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Newsletter of the

Hawaiian Botanical Society

Volume 37 Number 3

In This Issue

Native Plant Population
Structure Under Native-
and Alien-Dominated
Canopies in Makua Valley,
Oahu by Rebecca Randell
and Elizabeth Stampe ....... 37

Growing Native—A Highly
Effective Method for
Germinating aulu/lonomea
(Sapindus oahuensis) by
Bruce Koebele.s:...:s.00023 46

Kuli‘ou‘ou Trail Native
Plant List by Roger D.
Sorel: ese 47

Hawaiian Botanical
Society Awardees at the
State Science and
Engineering Fair by Karen
ONISCMAlSW eee veces 50

Botanical Trail Key for
Hawaiian Plants by Roger
D: Sorell 2.:..0.022 hans 51

Minutes of the Hawaiian
Botanical Society............ 53

December, 1998

Lobelia gloria-montis

Native Plant Population Structure
Under Native- and Alien-
Dominated Canopies in
Makua Valley, Oahu

Rebecca Randell and Elizabeth Stampe
Dept. of Botany, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822

Abstract. This study examined native species population structure in a
managed reserve composed of adjacent native- and alien-dominated
stands. Total and juvenile species diversity was higher in native stands
than in alien stands. However, juvenile diversity was lower than total
diversity. Alien ground cover was higher than native ground cover in
native stands indicating invasion. Alien species had more cover per species
at all levels. Excluding Alyxia oliviformis, there were fewer native juveniles
than alien juveniles in both native and alien stands. Schinus
terebinthifolius (native stands) and Psidium cattleianum (alien stands) were
the only alien species recruiting. Five native species were recruiting in
native stands but only two native were recruiting in alien stands. Of these,
only one had a stable population structure. Eleven native species showed
no recruitment at all. These data suggest that native populations may be in
decline, and that impediments to recruitment need further investigation.

Globally, biological invasion threatens the integrity of native
habitats. In the United States, 41% of all endangered plant species
are endemic to Hawaii (c.f. USFWS 1998). OF the 2034 species
in the current Hawaiian flora, 891 are alien (c.f. Vitousek et al.
1997). These aliens pose threats to the endemic species in several
ways. Plants reproducing via clonal growth is a major concern
because they can outpace the reproduction of natives (Huenneke

Continued on page 39

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 38

Botanical Society which was
° PRESIDENT

founded in 1924 to... ie eee
“advance the science of botany (UH Department of Botany)
in all its applications, encourage VICE-PRESIDENT
research in botany in all its Alvin Yoshinaga
phases, promote the welfare of its (Ctr. for Conservation Research & Training)
members and develop the spirit of TREASURER
good fellowship and cooper-ation Ron Fenstemacher
among them.” (Ho ‘okahe Wai Ho ‘oiilu ‘dina)
SECRETARY
Any person interested in the plant Shahin Ansari
life of the Hawaiian Islands is (UH Department of Botany)Directors
haw : Gerald Toyomura
eligible for membership. Inform- (Sierra Club)
ation may be obtained from the Cea DB iehdcs
Society at: (UH Department of Botany)
COMMITTEES
3190 Maile Way
Univer sity of Hawai‘i MEMBERSHIP
Honolulu, HI 96822 Gerald Toyomura, Chair Sierra Club
Karen Shigematsu Lyon Arboretum
Anna Dixon
MEMBERSHIP NEWSLETTER

Cliff Morden, Editor UH-Botany/CCRT
Mindy Wilkinson, Assoc. Ed. UH-Botany

The Society year is from December 1 CONSERVATION
through November 30 Steve Montgomery UH
UNDERGRADUATE GRANTS
Membership Cost per year| Leilani Druand UH-Botany
Individual $10.00 Alvin Chock USDA-APHIS-IS/UH-Botany
Student $5.00 SCIENCE FAIR
Family $12.00 Karen Shigematsu, Chair Lyon Arboretum
Life (individuals only) $180.00 Winona Char Char and Associates
Institutional Rate $20.00 NATIVE PLANTS
Alvin Yoshinaga, Chair UH-CCRT
Honorary and Life Members John Obata Bishop Museum
Karen Shigematsu Lyon Arboretum

pay no further dues.

Roger Sorrell

Volume 37 (3) 39

Continued from page 37

1990). Several alien plants secrete allelopathic
substances (Smith 1985 and sources therein).
They can also act as hosts for pests and
diseases that spread to natives (Smith 1985).
Alien animals also have destructive impacts on
native species, including herbivory and habitat
disturbance (Smith 1985). This disturbance
can encourage the establishment of alien plants
(Aplet et al. 1991). Alien animals also act as
dispersers of alien plants (Panetta and McKee
1997; Huenneke 1990). All of these
detrimental impacts may inhibit the
regeneration of native species and lower
overall species diversity (Harrington and Ewel
1997; Vitousek et al. 1997).

Population structure studies can address
regeneration. The age distribution of a
population can illustrate whether regeneration
is occurring, and can also predict the
likelihood of the population's persistence. In a
Stable population, for example, juveniles
should be more numerous than adults. Stage
Classes are often substituted for age classes,
and for woody species, size or height may be
equated with stage (Barbour et al. 1987).

