE Cheapest Agrioullurnl Piiper in
Union I— I3l.iiige Pii^-es .Moiillily, (wuli engrnvin
only 60 Cents per year ! I

the

igs,)

HENRY COLMAN, EDITOR.

(Late AgnniltnTol Commissjitn^n- oj" the iitatf, of
Miissuchitsctts, and Editor oJ the Xtw Eitff. fitnner.)

Griuefiil tor the extensive iiatroniiee which tiip.NVw t;en-
c-ec Kiinner h.te re cive I d -rmji ihe pjisl \ r;ir. the proprietor
now h.is the Hiillsfiiciton ol" .inii'ninci.itlhiii the tins niH(I<>
such iirraliKrn.eiils for tlic coming \eiir an cnnot f.i.I to he
highly srat.tyin^ to the readers ofthc paper, and secure for
it a fiiill more extensive i-lrcuKitioii.

riesiring to m.-ike it tlic innst iiserul nn I wi.Irly rimilarius
iigrlcillturnl p.-iper ill Ihf t niiiii, the prnprirKir hiis ena.tljed
Ihe servhies of '.lie cele irii*(Nl un.l f*iiii!ieitt hki icuUiiral wri-
ter and iir.itor. IIKN'IIY COI.IIAN. well kii.iwii as tlie lute
Asricuiliiral CoiiimiHsioiirr of the Stut.. nf ,M. ss.icluisetls,
and formerly elitor of the .New Kiuhiiid rariiic. liciiciid-
oie on theeo-oper.nlion aiiil support oT the friends of :i-.'ricul-
mre in ihe I'.inpiie tine and Uie tirriit U est, .Mr. Colm.in
hus ciMisenLcd to lenve the iici I wheic he h.ns hiliorej '.villi
■ill innih lionor and siicess, and lo.-a.e :tt Rin-hester. where,
'hroiigli the. iiie.liiini of the Oene'ee K-iriiicr, he e.\pccts to
rtiid a lnoreex;cn-ive field of iisef(iliie^.4.

The former editors and contrlhutori' will conlitine ibeir
assUlaiire. .^nd i-nrn will he li.ken to' tiijike the p.iper inter-
e-stin? ami useful, not only to fiirincrs, hut to all persons eil-
tiatreJ in •iral «r ij^inesl c i.tTiir.'*, \\ jth su.-h a roinhina-
tion Of lalent, the .New Gnnc-iec Parmer cannot Irtil to ohtH'in
ua iiinaeiisccircul.uioii— give a new impulse to iliecuiuc of

.3

i of • ommunUy, anfl
■riiy of Ihe Nii.ion.— i!

agriculture — promote the hcsi intt-resie
lend to increiibc ihe wealth and iirtispen
It is hoped, iheicfore. that ei'ery t'ncinl of iigricuUure— every
well-wisher of IiU nei^hburhood and hia tounty, w.ll lend
his aid, and nut only dubsorilie liiinself. but induce his neig:b-
i.orelo subscrihe also. The p«.per will Le coniiuued at ita
prejeiii low prir.c, in order that its Influence may be most
widely extended. Its appearance will he cons.derably Ita-
proveJ, and liaving now a Power Press exclusively for tbe
work, greater promptness and regularity will be secured.—
C!arefijl clerks are engated to mail ihe papers, so that it ia
believed thi-rc will be little cauise for complaint herctftirr.

Po?t Alasiera and their As-iistaiU*, nre authcrized ar.d re-
spectfully fioliciied to .■•.ct as Agents and remit flubecriptiniii
for the Farmer. The low price at which it is puMishcJ will
not allow of much i>c.;uiiiary compensation to Agents, bat
it is believed they will find a reward in the heneiis which
re.suli from the circulation of sucli pcriodi(.u'B in their neigb*
borhoods.

ITiT'PergDns ordering papers are requested \o strirtly obstTVB\
tke Tkhms. and be ca-eful to \\x\^e jHainly the names of »ut>-
scribers, their Post Office, County, and Stale; and in all;
case» to send the money with the order, so that the perplex*
iiy of keeping ac*:ounts mav be avoi Icl.

M. B. BATHHAM. Proprietor.

TRRM'.— I'*current money is sent (such ae New Vort
or Vew England bills.; commission will be uUowe4 oa foU
lows : —

Seven copies, for
Twelve d'
Twenly-fi . ,

No commission will be allowed, if u/ic«rrfn( money itifient*
Address, BATblllA.M & COLMAN.

