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LIFE, INDIST RIES X RESOURCES

OFA

GREAT STATE

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
FLOYD W. PARSONS

PUBLISHED BY NRW JERSEY STATE CHAMBER OFCOM/AERCE

NEWARK, NEW JERSEY

2\EW JERSEY

Life, Industries and Resources
of a Great State

Editor-in-Chief
FLOYD W. PARSONS, E. M.

Fac-simile of the Original Lease of New Jersey to
Lord John Berkley and Sir George Carteret.

Fac-simile pages of the Concessions and Agreements
of the Proprietors, Freeholders and Inhabitants of the
Province of West New Jersey, in America.

Eight pages and Jacket in fot/r colors.

408 Halt-tone Illustrations of Interesting Places,
and Instructive Subjects with which every Inhabitant
of the State should be Familiar.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY, HISTORIC
SHRINES AND INTERESTING PLACES, GOVERN-
MENTAL ORGANIZATION, REVENUE AND TAXA-
TION, THE STATE CAMP GROUNDS.
II. GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES, GEOG-
RAPHY, CLIMATE, FOREST RESOURCES, FISHERY
RESOURCES.

III. THE PEOPLE AND RELIGIONS.

IV. PUBLIC SCHOOLS, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, RUT-
GERS UNIVERSITY, STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECH-
NOLOGY, LAW SCHOOLS, OTHER PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS.

V. AGRICULTURE, FARM CROPS, SOILS AND FERTIL-
IZERS, HUMAN AND ANIMAL NUTRITION,
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING, VEGETABLE GROW-
ING, DAIRYING, POULTRY, ORNAMENTAL HORTI-
CULTURE, FRUIT GROWING, LIVESTOCK, COM-
BATING AGRICULTURAL ENEMIES, AGRICULTURE
AND EDUCATION, FARMS OF DISTINCTION.

VI. PUBLIC UTILITIES, WATER, TELEPHONE, GAS,
ELECTRICITY, ELECTRIC CAR AND MOTOR Bus.
SERVICE.

VII. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMERCE, RAILWAYS,
GREAT BRIDGES AND TUNNELS, PORTS AND
TERMINALS, STATE HIGHWAYS, TRUCKING,
AVIATION.

VIII. THE GREAT BEACHES, ATLANTIC CITY, PLAY-
GROUND OF THE WORLD, ASBURY PARK AND THE
NORTHERN RESORTS, CAPE MAY AND THE SOUTH-
ERN OCEAN FRONT.

IX. PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS, GAMES AND SPORTS,
FISHING AND HUNTING, MOTORING ENJOYABLE
TRIPS, UPLANDS AND LAKES, PUBLIC PRESS,
THEATERS.
X. INSURANCE AND BANKING.

XI. GROWTH AND IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRY, GREAT
INDUSTRIES PETROLEUM REFINING, SILK, COT-
TON AND FABRICATED PRODUCTS, CERAMICS,
JEWELRY MAKING, MACHINE INDUSTRY, ELEC-
TRICAL INDUSTRY, SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY,
TOBACCO INDUSTRY, LEATHER INDUSTRY, PAINT
AND VARNISH INDUSTRY, CANNING INDUSTRY,
PACKING INDUSTRY, MINERAL INDUSTRIES,
GLASS INDUSTRY, BAKING INDUSTRY.
NEW JERSEY'S GREAT FIRMS.
DEPARTMENT STORES.

XII. HOSPITALS, CHARITY AND CORRECTIONAL IN-
STITUTIONS.
XIII. NEW JERSEY TO-MORROW.

Published by

NEW JERSEY STATE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

NEWARK, NEW JERSEY
1918

From the collection of the

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o PreTinger
v JJibrary

San Francisco, California
2006

NEW JERSEY

LIFE, INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES
OF A GREAT STATE

WORLD WAR MEMORIAL, EDGEMONT PARK, MONTCLAIR
Dedicated Nov. n, 192.5. Raymond M Hood, architect, Charles Keck, sculptor.

The beauty and expression of this memorial have elicited much favorable comment from both American and European

authorities.

NEW JERSEY

LIFE, INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES
OF A GREAT STATE

Editor-in-Chief
FLOYD W. PARSONS, E.M.

Founder and Editorial Director of Business and Trade Publications; Author of "American Business

Methods" and "Everybody's Business"; Contributing Editor of Advertising and Selling;

Special Writer for The Saturday Evening Post and other national periodicals

Associate Editors
GEORGE S. BURGESS EDWARD PIERCE HULSE

Vice President and Secretary, New Jersey State Technical Critic for Publishing Houses; Chairman

Chamber of Commerce of Printing Industries Committee, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Author of "Traffic Creating"

Published by

NEW JERSEY STATE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

NEWARK, NEW JERSEY

192.8

COPYRIGHT, 19^8, BY

NEW JERSEY STATE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
NEWARK, NEW JERSEY

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES

Foreword

THE New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce dedicates
this volume to the citizens of New Jersey in the hope
that a brief but vital story of the life, industries and
resources of the State will stimulate interest in our present
opportunities and responsibilities.

Washington spent two and one-half years of the Revolu-
tion on New Jersey's bloodstained soil. Emergencies have
always developed men to meet them and thus in every na-
tional crisis the State has borne its full share of the burden.
Men of all races and creeds have united to make its people
sturdy and resourceful. We stand on the threshold of great
events. The tread of marching millions soon to be added to
our population is already heard. Our problems require the
leadership of men able to see into the future and willing to
make sacrifices for the common good.

Transportation, water supply, housing and education must
be dealt with on broad and adequate lines. Industrial and
residential areas must be properly defined. Our dreams of
the future must be converted into the achievements of the
engineer. Our desire to make life better for all people must
crystallize into action based on accurate knowledge of con-
ditions and needs. We must preserve the sacred traditions
of the past, and in guarding its heritage, plan for a greater
future.

We confidently believe that today is better than yester-
day and that tomorrow will be better than today. Faith,
vision and courage on our part will produce if not an ideal
State, one of which we may well be proud. To this end
the officers and directors of the State Chamber pledge
their united efforts and urge upon all the importance of
cooperation in advancing the interests of New Jersey.

WILLARD I. HAMILTON,

President.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ACNOWLEDGMENT is made of special
contributions to the text of this book
by the following:

Members of the Faculty of Rutgers Uni-
versity Prof. E. E. Agger, Director, Bureau
of Economics and Business Research; Dr. Jacob
G. Lipman, Dean of the College of Agriculture
and Director of the State Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, and his staff of scientific experts;
E. H. Rockwell, Dean of the School of En-
gineering; Irving Kull, Asst. Professor of His-
tory; G. H. Brown, Professor of Ceramics; H.
McD. Clokie, Asst. Professor of Government;
C. S. Crow, Professor of Education; Henry
Keller, Jr., Professor of Economics; J. V.
Emelianoff, Professor of Research; Eugene
Greider, Professor of Economics; A. C. Hawk-
ins, Professor of Geology.

Educators in general Charles H. Elliott,
Ph.D., State Commissioner of Education;
V. Lansing Collins, Secretary, Princeton Uni-
versity; James Creese, Vice-President, Stevens
Institute of Technology; Harold S. Sloan,
Head of History Department, Newark State
Normal School.

Authorities on religious history Rev.
Joseph F. Folsom, William J. Kearns (At-
torney, Newark), Rabbi Solomon Foster, Rev.
Archibald Black, Rev. Oscar E. Braune, D.D.,
Rev. Harry J. Smith, Rev. Philip E. Clifford,
Rev. M. Joseph Twoomey.

Public officials, boards, and commissions
C. P. Wilbur, State Forester; P. C. Betts, Chief
Engineer, Public Utilities Commission; C. S.
Catcart, State Chemist; Victor Gelineau,
Secretary, Board of Commerce and Naviga-
tion; Dr. Henry B. Kummel, State Geologist;
William J. Ellis, State Commissioner of In-
stitutions and Agencies; Harold Noyes, United
States Weather Forecaster; Sarah Askew,
Librarian, State Library Commission; A. Lee
Grover, Secretary, and E. B. Loughran, Chief
Traffic Officer, State Highway Commission;
George A. Mott, Director, State Department
of Shell Fisheries; John E. Ramsey, Chief
Executive Officer, Port of New York Author-
ity; Col. Samuel S. Armstrong (Retired) State
Quartermaster General's Department; E. S.

Jackson, Captain, United States Navy, Com-
mandant Lakehurst Station; Palisades Inter-
State Park Commission; Union, Essex and
Hudson County Park Commissions; Interstate
Bridge and Tunnel Commission, Raritan Port
Commission; South Jersey Port Commission;
Carleton E. Shell, Publicity Manager, New
Jersey Fish and Game Commission.

Newspaper writers and others Joseph T.
Scarry, Sporting Editor, Newark Evening
News; Kenneth Lockwood, Editor, Out-in-
the-Open Page, Newark Evening News; Grace
Lockhart, Special Writer; Harold O'Neil, New
Brunswick Home News; Henry L. Bullen,
Librarian, American Type Founders Company;
Albert D. Way, Secretary, Motor Club of New
Jersey.

ILLUSTRATIONS

The New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce
acknowledges the aid received from photog-
raphers, public officials, chambers of commerce,
utility companies, manufacturers and others
who have assisted in procuring and furnishing
the illustrations. Fully half of the photographs
did not indicate the name of the photographer,
hence credit for them cannot be given. Many
photographs were taken specially for this
book. The photographers represented include
Potter Studios, Newark; Harvey W. Porch,
Bridgeton; J. Eickenbush, Newark; Drew B.
Peters, Newark; Underwood & Underwood,
New York; U. S. Navy Official Photographer,
Lakehurst; Orren J. Turner, Princeton; George
A. Wonfor, Camden; Belden & Co., Newark;
Aero Service Corp., Philadelphia; Reid Studio,
Paterson; Wells Studio, Montclair; Fred Hess
& Son, Atlantic City; Amagraph Co., Jersey
City; Teich & Co., Chicago; Newark Photo
Studio; Merritt E. Gregory, Morristown; R.
H. Rose & Son, Princeton; Ventnor Photo
Service; Erna Commercial Photo Co., Jersey
City; Curtiss Photo, Morristown; Prickett,
Burlington, W. H. Hoedt, Philadelphia; Geo.
H. Pound, New Brunswick; Mitchell Studio,
Mt. Holly; Atlantic Photo Service, Atlantic
City; Morris Rosenfeld and Albert Rothschild,
New York.

PREFACE

THERE is real need in America for a wider
and more complete understanding of the
life, resources and industries of the differ-
ent States. While the people of our country are
bound together by one national Government,
we are divided by the boundaries of 48 separate
and distinct commonwealths. Our habits and
thoughts are influenced by such natural endow-
ments as climate, topography, water, minerals
and timber. Citizens of Florida, New Jersey,
Montana and Utah cannot all have the same
viewpoint. We are part of our environment,
and it varies from semi-tropical to snow-
bound from sea level to the high altitudes of
the Rockies.

Not only do we suffer from a sectionalism
that limits our appreciation of the problems of
our neighbors, but we are sadly deficient in our
knowledge respecting the noble traditions, ad-
vantages and opportunities of the particular
State in which we reside. What of its great
industries that send their products throughout
the earth; its recreational advantages that add
to the joy of living; its humanity as evidenced
by devotion to the welfare of its needy; its
romances, shrines and charms; its great systems
of education, finance and transportation; and
its intelligent development of a sound and
modern agriculture to serve as a firm foundation
for an enduring prosperity.

It is to supply information of such a character
that this practical outline of New Jersey's past
and present activities has been prepared. The
book is the work of the business leaders of New
Jersey, who used their State Chamber of Com-
merce as an instrument to make the dream a
reality. The result is a volume that will fill a
want never before satisfied. Interesting facts
are here set forth to serve a variety of purposes,
from education in home and school to reference
and research in office and library.

The Bureau of Economics and Business Re-
search of Rutgers University assisted in collect-
ing much of the material for the volume. The
hundreds of contributions were prepared and

submitted by an equal number of public offi-
cials, special writers, economists and business
executives. The chief job of the editorial staff
has been to exclude repetition and to reduce
the various articles to the space limitations
prescribed by their relative importance. This
was not an easy task because of the evident be-
lief of the individual contributor that his
subject was the most vital, and therefore should
be treated at greatest length.

The editors are well aware that the attain-
ment of perfection is impossible in the handling
of a subject so inexhaustible. But their intimate
knowledge of the immense amount of labor
entailed in developing, in a single volume, the
authentic story of a great State and its people,
affords them no ground for apology. Aside from
the local educational benefits the book pro-
vides, there is also the fact that this work rep-
resents a pioneering effort in the broad field of
dignified State publicity. The volume is not
only New Jersey's fulfillment of a desire to be
understood and appreciated by her own people,
but it is also her original way of inviting the
attention of non-residents to the advantages
and opportunities she offers.

It will be noticed by the reader that the text
is particularly free of propaganda, individual
puffs and rhetorical flourishes. The pronoun
"I" appears almost not at all. The outcome of
this definite policy of completely avoiding per-
sonalities, except those that are historical,
carries out the original purpose of producing a
book to render constructive educational serv-
ice. Favoritism or bias has had no place in the
work. Politics has been given no thought. If
any description appears out of proportion to its
relative importance the fault may be traced to
a tardiness, perhaps unavoidable, at the
sources of information.

But taken as a whole, the difficulties pre-
sented to the editors have been surprisingly
few. There has been not only a common agree-
ment on the desirability of producing such a
volume, but a spirit of willing cooperation in

Vill

PREFACE

every quarter. These evidences of unselfish
support provided the necessary encouragement
to make the work pleasant and effective. The
editors wish to express their full appreciation
for the voluntary assistance extended by a
small army of New Jersey's loyal citizens.