Our study examined the population
Structure of native plants in the Kahanahaiki
Management Unit, located in Makua Military
Reserve, on the West coast of Oahu.
Kahanahaiki is a 110-acre management unit
whose elevation ranges from 1500 to 2300
feet. It is a diverse mesic forest, and it contains
ten endangered plant species, one endangered
snail, and one proposed endangered bird
species (RCUH 1998).

The use of Makua for Army maneuvers
and live-artillery training creates hazards for
the natural habitat. These hazards include
munitions fires and the spread of alien plants.
In order to minimize and mitigate for these
impacts, natural resource management began
in 1995. The management includes control of
alien animals and plants, revegetation, and
monitoring. In January 1997, a fence

surrounding 90 acres was completed,
excluding feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats
(Capra hircus) from Kahanahaiki.
Carnivorous snails (Euglandina rosea) and
rats (Rattus spp.) are controlled with
exclosures and poison bait. Common alien

‘trees in Kahanahaiki are Christmas berry,

Schinus terebinthifolius and strawberry guava,
Psidium cattleianum. Aliens in the ground
cover include the invasive grasses Oplismenus
hirtellus and Paspalum conjugatum, and the
invasive fern Blechnum occidentale (RCUH
1998).

Currently, Kahanahaiki consists of
adjacent native- and alien-dominated stands.
These adjacent stands are apparently quite
discrete, but alien species may be invading
native-dominated stands. The goal of the
current management regime is to prevent alien
invasion. This study investigated whether
invasion is still underway, and whether native
stands are regenerating.

This study focused on indices of species
diversity, invasion, and regeneration. The
hypotheses about diversity were: 1) Species
diversity is greater in native stands than in
alien stands; 2) Species diversity among
juveniles is greater in native stands than in
alien stands. The hypotheses addressing
invasion were: 3) The amount of alien ground
cover is higher than native ground cover; 4)
The amount of alien cover per species is
higher than native cover per species. The
regeneration hypothesis was: 5) The
proportion of native juveniles is higher than
alien juveniles in native stands, and
conversely, the proportion of alien juveniles is
higher in alien stands. Descriptions of
regeneration included 1) Alien species
recruitment; 2) Native species recruitment in
native areas and in alien areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three sites were selected within the fenced
region of Kahanahaiki. Sites were adjacent
native- and alien- dominated stands within

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 40

areas with similar slope and aspect. Native-
dominated stands were stands with 275%
native canopy cover. Alien-dominated stands
were stands with 275% native canopy cover.
Within each native/alien stand two 5m by 5m
plots were randomly placed. A total of 6 native
plots paired with 6 alien plots were measured.
Each plot was divided into size (height)
classes. These classes were ground level (<10
cm), mid-level (10 cm - 2 m), and canopy
level (>2 m). Woody individuals were
characterized as juvenile, sapling, or adult,
based on their size class. Non-woody species
were Classified only by cover. The sapling
category was not appropriate for woody vines;
these individuals were characterized as
juvenile (<20 cm) or adult (>20 cm).
Individuals of each species in each size
Class were counted, and estimations were
made of percent cover of each species at each
level. Total native and alien cover was also

Mean number of species

Site 2

Site 3

estimated at each level. Cover was equated
with foliage.

Data was analyzed by averaging the two
plots within each stand, and pairing stands
within sites. Statistical analysis of species
diversity, alien ground cover, and cover per
species used one-sided paired t-tests.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species diversity

Species diversity was calculated by
counting the total number of species in each
plot, averaging the two plots in each stand, and
comparing paired stands within sites. There
was a trend of higher total species diversity in
native stands than in alien stands (P=0.059),
though this was less true for site 3 (Fig. 1).
There was also a trend of higher species
diversity among juveniles in native stands than
in alien stands (P=0.076, Fig. 2).

Total

Fig. 1. Mean total species diversity at each siténd sum of the means. Hypothesis: Mean total species

diversity is higher in native stands than in alien stands. (One-sided paired t-test. P=0.0059).

ww

Ww

> 4 t
cou KF HW eww in

Mean number of species
al

Site 2

Site 3

oclUhrFlhUhUhXR HY 2 HN A x

Fig. 2. Mean juvenile species diversity at each site, and sum of the means. Hypothesis: Mean juvenile
species diversity is higher in native stands than in alien stands. (One-sided paired t-test. P=0.076).

Volume 37 (3) Al

The sum of the mean total diversity was
43. To compare this to the juvenile diversity,
the non-woody species were subtracted. The
sum of the mean total diversity for woody
species was 29.5. The sum of the mean
juvenile diversity was only 6.5, much lower
than the total diversity. If the current species
diversity of juveniles is an accurate predictor
of future canopy diversity, it appears that
canopy diversity will decrease drastically.
Invasion

Alien ground cover in native and alien
stands was compared between sites. In native
stands, alien ground cover was significantly

Native stands

Percent ground cover

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Neher (P = 0.001) than native ground cover

(Fig. 3). Invasive grasses Oplismenus hirtellus
and Paspalum conjugatum, which were found
in all native stands, were the primary
contributors to this cover. The hypothesis that
native plots were being invaded at the ground
level was supported. Alien ground cover was
not higher in alien stands (P = 0.60, Fig. 3).
The fact that these stands were weeded should
be taken into consideration. While all sites
received some weeding over the past two
years, managers were unable to specify how
much had occurred in any specific plot.

