FAR MCLG! BP bo ego 8 Pe ee ee ee fey © OT PRY ING Re hte by tts ON alee . Os eas rot ee en A Mest NERA Ta ne oe PAA Behn Ary SS ALM el to TY NS Ps RE ae NEG MEAT TEINS ely Ped tem rE oD OPM IM Siow ere REE ete EO TEE TES pa EY TE - ASahhdihigi Vistek caoke/ peuyueSeaaseaetoy Ss eee rerertreseTTee SEN re eric tis arian Pees ee Ur Aa Relat A aR ere bs Sy RAO W IS EE Ma ont 5d. Ostet tees Ct aos ra et Fayre phen 4 QT re LEAR FORTRON TET CET ERE NMAC ES RGN US Met at ee ME IM MST ee NOT Ty Ma Ba Bo RV eRe Rat WMATA LE RANT SST D Fe MAAS a OMS SMO OM TASTY Ae Dee aey UVM Vv a Bede VCORE TOUR EEE 8 OX Pare ee te Rear et nt ee aed DERE MOA MAE ARTS EPA ADA EO LE ook PARR Dl AH Eafe ABB BM EE wt oy yy Re aS Re Cue Lek ae ate ar hiy IN Movado enc? wy SOO: RE Medi CROAT RBA RT Ee pee A EET PPB nat og” CoWeMe sae e au San on ees! eae Re . Pet AP Os Hither s fonee oa TC a PIGS WU N mye ara SEN Ste RS eA AGA tog Late Ce aa a t Bay ye TARP ere NT gel wine ven gy MS WTI TY Ao he RETNA a ee ad a whe tan ® may Ra OMe EE We (VANES ya Pen shat POON ANA te oe MRL SI: Hee OS EARLE RL RSP RMT aS hi! Gee Rm mA ate nttind nese nitn ke ve me Ce CE oe Nop vene Cincom ghee Oe rene ae ae eee ey 2 Ae FE er EEC BEE EE EA Clea yetvrn Nate Way ma TR ELM LH LT SN MAME TAS EM Me DATTA ein tees te eh te gee tet es PEON Le Owe Hee Du f ph wore bab Beet ra Tercera he ae a Need vwen\oe Pen ek a ee coe] ih Th ao rennin (et Pec ko ohio oh oy AREAS WS AT NTN MERE Rg fem Bente Cs Ne SEN a AT ERC ge ag om A a BR SE REO Cen COREE Sn Core Roe he Sora ok re a Na oA RT Me be OU AI Ogata’ DAYAR GON ON ASTER mo Us AION Ec LEM NEW RM VIR RS RENN HAS A Ws a IO BT ORME ANN Ye Ss Yin Mee DE PRM MS Rate Ae SnD Reg WDA REE RS META SW a Re ees 9 Vee mes Sa wd gaan tay EN ROAD OR A AUS R RM Dane Sb Pt eA A Ee Ara reny TUNES UN Wey ar Fatih THe ad ot ee es what of Sea er hades ee PT MER EL ERIE ENR, 8 Binet FR IEE Os Ove Bbw vine ek Benen eh wee Sn a ce eh BG RERUN REG ia MRO a hati ep heh Oe a eae A ee att gre hie ae ee Se eee ee eee 2 Fomie# vee alone aa types Oe et dy ee ee a nde Sa avery see pee Phe ot Pomc etn ea ae Aart Stree wont ‘ OO a areas Paster Bertier Writer tay Aisi Lage LetA LAIN Vue ot ee ew ee riteuy Meter eee oy eee ee ne Wn ries Fibs Boe netics Se en a TC ee ee Se Tn eo ke OW Tae Pe La GON ert Se AAS 8 ee Ne Uap Redeye en Ber Lee ete eens br ROVE, er or ee ee aL a ee a a en SR a aE De Metemey ae SR Sete Soa sem eee Wag She Fete ere iy eres aw ee rn PI ee a PO rae a eee ORLY | Ce eae AN Wr Rss DENT eT DM Ss re eee | SER A A NNT TE Mts ST ta ee ee A ROR AT ITS ey ERA NS Rater te INT HFS ee Ge WaW eR BGS low NT RR ey Me BSE PAZ ay My PRATER CON AE tay aS AN | Set tetas ¥ eae Dakin gaits Vw er eet eth Pic Be a ASTM ED NN Pee ae en Wc Ce ea ie RPO OO tod ee ee beet Br ete ee er ee ee Te ed ee Bee Peeve tts ree gerne Ga Pia CO wor a aa ane eer holiest ec) By be Breas vary eben erat A ROU A Are Fel theta FEA DSM Bre RENT LD A Pe OVS” Sen eee ae a ster ees SW Naty Me B tsi OTN cept tee nes, even tiree BcoE RE me ety ALN Pe FMM Rt eae Fie mor Ree ee PSR TREE ied Rete ee Fp edbelone re nian MANE we oer lP CRT Rare cond Xe wate pee Oran et ee eaey Dw cae ee te prover eT MeV OS tp 7 hone 8 PP RINT Oot Sema: eee at a foo CY I ae oe oe oF etree aS ei Apr REE ree the ne eae seete Pea det eth ee PRO etn bark Ad SECS e Ch rel pn pore Phis ne iy She oN aes sPlag int a FES CT ia reer Rote ofa: A tea Tun Bas PEER Po operating ON TLE MUST ie s So i age eee rd 2 bee ah rg ae wee ret WEE IT ee are eee etn ot at Totes sas Leb y Ole Petit eA atte et Se eee a Serine i Sikes Forres pees PEN pee Taster ayia hy ie aed CES ed Sonera wer Featee Se emt PEE Me ee we ener ens dee eae es: IN Se Ole ote er mene ee eb re Rees EA Ge SP Bee nae OMe te na Bs Re eT rene enn Bene a oe eee nay eet A NTR Sa ee Fe Be aD ON Pinetree eee ek a? TSF eee Poneee eat ee eel ee flak Bit Fe Pow teres pps 2 ayes arr oer Ree erence Pir aa Na a Shan, Ree TT RAY Ne Oe See epet ie tlt tee ee eee a cages cnet ae Tae ee nd ee Fee ere Oe EA ge emer te ook pee bees Het Ly Py ate Brows AOR BP on nv ee aS EM AD eB FRO Let Pe at hen ety ES hy Dre yes NS ert ate Deke 8 SUD NOS Date TS nN aes, Mee RGN gy RTS A SN ee oe eh ry es Pe eohe Peewee ae ee ere + WARS ear sia eek a NTN FOP ee Oe ed Wee UES. Ve aire: ppc Devt ernest i batem ta SH: or ole oa tten ee F stat se SEE ee roe Se ore ae CS ee a ee fp eee ec seatatt wee PVE a ten he! y ot eseN ws nt er ee Pere web ed SMe ee Pe ee eh SLO ROT an TAN RE ee DONT Ee ea MR Se eget FO De EEO ee ceed | ate ve TU ay os ne Seen eat sUharer abs At AY tt ORR ae TAL ot SS erntrn spe ee er eren t res a > ASO) Ge ” a “y, © = Wash SMITHS\ NVINOS!} SMITHS! SMITHS sf Py Gf » NVINOS} { S3INVYAIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NO DN NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS | 2 - Spy, 3 | = : & eyes (| a “A NS a oe for =f \ a = z a eat rd 1 | i717 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILONLILSNE NVINOSHLINS Saluvagd 7 Lt w S3IYVUSIT LIBRARIES SMITHS( Saiy¥vy¥9gl LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI INSTITUTION ee Saluvudgii INSTITUTION NVINOSHLINS S3iYuVYSIT - _ ” 4 | ON; NOLEN EI SNI. NMINOSHINNS pLIBRARIES INSTITUTION | NO < < m™ = ae NC <2. =G 5 Yo 2 S 2 a ae 2 “py E z E & =q > Gi = 7 > = . | = > i i717 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3iuYvVudiT Lit = | w > 77) = ae ” =a | 7) Be o e 7) o an \ 5 a = 2 = o: = fi ie a : = 5k me fee) ad fea) oa faa) — _ a 2) = one S 7 — = _ S Swe S ON NOILALILSNI psa idveatT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION z j Oo : = Oo oe ; 2) Y mae ou \ > = = a > ie >% <| > be Ba — % — | es a = 2D ra “2 — =~ w = > are w qq LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NVINOSHLINS S3iuyvyugit_Le Frid oe ” Pes “e o2) <= 22) = ' ™ = a 2 - = “ee Z S = Z E = > ea = >" = a z 2 a 2 a ON NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NO < Pas Oo Ww Af sa = (op) = A _ a us e ul A vf a us 2 = = = 2 * 5 <4 j & 5 a S = = 2 ae S = S = S = ai i a i J zZ 3 re 1!7 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3tuvuail is = e z - 2 - | oo “ “oO = o = oo | a af ND a m ” m ” a wn rm Ww = | on < ys . Z | ION NOILALILSNI_ NWINOSHLIWS | S3 1uvugd Tou BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION |, z Ss Awan = Or ae. Wee ee a SS NY — - Zz Wwe } We er a NG, mA ‘a We er Ya Ws Ves 2 RU EASY 8 E eat) 8 AYE ROG a S ee me nam — pare “4 — Ke . > wast! s > = tins WS > = > = 7) z= ” z 7) a LSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI —» = - _ . a _ Ms B uw A ul o = a = a of a = = =; 4 < a x c a aed = oc c a on ae fea) ~ mm. = (sa) a fe) \ en fe) = o ns 9S = a) z 7 J z | ar = TES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVHYSIT LIBRARIES © z ~ z - ri a a = wD eS) ne cS) m = a es - be F : 5 = z =~ b e o z ys oe " z LSNI SJIYVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI tt Zz Ww = oe “4 z 2 = < = r= ®&e = < z x y Zz = Z WX 3 = = z 7 (@) pe ig es © A e. ne 1. oO Ae O : O % as \ ae ° E WY 2 = g? 2 o> > > = 3 ai . 3 = ae é = }ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S3IMYVHSIT LIBRARIES § Z ® = 5 Xe # é > ¥ ones = = 5 ce 2 z z sons S RN we. al = ae] ria me] m S\S ”o a n* ca on rm a ANS z — ao : z i < oD 1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI _NVINOSHLINS SaluvugIT LIBRARIES s = ° = y 2 = >" = P Pa (op) za op) as LSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS NOLLALILSNI h SSIYVYUTIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Zz > = ” > | > Zz 7) te op) Vy dp) op) F fi. ora Cc = Yfor a < c ~ = GES ac er maa a + — mo pan o oO ro) = re) <= = za a = TES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IUYVUGIIT LIBRARIES § NS S3INVHGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NS Saiuvdgit LIBRARIES = <= os — = S S © S aa os be > e 4) = y = = a = | D a i = o = = aes i wn | = ae Satavedit LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI A oe oe a a ! Dit as j - a am eye if tind a a ay Nouns Pee iN, i) Aa; ae Rav, | A ee ey uy ma - . Tie i. a a Ce r vay rma 7 ar ™ ih rye on a _ re. a ! mae, vs : : : . ny bb a n 7 ay :? , ; 7 7 as a ibs . : “af th © - io ia v1 - » SL » : Oe 7 F : a \ ; : — , : - ‘ > * P > : : LA, a ‘ 1 A cA 7 it ey m : +. ; - a ‘ : f 7 a 7 ~ Je ‘ds = : ‘ 2 ; i «ty : .. iv , U a; “a os; ‘ t s 7 _— Ds 7 : : . - ‘ rn i 1%, ’ 7 a 7 i _ I : i) os oo} Wye UJ = 1 4 aT » ar iw a 4 7 : : “ae i, 4 u ae i ihe 1 a - Uy ; 7 7 = ! 7 iD % i - 1 i! , { - : Tee § @ : : - iv og ve F 1 ‘ , 74 - M ia rf i’ n 1 ’ 7 7 7 7 : fn 14 u . i , ’ ‘ a % i hi i 7 ! as an oy VG) nes am angel, aa, : : 6: a icy Wi maa) “ 1 ae bi yo mi! - (1 m7 a y , a5 iy os Tht _ ty Pi, Me (i ha OLUME 26(1) {PROGRESS TOWARD CONTROL OF BANANA POKA. ......« « 5 A NOTE ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE NEWSLETTER .... . 6 ‘RELEASE OF A BIOCONTROL AGENT AGAINST KOA EAOLE PSYLLID 6 NEW WEED TREE by Evangeline Funk. ........e-.. 9 CONSERVATION CORNER by Wayne Gagne. .........-. #210 HAWAII'S EXTINCT, ENDANGERED, THREATENED AND RARE PTERIDOPHYTES, 1987 by W. H. Wagner... ee oo ee NEAL-MILLER FUND by Dan) Palmers: 40s. 3.22. %e es ee BIOCONTROL OF FUCHSIA by Donald E. Gardner. ...... 19 POSITION ANNOUNCEMENT - PACIFIC SYSTEMATIC BOTANY ... 13 SOCIETY BUSINESS e e e e e e e e e ® e e e e e e e 3 tJ 4 g q i} 8 * Published by the Hawattan Botanical Society, which was . founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all --its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptirtt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person tnterested tn the plant ltfe of the Hawattan Islands ts eligtble for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Maen has of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822, 2 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1987 President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Executive Council Rylan N. S. Yee, Bishop Museum Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Christa Russell, Bishop Museum Donald P. Gowing, Bishop Museum Dan Palmer, University of Hawaii Charles H. Lamoureux, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair: Native Plants: Donald P. Gowing, Chair Clyde Imada, Chair Clifford Smith, Editor Donald P. Gowing Elizabeth Powell, Chair Art Medeiros, Maui William Brostoff Ryan N.S. Yee Clifford Smith, Chair Ken Nagata Evangeline Funk John Obata Art Medeiros, Maui VOLUME 26(1) 1987 3 NEW MEMBERS -- LIFE MEMBERS -- POTENTIAL MEMBERS In recent months, the Society has welcomed as new members the following:- David G. Fisher, Honolulu G. Clarke Leavitt, Honolulu June Gutmanis, Waianae William Kramer, Honolulu Paul Higashino, Volcano Steven Perlman, Honolulu Maria Leu, Ewa Beach and has congratulated the following on their becoming life members: =- M. S. Doty John H. R. Plews Elsewhere in this issue, there is a listing of the Membership and institutional subscribers as of 6 April 1987. Do you know of persons interested in Hawaiian/Pacific botany whose names are not on the list? We would welcome them, too, aS members. Meetings are open to the public, but only members receive the Newsletter, meeting notices, and other announcements. Former members, whose year of last dues was 1985 or earlier, no longer receive the Society mailings, but will be put back on the mailing list on our receipt of current dues. These are $7.50 for regular membership, $4.00 for students, $10.00 family, and $150.00 life (individuals only). We will be glad to have them with us again! The Membership Committee would appreciate your suggestions on potential members, and will send an invitation and application to join. Just drop us a note c/o Department of Botany , Univiersity of Hawaii at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu HI 96822, or call in the address and name to Tel. 848-4175 (Gowing/Botany Dept./Bishop Musuem). Donald P. Gowing Membership 4 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Hawaiian Botanical Society Membership/Subscription List May 1987 aw BADOMDADAODADADNDANODADADADADADNONEMGNDDODDAADAODODDARRNADDAReeD Abbott, Isabella A. Allison, Allen Anderson, Elizabeth K. Anderson, Donald Angus, Donald Baker, Gladys Baker, Raymond E. Bornhorst, Heidi L. Bridges, Kent W. Bruegmann, Marie M. Burr, George Bush, William M. Canfield, Joan Carr, Gerald D. Char, Winona P. Cherry, Hilde K. Chock, Alvin K. Clarke, Gar Clay, Horace F. Conant, Sheila Crispin, Charles H. Crivellone, Carmelle F. Davis, Clifton J. Decker, Bryce & Shirley Degener, Otto Doty, Maxwell S. Doyle, Michael El DIOCE,. vonn Cc: Ellshoff, Zella E. Evans, Evan C. III Evenson, William E. Fisher, David G. Flynn, Tim Fosberg, F. Raymond Fujii, Susumu Gardner, Donald E. Gay, Ruth Gerrish, Grant Gali “Lorin 2. Gowing, Donald P. Green, Ted Gutmanis, June Hall, John B. Hartmann, Richard W. Herbst, Derral Higa, Patricia E. Higashino, Paul Hoe, William J. Holt, Alan Holt, Mrs. Hoshino, & Mary Venus G. Helene M. DDBDDDUNOPDDMPADADDANVNAAMAOADNAADADANDDDADODADDNDaEDoDaADrDaanyD Imada, Clyde Ikagawa, Toshihiko Ishikawa, Sharon Jacobi, James D. Kapalua Botanical Garden Kefford, Noel P. Kirsch, Mr. & Mrs. Koga, Ronney E. Krajina, Vladimir J. Kramer, William R. Krauss, Beatrice Krauss, Noel L. H. Kunisaki, John & Susan Lau, Joel Q. C. Leavitt, G. Clark Leu, Maria E. Lewis, Jane E. Lum, Charles W. Maka, Jean Manelsdorf, Dr. & Mrs. A. Manhoff, Mr. Milton McDermid, Karla J. Mew, Randal K. T. Marks, Loy M. McKenney, Michael P. Miller, Harvey A. Miranda, David W. Mitchell, John H. Mizuno, Geary S. Montgomery, Steven Mueller-Dombois, Dieter Mull, William & Mae Nakasone, Henry Y. Neher, Beate Newman, Audrey Nishida, Jean I. Obata, John O'Connor, Onaga, Kelsey Orr, Karthryn J. Pai, Inez Kong Palmer, Daniel D. Perlman, Steven P. Plews, John H. R. Powell, Elizabeth Pratt, J. cCOce Bb. Pyle, B. Leilani Rick, Charles M. Oscar Robbins, Catherine Lee Roelofs, Faith M. Russell, Christa Peter & Alenka Remec vo Zo 1) 21987 5 Sagawa, Yoneo St. John, Harold Scheuer, Paul J. Shields, Thomas M. Siegel, Sanford M. & Barbara Z. Simon, Christine Smith, Clifford W. Smith Lucy Cranwell Sohmer, Sy H. Souza, Wayne H. Stoner, Martin F. Tabata, Raymond S. Teramoto, Linden T. Teraoka, Wesley Theobald, William L. Tokushige, Walter Tomich, P. Quentin Tongg, Richard C. Towata, Mark & Eileen Ward, Deborah J. Ward, Jerome V. Watanabe, Thomas M. Weissich, Mr. & Mrs. Paul Wills, Clinton H. Wentworth, Juliette Wester, Lyndon Wilson, Kenneth A. Woolliams, Keith Yee, Rylan S. N. Yoshinaga, Alvin Y. Yun, In Sun Zimmerman, Elwood C. Archives, Hawaiian Bot. Soc. Libr., Botany Dept., U of H Ebsco Industries Inc. Libr., A. R. Mann (Cornell) Libr., Michigan State Univ. Libr., Univ. Calif., Davis Libr., Botany Div., DSIR Libr., Gray Herb., Harvard Libr., New York Bot. Gard. Libr., Waimea Arb & Bot. Gard. Libr., Herbarium Pacificum Libr., Bishop Museum Libr., Univ. Hawaii Libr., Geneva Bot. Gard. Libr., Hawaii Nat. Hist. Assoc. Libr., Smithsonian Inst. Libr., Pac. Trop. Bot. Gard. Libr., Hawaii State Libraries HHHHHHHHHRHHHHHHHHHHR OY GANDA ADHNRAMPMMDWDADADADOADD BNWDWDAD + Classification: R = Regular Membership; S = Student; F = Family; H = Honorary; L = Life; I = Institutional REKKKKAREKEKEKREEKEKEKEREKEKREKEKERKEEKRREKEEKEKREKKKRKKRKKKKEKKKKKKKK PROGRESS TOWARD BIOCONTROL OF BANANA POKA *Dr. George P. Markin, U.S. Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, has recently submitted to the State Plant Quarantine Division a request to release a biological control agent of Passiflora mollissima. The agent is a South American moth, Cyanotricha necryia Felder (Lepidoptera: Dioptidae), whose larvae feed on the leaves of banana poka. Dr. Donald E. Gardner, National Park Service, University of Hawaii at Manoa is concluding tests using a seedling wilt disease, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae. He is very encouraged by the results and is preparing the necessary documentation to support the request for release. Both scientists note that other agents will be needed in order to adequately control this weed. W W. fe) A NOTE ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE NEWSLETTER A note from Alvin kK. Chock, former President of the Society, gives some information of the early history of the Newsletter, and this may be of some interest to the membership. He writes from the Hague, where he is Regional Director of the USDA-APHIS-PPQ Program with the Embassy:- "The idea began in December 1961, when I was elected Secretary of the Society. Charlie Lamoureux was elected President, along with the perennial Treasurer, Bill Bush. Up. to this time, the Secretary was responsible for sending out the meeting notices, which were printed post cards. (Duplicating them caused all sorts of problems with the printing technology which we then had). I asked Charlie, and later the Board, if anyone objected to the meeting notices being printed. on a hectograph machine at the Department of Botany, orm 8-1/2 x 11 inch sheets, with a few notes added. I was encouraged to do this by the Board, and as you know, as time progressed, the size increased. Eddie Bryan of the Bishop Museum suggested that permanency was of importance, and volunteered the mimeograph machine at the Museum. We also printed the masthead, which is a drawing of Lobelia yuccoides which my wife, Yona, adapted from Otto Degener's Flora Hawaiiensis. "In those dcys, I did everything -- wrote the articles, edited the contri»utions received, typed the stencils, ran the mimeograph machine, collated the pages, and affixed the mailing labels (or had them run off on the addressograph). Yona assisted me in collating and mailing the issues. "It's mow been 25 years and 4 months since I started the newsletter. I'm very pleased, as Founding Editor, to know that the Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter is still active and going strong. I want to congratulate the Society on its 25th Anniversary of this publication, for continuing it as the news media of Society activities, and also as a means of publishing short articles on Hawaiian Botany. One important spin-off from the inception of the Newsletter was the increase in non- resident members, since the Newsletter provided them a reason to be a member of the Society." RRERKCKKKEKAREKRAAKAHERRKRARAARRARARRKAAKKKKKKKEKRKAKKRKEKKKKKKKKKKKEE RELEASE OF A BIOCONTROL AGENT AGAINST THE KOA HAOLE PSYLLID The State Plant Pest Control Division has been granted approval to release a small wasp as a biocontrol agent against the alien psyllid (Heteropsylla cubensis) which has been responsible for the setback of koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala.) The wasp will be released initially in the Kona and South Point areas of the Big Island and later in the Waimea area of Kaua'i. Both release sites are pastureland. VOLUME 26(1 wey. 7 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for the January, 1987 Meeting President Yee called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. The minutes of the December meeting were read and approved. The treasurer reported that the balance as of Jan. 1, 1987 was $3299.48. The membership chairman reported the acceptance of one new member to the Society, Mr. Clarke Levitt. The newsletter chairman reported that one article had been received from Randall Mew on the cultivation of strand plants for the next issue of the newsletter. Under old business, there was some discussion on the proposed amendment to increase thee life membership dues from $100 to $150 in 1987. The amendment was passed unanimously. Bill Bush reported that he had audited the Society's books and found them in excellent order. President Yee thanked Zella Ellshoff for the excellent job she has done in preparing the refreshments for the meetings for the past few years and announced that for the 1987 meetings members are asked to volunteer to take care of refreshments. A sign up sheet will be available after the meeting. Plant of the Month speaker was Mr. Clyde Imada of the Bishop Museum Botany Dept. who demonstrated how to mount herbarium specimens. Speaker of the Month was Dr. Charles Lamoureux whose talk was entitled "Botanical Experiences in Indonesia". . The meeting was adjourned at 9 p.m. and members then enjoyed refreshments. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the February, 1987 Meeting President Yee called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the January meeting were read and approved. The treasurer reported that the balance as of Feb. 1, 1987 was $3504.94. Mr. Steve Perlman was nominated and accepted as a new member of the Society. There was no old business. Under new business President Yee reported that Waimea Arboretum Foundation had asked the Neal-Miller Fund to support W W (0) their education program with a $250 grant. The Society members voted their approval that the members of the board of the Neal-Miller Fund consider the grant request. Also under new business President Yee proposed the establishment of two new Society committees. The present commiittees are membership, audit, conservation, native plant, and the newsletter committee. The two proposed committees are {general]) botany and a horticultural committee. The committee chairpeople would report on any new or interesting developments’) relevant to their area of interest at the monthly Society meetings, and would contribute articles for the Society newsletter. Volunteers to chair these committees were being sought. Vice-president Abbott introduced the Plant of the Month speaker, Dr. Don Gardner of the National Park Service and the U.H. Botany Dept., who spoke on fungal infections of Hawaiian Vacciniums. Speaker of the Month, Dr. S.H. Sohmer, chairman of the Bishop Museum's’ Botany Dept., spoke on his botanical excursions in Papua New Guinea, one of botany's last frontiers. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m. and members then enjoyed refreshments. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the March, 1987 Meeting President Yee called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The treasurer reported that the balance brought forward was $3510.68. The membership committee chairman reported the acceptance of two new members to the Society; Paul Higashino and William Kramer, and a new life member, John Plews. Under old business President Yee announced that the trustees for the Marie Neal Fund had approved the new name, Neal-Miller Fund. Also, the trustees had decided they would appoint a committee to decide on the criteria necessary for grant proposals, and they were considering various ways of investing the money in the Neal-Miller Fund. For new business, President Yee announced that beginning in April Botanical Society members must provide refreshments as this was the last meeting the executive board would provide them. A sign up sheet would be available at the end of the meeting. VOLUME 26(1 987 Pseudophagopteris caroliniana was the subject of Dr. Florence Wagner's plant of the month presentation. This fern doesn't really climb but "leans" on other plants. Individual plants may reach 7 m in length. Dr. Warren H. Wagner, Jr., speaker of the month, presented an interesting and informative talk on "Problems in Hawaiian Ferns". The meeting was. adjourned at 9 p.m. and members then enjoyed refreshments. k*ekeekekerekekkerkrkerkerkerkirexkirerekrwerekerekekekkkkik zk NEW WEED TREE Evangeline Funk Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa The U. S. Navy natural resources baseline inventory of the Naval Magazine at Lualualei was the first such study conducted in this restricted access’ site. The study covered flora, fauna, and water resources. During the survey several items of botanical interest were found. The most exciting was a small ridge on the western flank of Pu'u Kanehoa which was almost entirely covered with Santalum eljipticum var. ellipticum Gray. There were plants of all size classes including seedlings and several large seed bearing adult trees. Down slope from the sandalwood, on several sheer ridges were large numbers of Portulaca lutea Soland. ex Forst. plants. These were growing on such inaccessible shelves that they had escaped the large goat populations that at one time occupied this area. The Portulaca colony comprised several hundred plants. A new weed tree in the family Euphorbiaceae was also found. This tree has now been identified as Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Some individuals were well over 7 m in height. The exact population size could not be ascertained but many trees are scattered about below Kolekole Pass. Since this area was the site of several Department of Forestry planting trials, it is surmised that seeds of this plant were brought in accidently during the reforestation effort. There are no records of Mallotus having been intentionally planted (Skolman 1983). The trees appear to withstand the dry conditions and many were setting seed. Skolman, R. G. 1983. Plantings on Forest Reserves of Hawaii 1910-1960. Computer print out State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources files, 10 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY CONSERVATION CORNER Dr. Wayne Gagné Education Specialist Bernice P. Bishop Museum |D) a Gagné, a noted entomologist, botanist, and conservationist, will author a column dealing with various conservation matters in this and future issues of the Newsletter. The following letter to Mr. W. W. Paty, Chairman of the Board of Land and Natural Resources was submitted in January. However, it contains a lot of information on the current status of the State's Natural Area Reserves System that will be of considerable interest to members’ of the Society. "Dear Mr. Paty: "At a joint meeting of the Conservation Council for Hawai'i and the Sierra Club regarding the future of the State Natural Area Reserves System (HNARS), featuring the HNARS Commission Chairman, we were disturbed to learn that the previous Administration's biennial budget recently submitted to the Legislature does not request any appropriation for the Management of HNARS. This means that the State's 18 Natural Area Reserves thus far designated from 108,461 acres of public lands (see DLNR Report to the Governor 1984-85, pg. 6, attached) will remain unprotected as "paper parks." This also means that some of the finest segments of our natural biotic diversity, specifically selected by the DLNR to protect a cross-section of our living heritage will continue to be degraded by an onslaught of alien weeds, animals, off-road vehicles, etc. "The 1970 legislation which established the NAR System (Chapter 195) was due in part to the support of former Sen. Nadao Yoshinaga. It stated that the Commission was to have the power to develop ways and means of extending and strengthening preserves, and to advise on any matter relating to the preservation of Hawaii's unique natural resources. Recently, Botanist and Commissioner Dr. Clifford Smith wrote that resource management plans’ should be prepared for each reserve. "As Federal Judge Samuel King has indicated in his recent ruling which orders the removal of mouflon sheep from the Mauna Kea mamane_ forest, the critical habitat of the Palila, there are areas in our state that are simply too sensitive for continued mangement under the prevailing "multiple use" concept. Thus, we were encouraged to learn that you have directed the DLNR and the Attorney General not to appeal the Court's ruling on this issue. Many of our natural areas are likewise too sensitive to permit excessive populations of VOLUME 26(1) 1987 ll introduced feral mammals. Without active management favoring Hawaiian species, natural areas will continue to be degraded, and extictions of native plants and animals they contain will surely follow. Hawai'i already has the nations' most dismal record in this respect. "The National Park Service and the Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i are providing exemplary guidance in their approaches and activities in resource management of the natural area under their jurisdictions. This management is not without costs, however. There has been a heartening volunteerism to help these two entities in this activity, and one which has been lacking for HNARS. "We request that you consider recommending that Governor Waihee request $500,000 to begin the management of HNARS. Below, we outline specific Natural Area Reserves needing immediate management and specify the actions needed to eliminate or ameliorate continuing threats. Some of the management functions may be done by contract workers but the HNARS program urgently needs two new field-oriented positions: a Resource Management Specialist and a Resource Management Assistant. Some management actions such as construction of a livestock guard on the road to Mt. Ka'ala are relatively simple to construct, yet would have beneficial spin-off in protecting fragile natural resources higher on the mountain. "a) Kuia, Kauai NAR: This exceptionally rich native forest is being degraded by black-tailed deer and feral pigs. Fencing these out of the reserve is urgently needed. "b) Hono O Na Pali, Kauai NAR: There is a small infestation of Koster's Curse (Clidemia hirta), O'ahu's most serious alien weed in its watershed, which needs immediate removal to prevent spread to the rest of this natural area and the remainder of Kauai. 7c) West Maui NAR: Feral pigs pose an immediate threat to the almost pristine bogs on the tops) of Pu'u Kukui and Mt. Eke, which contain a wealth of rare native plants, such as_ silverswords and greenswords. These bogs need immediate protective fencing. In the Lihau and Panaewa Sections at lower elevations, fire pre-suppression is needed to protect native shrublands and grasslands. "d) Ka'ena Point, O'ahu NAR: This coastal ecosystem is being seriously degraded by uncontrolled off-road vehicles. Expeditious emplacement of large boulders around the acquisition of a key land parcel will provide a strategic access control point. WS W 0) "e) Mt. Ka'tala, O'ahu NAR: Immediate removal programs are needed for several alien weeds which are degrading the summit bog area (blackberry, kikuyu grass and strawberry guava). wc) Pahole, O'ahu NAR: Recently completed alien plant surveys need to be followed up by complete removal of Koster's curse and manuka infestations. This natural area has a large number of extremely rare native plant species. Nc) Hanawi, East Maui NAR: Feral pigs are rapidly degrading some of the most pristine upland rainforest and watershed in the State. This results in contamination of Haiku's drinking water supply because of the almost complete disturbance of the understory of this forest. The destruction of plant diversity results in other adverse spin-offs. Several endangered birds, namely the Po'o-uli, '‘Akepa and Nukupu'u, communities, are declining towards extiction in these threatened areas. The people of Maui are mobilizing to force resolution of this issue, now at an apparent stalemate because of hunters who insist on maintenance of high pig populations in spite of the negative impacts. This NAR is' simply too remote to be utilized by pig hunters, but a pig control program is essential to preserve the very features which distinguish it. "h) Manuka & Kipahoehoe, Hawai'i NAR: Introduced weeds are spreading from the edges of the highway which bisects these reserves. Feral pigs are abetting the spread of certain of these weeds, in addition to degrading the quality of then. Immediate attention to elimination of these perturbations is necessary to uphold the purposes for which these natural were established in the first place. et) Pu'u Maka'ala, Hawai'i NAR: Feral pigs and weeds are degrading this important natural area reserve for native birds, plants and invertebrates. These need removal after fencing. The adjacent Ola'a Tract has an infestation of the noxious banana poka which needs close monitoring to prevent its spread into this natural area. a) Pu'u Ali'i, Molokai NAR: This natural area is the habitat for the extremely endangered Moloka'i 'Omao or Thrush. An aggressive ungulate removal effort is needed immediately to arrest further degradation. This area also lies within Kalaupapa National Historic Park, so federal support may be available for management. tk) Laupahoehoe, Hawai'i NAR: This important area of endangered forest bird habitat containing Koa/'Ohi'a forests is widely invaded by banana poka and banyan, and is densely populated by feral pigs. As an important portion of the largest native forest bird habitat in the state, curtailment of these problems and restoration of the forest is essential. This will be a long-term, costly effort, and will become increasingly difficult the longer we delay. This reserve is also an important watershed for the Hamakua coast, Saar VOLUME 260) 8 Ta oD wi) Pu' O Umi, Hawai'i NAR: This reserve encompasses watershed ‘ohita rain forests along the summit of the Kohala Mountains above Kamuela. Degradation of these areas by feral pigs and weeds will continued to have negative repercussions for Kohala's water supply, as well as the native biota within the reserve. "We would be happy to meet with you to discuss your Department's support of this fundamentally important need to protect the public's living heritage. In any event, we are available to provide background on our groups’ cancerns over the lack of adequate protection for the State's Natural Area Reserves System and the on-going degradation of over three-quarters of them as detailed above." PERE REE SESE SESE SESE EEE RE REESE EEE REECE ERE EERE RE SEE ERE EEE EE ERE EE SE POSITION ANNOUNCEMENT PACIFIC SYSTEMATIC BOTANY The Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, is recruiting for one three-year term curatorial position. Candidates must be U.S. citizens and should have an active research program in monographic, floristic, and biogeographic Pacific botany, and a demonstrated interest in one or more large tropical terrestrial plant groups. This interest should be documented by publications and oral presentations. The individual should have experience to conduct interdisciplinary research with other biologists on Pacific islands biota. The successful candidate will be expected to spend 50% time on research and curation of existing Pacific island collections. Salary will be at the GS-11/13 level ($27,172-$38,727). There are ample opportunities for development of field programs, use of a world-wide herbarium and associated library with emphasis on tropical floras, and interdisciplinary collaboration with members of other natural history departments. Special facilities include SEM, TEM, computer services, a biochemical laboratory, functional morphology laboratory, greenhouse, and the Smithsonian publication series. Current staff interests include systematically oriented terrestrial and marine botany, palynology, morphology, anatomy, cytology, and cladistics. Interested applicants should send a_ statement of general research goals, a curriculum vitae, Office of Personnel Management Standard Form 171 (available on request), names of three references and a set of reprints to: Smithsonian Institution, Employment Office, Announcement Number: 87-300-F 900 Jefferson Drive, SW, Washington, DC 20560. Applications must be received by the closing date, July 3], 1987, and should indicate this announcement number, 87-300-F, on the SF-171. The Smithsonian Institution is an Equal Opportunity Employer. EWSLET WAIIAN BOTANIC SOC HAWAII'S EXTINCT, ENDANGERED, THREATENED AND RARE PTERIDOPHYTES, 1987 W. H. Wagner, Jr. Department of Botany Division of Biological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-1048 EXTINCT (possibly or probably) THREATENED Huperzia haleakalae Huperzia nutans Botrychium subbifoliatum Ophioglossum nudicaule 3 Asplenium leucostegioides Asplenium fragile Diellia mannii Diellia erecta D. laciniata D-. unisora VER AND RAR ENDANGERED Psilotum Xintermedium ined. ? Microlepia oenotrichjoides ined. Huperzia haleakalae X somaj Gonocormus prolifer H. somai X_sulcatum Thelypteris Xpalmeri ined. 4 H. mannii 2 Dryopteris crinalis Isoetes hawajiensis ined. D. tetrapinnata ined. Ophioglossum concinnum Cystopteris douglasij Adenophorus periens Doodia lyonii Pteris lidgatii A. hobdyi ined. XLindaeosoria flynnii ined. A. schizophyllum Pityrogramma Xmckenneyi ined. Diellia falcata Ctenitis squamigera Diplazium molokaiense Thelypteris boydiae Marsilea villosa l. PAR List includes not only nothospecies (taxa of hybrid origin) but still unpublished names for new or revised taxa. This may have a subspecies on the north-east slopes of Mauna Kea. These, and perhaps others of the taxa given here, are easily overlooked or confused with other species. Their evaluation is based upon existing documentation and our _ present knowledge of their occurrence. This taxon may be of very recent origin. There is some evidence that it is spreading. If it becomes more widespread, it should be taken off the list. vo E NEAL-MILLER FUND The Neal-Miller Fund of the Hawaiian Botanical Society is an eleemosynary fund that distributes funds from time to time for projects appropriate to the interests of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. There are four trustees, and the current president of the Hawaiian Botanical Society serves ex-officio. Over the years the Neal-Miller Fund has supported activities of the Hawaiian Botanical Society, various educational programs, contributed botanical awards and recognitions, as well as projects of various other scientific organizations when they had a botanical orientation. There are no firm rules as to which projects or persons will be supported, each request is evaluated for its merit, its cost and its appropriateness to the interests of the Society. Requests for funds usually arise from a motion approved by the members of the Society at one of its monthly meetings. The fund came into existence in 1967 when Marie Neal left five hundred dollars in her will for the Hawaiian Botanical Society. Her will included relatives and friends, but also reflected her broad scientific, artistic and social interests in that it included the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, The First Congregational Church in Southington, Connecticut, Smith College in Massachusetts, the Hawaiian Academy of Science, The Hawaiian Botanical Gardens Foundation, the American Association of the Advancement of Science, the Honolulu Academy of Arts, the Honolulu Y.W.C.A., the Honolulu Symphony Society, and The Wilderness Society. On Feb. 17, 1967 the Hawaiian Botanical Society received a check for $475.15 from Hawaiian Trust and because a major beneficiary of her will had died before Miss Neal, and because the will had taken this possibility into account, another check for $6,916.12 was distributed to the Society as a remainderman. The fund has been used for the goals of the society and has increased in value to approximately $16,500. Marie Catherine Neal was born in Southington, Connecticut, December 7, 1889. She graduated from Smith College in 1912 where she received a B.A. degree. She took a secretarial course at Hartford and later became Secretary of the Geology Department of Yale University. In addition she ran the office and did the editorial work for the Connecticut Geological and Natural History Survey where she worked closely with Dr. Herbert E. Gregory, Professor of Geology. When Professor Gregory was appointed as Director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in 1919 he invited Marie to work at the museum. At that time she wanted a position in Botany, but accepted a position with Dr. Cooke working with land shells. She became Assistant Malacologist on January 1, 1920 and she collected, sorted, identified and catalogued land snails. She published a paper on the Helicinidae in 1934. Plants remained her love and in her off 16 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY hours she observed, collected and studied Hawaiian plants. She had an interest in sea weeds, and under Dr. J. B. Pollack, exchange professor from the University of Michigan, made an intensive study of the reef algae near the Waikiki Aquariun. This work resulted in her being awarded a master of science from Yale University in 1925, and this work was published as Bishop Museum Bulletin 67. Miss Neal made a plant collecting trip to New Zealand in 1925 and early 1926. In 1935 she made a trip around the world during which she visited herbaria and botanical gardens. [In August 1935 she spent two weeks camped on Mauna Kea near Lake Waiau at about 13,000 feet. During this time she and Constance Hartt, the only two women in the party, explored the upper slopes of the mountain for plants. Their joint paper, "The Plant Ecology of Mauna Kea, Hawaii" (Ecology 2] (2), April 1940) reported the results of their work. She and Constance Hartt were close friends. They shared apartments and in 1938 built their own home, surrounded by flower gardens, in Nuuanu Valley. i She was interested in ornamental plants and weeds in gardens throughout Honolulu, and her interest and work in this area resulted in the publication of a floral guide entitled "In Honolulu Gardens" in 1928. This book was very popular and a revised edition was printed in 1929. Miss Neal was appointed Botanist-in-Charge at the Bishop Museum January 1, 1930, although she had already assumed that responsibility in the last half of 1929. She produced many articles for the Garden Journal, Elepaio, Lurefax, Paradise of the Pacific and Pacific Science, and contributed information on Hawaiian plants for the Hawalian-English dictionary, by Pukui and Elbert, as well as a section on medicinal plants in "Outline of Hawaiian Physical Therapeutics", by Handy, Pukui and Livermore. In addition to her publications she was always willing to share her knowledge of Hawaii's plants with anyone from an interested amateur to professionals in need of assistance. Marie Neal is best known for her most important work "In Gardens of Hawaii“ first published in 1948. Its complete revision was published in 1965, and she was able to see an advanced copy just prior to her death on June 6, 1965. Miss Neal was highly regarded by her botanical colleagues and was made a life member of the Hawaiian Botanical Society, the Friends of Foster Garden, and the Hawaii Weed Conference. A more detailed biography of Marie Neal's life was written by Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. and published in the Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Vol IV, (4), October, 1965. vo 6 987 The second contributor to the Neal-Miller fund was Carey D. Miller who upon her death November 4, 1985 left $14,000 to the Hawaiian Botanical Society. Her broad interest in the community and in scientific organizations was expressed by her also including the Friends of Foster Gardens, Bishop Museum Association, University of Hawaii Foundation for the Carey D. Miller Award, Young Women's Christian Association, Kindergarten and Children's Aid Association, The Outdoor Circle, Hawaiian Historical Society, Pacific Orchid Society and the South Dakota Memorial Art Center in her will. Carey Dunlap Miller was born in Boise, Idaho in 1893. She grew up on her parents ranch in Idaho, attended a one-room school until the sixth grade and then attended the public schools in Boise. Because of her father's death she found it necessary to support herself, and she attended a_ business college to prepare herself for part-time work. She attended the University of Idaho for one year and then transferred to the University of California at Berkeley where she majored in nutrition and graduated with honors in 1917. She taught for one year at Washington State College in Pullman, then resigned to work in a Boise hospital where she hoped whe would be helpful during World War I. She then taught courses in elementary nutrition at the University of California. She returned to Boise because of her mother's illness and worked as a stenographer, and then later taught at the University of Idaho for one semester. She used all of her savings and borrowed money to go to Columbia University in New York City where she received a masters degree in 1922. At this time she was invited to the University of Hawaii as chairman of the Home’ Economics Department where she served in that position for 23 years. After this she continued to teach nutrition courses and direct the graduate program in food and nutrition research. At the time of her arrival the University consisted of Hawaii and Gartley Halls and a few wooden structures. During her early years here there were no special facilities for animal experiments and it was neccessary for her to convert a dining room to house white rats and guinea pigs. She did research regarding the anti-scorbutic effects of guava juice at a time prior to the identification of vitamin C. In 1929 when the Federal Agricultural Experiment Station was incorportated in the University of Hawaii she was appointed Specialist in Food and Nutritional Investigations. During her sabbatical leaves she took graduate work at the University of Washington and at Yale University. She also made several trips to Europe and one around the world visiting research laboratories and scientists in many countries. She also travelled in the Pacific and Japan for scientific purposes. as! NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Her research was extensive and diverse. She did studies involving the basal metabolism of young men and women of various races in Hawaii. She published many papers defining the nutritionsl values of Hawaii's foods including many fruits, fishes, taro, coconuts, limu, and home grown ethnic groups, and the food values of portions commonly used. She co-authored the popular book "Some Fruits of Hawaii" with Catherine Bazore and Mary Bartow in 1936. This very popular book is her best known work and has’ had several revisions with the editions of recent years being called "Fruits of Hawaii." She retired from the University of Hawaii in 1958 at which time the University honored her achievements and renamed the home economics building the Carey D. Miller Hall. Miss Miller was a popular academician and was known as the "dean of nutritionists in Hawaii". She had an international reputation as an expert in the composition and nutritive value of Hawaiian and Oriental foods and was a member of many scientific and honor societies including the American Institute of Nutrition, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, American Home Ecomomics Association, American Diatetic Association, and she was a Fellow of the American Assocaition for the Advancement of Science. From 1924 she lived in Manoa valley with her friend and companion Miss Ada Erwin who taught home economics at Punahou School. At their home they entertained students, staff, friends and distinguished scientists from all over the world, especially those interested in the field of food and nutrition. At their home they kept a lovely garden with flowers, trees and shrubs from which they enjoyed the view of Manoa Valley. Her interest in plants was shown by a beautiful and meticulously maintained garden. This garden was full of trees, shrubs, flowers and vegetables of many kinds, but her particular interest were yellow orchids of several varieties. She grew yellow orchids in all sizes and shapes including miniatures, and took it upon herself to make her own flower pots, because the only pots available commercially at that time were made of red elay. She was interested in pots that drained well and introduced pots with feet to Hawaii. She also created beautiful ceramic slabs to which she attached hapuu and her miniature yellow ondicium "dancing ladies." Her house, lanai and garden were full of beautifully maintained plants, and the view from her dining room through her lanai and into her garden was splendid. She was a member of the Hawaiian Botanical Society for several decades and served as an officer during its early years. She regularly attended meetings until recent years. Dan Palmer, Trustee Neal-Miller Fund VOLUME 26 87 BIOCONTROL OF FUCHSIA Donald E. Gardner CPSU/UH Botany Department University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 The control of Fuchsia magellanica, which had been introduced to the Thurston Lava Tube area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and is now spreading in the rain forest along Crater Rim Drive, has long been a Park resource management objective. In 1979 I reported the occurrence of fuchsia rust in Hawaii (Gardner, 1979), which was discovered attacking and defoliating roadside shrubs of F. hybrida in the community of Volcano, adjacent to the Park. Since the initial report, the rust disease has become common on F. magellanica in the Park, discoloring the leaves and causing some defoliation on this species. Within the past year, an eriophyid mite of unknown origin has become conspicuously evident on F. magellanica both within the Park and in Volcano Village. Its rapid spread in these areas has been observed and documented by Clif Davis. The mite has also béen reported on Stainback Highway, although I have not confirmed this report. Mites of the eriophyid group are typically associated with plant galls and similar growth abnormalities, which they cause by injecting feeding toxins into the plant tissue. The effects of the mite on fuschia in the Park and surrounding area are striking: production of fleshy galls on the leaves and twigs, which cause severe distortion. Affected tissue is red rather than the normal green. The specific identity of the mite is not known, but is currently under study by an expert in this group at the University of California. No study has yet been made of possible interaction between the mite and the rust disease in attacking fuchsia, similar to that suggested by Leeper and Beardsley (1973) between the introduced koa psyllid (Psylla uncatoides) and the endemic koa rust fungi (Uromyces Spp. ).. I have observed the rust associated with mite galls in the Park. The effects of these volunteer biocontrol agents in reducing the competitive vigor of fuchsia in Park, as well as in surrounding areas, Will be interesting to follow. Literature Cited Gardner, D. E. 1979. Occurrence of fuchsia rust in Hawaii. Plant Disease Reporter 63:136-137. Leeper, J. R., and J. W. Beardsley. 1973. The bioecology of Psylla uncatoides in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and the Acacia koaia Sanctuary. Island Ecosystems IRP. U. S. International Biological Program. Technical Report 23. 13 pp. ee AERA sia IIAN BOTANICAL SOCIET GR. SES © ESS +S OO TER a. a ee oT Ta Clin 2 ER SE, Newsletter 7 awalia) tanica Se kee Ne. | fei clita AUGUST 1987 PAPALA KEPAU, PISONIA™ UMBELLIFERA _ (FORSTER) SEEMANN by F.R. Fosberg. oe er waite : os ‘ = 24 LEGISLATIVE NEWS e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 2 6 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION OF SELECTED COASTAL PLANTS AT THE WAIKIKI AQUARIUM by Randal K.T. Mew. ... 27 MICONIA CALVESCENS ON HAWAII ......-...-.«.-.-.-. 32 WORKSHOP ON ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION EDUCATION ree POTENTIALLY INVASIVE PLANTS OF HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK by Lani Stemmermann. .........-. . 34 STATUS OF ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS by Derral Herbst. . 44 BOOK MREV GE Wee tc: vor iss es ce es vee) eo ee Ser Ge ae, @. nee ve - 46 SOCTERY IBUSUNE Soc %° keake Se. St cat a ee es Ge es ee we ew OS PAS aS *K Publtshed by the Hawattan Botanical Society, which was founded tn 1924 to "advance the sectence of botany in atl tts applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrtt of: good fellowship and cooperatton among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattian Islands ts eltgtble for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 22 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1986 Executive Council President: Rylan N. S. Yee, Data House Vice-President: Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Treasurer: Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Secretary: Christa Russell, The Nature Conservancy Hawaii Directors: William Bush, retired Donald P. Gowing, Bishop Museum Dan Palmer, University of Hawaii Clifford W. Smith, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Donald P. Gowing, Chair Newsletter: Clyde Imada, Chair Clifford Smith, EGlcor Conservation: Elizabeth Powell, Chair Art Medeiros, Maui Science Fair: William Brostoff Ryan N.S. Yee Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair Ken Nagata Evangeline Funk John Obata Art Medeiros, Maui VOLUME 26(2) 1987 23 PAPALA KEPAU, PISONIA UMBELLIFERA (FORSTER) SEEMANN F. R. Fosberg Botany Department National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution WASHINGTON DC 20560, USA Studies during the preparation of the treatment of family Nyctaginaceae for the new Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii revealed an astonishing amount of variation in the tree commonly called Pisonia umbellifera, or in Hawaiian, Papala képau. I exclude from this discussion the two other clearly distinct but similar Hawaiian species, often confused with P. umbellifera, namely Pisonia sandwicensis Hillebrand and Pisonia brunoniana Endlicher, the quite different Pisonia grandis R. Brown, and the newly described, closely related Pisonia wagneriana Fosberg. Pisonia sandwicensis may be recognized by its oblong to elliptic leaves with thickish relatively long petioles, staminate flowers with well-over 15 stamens, pistillate flowers with exserted elongate fimbriate stigmas, internodes in branchlets gradually shortened, not condensed into an aggregate node. Pisonia brunoniana has bisexual flowers with plicate, scarcely lobed perianth, fruiting perigones or anthocarps with a_= short tubular prolongation of the perigone inside the lobes when in fruiting condition. Pisonia wagneriana has’ pointed stminate buds, pilose staminate cymes, and long broadly spatulate, cuneate-based leaves. Pisonia qrandis has gradually shortened internodes, ovate acuminate leaves, pistillate perianth closely surrounding the style. Pisonia umbellifera was first found by the Forsters, father and son, on Tanna, in the New Herbrides (Vanuatu), on Captain Cook's Second Voyage Around the World. Several specimens of their collections of this species, rather fragmentary, exist in the British Museum (Natural History), in London and others collected by their colleague, Sparrman, (which I have not seen). Plants have been referred to this taxon from over an enormous geographic range, extending from Hawai'i and Eastern Polynesia, to Samoa, Fiji, Melanesia, Micronesia, the Bonin Islands, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Andaman Islands, Mauritius and the Comores. The plants that I have seen from this geographic expanse are extremely varied, but it is very hard to draw lines between the variations. It has been tried, and many names exist, 18 of which are listed by Stemmerik (1964) as synonyms of P. umbellifera. 24 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Heimerl (1913, 1937) described three species in this complex, from the Society Islands, alone, and I have a fourth in mauscript. At least one other certainly exists in Samoa- Fig, and apparently, the Solomon Islands, besides P. umbellifera, itself. These are not very strong species and have generally been included in P. umbellifera, of which latter, we have seen very few specimens from its type region, the New Hebrides. The Hawaiian plants usually referred to P. umbellifera are exceedingly diverse, yet with the rather abundant available specimens it is hard to define tangible entities. Specimens tend to be fragmentary and without field population studies it is seldom evident which staminate and pistillate plants belong together, and which fruiting plants belong with which flowering ones. Even after excluding the reasonably definite P. wagerniana the problem essentially still remains. The name Pisonia forsteriana Endl. ex Walp. & Schauer, was based on Hawaiian material. I have not seen type material of this, which has been generally considered the same as P. umbellifera (Forst.) Seem. The names Pisonia excelsa Bl., and P. macrocarpa Presl, based on specimens from Java, also not seen by me, have also been applied to Hawaiian plants. My conclusion, for now, in light of Skottsberg's (1936) detailed discussion, is to follow him and retain the Hawaiian plants (except the new Pisonia wageriana) in P. umbellifera, in spite of some small differences from the one modern New Hebrides collection that I have studied. Following are some remarks on several Hawaiian forms of P. umbellifera, sensu lato. A Wai'anae, O'ahu, fruiting sheet (Christophersen 3701) with tiny anthocarps, less than 2 cm long, and very acute, erect to spreading, perianth-lobes directed attention to at least two rather notable different flowering forms from the same region. It seems inadvisable to guess on the basis of only vegetative characters to which one the single fruiting specimens belongs. Forms with extremely long and slender anthocarps exist, or existed, in Nufuanu Valley, O'ahu, and especially on the Kilauea River, Kaua'i, and Puiu Ki, Hana, East Maui, but, again matching flowering material with these is inconclusive. Discontinuous variation in petiole length and leaf base in conspicuous, but again this does not correlate with other variables. One can suggest that local botanists, well-placed to make repeated observations, revisit marked trees, and collect Material in different stages -- unopened buds, flowers, and fully formed fruits -- with observations, recorded on the VOLUME 26(2) 1987 25 labels, as to range of inflorescence variation on the same tree, flower color and odor, and leaf texture. Long-term records of the developemnt of the curious "aggregate-nodes" that seem to be a= practically constant feature of this species, of how long the leaves last from first formation to falling, and of bird dispersal of the sticky fruits, would all be desirable. Attempts should be made to decide which staminate plants go with which pistillate, whether bisexual flowers, with pollen, occur, whether there are definite flowering seasons, and what are the pollinators. With such observations we may, eventually, be able to understand this group of species. REFERENCES TO HAWAIIAN PISONIA Heimerl, A. Die Nyctaginaceen-Gattungen Calpidia und Rockin. Oesters. Bot. Zeitschr. 