5 +84 Spey Sa, testi ch Hk age : “ Se ME te ye a ay s Py. ae i hs ep Fey St eK NS , ay neat ART entra PAs oes : Tee uy . SSVANITA sy acing oe pnw he a : me Pee GN IG ee St See ey ars pF Fa pag rane ewe ee a aot : WH a40d eege Scene feiss s é ' Sth on SSP go Mey tay : Taw Viet Dea tee nen, ee ay Se Peon eeedsahe pe arcs ae J be Ne, a ; wre Crue enoeane ean : : : ¢ ahs creer wor tt dat : weet 3 ORES ipa ' : ' > ; : . 7 Ss sal a 4 or a a8 i 1 t 0 i , rn ’ : ' i ' A A 1 : ; : : 1 % A i : ‘ ' ' ’ ‘ ' ' 5 1 i ' no = vn ‘ i j , an a r 1 1 5 7 i ' : t oF 7 = ‘ : i} ‘nt n ‘ ' ' 5 = - ‘ x : 7 ' A : 5 . ; . + . ! ‘ Vu : ' ' o', : a i ‘ 7 y 5 it ; ' 7 t - i 4 i i e - a ~ eo. ewsletter = 2 New he awallia DC tanical oc1e' (pntents INDEX TO VOLUMES 26-30, 1988-1992 Note on the use of the index ............. 2 Part 1. Contributors and Subject .......... 3 Part 2. Plant Genera By hee Ot Se, OE Se, te RO by Donald P. Gowing July 1992 Re Published by the Hawattan Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all ite phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirit of good fellowshtp and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. Index to Newsletter, Vols. 26-30 Page 2 NOTE ON THE USE OF THE INDEX In Part 1, scientific names are given (in italics) when the taxon is the principal subject, but the index to plant genera in Part 2 includes all references where the scientific name is given. Both parts of the index include references within the text of the articles as well as keywords from titles. Alternative generic names still in occasional use are given in [Brackets], but misspellings are given in both brackets and {“Quotes”), thus. Contributors’ names are in caps, as “ABBOTT,I.A.”, but other references to individuals (as the subject or as speaker, officer, etc.) are shown as “Abbott,I.A.” Volume numbers are in boldface (26); multiple entries in one volume are paged sequentially without repeating the volume number. The symbol “ff” indicates contributions in the same issue on successive pages by the same author or on the same topic, or “ff” may also indicate more than two references to the same taxon in the same article. Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. Part 1 CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBJECTS a’ali’i--29:33 ABBOTT, I1.A.--26:60,69; 27:83; 29:55 Abbott, 1.A.--26:69,76; 28:18, 36 30:21 Acacia--28:43; see also:koa Agonopterix ulicetiella [moth]-- 23:10 Aiea--2 8:50 akoko--28 :50 alahe’e--28:49 alani--28 :43 Alaskan oil spill--30:23, 32 algae--26:52,60,76; 28:37 ALLEN, T.W.--28 :27 allspice--28:51 Amanita virosa--28:5 Anagraecum [(scale]--28:4 Anderson, E--26 : 69 Angiopteris evecta--26:58 Anijima Island--30:23,31; see also:Bonin Islands Antiblemma acelimalis [moth] -- 26:78; 28:11 Argyroxiphium--26:52; 28:43 ASCHMANN, S.--29:6 Aston,P.--27:117 Australian tree fern--30:5 ‘awa [ava]--28 :36 B.P.Bishop Estate--27:118 B.P.Bishop Museum--26:52; 27:128 Bamboo--27 :22 banana--27 :4ff banana poka--26:5; 28:10,12; 29:43 Beach, K.--30:29 Belau--see:Palau Berlin Botanical Garden--29:62; 30:15 blackberries--27:16 black twig borer--27:54,79; 28:29 blue gum--28 :56,58 Bonin Islands--30:4,9,15,23 book review--26:46,70; 27:124, 126; 28:12,14,34,80,81; 29:39; 30:43 26-30. Page 3 Bordner,E.--26:74 Borneo--29 :32 Bornhorst,H.--27:127; 30:24, 32 Borth,W.--29:33,36; 30:14 Botanical Society of America-- 29:36 botanists, Hawaii--27:117 Brackenridge,W.--27:3 breadfruit--27:9ff; 28:73 British Museum--29:62; 30:9,15 BRUEGMANN, M.--28:19 Bruegmann,M.--26:74,75,77; 27:117; 28:2 brushbox--2 8 :58 Buck,M.--28:9 Burkhart, R--26:78 Burnham-Larrish,L.--29:31 Bush,W.M.--26:71 Calotropus procera--27 :123 candlenut--see:kukui Canfield,J.--30:19 CANFIELD, J.--29:20 CARPENTER, 1.--27:35 Carr,G.D.--26:52,70; 29:31; 30:13 Cattle--27:75,110 Center for Plant Conservation-- 29:35 Chang,S.H.--28:37; 28:28 CHAR,W.P.--28:9 Char,W.P.--26:78; 28:31; 29 :37,38 Chun,G.--29:29 Chinese mustard cabbage--28 :59 CHOCK,A.K.--26:6 Christmasberry--28 :80 Clarkson,B.--27:130 Clay,H.F.--26:73 Clidemia--26:78; 27:118; 28:3, 10,57 Coastal plants--26:27 Coccinia grandis--28:8 Conant,S.--26:69, 76 Conchapsis anagraeci [scale]-- 28:4 conference (s) --26 :33, 59, 63,73; 27:124,126; 28:14; 29:23,35,63; 30:42 Connally,P.--27:131 conservation--26 :26;27:124,126; 28:14; 29:35; see also in Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, native plants concept s/philosophies--29 :35 Conservation Corner--26:10 Conservation Council for Hawaii --26:10; 29:7,18 Cook, M.J.--28:80 Cook Islands--26:52; 28:18 Cooke,Mrs.S.--26:75 Copelandia--28 :27 Ccory,C,=—-30:29 Crytostegia--27:125 CUDDIHY,L.--28:9 Cuddihy,L.--28:79; 29:34 cultivated flowers, fruits, vegetables,etc.--27:33ff Cyanea--29:3 Cyanotricha [moth)--26:5;28:10 Cyathea cooperi--30:5 Davis, J.--26:32 DECKER, B.--27:124 Decker, B.--27:129,130 Deep Draft Harbor Project-- 26:77 deer--26:11; 28:83 Defillips,R.A.--27:124 Degener,O.--27:83,119 DEKKER, L.A.--27:110 dimorphism--26:79 Doren,R.F.--28 :80 Doty,M.--26:73 Drake,D.--26:75; 27:129; 30 :213;,35,32 Farth Day 29:33,35,36; 30:31 East-West Center--29:39 ecosystems--26:33; 27:126 Edmunds,S.--28:16. Eldredge, L.--29:61; 30:14 Elliott,J.C.--27:131 Ellshoff,Z.E.--26:69,71; 29:29; 30:28 ELLSHOFF, Z.E.--30:35 endangered species--26:14,77; 27°39,118,1243 28:71;29 :7££, ISE£,27,30,32,46,41; 30:21,35 Engilis, A, —=27 $127 environmental protection--29:39 ethnobotany--26:52; 27:33ff; 28:38,59; 29:29; 30:29 ‘Eua, Tonga--30:13,15 Eucalyptus--28 :56, 58 Eucheuma--28 : 37 Index, v. 26-30. Page 4 European Garden Flora--28:81 Evans,D.--29:62 Falk,D.--29:35; 30:14 Farrar,D.--29:35,36; 30:14 Fankhauser,B.--see:Funkhauser,B. Fatu Hiva Expedition-- 27:128,129 FENSTEMACHER,R.--28 :23 Fenstemacher,R.--28 :36; 29:28,31; 30:12,15,28 feral animals--26:11ff,52; 27:44ff,119; 28:49; 29:36; see also:deer, goats, pigs ferns--26:58,67,73; 27:4ff, 87, 131; 30:5, 14; see also: Pteridophytes, and by genus fire--27:102 Fisher,D.--26:74; 30:29 floodgum--2 8 :58 Flueggea neowawraea--27:119 forest birds--27:127; 30:20 forest damage (dieback)--30:22 FOSBERG, F.R.--26:23 Fosberg,F.R.--27 :39ff Foster Botanical Garden--30:9 Fox,R.--26:69, 78 Fritzler,C.--29:34 Fuchsia--26:19 fungi--26:53; 28:5,7,27,32,52, 59,74 FUNK, E.--26:9,57; 27:3 Funk, E.--27:131;28:70;30:23, 31 Funkhauser,B.--26:69,74 Fusarium--26:5 Gagné, B.H.--27:129,131; 28:80 GAGNE,W.C.--26:10, 52 Gagné,W.C.--27:128,129 Galloway, P--29:62 Ganders,F.--27:49; 28:72;29:29 Garden Club of Honolulu--26:45 garden plants--27 :33ff Gardenia--28:73 GARDNER,D.E.--26:53; 28:7,32,52 Gardner,D.E.--26:5,8,72 Garnet,W.--27:119; 28:70;29:28 GAY,R.--28:13,14 GERUM, S.--27:35 Gill,L.T.--27:118 goat (Ss) --27:4,20,110 Gon,S.--26:57; 27:118; 28:19; 29:28 Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. 26-30. gorse--27:110; 28:10,52 Gouania vitifolia--30:7 GOWING,D.P.--Index to the News- letter [Vols.14-25]; 26:6,74 Gowing,D.P.--26:69, 77; 27:129; 28:34; 29:59,61 grasses, alien, and fire-- 27:102 gray ironbark--28:58 GREEN, P.--29 :43 Gross,A.J.--30:23 Gustafson,R.--26:70 Gutmanis,J. [“Katmanus”]--26:74 H-3 Highway--28:71 Haas,J.--27:72 Hagmann,M.--28 :12 Hahn,W.J.--30:26 Halawa Xeriscape Garden--28:71, 73; 30:15, 26 Haleakala--26:67; 27:119;28:3, 80,83; 29:61; 30:15,20,31 Hanawi, East Maui NAR--26:12 happy-face spiders--27:118 Hare, J.--30:26 Harold L. Lyon Arboretum--26:52 Harrison-Gagné,B.--28:80; see also:Gagné,B.H. Harrison,P.--30:43 Hawaii (Island) --27:110,131; see also:National Parks Hawaii Nature Center--26:52 Hawaii Plant Conservation Center--30 :33,45 Hawaii Stream Assessment--28 :16 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park-- see:National Parks Hawaiian Academy of Science Fair --see:Hawaiian Science and Engineering Fair Hawaiian Audubon Society-- 30:19,21 Hawaiian Botanical Society-- Annual Report, Secretary--26:51; 29:27; 30:13,30 Treasurer--26:43; 29:54, 60 30:29 awards--26:73,74; 27:118,127; 28 :59;29:27, 33,34,57;30:15 Committee--(NOTE:Standing Com- mittees are listed on the Page 5 inside cover of each issue, and indexed below only when changed or when reporting) 26:8,72; 27:2 Conservation--26:2; 27:2, 86 Hawaiian Botanical Society-- Membership--26:2;30:10;see also below at “Members” Native Plants--26:2,22: 30:15 Neal-Miller Fund--listed separately Newsletter--26 :2;29:2;30:2 Nominating--27:129,130;1 30:8,28,30 Program--26 : 69 Science Fair--26:2; 27:2; 30:18,29 Constitution/By-Laws, amend- ments to--[dues]) 26:7,71; [presidential succession) 26:51; excursions/forays--29 : 62; 30:9,12,19,21,23 gifts/donations--26:72,76; 27:117,119,128,129; 28:59; 29:33,61,62; 30:21; see also above at “awards” members--26:3,4, 71ff; 27:127ff; 28:17,70,71; 29:29, 31,32, 34, 36, 61, 62; 30:10,21ff Neal-Miller Fund--listed separately necrology--listed separately Newsletter--26:6,52,71;28:72; 29 :33,34;30:15,24,28 Index--26:6,74;for Vols.14- 25, issued Feb.1987 officers--[(NOTE:These are listed on the inside cover of each issue, and indexed below only when nominated, elected, or changed. ] 26:2,22,51,77; 27:2,130; 28:2,17,42,72,73; 29:27,29; 30:2,12,28, 30 Plant of the Month--listed separately by subject and contributor Proceedings/Minutes--26:7ff, Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. Pitt MOS 7 AIEEE A STEE: 2621 7f£f,36££,59; 70ff; 2S <271ff, 61,625 (30: 9ff, 1 9£E Annual (December) Meeting-- 26:77; 28:17; 30:10,29 Hawaiian Heritage Program [of the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii--26:52 Hawaiian Museums Association-- 27:109 Hawaiian Science and Engineer- ing Fair--26:2,52,73,74; 27:2,18,127;: 28:18, 59; 29227,30;, 332 -30215, 21,29, 31 Hawaiian tarweeds--30:13 Heering,E.--29:36 herbarium specimens--26:7 HERBST,D.--26 : 44 Herbst,D.--27:39ff; 28:34; 29:33 Heterophylla [(psyllid)--26:6; 28:10 Hew, Johnson--29:31 HIGASHINO, P.--26: 67 Higashino,P.--26:72; 28:79 HOBDY,R.W.--28:3; 29:3 Holt,A.--26:69,78; 27:31 Honolulu Botanical Gardens-- 30:9 Hono O Na Pali, Kauai NAR-- 26:11 Ho’ okahi Wai Ho’oulu ‘Aina -- 30:28 Ho'omaluhia Botanic Garden-- 30:9 Howarth,D. [“Horvath”]-- 27:127,128; 28:59 Howell,S.--26:74 Huettl,R.--30:22,31 Hui Malama Pono O Lanai--see: Lanai, Kanepuu Hunstein River--29:34; 30:13 . Hydroponic Society of America --26:59 ‘Ihi'ihilauakea Crater--27:87 IKAGAWA, T.--27.:87 Ikagawa,T.--27:128 ilima--28:49 Imada,C. ["Inaba"]--26:7, 69,71 Indigo--27:10ff Indonesia--26:7,72 26-30. Page 6 insect-plant relationships-- 26:6,28ff,78;27:54,79;28:4,8 International Congress of Systematics and Evolutionary biology--28:6 ironwood--28 :58 island ecosystems--27 :126 Japanese sugi--28:58 Johnston,E.--29 :32 Juvik,J.--28:39; 29:28 Kaena Point NAR--26:11 Kahoolawe--29 :6 Kamemoto,H.--26:69,75 Kamuela State Tree Nursery-- 28:58 Kanepuu--see Lanai, Kanepuu Ka Papa Lo'i 'O Kanewai-- 28:33, 36¢ 30212,15,79, 22,23; 28,30 Katmanus,J.--see:Gutmanis,J. Kauai--26:11 kava--28 : 36 Keeley,S.--30:29 Kinabalu, Mt.--29:32; 30:13 Kipahulu Valley--26:67; 27:13; 28:3 Kipahoehoe, Hawaii NAR--26:12 Kirsch,0O.--28:11 Kirsch [("Kirch"],Mrs.0.--28:71 Kitayama,K.--29:32; 30:9,11, 13729 koa--28:10,43,50,57 koa haole--26:6; 28:10 koa (haole) psyllid--26:6,19 kokia--28 :43 Koko Crater--26:75,77; 27:87, 117,119;28:63;29:28;30:9,11, 19,24 kolea--28 :50 Koster’s Curse--26:11 kou--28 : 50 Kramer,W.--26:72 Kristiansen,M.--30:9,14 Kuia, Kauai NAR--26:11 kukui--27 :9ff; 28:50 kumara--29:55 lama--28 :43ff Lamoureux,C.H.--26:7,69,71 30.229; 32 Lanai--27:131 Kanepuu--26:75, 76 Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. lantana--28:57 LAPP, J.A.--27:110 Lau, J.--26:57; 27:39,119 Laughlin, J.--30:26 Laupahoehoe, Hawaii NAR--26:12 lawsuit (U.S. Dept. Interior) -- 29:27;,18, 24, 27;32,.347: .30:26, 35 Lebot, V.--28 :28 legislation--26:26,77; 28:11, 12,18,36,71; 29:46,47, 61 Leialoha, J.--27:102 lemongum--29 :58 LEU,M.--26:73; 27:117ff; 28:18 Leu,M.--26:73 Leucaena--26:6; 28:57 Levitt,G.--26:71 lichens--27:28 lightning--27:102 Lili'uokalani Garden--30:10 limu--30 :28, 32 LINNEY,G.--27:23; 28:34,35 Linney,G.--28 :31 Littlehale,E.--29:32 Lius poseidon [Buprestidae] -- 26:78 liverworts--27:70, 82 lobeliads--28 :55 loblolly pine--28:58 LOOPE, L.L.--28:3; 29:3 Lopez,C.--30:45 Lualualei--26 :9 Lum, B.--30:25 Lut zow,C.--28:37; 29:28 Lyon Arboretum--see:Harold L. Lyon Arboretum Madeira vine--29:37 Magruder,W.--26:52 mai’a-pilo--28 :50 maile--28 :43 maile rust--28 :32, 43 Makapuu--29:62; 30:9,11,23,31 Mallotus philippensis--26:9 mamane--see: Sophora mammals--26:44; see also:deer, goats,etc. mangrove--28 :18 Manhoff,M.--29:31 Manual/Flowering Plants of Hawaii- -28 :34 Manuka & Kipahoehoe, ==26:12 Hawaii NAR 26-30. Page 7 ma’ o--28:50 MARKIN,G.P.--27:110; 28:10 Markin,G.P.--26:5 Marquesas Islands--27:128,129 MARR, K.L.--28:7 Marr,K.L.--28:59; 29:28 Marsilea villosa--26:51,75,77; 27:87,117,118,119; 28:17,18, 37,38; 29:27,28; 30:24, 28,31 Maui--26:67; 27:109,110 Maui Botanical Garden--28:54 Mauna Kea--26:10 Mauna Lahilah--30:10 Maunawili--30:25 McRoy, P.--30:23, 32 MEDEIROS,A.--28:3; 29:3 Medeiros,A.--29:37,38; 30:20,31 meeting (s) --see: conference (s) Mehrhof, L.--30:22, 25, 32 Melicope [Pelea] rust--28:7, 52 Meneses, 1.--28:70; 29:28 MERLIN,M.W.--28:27 Merlin,M.W.--26:52; 28:18, 58; 29 :29ff MEW,R.T.--26:27 Mexican cypress--28 :58 Mexican weeping pine--28 :56 Miconia calvescens--26 :32; 28:12; 30:28,31 Mil1l,S.W.--28 :34 Miller,C.--see:Neal-Miller Fund Mitchell,wW.--26:69 Mites--26:19 Miura,B.--30:24 MIZUNO,G.--29:57 mock orange--26:73 mohikana--2 8 :52, 53 Molokai--26:76,78 moonwalks--28:19 Monterey cypress--28 :58 Monterey pine--28 :58 Montgomery,S.--26:75,77; 27:83, 119,128; 28:17; 29:27,33; 30:28 Moomomi Beach--26:76; 27:117 Morgan,B.--29:28, 30 MORIN, M.P.--30:44 Mot ley, T.--29:32;30:13,25, 27, 32 mosses--27 :5ff, 20ff MOTOOKA, P.--28:8 Mt.Kaala, Oahu NAR--26:12 Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. 26-30. Mulberry--27:7ff Mull,M.--28:13 Mushrooms--26:78 Myrica faya--28:12,57 NAGATA, K.F.--27:110 Nagata,K.M.--26 :52,57;27:49,131 naio--28 :50,74, 76 National O’ahu Wildife Reserve --30:21 National Park(s)--26:67; 27:119 Haleakala--27:111ff,119;28 :56 Hawaii Volcanoes--2 6:34; 27:102; 28:9,74 National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) --28:59; 29:30, 33;.30:33,35 National Wildlife Week--27:119 native birds--27:127 Native Hawaiian Plant Society-- 27:109; 28:54, 56 native plant--26:27,44,57,70; 27:35; 30:45; see also in endangered species, and in conservation diseases--26:8,53,72; 28:7; 29:33; 30:9 present status--26:44,57,76 preservation--26:10; 27:39,87 see also in conservation propagation--26:27; 28:43; 30:45 societies--27:109; 28:54,56; 30:9 sources of, directory--30:45 Native Plants Committee--see in: Hawaiian Botanical Society Natural Area Reserves (NAR) -- 26:10,26; 28:12;,19,79 Natural Areas Conference--30 :43 Nature Conservancy of Hawaii-- 26251, 52, 757 16, 783272127; 28:36,37; 29:28,30; 30:26 naupaka--28 : 50 Neal-Miller Fund--26:7,8,15,51, 72,73,76; 28:37; 29:57,61 necrology-- Clay,H.--28:17,18 Degener,O.--27:83,119 Gagné,W.--27:128; 28:18 Kirsch,O.M.--28:11 Lum,C.--28:17 Page 8 Manhoff,M.--29:31 Mull,M.--28:13,18 Orr,K.--29:34 Pratt,J.S.B.--29:61 St .John,H.--30:3 Siegel,S.--30:10 Warner,R.M.--28:11 Wentworth, J.--28:37 neem--29 : 63 nehe--28 : 50 Nelson, L.--29:36 nematodes-- 28ff Nepal--26:52 Newman,A.--26:52 New York Rainforest Alliance-- 26:33 . New Zealand--27:130; 29:55 noni--28 :49 Norfolk Island pine--28 :58 Norris, F.--30:21,27, 28,32 Norris,R.--30:21 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands-- 26:76 noxious weeds--26:77, 78;27:110; 29:37; see also:weeds Oahu--27:131 Angiopteris on--26:58 Marsilea on--see:Marsilea plant surveys--26:9,57 rare plants--27:39 OBATA, J.K.--26:57,79; 27:39 Obata, J.K.--26:69; 27:83,118; 28 :15;. 30:7 ohia--27:29,102; 28:43,76 decline--27:102,126 olana--30:22 orange--27:9 orchids--27:118 ornamentals--individually listed Orr,K.--29:34 Outdoor Circle--27:35 Pacific Science Assoc.--29:61 Pacific Science Congress--29:63 Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden--see National Tropical Botanical Garden Pahole, Oahu NAR--26:12 Palau--29 :29, 30 palm--27:29; 28:19 PALMER,D.D.--26:15 Palmer,D.D.---26:69,75,77 Newsletter, Palmer, Rexford--30 :23 Palmer, Richard--29 : 62; pampas grass--28:51 PANG,B.K.--29 :31ff; 61, 62; 30:11,13,21ff Pang,B.K.--29:61; 31,32 Pang,J.--26:57 papala kepau--see Pisonia umbellifera paperbark--28 :58 Papua New Guinea--26 :8,72;29:34 30:13 Paradise Park--30:11 park (s)--see:National Park(s) Passiflora mollissima--26:5; 28:12; 29:43 Pelea (=Melicope]--28:7,52 People’s Water Conference-- 29:23 Perlman,S.--26:57, 69,71, 76; 27:39,83,117,129 Philippines Flora Project-- 27:117 pigs--26:11ff,52; 27:9, 44ff; 28:50; 30:20 Pimenta dioica--28:51 Pisonia umbellifera--26:23 plant(s), diseases--26:5,19,53,72; 28:52; 29:33; see also at forest damage, fungi, native plants, ohia decline, rust, yellows, etc. introduced, control of--26:5, 19,32,34,78; see also:weeds/ weed control, noxious weeds introduction--26:60; 27:33ff native--see:native plant (s) propagation--26:27; 28:43 skin reactions to--26:77 usage--27:33ff; 28:33 plant quarantine--29:35 Plews,J.--26:72 Pohakuloa--28 :76 Pratt,J.S.B.--29:61 propagation of native plants-- see:plant(s) propagation Pseudophagopteris--26:9 Psylla uncatoides [psyllid]-- 26:19 30:20, 31 30711,14, 22, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. 26-30. Page 9 Psyllaephagus (wasp)--28:10 Psidium--28 :12 Pteridophytes--26:14; see alsa: ferns Pu’u Ali’i, Molokai NAR--26:12 Pu’u Kukui--26:12 Pu’u Maka’ala, Hawaii NAR-- 26:12 Pu’ O Umi, Hawaii NAR--26:13 Pu’ uwa’awa’a--26:51 PYLE, L.--30:22 quinine--29 :38 RAGONE,D.--30:34 Ragone,D.--28:73; 29:28ff Raich, J.--30:22 rainbowbark--28 :58 Ranker, T.--29:29,36,62; 30:14 raspberry--27:29 redwood--28 :58 rice--27:34 Riley,R.--30:22 Roelofs,F.--26:52 Rogers,H.--29:12 Rome--29 : 61 rosegum--28 :58 RUSSELL, C.--26:71ff rust fungi--see:fungi sandalwood--27:6ff Sato,L.--27:127; 28:59 St.John,H.--26:76; 27:40ff, 83, 117; 30:3 St.Thomas [Virgin I.]--28:38 Schuyler,P.--30:29 seabirds--30:43 sheep--26:10; 27:110 Sherff,E.E.--27:72 SHERWOOD,M.R.--29:31 Sherwood,M.R.--29:7,21 Shigematsu, K.--26:75 shortleaf ironwood--28 :58 Siegel,S.--30:10 Sierra Club--26:10;28:71, 73,78; 29:7,18,27,29, 32,34; 30:25,35 silversword--see:Argyroxiphium slashpine 28:58 SMITH,C.W.--27:125; 28:4,31,79; 29 :37,39 Smith, C.W.--27:118, 130,131; 28:16; 30:28 Smithsonian Institution--26:13 Smyser,A.A.--29:39 Newsletter, Sohmer,S.H.--26:8,69,70,72; 29:33; 30713 South Africa, flora of--30:27 Spice Islands--30:29, 32 STAPLES,G.--28:81; 29:54,60 Staples,G.--29:63; 30:14;26:32 STEMMERMANN, L.--26:34 STONE,C,P.--26:46 Stone,C.P.--27:126; Stone,D.B.--27:126; Strawberry--27:16 Strazanac,J.--29:34 Sugar cane--27:7ff swamp mahogany--28 :58 sweet flag--30:13 Sweet potato--27:35; 29:55 symposium--see: conference (s) Tagomori,M.--28:16 taro--27:6ff; 28:23 tarweeds--29:31 Theobald,wW.L.--29:33 ti--28:50 Tomich,P.Q.--26:46 Tonga--27:128; 28:59; 30:13,15 Tongan herbal medicine--28 :59 Trapp,G.--29:29 tree fern--30:5 Tse,G.L.--28:59 Tunison,T.--27:102 UVala--29:55 Urex europaeus--27:110 USFWS (of U.S. Dept. Interior) -- 29:61;30:19,25,27,35;see also lawsuit, endangered species Vaccinia--26:72 Vaccinium--26:8 vegetation, fire and--27:102 vegetation zones--27 :126 violet--27:12,13 Virgin Islands--28 :37 Wagner,F.S.--26:9, 69,73 WAGNER,W.H.--26:14 Wagner,W.H.--26:9, 69,73 Wagner,W.L.--28:34 Waikiki Aquarium--26 :27 Waimea Arboretum [and Botanical Garden) --26:7,72; 27:35,119; 28:19,20: 29:61, 62 waiwi--28:12 Watamull ["Watmull"]) Foundation 28:14 28:14 29:28; Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. 26-30. Page 10 -- 26:76 Waters, Mr.& Mrs. B.P.--30:21 weeds/weed control--26:5,9, 1liff,19,78;27:87,102,110,123, 125,130;28:9,10, 36, 51, 56, 63, 80;29:35,37,43; see also: noxious weeds, Miconia, etc. weed wrench (TM) --28:56 Weissich,P.--30 :24, 32 WELTON, P.--28 :36ff,59, 70f£; 29 :27ff Welton,P.--28:38; 29:28 WESTER, L.--27:87 Wester, L.--28:17,18,37;30:11,19 West Maui NAR--26:11 Whistler,W.A.--27:128;28 :59,73; 29 :28,29 White,B.--27:127 White,M.--29:63 Whiteaker,L.D.--28: 80 white rust--28:59 Wilcox,C.--28:16 wild olive--28:58 wiliwili--28:49,50 WILSON, K.A.--30:5 Willdenowia--30:15 Wong,G.J.--28:5 workshop--see: conference (s) World Wildlife Fund--26:73 Wruebl,N.--29:36 xeriscape garden--28 :27, 33 30:26, 32 xerophytic plants--28 :59 yams--27:35 Yashiro,J.--26:74 yellows disease--29:33 Young,C.--29:31 Zanthoxylum--28 :7,52,59 Part 2 PLANT GENERA Abrus--26:55 Abutilon--26:44; 27:68; 29:47,48; 30:23, 31, 32 Acacia--26 :34,35,54,55; 27:4ff; 28 :33,43,50,55,58; 29:4 Acaena ["Acana"]--27:9; 29:50 30:38 Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. Acanthophora--2 6: 60, 62 Achyranthes--26:28,44; 27:41 30:37 Acorus--29:32; 30:13 Adenophorus--2 6:14, 45, 68; 27:73; 29:36,51; 30:14,41 Adesmia--27 :34 Adiantum--26 :58 Aecidium--28 :74 Aerva--27:41 Agati--27:12ff Ageratum--27 : 94 Albizia [Albizzia)--26:34,36 Alectryon--26:45; 27:79; 29:50 30:38 Aleurites--27 :4ff,69; 28:50 Alphitonia--27:74 Alsinidendron ["“Alsinodendron"]) --27:47; 29:48; 30:37,34 Alsophila--30:5 Alyxia--26:54; 28:32, 43 Amaranthus--29 :47, 48 Amanita--28:5,27 Amaryllis--27:7 Andropogon--27 :106 Angiopteris--26:58; 27:131 Anredera [Boussingaultia]-- 29:37 Anoectochilus--27:70 Anthurium--26:75 Ant idesma--27 :54 Arachniodes--27:73 Aralia--27:5ff Araucaria--28 :58 Ardisia--26:36; 27:28 Argyroxiphium ["“Argyroziphium", “Argysozrphium”])--26:44; 27:17ff; 28:43;29:20,46,47ff 30:37,38 Aristida ["Aristea"]--27:16 Artemisia--27:13,49 Artocarpus--27 :34 Asarina--26:36 Asclepias--27:125 Aspidium--27 :24 Asplenium ["Asplanium"]--26:14; 27:6,16; 29:51; 30:41 Astelia--27:65 Aster--27:34,49 Astrantia--27:16 Asystasia--27 :94 26-30. Page ll Atelocauda--26 :54,55 Athyriopsis--26:67 Athyrium--2 6:58, 67 Atriplex--27:94 Azadirachta--29 : 63 Bidens--26:44; 27:49, 94,129; 28 :35,66,76,77; 29:29,48,50; 30 :34,37 Bixa--27:35 Blechnum--26:58,68; 27:35 Bobea--27:75 Boerhavia--27:70 Bonamia--27:53; 29:51; 30:41 Botrychium--26:14; 27:21,70 Bougainvillea--29 :44 Boussingaultia (=Anredera, q.v.] Bouvardia--27 :34 Brighamia--26:45;29:48,50;30:38 Broussonetia--27:9 Brugmansia--27:34 Buddleja--26 : 34, 36 Caesalpinia--27:65; 28:35; 30:27,37,38 Caladium--27:35 Callistopteris--29:35,36; 30:14 Calotropis--27:123,124,125; 28:31 Canavalia--29:48; 30:38 Canthium--28 :49 Capparis--26:28; 27:47,124; 28:50 Cardiospermum--28 :9 Carex ["Carix"]--26:53,55; 27:6,54 Carica--27 :35 Cascuta--gsee Cuscuta Cassia--27 :35, 65 Casuarina ("Casuarnia"])--28:5, 31,58 Cenchrus--27 : 63 Centaurium--27:56; 29:48;30:37 Cereus--27 :34 Cestrum--27 :16 Chamaesyce--27:54,94: 29:47ff; 30 :37,38,40 Cheirodendron--26:68; 29:4 Chenopodium--28 :50,77 Chloris--27:94ff; 28:64ff Chlorophyllum--28 :5 Cibotium--30:6 Cinchona--29 :36 Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Cineraria--27 :34 Citharexylum--28:38; 29:28 Claoxylon--27:54 Cleome--27 :47 Clermontia--27:43; 29:4,48ff; 30:38,40 Clidemia--26:11,34, 36,78; 27272, 76,118; 1315.28 33,57 Clusia--26:34,37 Coccinia--28 :8, 31,35 Colubrina--27:74; 29:49; 30:40 Commelina--27 :94 Convolvulus--26:62; 27:29,35,89 Copelandia--28 :27 Coprosma--26:55,56; 27:75,76 Cordia--28 :50 Cordyline--26:74; 28:50 Coreopsis--26 :37 Coronopus--27 :94 Cortaderia--26 :34,37; 28:80 Cotoneaster--2 6:37 Crassula--30 :23,31 Cressa--27:53 Croton--27:35 Cryptocarya--27:65 Cryptomeria--28 ;:58 Cryptostegia--27:123,125; 28:31 Ctenitis--26:14; 27:73; 30:41 Cupressus--28 :58 Cuscuta [“Cascuta”]--27:12,54 Cyanea ["Cynanea")--26:44; 27:44,47; 28:55; 29:3,20, 46,47ff£; 30:34,37ff Cyathea--26:68; 27:131; 30:5,6 Cynodon--27:89ff; 28:64ff Cyperus--27:54 Cyrtandra--27:56,129; 29:47,49; 30:39,40 Cystopteris--26:14 Daphne--27:9, 20 Datura--28 :80 Delissea--27:45; 29:3,50; _ 30:34,39 Dendrobium--26 :75 Desmodium--2 6 : 34, 38 Diellia--26:14;27:73;29:48,51; 30:19,37,39,41 Dioscorea ["Dioscora"]--27:35 Diospyros ["Dispyros")--27:67; 28 :35,43ff Diplazium--26:14,67; 29:4,5,51; Index, v. 26-30. Page 12 30:41 Dissochondrus--27 : 63 Dodonaea {("Dodonea"])--27:19,77; 29:33; 30:14 Dolichos--27:29 Doodia--26:14 Dracaena [= Pleomele,q.v.; "Dracenia", "Dracana"™] Drosera ["Drocera"]--27:9 Dryopteris--26:14, 67 Drypetes [= Flueggea, q.v.] Dubautia--26:45,57; 27:51,73; 28:77; 29:31,46, 47,48; 30 :37,39 Echinochloa--27 :89ff; 28:63ff Elaphoglossum--26 : 68 Elataostema--30 :25 Eleagnus--2 6:38 Embelia--27 : 69 Endoraecium-~-2 6 :54, 55 Epacris [“Epacridaea”, “Epacridea”)--27:4ff Eragrostis--27:63; 28:77 Eremochloa--28 :59 Erigeron--27:17,24 Erythrina--27:11; 28:49,50; Escallonia--2 6:38 Eucalyptus--28 :5, 56, 58, 80 Eucheuma--26:60,61; 29:28 Eugenia--27:35,70; 29:49;30:40 Euphorbia--26 :28,44:53f£;27:54; 28:50,77; 29:9; 30:34 Eurya--27:80 Exocarpos ["Exocarpus"]-- 27:11,78; 29:50; 30:39 Flueggea [Drypetes, Neowawraea]-- 26:45; 27:54,119; 28:34; 29:51; 30:41 Fragaria--27:27 Freycinetia--27:5,6 Fuchsia--26 :19, 34, 38 Fusarium--26:5; 28:39; 29:47 Gahnia--27:54; 30:37 Gardenia--26 :44,57;27:75;29:29 30 :34,37 Geranium--26:44,46,47ff£; 30:39 Gleichenia ["Glichenia"]--27 :6 Gnaphalium--27:24,51 Gomphocarpus--26 : 34, 38 Gonocormus--26:14, 68 Gorse--28:10 Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. Gossypium--26:28; 27:68; 28:50 Gouania--26:28; 27:74; 29:48; 30:7,19,34,37,41 Gracilaria--26:62,74; 28:70; 29:28 Grammitis--29 :36 Grevillea--26:77 Gunnera--27 : 63 Habenaria [= Platanthera, q.v.] Haplostachys--26 :44;29:9;30:37 Hebe--26 :39 Hedera--2 6:39 Hedyotis (Kadua)--27:33,75; 29:20,46,47ff; 30:19,34,37,39 Heliotropium--26:28; 27:12,43 Hesperochnide--29:49; 30:40 Hesperomannia--27:51; 29:46, 47ff; 30:34,37,40 Hibiscadelphus--28 :45; 29:49; 30:34,37,40,41 Hibiscus--26:29,44,57; 27:6,34, 69; 28:4;29:48ff;30:34,39,41 Hillebrandia--27 :43 Hunnemannia--2 8 :79 Huperzia--26:14; 27:68; 30:39 Hydrangea [(“Hydranges”]--27:34 Hypnea--26: 60ff ITlex--26:39,68; 27:28; 28:79 Indigofera--27 :34 Ipomoea ["Impomoea"]--26:7 Ischaemum--29:49; 30:41 Isodendrion--26:45; 27:81; 29:46,47; 30:27,37,41 Isoetes--26:14 Isotria--30:25 Jacaranda--26 :39 Jasminum--2 9 :37 Jatropha--27 :35 Joinvillea--27 :56 Kadua [= Hedyotis, q.v.] Kernella--28 :52,53 Kokia ["Kokio"]--26:44; 27:69; 28:43; 29:9; 30:37 Korthalsella--27:67 Labordia--27 :66;29:46,47;30 :37 Lampranthus--26 : 40 Lantana--26:62; 28:57 Lau,J.--30:7 Laurus--27:34 Leptospermum-~-2 6 : 34, 40 Leucaena--26:6; 27:128,130; 26-30. Page 13 28:57 Lindsaeosoria [ined.]--26:14 Lepidium--27 :53 Liparis--27:70 Lipochaeta--26:29,44; 27:51; 28:35,50; 29:8,48,50 Lobelia--26:6,79; 27:28,45; 28:55; 29:48,49; 30:37,40 Lonicera--2 6:40 Luculia--26 :34, 37 Lupinus ["“Lupine"]--26 :40 Luzula--27 : 64 Lycium--27:79 Lycopersicon--27 : 94 Lycopodium--27:32,68; 29:50; 30:40 Lyngbya--26 :76 Lysimachia--27:32,74; 29:50 30:39 Macrocystis--26:61 Macrothelypteris--26: 69 Madia--29:31 Malvastrum--27 :94 Mallotus--26:9 Mangifera--27:34 Mariscus--29:49; 30:41 Marsilea--26:14,51,74,75,77; 27:69, 87ff,117,118,119,127, 128; 28:17,18,37,63ff; 29:27, 30,46,47; 30:24, 28,31,39 Melaleuca--26:41; 27:130; 28:5,58 Melampsora--26:54 Melicope (Pelea)--27:77,129; 28:7,43,52,53; 29:50; 30:34, 39,40 Melinis--27:52; 28:80 Merremia--27:89ff; 28:63, 66 Metrosideros [“Metesideros”]-- 26:68; 27:4ff,67,71,102; 28 :39,43; 29:4 Mezoneuron--26:44; 27:65 Micodium--2 9:36 Miconia--26 :32,131; 28:12; 30 :28,31 Microlepis--26:14 Mimosa--27 :34 Momordica--27 : 94 Morinda--27:76,124; 28:47,49 Morus [("Morris"]--27:10,13 Munroidendron--26:45; 29:50; Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. 30:39 Murraya--26:73 Myoporum--26 :29;27:28;28 :50,74 Myrica--28:12,18,36,57; 29:27 Myrsine--27:67,69; 28:50 Nama--27 :64 Neowawraea [= Flueggea,q.v.] Neraudia--27:81; 29:48,51; 30:25,27,38;41 Nesoluma--26:57; 27:79 Nothocestrum--27:80; 28:50; 29:49,50; 30:27,41 Nototrichium--26:29; 27:40,41; 29:48; 30:37 Ochrosia--27:41; 29:49; 30:41 Olea--28:58; 29:37 Oligadenus--29 :36 Ophioglossum--26:14; 29:51 30:23,31 Opuntia--27:34 Osmanthus--27 : 67 Oxalis--27:87,129 Oxyspora--27:131 Oxysporum--28 :9 Paederia--26 :34,41 Panaeolina--28 :28 Pandanus--26:30; 27:10,29, 30 Paneolus--28 :27 Panicum--26:41,44; 27:63, 90ff; 28:63,69; 30:38 Pantago--see:Plantago Passiflora--26:5; 27:34;28:12; 29:43; 30:7 Pelargonium--27:9ff Pelea [= Melicope,q.v.] Pellaea ["Pellaeae"]--26:68 Pennisetum--27 :124 Peperomia--26:79; 27:71; 29:36 Persea--26:34,41 Peucedanum--29:50; 30:39 Phaseolus--27:94,98; 28:66, 69 Philodendron--26:41 Phyllanthus--27:56, 94 Phyllostegia--27:64; 29:47ff; 30 :38,39 Phytolacca--27:71 Pimenta--28:9,51 Pinus--28 :56,58 Piper--28:36; 29:28 Pipturus--27:81; 30:25 Pisonia--26:23; 27:70 26-30. Page 14 Pittosporum--26 :34,41,79;27:16, 19,72; 28:4 Pityrogramma--26 :14 Plakothira--27:129 Planchonella--27:79; 28:50 Plantago ["Pantago"]--26:57; 27:6ff£,72; 29:46,51; 30:41 Platanthera [(Habenaria]--27:70 Platydesma--27:78 Pleomele [Dracaena)--27:13, 66 Pluchea--26 : 62 Poa--29:47,50; 30:39, 43 Pogonia--30 :25, 32 Poinciana--27:35 Polygala--29 :37 Porana--29:63; 30:14,26, 32 Porphyra--26:61 Portulaca--26:9,30; 27:73,87ff; 29:49; 30:41 Pouteria--27:79 Pritchardia--27:71; 29:48ff; 30:39,40,41 Prosopis [“Prospis”]--27:89ff Pseudomorus--27 : 69 Pseudophagopteris--26 :9, 73 Psidium--28 :12,57 Psilocybe--28 :27 Psilotum--26:14 Psychotria--27:76,129 Pteralyxia--27:41; 29:50;30:39 Pteris--26:14; 27:16,73;29:51; 30:41 Puccinia--26 :53ff£;28 :8,33,52,53 Pucciniastrum--26 :53ff Pyracantha--2 6:42 Pyrus--27:34 Railliardiopsis {(“Rallardiopsis”]--29:31 Ranunculus--27:24; 30:34 Raphis--27:29 Rauvolfia----27 :42 Remya--26 :44;29:46, 47;30 :34, 38 Reynoldsia--27:42; 28:35 Rhus--27:41 Ricinus--27 :34 Rollandia--27:44,46; 28:55; 29:49; 30:40 Rosa--27 :34 Rubus--27:32; 29:38 Rumohra--27 :73 Sadleria--26:68 Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society, Index, v. Sanicula--26:57; 27:80; 29:48; 30:38 Santalum--26:9,44; 27:6,12,79; 30:38 Sapindus--27 :67, 69, 79 Sargassum--26 : 60 Scaevola--26 :30,44;27:6, 62,118, 128; 28:50,59; 30:24, 32,38 Schiedea--26:44; 27:48; 29:20, 46,47ff£; 30:34,39,40 Schinus--28:57; 30:27 Schizachrium--2 8 : 80 Schizaea--27:5 Schizostege--27:73 Selaginella--26: 68 Senecio--2 6 :34,42;27 :52;28:79; 29:37 Senna--27:65 Sequoia--28 :58 Sesbania--26:27,30; 27:20, 65, 124; 29:51; 30:41 Sesuvium--26 : 30 Setaria--27:89ff; 28:63, 69 Sicyos--27:53 Sida--26:30; 27:89ff; 28:49, 69 Silene--26:57; 27:19, 23,28, 49; 29:48,49; 30:34, 38ff Sisymbrium--27 :35 Smilax--27:66 Solanum--26:31,57; 27:80ff; 29:36,50,51; 30:40, 41 Sonchus--27 : 94, 98 Sophora--27:16ff,65; 28:35 Spathodea--28 :9 Spermolepis--29:51; 30:41 Sphaeropteris--30:5 Spondias--27 :34 Stachytarpheta--27 : 94 Stapelia--27:125 Stenogyne--26:44; 27:64; 29:9, 46,47ff£; 30:38,40 Streblus--27:69 Strongylodon--30:7 Styphelia--27:107 Syntherisma--26 :53 Tacca--27:35 Talinum--27:28 Tephrosia--26:31; 27:64 Tet ramolopium--27:52; 29:47ff£; 30:34, 38ff Tetraplasandra--27:42; 29:49 26-30. Page 15 30:40 Thelypteris--26:14,58 Theobroma--27 :34 Thunbergia--26 : 42 Tibouchina--26:79; 27:131; 28:9,79 Touchardia--29:5; 30:22,31 Trachachne--see:Trichachne Trematolobelia--27:47; 28:55; 30:20,31 Trianthema--28 :31 Tribulus--27:34 Trichachne [(“Trachachne”]-- 27:89ff; 28:63 Trichomanes [=Vandenboschia,q.v.] Trifolium--27 :87 Tristania--28 :58 Ulex--27:110; 28:56 Uredo--26 :53ff; 28:74 Urera--27:81; 29:48; 30:38 Uromyces--26:19,54ff; 28:32 Urtica--27 :6 Vaccinium--26:8; 27:4ff; 29:4 Vandenboschia [Trichomanes] -- 26:68; 27:64; 29:36 Vicia--26:44; 27:118; 29:9; 30:38 Vigna--26:31; 27:65; 29:51; 30:41 Vinca--27 :35 Viola--27:11,82; 29:46,47,48 30:34, 38 Violaria--27:13 Viscum--27 :6 Vitex--26:31 Vittaria--29:36 Wedelia--26 : 62 Wikstroemia--26 :31,53,54; 27:80 Wilkesia--26:44; 29:46,47; 30:40 Wisteria--26 :42 Woodsia--27 :32 Xanthium--27 :89ff; 28:63 Xenostele--28 :8, 52, 53 Xiphosteris--29 :36 Xylosma--29:47; 30:40 Zanthoxylum--27:78; 28:7,52,59; 29:28,49; 30:41 Zinnia (“Zinia”)--27:34 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU _HI 96822 VOLUME 30 (1 SAITHS THSONIARTN MAR 20 1992 aM ¢ 4 ft, Brae a (pntents __ LIBRARIES Retry eens In Memoriam: Harold St. John Ken Wilson...... The Australia Tree Fern Cultivated in Hawai‘i John Obata........0.000 cece Gouania vitifolia - rediscovered! SOCIETY BUSINESS Minutes of the Meeting of November 1990 Minutes of the Meeting of December 1990 Annual Report for 1990 ——— * Published by the Hawaitan Botanical Soctety, whitch was founded in 1924 to "advance the science of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany tn all tte phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawatian Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatit 96822. MARCH 1991 (publication date March 1992) MA WwW y NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1991 E sFenlte i President: Heidi Bornhorst ( The Nature Conservancy) Vice-President: Timothy Motley (UH Botany Department) Treasurer: George Staples (Bishop Museum Botany Department) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH Botany Department) Directors: Isabella Abbott, (UH Botany Department) Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum Botany Department) Committees (appointed by the Excecutive Council) Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum) Chair Newsletter: Clifford Smith (University of Hawai‘i ) Editor: assisted by Fiona M. Norris (Bishop Museum Botany Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery, (University of Hawai‘1) Science Fair: Rylan N.S. Yee ( Data House) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair Ken Nagata, Lyon Arboretum Evangeline Funk, University of Hawai‘ John Obata, Bishop Museum Art Medeiros, Haleakala National Park TTCTTTTT TTT TTT TTT Tt ttt tT TS TP PPT PPP PPS PPS PP PP PEP PPT PPP PP htt tt tke tee MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from December | through November 30 Regular Membership is $7.50 per year Student Membership is $4.00 Family Membership is $10.00 and Life Membership ( individuals only) is $150.00 Life and Honorary Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 301) 3 a SS SS SS HAROLD ST. JOHN DIES AT AGE 99 Dr. Harold St. John passed away peacefully at his home in Honolulu on Thursday, 12 December 1991. He will always be remembered as a tireless worker and affable teacher of several generations of botany students. Born 25 July 1892 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he was the son of a Unitarian minister. He received degrees from Harvard University, completing his doctorate in 1917. During World War 1, he saw combat duty in France as an officer in the U.S. Army. Afterwards, he began a lifetime career of world travel to teach botany, collect plant specimens, do research, and publish his botanical books and papers. He spoke five languages and wrote and worked in seven. From 1920 to 1929, he taught at the State College of Washington in Pullman. He moved to Hawai‘i in 1929, where he taught botany at the University from 1929 to 1958, serving as departmental chairman for many years. In 1971, he was honored by the University when the Plant Sciences Building was named for him. Dr. St. John's other accomplishments were numerous and varied. He aided in the transfer of Foster Gardens to the City of Honolulu. He taught at Yale as an exchange professor in 1938-1939. From 1953 to 1958, he served as associate director and then director of the Lyon Arboretum in Honolulu. During World War 11, he searched for quinine in the mountains of Columbia for the U.S. Foreign Economic Administration. For the Atomic Energy Commission, he did studies on radiation effects on vegetables. After he retired from the University of Hawai'i, Dr. St. John taught at Chatham College and then, from 1959 to 1961, as a Fullbright professor at the University of Saigon and the College of Hue in Vietnam and at Cairo University, Egypt. He received professional awards from the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta, Garden Club of America, Hawaiian Botanical Society and Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. 4 NEWSLETTER: HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY From 1929 to 1991, he was also a research associate at Bishop Museum. He was a fixture at the Herbarium Pacificum throughout these years, and he essentially moved over to the Museum lock, stock and barrel after he retired from the University. The Museum provided a place to work and unrestricted access to the collections upon which he based his numerous publications, He was an active participant in Museum functions and regularly worked eight to ten hours a day, six days a week up until the fall of 1990 when failing health forced him to slow his pace. With his wife, Betty, he had a happy family life. They raised four children, many of whom accompanied him on field trips, Friends will remember Dr. St. John as a man always ready to "talk story" and tell wonderful anecdotes about his life and the people he knew. He is survived by his four children, 11 grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren. Reprinted, with permision, from the Herbarium Pacific Newletter. Vol. 9(1). Members of the Hawaiian Botanical Society will remember, with affection, Dr Harold St. John's enthusiastic support of the Society. — Fle and his wife Betty were regular attendants at the monthly meetings and his fund of information was freely shared in the open discussions and in his popular lectures on the History of Botanical Collecting in the Islands. In 1979, the Society unanimously accepted the proposal that Dr. St. John be awarded the rank of President Emeritus of the Society, the first to be so honored. Dr St John requested that his collections and the valuable field notebooks remain at the Herbarium Pacificum and that his library be placed in the Botany Department at the University of Hawai‘i, in the St. John Building. His memorial service was attended by many former students, a fitting tribute to one who devoted his life to sharing his enthusiasm for plants with friends, family and students of all ages. VOLUME 30 (1) 5 THE AUSTRALIAN TREE FERN CULTIVATED IN HAWAII Kenneth A. Wilson Biology Department California State University, Northridge Northridge, CA, 91330 Plant nurseries in Hawaii have increasingly been stocking and selling the Australian Tree Fern. In fact, the Australian Tree Fern is now the most readily available tree fern in the Hawaiian commercial markets. It is favored because it is easily propagated from spores and is a rapid grower, much more so than the Hawaiian tree ferns, often reaching a height of 5 feet in 6 or 7 years. Under optimal conditions it will grow as much as 10 to 12 inches in a year, ultimately reaching about 20 feet. It is also more tolerant of sunnier and slightly drier conditions than are the Hawaiian tree ferns. The Australian Tree Fern has been misidentified as Cyathea australis (also Alsophila australis ) (Neal 1965) and is usually sold under that name. This confusion exists also in the California markets where this fern is very popular in cultivation and whence much of the commercial stock originates. The correct scientific name for the Australian Tree Fern in cultivation in Hawaii is Cyathea cooperi (Hooker ex F. von Mueller) Domin (Synonyms: Alsophila cooperi Hooker ex F. von Mueller, Sphaeropteris cooperi (Hooker ex F. von Mueller) Tryon]. In Australia, where it is native, it is known as Scaly Tree Fern or Cooper's Tree Fern. The true Cyathea australis (R. Brown) Domin is rarely cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands. it can only be found growing in botanical gardens and in a few private collections. Known as Rough Tree Fern in Australia, it is native to the eastern coasts and mountains of Australia and is common from southeastern Queensland south to New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. Cyathea cooperi , on the other hand, is distributed from northeastern Queensland to southeastern 6 NEWSLETTER: HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY SS a RE ES EE EE SE New South Wales, and is the most common tree fern in the native forests of northeastern Queensland (Andrews 1990). Cyathea australis may be distinguished from Cyathea cooperi by having hard leaf bases which persist and cover the trunk almost to the very base and also by the nature of the scales found on the coiled young leaves as well as the bases of the expanded leaves. In Cyathea australis the scales are 0.75 - 2 (2-5 cm) inches long, shiny, brown, and all of one kind. C. cooperi has two kinds of scales, one 0.75 - 2 (2-5 cm) inches long, whitish and papery, the other 0.5-1.25 (0.5-1.5 cm) inches long, reddish-brown, narrow scales. In the Australian Tree Fern both kinds of scales usually bear minute spines which can be irritating to the skin, although these are easily washed off. The old leaf bases of C. cooperi hang onto the trunk for a while, but in time they fall off and leave conspicuous smooth, oval scars on the trunk. Tall specimens of the Australian Tree Fern have a trunk patterned by these leaf scars on the lower portion. The presence of scale on the leaf bases makes it easy to distinguish the Australia Tree Fern from the native Hawaiian tree ferns of genus Cibotium , which instead bear golden or reddish brown hairs, known to the Hawaiians as pulu. Also the fertile leaves of Cyathea bear uncovered round sori on the lower surface of the leaf segments while those of the Hawaiian tree ferns have marginal two-valved sori which resemble minute purses. LITERATURE CITED Neal, M. C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. 2nd ed. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50: 1-924. Andrews, S. B. 1990. Ferns of Queensland. Queensland Dep. Primary Industries, Brisbane. 