The chief burden of responsibility, from be-
ginning to end, has been borne by Mr. George
S. Burgess, Vice-President and Secretary of the
New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce. Not
only was the book his original idea, but to him
goes practically all of the credit for presenting
the story of the State in a fascinating manner
in the form of pictures. Although rendering
continuous assistance in a literary way, he
found time to collect and complete the ar-
rangement of the hundreds of views that illus-
trate the text. Professor E. E. Agger of Rutgerc

University was actively interested in the
accumulation of material. Mr. Edward P.
Hulse, for years technical critic for large pub-
lishing houses, gave invaluable time and atten-
tion to the condensation and editing of a mass
of original manuscript.

If this finished volume proves to be a book
of inspiration as well as information; if it
builds faith and confidence in the great des-
tiny of New Jersey; if it engenders thought,
discloses opportunity and spurs initiative on
the part of the individual citizen, then the
editors will be gratified and fully rewarded
for all effort expended.

FLOYD W. PARSONS

New York, N. Y.,
December i, 1928.

ORIGINAL LEASE OF NEW JERSEY

KING CHARLES II made a grant in 1664
to his brother, the Duke of York,
afterward James II, of a tract extend-
ing from the Connecticut River to Delaware

The lease has been reproduced in fac-simile
for this Book through the courtesy of Mr.
Walter E. Robb of Burlington, who is its pres-
ent possessor. Apparently the contents of this

TRANSCRIPT OF LEASE

This Indenture made the Three and twentieth day of June in the Sixteenth year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord
Charles the Second by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France and Ireland. King defender of the faith etc. Annoq.
Dm 1664 Between his Royal Highness James Duke of York and Albany Earl of Ulster Lord High Admirall of England
and Ireland Constable of Dover Castle Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Governour of Portsmouth of the one part.
John Lord Berkley Baron of Stratton and one of his majesty's most Honorable privy council and Sir George Carterett
of Saltrum in the county of Devon Knight and one of his most Honorable privy council of the other part. Witnesseth
that the said James Duke of York for and in consideration of the sum of Tenne Shillings of lawful money of England to
him in hand paid before the Sealing and Delivery hereof by the said John Lord Berkley and Sir George Carterett the receipt
whereof the said James Duke of York doth hereby acknowledge and thereof doth aquitt and discharge the said John
Lord Berkley and Sir George Carterett forever by these presents Hath bargained and sold and by these presents doth bar-
gain and sell unto the said John Lord Berkley and Sir George Carterett all that Part of Land Adjacent to New England
and lying and being to the Westward of Long Island and Manhattas Island and bounded on the East part by the main
sea and part by Hudson's River and hath upon the West Delaware Bay or River and extendoth Southward to the Main
Ocean as far as Cape May at the mouth of Delaware Bay and to the Northward as far as the Northermost Branch of the
said Bay or River of DelaWare which is in Forty one degrees and Forty minutes of latitude and crosseth over thence in a
Straight Line to Hudson's River in Forty one degrees of latitude which said Tract of Land is hereafter to be called by
the name or names of New Ceasarea or New Jersey. And also all Rivers, Mines, Minerals, Woods, Fishings, Hawking,
Hunting and Fowling and all other Royalties profits, commodities, Hereditaments whatsoever to the said landes and
premises belonging or appertaining with them and every of their appurtenances and the Reversion and reversions Re-
mainder and Remainders thereof To Have and to hold the said tract of land and premises with their and every of their
appurtenances unto the said John Lord Berkley and Sir George Carterett from the First day of May last past before the
date hereof unto the full end and term of One whole year from thence next ensueing and fully to be terminate and ended
Yielding and paying therefor unto the said James Duke of York his heirs or assignes the rent of a pepper corne upon the
feast of the Nativity of Saint John Baptist next ensuing the date hereof only if the same shall be lawfully demanded.
In Witness thereof the parties aforesaid to this present Indenture have enterchangeably set their hands and Seals the day
and year first above written.

Bay. On June 13, 1664, the Duke of York
leased that part of the tract which now is New
Jersey to Lord John Berkley and Sir George
Carterett, friends of the King and prominent
in his court.

lease have not heretofore been published. A
supplementary lease executed on the day fol-
lowing this one has been published, though
not in fac-simile, but a comparison of the two
shows that, while similar in form, the leases

CONCESSIONS AND AGREEMENTS

THE BOUND VOLUME WHEN CLOSED

are not alike. The consideration of "tenne
shillings" paid is not mentioned in the supple-
mentary lease.

The transcript of the contents of this original
lease does not conform to the quaint spelling
and oddities of penmanship where they make
difficult reading. Note the signature of
"James," then Duke of York and afterward
King James II. The lease is written on a sheet
of heavy parchment about 12. inches from top
to bottom and folded vertically and crosswise
as shown by the breaks in the paper.

CONCESSIONS AND AGREEMENTS

ON THESE and succeeding pages are fac-
simile reproductions of that famous
document of laws and religious liberty
known as "The Concessions and Agreements of
the Proprietors, Freeholders and Inhabitants of
the Province of West New Jersey, in America. "

The Bill of Rights in the Federal Constitu-
tion, which came 113 years later, seems to have
been based largely on this document.

These reproductions are from original photo-
graphs of the document in its present state of
preservation in the vault of the Burlington
City Loan and Trust Company. These photo-
graphs were taken for exclusive publication in
this book through the courtesy of Mr. Walter
E. Robb, who is President and Treasurer of

the Council of Proprietors of West New
Jersey.

This document of rare, historical value,
though now in its 2.53^ year, is surprisingly
well preserved, as attested by the clearness of
these half-tones. The text of the Concessions
and Agreements is in the hand-writing of the
times yet, except in minor respects, the ink is
not much faded and the pages may be read with
little difficulty.

Though their contents were published about
1751, and again in 1881, in editions long
since exhausted, these are the only facsimile
copies that have ever been made, in so far as
known.

This document was drawn up and signed in
England under date of March 3, 1676. It consti-
tutes a set of laws, a plan of colonization, and
the grant of rights and religious liberty to the
colonists. There are 44 chapters, the last 3i
being known as "The Charter of Fundamental
Laws of West New Jersey," and these last are
the basis of the present laws of the State of New
Jersey. The document was bound in a volume
as shown by the half-tones and was brought
across the water to this country where it has
since remained in the possession of the Council
of Proprietors of West New Jersey a body per-

TITLE PAGE AND BEGINNING OF CHAPTER I
"We do consent and agree, as the best present expedient,
that . . ."

CONCESSIONS AND AGREEMENTS

XI

petuated by the lineal descendents of the first
proprietors, who have inherited the shares that
represented the original ownership of the lands
of the colony and which to-day give their
owners title to all lands which remain un-
claimed or have not since been deeded to others,
When Edward Byllinge, a partner with John
Fenwick in the early settlement of West New

shares became the proprietors of the colony
and they made these Concessions and Agree-
ments under which it was governed. The Con-
cessions became operative four months after
they were executed, when Penn and his associ-
ates executed a deed with Carteret dividing the
colony into East and West New Jersey,
Carteret retaining only the former.

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Chapter 16, on the left hand page, contains the grant of religious liberty. The chapter reads as follows, the words
italicized being on the page ahead of the one shown in the illustration: "That no men, nor number of men on earth, hath power
or authority to rule over men 'j consciences in religious matters, therefore it is consented, agreed and ordained, that no person whatsoever
within the said Province, at any time or times hereafter, shall be any ways upon any pretense whatsoever, called in ques-
tion, or in the least punished or hurt, either in person, estate, or privilege, for the sake of his opinion, judgment, faith
or worship towards God in matters of religion. But that all and every such person, and persons, may from time to time,
and at all times, freely and fully have, and enjoy his and their judgments, and the exercises of their consciences in matters
of religious worship throughout all the said Province."

Chapter 17, on the right hand page, proclaims the right to trial by jury in these words, italicized words being those
that complete the chapter on the succeeding page: "That no Proprietor, freeholder or inhabitant of the said Province
of West New Jersey, shall be deprived or condemned of life, limb, liberty, estate, property or any ways hurt in his or their
privileges, freedoms or franchises, upon any account whatsoever, without a due trial, and judgment passed by twelve
good and lawful men of his neighborhood first had: And that in all causes to be tried, and in all trials, the person or
persons, arraigned may except against any of the said neighborhood, without any reason rendered, (not exceeding thirty
five) and in case of any valid reason alleged, against every person nominated j or that service."

At first there were two capitals of the West
New Jersey Colony one at Salem, and the other
at Burlington. The Council of Proprietors the
governing body was, and still is, comprised of
five representatives from the Burlington Di-
vision of West New Jersey and four from the
Gloucester Division of West New Jersey, these

Jersey, became financially embarrassed in 1675,
he assigned his interests to William Penn,
Gawen Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, three
Quakers who divided his interests into 100
shares, or proprieties, and from the sale of a
portion of the shares received enough to pay
Byllinge's creditors in full. The owners of these

Xll

CONCESSIONS AND AGREEMENTS

being the two sub-divisions of the Colony.
Burlington has always been the Seat of the
Proprietors. Many early governors lived
tiiere, and the Concessions and Agree-

The meetings of the Council of Proprietors
are held at the Surveyor General's office on the
first Tuesday in February, May, August and
November. A right of propriety consists in the

The text at the top of the left hand page is the last part of Chapter 44 and covers the distribution of the Province
into shares, settlement of towns, and general colonization. The last part reads: "In testimony and witness of our con-
sent to and affirmation of these present laws, concessions and agreements, we the Proprietors, freeholders, and inhabitants
of the said Province of West New Jersey, whose names are under written, have to the same voluntarily and freely set
our hands, dated this third day of the month commonly called March, in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred
and seventy six. E. Byllynge, Richard Smith, Edward Nethorp, John Penford, Daniel Wills, Thomas Ollice, Thomas
Rudyard, William Biddle, Robert Stacy, John Farrington, William Roydon, Richard Mew, Percivall Towle, Mahlon
Stacy, Thomas Budd, Samuel Jeninns, Gawen Laurie, William Penn, William Emley, Joshua Wright, Nicholas Lucas,
William Haig, William Peachee, Richard Mathews, John Haracis, Francis Collins, William Kent, Benjamin Scott, Thomas
Lambert, Thomas Hooton, Henry Stacy. Note: 12.0 additional signatures follow on next page of the document.

ments have been kept there. The Surveyor
General is their legal custodian and his office
is in Burlington.

ownership of a share, or a portion of one of the
100 shares, into which Edward Byllinge's inter-
ests in West New Jersey were divided.

CHAPTER I

History and (government

GENERAL HISTORY

WHEN the early Dutch and Swedish
settlers arrived in the section of the
New World now known as New
Jersey, they found it occupied by the Lenni-
Lenape, one of the tribes of the far-reaching
Algonquin family, later known as the Dela-
wares. Lenni means pure or original and Lenape
means people, hence their name may mean "the
first people." Moved by their human wants and
needs, the Lenni -Lenape lived along the river
valleys, and were more numerous in the
southern and central than in the northern parts
of New Jersey. Their total number in the State
probably never exceeded one thousand. Al-
though often seeking new fishing and hunting
grounds, when settled for a while, they lived
in villages. Their wigwams were not artisti-
cally conceived and were usually indescribably
dirty. The girls, after reaching early woman-
hood, became coarsened by hard work and un-
attractive. Few marriages occurred between
them and the white settlers, though many be-
tween Indians and negroes.

The Indians of New Jersey were hospitable,
although in their relation to the white settlers
they occupied an uncertain position. Some-
times they were treated by the Colonial Legis-
lature as menials and again as equals. Generally
speaking, the Dutch and Swedes were kindly
disposed toward the red men, although there
was constantly the cloud of racial jealousy
overshadowing all transactions. They all cried
"Peace" on approacning and called one an-
other "Friend" and "Brother," but suspicion
was much more real than any peace and friend-
ship. Fortunately in New Jersey the situation
never became acute except for a brief contest
between the Dutch and the Indians before the
English conquest, and the Indian massacres in
Sussex County during the French and Indian

War. The stories of extremely friendly rela-
tions between the Indians and some white
families, particularly among the Quakers, are
pleasing exceptions to the general condition.

During the quarter century of English colon-
ization between 1664 and 1701, the governors
were ever instructed to treat the Indians with
all humanity and kindness - for it ' 'will prove
beneficial to the Planters and likewise advan-
tageous to the propagation of the Gospel."
Severe penalty was meted out to anyone who
willfully killed an Indian. Because extreme
care in procuring land titles when purchasing
Indian land was always enjoined upon the col-
onists, practically all Indian title to land in
New Jersey was extinguished before the
Revolution.

In 1758, as an act of charity and also, as a
matter of protection, the first Indian reserva-
tion in the United States was established in the
"Pines" of Burlington County, New Jersey.
There 2.00 Indians were settled upon 3,000 acres
of land. Thence the Lenni-Lenape removed to
New York State, later to Green Bay, Wisconsin,
and finally to Indian Territory. Now, excepting
in the retention of place names, corrupted by
long usage, half-forgotten village sites and
graves, a little Indian blood in a few New Jersey
families, and scattered collections of their
handiwork in stone, bone, and shell, no trace
of the Lenni-Lenape remains in New Jersey.

It fell to the lot of the Swedes to demonstrate
the possibilities of the Delaware Valley for
permanent settlement, and also by their own
misfortune to prove that no winning of the
wilderness could be gained save by endless toil
and unity of action. After ^ years of adventur-
ing back and forth across the seas, between
Scandinavia and the Delaware River, and en-
during the persecution and inhospitality of the

NEW JERSEY

English in Virginia and the Dutch roundabout,
the Swedes finally in 1655 surrendered their
rights on the Delaware River to the Dutch
under the doughty Peter Stuyvesant.

Few if any permanent settlements had been
made in this period. Their influence upon New
Jersey history consists not so much in pkce
names as in the strong course of blood which
has held sway for two and a half centuries in
many an old settled family in Salem City, in
Swedesboro, and in the Maurice River Valley.
There the effect of Swedish life and character
appears in the physical and mental constitu-
tions of men and women to this day. Their po-
litical surrender was most peaceful. They
married, especially among English colonists.
They shifted their religious interests to the
Society of Friends or to Episcopalianism. Ey
1800 the Swedish was a dead language upon
the New Jersey shore of the Delaware.