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Fig. 3. Percent alien ground cover in native and alien stands. Hypothesis: Alien ground cover was

Ground Level: Native Stands

ROMERO! fecal
ae Ee
cae

Percent cover per species

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

higher. (One-sided paired t-test. Native stands: P:0.001; Alien stands: P:0.60)

Ground Level: Alien Stands

Site 3

Fig. 4. Percent ground cover per species in native and alien stands. Hypothesis: Alien ground cover per

Mid-level: Native Stands

Percent cover per species

Site 2 Site 3

Site 1

species was higher. (One-sided paired t-test. Native stands: P=0.81; Alien stands: P=0.58.)

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Fig. 5. Percent mid-level cover per species in native and alien stands. Hypothesis: Alien cover was
higher. (One-sided paired t-test. Native stands: P=0.98; Alien stands: P=0.10.)

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 42

The quantity of cover each species
occupied was also calculated for each level.
Cover per species was determined for alien
species by dividing the percent alien cover by
the number of alien species. The same was
done for native species. Following the
prediction that species diversity would decline
in alien-dominated areas, we also predicted
that alien species would occupy more space
per species. The alien ground cover per species
was higher than native ground cover per
species in native stands (P=0.081), but not in
alien stands (P=0.58, Fig. 4). At the mid-level,
in native stands, the alien ground cover per
Species was not higher than the native cover
per species (P=0.98); in fact, the reverse was
true (Fig. 5). At the mid-level in alien stands,
alien cover per species was generally higher
(P=0.1, Fig. 5). At the canopy level, alien
ground cover per species was higher in native
stands (P=0.036), and was substantially higher
in alien stands (P=0.019, Fig. 6). It seemed
that where alien cover was not higher than
native cover, the alien cover per species was
also low. This was true in alien stands at the
ground level, and in native stands at the mid-
level, where alien cover was not higher
(P=0.60, P=0.85). When alien cover was high,
alien cover per species was high, and so in
these areas alien cover consisted of a few
species occupying the majority of the space.

Regeneration
In both native and alien stands, there was a
higher percentage of native juveniles than

Canopy: Native Stands

Percent cover per species

Site 3

Site 1 Site 2

Table 1. Percentages of native and alien juveniles
in native and alien plots. (Values for stands when
Alyxia vliviformis is excluded from calculations are
listed p wenthetically).

% Native % Alien
Species Species Total

Native 90.2 9.8 100
Stands (45.0) (55.0)
Alien F222 27.8 100
Stands (14.0) (86.0)

alien juveniles (Table 1). This contradicted our
hypothesis that alien species would be more
prevalent in alien areas, but was a promising
finding for regeneration of native stands.
However, since this analysis used numbers of
individuals, rather than numbers of species, it
was subject to skew from species with high
numbers of individuals. One such species was
Alyxia oliviformis, which was recruiting in
much higher numbers than the other native
juveniles. There were 594 Alyxia juveniles in
all plots, as opposed to the next most common
Native juvenile, Pisonia sandwicensis, of
which there were only 25. Without Alyxia, the
proportions were reversed. There were more
alien juveniles than native juveniles in both
native and alien stands (Table 1). Alien
juveniles are invading native stands.

Canopy: Alien Stands

Site 3

Site 2
Fig. 6. Cover per species in native and alien stands. Hypothesis: Alien cover per species was higher.
(One-sided paired t-test. Native stands: P=0.036; Alien stands: P:0.019).

Site 1

Volume 37 (3) 43

Table 2. Native species that are recruiting in
native stands. Only juvenile and adult stages were
scored for Alyxia oliviformis, as it is a woody vine.
Juv. = juvenile plants; Sap. = saplings; Ad. = adult
plants.

Species Juv. Sap. Ad.
Native Stands

Alyxia oliviformis 504 na 105
Pisonia sandwicensis 25 57 40
Diospyros sandwicensis 14 6 47
Diospyros hillebrandii 8 9 32
Senna gaudichaudii 1 0 0

Sydrax odoratum 0 11 28
Alien Stands

Alyxiz oliviformis 504 na 105
Sydrax odoratum 6 11 12

Recruitment

Alien recruitment was limited to two
species, Psidium cattleianum and Schinus
terebinthifolius. This was to be expected, since
either or both of these species were present in
every plot, whereas other alien trees were only
present in one plot each. When native and
alien stands were compared, differences
between the two species’ recruitment became
apparent. P. cattleianum recruits almost
entirely in alien stands, and S. terebinthifolius
recruits exclusively in native stands (Fig. 7).
This may arise from some kind of competitive
interaction between the two species. The result
is that S. terebinthifolius appears to be
invading native stands in this area more than
P. cattleianum. Theoretically, native species
would be most likely to recruit in native
stands, where the habitat is least disturbed by
alien species. There were higher numbers of
native species recruiting in native stands (5
Species) than in alien stands (2 species, Table
2). However, these species had very low
numbers of juveniles, indicating that their
populations may not be stable (Table 2).
Instead, for 3 out of the 6 species, adult
numbers are higher than juvenile numbers;