Dectmher 1. Ic4i. Horhasler, A' Y.

•P'*^"' f^"" »?•??? Pavment always to

^"- /''\- .IZX In-dc in ad/ance.

five do. for 10,00 >

3

F.\KM AND SAW MILL F01 SALli.-SaH
acres of chuice land (i and a tnilf miles from the cent •
of the city of lEocliesier, aboul mil acres under good im-1
provemeiit. and ihc residue hnely limhered with White oak.
Chesnul. and other lilnticr siiiliihlr for eawing. The Saw
Mill on this farm hys l.ccn recently pul in complete repair,
itnd is rigged for either a single saw or a gang of 8 saws for
sawing boat or stiip plank. 'I'here is tiinlier enough on Ilia
premises when ninnufaclured into lumher, to p y for lh«l
farm. 'I'he hiiildings, hcsidea the ."aw mill, are a comfona-
ble dwelling house, and a large frame barn. A'-.oul 35 acres
are sowed with ivlieat this fall. To an ■ n^erprising man. na
lietlcr opportunity can be tdfcfcd for profitable iiivestmein,
as the men and teams engaged in farming in the summer, raa
be advanlageoualy eniploje.iin Iinnleriiig during the win-
ter. fi'i.llUii will Le reqiiii'ed in hand, and the residue ofltia
purchase money can remain on morlgage.

.■Vpply to the subscriber a; Kochtalcr.

Oct. gj. l(-4 1 . GKO. W. PR.\TT.

ESTKKN Faniici's and Giiideuoi's Ai-

inanac, for 18m— By ThmnaB Affleck, < inoin-.

nati.— Also -'liee breeding in the West," by Ihe same liu»'

ihor. i'rice '.Ij cts. each— #'2 per dozen, for sale at the ^ced^

Store and llookstores in Km-hestrr. — Nov. I.

GAUUU.V SKKliJS ill Uoxes.— c. V. LKUcAlAN]
respeclt'ully informs hie country friends and euslnmerg,
that he will at the usual lime, tie prepaied tt> supply thein
with ficsh assortments of garden teeds. of his own raising
or selection, su.h us he Is coundent will give salisfaciion.
Rochester, Oct. 1,1641

UOCllKSTEK 1»KICKS CL'KUlij^T.

, CORRECTKfi FUK

THE NKW GENESEE FAUMEIt, DECEMBER 1, I9i|.

WHEAT per bushel, $ l,(Jtj a $

CORN, " 51)

OATS " 28

BARLKY, " 44 50

RYE, " 56 6!iJ

BEAiN'S, White,.. " 62i 75

POTATOES,.... " 21) 25

APPI.KS, Desert,. " 25 38

FLOUR, Superfine, per bbl 5,25 5,50

" Fine " 5,fl0

SALT, " 1,38

PORK, Mess, " 10,00 lOi-'lO

" Prime " 9,00 9.50 >

" per 100 lbs 2..=i0 2,75

BEF.F perlOOibd 3,01) 3,5f)

POULTRY per lb 7 7

EOCiS per dozen, 18

BUTTF.R. Freeh., per pound 13 15

Firkin,.... " ... 10 121

CHEESE " ... 5 6

LVRO, " ... 6 7

T.4.LLOW, Clear "... 8 9

HIDES, Green " ... fi

SHEEPSKINS ISO 68|

PEARL ASHES, ...100 lbs.. 5,25

POT, " " .. .'>,.'iO

WOOL, pound,... 30 40

HAY till, ...l.'^.OO 14,00

GRASS SEED bushel,... J. 25 l.hO

COVER 7.00 8,00

FLA.X " " ... f,7J 1,00

PLASTER, (in bhU) per ton, . 0,00

" hulk (nl Whentlnnil). 3,.->0

Remarks. — Navigation is closed — the mills hov«
stripped, nnd the roads are bad ; of oiurdc very little
buBinea^ ie doingin mnikct, and the prices of pioJiufl
are very unsettled. The principal artic'e now ofTentl
is l*ork, and the price of that ii- not very satisfactory
to farmers* although wc pciecive it ia as hiph here, in
compariBon with other places, as can he afforded. 'Iho
latest quotations from Cincinnati are 2,25 per 100 lbs.

-CT 19S9