63:279-290. 1913. ----- Nyctaginaceae of southeastern Polynesia and other Pacific Islands. Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 13:27-47, 1937. Heller, A. A. Observations on the Ferns and Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands. Minn. Bot. Studies 1:7 60-92. 1897 (1823). Hillebrand, W. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Heidelberg, 1-673. 1888. (pp. 367-370) Mann, H. Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants. Proc. Amer. Acad. 73:143-235. 1867. (197-198) St. John, H. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Lawai, Laua, Hawaii 1-519, 1937. Rock, J. The Indigneous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands. 1-518. 1913 (pp. 143-149; pls. 51-93) Skottsberg, C. Vascular plants from the Hawaiian Islands, I. Medd. Goeb. Bot. Tradg. 1:185-284. 1926. (pp 231-232) ----- The Arboreous Nyctaginaceae of Hawaii. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 30:722-743, 1936. Stemmerik, J. F. Flora Malesianae Precursores XXXVIII Notes on Pisonia in the Old World (Nyctaginaceae). Blumea 12:275-284, 1964. 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY LEGISLATIVE NEWS The 1987 Legislature passed several bills pertinent to the State's Natural Area Reserve Systen. One bill amends the natural area reserves system law to emphasize that the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) is to preserve, manage, and protect the reserves systen. It allows new natural area reserves to be established by gift, devise, grant, reimbursement to cooperators, exchange, or purchase, including conservation easements. It also authorizes the Department to cooperate or contract with any governmental agency or private organization or individual in carrying out the purpose of this law. The department is to establish criteria for and implement a plan for selection, acquisition, management, protection, and use of natural area reserves. The bill was signed by the Governor on 2 July 1985. The same bill amends membership of the Natural Area Reserves System Commission. It empowers the commission to advise public agencies of lands or natural resources under their jurisdictions which are appropriate for designation as Natural area reserves. It provides rule-making powers. It requires natural area reserves to be held in trust and not be alienated except to another public use upon a finding by DLNR of an imperative and unavoidable public necessity. By this bill, DLNR is to prepare a comprehensive reserves system management plan based on the provided criteria. A second bill establishes the natural area reserve fund for the heritage program, to be administered by DLNR and used to implement the natural area reserves law. It defines the heritage program to mean a program with a _ comprehensive natural resources inventory data base for public information, which shall include the location of rare plants, animals and natural communites in the State. It appropriates for the Mmatural area reserve fund for transfers to the heritage program, with partial matching funds from private sources. The bill was signed by the Governor on 2 July 1985. If all goes well NARS will have $437,500 for FY87 and FY88. Current plans are to hire several botanists to conduct surveys and prepare management action plans. Another bill requires DILNR to initiate changes’ to conservation district boundaries in order to include high quality native forests and habitats of rare native species of flora and fauna within conservation districts. Amends land use commission provisions relating to districting and classification of lands to provide that conservation districts shall include areas necessary for conserving indigenous or endemic plants, fish, and wildlife, including those which are threatened or endangered. VOLUME 26(2) 1987 27 CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION OF SELECTED COASTAL PLANTS AT THE WAIKIKI AQUARIUM Randal K. T. Mew Waikiki Aquarium University of Hawaii 2777 Kalakaua Ave. Honolulu, HI 96815 INTRODUCTION: A solution to the problem of the rapidly vanishing native flora of Hawai'i may be found in their cultivation and propagation. Such a_ solution is now being implemented at the Waikiki Aquariun. In order to illustrate that the present lifestyle of our society is contributing to the loss’ of our native coastal ecosystems, Waikiki Aquarium staff and volunteers made many field trips to various points on O'ahu. Data noting the location, growth habits, and the surrounding community of our target plants were logged, however, because of the ever-present fear that increased visitation would create more stress on these fragile ecosystems, these logs were not publicized (Kimura & Nagata 1980). A total of 23. such expeditions were made from February 21, 1985 to November 13, 1986, which included Ka'tena Point, Pounders’ Beach, anda multitude of other beaches along Kamehameha Highway on the north shore of O'ahu, to Makapu'u, Sandy Beach, Waimanalo Beach Park, and numerous other beaches along Kalaniana'ole Highway on the south shore of O'ahu. A general trend we noted was’ that much of the coastal flora of O'ahu has’ been displaced either by construction or possibly trampled to death by man and/or his machines (Tabata 1980, Degener 1932). Construction of the 1200 ft. long Sandy Beach parking lot in October 1931 made this beach more accessible to sightseers, fishermen, and bodysurfers, ath the expense of the removal of much of the valuable coastal flora found in this area (Clark 1977). To cite another example, on our most recent field trip to the Ka'ena Point lighthouse on November 13, 1986, we roughly estimated a two-thirds reduction in the number of '‘'ohai (Sesbania tomentosa Hook. & Arnott) plants on the Mokulé'ia side of the lighthouse, as compared to our expedition of February 11, 1985. Also noted were huge mounds of debris, with clam shells, unburned charcoal, beer cans, bottles, and a multitude of other items marking man's presence there. Therefore, with this in mind, I would like to introduce you to the present research being conducted on our native coastal flora communities of O'ahu at the Waikiki Aquariun. Cultural problems along with general growth characteristics are noted as well as successful propagation techniques. 28 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY PLANT LIST: 1) Achyranthes splendens Mart. ex Moq.- -no common name, Amaranthaceae, endemic Cultivation: Responds well to bi-weekly applications of a general fertilizer; high susceptibility to nematodes, i.e. root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) and reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) nematodes were isolated in the plant and soil samples sent to the University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension soil testing service. Oxamyl has been a successful nematicide. Propagation: Easily by cuttings using a plant hormone with misting. Source: Waikiki Aquariun. 2) Euphorbia skottsbergii Sherff- -koko, "akoko, Euphorbiaceae, endemic Cultivation: Does well in partial shade. Propagation: By seed, however, we have not been too successful in isolating the seeds before they drop off the plant. Source: Waimea Arboretun. 3) Capparis sandwichiana DC.- -capers, pua pilo, Capparidaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Grows well in soils high in sand and organic matter. Propagation: By cuttings ina 50/50 mix of peat moss and perlite. No success with seedling. Source: Pounders Beach. 4) Gossypium sandvicense Parl.- -ma'o, Hawaiian cotton, Malvaceae, endemic Cultivation: Very susceptible to a variety of pests such as aphids, scales, mealy bugs, and white flies. A regualr spraying program with Malathion is essential. Propagation: By seed. The hard, impervious seed coat should be broken to allow moisture in for germination. A knife can be used to cut the seed coat, but take care not to damage the seed embryo. No success with cuttings. Source: Ka'ena Point, Makapu'u, and Waikiki Aquariun. 5) Heliotropium anomalum Hook. & Arnott - -hinahina, beach heliotrope, Boraginaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Must be grown in beach sand. Grows best with organic matter near root zone or 4-5 inches below soil surface. More vigorous plant growth follows salt water applications to mimic the ocean spray. Propagation: By runners from the established mother plants rooted in sand under a mist system for two weeks. Very difficult to isolate the seeds because of its miniature size. Source: Makapu'u Beach Park and Waikiki Aquarium. VOLUME 26(2) 1987 29 6) Heliotropium curassavicum L. - -nena, Boraginaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Grows best in a porous soil containing high amounts of sand. Propagation: By see, scattering them over the _ soil surface. Deep seeding inhibits germination. Source: Sandy Beach and Waikiki Aquariun. 7) Impomoea brasiliensis (L.) Sweet - -pdohuehue, Convolvulaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Must be grown in a= porous soil in direct sunlight. Propagation: Horizontal cuttings root very easily in two weeks under mist. Source: Sandy Beach and Waikiki Aquariun. 8) Hibiscus saintjohnianus Roe- -St. John's Hibiscus, Malvaceae, endemic Cultivation: Slow grower susceptible to many insects such as aphids, mealy bugs, scales, and white flies. A regular spraying program with Malathion is essential. Propagation: Low percentage yield using cuttings. Must use a rooting hormone. Source: Lyon Arboretun. 9) Lipochaeta integrifolia (Nutt. ) A. Gray- -nehe, Asteraceae (Compositae), endemic Cultivation: Grows well in any type of soil that is well-drained. Propagation: From cuttings or runners, with rooting at the nodes. Source: Sandy Beach and Waikiki Aquarium. 10) Myporum sandwicense A. Gray- -naio, bastard sandalwood, Myoporaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Slow grower, somewhat susceptible to nematodes. Propagation: Slow germination by seeds, taking from six to fifteen months. Fruits must be harvested in the white succulent stage, and the fleshy skin peeled off. Source: Makapu'u, Ka'ena Point, and Waikiki Aquariun. 1) Nototrichium viride Hillebr.- -kulu'i, Amaranthaceae, endemic Cultivation: Vigorous grower with soil amendments’ and bi-monthly applications of a general fertilizer. Propagation: By cuttings with Hormex #1, put under mist £or three weeks. Seeds should take, however, more experimentation is needed. Source: Heidi Bornhorst and Waikiki Aquariun. 30 EWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANIC OC 12) Pandanus odoratissimus L.- -pthala, Pandanaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Grows well in any well-drained location with ample room to spread. Propagation: By seed. Source: Waikiki Aquariun. 13) Portulaca lutea Sol. ex G. Forster- -'ihi, Portulacaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Must be grown in beach sand. Does well with organic matter 4-5 inches below soil surface. Propagation: By seed, or cuttings placed in sand under mist. Source: Pounders Beach and Waikiki Aquarium. 14) Scaevola coriacea Nutt.- -naupaka, Goodeniaceae, endemic, rare. Cultivation: Initial slow grower. a Xs Propagation: By cuttings placed in a 50/50 peat moss and perlite soil mix under mist. Source: Heidi Bornhorst and Waikiki Aquariun. 15) Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.- -naupaka-kahakai, Goodeniaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Very hardy and aggressive grower. Applications of salt water to the plants’ produces internodal shortening and darker green foliage, resulting in a more compact and attractive hedge. Propagation: By cuttings, or by seed when fruit is in the white fleshy stage. Source: Waikiki Aquariun. 16) Sesbania tomentosa Hook. & Arnott- <-‘'ohai, Fabaceae (Leguminosae), endemic, rare Cultivation: Slow grower, very susceptible to nematodes. Oxamyl has been used to control nematodes. Propagation: Seeding, with an extremely low germination percentage. Source: Heidi Bornhorst. 17) Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.- -'akulikuli, Aizoasceae, indigenous Cultivation: Does best in sandy soils with a high percentage of organic matter, in full sun. Propagation: Runners from the mother plant. Source: Ala Wai Canal, Paik6 Beach Park, and Waikiki Aquariun. 18) Sida fallax Walp.- -trailing ‘ilima, Malvaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Vigorous grower. Must be in full sun to flower profusely. More nematode resistance than the cultivated upright-growing Sida fallax. Propagation: Germination from seeds in three to eight months. Low germination percentage. Source: Makapu'u and Waikiki Aquarium. VOLUME 26(2) 1987 3 19) Solanum nigrum L.- -pdépolo,Solanaceae, indigenous (?) Cultivation: Rapid growth from seedling to seed-bearer. Propogation: Germinates in eleven days planted near soil level. Source: Diamond Head lookout and Waikiki Aquariun. 20) Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.- -'auhuhu, Fabaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Requires an area protected from strong winds. Propogation: By seed. Source: Waikiki Aquariun. 21) Vigna marina (Burm.) Merr.- -nanea, beach pea, Fabaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Easily grown annuyal provided that there is an ample supply of water available. Propagation: By seed, germination in six days. Source: Waikiki Aquariun. 22) Vitex ovata Thunb.- -pdhinahina, Verbenaceae, indigenous Cultivation: Vigorous grower with irrigation. Propogation: Runners’ or seeds. More work needs to be done with seeding. Source: Waikiki Aquariun. 23) Wikstroemia uva-ursi A. Gray- -'akia, Thymelaeaceae, endemic Cultivation: Slow grower which does best in full sun. Responds well to applications of Hawaiian salt, producing more vigorous growth. Propagation: By seed. The red fleshy portion of the fruit should be peeled off. Germination is fairly uniform in 21 days. Also, cuttings may be used along with a rooting hormone. Source: Waikiki Aquariun. This introduction into the current research being conducted at the Waikiki Aquarium only touches upon the general aspects of our Hawaiian Coastal Flora studies. Detailed data has been omitted for simplification; with continued research I will provide more details on the cultivation and propagation of each plant in future writings. Many thanks to the following individuals for reviewing these materials and providing much-needed information, as well as support and encouragement needed to continue my research: Ray Tabata of the University Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program, Ken Nagata of Lyon Arboretum, Heidi Bornhorst from the Honolulu Zoo, David Miranda of Sunshine Nursery, and Daryl Imose from the Waikiki Aquariun. 32 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY REFERENCES Arrigoni, Edward. 1978. A Nature Walk to Ka'ena Point. Topgallant Publishing Co., Ltd., Honolulu. 159 pp. Clark, John R.K. 1977. The Beaches of O'ahu. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. 191 pp. Degener, Otto. 1930. Plants of Hawaii National Park. Edward Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, photo-lithoprint edition (1945) 314 Pp- Degener, Otto. 1932 et. seq. Flora Hawaiiensis. Privately published, 7 vols. Kimura, Bert Y. and Ken M. Nagata. 1980. Hawaii's Vanishing Flora. Oriental Publishing Co., Honolulu. 88 pp. Krauss, Beatrice H. 1974. Ethnobotany of Hawaii. Department of Botany, University of Hawaii. 248 pp. Lamb, Samuel H. 1981. Native Trees and Shrubs of the Hawaiian Islands. Sunstone Press, Santa Fe. 159 pp. Merlin, Mark D. 1980. Hawaiian Coastal Plants and Scenic Shorelines. Oriental Publishing Co., Honolulu. 68 pp. Neal, Marie cC. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bishop Museum Press, Special Publication 50. 924 pp. Tabata, Ray S. 1980. The native coastal plants of O'ahu, Hawai'i. Newslett. Hawaiian Bot. Soc. 19: 2-44 i ee 2 MICONIA CALVESCENS ON HAWAII Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), commonly called velvet tree, is a native of Mexico. It has now become firmly established in wet habitats on the island of Hawaii. The date of introduction is unknown but Carlsmith apparently planted it at Onomea. It became such a pest that he asked the 4H Club to eradicate it. They were not successful and the very small seeds have almost certainly been carried downslope in streams. The plant is being used as an ornamental in Hilo (from which it has already escaped) Ainaloa and Leilani Estates. It is also in the Hilo Botanic Garden. This weed should be eradicated as soon as possible to avoid our rain forest being overrun as has happened in Tahiti and Moorea. Joyce Davis P.O. Box 645 Volcano, HI 96785 VOLUME 26(2) 1987 33 CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENTS The New York Rainforest Alliance will sponsor a conference: UrToOpica Ll Rainforest: Interdependence and Responsibility" from October 16 - 18, 1987 at Hunter College, Lexington Avenue at 68th Street, New York City Noted economists, scientists, conservationists, and corporate representatives will gather to discuss the ways we in the developed world are connected to and dependent on the tropical forest environment, and actions that can be taken to preserve this environment for future generations. Keynote speakers include: Dr. Ghillean Prance, New York Botanical Garden Dr. Norman Myers, Environmental Consultant & Author Dr. Thomas Lovejoy, World Wildlife Fund Dr. Peter Raven, Missouri Botanical Garden Dr. Noel Brown, United Nations’ Environment Programme and over 40 others The registration fee for the three-day conference fee is $60.; to register or obtain further information, contact: New York Rainforest Alliance 320 Park Avenue, 30th floor New York, NY 10022 (212) 906-1694 2 WORKSHOP ON ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS CONSERVATION EDUCATION A workshop on island ecosystems conservation education, to be brought about through interaction of educators, interpreters, natural resource managers, researchers, administrators, and other groups, is_ scheduled for November 2-6, 1987 at Kilauea Military Camp in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. We are planning a poster session to run throughout the first 4 days of the workshop, and are soliciting materials relating to conservation education for display from agencies and others interested in sharing their materials. Please call Chuck Stone at (808) 967-8211 if you would like more information on this session. Because we are striving for participation and attendance from diverse affiliations, and because space will be severely limited, we are asking by way of this announcement for PRE-REGISTRATION of folks interested in attending. Write to: Research Scientist, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, P.O. Box 52, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718. Or, if you prefer, you may respond with a phone call to the office of the Research Scientist, (808) 967-8211. 34 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY POTENTIALLY INVASIVE PLANTS OF HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK Lani Stemmermann P.O. Box 308 Volcano, HI 96785 The disruptive impact of non-native plant species on the natural communities of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is one of the major concerns of park managers. Attempted eradication of certain taxa has proven costly and ineffective once populations are widespread. The objective of this report was to identify and locate populations which have not yet been considered serious pests, but which, because of habit, reproductive characteristics, or disruptive behavior elsewhere, may be of future concern. Between May and October 1985 the major roads through the Park and adjacent subdivisions, trails in the Kilauea region, the Park residence area and Kilauea Military Camp were surveyed. Plants listed in Fosberg (1975, Revised Check-list of Vascular Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, CPSU Tech. Report No. 5) with red, fleshy, sticky, or winged fruit or seeds, as well as those of viney habit have all been considered as potentially expansive. Plants were mapped, and specimens collected to augment the Park's herbarium when vouchers were not already in the collection. Park areas were more exhaustively surveyed than adjacent subdivisions which were only superficially examined, but which will continue to be a source for new potentially invasive species. The list of plants which were considered potentially invasive is attached (Table 1). Thirty nine species in 24 families were evaluated. Given an unlimited budget, the following species should be considered for eradication within the Park: Albizzia sp., Desmodium sp., 3) Fuchsia arborescens, 4) Gomphocarpus hysocarpus, 5) blooming ivy at Ainahou, 6) Paederia foetida--effectively treated by Oct. 1985, 7) Pittosporum undulatun, 8) Persea americana. The potentially most problematic, treatable species in areas immediately adjacent to the Park include: 1) Buddleja madagascariensis, 2) Senecio mikanoides. Two bird-dispersed species occur outside the Park which will likely eventually be a problem in the Park: 1) Clidemia hirta, 2) Clusia rosea. Populations which should be occasionally monitored include: Luculia gratissima, 2) Cortaderia sp., 3) Acacia at the Volcano Post Office. 4) Leptospermum sccoparium in Volcano Village and on Wright Rd. 1987 VOLUME 26(2 uT SATAeU OU *pequetd sem 4T ‘STTos yse dssp @ISUM SeeTe 9YQ JO uo peynqTtia4stp Auew ut Hbutpeeads ATTeanjzen *T, Temey uT UOTReASTS YHTY qe setoeds etoroy HutxTzZ uebozAtu ‘OTIOXS JO sseoons T[etTjUuejod sy sszeazaqsnt{t TneW uo sAIBSeIdg JoWeYTeM pue~ sACID S,iewsoy useMjeq s0TIIO UOTAXOULCTOW BToeoy 3SOg OUPDTOA Se poZTTeanjen au 3e pejuUetd oebuer TTeMeH UT ut BbutTpuedxe jou SPURTMOT OTSoW Atqeqoid ynq ‘oeuTA ‘peeidsoptm LSdd SW NOLILNGIYLSIG NOILWYACTISNOO I, IWMWH wYOd SNOSWda ‘eeaoeuqUueoW =- WOW ‘%SMOTTOJ se ore suotTAetAerzqqe Attwuey xAed qQnoybno2zyy peqjuetd ‘peeidssptma euederTey rzvou SPURTMOT x1ed uy pesadseptm NOILNALIaLSiId wad 9013 9913 OUTA LIGvH pod sunbet uMOIg pod eunbet spees pez 51 xo4 LIN T, TEMeH Dad BOY BTOeOW G OFT1 ‘ds BToeDY sotdoly aT yueSnNS poAds-YoetTq, sntaojzeoeid snaqy NID1uO ‘XTINWVA ‘saiogds *aeasoReTzAetTNnydorzos - yoOS ‘oeaoeHezztxes - xvs ‘eveoetqny - any ‘sescorsoy - sow ‘seeoez0dsojjtd - Lid ‘aeaoezHeuo - wNo ‘eveoeqazAW - LAN ‘eeooeuTSIAW - YAN ‘oeBOeZeMORSeTOW - IGN ‘eveodetTueHoT - SOT ‘aesoutTunbeyT - O77 ‘eeaoeraney - NWI ‘eeAezZTAIAND - LND ‘seouTMeEAD - WUD ‘/oeveoeubeselq”T - wg ‘aeqtsoduod - WOO ‘seesoetTTostTaded - dqvwo ‘eereoetTuoubtg - 5Iq ‘evaoepetdetosw - osw ‘eeooeTTeayw - Tuw ‘seeoery - wuw ‘evaoettostnby - now ‘eveoeroztw - ZIW “SATSPAUT ATTeTIUa I Od eze YOTYM HAV_ TRPUCTFIEN SBOUROTOA FTeEMeH OF QUsdOeCpe AO UT puNOJ squeTd HuTtAeMOTS uUst{tw “*T stqeL Table 1. which are potentially invasive. Alien flowering plants found in or adjacent to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Family abbreviations are as follows: AIZ - Aizoaceae, AQU - Aquifoliaceae, ARA - Araceae, ARL - Araliaceae, ACA - Acanthaceae, ASC - Asclepiadaceae, BIG - Bignoniaceae, CAP - Caprifoliaceae, COM - Compositae, ELA - Elaeagnaceae, GRA - Gramineae, GUT - Guttiferae, LAU - Lauraceae, LEG - Leguminosae, LOG - Loganiaceae, MEL - Melastomataceae, MYR - Myrsinaceae, MYT - Myrtaceae, ONA - Onagraceae, PIT - Pittosporaceae, ROS - Rosaceae, RUB - Rubiaceae, SCR - Scrophulariaceae. SAX - Saxifragaceae, SPECIES, FAMILY, ORIGIN FRUIT HABIT Abrus precatorius toxic vine “black-eyed susan" red LEG seeds Tropics Acacia sp. legume tree LEG pod 2 Acacia koa brown tree LEG legume Hawai'i pod PARK DISTRIBUTION HAWAI'I DISTRIBUTION REASONS FOR CONSIDERATION AS PEST Widespread in Park lowlands near Kalapana widespread, planted throughout Park Widespread, mesic lowlands in Hawaii Planted at the Volcano Post Office Naturally distributed on deep ash soils, not native in Vine, but probably not expanding in range Naturalized as Acacia melanoxylon between Hosmer's Grove_and Waikamoi Preserve on Maui illustrates the potential success of exotic, nitrogen fixing Acacia species at high elevation in Hawai'i. Spreading in many of the areas where it was planted. (@yoe aWNTOA— L86 SE NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 36 wotIy syAserOJ OTTH PUPTMOT N[NeN Of pee2zds ‘peZTTeAnqeNn 03 ATeXTI “spees -ostTe eTTAAeJ snoxzsunu SpueTst 2seyWO eoTeuer YITA SETrzz9eq qnq ‘nyeo, Kr108q Taw pesizedstp pata Attefoedsg - qnaus oe tdand BAATY VTWeptto *POOMUSTY ¥ MOTA UTeQUNOW "uoqsAnuL AeSU ‘dung OueoTOA se yons syser0j qe ‘obeTITA uTezr ojut Atqtssod OUPDTOA ‘uotsuedxe ut suotjetndod azeosebepey eTqezAsptTsuod jo Hut puedxe etqedeos ATHhutuses Atptde2z Ar19q euetTT but TMeads ATjuezeddy - eUuRTT MOTTAA *waTqoid e Rou janq ‘eucy OoTXeW *maeTqoid yonum jou ‘seore Aap PS fers Atqeqoid 3nq ‘SUTA ut peZTTeznjzeN @eSNnoH OUPDTOA SUTA oeTnsded susosseqnizs eUuTAeSY “AQT TTqeszedstp pueq azood "OoTeMeURPN °b°a Htq su MOTEeq a UZTA AZnq ‘sdez3 ‘seale PUPTMOT ‘peoy sizeqerzo pod act eHrzae{T swodoeq esau ouos UT UuOoWMOD yo uteyo 39213 osunbet ‘ds BTZZTqtW *SqUdA tleaqs Jo eoze AUDA ARtwutxorzd sy ut wes3s ¥ [Tez ATuo ‘AeTe rAeybTty “213 OOOT PoomMTepues qe eATtAins Aew MOTSq eaXeTem wots etsy ‘Ss pue ‘que{Td pueT[Mot °hb-a ‘seore sueutoseds YAW eve Attensn st stu PUBTMOT seuos ‘esnoH qn2ys Ai10q wATTOU OTTHn anq ‘a}Tnaz pey Uy peZTTeanjen OUBDTOA AeSU MOT pez CasStAS BEStprzv *pequetd e290uM . OAWH UT seare euy jo Auew ‘owt Huot 2 OAVWH UT Useq sey 3anq peoids Aew ‘QTInaz peaz-sHhuerz0 *pueTeeZ MON ABAO [Te setoeds snoushtput snozsunu ‘stu uo ofd ue dsey 3nd ‘peztTTeinjeu JON “SAT -onijzsep-AATunummos jou Atqeqoirid y3nq ‘ZOMOTZJ UT USUM snonotdsuoos ‘x21ed eu ut butTpeerzds ATquezeddy 1987 *3904 Aqzesu peztrTeazanjeu ATjuezedde jou anq ‘xreq syy Fo uoTtTjZoes euedeTtey epeaut ATTenjuUsAe TItTM ATOXTT ‘XtTeotqAydtda sousttTqeyse usqjo STUL VOLUME 26(2 *pepusumo0oe2r Hut1z10jzTuow pue butddem PeTTe,ep sz0u ‘eund uT Spuet peysezut qusoe(pe *TeTetenH ‘tnew ‘etny ‘ob eTtta OUBPDTOA *peztTeanqeu eq O23 UMOUX 3ON TequsueUIO ue AT Tensn *TequeMeUIO uoumos ‘Atptde2z HuTAow oq oOo sievodde ‘ruoy ¥ OTTH PULTAMOT uT peZTTeAnjeN °T, TEMeH uo eunNd pue “OHM pue esore BOUePTS9Yy ‘sqabH 2eON qniays uOTSTATpqns sseabh asinod jJToO9 dun{o UT paezeAT A TNO SHAeCT peoy dt1aqs eoy euNneW Ol OWI qiay = 39013 ednap ebue1ro0 poume ssountd e[ns -deo Apoom qus0s -TYyep ut spoes pea euTYo Sou esouued ABGASePBUOQAOD é°uww °S Wad usser6H sedued,, ‘ds BTASpe ACD -Zowy °N WOO STsusoonu StsdosioD “SOTDUI °M LOND nauetd yderzbo une, Besot BTSNToO Ardisia crispa "Hilo holly" MYR Ss. Asia Albizzia sp. LEG cd Asarina erubescens SCR Mexico Buddleja madagascariensis LOG Madagascar Clidemia hirta MEL Jamaica Clusia rosea “autograph plant" GUT W. Indies. Coreopsis nuecensis COM N. Amer. Cortaderia sp. "“pampas grass" GRA S. Am.? Cotoneaster pannosa ROS China red berry legume pod capsule yellow berry purple berry red seeds in dehi- scent woody cap- sule plumose awned orange drupe low near Volcano shrub House, specimens from Sandalwood trail & steam vent area tree Chain of Craters Road, below the big bend vine Volcano House liana - shrub = tree 2 herb KMC to Mauna Loa strip Road large cultivated in clump Golf Course grass subdivision shrub Near Hqts, Residence area and KMC. many of the areas in HAVO where planted. Naturalized in some lowland areas, e.g. Waiakea below 1000 ft. Common in some lowland areas, e.g. Nanawale. Naturalized in dry areas, Kona, but not a problen. Apparently rapidly expanding populations in Volcano village, at Volcano Dump, Mountain View & Glenwood. Especially ‘Oahu, but other islands also. Naturalized, lowland Hilo and Puna on Hawai'i. Naturalized in lowland Hilo & Kona, appears to be moving rapidly, common ornamental. Usually an ornamental Not known to be naturalized. Volcano village, Kula, Maui, Hualalai. gE Red fruit, but this is usually a lowland plant, and may survive at higher elev. only in the proximity of steam vents. These become large trees, but with poor dispersability. vine, but probably not much problen. Sprawling liana seemingly capable of considerable expansion, possibly into rain forests such as near Thurston. KLalOOS IWOINWLOd NWLIIWMWH YALLaTSMAN Bird dispersed berries with numerous fertile seeds. Likely to spread to Naulu forests from adjacent infested lands in Puna, more detailed mapping and monitoring recommended. This often establishes epiphytically, likely will eventually invade Kalapana section of the Park, but not apparently naturalized nearby yet. Apparently spreading in the Park, conspicuous when in flower, but probably not community-destruc- tive. Ze6t (z)9c AWNIOA Not naturalized, but keep an eye on this, numerous indigenous species all over New Zealand. Orange-red fruit, may spread but has been in HAVO a long time. Le NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 38 *yIeq UT severe Aap znoybno2zy eseerouT uo ATSeXTT 8% Spees pountd Aq speeids Attseqg *spatq Aq peeads ATOxAXTT AYInaz q3nq ‘peztTTeanjeu ATenz, uses AON *poezTTeanjeu ATenrzq4 uses zou 4nq ext T-eutA "SZOHOTYI esuep W10jJ ued STUL ‘°xHAed UT peeids ATeXTT TTTM *4Asot0jJ OjUuUT SASeUuUNI ¥ spsees Azzed ptnoo shop btd ‘2zaaemMoH *peor-jjo aez peeids jou Aew pue ‘HYI0M peozr Hutanp peerds ATexTTI "uoTQeIebsA qnios oj peezds Aew 4nq saeptspeozr o4 peqZoTAqysez swuses °n,ey pue eundg uy pezTTeanqeNn *TeQueuMeUIO ‘OBETITA OURPDTOA SHETTITA OURDTOA SHETTTA OURDTOA UT UOTIOSSASAUT Pu STTeWN 3% PU Tueuney punoire uotbher ayy ut butpeeazds eundg ‘peoy eTppes *Jzeseq ney ‘sounp-pues squtadjoog ‘peoy FTed PUTTTH *epore sousptse.2 ‘tt AmMH 2eoUu peoy edeosg” eolte soUsPTSoY “pore aoueptsel yAed F @SNoH OURDTOA usemMjeq pe zeotpeirs TT Amy ‘newtyund O03 TOoXeHeuesy soptspeor fyorerag OSTOAIXY qniays 9e13 TTeus qnios quep -UPDS qniys POTASW °S spees OSW pountd sndzeososhkud -AXTTS sndzesoyduoy OOTXOW Aii9q WNO yoretq SuseosSer0qae Ausety etsyuong STtyo XWVS euqueaIoeU AXOTAS eBTUOTTeOSsa eTSYV Ar19q W1d per BRET Tequn snubesTy é QUSUOT val AXOTAS ‘ds wntpouseg 1987 VOLUME 26(2 *ebuelr HuTZTTeazanjeu st JO Ano ATSXTT st OUBOTOA 3nq ‘spees pesiredstp-putm Alyseg "3INAzz pey ‘uot yetndod HutTpuedxs ynq ‘{TTeus ‘3TnNAZ pow *ABSotoydzow Atnpe ue to ‘ARSTAeCA Zetxes ‘aqeiredas e jUueserde2t esouy JT uMOoUX Jou ‘Teumz10OU UPA SAT SITAUS SACU YRIM squetd butzsmoty *uoqsanuL Aeeu punos sHhuTTpees pue ‘noyeuTtTyW 3e pue ‘OPEL TTA OURDTOA UT PeRdsTTOSO @I9M SABMOTI anq ‘szeMoTsZ Ajeazexr Kal *jZuepuNCe ATTeooT szojyarzsyy 9 ATSATIERISHSA soonpordsey euoy UT peZTTeanjeNn ° Kay OUPOTOA OF OTTH ‘JoYAeU STTW ST *OURDTOA ABAO Tle Tejusemeur0 *TeQUSMeUIO ‘OBETITA OUPDTOA TeAUeWeUIO ‘pore SsouSpT sey OW! *uoqsSANUL aesu punoj shut [pees @ ‘OWN ‘eoerze souaepTsSey AoeKue[q *saaby ‘verze soueptTselr spees 9elt3 PobutmM qniys Kiizeq qnays pez SUTA But Arlzaq AOeTA qniaus quSep -ueos oatnsdes Ttzeaq D1d BT [OFT noe Bpuedeory c Now ‘ds XdTI é Now ‘ds XOTI etseand TUw wXAT yy XT[Toyu btopen “N wos eSOtoeds 39qQ9H Desmodium sp. LEG ? Eleagnus umbellata ELA Asia Escallonia macrantha Fuchsia arborescens ONA Mexico Gomphocarpus physocarpus ASC S. Africa Hebe speciosa SCR N. Zealand Hedera helix " ivy" ARL Eurasia Ilex sp. AQU ie Ilex sp. AQU ? Jacaranda acutifolia BIG Brazil sticky vine loment red shrub berry sticky scan- dent scrub fleshy small black tree berry silky- shrub plumed seeds capsule scan- dent shrub black berry ing vine red shrub berry shrub winged tree seeds Exercise track, roadsides Keanakakoi to Hwy Puhimau, 11 eradicated between Volcano House & Park residence area. Residence area Escape Road near Hwy 11, residence area. Hilina Pali Road, Footprints sand-dunes, Kau Desert. residence area, blanket Residence area, KMC, seedlings found near Thurston. Residence area, ornamental Hqtrs. 2 Saddle Road, Puna Spreading in the region around Haunani Rd & Maile Rd intersection in Volcano Village Volcano Village Volcano village, ornamental. Naturalized in Puna and Ka'u. Volcano village, ornamental. Ornamental all over Volcano. 18 mile marker, Hilo to Volcano Hwy. Naturalized in Kona Seems restricted to roadsides but may spread to scrub vegetation. Likely spread during road work, and may not spread far off-road. However, pig dogs could carry seeds & runners into forest. Will likely spread in Park. This can form dense thickets. Vine-like but not seen truely naturalized. Not seen truely naturalized, but fruit likely spread by birds. Easily spreads by plumed seeds & likely on increase throughout dry areas in Park. Reproduces vegetatively & therefore locally abundant. Ivy rarely flowers, but flowers were collected in Volcano village, and at Ainahou, and seedlings found near Thurston. Flowering plants with more entire lvs than normal, not known if those represent a separate, sexier variety, or an adult morphology. Red fruit, small, but expanding population. Red fruit. Easily wind-dispersed secds, but voloano is likely out of its naturalizing range. AiLalOOS IVOINVLOd NVIIWMYH UaALLAISMAN Z86t (2)9e AWNIOA 6Ee NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 40 *peerads ATTsee AION ia Ko) 5 Io pejuetd e2z0M seetq uo AsANUL euy JF uTeAZzASsoOUNn *peszedstp Attsee ez0yerz9sy A pue ‘pebutm se peqtzosep erie Spees SUL *xred ut TOI}ZUOD OF uowmlos COOL “SUuTA HutyzexueTq e oq ued styuq ATTeROOT qnq ‘3TnzZ SsTyy uses ABASU SAPY I *uoT{ANGTAASTp TTOEMPH-P1I4x9 uo peseq ‘stu 28A0 UTBDUCD pesserzdxe ATTeqzea eAeU STBUehHseq *seqTsS peurng ATquele1 SaZTUOTOO 3F puerTesz MeN UI ‘“spses pesizsedstp-putm Attseqg *esnoyqnto esinod JIOD 1eeN *oHeTITA OUBDTOA ‘Tequemeuto *poquetd SIZUM AePS8U peztTeanjeu Atuo ‘eHelttta OURDTOA *Apoom eq OF UMOUX FON "pu 3UuHTIM F SHELTTA OURDTOA TeqUuSemMeUrO °T, PHOTON ‘nyeo, ‘pozTTeanjen UOTSTATG ° UW sooinossy dNAH /M ®eTTZ uo (S86T) ASHeszTUM “oqnL PACT UO RSANUL ‘asnoy OURDTOA APON yxaAed yo uotbe2z eonetty ut ‘eere souepTsela uy snojztnbtqn esnouqnto esinoo ‘esnoH OURDTOA pue om ‘eeze souSspTssy 3 TOD qzaey setnsdeod 3013 specs TTeus pobutm Arz19q AORTA SUTA ‘erelr q2zey spees aur0Sg -iTe 9013 TTeus (re ogT ‘ds sufdny eTSyY ‘S ana BUTSStqjeab BTTNonyT eIsw dWo weTXons Asuoy,, eoTuodeL BAISSTUOT eoTaAsY °S ZIW uF TINYFTNAe ‘quetd 3oT~, Sanjearsuoptp snyqueaduey pueTtesz °N LAW wexHnuew,, wntazedoos wunutedso jdey 1987 VOLUME 26(2 *sobedetey uT watTqoid aisass ‘s2z0saho ue Ssmooeq ues 37T ‘eatTsserbHbbe oq JSASU [TTA sSTuy yHnouA pue ‘sjuebe Tesisdstp seuy ete shtd pue uen *waTqoid 2 eq 03 ATOEXFT ION “L£86T UT qUeserzd TTT38S sqQuetd *peT[To1r3Uu05 Hhuteq ynq ‘eoie soUepTSselr worzy Hhutpeerzds ‘shop btd uo spses q0em Aq sqser0jJ 03 peeids oq ptnos *SpueTMOT uyt peesrdseptm *peztTTeinqjeu siouw jou ere ssoyy AYM utetTdxs o3 3INOTIJFJTPD ‘sposes peszedstp Attseg *atdood Aq pepzeostp useq eAeYy Sspees SISYUM ABVSQUNTOA snoqytnbtqn TeAUsMeUIO TeuoTsed00 *TequeMeUrO SHETITA OURSTOA *TTeEMeH qZnojYybno1zy4 soinased eM UT esUed *sqser0jJ PUP TMOT ‘qom Auew ut SUTA HuTAexuetg peztTeanjen *OURDTOA ‘TequsweUIrO okt) ‘uoqsanul ‘TFelAL *qQseaoqd ‘asnoy OUPDTOA ‘ntnend exndty ‘sooetd Hutyazed pue otuotd ‘saouseptsey MOTeq ee13 THeazy PpoomMTepures SUTA °(S86T) A9VACOITUM ‘eore soueptse12 ‘asnouqnto @esanod JToOD 9913 sse1ib yYOeIQ snoz9sjt BSTOASXY -uoTo 4s ‘newtyng itreu peoy szeqeao jo utTeuo SUTA = 9013 ednip Aysets SHIeT Ce @ =P ¢ Sspeos poz YQTA etTnsdeo abueizo poses sse1b SATT -Xi19q pesiod -STp PUTM TTeus Uy: ° aor) AWT wODBDOAR,, eueoTaouwe esSiod é WaW ‘ds WoipuspottTud eTTeaqsny Lid un je Tnpun wnizodso j3atd PT120M PTO Wad nSSeib oXeUTEeM, Ssuedezt wnotueg etsw ‘Ss any wne{ttd aTtteu, Spt ioos Vtatopoeg eT Teaqsny LAW wXazeq Arzoded,, ‘dds POnNdSTeTON Leptospermum scoparium "manuka" MYT N. Lampranthus glomeraturs "ice plant, akulikuli" AIZ Ss. Africa Lonicera japonica "honey suckle" CAP Asia Luculia gratissima RUB sS. Asia Lupine sp. LEG ? Melaleuca spp. “paper bark" MYT Australia Paederia foetida "maile pilau" RUB S. Asia Panicum repens “Wainako grass" GRA Old World Pittosporum undulatum PIT Australia dlodendron sp. ARA ? Persea americana "avocado" LAU Trop. An. zealand small air- borne seeds rare, black berry winged seeds capsule small wind dis- persed berry- like grass seed orange capsule with red seeds rare large fleshy drupe tree herb vine small tree herb tree vine stolon- iferous grass tree vine tree Residence area, KMC and Volcano House, Course Clubhouse Golf Ubiquitous in residence area, in Kilauea region of Park Near Volcano House, Thurston Lava Tube. Whiteaker (1985) on file w/ HVNP Resources Mmt. Division Chain of Craters Road near Puhimau. Exercise track Golf Course Clubhouse, residence area, Whiteaker (1985). Sandalwood trail Residences, picnic and parking places, Kipuka Puaulu, Volcano House, Devast. Trail, Thurston, etc. below Naturalized, ‘Oahu, Moloka'i. Ornamental Volcano Village & Wright Rd. Not known to be weedy. Volcano Village, only naturalized near where planted. Ornamental, Volcano village. Near Golf Course Clubhouse. Ornamental, Volcano. Naturalized Blanketing vine in many wet, lowland forests. Dense in wet pastures throughtout Hawaii. Volcano Village ornamental. Occasional ornamental Ubiquitous volunteer where seeds have been discarded by people. Easily wind-dispersed seeds. In New Zealand it colonizes recently burned sites. Degeners have verbally expressed concern over this, based on extra-Hawaili distribution. I have never seen this fruit, but locally this can be a blanketing vine. Too common to control in Park. The seeds are described as winged, and therefore easily dispersed. Uncertain if the Thurston trees were planted or not. Not easily spread. Easily dispersed seeds, difficult to explain why these are not more naturalized. Widespread in lowlands. Could be spread to forests by wet seeds on pig dogs. Spreading from residence area, but being controlled. Plants still present in 1987. Not likely to be a problen. Man and pigs are the dispersal agents, and though this will never be aggressive, it can become an eyesore. problem in Galapagos. Severe OV RLAIOOS IWOINWLOd NVIIWMVH UALLATSMAN @)92 AWNIOA LB6T Ty Pyracantha spp. ROS China Senecio mikanoides COM S. Africa Thunbergia alata ACA Trop. Africa Thunbergia fragrans ACA India Wisteria sinensis LEG China red drupe plumed seeds 4-seeded capsule legume pod pink fruit shrub vine vine vine vine shrub Abundant in Golf Course Subdivisions, scattered throughout Park. Near hula platform, Art Center. Loqgez driveway Naturalized, Volcano, Kula Volcano Village, small population. Large populations, Mauna Kea, Kona. Ornamental, Haunani & Hwy 11, & Golf Cc. Subdiv. Ubiquitous, lowland Puna and Hilo, weedy. Volcano to Hilo, ornamental. Not known elsewhere, H. Clay & H. St. John did not know this. Red, bird dispersed fruit, pasture pest. Easily spread once established. Vine, but probably not easily dispersed. Seems restricted to disturbed sites, probably not easily dispersed. Though a strong tall climbing vine, I have not seen this set seed. Pink, possibly bird dispersed fruit. cy RLAIOOS IWOINVLOd NVIIVMWH WALLAISMaN NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 42 “PNA pesizedstp patq Atqtssod ‘yxutd ‘poses 38S STU Uses Zou sAey I ‘SUTA Hutqut{To [Te Huoz3s e ybnouyz *pesizedstp Attsee jou Atqeqoid ‘saqyts peqan3zstp of peqotzzsezr suses *pesizedstp Attsee jou Atqeqoid ynq ‘outa “peustTqeyse eouo peerads ATTtseqg *4ased sanqsed ‘3Tnzjy peszsdstp PATq ‘poy *sTyy MOUY 30u prp uyor "3s °H ¥ AeTO ‘H ‘ezraUMeSTS UMOUXY JON *TequeMeUIO ‘OTTH 02 OUPDTOA *Apoom ‘OTTH pue euNd PUPTMOT ‘snoqtnbtqn *ATpPQCnNS “2 Z1CD"3 “IT AmH ¥ TUueUNeH ‘TequeMeUurO *PUuOoy ‘eoy eunen ‘suotqertndod ehbrzeq “uot ye [ndod TTeus ‘ebertita OURSTOA e[Tny ‘OuUePDTOA ‘pezTTeAnjeNn Aemoatip zeboy *19qUsapD qay ‘wiosjetd eTny AePON *xAed gnoubnezy3 po1944eoSs ‘SUOTSTATPANS @eSAnod JTOS uT QUepUNnqW qnays OUTA OUTA OUTA OUTA qniys 4atnagz yutd pod eunbaet @eTnsdeo pepses-p spoes poeuntd edn1ip por é c uMOUXUN eUuTUOD odT STSUSUTS BTA9QSTM eT pul WOW Sueabeas eT baiequnys POTAIY "dol, Wov Bete etThbxzequnyy, BOTASW ‘S WOO SepTouexTW OTOsUSS eUuTUO SOu ‘dds PuqUeOeITAg VOLUME 26(2) 1987 43 HAWAII BOTANICAL SOCIETY Report of the Treasurer December 1, 1985 -—- November 30, 1986 Receipts: Dues S724.75 Life Memberships 300.00 Gifts 5.00 Interest 1106.24 $2,135.99 Expenditures: Postage $ 246.64 Newsletter Publication 573.56 Science Fair Prizes 215.00 Reproduction Costs 38.84 oO 04 Cash Flow: $1,061.95 Net Worth of Society: December 1, 1985 $18,679.88 Change: Dec.1 - Nov.30, 1986 1061595 November 30, 1986 LOS 741283 Bank Balances: Honolulu Federal S & L - Checking Account Balance Dec.1, 1985 $2,988.23 Balance Nov. 30, 1986 $3,092.49 S$ 104.26 First Federal S & L — Account #111764 Balance Dec.1l, 1985 519.60 Balance Nov.30, 1986 S513) oD rae Be First Federal S & L - Account #C-718689 Balance Dec.1, 1985 25,272.05 Balance Nov.30, 1986 16,098.03 925.98 Bank Balances Nov.30, 1986 19,741.83 Change in Balances Dec.1, 1985 - Nov.30, 1986 $1,061.95 44 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY STATUS OF ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PLANTS July 1, 1987 Derral Herbst US Fish & Wildlife Service 300 Ala Moana Blvd #6307 Honolulu, HI 96813 Taxa listed as endangered: Vicia menziesii Spreng. Haplostachys haplostachya var. angustifolia (Sherff) St. John Stenogyne angustifolia Gray var. angustifolia Lipochaeta venosa Sherff Kokia cookei Deg, Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kalaeloana Sherff Panicum carteri Hosaka Bidens cuneata Sherff Schiedea adamantis St. John Gouania hillebrandii Oliver Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewt. Gardenia brighamii Mann Achyranthes rotundata (Hbd.) St. John Argyroxiphium sandwicense var. sandwicense (DC.) Hbd. Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense Rock Hibiscadelphus distans Bishop & Herbst Abutilon menziesii Seen. Mezoneuron kavaiense (Mann) Hbd. Scaevola coriacea Nutt. Taxa presently being reviewed by Washington, D.C. office as candidate endangered species: Remya mauiensis Hbd. Cyanea superba (Cham.) Gray Geranium arboreum Gray Wilkesia hobdyi St. John Historic Distribution: Hawai'i Hawai'i Hawai'i Hawai'i Moloka!i O'ahu O'ahu O'ahu O'ahu Maui Hawai'i O'ahu Moloka'i Lana'i Maui Hawai'i O'ahu Hawai'i Lana'i Kaua'i Hawai'i Lana'i Kaua'i O'ahu Maui Hawai'i Maui O'ahu Kaua'i Lana!i Ni'ihau Moloka'i Hawai'i Maui O'ahu Maui Kaua'i VOLUME 26(2) 1987 45 Taxa with completed status surveys: Adenophorus periens Bishop O'ahu Maui Lana'i Moloka'i Hawai'i Munroidendron racemosum (Forbes) Sherff Kaua'i Dubautia herbstobatae Carr O'ahu Dubautia latifolia (Gray) Keck Kaua'i Drypetes phyllanthoides (Rock) Sherff Kaua'i O'ahu Moloka'i Maui Hawai'i Brighamia spp. Kaua'i Ni'ihau Maui Moloka'i Taxa with completed status surveys (cont'd): Alectryon macrococcum Radlk. Moloka'i Maui Kaua'i Isodendrion hosakae St. John Hawai'i i i ef GARDEN CLUB ANNOUNCEMENT The Garden Club of Honolulu will be presenting a Symposium: SAVE HAWAII'S NATIVE PLANTS, NOW OR NEVER. The Symposium will open at the Honolulu Academy of Arts on Sunday, October 18, 1987. Registration begins at 3:30 p.m. The program runs from 4 to 6p.m. and is free of charge. On Monday, registration is ac. 8:15 - a.m. The program will start at 9 a.m. An open discussion between the speakers and the audience will begin at 2:25 p.m. with the program ending at 3 p.m. A ten dollar ($10.00) registration fee will be collected for Monday's session which includes lunch. For further information call the Garden Club at 988-7533. 46 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCTETY BOOK REVIEW MAMMALS IN HAWAI'I; A SYNOPSIS AND NOTATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. SECOND EDITION. BISHOP MUSEUM SPECIAL PUBLICATION 76. BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS, HONOLULU. 375 pp. P.Q. TOMICH. 1986. $42.95. This welcome revision of the standard reference on mammals in Hawai'i comes to us 16 years after the 238-page initial version. The topics of the revised volume remain the same, but there are important differences in emphasis. Most notable is the expanded treatment of marine mammals (about 12% vs 5% of the earlier content). The annotated bibliography of 1,500 entries comprises about 43% of the book (vs 36% previously). It is indicative of the author's wide range of interests but not necessarily directly related to Hawaiian mammals. Species accounts are about the same percentage of the book as in the initial edition (41% vs 43%). The introduction, a checklist, an index, anda section on perspectives in Hawaiian mammalogy, make up the rest of the volume. The mammals of Hawai'i now include 1 volant (the Hawaiian bat), 2 marine littoral species (the northern elephant seal from Midway Islands has been added), 22 pelagic mammals (whales), and 19 terrestrial species, for a total of 44. The 19 terrestrial species were all brought to Hawai'i by the hand of man, so it is appropriate that the book treats strongly of native species which have been reduced because of the introductions and of conservation of the remaining species. The author's final paragraph in the introduction to the book deals passionately with Hawaiian environments today and should be read by legislators, teachers, bureaucrats, developers, conservationists, and all who make decisions by default or ignorance. Elsewhere (p.190), the view of mankind becomes fatalistic: "It is the nature of man to exploit his surroundings for economic or other gain, to ignore wisdom of the past, and to fail to recognize the extreme vulnerability to disturbance that is characteristic of island biotic communities." I would rather hope that the dedication, scholarship, and efforts in communication and conservation by individuals such as Quentin Tomich will eventually prove Hawai'i to be an example of how things can be done with future generations in mind. The book is attractively presented with a range of fair to excellent black and white photographs scattered throughout, a map of the Hawaiian chain (p. 172-173), and sketches of whales (with a petroglyph man for scale) in the front and back. I was pleased to see that the author adopted the word "alien" in this edition, rather than sticking to "exotic" as in the first edition. It is appropriately a much more negative term. However, I wish that the use of Hawaiian names for introduced species (p.170-171) could be discontinued. Alien species do not belong with things Hawaiian, even words. The detailed treatment of many topics, especially in the species accounts, VOLUME 26(2 1987 47 makes it difficult for less interested readers to quickly extract general information. Other sources for this level of knowledge (e.g. van Riper and van Riper 1982) would make a good companion to the more comprehensive effort. The most recent reference I found in the book was a 1984 paper. Unfortunately, the time involved in the mechanics of publication and the considerable research and management activity in Hawai'i at present, has resulted in some species treatments being less up to date than others. Specifically, the information on pigs, goats, rats, and mongooses is not as complete as it might have been. References to efforts by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nature Conservancy, the National Park Service, and the State of Hawai'i could have received more emphasis; they show that progress, although slow, is occurring. Theses on pigs and goats were produced in 1983 and 1984 and a number of other references and accomplishments from these years and beyond should be included in the next revision. Part of the hope for the future in Hawai'i is certainly the current emphasis on alien mammal reserach and Management and the success of these efforts in natural areas. The blend of history, mammalogy, Hawaiiana, and conservation, together with the scholarship make the book a wealth of information Lor the educated layperson, scientist, land Manager, and educator. Quentin Tomich's book should stand for years as a definitive reference to mammals in Hawai'i and an important source of conservation history for those who wish to learn and to avoid the mistakes of the past. Charles P. Stone July 20, 1987 NEWLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 1987/1 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 10th St. and Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 VOLUME 26(3) NOVEMBER 1987 (pnten ts HAWAII'S ENDEMIC RUST FUNGI by Donald E. Gardner....... 53 RECENT FINDS FROM O'AHU by Jonn: Ke (Obata xii cee Oieie ee ne 57 I SPONTANEOUS SPREAD OF ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA (MARATTIALES) IN THE CENTRAL KO'OLAU MOUNTAINS, O'AHU, HAWAI'I by Evangeline na eae OE ata seine a ee eT 1 eee 58 THERE ARE ALIENS AMONG THE ALGAE, TOO--OR LIMU MALIHINI by Isabella A. ADD OCR eres ooo Wore e oe aod eye eee secre e 60 CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENTS ~- HYDROPONIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA... 59 - RESTORING THE EARTH 1988........ 63 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1986... ececeveee oy *K Published by the Hawatian Botanical Soctety, which was founded itn 1924 to "advance the sectence of botany inal tts applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the sptrtt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawatian Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. 