Table 3. Native species that are not recruiting in
any stands. Asterisks indicate species of particular
concern due to much higher numbers of adults
relative to juveniles. Only juvenile and adult
stages were scored for Coprosma foliosa, as it is a
woody vine. Juv.=juvenile plants; Sap.=saplings;
Ad.=adult plants.

Species Juv. Sap. Ad.
Nestegis sandwicensis* 0 1 13
Hedyotis terminalis* 1 1 13
Antidesma platyphyllum 0 1 b)
Metrosideros polymorpha 0 0 4
Coprosma foliosa 0 na 3
Hibiscus arnottianus 0 4 0
Chamaesyce multiformis 0 3 0
Myrsine lessertiana 0 0 2
Psychotria hathewayi 0 0 2
Morinda trimera 0 0 1
Pouteria sandwicensis 0 1 0
Melicope peduncularis 0 0 1

these populations may be in decline.

Knowing which natives recruit in alien
areas can help predict which species will
survive under the alien canopy that dominates
much of Kahanahaiki. This knowledge can
also help predict which species would be good

Number of juveniles

Alien
sites

Native
sites

Fig. 7. Numbers of Schinus terebinthifolius and
Psidium cattleianum juveniles in native and alien
plants.

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society

44

candidates for outplanting beneath alien
canopy. The only two species recruiting in
alien areas were Sydrax odoratum and Alyxia

oliviformis (Table 2). Surprisingly, S.

odoratum was not recruiting in any of the
native plots (Table 2). S. odoratum is a native
canopy dominant, and since there were high
numbers of adults in native stands, there
should have been seedlings in native stands.
The S. odoratum juveniles were all in just one
plot, so finding them only in an alien stand
may have been a sampling artifact. Regardless
of where S. odoratus is recruiting, its
population structure appears very unstable.
Alyxia oliviformis was recruiting in much
lower numbers than it was in native stands. In
alien stands, the numbers of A. oliviformis
juveniles were also lower than the numbers of
adults (Table 2), indicating an unstable
population structure in even this comparatively
thriving species. This change for the worse in
the numbers and ratios of A. oliviformis
individuals shows that alien plant species are
having a detrimental effect on native
recruitment.

There were 12 native species which were
essentially not recruiting at all (Table 3).
Given that many of these species occurred in
the plots only a few times, it is difficult to
make any definitive conclusion regarding the
Stability of these populations. This low
sampling could be due to sampling error, to
advanced decline in the populations, or to
both. Several other species do have relatively
high numbers of adults and were thus of
concern; Nestegis sandwicensis and Hedyotis
terminalis in particular appear to be in decline.
According to the resource managers, H.
terminalis does produce ripe fruit, and its
seeds do germinate in the greenhouse (K.
Kawelo & J. Rohrer, pers. comm.). This would
indicate that establishment is inhibited at the
juvenile stage, possibly by competition,
predation or both; more research on
establishment is needed. N. sandwicensis does
flower, but the managers have never observed

mature fruit (K. Kawelo & J. Rohrer,
pers.com.). The trees may be suffering from
lack of pollinators or from seed predation.
Similarly, the managers have been unable to
collect undamaged/viable seed from P.
odoratum (K. Kawelo & J. Rohrer, pers.com.).
They have found evidence of a seed predator
which has not been identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Native and alien stands are in fact less
discrete than they first appeared. The native
patches are being invaded, alien species are
recruiting substantially more than native
Species, and even if alien species do not
become dominant, it is almost certain that
native diversity will decrease. Given that this
is a managed reserve, which has been fenced
and weeded, this does not bode well for the
future. Ungulate exclusion has been important,
but alien plants are now established and
continue to reproduce. Trapping rats and
fencing do not prevent herbivory and predation
by invertebrates. Further investigation into the
nature and impacts of these organisms is
necessary. Continued outplanting to augment
population numbers may help; our findings
Suggest that H. terminalis could be a good
candidate. The emphasis of future efforts
Should be on clarifying the threats to
establishment and survival. If these are not
eliminated. outplanting may simply fail. The
managers are doing good work, but their work,
and ours, is by no means all pau.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Many thanks to Kapua Kawelo, Joby
Rorher, and the rest of the field staff at the
Natural Resources office for all their help.
Thanks also to our volunteers Erin Goergen,
Maile Gresham and Mark Stoutemeyer, and to
Andy Taylor, Curt Daehler, and Cliff Morden
for statistical and logistical assistance. This
research was conducted as a course project for
Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology

Volume 37 (3) 45

in Hawaii in the Departments of Botany and
Zoology, UH Manoa

LITERATURE CITED

Aplet, G. H., Anderson, S. J., and Stone, C. P.
1991. Association between Feral Pig Disturbance
and the Composition of some Alien Plant
Assemblages in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National
Park. Vegetatio 95: 55-62.