The Dutch, jealous like the Swedes of the
other European powers who were getting a
foothold upon the New World, tried their
ships and men in the Seventeenth Century race
for land and trade. Again, as fcr the Swedes,
so for the Dutch, the interest in the occupancy
of New Jersey was in comparatively small
areas, with little effort to colonize whole sec-
tions. However, when the English navigator,
Henry Hudson, returned to Europe in 1607
after sailing for a week in the Delaware Eay
and River and landing upon Sandy Hook, (even
before sailing up the "Great North River cf
New Netherland," later to bear his name,) the
excitement in Holland was unbounded, par-
ticularly because of the quantities of fur-bear-
ing animals reported. Eefore this, in 1458
Sebastian Cabot had sailed along the shores of
New Jersey, and may have been the first white
man to view the land. Following this English
explorer, in 152.4 Giovanni de Verrazano, an
Italian navigator in the employ of the French
government, anchored his vessel at Sandy
Hook, according to his records, and spent three
days on the high lands near the shore.

In 1614 the Dutch established themselves
under authority upon Manhattan, and in 16x3
Captain Cornelius Jacobse Mey built Fort
Nassau near Red Bank and named the north
cape of Delaware Bay for himself, now Cape

May. Their settlement of the Delaware River
section was fragmentary and inefficient, save
in driving out the Swedes.

The Dutch settlement of the New Jersey
shore of the Hudson River was more lasting.
In the locality called Hoboken-Hackingh, "the
place of the tobacco pipe," the Indians and fur
traders met to trade gewgaws fcr peltries. In
1643 attempts at agriculture centered around
the farm house and brew house cf Aert Ten-
nissen Van Putten, north cf Hoboken, but the
forbidding river-front led to the later and more
active growth of her neighbor, Jersey City.
Fcr many years, a small colony in this latter
section, then called Paulus Hook, thrived as a
trading and farming community. The site of
the little trading hut of Michall Paulusen,
where he purchased furs from the Indians in
1633, lies nearly 1000 feet to the west of the
present ferry house, the river having been filled
in to that extent.

In 1660 the town of Eergen, now Jersey City
Heights, was established. A fort was erected.
Here there was established the first religious
congregation in New Jersey under the Dutch
Reformed Church. To the Hollander is due the
credit for establishing the principle of pur-
chasing the Indian title to land and for planting
his church and his schools wherever he went.
But by 1660, with the advent of the efficient
English colonizers, the conquerors found New
Jersey, through wise government, quite ready
to change masters.

For some years England had looked upon
New Netherland with longing eyes. To have
the settlements along the Atlantic Coast from
northernmost Massachusetts to the most south-
ern point of the Carolinas homogeneous and
English seemed only proper. In 1664 the easy-
going Charles II, who always looked upon any-
thing desired as his own, issued a patent to his
brother James, Duke of York, for all the lands
between Cape Cod and the Hudson River as
well as all the land between the Connecticut
River and the east side of Delaware Eay. These
grants took in much of what are now New
England, New York, and New Jersey. Im-
mediate preparations were made for a military
invasion to subdue the Dutch. In August of
that year a small English fleet anchored off

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

PRINCETON BATTLEGROUND

Coney Island, and without bloodshed the Eng-
lish colors were soon raised over the fort at
New Amsterdam, hereafter known as New
York for the King's brother. In this conquest,
New Jersey, until this time known only as a
part of New Netherland, was formally recog-
nized for the first time in colonial history as a
dependency of the British Crown.

Even while the squadron of conquest was on
the high seas, James, Duke of York, made over
to two loyal adherents John Berkeley, Earon
cf Stratton, and Sir George Carteret all that
portion of his acquisition bounded on the east
by the main sea and the Hudson River and on
the west by Delaware Bay and River to be
called "New Caesarea or New Jersey," in
honor of Sir George Carteret 's defense in 1649
of his native Isle of Jersey in the English Chan-
nel against the Cromwellian Parliamentarians.

And so these two, "true and absolute Lords
Proprietors of all the Province of New Caesarea
or New Jersey," found themselves owners of a
vast tract of land, its great river fronts sparsely
settled by Dutch and Swedes and wandering

bands of Indians, and with it the great prob-
lem of colonization as yet unsolved. Early in
the Seventeenth Century, Queen Elizabeth had
granted Virginia to Sir Walter Raleigh, and
New Jersey was included in this great tract.
When Berkeley and Carteret came into pos-
session of this land, the present State of New
Jersey was in both Virginia and New York,
but the claims of Virginia were withdrawn.

Back in England were many men dissatisfied
with king, church, and society, waiting for an
invitation to "come on over." In April, 1665,
Philip Carteret, a relative of Sir George, landed
at a point in New Caesarea which he called
Elizabethtown, in honor of the wife of Sir
George Carteret, and called himself the first
governor. Before him there came within the
next two years the settlers already in New
Jersey 33 from Bergen, 65 from Elizabeth-
town, 13 from Woodbridge, 2.4 from Navesink,
two from Middletown and likewise two from
the Delaware and subscribed to the oath of
allegiance to King and Lords Proprietors.

Word had already reached New England of

NEW JERSEY

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

the plans for New Jersey, and the Congrega-
tional churches sent a committee headed by
Robert Treat down to Governor Carteret to ex-
amine the advantages offered here. So in May,
1666, the New Englanders "with their families,
their beloved pastor, their church records and
communion service, their deacons, and their
household goods," arrived in Newark, thus
marking the type of settler that should come
to East Jersey. The East Jersey settlers were
God-fearing Calvinists, Congregationalists, and
Presbyterians. In Newark only members of the
Congregational Church had any political rec-
ognition. Land including Newark, Belleville,
Bloomfield, and the Oranges was soon pur-
chased from the Indians. To the first assembly,
which met in Elizabethtown in May z6 to 30,
1668, came burgesses from the settlements
already named.

Nearly 10 years after the first Governor,
Philip Carteret, named Elizabethtown in East
Jersey, the story of West Jersey began. On
March 18, 1674, Jhn Fenwicke, Quaker, pur-
chased from Lord Berkeley for himself and his
Quaker friend, Edward Byllynge, Berkeley's
half interest in the western part of "Jarsey,"
for a price a little less than $5000. Their object
was the creation in America of a haven of
religious and political freedom for the oppressed
Society of Friends, and thus West Jersey, and
not Pennsylvania, is the oldest Quaker colony
in America.

At the front of the movement stood William
Penn, the most noted convert of the Society.
His energy and enthusiasm were unlimited, and
under his influence two land-purchasing and
colonizing associations were formed in Eng-
land, one composed of Friends in Yorkshire,
the other of members of the Society in London.
Penn became a proprietor. He settled land dis-
putes between other proprietors. He drew the
line of partition between the two Jerseys from
Little Egg Harbor on trie Atlantic Coast, from
the southern end of what is now Long Beach,
to a point on the Delaware River. East of
this line was East Jersey, the property of
Carteret, and west of it was West Jersey, the
property of Penn and his Quaker associates.

To Penn is credited also the authorship of the
"Concessions and Agreements of the Proprie-

tors, Freeholders and Inhabitants of West New
Jersey in America," a most democratic docu-
ment giving to the future settlers all local gov-
ernmental powers, trial by jury, and religious
freedom, reserving for the proprietors merely
the shadow of government. To the emigrants
these dear liberties were promised as well as an
abundance of land, and West Jersey offered rare
advantages. The Delaware, open to the sea,
suitable for trade by the largest ships, received
many sluggish tributary streams, with banks
that were loamy and fertile. Easily tilled plains,
short winters, long summers, a supply of
timber, as well as quantities of wild game,
promised a less rigorous life than the East
Jersey section around Elizabethtown.

John Fenwicke, with his family, relatives,
servants, and a company of settlers, arrived in
Delaware Bay on the ship "Griffin" or "Grif-
fith" in the month of June, 1675. Although for
three years Fenwicke was heckled by Governor
Andros of New York, covetous of West Jersey
for the Duke of York, still other Quaker settlers
came by shiploads, and their enthusiastic let-
ters written back to England brought still
more. Fenwicke 's colony settled Salem.

In the autumn of 1677 the ship "Kent" with
Z5o passengers entered the Delaware and pro-
ceeded slowly north to the site of Burlington,
where settlement was made. In 1677 and 1678
new shipments arrived.

Whereas East Jersey was disturbed more or
less by conflicts with Governor Andros over in
New York and by political and land disputes,
the beginnings of West Jersey were marred by
few disturbances. Burlington was made the
capital, with courts there and at Salem. The
Quaker settlers spread east as far as the pine
barrens, a forest impenetrable even to the In-
dians except for hunting. Checked on the east,
from Salem they spread south to the Cohansey,
settling Bridgeton and Greenwich. For just Z7
years West Jersey existed as a separate colony.
In spite of her peace-loving settlers there had
been bickerings for the last 10 years of the peri-
od, between the proprietors themselves, with
the people, and with the Crown. Both Jerseys
had been bullied by the English Governors
of New York; and finally, worn out by the
strife, the proprietors of both East and West

NEW JERSEY

QUEEN BUILDING, RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, AT NEW BRUNSWICK, ERECTED

Jersey surrendered their rights of government
to Queen Anne on April 17, 1702., and were
united into one colony under a government
appointed by the Crown.

Governor Cornbury, appointed in 1702. by
Queen Anne to rule for her the united colony of
New Jersey, early showed himself unsympa-
thetic with the rights of the people. The pop-
ular sentiment against him lasted until he de-
parted five years after his arrival. But the evil
he did lived after him and paved the way for
the growth of a definite spirit of resistance,
first directed against the royal governors and
then against the Crown itself.

Governors came and went some good, some
bad. There was always friction between the
Governor and his council upon one side and the
House of Assembly on the other, and only a
portion of the people, because of property
qualifications, was granted the franchise to
choose their Assemblymen. The Governors al-
ways surrounded themselves with representa-
tives of the landed interests of West Jersey and
the wealthy merchants of East Jersey. Usually
a Church of England man was the chief exec-

utive, unsympathetic toward the Calvinists of
East Jersey, but usually supported by the So-
ciety of Friends. Nor were the Governors at
fault for all unhappy conditions. They had to
bear the odium of enforcing the laws of the
home government, which looked upon the
transatlantic colonies usually as a source of
revenue. The colony's roads were poor, its
trade was hampered, and the loyalty of men of
affairs became shaken until in 1775 it meant
revolution.

The first 75 years of the Eighteenth Century
were years of growth and adjustment in the
colony. Farming was the chief economic inter-
est. Practically the whole population lived on
farms, or if a man lived in a town, he owned a
farm. The training of the women and girls as
well as of the men was for farm life, and their
work was not lightened by modern conven-
iences.

The typical farm in East Jersey was small,
while that of West Jersey, because of level and
uninterrupted acreage, was large. Owing to this
condition, in West Jersey slaves were particu-
larly useful and were widely held and employed

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

in spite of the precepts of John Woolman Ship-
building flourished up and down the Delaware.
From Perth Amboy and Salem, yachts, schoon-
ers, and larger craft entered and cleared for
every seacoast town from Boston to Charleston.
The whaling industry led to the settlement of
Cape May, Atlantic, and Ocean counties. By
the use of the Indian canoes up and down the
rivers, and the use of the slaves' backs to carry
the master through the wilderness, transpor-
tation developed by 1775 into a network of
rough roads connecting different sections of the
colony.

As the storm of the great revolt gathered
throughout the colonies, we read the pathetic
stcry of New Jersey's last Royal Governor,
William Franklin, only son of Benjamin Frank-
lin. Loyalty itself, he could not sanction the
measures passed by the New Jersey Assembly,
following in the steps of her neighbors. He
could only warn his people that anarchy and
confusion would destroy the blessings of their
civil society. At last, those Assemblymen, who

had been lavishly entertained at his model farm
on the Rancocas, and at Perth Amboy, and to
whom he had endeared himself in many ways,
arrested him and as "delicately as may be"
transported him to the care of the Governor
of Connecticut, a Whig.

In the autumn of 1771, New Jersey caught
the spirit of Massachusetts in the inauguration
of township and county committees of corre-
spondence. At first these committees were only
centers of political organization of each local-
ity, but gradually they assumed greater power,
until by 1776 they were the means of authority
for preparing for the momentous struggle. They
established markets, encouraged the home in-
dustry of spinning and weaving, regulated
prices, and arranged to forward powder, salt-
peter, and other supplies to the army. Down in
Greenwich on the Cohansey, a shipload of tea
was burned in 1774 nearly as dramatically as at
the Boston Tea Party. These were spurts of
popular feeling, amid the considerable Tory
sentiment which was to be found in New Jersey .

COOPER HOME, AT CAMDEN

Stone section built, 1634. Section in rear built of imported English brick in 1707. Cooper family settled northern
Camden. Kaighn family settled southern Camden.

NEW JERSEY

MONUMENT TO THE DESPATCH RIDER THE "PAUL REVERE" OF NEW JERSEY
Old burying ground of First Presbyterian Church, at Main Street and Scotland Road, Orange

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

The years of the Revolution brought more
passings of both armies across the State and
more battles fought than in any other of the
thirteen colonies. Nearly 100 battles, large and
small, were staged on New Jersey soil. Through
the earlier years of the Revolution, New Jersey
bore the brunt of the gigantic struggle for the
control of the valleys of the Hudson and the
Delaware. On June 2.3, 1775, General George
Washington, who was destined to spend much
of his military life here, paid his first official
visit to the colony on his way from Philadel-
phia to Boston. When near Trenton he was met
by a carrier with the news of the battle of
Bunker Hill.