50 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1986 President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Executive Council Rylan N. S. Yee, Data House Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Christa Russell, The Nature Conservancy Hawaii William Bush, retired Donald P. Gowing, Bishop Museum Dan Palmer, University of Hawaii Clifford W. Smith, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair: Native Plants: Donald P. Gowing, Chair Clyde Imada, Chair Clifford Smith, Editor Elizabeth Powell, Chair Art Medeiros, Maui William Brostoff Ryan N.S. Yee Clifford Smith, Chair Ken Nagata Evangeline Funk John Obata Art Medeiros, Maui VOLUME 26(3) 1987 ah ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1986 Ninteen eighty-six marked the 62nd year of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. The officers were: President- Jane Lewis Vice-president- Rylan Yee Secretary- Christa Russell Treasurer- Derral Herbst Directors- Evangeline Funk Dan Palmer Isabella Abbott The 1986 Society meetings were held at the Makiki Park Arts building. The highlights of Society business this year included: A constitutional amendment to allow the President or Vice- president to succeed himself or herself in office was approved. This amendment will allow the Society officers to sit for several years so that their experience can be effectively utilized. The Society membership list was computerized on the Bishop Museum's herbarium Wang word processor. Society members approved a resolution for a joint management agreement between The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i and the Hawaiian Botanical Society to provide volunteer labor and scientific expertise for the protection of Marsilea villosa at Koko Head crater. A document proposing this species as an endangered species is in near final form. Society members voted down a resolution to offer a reward for information leading to the capture and arrest of the person or persons who set the fire at Pu'uwa'awa'a, Kona Coast, Hawaii. It appears that the fire which destroyed several very rare plants had been deliberately set in three places along the road. Dr. Cary Miller who passed away in 1985 left approximately $12,000 to the Botanical Society. The executive board proposed that these monies be combined with the Marie Neal funds. This proposal was approved effective in January l, 1987. President Lewis vacated the Society presidency in June to pursue graduate research in China. Vice-president Yee presided over the remaining Society meetings. March and November were plant donation months. D2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Seven projects in the 1986 Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair received awards from the Botanical Society. The Society has adopted an aggressive policy of supporting the fairs aS one means of encouraging school teachers and students to work with plants. It is hoped that they will become interested in our native flora and participate in our efforts to save our island heritage. Three Botanical Society Newsletters, Vol. 25, p. 1-120 were produced in 1986. Speakers of the Month for 1986 were: January- No meeting February- Dr. Gerald Carr (University of Hawaii, Botany Department) : "Everything you always wanted to know about silverswords but were afraid to ask because you knew he would go on, and on, and on." March- Dr. Wayne Gagne (Education Department, Bishop Museum) : "Feral pigs, wallows and digs: the impact of feral pigs on the Hawaiian environment." April- Dr. Bill Magruder (Botany Department, Bishop Museum): "The sex life of a red alga." May- Ms. Audrey Newman (The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii): "The Hawaii Heritage Program of the Nature Conservancy." June- Ms. Faith Roelofs (Hawaii Nature Center): "It's science, isn't it?" October- Mr. Ken Nagata (Lyon Arboretum): "Ethnobotany of — Nepal." November- Dr. Mark Merlin (University of Hawaii, General Science Department) : "Plants of the Southern Cook Islands." December- Mr. Rylan Yee (Botany Department, Bishop Museum) ;: "Gardens in time - Bishop Museum's contribution to botanical education." VOLUME 26(3) 1987 ad a3 HAWAII'S ENDEMIC RUST FUNGI Donald E. Gardner CPSU/UH Botany Department University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 In his definitive publication of "Hawaiian Fungi" as a Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin, F. L. Stevens attempted to list and annotate all native and non-native fungi known in Hawaii at that time (Stevens, 1925). Although this work has been updated considerably, "Hawaiian Fungi" remains the basic historic reference for mycological investigations in Hawaii. Among the groups to which Stevens devoted particular attention were the rust fungi (Uredinales). Of this distinctive order of obligate parasites Stevens stated: "The scant number of rusts as compared with those to be found in the Continental sub-tropics or sub-tropical continental islands is striking." A table with numerical comparisons of rusts known in Hawaii with those of Puerto Rico, Indiana, and Wisconsin, regions with which Stevens was also familiar, was included to illustrate this conclusion. Stevens continued tere believe...that the above comparisons are legitimate and that the conclusion is forced that the scarcity of rusts is due solely to the geographic isolation of the Hawaiian islands which lie more than 1,000 miles from any considerable land body" (Stevens, 1925). Stevens also noted the scarcity of aecial spore stages among the rusts that were present in Hawaii, an observation that I have substantiated in my own more recent studies. Since the spermogonial-aecial host of heteroecious rusts is usually taxonomically unrelated to the uredinial-telial host, the occurrence of both hosts of introduced rusts in Hawaii would be coincidental. Most rust fungi may perpetuate themselves by reinfection with the uredinial, or repeating, stage, thus surviving indefinitely in the absence of an aecial host. To the extent that their life cycles are presently understood, no endemic rusts are known to be either heteroecious or macrocyclic. Stevens listed each rust fungus according to its presumed endemic, indigenous, or recent introduction and the probable general world region of origin (i.e., American, western, Far Eastern). The rusts listed as endemic were as follows: Puccinia oahuensis E. & E. on Syntherisma pruriens (Trin... Arthur Puccinia velata (E. & E.) Arth. on Euphorbia multiformis H. & A. Pucciniastrum wikstroemiae Arth. on Wikstroemia uva-ursi Gray (akia) Uredo hawaiiensis Arth. on Carex oahuensis C. A. Mey. ex Hbd. 54 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Uredo stevensii Arth. on Euphorbia clusiaefolia H. & A. Uromyces alyxiae Arth. on Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud. (maile) Uromyces koae Arth. on Acacia koa Gray (koa) An additional species, Puccinia polygoni-amphibii Pers., was designated endemic in Stevens' table but this species is well known elsewhere. This designation is probably a misprint, since ayy) his annotation Stevens' understanding of the introduced status of this species is made clear (Stevens, 1925:123). Of the original list, we have found the rust described as Uromyces koae [now Atelocauda koae (Arth.) Cumm. & Hirat. (Cummins and Hiratsuka, 1983)] to actually represent a complex of species, all occurring on endemic Acacia hosts. We redescribed Uromyces koae itself as a demicyclic species (Hodges and Gardner, 1984). Within this complex, a new genus of endocyclic rusts (a rare form in which the teliospore morphologically resembles an aeciospore), Endoraecium Hodges & Gardner, was described (Hodges and Gardner, 1984; Gardner and Hodges, 1985). We found another species, Atelocauda (=Uromyces) digitata (Wint.) Cumm. & Hirat., a rust formerly confused with A. koae and therefore not recognized by Stevens as a distinct species. Atelocauda digitata is known from Australia and New Zealand, although possibly in a demicyclic form: We consider A. digitata to be indigenous to Hawaii, where it occurs in both macrocyclic and microcyclic forms. The microcyclic form, in particular, is sufficiently distinct from the Australian form that this rust might be considered a separate, endemic Hawaiian species in future evaluations of these fungi (Hodges and Gardner, 1984). Pucciniastrum wikstroemiae to my knowledge had not been reported since Stevens' observations, until I recently found this rust on Wikstroemia oahuensis (Gray) Rock in the Waianae Mountains. Critical examination of fresh material, and comparison with original herbarium specimens at the Arthur Herbarium of Purdue University have indicated this rust to be a species Of Melampsora rather than Pucciniastrum. Furthermore, dete resembles a Melampsora sp. reported on Wikstroemia hosts in Japan, Taiwan, and India. While this affinity is still under investigation, it is probable that P. wikstroemiae can no longer be considered an endemic rust. Puccinia oahuensis, the only rust originally considered endemic occurring on a non-endemic host, more recently has been combined with species from other localities. According to the present, expanded concept of P. oahuensis, which is common on Digitaria spp. (crabgrass) in Hawaii, this species is circumglobal in distribution (Cummins, 1943). Puccinia velata recently has been critically evaluated (Hennen and Hodges, 1981), with the conclusion that this species should be renamed Puccinia levata Hennen & Hodges and VOLUME 26(3) 1987 55 redescribed. Puccinia levata is currently considered to occur in Mexico as well as in Hawaii (Hennen and Hodges, 1981). It is interesting that even though Stevens apparently considered P. velata an endemic rust, he referred to Mexican material of this species (Stevens, 1925:124), leading to some confusion concerning his actual concept of this rust. Hennen and Hodges (1981) also described Puccinia vitata Hennen & Hodges, a rust apparently overlooked by Stevens, as a new species on Euphorbia olowaluana Sherff var. gracilis (Rock) Sherff. Furthermore, these authors (1981) reexamined Uredo stevensii, of which only aé_e single, meager herbarium specimen exists at Bishop Museum. However, I have examined this specimen and have found no reason to dispute its endemic status at present. Like U. stevensii, Puccinia molokaiensis Cumm. on Carex sp. (Cummins, 1937) is apparently rare and is known only from herbarium material. This rust must also have escaped Stevens' knowledge. The possibility exists that critical reexamination of fresh material, if such can be found, will lead to redefinition of these species in the future. It is unfortunate that the host species of Carex for P. molokaiensis appears not to have been determined (Cummins, 1937). As is indicated by the foregoing, the rust fungi of Hawaii, and endemic rusts in particular, had not received critical attention as a group since Stevens! time until my own investigations, some of which were conducted in collaboration with Dr. Charles S. Hodges of the USDA Forest Service. Dr. Joe F. Hennen, of the Arthur Herbarium of Rust Fungi at Purdue University, has also contributed. As a result of these investigations, the following nine rust species are currently recognized as endemic to Hawaii: Atelocauda koae on Acacia koa var. koa and A. koa var. latifolia (Benth.) St. John Endoraecium acaciae Hodges & Gardner on Acacia koa var. koa and A. koaia Hbd. Endoraecium hawaiiense Hodges & Gardner on Acacia koa var. koa and A. koa var. waianaiensis St. John Puccinia molokaiensis Puccinia vitata Uredo hawaiiensis on Carex wahuensis C. A. Mey. Uredo stevensii Uromyces alyxiae A new, still undescribed rust on Coprosma rhyncocarpa It is notable that of the nine currently recognized endemic rusts, three are closely related species on endemic Acacia hosts. These, together with the macro- and microcyclic variants of Atelocauda digitata, also Acacia rusts, appear to be in a state of adaptive radiation, with A. digitata from Australia or New Zealand considered to be the original colonizing species. This may be the first example of adaptive 56 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY radiation recognized among the fungi in Hawaii. Recently I have conducted a study to determine teliospore germination characteristics and elucidate the life cycle of Uromyces alyxiae. Although I was unable to demonstrate reinfection of maile, for the present U. alyxiae is considered a microcyclic rust with a single spore stage (Gardner, in press). I have also collected fresh material of Uredo hawaiiensis and reaffirmed the validity of this’ species. Investigation of the cCoprosma rust is currently in progress; however, there is little present doubt that it is endemic. I do not wish to imply by listing the known endemic rusts of Hawaii that the list is considered complete. The small number of species may well reflect, at least to some degree, the lack of attention given by naturalists to native microorganisms, including fungi, relative to that devoted to higher plants and birds. Our recent (1986) discovery of the rust on Coprosma illustrates this point. This rust was found on trees adjacent to the Kipuka Puaulu (Bird Park) trail, perhaps the most frequently used nature trail in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Although I have been able to readily observe (and collect) the rust without leaving the trail, it had been apparently overlooked previously. Future additions to the endemic rust flora therefore appear likely. Literature Cited Cummins, G. B. 1937. Descriptions of tropical rusts. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 64:39-44. Cummins, G. B. 1943. Descriptions of tropical rusts - VI. Bull. Torr. Bot, Club’ 70;3517=-530- Cummins, G. B., and Y. Hiratsuka. 1983. Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn. © 152 pp. Gardner, D. E. 1987. Teliospore germination of Uromyces alyxiae, an endemic Hawaiian rust. Mycologia (in press). Gardner, D. E., and C. S. Hodges, Jr. 1985. -Spore. surface morphology of Hawaiian Acacia rust fungi. Mycologia 7135575-556., Hodges, C. S., Jr., and D. E. Gardner. 1984. Hawaiian forest fungie. iV; Rusts on endemic Acacia species. Mycologia VOsoa2e349 . Hennen, J. F., and Cc. S. Hodges, Jr. 1981. Hawaiian forest fungi. LL: Species of Puccinia and Uredo on Euphorbia. Mycologia 73:1116=1122: Stevens, F. L. 1925. Hawaiian Fungi. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bull. 19. Honolulu, Hawaii. 189 pp. VOLUME 26(3) 1987 a7 RECENT FINDS FROM O'AHU John K. Obata 1337 Ala Aolani HONOLULU HI 96819 Ken Nagata and Sam Gon III have described a new species, Sanicula mariversa nom. PrOV.; from 'Ohikilolo. Two populations totaling about seventy plants are known, one from 'Ohikilolo and the other from Ke'eau-Makaha ridge. The former population has been known since 1972, but not in flower until 1986 by K. Nagata, S. Gon III and J. Lau. S. Perlman found the Ke'eau population. A population of Hibiscus brackenridgei was recently observed by S. Perlman and J. Obata ona steep, dry slope in the northern Wai'tanae Range. About thirty plants were noted, most were juveniles. Some plants were in bloom earlier in the year with a generous production of seeds. The only known plant of Solanum sandwicense from in the southern Wai'tanae Range was found recently by Steve Perlman. It was a small prostrate tree in prolific bloom and fruit. Seeds were collected by S. Perlman and J. Obata and vouchered. The only "naturally growing" population of Hibiscus kokio was observed along the dry slope of northern Wai'anae Range by S. Perlman and J. Obata. The trees were in flower. Cuttings were taken previously by Jimmy Pang. The genus Silene in unknown from O'ahu. Recently S. Perlman and J. Obata observed and vouchered a new species from a cliff face in southern, windward Wai'tanae Range. This population is highly restricted to a vertical cliff face. Fifteen plants are_ known. The name S. perlmanii is being proposed. In the same habitat as above, Pantago princeps var. anomala was observed and vouchered. One plant measured 1.5m. in height. These plants resembled a na'ena'e (Dubautia). Plantago princeps has not been seen on O'ahu in recent years. They are inhabitants of mid-level mesic dry forests. Besides the one noted in Wai'alae Nui, a healthy tree (10 m. high) of Nesoluma polynesicum (Keahi) was observed in Manuwai Gulch (Mokulé'ia Forest Reserve) by S. Perlman and J. Obata and another in Nanakuli by S. Perlman and J. Lau. Keahi is almost unknown on O'ahu. Several people have known of the existence of one plant of Gardenia brighamii (Nana) from southern, windward Wai'anae Range for about half a century. Recently S. Perlman and J. Lau observed and vouchered two plants from the leeward, southern Wai'anae Range. One plant was "loaded" with fruits and flowers. 58 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY SPONTANEOUS SPREAD OF ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA (MARATTIALES) IN THE CENTRAL KO'OLAU MOUNTAINS, O'AHU, HAWAI'I Evangeline Funk Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way HONOLULU, HI 96822 Hawaii and Florida have far more naturalized fern species than any other state (pers. comm. H. W. Wagner). However, the introduced Hawaiian species are much prolific than those in Florida, many having spread above roadsides and trails and become very abundant (Wagner 1950, 1972). Among the most numerous naturalized ferns in Hawaii are members of the genera Adiantiun, Blechnum, and Thelypteris. Often we can estimate the time of arrival and the rate of spread of a species. For example, Skottsberg (1942) reported a collection in 1938 of Athyrium japonicum (Thunb.) Copel. from the Kohala Mountains on the island of Hawaii. In the half century Since, this species has spread to all the islands and is now abundant in many localities. Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm., the mule's’ foot or giant fern, was introduced into Hawaii by Dr. Harold Lyon of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association in 1927. The fern was planted along ‘Aihualama Stream in what is now the Lyon Arboretum in Manoa Valley above Honolulu. This location, at about 170 m elevation, is just inland from the University of Hawai'i, and is in one of the amphitheater- headed valleys so common in the islands. To meteorologists these valleys are of interest because of the chaotic wind conditions that are known to develop within them, especially during winter "kona" storms. Angiopteris evecta is a spectacular fern. In Lyon Arboretum it develops fronds of more than 7 m in length, bearing millions of spores. The individual spores have miniscule weight and are readily transported by wind. Even after sixty years, Angiopteris has not spread far, but it is now positioned to make headway into new localities. By 1950, the plant had become a pest within the Arboretum and large numbers of individuals have been eradicated. In 1964, a new population was discovered atop Mount Olympus, an 800 m peak east of Manoa Valley, which is part of the Ko' olau Range that separates the windward and leeward sides of the island of O'ahu. The location of this new population is very important because from this vantage point, in the path of the Northeast trade winds and the chaotic winter winds, propagules of Angiopteris can be dispersed to both sides of the central range. That is exactly what has happened. In 1965, Angiopteris was found growing in the Palolo Valley VOLUME 26(3) 1987 a9 watershed. This site is separated from Manoa Valley by a 500 m high ridge, but is down slope from the Mount Olympus population. In 1968 a population was found along Manoa Cliffs Trail above Honolulu. And in 1987, a fourth population was found on lLanihuli Peak. This site is two and one half miles from the original planting, but is separated from it by two valleys and three ridges. A fifth, unconfirmed population has been reported from the Maunawili Valley of windward O'ahu. The range now occupied by Angiopteris on O'ahu clearly indicates its dispersal by wind and it may soon fill many of the niches formerly occupied by endemic Hawaiian ferns and other plants. One plant was recently seen along the Hana Highway in East Maui, west of Hanawl (pers. comm. R. Hobdy, Maui Forestry). It is not known whether anyone is growing this species’ there. It seems likely, in view of what we have reported here, and in view of the success of other invaders, that his enormous fern will continue its migration through the islands. Although it is a most interesting plant for its monstrous size and various botanical features, it, like some 20 other ferns that have become naturalized in Hawai'i, may ultimately become a pest. LITERATURE CITED Skottsberg, C. 1942. Vascular Plants from the Hawaiian Islands III. Pteridophytes. Medd. Goteborgs Bot. Tradg. 15:35-148. Wagner, W. H. Jr. 1950 Ferns Naturalized in Hawaii. Occ. Papers Bis. Mus. 20:95-121. -<---- : 1972. Disjunctions in Homosporous Vascular Plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 59:203-217. HHA HKKIK IKE KKK KIKI KIKI KEKE IEEE AIK KKK CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT - HYDROPONIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA The Hydroponic Society of America will hold its Ninth Annual Conference and Trade Show at the Clarion - San Francisco Airport Hotel, in California, on April 22, 23 and 24, 1988. The keynote speaker will be Dr. Merle Jensen from the University of Arizona's Environmental Research Laboratory. Concurrent sessions will address a variety of topics relating to hydroponics, including: management of nutrient solutions, hydroponic production of different species of plants, control of nutient solution-borne plant diseases, and the use of automation in large scale commercial hydroponic operations. For additional information and registration applications, please contact Mr. Gene Brisbon, Executive Director, P.O. Box 6067, Concord, CA 94524, or call 415-682-4193. 60 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY THERE ARE ALIENS AMONG THE ALGAE, TOO--OR LIMU MALIHINI Isabella A. Abbott Dept. of Botany, UH, Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822 This past summer, many residents of Ktau, a coastal section just southeast of Pa'ia, Maui Island, were up in arms over the appearance of masses of a "new" seaweed on their beaches. Indeed, the culprit alga was new to Maui, having come over from O'ahu Island where it had been spreading since its introduction to Kane'ohe Bay about 1974. The red alga alien is Hypnea musciformis which is common in the Caribbean and in the warm Atlantic (carried by the Gulf Stream). Stories about its introduction are not agreed to by all parties, one saying that it was deliberately introduced, another saying that it was accidental, having come with another species of algae as an epiphyte from the Caribbean. I began to record its spread in the Fall of 1978 when I found it at Ka'a'awa (not far from the mouth of Kane'ohe Bay), and in the Fall of 1979 it was at La'ie Point; in 1980 at Waikiki; 1981 at ‘Ewa Beach and by 1982 when I moved here and was able to get out more often it seemed to have reached every nook and cranny of intertidal O'ahu. Although principally an epiphyte, and ideally suited for that mode of existence due to large hooks that are modified tips of branches, H. musciformis also occurs on rock. It makes up between 1/3 to 1/2 of the wet biomass of most drift piles on the beaches, and it is my (unscientific) opinion that it accounts for larger masses than previously of Sargassum on the beaches, since it adds drag and weight to the Sargassum plants. Sargassum was frequently in the drift in late Summer and Fall in pre-Hypnea times. When Hypnea musciformis was introduced to Hawai'i, it was thought to be a good source of kappa carrageenan, a useful colloid usually obtained from species of Eucheuma, red algae that grow naturally in the Philippines where the bulk of kappa carrageenan "weed" comes from. However, because of its delicate thallus, barely 0.5 to 1.0 mm dian., it is difficult co process ("clean") for colloid extraction (commercial Eucheuma species, by contrast are frequently 4.0 mm or more in diameter). I seriously suggested to the Maui folks that they cook with Hypnea, extracting the gelatin-like colloid and using it in molded salads, or desserts like yokan, or use it as a fertilizer in their gardens. Do anything to get it off the beaches so as to. short-circuit the life history. Haven't heard what happened since. Hypnea musciformis has turned out to be a worse pest than the earlier introduced Acanthophora spicifera which was noticed some time after World War II years (Doty 1961). There was a short period during the 1970s when it was thought desirable to investigate potential domestic sources of VOLUME 26(3) 1987 61 colloid-producing algae (Abbott 1980) since overseas operations frequently had a boom-and-bust nature, or governments were unstable, and because the demand for colloids frequently exceeded the supply by 10-20 times (Doty 1973). It was in this period that Hypnea musciformis was brought to Hawaii without a permit. In this period, also, Dr. M. S. Doty of the Botany department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, brought a species of Eucheuma to Hawai'i under permit for experimental work in Kane'ohe Bay. As is common with many newly introduced plants, there was a very large "bloom" of this very conspicuous species, some plants being more than a meter high, with thick branches up to 5 or more mm diameter. It was quickly named "The Green Blob" and a lot of energy was spent both in trying to get rid of it near Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, and talking about it. Dr. Doty said at the time that as soon as the plants went over the reef edge into deeper water, they would be killed since they could not photosynthesize at depth. This had turned out to be the case. Nowadays it has seemed to establish itself in small pockets in Kaneohe Bay, and has not in my experience at least, left the Bay. This species is called "giant ogo" and is available for sale at Tamashiro Market in Kalihi most days. (It makes a fairly good pickle in the Japanese style "namasu", and is outstanding in a Spice cake). Several other seaweeds have been brought to Hawai' i in the past few years under permit. Included is Macrocystis pyrifera, the so-called "Giant Kelp" which is the food of choice for the abalone that are being grown under aquaculture conditions near Keahole Point. The reason this species can be grown at Keahole Point is because of the cold water which is brought up from depth, and is thought to be controlled from spreading because surface sea water temperatures are too warm for the kelp to complete its life history. However, occasionally small sporophytes (the spore-bearing kelp plant) may be seen and have been a source of concern to Dr. E. Alison Kay, who is a member of an advisory committee for the State Department of Land and Natural Resources. The advice of this committee is sought when applications are made for importation of plants or animals. Without living near Keahole Point and being able to monitor the status or progress of such alien plants, I could only predict, out of experience in California, that the plants would Gie before they reached spore production. (Such plants have been physically removed before such stages were reached, so the value of the prediction will never be known). At about the same time, a species of Porphyra (nori) was brought in under permit from Japan, again with the understanding that its life history could not be easily completed in surface sea water temperature, and this has proven to be the case. 62 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The most recent seaweed introduction under permit is Gracilaria tikvahiae from Florida, imported to grow under aquacultural conditions because the "natural" species in Hawaii (G. parvispora, also erroneously known as G. bursa-pastoris, a species that does not occur in Hawaii) has a normal low growth period in the winter. Under some protest from the advisory committee, this species was introduced, and subsequently has escaped into the intertidal. Whether or not it will spread is too soon to say. It is enjoying a commercial success as "ogo" (locally the favorite seaweed to be eaten with raw fish). If it becomes widely distributed, people will harvest it for their own food supply, and so partly control its spread, but as a phycologist, I have no idea (as no one does) how it might live with the seaweeds that are already here. The best thing that can be said for it at this time is that it cannot vegetatively propagate itself by using hooks that Hypnea musciformis has. ; Recently, an application to import several species of agar-producing seaweeds was made with the Department of Agriculture. At their urging, I was encouraged to file a negative evaluation of the request, and so strongly suggested that a few experiments that might include sea water temperature tolerance and other physical tests be made before applications were approved. At the same time, I encouraged the applicant to experiment with local species in the same genera before seeking alien species. I was pleased that my recommendations were sent to the applicant, who agreed to hold off until more investigations on local species had been made. There may be other species of seaweeds introduced to Hawaiian waters without anyone's knowledge, just as there appear to be flowering plants that are introduced as seeds. Many culinary herbs, for example, are found in some of the ethnic stores in Honolulu for which there are not specimens in the Bishop Museum herbarium; some of them are frequently used for their leaves alone so no fertile portions are obtained and it becomes difficult to identify them. We know nothing, or very little about their habits, their growth patterns, their competitive abilities and, like the dozens of ornamental plants that are introduced each year to Hawaii, we have no idea what they will do to the "permanent party". How many will become the pestiferous "java plum", Lantana camara, "banana poka", "Koster's curse", or even Wedelia which is now at the top of Mount Ka'ala? Some day, perhaps sooner than we know, it may be impossible to do a baseline study of a shallow subtidal bottom with a "normal" seaweed flora. Both Hypnea musciformis and Acanthophora are now so widespread and abundant that one cannot help but wonder "what species were there before these came?" I would liken the occurrence of Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed, introduced before 1927, according to St. John, 1973) and Pluchea indica, introduced before 1922 (St. John, 1973) to these two seaweed aliens, in habit as well as abundance and distribution. VOLUME 26(3) 1987 63 LITERATURE CITED Abbott, I. A. 1980. Some field and laboratory studies on colloid-producing red algae in central California. Aquatic Bot. 8: 255-266. Doty, M. S. 1961. Acanthophora, a possible invader of the marine flora of Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 15: 547-552. ----- ; 1973. Farming the red seaweed, Eucheuma for carrageenans. Micronesica 9: 59-73. St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Trop. Bot. Gard. Men. 1: 519 pp. Lawai, Kaua'i, Hawai'i. REKKKKKKEKKKEKEKEKEKKKEKKKKKEKEKKKKKRKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRKKKKKKKKRKKKK KKK CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT RESTORING THE EARTH 1988 - The first national gathering to consider the restoration of all natural resource types and the redesign of urban areas will be held on January 13-16 at the University of California, Berkeley. The conference is organized by the Restoring the Earth project of The Tides Foundation, San Francisco, and cosponsored both by the College of Natural Resources and the Center for Environmental Design Research of the University of California, Berkeley. It will bring experts in natural resource restoration and management together with a broad selection of academic, government, industry, foundation, labor, public health, and environmental representatives. Participants will help create new solutions to the nation's environmental problems, through restoration of damaged resources. Topics to be covered include restoration of coastal ecosystems and estuaries; rivers and lakes; streams and fisheries; rangelands, prairies, mined lands, forests and wildlife; atmosphere and climate; dry lands and agricultural lands; urban environmental planning; and control of toxic wastes. Formal refereed papers will be presented at scientific and technical sessions. Non-technical sessions will include accounts of restoration successes and discussions of policy issues, legislation, litigation, trends, and resource conflict resolution. The program also includes keynote panels, plenary sessions, workshops, films, and exhibits. Information is available from: Restoring the Earth Conference, 1713 C Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Berkeley, CA 94709, or telephone (415) 843-2645. C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 1987/I Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 1Oth St. and Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 3 = Newsletter VOLUME 26(4) 1987 6 (pntents VOLUME 26(4) DECEMBER 1987 NOTES ON RECENT FERN COLLECTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS _ IN HAWAI'I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK, HAWAI'I AND KIPAHULU VALLEY HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK, MAUI by PAU 1, Kon Hume ti HAWAII Figure 1. Gorse infestation areas on the island of Hawai'i are indicated by shading (sparse) and solid-fill (abundant). Contour lines at 2,000 ft. (610 m) intervals. 114 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY On Maui, the infestation was more regular in shape (Fig. 2), the northernmost part of the infestation was at 630 m (2,070 ft.) elevation, near Pu'u Pi'iholo southeast of the community of Makawao. The east edge was approximately the boundary between the Makawao and the Ko'olau Forest Reserve on a line that runs to the edge of Ko'olau at 2,220 m (7,280 ft.) elevation--the highest point ‘gorse was found on Maui-- at the boundary of Haleakala National Park. The northernmost point of the Haleakala National Park, including Hosmer Grove and the Park Headquarters, were also included in the gorse infestation. The southwest border was generally a line above Highway 378, to a point 2 km south of te xT Gil *Kohului ° Puy Pitholo G0) G5 O 7009 ™ eKiher 7 SB \ =o 50009 fd Hi Nationél aS Park > ~#CUYU \ ( teens ——) EAST MAUI Figure 2. Gorse infestation areas in east Maui are indi- cated by shading (sparse) and solid-fill (abundant). Contour intervals set at 2,000 ft. (610 m). VOLUME 27(3) 1988 115 the switchbacks. The west edge of the infestations generally paralleled Highway 377 down to the 750 m (2,460 ft.) level, then crossed back to Pu'u Pi'iholo area. The inner core of continuous distribution was smaller than that on Mauna Kea, probably representing continuous efforts of the Haleakala Ranch on the south and west to keep it contained. The densest stands were found within a half-mile radius of the Olinda State facility located at about 1,075 m (3,530 ft.) elevation, an area with extensive urban development. A tongue of gorse also extended north on private land along the west edge of the Makawao Forest Reserve down to about 630 m (2,070 ft.). The patch of gorse located at 630 m was the lowest continuous stand of gorse found in the survey. From this area, the Maliko Gulch extends down to sea level, and isolated plants have been reported down this gulch including several on the beach at Maliko Bay itself. A second stand of continuous gorse was found in the area of Hosmer Grove just north of the Haleakala Park Boundary. A pocket of plants has also been reported in the Kula Forest Reserve between 1,220 to 1,830 m (4,000 to 6,000 ft.) elevation, and two small infestations were reported (1 to 3 km) east of this general infestation within the Koolau Forest Reserve. While we could not locate any of these pockets, they were probably large enough and old enough so that a seed bank would have accumulated in the soil. And even if these pockets have been eliminated, regeneration can be expected at any time. Additional isolated plants were reported outside the pri- mary infestation area: 1) in the Kahikinui Forest Reserve at 2,135 m (7,000 ft.) elevation; 2) at Kahakuloa in West Maui at 90 m (300 ft.) along roads constructed by the Olinda Correc- tional Facility crews, and one plant on Hana Mountain in Haleakala National Park at about 2,440 m (8,000 ft.) elevation. All of these isolated plants were eradicated as soon as they were found and before seeds had been produced. Overall the total area of gorse infestation on Maui was estimated to be 5,985 ha (14,789 acres). The areas of con- tinuous distribution including both the patch at Hosmer Grove and the area around and north of Olinda, totalled 517 ha (1,277 acres). Rainfall records for both areas where gorse is found are sparse, but Parker Ranch workers report that Humu'ula Sheep Sta- tion receives less than 122.5 cm of rain a year while NOAA records indicated that Olinda State facility receives more than 400 cm a year. We found that gorse had not extensively invaded undisturbed native forest, but where forests had been opened and the underbrush removed by grazing, gorse could be found under 116 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY the tree canopy. Also on Maui where the Makawao Forest Reserve had at one time apparently been cleared and replanted with in- troduced species of trees, we found gorse scattered in open areas and along access roads. On Maui, our interviews with State Weed Control workers in- dicated that gorse has not extensively expanded its range in the last 10 or 20 years, probably due to continual containment ef- forts of the Haleakala Ranch, Haleakala National Park, and Hawai'i Department of Agriculture. On Hawai'i, however, during the 3 years of the survey, we noticed that new gorse plants could be found at 1 to 2 km north of the earlier boundary. In this direction pastures or open grazed forest lands continued along the east slope of Mauna Kea and appear to be ideally suited for gorse. Gorse will probably continue to advance in this northerly direction, unless containment measures are taken. SUMMARY A survey conducted between 1984 and 1987 indicated that gorse is restricted to about 8,262 ha (20,415 acres) on the is- land of Hawai'i, and to about 5,985 ha (14,789 acres) on the is- land of Maui. Continuous stands ranging from at least one plant per hectare to total coverage by gorse averaged only 2,500 ha (6,200 acres) on the island of Hawai'i, and 517 ha (1,277 acres) on the island of Maui. The greatest abundance of gorse occurs at elevations from 630 m (2,070 ft.) to 2250 m (7,380 ft.), where rainfall ranges from 122 cm to more than 400 cn. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Guy Nagai, Edward H. Tamura, and Myron Isherwood, Hawai'i Department of Agriculture; Ernest Pung (retired) and Wesley Wong, Hawai'i Department of Lands and Natural Resources; Mike Banfield, Haleakala Ranch; James Spencer, formerly of Parker Ranch; and Ron Nagata, Russ K. Hart, Haleakala National Park for their assistance on this study. LITERATURE CITED Degener, O. 1975. Plants of Hawai'i National Park. JIllustra- tive of plants and customs of the South Seas. 312 pp. Hazelwood, E.L., G. Motter, and R.T. Hirano. 1983. Handbook of Hawaiian weeds. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu 491 Pp- Holm, L.G., J.V. Pancho, J.P. Herberger and D.L. Plucknett. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. 373 pp. Jobson, H.T. and B. Thomas. 1964. The composition of gorse VOLUME 27(3) 1988 ulaky (Ulex europaeus). Journal of Scientific Field Agriculture 15:652-6. Kennedy, J.P. and B.H. Hyde-Wyatt. 1969. Gorse control. Tas- manian Journal of Agriculture 40:320-324. Lee, W.G., R.B. Allen, and P.N. Johnson. 1986. Succession and dynamics of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) communities in the Dunedin Ecological District South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 24:279-292. Moss, G.R. 1959. The gorse seed problem. Proceedings of the New Zealand Weed Control Conference 12:59-62. Moss, G.R. 1960. Gorse, a weed problem on thousands of acres of farmland. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture 100:561- 67. Neal, M.C. 1965. In gardens of Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Mu- seum Special Publications 50, Bishop Museum Press, 924 pp. HRAEKKKEKEKEKKKKKKEKKEKEEKERRRERAKKKKKKKEKKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the January 1988 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. by President Wester. The minutes of the December meeting were read and ap- proved. The treasurer reported expenditures for December as $1045.92, leaving a balance at the end of December of $2790.66. Under old business, the recommendation to donate $1000 towards the purchase of the Moomomi tract by The Nature Conser- vancy Hawaii was approved by the Trustees and the check sent. Under new business, Sy Sohmer mentioned the upcoming NSF sponsored workshop to plan a comprehensive flora of the Philip- pines. He also mentioned that one participant, Dr. Peter Aston, was giving a public lecture January 14, at 7:30 p.m., entitled "Thirty years of wandering through the forests of Borneo." We had two "Plant of the Month" speakers. Steve Perlman finished up his "Recent Plant Finds" with some beautiful slides from East Maui, and Marie Bruegmann showed some slides of the Marsilea population in Koko Head in years past, and the poten- tial in the near future after the recent rains. Dr. Harold St. John was speaker of the month and his talk entitled "Recent Botanists in Hawaii." It was an informative and very interesting talk about botanists from the early to mid 1900's. We were entertained with personal histories and amusing 118 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY anecdotes about people most of us have only read about. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m. and refreshments were served. Respectfully submitted Maria Leu, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the February 1988 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Wester at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the January meeting were read and approved. The Treasurer reported a balance brought forward of $2806.23. Under old business, there was a progress report on the Marsilea project. The plants were growing well and reproducing, and most invading weeds were dead from being underwater. Twenty people showed up to help construct barriers to keep out four- wheel drive vehicles. On February 20, a Geography class field mapped the weeds. There was a call for volunteers to monitor the condition of the barriers and re-establishment of the weeds. In past years, the Botanical Society has been involved in providing judges and prizes for the High School Science Fairs best Botanical entries. A motion was proposed and approved for providing awards of $50 and a book for each of the 3 winners. Under new business, Dr. Clifford Smith sent a letter to the Society voicing his concern about two endangered populations of plants. A colony of Scaevola coriacea has been destroyed by a housing development in Waiehu and the Bishop Estate's koa sil- viculture program is encroaching on known habitat of Vicia men- ziesii. He asked the Society to send a letter to the Governor expressing our concerns. The secretary drafted a letter from the Hawaiian Botanical Society expressing our concern. The "Plant of the Month" speaker was John Obata who en- lightened us about Hawai'i's native orchids which are not as showy as their horticultural cousins. Loren Gill gave us an in- promptu update on an experimentally successful method of con- trolling Clidemia hirta using a fungus from Panama. Speaker of the month was Dr. Sam Gon III whose topic was the "Happy faced spiders of the Hawaiian forests." It was an interesting and entertaining talk with many beautiful slides il- lustrating the reason for the name "happy faced spiders." | The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m. and refreshments were served. VOLUME 27(3) 1988 nip) Respectfully submitted Maria Leu, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the March 1988 Meeting The meeting was called to order by President Wester at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the February meeting were read and ap- proved. The Treasurer reported a balance brought forward of $4088.83. Under old business, President Wester proposed a committee -be formed to plan a strategy for weed control at the Marsilea population in Koko Head. Under new business, Dr. Abbott announced that she will write a short article for the Newsletter about the recent death of Dr. Otto Degener. Also under new business, Steve Montgomery asked the Hawaiian Botanical Society to contribute $250 for the replacement of the posters in a National Wildlife Week educa- tional packet to ones more relevant to Hawai'i. A motion was proposed and approved to contribute $250 to replace the posters. Dr. Abbott mentioned that the money the Federal Government provided for feral animal fences at Haleakala in the past has been line-item vetoed out of this year's budget. She proposed that a letter be written to our Senators asking them to keep these funds because the money spent in years past will have been a waste if there is no money for continued upkeep. The motion was approved, and a letter was drafted and sent. "Plant of the Month" speaker was Joel Lau. He spoke about Flueqgea neowawraea one of Hawaii's most endangered plants. It is a massive trees of xeric and music forests. There is a siz- able population in Waimea Canyon and collected seeds for cultivation. Speaker of the month was Bill Garnet with the Center for Plant Conservation and Waimea Arboretum and Botanical Garden. He told us about the work the Center is doing to conserve some of the most threatened plants of the world through cultivation. He had some slides showing the methods employed. He also ex- plained efforts at plant conservation undertaken at Waimea Ar- boretum and Botanical Garden. They have a nursery area for growing plants and 34 gardens that represent different areas. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m. and refreshments were served. Respectfully submitted Maria Leu, Secretary iC RACT ass ast tS $f bs i u 32 VU CTAGE Hers NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 7 h _ C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ZG 45 <' UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA is 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 1990/1 7, ¢ Smithsonian Institution Lp Library Acquisitions “CS! fi ¢ 10th St. and Constitution Ave. AB ‘ CY, Washington, DC 20560 VOLUME 27(4) Newsletter ° awallia.) 3C tanica (pntents CALOTROPIS PROCERA (Asclepiadaceae) : A NEW WEED IN HAWAI'I by George K. Linney DECEMBER 1988 cS BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: INTRODUCED BIOTA. CRYPTOSTEGIA, A POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN HAWAI'I by cle ftord W..Smith. . 20.2) 2) seu es : NEW BOOK: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IN HAWAI'I. ..... SOGIETY BUSINESS. . . «1 «2 2. % 4s 4 eS ox NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAI'I... . we ee eee : *K Publtshed by the Hawattan Botantcal Society, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperatton among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ts eligtble for membership. Informatton may be obtatned from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matle Way, University of Hawait, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT CONSERVATION, 124 125 126 i27 130 122 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1988 President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Executive Council Lyndon Wester, Geography Dept., U.H. Steven Perlman, Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden & The Nature Conservancy Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Maria Leu, B. P. Bishop Museum Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair Native Plants: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clyde Imada, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Editor) Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park VOLUME 27(4) 1988 123 CALOTROPIS PROCERA (Asclepiadaceae): A NEW WEED IN HAWAI'I George K. Linney Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way HONOLULU HI 96822 In the forthcoming Manual of the Flowering Plants of the Hawaiian Islands only two exotic milkweeds are treated at length as naturalized in Hawai'i. In fact at least two other species of the family are well established here: Cryptostegia madagas- cariensis and Calotropis procera. The first of these is treated by Smith (this volume) elsewhere, so this paper will be restricted to the latter. Calotropis is a genus of about six species from Africa and Asia. Two species, C. gigantea from India to Indonesia and procera from India to Africa, are grown in Hawai'ti. Both are small trees to about fifteen feet tall and prefer dryish condi- tions. Calotropis gigantea is very common as a garden ornamen- tal and lei flower. Flowers are either white or bluish-purple. Winona Char reports that it has been planted on Kaho'olawe, and is persisting. Despite its wide-spread cultivation, it has not been observed to set seed here. Calotropis procera was pre- viously known to be grown only at Foster Botanic Garden in Honolulu. It is distinguishable from C. gigantea in features of the flower as well as the texture of the bark of trunks and larger branches. Petals of €. procera are broadly tipped with reddish purple. While C. gigantea has petals that lie flat or recurve somewhat, the petals of C. procera are more or less cupped. The "crown" of C. gigantea is rather taller than that of C. procera. In the former it seems too big for the flower; in the latter it is more in proportion to the rest of the flow- er. The bark of C. procera is much more deeply furrowed than that of C. gigantea, which is almost smooth. Plants of C. procera may be found in flower and fruit all year-round. Fruits look something like green mangoes, a bit over four inches long, but are inflated-bladder-like. Seeds are borne ina small, spindle-shaped inner chamber. At maturity, the fruit opens along a single suture and the seeds are shed. A plume attached to each seed assures effective dispersal by wind. Seeds are very common on the lava fields even when parent plants are no where in sight. Calotropis procera is widely distributed on the lava fields of North Kona and South Kohala from about one mile south of the entrance to Keahole Airport northward to Puako at least, a dis- tance of about twenty miles. It scarcely reaches above Queen Ka'ahumanu Highway. Distribution may be determined by prevail- ing winds, but is probably influenced by rainfall. The plants 124 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY have not established in areas with much more than ten inches of rainfall annually. It may be that the heavier vegetation (e.g., fountain grass, Pennisetum setaceum) in wetter areas prevents establishment of seedlings. From the greater size and higher density of plants, it appears that the population may have arisen somewhere in the vicinity of the airport. There are some lei-flower plantations nearby, but Calotropis procera is not currently grown there while C. gigantea is. It is possible that C. procera was formerly cultivated there and escaped. This species is not likely to become a pest, since it seems to prefer lava fields now largely devoid of woody plants in gen- eral and native plants in particular. Formerly ‘'ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) would have exploited these situations, as pua-pilo (Capparis sandwichiana) and noni (Morinda citrifolia) do now. They will most likely remain curiosities on these otherwise largely barren plains. KAKKAAKEKEKKKERKEKKKKEKKEEEEKREKEKEKKKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT CONSERVATION, INTRODUCED BIOTA. In the thorough and useful tradition of M.-H. Sachet and F. R. Fosberg's Island Bibliographies (1955, 1971), this new bibliog- raphy (Defillips, Robert A. 1987. Atoll Research Bulletin 311: 195 pp.) builds onthe foundation of that»work..and rings entries up to date (May 1987) in its subject areas. Its geographical reach spans the tropical Pacific from the Galapagos and Juan Fernandez Islands, Cocos and Clipperton in the east, to the Ryukyus and Bonins, Bismarcks and Admiralties in the west. It includes Norfolk I. and Lord Howe I. but stops short of New Guinea, the Phillipines, Japan and New Zealand. The index includes headings for individual islands and ar- chipelagoes, and 32 subjects, conveniently arranged. This is one bibliography that everyone interested in plant conservation in the Pacific Islands should know about and use. Bryce Decker, Geography Department, University of Hawai'i. VOLUME 27(4) 1988 125 CRYPTOSTEGIA, A POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN HAWAI'I Clifford W. Smith Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hi 96822. During the recent Exotic Plant Pest Conference in Miami, Dr. Rachel McFadyen from the Alan Fletcher Research Station, Queens- land, Australia reported on the serious problems created by the rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora, Asclepiadaceae). fThis species, originally from Madagascar, infests over 30,000 sq km forest in Queensland with an average rainfall between 500-1200 mm. It forms impenetrable blankets of vine much like the banana poka infestation at Laupahoehoe. St. John lists both species of Cryptostegia, viz., C. grandiflora (Indian rubber vine) and C. madagascascariensis (Madagascar rubber vine), in Hawai'i. However, the new Manual of the Hawaiian Flora does not treat this genus presumably be- cause the authors were unaware that it has become naturalized. Since neither species is treated in the new flora the following table can be used to distinguish between then. C. grandiflora C. madagascariensis Flower color White to pale purple purple Color of main veins on leaf undersurface purplish green Coronal glands (may be confused as stamens) bifurcate ; simple There are no native species in the Asclepiadaceae. Four genera of the thirteen introduced have naturalized, viz., Asclepias (milkweed and balloon plant), Calotropis (crown flower), Cryp- tostegia (rubber vine), and Stapelia (carrion flower). They can be readily distinguished just by growth form. Milkweed is a herb, crown flower a shrub, rubber vine a vine, and carrion flower is cactus-like. Dr. George Linney reports that contrary to the situation de- scribed by Dr. McFadyen, the Madagascar rubber vine has escaped on O'fahu, not the Indian rubber vine. It may be found at Bar- ber's Point Naval Air Station and Lahilahi Point. The Indian rubber vine prefers mesic environments. The fact that it has not escaped to date should not allow us to relax about this Species. Its rampant growth in Australia, New Caledonia, 126 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Curacao and Vanuatu suggest that we should perhaps act now to eradicate this species from gardens and other areas and not wait and see. Dr. McFadyen briefed the conference on some insects and a rust that were being evaluated as biocontrol agents. RKEKKEKEEKEKEEKKKKEEKKEEKEEKKKKEKRKEKKKKKEKKKKEKRKKEKRKKKKRKKKKEKKRKKKKKKKKKKREEK NEW BOOK CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IN HAWAII edited by Charles P., and Danielle B. Stone. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. Distributed by UH Press. $16. This book of short essays (titles listed below) on the conserva- tion of natural areas in Hawai'i is "directed at educators, decision-makers, and those interested in Hawaii and the quality of island life." Hawaii's Uniqueness Island Ecosystems. Uniqueness of Hawaii's Biota. The Vol- canic Origin of the Hawaiian Islands. Soils in Hawaii Plant Life Vegetation Zones of the Hawaiian Islands. 'Ohi'a Dieback and Forest Life Cycles. Plant Taxonomy in the Hawaiian Islands. Rare Plants and The Federal Endangered Species Act. Botanic Gardens for Plant Conservation. Non-Native Plants. Alien Plant Management by Biological Control. Animal Life Native Terrestrial Invertebrates. Non-Native Invertebrates. Non-Native Land Vertebrates. Native Birds. Captive Propaga- tion of Birds. Biological Diversity and Special Communities Biological Diversity and Its Loss. Gene Pool Conservation. Hawaii's Wetlands, Streams, Fishponds, and Pools. Problems, Planning, and Protection Controlling the Flow of Non-Native Species. TOULFILSM.. Biological Databases for Preserve Selection. Vegetation Map- ping. Land Use Planning and Priorities in Hawaii. Protection of Natural Habitats. Conservation Education Perspectives on Environmental Education in Hawaii. Conserva- tion Education in Hawaii: History, Problems, and Needs. Con- servation Education: Techniques and Targets. What Do Class- room Teachers Need to Teach Conservation Education in Hawaii? Using the Public Media for Conservation Education. Values and Ethics Hawaiian Conservation Values and Practices. Outdoor Ethics in America. Humanity's Responsibility for Future Life. Priorities in Paradise: The Value of Conservation. Education in Hawaii VOLUME 27(4) 1988 ed. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the April, 1988 Meeting President Wester called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m.. The minutes of the March meeting were read and approved. The Treasurer reported that the balance brought forward was $3996.56. There was no old business. Under new business the following new members were proposed and elected: Dr. & Mrs. Bruce Clarkson, visiting the Botany Department, University of Hawaii. Dr. Ronald R. Weedon, Charon State College, Nebraska. Dr. David H. Lorence, Pacific Tropical Botanic Garden. Charles Y. Nagamine, Departments of Agricultural Biochemistry and Horticulture, University of Hawaii. Olive Vanselow, Ho'omaluhia Botanic Garden. Plant of the month speaker was Heidi Bornhorst who told us how to grow Marsilea in our backyards. Speaker of the month was Andy Engilis whose talk was entitled "Hawaiian Forest Birds." He concentrated on the birds found in the Hanawi area of Maui, especially the endemic Honeycreepers. He had many beautiful slides and showed us how the plants and birds are dependent on each other. The meeting was adjourned at 8:45 p.m. Members then enjoyed refreshments. Respectfully submitted Maria Leu, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the May 1988 meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. by President Wester. The minutes of the April meeting were read and ap- proved. There was no Treasurer's report. Under old business, the winners of the Hawaiian Botanical Society science fair awards were Dianella Horvath of Moanalua Intermediate School in the open division, Loreen Sato of Castle High School in the senior division, and Benjamin White of Mid- Pacific Institute in the junior division. Under new business, the membership committee proposed two new members, Michael Huddleston and Warren Wagner. The proposal was seconded and passed. Also under new business, a motion was made 128 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY to consider contributing money to the Bishop Museum's Fatu Hiva expedition. It was seconded and passed. The Officers will in- form the Trustees of the memberships' wish to contribute money. Plant of the month speaker was Dianella Horvath who brought her award winning science fair project entitled "Reproduction in Scaevola sericea." Speakers of the month were Drs. Steve Montgomery and Wayne Gagné who spoke about the natural history of the Marquesas. They focused on Fatu Hiva and the importance of an in-depth study of the flora and fauna. The meeting was adjourned at 9:15 p.m. Refreshments were served. Respectfully submitted Maria Leu, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the June 1988 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved. The Treasurer reported that the balance at the end of May was $3722.88. President Wester regretfully announced the death on May 24, 1988 of Dr. Wayne Gagné. He was an active member of the Society and served as the Secretary in 1972-73 and chaired the Conservation Committee. Under old business, the Trustees met and voted to contribute $500 to the Fatu Hiva expedition in memory of Dr. Wayne Gagné. An update on the Marsilea project reported the plants healthy and the off-road vehicle barriers doing their job. Permanent Signs were also installed. A major report on the Marsilea pro- ject was published in the last issue of the Newsletter. There was no new business. Plant of the month speaker, Toshi Ikagawa, talked about koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala). His interesting and entertaining talk suggested some reasons contributing to its recent decline. Speaker of the month was Dr. Arthur Whistler of the Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. His talk was entitled "A botanical tour through the kingdom of Tonga." He had many beautiful slides showing the variety of plant life to be found in Tonga. VOLUME 27(4) 1988 LZg The meeting, followed by refreshments, adjourned at 9:15 p.m.. Respectfully submitted Maria Leu, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the October 1988 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. About 40 members and guests were present. The June minutes were read and ap- proved, with the May balance of the Treasurer's Report corrected to $3,722.88. The Treasurer reported a balance of $3,566.27. The President reportedtheappointment of the Nominating Committee for 1988: Steven Perlman (Chair), Bryce Decker and Donald Drake. Candace J. Lutzow, nominated by the Memberhip Committee, was elected a member. She is a doctoral candidate in Ethnobotany. The Committee also noted Dr. Sheila Conant is now a Life Member. The President noted a letter of thanks to the Society from the Bishop Museum for the gift in support of the Fatu Hiva Expedi- tion in memory of Dr. Wayne Gagne. There was no new business. The speaker of the evening was Society Vice-President Steven Perlman whose topic was "Plant Collections of the Fatu Hiva Ex- pedition." The expedition, of which Mr. Perlman was a member, sailed to the Marquesas on Mr. E. Carrus' vessel "Aeolus," and spent several months visiting some of the Islands. Several thousand specimens were obtained, including new species of Cyrtandra, Bidens, Pelea, Psychotria, and of the recently de- scribed new genus Plakothira, among others. The Expedition took time for a brief memorial service conducted by Betsy Gagné for her late husband, near the area where they had found Oxalis gag- neorum on a previous expedition. Mr. Perlman's slides il- lustrated the natural beauty of the Marquesas beautifully but also showed considerable physical hazards to collectors of plants and insects. The dangers were due to the precipitous na- ture of the terrain in the areas not well-studied previously, and in which the most new material could be found. Following this most interesting presentation, the meeting ad- journed for refreshments at 8:50 p.m. Respectfully submitted for the Secretary Donald P. Gowing 230 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the November 1988 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. About 30 members and guests were present. The October minutes were read and ap- proved. The treasurer reported a balance of $3,570.33. The membership committee proposed three new members, Patti Welton, Dr. Ron Fenstemacher and P. David Dewenter. All were welcomed to the Society. Dr. Bryce Decker reported the selection of the Nominations Com- mittee as follows: President Dr. Mark Merlin, General Science UHM Vice-President Marie Bruegmann, The Nature Conservancy Hawai'i Secretary Patti Welton, Botany UHM Treasurer Dr. Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Directors Dr. Lyndon Wester, Geography UHM (retiring President) Dr. Isabella Abbott, Botany UHM. The speaker of the month was Dr. Bruce Clarkson, Botany Divi- Sion, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand. His talk was entitled "An introduction to the flora and vegetation of New Zealand." Dr. Clarkson had many slides showing the different plant types and habitats encountered in New Zealand. There are about 2,285 native vascular plants. Ap- proximately 15% of the vascular flora is yet to be officially named. One interesting point was that about 75% of the genera are shared with Australia yet some of the major groups such as Eucalyptus and Melaleuca are not represented in New Zealand. The meeting adjourned for refreshents at 8:00 p.m. Respectfully submitted Maria Leu, Secretary KEKKKEKKKKEKKEKEKEEKKEKERKEREEKEREEEEKEKEEKEKEKKEEKKEKKKKKRKKKKRKKKKEKKE NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAI'I - 1 This article begins a series of notes on weeds in Hawai'i. In the past, the Society has concentrated its efforts on our unique native flora. We have bemoaned the invasion of alien species but done little to respond to this threat to our “i1stand heritage. These notes are intended to keep the membership abreast with the problems created by these plants, potential new threats and measures that can or should be taken to prevent their further spread. please support our effort to become more aware of the threat of these plants by calling Cliff Smith (948- 8218) or writing a note (c/o Department of Botany, UH) on range VOLUME 27(4) 1988 neg extensions, new records, observations of impacts, control tech- niques, and any other information you may consider relevant. Melastomataceae During a recent survey of Pu'u o Umi Natural Area Reserve, Kohala, Hawai'i, Ken Nagata pointed out that Tibouchina herbacea had become established along the trail. First collected in 1979 along the Saddle Road, this plant has spread rapidly on the Big Island (Nagata, K. M. 1987. Observations on some adventive species in the Hawaiian flora. Bishop Mus. Occ. Papers 27:126- 131.). It has also been collected on West Maui. Clidemia hirta was recently reported from Lana'i by Alan Holt. He and Peter Connally "found two plants at the very beginning of the Hauola north trailhead within 20 feet of the Munro trail jeep road." Betsy Harrison-Gagné reports that this pest was also found in Kipahulu Valley recently by a National Park Ser- vice research team. All were destroyed immediately. Betsy reports a single plant of Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae) growing at Alii Gardens, Nahiku, Maui. Society members may wish to let the Gardens staff know the grave threat this plant poses for wet to mesic natural areas on Maui. Evangeline Funk reports that Oxyspora paniculata is now estab- lished along Wa'ahila Ridge. Two plants were observed; one was destroyed, the other was inaccessible. They were both close to the trail just beyond Woodlawn. Ferns Betsy also reports that the Cyathea australis infestation in Kipahulu Valley is much more extensive than previously thought. Trees up to 25 feet tall are now known from three areas in the Valley. A note dated February 22, 1988, in response to Dr. Evangeline Funk's article in the Newsletter Vol. 26(3), from John Cc. El- liott, 2100 Huntington Drive, Suite 7, San Marino, CA 91108% "I have several Angiopteris evecta growing at my house in Muolea near Hana on Maui. They are more than 15 years old and I have given divisions of them to several people in the Hana neighbor- hood. I have never noticed any tendency of these to escape cultivation so far. The plants were originally bought for me at a Foster Garden plant sale. My garden was laid out by Hubbard and Weissich." Evangeline reports Angiopteris well-established in many of the canyons almost to the ridgetop along Wa'ahila Ridge, O'ahu. Clifford W. Smith, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii. NEWSBETPER® OF@ THE HAWAIIAN-=BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY fo UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA / 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU ‘HI 96822 + | 1990/1 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions “Ly 10th St. and Constitution Ave. 4 Ory Washington, DC 20560 g ® oh) ri VOLUME 28(1) ree MARCH 1989 . & ee Gpntents STATUS OF CLIDEMIA HIRTA ON HALEAKALA by Art C. Medeiros, Robert W. Hobdy, and Lloyd L. Loope... . 3 AMANITA VIROSA IN HAWAI'I by George J. Wong. ..... 5 NEW RUST FUNGI ON ENDEMIC ZANTHOXYLUM AND PELEA by Ken L. Marr and Donald E. Gardner. .... . « « « 7 MAE E. MULL (1921-1988) by Ruth Gay ......... 013 BOOK REVIEW by Ruth Gay e e o e @ e @ 6 °e t.) e @ e e e e 14 NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAI'I. . . . . © 6 © «© © © © ew 6 9 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL NEWS .. . 2 + 6 © » © « © © © » © 10 LEGISLATIVE NEWS e e e © t) e e 6 4 e e 6 8 @ 6 @ e 12 HAWAI'I STREAM ASSESSMENT... ..... +0. + 16 ANGRAECUM SCALE ALERT 4; FUTURE MEETINGS - ICSEB IV ; CONTROL: OF COCCINIA GRANDIS 8; RECENT DEATHS 11) NEW | BOOK 17; SOCIETY BUSINESS 17; MOONWALKS 1989 19. Published by the Hawaittan Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany tn all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all tte phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirtt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ta eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawait, Honolulu, Hawait 96822, 2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1988 President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: xecutive Counc Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. Marie Bruegmann, The Nature Conservancy Hawaii. Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Patti Welton, Botany Dept., U.H. Lyndon Wester, Geography Dept., U.H. Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair Native Plants: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clyde Imada, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Editor) Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park PERE REESE ESE LES REESE SESE EERE ERE SESE EEE ESE EEE ERE EERE SERRE ES ESE ESS MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. oo CVOOLUME 28(1) 19890 22 STATUS OF CLIDEMIA HIRTA ON HALEAKALA. Art C. Medeiros!, Robert W. Hobdy”, and Lloyd L. Loope! By 1987, the immense rain forest of Kipahulu Valley, Haleakala National Park was fenced, separating the valley into management units which allow the effective reduction of feral pigs. With continued control of pigs and fence maintenance, the prospects for the recovery of native vegetation from pig damage appear promising. However, future invasion of the aggressive. shade-tolerant alien plant Clidemia hirta into Kipahulu Valley could pose a near insurmountable management challenge. Current biological control research against Clidemia is promising, but as yet cannot be counted upon to succeed (see page 1l). There are two established Clidemia populations on East Maui, both on the wet, stream-dissected northern slope. One oc- curs at Makapipi (Nahiku quadrangle) and another near O'opuola drainage (Ke'anae and Ha'iki quadrangles). The Makapipi population was discovered in December 1977 in the N&dhiku district in Makapipi stream along a hunters’ trail at ca. 1500-1620 ft. (460-490 m) elevation. Searches of adjacent dranages in the late 1970's revealed a small population primari- ly along stream courses. As of 1989, the known Makapipi popula- tion consists of dense stands over an area of at least 75 acres (30 ha) and may be much larger. | In August 1980, a second Clidemia infestation (at that time scattered over 5 acres, or 2 ha) was discovered between O'opuola and Makanali drainages in the Makaiwa district of northern East Maui, along a ridgeline trail at 1500-1800 ft. (460-550 m) on lands owned by the State of Hawai'i and East Maui Irrigation Company (EMI). By 1982, the perimeter of the O'opuola Clidemia population enclosed an area of about 50 acres (20 ha). By 1988, the popu- lation had spread from O'opuola to adjacent drainages within an area Of nearly 3000 acres (1200 ha). By late 1988, seed had been carried downstream and established along the main Hana highway in four drainages, Ka'aiea, Makanali, O'opuola and Pa, at ca. 700 ft. (210 m) elevation. Despite early efforts by Maui Division of Forestry and Wildlife to pull plants, by 1982 these populations had increased so rapidly that mechanical control methods were abandonned. 1p.0. Box 369 2pivision of Forestry Haleakala National Park P.O. Box 1015 Makawao HI 96768 Wailuku HI 96793 4 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY is being efficiently dispersed by fruits carried in ir- rigation ditch water in a downhill, westerly direction. The threat posed to Haleakala National Park by Clidemia was accented by the recent discovery of a single Clidemia plant along a trail at 2800 ft. (850 m) in Kipahulu Valley in October 1988 (L. Cuddihy and G, Santos 2240). The location of this single plant is quite alarming. Because there were no other plants in the area and the single individual was lo- cated near a trail, it is assumed that it was dispersed there in mud on the boots of a hiker, possibly someone involved in park management or research. The greatest possible care should be taken to prevent the establishment of this disruptive weed in more pristine protected rain forests of East Maui and throughout the Hawaiian Islands. TRE SREELESE REE ESE REE ER ERE SERRE REESE SE RE RE SESE SEL EERE ESE ELE REE EE ES SE ANGRAECUM SCALE ALERT In 1980 the Angraecum scale (Conchapsis angraeci Cockerell) was reported on Pittosporum arborescens in Hawai'i. The scale has a relatively wide host range but is only a serious pest on one or two genera. Hibiscus, orchids, pittosporum and seagraps appear to be affected most. It is known to cause significant weakening of Hibiscus and Pittosporum. Damage is sometimes severe enough to kill the plants. The scale occurs on stems and leaves. It looks like a somewhat flattened cone. It is white to gray. If you flip it over the female will get up and move. There is potential for biological control of this species if it can be established that it is a serious pest. However, we need information on its current distribution and the species af- fected. Members are requested to keep their eyes open for this pest on native species in the field. If you suspect that you have seem it please make a collection and send specimens with location and plant species information to one of the State Entomologists. ee VOLUME 28 CE) 1989 nS AMANITA VIROSA IN HAWAI'I George J. Wong Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822 Where mushrooms are found in abundance, more people each year are discovering the delight of collecting and preparing edible mushrooms. Unfortunately, while eating wild mushrooms has become more popular, fatalities resulting from eating poisonous mushrooms have also become common place. One might assume from the number of deaths resulting from mushroom poison- ing that large number of species are fatally poisonous. How- ever, this is not true. Many are poisonous, but most, even if consumed in large quantities, will only cause nausea, diarrhea, or mild hallucination (Miller, 1972). Only a small number of mushrooms are fatally poisonous. Species of the latter usually belong to the genus Amanita Pers., and A. phalloides Fr. [The Death Cap) alone, is responsible for most deaths resulting from mushroom poisonings (Litten, 1975). Thus, it is fortunate that relatively few mushrooms occur in Hawai'i where mushroom poison- ing is a rare event. The author is only consulted a few times each year in mushroom poisoning cases. Most of these cases have involved Chlorophyllum molybdites Mass., a species of mushroom that is not fatally poisonous, but is known to cause nausea, vomiting, cramps and diarrhea. However, it has recently been determined that one of the most common mushrooms on O'ahu is Amanita virosa (Fr.)Quel. [The Destroying Angel}. This species is closely related to A. phalloides and is equally as deadly. While ingestion of A. yirosa has not been reported in Hawai'i, the author feels that a record of its distribution and how it may be identified would be noteworthy. Most commonly, the author has observed Amanita yirosa grow- ‘ing in soil, associated with species of Eucalyptus L'Hér., with which it probably forms a mycorrhiza. However, Doyle (1985) has also observed A. yirosa to be associated with Casuarina Adans. and Melaleuca L. A characteristic that will readily identify all Amanita species is the universal veil, a tissue that entirely covers the mushroom early in its development. At this stage it resembles a puffball. However, if what seems to be a puffball is cut longi- tudinally, a developing mushroom can be observed within the uni- versal veil. As the mushroom stalk elongates through the upper portion of this veil, the remnants will remain at the base of the stalk forming a cup-shaped, bulbous structure that is now referred to as the volva or "death cup". The volva is usually not visible above the soil surface. Thus, if a mushroom is suspect, be certain to collect the entire mushroom and not leave 6 ____CWNEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY the basal portion of the stalk in the soil. Since only one species of Amanita is known to occur in Hawai'i, .mushrooms hav- ing this characteristic should be referable to Amanita yvirosa. LITERATURE CITED Doyle, M. F. 1985. A floristic survey of fleshy fungi from the Hawaiian Islands, with notes on common marasmioid fungi from Southern ee M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois University. Litten, W. 1975. The most poisonous mushrooms. Scientific American 232:91-101 Miller, O.K. 1972. Mushrooms of North America. Dutton and Co., New York. 460 pp. TEER RSEEEESEELER ERE REE EE SESE SESE SESE REE EEE SEE ETE SER EEE EEE EL LEE ES FUTURE MEETINGS Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology. ICSEB IV ICSEB IV will be held at the University of Maryland, July 1-7, 1990. The theme for the conference will be "The Unity of Evolutionary Biology." The congressional symposia will focus on three major ideas: -Evolution in perspective: biodiversity, conservation, biotechnology and global change. -Tempo and pattern of evolution: micro- and macroevolutionary processes. -Systematics and phylogenetic reconstruction. The goal of the conference is to foster a resynthesis of the theory of evolution, incorporating new and traditional ap- proaches. Keynote speakers will include: Douglas Futuyma, Stephen J. Gould, Richard Leakey, Robert May, Peter Raven, John Maynard Smith, Geerat Vermeij, Edward O. Wilson. For further information write to: Congress Secretary, ICSEB-IV, Department of Microbiology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742. eee VOLUME 28) 8 NEW RUST FUNGI ON ENDEMIC ZANTHOXYLUM AND PELEA Ken L. Marr and Donald E. Gardner Department of Botany i University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Leaf and pericarp samples from three of the four endemic Hawaiian species of Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae) were collected to test their extracts for insecticidal activity. During this study, it was noted that the leaves of three trees of Z. Gipetalum H. Mann were host to a foliar rust. The infected trees are all on the island of Kaua'i in the Kdéke'e area. The rust was initially found on approximately 70-80% of the leaves of a single tree (KM12) growing on the north facing slope of a gulch just north of Kakio Keokeo picnic ground, elevation 3,100 ft. (944 m). One other tree is reported to occur in this area (Tim Flynn, pers. comm.) but was not located in this study. Leaves previously collected from this second tree by another collector do not have the rust, however. At a second location along the Honopi trail at 3,500 ft. (1,066 m) two (KM39, KM43) of seven Z. dipetalum trees were found to have leaves infected with the rust. Zanthoxylum dipetalum is also found on the islands of Hawai‘fi, O'ahu, and Moloka'i. This species is thought by Thomas Hartley to have descended from an Asian ancestor, whereas the other species of Zanthoxylum in Hawai'i are thought to have come from the South Pacific (Wagner et al., 1988). Leaf samples were collected from O'ahu and Hawai'i, but not Moloka'i. The rust was not found on any of four mature trees, nor eight saplings growing in Kipuka Puaulu, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (Hawai'i), the only location where leaves were collected on Hawai'i. However, Z. dipetalum var. tomentosum Rock is also reported to occur on "the lava flows of Mt. Hualalai, at Pu'uwa'awa'a" (Rock, 1913). Four trees from Oahu, all on Pu'u Kaua in the Waianae Mountains, were sampled. The rust was not found on any of these trees nor on leaves Z. hawaijense Hil- lebr. or Z. kauaense A. Gray. Thirty-five individuals of Z. hawaiilense were observed in the Pdéhakuloa training area on Hawai'i, and 78 individuals of Z. kauaense from 13 locations on Kaua'i, O'ahu, and Hawai'i were observed. Aside from the collections of this study, the rust was found on a University of Hawai'i Botany Department herbarium specimen of Z. dipetalum collected by D. Herbst at Halemanu, Kaua'i, in 1968 (sheet no. 05496). No notation was made of the rust, however. The rust is noteworthy in that it is probably a newly recognized, endemic species, known thus far only on Z. dipetalum gO CWNEWS LETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY ss from Kaua'i, and is an addition to Hawai'i's endemic rust flora consisting currently of only nine species (Gardner, 1987). Fur- thermore, no rust has been previously reported on a member of the Rutaceae in Hawai'i. The new rust appears to be microcyclic (consisting of only the telial spore state), and forms somewhat conspicuous clusters of dark pustules on both leaf surfaces. A second Rutaceous rust, although undescribed, was col- lected on Pelea sp. in Mdkaha Valley, O'ahu, in 1951. A meager specimen was deposited in the National Fungus Collections (Beltsville, Maryland) as "Xenostele sp." (sheet no. 123660). This specimen was examined by DG and found to be distinct mor- phologically from the new Zanthoxylun rust although it is also probably microcyclic. It is unlikely that the Pelea rust ac- tually belongs to the genus Xenostele, which may be considered synonymous with Puccinia (Cummins, 1949). The five species originally placed in Xenostele are all limited to hosts of the Lauraceae. Additional collections of this fungus, which appears as a corky leaf gall about 4 mm in diameter, would aid greatly in confirmation of this single record, and establish its occur- rence on one or more Pelea hosts in Hawai'i. LITERATURE CITED Cummins, G. B. 1949. New species of Puccinia on Lauraceae from China. Bulletin, Torrey Botanic Club 76:31-38. Gardner, D. E. 1987. Hawaii's endemic rust fungi. Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society 26:53-56. Rock, J. F. 1974. The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Is- lands. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Tokyo. 548 pp. Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1988 (manu- script). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication. Bishop Muse- um Press. In press. ARAKRRAARKARAKAARAHARKARRARKRARERARARKHRARARRRARREARRRARRRARRARARKRARRKAREN CONTROL OF COCCINIA GRANDIS Coccinia grandis can be successfully control using a 4% solution (vol./vol.) of either Garlon 4E or the ester of 2,4-D in diesel. The solution should be painted about 4 inches up the base of the stem. Diesel oil alone is not sufficient because resprouting will occur. A foliar application is being devel~ oped. Dr. Philip Motooka, University of Hawaii Cooperative Exten- sion Service, P.O. Box 208, Kealakekua HI 96740. 2 a enenenmmenin 1°) #0), 1 2:1 Gt Re I): }: eS 2 NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAI'I Bignoniaceae Linda enaaing notes that a sterile tree of Spathodea campanulata has been seen at 2,800 ft. elevation in a Kipuka east of Kane Nui O Hano in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. This appears to be the highest elevation yet reported for this species. Myrtaceae Winona Char reports that she found allspice (Pimenta dioica) naturalized in Nu'uanu Valley on the slopes to the east of Hawaii Baptist Academy and along Nu‘'uanu Stream in the same area on 29 January 1989. Melastomataceae Linda Cuddihy comments further on the distribution of Tibouchina herbacea. It is present in Hawaii Volcanoes National park in two localities: 1) Numerous scattered plants 1.5-2m tall in the Lae'apuki ahupua'ta above Hélei Pali at approximately 2,000 ft. (667 m) elevation; and, 2) Only 2 plants less than 1 m tall'in a Kipuka near the Park/Kahaule'a boundary, west of Pu'u ‘'O'o at 2,500 ft. (833 m). None of the above plants were flowering or fruiting this fall. However, flowering plants were seen at the beginning of December along roadsides in the Fern Forest subdivision adjacent to Kahaule'a Natural Area Reserve. Steve Perlman told Linda that he had seen the plant within the Reserve. This species was listed from West Maui in the last report. A recent survey of the natural area reserves on West Maui, headed by Mike Buck, State Division of Forestry and Wildlife, reports that this species is now widespread in the four reserves. Cliff Smith notes that Oxysporum paniculatum is present along the trail in Manoa Valley about 100 yards before the falls. Sapindaceae Cliff Smith reports that Cardiospermum grandiflorum is now well established on the Old Kalanianaole Highway below Olomana. 49.“ (ts CNEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY BIOLOGICAL CONTROL NEWS Gorse George Markin, Research Scientist, U.S. Forest Service reported that the moth Agonopterix ulicetiella (Stainton) was released at 6,400 ft. on the Saddle Road, Hawaii, on 29 November 1988. The larvae feed on the new shoots. Several other experi- mental releases have taken place and the results so far are quite promising. A release program began on Maui earlier this year at the Olinda Prison site. The moths laid eggs. Larval development was slow initially but a good colony has now estab- lished itself. The question that now arises is do the adults overwinter appropriately? They have a requirement for a certain length of cool weather. Two new strains from Europe will be in- troduced to quarantine later this year. Two other insects are undergoing review for potential release. This international cooperative program (United King- dom, New Zealand, U.8.A.-Hawaii and Oregon) appears to be work- ing very well. Bob Burkhart will be going to Europe for further exploratory work next month. George also noted excellent germination of 3-month old koa seedlings planted into patches of gorse that had been cut back. Growth of the seedlings was much better within the destroyed gorse patches than adjacent areas. Some seedlings had grown 10 feet in 3 years. .Experimentation continues. This reforestation associated with control efforts is highly commendable. i The release of Cyanotricha necryia on the Big Island has not been as successful as one might hope. Ten thousand of these insects were released last year at Laupahoehoe but none have been recovered so far. There is no evidence of predation or parasitism. These moths complete their life cycle under laboratory conditions but the larval stages have not been ob- served in the field. The project leader intends to release the moth in the Ola'a Tract of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (an environmental assessment was prepared). If all goes well, he plans a release at Koke’e, Kaua'i, later this year. The State Department of Agriculture introduced an encyrtid wasp, Psyllaephagus spp. near rotundiformis to control Heterop- cubana, the psyllid that has been so effective in control- ling koa haole. The control agent is well established and widespread but it is having little apparent effect on the psyl- lid. Clidemia The fungus released by Dr. Trujillo against clidemia is a i ee VOLUME 28.0) 969 dD good mycoherbicide. Unfortunately, it does not kill the plants but it does cause almost complete leaf drop. Perhaps recurrent infection by the fungus will have a dampening effect on the productivity of this weed. Another problem is that the fungus does not spread very much. The buprestid release that was announced recently was par- tially successful. (The adult insects eat the leaves and the juveniles mine the leaves.) Adults have been recovered two months after release. However, the original release was too small and in a non-optimal situation so that chances of estab- lishment are not good. A new release is required. Unfortunate- ly, the original culture stock is exhausted and new stock is needed from Trinidad or Central America. The release of Antiblemma announced recently did not take place. The species cannot be cultured in Hawai'i. No funds are available to introduce specimens from Trinidad into quarantine in Hawaii. No new funds were requested for clidemia research or biological control this year due to.a misunderstanding between the Departments of Agriculture and Land and Natural Resources. Therefore, the very promising biological control research that was being conducted by DOA has come to a standstill. members should consider alerting their representatives of the necessity of correcting this problem next year. TERE REE RES EE SESE EE EERE REESE SEES SERRE RSE EER EERE REESE E RE REE EER EERE SE SE RECENT DEATHS The Society regretfully records the deaths of two long-time members, Oscar M. Kirsch, one of Hawaii's leading orchid growers who died in his 90th year on March 3, and Dr. Robert M. Warner, professor emeritus in Horticulture, who died at age 80. Dr. Warner for many years was in charge of the Waimanalo facility of the Department of Horticulture where many species of cultivated plants, and potentially useful plants are grown. Old-time members will remember the orchids and fruits that these two members used to bring to meetings, and to the plant sales formerly sponsored by the Society. 12... NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY - LEGISLATIVE NEWS At an information meeting on Tuesday 10 January 1989, a group of scientists, land managers and federal officials met with legislators from the Big Island to discuss possible legis- lation to speed up research on the control Myrica faya. Three approaches were recommended: biological control, cultural and herbicide techniques. A budget of $70,000 for each of two years was proposed. ’ Bills (8B409 and HB276) were later introduced to the State Legislature to fund the proposed program. Both bills passed out of the respective Agriculture Committees. A hearing was held before the House Finance Committee which passed the bill out of committee. The Senate Bill was introduced by the Chairman of the Way and Means Committee so there is considerable hope that this bill will survive. It is expected that it will be in- corporated into the joint appropriation bill. The prospects for funding look good this year. Another thrust in weed control was to encourage biological control research against waiwi (Psidium cattlejanum) and miconia ).- The enabling bill (HB 1652) was reported out of the committed dealing with environmental protection chaired by Mark Andrews. It has not been heard by the House Fi- nance Committee. The Legislature is apparently shy of starting several thrusts to control forest pests at this time. Several bills were introduced relating to the control of banana poka (Passiflora mollissima) on Maui. Their fate has yet to be determined. A very important bill (HB 1004 and SB 1004) was introduced to ensure adequate financing of the Natural Area Reserve Systen. The bill proposed to set aside $4,000,000 each year from the hotel room tax. Several other bills were also introduced to earmark money from this revenue source including one to use $25 each year to upgrade the state park system. The bills passed out of the initial committees successfully. Their fate in the finance committees is not known. HHARRRKAKRERARERRHERARARRHERREREREKRREEKEEKHREKRRERKKKKKKKKKERKKKK NEW BOOK Marnie Hagmann. 1988. _ e on- at ount parks. Hawaii sasecaunie Series i Falcon Press, Helena & Billings, Montana. $16.95 + $2.00 shipping and handling. Local outlet: Hawaii Geographic Maps and Books, P.O. Box 1698, Honolulu HI 96806-1698. Telephone (808) 538-3952. ee VOLUME 2602) 1989 DD MAE E. MULL (1921-1988) Ruth Gay Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa Mae E. Mull, member of the Hawaiian Botanical Society for over two decades and leader in Hawaiian environmental issues, died on December 8, 1988. She is survived by her husband Bill of Volcano and her daughter Linda of San Francisco. From 1965 until 1974 Mae lived on Oahu with her family, and attended Hawaiian Botanical Society Meetings where she con- sistently shared her thorough and thoughtful study of conserva- tion issues. Over the years Mae's dedicated searches and analyses bridged numerous gaps among governmental policies, legislation, the courts and the protection of Hawaiian landscapes and native biota. With great courage, she communicated her findings even in the face of great obstacles. Few cared so deeply, demonstrated greater persistence, and made an impact upon so many. Mae and Bill moved to Volcano in 1974 where she has been described as the heart and mind of the Big Island environmental movement for fifteen years. Among Mae's many legacies are her contributions to the heightened awareness of the parts, inter- relationships, and whole of the Hawaiian environments and their values for humankind. Mae will be missed by those of us who knew her. Member Charlie Lamoureux wrote, "She will be missed most of all by all those Hawaiian animals, vegetables and minerals who never had a better friend than Mae." Her memorial service was held at Bird Park and attended by family, friends, neighbors, resource managers, scientists, politicians, journalists, and entertainers. As demonstrated in the mixing of the guests, Mae's light continues to shine with the spirits that live on the lands and: in the life of Hawaii. 14s CC WNEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY BOOK REVIEW Charles P. and Danielle B. Stone (eds.) 1989. Conservation Biol- ogy in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. Honolulu. xiii + 252p. $16 (paper). The biology of Hawai'i's natural ecosystems has long fas- cinated scientists interested in the insular examples along the age gradient demonstrated on these volcanic islands. This set- ting also provides special challenges to resource managers, such as how to protect rare an endangered species and how to control alien invasions. This book not only demonstrates the improved communication between academic scientists and resource managers, but also ex- tends far beyond these boundaries to address such issues as land use planning, tourism, classroom teaching, media, and ethics. In covering such a wide scope of topics, the editors can be com- mended for their pioneer effort to bring unity of understanding of the natural Hawaiian landscapes to many segments of our society. At the same time, inherent to that broadness of pur- pose is a degree of disjointedness that comes from bringing un- der one cover a diversity of writing objectives and styles from many fields of expertise. Disjunctions are reduced as the editors selected 32 contributors from a healthy cross-section of Federal, State, and Private Agencies and Institutions, and in- cluded many active workers and well-known names. The book is divided into 7 sections. The first 5 sections offer generally well-integrated, current reports on research and management and include clear recommendations for future action. the last 2 sections seem to stand apart: the conservation call for comprehensive action; and the ethics section appearing as a few individual essays on the cultural values of natural resources in America and Hawaii. Indeed, either of these last sections could be expanded into separate books. However, they are used here to build bridges of communication from research and management to other fields of endeavor. The editors are aiming to a reading audience of "educators, legislators, developers, parents, students, and other concerned groups and individuals." The book may be particularly useful for student use under the guidance and expanded coverage by a teacher. The easy-to-use glossary will be most helpful to stu- dents. Teachers-in-training will benefit from this book as a resource in their studies of education and as a reference to biological topics. Use of this book in conjunction with field experiences for education majors could make strong inroads toward reducing the science "phobia" that sometimes exists among practicing elementary teachers, even today. This book also may be an important resource for curriculum developers and in- etructors, as a current aid for developing unifying concepts and i VOLUN dS terminology from preschool through college. Given the wide scope of coverage and numerous essays, readers will use the well-detailed table of contents heavily. An index would have been most helpful. Also, numbering of sec- tions and chapters would have been helpful, especially for potential classroom use. I would have liked to have seen each author's affiliation listed with the essay as well as in the preface. The cross-referencing between essays is an unexpected aid to integration and is well done. Throughout the book, the lists of references and resources are plentiful and pertinent without being overbearing. One omission in the glossary and elsewhere seems to be the explanation of "conservation biology", an excellent title which seems to be used interchangeably with conservation education in the text. I found no typographical errors of significance. The sketches are lovely; worthy of cap- tions in my opinion. Overall, the editing, layout, and quality of the book are good, reflecting many hours of effort expended by the editors and their assistants. Many of the contributors, with whom I am familiar, took special efforts to write in a style appealing to a readership of concerned individuals from varied backgrounds. These efforts, in reaching out to a wide audience, are the strengths of this book. One can come away with an appreciation of the many resources and problems, and an overview of what workers are doing. The book will widen communication pertaining to an in- portant aspect of Hawaii. In doing so, it will become a worthy tribute to the late Wayne Gagné, a loyal mover in biology, con- servation, and education, to whom the book is dedicated. Conservation Biology in Hawaii is a superb value at $16. It is available from the University of Hawaii Press if not at your favorite bookstore. Ruth Gay Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa ' RAAKAARAAARARKHRRRARRARARARKRKARAARAKKRRRRARARARARRKKRRAARHRHARKAARARRKAARKKK HOSPITALIZATION John Obata, a long-time member of the Society, recently un- derwent by-pass surgery. We all wish him a speedy recovery. 16s CWNEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Fs HAWAI'I STREAM ASSESSMENT In 1987, the Hawaii State Legislature approved the estab- lishment of a statewide water code to address the supply and conservation of Hawaii's water resources. It called for the es- tablishment of:a Commission on Water Resources Management to in- plement and administer the code. The Commission was charged with planning and coordinating “programs for the development, conservation, protection, control and regulation of water resources based upon the best available information" (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chapter 174 C). A 1988 ammendment to the water plan further required the commission to "identify rivers or streams, or a portion of a river or stream, which ap- propriately may be placed within a wild and scenic river systen, to be preserved and protected as part of the public trust" (Hawaii Revised Statutes, Chapter 174 C) . Commission on Water Resources Management initiated the Hawaii Stream Assessment, a two year project to inventory and assess Hawaii's stream resources. The Commission expects the information gathered to help them make water protection and man- agement decisions. Project direction is provided by a Steering Committee chaired by Mr. Manabu Tagomori, Deputy Director of the Department of Land and Natural Resources. Carol Wilcox will serve as Project Coordinator for the DLNR. The Stream Assessment is being done in cooperation with the National Park Service which is providing the majority of the funding and the methodology through its State and Local Rivers Conservation Assistancé Program. This Program was established in response to the Wild. and Scenic Rivers Act which called for preparation and maintenance of a continuing inventory and evaluation of the outdoor recreation needs and resources of the United States and the identification of potential wild, scenic, and recreational river areas within the nation (Public Laws 88- 29, 90-542). The National Park Service has designated Dr. Clifford Smith, Director of the Cooperative National Park Resources Study Unit, at University of Hawaii,, Principal Inves- tigator of the Project. Sallie Edmunds will be the Project Coordinator for CPSU. Wilcox and Edmunds will be gathering information about the physical, cultural, recreational, aquatic, agricultural, and riparian resource values associated with Hawaii's perennial streams with the assistance of seven working committees. The study will result ina comprehensive computerized rela- tional database of river resources and a written report documenting the Stream Assessment. The information generated by the Hawaii Stream Assessment | May prove useful to public and private sector planners and deci- orga VOLUME 28(1) 1989 17 sion makers’ in addition to the Commission. Applications for other government agencies could include a comprehensive hydroelectric plan or a recreational development plan, for exam- ple. Developers could use the information as a guide to flag potential siting problems. Scientists will be able to do broad- based analyses as well as identify areas where further research is needed. Finally,: the general public may find the Stream As- sessment a good source of general information about Hawaii's streans. RHAKKHARRKERRRRKRRERAERRERKERRRKERKERAERAERRERRERERRRERRERRRARERAKREKKKKKEK HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the December 1988 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the November meeting were read and approved. There was no Treasurer's report. President Wester offered a few words on the passing of Charles Lum and Horace Clay, both of whom were Horticulturists in Hawaii for many years. The Membership Committee proposed, and the Society elected, Manuel Balcita as a member. Under old business, the slate of Officers for 1989 was read and nominations from the floor were asked for, no nominations were made and they were closed. The proposed slate of Officers was elected by acclamation. Officers for 1989 will be: President Dr. Mark Merlin Vice President Marie Bruegmann Secretary Patti Welton Treasurer e Derrall Herbst Directors Dr. Lyndon Wester Dr. Isabella Abbott Also under old business, the Marsilea Committee gave a report on the current condition of the population. The erection of bar- riers and removal of invading grasses has been successful and the plants are healthy and thriving.. Volunteers were asked for to help weed on the first and third Saturday of each month until May to keep the plants from being encroached upon again. — Plant of the Month speaker was Steve Montgomery who spoke about the work done and the plants found in Tahiti during last sunm- mer's Marquesas expedition. : Speaker of the Month was Dr. Lyndon Wester whose topic was lg_CNEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY "Mangroves and Mankind." Mangroves are now being seen as useful rather than undesirable elements of a coastal habitat. Some of their uses are wood, charcoal, medicine and shore erosion pro- tection. | The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m. and refreshments were served. Respectfully submitted, Maria Leu HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the January Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the December meeting were read and approved. The treasurer reported there is a balance of $3,570. President Merlin offered condolences for the families of Horace Clay, a Horticulturist, and Mae Mull and Wayne Gagné, active conservationists in Hawai'i. President Merlin reminded the members that dues are due, and that we should all make an effort to increase membership. Volunteers were solicited for chairing the conservation con- mittee and the refreshment committee. Anyone interested should speak to President Merlin. Under old business, Dr. Lyndon Wester reported on progress of the Marsilea work. The population is looking very well, but as always weeds are encroaching rapidly. Volunteers were asked to help weed on the first and third Saturday of each month until — May. Under new business, President Merlin announced that the Science > Fair organization has again asked for awards contributions. In | addition they have asked for donations to the operating costs of the fair. President Merlin asked for comments from the floor. It was decided that the officers committee would decide which | donation to make this year. Also under new business, Dr. Abbott announced that there was a. meeting at the State Capitol on January 10 to discuss legisla- tion to fund a biological control research program on faya, the fire tree. She suggested anyone interested should at- : tend to show our interest in this problem plant. A show of nun- bers would help, even if those attending did not wish to speak — during the meeting. Plant of the Month speaker was Dr. Mark Merlin who spoke about the South Cook Islands and a new, as yet undescribed, species of | | e) 28 palm found there. Speaker of the Month was Dr. Sam Gon III whose topic was "Biological Surveys of the Natural Area Reserves of Hawaii." The Hawaii Heritage Program of The Nature Conservancy is cur- rently surveying 17 of the 18 NARs for the state. They include coastal lava flows and anchialine pools at ‘Ahihi-Kina'u NAR to rainforests and bogs on the slopes of West Maui NAR to alpine desert at Mauna Kea Ice Age NAR, and much more. Many interest- ing and rare plants have been found during these surveys, as well as the scenic and diverse natural communities that make Hawai'i unique. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m. and refreshments were served. Respectfully submitted, Marie M. Bruegmann, Substituting for Patti Welton RRAARKAAAARAAAAAKRAKKHRRAARAKARARKRAKAKHARKARHAKRARAHRARHARAKRARAARKRRARRARKHKRKEK MOONWALKS 1989 Waimea Falls Park welcomed more than 10,000 participants on their popular full moon walks in 1988. You too can discover the beauty of an ancient Hawaiian valley at night. Take part in the fun this year when a park guide leads a one-hour stroll to the waterfall and back by the light of the full moon. Moonwalks depart from the parks' Visitor's Center at 8:30 p.m. sharp twice a month. Admission is free. Moonwalks are scheduled for the following dates in 1989: April 19 & 20 October 13 & 14 May 19 & 20 November 1l & 12 June 17 & 18 . December 11 & 12 Call Waimea Falls Park at 638-8511 for more information VEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTHENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822 1990/I oe a Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions - 10th St. and Constitution ved Washington, DC 20560 1)». —_ ls ee alae ry “My “Ue Sev gi — ae News letter ‘ | x s awallia 30 tanica ociet VOLUME 28 (2) _JUNE 1989 _(pntents STATUS, PROBLEMS, AND PROSPECTS OF THE HAWAIIAN TARO COLLECTION AT KAPAPA LO'I 'O KANEWAI by Ron Fenstemachers <0. «926 8 © & See 6 ws ee 23 COPELANDIA AND OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE FUNGI IN HAWAI'I by John W. Allen and Mark D. Merlin. ........ . 27 MAILE RUST HAS A NEW COUSIN IN AUSTRALIA by Donald E. Gardner. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 32 BOOK REVIEW by George K. Linney. ........... 34 AN UPDATE ON COCCINEA (CUCURBITACEAE) IN HAWAI'I by George K. Linney. ........s. . oP ease 8.60 35 NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAII ~ Iff ..... . ee... «© « « 31h SOCIETY BUSINESS @ e e e e e e e e e e e @ e e e e e e® 36 “K Published by the Hawattan Botanical Soctety, whitch was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany tn all tts applications, encourage research tn botany tn all tts phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptritt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ts eltgtble for membership. Information may be obtatned from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matle Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. Pays NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1988 President: Vice-President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Executive Council Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. Marie Bruegmann, The Nature Conservancy Hawaii. Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Patti Welton, Botany Dept., U.H. Lyndon Wester, Geography Dept., U.H. Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair Native Plants: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clyde Imada, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Editor) Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park KEKKEKKEEKEKEKKEEKKKKREKKKKKKKRKKKRKKRKKRRKRKKKKKKRKRKRKRKKRRRRRKRKKRRRKKRKEEK MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further ques. VOLUME 28(2) 1989 23 STATUS, PROBLEMS, AND PROSPECTS OF THE HAWAIIAN TARO COLLECTION AT KAPAPA LO'I 'O KANEWAI Ron Fenstemacher c/o Ho'okahe Wai, Ho'oulu ‘Aina Box 61494, Honolulu 96839 The present status (3/89) of the many taro cultivars grown at Kapapa Lo'i 'o Kanewai (KLOK), the Hawaiian garden on Dole Street maintained by the Hawaiian Studies Institute and the Ethnic Studies Program is given. This area, Kanewai, is so named because from mythology it is one of places that the god Kane used his '6'6 or digging stick to find fresh water for the Hawaiians, and may have been a large underground pool in the area whose waters were supposed to heal things (Williams 1935). The garden, however, diverts water from Manoa stream with a dam. This water flows into an historic 'auwai or ditch, passes under the Dole street bridge, winds through the lo'i kalo or taro patches, and is ultimately returned to the stream. Manoa stream joins with Palolo stream and together they finally discharge into the Ala Wai Canal. These lo'i were restored by Hawaiian studies students in 1980 and continue to be cared for by students from both the Institute and the Ethnic Studies Program. KLOK has acquired most of the taro cultivars from the Ke'anae Arboretum at Ke'anae, Maui, the Kaua'i Experimental Station at Wailua, Kaua'i, and from the Lyon Arboretum, University of Hawai'i, Manoa. All three of these places share the same basic collection of cultivars which can be traced to those collected and studied for the classic work on Hawaiian taro: Taro Varieties in Hawai'i (Whitney et al. 1939). These authors, from about 140 field collected types, attempted to describe taro cultivars and sought to find duplicates and synonyms, and thus systematize the Hawaiian taros. Around the same time, Handy (1940) compiled over 300 folk names for taro cultivars, knowing full well there weren't over 300 distinct taros. The Hawaiian planters from different areas had given Handy different names for identical cultivars. Likewise, Hawaiians from various places may offer identical names but then apply them to different cultivars. Part of the interest in keeping the Hawaiian garden at the University is for the accumulation of observations that would aid scholars, plant scientists as well as anthropologists, to evaluate the folk taxonomy practices of the Hawaiians. Presently, KOLK has 69 different taro cultivars of which 60 are Hawaiian and 9 are introduced. They are: 24 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Hawaiian: 1. 'Aweu 31. Manini-'owali 2. Mana ‘Ulu 32. Kumt-'ele'ele 3. Mana 'Ula'‘tula 33. Nwao 4. Mana Lauloa 34. 'Ula'ula Ktmt 5. Mana Ke'oke'o 35. 'Ula'tula Poni 6. Mana'Ele'tele 36. 'Ula'tula Moano 7. Mana 'Oko'a 37. 'O'opukai 8. Piko Lehua-‘'api'i 38. Manini Uliuli 9. Piko 'Ula'tula 39. Manini Kea 10. Piko Kea 40. Nihopu'u 11. Piko Uaua 41. Manini 'Opelu 12. Piko Uliuli 42. ‘Ohe 13. Piko 'Ele'tele 43. Lehua Maoli 14. 'Elepaio 44. Lehua Ke'oke'o 15. UahiaPele 45. Lehua "Ele'tele 16. Manapiko 46. Lehua Pala'i'i 17. Kal Ulivi 47. '‘Apowale 18. Kai ‘Ala 48. Wehiwa 19. Kai Kea 49, Papapueo 20. 'Apuwai 50. Ku'oho 2. Apu 51. Le'o 22s Pitialiei 52. Maea 23. Moana 53. Haokea 24. Pa'akai 54. Kalalau 25. Lauloa "Ele'ele-'dma'o 55. Hapu'u 26. Lauloa Palakea-'ele'ele 56. La'aloa 27. Lauloa Palakea-papamu 57. Moi 28. Lauloa Ke'oke'o 58. Pololt 29. 'Ele'ele Makoko 59. IpuoLono (Mitchell, pers. comm. ) 30. 'Ele'ele Naioea 60. Manauea (see note) Introductions : 1. 'Eka'eka 6. Manalewa 2. 'Iliuaua 7. Purple Leaf Noumea 3. bun=-Long 8. Eot Lepar 4. Manini Toretore 9. Makalau 5. Fa'afa'usi The Hawaiian taro cultivars that are described in Whitney, et al. (1939) but are not presently grown at KLOK are : 1. Mana 'Opelu 7. Hinupua'ta 2. Piko Uliuli 8. Lauloa Uliuli 3. Lauloa ‘ele'ele-'ula 9. Lihilihimolina 4. Lauloa Palakea-'ula 10. 'Oene 5. Lauloa Pakakea-ke'oke'o 11. Piko'ele 6. Papakolekoa'e VOLUME 28(2) 1989 20 Hopefully, some of these missing cultivars may still be found for two reasons: 1) The Lauloa group is reported to mutate back and forth (Whitney and Kikuta 1937), and 2) Piko Ke'oke'o, Lauloa "Ele'ele-'ula, Mana 'Opelu, and Papakolekoa'e were at the Lyon Arboretum in 1970 (Anonymous 1970). Some cultivars seem to have vanished since 1939: Hinupua'a, 'Oene, Piko'ele, Lauloa Uliuli, Lihilihimodlina. One hopes these exist in a private collection (Schattenberg-Raymond 1983) or perhaps they persist in the wild. Simply recollecting the lost cultivars will not be easy for three reasons" 1) When Whitney et al. (1939) was published, the focus was on winnowing the 140 or so cultivars that were field collected to eliminate synonyms and duplicates. This was done as a field exercise; morphology was the yardstick. Where the taros were collected, from whom, and so forth weren't particularly germane to this field exercise. Apparently this information is now lost (Bowers 1988)., 2) Handy in his field work here did seem to put a premium on this type of information. His style seems systematic on just these points. In both volumes of his "Hawaiian Planter" (Handy 1940, and Handy and Handy 1972, p.84) is this tantalizing quote: "Less than a third of the complete records in my [taro] notes is presented. ... the many [taro] varieties described in my notes, but not included here, and verbal descriptions from old planters not checked with specimens are reserved for further study.". These notes may have been destroyed (Ashford 1988) or they may be in the possession of Donald Marshall of Berkeley, California. He received some of Handy's papers when Handy passed away. Being an anthropologist, his major interests are not plants. He hasn't yet completed a general inventory of these papers left to him (Marshall pers. comm.), so there is a slim chance that these notes still exist, 3) The last reason why recollecting these cultivars is difficult is simply that the number of people “practicing the lifestyle that required intimate knowledge of numerous taro cultivars has dwindled considerably in the half century since the last collections of some of the taro cultivars was made. In 1989, how many of us now depend on homegrown taro as a staple? Probably the best chance of locating lost cultivars rests in a survey of private taro collections. If readers know of any private taro collections please alert the author who can be reached at the address at the beginning of this paper. A final topic clouding a simple issue like which taros are growing at KLOK is that not always do the published descriptions and actual cultivar characteristics seem to match. This provides yet another reason why a survey of private taro collections is vital. By addressing this topic through a video catalog of taro cultivars some of these questions can be answered. 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The author would like to acknowledge the Hawaiian Studies Institute and the Ethnic Studies Program for their generous support of KLOK, the Lyon Arboretum, Ke'anae Arboretum, and the Kaua'i Experiment Station for sharing unselfishly their taro cultivars, and Harry Mitchell of Ke'anae for his inspiration of KLOK. BIBLIOGRAPHY and NOTES Anonymcous. 