Barbour, M. G., Burk, J. H., and Pitts, W. D. 1987.
Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Second/Ed.
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.,
Menlo Park.

Harrington, R. A., and Ewel, J. J. 1997. Invasibility
of Tree Plantations by Native and Non-
Indigenous Plant Species in Hawai‘i. Forestry
Ecology and Management 99: 153-162.

Huenneke, L. F., and Vitousek, P. M. 1990.
Seedling and Clonal Recruitment of the Invasive
Tree Psidium cattleianum: Implications for
Management of Native Hawaiian Forests.
Biological Conservahon 53: 199-211.

Kawelo, K. & Rohrer, J. 1998. The Research
Corporation for the University of Hawai‘i. Army
Natural Resource Center. Schofield Barracks,
HI.

Panetta, F. D., and McKee, J. 1997. Recruitment of
the Invasive Ornamental, Schinus terebin-
thifolius, is dependent upon _ frugivores.
Australian Journal of Ecology 22: 432-438.

RCUH, The Research Corporation for the
University of Hawai‘i. 1998. U. S. Army
Garrision Hawaii Oahu Training Areas Natural
Resource Management: Final Report. University
of Hawaii, Schofield Barracks.

Smith, C. W. 1985. Impact of Alien Plants on
Hawai'i's Native Biota. Jn C. P. Stone and J. M.
Scott, (eds.) Hawai‘i’s Terrestrial Ecosystems:
Presenation and Management. Cooperative
National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu.
pp. 180-250.

USFWS, United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered
Species Home Page., http://www.fws.-
gov/r9endspp/endspp.html. 30 June 1998.

Vitousek, P. M., D’Antonio, C. M., Loope, L. L.,
Rejmanek, M., and Westbrooks, R. 1997.
Introduced Species: A significant component of
human-caused global change. New Zealand
Journal of Ecology 21: 1-15.

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 46

Growing Native

A Regular Feature on Native Plant Horticulture

A Highly Effective Method for Germinating
aulu/lonomea (Sapindus oahuensis)

Bruce P. Koebele
84-688 Ala Mahiku Drive #157B
Wai‘anae, Hawai‘i 96792

This column is based on contributions from members. Anyone wishing to share information about
growing native plants can send it to the Society, or contact any of the members of the Native Plant
Committee. There are no format or style restrictions; anything from one sentence to several paragraphs is
appropriate. We do recommend listing both scientific and common names of plants, and giving an address
and telephone number at which readers can contact you for more information. In this issue, Dr. Bruce
Koebele reports his experiences propagating several dryland species.

Aulu or lonomea (as it is known on
Kaua‘i) has the potential to become an
important tree for dry forest restoration
projects in Hawai‘i. It grows quickly, has few
serious pests, and produces both a dense shade
and thick leaf litter that inhibits the growth of
most understory alien plants (including
grasses). Unfortunately, germination of whole
or scarified seeds can take from one to six
months with variable success. (The seeds are
prone to rot.) In a recent Hawaiian Botanical
Society Newsletter (Volume 37 Number 2)
article compiled by The Nature Conservancy
of Hawai‘i a new method for the rapid
germination of aulu was very briefly outlined.
This article elaborates on this method.

Collect only mature fruit, either from the
tree or the ground beneath. Remove the seed
from the fruit and inspect it carefully for insect
damage. Discard any seed that floats in
tapwater; it is usually inviable. Scar the outer
coat (with garden clippers or a knife) and place
the seed in clean, moist vermiculite for one to
two weeks. Alternatively, you can soak the
scarred seed in a shallow pan of water,

changing the water daily. This pretreatment
softens the dark outer seed coat so you can
remove it easily by hand or with a small knife.
After removing the outer seed coat, carefully
peel away the inner, thin, papery brown seed
coat from the cream colored embryo. At one
point the inner seed coat wraps under the
embryonic root. Exercise special care here or
you will break the root while removing the
seed coat. If you do, discard the embryo and
try again with a new Seed. Plant the embryo
immediately, one to two centimeters deep in
clean potting soil. If you intend to plant the
embryo in a field setting, transport it in a moist
paper towel until you reach the site.

In new artificial soil, germination is nearly
100%, with the shoot breaking through the soil
surface in about one week. Seedling survival is
normally excellent and growth is rapid. Under
nursery conditions aulu will grow
approximately one meter per year. In one
experimental field trial, excised embryos
planted directly into the native soil and
watered (two liters per embryo) resulted in
approximately 30% germination .

Volume 37 (3) 47

Kuli‘ou‘ou Trail Native Plant List

Roger D. Sorrell, PhD

rogersorrell @juno.com

This article is the first of a series in a project to publish native plant lists for major O‘ahu trails in this
journal over the next year or two for the purposes of botanical education and historical record. This project
is being coordinated by the author with the aid of botanists on the O‘ahu Trails Committee (see
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS) who will gather earlier lists of plants on key trails and compile updated lists in a
format broadly similar to the one below. We encourage those who have interests in this subject, or have
expertise on particular trails, to become involved by contacting the author, the Hawaiian Botanical Society,

or members of the O‘ahu Trails Committee.