That loyalist regiments should be formed in
New Jersey was to be expected. Their religious
scruples as well as their economic prosperity
under existing conditions meant that the Quak-
ers would disapprove of any war. Wealthy
merchants and many of the socially prominent
in Trenton and Newark, as well as Burlington
and Perth Amboy, Episcopalians, leading law-
yers of the State, members of the Governor's
Council, Hollanders in the Hackensack and
Passaic valleys, were loyal to England. The
official loyalist regiments operated largely in
guerrilla warfare from Staten Island and New
York and up the easily accessible river valleys,
like the Passaic, Hackensack, and Raritan.
The "Pine Robbers," a disjointed band of land
pirates, were associated with the loyalists,
although the loyalists often shuddered at the
horrible deeds plotted in the recesses of the
"Pines" by these "robbers."

When Lord Howe took possession of New
York City later in 1775, Washington wrote
General Lee that in his opinion Howe had "de-
signs upon the Jerseys." And so it proved.
Crossing to New Jersey the American troops
were soon scattered from Fort Lee, and Wash-
ington's retreat across New Jersey began, lest
he be cut off by the English possibly at the
Raritan. The two armies, one ragged and dis-
ordered, the other disciplined and triumphant,
crossed the State so closely that they could hear
one another's music, but without an engage-
ment.

Through Newark, New Brunswick, Prince-
ton, and Trenton, leaving English and Hessians

in comfortable quarters all along the way,
Washington and his troops moved across to
the bluffs above Philadelphia. From this point,
a few weeks later, on Christmas night, Wash-
ington and his troops made the memorable
crossing of the Delaware and surprised the
English at Trenton, defeating them without
the loss of a man in the Colonial army. This
was followed by another victory at Princeton,
where the loss of American officers was large
and most unfortunate. These two battles, in
their influence upon popular sentiment, quite
saved the day. They blotted out all the taunts
and fears the poor little army had aroused in
its "retreat" a month earlier.

Then followed Washington's winter in Mor-
ristown with his army. Poorly nourished,
poorly clothed, and with a thousand down
with smallpox, the army was hardly refreshed
by spring, when Lord Howe crept around to
Philadelphia by sea and seized the city, to
Washington's real surprise. The summer of
1777 meant little advance for Washington's
plans and was followed by the horrors of the
winter at Valley Forge.

Early in the spring of 1778, the British
started their evacuation of Philadelphia. Wash-
ington and his army followed them and their
li-mile baggage train across New Jersey on
their way to New York, until the famous en-
gagement at Monmouth took place on June
2.8th. The Americans were victorious, and
Washington wrote that after two years' ma-
neuvering, "both armies are back to the very
point they started from, and that which was
the offending party in the beginning is now
reduced to the use of spade and pickaxe for
defense." Then came a winter with Wash-
ington at Somerville, and a second winter at
Morristown, and in between were many diffi-
cult problems, smaller engagements and con-
siderable trouble with the Indians in the
summer of 1778. However, with the battle of
Monmouth ended the extensive operations for
the control of New England and the Middle
States. Henceforth it was the southern Com-
monwealths which were to feel the brunt of
the war.

In June, 1783, the Continental Congress ad-
journed from Philadelphia to Princeton. There

IO

NEW JERSEY

it prepared the Berrien house for General
Washington at Rocky Hill, of which he took
possession on August 2_4th. Two days later he
rode the five miles to Princeton, where he was
welcomed with dignity by Congress in Nassau
Hall of the College of New Jersey. In the chapel
of the college, the first authentic account of
the conclusion of the definitive treaty between
Great Britain and the United States was re-
ceived. From the Rocky Hill headquarters on
Sunday, November i., 1783, Washington de-

federation, created in times of stress, failed to
hold the separate colonies in time of peace.
All jealous of one another, the smaller states
were bullied by the larger ones. The Articles
had neither power to levy taxes nor to regulate
trade, and New Jersey refused to pay her quota
of $136,000. Some call this act the deathblow
to the Confederation. Accordingly, when steps
were taken for the colonies to consult together
in order to strengthen the Federal Govern-
ment, New Jersey was aggressively active.

PRINCETON BATTLE MONUMENT
One of America's most impressive memorials

livered his farewell address to the armies. His
baggage was ordered to Mount Vernon, and
General Washington departed for West Point,
leaving New Jersey, where he had spent two
and a half years of the eight years of the
Revolution.

For several years New Jersey worked desper-
ately to secure the National Capital, but to no
avail. In 1799 Congress convened in Trenton
temporarily, only because there was yellow
fever in Philadelphia.
- At the end of the war the Articles of Con-

At a national convention, held in Phila-
delphia in 1787, New Jersey and Delaware were
opposed to the limitation which proportional
representation would give them, the smaller
states. Thus it was that William Paterson, one
of New Jersey's illustrious delegates, laid be-
fore the other delegates the "New Jersey Plan,"
which though finally defeated, furnished in
compromise some of the most important ele-
ments in the Constitution. When the Consti-
tution was completed in September and sub-
mitted to the several States for ratification, it

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

CHURCH AT SPRINGFIELD WHERE THE "FIGHTING PARSON" TORE UP THE BIBLES AND HYMN BOOKS
AND USED THE PAGES FOR WADDING OF THE GUNS OF THE AMERICAN ARMY DURING THE BATTLE

OF JUNE 13, 1780

12

NEW JERSEY

MONUMENT AT GREENWICH TO THE PATRIOTS

OF CUMBERLAND COUNTY WHO BURNED THE TEA

DECEMBER 2.2., 1774

was entirely acceptable to the people of New
Jersey. In 1776 New Jersey had worked out
and adopted a Constitution which was a pow-
erful factor in developing a feeling of loyalty
in the State.

On April 6, 1789, the choice of the people
fell upon George Washington as the first Presi-
dent of the United States, and he was called to
meet Congress in New York City. His route
from Mount Vernon to the metropolis was
that of a conqueror, and in New Jersey the en-
thusiasm of the people was high.

With the inauguration of the National Gov-
ernment, New Jersey stood stanchly Federalist,
but by the turn of the century, considerable
republicanism with the dissemination of the
French Revolution's fraternity, liberty, equal-
ity, and the spread of Methodism through the
State, had seeped into certain sections. When
in 1812. the clouds of war with England again
arose, New Jersey, lying between Philadelphia
and New York, two great prizes for the British
fleet, was opposed to war. Of course the Friends
were peace lovers for ethical reasons, but
another wing of the peace party was made up
of New Jersey's growing body of manufactur-
ers, common carriers, and merchants, to whom
war meant disaster. However, to the call of

Congress for the raising of state militia, New
Jersey's response was hearty and prompt, and
during the three years' war the State fur-
nished 400 officers and over 5,000 non-
commissioned officers and privates.

Former Governor Bloomfield was prominent
as Brigadier General in the United States Army.
In the navy, William Bainbridge, a native of
Princeton, who commanded the "Constitu-
tion" when it took the British ship "Java,"
and the famous James Lawrence, born at Bur-
lington, by their courage and accomplish-
ments, possibly made up for any seeming lack
of loyalty in the State. Lawrence, as he was
carried below on the defeated "Chesapeake,"
gave the navy its motto in his dying cry of
"Don't give up the ship."

New Jersey's problems in the war were the
protection of Philadelphia and New York and
her own coast. Blockhouses built on Sandy
Hook and the Navesink Highlands were of aid
to New York. No engagements took place on
New Jersey soil, but there were several in her
rivers and bays. Although her record during
the war was that of efficiency and responsibil-
ity, the treaty of peace brought real relief to
this State of many navigable waters, many
ships, and much trade.

One result for New Jersey of the War of

WHERE THE TEA WAS FOUND STORED AT
GREENWICH

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

1812. was the realization of the need of good
roads and rapid transit across the State, par-
ticularly across "the waist" the section be-
tween the head of the tidewater of the Raritan
and that of the Delaware, from New Bruns-
wick to Trenton. A national charter was
granted in the United States Congress for the
building of a railroad over this space. The plan
never materialized, but the circumstance is
interesting as it was the first railroad charter
to be granted in the United States.

New Jersey had benefited by the war in that
not less than $z,ooo,ooo had been circulated in
the State as payment for transportation of
goods, while investors were attracted by the
abundance of water power and mill sites. The
tariff of 1816 was also an encouraging turn for
the State. But just as the State's industrial
skies were brightening, England's large army
was returning after long years of European
war. This meant well-filled weeks of labor,
low wages, and cheap production of manu-
factured goods in England. English capitalists

hastened to send shiploads of surplus goods
to America, and New York City was filled with
auction rooms, to which buyers from New
Jersey and the surrounding country flocked
to purchase what they neither wanted nor
needed. American manufacturers, seeing ruin
ahead, petitioned Congress and State Legisla-
tures, but in 1817 the panic came, and the
suffering among the poor in New Jersey towns
was great. The situation was an evidence that
this State, like others, was changing from a
farming commonwealth to an industrial one.
And it was with dread and apprehension that
the passing generation watched the mills and
factories rise.

When Thomas Jefferson became President,
the majority sentiment of New Jersey was
Republican, and was proud to have a native
son, Aaron Burr, in the Vice-President's chair,
though this did not lessen the shock caused by
the famous duel at Weehawken between Burr
and Hamilton. The State mourned Hamilton as
a friend of Washington and Governor Livings-

FRTENDS BURIAL GROUND AT SALEM, ESTABLISHED 1676

This oak tree, a survivor of the original forest, was standing here when John Fenwick founded Salem in 1675.
is 88 feet high and its foliage covers K" acie.

NEW JERSEY

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

ton and as an active supporter of New Jersey's
manufacturing development. For 10 years New
Jersey's annually elected governors, Joseph
Bloomfield, William S. Pennington, and Isaac
H. Williamson, were Republicans, with only
one Federalist governor, Aaron Ogden, in 1811.

The years between 1800 and 18x8 in New
Jersey are called the "Turnpike Era." With the
produce from the large farms of the State, the
livestock and mines in the northern interior,
and the products of the hundreds of mill sites
of the State, markets had to be reached, and
New York and Philadelphia had to be con-
nected as well as the smaller communities.
Good roads were necessary. During this time
54 original charters were secured for turnpike
companies in New Jersey, and about 550 miles
of gravel and dirt were laid.

Taverns were numerous, though their com-
forts and those of the stage coaches were
meager. In the spring even the pikes were hub-
deep in mud. But the resulting contacts and
associations were beyond estimation. By 1834
the Delaware and Raritan Canal was completed
between Trenton and New Brunswick, and
shortly afterwards the Morris Canal farther
north. Early in September, 1833, the State's
first railway, the Camden and Amboy, was put
into operation after years of struggle with
stage-coach interests. Within a very few years
several other railroads were chartered and
built. By this time the steamboat, too, had be-
come an established fact.

When Andrew Jackson became President in
1 8x8, New Jersey was firmly supporting him.
Among her Jacksonian Democratic governors
the name of Peter D. Vroom stands out. Until
the panic of 1837 the New Jersey delegation to
the House of Representatives was solidly Dem-
ocratic. These years are often called the "era of
social unrest." Reform was in the air and ex-
pressed by public meetings, lyceums, news-
papers, legislatures, and thousands of pam-
phlets and monographs. Prison reform led to the
abandonment of the old prison at Trenton and
the erection of a better structure. Child labor
was limited by the Legislature in 1851. An or-
phan asylum was incorporated at Mount Lucas
near Princeton in 1845. The first insane asylum
was opened in 1848 near Trenton.

Temperance societies flourished, particularly
in West Jersey. Twenty years of prosperity fol-
lowed the panic of 1817 and were marked by
considerable economic development in the
State. The factories were not large, but were
growing and multiplying. Villages and towns
were taking minor city ways upon themselves.
The first flood of immigration had come. The
immigrants coming to New Jersey were few,
chiefly English, Scotch, and Irish, with a few
Germans, all of whom were easily assimilated.
The silkworm craze developed and burst in
South Jersey.

With a feeling of false security, because of
vast sums from the sale of public lands and the
National Government's surplus revenue "loan"
to "pet" banks in the State, bank notes were
recklessly issued. The crisis came with the
movement of hard money from the Eastern
cities toward the West in payment for western
lands. The returning paper brought the panic
of 1837. New Jersey suffered with the other
States, and knew well the tales of starvation
on the streets of Philadelphia and New York.
Not until 1844 was a normal economic condi-
tion established, and then we find that the glass
industry in the southern portion of the State
had survived the shock in many factories.

In North Jersey were numerous iron forges
and factories. The cotton industry was espe-
cially strong in northeast Jersey and woolen in
the south. Paper mills, potteries, and hat and
clothing factories were scattered throughout
the State. Shipbuilding towns thrived on the
rivers. Henceforth New Jersey was to take her
place among the great manufacturing States of
the Union. The most potent expression of the
reform spirit of the first half of the Nineteenth
Century in New Jersey was the adoption of a
new State Constitution in 1844, replacing that
of 1776.

When the Mexican trouble arose in the 40*5,
New Jersey was heartily in favor of the war
and was generous in raising the companies
called for by President Polk. To the two brave
Jerseymen, General Stephen Watts Kearny and
Commander Robert Field Stockton, belong the
honor of having seized San Diego and Los
Angeles in 1847, thus annexing the Pacific
slope.

i6

NEW JERSEY

From 1819 to 1837 the Democratic party tri-
umphed. With the panic of 1837, this party was
driven from power, and William Pennington,
Whig, was governor until 1843. However, the
Democrats were coming into power here and
there in the State, until in 1850 the entire
political machinery of the State was thrown
into the hands of the Democratic party. By
1854 the old Whig party had died, and a new
one had been born out in the new State of Wis-
consin and had swept east under an old name,

Eighteenth Century we find considerable agi-
tation against the institution itself. This had
started among the Society of Friends much
earlier. By 1860, slavery being illegal in the
North, the census showed 64 slaves in the
North and 18 of them in New Jersey, while in
the South there were 4,000,000 negro slaves to
3,000,000 free whites.