1970. The Taro Collection, Harold L. Lyon Arboretun, University of Hawai'i, 8 pp. Ashford, M. 1988. Bishop Museum Head Librarian, Personal Communication, 7 September. : Bowers, F. A. I. Personal Communication, 28 October 1988. Handy, E. S. C. 1940. The Hawaiian Planter, volume 1. Bishop Museum Bulletin 161, 227 pp. Handy, =. S. C. and Handy, E. G. with Puku'i, M. K. 1972. Native Planters in Old Hawai'i, Their Life, Lore, and Environment, Bishop Museum Bulletin 233, 641 pp. Marshall, D. Personal Communications, 23 June 1988, 7 July 1988, 8 January 1989, 30 March 1989. Mitchell, H. Personal’ Communication, around 1981 and 1987. See also Handy, 1940, p. 19. Note: See Handy, 1940 p. 7, last paragraph. The taro conforms to this description and is from Wai'anae, O'ahu. Schattenberg-Raymond, L. 1983. A Pictorial Illustration of Hawaiian Kalo Varieties at Lyon Arboretum with Descriptions from "Taro Varieties in Hawai'i." Unpublished. Whitney, L. D. and Kikuta, K. 1937. Hawai'i Agricultural Exveriment Station Annual Reports, pp. 17-18. Whitney, L. D., Bowers, F. A. I., and Takahashi, M. 1939. Taro Varieties in Hawai'i, Hawai'i Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 84, 86 pp. Williams, J. 1935. The Romance of Honolulu's Prehistoric Caves, Honolulu Star Bulletin, 5 January. VOLUME 28(2) 1989 2a, COPELANDIA AND OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE FUNGI IN HAWAI'I John W. Allen and Mark D. Merlin Department of General Science University of Hawaii at Manoa 2450 Campus Rd. HONOLULU HI 96822 U.S.A. With the recent identification of a deadly agaric Amanita virosa (Fr.) Quel., by Dr. George Wong on Oahu (Wong 1989) and Dr. Don Hemmes on Hawaii Is. (1989, Pers. Comm.), some other fungi which might be psychologically harmful, if not physically dangerous, are noted. Hallucinogenic mushrooms belonging to Psilocybe, Panaeolus, and at least 10 other genera, have been investigated since rediscovery of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult in Mesoamerica during the early 1950's (Wasson 1957). It has been reported that many of these species are now employed by many segments of society as a drug source to be used for recreational purposes rather than as a food item (Ott 1978; Singer 1978; Weil 1980). Worldwide, there are more than 130 known species of fungi which contain psychoactive alkaloids of psilocybin, psilocin, and other indole related compounds known as tryptamines. Psilocybin and psilocin possess a chemical structure very similiar to serotonin, a brain neurotransmitter that exerts powerful psychic effects through central sympathetic excitation. Most notable is an alteration of the normal functioning of the brain known as cerebral mycetism which produces visual effects, auditory hallucinations (synesthesia), and euphoria. In humans these effects are similiar to those produced by mescaline and LSD (Pollock 1975; Singer 1978; Hofmann 1980). In the Hawaiian Islands a number of these psychoactive mushroom species occur naturally, including five which have been identified. The three most common of the identified species of psychoactive fungi in the Hawaiian Islands known to contain psilocybin and/or pSilocin are Copelandia cyanescens (Berk. & Br.) Singer, C. tropicalis Ola'h, and Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Br.) Sacc. All three of these melanosporous species belong to the family Coprinaceae and are primarily coprophilic, but have been known to occur in grassland areas where manure had previously been deposited. Under the provisions of Public Law 91.513, psilocybin and psilocin are registered as controlled substances (#7437 and #7438) subject to a fine and/or imprisonment. While these substances are classified as chemicals, there are no existing laws pertaining to the possession of mushrooms per se. Copelandia cyanescens, and C. tropicalis are known in Hawai'i by recreational users as "magic mushrooms," "gold caps," "blue meanies," "dimple tops," and "cone heads". They are the most common species employed for recreational, albeit illicit, purposes. Such illegal use has taken place rather commonly in Hawai'i for 20 years or more (Anon. 1972; Pollock 1974; Anon. 1981b;). Copelandia 28 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY cyanescens, which seems to be of Asian origin, may have been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands with cattle which were imported from the Philippines during the early 1800's. The same mode of dispersal may also explain the presence in Hawai'i of C. tropicalis which was originally reported from Cambodia. Panaeolus subbalteatus, which has a worldwide distribution, and is often referred to as "red caps" in North America, is not commonly found on O'ahu, but is abundant in some areas of Maui. Generally, P. subbalteatus is less frequently collected for psychoactive consumption in Hawai'ti. This latter species is known as the "weed Panaeolus", and accidental intoxication from this species has been reported in scientific literature for centuries (Pollock 1976). In Hawai'i, the three species of hallucinogenic mushrooms referred to above are reportedly popular with members of the youth counterculture, some college students, and some in the armed forces. While possession of many of these psychoactive species is illegal in the United States, very few prosecutions result from their use. However, in Hawai'i, people violating private property rights in search of such fungi are sometimes arrested for trespassing. Those who search for these psychoactive species often identify them by observing the intense bluing reaction which occurs through oxidation when the flesh of the mushroom has been damaged by handling. This confirms to some collectors that the gilled fungi are not deadly mushrooms. While some mycologists believe that the bluing reaction in C. cyanescens is variable and often absent, others often report its occurrence in this species as common and intense. In addition to the above mentioned Copelandia spp. and’ Panaeolus, two other common species in Hawai'i, have been listed as poisonous or hallucinogenic. They are Panaeolina foenisecii Maire, found in lawns and pastures, and Psilocybe coprophila Guzman, a dung inhabiting species. According to Guzman (Pers. Comm.), although these two species may be toxic, neither of them is psychoactive. Except for C. tropicalis which was originally identified by Ola'h (1968) as occurring in Hawai'i, voucher specimens of all of the above discussed species were sent to Dr. Gaston Guzman of the Instituto de Ecologia in Mexico city. Dr. Guzman, a recognized expert on psychoactive fungi, varified the identities of the specimens collected in Hawaii. Field collection specimens to be deposited in the Bishop Museum Herbarium is now in progress. Amanita muscaria, a powerful psychoactive mushroom with very dangerous relatives in the same genus (see Wong 1989), has been reported to Don Hemmes (1989, Pers. Comm.), UH Hilo biologist, as occurring in Hawaii, but no specimens have been verified as yet. Allen and Hemmis collected specimens of C. cyanescens and P. subbalteatus on Hawai'i Is. in December of 1988. dig ieee = also worth noting that spores belonging to so-called "Hawaiian" strains of Psilocybe cubensis have been offered for sale through advertisements in High Times Magazine, a counterculture publication. This psychoactive mushroom species, however, apparently does not occur in Hawai'i, except under clandestine VOLUME 28(2) 1989 29 conditions where it is cultivated in vitro. The number of people who seek medical attention for psychological problems associated with either accidental or deliberate ingestion of these psychoactive fungi has risen sharply in some areas of the world during the past 10 years (Southcott 1974; Harries & Evans 1981; Young et al 1982; Bennell & Watling 1983). However, during the last 15 years, only a few toxic reactions resulting from ingestion of Copelandia cyanescens have caused concern in the Hawaiian Islands. Pollock (1974) reported the death of a young man in Hawai'i, which was supposedly caused by the ingestion of this species. Allen (1988) investigated this report and found that no mushrooms were involved. In 1981, a 14-year old male received a gastric lavage at Castle Hospital after taking an overdose of this species (Anon. 198la). A Similar case was reported from the same hospital in 1988 (Pers. Comm. Staff at Castle Hospital). In 1981, a teen-ager in Kona, who had previously eaten psychoactive mushrooms on several occasions with un undesirable effects, consumed a small handful of mushrooms, lost control of his senses, and inflicted himself with multiple stab wounds; subsequently, he sought treatment at a Kona hospital (Stapleton 1981). While the fear of poisoning by toxic fungi is the main cause of mycophobia throughout the world, mycologists have recognized that some of the deadly species macroscopically resemble those fungi which might be picked for their suspected hallucinogenic properties. Although the possession of fungi containing illegal substances raises serious ethical concerns, the main medical dangers associated with psilocybian poisonings are primarily psychological in mature. Anxiety or panic states, depressive or paranoid (guilt) reactions, mood changes, disorientations and an inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy have been reported. Treatment for this kind of poisoning is generally Supportive (the talk down method or a gastric lavage). Psychological distress resulting from consuption of ~hallucinogenic mushrooms may induce pararnoid reactions or illusions which might lead to dangerous behavior in some people, under certain conditions. Nevertheless, the inherent physical danger associated with the ingestion of wild mushrooms lies not so much in the consumption of an hallucinogenic species, but rather in the misidentification, collection and consumption of a physically poisonous species which might resemble a psilocybian species. LITERATURE CITED Allen, John W. 1988. A Private Inquiry into the Circumstances Surrounding the 1972 Death of John Gomilla Jr., who Died After Allegedly Consuming Ten Magic Mushrooms While Residing in Hawaii. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20:451- 454. Anon. 1972. Mushroom Eater Dies. Honolulu Advertiser. 30 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Tuesday, December 26:C4. Anon. 198la. 8 Seized for Picking Mushrooms. Honolulu Advertiser. Saturday, January 31:A5. Anon. 1981b. 6 Persons Arrested for Picking Mushrooms. Honolulu Advertiser. Monday, February 9:A2. Bennell, Alan P. and Roy Watling. 1983. Mushroom Poisoning in Scotland. Bulletin of the British Mycological Society b7: 105-106. Harries, Anthony D. and Valmai Evans. 1981. Sequelae of a 'Magic Mushroom Banquet'. Post Graduate Medical Journal D477 =r 2. Hofmann, Albert. 1980. LSD, My Problem Child. McGraw-Hill, N.Y. Ola'h, Gyorgy-Miklos. 1968. Le Genre Panaeolus. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Paris. Ott, Jonathan. 1978.Recreational Use of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms in the United States. In: Rumack, Barry and Ernanual Salzman (Eds.). Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press, Cleveland. Pollock, Steven H. 1974. A Novel Experience with Panaeolus: A Case Study from Hawaii. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 6:85-89. Pollock, Steven H. 1975. The Psilocybin Mushroom Pandemic. Jounal of Psychedelic Drugs 7:73-84. Pollock, Steven H. 1976. Psilocybin Mycetism with Special Reference to Panaeolus. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 6249-57. Singer, Rolf. 1978. Hallucinogenic mushrooms. In: Rumack and Salzman (Eas...) . Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment. CRC Press, Cleveland. Southcott, R.V. 1974. Notes on Some Poisonings and other Clinical Effects Following the Ingestion of Australian Fungi. South Australian Clinics 6:442-478. Stapleton, Frankie. 1981. The Other Side of Magic Mushrooms. Hawaii Tribune-Herald 68:1, 16. Wasson, R. Gordon. 1957. Seeking the Magic Mushroom. Life Magazine May 13. Weil, Andrew. 1980. The marriage of the Sun and Moon. VOLUME 28(2) 1989 31 Houghton-Miflin Co., N. Y. Wong, George. 1989. Amanita virosa in Hawaii. Newsletter Hawaiian Botanical Society 28:5-6. Young, Richard., R. Milroy, S. Hutchinson and Colin M. Kesson. 1982. The Rising Price of Mushrooms. Lancet 8265:213- 25. RkekKkKRKRKKKKKKKRKKKKKRKRKKKKRKKKKKKRKKKKRKRKKRKRKKRKRKKKRKRKKRKEKKKKKRRKRKRKRKEKKRKKRKEK NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAII - III Aizoaceae Winona Char reports that Trianthema portulacastrum appears to be spreading. It has now been found at Makapu'u adjacent to Sea Life Park on a pile of coral fill near the unpaved road. Asclepiadaceae George Linney reports that Cryptostegia madagascariensis is also naturalized in Kailua-Kona on Palani Road a little way above the mauka traffic light. Another group of plants is adjacent to Kamehameha III Road in Keauhou. He also noted a range expansion of Calotropis procera south to old Kona airport out on the lava flow close to the Casuarnia trees and north to the Kawaihae area opposite the Hawaiian Telephone building close to the junction of Queen Kaahumanu Highway and Kawaihae Road. Cucurbitaceae Winona Char notes additional locations of Coccinia grandis on O'ahu. Three small plants were seen on a 20-acre parcel on the Waimanalo side of Sea Life Park at Makapu'u. A dense mat of plants was also observed climbing over koa-haole adjacent to Kahuku Sugar Mill. Clifford W. Smith, Botany Department, University of Hawaii. a2 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MAILE RUST HAS A NEW COUSIN IN AUSTRALIA Donald E. Gardner National Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Unit Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Maile (Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud.) rust was described in 1925 as Uromyces alyxiae Arth. in Stevens (Stevens, 1925) with the notation that the fungus was rare and found nowhere in more than very scant quantity in Hawaiian forests. The rust appears as raised, sporulating brown spots on the undersurfaces of leaves, each with a distinct, usually circular chlorotic spot on the corresponding upper surface. The tissue of the light- colored spot may be slightly sunken. Most freshly sporulating rust spots measure 0.5-5 mm in diameter and first appear on young leaves, becoming crusty or corky on older growth. Stem infection also occurs, causing a gall-like growth of spore- producing tissue. Stevens (1925) listed U. alyxiae among Hawai'i's few endemic rusts, and I likewise included this fungus as one of the nine currently known rust species endemic to Hawai'i (Gardner, 1987a). Although maile rust cannot be described as abundant in most stands of maile that I have observed, it is, nevertheless, more common than Stevens thought it to be. The trained eye is sometimes able to observe rust infection on the maile leis worn at commemorative or festive occasions. Maile rust had received little critical attention since Stevens! earlier observations until my recent unsuccessful attempts to demonstrate the life cycle through inoculation studies (Gardner, unpub.). Notwithstanding my failure to obtain infection, no evidence exists that the rust is other than a microcyclic species producing only the telial (including the basidial) state, in accordance with the original description. My studies did lead to interesting observations on the unusual method of teliospore germination and basidiospore production, however (Gardner, 1987b). My publication came to the attention of Dr. John Tierney, a plant pathologist with the Department of Forestry, Queensland, Australia. Dr. Tierney previously had collected an undescribed microcyclic rust on Alyxia ruscifolia R. Br. in the Bunya Mountains near Brisbane, Australia. Comparison between the two rusts indicated obvious morphological and color similarities between teliospores such that the new rust may be considered a variety of U. alyxiae. Spores of the Australian material were slightly more robust, measuring (24-)26-32 x 16- 21 um with a thickened apical wall 5-8 um thick. Spores of VOLUME 28(2) 1989 a3 maile rust measured 23-29 x 12-17 um, with an apical wall thickening of 4-7 um. Both rusts had similar apical germ pores. The Australian material was not germinated in this study since it had been heat-treated and was not viable. The new rust occurs on stems as well as leaves as does maile rust, however sporulating leaf spots of the Australian rust are not confined primarily to the lower leaf surface, but occur readily on both surfaces. With careful observation, leaf spots of maile rust are seen to consist of a number of minute coalescing telia on hypertrophied tissue resulting in the appearance of a single spot. Each telium has a ragged border of ruptured epidermal tissue. On the other hand, each leaf spot of the Australian rust consists of a Single, larger telium (O.1-1.5mm diameter), sometimes bordered by a uniform rim of host epidermal tissue, giving a cup-like appearance. The similarity of these rusts to one another, both of which occur on endemic Alyxia hosts and which are themselves probably endemic to widely separated regions, is noteworthy. Another Alyxia rust, Puccinia alyxiae Cke. & Mass., occurs in Australia on A. buxifolia R. Br. (McAlpine, 1906) and is probably closely related to both maile rust and the new Australian variety, although P. alyxiae does not occur in Hawai'i. These observations are particularly interesting in light of earlier studies of the affinities of Hawaiian rust fungi on Acacia koa Gray and A. koaia Hbd. to Australian Acacia rusts (Gardner and Hodges, 1985). They demonstrate the distribution of close host species and indicate a more intimate biological link between the two regions than mere geographic distances would suggest. Literature Cited Gardner, D. E. 1987a. Hawaii's endemic rust fungi. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter 26(3) :53-56. Gardner, D. E. 1987b. Teliospore germination of Uromyces alyxiae, an endemic Hawaiian rust. Mycologia 79:914-917. Gardner, D. E., and C. S. Hodges, Jr. 1985. Spore surface morphology of Hawaiian Acacia rust fungi. Mycologia 7735/75-586. McAlpine, D. 1906. The rusts of Australia. Government Printer, Melbourne. 349 pp. Stevens, F. L. 1925. Hawaiian fungi. B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 19. 189 pp. Honolulu, Hawaii. 34 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY BOOK REVIEW George K. Linney Indexed Bibliography on the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i by S.W. Mill, D.P. Gowing, D.R. Herbst, and W.L. Wagner. 1988. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. vi, 214 pages. 525.00. This effort is an outgrowth of Manual of the flowering Plants of Hawai'i project of Bernice P. Bishop Museum. It is a listing of all publications from 1784-1986 dealing with native and naturalized flowering plants in Hawai'i. The book was not intended to be a complete listing of publications that deal only indirectly with native and naturalized species. The many privately published works of Otto and Isa Degener were also excluded, having been treated previously (Taxon 34: 229-259).. The Bibliography is divided into two parts: a 163-page listing of publications by first author; and subject, taxonomic, and place name indices. Lack of cross-listing or indexing of coauthors is a major shortcoming of the bibliography. This is not a "literature cited", in which the reader will always have the name of the first author as guide, and there may be occasions when only a coauthor is known. An even greater weakness is found in the execution of the subject index. There are only 29 headings and no subheadings or annotations, only long lists of numbers corresponding to the bibliographic listing. There are over 300 listings under "autecology" and over 1100 under "taxonomy/systematics." If users do not know the first author of a paper and attempt to find a specific listing under one of these topics, they face and arduous search. The authors of the Bibliography suggest cross-checking between two categories, a simple task in a computerized database, a daunting challenge that becomes intolerable after the first or second manual search. If the authors really want the subject index to be used, they might have considered using subheadings to reduce the mass of citations that need to be sifted. The taxonomic index, on the other hand, is eminently useful, although there are some quirks. A native species formerly considered a Drypetes or Neowawraea, but treated as a Fluggea in the forthcoming Manual, is listed under the first two names but not under the third, since that determination was published only after 1986. Future usefulness of the index will be limited as more users come to know the plants by post-1986 names. A cross listing of accepted post-1986 names would have extended usefulness. The place name index will be of interest to those who are looking for a specific publication, but know only the locale of VOLUME 28(2) 1989 39 the collection or study. It should also be of use to those who wish to recompile localized species lists based on published records. The Bibliography serves a much needed function in bringing together such a large body of published papers, despite its shortcomings, and should be a worthwhile addition to the library of any serious student of the Hawaiian flora. Unfortunately, its precise relationship to the forthcoming Manual is not known. If it is not significantly different from the references in that work, it may be worth waiting a year or so and investing in only the Manual. If one does not wish to invest as much as the Manual promises to cost, then the Bibliography is the appropriate choice. KHEKKKKEKKKKEEKKKEKKKKKEKKKKKEKEKKKKKKREKEKKKKKKKRKKKKKKRKKKRKRKEREKKKREK AN UPDATE ON COCCINEA (CUCURBITACEAE) IN HAWAI'I George K. Linney Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way, HONOLULU HI 96822 U.S.A. Since the original report of Coccinea grandis in Hawai'i, some additional populations have come to light. On the island of O'ahu very old and large populations have been found along Renton Road on the Ewa Plain and at Waialua-Haleiwa on the North Shore. Both of these are already too large to be easily eradicated and represent additional nuclei from which this very aggressive invader can spread in the future. In addition, the range of this species on the Kona coast of the Big Island has recently been observed to have extended to the Kona acres and Kona Palisades subdivisions above Keahole Airport, a jump of at least six miles from its previously reported range. This is in an area with extensive native vegetation, including Dispyros sandwicensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Lipochaeta venosa(?), and Caesalpinia kavaiensis. There is now imminent danger that Coccinea could spread to the dry forest of Ka'upulehu and threaten many rare plants there by its smothering growth habit. A biological control agent must be found soon if the dry forest is to be protected. 36 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the February 1989 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. The minutes of the January meeting were not read. Derral Herbst read the Treasurer's report. Under new business, Dr. Isabella Abbott announced that there would be a hearing on Thursday, February 9, at the State Capital about Myrica faya. The Senate and the House have provisionally approved a Bill allocating $80,000 to the Department of Agriculture for research on its control. President Merlin informed the members that the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii is calling for proposals for innovative research projects concerning terrestrial conservation biology in Hawai'i. This is part of a small grants program under the Hawaii Conservation Biology Initiative. Deadline for proposals is April 20, 1989. Dr. Abbott introduced the Plant of the Month Speaker, Dr. Ron Fenstemacher. He is a chemist and working at the Board of Water Supply. He entertained us with the history of Ava, (Piper methysticum), from the Hawaiian perspective. It isa highly variable plant which was prized by the Hawaiians, as they have about 20 different names for it. He cultivates Ava at Ka Papa Lo'i 'O Kanewai, on Dole St., which is a garden for Hawaiian plants and people. He helped begin this garden on Election Day 1980. The Speaker of the Month was Dr. Vincent LeBot, currently a guest researcher in the Department of Horticulture. His topic was "Kava: The Potential of a Plant in Oceania: Awa (Piper methysticum). He worked with Kava in Vanuatu for 7 years, aiming to transform Kava from a traditional into a cash crop for purposes of economic development for the people. France uses natural extracts from this plant for pharmaceuticals. He described the ways farmers in Vanuatu select for varieties of Kava for superior qualities for drinking as well as for medicinal purposes. There are many cultivars as it has a highly variable morphology. He found that specific chemical extracts correlated with the different cultivars. He also worked on tracing the origin of Kava and believes it was first domesticated in Vanuatu as there is the greatest range of varieties there. Both talks were amusing and many questions about drinking Kava were asked afterwards. Many people remarked that the topic drew the highest number of people in a long time. VOLUME 28(2) 1989 Ow. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 pm and refreshments served. Respectfully submitted Patti Welton, Secretary. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the March 1989 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 pm. The minutes of both the January and February meetings were read and approved. Guests were introduced. Derral Herbst read the Treasurer's report. President Mark Merlin informed those present of the passing of Juliette O. Wentworth, who served as secretary for the Botanical Society in 1947 and 1948. She had been a member of the Society for 48 years. Dr. Lyndon Wester informed those present of a weeding party on March 18th for the Marsilea project at Koko Head. Those interested should contact him through the Department of Geography at UH. There is a weeding party every first and third Saturday of the month. He reported that they are trying a new management plan which is the use of a weed whacker which cuts off the top of the plants which shade the fern. Under old business, President Merlin reiterated the Nature Conservancy's call for proposals. Those interested should contact Joan Canfield and Ken Kaneshiro. Dan Palmer reminded the members that there is available research funding through the Neal-Miller Fund of the Society. Those interested should contact a Board Member of the Society. Vice-president Marie Bruegmann introduced the Plant of the Month Speaker, Sue-Hwei Chang. She is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Plant Molecular Physiology at UH. She spoke about Eucheuma alburhizii, a member of the red algae. Carrageenan is a mucilaginous substance present in the cell wall and intercellular spaces of this alga. It is used as a stabilizing or thickening agent in the food and cosmetic industries. Eucheuma is grown commercially in the Philippines. Sue-Hwei worked with the pigmentation of Euchuema alburhizii for her masters degree in the Department of Botany at UH. The Speaker of the Month was Candace Lutzow, who is a graduate student preparing for ethnobotanical research for her Ph.D. in the Department of Botany at UH. The audience travelled vicariously to islands of the United States on the other side of the mainland, the United States Virgin Islands, in the Caribbean, where she lived while completing her field 38 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY work for her masters degree in Botany at the University of Southern Illinois. Her topic for the evening was "The Ethnobotany of the French Caribbean People of St. Thomas", but she began her discussion with the colorful history of the island from the pirating days of Bluebeard to the last days of the Danish sugar plantations. She explained the arrival of French farmers from the nearby island of St. Bartholemy after the plantations were abandoned. They moved up to the lush hillsides while the slaves moved to the seaside and made a port Gives She bespelled us with beautiful slides of her remembrances and charmed us with tales of plants used by the farmers and the seaside folk ranging from fish poisons to supposed aphrodisiacs. The scope of her presentation was captivating, and many in the audience felt homesick for St. Thomas when the presentation finished. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 pm, yet the ambiance of St. Thomas continued with Candace's refreshing homemade treats of coconut bread, rum cake, and ginger beer, and the accompanying calypso music. Respectfully submitted Patti Welton, Secretary. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the April 1989 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 pm. The minutes of the March meeting were read and approved. There was no report from the Treasurer. Dr. Lyndon Wester reported on the Marsilea project at Koko Head, O'ahu, which he considered a success. Vice-president Marie Bruegmann introduced Patti Welton as the Plant of the Month Speaker. Patti is a M.S. candidate at UHM in the Department of Botany. She spoke about the two species of Citharexylum (Verbenaceae), commonly called fiddlewood, which are both present and naturalized on O'ahu. She showed slides and specimens to distinguish between the two. Seeds of Citharexylum caudatum were brought to O'ahu in 1929 by the wife of E.L. Caum. While in Panama she noticed birds voraciously feeding on their prolific orange fruits and believed they would provide food for the birds here. She planted them in the back of Manoa Valley at the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Experiment Station which is now the Lyon Arboretun. Soon afterwards, fiddlewood became a nuisance and now is present on Tantalus and on the windward side around Kane'ohe and Kailua. A few years ago, Ray Baker began noticing large thick stands dying around the Arboretum. Galleries of the black twig borer beetle, Xylosandrus compactus, were found in VOLUME 28(2) 1989 39 the dead twigs, along with the red-staining fungus, Fusarium solani. Whether this is the causal agent for the plant dieback has not been conclusively determined, as the beetle has over 100 other hosts on O'ahu. It is curious that the first stands to die are the oldest, and, that there has yet to be @Gieback in the windward populations. Citharexylum spinosum is used as an ornamental, and, is common along city streets and shopping centers. It has naturalized in Waimanalo where Forestry records list plantings of it in the 1930's. The concern that these two species be listed as noxious weeds and therefore banned from further use as ornamentals was voiced. However, it is already too late for the species of fiddlewood. The State Department of Agriculture is in the process of developing a new list of noxious weeds for the Islands and also changing the rules concerning importation of seeds. They are also proposing that ornamental plants be included under the importation controls. The subject of using native plant species as ornamentals was discussed, and the recognition of a native plant committee within the Botanical Society was acknowledged. Interests in native ornamentals is growing in the landscaping community, but has yet to be used widely. However, it was noted that the only nursery specializing in lnadscaping with native species went out of business on Maui this year. President Mark Merlin introduced his long time friend and colleague, Dr. Jim Juvik, as Speaker of the Month. He is chair of the Department of Geography at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. His topic was a comparison of primary succession on different volcanic islands around the world. He showed slides of the different species of Metrosideros from New Zealand and Samoa. In New Zealand, the Metrosideros forms a broader canopy than that of the Hawaiian species. This canopy provides shade for a community of associated species. He also showed us Slides from Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean where there is no Metrosideros, yet the species exhibit similar patterns of succession as in Hawai'i. His talk was very interesting and informative, and evoked considerable curiousity among the listeners. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 pm, and refreshments and discussions followed. Respectfully submitted Patti Welton, Secretary. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 iyo 1990/1 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 10th St. and Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 Newsletter Tawalia 530Tanica. OC1E f if % % OCTOBER 1989 ‘i \e x" \ A Yad Sh ithe, ® tot A, ee. e re or SF a o BN Oy ae @ ate te 2% ll % ERA te ae es as eee ee a 7 en S VOLUME 28(3) A PROPOSAL FOR A NATIVE PLANT LANDSCAPING AND | REVEGETATION PROGRAM FOR HAWAII by Geary S. Mizuno . . 43 MELICOPE (=PELEA) RUST: NEW DISCOVERIES ON MOKIHANA by Donald. BE. Gardner 2.0 64 fer 8 et es 6 ee a Kee D2 MAUI BOTANICAL GARDEN THREATENED by Peter Connally .. 54 VARYING PHENOLOGY OF O'AHU'S LOBELIADES by John K. Obata ® ° ® e e e e e e e © e e ° ® e ° ° ® 55 ; THE WEED WRENCH -- IT REALLY WORKS! by Peter Connally. 56 | NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAII - IV. ....... © e« TREE SEEDLINGS SPECIES DISTRIBUTED BY STATE TREE i NURSERY 25 2s te le ew) eo ele os eke) Ss Ss en wae “oo: OS SOCIETY BUSINESS . « «. 2 «6 2 © © © «¢ © © © © © « « « « 99 *K Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the setence of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all tts phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaitan Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Mavle Way, University of Hawati, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. e ° ° 5 1 f 42 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1989 Executive Council President: Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. Vice-President: Marie Bruegmann, The Nature Conservancy Hawaii. Treasurer: Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Secretary: Patti Welton, Botany Dept., U.H. Directors: Lyndon Wester, Geography Dept., U.H. Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Newsletter: Clyde Imada, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Editor) Conservation: Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Science Fair Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Native Plants: Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park PEeeeE REE E SEES EEE ELE RE EEE EEE EERE EERE SESE SESE ERE EEE RES ERE RE SE EE EE MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 28(3 43 A PROPOSAL FOR A NATIVE PLANT LANDSCAPING AND REVEGETATION PROGRAM FOR HAWAII Geary S. Mizuno 815 C Street, N.E. Washington, DC 20002 ABSTRACT A program for native plant landscaping and revegetation is described. The goals of the program are to foster and enhance public awareness of native Hawaiian species in landscaping, and the recovery of degraded native ecosystems. Individual projects would be carried out by community and school organizations. Central guidance and technical support would be provided by a central program office. This article is a condensation of a more detailed paper. Copies of the complete paper may be ob- tained by writing the author. THE NEED FOR NATIVE PLANT REVEGETATION AND LANDSCAPING The destruction of native Hawaiian ecosystems and the con- sequent extinction or near-extirpation of endemic and indigenous species has been well documented in the literature. Efforts to date by government (e.g. National Park Service, Hawaii Natural Areas Reserves Commission) and private organization (e.g. the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii) have focused on identifying, ob- taining protection for, and managing remaining examples of na- tive ecosystems. While these efforts are necessary, other alternative measures for preservation of native plant species have not been attempted. Private residences, schoolgrounds, parks, roadsides and highway waysides, as well as undeveloped beaches, mountainsides and stream gulches offer the potential for plantings using indigenous and/or endemic species. The au- thor believes that a program for encouraging the use of native plants in landscaping and ecosystem revegetation is a desirable complement to efforts to preserve important endemic ecosystems. There are two separate objectives that may be achieved by such a planting program. The first is public awareness and ap- preciation of native plants. Currently, most persons do not have day-to-day contact with a wide variety of native plants. There is public awareness of 'd6hi'a (Metrosideros), maile (Alyxia olivaeformis), koa (Acacia koa), and ahinahina (Argyroxiphium). However, there is much less public recognition of species such as alani (Pelea), kokia (Kokia drynarioides), and lama (Diospyros ferrea). It is not that native plants aren't attractive; indeed, many are quite handsome and would 44 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY make beautiful additions to a landscape. Rather, public in- difference can be traced to a lack of daily contact with native plants. Native species are not seen while walking or driving to work, going to the beach, or playing in parks. All too often, alien plants are used to give a "tropical" look to landscapes; hence the public's identification of alien species with Hawai'i. Even "wild" areas seen by residents and tourists, e.g. Nu'uanu and Kalihi Valleys alongside the Pali and Likelike highways, are predominantly alien ecosystems. The average person, not being familiar with native plants, has a difficult time understanding arguments about their beauty and intrinsic worth. The use of native plants in gardens, school grounds, parks, and along high- ways would help to awaken the public awareness of native plants. The second objective for planting native species is to en- hance the viability of native ecosystems. Plantings of native species can help increase populations of endangered and threatened plants, thereby preserving genetic diversity and reducing the severity of localized enviromental perturbations which may adversely affect the population of a given species. Planting local native species in degraded areas adjacent to relatively pristine native ecosystems may also reduce the pos- sibility that alien plants and insect will become established in the undisturbed ecosystems. In many degraded native ecosystems, the spread of alien species was due to disturbances by feral animals or human activity. However, in many cases the original source of disturbance is no longer operative, e.g. the land is no longer used for pasture, or feral animals have been removed, and conditions favorable to native species may well return. If native species are reintroduced and alien species reduced local- ly through mechanical, biological or chemical means, native species may displace (or reduce to tolerable levels) non- invasive alien species within that area. In addition, if the total population of an invasive alien species is reduced, a reduction in the vectors for expansion of that alien species into relatively undisturbed portions of the ecosystem may be achieved. This can be understood as the "displacement effect." In addition, as alien species are eliminated from the bor- der of the undisturbed ecosystem, the distance that needs to be traversed by an invading alien to colonize an area, either by vegetative reproduction or by seed, is increased. As distance increases, the time necessary to reach the borders of the un- disturbed ecosystem increases. Greater distance increases the time necessary for the alien population to reach the undisturbed ecosystem. distance also decreases the likelihood of a alien VOLUME 28(3 45 species "leapfrogging" from a disturbed area into an undisturbed area. This relationship between distance and the dispersal of alien species can be termed the "proximity effect." If the displacement and proximity effects are valid, then a program of reintroducing carefully-selected” native species to altered environments adjacent to relatively pristine areas can forestall the adverse effects of alien species. More optimisti- cally, such planting coupled with an aggressive program to eliminate especially virulent and aggressive alien species can result in long-term recovery or partial restoration of the original native ecosystem for that area. In sum, greater public awareness of native species, as well as the restoration of former native ecosystems, are two goals which can be facilitated by a program for encouraging landscap- ing and revegetation using native plant species. OUTLINE AND FUNDING OF A NATIVE PLANT LANDSCAPING AND REVEGETAION PROGRAM The proposed program may be characterized as "informed com- munity voluntarism," for it relies on volunteer community par- ticipation and support to carry out individual landscaping and revegetation projects. Ideally, the Program would be ad- ministered by an existing government agency or a private, non- profit organization. Existing government agencies, such as the State Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Parks, or the City and County of Honolulu, Department of Parks and Recreation, currently have governmental respons-ibilities which are compatible with the goals of a native species planting pro- gram. In the non-profit sector organizations such as the Sierra Club, the Hawaiian Botanical Society and the Garden Club of Honolulu have interests which are consistent with the goals of a native species planting program. Administration of the program by a government agency or a non-profit organization would pro- vide necessary continuity, institutional memory and resources. A central coordinator would be responsible for directly ad- ministering the program. The coordinator would initiate direct contact with local organizations to inform them of the program and work with them to develop appropriate local planting and landscaping projects. The coordinator would also monitor ongo- ing projects, and act as a liaison to the relevant government *For a more detailed discussion of the criteria and considera- tions relevant to selection of appropriate native species for a planting program see below. 46 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY agencies. Yearly reports summarizing the work and finances of the program would also be prepared by the coordinator. Finally, the coordinator would be responsible for fund-raising. Volunteer propagation of plants to be used in planting projects would also be directed by the coordinator. At first, it is expected that individual volunteers would grow plants at home, either for subsequent distribution and planting or as a source for seeds. Later, if suitable space is made available by a private organization, business or government agency, plants could be grown at a few centralized areas, so that other volunteers would have easy access to the plants for weeding, fertilization, watering, pest control, and seed harvesting. An advisory board or committee should be established to de- velop appropriate species planting lists, native plant propaga- tion information, and other technical information. Information developed by these committees would be published for general dissemination to appropriate government officials and leaders, commercial nurseries, and the general public. Actual landscaping and ecosystem restoration projects would be implemented and maintained by community organizations and school groups, such as the Boy Scouts, Jaycees, and the Sierra Club. Each organization would commit to conducting and maintaining one or more planting projects. Selection of the project would be made by the organization in conjunction with the Program's central coordinator. Once a project was selected the organization would designate a member to be a project coor- dinator, who would be responsible for directing a project. The project coordinator would recruit volunteer manpower and in-kind support, and develop fund-raising strategies, if necessary. Costs for implementing this program are necessarily speculative. The greatest line-item cost is the salary for the central coordinator. As suggested above, an active State-wide Program will require a full-time central coordinator. A rea- sonable salary for the central coordinator would be $20,000 p.a. The program's success will depend on the enthusiasm and dedica- tion, as well as the competence of the central coordinator. It is unreasonable to expect an acceptable individual to fill the position without fair and adequate compensation. For this rea- son, the author strongly suggests that the program be ad- ministered and funded by State and County governments. Given the current governmental climate, this is not going to happen during the first few years of the program. However, as public awareness of the Program increases, public pressure could be brought to bear in favor of governmental sponsorship. VOLUME 28 (3) 47 In the meantime, the author urges that a purely voluntary system be initiated, to demonstrate the viability of the pro- gram. Under a voluntary system, the central coordinator's responsibilities would be the direct costs for plant propaga- tion, field planting and maintenance, on-site work to protect the plants and identify the project (e.g., fencing, tagging and placement of signs), and publications. These costs could be met or avoided in a number of ways. Funding could be sought from national conservation and public interest foundations, such as the Ford Foundation. Local businesses could also be approached to fund specific projects, especially those landscaping projects that would directly benefit the property of such businesses”. For example, a restaurant could be induced to pay for landscap- ing of its parking lot and surrounding grounds using native plants such as Hibiscadelphus, Morinda, Diospyros, etc. The next avenue of cost reduction is cost-avoidance through in-kind contributions. If the Program is administered under the auspices of a government agency or a private, non-profit organi- zation, presumably it would provide the necessary space and in- cidental supplies (stationary, postage, etc.). Alternatively, the office could be located in a private residence. A quarter-acre site would be required for plant propagation for each project. Several sites would be desirable, each lo- cated in areas with environmental conditions similar to the areas in which the plants would actually be planted. Propaga- tion sites would require water and electricity service, fencing, growing stands, and a secure tool storage facility. Initially, if individuals, government entities, or private business could lease suitable land to the program for a de minimus fee, program costs would be drastically reduced. In-kind contributions of land for plant propagation, horticultural materials (potting materials, fertilizers, fungicides and herbicides as necessary), and tools would also minimize the costs of the program. Finally, the program should consider direct solicitation of money form the general public, perhaps through a sponsorship scheme where individuals "sponsor" the planting and maintenance of specific trees, shrubs, or a designated portion of a project. A long-term project would be to develop a list of landscaping guidelines for landscape architects, and to develop a list of program-approved landscape architects, designers and nurserymen who specialize in the use of native Hawaiian plants. 48 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY CRITERIA FOR SELECTION AND PROPAGATION OF NATIVE PLANTS The success of individual projects will depend to a great extent on the selection of appropriate native species for plant- ing. For landscaping by the public, planting lists should be published for distribution to homeowners on landscaping with na- tive Hawaiian species. These lists would be developed by botanists, ecologists, and horticulturists. Different lists could be produced for each island, with each list suggesting plants for different locations on the island (e.g., the leeward side of West Maui Mountains), or for major ecotypes (e.g., strand, dry forest, mesic forest). Plants should also be selected with the following horticultural criteria in mind: a. Hardiness of species to environmental conditions, such as drought, salt or waterlogging. b. Resistance to insect pests, bacterial and fungal infestations, and nematodes. c. Showiness of plant, for landscaping projects. ad. Ease of propagation and growth, including resistance/susceptibility to disease and pests. The plant lists could be printed on 8.5"x 11" stock, ina format such that the stock can be folded to create a brochure. Brochures would show a full-color picture of the plant, provide a brief description of landscaping characteristics, and provide information on propagation, fertilization, and pest and disease control. The brochures could be sold at a price to recover the costs of printing (approximately $1.00 each). Organizations such as the Outdoor Circle and the Friends of Foster Garden could underwrite the costs of production and initial printing, as well as publicize and distribute the brochures. For specific planting projects, individualized planting lists should be tailored for the specific locality where the project is to be implemented. As with the general lists for the public, individual planting lists should be developed by knowl- edgeable botanists, ecologists and horticulturists. More impor- tantly, plants which are known or are likely to have grown at the specific location of the project should be selected. His- torical accounts of vegetation by early explorer/botanists such as Rock, Brigham, and Hillebrand should be consulted, as well as the notes and collections made by more contemporary botanists. VOLUME 28 (3 49 Some additional caveats must be observed in the development of planting lists. Lists should reflect the need to assure that gene pools for plants remain native to the locale. Where exist- ing relict populations exist in or near the project area, new genetic material from other locations should not be introduced. Rather, it would be preferable to take cuttings, seeds, root- stocks, etc. from existing adjacent populations for project plantings. If no adjacent relict populations exist, then cau- tious use of plants from other populations on the same island may be used. Under no circumstances should plants from other islands be transplanted or otherwise grown on another island. Finally, to minimize any adverse effects on wild popula- tions due to uncontrolled public harvesting in the wild, plant lists should only include those for which commercial sources are available, or whose propagation from seed or cuttings is feasi- ble. Any brochure or plant list must have clear warnings against the removal of plants from the wild, with reference to the relevant State and Federal statutes, ordinances and regula- tions prohibiting such removal. POTENTIAL PROJECTS A. Highway Landscaping Many State and local highways have substantial rights-of- ways beyond the shoulder which would be ideal areas for planting projects. Interchanges, for example, have large areas around entrance and exit ramps. Appropriate plantings could be designed to provide noise control and visual relief for the traveler. Such planting should not impede drivers' sight lines or otherwise create unsafe conditions. Planting should also be located away from areas subject to destruction from future high- way expansion. Even with these constraints, there are a number of areas in which native plantings could be used. For example, the H-1 extension from Waipahu to Makakilo could be planted with dry-land plants, such as wili-wili (Erythrina), lama (Diospyros), alahe'e (Canthium), ilima (Sida), and noni (Morinda). One or two demonstration projects should be devel- oped to educate the public on the feasibility of the concept. Species use in highway landscaping should be appropriate to the area to be planted, and must be low-maintenance. [In dry areas, species adapted to xerophytic condition should be used. B. School Landscaping Currently, most schools are planted with species in- appropriate to their environmental conditions. For example, 50 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY schools located in dry areas may have plants such as kukui (Aleurites) or ti (Cordyline). In addition, landscaping is often carried out with alien species such as the octopus tree, the monkeypod and shower trees. Landscaping with native species would reduce maintenance costs, facilitate appreciation of na- tive plants, and serve as a resource for the Hawaiiana cur- riculum. Appropriate species include naio (Myoporum), lama (Diospyros), koa (Acacia koa), and kolea (Myrsine). C. Recreational Parks-State and City Most State, County, and Honolulu City parks are located in areas with relatively dry environmental conditions. Substantial amounts of water are required to maintain these plantings. It is gratifying to see species the Hawaiians used, e.g., kou (Cordia subcordata), and native species, e.g., naupaka (Scaevola taccada) employed in landscaping. On the other hand, it is also common to see plantings of non-native species. Demonstration projects using nehe (Lipochaeta), Chenopodium, ma'o (Gossypium), akoko (Euphorbia), mai'a-pilo (Capparis), and tree species, e.g., Wili-wili (Erythrina), naio (Myoporum), aiea (Nothocestrum), and Planchonella would be appropriate. D. Undeveloped Public and Private Areas Large areas of land in Hawai'i have had their native vegetation severely altered due to past agricultural practices and introduction of alien species. Many of these lands remain undeveloped and are not likely to be developed in the future be- cause of topography, access problems, or potentially strong pub- lic opposition. For these areas, restoration of the original vegetation is a possibility. Examples of such areas include the ridges and planezes of the Ko'olau Mountains from St. Louis Heights to Koko Head: the lower slopes of the Waianae Mountains surrounding Kaena Point and extending to Mokuleia; and scattered stream valleys on O'ahu. On O'ahu, restoration is a particular- ly attractive concept because current feral animal influences are minimal or non-existent in many of the potential restoration areas (e.g., eastern portions of the Ko'olau range above Kuliouou, Niu and Hawaii Kai),and fencing to preclude feral animal depredation is not needed. Indeed, where relict popula- tions of feral animals exist (primarily wild boar, Sus scrofa), it is reasonable to assume that a one-time sweep of the poten- tial restoration area would be highly effective in eliminating such populations, given the already low populations that exist, as well as the high pressure placed on the populations due to public hunting. On other islands fencing may be necessary to VOLUME 28(3 51 prevent intrusion by feral animals. Such fencing should be lo- cated to take advantage of existing topographic features which impede intrusion by feral populations. CONCLUSION A program to encourage plantings of native plants for landscaping and to facilitate the restoration of degraded native ecosystems should be developed. The Hawaiian Botanical Society should take the lead in developing such a program. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely thank the following individuals for providing comments on drafts of this paper: Isabella Ab- bott; Evangeline Funk; Paul Higashino: Shirley B. Gerum; Randal Mew; David Miranda; Kenneth M. Nagata; and Keith Woolliams. Any errors or omissions, however, are attributable only to myself. kakkkkkkkkkkkekkkkkkkkkkhkekekekaehkkkkekkeaekekekekekeaekkkkeaekeakhkkkekkaekhkkik NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAII - IV Clifford W. Smith, Botany Department, University of Hawaii. Poaceae Betsy Harrison-Gagné reports that pampas grass has been found growing wild along the road to Haleakala National Park. Action needs to be taken now to prevent this weed from spreading elsewhere. Myrtaceae Pimenta dioica (Allspice). Patti Welton reports that there are a large number of seedlings of this species spreading in the Waianae Kai area. There are some large trees in the macadamia nut area at the end of the dirt access road. Seedlings have also been seen on the trail from the ridge of Waianae Kai down into Makaha Valley. 52 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MELICOPE (=PELEA) RUST: NEW DISCOVERIES ON MOKIHANA Donald E. Gardner National Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Unit Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu Hawaii 96822 Earlier this year Ken Marr and I discussed two newly recog- nized rust fungi on Rutaceous hosts (Marr and Gardner, 1989). I have now formally described these rusts as Puccinia rugispora Gardner, the rust on Zanthoxylum dipetalum Mann, and P. rutainsulara Gardner, the rust on Pelea sp. (Gardner, in press). At that time, P. rutainsulara was known only from herbarium specimens labeled "Xenostele sp." in the National Fungus Collec- tions (formerly Bureau of Plant Industry), Beltsville, Maryland (BPI). This rust, collected in Makaha Valley, O'ahu, by L. B. Loring and E. J. Ford in 1951, was on leaves identified as Pelea sp. In our report we noted that additional collections of this fungus would aid greatly in confirmation of this single record and contribute to our understanding of this apparently endemic fungus. I recently found two listings in the files of the Univer- sity of Hawaii Plant Disease Clinic (PDC) of rusts collected on mokihana (Pelea anisata) at Koke'e, Kaua'i. This species has recently been revised to Melicope anisata (H. Mann) H. Hartley & B. Stone (Hartley and Stone, 1989). The first collection, sub- mitted to the clinic by S. Kashiwai on 5/23/1972 with the nota- tion that "many" plants were affected, was of a rust which could not be specifically identified. The second, dated 7/25/1973, was of a rust identified as Kernella lauricola by Martinez and Baker. This second listing included the notation: "This is a new record for Hawaii, and possibly a new record of a rust on the Rutaceae." However, to my knowledge these collections received no further attention. Since my publication (Gardner, in press) has been in press, I have found pustules of a rust resembling the previously exam- ined "Xenostele" specimens from BPI on B. P. Bishop Museum her- barium (BISH) specimens of M. anisata. No notation had been made by the collectors of the rust itself, which was in- conspicuous and probably overlooked. Rust material which was quite freshly developed at the time of collection was found on BISH sheet 513489, and older pustules on sheet 542030. It was particularly interesting that telia of the fresh material were VOLUME 28(3 53 often erumpent and still retained long columns of protruding, closely-compacted teliospores. This characteristic, not evident in the older BISH material nor in the originally examined BPI specimens, is rather distinctive among the rusts. It was proba- bly the basis for reference of the rust noted in the PDC records to the genus Kernella, which is characterized by similar deep- seated telia with protruding columns of teliospores (Cummins and Hiratsuka, 1983). These observations indicate that the BISH specimens I examined represent the same rust referred to by the clinic. Some authors have treated Kernella as a synonym of Puc- cinia (Ragunathan and Ramakrishnan, 1973), but this genus was retained by Cummins and Hiratsuka (1983) because of the columnar telia. Notwithstanding the columnar telia of the Hawaiian rust, I do not consider Kernella the proper genus. Kernella, like Xenostele, which is now usually considered synonymous with Puc- cinia (Cummins, 1949; Cummins and Hiratsuka, 1983), is limited to hosts of the Lauraceae. Furthermore, the teliospores of Kernella are morphologically distinct from those of the Hawaiian rust, being regularly horizontally septate. Teliospores of the Hawaiian rust are variable in form, with the pedicel frequently inserted obliquely or laterally as described for P. rutainsulara based on the BPI specimen as the holotype (Gardner, in press). My recent observations provide desired confirmation of the occurrence of P. rutainsulara, earlier referred to as Pelea rust (Marr and Gardner, 1989), on Melicope and establish mokihana as a host. Although other species of Melicope may be anise- scented, in a strict sense the common name mokihana refers only to the species M. anisata, endemic to the island of Kaua'i (Neal, 1965; D. Herbst, Pers. comm.). Since the BPI specimen was collected on an unidentified Pelea (=Melicope) host from O'ahu, the host range of P. rutainsulara appears not to be limited to the Kaua'i range of mokihana, nor to that host species. Although I do not consider the new rust to be a species of either Xenostele or Kernella, to which it had been earlier un- officially referred, the newly recognized columnar nature of fresh telia does lead to questions as to its proper placement. Based on the reasoning of Ragunathan and Ramakrishnan (1973), this telial characteristic is not sufficient to distinguish a rust from the genus Puccinia, in which species with two-celled teliospores are placed. On the other hand, retention of Kernella by Cummins and Hiratsuka (1983) on the basis of colum- nar telia indicates that if the Hawaiian Melicope rust does not belong in Kernella, it perhaps should be included in a separate, 54 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY perhaps new, genus. For the present, however, the name P. rutainsulara is satisfactory for the new rust. LITERATURE CITED Cummins, G. B. 1949. New species of Puccinia on Lauraceae from China. Bulletin Torrey Botanic Club 76:31-38. Cummins, G. B., and Y. Hiratsuka. 