Survey Dates: June 10, 1998; July 3,
1998; August 21, 1998.

Reason for Trail Selection: Kuli‘ou‘ou
trail is the last major trail going east down the
Koiolau Crest (Diamond Head Side) toward
Makapu‘u Point which has significant endemic
forest.

Location Reference: and following it up
to Kalaau Place. State trail sign is at end of
Kalaau Place. Begin on the Kuli‘ou‘ou Valley
trail until state trail sign shows Oahu Sectional
Map #18 and 24; USGS Map: Koko Head
Quadrangle.

Access: State trail with unimpeded access.
Trailhead found by taking Kuli‘ou‘ou Road
mauka off Kalanianaole Hwy intersection with
Kuli‘ou‘ou Ridge trail, which heads uphill east
(to the right).

Elevations: 280-2028 ft.

Native Plants: Lower and Middle Trail
(Dryland Forest Zone):
Canthium odoratum (Alahe‘e)
Dodonaea viscosa (‘A‘ali‘i)
Doryopteris decipiens (‘twa‘iwa)
Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili)
Lepisorus thunbergianus (pakahakaha)

Pandanus tectorius (hala)

Psilotum nudum (moa)

Odontosoria chinensis (pala‘a)
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (‘ulei)
Peperomia leptostachya (‘ala‘ala wai nui)
Sida fallax (‘ilima)

Side Trails Taken: Right ridge side trail
just before trail shelter. Native plants seen on
side trail: Sida fallax (‘ilima). Reportedly
decreased in numbers since seen 10/95.

Other Notes:

A.Santalum ellipticum (dryland sandalwood)
looked for, but not seen.

B. Erythrina sandwicensis appears to have
been planted recently.

C. Significant introduced plants: Abutilon
incanum, Acacia confusa, Adiantum
hispidulum (fern), Araucaria columnaris
(Cook Pine), Ardisia elliptica, Arundina
graminifolia (bamboo orchid), Blechnum
occidentale (fern), Casuarina equisetifolia
(ironwood), Clusia rosea (autograph tree),
Cordyline fruticosa (ti), Eucalyptus robusta
(swamp mahogany), Ficus sp., Grevillea
robusta (silk oak), Haematoxylum

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 48

campechianum (bloodwood), Kalanchoe
pinnata, Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole),
Macadamia _integrifolia, Melaleuca
quinquenervia, Mimulus sp. (monkey face
plant), Morinda citrifolia (noni), Oplismenus
hirtellus (basket grass), Passiflora suberosa
(passion flower), Pellaea viridis (fern),
Phlebodium aureum (hare’s foot fern),
Phymatosorus grossus (laua‘e fern), Pimenta
dioica (allspice), Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava), Schinus terebinthifolius
(christmas berry), Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
(jamaican vervain), Stapelia nobilis (carrion
flower), and fan palm (planted, definitely not
loulu).

D. Haematoxylum (Bloodwood), was
introduced on Oahu and the Big Island from
Central America.

E. Dodonea (A‘ali‘i) is rare on this trail.

F. Milo (Thespesia populnea) appears to have
been planted recently on this trail.

G. The upper reaches of this zone are notable
for Forestry plantings of Cook Pines
(Araucaria cooki), and Ficus sp. A few lama
trees (Diospyros sandwicensis) are observed at
the very upper edge of this zone, bordering the
native rain forest zone which was apparently
left intact. For absence of native mesic forest
zone, see Note A under Rain Forest Zone
below.

Native Plants: Upper Trail

(Rain Forest Zone--1480 ft to Crest):
Alyxia oliviformis (maile)
Asplenium nidus (‘ekaha; bird’s nest fern)
Bidens sandwicensis (ko‘oko‘olau)
Bobea elatior (‘ahakea lau nui)
Chamaesyce multiformis (‘akoko)
Cibotium chamissoi (hapu‘u)
Dianella sandwicensis (“uki‘uki)
Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe)
Diospyros sandwicensis (lama)
Elaphoglossum fauriei (fern)
Freycinetia arborea (‘ie ‘ie)
Frullania sp. (liverwort)
Hedyotis terminalis (manono)

Huperzia phyllantha (wawae‘iole)

Ilex anomala (kawa‘u)

Lepisorus thunbergianus (pakahakaha)

Machaerina mariscoides (‘uki)

Metrosideros polymorpha (‘ohi‘a)

Myrsine lessertiana (kolea)

Odontosoria chinensis (pala‘a)

Peperomia tetraphylla (‘ala ‘ala wai nui)

Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea)

Pipturus albidus (mamaki)

Pittosporum glabrum (ho‘awa)

Psilotum nudum (moa)

Pteridium decompositum (kilau)

Psychotria kaduana (kopiko)

Sadleria cyatheoides (‘ama‘u)

Selaginella arbuscula (lepelepeamoa; club
moss)

Tetraplasandra oahuensis (‘ohe).