After the passage of the national "Fugitive
Slave Law" in September, 1850, New Jersey
assumed an important part in the development

BATTLEGROUND AT MONMOUTH COURT HOUSE, FREEHOLD, JUNE 18, 1778

Republican. In 1857 Dr. William A. Newell be-
came the first Republican governor of the State.
From the first settlement of New Jersey,
negro slavery had been taken for granted as an
economic matter. The moral question was not
considered at first. In 1737 there were 4000
slaves in the province, eight and four-tenths
per cent of the total population. In 1790 there
were 11,000 slaves in New Jersey, a larger slave
population than in any other State north of the
Mason and Dixon Line except New York. A
great deal of legislation was enacted concern-
ing slavery, and during the last quarter of the

of the ' 'underground railroad" for aiding escap-
ing slaves on their way to Canada. Into West
Jersey particularly did the escaping negro come
from the South, especially from Maryland and
northern Virginia. It is claimed that there were
as many as 12. definite routes across the State,
and practically all began in the farmhouses of
the West Jersey Quakers.

When the important year of 1860 arrived,
along with the confused state of thought in
the country, New Jersey's electoral votes were
divided for the first time, giving four for Lin-
coln and Hamlin and three for Douglas and

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

Johnson. When Lincoln's call for troops came
in April, 1861, giving New Jersey's quota as
3,000, there were 10,000 volunteers. Her loy-
alty was firm in spite of her closeness to Mary-
land and the South, and notwithstanding her
support of a Democratic governor, Joel B.
Parker, throughout the Civil War. During the
four years' struggle the State furnished 79,348
men for periods from 100 days to four years and
gave of money to the amount of $13,000,000.

With the end of the war came an intense
industrial activity in the State. Between 1866
and the fateful "Black Friday" of 1873, New
Jersey was almost revolutionized. Cities grew;
population poured in from New York and
Philadelphia; the great captains of industry
forged to the front, and men strove not for the
ideals of the period of unrest in Jackson's time,
but for the material ideals that come with
sudden wealth.

Money being plentiful, it was a time of spec-
ulation. Many schemes were floated, good and
bad. Eleven companies were formed for work-
ing marl pits in the State and 31 for developing
cranberry growing. Railroads closely con-
nected the towns of the State. The commuters
and land-promotion companies arrived. Cities
built block pavement out into districts that
would not need them for 50 years. The over-
speculation in Western lands was reflected in
New Jersey. Mortgages fell due as did taxes.
In September, 1873, the crash came, and in this
State, railroads, manufactures, and scores of
industries were alike crippled. But by 1876
most had emerged from bankruptcy to see the
world in a new light in the Centennial Expo-
sition in Philadelphia.

When in 1898 President McKinley called for
volunteers for conducting war against the
Kingdom of Spain, New Jersey's quota was
filled very rapidly. Part of her volunteers were
assigned to the monitor "Montauk," which
remained at Portland; Maine, during the war.
Others were assigned to the "Resolute" and
the "Badger" and were in active service in the
fleet off Santiago.

The close of the Nineteenth Century found
New Jersey an important State in many ways.
Eighty per cent of her population was urban,
living in large cities or in daily contact with

MONUMENT AT CHESTNUT NECK ON THE ROAD

FROM TOMS RIVER TO ABSECON
Commemorates battle fought here October 6, 1778

i8

NEW JERSEY

R

TRENTON MONUMENT
Commemorates battle fought on the site December 2.6, 1776

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

Philadelphia and New York. Her farms were
still prospering, and her market-garden sup-
plies for the large cities within and just out-
side her boundaries gave her then the name of
the "Garden State." The two great factors
which had brought about the change from a
rural to an urban State in a hundred years were
the development of manufactures and the
growth of systems of transportation. The many
silk mills in and around Paterson, brick and
terra-cotta works around Perth Amboy, pot-
teries at Trenton, jewelry manufacturing in
Newark, woolen manufactures in Passaic, as
well as the many plants throughout the terri-
tory devoted to leather, rubber, chemicals,
iron and steel, shoes, hats, and glass, were only
a few of the varied industries in the State in
1900. And they have only multiplied during
the last 15 years.

The chief issues in State politics since the
beginning of the century have been connected
with taxation, the tariff, and the control of
corporations. With the political interests of
the State wavering from Democratic to Repub-
lican and back again, ever since the Civil War,
the governorship of Woodrow Wilson, Dem-

SITE OF HAMILTON-BURR DUEL AT WEEHAWKEN

NEW JERSEY LIBERTY BELL IN THE TOWER OF THE
OLD COURT HOUSE AT COHANSEY BRIDGE (NOW

BRIDGETON), ERECTED, i 75 z

Rang out the news of the Declaration of Independence,
July 4, 1776. Transferred to Fireman's Hall when the Court
House was razed in 1846. Thereafter used as a fire alarm
bell until 1854, when it was placed in the cupola of the
West Jersey Academy. Still well preserved and now located
on the Bridgeton High School.

ocrat and former President of Princeton Uni-
versity, was of interest to the whole country.
And this interest was intensified when he be-
came the first President of the United States
from New Jersey.

In the World War, New Jersey acquitted her-
self well. With her full quota of men overseas
and in training camps, her industrial centers
were beehives of activity, manufacturing war
supplies as well as the necessities of life at
home. Since the war much of the machinery for
war equipment has been scrapped, but the
factories and farms over the State are quite as
busy in peace productions. The so-called
metropolitan areas of the State near New
York and Philadelphia are growing yearly.
New Jersey stands thus at the center of the
industrial belt of the United States where the
currents of the day are swiftest.

2.O

NEW JERSEY

HISTORIC SHRINES AND INTERESTING PLACES

STORIES inspiring to Americans the nation
over are immortalized in the historic
shrines of New Jersey. How George
Washington turned a long and disheartening
retreat into a glorious victory at Trenton; the
crisis that was successfully met at Monmouth;
the deeds of intrepid souls who, risking the
fate of traitors in a rebellion, carried on
the civil affairs of a nation in the making;
the trials and hardships of the Continental
Army in Morristown; and the happy moments
spent by the Commander-in-Chief at Rocky
Hill such scenes are recalled with a new sense
of vividness when one treads the very ground
on which they were enacted. Before the re-
vered memorials and remains we pause a mo-
ment, read their meaning, and see in them
and through them the birth and development
of those American ideas, ideals, and institu-
tions that we treasure.

The preliminary events of that memorable
December 2.6, 1776, can be visualized at the
Washington Crossing Park, nine miles above
Trenton on the river road. Visit it in the
summertime if you will and enjoy the natural
beauty of the countryside and the refreshing
breeze from the river valley, but if you would
catch a glimpse of the loyalty, courage, and
endurance of the men who made that spot
famous, visit it on a cold and stormy winter
morning, when the wind is from the north-
east and beats sharp sleet in your face. Take
refuge in the cozy little McKonkey House, the
same that offered shelter to George Wash-
ington about 150 years ago. Here you may
wander from room to room and enjoy the sur-
roundings of a middle-class Colonial dwelling
of Revolutionary times. The low-beamed ceil-
ings, the huge fireplace, the old wooded lock
and hinges on the doors of the kitchen cup-
board all have been reverently preserved.

Now face the cold again, follow the general
direction of the line of march and proceed
almost due east for about a mile in the direc-
tion of Pennington until you come to the first
crossroads. On the northeast corner is Bear

Tavern, little changed since serving as the first
objective of the American Army after it
crossed the river. Here it was, in all prob-
ability, that the Continental forces divided,
General Sullivan and his group turning directly
south, and General Green's division taking a
more easterly route; the one entering Trenton
by what is now Hanover Street, the other by
the present Pennington Avenue. The story of
the surprised and alarmed Hessian troops, the
clash that ensued, and the victory that gave
new hope to the cause of liberty is familiar to
every schoolboy.

In Trenton there are many reminders of that
fateful morning; of actual remains, however,
there are but few. The Old Barracks located at
the corner of South Willow and Front Streets
pre-dates Revolutionary days, but is closely
associated with them. The original sections
were erected in 1758 by petition of the people
to house the King's troops. The French and
Indian War was in progress, and the populace
lived in constant dread of attacks by the
Indians. In that year, therefore, barracks were
built in various parts of the State in order that
troops might be distributed throughout the
territory and yet not be quartered in the homes
of the colonists. Today the remains at Trenton
are all that are extant. For two weeks prior to
the battle of Trenton a party of English dra-
goons and some German yagers occupied the
building, together with a large number of
Tory refugees who had placed themselves under
the protection of the English Army. A week
after the battle the building was filled with
American militia. A visit to the Old Barracks
is well worth the while. Different rooms have
been furnished with rare collections of Colonial
furniture by various historical societies, while
a section of the former officers' quarters has
been converted into a museum of relics and
data of the Revolutionary period.

In addition to the Old Barracks, the Douglass
House, now located at Stacy Park, is well
worthy of the title of a historic shrine. A
famous conference between General Wash-

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

'LI

2.2.

NEW JERSEY

ington and his staff was held here on the night
of January z, 1777. The American forces, it
will be remembered, were at that moment
facing a crisis. They were encamped south of
the Assunpink Creek; the second battle of
Trenton had taken place; a superior British
force faced them, and the impassable Delaware
at their rear made escape to Pennsylvania im-
possible. Defeat that would have brought to
naught the glorious achievements of the
previous fortnight was imminent. Within the
walls of this quaint old house, however, the
perplexing problem was solved. It is said
that while the council was engaged in its
deliberations, a lady, possibly the wife of
Captain Douglass, passed through the room,
observing as she went, "Gentlemen, that
which you are talking about will suc-
ceed." It did. The morning sun found the
American Army in Princeton and the day
witnessed a new victory for the cause of
liberty.

A pilgrimage to the Princeton battle-field
site will be found full of interest. Golf links,
the Graduate College of Princeton University,
an immaculately kept country estate, and
thrifty looking farmland now cover the terri-
tory. Despite this modern outlook, however,
with a little persistence old landmarks can be
found. After entering Princeton Township on
the main highway from Trenton, watch for
the bridge over Stony Brook. Turn sharp to
the right after crossing it and follow the old
Quaker Road along the brook for about a half
mile. This will bring you close to a little
Quaker meeting house, approachable only
through a narrow country lane. This building
housed the British Light Dragoons during
December, 1776, and was in the thick of the
struggle that opened the battle of Princeton.
Follow the lane a few rods farther and you
will come to the house in which General
Mercer died. Just in front of it is a monument
marking the spot where he was mortally
wounded. Various markers point out the
movements of the contending armies. On the
Pyne estate near Mercer Street close by is the
memorial to the British and American soldiers.
Here the visitor will pause a moment in silent
appreciation of the beauty of the spot and of

the sentiments there inscribed in the verse
composed by Alfred Noyes:

Here Freedom stood, by slaughtered friend and foe,
And, ere the wrath paled or the sunset died,

Looked through the ages; then, with eyes aglow,
Laid them to wait that future side by side.

Military operations frequently obscure the
less spectacular but equally significant civil
affairs, and admiration for national heroes too
often dims the contributions of others less
exalted but no less heroic. At various times
during 1777 the first Assembly of the State of
New Jersey, driven from Trenton and Princeton
by the movements of the armies, held sessions
in Haddonfield in the Indian King Tavern. The
famous hostelry is on the old King's Highway
in the center of this historic town. By an act
of the Assembly therein enacted on March 15,
1777, the Council of Safety of New Jersey was
created a body of judicial, executive, and
military authority of extraordinary scope.
Under the wise leadership of William Living-
stone it guided the affairs of the State wisely
and well when the destiny of a nation hung in
the balance and when all eyes were turned on
New Jersey soil to witness the outcome.

In September of the same year the Legis-
lature there unanimously resolved that there-
after the word "state" should be substituted
for "colony" in all public writs and com-
missions. Recognizing the interest and im-
portance of the events that happened within
the wafls of the old tavern the State Legis-
lature in 1902. created a commission to purchase
and care for the building. It is now open to
the public, and there one may go and do
reverence to the men who, if the armies had
been less successful, could hardly have escaped
the hangman's noose.

In a final analysis the fate of all the colonists
hung upon military defeat or victory. It is
little wonder, therefore, that the nation does
particular honor to the man who guided the
fighting forces, and sets apart the very ground
on which he trod as a memorial to his genius,
loyalty, and determination. On the Green
Brook road from Dunellen to North Plainfield
hundreds of automobilists pass daily. How few
notice the American flag floating proudly from

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

2-4

NEW JERSEY

the hilltop to the north as the southern ex-
tremity of North Plainfield is reached! It
marks Washington Rock, now a State park,
and a spot of unusual beauty. As the rugged
slope is mounted an uncommon panorama is
spread out before the spectator. From the sky-
line of New York City on the left the eye may
wander for an expanse of 60 miles to the
heights of Princeton and Trenton on the right.
Here it was in the summer of 1777, when the
American Army was stationed at various
points on the plain below, that Washington
resorted to witness the operations of the con-
tending forces. According to no less an au-
thority than John Fiske, the campaign in
progress at that time has attracted far less
attention than it deserves and in point of
military skill was perhaps as remarkable as
anything that Washington ever accomplished.
A visit to this historic shrine will well repay
the effort. If encouragement is needed, the
State lodge at the summit may be mentioned
where one may refresh oneself while reviewing
this neglected bit of American history and
enjoying the simplicity of the furnishings
which are typical of the simple life of the
Colonial farmer.

In point of advantage, operations on the
military chessboard frequently shift from one
extreme to the other with bewildering rapidity.
The traveler has seen the remains of the winter
of 1776-1777, reminders of the fortitude and
courage of the men whose efforts at that time
regained for the American cause the morale
and prestige that had sunk to such a low ebb
during the retreat through New Jersey. Wash-
ington Rock has been visited, suggestive of a
period of military strategy no less important.
However, fate had decreed another dark and
anxious period for the patriots. Philadelphia
was captured by the superior naval forces of
the British, September 16, 1777, and the horrors
of the never-to-be-forgotten winter at Valley
Forge followed. Then the tables turned a bit.
The French alliance made necessary the evacua-
tion of Philadelphia by the enemy. Washington,
quick to take advantage of every opportunity,
reversed the condition of 1776, and pursued the
British across the State. The climax of this
campaign was the battle of Monmouth. Thence

the traveler will wish to go to see such re-
mains of that famous encounter as still exist.
In those days it was called Monmouth Court
House.