1-427. VOLUME 30(1) 7 eS aS SR RS SE AAS ES ESE SASS RSS SS AS SS SS SS TS GOUANIA VITIFOLIA- REDISCOVERED! A personal account by John Obata. In the early winter of 1990, Joel Lau rediscovered the long lost Gouania vitifolia Rhamnaceae). The species had only been collected once this century- by the late Otto Degener and friends- from Ke‘eau Valley, Wai‘anae on Oahu. No plants were seen later than this 1932 collection despite an exhaustive search by Steve Perlman and myself throughout the Ke‘eau Valley in 1988. Cattle had ravaged the only known site and the plant was presumed extinct. In 1990, however, Joel Lau ran into this viny species towards evening one collecting trip and had to beat a hasty exit from the hills before darkness set in. Only a twig bearing leaves and tendrils was his evidence that time. On December 16, 1990, Joel and I went to check on the two species of Gouania known from Oahu in this sub-gulch in Wai‘anae Kai ( the other being G. meyenii ). Arriving at the “colony,” we found the vines festooned with flowers. The area occupied was about 20- 30 m and the species seemed to compete successfully with 5 or 6 vines of the aliens Ipomoea _ and Passiflora, as well as the native Strongolodon. At the time we thought that the colony consisted of several vines, but, at later date, more careful observation among the mass of tangled vines revealed that they all originated from one Single stalk measuring about 7.5 cm in diameter. The vines do resemble the grape vine as the specific name implies. The mature Stems are light brown with distinct creamy striations and produce Short annual lateral stems which bear the inflorescences. Mature stems also bear terminal inflorescences. At the end of March, we made an attempt to collect seeds, but found that none of the thousands of flowers seen in previous visits had born any _ fruit. In the winter of 1991 hand pollination was attempted. Casual field observarions showed that the flowers were staminate. A more — careful examination later revealed a somewhat 8 NEWSLETTER: HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY functional pistillate structure, and staminodes. Hence the lack of fruits! ! Cuttings in stem culture and tissue culture have not, as yet, met with any success- a grim reminder of the plight of a species on the verge of extinction. John Obata. Hh AAA KEAHEARERBKERAERERSRAEHKAKAERAEKEAREREEKEREREEKEKKERHREREREEEKREEKEK HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the Meeting of November, 1990 Donald Gowing opened the meeting at 7:35 p.m. New Guests. Terri and Michael Kristiansen, Lyn Kerry, Karin Jacobsen, Ann and Brad Waters, Randy Walker, Tanya Lee, Peter Galloway, Scot Medbury. Minutes. Minutes of the meeting of the October meeting were read and accepted. Treasurer’s report. No report. Membership committee No new members. Nominating committee: The nominating committee proposed the following slate to be voted upon in December: VOLUME 30(1) 9 President: Heidi Bornhorst Vice President: Timothy Motley Secretary.: Benton K. Pang Treasurer: George Staples Directors: Isabella Abbott, Leilani Pyle Old business: i. The British Museum agreed to subscribe to our newsletter ii. Eight people attended the visit to Makapu‘u. The Society will draft a letter to the city and parks director to set aside this area as a lowland botanical garden. New Business: The secretary announced that a new Native Plant Society would meet at 7 pm on December 7 in the Manoa Library. Scientific Program: Plant of the month speaker was Kanehiro Kitayama from the Botany Department. His talk focused on the native plants found on the island of Anijima in the Bonin Islands. This never before populated island is home to a host of island endemics (73% of the trees and 10 species of land snails). It is a dry oceanic subtropical island, about 1/3 the size of Kaho‘olawe, with primary vegetation. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government plans to build a runway in 1993 that would have major effects on the endemic plant community. Kanehiro asked the Society to write a letter to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to reconsider their plans for the runway. Michael Kristiansen, the director of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens, was the speaker of the month. He outlined the concepts and projects of the Honolulu Botanic Gardens, and invited input from the Society as to any particular interests they would like to see employed. After describing the Gardens (Foster, Ho‘omaluhia, Koko Crater, Wahiawa) he described the function of each garden: management and mainten- maintenance, horticultural, interpretive, and recreational. He also 10 NEWSLETTER: HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY talked about a garden at Mauna Lahilah dedicated to plants intro- introduced by the Polynesians, and _ plans for a_ garden to be called the garden called the Lili‘uokalani Garden in Honolulu. At the end of the talk the members” gave their support to efforts of the gardens and talked about areas where native Hawaiian plants, both dryland and forest species, could be planted. Me ae Me he he ae he ae she ae ee ae ae ae whe ape ape ape se ae she ae ah she af af af Me Me she she she she ae ae ae ape af af af af ae ae ae ae ae ae af af eae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae a af af eae ae ae ae ae a ake ac HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Minutes of the Annual Meeting of December 1990 Donald Gowing opened the meeting at 7:35 p.m. New Guests. Daniel Chang and Charlie Kupa. Minutes. Minutes of the November Meeting were read and accepted. Treasurer’s report. The treasurer's report for the months of October and November was read and accepted Membership committee. The committee announced the passing of Dr. Sanford Seigel, Chairman of the Botany Department, at the University of Hawai'i and a devoted member of the Society Mailing list was noted as follows: 165 total members 25 life 9 honorary 90 regular 14 students 15 family Volume 30(1) 11 12 institutional press run: 200 newsletters, and 150 meeting notices Announcements. Lyndon Wester announced a talk to be given in the Geography department by Dan Taylor on resource management and park policy. He also announced a weed-pulling party at Koko Head on _ Saturday December 8. Secretary Pang announced that the Hawaiian Botanical Society had been asked by Paradise Park to icreate a display about the Society in their new Conservation Room. He moved that: "the Society accept the terms given by Paradise Park to increase the public awareness of the Hawaiian Botanical Society and their endeavors." Motion Carried. Old Business. i. A letter written by Dr Wester to the director of Parks and Recreation asking for a botanical garden near MakaPu‘u was read by Dr. Abbott. Dr. Gowing encouraged discussion of the letter because the board was not unanimous in their decision to send the letter. After discussion for and against the letter, it was moved that the action be tabled for the new administration next year to set up a committee and report back to the Society on the findings. li. Secretary Pang moved that the Society write to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government for alternate plans of an airport in one of the Bonin Islands; a talk that Kanehiro Kitayama gave last month. The motion was unanimously moved and seconded to be referred to the executive committee and signed by next year’s president. New Business: The Annual report for the year 1990 was read by Secretary Pang . Treasurer’s annual report was not yet ready but would be prepared. 12 NEWSLETTER: HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Election of Officers. Treasurer Staples notified the members that there would be a vacancy on the executive committee as the President, who would normally fill the position, had resigned earlier and the Vice President could not make the meetings for the 1991 year. It was moved that a new nomination be presented by the next administration for membership approval as no one present at the meeting offered to take the position. President: Heidi Bornhorst Vice President: Timothy Motley Secretary: Benton K. Pang Treasurer: George Staples Executive Directors: Isabella Abbott, Leilani Pyle It was moved and seconded that the slate listed become the 1991 administration for the Hawaiian Botanical Society. Motion carried. Scientific Program: Vice President, Don Drake, introduced the "Plant of the Month" speaker Ron Fenstenmacher, collections officer for the Ka Papa Lo‘i o Kanewai. Ron gave a brief history of the taro lo‘i and its beginnings when he was a student at the university. It consists of wet and dry areas primarily for Polynesian introduced plants, and endemic Hawaiian plants. He showed slides of some of the natives that are planted in the dry area of the lo‘i. The reasons for planting the plants are 1) for the integrity of the plants themselves, 2) to give the plants a place of refuge, and 3) for people and education. His main interest, as was evident from the slides, was to illustrate that these unique dryland plants could survive in this area naturally. He encouraged the Society to come visit the taro lo‘i off of Dole Street and a field trip was planned for February. VOLUME 30(1) 13 Vice President Don Drake gave a slide presentation on the ‘Eua Expedition. This was an ecological survey for the Tongan government to determine plans to build a national park. ‘Eua is one of the Tongan islands known for having the largest extent of native forest. Its mixture of topography, and substrate make it a unique island for preservation. His slides of the native Tongan plants here took us through different ecological zones of coastal lowlands, lowland forests, upland forest, ridge tops and treeless vegetation of the highest mountains. It was interesting to see that many of these native plants have affinities in the Hawaiian flora. His talk drew discussion and interest in Tongan plants. 2H ae fe fe ae ae fe ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae ae af af ae af af ae af af af af af af af af af ade af ae af ae ae fe fe af fe af af afi af af a a ae af af af af a af ae ae ae ae ae ae ae af ae ae se. ae ae ae fe ae HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Annual Report 1990 by Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary President Tom Ranker resigned in the summer months and meetings have since been chaired by officers and members of the Executive Committee Meetings of 1990 8 January Gerald D. Carr of UH Botany department: The Origin and Evolution of Hawaiian Tarweeds. 5 February Kanehiro Kitayama of UH Botany Department: Plants of Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo Plant of the month: Tim Motley of UH Botany Dept. Ethnobotany of Acorus Calamus (Sweetflag) 5 March S.H. Sohmer, Botany Department, Bishop Museum: The Hunstein River Expedition, Paua New Guinea 14 NEWSLETTER : HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Plant of the month: Wayne Borth, UH Plant Physiology Department: Dodonaea viscosa. 2 April Donald Falk, Center for Plant Conservation (Boston): Plant Endangerment in U.S.A.: What are we losing? Plant of the month: Donald Farrar, Iowa State, visiting lecturer at UH Botany Department: Callistopteris, the most abundant fern in the Hawaiian Islands 7 May Donald Farrar, Iowa State, visiting lecturer at UH Botany Dept.: Stalking the Wild Gametophyte: A search for the origins and identities of wild fern gametophytes Plant of the month: Tom Ranker, UH Hawaiian Evolutionary Biology Program: Adenophorus. 4 June Lu Eldredge, Pacific Science Association: Gardens and Fountains of Rome Plant of the month: Benton K. Pang, UH Botany Department: Plants of Haleakala. 1 October George Staples, Botany Department, Bishop Museum: Pursuing Porana (Convolvulaceae) Across Asia. 5 November Michael Kristiansen, Honolulu Botanical Gardens: Projections of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens for Hawaiian Planting. VOLUME 30 (1) 15 Plant of the month: Kanehiro Kitayama, UH Botany Department: A Plea to Save Threatened and Endemic Species in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands 3 December Donald Drake, UH Botany Department: A Report of the Vegetation and Flora of a Potential National Park in ‘Eua, Tonga Plant of the month: Ron Fenstenmacher, Ho‘okahe Wai, Ho‘oulu ‘Aina: Plants of Ka Papa Lo‘i ‘O Kanewa Excursions Xeriscape Garden, Halawa Board of Water Supply Makapu‘u end of Sandy Beach Awards: Science Fair Winners Newsletter: One Newsletter, vol. 29(1), was distributed in the month of March, 1990. The Society moved to reduce its inventory of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter. An archival set and 10 additional sets were kept by the Society and the rest was made available to the members. The Executive Committee also provided sets to the Bristish Natural History Museum and the Botanical Garden at Berlin. We arranged an exchange for “Willdenowia”, the journal of the Berlin Botanical Garden. HAWALIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 yA 1D 13S ea Newsletter 7 awallia DO tanica! .0OC1e1 ELE Volume 30 (2-4) December 1991 (Published July 1992) (pntents Society Business Minutes of the Meeting of 7 January 1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 4 February 1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 2 March 1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 1 April 1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 5 May 1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 3 June 1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 7 October 1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 4 November1991 Minutes of the Meeting of 2 December 1991 Review of the Year Press release: National Tropical Botanical Garden Zella E. Ellshoff...Hawaiian Endangered and Threatened Plant Taxa Conference Announcements Book Review: Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Directovy of Sources for Hawaiian Native Plants Publication History, Newsletter, Hawaiian Botanical Society *K Published by the Hawaitan Botanical Soctety, whtch was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all ite phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands ts eltgible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawait 96822. 18 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1991 President: Vice- President: Treasurer: Secretary: Directors: Executive Council Heidi Bornhorst(The Nature Conservancy) Timothy Motley (UH, Botany Department) George Staples (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Committees appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Newsletter: Conservation: Science Fair: Native Plants: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Editor: Clifford Smith (UH) assisted by Fiona M. Norris (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Steve Montgomery (UH) Rylan N.S. Yee (Data House) David Fisher (UH,Botany Department) Clifford Smith, Chair, (UH) Ken Nagata, (Lyon Arboretum) Evangeline Funk, (UH) John Obata, (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros, (Haleakala National Park). wee eeeeedvkeeedekeeeeee eee ne eee ee ake eke keene heeee eee eee dedeeaeee a MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $ 7.50 per year Student membership is $ 4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership ( individuals only) is — $150.00 — Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 30(2-4) 19 MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 7 JANUARY 1991 President Heidi Bornhorst opened the meeting at 7:30 p.m. Minutes The minutes were read by Donald Gowing and accepted without amendment. Treasurer’s Report George Staples read the Treasurer's Report for the Month of December and for the year 1990. He pointed out that we spent $300.00 more than we took in and that we should be judicious about future donations. New Business It was announced that there would be a field trip to Ka Papa Lo‘i o Kanewai on February 10, the Sunday following the February meeting at 9 a.m. on Dole Street, across Manoa stream from Frear Hall. Lyndon Wester announced 2 weed-pulling parties at Koko Head. One on Sunday, 13 January, which will be with the Hawaii Audubon Society. Meet at Hanauma Bay parking lot at 8 a.m. and the same arrangements for Saturday, 26 January. Joan Canfield reported the status of the court settlement suit against the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service which included the Hawaiian Botanical Society. It required the Service to list 150 category 1 candidate species by 1992 (50 each year). Derral Herbst recently hired Joan Canfield, Zella Elshoff and Joan Yoshioka who are working on the requirements needed to list species. As of September 1990, 52 were proposed and to date 32 more are finished. Three plants thought to be extinct have been rediscovered, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, and Diella unisora. Federal protection laws go along with State laws and our State has some protection laws regarding private property. Joan explained what has to be done to get a species listed as rare and endangered. 20 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Scientific Program Plant of the Month Heidi Bornhorst introduced the Plant of the Month Speaker, Rick Palmer who is a graduate student at UH Manoa, doing his research on the genus Trematolobelia. The title of his presentation was: Trematolobelia, ‘Amakihi and ‘lI‘iwi, How to Study Plants and Bird Watch at the Same Time. He showed beautiful and unusual slides of Trematolobelia spp. in flower. One sequence of slides showed the Kaua'i ‘Amakihi and ‘I‘iwi feeding on the flowers. He also shared with us some stunning pictures of lava flowing into the ocean in the moonlight which he had just taken over this recent New Year’s Holiday. Heidi Bornhorst also introduced our evening’s speaker, Art Medeiros, who works for the Haleakala National Park. His title was: “ Montane Bogs of Haleakala: Biology and Conservation”. Art told us there are 7 bogs on Maui, 5 in the Park, at an altitude of 4750-7500 ft. The first botanist to visit Wal‘anapanapa was Forbes in 1919. The endemic bird life in Maui bogs is rich and he showed us slides of ‘Amakihi, ‘Apapane, ‘I‘iwi, Maui Creeper or “Maui Butterball”, Crested Honeycreeper or ‘Akohekohe, estimated at 3800 individuals, Maui Parrottbill, estimated at 500, and Nukupu‘u, estimated at 40. There is fossil evidence of additional bird species such as rails-and flightless geese. He then showed us beautiful slides of many Maui bog endemic plants. A serious problem is a pig that appears to be a variety of barnyard swine believed to have originated from a piggery in 1929. He showed us slides of serious pig damage before fencing. There are 2 more bogs on West Maui-‘Eke Crater and Pu‘u Kukui and a bog on Kaua‘i’s Mount Wai‘ale‘ale, again with beautiful and unusual endemics to those areas. Wai‘ale‘ale had no pigs in the late 70’s and early 80’s, but recently there were large pigs up there doing considerable damage. National Parks, Nature Conservancy, DLNR, and Maui Land and Pineapple are working to save Maui and Moloka‘i bogs, but Kaua‘i's Wai‘ale‘ale Bog is unprotected. The Robinsons own part of the summit and land up to it. North and East is the state Alaka‘i Wilderness area. At present there is no active management. However, hope lies in a new District Forester. The area is about 100 acres. Respectfully submitted, Leilani Pyle, for the Secretary. VOLUME 30(2-4) 21 MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 4 FEBRUARY 1991 President Bornhorst opened the meeting at 7:35 p.m. Guests Donald Gowing introduced Loyal Mehrhoff as a guest. He is the new research botanist at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Dr. Abbott introduced Fiona and Richard Norris. Fiona is the new collections officer at Bishop Museum and Richard is a research assistant to Dr. Abbott. Anyone wanting to become a member was asked to see Dr. Gowing. Minutes The minutes of the January meeting were read and accepted without amendment. Secretary Pang thanked Leilani Pyle for taking the January minutes in his absence. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's Report for January 1991 was read and accepted. Membership Committee Donald Gowing noted that Mr. and Mrs. Bradley F. Waters and Drs. Fiona and Richard Norris were accepted as members of the Society. Old Business George Staples reminded the members of the trip to Ka Papa Lo‘i o Kanewai this Sunday to be led by Ron Fenstenmacher. George Staples also announced that the Executive Board had approved continuing the support of the Science Fair by donating prizes this year as it had in the past. New Business: Dr. Abbott announced that Pacific Island Protection proposes a National O‘ahu Wildlife Refuge at Kipapa gulch and the mountains of La‘ie. She noted the importance not only of the endangered and potentially endangered plants, but also the endemic Hawaiian tree snails. She asked the Society for its support for the Refuge. After much discussion it was moved and accepted that Dr. Abbott would write a letter supporting the concept and that the Society would review the Environmental Assessment. 22 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Scientific Program Vice President Tim Motley introduced Benton Pang, graduate student at UH Manoa, as the Plant of the Month Speaker. His title was, “The Ethnobotany of Olona, (Touchardia latifolia) . He showed slides of the Hawaiian uses of this fiber plant. This plant was unique in the strength of the cordage derived from its fibers and in that it was the only endemic plant that was cultivated by the early Hawaiians. He also discussed his progress on seed propagation experiments that have never before been documented. It is hoped that more information on this plant can give us more insight to the cultural value as well as scientific data on this endemic plant. Vice President Motley introduced Dr. Reinhard Heuttl, visiting professor in the Botany department at UH Manoa. His talk showed examples, problems and solutions of New Type Forest Damage in Europe and North America. Some of the problems were related to mineral deficiency, such as calcium or potassium deficiencies, that cause a yellowing of the leaves of conifer trees. Much of his research has followed two hypotheses: 1) dieback impact by gases and pollutants and 2) indirectly through the soil. The possibility that a virus was a factor was tested and was found insignificant. His slides of his past and current research on conifers in Europe and the U.S. were welcomed as a new topic for the Society. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 2 MARCH 1991. President Bornhorst opened the meeting at 7:35 p.m. Minutes The minutes for February were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's Report for February was read and accepted. Membership committee Donald Gowing proposed James Raich and Drs Loyal Mehrhoff and Ralph Riley for new members. All were accepted into the Society VOLUME 30(2-4) 23 Old Business Secretary Pang gave a brief report on the field trip to Ka Papa Lo‘i o Kanewai. The secretary also sent the appropriate letters to the Metropolitan government of Tokyo about Anijima Island. A letter will be sent to the City and County of Honolulu about establishing a botanical garden near Makapu'u. Scientific Program The Plant of the Month speaker was Evangeline Funk, who discussed two endangered species and a weed. The weed was Crassula siberiana from Australia and now at Pohakuloa. The two endangered plants were Ophioglossum concinum and Aubutilon menzesii, both at Puako, Hawai'i. Tim Motley introduced the speaker of the month, Peter McRoy, visiting professor from Fairbanks University, Alaska. As _ chief biologist for the Alaskan Oil spill on March 24, 1989 and scientific advisor of the Alaska State department of Conservation, Dr. McRoy gave his talk on the scientific efforts used during the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 1 APRIL 1991 President Bornhorst opened the meeting at 7:35 p.m. Minutes The minutes of the March Meeting were read and accepted. Membership committee Dr. Gowing announced that Bernard Stearns, Rexford Palmer, and Allyson Joyce Gross were accepted as members of the Society Old Business Letters were sent to the City and County Director of Parks and Recreation regarding the establishment of a botanical garden at the Makapu‘u end of Sandy Beach. 24 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY New Business | President Bornhorst told members to bring their plants and money to the June meeting for a plant raffle. Scientific Program The Plant of the Month speaker was President Bornhorst who spoke about the genus Scaevola_ in Hawai'i. Tim Motley introduced the speaker of the month, Paul Weissich, Director Emeritus of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens. His talk focused on Xeriscape plants and Xeriscape landscaping in Hawai'i. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 5 MAY 1991 President Bornhorst called the Meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. and welcomed guests. Minutes The Minutes of the April Meeting were read and accepted . Membership Committee Beth Miura was admitted to membership in the Society. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's Reports for March and April were read and accepted. New Business Lyndon Wester reported that weeding of the area and the recent heavy rains at Koko Head Crater had resulted in a renewed growth and development of the endemic population of Marsilea villosa. President Bornhorst noted that the June Meeting will include a plant exchange. She also noted a call from the Newsletter Editor, Clifford Smith, for papers related to the purposes of the Society. VOLUME 30(2-4) 25 Scientific Program Plant of the Month Speaker: Vice President Timothy Motley spoke on the Urticaceae of Ta’u Samoa. These range in size from small shrubs to full-sized trees. He described some interesting species from Elatostema, Neraudia, Pilea, and Pipturus. The principal speaker was Dr. Loyal Mehrhoff of the Botany Department, Bishop Museum, who talked on his work with whorled Pogonia orchids in the montane forests of Eastern USA. His work compared and contrasted the reproductive biology of two species, Isotria medeoloides (rare, solitary) and /. verticillata} (common, larger), both of which are self-compatible, but apparently require the help of some active agent for successful reproduction. In addition, he noted that the populations behaved differently, that there was an obvious relationship between individual behavior and population patterns, and also between individual plant vigor and the size of the population. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 3 JUNE 1991. President Bornhorst called the Meeting to order at 7:30 p.m., and welcomed Burton C. Lum of the Hawaii Plant Conservation Center as a guest, and Drs. Herb and Florence Wagner, Society members from Michigan. Minutes The Minutes of the May Meeting were read and approved. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's Report for May was read and accepted. Membership committee Burton C. Lum was admitted to membership in the Society. New Business The Sierra Club, Hawaii Chapter, is sponsporing a trail-building Project at Maunawili, and invites participants. 26 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY There is correspondence from the USFWS on the listing of endangered species available for inspection by those interested. The Executive Board has agreed that the Nature Conservancy, in its testimony in Federal hearings on threats from alien weed species, can also indicate the support of the Society. The Halawa Xeriscape Garden offers unthirsty plants for sale. Scientific Program Dr. George Staples, of the Botany Department, Bishop Museum, spoke on “Pursuing Porana Across Asia, Part 2. [Part 1 was given in October 1990.] He described his research and collecting experiences in Burma and Thailand. He described the 7 floristic regions of Thailand, noting that each had its own botanic garden, and the talk was as informative and enjoyable as Part 1 had been. A plant raffle was held as the usual refreshments were served. Respecfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 7 OCTOBER 1991 President Bornhorst called the Meeting to order at 7:30 p.m., and welcomed guests . Minutes The Minutes of the June Meeting were read and approved. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's Report for June was read (by Vice President Motley) and acepted. Membership Committee Jill Laughlin, Joan C. Hare, and William J. Hahn were admitted to membership in the Society. VOLUME 30(2-4) 27 New Business Announcements: The packets of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, on listing of endangered species, were available. Comments may be made up to 19 November. A Nominating Committee (Benton Pang, Timothy Motley, and Leilani Pyle) was appointed, and will report to the Society at the November Meeting. Scientific Program The Plant of the Month Speaker was Vice President Motley, who discussed 4 plants from Kealakehe, Hawai'i, all endemics that grow on a’a lava amongst koa haole and Schinus. The plants were uhiuhi (Caesalipinia kauaiensis, listed as endangered), ‘aiea (Nothocestrum breviflora, a candidate for the endangered listing), Neraudia ovata (also a candidate), and /sodendrion pyruvifolium. This last species was thought to be extinct, since it had last been collected in 1870, but it was re-discovered by K. Nagata this year. The principal speaker was Dr. Fiona Norris, Collections Manager, Botany Department Bishop Museum. Her talk was on the flora of South Africa, and after an introduction on the National Botanical Gardens there, she showed plants illustrating several different environmental regions in the Republic. The Cape Fynbos region holds the greatest diversity in the flora, but the forests, savanna, and high altitude grasslands also provide a very wide variety of plants, many of which are familiar to gardeners in Hawai'i. Everyone appreciated this enlightening and enjoyable look at the rich flora of the area, and discussion continued in the refreshment period which followed. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE MEETNG OF 4 NOVEMBER 1991 Vice-President Motley opened the Meeting at 7:35 p.m., in the absence of the President, and welcomed guests. Minutes The Minutes of the October Meeting were read and approved. 28 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Membership Committee Keith Tomlinson was admitted to membership in the Society. Old Business The Nominating Committe proposed the following candidates for 1992 -- President, Timothy Motley; Vice-President, Loyal Mehrhoff; Secretary, Benton Pang; Treasurer, to be selected; and Directors, Isabella Abbott and Leilani Pyle. Nominations from the floor can be made at the Annual Meeting in December. Dr. Steven Montgomery had earlier asked the Society for $100 in support of the printing and distribution costs. of a _ poster describing the threat from a new alien weed species, Miconia calvescens . The Society had approved this, and Dr. Montgomery brought in copies of the poster. New Business Dr. Lyndon Wester asked the Society's help in building a gate at the Koko Head Crater, to protect the Marsilea villosa there from vehicular traffic. Dr. Fiona Norris has accepted the editorship of the Newsletter, following Dr. Clifford Smith, who has served a most appreciative Society for 14 1/2 years. Dr. R. Fenstemacher asked the Society for a letter of support to be addressed to the University, requesting that it reconsider present plans for siting the new Hawaiian Studies Building. The plans now Call for it to be located near the Diamond Head end of the lo’. This would interfere with the auwai, the canal supplying water to the rare and endangered plant collection now growing there. He stressed that the group involved with the lo’i, Ho’okahi Wai Ho’oulu ‘Aina, fully supports the new center for Hawaiian Studies, but that this group should be consulted on the matter of the site. V.P. Motley appointed Benton Pang and Loyal Mehrhoff as a committee to draft the letter. Scientific Program Plant of the Month Speaker Benton Pang talked on Ka Uluwehi o Ke Kai, Hawaiian uses of Limu, describing the traditional and contemporary uses, and the areas where the suitable seaweeds can be found. VOLUME 30(2-4) 29 The principal speaker was Dr. Charles Lamoureux, Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hawaii. His title was “The Spice Islands, Where History and Botany Converge”. He illustrated his review of the regional history and geography, and the work of Rumphius and others since, with his excellent slides. It was a both a most informative and enjoyable presentation Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF 2 DECEMBER 1991. President Bornhorst called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m., and welcomed the guests. Minutes The Minutes of the November Meeting were read and approved. The review of the year's activities was presented by the secretary and is reproduced below. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's Reports for November, and for the year, were read. Treasurer Staples noted that an auditor should be appointed. He was thanked for his services, and it was noted that there will be a new Treasurer in the coming year. Membership Committee Kevir Beach, Peter Schuyler, Sterling Keeley, and Coleen Cory were admitted to membership in the Society. Chairman Gowing noted that Society now numbers 163 members, down slightly from the previous year. New Business Dr. David Fisher of the UH Botany Dept. will be leaving for a new position, and we will need another representative for the Science Fair activity. Zella Ellshoff of the USFWS distributed information relating to the Service’s current and proposed listings of endangered plants, in which the Society has taken an active interest. 30 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The candidates proposed by the Nominating Committee were presented, and there were no other nominations. Hence, the following were elected, by acclamation, for 1992:- President Timothy Motley, Graduate Student, U.H. Vice-President Loyal Mehrhoff, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum Treasurer Kevin Beach, GraduateStudent, U.H. Secretary Benton Pang, Graduate Student, U.H. Directors Isabella Abbott, Botany Dept., U.H. Leilani Pyle, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum. The retiring President, Heidi Bornhorst, the Editor of the Newsletter, Fiona Norris, and the Chairman of the Membership Committee, Donald Gowing, serve ex officio with the officers above as the Executive Board of the Society. Scientific Program Plant of the Month: Donald Drake, Graduate Student, U.H, “Some endemic species of the Island of Hawaii.” Principal Speaker :The Presidential Address, by Heidi Bornhorst, was “Where do we stand on xeriscape plantings with native plants? She illustrated her talk with slides of native Hawaiian plants particularly suited to drought, and showed examples of landscaping by hotels using such materials. REVIEW OF THE YEAR Officers and members of the Executive Board for the year have been:- President -- Heidi Bornhorst, The Nature Conservancy, Hawal'i Vice President -- Timothy Motley, Graduate Student, Botany Department, UH Secretary -- Benton K. K. Pang, Graduate Student, UH Treasurer -- George Staples, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum Directors -- Isabella Abbot, Botany Dept., UH Leilani Pyle, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum VOLUME 30(2-4) 31 Society activities Society members have assisted in maintaining the Marsilea villosa reserve at Koko Head in weeding parties on several occasions. There was a field trip in February under the leadership of Dr. R. Fenstemacher, to Ka Papa Lo’i O Kanewai, for familiarization with these plantings of endemics off Dole St. The Society wrote several letters to government agencies, on preserving a native forests on Anijima Island (Saipan); on establishing a botanical garden at Makapu’u; and others. We participated in the Science & Engineering Fair, providing judges and awards in relation to botany. We supported the Earth Day program, and the printing of a poster on an alien weed (Miconia calvescens) which has become a severe pest elsewhere. Scientific Programs January Plant of the Month, Richard Palmer, Grad. Student, Botany, U. of H., “Trematalobelia, ‘Amakihi, and ‘l'iwi: How to study plants and bird watch at the same time.” Principal Speaker, Arthur Medeiros, Haleakala National Park, “Montane bogs of Haleakala: Biology and conservation.” February Plant of the Month, Benton Pang, Grad. Student, U. of H., “Ethnobotany of olona (Touchardia latifolia).”. Principal Speaker, Reinhard Huettl, Botany Dept., U. of H., “New type forest damage in Europe and North America.” March Plant of the Month, Evangeline Funk, Botanical Consultants of Hawaii, “On two endangered species [Ophioglossum concinnum, Abutilton menziesii] and a weed [Crassula _ siberiana].” Principal Speaker, Peter McRoy, Fairbanks Univ., Alaska, “New troubles with very, very, old plants -- the Alaskan oil spill.” April Plant of the Month, Heidi Bornhorst, The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i, " The genus Scaevola " 32 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Principal Speaker, Paul R. Weissich, Director Emeritus, Honolulu Botanic Gardens, “Trends in Hawaiian Landscaping.” May Plant of the Month, Timothy Motley, Graduate Student, U. of H., “Urticaceae of Ta’u, Samoa.” Principal Speaker, Loyal Mehrhoff, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum, “The biology of whorled Pogonia orchids.” June Principal Speaker, George Staples, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum, “Pursuing Porana across Asia, Part 2.” October Plant of the Month, Timothy Motley, Graduate Student, U. of H., on “Four rare endemics from Kealakehe, Hawaii.” Principal Speaker, Fiona Norris, Botany Dept., Bishop Museum, on the “Flora of southern Africa.” November | Plant of the Month, Benton Pang, on “Ka Uluwehi o Ke Kai, Hawaiian uses of limu.” Principal Speaker, Dr. Charles Lamoureux, Assoc. Dean, College of Arts & Sciences, U. of H., “The Spice Islands, where history and botany converge”. December Plant of the Month, Donald Drake, Graduate Student, U. of H., “Some endemic plants of the Big Island.” Principal Speaker, Heidi Bornhorst, the Nature Conservancy, Hawai'i, “Where do we stand on xeriscape plantings with native Hawaiian plants? Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Kiamoku Pang, Secretary VOLUME 30(2-4) 33 NATIONAL TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN Press Release The Hawaii Plant Conservation Center of the National Tropical Botanical Garden has been awarded a 3-year grant by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for major support of its work in native plant conservation. This is the second 3-year grant that the MacArthur Foundation has awarded to the NTBG's Hawaii Plant Conservation Center (HPCC). The HPCC carries out vital conservation work to collect and propagate native plant species as well as to conduct educational outreach programs. Ten new undescribed species have been discovered, and five native Hawaiian plants previously considered by scientists to be extinct. Tables 1 and 2 below give some pertinent information. Over 90 percent of the flowering plants in Hawaii are unique to the islands, a far greater percentage than anywhere else on earth. Of those plants, well over one-half are now considered extinct, threatened or endangered. Many of these are now flourishing at NTBG.. The State of Hawaii and the National Center for Plant Conservation also support NTBG's work with Hawaiian plants. Both have recently renewed funding which will be used to protect and grow these precious resources, including many which have never been studied before. The National Tropical Botanical Garden now has the largest living collection of native Hawaiian plants in the world. NTBG is chartered by the United States Congress as a research and education garden to study and conserve the world’s tropical plants. The NTBG's headquarters garden is located in Lawai, Kauai. NTBG also has gardens and preserves on the islands of Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii, and in south Florida. With collections of tropical plants from all over the world, including many threatened and endangered species. For more information about the HPCC please write or call: Dr. Diane Ragone, HPCC Coordinator Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, Lawai, Hi 96765 (808) 332-7324 34 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY TABLE 1: Collections of species believed to be extinct, or not recently seen Species Island Status Alsinidendron viscosum Kauai Listed as extinct,last collected in 1917 Cyanea linearifolia Kauai Listed as extinct, last seen in 1909 Cyanea remyi Kauai Last seen in 1850's Cyanea undulata Kauai Listed as extinct, last seen in 1909 Cyanea cyaneoides Kauai Listed as extinct, seen in early 1900's Gardenia remyi Kauai Possibly not seen here in 70 years Hedyotis coriacea Maui/HI Listed as extinct, last seen in late 1800's Hedyotis mannii Lanai Last seen in 1912 Melicope quadrangularis Kauai Listed as extinct. last seen in 1909 Poa mannii Kauai Listed as extince, last seen in 1916 Schiedea stellarioides Kauai Listed as extinct, last seen in 1916 Tetramolopium arenarium Hawaii Listed as extinct, last seen in late 1800's TABLE 2: New Island Records or new populations Species Island Status Bidens campylotheca Kauai New island record Brighamia insignis Kauai Newly discovered population, only 2 plants Delissea rhytidosperma Kauai New plant, new population Euphorbia haeleeleana Kauai New population Gouania mayenii Kauii New island record. Hesperomannia arborescens (Kauai New population Hesperomannia lydgatei Kauai New location Hibiscadelphus distans Kauai New location Melicope pallida Kauai New location Ranunculus mauiensis Maui New location Remya mauiensis Maui Only area known Remya montgomeryi Kauai New location Schiedea membranacea Kauai New location Schiedea nuttalli Kauai Only population known on island Schiedea spergulina leiopoda Kauai Only known population Schiedea spergulina spergulina Kauai New location Silene lanceolata Oahu Only one plant, new island record Viola helenae Kauai Largest population ever found. VOLUME 30(2-4) 35 HAWAIIAN ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANT TAXA Zella E. Ellshoff U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service In December 1989, conservation groups (including the Hawaiian Botanical Society) represented by the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund filed an action in Federal District Court in Honolulu against Manuel Lujan, Secretary of the Interior. In the action, it was alleged that the Department of the Interior and the Fish and Wildlife Service ("Service") were violating the Endangered Species Act by failing to list Category 1 Hawaiian plants as endangered or threatened in a timely manner. A Category 1 plant is one for which the Service has on file substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support a proposal to list it as an endangered or threatened species. An endangered species is one which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. A threatened species is one which is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. In January 1990, the Department of the Interior responded to the allegations, and in May 1990 a settlement agreement was reached. The Department of the Interior agreed that the Fish and Wildlife Service would propose for listing 186 Hawaiian plant species, 50 by the end of September 1990 and the remaining by September 30, 1992. A listing proposal is a proposed regulation published in the Federal Register which would determine that a species is endangered or threatened. Usually within a year a final determination is published. Progress on listing proposals has been efficient since the settlement of the law suit, and, as of the end of 1991, a total of 63 taxa were listed as endangered or threatened, 65 additional taxa had been proposed for listing, and 50 more taxa had listing proposals in preparation. This fast pace of proposing species for listing has been possible because of a methodical technique of assembling resources and writing listing packages. The Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, the new flora of the Hawaiian Islands published by the University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press and co-authored by the Service's Pacific Islands Office senior botanist, Derral Herbst, updated and compiled into one source all the currently known information about the 36 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY | taxonomy and distribution of the flora and has been an invaluable resource in this process. Members of other organizations involved in field work on Hawaiian plants have been very cooperative in sharing up-to-the-minute knowledge about distributions and conditions of species being proposed for listing. Information provided by the Hawaii Heritage Program of The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii has been especially helpful. Grouping species by ecosystem or geographical area has allowed from 2 to 26 species to be proposed at once, and such factors as habitat descriptions, land ownerships, and threats can be handled for the entire group rather than repeating the same information in different listing proposals for each species. Following is a table summarizing progress which has been made in listing Hawaiian plant species: SUMMARY TABLE HAWAIIAN ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANT TAXA Already. listed 63 taxa t—t—~—S Proposed for listing 65 taxa Proposals in preparation 50 taxa To be proposed 10 taxa -—GRANDTOTAL)——‘(<‘<‘ TW dB taxa!!