Wikstroemia oahuensis (‘akia)

Side Trails Taken: None

Other Notes:

A. Kuli‘ou‘ou trail has no mesic native forest
zone. This native vegetation zone was
apparently either missing or entirely wiped out
when extensive forestry plantings covered
(and still cover) what would have been the
mesic zone. Lama (Diospyros sandwicensis) is
observed at the end of the planted Cook pine
zone, just below the beginning of the rain
forest zone. This could be a remnant
indicating one native species the mesic zone
may have

included.

B. Koa looked for, not seen; lobelioids looked
for, not seen.

C. Significant introduced plants: Ageratina
ripara (maui pamakani), Aleurites moluccana
(kukui), Araucaria columnaris (cook Pine),
Ardisia sp., Blechnum occidentale (fern),
Conyza bonariensis (hairy horseweed),
Christella parasitica (fern), Clidemia hirta
(koster's curse), Cordyline fruticosa (ti),
Desmodium sp., Grevillea robusta, Lantana
camara, Macaranga mappa, Melinus

Volume 37 (3)

minutiflora (molasses grass), Musa sp.,
Nephrolepis multiflora (sword fern), Paspalum
conjugatum (hilo grass), Passiflora edulis
(lilikoi vine), Phymatosorus grossus (fern),
Psidium cattleianum (Strawberry guava),
Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), Schefflera sp.,
Schinus terebinthifolius (christmas Berry),
Spathoglottis plicata (malayan ground orchid),
Trema orientalis, Zingiber zerumbet (soap
ginger), imperial palms.

D. Botanical list from 7 May 95 (Leilani Pyle)
indicate Melicope sp.(alani) from this zone,
but this was not found on any 1998 survey
dates.

E. Frullania sp. liverwort is seen on rain
forest area ‘ohi‘a trees.

F. Tetraplasandra sp. (probably T. oahuensis.
Has compound umbellate yellow flowers.

Native Plants: Ridge Crest

(Cloud Forest Zone-- 1980 to 2028ft):
Bidens sandwicensis (ko‘oko‘olau)
Chamaesyce multiformis (‘akoko)
Eleaocarpus bifidus (kalia)
Hedyotis acuminata (Au)
Ilex anomala (kawa‘u)
Lycopodiella cernua (wawae ‘iole)
Metrosideros polymorpha (‘ohi‘a)
Peperomia tetraphylla (‘ala‘ala wai nui)
Phyllanthus distichus (pamakan1)
Pipturus albidus (mamaki)
Sadleria cyatheoides (‘ama‘u)
Smilax melastomifolia (hoi kuahiwi)
Odontosoria chinensis (pala‘a)
Wikstroemia oahuensis (‘akia)

Side Trails Taken: East Crest Trail (to cliff
bog). Native plants seen on side trail: Pipturus
albidus(mamaki), Ilex anomala (holly), Metro-
sideros polymorpha, Metrosideros tremu-
loides, Sadleria cyatheoides, Wikstroemia
oahuensis, Smilax melastomifolia, Psychotria
kaduana (kopiko), Odontosoria chinensis,
Cocculus orbiculatus (huehue), Alyxia

49

olivaeformis (Maile), Freycinetia arborea
(‘ie‘ie), Machaerina mariscoides (‘uki),
Selaginella arbuscula (lepelepeamoa), Bidens
sandwicensis (Ko‘oko‘olau), Plectranthus
, Bere Sn

Other Notes:

A. Cliff bog on right side trail ca. 200 ft. Last
bog of its type from East Oahu to Mokapuiu
Point.

B. Many signs of early Hawaiian habitation in
Kaalakei Valley on right side of trail near
summit.

C. Lobelias looked for, not seen.

D. Crest is infiltrated with significant numbers
of introduced plants, including Ardisia sp.,
Clidemia hirta, Christella parasitica (fern),
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (vervain),
Passiflora sp., and Cuphea (cigar flower).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to the Botanical Trail Committee:
John Hall, Leilani Pyle, Alvin Yoshinaga, and
special thanks to Brad Waters for his expertise
on the ferns. Thanks also to Clyde Imada for
helpful editing of the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED:

Lamb, S. 1981. Native Trees and Shrubs of
the Hawaiian Islands. Sunstone Press.

Lamoureux, C. H. 1976. Trailside Plants of
Hawai ‘i’s National Parks, Hawai‘i Natural
History Association.

Neal, M. C. 1984. In Gardens of Hawaii,
Bishop Museum.

Whistler, W.A. 1995. Wayside Plants of the
Islands, Isle Botanica, Honolulu.

Wilson, K. 1996 Alien Ferns in Hawaii,
Pac.Sci. 50: 127-141.

Wagner, W. L., D. Herbst, S. H. Sohmer.
1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of
Hawai‘i, vols. 1-2, University of Hawaii
Press and Bishop Museum Press.