Freehold, Monmouth County, is the ob-
jective. Two blocks to the rear of the court
house and standing 94 feet high is the battle
monument: "Commemorating the success of
the American Army on the 2.8th of June, 1778."
Particular attention is directed to this monu-
ment because of the five bronze reliefs at its
base which so graphically set forth the out-
standing events of that conflict. The council of
war at Hopewell is shown with Washington
listening to Lafayette, who is urging an im-
mediate attack, other generals being grouped
around the conference table intent upon the
argument. Washington is seen rallying the
troops after Lee's ignoble retreat. "Molly
Pitcher" is shown in the act of swabbing a gun,
her wounded husband at her feet and the old
Tennent Church in the background, while
Ramsey defending his guns and Wayne's charge
are depicted in the other two reliefs in minute
detail.

With these illustrations lending a sense of
reality to the historic remains that have been
preserved, the traveler is prepared to visit the
battlefield. Proceeding up Court Street, a left-
hand turn will lead into the main highway to
Englishtown. Keep a sharp lookout on the left
along the railroad track and you will see a
marker, "Molly Pitcher's Well," with the
form of a closed well beside it. Differences of
opinion exist as to whether this heroic woman
obtained water from a well, a spring, or a
brook, and some misunderstandings have
arisen over the name. Certain it is, however,
that a woman whose identity has been estab-
lished beyond a reasonable doubt brought re-
lief to the thirsty soldiers during the heat of
the conflict, and after her husband was inca-
pacitated by a wound, manned the gun that he
was operating and kept that piece in action
until darkness brought an end to the conflict.

A few rods beyond, on the opposite side of
the road, the spot is marked where Washington
met Lee and uttered the famous few but heated
words, and where the panic-stricken troops
were rallied and returned to the attack. As

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

BARNEGAT LIGHTHOUSE ^
Now a State Museum. One of America's most famous lighthouses. Built,

2.6

NEW JERSEY

Englishtown is approached the Old Tennent
Church may be seen at the right and some dis-
tance from the road. You will feel the serene
dignity of this old edifice as you stand beside it
there on the hilltop overlooking the battle-
field. You will think of the many sermons
therein preached in the cause of loyalty and
liberty, and you will recall how the peaceful
quietude of a Sunday morning was suddenly
interrupted by the sound of cannon and the
pews deserted for the more imminent duty of
caring for the wounded brought in from the
heat of battle.

The fact that the reader has arrived at this
point in a survey of the historic shrines of the
State is fair indication that he will not become
discouraged at the mere mention of the Wash-
ington Headquarters of New Jersey. Three old
homesteads in particular each sacred with
peculiar historical associations, furnished with
interesting and valuable relics and documents,
and open to all who are interested will well
repay a prolonged inspection. A few months
after the Battle of Monmouth, General Wash-
ington established his headquarters at the
Wallace house in Somerville. This was in the
winter of 1778-1779. It is in the west end of
the town near the spot where the Raritan road
crosses the tracks of the Central Railroad. One
of the most interesting and significant events
associated with his stay in Somerville had to
do with the planning of the "Indian Cam-
paign of 1779" which broke the power of the
Six Nations along the New York and Penn-
sylvania frontier.

In point of time, the mansion of Col. Jacob
Ford, Jr., in Morristown the most famous
Washington Headquarters in the State, if not
the entire nation should be mentioned next.
It is situated on the road to Whippany, about
a mile eastward of the village green, and was
occupied by the General and his staff during
their second winter in Morristown. For a
period of sheer distress the winter of 1779-1780
associated with this old homestead can be sur-
passed only by the pitiable conditions faced at
Valley Forge. Finally the Berrien Mansion at
Rocky Hill will be included in the itinerary of
the traveler. When Washington took up his
residence here the war was practically over.

Naturally enough, therefore, the place is re-
plete with associations of many festive oc-
casions. During his leisure moments at Rocky
Hill the General wrote his farewell address to
the army, a document characteristic in its
simplicity and sincerity of the noble personage
who served so well and suffered so much.

Put away, now, all thoughts of battlefields,
the clash of arms, and political strife. Seek out
a little house in Camden located at 330 Mickle
Street, enter its hospitable doors, for all who
come are welcome, and do reverence to the
"good grey poet," Walt Whitman. Here he
lived from 1873 to 1892.; here he worked, and
here he died. His grave is in Harleigh Cemetery.
Here you will catch the spirit of appreci-
ating the beauty in the commonplace, the
good in all things, and the wholesomeness of
American life, the very foundations of which
you have traced in the historic shrines of New
Jersey.

Of the very earliest scenes of New Jersey's
history, when the red man looked out from his
bark or skin home in the untouched forest and
saw upon the tumbling waves of the sea the
first of that new race that was to pour upon
his land in millions, no trace remains. No
marker indicates the spot, and the tradition
itself is hazy, but Verrazano is said to have
landed at the Navesink in 1514. Hendrik
Hudson was at Sandy Hook in 1609. After re-
turning from his trip up the Hudson in vain
search for a northwest passage he anchored off
Castle Point. Hudson thought that a white
pinnacle of rock might be silver ore, but did
not land to test it out. The Indians called the
place We-awken, which meant rocks that
look like trees, the first name for the Palisades.

Early spots identifiable in some measure to-
day are the site in 1633 of a trading post at
Paulus Hook in Jersey City and the place
where in 1674 an i ron works was started in
Shrewsbury in which 60 negroes were employed
in smelting the ore. Munitions for Washing-
ton's army were made here a hundred years
later.

At Salem was the location of the Swedish
fort which might have changed Jersey history
had its garrison not been routed by an almost
unseen enemy. The Dutch ships sailing up the

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

2-7

bay were compelled to salute and dip their
colors as they passed. All went well during the
winter and the colony seemed to be firmly
settled, but during the summer the mosquitoes
routed the garrison. The work was completed
by Peter Stuyvesant, and the Swedes gave up
and merged their interests with the Dutch and
other colonists. The Swedes had bought from
the Indians the lands along both shores of
Delaware Bay and along the west side of the
river as far as a point opposite Trenton.

One may now in a motor trip swiftly cover
the route that took Benjamin Franklin several
laborious days to make when in 1713 he walked
across the State in search of work in Phila-
delphia. Franklin was proud in later years to
sign his name with the word "printer" follow-
ing it. Franklin intended to work in a printing
office in Philadelphia, and leaving New York
he landed at Amboy and began his long journey
on foot. He arrived at Burlington and rowed to
Philadelphia, and on the sixth day from New
York he reached the printer's shop. The Wash-

ington House in Bordentown was the inn
where he spent one night.

There are hundreds of historic trees in New
Jersey, and some of them were standing when
the Indians hunted their food through the
forests. In Washington Park, Newark, just
south of the tablet that tells the story of the
Academy burned in 1780 by the British raiders
who crossed on the surface of the frozen Hud-
son on January 2.5th, there stands a sycamore
tree that was witness to the events of the
Revolutionary days of 1764.

In the years during which England passed
the Stamp Act so burdensome to her colonies,
there were two sycamores planted in Princeton
and they now shade the old house occupied by
one of the university staff.

The great oak at Basking Ridge is one of the
best known of Jersey's ancient trees. In 1781
some raiding Tories tied their horses there.

To a buttonwood tree that still leans over
the river bank at Burlington was moored the
ship "Madrid," the first vessel to pass up the

BERRIEN MANSION, ROCKY HILL, NEAR PRINCETON
Where Washington wrote the farewell address to his army, delivered here on Sunday, November z, 1783

2.8

NEW JERSEY

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

2-9

Delaware beyond the then vacant site of Phila-
delphia and from which embarked more settlers
for the scanty colony.

Under a great oak that still towers above the
Quaker burying ground at Salem was made the
treaty of friendship between the Indians and
John Fenwicke, who with his wife, three
daughters, and a small band of followers had
sailed up the Delaware and into the small
creek in 1675. Five men scarcely can circle the
tree touching finger tips, and its branches
spread horizontally 117 feet and reach a height
of 88 feet. It may have been growing there
when Columbus sighted the land of the New
World.

In Burlington is St. Mary's Episcopal Church,
built in 1703, said to be the oldest church
structure in the State.

In 1769 Christ Church was built in Shrews-
bury and was used as a barracks during the
Revolution.

The church in Shiloh has a tablet in front of
it reading: "Marker at Shiloh. Memorial of
Seventh Day Baptist Brick Meeting House,
1771-1850. Union Academy, 1849-1868." In
Shiloh everybody works on Sunday, but on Sat-
urday the stores and places of business are
closed and no one works.

In front of the church at Springfield and fac-
ing the Revolutionary battlefield stands a
statue to keep in mind the brave deed of the
"fighting parson," Rev. James Caldwell. Early
on the morning of June 6, 1780, on the hill
south of the old Connecticut Farms Church, 60
militiamen armed with muskets checked for
a while the British advance. Rev. James Cald-
well with his family lived in the parsonage of
this church. The British in retreat fired into the
house, killing Mrs. Caldwell as she sat with a
baby in her arms. The second attempt to attack
Washington's army was made on June i}, 1780.
The British met some resistance at Connecticut
Farms, now part of Union. One division started
by way of Milburn for Morris town. On reach-
ing Springfield they met the Americans under
General Greene. The defenders ran out of wad-
ding for the guns, and Caldwell gathered up
Bibles and hymnbooks from the church at
Springfield, and tearing out the leaves passed
them to the soldiers, crying, "Put Watts into

them, boys." The British were defeated and
retired.

A granite monument 14 feet high at Green-
wich is "in honor of the patriots of Cumber-
land County, New Jersey, who on the eve of
December n, 1774, burned British tea near this
site."

On a narrow strip of land above the river
bank near Weehawken and beneath the Pali-
sades was the place where early one morning in
July, 1804, the duel was fought between Aaron
Burr and Alexander Hamilton, fatal to the
latter. Burr, the son of the President of Prince-
ton, blamed Hamilton for his failure to become
Governor of New York. A son of Alexander
Hamilton was later shot in a duel over his
father's governmental plans.

A monument in the El Mora section of Eliz-
abeth at the corner of Galloping Hill Road and
Colonial Road, a block from Westfield Avenue,
bears this inscription: "Here the British turned
into Galloping Hill Road from Elizabethtown
to Connecticut Farms and Springfield at the
time of the battles June 7 and 2.3, 1780." Wash-
ington afterwards said of the New Jersey
Militia: "They flew to arms universally and
acted with a spirit equal to anything I have
seen during the war." A son of Gen. William
Crane is said to have been bayoneted to death
near this spot.

During the dreary and uncertain days while
the army under Washington was encamped in
Morristown a fort was built on the hill to the
southwest. This was named "Fort Nonsense"
because no apparent military need existed for
it. But as it kept the men busy and as the work
displaced the dissatisfaction, it may have been
a very wise structure. The tablet says that it
was "an earthwork built by the Continental
Army in the winter of 1779-80."

There is a marker at the spot where Wash-
ington crossed the Delaware on December Z5,
1776.

The monument at Princeton with its carved
figures is one of New Jersey's finest works in
memory of the Revolutionary battles fought
on its soil.

At Menlo Park, where Edison carried out so
many of his successful experiments, before he
moved to West Orange, there stands a marker

NEW JERSEY

WALLACE HOUSE, SOMERVILLE
Where Washington made his headquarters during the winter 1778-1779

by the side of the road commemorating his
work in the large laboratory there.

At Allaire is what remains of the deserted
village, deserted almost in a night by the men
leaving their furnaces and starting for the
western goldfields.

The claim is made that the first telegraph
message to be transmitted over a wire was sent
at the iron works at Speedwell, near Morris-
town, at which place Professor Morse and Mr.
Alfred Vail, son of the proprietor of the works,
were making experiments with the telegraph.
The first public message was sent more than
six years later from Washington to Baltimore.
Over three miles of wire on the walls of a room
was sent the message, "A patient waiter is no
loser." The house still stands. The Speedwell
Iron Works was on the Morris Plains road
where it crossed the Whippany River.

Many of the old Dutch houses in Bergen and
Hudson counties, built of the old brown stone,
are in fine shape today and as remodeled look
almost as new as when constructed in the first
days of the State's history. The old mansions

of the days of English rule also are picturesque
spots, notably the house in Elizabethtown
where Governor Carteret lived.

Government House still stands in Perth Am-
boy, with a wing added since the days when
William Franklin was the last Royal Governor
of East Jersey. In the study in 1775 occurred the
last stormy meeting between father and son
when Benjamin Franklin, 69 years old, rode
south to join the Continental Congress. In June,
1776, the son was deposed.

The Bordentown school children in memory
of the woman who created the American Red
Cross raised the money to rebuild the school-
house there in which Clara Barton first taught.

Belgrave, the site of the childhood home of
Gen. Philip Kearny, is on a high bluff over-
looking the Passaic River. It was General
Kearny, who fought in many battles of the
Civil War, who said: "Give me Jerseymen; they
never flinch."

The daughter of Jonathan Edwards of
Stockbridge and Northampton, Mass., was
married to Rev. Aaron Burr, of Newark, sec-

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

ond president of the College of New Jersey,
now Princeton University. They moved to
Princeton and occupied the new house of the
President next to Nassau Hall. It looks much
the same today.

The Hermitage at Hohokus stands as a re^
minder that here Aaron Burr, the younger,
courted Theodosia Provost.

The first house built in Flemington has a
tablet giving 1756 as the date and "Fleming
Castle" as the name.