1983. Illustrated Genera of Rust Fungi. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn. 152 pp. Gardner, D. E. 1990. New rusts on endemic Hawaiian Rutaceae. Mycologia. In press. Hartley, T. G., and B. C. Stone. 1989. Reduction of Pelea with new combinations in Melicope (Rutaceae). Taxon 38:119-123. Marr, K. L., and D. E. Gardner. 1989. New rust fungi on endemic Zanthoxylum and Pelea. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter 28:7-8. Neal, M. C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Bishop Museum Press. 924 pp. Ragunathan, A. N., and K. Ramakrishnan. 1973. Rust fungi of Madras State. VI. Puccinia. Mysore Journal Agricultural Science 7:62-72. REKKKKRKKKKKKRKKRKKKKRKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRKKKKKK MAUI BOTANICAL GARDEN THREATENED The current site of Maui's Zoo and adjacent Botanic Garden is to be developed into a county fair site, culture and arts complex, and park. Any action on the Maui Botanical Garden will be a part of their decision on the Zoo. If the Garden is moved, many of its extremely rare native plants that Rene Sylva has spent so many years caring for with remarkable success would not survive. In other words, there is a distinct possibility this important collection would be lost. The Native Hawaiian Plant Society itself started as support group for the Garden. As people who have a strong commitment to saving what is left of Hawaii's unique flora, we should try to save it. Call the Mayor's office at (808) 243-7855 (or your council people, if you live on Maui) to find out more about the Garden's future and the prospects for saving this valuable col- lection. Peter Connally, 2765 Iolani Street, PUKALANI HI 96768 VOLUME 28(3 aes VARYING PHENOLOGY OF O'AHU'S LOBELIADS John K. Obata 1337 Ala Aolani HONOLULU HI 96819 Many botanists have been puzzled by the variable flowering seasons of the native Hawaiian lobeliads. After many years hiking and studying in the mountains of O'ahu, I have come to appreciate the diverse, and somewhat unusual, nature of their phenology. All of O'ahu's lobeliads have relatively distinct flowering seasons but this is somewhat modified by seasonal climatic changes. When the flowering season extends beyond the customary time frame, however, one questions the idea of a definitive "blooming season." The explanation is rather simple when one periodically ob- serves the same population during blooming and post-blooming seasons. It is a matter of multiple flushing flowers on the same inflorescence in different time frames. A single in- florescence will flush for two to three times in a season depending on the climatic condition and the vigor of the plant. "Reflushing" occurs about three months after the previous flush- ing. Reflushing generally occurs once, but the second "reflush- ing" is not that rare. Also, the second and third flushing are less vigorous with fewer flowers compared to the first flush. The third flush sometimes seems almost vestigial. Some of my observations follow but they by no means reflect a definitive statement as not all species have been fully as- sessed. Generally speaking, the genera Lobelia, Rollandia and Trematolobelia are inclined to multiple flushing but this varies from year to year. Multiple flushing has not been observed in the genus Clermontia or Delissea subcordata. Only the species grimesiana and truncata exhibited this tendency in the genus Cyanea. Generally, those lobeliads with a heavy erect or lateral peduncles appear to produce multiple flushes. In the genus Lobelia, this phenomenon was noticed in gaudichaudii, niihauensis, oahuensis and yuccoides. With Rol- landia multiple flushing was noted with angustifolia, humbold- tiana, lanceolata (calycina, waianaeensis) and st.-johnii. With Trematolobelia this phenomenon is the norm rather than the ex- ception in macrostachys and singularis. 56 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY THE WEED WRENCH -- IT REALLY WORKS! Peter Connally 2765 Iolani Street PUKALANI HI 96768 A new tool for alien plant control was recently tested by the Native Hawaiian Plant Society. This tool, called a "Weed Wrench," was developed by volunteers at the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (California) to assist in the control of gorse (Ulex europaeus). The tool consists of a vice-like adjustable jaw mechanism at ground level, and a 5-foot handle. Rocking the handle forward opens the jaw, which on the large model opens to 2", Once the jaw is around the stem, the handle is pulled back, which causes the jaw to close on the stem with a claimed eighteen-to-one mechanical advantage. Further pulling on the handle uproots the plant with a lever action at a claimed six- to-one mechanical advantage. Heavy, medium and light duty models are available from the manufacturer, New Tribe, 3435 Army Street, No. 330, San Francisco, CA 94110, U.S.A. Telephone #(415) 647-0430. Current prices for the 3 models are: Heavy $140.00 + 47.00 shipping (UPS) Medium $110.00 + 37.00 shipping Small $ 90.00 + 28.50 shipping A heavy-duty Weed Wrench was purchased and field-tested at the Hosmer's Grove area of Haleakala National Park. The first test was conducted on March 22, 1989 and targeted Pinus patula (Mexican Weeping Pine) and Eucalyptus globulus (Blue Gum). It was a sunny day, and the earth was dry. The pines ranged in size from seedlings to saplings with 2-inch diameter stems. Most were 6 to 10 feet tall. Approximately 75 were pulled in 5 hours. If the Weed Wrench could grasp the stem, the plant could be pulled up. The eucalypti were also saplings with 2-inch Giameter stems. These plants seemed easier to remove than the pines. About 15 eucalyptus were removed in one hour. The second test was conducted on March 26 on gorse. Again, if the stem of the gorse plant could be grasped by the Weed Wrench, it could be pulled up. Almost all of the gorse in this test had been chopped off at ground level in previous alien plant control projects. With such plants, the stem often snapped off at ground level just above the previous cut. This left the roots and a large basal stem at ground level. With a little grubbing around the stem to give the Weed Wrench some- VOLUME 28(3 57 thing to grip, the root could be removed. Once such plant had a basal stem at ground level of 2-inch diameter and radial roots that extended six feet. It took 15 minutes to remove this plant making repeated pulls. Approximately 80 gorse plants were removed in 2 hours. Positive characteristics of the Weed Wrench are: 1. It is very effective in removing weeds with woody stems up to the rated size of the tool. 2. Control is complete. The entire stem and roots are removed, eliminating the possibility of resprouting/ coppicing. This reduces the need for follow-up control activities. 3. It provides managers and volunteers with an alternative to chemical control. 4. The Weed Wrench does not disturb the ground as much as grubbing so nearby native plants can be spared. 5. It is safer than chemicals, chain saws, or chopping tools, which is an important consideration when using volunteers. 6. While using the Weed Wrench is not easy, it is certainly easier than grubbing with a pick and shovel. The only negative characteristic is the weight; the heavy- duty model weighs 21 pounds. However, the medium and light duty models weigh 17 and 11 pounds, respectively. As a result of these tests, the Division of Resources Man- agement for Haleakala National Park has ordered 3 each of all models for alien plant control use. Other organizations in- volved in alien plant control should consider purchasing and using the Weed Wrench. Potential targets of control include other pines and eucalypts, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Myrica faya, Psidium cattleianum, P. guajava, Schinus terebinthifolius, and larger individuals of Clidemia hirta. 58 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY TREE SEEDLINGS SPECIES DISTRIBUTED BY STATE TREE NURSERY The Kamuela State Tree Nursery distributed approximately 378,000 tree seedlings throughout the State during Fiscal Year 1988-89. Seedlings were distributed to the public and to the Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) for windbreak, timber, Christmas tree, wildlife, biomass and soil conservation plant- ings. Eighty-two percent of these seedlings were planted on the island of Hawaii (an average of three seedlings per resident). Tree seedlings (see table below) are available from the DOFAW. Each seedling costs 10 cents (minimum order of $5.00). To order, please call the Hilo office at 961-7221. Your order will be placed on a list (first come, first served basis) and as the seedlings become available you will be contacted by mail to make payment. The payment and pick-up of seedlings must be made by the dates specified on your notification, or your order will be cancelled and/or money forfeited. You may arrange to pick up seedlings in Hilo or at the Kamuela Tree Nursery. Tree Seedlings Distributed During Fiscal Year 1988-89 Number of Scientific Name Common Name Seedlings Acacia koa Hawaiian Koa 151,971 Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island Pine 20,028 Casuarina cunninghamiana Ironwood 36,515 Casuarina equisetifolia Shortleaf Ironwood 33,128 Cryptomeria japonica Japanese Sugi 3,325 Cupressus lusitanica Mexican Cypress 26,502 Cupressus macrocarpa Monterey Cypress 14,834 Eucalyptus citridora Lemongum 2,399 Eucalyptus deglupta Rainbowbark 6,685 Eucalyptus globulus Bluegum 1,610 Eucalyptus grandis Rosegum 8,437 Eucalyptus paniculata Gray Ironbark 1,670 Eucalyptus robusta Swamp Mahogany 1,868 Eucalyptus saligna Floodgum 1,125 Melaleuca leucadendron Paperbark 5,642 Olea europea Wild Olive 10,456 Pinus elliottii Slash Pine 3,752 Pinus radiata Monterey Pine 26,658 Pinus taeda Loblolly Pine 11,568 Sequoia sempervirens Redwood 4,282 Tristania conferta Brushbox __ 6,268 TOTAL 378,723 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY | 59 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the May 1989 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 pm. The minutes of the April meeting were not read. The Treasurer's report was not available. President Mark Merlin announced that the Society awarded copies of the book Plants and Flowers of Hawai'i by S.H. Sohmer and R. Gustafson, and $50 as prizes to each of the Society's three win- ners at the Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair. In the Jun- ior Division, Dianella Howarth, of Moanalua Intermediate School, won for her project, "Reproduction of Scaevola sericea." Gar Ling Tse and Lorene Sato, both from Castle High School, won the Senior Division for their respective projects, "Characterization of Allochemicals from Eremochloa ophiurides", and "The Biologi- cal Control of White Rust on Chinese Mustard Cabbage". Under new business, President Merlin announced that the Board of Water Supply will be encouraging people to plant xerophytic plants, which require minimal watering. Vice-president Marie Brugeman introduced the Plant of the Month Speaker Ken Marr, M.S. candidate in the U.H. Botany Department. He spoke on taxonomic problems in the Hawaiian species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae). The new manual recognizes four species in Hawaii. Trees are quite variable in morphology. Some taxa have distinctive lemon or anise odor. The Hawaiian species are on the candidate list of endangered species. Marie Brugeman introduced the Speaker of the Month, Dr. Art Whistler, ethnobotanist at the National Pacific Tropical Botani- cal Garden. His topic was "Tongan Herbal Medicine." He intro- duced his talk by describing the geography of Tonga, 269 square miles of limestone and volcanic islands. In the Tongan tradi- tion illnesses were either supernaturally induced or resulted from obvious causes such as broken bones. Historical records indicate that some early medical practices were derived from Fiji. Today Tongan medicine falls into three categories - Folk Medicine, Specialized Traditional Medicine practiced by a Faito'o, and Western Medicine. He described the medicinal uses of many plants, and illustrated his talk with many beautiful slides of Tongan plants, landscapes, and scenes of village life. The meeting adjourned at 9:15 pm and refreshments served. Respectfully submitted Patti Welton, Secretary. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 1990/I Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 10th St. and Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 y Cushing MD Harve VOLUME 28(4) | DECEMBER (pnitents RESTORATION OF A MARSILEA VILLOSA POPULATION: EXPERIMENT IN WEED MANAGEMENT by Lyndon Wester . . NAIO RUST REDISCOVERED by Donald E. Gardner. ... . BOTANICAL CONCERNS OF RECENT EVENTS AT POHAKULOA TRAINING AREA by Lani Stemmermann. ........-. BOOK REVIEW: THE EUROPEAN GARDEN FLORA Volume I bY GeOTGe Staples s. oii 16 6? 006 men keere: eke? 4: ye) eo ue eons NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAII So V e e e e e e e e e e e e SOCIETY BUSINESS e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e AXIS DEER SPREADING ON MAUI. ........-. +. -@ *K Published by the Hawattan Botanical Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance _ the setence of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all tts phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matce Way, University of Hawait, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 1989 63 62 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1989 Executive Council President: Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. Vice-President: Marie Bruegmann, The Nature Conservancy Hawaii. Treasurer: Derral Herbst, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Secretary: Patti Welton, Botany Dept., U.H. Directors: Lyndon Wester, Geography Dept., U.H. Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Newsletter: Clyde Imada, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Editor) Conservation: Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Science Fair Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Native Plants: Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park KHKKRKKKKKKKKEKEKKEKEKEKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRKKK KKK MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 28(4 63 RESTORATION OF A MARSILEA VILLOSA POPULATION: EXPERIMENT IN WEED MANAGEMENT Lyndon Wester Department of Geography University of Hawai'i at Manoa 2424 Maile Way HONOLULU HI 96822 INTRODUCTION A project to protect and restore one of the two surviving natural stands of the endemic water fern, Marsilea villosa Kaulfuss, on the flank of Koko Head, O'ahu, was initiated by the Hawaiian Botanical Society and the Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i in 1987 in cooperation with the City and County of Honolulu, Department of Parks and Recreation. The population extends over about a half hectare in a small volcanic crater. Observers over several years have noted the Marsilea was suffering damage from off-road vehicles and becoming choked by weeds. Barriers were erected to exclude vehicles and a survey of the small savanna was conducted to determine the nature and intensity of weed infestation. When an experiment showed that Marsilea responded positively to the removal of competing weeds, a plan for management by controlled weeding was developed and initiated in spring 1988 (Wester and Ikagawa 1988). Treatment with herbicides were discussed but, because of the rareness of wild populations of Marsilea, it was decided not to risk the possible negative effects until all other possible measures had been exhausted. Parties of volunteers did selective weeding approximately every two weeks under the direction of the author or personnel from the Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i from March to June 1988 and again from November 1988 to May 1989. In the 1988-89 season 183 hours were spent hand weeding and ten hours with a weed cutter. The mat-forming vine Merremia aegyptia (hairy merremia) and the tall herb Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) were completely excluded from the Marsilea stand. Grasses, particularly Echinochloa colonum (jungle rice), Setaria verticillata (bristly foxtail), Trachachne insularis (cotton top) and Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), were also abundant but as removal of these species was much more time consuming efforts were focussed on certain sites. The rainfall on O'ahu from 1983 to 1987 was below average but the two following years were wetter than normal. A 64 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY particularly heavy rain on New Year's Eve 1987 flooded the bottom of the crater for several weeks killing most of the perennial species. (Anyone knowing of previous floods are requested to contact the author). Marked improvement in the condition of the Marsilea was noted. Factors which might account for this include higher than average rainfall, the cessation of disturbance by vehicles or the weeding. The purpose of this study was to measure the response of Marsilea to the removal of weeds and determine whether the effort expended in hand weeding was justified. METHODS Four points were selected using a stratified random sampling procedure and two others were located to ensure representation of a Cynodon and a Chloris dominated community (Figure 1). A pair of 1 x 1 meter square quadrats were selected where the plant cover appeared to be of similar and homogeneous character. They were permanently marked and the cover of all species in both quadrats was determined with the use of a point- intersect frame. Pins dropped at fifty regularly located points in a 5 x 10cm grid pattern were found to provide consistent measurements. All species but Marsilea were removed from the quadrat with the lowest Marsilea by pulling individual plants by hand. A tool was used to cut roots of perennial grasses where pulling would cause excessive disturbance of the soil and Marsilea root mat. All plots were resurveyed several times during the growing season. The first drenching rains of the season occurred on 3 and 5 November when respectively 5.1 and 3.3 centimeters of rain were recorded in a rain guage at 25 Lumaha'i St. Sampling began 12 November 1988 (day 1) and continued until 20 May (day 189) by which time most of the annuals had set seed and begun to die back. One plot (F) was started later in the season for the purposes of monitoring the effect of treatment with a motor driven weed cutter. RESULTS Marsilea cover at the time of first sampling ranged from 14% to 78%. At least some bare ground was encountered at all sites and in one place was as high as 66% early in the growing season. A total of 14 species was encountered in the survey, all of which had been found in the general survey of the previous year (Wester and Ikagawa 1988). Cover estimates taken during the middle of the growing season (between December 18 and February 18) showed that Echinochloa was the main weed in sites A and E, Chloris in sites B, C and F and Cynodon in site D (Table 1). VOLUME 28(4 Marsilea SS a es Y{_ [OE xtent of MTT TT Ty Oo TA TS (SRE RECEEEIN eS . (| | Pt Location of study area and sample plots. Figure l. 66 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Table 1. Species composition of sites in mid growing season. (Data represents samples taken between 18 December and 18 February). Species cover A B Cc D E F Marsilea 18 20 92 54 46 16 Echinochloa 78 2 48 8 Chloris 52 6 70 Cynodon 44 Merremia 4 2 Phaseolus 4 Bidens 2 No plants = paeiel gti ee” py eh TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 A sharp change in species dominance was noted between the first and second season of observation (Table 2). Since different sampling methods were used in the two cases, the results must be interpreted cautiously. Echinochloa had been the conspicuous dominant weed in all but one of the six areas in early 1988 by Wester and Ikagawa (1988), but Chloris had the highest cover in three sites by 1989. Cynodon, which had been the dominant weed around site D in 1988, remained so the following year. Table 2. Comparison of dominant weed species in 2m x lm sites sample in 1988-89 with the corresponding 10m x 10m areas samples in 1987-88. Dominant weed in 1988 Dominant weed in Site (Wester and Ikagawa 1988) 1988-89 A Echinochloa Echinochloa B Echinochloa Chloris GC Echinochloa Chloris D Cynodon Cynodon E Echinochloa Echinochloa F Echinochloa Chloris VOLUME 28(4 67 Change in the relative cover of Marsilea is compared to that of all other species in the control and weeded plots (Figure 2). In all instances a marked drop in weed cover, and a contrasting increase in the Marsilea occurred in the weeded plots. Over the course of the growing season the weed cover grew back to some extent. However even at the end of the growing season Marsilea cover in the weeded plots were all higher than in the contol plots. (Table 3). In contrast the weed cover in four of the six weeded plots (A, B, C and F) never achieved the same extent as in the companion control plot. In the other two plots (D and E) the weed cover in the weeded and control plots were equal at the end of the growing season. Weeding had the greatest effect at site A where the treatment was done very early in the growing season just a few days after the initial drenching rains of the season. On the other hand, recovery of weeds was most complete in plot D dominated by Cynodon. The supression of weeds in plot E appears low in Table 3 because the weed cover in the weeded quadrat was initially very much higher than that in the control site. Table 3. Difference between cover of Marsilea and other species in weeded and control plots near the end of the growing season. Values were determined by subtracting cover in the control plot from cover in the weeded plot. Date of Days between erce cove final first and last All other Site measurement measurement Marsilea species A March 4 112 +41 -54 B March 18 100 +14 - 8 Cc May 20 163 +18 -18 D April 15 118 + 4 0 E April 15 118 + 2 0 F May 20 98 +16 =18 68 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY CONTROL WEEDED SITE A | SITE A SITE C x uy > 9 1S) KR z —— Marsilea = ———- other plants w nee bare ground SITE O SITE E SITE F SO ‘00 1s0 <00 TIME IN DAYS Figure 2. Change in species cover in weeded and control sample plots in the growing season of 1988-89. VOLUME 28(4 69 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Weed composition in the Marsilea savanna showed some important changes from one winter to the next. The flooding in 1988 killed perennials such as Sida fallax, Panicum maximun, Phaseolus lathroides and Chloris barbata. On the other hand Echinochloa, a plant adapted to wet soils and tolerant of submergence, grew in abundance. Setaria verticillata was also very common. No flooding occurred in the winter of 1988-89 and Echinochloa, so conspicuous the previous year, was abundant but less common, and Setaria was a very minor element. In contrast many seedlings of Sida were observed and Chloris barbata, apparent only late in the 1987-88 winter, was very common throughout the 1988-89 season. The physical disturbance of pulling weeds does not seem to be a concern for management of Marsilea because the fern invariably grew rapidly after these treatments. Although 183 hour... were expended in hand weeding in the 1988-89 season this was not sufficent to cover more than a fraction of the total area of the Marsilea stand. The perennial Marsilea seems to begin growing very quickly after winter rains and hand pulling of weeds at this early stage seems to have the most marked and long lasting effect. The supression of weeds by one such treatement lasted all season but a second weeding in mid-season would be desirable to remove regrowth. The species supressed the least by weeding was Cynodon. As it is not practical to remove the plant's deep rhizomes, regrowth is rapid and the long term effect of weeding is minimal. Fortunately the Cynodon population in Ihitihilauakea Crater does not seem to be spreading rapidly and so is not a serious threat to the Marsilea sward. The treatment with a weed cutter is clearly beneficial and an efficient form of management since the whole Marsilea stand could be cut in two or three hours. However to obtain maximum benefit treatment on a monthly basis would be desirable since the weeds regrow more rapidly than after hand pulling. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank the volunteers who gave their time an energy to weed the Marsilea stand and those people from the Hawai'i Botanical Society and Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i who assisted with the organization of our work groups. 70 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY LITERATURE CITED ‘Wester, L and T. Ikagawa, 1988, Weed invasion of Marsilea villosa population at Ihi'ihilauakea Crater, Koko Head, O'ahu, Newsletter Hawaiiian Botanical Society 27(3):87-101. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the June 1989 Meeting Vice-president Marie Bruegmann called the meeting to order at 7:30 pm. The minutes of the April and May meetings were read and approved. Derral Herbst read the Treasurer's Report. The winners of the Science Fair were again congratulated. Shirley Gerum was welcomed as a new member. There was no old or new business to discuss. The Plant of the Month Speaker was Isabel Meneses, a Ph.D candidate in the Department of Botany at UH. She spoke about Gracilaria, a cosmopolitan genus of red algae. The Japanese call this seaweed ogo, and the Hawaiians manauea. Local consumption has resulted in overharvesting and there are serious concerns about its future abundance. A public education program has begun and regulations are being considered to restrict its harvest. There are 6 species in Hawai'i, 6 in California, and several more in Japan and the Philippines. It is collected commercially for agar. Dr. Maxwell Doty has been growing some species under controlled conditions for a long time. The plants grow readily from vegetative fragments. The Speaker of the Month was Bill Garnet, superintendent of collections at Waimea Arboretum and Botanical Garden. His topic was "The Work of the Private Garden in Hawaii in Conserving Native Plants". Waimea Garden encompasses 18,000 acres, 70 of which are cultivated with over 6,000 plants. There are 32 gardens representing world, ethnobotanical, and generic collections. One highlight, the Hibiscus Evolutionary Garden, contains 600 different hybrids. He also spoke about a recent Conference for Botanic Gardeners in Réunion. The meeting adjourned at 9:00 pm and refreshments served. Respectfully submitted Patti Welton, Secretary. VOLUME 28(4 7 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the October 1989 Meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:35 pm. President Mark Merlin welcomed everyone back from the long summer vacation. The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved. No Treasurer's report was presented. President Mark Merlin announced that the wife of Oscar Kirch donated $1000 to the Society in honored the memory of her husband, a long-time member of the Society. Don Gower reported the following new members: Stephanie Aschman, Joseph Krahulick, Timothy J. Motley, Keali'i Kiamoku Pang, Diane Ragone, and Grant Uchida. All were approved by acclaim. Under old business, President Merlin announced that the Xeroscape Garden at the Halawa Board of Water Supply opened Saturday, September 30. A special field trip to the garden for Society members and friends was suggested, to allow plenty of time to discuss the program with the local manager. President Merlin suggested that he could arrange a visit to see the goundwater shaft as well. Under new business, Steve Montgomery made some announcements. He said that there was a partial silver lining in the H-3 freeway project. One fourth of one percent of H-3's Landscaping cost must be spent on native plants. He urged those who grow native plants to assist with this effort. To get more facts about the program, I called the Federal Highway Administration's Design branch, and the consultants who will landscape the area. They seemed interested in cooperating. I will propose that a Committee from the Botanical Society be set up to advise the landscapers. Steve also reported on the status of the listing process for Hawaii's endangered plants. In 1975, the Smithsonian published a report on the situation in Hawai'i. They recommended a list of native plants that needed protection. The U.S. Department of the Interior adopted the list as a petition which they have failed to process since that date. At present, 15 piants are federaly listed as endangered. Part of the MacArthur grants to Hawaii has been awarded to the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund to study why nothing is happening. The Sierra Ciub has been working with the U.S. Department of the Interior as much as possible in order to avoid going to court to 72 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY force the Department to carry out its mandate. The Department has offered a compromise by promising to list 20-30 plants as endangered. The Sierra Club thinks this is too low, and will take the issue to court unless the Department considers a more aggressive policy toward listing. President Merlin announced the need for a member volunteer to be in charge of getting papers for the Newsletter. Clyde Imada, who currently holds this position, may resign at the end of this year. A call for nominations for Society officers for 1990 was made. The slate will be announced in November, and elections will take place at the December meeting. The Plant of the Month speaker was Zella Ellshoff. She is the botanist at Foster Gardens, and a Ph.D candidate in the Department of Botany at UH. She showed slides of Prairie Plants of Ohio. There are only about 300 small patches comprising 1000 acres left in the state, mainly in Madison, Columbus, and Dayton Counties. Some experimental plantings with wildflowers have been conducted. The genetic erosion of the species is greater from the north to the south than it is from east to west. The Speaker of the Month was Dr. Fred Ganders, from the Botany Department of the University of British Colombia, Canada. He is on sabbatical leave this year, and is a visiting professor in the Botany Department at UH. His topic was "Adaptive Radiation in Hawaiian Bidens (Asteraceae)" in which he summarized 10 years of work. Bidens is a worldwide genus. Dr. Ganders recognizes 19 species in Hawai'i and 8 subspecies. He showed slides of the ecological and morphological diversity within Bidens. He believes that the progenitor of Hawai'i's species arrived to the Islands before Kaua'i was above sea- level. He thinks that the progenitor might be a vine species from Mexico, rather than one from the west coast of North America. He plans to collect some specimens in Mexico and Costa Rica during the second part of his sabbatical. ; The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 pm. Unfortunately, the members were not able to enjoy the usual refreshments due to a misunderstanding, but they were promised for the November meeting. Respectfully submitted, Patti Welton, Secretary. VOLUME 28(4) _73 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the November 1989 Meeting President Mark Merlin called the meeting to order at 7:35 pm. The minutes of the October meeting were read and approved. President Merlin announced the proposed slate of new officers for the Botanical Society. The nominees were Lyndon Wester for President, Don Drake for Vice-President, Derral Herbst for Treasurer, and Benton Pang for Secretary. Elections will be held at the December meeting. President Merlin announced that a date had not been arranged yet for society members to visit the Xeroscape Garden at the Board of Water Society Halawa Station. Steve Montgomery reported for the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund on a law suit filed against the Department of the Interior for poor support on protecting Hawaii's native species. Aid from the Society was requested; a motion for $300 passed. President Merlin introduced the Speakers for this month because Vice-President Marie Bruegmann was visiting her 92 year old grandmother in Hannover, Germany, while the East Berlin wall was tumbling down. Plant of the Month Speaker was Dr. Arthur Whistler, who spoke about the genus Gardenia in Polynesia. It is an Old World genus with about 250 species, most of which are in Africa and Asia. There are 7 species in Polynesia. Four of these are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Speaker of the Month was Diane Ragone. She is presently finishing her doctoral thesis in the Horticultre Department at the University of Hawaii. Her Topic was breadfruit. Her interest began when she worked in Western Samoa in 1985 and realized not much comprehensive work had been done comparing the varieties of this important food source for the islanders. She has collected cuttings from 40 islands in the Pacific and has compared them using genetic markers. She showed many interesting slides of these varieties as well as the scenery where she went to collect them. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 pm. Refreshments were served. Respectfully submitted, Patti Welton, Secretary. 74 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NAIO RUST REDISCOVERED Donald E. Gardner National Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Unit Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 In September, 1989, I discovered what I considered to be a previously unknown rust fungus on leaves of naio (Myoporum sandwicense Gray) near the lower Mauna Loa Strip road, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO). Infection was evident as small (l-mm diameter) brown raised sori (pustules) on the undersurfaces of the leaves. Only uredinial sori have been found thus far. Although individual sori were rather inconspicuous, many leaves were heavily infected, causing the disease itself to be more noticeable. The naio rust was not listed by Stevens (1925) and was not found in previous searches of the herbaria considered most likely to contain Hawaiian fungi (BISH, HAW, HONQ, BPI) (Gardner and Hodges, 1989). Whereas I have frequently consulted the Arthur Herbarium (PUR) at Purdue University, which specializes in rust fungi, that herbarium is not yet "computerized" to permit searches for material from specified geographic regions, such as Hawai'i. Upon receipt of my recently collected naio rust, Dr. Joe Hennen, curator of PUR, informed me that he had found a scanty collection of a rust on M. sandwicense on deposit at PUR. The specimen had been collected in 1946 by D. P. Rogers at Parker Ranch on the island of Hawai'i. Dr. G. B. Cummins, then at Purdue, had formally described and named the rust as Uredo myopori Cumm. in 1952, based on Rogers' material (Cummins, 1952). The description was published together with those of 46 other newly recognized, but unrelated, species of rusts from other regions of the world. From Cummins' description it is evident that the rust I collected in HAVO represents JU. myopori, and is apparently the only record of this species other than the type material. Cummins noted that the only rust recorded on the Myoporaceae previous to U. myopori was Aecidium myopori Cunn. in New Zealand (Cummins, 1952). Since the description of U. myopori had been overlooked in compilations of Hawaiian botanical literature, this species was not included in previous discussions of endemic rusts (Gardner, 1987; Gardner and Hodges, 1989). However, based on its occurrence on an endemic Hawaiian host and the lack of obvious VOLUME 28(4 close affinities to other rusts, U. myopori may be considered an addition to Hawai'i's endemic rust flora. I have deposited specimens at B. P. Bishop Museum (BISH 548135-6). Stevens (1925) placed considerable significance on the apparent scarcity of endemic rust fungi among Hawai'i's native mycoflora. Whereas this scarcity is still noteworthy (Gardner, 1987), discoveries of several (eight) presumably endemic species since Stevens' observations (Cummins, 1937; Gardner, 1988, 1990; Hennen and Hodges, 1981; Hodges and Gardner, 1984; Marr and Gardner, 1989) cause the paucity of Hawaiian species to be perhaps less striking. LITERATURE CITED Cummins, G. B. 1937. Descriptions of tropical rusts. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 64:39-44. Cummins, G. B. 1952. Uredinales from various regions. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 79:212-234. Gardner, D. E. 1987. Hawaii's endemic rust fungi. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter 26:53-56. Gardner, D. E. 1988. Revisions to endemic Hawaiian rusts. Mycologia 80:747-749. Gardner, D. E. 1990. New rusts on endemic Hawaiian Rutaceae. Mycologia 82:141-144. Gardner, D. E., and Cc. S. Hodges, Jr. 1989. The rust fungi Uredinales) of Hawaii. Pacific Science 43:41-55. Hennen, J. F., and C. S. Hodges, Jr. 1981. Hawaiian forest fungi. II. Species of Puccinia and Uredo on Euphorbia. Mycologia 73:1116-1122. Hodges, C. S., Jr., and D. E. Gardner. 1984. Hawaiian forest fungi. IV. Rusts on endemic Acacia species. Mycologia 76:332-349. Marr, K. L., and D. E. Gardner. 1989. New rust fungi on endemic Zanthoxylum and Pelea. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter 28:7-8. Stevens, F. L. 1925. Hawaiian fungi. B. P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 19. Honolulu, Hawaii. 189 pp. 76 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY BOTANICAL CONCERNS OF RECENT EVENTS AT POHAKULOA TRAINING AREA Dr. Lani Stemmermann P.O. Box 308 Volcano, Hawaii 96785 Recently while attempting to locate a field site for current research on Native Dry Forest community dynamics I visited an area at Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) on the island of Hawai'i where a Multipurpose Range Complex (MPRC) is being constructed. Since this major construction project is federally funded, compliance with the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) is required. An Environmental Assessment (EA) was conducted with a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). Consequently no Environmental Impact Statement was prepared despite the large scope of the project (1,200+ acres) and obvious, approximately $16 million, irreparable damage to an intact native forest systen. This area in fact has attributes more suited for a State Natural Area Reserve than a highly impacted military training area. - The south-west portion of PTA where construction is occurring is an area where average annual rainfall is 15 inches. The area is vegetated by a mosaic of native forest communities. Most areas of similar rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands tend to be vegetated by shrub vegetation and usually are disrupted by the invasion of alien species of plants and animals. - Of particular interest at PTA is the mosaic of montane dry forest communities present. Patches of relatively ancient lava (more than 4,000 years old) are juxtaposed with far more recent flows. A closed canopy naio forest grows on the older lava flows and a montane ‘'ohi'a dry forest occurs on the more recent lava flows. The naio dominated community survives under the very dry conditions at PTA and is not found elsewhere in Hawai'i. It is unique to the PTA area, being an extreme phase of the mamane-naio forest which occurs under relatively more mesic conditions on the slopes of Mauna Kea. The very old lavas upon which this community are situated are a rare volcanic feature on these upper slopes of the VOLUME 28(4 ae. geologically active Mauna Loa. The montane 'Gdhi'a dry forest is virtually weed free and though similar sorts of forest can be found elsewhere, such as at Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, the PTA forest of this type is more intact than anywhere else. Areas where native plant communities occur in a mosaic on juxtaposed ancient and recent substrates are of great scientific interest. Recently the National Science Foundation funded a joint Stanford University--University of Hawaii proposal to study Hawaiian ecosysten development ($1.3 million over 5 years). Such studies depend upon the described mosaic where nearby communities occur under similar climatic conditions, and differ only in their species composition and substrate age. Also of particular interest at PTA is that these communities are viable--that is the dominant species are reproducing and these communities are consequently capable of self-maintenance. Most ecologists believe that viable communities are much more ecologically valuable than endangered species per se. Rare species are sometimes found in completely disrupted ecosystems and may never survive without man's intervention. In contrast, communities which can maintain themselves from the matrix which supports the rarer elements in addition to other ecosystem components upon which they depend (such as pollinators, for instance). Tropical Dry Forest Communities are the most endangered of all tropical forest types. Hawaiian dry forests are particularly so. Few of them exhibit active reproduction, and fewer exist in a mosaic where various substrate ages insure that communities at all stages of successional development co-exist so that the system dynamics can be preserved. In addition to the two communities directly impacted by the MPRC under construction, there are four other communities unique to PTA. The Dodonaea-Dubautia-Bidens scrub and Euphorbia forest at Kipuka Kalawamauna harbor the highest concentration of officially listed endangered plant species in Hawai'i. The Eragrostis grassland and Chenopodium scrubland along the Saddle Road are also unique to the Pohakuloa Area--found nowhere else in the world. The number of unique vegetation units found at PTA, the juxtaposition of these communities, the intact nature and 78 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY viability of these communities are all attributes that make the PTA area particularly suitable as consideration as a Natural Area Reserve. Instead a major training facility is being constructed in the absence of an EIS. - The project under construction is situated principally within the naio forest. Fires are often associated with military training ranges. Fire through this area will foster invasion by alien weeds, particularly fountain grass which will serve to perpetuate the fire cycle within the level the existing trees. The infantry training range is designed such that movable pop-up targets will appear amidst a forest to "surprise-ambush" approaching troops. Once this forest is leveled through use of the range it will recover very slowly--or more likely not at all--given the areas very low rainfall. - There are several very old archaeological sites known in the vicinity. Unfortunately, the area in which construction is taking place has not been thoroughly surveyed. - It would be more appropriate to situate such a range in an area where plants were grown specifically for the purpose of providing cover during exercises. This is not possible in an area of 15 inches of annual rainfall. - I am now, with the help of the Moku Loa Group of the Sierra Club, attempting to get an injuction against ongoing construction at the PTA MPRC until an appropriate EIS has been prepared. The Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund (212 Merchant Street, Suite 202, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813) is now accepting donations to cover litigation costs (specify PTA defense). We known that Hawai'i has already lost countless species, and numerous habitats. There are almost always alternatives to impacting native systems. We know that habitat destruction is a global problem. As concerned botanists, it is our duty to advise against consumptive and destructive uses of intact communities. There are sufficient disturbed lands in Hawai'i for man to restrict his activities to those areas and still fulfill his needs. For those of us who on occasion engage in biological surveys--it is important that we consider the ecological value of intact communities, and the consequences of proposed VOLUME 28(4 79 activities on the maintenance of those systems. It is almost always easier to prevent something from breaking than fix it once its broken. For those employed by agencies responsible for signing off on project proposals--it is NEVER acceptable to imply or accept a FONSI from an EA when major impacts are being imposed upon intact native plant communities, regardless of the presence or absence of endangered taxa. For those who don't engage in surveys, and aren't employed in responsible government positions--its important that we remain vigilant. We must seek to encourage an understanding of the value of ecosystem maintenance amongst our professional colleagues and others. Finally, I would like the Society to consider nominating the above area as a State Natural Area Reserve. NOTES ON WEEDS =—- 5 Clifford W. Smith Asteraceae Linda Cuddihy reports Senecio mikanioides (German Ivy) from Manuka Natural Area Reserve in South Kona. It is also present in Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge in the gulley downslope of Pu'u Akala/Aweli'i Stream with Ilex aquifolium (English holly). Melastomataceae Paul Higashino notes that Tibouchina herbacea infestation on West Maui has intensified. It is well established in the forests around Pu'u Kukui as well as in the bogs. Some of the plants are well over 7 feet tall in the lower forest areas. Papaveraceae Linda Cuddilly reports Hunnemannia fumariaefolia (Mexican tulip poppy) along the roadside near Ocean View Estate. There is some question if it is naturalized in the area. Society members are asked to look for more specimens when in the area. A specimen is on deposit in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park herbarium. 80 EWSLE R_ HAWAIIAN BOTANIC SOCIE Poaceae Betsey Harrison-Gagné reports that Cortaderia selloana (pampas grass) was found growing on a cliff above Halemau'u Trail in Haleakala National Park. Ron Nagata reports that Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) was found in Kaup6 Gap at 6,000 ft. This is a new elevation record. Evaneline Funk reports that Schizachyrium condensatum (Kunth) Nees, was found growing in Wai'toli Valley, Kaua'i. The area which had been the site of a major forest fire in 1967. Solanaceae Paul Higashino reports that Datura arborea (Angel's trumpet) is growing wild in the streams of Pelekunu Valley, Moloka'i. This is apparently the first report of this species established in the wild. Two papers that may be of interest: Cook, Michael J. 1987. Eucalyptus Control. State of California Department of Parks and Recreation. 37 pp. This report discusses the biology of the species found in California. It then goes on to review the physical and chemical control procedures that are available. This section is then followed by a short section on biological control. A very interesting discussion on the impacts of control concludes the report. This latter section was fascinating because of the breadth of issues discussed: visual; wildlife; noise and traffic; hydrology; soils; microclimate; vegetation and safety. Doren, R. F., & L. D. Whiteaker. 1990. Comparison of Economic Feasibility of Chemical Control Stratefies on Differing AGe and Density Classes of Schinus terebinthifolius. Natural Areas Journal 10:28-34. Many of us will remember the junior author when he was a member of the Society. This is a thorough evaluation of chemical control of Christmasberry. Part of the program was to kill female trees only. They found that it took just as much time and cost as much as treating all trees. VOLUME 28 (4) 81 BOOK REVIEW THE EUROPEAN GARDEN FLORA Volume I Pteridophyta, Gymospermae, Angiospermae - Moncotyledonae (pare 1). Melo se. Edited by S.M. Walters et al. Cambridge University Press 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022 ISBN 0-521-24859-0. 430pp $105.00 clothbound It was announced in 1981 that a project, with the ambitious goal of describing all plants grown out of doors and in glasshouses throughout England and Europe, was being initiated. It is a pleasure to review here the first volume of this European Garden Flora (hereafter referred to as EGF). Why would Hawaiian gardeners and botanists find a series of books on European cultivated plants of interest? Quite simply because the EGF aims to cover about 25,000 taxa in the six volumes projected to complete the job, and there is a high percentage of overlap between the plants grown indoors or in conservatories in temperate Europe and those grown outdoors in Hawai'i. Regretfully, there is no comparable project underway or even in the planning stages for North America, so by default the EGF will become the most comprehensive and up-to-date reference work available to those interested in cultivated plants grown in the United States. The series has been well-planned, and provides a great deal of information in a space-efficient format. One unfortunate point is the choice of a systematic (evolutionary) Classification for the order of families, genera, and species. Although the sequence followed is a well established one (Engler & Prantl's system as emended in 1964), any purported phylogenetic sequence is arcane and difficult to follow for all but a professional taxonomist, and that is a shortcoming for a series such as the EGF, which ought to enjoy a wide audience. A simple alphabetical arrangement is more intuitive to use and would make information much more readily accessible to the non- botanist. Volume one covers the pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (conifers and cycads), and part of the moncotyledons. 82 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Descriptions are provided for each of these higher taxa, as well as the families, genera, and species assigned to each. Descriptions are brief and technical terms are kept to a minimum; an illustrated glossary is provided at the end of the volume and additional fullpage plates demonstrate features that are taxonomically important for some plants, for example Thuya cones, Iris and Crocus flowers, and Hosta leaf blades. One interesting illustration idea provides silhouettes for fern fronds; these seem to be made from photocopies of actual herbarium specimens and while not aesthetically pleasing they serve their purpose adequately. Although the volume is not itself profusely illustrated, citations of published illustrations and photographs are provided for every species treated. Some of these illustration sources are widely available in the US and others are likely to be found only in a university reference library. If the gardener is willing to seek out these additional books and periodicals, then as many as four illustrations can be found for one species, and the identity for the plant can be established with reasonable certainty. One tricky point is that the name under which the species is illustrated may not be the same as that used in the EGF, and no attempt is made to cross-reference the names. A feature that is extremely useful for the professional botanist is the citation of references under genera and families that provide a lead into the literature. This provides a "trail of crumbs" to the wealth of information available in technical botanical literature, such as monographs, revisions, and ecological studies. It is to be hoped that lay persons will also make use of these literature citations to discover the added dimensions of knowledge behind many familiar garden plants. Synonyms, usually names used in trade publications and horticultural works, are provided for many taxa, and these are a valuable cross-reference. A welcome consideration is that all names for the authorities connected with scientific names are spelled out in full, and not abbreviated in the cryptic code that even many botanists find baffling. Keys are kept as non-technical as possible, and were designed for living plants in hand, and not for working from memory or dried herbarium specimens. The keys are of two kinds: formal dichotomous keys that include descriptive features and lead to individual taxa; and informal keys that use major VOLUME 28(4) 83 features to separate groups of taxa. Once one gets the hang of using them, the informal keys can be a rapid means to narrow the search to small pool of possible candidates. The European Garden Flora has much to offer American audiences, and it will be a long, long while before any comparable work appears on the North American scene. The series is an exciting addition to the horticultural literature, and will be a welcome addition to reference libraries. It is surprising that a work of such significance for horticulture and gardening should be so poorly known in the U.S. It is unfortunate that the publisher did not better publicize the appearance of the second volume, which was published in 1984; consequently sales were poor. To compound this, the print run for the first volume was reduced, based on the poor sales for volume 2. It is certain that the first volume will go out of print and those wishing to order it should not delay. Invest in the whole series is my advice to the commercial nurseryman, serious horticulturist, botanist, garden club, and librarian because this work will stand as a valuable reference for a long time to come. George Staples Botany Department Bishop Museum, Honolulu AXIS DEER SPREADING ON MAUI An axis deer was killed on 22 November 1989 in Haleakala National Park, in the front country, 1.5 miles above the headquarters building. The presence of this animal in the park may be the result of hunting and other disturbance pushing the animals northward from the Polipoli Springs area. However, the population is expanding on Maui and there is considerable concern that control measures be instituted as soon as possible. The state should make axis deer hunting open to the public on state land on Maui to reduce the threat of significant damage to native ecosystems by the activity of this species. We do not want to see a repeat of the disaster created by axis deer and feral pigs on East Moloka'i. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 1990/T Dg ae Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions {18th St. and Constitution Ave. Washington, OC 2AS6o er iad | pe % PANETT BLA ANS co, oe 3 H38 Newsletter Mawaliia Hotanica VOLUME 29(1) A _CIBRARIES MaRéH 1990 TT HALL (pn ae CYANEA OBTUSA AND CYANEA LOBATA (LOBELIACEAE): RECENT APPARENT EXTINCTIONS OF TWO MAUI ENDEMICS by R.W. Hobdy, A.C. Medeiros and L.L. Loope... . KAHO'OLAWE: VOLUNTEERS NEEDED. ........