™OC~™ Following is a list of plant taxa that have been listed, that have been proposed, for which listing packages are being prepared, or for which packages will be prepared. Listed and proposed are endangered unless indicated as being threatened. VOLUME 30(2-4) 37 LISTED ENDANGERED AND THREATENED HAWAIIAN PLANT TAXA (63 taxa) | Abutilon eremitopetalum Abutilon menziesii Abutilon sandwicense Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Alsinidendron obovatum Alsinidendron trinerve Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense Bidens cuneata Caesalpinia kavaiensis Centaurium sebaeoides Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana Chamaesyce kuwaleana Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergiil Cyanea macrostegia var. gibsonii Cyanea pinnatifida Cyanea superba Cyanea undulata Diellia falcata Dubautia herbstobatae Dubautia pauciflorula Gahnia lanaiensis Gardenia brighamii Gouania_ hillebrandii Gouania meyenii Haplostachys haplostachya Hedyotis degeneri Hedyotis parvula Hedyotis st.-johnii Hesperomannia arbuscula Hesperomannia lydgatei Hibiscadelphus distans Isodendrion hosakae Kokia cookei Kokia drynarioides Labordia lydgatei Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylila Lipochaeta_ tenuifolia Lipochaeta venosa Lobelia niihauensis Neraudia angulata Nototrichium humile 38 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Panicum fauriei var. carteri Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis Phyllostegia mollis Remya kauaiensis Remya mauiensis Remya montgomeryi Sanicula mariversa Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense Scaevola coriacea Schiedea adamantis Schiedea apokremnos Schiedea kaalae Silene perlmanii Stenogyne angustifolia Tetramolopium filiforme Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum Tetramolopium remyi Urera kaalae Vicia menziesii Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana Viola helenae Viola lanaiensis PROPOSED ENDANGERED AND THREATENED HAWAIIAN PLANT TAXA (65 taxa) Acaena exigua Alectryon macrococcus Argyroxiphium kauense Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (Threatened) Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha Bidens wiebkei Brighamia_ insignis Brighamia_rockii Canavalia molokaiensis Chamaesyce halemanui Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. brevipes Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis Cyanea _ asarifolia Cyanea lobata Cyanea mannii Cyanea mceldowneyi Cyanea procera VOLUME 30(2-4) 39 Cyrtandra limahuliensis Cyrtandra munroi Delissea rhytidosperma Diellia laciniata Dubautia latifolia Exocarpos luteolus Geranium arboreum Geranium multiflorum Hedyotis cookiana Hedyotis coriacea Hedyotis mannii Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus Hibiscus clayi Huperzia (Lycopodium) mannii Lipochaeta fauriei Lipochaeta kamolensis Lipochaeta micrantha Lipochaeta waimeaensis Lysimachia filifolia Lysimachia_ lydgatei Marsilea villosa Melicope haupuensis Melicope knudsenii Melicope mucronulata Melicope pallida Melicope quadrangularis Melicope reflexa Munroidendron racemosum Nothocestrum peltatum Peucedanum sandwicense Phyllostegia mannii Phyllostegia waimeae Poa sandvicensis Poa siphonoglossa Pritchardia munroi Pteralyxia kauaiensis Schiedea haleakalensis Schiedea lydgatei Schiedea spergulina Silene alexandri Silene lanceolata Solanum sandwicense Stenogyne bifida 40 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Stenogyne campanulata - Stenogyne kanehoana Tetramolopium rockii (Threatened) Wilkesia hobdyi Xylosma crenatum OTHER HAWAIIAN PLANT TAXA WITH LISTING PACKAGES CURRENTLY BEING PREPARED (50 taxa) Koolau Mountains, Oahu, Package Chamaesyce deppeana Cyanea truncata Cyrtandra crenata Cyrtandra polyantha Eugenia koolauensis Hesperomannia arborescens Lobelia oahuensis Lycopodium nutans Melicope lydgatei Rollandia crispa Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Island of Nihoa Package Amaranthus brownii Pritchardia remota Schiedea verticillata Island of Hawaii Package Clermontia lindseyana Clermontia peleana Clermontia pyrularia Colubrina oppositifolia Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii Cyanea shipmanii Cyanea stictophylla Cyrtandra_ giffardii Cyrtandra_ tintinnabula Hesperocnide sandwicensis Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Ischaemum byrone Isodendrion pyrifolium VOLUME 30(2-4) 41 Mariscus fauriei Nothocestrum breviflorum Ochrosia kilaueaensis Plantago hawaiensis Portulaca sclerocarpa Pritchardia affinis Silene hawaiiensis Tetramolopium arenarium Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Multi-lsland Package Adenophorus periens Bonamia menziesii Diellia erecta Flueggea neowawraea Hibiscus brackenridgei Mariscus pennatiformis Neraudia sericea Plantago princeps Sesbania tomentosa Solanum incompletum Spermolepis hawaiiensis Vigna o-wahuensis OTHER HAWAIIAN PLANT TAXA TO BE PROPOSED BEFORE OCTOBER 1992 (10 taxa) Waianae Supplemental Package Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Diellia unisora Gouania vitifolia Fern Package Asplenium fragile Ctenitis squamigera Diplazium molokaiense Pteris lidgatei Single Species Packages Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii Tetramolopium capillare 42 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT PLANT STRESS» IN THE © ~ TROPICAL | ENVIRONMENT September 20-25, 1992 Kailua-Kona, Hawaii Sponsored by: U.S. Department of Agriculture ; The Pacific Basin Advisory Group The Carribean Basin Advisory Group College of Tropical Agriculture & Human _ Resources ' The University of Hawaii PLANT STRESS in the TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT September 20-25 1992. This workshop, sponsored by the USDA and the Caribbean and the Pacific Basin Advisory Groups, will focus on environmental stress on plants in the Tropics. Using the 'Gordon Conference’ format, the meeting will assess the impact of environmental stress on tropical agriculture, identify information gaps and stimulate future research on tropical plants. Conference organization is under the chairmanship of H. Michael Harrington, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Tel. (808)-956-6069. Society Members may obtain a copy of the brochure, that includes a registration form by calling Dr Harrington during business hours. VOLUME 30(2-4) 43 CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT The 19th Annual Natural Areas Conference and the 14th Annual Meeting of the Natural Areas Association will be held on the Indiana Campus in Bloomington, Indiana from October 27-30 1992. Conference topics include: Natural area conservation and protection (national and international) Rare Species inventory, management, monitoring and recovery Social aspects of natural area management Public land management Disturbances in natural systems Urban natural areas Natural area management (including exotics, visitor impact etc.) Forest fragmentation Old growth forests Building big reserves Climatic change and other global issues, and Great Lakes system. To receive further information and a brochure on registration, please contact Natural Areas Conference Registration, Division of Nature Preserves, 402 West Washington Street, Room W267, Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 (317-232-4052) BOOK REVIEW SEABIRDS: AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE. Paperback Edition 1991. Peter Harrison. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1 Beacon St., Boston MA 02108. 448 pp. and 88 color plates. $ 24.95 paperback and $ 35.00 in hardcover. When the original hardcover edition of this field guide was published in 1983, it was immediately praised as the definitive identification guide for the seabirds of the world. Prior to its publication, W.B.Alexander’s 1928 publication was the standard seabird guide. 44 NEWSLETTER HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Compiling a worldwide guide was. a massive undertaking. The author and artist, Peter Harrison, traveled the globe and spent eleven years gathering information,writing and illustrating the book. The guide contains species accounts, and color range maps, of 312 different seabirds and 88 color plates. It covers 19 families of seabirds in full, from King Penguins to Parakeet Auklets. It also has an abbreviated section on those waterfowl (Anatidae) normally referred to as “seaducks”, such as mergansers, scoters and eiders. The front sections of the guide contain a glossary of terms,an illustration of seabird “topography” and a quick summary of the major seabird groups, stressing comparative characters most useful for field identification. The seabird species commonly seen in and near Hawaii are well covered. The arrangement of the color plates allows the reader to compare the true Fairy Tern (Sterna nereis, from Australia) with Hawaii’s White Tern (Gygis alba) also popularly, but incorrectly, referred to as a Fairy Tern. The color plates illustrate over 1600 birds of the 312 species, in various plumages, covering in some detail the confusing adult breeding, adult non-breeding, sub-adult, first and second winter plumages and so on. Although it is well known that Hawai'i has breeding populations of terns, but not of gulls, gulls do sometimes find their way to Hawai'i. This guide has good illustrations and summaries to help the inexperienced observer to sort out the numerous plumages. Some readers may prefer photos to artwork, but, as Roger Tory Peterson pointed out in the foreword, a photo is a split-second record whereas as drawing is a composite of the artist’s field knowledge of the bird and conveys more information. This field guide definitely belongs in the field pack or reference library of every professional ornithologist, serious birdwatcher and natural history buff in Hawai'i. Marie P. Morin VOLUME 30(2-4) 45 Directory of Sources for Native Hawaiian Plants The Hawali Plant Conservation Center isa special program of the Natlonal Tropical Botanical Garden dedicated to the study and conservation of native Hawallan plants, especially rare and endangered species. It was founded In 1989 with a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. A Directory of Sources for Native Hawalian Plantshas been produced by the Hawall Plant Conservation Center. Thisdirectory answers the growing need for information about how to obtain native Hawaiian plants for use in landscaping. While Hawai Is renowned for beautiful tropical gardens, most of the plants commonly used In landscaping have been Introduced from other parts of the world. Part of the work of the Hawail Plant Conservation Center has been to encourage the horticultural use of native Hawaiian plants through education programs. Adirectory of commercial nurseries and individuals throughout the state who offer native plants for sale and those who offer support services was compiled. Over 400 growers in Hawali were. surveyed, and the resulting Directory of Sources for Native Hawaiian Plants has been produced for sale. The directory lists source names by isand, with malling addresses and phone numbers; percentage of business in native plants and specific native plants available; services provided; and shipping area. Illustrationsof selected species are included, along with brief descriptionsand a key to Hawalian names. ; For more information and order forms, please contact: Colleen Lopez, Education Coordinator Hawaii Plant Conservation Center, National Tropical Botanical Garden P.O. Box 340, Lawal, Kaual, Hawail, 96765. (808) 332-7324, FAX 332-9765 Hawaii Plant consewalion Center. VOLUME 30(2-4) 46 PUBLICATION HISTORY, NEWSLETTER, HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Volumes 1-13 were ina 8.5” x 11” format, Vols. 14-30 ina 6.5 x 8.5” format. Issues out of print can be supplied as Xerox copies (10 cents per page, if in excess of the price shown below). Vol. Year Issues Pages Notes Dues at 1 1962 8 43 Some numbers out of print $2.00 2 1963 9 144 Some numbers out of print 2.00 3 1964 o 40 Some numbers out of print 2.00 4 1965 5 34 2.00 5 1966 5 53 Nos. 4+5 combined, issued 1967 3.00 6 1967 5 44 Nos. 1+2 combined 3.00 7 1968 is 40 Issue 3 (June) shows as Vol. VI 3.00 8 1969 3 30 Some issues out of print 3.00 9 1970 5 48 Nos. 1+2+3 combined 300 10 1971 5 58 3.00 11 1972 5 52 5.00 12. .1973 5 35 5.00 13 1974 2 25 5.00 Index to Vol.1-13 17 Index priced at $1.00 (1.00) 14 1975 8, 123 New format.Some now out of print 5.09 15 1976 5 96 Nos. 1+2 combined. Some issues now out of print. 5.00 16 1977 5 79 Nos. 1+2, 3+4 combined 5.00 17 1978 5 83 Nos. 1+2, 3/5 combined 5.00 18 1979 5 59 Nos. 1+2, 3/5 combined; Nos. 3/5 bound with Vol. 19 1250 19 1980 a 63 Cover shows Vol. 18 3/5; Vol. 19 starts at p. 60 7.50 20 1981 1 27 Cover labelled "Vol. 21" 7.50 21 1982 1 27 7250 22 1983 1 43 D200 23 1984 £ 35 7350 24 1985 3 95 7.50 25 1986 3 119 7.50 Index, Vols 14-25 43 Issued Feb.. 1987 asi 26 1987 4 79 1.00 27 1988 4 13i 7.50 28 1989 4 83 7.50 29 1990 4 63 750 30 1991 4 46 Issued 1992; Nos. 2-4 combined 1450 Index, Vols.26-30 15 Issued July 1992 a NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 —\ ,y : \ \ cw Ps a ius | ie <— ee vere aaa c val > | —, an ; eA ~,. Newsletter Volume 31(1) November 1992 (pntents SOCIETY BUSINESS: MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS OF 6 JANUARY, 3 FEBRUARY AND 2 MARCH 1992 2 CONTRIBUTIONS A NEW AND INVASIVE GRASS ON MAUI by Lloyd Loope and Arthur C. Medeiros 7 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CRYPHONECTRIA SP AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR MYRICA FAYA by Charles S. Hodges and Donald E. Gardner 8 MARCH PLANT OF THE MONTH by Scot Medbury 14 BOOK REVIEW: SHOREBIRDS: AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE 14 ANNOUNCEMENT: MOUNTAIN CLOUD FOREST MEETING 15 Published by the Hawattan Botanical Soctety, which was founded tn 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany tin all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the - sptrtt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawatian Islands ts eligtble for membershtp. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Matle Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 2 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY a a OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1992 Executive Council President: Timothy Motley (UH, Botany Department) Vice-President: Loyal Mehrhoff (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Treasurer: Kevin Beach, (UH, Botany Department) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors: Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Leilani Pyle, (Bishop Museum,Botany Department) Committees appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Newsletter: Editor: Fiona M. Norris (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair, (UH) Ken Nagata, (Lyon Arboretum) Evangeline Funk, (UH) John Obata, (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros, (Haleakala National Park). @eenerneee eae th ete th he heehee heath eh hee awa hah ee thhe ee ee eee eae MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $ 7.50 per year Student membership is $ 4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership (individuals only) is $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 31(1) 3 ———— eee i a a sm a ee ee a ee ee eS MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF JANUARY 6, 1992 President Timothy Motley called the first meeting of 1992 to order at 7:40 p.m. Minutes Secretary Benton Pang read the minutes for the December meeting. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's Report was read by Secretary Pang in the absence of Treasurer Kevin Beach. Membership Committee Membership Committee Chairman Gowing reported the passing, on December 12, 1991, of Dr. Harold St. John, Professor of Botany (Emeritus) at the University of Hawaii, Manoa, for many years a researcher at the Bishop Museum, and a long time member of the -Hawaiian Botanical Society. All will miss his contributions to Hawaiian Botany and his faithful presence at our meetings. Dr. Gowing also noted that Sagarika Dash had joined the Society as a student member, and recorded that the following had chosen Life Membership in the Society: Dr. Charles H. Lamoureux, Dr. Daniel D. Palmer, Mr. Toshihiko lkagawa. Special Committee Report: Ka Papa Lo‘i o Kanewai Dr. Mehrhoff read the draft letter to the University Board of Regents, requesting that they reconsider the current plans on the siting the new Hawaiian Studies Building. The letter was approved by the Society. New business: Geary Mizuno has made a donation of $125 to the Society for the Neal-Miller Fund, which is used in support of projects in the public interest. | The Royal Botanical Garden at Kew has requested back issues of the Newsletter, which will be supplied at cost, on approval of the Executive Board. President Motley read a letter from Dr. Elizabeth Anderson, Society member, making some suggestions for increasing membership and attendance at meetings. 4 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY ce eS ae er nr er OO OO ee ee ee ee eee ee Scientific Program The Plant of the Month Speaker was introduced by President Motley. Dr. Loyal Mehrhoff, of the Botany Department Bishop Museum, talked about his research in the reproductive biology of two rare varieties of the lobeliad, Cyanea grimesiana. Vice President Mehrhoff then introduced the principal speaker, Coleen Cory of the University of California at Irvine. Her title was “Hummingbird Pollination at Wilson Botanic Garden, Costa Rica. After describing the garden, she discussed her most interesting research involving the factors affecting pollination of native and non-native plants by the several species of hummingbirds common in the area. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali‘i Pang, Secretary. MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 3 FEBRUARY 1992 President Motley opened the meeting at 7.30 pm and introduced the guests: Richard Stark, Mark Franklin and Cliff Morden. Minutes The minutes of the meeting of 6 January were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. Special Committee The letter to President Simone regarding Ka Papa Lo‘'i 0 Kanewai will be sent out soon. Matters arising from the executive meeting The Executive Committee proposed to allocate $400 from the Neal- Miller fund to the production of an Earth Day poster. The motion was seconded and accepted. President Motley read the reply to Elizabeth Anderson. The Society still requires an Auditor. VOLUME 31(1) S) ce ce ee ee ee a a a ee ne ce ee ee ES SS New Business Dr S.H. Sohmer introduced Artis Vinas, Curator of the Bulolo Forestry Institute Herbarium and Dr Ben Stone of the Flora of Philipp’ 9s Project. He also announced that Dr Wayne Takeuchi had taken a post with the State of Hawaii and that the Botany Department was looking for a replacement to assume duty as a plant collector in Papua New Guinea. Secretary Pang announced a seminar on Landscaping with Native Plants to be held on Saturday 29 February at the Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden. Secretary Pang also announced the introduction of a bill declaring melastomes as plant pests. Scientific Program Speaker for the Plant of the Month, Dr Bill Magruder, was introduced by Vice-President Mehrhoff. The topic was the spread of Cladophora in the waters off Ka‘anapalo, Maui. Dr Magruder showed a video of the algal bloom. Vice-President Mehrhoff then introduced Bill Garnett of The Nature Conservancy, Hawaii who spoke on the Gardens and Botanical resources of the Indo Pacific. After the scientific program, Ted Green gave a brief ‘show and tell’. Refreshments were served at the close of the meeting. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali'i Pang, Secretary. MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 2 MARCH 1992 The President, Tim Motley, opened the meeting at 7.40 pm Minutes Minutes of the Meeting of 3 February were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. 6 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Old Business No auditor has been found for the Society's books. New Business The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i is not extending its preserve management of the Marsilea villosa population at Koko Head at the end of its tenure on March 30. It will recommend that the Sierra Club take over the responsibility. A request was made that reading of the minutes and treasurer's reports be replaced by tabled documents. This matter will be discussed by the Executive committee with reference to the constitution and addressed at the next meeting of the Society. Scientific Program Vice-President, Loyal Mehrhoff, introduced the speaker for the Plant of the Month: Scott Medbury of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens. The topic was "Araliaceous Trees presently in growing at the Wahiawa Botanical Garden" The Vice-President introduced the speaker of the month: Kevin Beach, graduate student in the Botany Department at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. His talk was entitled "Algal Succession on New Lava Flows.” Mr Beach included a literature survey on research on marine succession but focussed on his own interests in marine succession on the intertidal areas on the Big Island, Hawai'i. Refreshments were served at the conclusion of the meeting. Respectfully submitted, Benton Keali'i Pang, Secretary. VOLUME 31(1) rh A NEW AND INVASIVE PAMPAS GRASS ON MAUI by Lloyd Loope and Arthur C. Medeiros We have recently discovered that instead of a single species, two very similar South American species of pampas grass, Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Asch. & Graebn. and Cortaderia jubata (Lem.) Stapf, are ornamentals and sparsely naturalized in upcountry Maui. Until now, only C. selloana has been recognized in the literature as occurring in Hawai'i. Cortaderia jubata is an aggressive weed in California and elsewhere, and is clearly an undesirable introduction to the Hawaiian Islands. Both species are similar bunch grasses with coarse saw-edged leaves well over 1.5m in length and silvery, plume-like inflorescences on stalks 2m or more in length. Our tentative identification of the second Maui species as C. jubata was recently confirmed by Dr. Paul Peterson at the U.S. National Herbarium in Washington D.C. The two species are most easily distinguished by floral characters and the presence of abundant hairs on the culm sheath and abaxial leaf sheath of C jubata (vs. glabrous, or nearly so, in C. selloana ). We have been aware of a large stand of Cortaderia on private land- along Haleakala Highway at an elevation of 1,000 m for nearly a decade, but inquiries to the landowner have been unproductive. Beginning in 1987- 88, seedlings of C. jubata, became apparent along Haleakala Highway at 1,200-1,800m elevation. For the first time in October 1989, several roadside plants developed flowering stalks, which were removed. _ In late October 1989, a large individual of Cortaderia with flowering stalks over 3 m tall was sighted from a helicopter by National Park personnel just inside the Park boundary, at 2,010 m elevation, on the wall of Haleakala crater in Ko‘olau Gap. Flowering stalks were destroyed by Park personnel in 1989. In July 1990, just prior to its flowering, the entire plant was destroyed ( with great difficulty), The plant appeared large enough to have flowered in at least one year prior to 1989. In early 1992, seven seedlings were found and destroyed in the immediate area of Haleakala Crater. In the upper Kula area within 2 km of the large concentration which appears to have been the original seed source, at least 25 flowering plants of C. jubata have been established from seed. Another invasive population occurs adjacent to a nursery in the Olinda area. Cultivated plants of C.jubata also occur on several properties in the Makawao area. Cortaderia selloana occurs widely on Maui ( e.g.Wailuku, Waihe‘e), but we have thus far found only C. jubata in the ‘upcountry area’ of East Maui. Based on literature on the species in California, C. jubata is most likely to thrive in Hawai'i in mesic, middle-to-high elevation sites not 8 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY occupied by closed vegetation. It seems clearly capable of invading Haleakala Crater. Once established, the seedlings of C. jubata grow rapidly, reaching flowering size within 2-4 years, and become very large and very difficult to destroy. Cortaderia jubata should be classified as a ‘noxious weed’ under Hawai'i Administrative Rules and aggressively eliminated. Such an action should not involve excessive controversy since the similar, but non-invasive, species C. selloana is equally, if not more, attractive as an ornamental plant. EES EES SEE EES GEE EES GEES ES GEE GE GS SOE SE Se ee ee ee ee PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF CRYPHONECTRIA SP. AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR MYRICA FAYA Charles S. Hodges Department of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7616 and Donald E. Gardner CPSU/UH Department of Botany University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 INTRODUCTION Myrica faya Ait. is a small tree native to the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands. It was introduced into the Hawaiian Islands during the late 1800's by immigrants from the Azores and Madeira and has since become established in disturbed forest areas, wastelands, pastures, and, in some cases, undisturbed forest areas where it competes successfully with native vegetation. It sometimes forms such dense stands that other vegetation is completely shaded out. The plant is considered to be a noxious weed and considerable effort has been expended to control it using mechanical and chemical means (Gardner and Kageler, !982), but with only limited success. Because M. faya is often closely associated with native vegetation, some of which is threatened or endangered, even effective chemicals often cannot be used. This has led to search for insects and pathogens VOLUME 31(1) 9 which might be used as more host specific biological agents for control of the plant. In this regard several exploratory trips have been made to the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands (Krauss, 1964; Hodges and Gardner, 1985; Gardner et al., 1988) to look for potential biological control agents. During these trips, several pathogenic fungi were identified which were Causing damage to M. faya in its native habitat. In the earlier trips, made by entomologists F. A. Bianchi and N. L. H. Krauss between 1955 and 1962, two fungi were found in addition to the several insect species collected. ARamularia destructiva Phil. & Plowr. caused a shoot blight on M. faya, but no attempt was made to introduce the fungus into Hawaii. Dothiorella sp., also associated with a shoot blight, was found to be highly pathogenic to M. faya in studies conducted in Portugal (Azevedo, 1960). However, it was also found to be pathogenic to several economic fruit trees grown in Hawaii, and no further studies were made on this fungus. During our trips in 1984 and 1987, these same two fungi were again observed. In addition, two other fungi, Nectria galligena Bres. and Cryphonectria sp., were found. Both fungi were associated with stem and/or branch cankers. WNectria galligena is a cosmopolitan species «hich causes cankers on a large number of fruit and forest trees, thus it is less likely to be a good candidate as a biological control agent. Although the Cryphonectria has not yet been identified to species (there is a possibility that it may be new), two other species of Cryphonectria, C. cubensis (Bruner) Hodges and C. parasitica (Murr.) Barr, are much more host specific and cause serious diseases on species of Eucalyptus and Castanea, respectively. For this reason, it was felt that further studies with this fungus were warranted. Unfortunately, plant quarantine regulations prohibit laboratory, greenhouse, or field evaluation of pathogenicity to M. faya and other plant species in Hawaii. The Biological Control Program was, however, able to obtain a small amount of space in the plant quarantine facility of the USDA Plant Disease Research Laboratory at Fort Detrick, Maryland. Because space was limited, it was possible to evaluate pathogenicity and host specificity only on small sections of freshly cut branch or stem segments of different plant species. This technique had been utilized previously with C. cubensis, and with one exception, it correctly identified the known field susceptibility of I3 tree species in the Myrtaceae (Hodges et al., 1986). The pathogenicity of Nectria galligena was also evaluated on M. faya and a few other species. 10 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MATERIALS AND METHODS Branch or stem sections, approximately 15 cm long and 2-4 cm in diameter, of M. faya and I|6 other species of native Hawaiian and introduced tree species were collected in Hawaii, dipped in three percent hydrogen peroxide, the cut ends coated with melted paraffin, and shipped immediately to the plant quarantine facility at Fort Detrick. The sections were again dipped in three percent hydrogen peroxide and allowed to dry immediately before inoculation. Inoculum of the Cryphonectria sp. and N. galligena was grown on a commercial preparation of potato dextrose agar in Petri dishes. Inoculations were made by placing a piece of agar on which the fungus was growing in a wound approximately 1 cm square made 2 cm from one end of the section with a sterile scalpel: Five sections of each tree species were inoculated. Immediately after inoculation, the sections were placed in a plastic box containing moist paper towels to maintain high humidity--one plant species inoculated with one fungus in each box. Data on growth and development of the fungi were taken after 5 weeks incubation. Development of the fungus was determined by discoloration of the cambium. The following is a list of the tree species inoculated: Acacia koa A. Gray Koa Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder Cheirodendron trigynum (Gaud.)Heller Olapa Coprosma montana Hillebr. Pilo Eucalyptus sp. Eucalyptus llex anomala_ Hook. & Arnott Kawau Juglans regia L. English Walnut Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche Macadamia Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill Apple Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. Ohia Myoporum sandwicense A. Gray Naio Myrica cerifera L. Waxmyrtle Myrica faya Ait. Firetree Myrsine lessertiana A. DC Kolea Psidium cattleianum Sabine Strawberry Guava Santalum_ sp. Sandlewood Sapindus saponaria L. Soapberry Sophora chrysophylla_ (Salisb.) Seem. Mamane VOLUME 31(1) 3 At RESULTS Growth of Cryphonectria sp. on sections of the different species could be placed in five categories: |. No growth. No evidence of fungus development was present in the Cambium on nine species--koa, kawau, macadamia, mamane, ohia, pilo, sandlewood, soapberry, and strawberry guava. The cambium on all nine species remained alive during the course of the study, and all of strawberry guava and three of the sections of kawau were sprouting at the end of the study. The flap of bark above the inoculation wound was dead on all sections of all species. On strawberry guava, the fungus formed fruiting bodies on the surface of the dead bark flap on all five sections, on four of the five sections on macadamia, and on two of the five sections of kawau. No fruiting occurred on the sections of the other six species, although the fungus appeared to have developed on the inoculum piece in the wound. 2. Slight growth. Slight growth (5-lI0 mm) was made on at least some sections of four species. All sections of English walnut and kolea showed slight growth. The fungus was fruiting on the surface of the bark flap on all sections of kolea and on two sections of walnut. Slight growth was noted on two of five sections of red alder and one of five of apple, but no fruiting occurred. 3. Moderate growth. The fungus developed on all sections of waxmyrtie inoculated, with growth varying between 4-6 cm from the point of inoculation. The fungus was fruiting on the bark flap over the point of inoculation and up to 2 cm from the point of inoculation. One of the five sections of eucalyptus also showed fungus development 5 cm from the point of inoculation with fruiting over much of this area. No growth was evident on the other four sections, but fruiting occurred on the bark flap on two sections. The fungus grew about 2 cm on one of five sections of naio but no fruiting was observed. In addition, the cambium on one section was completely dead, but no fruiting was observed on the bark flap or over areas of dead cambium. No growth or fruiting was observed on the remaining sections. 4. Excellent growth. On firetree, the fungus grew to the end of all five sections from the point of inoculation (about 10-12 cm), and was fruiting up to 5 cm from the point of inoculation. 12 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY re ee ee SE A SS A SS Se SS ee ee ce ee a 5. Anomalous results. The cambium completely died on all sections of olapa with no evidence of fruiting of the fungus, even on the bark flap. Cambial death on sections of this species is not believed to be caused by the fungus. The cambium on all five sections of waxmyrtle inoculated with Nectria galligena was completely dead. Unlike Cryphonectria, however, no fruiting bodies of the fungus were formed on the inoculated sections, and it could not be determined with certainty that the death was due to activity of the fungus. On macadamia, however, four of the five sections showed evidence of fungal growth and the fungus formed perithecia on one section. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The growth and fruiting of Cryphonectria on sections of firetree in this study does not give an indication of the virulence of this fungus on living trees, and thus its potential as a biocontrol agent in this respect. Inoculation of living trees growing under greenhouse or field conditions would be necessary to determine this. However, the study does indicate that the fungus is relatively host specific, which is another important characteristic of a good biocontrol agent. The study included |8 species in 17 genera occurring in |4 families. Of the I8 species of plants tested, the fungus did not grow at all on nine, and it grew very poorly on four additional species. Its growth on two additional species, naio and eucalyptus, is problematical, having made discernible growth on only one of five sections inoculated for each species. Good to excellent growth was made only on firetree, the original host of the fungus; and waxmyrtle, which belongs to the same genus. It is highly unlikely that the fungus would make better growth on living, intact trees than on stem and branch sections as used in this study. In fact, it is more likely that the fungus would not grow at all on living trees of any of the species tested, including those with only a few millimeters of growth, with the exception of firetree and waxmyrtle. The death of olapa cambium on all of the sections during the incubation period is probably a natural condition for detached stem sections unrelated to inoculation. This study indicates that pathological studies with Cryphonectria on firetree and other hosts could be undertaken under greenhouse and/or field VOLUME 31(1) 13 ce ce cn i eS LT conditions in Hawaii with minimal danger of the fungus spreading to nontarget hosts. LITERATURE CITED Azevedo, N. |960. Dothiorella sp. agente de murchidao em Myrica faya A\t. Publicacoes da Direccao dos Servicos Florestais e Agricolas 27: \Ql- iS: Gardner, D. E., and V. A. D. Kageler. 1982. Herbicidal control of firetree in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: a new approach. Ecological Services Bulletin No. 7. United States National Park Service; Washington, D. C., |3 pp. Gardner, D. E., G. P. Markin, and C. S. Hodges. 1988. Survey for potential biological control agents for Myrica faya in the Azores and Madeira. Cooperative Park Studies Unit Technical Reporn No. 63. Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 22 pp. Hodges, C. S., and D. E. Gardner. 1985. Myrica faya: potential biological control agents. Cooperative Park Studies Unit Technical Report No. 54. Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 42 pp. Hodges, C. S., A. C. Alfenas, and F. A. Ferreira. 1986. The conspecificity of Cryphonectria cubensis and Endothia eugeniae. Mycologia 78: 343- 350. Krauss, N. L. H. 1964. Insects associated with firebush (Myrica faya Aiton). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society \8: 405- 4\l. 14 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MARCH PLANT OF THE MONTH: HAWAIIAN ARALIADS Scot Medbury, Horticultural Curator Honolulu Botanical Gardens The native and naturalized flora of Hawai'i includes species in six Araliaceous genera. Schefflera and Hedera are represented by one species each: both are alien escapes. Cheirodendron, with five Hawaiian species, and Reynoldsia, with one native species, are indigenous genera also found elsewhere in Polynesia. The remaining two genera are endemic to Hawaii: Tetraplasandra, with six species (including 7. gymnocarpa of O'ahu's Ko‘olau range, which has been proposed for listing as an endangered species); and the monotypic genus Munroidendron, found only in three small populations on Kau‘ai and noted for its long, pendulous inflorescence. Species of Tetraplasandra, as well as Reynoldsia sandwicensis and Munriodendron racemosum, may be seen growing side by side in the Wahiawa Botanical Garden. Some of these specimens are nearly thirty years old and are the result of the pioneering efforts by BOTSOC members John Obata and Paul Weissich in the cultivation of native plants of Hawai'i. BOOK REVIEW SHOREBIRDS: AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE Paper back Edition 1991. Peter Hayman, John Marchant, and Tony Prater. Houghton Mifflin Co., 1 Boston St., Boston MA 02108. 412 pp and 88 color plates. $24.95 paperback and $50.00 hardcover. This identification guide is a natural companion to the previously-released book entitled "Seabirds: an identification guide”, also from the same publisher. It is an indispensable reference for professional biologists, naturalists and serious’ birders, summarizing the field characters, habits and normal distributions for the shorbirds of the world. The book is arranged according to family and covers all of the birds in the order Chardriiformes. Our only resident endemic shorebird, the Hawaiian Stilt ( Himantopus himantopus knudseni), is treated as a race of the Black-winged Stilt in this field guide. Migratory shorebirds from several continents can also be found in the Hawaiian Archipelago, either regularly or as accidental, and this guide has excellent color plates for assisting in identifications. Shorebirds in general, and especially the many similar sandpipers VOLUME 31(1) 15 — ee eS a se ce eS ——-. (eg Calidris ) are often difficult to identify in the field. This book has the best compilation of sexual, age-related, and seasonal plumages that | have yet seen. Because positive shorebird identification often requires exact observations of minute plumage and size differences, detailed bird topography and terminology is illustrated at the start of the book. This is followed by a two-page discussion about shorebird conservation, emphasizing the worldwide destruction of species and loss of habitat that man has caused. The authors suggest that listing birds should not be regarded as an end in itself but that bird observers should try to put their observations to good use in the conservation of these species. The bird color plates face the distribution maps so that an observer can immediately ascertain whether an identification is likely because of the bird's known distribution, or so unlikely as to necessitate a photograph and verification by other experienced birders. The color plates are folowed by species accounts, which include references for those readers with unsated curiosity, Especially difficult species pairs or species groups are compared in a table at the end of the book. | enthusiastically recommend this field guide to ornithologists and other serious students of natural history. Nancy P. Morin rr a ee ee ee a ee ee ee ee ee eS eS MOUNTAIN CLOUD FOREST MEETING A symposium/workshop focussed on the hydrological and biological functions and importance of cloud forests is being proposed for April 4-8, 1993. A_ state-of-knowledge synthesis will be attempted, the threats to these valuable ecosystems will be assessed and some kind of program to protect them will be proposed. Scientists working in mountain forests who have a broad interest in their conservation and managers of these ecosystems are invited to apply for participation. Numbers must be limited in order to have effective working groups. The meeting will be held on the island of Hawai'i and is being Organized by the East-West Center, Environment and Policy Institute. Send expressions of interest and a brief summary of your cloud forest work to: Dr. Lawrence S. Hamilton, EAPI, East-West center, 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu HI 96848. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 1992/| Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 10th St. and Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 K ewsletter ® ING F , re, = / i ~yroa : Volume 31(2) Decemb (pntents SOCIETY BUSINESS: MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS OF 6 APRIL, 4 MAY AND 1JUNE 1992 19 CONTRIBUTIONS NOTES ON WEEDS - VI by Clifford W. Smith 23 MELASTOME ACTION COMMITTEE by Clifford W. Smith 25 CURATORIAL UPDATE ON THE WORLD COLLECTION OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN HERBARIUM PACIFICUM by Keith Tomlinson 28 ANNOUNCEMENT: CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION REINTRODUCTION SYMPOSIUM 31 K Published by the Hawattan Botanical Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany tn all tts applications, encourage research in botany in all tta phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirtt of good fellowship and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawattan Islands ts eligible for membership. Informatton may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. 18 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY a a a ee a a ne ee ee ee oe OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1992 Executive Council President: Timothy Motley (UH, Botany Department) Vice-President: Loyal Mehrhoff (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Treasurer: Kevin Beach, (UH, Botany Department) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors: Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Leilani Pyle, (Bishop Museum,Botany Department) Committees appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Newsletter: Editor: Fiona M. Norris (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair, (UH) Ken Nagata, (Lyon Arboretum) Evangeline Funk, (UH) John Obata, (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros, (Haleakala National Park). eeewaee eee te te eee eee eee em reer ae ee eee ee ee ee eee eee eee eh eee MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $ 7.50 per year Student membership is $ 4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership (individuals only) is $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 31(1) 19 a ce cr cr a ee SO OO OOS OOO OO OOS OO nee sl er ee eo MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 6 APRIL 1992 President Motley opened the meeting at 7.30 pm. Guests for the evening were Lloyd Bensen, Patrick Connor and Al. Koga. Minutes Minutes of the meeting of 2 March were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report The treasurer's report was read and accepted. Matters arising from the executive committee meeting President Motley informed the Society that the reading of the minutes and the Treasurer's Report was part of the Order of Business as stated in the Constitution of the Society. New Business Ron Fenstemacher of Ka Papa Lo'i 0 Kanewai brought in the Hawaiian mint, Haplostachys haplostachya or honohono. Volunteers are required to provide snacks after society meetings. Please see any of the officers. Judges at the State Science Fair on 8 April were Benton Pang and Winona Char. First place prizes in Junior and Senior sections are $50 check and a copy of the book La‘au Hawaii by Dr Isabella Abbott. Second and third prizes in the Senior Division were donated by Char and Associates. Secretary Pang announced the book signing reception for the new ethnobotany book Lau‘au Hawa‘ by Dr Isabella Abbott to be held in the Atherton Halau , Bishop Museum from 5.30-7.30 pm on Tuesday 7 April. Hawaiian food and demonstrations of Hawaiian crafts were planned. Members were invited to attend. Larry Nakahara announced the listing of prohibited and restricted plants for Hawai'i. He asked the Society to submit their lists to the State Quarantine for review. He also announced the hearing on the revision of the rules for noxious weeds to be held on 7 April at 7 pm. 20 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY nr a ar ar rr rr a cc a rr rr rr re rs me a er ce cr a a ee we ee ee ee ee ee Dr. Montgomery of the noxious plant task force announced that they have already added 40 plants to the 50 proposed by the State. Scientific Program Vice President Mehrhoff introduced Richard Palmer, Ph.D Candidate in the Botany Department of the University of Hawaii. His talk was on ODelissea rhytidosperma and D. subcordata or haha of the Campanulaceae. Of the 9 species described in the Manual of Flowering Plants of Hawaii, these are the only 2 species extant in the wild. Delissea rhytidosperma is a rare endemic pf Kaua'i in mesic forests and OD. subcordata_ is now found only on O'ahu in the Ko'olau and Wai'anae Mountains. He brought in examples of the two species he is currently growing for his research. Vice President Mehrhoff then introduced the Speaker of the Month, Dr Diane Ragone, Director of the Plant Conservation Center at the National Tropical Botanical Garden. She described the Center's focus and efforts in growing native Hawaiian plants for education, aesthetic and genetic resources. She brought maile,Alyxia Olivaeformis, and ‘ohai Sesbania tomentosa for members to take home. The audience spent some time talking to the speakers, looking at the haha and honohono and choosing their plants before retiring to the adjacent room for refreshments. Respectfully submitted Benton K. Pang, Secretary eee tme ee eae m ee eee eee eee teehee eee eee ee hehehe eee ee eee eee eet MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 4 MAY 1992 President Motley opened the meeting at 7.35 pm. The introduced guest was Dr David Webb. Minutes Minutes of the meeting of 6 April were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report. The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. Membership Committee Five new members were nominated and elected: T.Blake Lance, HSPA; Patrick Conant; Dr. and Mrs A.L. Bogle; Steven Perlman and Phillip Thomas. VOLUME 31(1) 21 cam ee ee ee ee eS ——— Science Fair Committee The adjudicators, Benton Pang and Winona Char announced the awards. Ist Place,Senior Division An award of $50 plus a signed copy of /7‘au Hawai'i to Anna Ishikava of Kamehameha Schools for ii: project: Antibacterial testing and Isolation of components of Asparagopsis taxiformis (limu kohu). 2nd Place,Senior Division An award of $25 donated by Char and Associates to Valerie Makino of Mililani High School for her project: An ancient cure for a headache. 3rd place,Senior Division An award of $25 donated by Char and Associates to Alisa Kurosaki of Mc Kinley High School for her project: Antibacterial properties of Noni. 1st Place, Junior Division An award of $50 and a signed copy of La‘au Hawai'i to Shayna Sung of Waimea High School for her project: Developing a solar powered germination chamber. | New Business The executive committee nominated Don Gowing for honorary membership of the Society in acknowledgement of his help and Quidance within the Society. Dr Gowing was elected unanimously by written ballot at the meeting. A symposium on Cloud Forests was announced ( see Volume 31(1) page 15 for details). Susan Miller requested that the Society sent letters to Senators and Representatives urging continued Federal support of the USFWS and National Parks. An announcement reminded members of the proposed plant sale at the next meeting. Donations of plants were requested. Scientific Program Vice-President Mehrhoff introduced the Plant of the Month speaker, Tim Motley, who spoke about the genus Labordia ( Loganiaceae). Also called kamakahela, this endemic genus of 15 species is closely related to Geniostoma a genus found in the Pacific, outside Hawai'i. One exciting species he showed was7~ Labordia triflora found above Kaunakaka on Molokai This species, re-discovered by Joel Lau, had not been seen since the 1890's. 22 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Speaker of the month was Dr Sy Sohmer, Chairman of the Botany Department at the Bishop Museum. He soke on the philippine Flora Project, the goals, the groups involved and its importance for plant conservation in the Philippines. This 10 year co-operative project between the Philippine National Herbarium and the Bishop Museum, will document the flora of the past and present. Phase one is the plant collecting phase under the direction of Dr Ben Stone and the Collections Management phase under the direction of Dr Domingo Madulid The third phase will be the writing of flora accounts. The emphasis of the project is to support the conservation of what remains of this critically threatened flora. @em ee tee tht meme ew eo eea eh we eee ete he eW te tee te em mh ee eh oe the eh he meme ee hehe tee eee MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF | JUNE 1992 President Motley opened the meeting at 7.30 pm. Introduced guests were Peggy Oyama and family, Andrew MacCartney, Paul Bernhardt and Frank and Dianella Howarth. Minutes Minutes for the meeting of 4 May were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. Membership Committee James L. Ingamells and John McDonald were proposed and accepted as members of the Society. Old Business In response to a request by Susan Miller of the Natural Resources Defense Council, letters were sent to appropriate Congressional Senators and Representatives to request an increase in funding for the USFWS and National Parks Service. New Business The Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund notified the Society about a meeting, on 20 June at UH Manao Campus Center,.to discuss the State Office of Planning proposal on land use boundaries. The meeting was scheduled for 10 am -12 noon. The Society received the following correspondence: VOLUME 31(1) 23 Thank you letters from recipients of the Society's awards at the Science Fair: Brochure from Waimea Falls about upcoming events; Source Directory for Native Hawaiian Plants compiled by the NIbG. Notice was given of the Plant Raffle to be held after the meeting. A special committee was nominated to accept the invitation from Dr Haunani Kay-Trask to tour the Kanewai Gardens. Scientific Program Vice-President Loyal Mehrhoff introduced the speaker for the Plant of the Month, John Obata, who spoke about the native Rhamnaceae of Hawai'i. Of special interest was his observations of the endangered Gouania vitifolia which has one plant left in the Wai'anae Mountains. Ken Wood was Speaker of the Month. He talked about the rare and new species of plants of Kaua'i. Ken works part time for the National Tropical Botanical Garden and Hawaiian Plant Conservation Center as a field botanist pollinating rare plants on the steep cliffs of Kaua‘i and collecting seeds. He showed many pictures of newly discovered, rare and endangered plants from the perspective of a mountain climber. His unique slides were enjoyed by the members present. Plant raffle and refreshments followed the meeting. NOTES ON WEEDS - VI Clifford W. Smith Botany Department University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu Hi 96822 USA ASTERACEAE 7 Senecio madagascariensis This weed is a new threat to Hawaiian ecosystems. It was first reported by a visiting biological control specialist from Australia, Dr. K. Harley. On Hawaii, it occurs along the upper road from Kamuela to Hawi from which it has already spread down as far as the road from Kamuela to Kawaihae. It appears that it is already 24 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY beyond normal control. On Kauai, it was found in a highway cut on the road to Puhi close to the junction to Koloa at a bridge widening project. It is suspected that it may have been a contaminant of the hydromulch that was used to stabilize the bank. This infestation appears to have been eradicated but people should be aware of it in case it escaped. Any sightings of an unknown yellow daisy should be reported to the Department of Agriculture office immediately. It is a potential danger to livestock. The plant contains a toxic Substance that can kill cattle. Fortunately, fresh plant material is distasteful and generally not eaten. However, if the plant is cut down and dried the repellant material is destroyed but the toxin is not. MELASTOMATACEAE Medenilla magnifica Art Medeiros reports having seen two seedlings of this species on the banks of a cinder pit in Healani Gardens, Hana, Maui. This sighting is no clarion call to eradicate any plants that you see. | report it only because the presumed failure of .M. magnifica to reproduce in Hawaii has frequently been put forward as an argument against banning the further importation of all melastomes. Miconia calvescens This species has been in the news frequently this year. Betsy Gagne's recollections of the problem in Tahiti were vividly impressed on the conservation community in Hawaii by two posters. The most startling was its description as a “Green Cancer"; a description which subsequent information from Tahiti has confirmed. A consortium of concerned citizens and organizations on Maui put out an informal poster decribing the threat to the island's forests. A front-page article in the Maui News brought the problem to the attention of a much wider audience. As a consequence, Dr. Lloyd Loope, Haleakala National Park, who was acting as the chief organizer of the action committee received a number of tips of other localities from which the plant was known including one where someone had been unable to get the plant established, i.e., lao Valley. A group of volunteers cleared Healani Gardens and adjacent properties of the original tree and several thousand seedlings. Dr. Loope presented a paper on the problem at the Pacific Science Congress in August. His presentation was followed by a very informative article in the Honolulu Star Bulletin. Another poster, professionally printed this time, was produced by State Department VOLUME 31(1) 25 of Agriculture, Pest Control Branch. See the article “Melastome Action Committee"(below) for more information on proposed actions against this species. Tibouchina herbacea The spread of this species has been addressed in these Notes previously. The intensification of the infestation in several watershed areas has become a serious problem for the resource managers. The weed has since dispersed to pastureland where it is also spreading because cattle will not eat it. Late in 1990, the Resource Conservation and Development program on Maui decided to form a committee to discuss the problem and consider ways to counter the threat. Their initial focus was just on 7. herbacea for which they coined the common name “cane tibouchina” because of its cane-like growth. See the article "Melastome Action Committee" (below) for more information on proposed actions against this species. @enetrteeteaeeth whe eteh teh teem m thea hawt thee eh oe h eh heme Oh eh he Wh ewe eet ee eh ee ee MELASTOME ACTION COMMITTEE Clifford W Smith Botany Department University of Hawaii at Manoa 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu Hi 96822 USA Tibouchina herbacea has become a serious problem in the forest reserves of Maui and Hawaii. It has also begun invading pastureland where cattle avoid it. Late in 1990 the Tri-isie Resource Conservation and Development program decided to establish a committee to discuss the problem, propose solutions, and try to find financial support for the management of the pest. The committee consisted of representatives of the following organizations: U.S. Department of Agriculture Resource Conservation and Development Soil Conservation Service Forest Service U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service State Department of Agriculture 26 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY a a a ae ee ee ee ee ee ee State Department of Land and Natural Resources Department of Forestry and Wildlife University of Hawaii at Manoa Botany Department Cooperative Extension Service The Nature Conservancy Hawaii Maui Land & Pineapple Co. At its first meeting, there was a lively discussion on whether the program should focus on cane tibouchina or on all melastome problems in the area. The Miconia problem was very much in the news. The lack of focus which might follow expanding the scope of the program was a concern as was the enormity of the problem of dealing with all melastomes. In the end it was decided to focus on the two major pests, cane tibouchina and miconia. At subsequent meetings a proposal "PREVENTING THE LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST RESOURCES BY CONTROLLING MELASTOME PLANT PESTS" was drafted for submission to the 1992 Hawaii State Legislature. The report noted that melastomes have been introduced into Hawaii as ornamental plants since the turn of the century. By 1975, the problems created by Koster's Curse (Clidemia_ hirta) were so pervasive that the state initiated its first intensive control and research program against a member of this family. The species has since spread to all major islands. Three biological control agents have been introduced of which one is partially effective. Others are known but further work has not been conducted. Two other species, miconia and cane tibouchina, have recently caused considerable concern in conservation and forest management circles. Both species pose major problems to several segments of the state community because: -the ranching industry is losing pasturage to cane tibouchina requiring the diversion of funds and personnel to its management; -their continued expansion threatens future watershed management; -all three species are among the most severe long-term threat to the continued existence of native forests, ecosystems, and their associated wildlife; and, -a number of endangered species are threatened with extinction if any of these species invade their habitat. Presently, extensive control programs by state and federal agencies, as well as private landowners, can only protect limited areas but do VOLUME 31(1) 27 _— a a a a a a ni a a a a a a a a ae ee ee ee ek nothing to stop further infestations. No estimates have been made on the cost of controlling these species but it would be enormous. A long-term state-wide management plan is needed to halt the spread of melastomes and reverse their adverse impacts. Immediate management needs include the declaration of these species aS noxious, an early warning system to identify and eradicate new infestations particularly when found on islands not already infested, support to foster government and volunteer eradication programs, and the initiation of a research program on their biological control. The committee identified the following management and research needs: -identify and map the distribution of all melastome species statewide; -evaluate a control method using high density stocking; -develop control methods suitable for small landowners; -conduct exploratory research in the home environments of these plants for potential biocontrol agents followed by further screening of suitable agents in Hawaii; -prepare educational materials for people affected by the weed. For the first year, the committee proposes to: -map the distribution of all melastomes in the Islands including horticultural plantings; -determine the feasibility of biological contro! by sponsoring exploratory studies on three of the most threatening species; -encourage the state to declare all melastomes as noxious species; -evaluate the effectiveness of manual control as a feasible method for containment if not eradication; -promote public awareness of the problems created by these pests; and, -provide educational materials for affected groups. The proposed cost of the first year of this project to the state would be $50,800 in FY92. 28 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY ee nee ween + ood oe ee CURATORIAL UPDATE ON THE WORLD COLLECTION OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE HERBARIUM PACIFICUM Keith P. Tomlinson Department of Botany, Bishop Museum During 1991 & 1992 several thousand new specimens were added to the world collection of the Herbarium Pacificum as a large backlog was processed. This project was made possible by a National Science Foundation facilities grant (BSR -89-12364). Over one hundred genera and six families were added to the existing collections. Many, but not all, of these new specimens arrived from the Pacific, Asia and Australia Taxa from outside the Pacific and Asia include several valuable "region specific” collections from a variety of habitats. The largest of these collections come from various locations in South America. Representative specimens from the lowland tropics of Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia were included. In addition, several highland species were part of this material. Of particular interest are numerous ericad genera from Montane cloud forest and Paramo habitats in the Andes. A new family to the Herbarium, the Rhabdodendraceae, arrived with these collections. A large and well documented collection from tropical Africa was also processed as part of the backlog. The vast majority of these specimens were from the equatorial west African nation of Gabon. While the tropics of Africa are recognized as floristically less complex than Asia or South America most of the specimens were not represented in our collections before this. Twentyseven genera new to our collections arrived as part of this material. Nearly all of these are endemic to the African tropics. Our collection from temperate regions expanded as the backlog was processed. The largest component came from the former Soviet Union and included a broad spectrum of herbaceous flora from the Grassland Steppe of'the western Ukraine and several new accessions of north temperate genera. Later in the year we processed another large European collection of herbaceous plants from the low Arctic of Scandinavia. Notable among these specimens were _ large collections of northern range Scrophulariaceae and Lamiaceae. VOLUME 31(1) 29 a a a a a a a a a eo Specimens from the tropical Pacific, South East Asia and Australia were the largest additions to the world collection. Substantial collections arriving as gifts and exchange from Australia contained tropical and arid range taxa from that isolated flora including examples from the endemic family Davidsoniaceae. Predictably, rich collections of the Myrtaceae were part of this material too. Many additions of Australian Eucalyptus species have been added to the world collection. Several excellent duplicate specimens have arrived from South East Asia. Particularly good material from Kalimantan, Sulawesi and various islands in the Banda Sea have provided many genera new to the herbarium. Similarly, new material from the Philippines has arrived. Most of these specimens come from the archipelago’s northern islands of Luzon and Mindoro. Accessions from the Pacific have been dominated by new material from the island of New Guinea. These collections come primarily from the work associated with the National Cancer Institute (NCI). NCI has sponsored several organizations to collect in tropical areas throughout the world in an effort to screen a large number of plants for potential medicinal use (Slack 1992). Research into anti-AIDS and anticancer compounds is the focal point of this program. Bishop Museum is the organization responsible for collections in Papua New Guinea. Collecting in Irian Jaya on the western half of the island is being conducted jointly by the University of Illinois at Chicago, Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University and the Herbarium Bogoriense in Bogor Indonesia. The Herbarium Pacificum is processing all material from Papua New Guinea. The Herbarium Pacificum is also receiving duplicates from the Irian Jaya collections. The combined acquisition of these specimens has precipitated a complete reorganizaton of the herbarium’s Melanesian collections. Formerly, these collections had been filed under the region recognized simply as ‘Melanesia’ which included the following island groups: New Guinea, Solomon's, New Caledonia, Vanuatu and Fiji. While maintaining the overall circumscription, our new _ filing system defines the herbarium's Melanesian collection more accurately from geographic and floristic perspectives. The new system will recognize three subregions within Melanesia. They will include: New Guinea (including the Bismark and _ Louisiade archipelagoes), New Caledonia (including the Loyalty Islands), 30 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY Solomon Islands (including Bougainville), Vanuatu and Fiji. Genus covers will reflect these subdivisions. The new system recognizes the complex and_ differing phytogeography of Melanesia as a region. The land area is approximately 958,000 square km. Just under 90% consists of the island of New Guinea (Brookfield & Hart 1970). Elevations range from sea level to over 4900 m in Irian Jaya and over 3950 m in Papua New Guinea. These high summits support the only alpine flora associated with equatorial glaciers in the Pacific basin (Hope et al. 1976). The region's exceptionally diverse topography, complex geology and tectonic history have fostered high rates of vascular plant endemism. Accordingly, the use of subregions within the herbarium’s Melanesian collections will provide a more accessible and logical documentation of the region's complex physical geography and associated flora. Van Balgooy (1971) recognized 140 endemic genera in New Guinea and 95-100 in New Caledonia. These figures alone clearly warrants division of specimens from these two Melanesian islands. Moreover, this system is largely consistent with Takhtajan’s (1986) floristic divisions of Melanesia, particularly with regard to New Caledonia. The combined addition of all specimens brings the total world collection to just over 175,000 sheets. Particularly large additions have been made to the Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Sapindaceae. LITERATURE CITIED Brookfield, H., Hart, D. 1971. Melanesia: A Geographical Interpretation of an Island World. Methuen & Co. London. Hope, G.S., Peterson, J. A., Radok, U., Allison, |. 1976. The Equatorial Glaciers of New Guinea. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Slack, G. 1992. Searching for Tropical Cures. Pacific Discovery. Vol. 45.(2):4-5 Takhtajan, A. 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. University of California Press. Berkeley. Van Balgooy, M.M.J. 1971. Plant Geography of the Pacific as based on a census of Phaerogam genera. Blumea Suppl. 6:1-222. VOLUME 31(1) ah ey CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION REINTROOUCTION SYMPOSIUM APRIL 20-22, 1993 The Center for Plant Conservation is holding a three-day symposium to review existing reintroduction and restoration policies to develop national guidelines for rare plant reintroductions and to develop a model policy on rare plant reintroductions. The goal of the symposium is to : - Review current policies of various federal and state agencies, conservation organizations, and private corporations. - Publish and publicly distribute the results of the workshops and the symposium. This project is being guided by a Steering Committee, consisting of eleven individuals representing nine different agencies and organizations, at the federal, state, and private levels. The Steering Committee is reviewing the available policies, organizing the format and speakers for the symposium, and assisting with the editing of the proceedings of the SYMPOS ium. The expected results of the symposium will be a book of contributed papers, including national guidelines that can be used for reintroduction projects by agencies and organizations throughout the country. If you would like to receive a registration form for the Rare Plant Reintroduction Symposium please complete the form below and return by January 1, 1993 to: Marie M. Bruegmann Center for Plant Conservation Missouri Botanical Garden P.0. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 NAME - ee) | re AFFILATION: ADDRESS: INTEREST IN REINTRODUCTION: policy: guidelines: techniques: mitigation: biology: case studies: other: Space is limited so please register early. mmb - jfflyer Vissourt Botanical Garden Post Office Bax 299 SO Fencts,” Massourt 63106-0299 DITOCFAN 8146069 9465 -<-- aed NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAITAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 Smithsonian Inetitutian Library Acquisitians {ath St. and Caonstitutian Ave. Washingtan, OC CAA 158 Volume 31(3/4) \ AUG UD Vida, December 1992 ee | | _(Published July 1993) SOCIETY BUSINESS: MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS OF 5 OCTOBER, 2 NOVEMBER, AND 7 DECEMBER 1992 34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1992 40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR 1992 42 NOTE ON PUBLICATION OF THE NEWSLETTER 42 CONTRIBUTIONS SPOROBOLUS INDICUS R.Br.- NEW RECORD FOR KAHO'OLAWE by Steven D. Warren 43 HAWAII'S ELUSIVE AKIA RUST by Donald E. Gardner 44 ANNOUNCEMENT: NATIONAL TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN, Press Release 47 *K Published by the Hawattan Botanical Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany tn all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirtt of good fellowshtp and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant ltfe of the Hawatian Islands ts eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, Untverstty of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. 34 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY i eS SS Se OFFICERS OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY 1992 Executive Council President: Timothy Motley (UH, Botany Department) Vice-President: Loyal Mehrhoff (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Treasurer: Kevin Beach, (UH, Botany Department) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors: Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Leilani Pyle, (Bishop Museum,Botany Department) Committees appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Newsletter: Editor: Fiona M. Norris (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair, (UH) Ken Nagata, (USDA, APHIS, PPQ) Evangeline Funk, (Botanical Consultants ) John Obata, (Bishop Museum) | Art Medeiros, (Haleakala National Park). aehe eee deeheeeeet heehee ee ede eh eee eee teeeetettheteteeht athe ee t MEMBERSHIP The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $ 7.50 per year Student membership is $ 4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership (individuals only) is $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. VOLUME 31(3/4) 35 MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 5 OCTOBER 1992 President Motley opened the meeting at 7.30 pm., and introduced guests Laura Flanagan, Alyce Ikeoka, and Mashuri Waite. Minutes The minutes of the meeting of 1 June were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's report was read and accepted. New Business Nominating Committee: Benton Pang and Leilani Pyle, having volun- teered, were appointed as the Nominating Committee and requested to report in November. News of Interest to Members Dr. S. H. Sohmer has been appointed Director of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas Dr. Derral Herbst has left the US Fish & Wildlife Service and assumed duty with the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers.. Dr. W. H. Wagner has fully recovered after an arrhythmia attack at the AIBS meetings in August 1992. The National Tropical Botanical Garden on Kauai lost about 10% of its collection to hurricane 'Iniki, but the propagation greenhouses remained relatively intact. Dr. William Theobald of the NTBG is improving after a period in the rehabilitation hospital in Honolulu. The U.H. Botany Department has T-shirts available at $10.00. Scientific Program Vice President Mehrhoff introduced Keith Tomlinson of the Bishop Museum Botany Department as speaker for the Plant-of-the-Month. He spoke on Tillandsia utriculata, and showed slides of this bromeliad in the Everglades National Park in Florida. It is a common component of the "hammock" communities there, and its stipes may grow one meter high. Dr. Benjamin C. Stone, of the Bishop Museum, the Principal Investigator of the Philippines Flora Project was Spaker of the Month. After dis- cussing the geology and climate of the islands, he described some of the botanical institutions there working jointly to develop a Manual of 36 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY the Flora. He showed many informative slides, illustrating the several ecosystems included in the "Malesia" part of the islands,. and their representative species. Respectfully submitted, Benjamin K. Pang, Secretary MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF 2 NOVEMBER MEETING President Motley opened the meeting at 7:30 p.m., and introduced as guests Mashuri Waite and Tom Galato. Minutes The Minutes of the meeting of 5 October were read and accepted. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer’s report was read and accepted. Membership Committee Report Two new members, Mashuri Waite and Vicki Caraway, joined the Society. Nominating Committee Report The Nominating Committee proposed the following officers for next year; President-Sterling Keeley; Vice President-Keith Tomlinson; Treasurer-Ron Fenstenmacher; Secretary-Benton Pang; Directors-Leilani Pyle and Isabella A. Abbott. There will be an opportunity for nominations from the floor at the Annual Meeting in December. New Business President Motley introduced a motion to change the meeting dates prescribed by the By-Laws The proposed change is .o state that Regular Meetings will be on the second Monday in January and first Monday of the every other month except June, July, and August. The VOLUME 31(3/4) 37 proposal was passed by the Executive Board and will be voted on by the membership during the December meeting. A motion was passed to donate $100 to NTBG, tne National Tropical Botanical Garden, for repairs after Hurricane Iniki. It was asked that the Directors of the Neal/Miller fund be asked to match the $100 donation. Announcement: Due to repairs scheduled for Room #11 in St. John Hall, Society meetings from April to June 1993 will be held in Keller Hall, Room #302 on the Manoa Campus. Scientific Program Dr. Loyal Mehrhoff introduced the Plant-of-the-Month , an unusual plant at Waimea Arboretum. The seeds were collected in the Panama rainforest and grown at Waimea. The inflorescence with unusual dark flowers is borne on a long peduncle that grows downward from the liana and opens at about 10 feet from the ground. Dr. Mehrhoff showed the Society slides of this interesting, but as yet unidentified legume (possibly a Mucuna), and brought in an inflorescence. Heidi Bornhorst from the Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i was the Speaker-of-the-Month. She highlighted some of the nature reserves of the Nature Conservancy, especially Honouliuli on O‘ahu and Lana‘i where she is Preserves Manager. Heidi spoke about the efforts of the Conservancy to manage these preserves through fencing, and the management of alien species, and (through a cooperative agreement with Lyon Arboretum) by propagation of the rare and threatened plants from the various preserves. Refreshments were served afterwards. Repectfully submitted, Benton K. Pang 38 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 7 DECEMBER 1992 President Motley opened the meeting at 7:30 p.m. Secretary's Report The minutes of the November meeting were read and accepted The Annual Report of the Secretary is appended below. Treasurer's Report The Treasurer's monthly report was read and accepted. His Annual Report is appended below. Membership Committee Chairman Gowing noted that there were three new life-members: Dr. Ranjit Cooray, Dr. Donald Gardner, and Deborah Ward. The paid-up membership roll now stands at 145, in the following categories:- 31 Life, 9 Honorary, 70 Regular, 15 Student, 16 Family and 4 Institutional memberships. We also provide 6 newsletter subscriptions free or on exchange. Election of Officers The slate of candidates that was recommended by the Nominating Committee in November was announced, and there were no further nominations from the floor. The quorum was verified, and the Offficers and Directors unanimously elected for 1993 were: President - Dr. Sterling Keeley, U/H Botany Dept. Vice President - Keith Tomlinson, Bishop Museum Botany Dept. Treasurer - Dr. Ron Fenstemacher, Ka Papa Lo'i O Kanewai Secretary - Benton Pang, U/H Botany Dept. Directors - Dr. Dr. Isabella Abbott, U/H Botany Dept. Leilani Pyle, Bishop Museum Botany Dept. (The Editor of the Newsletter and the Chairman of the Membership Committee are ex officio members of the Executive Board, and the Past President has often served by invitation.) Amendment to By-Laws The change having been proposed in November, Art. Il Sect 1 of the By-Laws was amended by unanimous vote:- Substitute:-- "Regular meetings shall be held on the first Monday of each month where such Monday is not a legal holiday, except during the months of June, July, and August and except in January, when it will be held on the second Monday of the month." VOLUME 31(3/4) 39 Donation On recommendation of the Directors, the Society voted unanimously to purchase 5 Department of Botany T-shirts as prizes to be given at the Audubon Society's environmental quiz show, “Paradise Pursuits”. Further Notes Vice President Mehrhoff wanted the minutes to show that John Obata was wearing a cast on his wrist, injured on a hike (in line of duty)! Dr. Palmer noted that the Neal/Miller fund matched the Society's contribution toward the expenses of repair of damages from ‘Iniki at the National Tropical Botanical Garden on Kauai. Scientific Program President Timothy Motley gave a light-hearted Plant-of-the-Month talk, a review of his activities as President illustrated with slides, and also expressed his appreciation to the officers and members who assisted his administration of a successful Society year. The Speaker-of-the-Month was Steven Perlman of the Hawai'i Plant Conservation Center at National Tropical Botanical Garden. He reviewed their program, noted the contributions of collectors Ken Wood and John Obata. The title of his talk was the "Effects of ‘Iniki on Kaua‘i's rare plants". His slides illustrated the tremendous destructive effects of the hurricane on the rare and endangered species. Some of them survived, but many of the previously known populations of grow- ing specimens are now mostly or completely gone. Whether there will be any regeneration of these, naturally from seed, remains to be seen, but the rains since have caused severe erosion of the denuded areas, and land slippage and stream blockage. An unusual number of slugs were now seen in some areas, and greater rat damage than usual. The populations of pigs and goats were not noticeably reduc but they did see dead birds and, as could be expected, the populations of weeds and alien plants were thriving, as was the case after hurricane ‘lwa of a few years ago. In the discussion, it was noted that the hunting season had been closed on Kauai, which might be expected to increase the pressure from feral. pigs and goats on the native flora. It was pointed out that interested groups could express their views at a meeting on 7 January 1993 at the Department of Land and Natural Resources where revisions of hunting rules and regulations are to be considered. 