In Mount Holly, at 47 Mill Street, stands the
house used as a tailoring shop by John Wool-
man, and a frame dwelling in which he lived
for a while is at 99 Branch Street. Woolman
was the first to raise his voice against negro
slavery. In 1741 he rose in meeting to protest,
and later on walked to Newport, then the
center of the slave-ship traffic, to fight it. His
"Journal" is included in the "Five-Foot Book-
Shelf" of Dr. Eliot.

In the old stone and log house at Alpine
Landing, now used as a police station by the
Interstate Park force, Cornwallis spent a night

while pursuing Washington's forces in their
retreat across the State.

One settlement in New Jersey was started by
a woman, Elizabeth Haddon, whose father,
John Haddon, a Quaker blacksmith of South-
wark, near London, had bought land here. In
1701, on her twenty-first birthday, she sailed
for her home in the then wilderness . It was she
who built the meeting house in Haddonfield,
and its records in her hand still exist. The story
of her courtship and marriage to John Estaugh,
the Quaker preacher who had preceded her here,
has been told in Longfellow's "Tales of a Way-
side Inn." The house that they built in 1713 on
a hill above Cooper's Creek was burned in
1841, but two yew trees brought from England
and the boxwood hedge are to be seen, as well
as the English bricks of the garden wall.

At Bordentown, in a house still standing at
the southeast corner of Farnsworth Avenue and
Park Street, lived Francis Hopkinson, patriot
and signer of the Declaration of Independence.
A few doors away lived Thomas Paine, great
propagandist of the Revolution.

OLD NASSAU AT PRINCETON
Where Continental Congress met in 1783

NEW JERSEY

The birthplace at Caldwell of Grover Cleve-
land, President of the United States, is kept
open for visitors.

James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burling-
ton, in an old house at 457 South High Street,
now the home of the Burlington Historical So-
ciety. Next door was the house of Captain
James Lawrence, who when the Chesapeake
lost to the Shannon died crying repeatedly,
"Don't give up the ship."

In the pronunciation of many place names of
old West Jersey one experiences a historical
thrill, knowing that each one commemorates
a courageous pioneer or a dear home back in
England Buddtown, Beverley, Gibbsboro,
Whip Lane, Paulsboro, Gloucester. In many
an old house of West Jersey is preserved the
memory of Benjamin Franklin, James Fenimore
Cooper, and Captain James Lawrence in Burl-
ington and John Woolman in Mount Holly.

How sweet the silent backward tracings !
The wanderings as in dreams the meditation of old times
resumed their loves, joys, persons, voyages.

AN ANCIENT CRAG OF TRAP ROCK STANDING OUT
FROM THE FRONT OF THE PALISADES

COVERED BRIDGE OVER SOUTH BRANCH OF RARITAN RIVER

Built 2.00 years ago without a nail. All joining parts are wooden dowels. This is in Somerset County, where Anna
Case, noted opera singer, was born.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

33

GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

p ^HE New Jersey Constitution is one of the
I few remaining pre-Civil War constitu-
JL tions. Like so many societies with a long
history, New Jersey has retained many institu-
tions long after their original purposes have
been accomplished. This was the case with her
first Constitution, that of 1776, which was
adopted as a temporary expedient looking for-
ward to reconciliation with England, but
which was nevertheless maintained for 68
years. Then finally, when the successive waves
of Jacksonian democracy had done their work
in other States, with a single gesture New
Jersey established a new Constitution in 1844.
Many of the Revolutionary devices were wiped
away, and in place of the simple document of
five or six pages of print, there was adopted
one of thrice the length.

This document of 1844 breathes the spirit
of the democracy of the day. After 70 years'
experience as an independent State in the
Union, many lessons had been learned. Five
new principles were incorporated in this Con-
stitution and hold their place in the govern-
ment today. First there is the promulgation
of a bill of rights and privileges. There had
been no such idea in the minds of the men of
1776, but now they follow the trend and enu-
merate the natural rights with which we are all
so familiar in the first ten amendments to the
Federal Constitution free religion, free speech
and free press, freedom from search and arrest
except upon warrant.

A second departure is in the thorough adop-
tion of the doctrine of the separation of powers.
"The powers of the government shall be
divided into three distinct departments, the
legislative, the executive, and the judicial."
No longer was the Governor to be chosen by
the legislative council and assembly, but by
the people. In him the executive power was
vested. Legislative power was concentrated
in a Senate and General Assembly. The old
equality of the counties in representation in
each body was surrendered for the Federal
principle of equality in the Senate and pro-

portional representation in the lower House.
Final judicial power was placed in a Court of
Errors and Appeals. An independent Chancellor
replaced the Governor as dispenser of equity;
the Supreme Court dispenses common law.

The most obvious result and intention of the
separation of powers was to render the depart-
ments independent of each other. But this was
more nominal than real. The principle of
checks and balances was introduced in con-
siderable detail as a mitigation of this other
principle. The Governor was the executive,
popularly elected for a three-year term, and was
indeed the only State officer chosen at large.
The State Treasurer and Comptroller (as also
Common Pleas Judges at first) were to be
selected at joint meetings of the Senate and
Assembly. The Attorney-General, Prosecutors
of the Pleas, Secretary of State, and keeper of
the State prison were appointed by the exec-
utive head, with the consent of the Senate.
Although the Governor is commander-in-chief
of the military and naval forces of the State,
the active heads, such as the Adjutant-General,
Quartermaster-General, and Major-Generals,
whom he appoints, are removable only by
court-martial; and most of the field and regi-
mental officers are elected by their subordinates.
Moreover, the control exercisable over local
county and city law-enforcing officers is almost
negligible.

Nor was the Legislature endowed with full
law-making powers, as the first view indicates.
Quite apart from the veto possessed by the
Governor, which might be overridden by a
simple majority, the Constitution is full of
limitations. To check the Legislature, pro-
hibitions have been inserted to prevent or
regulate such things as divorce by statute,
lotteries, loaning the credit of the State to
individuals, creating debts or liabilities of the
State beyond the maximum of $100,000, private
or local bills respecting highways, internal
affairs of towns and counties, the granting of
franchises, and schools. All such matters may
be dealt with only by general laws.

34

NEW JERSEY

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

The courts were and have remained among
the most independent and unchecked institu-
tions in New Jersey. While the judges are not
appointed for life, the reputation of the State
for "Jersey justice" has been largely owing to
the fact that no judge of a court of record is
elected. The Justices of the Supreme Court, the
Chancellor, those of the Common Pleas, though
nominally appointed for some five, six, or
seven years, are virtually secure in their tenure.
Removal from office is by impeachment. The
Governor has a right of reprieve, but for pardon
he is only one of a court including the highest
judges.

In one final respect the Constitution intro-
duced an innovation. This was in providing a
special method of constitutional change.
Amendments must be passed by two successive
Legislatures, and after adequate newspaper
publicity in each county, are to be submitted
to popular vote throughout the State. The
referendum is used in one other case the
occasion being the Legislature's desire to in-
crease the State indebtedness beyond the pre-

scribed limit, in which event there must be
popular ratification.

From this early organization there has been
a great and supplementary growth. From the
government of a simple agricultural and trad-
ing community the government of New Jersey
involves institutions and purposes which vary
from regulating maximum automobile speeds
to the inspection of factories; from maintain-
ing villages for epileptics to licensing civil
engineers; and from supervising boxing contests
to operating employment bureaus. The salaries
paid vary all the way from $19,000 for Supreme
Court Justices to $xoo for pages in the Legisla-
ture.

The Governor is elected by the voters of the
State for a term of three years, taking office on
the third Tuesday in January. A governor is
ineligible to succeed himself.

The original executive machinery is com-
paratively simple. Some four or five major
officers are named in the Constitution; all the
others are later additions by legislative action.
And as the State has entered industrial and

STATE HOUSE AT TRENTON
The Governor's office is on the ground floor, middle wing. Senate Chamber is at the right rear of the picture

NEW JERSEY

RAMAPO MOUNTAIN RANGE FROM STATE HIGHWAY NORTH OF OAKLAND

social regulation, different types of institutions
have been created from time to time. There are
now about zo major and 30 minor State depart-
ments. These are run by boards, commissioners,
and directors chosen in a great variety of ways
for different terms and at different rates of pay.
They vary in term of office from three to nine
years, and in pay from nothing to $15,000 a
year.

The two houses of the Legislature are the
Senate and General Assembly. Each of the xi
counties is represented by one Senator chosen
for three years, who must be 30 years of age,
a citizen, and a resident of the State for four
years and of the county for one. The Senate has
but two distinctive functions, the trial of im-
peachment cases and the assent to nominations
by the Governor. The Assembly is composed
of 60 representatives elected annually, appor-
tioned among the counties according to popu-
lation, but no county to have less than one.
As two counties have a population of over
650,000 and as eight have fewer than 50,000,
this cannot be arranged in proper proportion.
The Assembly has but one power not shared

equally with the Senate, namely, the initiation
of bills for raising revenue. In all other respects
the houses are equal. The members choose
their own presiding officers, decide disputed
elections, and receive the same stipend of $500.

In the administration of justice New Jersey
presents contrasts of efficiency and antiquity.
The appointive judges have tended to maintain
judicial independence. But there has also been
retained the distinction between courts ad-
ministering equity and courts administering
common law. The Chancellor (with seven
Vice-Chancellors, masters, surrogates, etc.)
takes cognizance of cases in equity respecting
divorce, wills and probate, orphans, etc. The
other courts for common law extend from the
justices of the peace and recorders, to district
courts, county courts (Common Pleas), circuit
courts, and finally the Supreme Court, com-
posed of a Chief Justice and eight Associates.
Final judicial authority is vested in a Court of
Errors and Appeals, composed of the Chancel-
lor, Supreme Court Justices, and five others.

At the present time the importance of the
town has been largely superseded by the grow-

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

37

ing metropolitan areas. Counties are used as
judicial units, as agents for the care of the
poor, for highways, for enforcement of laws
by the sheriff, and for taxation and elections.

Some of the oldest cities in America are in
New Jersey. For years the government of
municipalities was of the mayor and council
type. In 1911, however, the Walsh Act per-
mitted the adoption of commission forms by
certain communities. Cities are grouped into
four classes, and within their groups they may
by popular vote adopt the plan of having a
board of from three to five commissioners who
shall take over all the administrative, legis-
lative, and judicial functions previously dis-
tributed among mayor, council and elected
officials.

In 1913 a further step was taken when it was
made possible for municipalities to adopt the
city-manager plan. There are to be from three
to seven members of a municipal council chosen
at large, who select as presiding officer a mayor.

But their chief function is to select, appoint,
and retain a professional municipal manager,
whose duties are to propose policies, investi-
gate plans of administration, and finally to
execute those that have received the approval
of the council. Cape May City is the only place
so far to adopt the city-manager plan now per-
mitted by law.

From 1903 New Jersey had been experiment-
ing with election laws. It was in 1911, how-
ever, that the great step of introducing the
direct primary was taken. By the Geran Act
important changes were made in political
parties and in their nominations of candidates
for election. The old delegate convention and
the unregulated primary were abolished, and
instead a system of State-controlled party nom-
inations was introduced. It provided for the
registration, voting, and counting of the vote
for party candidates, and placed control of
party committeemen in the hands of interested
party adherents.

RARE BEAUTY AND WONDERFUL FISHING IN THE STOKES STATE FOREST

NEW JERSEY

REVENUE AND TAXATION

PERHAPS the most striking impression of
a study of the fiscal history of New
Jersey is the increase in revenues and
expenditures, especially during the period
since 1800, and most amazingly since 1500.

In 1668, 30 was raised and expended. In
1800, revenues were $9,92.7. 92. and $13,575.33
was spent; in 1900, $3,453,2.95.71 was received
and $1,701, 2.2.6. 97 spent; in 1917, $33,441,-
097.48 received and $30,454.8x0.13 disbursed.

The list of expenditures for the year 1704,
in which the budget was 2.000, will serve to
indicate the narrow scope of State functions
in that day. This amount was raised by means
of a direct tax on specified articles of property
and on certain occupations, and is as follows:

Governor

Lieutenant-Governor

Receiver-General

Governor's house rent, etc.

Chief Justice

Second Judge

Attorney-General

Secretary

Clerk of Council

For contingencies

Clerk of Assembly

For contingencies

Printer

Doorkeeper for Council . . .
Doorkeeper for Assembly . .

Total...

300
2.60
1 80
130

IOO
100

3
5

zo

5

2.O

5
30
3

2.000

The greatly increased budget of New Jersey,
as in other States, is due in some degree to a
centralizing tendency, and to that extent in-
volves no new functions. It is also, in part, an
actual bringing into the field of regulation
much of the activities of individuals which
were previously unregulated. To some extent
the increasing complexity of a commercial-
industrial society creates new relationships
that require and demand regulation. The cen-
tralizing tendency is well illustrated in the
fields of education, health, and highways.
These matters in an earlier day were of purely
local, or even individual, concern. The earliest

local taxes, indeed, were for the maintenance
of bridges and roads.

The rate of increase in local budgets has
been even greater than in the State budget,
and in recent years the amounts raised and
spent locally for local purposes through the
State have totaled about four times the amount
raised and spent by the State government it-
self. In rough figures, there is about $2.2.1,-
000,000 spent a year for government within
the State, of which the State government ex-
pends less than one-fifth.

The functions of the State government were
still very narrow in 1800. The amounts paid
out for salaries, for the State prison, for the
Legislature, and for pensions, made up the
bulk of the expenses. By the middle of the
century the expenses were more than five
times those of 1800, but this was due more to
the increase in population than to any added
functions of the government. The chief new
items worthy of note were the expenditures
for the blind, for the deaf and dumb, for a
lunatic asylum and salaries of its managers,
for inquisitions, for building a house of refuge,
for a court of errors and appeals, for a library,
and for establishing a school fund.