-.. « SIERRA CLUB LEGAL DEFENSE FUND, INC. LAWSUIT... . SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT. « « « © © #8 © ¢-0 © «© © « @ « ENDANGERED SPECIES e e e e @ e @ e e e ®@ e e e e e e MEMORANDUM FROM MICHAEL R. SHERWOOD REGARDING SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT. . 2. «© «© © © © © © © «© © «© © PEOPLE'S WATER CONFERENCE #7: INTEGRATING WATER AND LAND USE PLANNING IN HAWAII ........46. . K Published by the Hawattan Botanical Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperatton anong them." Any F person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands a ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained e. | from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. 23 EWS LE R WAIIA OTANICAL SOCIET OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1989 Executive Council President: Tom Ranker (UH Evolutionary Biology Programs) Vice-President: Don Drake (UH Botany Department) Treasurer: George Staples (Bishop Museum Botany Depart- ment) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH Botany Department) Directors: Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Newsletter: Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Editor) Conservation: Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Science Fair Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Native Plants: Clifford Smith, University of Hawaii (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawail , John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park HRHEARARHRAKERERRARRERERRERERARERERREKREREREREREREARERKRKRKKRKKKKRKKKKKKKKKKE MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. at oe Sere VOLUME 29 (1) 2 CYANEA OBTUSA AND CYANEA LOBATA (LOBELIACEAE) : RECENT APPARENT EXTINCTIONS OF TWO MAUI ENDEMICS R.W. Hobay!, A.C. Medeiros* and L.L. Loope” Hawai'i has the highest number of candidate threatened and endangered plant species in the United States (31%), with ap- proximately 10% of the native flowering plants already extinct (Wagner, Herbst and Yee 1985). Whereas relatively good documen- tation exists for the 19 taxa Federally listed as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Stemmermann 1989), and The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i is building databases on imperiled taxa (Newman 1989), available knowledge of the status of many of Hawai'i's rare plants is far from adequate. A recent coordinat- ing effort by the Center for Plant Conservation, consolidating the best guesses of field botanists throughout the state, con- cluded that over 100 taxa in Hawai'i could become extinct in the wild within the next five years (Kerry Walter, pers. comm.). yet, since the rarest Hawaiian plants grow in remote places, reached by few botanists, the extinction of a species is not often recorded. We report here on the apparent extinction of two endemic lobeliads of Maui recognized as valid species by Lammers in Wag- ner, Herbst and Sohmer (1990). They had not been collected or seen for several decades until "rediscovered" in the 1980s. Cyanea obtusa (Gray) Hillebr. (Section Delissoideae) is a tall (2.5-4.5 m), much-branched shrub of windward and moist leeward rain forest on Maui, especially along the sides of stream courses. The conspicuously serrate (almost dentate) and somewhat brittle leaves are clustered in rosettes at the branch tips. Inflorescences of 6-12 small flowers are clustered below the leaves. The color of the 2.5-4.0 cm long corollas as reported in the literature has varied, ranging from "greyish- blue" (Hillebrand 1888) to "purplish" (Lammers 1990). We ob- served the flowers of the Kahikinui plants to be very pale blue- purple in color. Cyanea obtusa was described as Delissea obtusa by Asa Gray who listed its distribution as Maui and the Mauna Kea area of Hawai'i island. Hillebrand (1888) transferred the species into the genus Cyanea. Hillebrand (1888), Rock (1919), and Wimmer (1956) also listed the distribution of this species as including Hawai'i island. St. John (1973), however, listed the species as 1. poFAW, P.O. Box 1015, Wailuku, HI 96793. . Haleakala National Park, P.O. Box 369, Makawao, HI 96768 4.” CNEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY a Maui endemic. Lammers (1990) considers Cyanea obtusa to be restricted to East and West Maui and regards Mauna Kea specimens as Clermontia pyrularia Hillebr. Prior to 1981, this species was known from eight collec- tions made between 1841 and 1919. Among these are collections by the United States Exploring Expedition (1841), H. Mann & W. Brigham (1864-65), W. Hillebrand (1870s), J.F. Rock (1910), and C.N. Forbes (1919). Hillebrand (1888) noted its presence at Honuaula (vicinity of modern Ulupalakua) as well as Waikapu and Lahaina of West Maui. After the Forbes collection in 1919, Cyanea obtusa was not collected again until October 1981 when it was rediscovered on a field trip into remnant cloud forest of Kahikinui on southern Haleakala (A.K. Kepler 46, 47, 48, and 49 and A.C, Medeiros 306). Two large individuals were encountered at 1500 m (4900 ft) and 1590 m (5300 ft) elevation in Acacia/Metrosideros forest degraded by feral goats, pigs and cattle. Surrounding vegeta- tion included ‘olapa (Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaud.) A. Heller), ‘ohelo-kau-la'au (Vaccinium calycinum (Sm.)), ost an- (A. Gray) Hillebr.), ho'i'o (Diplazium c (Presl.) Diels.) and other rain forest vegetation. Damage to native vegetation in the area was so severe that the survival of the lobeliads was due only to their inaccessible position along steep sections of the watercourse. Based on an examination of the material by Dr. Harold St. John (B.P. Bishop Museum), this population was reported as Cyanea sp. nov. St. John ined. in Medeiros, Loope and Holt (1986). In 1989, a field trip into Kahikinui to explore the pos- sibility of fencing an area of remnant native vegetation revealed that both previously known individuals of C. obtusa in the area had died. The cause of death was not apparent; one in- dividual had died in place recently. An intensive search of the stream sides of the area revealed another previously un- Giscovered individual; a collection was made (R.W. Hobdy and A.C. Medeiros 3020). Later in July 1989, RWH accompanied Uni- versity of Wisconsin botanist Thomas Givnish to the Kahikinui site in order to obtain leaf material for chloroplast DNA analy- sis. Unfortunately, it was too late as the last known individu- al of Cyanea obtusa had recently died. Cyanea lobata Mann (Section Genuinae) is a rare, 1.2-2.5 m tall, branched shrub of mesic to wet stream courses. Like C. obtusa, the large, sharply lobed leaves are gathered in rosettes kare er VOLUN 8 a ‘at branch tips. The 5-8 cm long flowers are whitish to purple, many clustered densely together under the leaves. | According to Lammers (1990), Cyanea lobata is endemic to ‘West Maui and Lana’'i. The Lana'i material (formerly C. bald- ‘winii) is represented by a single collection made in 1919 (G.C, ‘Munro 674, BISH); it has not been seen since on Lana'i. On West ‘Maui, C. lobata is listed by Rock (1919) as occurring at Waihe'e, Wailuku, Ka'anapali, Honokahau and elsewhere. Cyanea lobata was rediscovered by RWH in rain forest along the steep sides of the main stream of Waikapu Valley, West Maui, in 1982 (R.W. Hobdy 1675, BISH). A single individual was lo- cated at 600 m (2000 ft) on the south side of the stream on a steep slope of soil. Surrounding vegetation included ‘olona (Touchardia latifolia (Gaud.)), ho'i'o (Diplazgium sandwichjanum (Presl.) Diels.) and other windward stream bottom species. In 1988, while visiting the Waikapu population, RWH discovered that heavy rains had triggered a large landslide which had eliminated the sole plant of ¢C. Jobata. Rediscovered and lost again in the 1980s, Cyanea obtusa and C. lobata may still survive in remote, unknown locations, likely on steep cliff faces. However, their habitat on East and West Maui is highly degraded by feral ungulates and alien plant inva- sion, and these two species may never be seen again. LITERATURE CITED Hillebrand, W. 1888. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. 3rd. ed. (1981), Lubrecht & Cramer. Monticello, N.Y. 673 pp. Lammers, T. 1990. Campanulaceae. JIn Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i. B.P. Bishop Museum and University of Hawai'i Presses, Honolulu. Medeiros, A.C., L.L. Loope, and R.A. Holt. 1986. Status of na- tive flowering plant species on the south slope of Haleakala, East Maui, Hawai'i. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, Department of Botany, Technical Report 59. 230 pp. Newman, A. 1989. Biological databases for preserve selection. Pp, 154-157 jn C.P. Stone and D.B. Stone (eds.), Conserva- tion Biology in Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu. 6 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Rock, J.F. 1919. A Monographic study of the Hawaiian species of the tribe Lobelioideae, Family Campanulaceae. 5B.P. Bishop Museum Memoirs 7(2), Honolulu. 349 pp. St. John, H. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Trop. Bot. Gard. Memoir No. 1, Lana'i, Kaua'i, Hawai'i. Stemmermann, L. 1989. Rare plants and the Federal Endangered Species Act. Pp. 48-54 in C.P. Stone and D.B. Stone (eds.), Conservation Biology in Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu. Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.N. Yee. 1985. Status of the native flowering plants of the Hawaiian Islands. Pp. 23-74 in cC.P. Stone and J.M. Scott (eds.), Hawai'i's Terrestrial Ecosystems: Preservation and Management. University of Hawai'i Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu. von Wimmer, F.E. 1956. Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae Pp.53-104 in A. Engler and L. Diels (ed.), Das Pflanzenreich regni veg- etabilis conspectus. Akademie Verlag, Berlin. PEE RE SPSESE SELES ESSERE REESE ERE REESE SESE SERRE RE SELES EEE SESE SELES SE SE KAHO ' OLAWE VOLUNTEERS NEEDED The U.S. Navy is looking for volunteers to propagate and plant native Hawaiian plants on Kaho'olawe Island. The Navy can pro- vide propagation materials (sterile potting mix, dibble tubes, fertilizer) and transportation to and from Kaho'olawe Island when planting occurs. Interested parties should contact Dr. Stephanie Aschmann (808) 471-1691 for further information and/or the native plant list for this progran, ~J O 29(1 SIERRA CLUB LEGAL DEFENSE FUND, INC. LAWSUIT May 3, 1989 Hon. Manuel Lujan, Jr. Secretary of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior 18th and C Streets Washington, D.C. 20240 Re: Violation of Endangered Species Act -- Failure to List Endangered Hawaiian Plants Dear Secretary Lujan: I am writing on behalf of the Sierra Club and the Conservation Council For Hawaii to notify you, pursuant to the citizen suit provision of the Endangered Species Act ("ESA"), 16 U.S.C. 1540(g) (2), that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ("Service") is violating Section 4 of the ESA by failing to place approximately 550 "category 1" candidate species of native Hawaiian plants on the list of threatened and endangered species. A petition to list these species was first accepted by the Ser- vice in 1975, and has been pending, in one form or another, ever since. In 1980, the Service itself determined that the listing of these species was warranted. It has repeated that finding annually. As of this date, however, the Service has listed only nineteen Hawaiian plant species. Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the ESA, 16 U.S.C. 1533 (b)(3)(B), allows the Service to postpone the listing of qualified species only if it can demonstrate both that listing is "precluded by (other) pending proposals (to list)" and that it is making “expeditious progress" in adding other qualified species to the list. The Service has not ade- quately made either demonstration and in fact is not making "ex- peditious progress" in listing other species; it is therefore violating the law by failing to list these admittedly qualified Hawaiian plant species. ac fe] On January 9, 1975, the Smithsonian Institution, acting in ac- cordance with a Congressional directive contained in Section 12 of the ESA, 16 U.S.C. 1541, issued its fe) c @ (House Document 94-51, 8 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY the U.S. Government Printing Office 1975). The Smithsonian Report identified over 3,100 native United States vascular plant species which the authors of the Report believed should be can- Gidates for listing as threatened or endangered species. Id., pp. 48-198. Fully one third (1,088) of these were Hawaiian species, 639 of which the Smithsonian Report classified as endangered, 194 threatened, and 255 as possibly extinct. Id., pp. 11; 164-191. On July 1, 1975, the Service published a "Review of the Status of Over 3,000 Vascular Plants" in which it gave notice that it had received the Smithsonian Report and that it considered the report "to constitute a 'petition' in the context of Section 4(c)(2) of the [ESA] and that ample justification has been pre- sented to warrant a review to determine whether the plants identified in the report should be added to the lists of Threatened or Endangered species." 40 Fed. Reg. 27823, 27824. Since 1975 the Service has had this list of plants, or some modified version of it, under formal consideration for listing. On June 16, 1976, the Service published a proposal to list ap-. proximately 1,700 of the plants identified by the Smithsonian report as endangered species, including about 894 Hawaii plants. 41 Fed. Reg. 24523, 24526-24572. The Service never acted on this proposal, however, and on December 10, 1979, in response to a 1978 amendment to Section 4 that required the Secretary to withdraw any proposal to list species that had not been made final within two years of the proposal (see 16 U.S.C. 1533(b) (6) (B)(ii)), the Service withdrew it. 44 Fed. Reg. 70796. The Service stated that it nevertheless considered the Smithsonian Report to be a continuing petition to list "the ap- proximately 3,131 plant taxa which have not been the subjects of final rules." JId., p. 70796. On December 15, 1980, the Service published a comprehensive Notice of Review of all native United States plant taxa then being considered for listing, which "refine[(d] and update[d]" the previous notices. 45 Fed. Reg. 82480. The Service noted that the December 10, 1979 withdrawal "was required because of the expiration of the deadline for making such rules final and was not related to the conservation status of the taxa proposed {in the June 16, 1976 listing proposal)," and stated that "(t)he present notice is intended to reflect the Service's current judgment of the probable status of all plant taxa that were in- cluded in either previous notices or the 1976 [listing] proposal." Ibid. POLE 29(12) The 1980 Notice of Review included 797 Hawaiian plant species as candidates for listing. 592 of these were so-called "category 1" candidates which the Service defined as those Taxa for which the Service presently has sufficient in- formation on hand to support the biological ap- propriateness of their being listed as Endangered or Threatened Species. It included an additional 205 "category 2" Hawaiian plant species, which were those Taxa for which information now in the possession of the Service indicates the probable appropriateness of list- ing as Endangered or Threatened, but for which suffi- cient information is not presently available to spi a ically support a proposed rule. Id., pp. 82480; 82482-82569.1 e fe) (e) Thus, by October, 1982 the Service had had under consideration for over seven years a petition to list nearly 600 native Hawaiian plant species that the Service itself acknowledged were in fact qualified for listing (the “category 1" candidates). As of that date, the Service had listed a mere six Hawaiian plants. The already slow pace of listing slowed to a crawl during the first months of the Reagan Administration. Congress was greatly 1 An additional 207 Hawaiian plant species were placed in "Category 3", i.e., those no longer being considered for list- ing. Jbid. 2. Vicia menziesij listed April 26, 1978 Kokia cookej listed October 30, 1979 Haplostachys haplostachya var. angustifolia listed October 30, 1979 Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia listed October 30, 1979 Lipochaeta yenosa listed October 30, 1979 Euphorbia skottsbergii var. kaleloana listed August 24, 1982 See 50 C.F.R. 17.12 S W. AN_BO Ic 0 concerned with thus situation, and to correct it on October 13, 1982 substantially amended Section 4 of the ESA. Pub. Law 97- 304 (Sec. 2). See, e.g., House Report 97-567 (97th Cong. 2nd Sess., May 17, 1982), pp. 9-11, reprinted in 1982 U.S. Code Cong. Admin. News 2807, 2808-2811; Sen. Report 97-418 (97th Cong. 2nd Sess., May 25, 1982), pp. 10-14. Many of the revi- sions incorporated specific time-tables within which, hence- forth, the Service had to make listing determinations. In particular, new Section 4(b)(3) (A), 16 U.S.C. 1533(b) (3) (A), now required, "to the maximum extent practicable," that within 90 days after receiving a petition to list a species the Service make a finding whether the petition "presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the peti- tioned action may be warranted." If the Section 4(b)(3)(A) finding is positive, new Section 4 (b) (3) (B), 16 U.S.C. 1533(b) (3) (B), requires the Service, within 12 months after receipt of the petition, to make one of three findings: (1) that the petitioned action is not warranted; (2) that the petitioned action is warranted; or that (3) the petitioned action is warranted, but "is precluded by pending proposals to determine whether any species is an endangered species or a threatened species" and that expeditious progress is being made to add qualified species to [the list of threatened and endangered species]...." 16: UAiS.Cz 1533(b) (3) (B) (144) 3. Thus, Section 4, as amended in 1982, excuses the Service from listing petitioned species whose listing is otherwise warranted only if it can demonstrate both that listing is precluded by "pending proposals" and that the Service is making "expeditious progress" in listing other qualified species. The Conference Committee that reported out the bill that became the 1982 amendments to the ESA explained this provision as fol- lows: If, within twelve months of receiving a petition that war- rants the publication of a proposed regulation, the Secre- tary determines that he is unable to propose such action 3 section 4(b) (3) (B) was not. amended by the 1988 amendments to the ESA (Pub. Law 100-478). Vo 9 at that time...., he will be excused temporarily from pub- lishing a proposed regulation at that time provided he satisfies several limited conditions. First, the Secretary must be actively working on other listings and delistings and must determine and publish a finding that such other work has-7 resulted in pending proposals which actually preclude his proposing the peti- tioned action at that time. Second, the Secretary must determine and present evidence that he is, in fact, making expeditious progress in the process of listing and delist- ing other species. (Emphasis added.) Conf. Rep. 97-835 (97th Cong. 2nd Sess., Sept.17, 1982), pp. 21- , reprinted in 1982 U.S. Code Cong. Admin. News 2860, 2862- 2863. The Conference Committee emphasized that the Secretary would have a heavy burden of justifying his failure to list species whose listing had been found to be warranted. The determina- tions of "precluded by pending petitions" and “expeditious prog- ress" must be factually grounded and are subject to judicial review: In cases challenging the Secretary's claim of inability to propose an otherwise warranted petitioned action, the court will, in essence, be called on to separate justifications grounded in the purposes of the Act from the footdragging efforts of a delinquent agency. Ibid. Moreover, to underscore its intention that the Secretary's reprieve from the mandate to publish a proposed listing for qualified species was only to be "temporary", the Conference Committee went on to note that: ; If the Secretary is excused from publishing a proposed ~ regulation to implement a petitioned action within twelve months after receiving the petition, the rigs must continue to consider the petition and shall publish the proposed regulation as so on as possible, (Emphasis added.) Ibid. The Senate Committee report emphasized that Congress's main con- cern was that the Secretary quickly eliminate the backlog of qualified "candidate" species: Finally, the Secretary must present evidence that he is, in fact, making efficient and speedy progress in the process WS W AN_ BOTANIC .@] of listing such otker species. With more than 3,000 species already identifie s "candidates" for designation as endangered or threatened, the Secretary should make con- siderably more progress in the listing process than he has during the past 14 months. (Emphasis added.) Senate Rep. 97-418 (97th Cong. 2nd Sess., May 26, 1982), p.14. New Section 4(b) (3) (C) (i) provided that a petition that is found to be warranted but precluded "shall be treated as a petition that is resubmitted to the Secretary...on the date of such find- ing and that presents substantial scientific or commercial in- formation that the petitioned action may be warranted." 16 U.S.C. 1533(b) (3) (C) (i). In other words, a Section 4(b) (3) (B) finding must be made again within 12 months of the first 12- month finding. Con. Rep. 97-835, supra, p.22. Finally, petitions pending on the effective date of the amend- ments (October 13, 1982), such as the pending plant petition, were to be treated as having been newly submitted on that date. Ibid; Pub. Lay 97-304, Section 2(b) (1). Post-1982 Amendment Events In response to the new amendments, on February 15, 1983 the Ser- vice published a review of all petitions pending as of October 13, 1982. 48 Fed. Reg. 6752. Referring to the December 15, 1980 Notice of Review, the Service stated that "With respect to requirements of the new Section 4(b)(3) (A), positive findings already have been made for the petitioned taxa in categories 1 and 2 of the 1980 notice, and findings of lack of substantial information have been made for taxa in category 3." Id., p. 6752. The Service noted that by October 13, 1983 it would have to make the findings required by Section 4(b)(3)(B) for those plant species for which it had made positive Section 4(b) (3) (A) "substantiality" findings (that is, with respect to Hawaiian plants, the 592 "category 1" and 205 "category 2" species). Id., p. 6753. On November 28, 1983 the Sercive published a Supplement to the December 15, 1980 comprehensive Notice of Review for native plants, in which it added two category 1 Hawaii plant species (Cyperus pennatiformis var. bryanii and Lipochaeta porophilla) to the pending petition. 48 Fed. Reg. 53640, 53648, 53653. The Service stated that "All candidate plant taxa (which are those remaining in category 1 and 2 of the 1980 notice or in those coategories in this supplementary notice) are treated as under VOLUME 29 3 petition, and these notices serve for the review of status re- quired by Section 4(b) (3) (A) of the Act as amended in 1982." It promised that "The Service will soon respond separately in the Federal Register to the requirements of Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act for appropriate petitioned plants and animals." Ibid. On January 20, 1984, the Service made its Section 4(b) (3) (B) determination, finding that the listing of all category 1 and 2 plants in either the 1980 Notice of Review or the 1983 Supple- ment is “warranted but precluded." 49 Fed. Reg. 2485, 2487. The Service repeated that finding the following year. 50 Fed. Reg. 19761, 19762-19763 (May 10, 1985). | On September 27, 1985 the Service published a comprehensive up- dated Notice of Review of all vascular plant taxa native to the United States that are being reviewed for possible addition to the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants under the [ESA]." 50 Fed. Reg. 39526. The new Notice of Review incorporated the previous notices and "reflect[{ed] the Service's current judge- ment of the possible vulnerability of all native candidate plant taxa." Id., 39526. The September 27, 1985 updated Notice of Review remains the Ser- vice's most recent comprehensive compilation of U. S. plant species under consideration for listing. It includes some 2,517 category 1 and 2 plant taxa overall, 745 of which are Hawaiian species (553 category 1 and 192 category 2). Id., pp. 39528- 39584. The Service reiterated that all category 1 and 2 taxa included in the Notice of Review are candidates for possible listing and “are treated as under petition for listing, and this 4 In this Notice of Review the Service modified somewhat its definition for "category 1", as follows: Taxa for which the Service currently has on file sub- stantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support the appropriateness of proposing to list them as endangered or threatened species. The "category 2" definition is now Taxa for which information now in possession of the Service indicates that proposing to list them as endangered or threatened species is possibly ap- propriate, but for which substantial data on biologi- cal vulnerability and threat(s) are not currently known or on file to support the immediate preparation of rules. Id.) pp. 39526-39527. s A (0) C OC notice initiates the review of status required by section 4(b) (3) (A) of the Act, as amended in 1982." Jd, p. 39527. Since then the Service has published annual notices of "Findings on Pending Petitions and Description of Progress on Listing Ac- tions" in which it has simply repeated each year a finding that listing of the category 1 and 2 plants in the September 27, 1985 undated Notice of Review is "warr.:ted but precluded." See 51 Fed. Reg. 996, 996 (January 9, 1986); 52 Fed. Reg. 24312, 24312- 24313 (June 30, 1987); 53 Fed. Reg. 25511, 25512 (July 7, 1988); 53 Fed. Reg. 52746, 52747 (December 29, 1988). To demonstrate its supposed "expeditious progress" in adding other qualified species to the list, in purported compliance with Section 4(b) (3) (B) (iii), the Service has reported its list- ing progress in these annual notices as follows: 56 species listed from October 1, 1984 to September 30, 1985 (51 Fed. Reg. 998-999); 51 in 1985-1986 (52 Fed. Reg. 24313-24314); 52 in 1986-1987 (53 Fed. Reg. 25514); and 57 in 1987-1988 (53 Fed. Reg. 52749). The Federal Register notices do not break down the annual nun- bers of species added to the list in terms of plants or animals, nor do they provide information as to the various geographic areas of the United States in which these sepcies occur. Our investigation of this matter has revealed that in each year fol- lowing enactment of the 1982 amendments to Section 4 (October 13, 1982), the Service has listed the following numbers of plants and animal species overall: Plants Animals 1982-1983 2 27 1983-1984 13 31 1984-1985 32 24 1985-1986 28 23 1986-1987 28 24 1987-1988 32 _25 TOTAL 135 154 YEARLY AVERAGE 22.5 25.7 VOLUME 29(1) 15 For Hawaiian plants and animals, the number of species listed since 1982 is as follows: Plants 1982-1983 1983-1984 1984-1985. 1985-1986 1986-1987 1987-1988 eee TOTAL 1 YEARLY AVERAGE 2. fa | oo ae a N Ww Discussion Since 1982 the Sevice has been adding, overall, an average of about 50 species to the list each year, roughly half of which have been plants. In Hawaii, the Service has been listing an average of only two plants per year, and no Hawaiian plant has been listed in the last two years. In the six years since the 1982 amendments requiring “expeditious progress" in listing, the Service has listed only thirteen Hawaiian plant species, which added to six that had previously been listed makes a total of nineteen out of the hundreds of admittedly qualified Hawaiian plant species that are awaiting listing. At this rate of listing, it would take the Service nearly three centuries to place the present backlog of category 1 Hawaiian plant candidate species on the list. The Service has failed ut- terly to eliminate, or even to reduce substantially, the huge backlog of candidate species about which Congress expressed its concern. In short, this can hardly be the "expeditious prog- ress" in adding "qualified species" to the list contemplated by the Congress in Section 4(b) (3) (B) (111). Moreover, the Service has never made an explicit finding that the few listings that have occured have actually "precluded" the immediate listing of all the remaining category 1 candidates, as is also required by Section 4(b)(3)(B) (iii). Thus the Service has not legally met the requirements of that section so as to excuse the Service's continuing postponement of action on the backlog of Hawaiian plant candidates by repeated findings of "warranted but precluded". Hawaii has, with justification, been called "the endangered species capital of the Country", e. g., most recently, "Extinc- 16_—=SCSSCWNEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY tions In Paradise: Protecting Our Hawaiian Species" (Executive Summary) (MRDC 1989), p. 2. In fact, more species of plants and animals have gone extinct in Hawaii that in all of North Amer- ica. See, @.g,, Carlquist, Hawaii, A Natural History (Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden 1985), p. 179. The enormous backlog of native Hawaiian plant species that the Service itself has compiled and whose listing the Service has acknowledged to be warranted demonstrates that Hawaii continues to suffer an ex- tinction crisis hugely disproportionate to the rest of the coun- try. If anything, the Service should be focussing relatively greater attention upon and acting with greater dispatch and a greater sense of urgency with respect to Hawaiian endangered species than elsewhere; instead, it seems that the Service has grossly neglected Hawaiian species. The problem is amplified when one considers that the present backlog of candidate species, large as it is, is only the tip of an immense iceberg of endangered species that could emerge worldwide in the next 20 to 30 years: up to several million species, or as many as a third of all known species on earth, may become extinct in the next several decades, according to some estimates. E.g., Myers, “Tropical Forests and Their Species" (contained in Wilson, "Biodiversity," National Academy Press, 1988), pp. 30-32; Lugo, “Estimating Reductions in the Diversity of Tropical Forest Species" (also in Wilson, "Biodiversity"), p. 59, Table 6-1; Shaffer, "Minimum Viable Pop- ulations for Conservation", Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 69; Wolf, "On the Brink of Extinction: Conserving the Diver- sity of Life" (Worldwatch Paper 78, Worldwatch Institute, 1987). Congress was of course aware of and concerned about these trends when it amended Section 4 of the ESA in 1982 so as to allow the Service to postpone listing qualified species only if it could demonstrate both that it was genuinely precluded from listing such species by other action it was taking to protect endangered species and that it was making "expeditious progress" in adding | other qualified species to the list. Congress could not con- ceivably have thought that listing an average of two Hawaiian plants per year in the face of a backlog of hundreds of admit- tedly qualified Hawaiian plant species (or, for that matter, that listing about 22 plants nationwide or even 50 species over- all per year when a backlog of thousands of candidates exists) would constitute "Expeditious progress". These plants have been under petition for listing for nearly fifteen years, ever since the Service accepted the Smithsonian © Report as a petition to list. By its own admission, the Service | OLUME ak thas had on file since at least 1980 "substantial information on ‘biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support the ap- \propriateness of proposing to list" the Hawaiian plant category ‘1 candidates. Thus, no further studies need to be conducted to determine whether these plants should be listed. In short, there is no reason for the Service not to propose the immediate listing of all pending Hawaiian category 1 plant species. The Service's failure to do so constitutes a violation of Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the ESA, 16 U. S. C. s 1533(b) (3) (B). If the Service does not take satisfactory steps to remedy this violation within 60 days of this notice, we intend to bring ap- propriate legal action in United States District Court. Very truly yours, MICHAEL R. SHERWOOD cc: Susan Reece Lamson Deputy Assistant Secretary Fish and Wildlife and Parks Department of the Interior, and Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Allan Marmelstein Pacific Islands Administrator | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ss I 0) Cc SIERRA CLUB LEGAL DEFENSE FUND SETTLEMENT MICHAEL R. SHERWOOD Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund 2044 Fillmore Street San Francisco, California 94115 Telephone: 415-567-6100 Attorney for the Plaintiffs DIANE M. CONNOLLY Environment and Natural Resource Division Department of Justice P.O. Box 7369 Benjamin Franklin Station Washington, D.C.20044-7369 Telephone: 202-633-4185 Attorney for the Defendants IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF HAWAII Civil No. 89-953 ACK CONSERVATION COUNCIL FOR HAWAII, et al.,) Plaintiffs, Vv. MANUEL LUHAN, JR., SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, et al., ) Defendants. SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT is made between all of the plaintiffs and all of the defendants in the above-mentioned case. | The Plaintiffs brought this action in the Federal District Court . for the District of Hawaii on December 8, 1989, and the. defendants responded with their answer on February 6, 1990. The plaintiffs alleged that the defendants violated the Endangered Species Act, U.S.C. 1531-1544 by improperly failing to propose for listing as endangered or threatened many species of Hawaiian plants. Since the suit was filed; the defendants have adopted | VOLUME ‘and the plaintiffs have concurred with a new taxonomy for those plants which places the number of species in dispute at 186. ‘The defendants have already proposed for listing five of those ispecies, and proposed listings for four other species are near completion. ‘The parties agree as follows: ‘1. The defendants will propose for listing a total of fifty of the 186 Hawaii plant species in fiscal 1990 (October 1, 1989 to ‘September 30, 1990). This number includes the nine species al- ready proposed or ready to be proposed in fiscal year 1990. 2. The defendants will propose for listing the remaining 136 Hawaii plant species during fiscal years 1991 (October 1, 1990 to September 30, 1991) and 1992 (October 1, 1991 to September 30, 1992). 3. If, however, available biological data indicate that any of the species in Paragraphs 1 and 2 above are extinct, then there will be no obligation to propose such species for listing. A preliminary determination that a species is extinct will be pub- lished in the Federal Register, and the public will have an op- portunity to comment on any such preliminary determination. 4. On, or before the end of fiscal year 1991 the defendants will prepare and furnish to plaintiffs' counsel a report stating the progress of the listing efforts during fiscal year 1991 and describing what remains to be done in order to complete the listing process by the end of the fiscal year 1992 as agreed herein. 5. "Propose for listing" means publish a rulemaking in the Fed- eral Register. 6. The defendants acknowledge that the plaintiffs are prevail- ing parties in this matter and, thus, are entitled to reasonable attorneys fees and costs pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1540(g)(4). The amount of said fees shall be determined by the court upon sub- mission of the issue to the court for its determination. Plaintiffs shall file an appropriate motion for fees within thirty days of the court's signing of this settlement agreement. Defendants will file their opposition to the motion for fees within thirty days of the date on which they receive the plaintiffs' motion. Plaintiffs will file their reply within two weeks of the date on which they receive the defendants!’ opposi- tion. 0] AI (@] C SOC 7. The plaintiffs will dismiss this action without prejudice to the bringing of a subsequent action by plaintiffs if necessary to enforce the terms of this agreement, and subject to the determination by the court of reasonable attorneys fees and costs as provided in paragraph 6 above. Executed this 27th day of April, 1990. DIANE M. CONNOLLY MICHAEL R. SHERWOOD U.S. Department of Justice Sierra Club Legal Defense Attorney for Defendants Fund Attorney for Plaintiffs APPROVED AND SO ORDERED. This case is dismissed without prejudice to the bringing of a subsequent action by plaintiffs if necessary to enforce the terms of this agreement except that the court retains jurisdiction to determine an appropriate fee award as stated in paragraphs 6 and 7 above. Dated May, 09, 1990 ALAN C. KAY United States District Judge District of Hawali KRHERKAKEKEKEKEKKEKKKEKEKKEKEKRKEKEKEREKKEKEKEKEKEKKKKREKKKKKKKEKKKKKKKKKK PEE RESEESESESES ESE SERRE REE SES ESE EES ESE REE EE SERRE EEE EES ESSERE ESE EE SY ENDANGERED SPECIES PROPOSALS CALL FOR COMMENTS Recently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published in the Register a proposal that the species listed below be determined endangered species. If you have any information that provides factual data on the status of the species, any special consideration that should be taken into account in the decision making process or any other advice or guidance that may be ap- propriate please advise Dr. Joan Canfield (508) 541-2749 by the Gate shown by the species name. Cyanea superba September 17, 1990 Hedyotis st.-johnii October 2, 1990 Schiedea apokremnos October 2, 1990 Argyroxiphium kauense October 5, 1990 MEMORANDUM FROM MICHAEL R. SHERWOOD REGARDING HAWAIIAN ENDANGERED PLANTS LAWSUIT SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT By now you have heard that we have settled this case. The settlement is a-complete victory for us and for endangered Hawaiian plants. I think it is a remarkable accomplishment of which you can all be very proud! Enclosed for your files is a copy of the settlement agreement which was approved by Judge Kay and filed in the case on May 9, 1990. As you can see, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has agreed to commence the listing process for 50 of the 186 category 1 candidate plant species over which we sued by October 1, 1990 and to do so for the remaining 136 species within the following two years, by October 1, 1992. (So that we can. make sure it's on track, the Service will have to give us a progress report on the last 138 species half-way through the two year pe- riod). This means the Service will formally propose the listing of these species in the Federal Register, which is the first essen- tial step in the listing process. When it publishes the proposals, the Service will solicit comments from all interested parties and may hold public hearings. Normally it must make its final determination within one year of publication of the pro- posed listing. In return, we agreed to dismiss the lawsuit, but "without prejudice to the bringing of a subsequent action by plaintiffs if necessary to enforce the terms of this agreement." In other words, we can go back to court if we need to. The service also agreed to pay attorney's fees and costs in the case. We were not able to agree on the actual amount, however, so that will be determined by the court. Whatever amount the court awards us will go towards paying for this case, and, we hope, will also help allow Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund to continue to bring cases like this in the future on behalf of Hawaii's environment and endangered species. The magnitude of this settlement can best be appreciated when one realizes that in the seventeen years since enactment of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 the Service has listed a total of only nineteen Hawaiian plants. At that rate of listing, it would have taken the Service about 150 years to list all of the 186 category 1 candidates (i.e., those species the Service it- EWS ER HAWATI BO CAL SOCIET self admitted should be on the endangered species list), a job the Service has now agreed to do in just a few years. Assuming that 186 species are in fact ultimately listed, this will result not only in a ten-fold increase in the number of Hawaiian species on the list but also a doubling of the number of all domestic United States species of plants on the list (from 218 as of January, 1990 to 404), and an expansion by over 33% of the total number of listed domestic species of plants and animals (from 563 to 749). Once listed it will be illegal to remove, cut, dig up, damage or destroy the plants without a permit whether they occur on feder- al, state or private land. Moreover, federal agencies will have to "insure" that their actions do not "jeopardize the continued existence" of any of the plant species, and will have to consult the US Fish and Wildlife Service before taking, permitting or funding any action that could do so. Once the plants are listed the Service will have to plan and implement recovery plans for them. Federal funds may become available for habitat protection and acquisition where necessary. Finally, the listing will also provide these plants with legal protection under state law, be- cause Hawaii's endangered species law provides that species that are placed on the federal endangered species list are automati- cally deemed to be on the State's endangered species list as well. Although we can be pleased with our success so far, our work will not be complete until the Service finally lists the plants. There may well be opposition to the proposed listings by the State or other agencies or individuals, so it will be crucial for all of us to monitor the process closely, and to comment positively on the proposed listings as they are published in the Federal Register. Marjorie Ziegler and I will keep track of this as best we can, but it will primarily be up to you all to take advantage of the opportunity the lawsuit has created and to comment forcefully on the proposed listings. It has been a pleasure and an honor to represent you in this matter. If you have any questions, please give me a call or write. Sent to: Rick Scudder, CCH - Steve Montgomery, CCH Lola Mench, SC Alan Burdick, SC Thomas Ranker, HBS Arnold Lum, SCLDF Marjorie Ziegler, SCLDF OLUME 29(1 23 PEOPLE'S WATER CONFERENCE #7 INTEGRATING WATER AND LAND USE PLANNING IN WAI HAWAII STATE CAPITOL AUDITORIUM JANUARY 12, 1991 8:30 A.M. TO 3 P.M. PURPOSES : 1. To set climate and prepare for the 1992 Review of the State Water Code; 2. To report on each island's water use plan; and, 3. To discuss implementing water use plans into land use deci- sion making. PROGRAM: 1. Each island will be invited to report on its water plan which the Water Code requires to be adopted by ordinance. 2. State and county water and land use officials will be invited to discuss land use decisions and respond to county plans. 3. The keynote speaker will comment and wrap up. KEYNOTE SPEAKER: Gregory Thomas, Chief Executive for The Natural Heritage In- stitute, a California based environmental management consulting firm. Thomas has taught law at the University of California, other U.S. universities, and as a Fulbright Scholar in the People's Republic of China. He has worked with the Natural Resources Defense Council, The Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund and other environmental and governmental agencies. He has au- ae many publications on resource law, management and protec- tion. PEOPLE'S WATER CONFERENCES are FREE and OPEN to any interested persons or groups. If you wish to comment or participate, please contact: Martha Black, Chair 229 Poipu Drive . HONOLULU HI 96825 Phone: 395-2127 PEOPLE'S WATER CONFERENCES, INC. is a non-profit, educational corporation formed to provide a platform for public dialogue on important water issues among diverse interests in the community. This is in line with Section 1. Chapter XI, Hawaii State Con- stitution which mandates the CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES for the benefit of Hawaii's present and future genera- tions. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI ae { | 19aq -r iby ‘ | . Sie : Joao inatarnr ew Newsletter awalla tanica i A | im i AU ee \ mares TA ws LIBRARIC YH VOLUME 29(2) we IBRA (pntents JUNE 1990 SOCIETY BUSINESS HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT 1989. . . . «© «© © © © © © © © © «© © 27 MINUTES FOR DECEMBER, 1989 MEETING. ........ 29 MINUTES FOR JANUARY, 1990 MEETING ........ . 30 MINUTES FOR FEBRUARY, 1990 MEETING. ........ 31 MINUTES FOR MARCH, 1990 MEETING . ........ . 32 MINUTES FOR APRIL, 1990 MEETING .......... 34 MINUTES FOR MAY, 1990 MEETING . .......... 35 NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAII - V by Cigfttord: W..Smith« -« -.0 ai a 4% 8 oe ew aM Ge eT “ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IGNORED AGAIN. ......... 39 * —___ — Published by the Hawattan Botanteal Soctety, whitch was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all tts phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtatned from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matle Way, Universtty of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawait 96822, 4 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1990 Executive Council President: Tom Ranker (UH Evolutionary Biology Programs) Vice-President: Don Drake (UH Botany Department) Treasurer: George Staples (Bishop Museum Botany Depart- ment) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH Botany Department) Directors: Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Newsletter: Clifford Smith, University of Hawai'i (Editor) Conservation: Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Science Fair Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Native Plants: Clifford Smith, University of Hawai'i (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park ReKKKKKKKKRKKKKKKKKKKRKKKRKKKKKKKKRKKKKKKKKKKKKRKKKRKKKKKKKA RAKE MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 29(2 27. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT 1989 The year 1989 was an interesting year for the Society. The Of- ficers were: President- Mark Merlin Vice-president- Marie Bruegmann Secretary- Patti Welton Treasurer- Derral Herbst Directors- Lyndon Wester Isabella Abbott This year Lyndon Wester continued to eradicate troublesome plants from the Marsilea population at Koko Head. Volunteers twice a month in the wet season have been very successful. At the beginning of the year Dr. Abbott announced that the state had allocated $80,000 to the Department of Agriculture for re- search on controlling Myrica faya. The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i called for proposals for conservation biology projects in Hawaii. This was part of a small grants program under the Hawai'i Conservation Biology Initiative. The Society awarded prizes to the three winners of the Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair. They were Dianella Howarth, Gar Ling Tse, and Lorene Sato. In the fall President Merlin visited the new Xeriscape Garden at the Halawa Board of Water Supply and encouraged people to use xerophytic plants in their gardens as well. Steve Montgomery announced that one fourth of one percent of H-3's landscaping cost must be spent on native plants. A committee of members of the Society was proposed to advise the landscapers. Steve Mont- gomery also informed the Society about the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund's law suit against the U.S. Department of Interior for failing to list Hawaiian plants as endangered species. [In 1975 the Smithsonian Institute published a list of species which should be protected, yet this report had not been acted upon. The aim of this law suit was to have these species federally listed as endangered which would insure them protection under the Endangered Species Act of 1974. The Society supported the law suit with $300. In December a summary of The Natural Resource Defense Council's Forum on Endangered Species in November was reported. The top priorities for protecting endangered species were education and 28 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY land acquisition. Diane Ragone, new Program Botanist with the Hawai'i Plant Conservation Center at the National Tropical Botanical Garden called for proposals for those who want to grow, propagate, and study native plants. Barrie Morgan an- nounced that the Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i is looking for a preserve manager for their preserve in Koko Head for the water fern Marsilea. And a new slate of officers were elected. The Speakers this year were: JANUARY Plant of the Month- ur. Mark Merlin spoke about an undescribed species of palm in the South Cook Islands. Speaker of the Month- Dr. Sam Gon III: "Biological Surveys of the Natural Area Reserves of Hawaii." FEBRUARY Plant of the Month- Dr. Ron Fenstemacher told us the history of ‘Awa, (Piper methysticum) in Hawaiian. Speaker- Dr. Vincent Lebot: "Kava: The Potential of a Plant in Oceania: Awa (Piper methysticum)." MARCH Plant of the Month- Sue-Hwei Chang talked about Eucheuma al- varezzii, a red alga grown commercially for carrageenan. Speaker- Candace Lutzow: "The Ethnobotany of the French Carib- bean People of St. Thomas." APRIL Plant of the Month- Patti Welton spoke about Citharexylum caudatum (Verbenaceae) a shrub which has naturalized in the back of Manoa and windward Oahu. Speaker- Dr. Jim Juvik compared primary succession on volcanic islands around the world. MAY Plant of the Month- Ken Marr told us about the taxonomic prob- lems in the Hawaiian species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae). Speaker- Dr. Art Whistler described the uses of "Tongan Herbal Medicine." JUNE Plant of the Month- Isabel Meneses informed us about the species of Gracilaria, a cosmopolitan genus of red algae eaten locally and grown commercially collected for agar. Speaker- Bill Garnet told us about "The Work of the Private Gar- den in Hawai'i in Conserving Native Plants." VOLUME 29(2 29 OCTOBER Plant of the Month- Zella Ellshoff showed slides of Prairie Plants of Ohio. Speaker- Dr. Fred Ganders summarized his work with "Adaptive Radiation in Hawaiian Bidens (Asteraceae) ." NOVEMBER Plant of the Month- Dr. Art Whistler told us about the genus Gardenia in Polynesia. Speaker- Diane Ragone's topic was on the variety of breadfruit cultivars around the South Pacific. DECEMBER Speaker- Dr. Mark Merlin spoke about "The Ecological Diversity and Traditional Uses of the Plants of Belau (Republic of Pal- aur. ' HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the December 1989 Meeting President Mark Merlin called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. The minutes of the November meeting were read and ap- proved. New members of the society, Dr. Tom Ranker, Dr. Genie Trapp and Gail Chun were approved. The election of the new officers was held. The results were as follows: Tom Ranker (UH Evolutionary Biology Program) as President, Don Drake (UH Botany Department) as Vice-President, Benton Pang (UH Botany Department) as Secretary, and George Staples (Bishop Museum Botany Department) as Treasurer. Dr. Isabella Abbott (UH Botany Department) will continue on the Board of Directors together with the retiring President. Under old business, Steve Montgomery reported that the law- suit which the Sierra Club Legal Defense filed against the U.S. Fish and Wildlife for not acting quickly on the Endangered Species Act was still at a stalemate. He was waiting for a promised reply from the lawyers at that time. He said 182 species of native Hawaiian plants are in Category 1 as candidate endangered species, that is, they are considered most at risk. Dr. Allen Marmelstein, Director, Honolulu Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, is only authorized to promise the listing of 20-30 species each year. The excuse is that the Secretary of the De- partment of Interior, Manuel Luhan Jr. has to undo a number of complicated rules which James Watt set up concerning endangered species. 30 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY He also summarized the Natural Resource Defense Council's Forum in November on Endangered Species. The Forum called to- gether conservation groups statewide, the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- vice to vocalize what they believed were priorities for the preservation of Hawaii's endangered species. The two most prevalent priorities were educating the public, beginning with the youth, and land acquisitions to be designated as nature reserves. Under new business, the new Program Botanist with the Hawai'i Plant Conservation Center at the National Tropical Botanical Garden Ms. Diane Ragone made a call for proposal for those who want to grow, propagate and study native plants. The garden recently received $279,000 from the MacArthur Foundation for this project. Dr David Fisher asked the Society if they would like to continue awarding prizes to the winners of the State High School Science Fair. All were in favor. Barrie Morgan spoke for The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i (TNCH) about their Preserve in Koko Head for the water fern Mar- silea. They are looking for a preserve manager who can take care of the logistics of setting up tours for interested groups as well as report both to the Society and TNCH on the health of the Preserve and the Marsilea population. Anyone interested should contact her at TNCH. There was no Plant of the Month Speaker. President Mark Merlin was the Speaker of the Month. His Topic was: The Ecological Diversity and Traditional Uses of the Plants of Belau (Republic of Palau). He went there this past summer to help coordinate an environmental education program for their teachers. He showed us slides representing the variety of the vegetation zones as well as slides of the interesting endemic flora. Respectfully submitted, Patti Welton, Secretary. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for January, 1990 meeting President Tom Ranker called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. Approval of the minutes for the December meeting were VOLUME 29(2 eink postponed until the February meeting. The Treasurer's report was read by the secretary, Benton Pang, in the absence of the treasurer, George Staples. Dr. Gerald Carr introduced Dr. Don Farrar of Iowa State University as a new guest to the meeting. He is the luminary professor in the Botany Department at the University. Don Gowing, membership chairman, introduced a new member to the Society, Linda Burnham-Larish, and noted that Ron Fenstemacher had become a life member. Vice President Don Drake informed the audience there was no January plant of the month speaker. He then introduced the speaker of the month, Dr. Gerald Carr, Professor of Botany at the University of Hawai'i, Manoa. The title of his talk was "The Origin and Evolution of Hawaiian Tarweeds". He discussed the 38 Hawaiian plant species comprising the silversword al- liance and their variation in morphology and habitat. He touched upon the genetic cohesiveness between these species and their continental counterparts, the California-Tarweeds. His present research has led him to successfully crossing the 2n pollen of a hybrid of Madia bolanderi and Rallardiopsis murii, both California Tarweeds, with Dubautia scabra. The Fl progeny may lead to conclusive genetic evidence of the possible ancestry of the Hawaiian silversword alliance. The audience was excited to hear about his research, see the plants involved in the crossing, and looked forward to hearing his final results. Respectfully submitted, Benton Pang, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for February, 1990 meeting President Tom Ranker called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. The minutes of the December meeting were then read by last year's secretary Patti Welton and accepted. Minutes of the Jan- uary meeting were read and accepted. The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. Don Gowing, membership chairman, introduced three new mem- bers into the Society: Johnson Hew, Mike Sherwood, and Carl Young. All three were accepted. He also informed the Society of the death of one of our long-time members, Milton Manhoff. Unfinished business: A letter from Richard Smith, deputy director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service regarding the 32 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Sierra Club Defense Fund lawsuit was read. He proposes to get 20-30 plant species listed this year and continue listing this number of species until the back log is completed. Vice President Don Drake introduced the Plant of the Month speaker, Mr. Tim Motley who spoke on the "Ethnobotany of Acorus Calamus or Sweetflag. Sweetflag is a medicinal plant whose use can be traced to the Bible. Some of its historic uses included: an aphrodisiac, a hallucinogen, and a contraceptive. Today, it is used for stomach cramps, malaria, typhoid, colds, and sore throat, as well as an insecticide, antiseptic and as a fixative in some perfumes. Speaker of the month was Mr. Kanehiro Kitayama who present- ed "Plants of Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo". This continental non- volcanic granite mountain reaches 4000 m at its peak. Kanehiro's beautiful slides took us through his 1984 expedition to this highest point in Southeast Asia. Beginning with the lowland jungle we were introduced to methods of collecting parts of trees over 200 ft tall using a shotgun and slingshot. The lower montane forest contains many conifers and oaks with a rich assemblage of herbaceous understory. The upper montane forest contained a variety of rhododendrons, mosses, tree ferns, and the worlds largest pitcher plants. He then showed the pictures of alpine and subalpine zones. He concluded with a discusison of the heavy disturbances these days on Mt. Kinabalu due to lowland farming, mining, and logging. Respectfully submitted, Benton Pang, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for March, 1990 meeting President Tom Ranker called the March meeting to order at 7:38 p.m. The minutes of the February meeting were read and ac- cepted. The Treasurer's report was also read and accepted. Don Gowing, membership chairman, introduced new members into the Society: Erika Littlehale and the family of Edward Johnston and Helen Rogers. All were welcomed. Unfinished business: Notification from U.S. Fish and Wild- life Service was directed to Sierra Legal Defense Fund with a new offer regarding the federal listing of Hawaiian plant VOLUME 29(2 33 species. The new offer calls for the preparation of packets and proposed listings for 50 species plus the 10 already being reviewed, by September 1990. The remainder 136 species will be listed during the next 2 fiscal years at about 70 species per year. New business: Back-issues of most of the Society Newslet- ters are available to those interested in the lobby of St. John Building. Dr. Mark Merlin moved the Society recognize Derral Herbst as an honorary member due to his 9 years as treasurer for the Society. The motion was carried. Dr. Steve Montgomery informed the Society of Earth Day on April 22nd and asked the Society donate money for the making of the Earth Day poster for Hawai'i. The President was not able to directly assess how much the Society could donate but with the acceptance by the treasurer, $100-200 could be donated and would be discussed at the next board meeting. The President read a letter from Dr. William Theobald, Director of National Tropical Botanic Gardens inviting the Society for an all-day tour of the Kaua'i gardens with lunch, dinner, and transportation to be provided by NTBG. The Secretary informed the Society of a symposium on Xeris- cape by the Board of Water Supply. Dr. Dave Fisher informed the members that since the Society committed itself to support the Science Fair, no money has since been appropriated. The ommission was corrected. The Vice President introduced the Plant of the Month speaker, Mr. Wayne Borth, on ‘a'ali'i (Dodonea viscosa). This large shrub can be found in dry forest regions of Hawai'i. The plant provided good hard wood for the Hawaiians, as well as a medicine, and the ornamental seed capsules are used today, in lei haku. Most of Wayne's talk was about the Yeilow's Disease of 'a'ali'ti, his PhD. dissertation topic. Plants with the dis- ease are found mostly in the upper elevations of the dryland forest and characterized by normal green foliage interspersed with diseased yellow and reddish branches, very reminiscent of witches brooms. He asked the Society membership to inform him on any ‘a'tali'i plants we might see with disease to further his research. Speaker of the month was Dr. Sy Sohmer, Chairman, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Botany Department, who spoke on the 34 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Hunstein River Expedition in Papua New Guinea. After a brief introduction on the initial formation of the expedition and Bishop Museums' involvement, he outlined the two main objectives of the study, 1) a botanical study focusing on the tree species, and 2) an animal survey focusing on the vertebrate species. Methodology included 6 months of field work in Papua followed by laboratory work, identification and cataloging, at Bishop Muse- um. The slide presentation showed us the beauty of alluvial forests, and lowland and montane rainforests in Papua New Guin- ea, the field conditions of the expedition, and the hope for a successful study with the collaboration with all six of the in- stitutions involved. A National Geographic Society article of the expedition is set for the October 1990. Respectfully submitted, Benton Pang, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for April, 1990 meeting The President called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. The minutes af the March meeting were read and accepted. The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. | Don Gowing, membership chairman, introduced three new members to the Society: John Strazanac, Cynthia Fritsler, and Linda Cud- dihy. All three were accepted. He also informed the Society of the death of one of our members, Kathryn Orr, a nutritionist at the University of Hawai'i, Manoa. 7 Don Gowing also announced that the Society Newsletter would be made available after the meeting. Unfinished business: A letter from Diane Connelly of the De- partment of Justice regarding the endangered species lawsuit against the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was read which re- quested the plaintiffs, Sierra Legal Defense Fund and the Hawaiian Botanical Society to drop the lawsuit because a settle- ment will be reached out of court. It was moved and carried by the members present that the Society drop the lawsuit pending the decision of the coplaintiffs, Sierra Legal Defense Fund. It was also asked that the 186 total species proposed for list be published in the next Newsletter. It will be published in the next issue. VOLUME 29(2 35 A motion was passed that the Society donate $100.00 toware the cost of the making and distributing of the Earth Day, Hawai'i poster. The members were asked to write to their congressional delegates to consider the construction of a plant quarantine facility in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park that primarily focuses on evaluating plant pathogens as biocontrol agent of alien plants. Currently, the quarantine facility can only be used to study in- sects as potential biological control agents. The Vice President introduced the Plant of the Month speaker, Dr. Donald Farrar from the University of Iowa and luminary professor at the university. His topic addressed the abundance of the filmy fern, Callistopteris sp. He has found it growing abundantly in the wettest parts of Manoa and Palolo Valleys on O'ahu and the rainforests on Hawai'i. Its abundance is due, in part, to its ability to perpetuate itself in a gametophytic stage. The 1 cm. gametophytes are usually found along the walls of trails or on rocks in streams and the sporophytes are rarely found. The speaker of the month was Dr. Donald Falk, director for the Center for Plant Conservation. He outlined three main ideas or concepts behind the Center's conservation efforts: 1) in- tegrated conservation; 2) survival pathways at the species level so it may be reintroduced into nature; and, 3) movement beyond conservation. He illustrated types of endangerment, the plant species that are currently endangered, and the idea of land ac- quisition for area preservation. He ended with the conservation attempts currently being done in Hawai'i and applauded Hawai'i's dedicated efforts in preserving its endangered and fragile flora. Respectfully submitted, Benton Pang, Secretary HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for May, 1990 meeting President Tom Ranker called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. The minutes of the April meeting were read and accepted. The treasurer's report was read and accepted. Joan Stewart, re- search assistant to Dr. Abbott at the University was introduced as a guest. 36 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Don Gowing, membership chairman, introduced new members Wayne Borth and Eileen Heering (family) and Linda Nelson to the Society. All were welcomed Old business: The Earth Day, Hawai'i, poster was distrib- uted after the meeting. New business: The Society congratulated Neil Wruebl for winning the 'most outstanding botanist' award from the Botanical Society of America. Neil was an undergraduate this past fall semester for the Botany Department at the University of Hawai'i, Manoa. Plant of the month speaker was our President, Dr. Tom Ranker, who changed his original topic of Peperomia to Adenophorus. Adenophorus, in the fern family Grammatidaceae, is one of three endemic fern genera in Hawai'i. It has been sepa- rated into 2 subgenera: Adenophorus with 6 species and Oligadenus with 4 species. His slides highlighted most of the species in Hawai'i, their characteristic morphological features and habitats that distinguish them from one another. The speaker of the month was Dr. Donald Farrar, Iowa State University. He introduced his talk by discussing the important role gametophytic gemmae play in some ferns. Gametophytic gem- mae are dispersal units that detach from the parent unit. In ferns, the gametophytic gemmae allow the gametophyte to grow in areas under extremes that would not support a sporophyte. Only 10% of the ferns comprising three families produce gametophytic gemmae, the Grammitidaceae, Vittariaceae, and Hymenophyllaceae. Dr. Farrar discussed his research in the Appalachians at Dry Falls where the only Grammitidaceae of the continental United States grows. This population of only Xiphopteris gametophytes has lead Dr. Farrar to conclude that the gametophytic gemmae al- low the fern to persist with no sporophyte because of the freez- ing winters that are unsuitable for that particular life stage. In Hawai'i, he has observed similar processes, but temperature may not be such a limiting factor for the sporophytes. Some of the genera observed having gametophytic gemma populations are Vittaria, Adenophorus, Grammitis, Mecodium, Vandenboschia and Callistopteris. Hopefully, in time Dr. Farrar can continue his research in Hawai'i to better understand the role gametophytic gemmae play in ferns. Respectfully submitted, Benton Pang, Secretary VOLUME 29(2 37 NOTES ON WEEDS IN HAWAII - V Clifford W. Smith Asteraceae Senecio mikanoides Otto ex Walp. (German or Italian ivy) A few plants found by Winona Char on the lower portion of Mauna Kea Ranch in gulch areas, 2,200 to 3,000 ft. elevation. The vines were in a rather poor condition. Perhaps it is too wet for the plants which are normally found in much drier habitats. Basellaceae The new flora notes that Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Madeira vine) is "now sparingly naturalized probably on all of the main islands." Art Medeiros recently located a heavy in- festation on Pu'u Mahoe, East Maui at 2,600 feet in the Ar- boretum area. The species was previously known in the islands under the name Boussingaultia cordifolia. This species has been proposed for listing as "noxious" by the State Department of Agriculture because of its behavior else- where in the tropics. I did not include it in my list of alien species that pose a serious threat to native Hawaiian ecosystems because it was so uncommon. This discovery by Art suggests that more aggressive action needs to be taken against it before its population really explodes. Oleaceae Jasminum fluminense Vell. This plant is a very vigorous climber with fragrant white flow- ers and black fruit. Winona Char has found large plants ina strip of kiawe forest between Kahului Airport and Sprecklesville Beach Lots, Maui. She has also found plants in koa-haole/Guinea grass scrub on the slopes behind U.H. faculty housing on 'O'ahu; this latter record is a new island record. Olea europaea subsp. africana (Mill.) P. Green (olive, ‘oliwa) This subspecies of the olive is beginning to appear sporadically in some of Winona Char's surveys in dry forest areas on the Big Island, e.g., around Pu'uanahulu, in the 'ohi'ta forest makai of Pahala and Highway 11. It is already recognized as a serious pest around the 'Ainahou Ranch. Polygalaceae The new flora records the presence of Polygala paniculata L. (a milkwort) on East Maui as well as O'ahu and Hawai'i. Art Medeiros indicates that it is now present in Kipahulu Valley. 38 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY It is also present on West Maui at Lihau and Hana'ula. Art notes that it is spreading very rapidly along ditch roads. Rosaceae Rubus niveus Thunb. (Hill or mysore raspberry) Several scattered shrubs were found by Winona Char bordering Koholalele Gulch, Hawai'i, on the Mauna Kea Ranch (formerly Kika'i au Ranch) between 3,000 and 2,600 ft. elevation. The young stems were very glaucous -- bluish, waxy; the veins on up- per surface of leaflets deeply impressed; and fruits reddish- black, subglobose. Rubiaceae Cinchona pubescens Vahl (quinine) This record needs verification by comparing the collection (vegetative plants only) with the Bishop Museum material. A few plants have been found by Winona Char in a Christmas berry dry forest association, on a large 'a'a lava flow above Ka'alu'alu, Ka'u, between 600-800 ft elevation. The continued range expansion of this species is of major con- cern. This species is among the worst weeds in the Galapagos and St. Helena. Solanaceae Art Medeiros has expressed considerable concern about the spread of Solanum seaforthianum Andr. (no common name) on West Maui. He has noted its widespread distribution in the Kaupo to Kipahulu region of East Maui. — ———a— tt _ VOLUME 29(2 3). ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IGNORED AGAIN A recent publication from the East-West Center, "Hawai'i as an East-West Bridge: A Survey of the Economic Value of Non- Tourist International Activities in Hawai'i" by A.A. Smyser omits all reference to the significant contributions of environ- mental and conservation science, particularly natural resource management, in Hawaii. The omission is all the more surprising because one would have thought that East-West Center scholars in the Environment and Policy Institute and Resource Systems In- stitute would have reviewed the document and commented. Micro- biological control of soil-born pathogens is the only area men- tioned, but larger fields, such as biological control, are not even though state and federal agencies are spending considerable amounts of money here and abroad, as well as attracting foriegn dollars to the programs and training foreigners here in the technology. Feral animal and alien plant control techniques that are increasingly used elsewhere are also not included. Scientists are attracted to the Islands from around the globe; they come to study various aspects of island biology, particu- larly our endemic organisms and ecosystems, as well as the havoc created by the uncontrolled exploitation of Hawaiian resources and importation of alien species from around the globe. All in all, these programs contribute millions of dollars each year to the our economy. Hawai'i is truly a bridge in all of these areas. Academic, environmental and resource management studies supported by the resources and facilities of a developed country serve not only the Pacific, but the tropics in general. It is time that the "powers that be" begin to recognize the leadership role of Hawaiian environmental and natural resource management science. It is most unfortunate that an East-West Center document should ignore this area. However, it is not at all surprising. Many international conferences and policy discussions groups are sponsored at Mdnoa by East-West Center, but are essentially "closed door" to Hawaiian scholars, suggesting that Hawai'i has nothing to offer. It is a grave disservice to Hawai'i, its scientific community, natural resource managers and local con- servationists. Clifford W. Smith Botany Department, UHM. TY NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIE C/O DEPARTMENT OF SE mann UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIT AT 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 1398-1 Smithsonian Inetitution Library Acquisitions 14th St, and Cans titutian Ave, Washington, ac 2e£asea Tt geen on anette ee ie. SiS OE ely ress occ Newsletter Hawaiia IC ta rh lca Oci1e1 VOLUME 29(3) (pntents ON THE NAME OF THE WEEDY PASSIFLORA KNOWN AS BANANA POKA by Peter Green. . . «+ © + © © © © © © © © © 8 HAWAIIAN ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES LISTING SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT PROGRESS REPORT: FY 90 . ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES LISTING ACTIVITIES PROPOSED FOR FISCAL YEAR 1990. .. . K Published by the Hawatian Botanical Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany tn all tts phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matte Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. AUGUST 1990 42 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1990 Executive Council | President: Tom Ranker (UH Evolutionary Biology Programs) Vice-President: Don Drake (UH Botany Department) Treasurer: George Staples (Bishop Museum Botany Depart ment) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH Botany Department) | Directors: Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. | Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Newsletter: Clifford Smith, University of Hawai'i (Editor) Conservation: Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Science Fair Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Native Plants: Clifford Smith, University of Hawai! i (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park KHKKKKKK KEKE KEK KKK KE KEKE EEK MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. © Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. ; VOLUME _ 29 (3 43 ON THE NAME OF THE WEEDY PASSIFLORA KNOWN AS BANANA POKA Peter Green Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB UK It goes without saying that unequivocal names are essential for meaningful communication, and, combined with accurate iden- tifications, are basic to progress in biological research. Fur- thermore, such naming and identification is particularly impor- tant where plants of economic imortance are concerned, and amongst these may be counted the noxious weeds. In Hawai'i the attractive, pink-flowered Passiflora which is commonly called Banana Poka is without doubt one of the more serious of weeds. In 1975 the area it covered was assessed at 95,000 acres on the island of Hawai'i and at 12,000 acres on Kaua'i (Warshauer et al. 1983, La Rosa 1984: 22). Since then it has spread even fur- ther. Although this plant has passed under the botanical name Passiflora mollissima, as for example, in the new Manual (Wagner et al. 1990), critical taxonomic examination shows that although it is closest to that species it is not quite the same. Yet the Hawaiian weed accurately matches introduced populations in other parts of the world, for example in East Africa (de Wilde 1975: 15) and New Zealand (Young 1970: 161). It should be noted, moreover, that throughout its range in Hawai'i (and in the other areas mentioned) its morphology is remarkably uniform, with none of the variation one would expect in a genetically normal species. Could it be agamic in some way or other? Attempts are being made to find a biological control to stop and reduce this serious weed. However, essential to this research is not only an accurate identification, but a precise nomenclature. Insects are often very good taxonomists, criti- cally identifying their host plants, and to call the Banana Poka, P. mollissima, is misleading, and may help to account for difficulties encountered in trying to find a biological control, and for some of the failures (see Island Plant Conservation Newsletter No. 2: 1, 1989). Passiflora mollissima is a native of tropic South America where Dr Linda Escobar, the authority on Passiflora, has studied the genus for many years and has extensive experience of the plants in the field. In correspondence, she has stated that she 44 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY believes the Hawaiian plant has come from an introgressed popu- lation of P. mollissima, and from her knowledge of the species in the wild has suggested that the introgressing species is P. cumbalensis, with our plant a stabilized introgressant. This would explain the uniform distinctness of Banana Poka from true P. mollissima, but what should it be called? In nomenclature, interspecific hybrids may be indicated by a formula which combines the names of the parental species, or, if the hybrid is of significance, by a Latin binomial which ap- plies only to hybrids between those particular species (e.g. Bougainvillea glabra X peruviana, or Bougainvillea X buttiana). A hybrid binomial could be formally proposed for the Banana Poka, but this would scarcely be desirable, for not only is there an element of speculation over its exact parentage, but any name proposed would apply to all offspring of that inter- specific cross and not just to Banana Poka, for which a particu- lar name is required. | According to Degener, Degener & Gunn (1973), our plant "was introduced to hide an outhouse in Hawai'i early during the Twentieth Century". It was presumably introduced from cultiva- tion, for it was known and grown under glass in Europe in the last century, or at least at the century's turn, when many species of Passiflora were introduced from South America to be grown in the then fashionable conservatories. The details of its introduction to cultivation in Hawai'i are now quite un- known, but it almost certainly came from a cultivated source and not direct from the wild. It can scarcely be called a sub- species or a variety, and the rank of form is usually used for entities which differ by one, or few genes (e.g. f. alba or f. hirsuta). However, within the International Codes of Nomencla- ture the appropriate mode for naming such a plant would be as a cultivar. So to provide a suitable name for this serious weed of Hawai'i I propose that it should be called cultivar 'Banana Poka' and should take the form Passiflora ‘Banana Poka." The name is unequivocal and can be used without any of the overtones from a potentially misleading specific name. Its distinguishing characters may be described as follows: stem tomentose, scarcely angled; stipules small and early caducous; leaves tomentose below, glabrous above except for the nerves, and divided to about a quarter of their length; petiolar glands sessile; peduncles 3.5--4 cm long, drooping; hypanthium glabrous externally, (5--)6--7(--7.7) cm long; sepals glabrous, 4.5--5(--5.5) cm long. VOLUME 29(3 45 REFERENCES Degener, O., I. Degener & C. R. Gunn. 1973. Flora Hawaiiensis. Family 250--Passiflora mollisima. Privately published. de Wilde, W. J. J. O. 1975. Passifloraceae. In R. M. Polhill, Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents, London. La Rosa, A. M. 1984. The biology and ecology of Passiflora mollissima in Hawaii. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit Technical Report 50. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Wagner W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press & Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. Warshauer, F. R., J. D. Jacobi, A. M. La Rosa, J. M. Scott & C. W. Smith. 1983. The distribution, impact, and potential Management of the introduced vine Passiflora mollissima (Passifloraceae) in Hawaii. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit Technical Report 48. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. Young, B. R. 1970. Identification of passionflowers in New Zealand (Dicotyledones: Passifloraceae). Records of the Auckland Institute & Museum 7: 143--169. 46 NEWSLETTER HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY HAWAIIAN ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES LISTING SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT PROGRESS REPORT: FY 90 Date: May 23, 1990 Time Left: 18 weeks Species Proposed to Date: 5 Proposed Final Published Isodendrion hosakae Remya (3 spp.) Wilkesia hobdyi Washington Cynanea superba Review in NA PALI CLUSTER: Progress Hedyotis st.-johnii Schiedea apokremnos Regional Argyroxiphium kauense Isodendrion hosakae Review in Geranium arboreum Remya (3 spp.) Progress Marsilea villosa Stenogyne kanehoana WAHIAWA CLUSTER: Cyanea undulata Dubautia pauciflorula Hesperomannia lydgatei Labordia lydgatei Viola helenae Field KOKEE CLUSTER (6 spp.) Wilkesia hobdyi | Office LANAI CLUSTER (7 spp.) | in Prep. WAIANAE CLUSTER (ca. 26 spp.) 39 TOTAL 56 VOLUME _ 29 (3 ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES LISTING ACTIVITIES PROPOSED FOR FISCAL YEAR 1990 FINAL RULES Isodendrion hosakae: to PDX 11 May 1990. Remya kauaiensis: to PDX 31 January 1990. Remya mauiensis: to PDX 31 January 1990. Remya montomeryi: to PDX 31 January 1990. Wilkesia hobdyi: in prep. PROPOSED RULES Abutilon eremitopetalum Argyroxiphium kauense: to PDX 11 May 1990. Chamaesyce halemanui: Cyanea macrostegia var. gibsonii Cyanea superba: to PDX 6 April 1989. DC Review. Cyanea undulata: to PDX 26 March 1990. Cyrtandra munroi Dubautia latifolia: Dubautia pauciflorula: to PDX 26 March 1990. Gahnia lanaiensis Geranium arboreum: to PDX 29 August 1989. Hedyotis st.-johnii: to PDX 19 March 1990. Hesperomannia lydgatei: to PDX 26 March 1990. Isodendrion hosakae: published 10 October 1989. Labordia lydgatei: to PDX 26 March 1990. Marsilea villosa: to PDX 28 February 1990. Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis Poa sandwicensis: Poa siphonoglossa: Remya kauaiensis: published 2 October 1989. Remya mauiensis: published 2 October 1989. Remya montgomeryi: published 2 October 1989. Schiedea apokremnos: to PDX 19 March 1990. Stenogyne campanulata: Stenogyne kanehoana: to PDX 6 December 1989. Tetramolopium remyi Viola helenae: to PDX 26 March 1990. Viola lanaiensis Wilkesia hobdyi; published 2 October 1989. Xylosma crenatum: 48 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY PACKAGE 1: NIHOA ISLAND 1 1 1 AMARANTHUS BROWNITI PRITCHARDIA REMOTA SCHIEDEA VERTICILLATA PACKAGE 2: WAI'ANAE MOUNTAINS, O'AHU + AY) + + sr ca a Sa ara od gel ao ca al re ela PACKAGE 3: ABUTILON SANDWICENSE ALSINIDENDRON OBOVATUM ALSINIDENDRON TRINERVE CENTARIUM SEBAEOIDES [K,0,Mo,WM] CHAMAESYCE CELASTROIDES VAR. KAENANA CHAMAESYCE KUWALEANA CYANEA PINNATIFIDA DIELLIA FALCATA DUBAUTIA HERBSTOBATAE GOUANIA MEYENII HEDYOTIS DEGENERI HEDYOTIS PARVULA HESPEROMANNIA ARBUSCULA [0,WM] LIPOCHAETA LOBATA VAR. LEPTOPHYLLA LIPOCHAETA TENUIFOLIA LOBELIA NIIHAUENSIS [(Ni,K,0] NERAUDIA ANGULATA NOTOTRICHIUM HUMILE [0,EM] PHYLLOSTEGIA MOLLIS SANICULA MARIVERSA SCHIEDEA KAALAE SILENE PERLMANII TETRAMOLOPIUM FILIFORME TETRAMOLOPIUM LEPIDOTUM SSP. LEPIDOTUM URERA KAALAE VIOLA CHAMISSONIANA SSP. CHAMISSONIANA MOLOKA'I._ ISLAND BIDENS WIEBKEI BRIGHAMIA ROCKII [(Mo,L,M) CANAVALIA MOLOKATIENSIS CLERMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA SSP. BREVIPES CYANEA MANNIT HEDYOTIS MANNII [Mo,L, WM] HIBISCUS ARNOTTIANUS SSP. IMMACULATUS PHYLLOSTEGIA MANNII [Mo, EM) AMARANTHACEAE ARECACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE MALVACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE GENTIANACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE CAMPANULACEAE POLYPODIACEAE ASTERACEAE RHAMNACEAE RUBIACEAE RUBIACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE CAMPANULACEAE URTICACEAE AMARANTHACEAE LAMIACEAE APIACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE ASTERACEAE ASTERACEAE URTICACEAE VIOLACEAE ASTERACEAE CAMPANULACEAE FABACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULACEAE RUBIACEAE MALVACEAE LAMIACEAE oo oe on + + ++ eat ren co a a + ; VOLUME 29 (3 PRITCHARDIA MUNROII SCHIEDEA LYDGATETI SILENE ALEXANDRI SILENE LANCEOLATA [K,Mo,L,H}] STENOGYNE BIFIDA TETRAMOLOPIUM ROCKII PACKAGE 4: KO'OLAU MOUNTAINS, O'AHU CHAMAESYCE DEPPEANA CYANEA TRUNCATA CYRTANDRA CRENATA CYRTANDRA POLYANTHA EUGENIA KOOLAUENSIS [(0,Mo}) HESPEROMANNIA ARBORESCENS [(0O,Mo,L] LOBELIA OAHUENSIS ROLLANDIA CRISPA TETRAPLASANDRA GYMNOCARPA PACKAGE 5: HAWAI'I CLERMONTIA LINDSEYANA [EM,H] CLERMONTIA PELEANA [EM,H] CLERMONTIA PYRULARIA COLUBRINA OPPOSITIFOLIA CYANEA COPELANDII SSP. COPELANDII CYANEA HAMATIFLORA SSP. CARLSONII CYANEA SHIPMANII CYANEA STICTOPHYLLA CYRTANDRA GIFFARDII CYRTANDRA TINTINNABULA HESPEROCNIDE SANDWICENSIS HIBISCADELPHUS GIFFARDIANUS HIBISCADELPHUS HUALALAIENSIS ISCHAEMUM BYRONE [Mo,M,H] MARISCUS FAURIEI [Mo,L,H] NOTHOCESTRUM BREVIFLORUM OCHROSIA KILAUEAENSIS PLANTAGO HAWAIENSIS PORTULACA SCLEROCARPA [L,H] PRITCHARDIA AFFINIS SILENE HAWAIIENSIS ZANTHOXYLUM HAWAIIENSE [(Mo,L,M,H] ARECACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE LAMIACEAE ASTERACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE CAMPANULACEAE GESNERIACEAE GESNERIACEAE MYRTACEAE ASTERACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULACEAE ARALIACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULACEAE RHAMNACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULACEAE CAMPANULACEAE GESNERIACEAE GESNERIACEAE URTICACEAE MALVACEAE MALVACEAE POACEAE CYPERACEAE SOLANACEAE APOCYNACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE PORTULACACEAE ARECACEAE CARYOPHYLLACEAE RUTACEAE 50 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY PACKAGE 6: _KAUA'T 1+ BRIGHAMIA INSIGNIS [Ni,K] CAMPANULACEAE 1 CYANEA ASARIFOLIA CAMPANULACEAE 1 CYRTANDRA LIMAHULIENSIS GESNERIACEAE 1 DELISSEA RHYTIDOSPERMA CAMPANULACEAE 1 EXOCARPOS LUTEOLUS SANTALACEAE 1+ HEDYOTIS COOKIANA [K,H] RUBIACEAE 1 HIBISCUS CLAYI MALVACEAE 1 LIPOCHAETA FAURIEI ASTERACEAE 1 LIPOCHAETA MICROANTHA ASTERACEAE 1 LIPOCHAETA WAIMEAENSIS ASTERACEAE 1+ LYSIMACHIA FILIFOLIA [K,0] PRIMULACEAE 1 MELICOPE HAUPUENSIS RUTACEAE 1 | MUNROIDENDRON RACEMOSUM ARALIACEAE 1 NOTHOCESTRUM PELTATUM SOLANACEAE 1+? PEUCEDANUM SANDWICENSE [K,Mo,M] APIACEAE 1 PHYLLOSTEGIA WAIMEAE LAMIACEAE 1 POA SANDVICENSIS POACEAE 1 PTERALYXIA KAUAIENSIS APOCYNACEAE 1 SCHIEDEA SPERGULINA VAR. SPERGULINA CARYOPHYLLACEAE 1+ SOLANUM SANDWICENSE [K,0] SOLANACEAE PACKAGE 7: MAU 1+ ACAENA EXIGUA [K, WM] ROSACEAE 1+ ALECTRYON MACROCOCCUS [K,0, EM] SAPINDACEAE 1 ARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE SSP. MACROCEPHALUM ASTERACEAE 1+ BIDENS MICRANTHA SSP. KALEALAHA [L,M] ASTERACEAE 1+ CLERMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA SSP. MAUIENSIS (L,M] CAMPANULACEAE 1+ CYANEA LOBATA [(L,WM] CAMPANULACEAE 1 CYANEA MCELDOWNEYI CAMPANULACEAE 1 GERANIUM MULTIFLORUM GERANIACEAE 1 LIPOCHAETA KAMOLENSIS ASTERACEAE 1 LYCOPODIUM MANNII LYCOPODIACEAE 1+ LYCOPODIUM NUTANS (0,M} LYCOPODIACEAE 1 LYSIMACHIA LYDGATEI PRIMULACEAE 1+ MELICOPE KNUDSENII [K, EM] RUTACEAE 1+ MELICOPE MUCRONULATA (Mo, EM] | RUTACEAE 1 SCHIEDEA HALEAKALENSIS CARYOPHYLLACEAE ee ae ee VOLUME _ 29 (3 PACKAGE 8: K, O, Mo, L, M 1 ADENOPHORUS PERIENS 1 BONAMIA MENZIESII 1 DIELLIA ERECTA 1+ FLUEGGEA NEOWAWRAEA [K,0,Mo,EM,H] 1 HIBISCUS BRACKENRIDGEI 1 OPHIOGLOSSUM CONCINNUM 1+ PLANTAGO PRINCEPS [(K,0,Mo,M,H} 1+ SOLANUM INCOMPLETUM [K,Mo,L,M,H] 1+ SPERMOLEPIS HAWAIIENSIS [K,0,Mo,M,H] TO BE ASSIGNED ASPLENIUM FRAGILE [EM,H] DIPLAZIUM MOLOKAIENSE [K,0,Mo] MARISCUS PENNATIFORMIS [(La,K,0O,M,H] NERAUDIA SERICEA [(Mo,L,M,Ka] PRITCHARDIA AYLMER-ROBINSONII [Ni] PTERIS LIDGATEI [(0,M] SESBANIA TOMENTOSA [Ne,N,HI)] VIGNA O-WAHUENSIS [(Ni,0O,Mo,L,M,Ka,H] POLY PODIACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE POLY PODIACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE MALVACEAE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE PLANTAGINACEAE SOLANACEAE APIACEAE POLY PODIACEAE POLY PODIACEAE CYPERACEAE URTICACEAE ARECACEAE POLY PODIACEAE FABACEAE FABACEAE rae {SaGy I oo Library {ath St. Smithsonian Inetitution Acqauisitians and Coenstitution Fie « Washington. OC Pasea ~ 7 \ 1 i ae New ee ewsletter 3H 38 AgT. VOLUME 29(4) DECEMBER 1990 (pntents CONTENTS RETURNING KUMARA VARIETIES TO NEW ZEALAND ( AOTEAROA ) e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ° e e e 5 5 SOCIETY BUSINESS Treasurer's Report ....... ++ +e © © © « « « 56 Letter from Mr. G. Mizuno. ....... +--+... S57 A note from the Treasurer. ....... ++. « « 61 Minutes for June 1990 meeting. ......... . 62 Minutes for October 1990 meeting. ........ .63 *K Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany tn all tts phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the sptrit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant Ivfe of the Hawattan Islands is eligible for membershtp. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawati, Honolulu, Hawatr 96822. 54 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1990 President: Vice-President: Treasurer: ment) Secretary: Directors: E tj Pe . Tom Ranker (UH Evolutionary Biology Programs) Don Drake (UH Botany Department) George Staples (Bishop Museum Botany Depart- Benton Pang (UH Botany Department) Mark Merlin, General Science Dept., U.H. Isabella A. Abbott, University of Hawaii Committees (appointed by the Executive Council) Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair Native Plants: Donald P. Gowing, B. P. Bishop Museum (Chair) Clifford Smith, University of Hawai'i (Editor) Steven Montgomery, University of Hawaii Rylan N.S. Yee, Data House Clifford Smith, University of Hawai'i (Chair) Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawaii John Obata, B. P. Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park PEE SESESESEERSLESEESESES ELE SESE REESE ESE RES ESE EEE SESE LES ELSE ESE ES SE The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 of each year. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year. Student Membership $4.00. Family Membership $10.00; and, Life Membership (individuals only) $150.00. Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. MEMBERSHIP RETURNING KUMARA VARIETIES TO NEW ZEALAND (AOTEAROA) Isabella A. Abbott Department of Botany University of Hawai'i, Manoa 3190 Maile Way Honolulu HI 96822 In late 1988, nine varieties of sweet potatoes (Kumara in the central and southern Polynesian dialects, or ‘uala in Hawaiian) that had been sent to Japan for propagation but were no longer grown in New Zealand (Aotearoa) were returned to that southern outpost of Polynesia. During the February 1988 Pacific Island-wide ethnobotany meeting in Christchurch, New Zealand, the elders of the Pu Hao Rangi Maori Resource Center in Auckland heard that Douglas Yen (now of the Australian National University) had sent to Japan 617 varieties of sweet potatoes from throughout the world. Among those were three traditional, pre-European Maori variet- ies. The elders were determined to visit Japan to bring back these varieties that had first come in the ancestral canoes from central and southwestern Polynesia (perhaps the Marquesas Is- lands and the Society Islands). In November, 1988, four elders from the Resource Center travelled to Japan and in a formal ceremony in Tsukuba, gifts of value were exchanged for the Kumara. The Japanese scientists showed great care and consider- ation as they appreciated the spiritual values placed on these Kumara by the Maori people. Upon their return with the kumara to New Zealand, the elders participated in a Maori ceremony of welcome in Auckland, sponsored by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Re- search (DSIR). After traditional speeches, the kumara were received by the Botany Division, and later transported to Christchurch where they have been growing to be tested for viruses and other diseases that they might contain. Once they have been cleared of disease, they will be maintained in the Crop Research Division of the DSIR as well. I thank my colleague Dr. Murray Parsons of DSIR, Christchurch, for the information contained in this paper. Since Hawai'i was one of the last places that Dr. Yen visited to study sweet potatoes, it is unlikely that any of the Hawaiian varieties that he found upon his late arrival matched any of the Maori variet- ies. When Dr. Handy was doing research on Hawaiian economic plants in the 1930's, he reported 230 folk names of ‘uala vari- 26 ss NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OO eties, but there are fewer than 6 to which one can attribute a Hawaiian name with characteristics not shared with the many in- troduced varieties from both the eastern and western Pacific. KERR EKER AERAERREEREERREREREEREKREEAKAKKKEKRKKARAAKKKRAKKKKKEE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY TREASURER'S REPORT (1 December 1989 through 30 November 1990) Funds on hand as of 1 December 1989 4,771,54 INCOME: +1,655.89 Dues 862.50 Life Memberships 150.00 Interest ; 235.29 Neal-Miller Fund 400.00 miscellaneous (refund on overpayment) 8.10 EXPENSES: -1,947.80 Photocopies & Postages 543.93 Newsletter 557.96 Refreshments 71.03 Gifts and Donations 774.88 Conservation Council of Hawaii (posters) 100.00 Science Fair cash prizes (2 @ $50) 100.00 Science Fair prizes (books) 74.88 Waimea Arboretum Found. (video monitor) 400.00 Friends of Foster Garden (subsidize lecture) 100.00 Society's worth as of 30 November 1990 $4,479.63 Respectfully submitted, George Staples, Treasurer Vv 4 i. LETTER TO THE SOCIETY June 1, 1990 Enclosed please find the enclosed check as my contribution to the Neal-Miller Fund. As before, I assume that the Society's finances are in adequate shape for day-to-day operations, and that a contribution to the Neal-Miller Fund would better serve the long-range interests of the Society by building principal. After re-reading the Society's minutes from one of the more recent newsletters, I would like to suggest that the Socjety in- crease the size of its awards at the annual Hawai'i Science Fair. As I understand it, the Society gives out 2 prizes of $25.00. This is an entirely inadequate amount, in my opinion. In the late 1960s, when I was in school, I recall that the Science Fair prizes awarded by the Society were at the $25.00 level. Surely inflation has reduced the value of award to less than half its 1968 value. I propose that the Society increase its award to at least $100.00 each. We all give lip service to encouraging educational excellence; I don't see why we can't do more to reward scientific achievement in our students. Perhaps we should set up a special endowment to fund our annual awards. At an 8 percent interest rate, a principal of $2,600 would be sufficient to fund 2 annual awards. I would be willing to con- tribute $100.00 to such a fund. On a related note, I think the Society should develop a list of potential botanical or ecological research projects as a guide for students interested in entering the Science Fair. I envision something more than a simple list of potential projects. Rather, the list of subject areas would be ac- companied by brief descriptions of the general problem area and suggestions for specific investigations. For example, a general subject would be identifying new plant compounds in native Hawaiian plants. The description of the research topic would explain the possibility of finding new plant compounds with antibiotic, anti-viral, or insecticidal potential, provide a brief bibliography of lay and scientific articles, a list of potential plants related to species from which compounds of proven efficacy have been found, and some guidance on basic ap- proaches for testing for efficacy. The guide would be updated every two years or so by the Society. The argument that stu- dents should be self-motivated to find this information ignores the fact that students have only a limited knowledge of the pos- sibilities for research, and need guidance in directing their energies and investigations to specific topics. WA Cc e) Another related action that the Society could take would be to act as a clearinghouse for matching students with interests in the botanical and ecological sciences with researchers, governmental agencies and non-profit groups (such as the Sierra Club of Hawaii, Nature Conservancy of Hawaii) in unpaid and paid internships for high school and college students. A stipend of $1000 for a high school student, or $2000 for a college student would not be unreasonable. My final suggestion is that a committee should be formed to determine whether the Society should publish, by itself or in conjunction with one or more other organizations, a bi-monthly magazine on gardening in Hawaii. The benefits would be three- fold. First, the magazine would be an admirable extension of the educational goals of the Society. Second, we could help promote progressive ideas on environmentally-sensitive garden- ing, landscaping with native Hawaiian plants, protection and restoration of native ecosystems, protection of endangered plant taxa, and sustainable ("organic"/natural) tropical and subtropi- cal farming and agricultural industry in Hawaii. The field of sustainable agriculture is growing in importance and acceptance by the scientific and farming communities. Such farming has special relevance to Hawaii, because of the potential to make Hawai'i self-sufficient in vegetables and fruits, instead of the ridiculous practice of importing vegetables and fruits from the Mainland. The Society should take active steps to publish arti- cles and focus attention on sustainable farming, as adapted for Hawaii. I might also note that such farming may also have posi- tive effects on the use of vast areas in Hawai'i as pasture. Third, we could increase our membership. Financially, this would increase our ability to support worthwhile research and botany-related activities, as well as fund awards and scholar- ship for scientific achievement in students. If the Society cannot undertake the venture by itself, perhaps it could join forces with one or more organizations such as the Garden Club of Hawaii, the Friends of Foster Garden, or the Outdoor Society. Another possibility would be to seek funding through an outside investor, who would share profits (but not editorial control). The reason I offer these ideas is because of my perception of the Society as an essentially moribund organization. The relative inactivity of the Society appears to stem from its limited financial budget. However, this can be a self- fulfilling prophecy, since no one wants to pay dues for an orga- nization which does nothing, yet the reason nothing is done is because there are no funds. I believe the Society needs to take more active steps to increase its impact in the community on the V subjects of native ecosystem preservation, environmentally sensitive gardening, and sustainable agriculture for Hawaii. I don't think we should duplicate what other groups have staked out for themselves; e.g., we should not attempt ourselves to engage in the land acquisition activities of The Nature Conser- vancy. We should instead concentrate on areas which are direct- ly related to the institutional goals of the Society. This is not to say that we shouldn't cooperate with other organizations in those areas in which we have special expertise. Using the example of The Nature Conservancy again, I think that the Society's joint development of a management plan for the Mar- silea preserve on East Oahu with The Nature Conservancy is a very good example of how the Society can provide help in its area of expertise. Another would be the leading of interpretive hikes on botany for the various City and County arboreta and gardens (e.g., Hoomaluhia), the Lyon Arboretum, and so forth. I'm not sure who or what Society committee should be look- ing into these ideas. However, I would appreciate it if you sent along my ideas to the proper persons or committees. Sincerely, Geary S. Mizuno 815 C Street, N.E. Washington, D.C. 20002 Dr. Donald P. Gowing responded on 14 June 1990 for the Society. Your letter with the generous contribution to the Neal- Miller Fund found its way to me today. (The Society mail slot at the U/H Botany Department is checked as the opportunity arises, these days when the University is not in regular ses- sion.) I think Derral Herbst, Daniel Palmer, and Bill Bush are the present trustees, and will see one or more of them tomorrow evening, and they do make thoughtful use of the funds. I will indeed try to see that your letter is passed on to the officers of the Society and to the editor of the Newsletter. To this end, I am assuming your permission to make some copies of it (for a couple of committees, too) since the Executive Council may not meet again until the next regular Society meet- ing in October. The points you raise are highly important, and do deserve most prompt attention. Certainly, the programs you advise are 69 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY more ambitious than the Society has seen in several years. But they may require a more committed membership than the Society has had in several years. The implementation of your proposals could provide fuel for a more active and healthy society. And so, my thanks for your efforts and interest. too. Sincerely, Donald P. Gowing ree SESE SESES EEE SEES ESE EE SEES REE REREEE LEE ETE EERE LEE SER EEE CE EES EE SS A NOTE FROM THE TREASURER It is necessary to point out that the Society does not ac- tually have the use of the full amount of funds reported for its checking account because the dues paid for life memeberships (amounting to $2,650.00) are held in escrow. Our operating funds are actually $1,829.63 ($4,479.63-2,650.00 = $1,829.63). Members will also note that during 1990 we spent about $290 more than we earned; see the Treasurer's Report presented on page 56. The Hawaiian Botanical Society is not a money-making organization; we have no other sources of income besides our membership dues and interest paid on funds in the bank. The society is approached by many worthwhile organizations for funds during each year. Far from being a "talking Society and not a doing society" as has been said at a recent meeting, we actually do a great deal considering our limited means, as detailed above. In the coming year members will need to consider care- fully our commitment of the Society's funds to good causes, how- ever, because we are not generating enough income to cover our present level of expenditures. IEE RS REE REESE ESESEEEE EEE EE SESE SERS ESSE SRE ESE SESE ESSERE EEE ESSERE RS SE SE VOLUM 9 6 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for June, 1990 meeting President Tom Ranker called the meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. on 4 June 1991. The minutes of the May meeting were read and ac- cepted. The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. Dr. Donald Gowing, membership chairman, informed the Society of the death of J. Scott Pratt, a member who had worked at the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Experiment station, and also volunteered at the Bishop Museum, NTBG, and Foster Gardens. Unfinished business: The Lawsuit with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was officially settled. The agreement: USFWS will process 50 of the 188 catagory 1 species by October of this year and 136 species by October 1992; a total of 186 species in three years. The Society will be informed of the progress as each species is proposed and listed. New Business: Waimea Falls Arboretum requested $500 from the Neal/Miller endowment fund to purchase a video monitor. The executive com- mitee recommended awarding $400. Treasurer George Staples moved the Executive Committee's recommendation which was approved unanimously by the members present. Plant of the month speaker was Secretary Benton Pang, on the Plants of Haleakala, Maui. His slides featured the trails and plants of Hosmer Grove and Halemau'u. Speaker of the month was Dr. Lu Eldredge, Pacific Science Asso- ciation, on the Gardens and Fountains of Rome. His slide presentation was compiled during his year in Italy. He featured public landscapes, private and public gardens and the fountains found in the many beautiful areas of Italy. His presentation was well received and refreshments were served afterwards. Respectfully yours, Benton Pang, Secretary 62 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes for October 1990 meeting The meeting was called to order at 7:30 p.m. on 1 October 1991. Dr. Don Gowing announced the resignation of President Ranker, and due to the temporary absence of Vice President Drake, he would preside at the recommendation of the Executive Committee. The minutes of the June meeting were read and accepted. The Treasurer's report including his note regarding the cautionary status of the Society's finances was read and accepted. A thank-you note from Waimea Arboretum was read. Dr. Gowing, membership chairman, introduced new members: Debra Evans, Peter Galloway, Mark White, Richard Palmer, and Scot Med- bury. All were welcomed. New Business: The British Museum wanted copies of the Newsletter and we of- fered to send a set and if copies are needed of missing issues they would have to pay for it. A letter was sent but no reply has been received to date. The Berlin Botanic Garden asked to exchange their journal Willdenowia for the Newsletter. The Executive Committee agreed to the exchange and keep the copies at Bishop Museum. The men- bership agreed with the Committee's decision. Evangeline Funk suggested that the Society write to the City and County Parks director to begin a 2-3 acre coastal lowland park at the Makapu'u end of Sandy Beach. After discussion Heidi Bornhorst agreed to take members interested to the site for fur- ther evaluation. Those interested were told to meet on the 13th of October at the end of Sandy Beach and Makapu'‘u at 8:30 a.m. Mark Merlin informed the Society of an editorial in the Honolulu Advertiser about growing native plants coordinated by NTBG and Lyon Arboretun. George Staples said the Society was approached by the Friends of Foster Garden to help sponsor a talk by Dr. Wu Xyung on October 14 at Dillingham Hall, Punahou School. They are asking for $200. The Executive Committee Board supports the venture and recommended a contribution of $100.00. The members present ap- proved. There was no Plant of the month speaker Speaker of the month was Dr. George Staples, principal editor of the In Gardens of Hawai'i II Project at Bishop Museum. His talk was part of his PhD. research on the genus Porana (Con- volvulaceae). He presented slides of his six month trip through India, China, S. China, Bangkok and Central Burma. After des- cribing the genus, he showed the different habitats occupied by the genus. He also presented illustrations of the many botani- cal gardens and herbaria that he visited and the botanists he met. The talk was very well-received by the audience. Refresh- ments were served afterwards. Respectfully yours, Benton Pang, Secretary RHARARAAKAAKKEKRKKEKKEKEKREKREKKKAKKEKKKKKKKEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK PACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS, 17 MAY - 2 JUNE 1991 The 17th Pacific Science Congress will meet at the Sheraton Waikiki Hotel in Honolulu next year, and the theme of the Con- gress is "Toward the Pacific Century: The Challenge of Change". There are six themes in the scientific program, all multi- disciplinary in approach, according to the Preliminary Program given in the Second Circular:- Global Environmental Change - Pacific Aspects Population, Health and Social Change Science and Culture Biological Diversity Technologies for Development: Prospects for the 21st Century Dynamics of the Earth and the Heavens: The Pacific Arena There may well be symposia of interest to the members of the Society under all of these themes, but those which specifically mention botanical topics are as follows:- Neem (Azadirachta indica) for pest control Pacific agroforestry and sustainable development The power of Kava The Botanist and the Pacific History of the forest economy of the Pacific Basin Comparative vegetation ecology of the Pacific Islands Medicinal plants of the Pacific Region. Status of Pacific ferns The species concept in Hawaiian flowering plants Allelochemical approach to the research of plant diversity Sandalwood in the Pacific Region Biotechnology: Application to agriculture, etc. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ( Py UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA \ ° 4997 i, 3190 MAILE WAY NC CA am HONOLULU ‘HI 96822 : (aga T Smithsonian Tnstitution Library Acquisitions | {Ath Gt. and Constitutian Ale . Washinatan. OC ZASRA l th L is oma ae ke SJIYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31Y\ > = i = as rad = o = 0 = oo 2 5 A ae ee eo SD | a ’ = = > ty > -— > * j-~ = fk —— S = a = : , Z i z a Z INSTITUTION _ prsteVeagiILiBRARIES | INSTIT f£ Ge = <= = gs. (ae oS < \ : er om . \, ~ WN 5 WS a S = ‘a O M Ww eo x S We ” D 2 B 2 WK” @ D LS S ie a z= \. = = \ : : 7) SJIuyvyudid LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS S31yt\ é & 4 a & # ‘a ne (acs, ome a rok: L ee. < * = < =. < = ac bar ac = ac 0 ae. faa) — ea) ~ [e8) a Oo es © _ oe a) a a Fl ~J = wy Se that NS eS NOILALILSNI NWINOSHLIWS _°4 lyYvyug Te LIBRARI ES_ SMITHSONIAN INSTI - 5a S a O ~ O I = 53) = oo . = oo = yn 0 a 0 We > 29 > Gy, 2 2 : 2 WN E x = Ohi ® a ”) m SNS oe m mn * . m A = w = = Hi z w — iYVvVUudit lt! BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS (S23 i yy 4 = a = z — GY a Fe © pa 0 a ZO pa ®) a 8 O - oO =< oO Psy 2, Ee a = i -~ Zz : 3 > > >’ > 2 7 » 2 re 2 aa 3 NOILOALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3tYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOTLTILILONG NOILALILSNI LIBRARIES NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES NOILALILSNI SJIYVYEGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIJLOALILSNI 2 wo 2 Oo ° w ° = a Ey = E =) = —- = fe | = = = = 9 m Ww it i) m w = w = w < w i = INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3SIYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTIT z oo wn 2 i w z per ” > 4 < Gs = < = 2 Ke 2 rs . : VS 2 2 Bs \\ a: aS ESQ 2 = 2 | ENG 2 EN = > Z — > = < s T,) oe —- 7p) a 2p) * z Tp) S3iuvugit LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS Sal Ge ) > > oe | LJ ViSWA4 <\ASON, did “WSOW, 8) \WSVAG LJ yas = Ss 5) w £S ay or oe Pale 6, 4) ay ae oy Say ene oe : = (EM 3 (AD «oy gi KA!) = 6AM x ff ad ew ow r 1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI = 5 — 5 e ener _ I >» ty, 5 a A hy 5 = ee ~ “GY, Ee - Pe NOILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS |S 3 iyVvVud iat IBRARIES = x = _< NS = P if Zz | i aae imeee ve = LG bp s) r wy Bin 3 Mf GGG ® = Wi, = z “igs = = a = YZ r Br eiced . 3 i LIBRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI & w .o us 7 = oe . = ow , = = "s, = : : : : 5 oo o— fan) a a 3 S = 2 N NOILOLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SSIYWVYGIT LIBRARIES z - . = rm = 9 os 2 o = = =9 = _ i 2 > re as > bE be = ~ ad = Zz - “ m vA 2 mM wo = wo es = Ww = 1 ot! B RAR! ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI = = < = a < = = Wh é : é 2 GY? 2 8 2 8 YG? = = - Sy fe w = = 3 a _NVINOSHLINS LIBRARIES a au ac A = | = ao << G . = SAUER Ne UNS Nae Gas ny wr a: SASS IY RG Care sare Pag R ety ees. PEPE HEI 2H Gy IE ig se We See Arete Serger Bays Ng bea ne Pn ee ere Pe Hse RAW gov 8 2 PEI LES pm ee pet WS Emad ; WTO AS HuR ey 3 Kee SAD Sr RF Eg aes Aer wea a SALARY APH de Levee Caceres WSUS Ry RS eH Sk ~Ghegew wee Sacer Pa neat WES PAE rai haa OF AMISH Se psy OR neta ti Cee aan See we aE: A opti Sw ADAIR SSB 9 TRY tu BEDE GE Bib TER Rett oe be Ga ; ze Pani aa atte onep es oe “ere SEW eS EP are yeas: 2 pense easier et fet : baicsteconcah et SOPHIE resin rE T ae tN ety nce pangrets Mag esters wanton "EP MD UREA R HELA oye y ale tote Voom ea eie eae titers eabdne hea acon ee TTT Renae Re or cal BA ed Shwe me Sere ETM Fags mses9 eUPRG By ec pitied tL a eer NER eRe Nery WUE y gy EOE SUWCIP NED FONE wep & eo. PH REM EE Be ree ve raid ne RSS OM gmt