40 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY The meeting adjourned for refreshments at 8:45 p.m. Respectfully submitted, Benton K. Pang, Secretary ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1992 The Officers, Directors, and the Committees active during the year are reported on the inside cover of the Newsletter. Society Activities The Society has written to, and been represented at, some meetings of government bodies whose operations affected the environment, native plants, and the control of alien plant pests. Our individual members have also been involved in hearings on such issues. We _ also supported the publicity for Earth Day, contributed toward repairs to the National Tropical Botanic Garden following ‘Ininki, to the Audubon Society's environmental quiz show, and to the 35th Hawaii State Science and Engineering Fair. The Society furnished judges for the Science Fair awards in Botany, as reported in the minutes for April and May. The Society also held nine regular evening meetings, for which the programs are listed below. Scientific Programs In January, the Plant-of-the-Month speaker was Loyal Mehrhoff, discussing the reproductive biology of two rare lobeliad varieties. The Speaker-of-the-Month was Coleen Cory, on “Hummingbird Pollination at Wilson Botanic Garden, Costa Rica”. In Feburary, William Magruder was Plant-of-the-Month speaker, describing an unusually troublesome algal bloom off Maui. Bill Garnett of the Nature Conservancy was the Speaker-of-the-Month. He spoke on the Gardens and Botanical Recources of the Indo-Pacific. For March, Scott Medbury of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens spoke for the Plant-of-the-Month on araliaceous trees at Wahiawa Botanical Garden. Kevin Beach of the U/H Botany Dept. was Speaker-of-the-Month on "Algal Succession on New Lava Flows" April brought Richard Palmer (U/H Botany Dept.) as Plant-of-the-Month speaker, on his research with certain Delissea species and Diane VOLUME 31(3/4) At Ragone talked about propagating native Hawaiian plants at the Plant Conservation Center at NTGB, as Speaker-of-the-Month. For May, Tim Motley discussed the genus Labordia_ for the Plant-of- the-Month. Dr. S. H. Sohmer of the Bishop Museum,as Speaker-of-the- Month, described the Philippine Flora Project In June, Plant-of-the-Month speaker John Obata spoke on the native Rhamnaceae of Hawai'i, and Ken Wood of NTGB was Speaker-of-the- Month, describing his experiences in pollinating rare plants on the steep cliffs of Kauai. October's Plant-of-the-Month speaker was Keith Tomlinson from Botany, Bishop Museum, describing Tillandsia utriculata in the Everglades. Dr. Benjamin C. Stone, as Speaker-of-the-Month, spoke on the ecological zones of the Philippines, and the plants therein. In November, the Plant-of-the-Month was a mystery plant from Waimea Botanic Garden, described by Loyal Mehrhffof the Bishop Museum Botany Dept. Heidi Bornhorst was Speaker-of-the-Month, and she highlighted some of the nature reserves she manages for the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii. At the Annual Meeting in December, President Tim Motley reviewed his year for “Plant-of-the-Month", and Steven Perlman of the Hawaii Plant Conservation Center at the National Tropical Botanical Garden told of the "Effects of 'Iniki on Kauai's Rare Plants' as Principal Speaker. Newsletter By mid-1992, Editor Fiona Norris had completed the two issues of Newsletter Vol. 30 (for 1991), and a cumulative index for Vols. 26-30 prepared by Donald Gowing was distributed as well. Two issues of Vol. 31 (1992) had been distributed by mid-December, and the third was in preparation. Respectfully submitted, Benton K. Pang, Secretary 42 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY TREASURER’ S REPORT for the year December 1991-November 1992 BALANCE IN HAND $4311.99 INCOME Dues 1958.00 Interest 167.77 Donations 195.00 Miscellaneous ( Reprints) 49.88 TOTAL $2450.01 EXPENSES Postage and Photocopy 1231.40 Refreshments 69.08 Miscellaneous 428.33 Prizes 191,30 TOTAL $1920.11 NEW BALANCE $4841.89 NOTE ON PUBLICATION OF THE NEWSLETTER The previous issue of the newsletter, Vol. 31(2), was properly so designated on the cover, but inadvertently printed as Vol 31(1) in the headers on the pages inside, instead of Vol 31(2). It was issued in mid- December of 1992. This issue is designated Vol. 31(3/4) to complete the volume as of 31 December 1992, but is being printed and distributed in July, 1993. VOLUME 31(3/4) 43 SPOROBOLUS INDICUS R. Br. - NEW RECORD FOR KAHO'OLAWE Steven D. Warren U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories Environmental Division P.O. Box 9005 Champaign IL 61826-9005 West Indian dropseed or smutgrass has recently been collected for the first time on Kaho'olawe. Prior to this discovery, Sporobolus indicus had been recorded within the Hawaiian Archipelago only on Hawai'i and Midway Atoll (Wagner et al. 1990). The species was discovered along the northeast rim of the Lua Makika crater, near the highest point on the island (approximately 448 m above sea level) on 19 September 1990. The site lies within the area often referred to as the “hardpan”. The hardpan occupies approximately one-third of the island, primarily at the higher elevations. The area is badly eroded and supports very little vegetative cover. Widely scat- tered individuals of tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca R. C. Graham) Australian saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata R. Br.) and pitted beardgrass (Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus) comprise most of the meager vegetation. Identification of the specimen (Warren KAH-090-6) was verified by the curator of the S. M. Tracy Herbarium at Texas A&M University. The specimen has been donated to the B. B. Bishop Museum. REFERENCE Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press and the Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. ec NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY HAWAII'S ELUSIVE AKIA RUST Donald E. Gardner CPSU/UH Botany Department University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Akia rust has been found only rarely since its discovery on Wikstroemia uva—-ursi at Kapapala Ranch on the island of Hawaii by F. L. Stevens in 1921. J. C. Arthur, the prominent rust taxonomist, described the fungus, based on its uredinial state, as Pucciniastrum wikstroemiae in Stevens' 1925 publication Hawaiian Fungi (Stevens, 1925). The description, which included the statement "...epidermis rupturing irregularly and remaining overarched..." is interesting since in its current concept, the genus Pucciniastrum is characterized by a well—defined ostiolar opening rather than irregular rupturing of the tissue covering the uredinium (Cummins and Hiratsuka, 1983). Aside from Stevens' material deposited at Bishop Museum as well as at Purdue University, | am aware of a specimen of akia rust at the USDA-APHIS Honolulu Airport reference collection, collected by E. T. Ozaki on Wikstroemia_ sp. in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu in 1963. Because of its infrequent occurrence, and original description as one of the few (i. e., seven at Stevens’ time; see Gardner, 1987) known endemic Hawaiian rusts, | have long been interested in finding akia rust. Over the years, whenever akia has been encountered, | have been self-programed to examine the leaves for indications of rust infection. | was successful in finding the rust along the Palehua—Palikea Trail in the Waianae Mountains in 1987, represented by a few uredinial pustules on the undersurfaces of the leaves of two or three small plants of W. oahuensis. This discovery of fresh material led me to examine the fungus closely and to compare it with previous herbarium collections. The fungus was characterized by prominent "capitate" paraphyses, and by uredinial pustules which opened by irregular rupturing. Paraphyses are sterile hairlike structures whose presence or absence is a common taxonomic feature among the Uredinales. However, capitate paraphyses are a distinctive form with a large, rounded tip and are found in relatively few rust genera. The presence of capitate paraphyses was particularly interesting, since the genus Pucciniastrum is defined as aparaphysate as well as ostiolate, as mentioned above. VOLUME 31(3/4) 45 According to notations at the Arthur Herbarium of Rust Fungi at Purdue University, Stevens' holotype material was personally examined by N. Hiratsuka, a noted authority on the genus Pucciniastrum. However, Hiratsuka made no mention of the capitate paraphyses. Hiratsuka prepared a monograph of the subfamily Pucciniastreae in 1936, in which he included akia rust among the species of Pucciniastrum for which the telial (perfect) state was not known (Hiratsuka, 1936). While it is possible that Hiratsuka's concept of Pucciniastrum in 1936 included a ruptured uredinium rather than a well—defined ostiole, it is difficult to understand how he could have overlooked the capitate paraphyses. His failure to note the presence of these structures remains a mystery. Since, according to current rules of nomenclature, a perfect genus should not be based on an imperfect state, such as the uredinial, WHiratsuka later transferred P. wikstroemiae to the form—genus Uredo, as U. wikstroemiae (Hiratsuka, 1958). In consultation with the current curator of the Arthur Herbarium, Dr. Joe Hennen, | determined, based on our own comparison of the type specimen with the material | collected on W. oahuensis, that the Hawaiian rust on akia more closely fits the characteristics of the genus Melampsora, which has distinct capitate paraphyses resembling those which | had observed (Cummins and Hiratsuka, 1983). Consequently, the akia rust in Hawaii was referred to M. yoshinagai, a rust known from Wikstroemia_ hosts in the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan, and India (Gardner, 1988). This change meant that akia rust could be no longer considered endemic to Hawaii, only indigenous. Notwithstanding these changes, the rarity of akia rust, together with the fact that the telial state has never been found in Hawaii, has led me to continue my search for this fungus. A characteristic type of leaf damage occurs on W. uva-—ursi, the species found most commonly along the hiking trails of the Kilauea region of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HVNP), and is probably the result of insect feeding, but has several times falsely raised my anticipation that the fungus may have been found. However, while examining shrubs of W. uva—ursi on the Crater Rim Trail of HVNP on September 2, 1992, | was successful in finding the rust on four plants growing in close proximity to each other. The reason for the occurrence of this apparent center of infection, with no sign of the rust on any of the other akia plants occurring quite commonly in the 46 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY vicinity, is not known but is also not surprising based on my experience with other rust fungi. Infection on one of the plants was notably plentiful, with many leaves bearing rust pustules on their undersurfaces, often with a corresponding yellow discoloration on the upper surface. Although not detracting from the success of this discovery, to my knowledge a new record for HVNP, it is unfortunate that no teliospores were found among the uredinia. It is possible that, whereas the telial state of M. yoshinagai_ is known elsewhere, akia rust survives in the isolation of the islands only in the uredinial state. A precedent for such reduced life cycles is well established by other Hawaiian rust fungi. Literature Cited Cummins, G. B., and Y. Hiratsuka. 1983. .American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn. 152 pp. Gardner, D. E. 1987. Hawaii's endemic rust fungi. News/. Haw. Bot Soc. 26(3):53—-56. Gardner, D. E. 1988. Revisions to endemic Hawaiian rusts. Mycologia 80(5):747-749. Hiratsuka, N. 1936. A Monograph of the Pucciniastreae. Mem. Tottori Agric. College. Vol. 4 Tottori, Japan. 374 pp. Hiratsuka, N. 1958. Revision of Taxonomy of the Pucciniastreae. Kasai Publ. Co., Tokyo. 167 pp. Stevens, F. L. 1925. Hawaiian Fungi. Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Museum . 19. Honolulu, Hawaii. 189 pp. VOLUME 31(3/4) 47 NATIONAL TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN Press Release Dr. Sherwin Carlquist, distinguished scientist, received the 1991 Allerton Award for excellence in tropical botany at an August sym- posium on diversity of Pacific Basin tropical woods. The bronze award was presented to Dr. Carlquist by Dr. David Lorence, NIBG systematic botanist, at a dinner at the Allerton Gardens, following the final day of symposium metings at the Sheraton, Poipu on Kauai. Sponsored by the NTBG and representatives of the International Association of Wood Anatomists, this symposium brought together some 50 wood anatomists, foresters, and wood technologists from the Pacific Rim, Asia, Europe, and the United States. It was the first major scientific conference hosted by NTBG on Kauai. Researchers from the University of Hawaii, Institute of Pacific Forestry, USDA, and the U.S. Forest Service in Hawaii were among the participants. Dr. Carliquist is an internationally renowned plant anatomist and specialist on island biology. His substantial contributions to these fields include over 160 research articles and papers and 7 texts-- including Island Life, Island Biology, and Hawaii: A Natural History-- which are often used for undergraduate and graduate courese at the University of Hawaii and other colleges and universities. Dr. Cariquist received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. He has been a professor at Claremont Graduate School and Pomona College (CA) since 1961, and is a plant anatomist at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and is a member of NTBG's Scientific Advisory Board. The National Tropical Botanical Garden is a nonprofit research and education garden chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1964. Its per- manent headquarters were established on the south shore of the Island of Kauai in 1970. The Garden's principal mission, the conservation and study of tropical plants, is realized through active collecting, research, education, and publications programs. Today this work is carried out at the NTBG's gardens and preserves on the Islands of Kauai, Hawaii, and Maui, and in South Florida. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU HI 96822 Slit! a $ 3733 Newsletter qTawalia 50Tanica Oc1e Volume 32(1) March, 1993 (Published August, 1993) Cont Society Business Minutes of the Meetings of January 11, February 1 and March 1, 1992 aNiiimhoosypo™ gM nsy, Vian OEP UO 1993 Articles Phytopathogenic fungi associated with fruits of pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) by Brian Duffy and Donald E. Gardner 6 Dieback of mamane (Sophora chrysophylia) and rat depredation by Brian Duffy and Donald E. Gardner 8 ‘le’‘le (Freycinetia) and drought by John Obata 14 Note from the Editor 15 x Published by the Hawattan Botantcal Soctety, which was founded in 1924 to "advance the sctence of botany in all tts applications, encourage research in botany tn all its phases, promote the welfare of tts members and develop the spirtt of good fellowshtp and cooperation among them." Any person interested in the plant ltfe of the Hawattan Islands ts eligtble for membershtp. Information may be obtained from the Soctety, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawatt, Honolulu, Hawatt 96822. Cippasics ai, ‘ORAR EO ee teens eee 2 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Officers of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 1993 Executive Council President: Sterling Keeley (UH, Botany Department) Vice-President: Keith Tomlinson (Bishop Museum, Education) Treasurer: Ron Fenstemacher (Ka Papa Lo‘i O Kanewai) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) ~ Directors: Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Committees appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Botany Department) Newsletter: Editor: Gregory A. Koob (UH, Horticulture Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair (University of Hawaii) Ken Nagata (USDA, APHIS PPQ) Evangeline Funk (Botanical Consultants) John Obata (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros (Haleakala National Park) Membership The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year Student Membership is $4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership (individuals only) is $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. Volume 32 (1) 3 Hawaiian Botanical Society Minutes January 11, 1993 President Keeley began the meeting at 7 pm. New guests introduced were Brian Lym, Lisa Stratton, Tanya Leary, Daisy Holzmen, and Amy Eisenberg. The Secretary’s minutes for the December meeting were read and accepted. The annual report for 1992 was made available to the members for corrections or additions. The treasurer’s report was read and accepted Membership chair Don Gowing renewed two institutional memberships and proposed one general membership for Alvin Yoshinaga. Two announcements were made by the secretary: 1) Alaska Natural History Expeditions 2) Newsletter of the Friends of Halawa Xeriscape Garden. Both were made available to the membership after the meeting. Plant of the month speaker was Dr. Loyal Mehrhoff, past vice president for the Hawaiian Botanical Society and research botanist at the Bishop Museum. He spoke on the endemic genus Trematolobelia and their status in Hawai‘i today. Betsy Gagné was the speaker of the month. The title of her talk was “The Vegetation Zones of Papua New Guinea”. She showed the Society slides of the many plants and vegetation zones which were used in the past as part of an education curriculum in Papua New Guinea. 4 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society February 1, 1993 New guests: Tim Phillips and his wife Bridie. Minutes of the January meeting were read and accepted. Treasurer’s report was read and accepted. Membership chair Don Gowing proposed four new members: David Schneck, Anna Dixon, Deborah Woodcock and Brian Lym. He also proposed the family membership of Timothy Phillips and Bridie Jane Ridsdale. Don also announced the passing of two long-time supporters of the Hawaiian Botanical Society, George O. Burr and Carl Spiegelberg. New Business Dr. Fiona Norris moved that Dr. Isabella Abbott be recognized for the Charles Reed Bishop Award she received from the Bishop Museum Board of Directors. This distinguished award was given to compliment her contribution to Hawaiian botany, work as a board of director for the Bishop Museum, G.P. Wilder professor of botany and author of La‘au Hawaii. The motion was passed by the membership. Plant of the month was Dr. Fiona Norris on Welwitschia mirabilis an endemic plant found in the western plains of Africa. She described her “pilgrimage” to its native habitat and described the history of the taxonomy for this very unusual plant. Speaker of the month was Keith Tomlinson, botanist at the Bishop Museum. He spoke on his field trip to the rain forests of Costa Rica. He described many of the plant species and illustrated the need for conservation in areas that are being disturbed due increased human population pressures. Volume 32 (1) 5 March 1, 1993 President Keeley called the March meeting to order at 7:30 pm New guest: David Brussel Minutes of the February meeting were read and accepted. Treasurer’s report was read and accepted. Membership chair Don Gowing proposed the family membership of the Howarth family. Old Business April and May meetings will be held in Keller #302 New Business Please bring in your native plants in May for the annual plant raffle. Tickets will be $1 each. The Hawaiian Botanical Society filed along with the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund for an intent to sue for the listing of endangered species. The filing is in response to the long time it has taken the Kaua‘i package of federally endangered species to become listed. Plant of the month speaker was Benton Pang, graduate student in botany at the University of Hawai’i. Benton’s talk was about the ethnobotanical uses of kauila (Alphitonia ponderosa and Colubrina oppositifolia). These two native genera of the Rhamnaceae provided Hawaiians with a valuable hardwood for many daily activities. Speaker of the month was George Staples on the “progress and prognosis” of In Gardens of Hawaii II. George explained the approach of the new In Gardens project and gave some of the latest results. Seventy-five percent of the book has been completed to date and he intends to have the book finished by early 1995. 6 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Phytopathogenic fungi associated with fruits of pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) Brion K. Duffy and Donald E. Gardner Cooperative Park Studies Unit, National Park Service, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Pukiawe [Styphelia tameiameiae (Cham. & Schlechtend.)F. v. Muell., — Epacridaceae] is an endemic shrub which occurs in a diversity of habitats from the arid alpine to bogs and is particularly common in Hawai‘ Volcanos National Park (HAVO). Although tree-like forms occur, pukiawe is usually compact, being 1-2 meters in height with woody stems and small, stiff leaves (Wagner et al., 1990). Inconspicuous white flowers, either perfect or unisexual, develop in the leaf axil (Neal, 1965). Fruits are globose drupes, dry and mealy around the seed, and range in color from red to white, often with flecks of deeper red (Wagner et al., 1990). Mature fruits remain attached as they dry and are found concurrent with developing fruits and flowers. During a routine survey in HAVO, we observed small, black punctations (0.2 mm in diameter) on pukiawe fruits that were distinct from norma] fruit markings. The punctations were determined to be fungal reproductive structures, termed pycnidia. The pycnidia contained many conidia (unicellular, ovoid, and hyaline) being produced on simple conidiophores. While the pycnidia were morphologically similar [dark, small, globose, and with an apical pore (ostiolate)] at least two forms could be differentiated based onconidial size. Macrophoma sp. had relatively large conidia (8 x 11 um), while Phoma sp. had smaller conidia (5 um in diameter). Pycnidia were immersed in the fruit flesh with a short beak penetrating the epidermis. In one case pycnidia of Macrophoma were observed on the seed. To determine the incidence of these fungi, approximately Volume 32 (1) 7 600 dry, attached fruits were collected from 25 plants (20-30 fruits per plant) growing along the Hilina Pali road and the Byron Ledge trail in HAVO. Observation with a stereomicroscope (45 X magnification) revealed 51.8% and 33.6% of all dry, attached fruits sampled from Hilina Pali and Byron Ledge, respectively, as having pycnidia. The two fungi were associated together on the same fruits with Macrophoma more common than Phoma. There was also evidence of fruit infection by two other fungi. Erumpent black spots, termed acervuli, containing conidia characteristic of Pestalotia spp. were observed on a small number of fruits (<20) from both sites. Reproductive structures of Botrytis sp. were observed on a small number of fruits (<10) collected from the Byron Ledge site only. Identification of all fungi followed Barnett and Hunter (1972) and Sutton (1964). Although the fungi described are generally considered parasitic on higher plants (Barnett and Hunter, 1972), pathogenicity of isolates from Styphelia could not be verified due to the inavailability of noninfested plants. Despite the widespread occurrence of these pathogens, it is improbable that any poses a serious threat to Styphelia since infection does not alter fruit appearance until after maturity and seed condition is not typically affected. Origins of these fungi, whether native or introduced, cannot reasonably be determined based upon available information. This isthe first report of any of these fungi on pukiawe (Raabe et al., 1981). Literature Cited Barnett, H. L. and Hunter, B. B. 1972. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, Third edition. Burgess Publishing Co., Minne- apolis, Minnesota. Neal, M. C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawai. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Raabe, R. D., Conners, I. L., and Martinez, A. P. 1981. Checklist of Plant Diseases in Hawait. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. 8 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Sutton, B. C. 1964. Phoma and related genera. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 47:497-509. Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Dieback of mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) and rat depredation Brion K. Duffy and Donald E. Gardner. Cooperative Park Studies Unit, National Park Service, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. The abundance and natural range of the native tree, mamane [Sophora chrysophylla (Salisbury) Seem. — Fabaceae] was greatly reduced over the last several decades by browsing activity of feral herbivores (principally goats, Capra hircus; sheep, Ovis aries; and Mouflon sheep, Ovis musimons), particularly in its montane habitat on Mauna Kea (Scowcroft and Giffin, 1983; Scowcroft and Sakai, 1983). Temporary control of these pests by the state greatly reduced their populations and was expected to result in regeneration of the mamane forest. While the vigor of the forest appeared to have improved in most areas on Mauna Kea, stands of mamane in other areas of Mauna Kea have experienced an unexplained decline for at least two years. Since the most extensive decline has occured near Pu‘u Ahumoa and Pu‘u La‘au on Mauna Kea in the critical habitat of the palila (Psittirostra bailleut), an endangered native bird which depends upon mamane for survival, there is considerable interest in the elucidation of a Volume 32 (1) | g causative factor. As is typical of decline diseases (Manion, 1991), primary symptoms associated with mamane decline disease [generalized chlorosis, flagging (sudden death of isolated, prominent branches), and ultimately tree mortality] are ambiguous and offer few clues as to the origin of disease. A comprehensive survey of mamane populations on the island of Hawai‘ was initiated to ascertain the distribution of this particular disease and describe the general condition of these populations. During a survey of mamane in an area of Hawai‘ Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) near the Ka‘u desert and the 34 mile marker on Highway 11 (Fig. 1) we observed evidence of depredation by rats (Rattus spp.) on dead trees and trees experiencing dieback of main branches. Many of the trees had suffered a severe loss of bark, excised new green shoots, and girdling of the main stem and branches. A study site was established in this area to determine the extent of rat damage on mamane (Fig. 1). Trees were grouped in three size classes based on basal diameter of the main stem (<1, 1-4, and >4 cm.). Mamane can produce root shoots which are not easily distinguishable Bode from seedlings. 12m Therefore, in this 10 m study we 80 m considered an . individual unit Figure 1. Study site location within (tree) to be an Hawait Volcanoes National Park (solid isolated stem of any — area) on the Island of Hawaii, and diameter not dimensions of the site perimeter (inset). attached to another 10 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society stem above the soil surface. The severity of rat damage was rated on a scale of 0-4 where 0=no damage evident, 1=bark removed but no girdling of stems and branches, 2=bark removed with one main branch girdled and dead, 3=more than one main branch girdled and dead, and 4=tree dead presumably as a result of severe damage [extensive girdling of main stem(s)]. The severity of dieback of major branches, which could not reasonably be attributed to physical damage caused by rat depredation was assessed on a scale of 0-4 where 0=no dieback either on main branches or twigs, l=dieback of twigs only, 2=dieback of twigs and one main branch, 3=dieback of more than one main branch, and 4=tree dead presumably as a result of an abiotic or biotic disorder(s). Trees that apparently died as a result of the combined effects of rat depredation and other sources [i.e., infectious disease or environmental factor(s)] were noted and damage from each source was given a maximum rating of 3 on the appropriate scale. Trees that had been dead for an extended period of time and on which evidence of depredation or other debilitating factor could not confidently be assessed were noted but not included in the analysis. Each individual unit within the study site was counted, its size determined, and the extent of canopy damage rated. The total number of trees was 419 with 237 in size class 1, 115 in class 2, and 66 in class 3. Rat damage was observed on 74.5% of the trees with a small number of these being killed (17 in size class 1 and three in size class 2). Although damage was observed on trees of all sizes, smaller trees which had fewer resources available to compensate were most severely affected. In addition to rat damage, however, 35.6% of the trees suffered damage and dieback from a different source. Ten trees died from such causes. Spreading cankers with pale-orange fungal fruiting bodies on the surface were observed on 7.9% of the trees and appeared most prevalent on trees in size class 3. The etiology of this canker and the identity of the associated fungus are currently under investigation. Damage is categorized according to tree size and severity in Table 1. Volume 32 (1) 11 ee size (Basal diameter) N 1 (cm) 237 1.54+0.16 0.23 + 0.10 2 (1-4 cm) 115 1.23+0.19 0.97 +0.21 3 (4 cm) 66 0.95+0.18 1.67 40.31 All sizes? 419 1.38 +0.11 0.67 40.10 ' N=the total number of individuals observed for a given size group. Damage from rat depredation and other sources of dieback were measured on separate scales of increasing intensity from 0-4. For each category the mean rating is shown followed by the margin of error calculated with a confidence limit of 95%. 2 All individual units were grouped, independent of size, for final analysis. Table 1. Damage and dieback on mamane caused by rat depredation and other abiotic factors.' Plants other than mamane within our study site included ohia trees (Metrosideros polymorpha — Myrtaceae), pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae — Epacridaceae), a‘ali‘i (Dodonaea viscosa — Sapindacaeae), and u‘ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia — Rosaceae) shrubs. Exotic grasses including Andropogon sp. and Melinis minutiflora dominated the understory. A‘ali‘ suffered from Dodonaea yellows disease (Borth, 1992; Borth et al., 1992) while the other species were apparently healthy. No damage caused by rat depredation was observed on ohia, pukiawe, or a‘ali‘i presumably because the bark of these plants is extremely course and rough. Likewise, no damage was observed on Osteomeles, which 12 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society has smooth bark similar in appearance, succulence, and texture to that of mamane, even when growing adjacent (as close as 25 cm) to heavily depredated mamane. A survey of Osteomeles in the Kapapala, Kalapana, and Hilina Pali areas of HAVO did not find any evidence of rat depredation on Osteomeles. To our knowledge rat damage has never been reported on Osteomeles. Preference for mamane could explain the avoidance of Osteomeles which was observed. Results of Baker and Allen (1978) suggest that rats may prefer nectar, pollen, and seeds of Hibiscadelphus spp. because of the high levels of amino acids and other required nutrients these contain. Further, Baker and Baker (1973) have stated that leguminous plants typically have high levels of amino-acids in their nectar while members of the Rosaceae can have high to very low levels. Similarly, mamane, may contain high levels of nitrogen or sugar-based compounds in its bark rendering it superior to Osteomeles as a food source. Another possibility is that bark of Osteomeles contains one or more chemical compounds that are undesirable or even toxic to rats. The observation that ho‘awa (Pittosporum sp.) as well as mamane was heavily depredated in a nearby area of HAVO but that Osteomeles again escaped damage supports the latter hypothesis. Controlled studies are needed to ascertain the basis for preference by rats of one plant species over another. In summary, our results indicate the involvement of one or more abiotic or biotic factors in dieback of mamane. Further, the absence of extensive rat damage on mamane in other areas of its range, particularly on Mauna Kea, confirms the involvement of another factor(s) in mamane decline disease. Therefore, while rat damage may result in some mortality this threat to the greater mamane population is extremely limited. Further research is needed to ascertain the predisposing and causative factor(s) associated with mamane decline disease. Volume 32 (1) 13 Literature Cited Baker, H. G. and I. Baker. 1973. Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature 241: 543-545. Baker, J. K. and M.S. Allen. 1978. Roof rat depredations on Hibiscadelphus (Malvaceae) trees. pp. 2-5. Proc. Sec. Conf. Nat. Sct. Haw. Vol. Nation. Park (C. W. Smith, ed.). University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Borth, W. B. 1992. Pathogenic associations with yellows disease of Dodonaea viscosa in Hawaii. Phd. Dissertation. Department of Botany (Plant Pathology), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii. Borth , W. B., Hu, J. S., and Gardner, D. E. 1992 (in press). Dodonaea yellows disease in Hawaii is associated with viruslike particles and mycoplasmalike organisms. Phytopathology. Manion, P. D. 1991. Tree Disease Concepts, second edition. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Scowcroft, P. G. and Giffin, J. G. 1983. Feral herbivores suppress mamane and other browse species on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. J. Range Management. 36:638-645. Scowcroft, P. G. and Sakai, H. F. 1983. Impact of feral herbivores on mamane forests of Mauna Kea, Hawaii: bark stripping and diameter class structure. J. Range Management. 36: 495-498. 14 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society ‘le’le (Freycinetia) and drought John Obata Our society today is in constant demand for some sort of indicator or index to project various outcomes. Even among botanical circles, one senses a desire for such knowledge. Dealing with a statistical variable, an attempt will be made to address this problem. The following discussion is based on observations from the early nineteen forties to finally getting a handle on the happenings of a few years ago. This was due in part to my preparing a paper outlining the demise of the O‘ahu tree snail (Achatinella). That’s when suddenly all the pieces of the puzzle began to fit in place. In the 1950s the sudden, partial demise of huge Freycinetia populations puzzled me. Especially when some of these populations house key Achatinella species. The frequencies of the demise was ingrained in me. Some of the populations which covered acres remain today only with struggling plants. The question of why there were the occasional demise of a population with a sudden resurgence after a few years intrigued me. Many mental conclusions were formulated in the past, but they will not be documented as it may be quite an embarrassment to this writer. To simplify the discussion, it was noted that the Freycinetia populations were in a state of demise every decade since the 1940s. The rate started to accelerate from the 1960s. Regeneration seemed nil, but quite infrequently minor regenerations were noted. At first a biological answer was sought. None answered the question. Edaphic conditions were Volume 32 (1) 15 observed. The substrate was ruled out. Precipitation was analyzed. But how can one analyze something that is unpredictable in nature? But alas, one simple observation. After each periodic drought, Freycinetia populations deteriorated. After a season of rain, the populations showed a slight degree of regeneration. The foregoing observations were universal whether the populations were found in drier forests of the Wainae Range of the wetter environs of the Koolau Range of O‘ahu. Then it was my task to verify the results. All degraded populations of Freycinetia was preceded by a drought period of a year or two. Thus Freycinetia demise can be attributed to drought and not to senescence, as my original conclusion would have been. Note from the editor Dear Readers: As some of you know the former editor (Fiona Norris) has moved on to other things. I will be taking on the responsibility of editing this newsletter. I would like to ask of you several things to ease this transition. First, please write with your comments on the content and layout of the newsetter. (Be sure to let me know if you want your correspondence kept private.) Second, please feel free to submit news items, articles or notes. General opinions, observations, scientific articles or press releases are all welcome. Third, please bear with me while I attempt to get back on schedule with the newsletter. I will make it my goal to get it out on a regular basis. Sincerely, Jhaeg9 A. koet- Editor NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIl AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822 1992/1 | Smithsonian institu Librar iSsitions ibrary AcquULS , | i. i and Constitution Ave. 8560 ton. DC “ Lion fieh soe nm Washi Newsletter Volume 32 (2) June, 1993 (Published September, 1993) (pntents | Society Business Minutes of meetings of April and May, 1993 19 Articles A checklist of the plants of Kaho olawe 21 Steven D. Warren and Stefanie G. Aschmann K Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded ut 1924 to “advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them”. Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. 18 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Officers of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 1993 Executive Council President: Sterling Keeley (UH, Botany Department) Vice-President: Keith Tomlinson (Bishop Museum, Education) Treasurer: Ron Fenstemacher (Ka Papa Lo‘i O Kanewai) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors: Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Committees appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Newsletter: Editor: Gregory A. Koob (UH, Horticulture Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) | Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair (University of Hawaii) Ken Nagata (USDA, APHIS PPQ) Evangeline Funk (Botanical Consultants) John Obata (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros (Haleakala National Park) Membership The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year Student Membership is $4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership (individuals only) is $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. Volume 32 (2) 19 Minutes for April 5, 1993 President Keeley called the April meeting to order at 7:30 PM. Minutes of the March meeting were read and accepted and the treasurer's report was read and accepted. New Business The Board of Directors has decided to draft a letter to Na Ala Hele condemning the damage to native plants due to recent trail clearings and increased mountain bike activity on Manoa Cliffs Trail. Money was allotted to the Science Fair Committee for this year’s awards. The Hawaiian Botanical Society is selling Dr. Art Whistler’s new books at a discounted rate for members. A sign-up sheet would be posted after the meeting. Steve Montgomery requested $300 from the Neal-Miller Fund for Earth Day posters. Please bring in your native plants in May for the annual plant raffle. Tickets will be $1 each. Plant of the month speakers were Dr. Richard Norris on the red algae Amansia and Dr. Isabella Abbott on Gaudichaud’s collection history of this plant. Speaker of the month was Dr. Deborah Woodcock from the Geography department at UH Manoa. Her title was “Climate reconstruction based on biological indicators, with special reference to quarternary pollen and microfossil records”. Dr. Woodcock talked about biological climate indicators such as percent leaf margin composition, tree rings, and wood structure in climate reconstruction studies. Refreshments were served after her talk. 20 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Minutes for May 3, 1993 President Keeley called the May meeting to order at 7:40 PM. Guest: Jonathan Scheuer, son of longtime member Dr. Paul Scheuer. Minutes of the April meeting were read and accepted. Treasurer’s report was read and accepted. New Business Vice president Keith Tomlinson announced the deaths of Bishop Museum employees, Irene Swanson and Betty Suenaga. Plant of the month speaker was Dianella Howarth, a senior at Moanalua High School and first place recipient in the State Science Fair and Hawaiian Botanical Society awards. She told the Society about her research in the native Scaevola in Hawai'i. In seventh grade she soaked Scaevola seeds in ocean water to yield insight to the arrival of the genus to Hawai‘. In high school her research discovered S. gaudichaudiana is found mostly on north and northwest facing slopes and she experimented with hybridization studies with S. mollis, S. gaudichaudiana and a hybrid. In her senior year she used molecular techniques on seven of the nine Hawaiian species. Speaker of the month was Dr. Colin Bassett of the Hawai‘ Conservation Biology Initiative. He described the mission of the organization, outlined its goals, its sponsors and some of the workshops supported. The collaboration of all the organization involved is necessary to provide support in research on Hawai‘i’s ecosystems, management, and training of both researchers and managers. Volume 32 (2) 21 Checklist of the plants of Kaho‘olawe Steven D. Warren and Stefanie G. Aschmann US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory Environmental Division, PO Box 9005 Champaign, Illinois 61826-9005 and Pacific Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 96860-7300 (Written, October 1991 — ed.) It has been speculated that much of Kaho‘olawe was at one time covered with a dryland scrub forest similar to remnants of that ecotype presently found on Lana‘ (Zschokke 1932). Today, however, Kaho‘olawe is vegetatively depauperate. Approximately one third of the island is virtually denuded; the remainder is dominated by kiawe (Prosopis pallida), an introduced shrub, and a variety of introduced grasses and forbs. The only native species contributing significant biomass are pili grass (Heteropogon contortus), ma‘o (Gossypium tomentosum), ‘lima (Sida fallax) and ‘uhaloa (Waltheria indica). The demise of Kaho‘olawe began long before the arrival of European man. The cumulative effects of slash and burn agriculture practiced by the early Hawaiian people _. undoubtedly contributed to the loss of the scrub forest (Kirch 1982). Intense interisland warfare in the years just prior to the arrival of European explorers left the island “nearly over- run with weeds, and exhausted of... inhabitants” (Vancouver 1798). In 1779, the crew of Captain Cook described Kaho‘olawe as “barren”, “desolate” and an “altogether poor island” (Beaglehole 1967). The same explorers that lamented the poor condition of the island unwittingly contributed to its further demise. Captain Cook and other early visitors introduced goats to the Hawaiian islands as gifts to native monarchy near the end of the 18th century. It has been speculated that some of the goats 22 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society were subsequently placed on Kaho‘olawe (Sunday Advertiser 1912). Although numerous visits were made to Kaho‘olawe over the next half-century, the presence of goats was not actually recorded until 1850 (Perkins 1854). It is, therefore, difficult to discern the presence, abundance or effect of the animals prior to that time. Perkins (1854) characterized the island as “desolate in the extreme; the reddish, sterile soil being unrelieved by either tree or shrub.” Despite the description, some trees and shrubs were present; Perkins described a grove of “akokoa shrubs” (probably Chamaesyce multiformis or C. celastroides) and a few stunted wiliwili trees (Erythrina sandwicensis), many of the former having died after being stripped of bark by goats. Some sizeable expanses of grassland were also present, at least on the lower slopes. Perkins mentions that they set fire to the grass as a signal to their companions, and that the fire burned for nearly a week, serving as a beacon to passing ships. In 1858, William F. Allen sighted and killed a single goat, although he speculated that there were considerably more. Mr. Allen also reported to R.C. Wyllie, co-owner of a 20 year lease of Kaho‘olawe, that the island could support 20,000 sheep. The first sheep apparently arrived the following year (Wyllie 1859), beginning a series of ill-fated ranching enterprises. By 1875, there were approximately 20,000 sheep and several hundred goats present (Ka Lahui Hawaii 1875). Six years later, cattle were introduced (Hawaiian Gazette 1881), and by 1884 there were about 9,000 goats, 2,000 sheep, 200 head of cattle and 40 horses on the island (Bagot 1884). Reports of livestock numbers varied over the next 25 years, but by 1910 it was apparent that they had exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, and for the first time specific mention was made of soil erosion (Hosmer 1910). In that same year the island was declared a Forest Reserve. Numerous forays were organized over the next 8 years to eradicate the livestock, but the goats and sheep persisted. There were also unsuccessful attempts to reestablish a woody vegetation (Hawaiian Gazette 1918a). Charles N. Forbes of the Bishop Museum visited Kaho‘olawe during this period and recorded a Volume 32 (2) 23 total of 16 native plant species and 15 introduced species (Forbes 1913). ‘By 1918, the economic demand for Kaho‘olawe as a cattle ranch, coupled with the failed attempts to eradicate the goats, unsuccessful reestablishment of trees and the lack of funds to continue the effort, led the governor to withdraw Kaho‘olawe from the Forest Reserve (Hawaiian Gazette 1918b). Cattle were reintroduced that year under the terms of a lease requiring the elimination of the goat population and steps toward reforestation. Over the next two decades, thousands of native and introduced tree seedlings were planted (Ashdown 1979) but with only limited success (Rice et al. 1932). In addition, several tons of native and introduced grass and forb seeds were planted (Ashdown 1979). Over 13,000 goats were either removed or shot. Despite the gallant efforts, the goats persisted in small numbers and great clouds of eroded dust continued to blow off the island (Judd 1938). In 1931, E.H. Bryan recorded 33 species of plants, adding 3 native species and 12 introduced species to the list recorded in 1913. With the onset of World War II, the United States military subleased Kaho‘olawe for training purposes. The cattle and horses were subsequently removed, but, in the absence of on- site ranch hands to control them, the small bands of sheep and goats reproduced rapidly. In 1953, President Eisenhower issued an Executive Order “reserving Kahoolawe...for the use of United States for naval purposes and placing it under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Navy...” until such a time as it might be “... no longer needed for naval purposes...” The Executive Order also required the Navy to “...eradicate from the island all cloven-hooved animals...” or limit their population to less than two hundred. The direct effects of military use on the flora of Kaho‘olawe have been minimal, and the Navy has instituted a highly successful program to eradicate the goats and sheep (Department of the Navy 1979). With the decimation of the sheep and goat populations, the vegetation has begun to show remarkable recovery. In 1978, a botanical survey revealed 106 plant species living on Kaho‘olawe, including 27 endemic and 24 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society indigenous species (Department of the Navy 1979). Two years later, 52 species, including 5 more natives, were added to the list (Corn et al. 1980). In October 1990, President Bush issued an Executive Order temporarily discontinuing the use of Kaho‘olawe as a weapons range and establishing a joint Department of Defense — State of Hawai‘i commission to examine the future status of the island. Although the future remains unclear, interest is focusing on the condition and composition of the flora of Kaho‘olawe. For that purpose, the following list has been compiled. We hope that the list will serve as a working tool for future visitors to Kaho‘olawe. The list will undoubtedly grow as the flora continues to recover in the absence of the goat population and as more in-depth botanical surveys are undertaken. Species that were reportedly once cultivated by early Hawaiians, but are no longer present on Kaho‘olawe, are not included in the checklist. These species include sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), yams (Dioscorea alata), gourds (Lagenaria siceraria), screw pine (Pandanus tectorius) and paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera). Adventive species occurring only as trial plantings are not included. They will be the subject of a future paper. The distributional status of each species as determined by Wagner et al. (1990) is listed as follows: E Species occurring naturally only within the Hawaiian Archipelago (i.e., Endemic). I Species occurring naturally within the Hawaiian Archipelago, but also known to occur naturally elsewhere (1.e., Indigenous). Pp Species of Polynesian introduction prior to the arrival of European man, and are now considered naturalized. N Species introduced to Hawaii after the arrival of European man, and are now thoroughly established (i.e., Naturalized). Volume 32 (2) 25 Some endemic and indigenous species listed in the flora of Kaho‘olawe are considered by Wagner et al. (1990) to be extinct or threatened to some degree. The following categories are used to describe the degree of endangerment: e Species that are endangered to the point that survival is questionable. Rare species at risk due to their limited distribution, but that are not currently endangered. Species that are vulnerable due to loss of suitable habitat. These species may become endangered unless steps are taken to preserve them. Species that are believed to be extinct throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago. This category has been added by the present authors to indicate endemic, indigenous or naturalized species that have been recorded on Kaho‘olawe, but which they consider to no longer be present. Sources of information are listed below. The Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1990) is considered most authoritative since it is based primarily on plant specimens available in recognized herbaria. Botanical surveys by the U.S. Navy (1979) and Corn et al. (1980) included field identification as well as collections. The checklists by Forbes (1913), Bryan (1931) and Whitesell e¢ al. (1971) were apparently based on field identifications only. In the absence of voucher specimens, some identifications may be questionable, particularly where the identified species are similar in appearance to related species known to occur on Kaho‘olawe. The species listed by Nahoalelua and Richardson (1857) and in Ka Lahui Hawaii were of casual mention only, but, nonetheless, add to the list of species which may have formerly occurred on Kaho‘olawe. 