By 1860 a State Normal School had been
established, and considerable amounts were
being expended for the public schools; and by
1900 there had been established a number of
boards and commissions of a regulative nature,
such as the Board of Fish and Game Com-
missioners, the Oyster Commission, the State
Board of Health, the Department of Banking
and Insurance, the State Board of Assessors,
the Riparian Commission, and the State Sewer-
age Commission. Judicial expenses, too, had
increased very rapidly. The Supreme Court and
the Court of Chancery were the main items of
this nature. In 1900 the sum of $48,191.80 was
spent for industrial education. Considerable
sums were needed for the State Board of
Education, for the Superintendent of Public
Instruction, and for such things as free school
libraries.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

4 o

NEW JERSEY

During this half of the century the State
had entered an entirely new field agriculture.
In 1900 the largest item of expense under this
head was that of the Agricultural Experiment
Station. Other expenditures were for the State
Dairy Commissioner, the Tuberculosis Com-
mission, and the State Board of Agriculture.
Large amounts were then being expended for
military purposes and for public roads. But the
greatest increase in functions and expenditures
was in the field of charities and correction. In
1900, out of a total of $1,701,116.97 of ex-
penditures from the State fund, the sum of
$1,184,047.56 was for such undertakings. For
the most part, the phenomenal increase in ex-
penditures since 1900 has been due to a rapid
expansion of those agencies already created.

The following statement of the expenditures
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 19x7, will
give some idea as to the present scope of State
activities :

Institutions and agencies

General

Educational

Regulative

Executive and Administrative .

Constructive

Military

Agricultural

Judicial

Pension and retirement funds. .

Legislative

State emergency fund

Total . . .

$ 9,610,651.75
5,386,975.41
4,410,590.93
3,546,810.77
z, 190,340.86
1,866,939.84
1,000,938.55
999,044.87

2.63,685.00
140,469.00
50,000.00

$30,454,819.73

In addition to the expenditures shown in the
schedule, representing the items disbursed
from the "State fund," there is a large number
of boards, commissions, and funds whose
revenues are not passed through the State
fund, but are derived independently from
special taxation, invested funds originally ap-
propriated from the State fund, or otherwise.
For example, in 192.7, there were the State
road tax, amounting to $5,481,105.35; motor
vehicle license fees and the gasoline tax, the
soldiers' bonus bond tax, $948,017.80; and the
bridges and tunnels tax, $1,945,533.10, as the
principal revenue items not passed through
the State fund, but which nevertheless were

spent directly by the State government,
through its administrative agencies.

The disbursements from the State fund in
1800 were $2.3,575.33, while the receipts were
only $9,917.92.. The next year, however, an
act was passed for raising a tax of $30,000, and
from then until 1847 similar acts were passed
practically every year, the amounts varying
from $10,000 to $60,000. During the period
from 1800 to 1850 the disbursements rose from
$2.3,575.33 to $1x5,541.93. Since the annual
State tax during this period had never exceeded
$60,000 (and that for only the one year 1814),
it can readily be seen that some other source
of revenue had been found. In 1810 an act for
the taxing of bank stock was passed. This was
New Jersey's first attempt to reach intangible
wealth by taxation. The president and directors
of specified banks were required to pay annu-
ally into the State treasury one-half of one
per cent on paid-up capital stock. By an act
passed December 2.6, 1816, provision was made
for collecting the percentage tax of the gross
amount of premiums received by agents of
foreign insurance companies doing business
within the State, and by the act of January 2.1,
1831, a tax was placed upon the capital stock
of insurance companies incorporated within
the State. This tax was one-fourth of one
per cent.

The first acts regarding railroads and canals
were passed in 1830. On February 4th of that
year the Legislature passed acts incorporating
the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company and
the Camden and Amboy Railroad Company.
It was provided that the officers of the com-
panies should make quarterly returns of the
passengers and freight transported and pay to
the State Treasurer a lump sum per passenger
and per ton. By an act passed February 11,

1849, the roads were required to make state-
ments of the cost of the road and its earnings
until the net income amounted to six per cent
upon its cost, after which the road should pay
to the State an annual tax of one-half of one
per cent.

In 1840 the sum of $30,176.39 was collected
from these transit duties. This had increased
to $41,136.59 in 1845, and to $86,107.36 in

1850, when the total receipts to the State fund

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

4 1

were only $1x8,583.03. Most of the remainder,
or approximately $41,000, was made up from
the tax on the capital stock of railroads
($11,665) an d from dividends ($11,000). Ap-
parently these acts had been productive of
enough revenue to meet the needs of a govern-
ment whose functions were still comparatively
narrow, for a State tax was no longer levied
every year.

The act of March 14, 1851, was the first
general property tax act in New Jersey. It
rendered liable to taxation all property, real
or personal, whether owned by individuals or
corporations. Railroads were thus brought
under the general property tax, but only until
1873. The general property tax still continues
to be the basis of the New Jersey tax system,
but railroads and corporations generally have
been specially taxed.

By an act passed April 13, 1876, a board of
railroad commissioners was created, consist-
ing of the Comptroller, the Treasurer, and the
Commissioner of Railroad Taxation. They
were given the power to estimate the "true

value" of the road and equipment as a basis
for the State rate of one-half of one per cent.
The method of taxing railroad and canal prop-
erty was further developed by the act of 1884.
The main features of this act have been re-
tained to the present time.

By the act of 1884 the State Board of Asses-
sors was created, composed of four members
appointed by the Governor with the approval
of the Senate.

On April 5, 1906, an act known as the
Perkins Act was passed. This produced a very
considerably increased revenue from the rail-
roads, and this net increase was applied to the
support of the public school system.

The act of 1884 and the supplements thereto
have been so productive of revenue that the
State has been able to dispense with any direct
tax for general purposes. The amount of tax
on railroad and canal corporations levied and
collected for the year 1884, under the old law,
was $713,655.46. The amounts collected for
the last 18 years, under the law of 1884 and
acts supplementary thereto, are as follows:

BEAUTY SPOT IN WEST HUDSON COUNTY PARK, HARRISON AND KEARNY

NE W JERSEY

Payable in
the Year

State Tax
for State Uses

Local Tax

Total Tax

1900

$ 906,788.11

$ 610,091.86

$ ,506,880.08

1501

S95.477-3 2 -

608,460.00

.503.937-3 2 -

1901

899,110.95

601,313.80

,500,514.75

1 93

908,546.31

616,494.39

,535,014.71

1904

911,795.11

641,514.50

,564,309.61

i95

939,767.46

655,355.68

,595,111.14

1906

950,991.11

1,113,375.69

1,074,366.90

1907

3,501,868.14

891,505.40

4.395.373-64

1908

3,146,733.45

,031,690.01

4,178,413.46

1909

3,390,441.93

,159,164.10

4,649,706.13

1910

3,710,898.95

,448,106.05

5,169,105.00

I9 11

3.9M.575-74

,396,814.01

5,311,389.75

1911

4,331,410.91

,805,917.83

6,138,118.74

W}

4,503,591.50

,964,176.91

6,467,868.41

1914

4,533,001.46

,953,680.39

6,486,681.85

IQI^

4,650,150.89

,088,487.65

6,738,638.54

1916

4,980,948.51

,160,917.71

7,141,866.11

I9 X 7

5,166,501.17

,196,917.95

7,463,419.11

1918

5,495,360.65

,601,657.46

8,097,018.11

1919

5,939,891.83

,084,185.30

8,014,177.13

19x0

7,037,160.61

3,594,098.63

10,631,359.15

192.1

7,135,071.31

3,651,805.71

10,786,877.04

1912. .

8,375,185.49

4,331,545.13

11,707,730.71

TQ2.7

9 lie 71J.2O

5,134,499.91

14,170,131.11

i9M

)* JJ >/ j *j w

9.47, I 35- 6

6,316,615.10

i5.733.75- :! -6

192-5

9,409,734.65

7,398,718.75

16,908,463.40

1916

9,911,618.87

7,686,573.53

i7>599> 20 M

1 92-7

9,591,115.04

8,710,358.34

18,311,583.38

The figures for the last ten years were taken
from the annual reports of the Comptroller
for each of those years. They represent the
total amount of tax collected in each year
whether due in that year or in previous years.
The amounts of State tax for the year 1907 and
the years subsequent thereto include the ap-
portionment for school purposes.

Another large source of revenue for general
State purposes is the franchise tax levied on
miscellaneous corporations. The first act was
passed in 1884, and its main features have re-
mained unchanged. Manufacturing, mining,
agricultural, and horticultural companies with
50 per cent of their capital invested in New
Jersey are exempt. It is a graded tax; one-tenth
of one per cent on all amounts of capital stock
issued and outstanding up to and including the
sum of $3,000,000, and one-twentieth of one
per cent on all sums in excess of $3 ,000,000 and
not exceeding $5,000,000, and the further sum

of $50 per annum per $1,000,000 or any part
thereof on all amounts in excess of $5,000,000.
In the case of stock with no par value the sum
of three cents per share shall be paid upon all
shares of stock issued and outstanding, up to
and including 2.0,000 shares; two cents per
share on all in excess of 10,000 and not exceed-
ing 30,000 shares; one cent per share on all in
excess of 30,000 shares but not exceeding 40,000
shares; five mills per share on all in excess of
40,000 but not exceeding 50,000 shares, and
the further sum of two and one-half mills per
share on all shares of such stock issued and
outstanding in excess of 50,000 shares.

In 1891 the Legislature passed an act known
as the Collateral Inheritance Tax Act, the
official title of which is "An Act to Tax intes-
tates' estates, gifts, legacies, and collateral
inheritance in certain cases." Few States had
passed such acts previous to that time, but
Virginia had such a statute as early as 1844,
and those of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New
York had been adopted before 1891.

The statute of 1891 imposed a tax of five
dollars upon every $100 of value, of "all prop-
erty which shall pass by will or by the intes-
tate laws of New Jersey, of all estates that shall
be valued at over $500, with the following
exceptions : Those to or for the use of father,
mother, husband, wife, children, brother or

JERSEY CITY APPROACH TO HOLLAND TUNNEL

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

44

NEW JERSEY

sister, or lineal descendants, born in lawful
wedlock, or the wife or widow of a son,
or the husband of a daughter." The tax
was turned over to the treasurer for State
purposes.

Until 1914 New Jersey had taxed only col-
lateral inheritances, but in that year the Legis-
lature passed an act which provided for the
taxing of direct inheritances as well. This act
resulted in a greatly increased revenue. By an
act passed in 192.1, certain changes were made
in the rates and exemptions, but something had
to be done to keep pace with the natural in-
crease in the cost of government, and in 19x6
the rates were again revised upward. As before,
property passing to or for the use of the State
or a municipal corporation within the State
for exclusively public purposes was exempt.
Property passing to churches, hospitals, and
orphan asylums, public libraries, Bible and
tract societies, religious, benevolent and chari-
table institutions and organizations, was still
to be taxed at five per cent. Property passing
to a brother or sister of decedent, wife or widow
of a son of a decedent, or the husband of a
daughter of a decedent, or the issue of any
child or legally adopted child of a decedent,
was taxed five per cent in amounts up to
$300,000, and increasing to 16 per cent for any
amount in excess of $z,xoo,ooo.

Property passing to a father, mother, hus-
band, wife, child or children of a decedent, or
to any legally adopted child or children of a
decedent, was exempt under $5,000, and from
$5,000 up to $50,000 the tax was one per cent,
and so on in increasing ratio up to 16 per cent
for any amount in excess of $3,700,000.

Property passing to every other transferee,
distributee, or beneficiary not in the foregoing
classifications was taxed eight per cent for any
amount up to $900,000, and so on up to 16 per
cent for any amount in excess of $1,700,000.

Stock of New Jersey corporations and na-
tional banking associations standing in the
name of or belonging to a non-resident decedent
was no longer to be considered as a taxable
asset in the estate of said decedent. The Comp-
troller in his report for 192.7 claimed that there
was but a slight decrease in the revenue from
non-resident estates and this loss was more

$2.,000,000
I,OOO,OOO
600,000
6oO,OOO
450,000
450,000

3I933

I7O,OOO
I2.5,OOO

II5,OOO
113,000

than offset by the increase in revenue derived
from resident estates.

As has been noted, the State since the act of
1884 has been able to dispense with the general
property tax. Since that time the receipts from
railroad corporations, miscellaneous corpora-
tions, and the inheritance tax (since 1891)
have amounted to approximately 75 per cent
of the total receipts. The remainder is made up
chiefly from such things as fees, fines, licenses,
interest on deposits, and the sale of articles
manufactured at the State prison, reformatory,
institution for the blind, etc. Items amounting
to more than $100,000 are as follows:

Department of Banking and Insurance

Department of Institutions and Agencies

Secretary of State

Motor Vehicle Department

Interest on Deposits

Commission on Elimination of Toll Bridges . .

Board of Fish and Game Commissioners

Real Estate Commissioners

Clerk in Chancery

Clerk of the Supreme Court

Department of Commerce and Navigation .

Marked as has been the increase in State ex-
penditures, the increase in local expenditure
has been even greater, and this despite the
fact that much of the State fund account goes
to assist in the doing of things which formerly
were performed entirely without the partici-
pation of the State. In 19x7 the total amount
raised by taxation for local purposes and dis-
tributed by local disbursing officers was $187,-
581,154.59. This total includes the so-called
State school tax of $13, 105, 163 .94, which is
not really what its name implies at all, but
a local tax. It is levied and collected by the
local taxing district like any other local tax,
paid into the State treasury by the counties,
90 per cent immediately refunded to them,
and the remaining 10 per cent, called the re-
serve fund, reapportioned among the counties
by the State Board of Education in accordance
with their respective needs.

In addition the school fund, having a
principal of about $10,000,000 ($10,711,301.95
on June 30, 192.7) invested in securities,
riparian rights and real estate, yields an annual
revenue of about $500,000, apportioned to the
counties by the Commissioner of Education.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

45

Until about 1810 the taxes on specific prop-
erty, the poll tax, and taxes on occupations
or businesses were sufficient. Sometimes only
one of these was used at a time, sometimes
two, and sometimes all three. In 1851 the
first general property tax law was