1 2 Wagner et al. 1990. Department of the Navy 1979. 26 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Corn et al. 1980. Forbes 1913. Bryan 1931. Ka Lahui Hawaii 1875. Nahaolelua and Richardson 1857. Whitesell et al. 1971. Sara a hf & Statu Agavaceae Agave sisalana Perrine N Century plant, sisal, malina Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.)L. I Sea purslane, Gkulikuli Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. N Spiny amaranth, pakai kukii Amaranthus viridis L. N Source Slender amaranth, pakat, Gheahea, pakaika Nototrichium sandwicense (A.Gray) Hillebr. Kulut E Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. N,k Mango, marako, manakdé meneke, meneke Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus (L.)G.Don N Madagascar periwinkle, kihapai Araliaceae Reynoldsia sandwicensis A.Gray E,k Ohe, ‘ohe kukuluae, ohe makai, oheoka Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. P Coconut palm, niu, ololani Volume 32 (2) 27 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias curassavica L. N i! Butterfly weed, bloodflower, laulele, lauhele, nu‘umela, pua ‘anuhe Asclepias physocarpa (E.Mey.)Schlechter Balloon plant N 1 Calotropis gigantea (L.)W.T.Aiton N 3 Crown flower, puakalaunu Asteraceae Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.)Kuntze Spiny bur, Paraguay bur, kiikae hipa, thi kikae hipa, pipili N 1 Ageratum conyzoides L. N 1 Maile hohono, maile honohono, maile kula Artemisia australis Less. E 1 Wormwood, ‘ahinahina, hinahina, hinahina kuahiwi Bidens alba (L.)DC var. radiata (Schultz-Bip.)Ballard ex Melchert N 1 Spanish needle, beggartick, ko‘okoolau, ko‘olau Bidens mauiensis (A.Gray)Sherff E 1 Spanish needle, beggartick, ko‘okoolau, ko‘olau Bidens pilosa L. N 1 Ki, ki nehe, ki pipili, nehe Centaurea melitensis L. N 1 Napa thistle, yellow star thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi)Ten. N 1 Bull thistle, pua kala Conyza bonariensis (L.)Cronq. N 1 Hairy horseweed Conyza canadensis (L.)Cronq. N 8 Horseweed, lari wela Emilia coccinea (Sims)G.Don N 5 Flora’s paintbrueh Emilia fosbergit Nicolson N 1 Emilia sonchifolia (L.)DC N 3 Flora’s paintbrush Galinsoga parviflora Cav. N 1 Gnaphalium purpureum L. N 1 28 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Purple cudweed Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt. N 1 Telegraph weed Hypochoeris glabra L. N 1 Smooth cat’s ear Hypochoeris radicata L. N 1 Hairy cat’s ear Lipochaeta bryanit Sherff E,x 1 Nehe Lipochaeta inrtegrifolia (Nutt.)A.Gray E 1 Nehe Lipochaeta lavarum (Gaud.)DC E 1 Nehe Lipochaeta rocku Sherff E 1 Nehe Lipochaeta succulenta (Hook.& Arnott)DC Nehe E 1 Pluchea indica (L.)Less. N 1 Indian fleabane, Indian pluchea Pluchea symphytifolia (Mill.)Gillis N 1 Sourbush Sigesbeckia orientalis L. N 1 Small yellow crown-beard Sonchus oleraceous L. N 1 Sow thistle, pualele Synedrella nodiflora (L.)Gaertn. N 1 Nodeweed Tridax procumbens L. N 1 Coat buttons Verbesina encelioides (Cav.)Benth.& Hook. Golden crown-beard N 1 Vernonia cinerea (L.)Less var. parviflora (Reinw.)DC Litte ironweed N 1 Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.)Torr.& A.Gray Cocklebur, kikania N 1 Zinnia peruviana (L.)L. N 1 Pua pilu Volume 32 (2) Bataceae Batis maritima L. N 1 Pickleweed, ‘akulikuli kai Boraginaceae Heliotropium curassavicum L. I 1 Seaside heliotrope, kipukai, nena Brassicaceae Coronopus didymus (L.)Sm. N 1 Swinecress Lepidium oblongatum Small N 1 Pepperwort, peppergrass Raphanus sativus L. N 1 Wild radish Sisymbrium altissunum L. N 1 Tumble mustard Cactaceae Hylocereus undatus (Haw.)Britton & Rose N 1 Night-blooming cereus, paniniokapunahou, papipi pua Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. N 1 Prickly pear, panini, papipt Capparaceae Capparis sandwichiana DC E,v I Caper bush, maiapilo, pilo, pua pilo Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon tetraphyllum (LL. N 1 Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. N 1 Common ironwood, paina Casuarina glauca Siebold ex Spreng. N 1 Longleaf ironwood, saltmarsh ironwood Chenopodiaceae Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. N 1 Australian saltbush 29 30 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Chenopodium carinatum R.Br. N 1 Goosefoot Chenopodium murale L. N 1 Goosefoot, Ghealea Salsola kali L. N 8 Russian thistle, tumbleweed Convolvulaceae Cressa truxillensis Kunth I 1 Ipomoea cairica (L.)S weet N 1 Ivy-leaved morning glory, koali ‘ai, koali, koali lau manamana, kowali, pa‘alvt Ipomoea indica (J.Burm.)Merr. I 1 Morning glory, koali ‘awa, koali ‘awahia, koali pehu Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.)R.Br. subsp. brasiliensis (L.)Ooststr. 1 Beach morning glory, pohuehue, puhuehue Ipomoea tuboides Degener & Ooststr. E 1 Hawaiian moon flower Jacquemontia ovalifolia (Choisy)H.Hallier subsp. sar.dwicensis (A.Gray)K. Robertson E 1 Pa‘tiohv‘iaka, kakuaohitaka, kaupo‘o Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. N 1 Hairy merremia, koali kua hulu, kuahulu Cucurbitaceae Cucuniis dipsaceus Ehreub. ex Spach N 1 Hedgehog gourd, teasel gourd Momordica charantia L. N 1 Balsam pear Sicyos pachyearpus Hook.& Arnott — E 1 Kiupala Cyperaceae Kleocharis ealva Torr. I 1 Spikerush, kohiekole, pipiwar Volume 32 (2) 31 Epacaridaceae Styphelia tameiameiae (Cham.& Schlechtend.)F.v.Muell. Ik ts Piikiawe, ‘a‘alit mahu, kanehoa, maiele, maieli, puakeawe, puakiawe, pukeawe, pupikiawe Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce celastroides (Boias.)Croizat & Degener var. amplectens (Sherff)Degener & I.Degener E 1 Spurge, ‘akoko, koko, ‘ekoko, kokdmalei var. stokesit (C.Forbes)Degener & I.Degener E 1 Spurge, ‘akoko, koko, ‘ekoko, kokomalei Chamaesyce hirta (L.)Millsp. N 1 Hairy spurge, garden spurge, koko kahiki Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.)Millap. N 2 Graceful spurge Chamaesyce multiformis (Hook.& Arnott)Croizat & Degener var. microphylla (Boiss.)Degener & I.Degener E 3 ‘Akoko, koko, ‘ekoko, kokomalei Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton)Small N 1 Prostrate spurge Chamaesyce skottsbergii (Sherff)Croizat & Degener var. vaccinioides (Sherff) Koutnik E,v 1 ‘koko, koko, ‘ekoko, kokomalei Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.)Millsp. N 4 Spurge Euphorbia heterophylla L. N 1 Kaliko Ricinus communis L. N 1 Castor bean, pa‘aila, ka‘apeha, kamakou, koli, la‘au ‘aila Fabaceae Acacia confisa Mery. N 1 Formosa koa Acacia farnesiana (L.)Willd. N 1 Klu, aroma, kolit Cayanus cajan (L.)Millsp. N 5 Pigeon pea, pi niuinu, pt Pokoliko 32 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Chamaecrista nictitans (L.)Moench subsp. patellaria (DC ex Collad.)H.Irwin & Barneby var. glabrata (Vogel)H Irwin & Barneby N 1 Partridge pea, lauki Crotalaria ineana L. N 1 Fuzzy rattlepod, kiikuehoki Desmanthus virgatus (L.)Willd. N 1 Slender mimosa, virgate mimosa Desmodium sandwicense E.Mey. N 1 Spanish clover, chili clover, pua pilipili, kikania pipili Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.)DC N 1 Florida beggarweed Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC N 1 Three-flowered beggarweed Erythrina sanduicensis Degener E 1 Wiliwili Glycine wighti (Wight & Arnott) Verdce.N 1 Indigofera suffruticosa Mill, N 1 Indigo, tntko, inikoa, kolti Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.)de Wit N 1 Koa haole, ékoa, lilikoa Macroptilium lathyroides (L.)Urb. N 1 Wild bean, cow pea Mimosa pudica L. var. unyuga (Duchass.& Walp.)Griseb. N 4 Sensitive plant, sleeping grass, pua hilahila Prosopis pallida (Huinb.& Bonp!]. ex Willd.) Kunth N 1 Algaroba, mesquite, kiawe Sesbania tomentosa Hook.& Arnott E,v 1 Ohai Sophora chrysophylla (Salisb. Seem. E 6 Marmarve, mamani Tephrosia purpurea (L.)Pers. var. purpurea Fish poison, ‘auhuhu, ahuhu, ‘auhola, hola Vigna o-wahuensis Vogel E,e 1 Volume 32 (2) 33 Gentianaceae Centaurium erythraea Raf. subsp. erythraea N 1 Bitter herb, European centaury Goodeniaceae Scaevola sericea Vahl I 1 Beach naupaka, naupaka kahaka, huahekili, naupaka ka Malvaceae Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.)Sweet N 1 Hairy abutilon, sa‘o Abutilon incanum (Link)S weet I 1 Hoary abutilon, :na‘o Gossypium tomentosum Nutt. ex Seem. E,v 1 Hawaiian cotton, ma‘, huluhulu Hibiscus brackenridget A.Gray E,e,k 1 Mao hau hele Malva parviflora L. N 1 Cheese weed Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)Garcke subsp. curumandelianuum N 1 False mallow Sida fallax Walp. I 1 Tlima Sida rhombifolia L. N 1 Myoporaceae Myoporum sandwicense A.Gray Ik 4 Bastard sandalwood, naio, naeo, naieo Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia coccinea Mill. N [ Boerhavia glabrata Blume I 1 Alena, nena Boerhavia herbstii Fosb. E 1 Alena Boerhavia repens L. I 1 Alena, nena 34 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. P 1 Yellow wood sorrel, ‘t/ii ‘ai, thi ‘awa, ‘thi maka ‘ula, thi makole Papaveraceae Argemone glauca (Nutt. ex Prain)Pope var. glauca E 1 Prickly poppy, pua kala, kala, naule, pokalakala Argemone mexicana L. N 4 Mexican poppy Passifloraceae Passiflora edulis Sims N,k 2 Passion fruit, purple granadilla, purple water lemon, liliko’t Plumbiginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L. Lk 1 Leadwort, ‘ilie‘’e, hilie’e, ilihe‘e Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa (L.)A.Camus N 1 Pitted beardgrass Cenchrus ciliaris L. N 1 Buffelgrass Cenchrus echinatus L. N 1 Common sandbur, ‘‘wme‘alu, maui kuki Chloris barbata (L.)Sw. N 2 Swollen fingergrass, mau ‘u lei Chloris divaricata R.Br. var. divarieata N 1 Stargrass Chloris virgata Sw. N 1 Feather fingergrass Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers. N 1 Common bennudagrass, nudiienie, marnienie haole Dactylocteninm aegyplium (L.)Willd. N 1 Beach wiregrass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir. Hubb. N 3 Wilder grass Dichanthium sericewm (R.Br) A.Camus N 1 Australian bluestem Volume 32 (2) Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.)Koeler N 1 Henry’s crabgrass, kiikaepua‘a Digitaria insularis (L.)Mez ex Ekman N 1 Sourgrass Digitaria pentzu Stent N 1 Pangola grass Digitaria setigera Roth I 7 Itchy crabgrass, kikaepua‘a, mauu kikaepua‘a Echinochloa colona (L.)Link N 1 Jungle rice Eleusine indica (L.)Gaertn. N 3 Goosegrass, wiregrass, masienie alii Eragrostis cilianensis (All.)Link N 1 Stinkgrass Eragrostis tenella (L.)P.Beauv. ex Roem.& Schult. N 1 Japanese lovegrass, hakonakona Kragrostis variabilis (Gaud.)Steud. E 1 Kawelu, ‘emoloa, kalamalo Heteropogon contortus (L.)P.Beauv. ex Roem.& Schult. I 1 Twisted beardgrass, tanglehead, pili grass, pili, lule Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv. N 1 Molasses grass Panicum fauriet Hitche. var. fauriei E 1 var. latins (St.John)Davidse E 1 Panicum maximum Jacq. N 1 Guinea grass Panicum ramosius Hitche. E 1 Panicum torridum Gaud. E 1 Torrid panicgrass, kakonakona, hakonakona Panicum xerophilum (Hillebr.)Hitche. E 1 Kakonakona Pennisetum polystachion (L.)Schult. N 2 Feathery pennisetum Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.)JHubb. N 1 Natal redtop, Natal grass Setaria verticillata (L.)P. Beauv. N 1 Bristly foxtail, mau‘u pilipili 36 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Sporobolus virginicus (L.)Kunth I 1 Seashore rushgrass, beach dropseed, ‘aki‘aki, ‘aki, mahiki, mahikihiki, manienie, marnienie ‘aki‘aki, manienie malikihiki, manienie maolt Tragus berteronianus Schult. N I Burgrass, bertero goatgrass Polypodiaceae Christella dentata (Forssk.)Brownsey & Jermy Oak fern I 3 Doryopteris decora Brack. E 2 Desert doryopteris, Wwatwoa Nephrolepis sp. Schott I 2 Pityrogrammea ealomelanos (L.)Link N 3 Gold fern Portulacaceae Portulaca lutea Sol. ex G.Forster I 2 Purslane, ‘iu Portulaca molokiniensis Hobdy E,r 1 Purslane, ‘/u Portulaca oleracea L. N 2 Pigweed, Ghkulikuli kula, Ghulikuli lau lit, thi Portulaca villosa Cham. E,v 1 Purslane, ‘ihi Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. N 1 Scarlet pimpernel, poor man’s weatherglass Rhamnaceae Gouania hillebrandti Oliver E,e,k 1 Rubiaceae Coffea arabica L. N,k 1 Arabian coffee Santalaceae Exocarpos gaudichandit A.DC E,r 1 Hulumoa, kaumahana Santalum Menor Gaud. E,k 1 Coast sandalwood, ‘liahialoe Volume 32 (2) 37 Sapindaceae Dodonea viscosa Jacq. Ik 4 ‘A‘alit, ‘a‘alit ki makani, ‘a‘alit kii ma kua, kimakani Solanaceae Lyctum sandwicense A.Gray I 1 Ohelo kai, ‘ae‘ae, ‘akulikuli ‘ae‘ae, akulikuli kai, Gkulikuli ‘ohelo Lycopersicon esculentum Mull. N 1 Tomato, ohi‘a lomi, kamako, Ghi‘a, Ghi‘a haole Lycopersicon punpinellifolium (Jusl.)Mill. N 1 Currant tomato, Ohi‘a maka nahele Nicotiana glauca R.C.Graham N 1 Tree tobacco, mustard tree, makahala, paka Nicotiana tabacum L. N,k 1 Tobacco, paka Solanwm americanum Mill. I 1 Glossy nightshade, popolo, ‘olohua, polopolo Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & P.Jaeger Apple of Sodom, thorny popolo, aint ta aoe popolo kikania Sterculiaceae Waltheria indica L. I 1 Uhaloa, ‘ala‘ala pit loa, hala ‘uhatoa, hi‘aloa, kanakaloa Urticaceae Neraudia sericea Gaud. E,r,k 1 Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. N 1 Lakana, la‘au kalakala, mikinolia hihiu, mikinolia hohono, mikinolia kuku Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.)Vahl ‘Ow, ot N 8 Stach ytarphetayamaicensis (L.)Vahl N 1 Jamaica vervain, owt, ot Verbena litoralis Kunth N 1 Vervain, owi, ot 38 —_—Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Zygophyllaceae Tribulus cistoides L. I 1 Caltrop, nohu, nohunohu References Allen, W.F. 1858. Correspondence to R.C. Wyllie dated May 31. On file at Hawati State Archives, R.C. Wyllic Private Collection. Ashdown, I.M. 1979. Recollections of Kaho‘olawe. Topgallant Publishing Company, Honolulu. } Bagot, F. (editor). 1884. McKenney’s Hawaiian directory. L.M. McKenncy & Company, San Francisco. Beaglehole, J.C. (editor). 1967. The journals of Captain James Cook on his voyage of discovery. III. The voyage of the Resolution and Discovery 1776-1780. University Press, Cambridge. Bryan, E.H., Jr. 1931. Summary of plants found on Kahoolawe. List on file in B.P. Bishop Muscum Archives. Corn, C.A., W. Char, G. Clarke, and L. Cuddihy. 1980. Kaho‘olawe botanical survey (April 21-25, 1980). Division of Forestry, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai'i. Department of the Navy. 1979. Environmental impact statement: Military use of Kahoolawe training arca. Prepared by Environmental Impact Study Corp., Honolulu. Forbes, C.N. 1913. Notes on the Nora of Kahoolawe and Molokini. B.P. Bishop Muscum Occasional Paper 4. Hawaiian Gazette, August 17, 1881, page 3. “A great change is coming over Kahoolawe.” Hawaiian Gazette, April 5, 1918a, page 4. “Want Kahoolawe for cattle range — Effort to be made to have island turned over for grazing — Would solve beef problem.” Hawaiian Gazette, April 26, 1918b, page 4. “Goats of Kahoolawe must go, is order.” Hosmer, R.S. 1910. Kahoolawe Forest Reserve. The Hawaiian Forcster and Agriculturist 8(9):264-2067. Judd, H.P. 1938. A visit to Kahoolawe. Paradise of the Pacific. October: 11-12. Volume 32 (2) 39 Ka Lahui Hawaii, December 30, 1875, page 4. “Ka Huakai Alii A Kalani Moi Davida Kalakaua Ma Na Hono A Piilani” (The Royal Excursion of His Royal Highness David Kalakaua to the Bays of Piilani). Kirch, P.V. 1982. The impact of the prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian ecosytem. Pacific Science 36:1-14. Nahaolelua, P. and I. Richardson. 1857. Land report to Lot Kamehameha dated December 7, 1857. On file at the Hawaii State Archives. Perkins, E.T. 1854. Na Motu, or reef-rovings in the South Seas. Pudney & Russell, New York. Rice, H.W., O.L. Sorenson and R. Hind. 1932. Inspection and land re- appraisal report submitted to R.C. Brown, Acting Governor of Hawaii. On file at State Land Management Office, Land Records and Correspondence. The Sunday Advertiser, January 14, 1912, page 1. “Kahoolawe the island that is wearing oul — A problem solved.” Vancouver, G. 1798. A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific Occan, and round the world. (1967 reproduction of the original edition). Da Capo Press, New York. Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i. 2 volumes. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Warren, S.D. and R.E. Riggins. 1991. Second status report — Rehabilitation of Kaho olawe. US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Environmental Division, Champaign, Illinois. Whitesell, C.D., H.K. Yanamura, and D.N. Palmer. 1971. First progress report on vegetation trials for rehabilitating Kahoolawe Island, Hawaii. US Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawaii. Wyllie, R.C. 1859. Correspondence to Messrs. Louzada and Spencer dated January 20. On file at Hawaii State Archives, R.C. Wyllie Private Collection. Zschokke, T.C. 1932. The forests of Kahoolawe. The Extension Letter 12(1):7. University of Hawaii Agricultural Extension Service. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, Hi 96822 1992/1 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 10th St. and Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 Volume 32 (3) September, 1993 Contents Articles New Information on the Cause of Yellows Disease on Dodonea (A‘ali‘i) 43 Wayne B. Borth and Donald E. Gardner Dry Forest Species Under Semi-cultivated Conditions 47 Ron Fenstemacher Dr. Vladimir J. Krajina — §2 Dieter Mueller-Dombois Notes New Plant Society on Big Island 54 Call for Nominations 95 *K Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to “advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them”. Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. 42 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Officers of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 1993 Executive Council President: Sterling Keeley (UH, Botany Department) Vice-President: Keith Tomlinson (Bishop Museum, Education) Treasurer: Ron Fenstemacher (Ka Papa Lo‘i O Kanewai) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors: Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Committees Appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Newsletter: Editor: Gregory A. Koob (UH, Horticulture Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair (University of Hawaii) Ken Nagata (USDA, APHIS PPQ) Evangeline Funk (Botanical Consultants) John Obata (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros (Haleakala National Park) Membership The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year Student Membership is $4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership (individuals only) is $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. Volume 32 (3) 43 New Information on the Cause of Yellows Disease of Dodonaea (A‘ali‘t) Wayne B. Borth Department of Plant Pathology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 and Donald E. Gardner Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. (a‘ali7) is an important plant in the dry forest and shrublands of Hawai‘i, where it can be found from coastal dunes, through low elevation shrublands and dry, mesic, or sometimes wet forests to the subalpine shrubland near 2500 m on all the main islands except Kaho‘olawe. The species is extremely polymorphic throughout is range which has led to many different classifications. Presently, the many different forms of a‘ali‘l in Hawai‘l are considered as ecotypes or varieties of D. viscosa Jacq. (Wagner et al., 1990). With growth habits ranging from low shrubs less than a meter high, to trees of more than 10 m, this indigenous plant is important in Hawaiian ecosystems as a successful early colonizer of disturbed sites (Lamb, 1950; Mueller-Dombois et al., 1981). It can often be found growing on relatively new lava flows on the island of Hawai‘, where it is drought tolerant and able to provide a rich litter layer beneath its canopy which contributes to the formation of new soils on sites poor in organic material. Gardner (1980), and later Gardner and Kageler (1984) reported a severe yellowing disorder of a‘ali‘i characterized by the proliferation of usually pendulous, chlorotic “witches’ brooms” on sections of otherwise healthy plants. Terminal portions of these stems are often reddened and may be compressed laterally. Afflicted portions of plants fail to produce either male or female flowers while flowering appears 4g Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society normal on the nonsymptomatic portions of the same plant. The syndrome gradually spreads to involve the entire plant which eventually over a period of years becomes progressively defoliated with only a few deformed leaves remaining at the tips of the brooms. These plants ultimately wither but remain standing in the field where their clusters of dried leafless witches’ brooms are prominent. Recovery of symptomatic plants has never been recorded in field situations. At the time of its first report, the disease had been observed in both Hawaii Voleanoes (HVNP) and Haleakala National Parks, on the islands of Hawai‘i and Maui, respectively. The disease was particularly obvious in the Mauna Loa Strip region of HVNP. Although at present only a small percentage of the native Dodonaea population is afflicted with overt symptoms of this disorder, it is slowly spreading to healthy a‘ali‘l in areas where it occurs; symptomatic plants now have been found on all the major Hawaiian islands. Individual D. viscosa plants may display symptoms of this disease at any point in their development. Mature individuals may develop symptoms on isolated branches, or young saplings may become entirely symptomatic within a short time after their establishment. Two characteristics of this disorder suggest a pathogenic etiology. First, symptomatic plants can be found growing in different environments of rainfall, temperature, and substrate composition. Second, when plants with symptoms are transplanted into controlled environments, kept free from insects, and given regular applications of macro- and micro-nutrients, they retain their original symptoms. Thus, symptoms on afflicted plants are not caused by environmental factors, toxic substances associated with insect feeding, or poor soil or nutritional factors. Preliminary attempts to culture fungal or bacterial pathogens from symptomatic plants did not reveal any association between these agents and the disease syndrome. We now have evidence implicating two potential pathogens associated with this disease in Hawai‘i. One, a plant virus with particles 16 nm in diameter and 700 nm in length has been isolated from diseased D. viscosa but was not present in healthy plants (Borth et al., 1990). Similar types of viruses have been associated with serious diseases of pineapple in Hawai‘ and of grapes in the eastern U.S: Volume 32 (3) 45 The other pathogen is a mycoplasma-like organism (MLO). These prokaryotic single-celled organisms, too small for observation by light microscopy, have been known to cause disease in plants since 1967 when Japanese pathologists used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to first document their presence in mulberry trees afflicted with mulberry dwarf disease (Doi et al., 1967). These workers also were able to obtain remission of symptoms by treating diseased plants with tetracycline antibiotics (Ishiie et al., 1967). This approach is now commonly used to treat plants suspected of having MLO infections (McCoy and Sinha, 1983). MLOs are vascular pathogens and only occur in the phloem tissues of plants. Presently, they are classified as obligate parasites of higher plants because they cannot be cultured in the absence of their host plants. They are commonly vectored by homopteran insects (leafhoppers, planthoppers, and psyllids) but are not seed transmitted. At present, MLO diseases in hundreds of plant species representing 95 families have been reported worldwide (McCoy et al., 1989). As reported earlier (Gardner and Kageler, 1984), a relevant case occurs in the Mysore area of India, where sandalwood (Santalum album) is infected by an MLO that causes sandalwood spike disease. In that area, D. viscosa (which is native to India as well as to Hawai'‘1) is a host for the sandalwood, and is affected by a yellows disease which seems in some ways similar to Dodonaea yellows disease in Hawai‘i (Hull et al., 1970; Nayar and Ananthapadmanabah, 1977). To investigate the possibility that MLOs are associated with Dodonaea yellows disease in Hawai‘i, symptomatic and symptomless a‘ali‘l plants sampled from field sites on the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, and Kauai were tested with a nucleic acid probe prepared from the highly conserved 16S ribosomal gene of Western X MLO (the organism which causes a serious disease of cherries and peaches in the U.S.). This probe has been shown to reliably detect MLOs that cause disease in a wide range of plants. On all the islands sampled, 80% of the symptomatic plants and 33% of the symptomless plants growing near diseased plants tested positively with this probe. Leaves and roots of healthy plants grown from seed collected from symptomless a‘ali‘i did not react with this probe. In addition, pleiomorphic bodies resembling MLOs have been observed in phloem tissues of diseased plants using TEM. Such 46 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society structures were not observed in healthy plants grown from seed. Importantly, stem injections of oxytetracycline at 100 ug/ml alleviated brooming symptoms on diseased plants. Taken together, results of work with the molecular probes, TEM observations, and tetracycline applications confirm the involvement of MLOs with Dodonaea yellows disease in Hawai‘il. Furthermore, the evidence suggests a complex etiology for the yellows disease which includes both viral and mycoplasmal agents. This is the first plant disease in the Hawaiian Islands for which MLOs have been shown to be involved. Literature Cited Borth, W., Gardner, D. E., and German, T. L. 1990. Association of double-stranded RNA and filamentous viruslike particles with Dodonaea yellows disease. Plant Disease 74:434-437. Doi, Y., Teranaka, M., Yora, K., and Asuyama, H. 1967. Mycoplasma or PLT group-like microorganisms found in the phloem elements of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches’ broom, aster yellows, or paulownia witches’ broom. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 33:259-266. Gardner, D. E., and Kageler, V. A. D. 1984. The apparent yellows disease of Dodonaea: Symptomatology and considerations of the etiology. Hawaiian Bot. Soc. Newsl. 23:7-16. Hull, R., Plaskitt, A., Nayar, R. M., and Ananthapadmanabah, H. S. 1970. Electron microscopy of alternate hosts of sandal spike pathogen and of tetracycline-treated spike-infected sandal trees. J. Ind. Acad. Wood Sci. 1:62. Ishiie, T., Doi, Y., Yora, K., and Asuyama, H. 1967. Suppressive effects of antibiotics of the tetracycline group on the symptom development of mulberry dwarf disease. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 33:267-275. Lamb, S. H. 1950. Native Trees and Shrubs of the Hawaiian Islands. Sunstone Press, Santa Fe, NM. McCoy, R. E., and Sinha, R. C. 1983. Antibiotic treatment of plants and bioassay to determine foliar antibiotic concentration. Pages 269-286 in: Methods in Mycoplasmology, vol. 2. Academic Press, San Diego. Volume 32 (3) 47 McCoy, R. E., et al. 1989. Plant diseases associated with mycoplasma-like organisms. Pages 546-641 in: The Mycoplasmas, vol. 5. R. F. Whitcomb and J. G. Tully, eds. Academic Press, San Diego. Mueller-Dombois, D., Bridges, K. W., and Carson, H. L. 1981. Island Ecosystems. Hutchinson Ross Publishers, Woods Hole, MA. Nayar, R., and Ananthapadmanabah, H.S. 1977. Little-leaf disease in collateral hosts of sandal (Santalum album L.). Eur. J. For. Pathol. 7:152-158. Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Dry Forest Species Under Semi-cultivated Conditions Ron Fenstemacher Ho‘okahe Wai Ho‘oulu ‘Aina Box 61494, Manoa, HI 96839 Ka Papa Lo‘i Kanewai is the Hawaiian cultural garden located on the makai side of Dole Street between the UH dorms and Kanewai field. Members of H‘okahe Wai Ho‘oulu ‘Aina, a non-profit corporation, created the garden as students in 1980. Within the garden are two basic categories of Hawaiian plant collections. There are the species introduced from the canoes of Polynesians such as taro, banana, sugarcane, ‘awa, etc. These are the most obvious collections and the ones that initially draw most people to the garden. The second category comprises of endemic and indigenous species that were present when Polynesians arrived here; they are an attempt to re- create a native dry forest at Kanewai. This report is about several of those native species that have actually been vigorous enough to recruit at the garden. 48 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society In 1913, Joseph F. Rock remarked that the dry forest of Hawai‘i was botanically the wealthiest and most diverse of all Hawaiian forest because of the stunning array of species it held.! By 1988 it was estimated that less than 10% of undisturbed native forest remained on the four major islands combined.” Native lowland forests on O‘ahu are extirpated except for one area in the northern Wai‘anae mountains.? This incredible ecosystem’s passing has yet to gain public attention like “rain forest” has. Many of Hawai‘i’s most critically endangered plants are from this area. Grim realizations such as the above have led to attempts to bring species from the native dry forest to Kanewai in order to observe them more closely. Initial planting material was hard to come by. As in nature, elements often combine to thwart efforts to restore ecosystems. Introduced arthropods and pathogens, aggressive weeds, development, etc., are all discouraging factors. Safe, commonly used pesticides and fertilizers can be toxic to native plants. The revegetation program has been worthwhile nevertheless and yields many unique benefits. The successes and failures of the native dry flora at Kanewai afford hands-on experience and opportunities unmatched elsewhere in the University. The practical knowledge acquired at this dry site in such a remarkable laboratory setting is invaluable. It is possible to study the habits and life span of the 70 or so species there to evaluate characteristics used in taxonomy. The garden exposes every visitor to the rare and fragile beauty of the xeric flora of Hawai‘ in an easily accessible setting with minimal effort. The practical experience and tangible resources serve as a model for reforestation projects in dry places like Kaho‘olawe. The garden displays the potential of the xeric component of the flora of Hawai‘ to enhance landscapes with native plants pre-adapted to dry, leeward sites. These reasons among others make Ka Papa Lo‘l ‘o Kanewai an exceptional location for a dry forest of native plants. Under the existing “tropical desert” conditions at the garden, of 35 to 40 inches of rain per year,’ a few species volunteer and some actually seem to be spreading and establishing viable populations. A list of the native species® that have done this to date, with comments, follows: Volume 32 (3) 49 1. Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Hillebr. This species grows well and has recruited in bare areas and beneath established plantings. It seems to have pioneer characteristics and is establishing a population. Its spread seems to be limited by competition by alien grasses. 2. Bidens amplectens Sherff These ko‘oko‘olau are growing in soil about 20 cm deep above a layer of cement. Although close to water, this cement barrier creates a dry environment. Occasional efforts are made to minimize weeds. This species has established a stable population in the garden. It has acted as an annual in years past. With the wet summer of 1991 a few individuals survived a second year into 1992. With recent winter rain, new seedlings have sprouted. 3. Chenopodium oahuense (Meyen) Aellen ‘Aheahea has pioneer qualities and has established a stable population at the garden. It seems limited by competition from alien grasses although it appears to be weedy itself. The leaves and tender tips make tasty greens. 4. Cuscuta sandwichiana Choisy Kauna‘a appears with winter rains. It is spread by natural agents as it was never deliberately planted at the garden. 5. Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana (Sherff) O. Degener & I. Degener This ‘akoko produces plenty of seeds, yet only two volunteers have ever been observed. This is quite curious considering the next entry. 6. Chamaesyce skottsbergii (Sherff) Croizat & O.Degener var. Skottsbergii This ‘akoko produces many seeds and volunteers are pioneering areas. Well over 100 are presently at the garden. It is spreading and establishing a population. Its spread seems limited by alien weeds, although it is weedy itself. At times, a caterpillar denudes the plant of its foliage. The success of this species at the garden belies its limited distribution in nature. 50 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 7. Erythrina sandwicensis O. Degener Wiliwili produces many seeds and volunteers frequently beneath established plantings. 8. Abutilon incanum (Link) Sweet This species volunteers naturally in dry places. It is attacked by what seems to be a fungal rust. Individuals have survived dousing with herbicide. 9. Hibiscus brackenridgei A. Gray subsp. brackenridgei Ma‘-hau-hele produces many seeds, but hand-pollination is sometimes necessary to assure seed set. Several have volunteered in bare places and beneath previous plantings. It is susceptible to disease problems that kill mature plants right at ground level. 10. Sida fallax Walp. Several forms of the tlima complex are at the garden. Some were planted deliberately, some not. They all regenerate freely. Plants have lately been attacked and killed by large numbers of mealybugs. 11. Dodonea viscosa Jacq. ‘A‘ali7 is one of the garden’s most successful plants; not much bothers it. Staminate flowers predominate on both individuals past the juvenile stage at the garden with a few scattered pistillate flowers appearing late in the season. These pistillate flowers set viable seed since several volunteers have appeared, albeit slowly, beneath these individuals. The tardiness of volunteers is most likely an artifact of this large staminate/pistillate ratio. 12. Solanum americanum Mill. Popolo appears with winter rains. It is spread naturally, as it never has been planted at the garden. 13. Waltheria indica L. Uhaloa is a common weed of disturbed places. It is dispersed naturally; in some areas of the garden it has become the dominant plant. Volume 32 (3) 51 14. Mariscus javanicus (Houtt.) Merr. & Metcalfe ‘Ahu‘awa produces many viable seeds, yet only occasionally volunteers at the garden in wet areas. It seems susceptible to weed competition and perhaps disease also. ‘Awa strainers were made from its flowering stalks by simultaneously squeezing and pulling the stalks between two round sticks repeatedly and drying the resulting fibers. This technique gently separates fibers from pulp, whereas pounding smashes and weakens the fibers. The ‘awa strainer undergoes considerable stress being torqued as it is in making the beverage. The fibers need to maintain their integrity and be as sound as possible for long-lasting strength and durability. Bibliography 1. Rock, J.F. 1913. The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Pub- lished under patronage; Honolulu, T.H. 2. Gagné, W. 1988 Bioscience 38 (4) 264. 3. Mueller-Dombois, D. 1973 Tropical Ecology 14 (1) 1. 4. Personal communication, Chester Lao, Chief Hydrologist, Honolulu Board of Water Supply. 5. Wagner, W., Herbst D., and Sohmer, S. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum special publication 83. Addendum The above article was written in early fall 1992. Beginning in October 1992 the University of Hawaii officially started to prohibit entry into the garden. Attempts were made by the University to move some of the dryland plants. Predictably, many died from transplant shock, overcrowded conditions, and subsequent neglect. In late June 1993, a third of the garden containing half of the dryland planting area was bulldozed. The University continues to restrict access to the whole garden. RF 52 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Dr. Viadimir J. Krajina Dieter Mueller-Dombois Dr. Vladimir J. Krajina, Professor Emeritus at the Department of Botany, University of British Columbia and respected member of the Hawaiian Botanical Society, died June 1 this year at the age of 88 in Vancouver. Professor Krajina was born in Czechoslovakia where he studied botanical sciences at Charles University in Prague. He received his doctorate degree there in 1927 and became a faculty member in 1934. In the early 1930s he received a Bishop Museum Fellowship that brought him to Hawai‘, where he did taxonomic studies in Cibotium, Gunnera, Pipturus, and Cheirodendron. In 1934, Dr. Krajina became Associate Professor in geobotany and plant systematics at Prague’s Charles University, following his habitation research on the plant communities in the High Tatra of the Western Karpatian Mountains. During the Second World War, Vladimir Krajina became a leader of the Czechoslovakian Resistance Movement against German occupation. In 1943 he was captured, interrogated, and sent to the concentration camp Theresienstadt. At the end of the war he narrowly escaped execution. Right after the war, Krajina received recognition and high honors for his heroic war activities from the Czechoslovakian Government under President Benesh. He became the General Secretary of the Czechoslovakian Socialist Party after the first free post-war election. As a strong defender of democratic principles, Krajina soon came into conflict with the increasingly aggressive Communist Party. When the Communists took over in 1948, Krajina was wrongly accused of having collaborated with the Nazis. He fled the country with his family, wife Mary and two small children, and came via England to Canada in 1949. He restarted his professional career in the Department of Botany at the University of British Columbia, where he began as a Special Lecturer. In 1951 he became Assistant Professor, in 1954 Associate, and in 1957 full Professor of Botany. He spent a year (1961-1962) as Visiting Professor at the University of Hawaii, where he gave lectures on vegetation ecology, wrote a paper on the “Biogeoclimatic Zones of Volume 32 (3) 53 the Hawaiian Islands” and produced a much used guide to the plants on the Manoa Campus. In addition to teaching vegetation ecology, dendrology, and bryology at the University of British Columbia, V. J. Krajina devoted much of his energies to a field research program with graduate students that covered most of the forest regions of British Columbia. He was an inspiring teacher and attracted many students, 33 of them received higher degrees under his chairmanship between 1953 and 1977 (24 PhD’s and 9 MSc’s). A special symposium in honor of Professor Krajina’s 80th birthday, organized by some of his graduate students, was published in the Canadian Journal of Botany Volume 66, 1988. It honors Krajina’s life also for his special efforts and devotion to ecosystem conservation. His political skills paid off once more when he had convinced the Provincial Government, with the help of the then active International Biological Program, on the need to establish a system of natural areas as “ecological reserves”. The British Columbia Reserves Act passed in 1971 with the legislative mandate to set aside natural areas as ecological reserves that should serve for: ° scientific research and educational purposes to study nature in an undisturbed environment; ¢ as benchmarks against which to measure the effects of change created by man or nature; * as banks of genetic materials; ¢ and for preserving rare, unique, and endangered native plants and animals in their natural surroundings. More than 100 ecological reserves have since been set aside in British Columbia. A distribution map and a list of the reserves was published with the 80th birthday Symposium honoring V. J. Krajina (Wali 1988). A full record of his many written contributions was recently published by Prof. Jan Jenik (1992), with a more detailed account on Krajina’s extraordinary life history as seen from the perspective of a professional colleague and former countryman. I can speak from the perspective of one of his many graduate students that he touched our lives deeply and permanently. 54 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society References cited: Jenik, J. 1992. ProfessorVladimir J. Krajina — Honorary Member of the Czechoslovak Botanical Society. Preslia, Praha 64: 291-311. Krajina, V. J. 1963. Biogeoclimatic Zones of the Hawaiian Islands. News- letter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 2: 93-98. Wali, M. K. 1988. Reflections on the life, work, and times of Vladimir Joseph Krajina. Canadian Journal of Botany 64: 2605-2616. Notes New Plant Society on Big Island In July the Hawaiian Botanical Society received a newsletter from the newly-formed Big Island Native Plant Society. The newsletter (Volume 1, No. 1, June 1993) included an introduction to the Big Island Native Plant Society, information on their first meeting, a weed tree alert, a listing of the endangered species of the Big Island, an events calendar, and a call for members. The introduction in the newsletter reads as follows: Welcome to the Big Island Native Plant Society! In response to all of you who have expressed an interest in native Hawaiian plants, we proudly introduce the premier issue of the Big Island Native Plant Society newsletter. The rapidly growing public awareness of the ecological, scientific, and aesthetic value of the unique flora of the Big Island, and indeed all of Hawaii, has created a need for an organization that can bring together botanists, land managers, and interested plant enthusiasts. The creation of the Big Island Native Plant Society will unite these diverse groups into a single voice for native plant conservation and Volume 32 (3) 55 provide a clearing house for the documentation and study of Big Island native plants. In addition, members of the Big Island Native Plant Society will be active in preserving our island environment through educational programs, field trips, and volunteer work groups to remove noxious weed species that threaten native vegetation. The Big Island Native Plant Society is a non-profit volunteer organization. Your involvement will make a difference. It is to you, our members, that we dedicate the Big Island Native Plant Society. Your energy and enthusiasm will be what makes the difference between the extinction or preservation of the Hawaiian flora. So, get involved! This is your native plant society. Wishing you happy botanizing, Dr. Rexford Palmer (President, BINPS) U.H. Hilo Natural Sciences Dept. Call for Nominations It’s once again time to nominate people as officers of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. The offices available are president, vice-president, treasurer, and secretary. If you would like to run for a position or would like to nominate someone as an officer please call Benton Pang at 956-3931 or write to: Hawaiian Botanical Society Attention: Benton Pang c/o Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI 96822 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822 1992/1 Smithsonian Institution \\. Library Acquisitions Si 10th St and Constitution Ave Washington DC 20560 / 7 ae Newsletter | awaiia otanica Oc1e Volume 32 (4) December, 1993 (pntents Society Business Minutes for September, October, and November, 1993 59 Articles Evaluation of the Rust Fungus Phragmidium voilaceum in Chile for the Biocontrol of Prickly Florida Blackberry aut: argutus) in Hawai'i - - 62 George P. Markin, Donald E. Gardner, Hernan Norambuena M., and alaadd Galdames G. Banana Find . 65 Ron Fensteimacher Notes ) New Director for National Tropical Botanical Garden - 66 Want to Help Hawai'i’s Forests? 67 we Published Sy the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to “advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them.” Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society, c/o Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822. 58 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Officers of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 1993 Executive Council President: Sterling Keeley (UH, Botany Department) Vice-President: Keith Tomlinson (Bishop Museum, Education) Treasurer: Ron Fenstemacher (Ka Papa Lo‘i O Kanewai) Secretary: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors: Isabella Abbott (UH, Botany Department) Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Committees Appointed by the Executive Council Membership: Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Newsletter: Editor: Gregory A. Koob (UH, Horticulture Department) Conservation: Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair: Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants: Clifford Smith, Chair (University of Hawai‘i) Ken Nagata (USDA, APHIS PPQ) Evangeline Funk (Botanical Consultants) John Obata (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros (Haleakala National Park) Membership The Society year is from 1 December through 30 November. Regular Membership is $7.50 per year Student Membership is $4.00 per year Family Membership is $10.00 per year Life Membership (individuals only) is $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. Volume 32 (4) 59 Minutes for September 13, 1993 President Keeley called the September meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. New Guest: Jason Adolf and Robert Pattison. Minutes of the May meeting were read and accepted. The treasurer’s report was held for the October meeting. Membership chair Don Gowing proposed the life membership of Joan Canfield. New Business Ron Fenstemacher shared a rare Hawaiian variety of banana called hua moa. Dr. Keeley introduced the plant of the month speaker Dr. Loyal Mehrhoff of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He spoke on Delissea undulata, one of the endemic genera of Hawaiian lobelias. This species has one plant remaining in the wild, and that one is on Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a Ranch. It was discovered by Jon Giffin, wildlife biologist, in 1992. It is the only extant subspecies of the three species described and by the slides shown of its degraded habitat, its survival looks tenuous. Don Gowing introduced the speaker of the month, Mr. Ray Baker of the Lyon Arboretum. Ray spoke on significant palms of the Pacific. After speaking on the endemic Hawaiian pritchardias, he showed slides taken by Dr. Art Whistler of an unusual palm he found in the Cook Islands. This seems to be a new species of Pritchardia. The audience enjoyed Ray’s vast knowledge of palms and many questions were entertained. Minutes for October, 1993 President Keeley called the October meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. Minutes of the September meeting were read and accepted. The Treasurer’s report was read and accepted. Treasurer Fenstemacher voiced his concern over our low income. Even though we show a general fund of over $4,000, much of this is in escrow and tied up for life members. He mentioned the society needs to increase membership and/or raise dues, especially in the light of the recent backlogs of newsletters that will be updated in a couple of months. There was 60 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society discussion about membership dues and creative ways of fund raising. Membership chair Don Gowing reported the recent passing of Victor Krajina in July and Dr. Raymond Fosberg in September. Dr. Mueller- Dombois will be presenting an obituary for Dr. Krajina and Dr. Fosberg for our newsletter. Don then proposed three new members: Jay Perry, Robert Pattison and Susan Cordell-Hart. All were accepted in the Society. New Business Dan Palmer, trustee for the Neal-Miller Fund has requested a new board member. The board has recommended the current treasurer, Ronald Fenstemacher, be an ex-officio member of the Neal-Miller Fund. A motion was passed. Dr. Steve Montgomery informed the Society of the pig snaring controversy with The Nature Conservancy of Hawai‘i (TNCH) and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). Conservation organizations are signing a petition drafted by Paul Scheur and TNCH supporting the use of pig snares as a means of protecting Hawai‘l’s unique and fragile environment. Dr. Montgomery, after reading the letter, asked that the Hawaiian Botanical Society co-sign the petition. After discussion and amendments to be added later, a motion was passed that President Keeley sign the petition for the Society. Dr. Montgomery also gave out posters depicting Hawai‘l’s native flora and fauna from the Conservation Council to the Society. Nominating Committee — Secretary Pang was nominated by the board to chair the committee. Hoya imperialis, the largest hoya in Malaysia, was shared at the meeting. The Plant of the Month Speaker was Dr. Isabella Abbott of the botany department. Her talk was on gourds. She displayed various uses of gourds used by Hawaiians and other indigenous cultures. Greg Koob, Phd candidate in horticulture and graduate assistant at Lyon Arboretum was the speaker of the month. He spoke on the micropropagation efforts currently underway at Lyon Arboretum. He discussed the methods being employed and the types of plants chosen for micropropagation. Micropropagation is yet another means through Volume 32 (4) 61 which botanists and horticulturists are cooperating to save Hawai‘i’s unique flora. Minutes for November 1, 1993 President Keeley called the November meeting to order ar 7:45 p.m. Minutes of the October meeting were read, amended, and accepted. The treasurer’s report was read and accepted. Membership chair Don Gowing reported no new members for the month. Old Business Posters from the Conservation Council for Hawai‘ were available after the meeting for a $2.50 donation each. The book Wake of Dreams is being sold for the Conservation Coalition of Voters for $20.00 each. New Business The press release announcing Dr. William Klein, Jr. as the new director of National Tropical Botanical Garden was read. The USFWS recovery plans for Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. skottsbergii and Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata and the Lana‘i package were made available for public comment. A draft copy of the proposed amendments of chapter 124 of the Hawai‘l Revised Statutes was made available for public comment. Vice President Keith Tomlinson announced the speaker of the month, Steve Perlman of the Hawai‘i Plant Conservation Center of the National Tropical Botanical Garden. Steve updated the Society on the effects and trends seen in the Kaua‘i flora since Hurricane ‘Iniki. Although some plants seem to be coming back, many of the rare individuals and populations have gone extinct. With weeds taking over the island it is hard to estimate what really has been lost. Steve concluded his talk with the construction and revitalization of National Tropical Botanical Garden. While the Queen Emma cottage and Allerton house were totally destroyed, much of the garden and landscape has been brought back to its original state before the hurricane. Steve stimulated much discussion by botanists in the audience about specific populations of endangered plants on Kaua‘ and the effects of weeds on other rare plants populations that survived the hurricane. 62 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Evaluation of the Rust Fungus Phragmidium violaceum in Chile for the Biocontrol of Prickly Florida Blackberry (Rubus argutus) in Hawai‘ George P. Markin USDA Forest Service, 1643 Kilauea Avenue, Hilo, Hawai‘i 96720 Donald E. Gardner Cooperative Park Studies Unit, National Park Service Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822 and Hernan Norambuena M. and Rafael Galdames G. INIA-E. E. Carillanca, Cassilla 58-D, Temuco, Chile In Hawai‘i the introduced prickly Florida blackberry, Rubus argutus Link (also referred to in the literature as R. penetrans L. H. Bailey), is widely distributed between 3,000 and 6,000 ft. (920-1,840 m) on most islands (Gerrish et al., 1992). It is considered a nuisance weed in pastures, but outbreaks can also occur in forests, typically following disturbances such as road building, logging, or canopy opening following a hurricane. An earlier effort at controlling this bramble using biocontrol approaches was made in the 1960s and resulted in the establishment of three insects that, unfortunately, have had limited impact on blackberry in forest environments (Nagata and Markin, 1986). In several other locations around the world, introduced species of blackberry have escaped from cultivation and become pests. Two of these were introduced to Chile during the 1800s: R. constrictus Lef. & M., of central European origin and R. ulmifolius Schott., from the Mediterranean region (Oehrens, 1977). Both species reportedly have been successively controlled by introduction of the rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) Wint. from Europe (Oehrens and Gonzalez, 1977). Subsequent introduction of this rust Volume 32 (4) 63 into Australia has provided partial control of another related blackberry, R. fruticosus L. agg. (Bruzzese and Field, 1985). During several visits to southern Chile between 1988 and 1991, the senior author observed the presence and impact of this rust on the introduced blackberries. It was also noted that in experimental planting of commercial Rubus, the disease was never found on introduced species of raspberries. The question therefore occurred, if this rust were imported to Hawai‘, would it be a suitable control agent for our introduced species of blackberry, yet also be specific enough so as not to attack the two native Hawaiian species of raspberry (R. macraei Gray and R. hawaiensis Gray)? A cooperative study was implemented with the Chilean Agricultural Research Department, Instituto de Investigaciénes Agropeculiaris (INIA), to test the susceptibility of the Hawaiian species of Rubus to the strain of P violaceum used for biocontrol in Chile. In the summer of 1990, rooted cuttings of the pest R. argutus, and of the two native species were established with the use of air layers. After being tested for nematodes and pathogens, they were hand-carried to Chile where they were potted in a greenhouse at the INIA agricultural station near Temuco, in the sourthern part of the country where rust-infected blackberry is readily available. Our original plan had been to place the potted plants in the field among infected plants, but fear among local agricultural officials that our plants may escape and become established constrained us to confine our tests to a greenhouse. Most of the plants transported to Chile readily took root in the pots and within 2 months were growing vigorously enough that testing could begin. Two methods of exposing the plants to the fungus were used: (1) Infected leaves from R. constrictus were rubbed on leaves of the Hawaiian plants; and (2) rows of potted Hawaiian plants were arranged downwind from bouquets of infected R. constrictus foliage, and a fan was used to convey the naturally released spores onto the Hawaiian plants. This method was an attempt to simulate the natural dispersal of the rust, the spores of which are wind-borne. Control plants of locally-obtained uninfected R. constrictus were used to determine the effectiveness of the inoculation methods. The study was conducted during the Chilean summer months of January through March, 1991. 64 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society The results have been published in a South American journal (Norambuena e¢ al., 1992). Whereas control R. constrictus plants became infected, no infection was found on the two native Hawaiian species of raspberry. Unfortunately, the rust also failed to infect the target weed R. argutus. While the test was negative, it put to rest the question as to whether the strain of P. violaceum used in Chile and Australia as a biocontrol agent might be suitable for our use in Hawaii. Even though this rust did not appear capable of infecting our introduced blackberry, it is possible that other strains or species of Phragmidium from Europe, or the eastern U.S. where prickly Florida blackberry is native, may show more promise in biocontrol. The rust fungus Gymnoconia nitens (Schw.) Kern & Thur. from the southeastern U.S. is known to attack R. argutus and is currently under investigation as a potential biocontrol agent (D. Gardner and C. Hodges, unpublished data). Literature Cited Bruzzese, E., and R. P. Field. 1985. Occurrence and spread of Phragmidium violaceum on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) in Victoria, Australia. Proc. VI Int. Symp. Biol. contr. Weeds, 19-25 August 1984, Vancouver, Canada; E. S. Delfosse (ed.). Agric. Can. pp. 609-612. Gerrish, G., L. R. Stemmermann, and D. E. Gardner. 1992. The distribu- tion of Rubus species in the state of Hawaii. Tech. Rept. 85. Coopera- tive National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa. 29 pp. Nagata, R. F., and G. P. Markin. 1986. Status of insects introduced into Hawai‘i for the biological control of the wild blackberry Rubus argutus Link. Proc. 6th Conf. Nat. Sci., Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 10-13 June 1986. pp. 53-64. Norambuena, H., G. P. Markin, D. E. Gardner, and R. Galdames. 1992. Estudios de especificidad del hongo Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) Winter sobre Rubus presentes en Hawaii. Agro Sur 20(2):117-123. Oehrens, E. 1977. Biological control of the blackberry through the intro- duction of rust, Phragmidium violaceum, in Chile. FAO Plant Protec- tion Bulletin 25:26-28. Volume 32 (4) 65 Oehrens, E., and S. M. Gonzalez. 1977. Dispersion, ciclo biolégico y dafios causados por Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) Winter en zarzamora (Rubus constrictus Lef. et M. y R. ulmifolius Schott.) en las zonas centro-sur y sur de Chile. Agro Sur 5:73-85. Banana Find Ron Fenstemacher Ho‘okahe Wai Ho‘oulu ‘Aina, Box 61494, Manoa, HI 96839 On 31 July 1993, a moa or hua moa banana which had just fruited was found in upper Makaua Valley. Hua moa means chicken egg in Hawaiian. It has this name because of the remarkable shape of the fruit, the diameter almost equals the length, thus resembling an egg. It is a pépd‘ulu type of banana. The other two types of bananas that Polynesians brought with them are the tholena and maoli. The hua moa banana can be identified vegetatively from the longer than normal petioles and the tendency to hold more leaves in its crown than usual. The trunk is also tapered. The tree was about two meters tall when the fruit was harvested on 11 September 1993. The bunch had three hands of three fruit apiece. The fruit doesn’t get soft all the way when ripened like a dessert banana because it is so thick. However, it is a choice banana for cooking. 66 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society New Director for National Tropical Botanical Garden Dr. William McKinley Klein, Jr. has accepted the position of Director of the National Tropical Botanical Garden Dr. Klein has served as Director of Fairchild Tropical Garden (Miami) since March 1991. Before that he was director of Morris Arboretum at the University of Pennsylvania for 13 years and assistant director at the Missouri Botanical Garden for six years. His extensive professional experience includes both research and university teaching. This year he received the American Horticultural Society’s Professional Award for his role in the recovery of the Fairchild Garden after Hurricane Andrew, as well as his achievements in public garden administration. Douglas McBryde Kinney, Chairman of the Garden’s Board, speaking in behalf of NTBG’s Trustees said, “We are delighted that Dr. Klein has accepted the position of Director of the National Tropical Botanical Garden. With over 20 years of managing scientifically oriented botanical gardens, Dr. Klein has the experience and judgment to lead the NTBG as it enters its fourth decade. “NTBG has substantial programs in the collection and propagation of rare and endangered tropical species, research in tropical botany, education at all levels, scientific publications, and environmental conservation,” Mr. Kinney continued. “Because of his experience in all these areas, Dr. Klein is well suited to develop NTBG into a world leader in tropical botany. Because of his contacts with other botanists, we hope that Bill Klein will promote NTBG as the locus of research in tropical botany in conjunction with other scientific institutions.” “Critical balances in tropical ecosystems throughout the world are gravely threatened and I share with my colleagues a deep concern over the losses in biodiversity,” Dr. Klein said. “Clearly we must find more effective ways to change the attitudes and behavior of people toward the natural and manmade environments. The NTBG had been uniquely positioned to address these issues and I look forward to the opportunity my appointment provides to build on the wonderful successes of the past while we explore new ways to reach a wider Volume 32 (4) 67 audience with an extremely important message.” NTBG can be contacted by writing: P.O. Box 340, Lawai, HI 96765 or by calling the Kaua‘i garden at 808-332-7324. Their fax number is 808-332-9765. Want to Help Hawai‘i’s Forests? The Hawai‘ Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force is seeking reviewers and participants for its working groups. The mission of the Hawai‘ Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force is “to develop strategies for the long-term management, protection, and utilization of the existing and potential forest resources of the State of Hawaii.” The 12-member task force has held working group sessions in six different areas: 1. Training, Inventory, and Research; 2. Natural Resource Management and Applied Research; 3. Traditional Uses and Public Participation; 4. Economic Development; 5. Institutions, Planning, Legal, and Legislative Support; and 6. Hawai‘i’s International Role. The task force and working groups have already met but input from “experts” are still needed. If you would like to act as a full working group member, reviewer, or resource support for a working group you can call Jan Lerum, Hawai‘i Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force Coordinator, at 541-2628 or write to: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St., Room 323, Honolulu, Hawai‘ 96813. Correction The article “New Information on the Cause of Yellows Disease of Dodonaea (A‘ali1)” by Wayne Borth and Donald E. Gardner in Volume 32 Number 3, page 43 was missing an important citation. The . following should have been included in the Literature Cited section of the article: Gardner, D.E. 1980. Apparent pathological conditions of Vaccinium spp. and Dodonea sp. in Hawaii Volcanoes and Haleakala National Parks. pp. 125-128 in: C.W. Smith, ed. Proceedings of the 3rd Conference in Natural Sciences, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, 1980. Cooperative Park Studies Unit/University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822 1992/5 Smithsonian Instieution bibsatry Acquisitions 10th 8t. and Constitution Ave Washington, DC 20560 é/ 3G { Newsletter of the Hawauan cig Societ Volume 33 Number 1 In This Issue More Records for Kaho’olawe by Steven D.Warren and Derral R. Herbst eRe. 1 Raymond Fosberg: The Professional History of an Outstanding Botanist by Dieter Mueller-Dombois............ 4 BOTSOC Minutes for December, 1993 and January 1994... 8 Annual Report of the Secretary for 1993 by Benton Kealii Treasurer’s Report by Ron Fenstemacher.... 11 — March, Cty More Records for Kaho‘olawe Steven D. Warren US Army CERL, Environmental Division, PO Box 9005, Champaign, IL 61826-9005 Derral R. Herbst US Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Divi- sion, Bldg. 223, CEPOD-ED-MS, Fort Shafter, HI 96858-5440 1B ee collections add four new records to the checklist of plants from Kaho‘olawe. Chinese or Malayan banyan (Ficus microcarpa L. fil.) was discovered growing through the holes of a helicopter landing pad at the base of Moaula on the southeast side of the ancient cinder cone, 29 March 1993, Warren K-93-1. The plant was approximately 2 m tall. While the landing pad may act to conserve moisture, thus contributing tc the short-term survival of the plant, the narrowness of the hole through which it grows will likely restrict long-term survival. This species has been documented as naturalized on O‘ahu, Maui and Hawai‘i, and is suspected to occur in a naturalized state on most of the other main islands (Wagner et al. 1990). Continued on page 3 Newsletter of the Hawatan Botanical Society Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to “advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them.” Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society: c/o Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way University of Hawai‘i Honolulu, Hi 96822 Membership The Society year is from December 1 through November 30. Membership Regular Student Family Life (individuals only) Cost per Year $7.50 $4.00 $10.00 $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. President Sterling Keeley (UH Botany Department) Vice-President Lisa Stratton (UH Botany Department) Treasurer Ron Fenstemacher (Ka Papa Loi O Kanewai) Secretary Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Alvin Keali‘i Chock (UH Botany Dept. & USDA-APHIS/Retired) Committees Appointed by the Executive Committee Membership Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Newsletter Editor: Gregory A. Koob (UH, Horticulture Department) Conservation Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants Clifford Smith, Chair (UH) Ken Nagata (USDA, APHIS PPQ) Evangeline Funk (Botanical Consultants) John Obata (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros (Haleakala National Park) Volume 33 (1) 3 Continued from page 1 Aloe vera was discovered in a remnant flower bed near the site of the old ranch house at Kuheia Bay, 29 March 1993. Both yellow flowered (Warren K-93-4) and salmon to orange flowered (Warren K-93-5) varieties were collected. Both variants had stiff thorns along the margins of the leaves. Aloe is also present at Hakioawa. How- ever, it is unclear if that population predates military use of the island or if it is a more recent introduc- tion. Aloe is widely cultivated throughout the main Hawaiian islands but 1s not natural- ized. Both the aloe and banyan specimens have B.P. Bishop Mu- seum. | A recent survey of specimens | waiting to be filed at CY the yf Bishop Museum herbarium Illustration by Karen Shigematsu been donated to the records for Kaho‘olawe. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) C. Mohr was collected on Kaho‘olawe on 25 January 1991, Z.E. Ellshoff 196. This weedy species had formerly been collected only from natural- ized populations in strand vegeta- tion and coastal sites from Barber’s Point to Sand Island and at Koko Head, O'ahu (Wagner op. cit.). Because much of the helicopter transport to Kaho‘olawe, until recently, originated at Barber’s Point, it is likely that this species may have arrived on equipment transported by the military. An annual sprangletop grass [Leptochloa uninervia (K. Presl) Hitchc. & Chase] was collected by Stefanie Aschmann, former civilian Navy employee, on 24 April 1989 (unnumbered collection). This species was formerly known only from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i and Hawai‘i (Wagner op. cit.). Reference Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai‘i. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. Hono- lulu. 4 Newsletter of the Hawauan Botanical Society Raymond Fosberg: The Professional History of an Outstanding Botanist Dieter Mueller-Dombois 1D: F. Raymond Fosberg passed away in his home in Virginia on September 25, 1993, at the age of 85 years. He was a life-member of the Hawaiian Botanical Society, and all who had the privilege to know him will remember his kind and engaging personality. F.R. Fosberg was educated in primary and secondary schools of Washington and California, 1914- 1926. He attended Pomona Col- lege, Claremont, California, with strong courses in botany, zoology, chemistry and geology, publishing his first scientific (ecological) paper in 1929. He graduated with a baccalaureate in botany, 1930. His first professional position as a botanist in the Los Angeles County Museum, followed, 1930-1932, with a botanical expedition to southern New Mexico, in 1930. This resulted in several small publications. In 1932 he accepted an assistant- ship to Prof. Harold St. John, University of Hawai‘i. During this time, 1932-1937, he participated in the six-month Mangarevan Expedi- tion to the South Pacific islands. He received the degree of M.Sc. in botany at the University of Hawai‘i in 1935, for a monograph of the genus Gouldia (Rubiaceae). This started a life-long interest in the Rubiaceae, and the flora and veg- etation of tropical islands. In 1937 he was awarded a Morris Arboretum Fellowship in Botany, at the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned his degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in 1939. From this he went to the position of assistant botanist, in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D.C., greatly broadening his botanical interests, including studies of the flora and vegetation of the eastern United States. In 1942 Dr. Fosberg was sent to Colombia to search for stands of the genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae), source of quinine and related anti- malarial alkaloids. He became an authority on the taxonomy of Cinchona and related genera of Volume 33 (1) 5 Rubiaceae. He also attained a concept of the vegetation geogra- phy of the Andes and the south American rain forest. This work was interrupted in 1946, by partici- pation as botanist in a six months “Economic Survey of Micronesia”, initiating a continuing study of the flora and vegetation of the Micronesian Islands. A temporary appointment as visit- ing professor at the University of Hawai‘i in 1948, followed. A brief but important participation in the Dr. F Raymond Fosberg First International Symposium on Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature at Utrecht in the summer of 1948, firmed up a lasting interest in botanical nomenclature. Since then he was an active participant in the Nomenclature Sections of eight international botanical congresses and a member of the Standing Committee for Spermatophyte Nomenclature. He was an honorary vice-president of the 8th and 12th International Botanical congresses. In 1949, he undertook a general study of Pacific Island vegetation, supported by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Office of Naval Research through the Pacific Science Board, National Research Council. An important offshoot of this was the Pacific Science Board’s coral Atoll Program, in which Dr. Fosberg played a principal role. This included the founding and editing of the Atoll Research Bulletin, which so far has resulted in 389 numbers dealing with island science in all its aspects. A major descriptive treatment of the vegeta- tion of Micronesia was published in 1960. In 1954 he was invited to take part in a symposium by UNESCO in scientific research in the humid 6 Newsletter of the Hawauan Botanical Society tropics, which led to the establish- ment of the UNESCO International Committee on Humid Tropics Research. An important outcome of the UNESCO cooperation were two symposia organized by Dr. Fosberg on: — Climate, Vegetation and Rational Land Utilization in the Tropics (Bogor, 1957); and — Man’s Place in the Island Eco- system (Honolulu, 1961). In 1966, his activities were trans- ferred to the Smithsonian Institu- tion, first, as Special Advisor on Tropical Botany, and later, as Curator of Botany and Senior Botanist. Major activities under Smithsonian sponsorship and financing were projects on the plant ecology of Ceylon and on a revised Handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Enormous herbarium collections were made and sets placed in herbaria at Peradeniya and Wash- ington, and duplicates distributed to many other herbaria. A generation of Ceylonese botanists received valuable training as assistants in these projects. Dr. Fosberg participated in the International Biological Program, 1967-1972, when he was active especially in its Terrestrial Conser- vation Directorate, primarily producing the IBP “Classification of Vegetation for General Purposes” (1967). From 1950 on, until her death in 1986, he was ably and effectively assisted by Dr. Marie-Hélene Sachet, who became a world au- thority on coral atolls, and with whom he completed the volume, Island Bibliographies (1956) and its Supplements (1971). An important activity with M.-H Sachet and D.R. Stoddart, was a successful cam- paign for the protection of Aldabra Island, in the Indian Ocean. Other productive interests have been the Geography and the Natu- ral History of the Marshall Islands, a field course in Tropical Botany in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, a flora of the sand cays of Belize, a flora and vegetation of the Phoenix Islands, and, with D.R. Stoddart and M.-H. Sachet, a flora of the sand cays of the northern Great Barrier Reef. He has, since 1932, maintained an active interest in the vegetation and flora of the Hawai- ian Islands. The work on Pacific vegetation has continued until his death together with the writer, on a volume on Pacific Island Vegeta- Volume 33 (1) 7 tion. In combination with his interest in island vegetation, Dr. Fosberg continued work on the taxonomy of island plants, particu- larly concerning the Micronesian and Polynesian floras. A volume on the Flora of Micronesia (Smithsonian Contributions to Botany No. 81) has been published posthumously. Extensive travel has given Dr. Fosberg a concept or world geo- graphic and vegetational patterns, coral reefs, volcanology, as well as insular phenomena, probably equalling those of most living botanist, and a broad world view. Honors have not been lacking. He was awarded four honorary Ph.D. degrees, by Pomona College (1980), the University of Guam (1985), the University of Peradeniya (1986), and the Univer- sity of the South Pacific (1989). He received the Fermat Bronze Medal, the H.E. Gregory Medal, the George Davidson Medal, the Browning Award, the Robert Allerton Award, and a number of others. He served for 10 years as President of the International Society for Tropical Ecology. He has been a member, honorary or active, of numerous professional and conservation organizations. He was invited and participated in all four International Conferences on the Environmental Future and was active in numerous other confer- ences, congresses, and symposia in ecology and conservation. He served as a board member and two terms as vice-president of the U.S. Nature Conservancy. Perhaps more significantly, he has advised and helped a great number of younger colleagues in develop- ing their careers. He may be longest remembered for this, and for the vast numbers of documented specimens he has deposited and made available in the herbaria and museums of the world. His publi- cations, small and large, exceed 660 in number and they refer to a large number of topics, many of them relating to floristics and the vegeta- tion ecology of islands. Dr. Fosberg will never be forgotten in the history of Pacific botany. His life was full of dedication to field botany and to his colleagues and friends. He will be sorely missed by all those who were touched by his outstanding personality. Honolulu, January, 1994 8 Newsletter of the Hawatan Botanical Society BOTSOC Minutes December 6, 1993 President Keeley called the Decem- ber meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. New guests were introduced: Lee Hardwick and Brian Lym It was announced that the January meeting would meet on the 10th congruent with last year’s amend- ment to the society’s constitution and by-laws. Minutes of the November meeting were read, and accepted. The secretary’s annual report was made available to the Society. The treasurer’s report was read and accepted. The treasurer deferred his annual report until January. Membership chair Don Gowing proposed the following for mem- bership: Dr. John Hall as a life member, Lisa Stratton, Walter Appleby, Lisa Gollin, Barbara Hawley, Denis Kennedy, and Steven Evans as new members. They were all accepted. Total membership to date: 149 members, made of: 33 life, 7 honorary, 57 regular, 22 student, 12 family, and 10 paid institutional memberships. Unfinished Business Letter signed by the Society on protection of native ecosystems was published in the Honolulu Adver- tiser on November 28th. New Business Na Ala Hele trails workshop was attended by President Keeley and Secretary Pang. Although there was wide diversity in the organiza- tions present there was also a considerable amount of cooperation in the planning and use of trails on O‘ahu. An announcement was made for interested persons to become working group members for the Hawai‘i Tropical Forestry Recovery Task Force. A thank-you was given to our editor, Greg Koob, for an outstand- ing first year. The nominating committee pro- posed the list of officers for 1994 as follows: Dr. Sterling Keeley, presi- dent; Lisa Stratton, vice-president; Ron Fenstenmacher, treasurer; Benton Pang, secretary; Board of Directors Leilani Pyle and Alvin Keali‘i Chock. A unanimous ballot was cast by the secretary. Volume 33 (1) 9 Vice-president Keith Tomlinson announced the speaker of the month, Edith MacKenzie of the Honolulu Community College. She spoke on Hawaiian kapa, its manu- facture, the tools and plants in- volved, and spiritual significance of this unique art form. January 10, 1994 President Keeley called the January meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. Minutes of the December meeting were read and accepted. Treasurer’s report was read and accepted. The treasurer’s annual report was made available to the Society. New Business The recovery plan for Panicum fauriei var. carteri was available for comment and review. Vice-president Lisa Stratton an- nounced the plant and speaker of the month, Dr. Guillermo Goldstein of the botany department, Univer- sity of Hawai‘i. The plant of the month was the Hawaiian silversword and its ecophysiologi- cal adaptations to growing condi- tions on the summit of Haleakala, Maui. Dr. Goldstein’s main talk was on the plants along an altitudinal gradient in northern Venezuela. He described in detail the vegetation types found in Venezuela from the coast to 5,000 feet elevation. Of special interest were pictures of Polylepis, which grows near rock outcroppings at 5,000 feet. This is the highest elevation reached by any arborescent angiosperm. The checklist of the plants of Kaho‘olawe published in the June 1993 issue of the newsletter was originally compiled in 1991. A much improved and expanded checklist will soon be available. Anyone interested in receiving a free copy of the revised checklist should write to Dr. Steven D. Warren, USACERL-ENB, PO Box 9005, Champaign, IL 61826-9005 10 Newsletter of the Hawatnan Botanical Society Annual Report of the Secretary for 1993 Officers for 1993 Executive Council President — Sterling Keeley (University of Hawai‘i Botany Department) Vice-President — Keith Tomlinson (Bishop Museum Education Department) Treasurer — Ron Fenstenmacher (Ka Papa Lo‘i Kanewai) Secretary — Benton K. Pang (University of Hawai‘i Botany Department) Directors — Isabella Abbott (University of Hawai‘i Botany Department) and Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum Herbarium Pacificum) Committees appointed by the Executive Council Membership — Donald P. Gowing Newsletter — Gregory A. Koob (University of Hawai‘i Horticulture Department) Conservation — Steve Montgomery (Conser- vation Council for Hawai‘i) Science Fair — Benton Pang (University of Hawai‘i Botany Department) and Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants — Clifford Smith, chair (University of Hawai‘i Botany Department Society Activities March — The Society filed an intent to sue with the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund for the listing of endangered species on Kaua‘i The Society donated t-shirts as prizes for Paradise Pursuits Environmental Quiz show. April — The executive Board drafted a letter to Na Ala Hele (DOFAW) condemning the damage to native plants due to their trail clearing activities and increased bike activity on Manoa Cliff Trail. The Science Fair Committee gave 4 awards at the State Science Fair: Senior Research Division Ist - Dianella Howarth, Moanalua H.S. Evolution of Scaevola spp. [Prize: $50, Ia‘au Hawai ‘i book, botany department t- shirt] 2nd - David Hemmes, Waiakea H.S. Growth of Oyster Mushrooms on Guava and Koa Wood Ships. [Prize: $25, la‘au Hawai ‘i book, botany department. t-shirt] 3rd - Tanya Regal, Kamehameha H.S. Microbial Assay of Chamaesyce multiformis [Prize: $25, La‘au Hawai ‘i book, botany department t-shirt] Junior Research Division E. Herron-Williams and Kauikeola Wilcox, Waimea Elem./Inter. The Effects of Host Plants on Sandalwood Growth [Prize: $25, La‘au Hawai i book, botany department. t-shirt] December — The President and Secretary participated in a trail workshop organized by Na Ala Hele Monthly Speakers January — Dr. Loyal Mehrhoff of the Bishop Museum spoke on the endemic genus Trematolobelia in Hawai‘i. Speaker of the month was Betsy Gagné on the vegetation zones of Papua New Guinea. February — Fiona Norris spoke on the endemic African plant Welwitschia mirabilis. Volume 33 (1) 11 Speaker of the month was Vice-President Keith Tomlinson on the rain forests of Costa Rica. March — Secretary Benton Pang spoke on the ethnobotanical uses of kauila, Alphitonia ponderosa and the endangered Colubrina oppositifolia. Speaker of the month was Dr. George Staples of the Bishop Museum botany department on “progress and prognosis” for Jn Gardens of Hawai ‘i II. April — Dr. Richard Norris and Dr. Isabella Abbott spoke on the red alga Amansia and its history of collection. Speaker of the month was Dr. Deborah Woodcock of the geography department of the University of Hawai‘i. The title of her talk was, “Climate reconstruction based on biological indicators with special reference to quaternary pollen and microfossil records.” May — Dianella Howarth from Moanalua High School spoke on her research on Scaevola in Hawai‘i. Speaker of the month was Colin Basset of the Hawai‘i Conservation Biology Initiative on its mission, function and research priorities. September - Dr. Loyal Mehrhoff of the USFWS spoke on the endangered Delissea undulata. Speaker of the month was Ray Baker of the Lyon Arboretum on plants of the Pacific. October — Board of director Isabella Abbott spoke on the traditional uses of gourds. Newsletter editor Greg Koob spoke on tissue culture research at the Lyon Arboretum. November — Steve Perlman of the Hawai‘i Plant Conservation Center spoke on the effects of Hurricane ‘Iniki one year later. December — Edith MacKenzie spoke on the Hawaiian kapa (bark cloth). Respectfully submitted, Benton Kealii Pang Treasurer’s Report January to December 1993 The Society published five newsletters in 1993, thanks to editor Greg Koob’s diligence. Bring- ing the Newsletter up to date was costly which is why the Society is in the red for the year. Income Dues $982.55 Plant Sale $94.00 Interest $86.02 W. Char Assoc. $50.00 Book Sale $14.12 Poster Sale $11.00 $1237.69 Outgo Copying Charges $782.18 Postage $504.78 Science Fair Prizes $241.92 Monthly Refreshments $68.85 Paradise Pursuit Prizes $50.00 Stationery $19.88 $1677.61 Beginning Balance + Income - Outgo = Ending Balance $4777.32 + $1237.69 - $1677.61 = $4337.40 Total loss for 1993 is $439.92 Respectfully Submitted, Ron Fenstemacher NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822 1993/1 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 10th St. & Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 BER Hae. = Nets ete PRAT RC (ee, 31138 OT Newsletter of the Flawaiian Botanical Society Volume 33 Number 2 June, 1994 In This Issue Biocontrol of Ivy Gourd (Coccinia grandis) on Windward O‘’ahu by Donald E. Gardner ...... 13 Ivy Gourd Brochure Available From the Outdoor Circle.... 16 “Easily” Cultivated Native Hawaiian Flora by J.K. Obata . 17 Are Males Really Necessary? by J.K. Obata carsats eee eee on 21 Observation of Honey Bee Pol- linating Hespero- mania arbuscula by J.K. Obata woe 21 Minutes for February and March, 1994......... 22, Biocontrol of lvy Gourd (Coccinia grandis) on Windward O‘ahu Donald E. Gardner US National Biological Survey, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, commonly known in Hawai‘i as ivy gourd, is becoming increas- ingly apparent as the Hawaiian counterpart of kudzu at lower elevations of Windward O‘ahu. This aggressive vine was described in Hawai‘i in 1986 (Linney, 1986) when its noxious qualities had become recognized, but is thought to have been first introduced in 1969 from Fiji, where it was naturalized, as a suitable species for cultivation as an ornamental. The genus Coccinia originates from tropical Africa and the regions surrounding the Indian Ocean. The initial introduction in Hawai‘i was to O‘ahu, but it is known also from the Kona Coast of the Big Island (Linney, 1986; Wagner et al. 1990) and probably elsewhere. In recent years, ivy gourd has been targeted for biological control research by the Department of Agriculture, joined by my own efforts. Among a number of —Continued on page 15 14 Newsletter of the Hawatian Botanical Society Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to “advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them.” Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society: c/o Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way University of Hawai‘i Honolulu, HI 96822 Membership The Society year is from December 1 through November 30. Membership Cost per Year Regular $7.50 Student $4.00 Family $10.00 Life (individuals only) $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. President Sterling Keeley (UH Botany Department) Vice-President Lisa Stratton (UH Botany Department) Treasurer Ron Fenstemacher (Ka Papa Lo’ O Kanewai) Secretary Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Alvin Keali‘i Chock (UH Botany Dept. & USDA-APHIS/Retired) Committees Appointed by the Executive Committee Membership Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Newsletter Editor: Gregory A. Koob (UH, Horticulture Department) Conservation Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants Clifford Smith, Chair (UH) Ken Nagata (USDA, APHIS PPQ) Evangeline Funk (Botanical Consultants) John Obata (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros (Haleakala National Park) Volume 33 (2) 15 Continued from page 13 insect species collected by DOA exploratory entomologist Robert Burkhart in Africa and Asia as possible biocontrol agents, a rust fungus, tentatively identified as Puccinia cucumeris P. Henn., was found in the region of Lake Victoria in Africa. Although Burkhart was able to collect enough material to verify the presence of the rust, the hostility he perceived among the local residents of the area toward his presence prevented his collect- ing sufficient amounts of the mate- rial to be of direct application in our program. Subsequently, we established the beginning of a working relationship with a my- cologist in Nigeria, who reported the fungus on two other species of Coccinia in Zambia and his own country. However, our attempts to reach a collaborative agreement were not successful and the rust has yet to be tested for its effectiveness in controlling ivy gourd in Hawai‘i. Notwithstanding our own attempts at biocontrol of this vine, a natu- rally occurring powdery mildew- incited disease has become promi- nent on ivy gourd in many locations of Windward O‘ahu and perhaps elsewhere on the island. Whereas no quantitative data have been taken to document the extent of the disease, the effect is readily visible. Infection by the fungus has caused entire vines to quickly wilt and die, often with dried leaves still at- tached. Older infected vines have become completely desiccated and defoliated, resulting in a striking denuded appearance of trees, shrubs, and inanimate roadside objects previously shrouded with vigorous green foliage. The origin of the powdery mildew is not known. Members of this group of fungi, which appear as superficial white or grayish-white growth on the surface of the leaf and produce asexual spores (conidia) which are typically wind- borne, are difficult to classify in Hawai‘i where the sexual stage is not formed. Thus the host ranges of the various powdery mildew fungi are difficult to determine, particularly in the absence of controlled cross-inoculation expen- ments. The current extent of damage caused by this naturally occurring biocontrol agent is as great or greater than that which we may expect from a successful agent which had been purposefully introduced for biocontrol. How- ever, as is true with introduced 16 Newsletter of the Hawatian Botanical Society biocontrol agents and most natural enemies in general, populations fluctuate and environmental condi- tions favoring or disfavoring both the agent and the host are con- stantly in play. For this reason, the activity and effectiveness of biocontrol agents are more evident at some times than at others. Biocontrol often is considered effective when it reduces the vigor and aggressiveness of the target weed, as appears to be the case with ivy gourd, rather than eliminating it. Although at times in the future the fungus may be expected to be less obvious, it should remain present in the environment until conditions again become favorable for its expression. Literature Cited Linney, G. 1986. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt: A new cucurbitaceous weed Hawai‘i. Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 25:3. Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., and Sohmer, S.H. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai‘1. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Ivy Gourd Brochure Available from The Outdoor Circle A brochure is now available from The Outdoor Circle on the problem and control of ivy gourd. It covers the history of ivy gourd in Hawai‘i, concentrating on O‘ahu. Problem areas are listed and a description of the species and its growth habit is given, with line drawings. Suggested control measures are described, again with line drawings. The brochure is designed as a self- mailer and if you would like to receive a copy please contact: The Outdoor Circle 1110 University Avenue Suite 406 Honolulu, HI 96826 Phone: (808) 943-9658 - Fax: (808) 955-7364 Volume 33 (2) 17 “Easily” Cultivated Native Hawaiian Flora J.K. Obata A recent surge in popularity for growing endemic (native) Hawaiian flora has prompted numerous inquiries about their cultivation potential. Unfortunately there is hardly any guide suggesting which taxa can be successfully propagated with some degree of success. An attempt is made here to list those with easier cultural potential. While trying to grow natives, some simple cultural requirements must be observed. Foremost in cultural procedures is adequate air move- ment and a well-draining medium. In the early stages of growth, fungicides or/and bactericides may be a requirement. A majority of the taxa with root bound pots must never be dried out as this condition quite often will prove fatal. Exces- sive amounts of fertilizers often are tolerated but is not required of natives as long as the medium is not completely dried out. Pesticides/ miticides quite often are needed, but it is best to avoid them. As much as possible, wettable pow- dered forms should be used. Liquid pesticides are quite deleterious especially when using organo- phosphates. The liquid solvents may be the deleterious ingredient. One may substitute a weak soap or detergent solution as a slight deter- rent. Pests generally abound against the natives. For some taxa the Chinese rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus) is a leaf defoliator. Ants as a cultivator of mealy bugs indirectly is a source of demise for many taxa. The black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) is a major source of young twig death and eventual destructor of the plant. Slugs may decimate young seedlings or grow- ing tips of many taxa. Nematode worms, bacteria, and fungi take their toll. Nematodes consistently shorten the life span of many taxa. And this is not to mention the toll exacted by cockroaches, rats, and mice. Growing media should be steril- ized. Artificial, commercial potting mixes with added aerating sponge rock is recommended. Soil media from their natural habitat usually give negative results. When trans- planting, roots must not be dis- 18 Newsletter of the Hawatian Botanical Society turbed. Transplants must be placed in a shady, moist environment for a few weeks, even for sun-loving taxa. Growing natives, quite often, is clonally dictated. It is simply a matter of selection. Just because one is successful with a single clone does not preclude that the entire taxon would be met with equal success. However, some taxa do have higher success rates. Which taxon should one grow? Generally plants from the more xeric (drier) habitats are easier to cultivate than those from wetter areas. Generally pot culture is Amaranthaceae Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Charperntiera obovata (papala) Charpentiera tomentosa (papala) Nototrichium sandwicensis (kulu‘1) Apocynaceae Ochrosia compta (holei) Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao) Araliaceae Munroidendron racemosum Reynoldsia sandwicensis (‘ohe makai) Arecaceae (Palmae) Pritchardia (loulu) fairly simple under proper cultural procedures. However, when seed- lings are planted into the ground, the selection process seems to begin again and mortality rates abound. Hopefully in another paper this matter can be addressed. The following list, with some comments, is a simple guide for plants that may be “successfully” cultivated in a more “urban” set- ting. The listing is alphabetized by families and generally refers to O'ahu taxa. Opinion and taxon selection is solely that of this writer. Nomenclatural references are based on Wagner, Herbst and Sohmer, 1990. Requires a lot of sunshine. All species are easily cultivated. Needs heavy fertilizing of nitrogen and iron chelates. Volume 33 (2) 19 Asteraceae (Compositae) Bidens (ko‘oko‘olau) Bidens amplectens All taxa from drier areas. Short-lived but has large showy flowers. Lipochaeta integrifolia, L. lobata, L. tenuifolia Campanulaceae Brighamia insignis (‘olulu) Convolvulaceae Bonamia menziesii Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Acacia koa and A. koaia (koa) Generally short-lived under cultivation. Like sunny areas. Short-lived (several years under cultivation). Many of the lobelioids may be culti- vated in cooler upland areas, but are generally short-lived (2-4 years). An aggressive liana. Caesalpinia (Mezoneuron) kavaiensis (uhiuhi) Canavalia galeata (‘awikiwik1) Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwil1) Senna (Cassia) gaudichaudii (kolomona) Sesbania tomentosa (‘ohai) Goodeniaceae Scaevola gaudichaudii (naupaka kuahiwi) Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahaka1) Liliaceae Dianella sandwicensis (‘uki‘uki) Malvaceae Abutilon menziesii (ko‘oloa‘ula) Gossypium tomentosum (ma‘o) Hibiscadelphus distans Hibiscus (aloalo) Hibiscus brackenridgei (ma‘o hau hele) Kokia kauaiensis (kokia) Sida fallax (‘ilima) Easily grown from cuttings. Generally short-lived in cultivation. Two-plus years. Dryland yellow form. Prefers sunny, dry habitats. Short-lived in cultivation. Leaves ravaged by rose beetles. All red and white species are easily cultivated. May be propagated from cuttings. Rapid grower in cultivation, short- lived, 2-4 years in cultivation, usually two. Short-lived in cultivation, usually two years. 20 Newsletter of the Hawatan Botanical Society Myoporaceae Myoporum sandwicense (naio) Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia Pisonia (papala kepau) Piperaceae Peperomia leptostachya and P. tetraphylla Pittosporaceae Pittosporum (ho‘awa) Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica (‘ilie‘e) Portulacaceae Portulaca Rosaceae Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (‘ulei) Rubiaceae Canthium odoratum (alahe‘e) Gardenia brighamii Sapindaceae Dodonea viscosa (a‘ali‘i) Sapindus oahuensis (aulu, kaulu) Thymeliaceae Wikstroemia oahuensis (‘akia) Wikstroemia uva-ursi (‘akia) Verbenaceae Vitex rotundifolia (pohinahina) Easiest to cultivate. From bush to small tree. Grows well under all conditions. All native species are easy to grow. All species easy to grow. Tend to be large trees. Does well when grown under drier and shady conditions. All species are easy to grow. P confertiflorum is the most showy of them all. Likes drier areas. All native species do well in dry, sunny, well-drained areas. Ground cover. Hardy and grows well in sunny areas. Can tolerate some shade. Grows under all conditions. Grows well in sunny, drier areas. Male plant required if seed capsule desired. (See note on page 21. -ed) Becomes large tree. Lives 3-5 years. Well adapted for landscaping. Aggressive crawler. Requires a lot of sunlight. Volume 33 (2) 2 Are Males Really Necessary? J.K. Obata *A‘ali‘i (Dodonaea viscosa) commonly is used for a Hawaiian landscape plant. Besides being a native plant and one of the easier ones to grow — it is at home from sea level and xeric habitat to mesic wet forest habitat, it’s matured floral-bracts-pods are extensively use in haku leis. With all its glamour and ease, one . must be aware of some of its draw- backs. Many are aware of its generally dioecious nature (each plant is either male or female). Thus when planting them for landscaping purposes, the predictability of staminate (male) or pistilliate (female) plants is quite unreliable. Infrequently some may exhibit both sexes in a restricted sense. In a quest to have only pistillate plants to enhance the landscape, one is inclined to destroy the staminate — lacking the ability to produce a color- ful landscape. With the elimination of all the males, a simple problem arises. Without fertilization, pod development ceases. Without fertilization, the unfertilized pods (bracts) have a tendency to drop quite prematurely This is a simple concept, but in its simplicity frequently overlooked. Yes, at least one male is needed. Observation of Honey Bee Pollinating Hesperomania arbuscula J.K. Obata On April 26, 1994, an attempt was made to pollinate the endangered Hesperomani arbuscula flowers then in bloom in Waianae Kai. This attempt was predicated by the lack of viable seeds in recent years. While observing the plants, a honey bee (Apis) was noticed hovering over the inflorescence. Later the bee landed on the protruding stamens of the flower head and began the process of probing into each floret of the head. In the process, it accumulated pollen grains over its wings and legs. Appar- ently this maneuver helped in the pollination of the flower. This process was repeated by more than one bee. Now there 1s an alien pollinator to help where the native pollinator may have been extirpated by alien ants. How- ever, the flower heads also seem to be attacked by another alien insect which has an affinity to the devel- oping young seeds. 22 Newsletter of the Hawatian Botanical Society Minutes for February 7, 1994 President Keeley called the February meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. Minutes of the January meeting were read and accepted. The treasurer’s report was read and accepted. The membership committee proposed three new members: Keoki Nunies, Roselle-Jane Canosa, and Luan Pham. All three are NSF interns from Farrington working at the Bishop Museum botany department. New Business A motion was passed to purchase five botany t-shirts as donations to the Para- dise Pursuits environmental quiz show. The amount of the shirts would be $50. AnnouncementS Alaskan Natural History field trips. Hawai‘i Coalition of Conservation Voters orientation meeting. Position for manager of conservation programs at the Center for Plant Conser- vation Plant sale in May March 19th meeting on native plants for gardens in Hilo, Hawai‘1. Vice president Lisa Stratton announced the plant and speaker of the month, Kevin Beach of the botany department, Univer- sity of Hawai‘i. The plants of the month were two red algae, Anpheltiopsis concinna and Laurencia sp. “green”. He showed slides of these taxonomically similar algae with some interesting historical background on their distribu- tions in Hawai‘1. Dr. George Wong of the botany depart- ment spoke on mushrooms in Hawai‘1. He showed fascinating slides of fungi, their substrates and their ecological habitats. The study is part of a new book to be published on Hawaiian fungi. The study notes that although there are very few species that occur in small quantities in Hawai‘i he and colleagues are still describing new species collected in the field. Minutes for March 7, 1994 President Keeley called the March meeting to order at 7:35 p.m. George Staples introduced Dr. Clayton, the speaker of the month. Minutes of the February meeting were read and accepted. The treasurer’s report was read and accepted. The membership committee proposed no new members. Announcements Plant Sale in May. New Business A motion was passed to donate prizes to the State Science Fair. The amount would cover purchase of two La ‘au Hawai‘i books and two $50 checks. Volume 33 (2) Zo ES Don Gowing informed the Society that Sinclair Library archives all the Society’s letters, newsletters, and correspondences. Arrangements to see and add to the collection are made through the archivist in the Hawaiian-Pacific collections. Patrick Conant informed the Society of insects being studied as biological controls for miconia. He noted miconia’s distribution has increased and DOFAW- Maui has been experimenting with some management methods in Hana. He asked the Society to support a group to survey the miconia locations on O‘ahu. A motion was passed to send a letter to Michael Buck to survey O‘ahu for miconia. Vice president Lisa Stratton announced the plant of the month speaker, Susan Cordell-Hart of the botany department, University of Hawai‘i. The plant of the month was Cyanea shipmanii, an endan- gered plant found in the Hakalau Wildlife Refuge. The lobelia of the wet montane forest was once thought to be extinct but rediscovered in February of last year and more individual are being found within the refuge. About 6 plants are now known, and there seems to be rat damage to the leaves. George Staples introduced the speaker of the month, Dr. Derrick Clayton, a retired botanist from Kew Botanical Gardens. He is presently in Hawai‘i for two months looking at grass collections at the Bishop Museum. Dr. Clayton briefly described the classification system for grasses and outlined the “codes of taxonomy.” He described the morphology and biology of grasses including their evolutionary relationships and ecological distributions. Dr. Clayton described the ecological roles grasses play in nature and the economic importance some species play for humans. Later this summer a special issue of the newsletter will be published. It will be dedicated to issues surrounding Hawaii's endangered flora. In addition to articles about specific issues pertaining to endangered species, it will also include the most recent listing of plant species covered by the Federal Endangered Species Act. The listing will include the dates the plants were listed and will also give expected dates for future listings of the proposed species. If you would like to receive a copy of this special issue, and help the Society raise much-needed funds, send $3.00 to: Special Newsletter, 1994 Hawaiian Botanical Society c/o Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way University of Hawai‘1 Honolulu, HI 96822 NEWSLETTER OF THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY C/O DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822 1994/1 Smithsonian Institution Library Acquisitions 10th St. & Constitution Ave. Washington, DC 20560 te Ne LBH3S 407 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Societ Special Issue In This Issue Plants Listed, Proposed, and Candidates Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act as of August 18, W998 iiccsscscssscssetisens 27 Listed tstsccces 27 Proposed ......... 31 Candidate 1 .... Candidate 2 .... 32 33 Appendix I — Alphabetical by Latin Name with Listing Dates........ Appendix II — Alphabetical by Common Name... 46 Rare Plant Conservation and Endangered Species Law — An Annotated Bibliography by Benton K. Pang..... 54 September, oly Special Issue We are issuing this special issue of the Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society to get the latest listing of endangered and threatened plants out to our members. The list was last updated August 18, 1994. We have tried to make the list as useful as possible so it is presented three ways. An anotated bibliography of plant conserva- tion references is also included. The Society is sending this list to all members but we are asking for a $3.00 donation to cover our printing and mailing costs. You can either mail in the donation or bring it to a monthly meeting. Also, if you would like extra copies at $3.00 each, a form is included inside the back cover. Key ae Bowes. Listed Endangered Arcee Listed Threatened _ W PE ee Proposed Endangered BSRARIES_— re Candidate for immediate aaa caer CZ an Potential candidate for listing erro Very possibly extinct # ........ Extremely rare (<10 plants or only one population) H ....... Hawai ‘i Ka .. Kaho‘olawe Miss. Maui Nii.. Ni‘ihau DL cieen Lanai N .... Nihoa Mo .... Moloka‘i La... Laysan Ouse O‘ahu Mi .. Midway | Sieenr Kaua‘i PH .. Pearl and Hermes 26 Newsletter of the Hawatian Botanical Society Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society, which was founded in 1924 to “advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage research in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them.” Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society: c/o Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way University of Hawai‘i Honolulu, Hl 96822 Membership The Society year is from December 1 through November 30. Membership Cost per Year Regular $7.50 Student $4.00 Family $10.00 | Life (individuals only) $150.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. President Sterling Keeley (UH Botany Department) Vice-President Lisa Stratton (UH Botany Department) Treasurer Ron Fenstemacher (Ka Papa Loi O Kanewai) Secretary Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Directors Leilani Pyle (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Alvin Keali‘i Chock (UH Botany Dept. & USDA-APHIS/Retired) Committees Appointed by the Executive Committee Membership Donald P. Gowing (Bishop Museum, Herbarium Pacificum) Newsletter Editor: Gregory A. Koob (UH, Horticulture Department) Conservation Steve Montgomery (UH) Science Fair Benton Pang (UH, Botany Department) Winona Char (Char and Associates) Native Plants Clifford Smith, Chair (UH) Ken Nagata (USDA, APHIS PPQ) Evangeline Funk (Botanical Consultants) John Obata (Bishop Museum) Art Medeiros (Haleakala National Park) Special Issue 27. Plants Listed, Proposed, and Candidates Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act as of August 18, 1994 Listed Taxa (173 taxa) Abutilon eremitopetalum A. menziesii A. sandwicense Acaena exigua Achyranthes splendens vat. rotundata Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis A. macrococcus vat. macrococcus Alsinidendron obovatum A. trinerve Argyroxiphium kauense A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum A. sandwicense ssp. sandwicense Bidens cuneata B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha B. wiebkei Brighamia insignis B. rocku Caesalpinia kavaiensis Canavalia molokaiensis Centaurium sebaeoides Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana C. deppeana C. halemanui C. kuwaleana C. skottsbergu var. skottsbergii Clermontia lindseyana C. oblongifolia ssp. brevipes C. oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis C. peleana ssp. peleana C. peleana ssp. singulifolia C. pyrularia Colubrina oppositifolia Cyanea asarifolia C. copelandi ssp. copelandii C. grimesiana ssp. obatae C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii C. lobata C. macrostegia ssp. gibsonii Hidden-petaled abutilon E# Ko‘okoa‘ula No common name Liliwai No common name Mahoe Mahoe No common name No common name Ka‘t silversword Haleakala silversword Mauna Kea silversword Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Olulu Alulu Uhiuhi Aikiwiki Awiwi “Akoko “Akoko “Akoko “Akoko “Akoko Oha wai Oha wai Oha wai Oha wai Oha wai Oha wai Kauila Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha E E F* tT te t+ AMMA MM AM mM sm th mm mH L H, M, L, OX 28 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society C. mannii C. mceldowneyi C. pinnatifida C. procera . Shipmani . Stictophylla . superba ssp. regina . superba ssp. superba . truncata . undulata Cyrtandra crenata C. giffardiu C. lumahuliensis C. munroi C. polyantha C. tintinnabula Delissea rhytidosperma Diellia falcata D. pallida (proposed as D. laciniata) D. unisora Dubautia herbstobatae D. latifolia D. pauciflorula Eugenia koolauensis Exocarpos luteolus Gahnia lanaiensis Gardenia brighamu yO a OO Geranium arboreum G. multiflorum Gouania hillebrandu (CH) G. meyenit G. vitifolia Haplostachys haplostachya Hedyotis cookiana H. coriacea H. degeneri var. coprosmifolia H. degeneri var. degeneri H. manni H. parvula H. st.-johnu Hesperomannia arborescens H. arbuscula H. lydgatei Hibiscadelphus distans Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus H. clayi Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale ‘Oha No common name No common name No common name Na‘ena‘e Na‘ena‘e Na‘ena‘e Nioi Heau No common name Na‘u Nohoanu Nohoanu No common name No common name No common name No common name Awiwi No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name Hau kuahiwi Ke‘oke‘o Koi‘o ‘ula‘ula oSznzoz® 2) x AO BS Od ROKR R00 7.07 2 On x& Huperzia mannii (listed as Lycopodium mannit) H. nutans (listed as Lycopodium nutans) Ischaemum byrone Isodendrion hosakae I. pyrifolium Kokia cookei K. drynarioides (CH) Labordia lydgatei Lipochaeta fauriet . kamolensis . lobata var. leptophylla . micrantha var. exigua . micrantha var. micrantha . tenuifolia venosa . walmeaensis Lobelia niithauensis L. oahuensis Lysimachia filifolia L. lydgatet Mariscus fauriei Marsilea villosa Melicope haupuensis M. knudsenii M. lydgatei M. mucronulata M. pallida M. quadrangularis M. reflexa Munroidendron racemosum Neraudia angulata var. angulata N. angulata var. dentata Nothocestrum breviflorum N. peltatum N. humile Ochrosia kilaueaensis Panicum fauriei var. carteri (CH) Peucedanum sandwicense Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis P. mann P. mollis P. waumeae Plantago hawaiensis Poa sandvicensis P. siphonoglossa Sell sail soll soil all soll se Special Issue Wawae‘iole Wawae‘iole Hilo ischaemum Aupaka Aupaka Cooke’s koki‘o Hau hele‘ula Kamakahala Nehe Nehe Nehe Nehe Nehe Nehe Nehe Nehe ‘Oha Oha No common name No common name No common name “Thi ‘ihi Alani Alani Alani Alani Alani Alani Alani No common name Ma‘aloa Ma‘aloa “Aiea “Aiea Kulu‘i Holei Carter’s panicgrass Makou No common name No common name No common name No common name Laukahi kuahiwi No common name No common name * * + re ae ee 29 H, M, KX O, KX H, M, Mo, K H H, MX, LX, MoX, O, NiiX MoxX AMOR MOZAAZ 30 Newsletter of the Hawatian Botanical Society Portulaca sclerocarpa Pritchardia affinis P. munroi Pteralyxia kauaiensis Remya kauaiensis R. mauiensis R. montgomeryi Rollandia crispa Sanicula mariversa Santalum freycinetianum vat. lanaiense Scaevola coriacea Schiedea adamantis S. apokremnos S. haleakalensis S. kaalae S. lydgatei S. spergulina var. leiopoda S. spergulina var. spergulina Silene alexandri S. hawaiiensis S. lanceolata S. perlmanu Solanum sandwicense Stenogyne angustifolia S. bifida S. campanulata S. kanehoana Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. arenarium T. arenarium ssp. laxum T. filiforme var. filiforme T. filiforme var. polyphyllum T. lepidotum ssp. lepidotum T. remyi T. rocku var. calcisabulorum T. rockii var. rocku Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Urera kaalae Vicia menziesii Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana V. helenae V. lanaiensis Wilkesia hobdyi Xylosma crenatum Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ‘Thi Loulu Loulu Kaulu No common name No common name No common name ‘Oha No common name “Tliahi Dwarf naupaka No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name Popolo ‘aiakeakua No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name “Ohe‘ohe Opuhe Hawaiian vetch Pamakani No common name No common name Tliau Maua A‘e * qo A oe fo) * : Zz RASOZKXOX = ° = oF ~~ x = * Ke) SO Seo, Ri x~rooo =< iS) O O H O K L K K K H, M, LX, Mo, Special Issue Proposed Taxa (33 taxa) Adenophorus periens Amaranthus brownii Asplenium fragile var. insulare Bonamia menziesii Ctenitis squamigera Delissea undulata ssp. kauaiensis D. undulata ssp. nithauensis D. undulata ssp. undulata Diellia erecta Diplazium molokaiense Flueggea neowawraea Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei H. brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. bryanii M. pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis Melicope adscendens M. balloui M. ovalis Neraudia sericea Plantago princeps var. anomala P. princeps var. laxiflora P. princeps var. longibracteata P. princeps vat. princeps Poa mannit Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii P. remota Pteris lidgatei Schiedea verticillata Sesbania tomentosa Solanum incompletum Spermolepis hawaiiensis Tetramolopium capillare Vigna o-wahuensis Kihi No common name No common name No common name Pauoa ‘Oha Oha Oha No common name No common name Mehamehame Ma‘o hau hele Ma‘o hau hele No common name No common name Alani Alani Alani Ma‘aloa Ale Ale Ale Ale Mann’s bluegrass Wahane Loulu No common name No common name “Ohai Popolo No common name No common name O‘ahu vigna PE# PE? PE* PE# PE PE# PE PE PE PE PE PE# PE# PE FE PE PE PE PE PE PE# PE PE PE PE PE# PE PE PE = =< = =< #2 ~ eZ Oke SRAOEZR OB Z ™ M, MoxX, O N H, M, L, Mo, O, K, Ka, NiiX H, MX, LX, MoX, KX H, M, L, MoX, O,K M HM, L, Mo, OX, Ka, Nii 32 Newsletter of the Hawatian Botanical Society Recommended Candidate 1 Taxa (85 taxa) Achyranthes mutica Alsinidendron lychnoides A. viscosum Bidens micrantha ssp. ctenophylla Cenchrus agrimoniodies vat. agrimonioides Chamaesyce herbstu C. rocku Clermontia drepanomorpha Cyanea acuminata copelandi ssp. haleakalaensis dunbaru glabra grimesiana ssp. grimesiana hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora kolekoleensis Sp. nov. C. platyphylla C. recta C. remyi Cyperus trachysanthos CECE eR ee Le ES C. cyaneoides C. dentata C. subumbellata C. viridiflora Delissea rivularis D. subcordata Dubautia knudsenii ssp. filiformis D. plantaginea ssp. humilis Eragrostis fosbergu Euphorbia haeleeleana Fabaceae sp. nov. Gardenia mannu Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus H. giffardianus Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis H. sp. nov. Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae Isodendrion laurifolium I. longifollum Kokia kauaiensis Labordia cyrtandrae L. tinifolia var. wahiawaensis L. triflora Lepidium arbuscula No common name No common name No common name Ko‘oko‘olau No common name “Akoko “Akoko Oha wai Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha Haha ‘Aku ‘aku Haha Haha No common name Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale ‘Oha ‘Oha Na‘ena‘e Na‘ena‘e No common name ‘Akoko No common name Nanu Kopa Hau kuahiwi Hau kuahiwi Hau kuahiwi Hau kuahiwi Koki‘o ke‘oke‘o Aupaka Aupaka Koki‘o Kamakahala Kamakahala Kamakahala ‘Anaunau P- e = is SOWMOOORRAAR =< ° M, L, Mo, O we ARAMA A SOs AORROROOOR Oo w OT KROKKAAAAR Special Issue Lipochaeta tenuis Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis Lysimachia maxima (= L. ternifolia) Melicope munroi M. saint-johnii M. zahlbruckneri Myrsine juddu M. linearifolia Neraudia ovata Panicum nithauense Phyllostegia hirsuta P. kaalaensis P. knudsenii P. parviflora var. lydgatei P. racemosa P. velutina P. warshaueri P. wawrana Platanthera holochila Pleomele hawaiiensis Pritchardia kaalae P. napaliensis P. schattaueri P. viscosa Rollandia angustifolia R. humboldtiana R. longiflora R. st.-johni Sanicula purpurea Schiedea helleri . hookeri . membranacea . nuttalli . Sarmentosa . Stellarioides Sicyos alba Trematolobelia singularis Viola kauaensis var. wahiawaensis V. oahuensis Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum ANNAN Candidate 2 Taxa (124 taxa) Acacia koaia Asplenium schizophyllum Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera B. campylotheca ssp. waihoiensis Nehe No common name No common name Alani Alani Alani Kolea Kolea Ma‘oloa Lau‘ehu No common name No common name No common name No common name Kiponapona No common name No common name No common name No common name Hala pepe Loulu Loulu Loulu Loulu No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name Ma‘oli ‘oli Anunu No common name Nani Wai‘ale‘ale No common name Kaawa‘u Koai‘e No common name Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau C2 H,M,L, Mo, K C2 H, M, K C2 M C2 M Qo Qo So oe A Oo wee OO ‘. e M, Mo, OX, o & z ~~ TOROLTACANROCKOCCOOCOCKALTAOCHAALZISBLOAOCO 34 Newsletter of the Hawauan Botanical Society B. conjuncta B. sandvicensis ssp. confusa Bobea timonioides Botrychium subbifoliatum Calamagrostis expansa Canavalia napaliensis C. pubescens Capparis sandwichiana Carex wahuensis ssp. herbstu Cenchrus agrimonioides vat. laysanensis Chamaesyce arnottiana atrococca . celastroides var. tomentella . olowaluana . remyt Vat. kauaiensis . remyl Var. remyl . Skottsbergii var. vaccinioides . Sparsiflora Charpentiera densiflora Cyanea kunthiana C. leptostegia C. longissima C. marksu C. tritomantha Cyrtandra biserrata Cyrtandra filipes . halawensis hematos kealiae lydgatei macrocalyx oenobarba oxybapha C. pickeringiu C. pruinosa C. sandwicensis C. sessilis Dubautia arborea D. imbricata ssp. acronaea D. imbricata ssp. imbricata D. microcephala D. sherffiana Eragrostis deflexa E. hosakae oreheletetene’ Oe Si Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau ‘Ahakea No common name No common name ‘Awikiwiki ‘Awikiwiki Pua pilo No common name Kamanomano “Akoko ‘Akoko ‘Akoko ‘Akoko “Akoko ‘Akoko ‘Akoko “Akoko Papala Haha Haha Haha Haha ‘Aku‘aku Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Ha‘iwale Na‘ena‘e Na‘ena‘e Na‘ena‘e Na‘ena‘e Na‘ena‘e No common name No common name + 9g 9888 gaeae gaaaagan * * * CRCRCECECRCECECRCECHCRCECECRCECE CECE CECE CECRCECECES = K< 5 SPARS = SS amin enr © OKRA DOOMAER eo S a Eurya sandwicensis Exocarpos gaudichaudu Festuca hawatiensis Funbristylis hawatiensis Gardenia remyi Geranium humile G. kauaiense Gnaphalium sandwicensium vat. molokaiense Hedyotis elatior H. fluviatilis H. formosa H. littoralis H. tryblium Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio H. kokio ssp. saintjohnianus Joinvillea ascendens ssp. ascendens Korthalsella degeneri Labordia helleri L. pumila Lepidium bidentatum var. remyi L. serra Lipochaeta degeneri Lobelia dunbarii ssp. dunbaru L. dunbarit ssp. paniculata Lysimachia daphnoides L. kalalauensis L. sp. A Mariscus kunthianus M. rocku Melicope christophersenii M. cruciata M. degeneri M. haleakalae M. macropus M. nealae M. paniculata M. puberula M. wailauensis Myrsine fosbergii M. mezii M. vaccinioides Peperomia degeneri P. rocku P. subpetiolata Phyllostegia bracteata Special Issue Anini Heau No common name No common name Nanu Nohoanu Nohoanu ‘Ena‘ena No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name Pualoalo, koki‘o ‘ula‘ula Pualoalo, koki‘o ‘ula‘ula ‘Ohe Hulumoa Kamakahala Kamakahala Anaunau Anaunau Nehe ‘Oha ‘Oha Kolokolo kuahiwi No common name No common name No common name No common name Alani Alani Alnai Alani Alani Alani Alani Alani Alani Kolea Kolea Kolea “Ala‘ala wai nui ‘Ala‘ala wai nui “Ala‘ala wai nui No common name SESSLER BE tt * * * * t CUCRCECECHCECECECECECECECHCE CE CECE CECE CECH CECE CHEE CECECECEC SEEEEEEE Q NS) =< fo) ~~ oO ZAK a os xe nm S 36 Newsletter of the Hawauan Botanical Society P. helleri P. umminuta Pisonia wagneriana Pittosporum napaliense Platydesma cornuta P. remyi P. rostrata Portulaca molokiniensis P. villosa Pritchardia hardyi Psychotria hobdyi Ranunculus hawaiensis R. mauiensis Rubus macraet Sanicula kauaiensis S. sandwicensis Schiedea salicaria Sicyos cucumerinus S. macrophyllus Stenogyne cranwelliae S. haliakalae S. oxygona Tetramolopium consanguineum ssp. leptophyllum T. humile var. sublaeve Tetraplasandra kavaiensis Thelypteris boydiae Torulinium odoratum ssp. auriculatum Trematolobelia grandifolia Wikstroemia bicornuta W. skottsbergiana W. villosa No common name No common name Papala kepau Ho‘awa Pilo kea Pilo kea Pilo kea “Thi ‘Thi Loulu Kopiko Makou Makou ‘kala No common name No common name No common name Anunu Anunu No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name “Ohe‘ohe No common name No common name No common name Akia Akia ‘kia eneye S8BEE8ERBEEE BEERLEEB eeee gage s Bamonnk7 oe ek 2 fen z s < 4 2 ae eoa, 2 ececRheninnz = = = Zens < x x oREr 4 s<09 on OAL X = Ae = Special Issue Appendix | 37 — Alphabetical by Latin Name (dates in parenthesis indicate date of listing) Abutilon eremitopetalum (9/20/91) A. menziesii (9/26/86) A. sandwicense (10/29/91) Acacia koaia Acaena exigua (5/15/92) Achyranthes mutica A. splendens vat. rotundata (3/26/86) Adenophorus periens Alectryon macrococcus vat. auwahiensis (5/15/92) A. macrococcus vat. macrococcus (5/15/92) Alsinidendron lychnoides A. obovatum (10/29/91) A. trinerve (10/29/91) A. viscosum Amaranthus brownii Argyroxiphium kauense (4/7/93) A. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (5/15/92) A. sandwicense ssp. sandwicense (3/21/88) Asplenium fragile var. insulare A. schizophyllum Bidens campylotheca ssp. pentamera . campylotheca ssp. wathoiensis . conjuncta . cuneata (2/17/84) . micrantha ssp. ctenophylla . micrantha ssp. kalealaha (5/15/92) . Sandvicensis ssp. confusa . wlebkei (10/8/92) Bobea timonioides Bonamia menziesii Botrychium subbifoliatum Brighamia insignis (2/25/94) B. rocku (10/8/92) Caesalpinia kavaiensis (7/8/86) Calamagrostis expansa Canavalia molokaiensis (10/8/92) C. napaliensis C. pubescens Capparis sandwichiana Carex wahuensis ssp. herbstii Cenchrus agrimoniodies vat. agrimonioides ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~) Hidden-petaled abutilon Ko‘okoa‘ula No common name Koai‘e Liliwai No common name No common name Kihi Mahoe Mahoe No common name No common name No common name No common name No common name Ka‘u silversword Haleakala silversword Mauna Kea silversword No common name No common name Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau Ko‘oko‘olau “Ahakea No common name No common name Olulu Alulu Uhiuhi No common name Awikiwiki ‘Awikiwiki ‘Awikiwiki Pua pilo No common name No common name nee E# SeGR6a eo —s m™ © gman