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 50

Hawaiian Botanical Society Awardees at the
Science and Engineering Fair

The 41“ Hawaii State Science and Engineering Fair was held 30 March to 3 April, 1998 at
the Neil Blaisdale Exhibition Center. The Hawaiian Botanical Society presented awards to the
following individuals:

Senior Division Research Project
First Place—Janelle S. Ishida, Moloka‘i High School: “Use of Salt Water to Control Non-
Native Plants on a Coastal Strand Community.”

Second Place—Karen Horiuchi, Waiakea High School: “Jn Vitro Propagation of Palapalai
(Microlepia setosa [strigosa}).”

Junior Division Research Project
First Place—Su Que Leong, Kawananakoa Intermediate: “Allelochemical Effects on the
Germination of Miconia calvescens Seeds.”

Second Place—Kade Hashimoto, Kapa‘a Intermediate: “The Allelopathic Properties of
Casuarina equisetifolia as a Possible Pre-Emergent Weed Control.”

All four students received a signed copy of Dr. Isabella Abbott’s book La‘au Hawai‘. In
addition, each first place winner received $50.00, and each second place winner received $25.00.

If anyone is interested in becoming a Science Fair judge for the society, please contact the
Botanical Society Science Fair Committee, c/o Karen Shigematsu at 988-3177

Volume 37 (3) 51

Botanical Trail Key for Hawaiian Plants

Roger D. Sorrell, PhD

rogersorrell@juno.com

The purpose of this key is to aid the student of Hawaiian plants in basic identification of most
endemic Hawaiian trees and shrubs in the native or mostly native forest areas of the islands. To use the
key in the most effective fashion, the student or hiker should be aware of which trails are known to have
native plants on them, or which sections of trails (for example, middle and upper elevation sections of
many trails) will likely have native plants. It assumes a basic knowledge of botany only, and uses some
common descriptive terms when higher-level botanical terms may not be well-known. Its goal is to enable
the interested amateur or student to reach to the genus level of identification of the plant, from which
point they may consult the manuals (such as the two volume manual...), and other authorities (such as
Lamb's Trees and Shrubs...) to research more species-level identification if they wish to pursue this. The
key focuses mostly endemic trees and shrubs. It does include a few indigenous and Polynesian-brought
plants. It does not include a few extremely rare species, types found only on one island, or the lobelias. It
lists characteristics which are most likely to stand out in identification, especially in contrast to other
similar plants.

naupaka (Scaevola gaudichaudii), Alahe'e
(Canthium), Pilo II

6.Tomentose (fuzzy): Hoawa_ (Pittosporum
confertifolium), Hame (on back Antidesma 11),
Ala'a (brown,underside), Purple Naupaka
(Scaevola), Kului (Nototrichum shrub), Bonamea
(vine)

A. Leaves

1.Shiny: Plumeria relatives (Hao? Holei),
Charpentiera (Papala), Pisonia (Papala Kepau),
Olapa and Lapalapa (Cheirodendron), Ae
(Zanthoxylum), Anapanapa (Colubrina), Ala'a
(Pouteria), Milo (Thespesia), Kamani
(Calphyllum), Maua (Xylosma), Olive

(Osmanthus), Kamakahala (Labordia), Alahe'e
(Canthium). Pilo (Coprosma), Manono
(Gouldia), Kopiko (Psychotria mariniana, with
holes under leaf at midrib), Hibiscus

2.Dull: (Purple Naupaka-Scaevola), (Lowland
sandalwood—Santalum ellipticum), Mamaki
(Pipturus), Olona (Touchardia), Hame
(Antidesma II), Mahoe (Soapberry), Lama I & II
(Diospyros), Cyrtandra (Haiwale, Gesneria),
pale green (Ahakea, Bobea)

3.Venation: red (Olomea-Perrottetia), Olona
(Touchardia), some Mamaki (Pipturus), and
Bobea (Ahakea); very prominent: Ilex (chaotic,
Holly), Anapanapa (Colubrina, white, drooping)
Olive (Osmanthus)

4.Large: (Pisonia-Papala Kepau, shiny),
(Kanawao--Broussaisia), Mahoe (Soapberry),
Kolea I; Olive (Osmanthus), Kou (Cordia),
Cyrtandra (Haiwale), Lama II, PiloII, Manono
(Gouldia)

5.Small: (Upland Sandalwood--Freycinetia),
Akia(Wikstroemia), Kolea II (yrsine),
Kolomona (Senna), Maile (Alyxia), yellow

11. Leaves

7. Sharp ended: (all upland Naupaka), (Pisonia),
(Rauvolfia), Mamaki (Pipturus), Olona
(Touchardia), Upland Sandalwood (Santalum
freycinetianum), Hala & ieie (Pandanus,
freycinetia), Ae (Zanthoxylum), Kukui
(Aleurites), Kamakahala (Labordia), Naio
(Myoporum), Bobea (Alakea) Dubautia (Naenae-
-Silversword rels)

8.New leaves colored: Ohia, Lama (pink),
Cinnamon (pink) ,Olomea (red), Hame (peach),
Ala'a (copper), Xylosma (Maua-red), Kolea I(red,
Myrsine)

9.Non-green leaves: silver: Kului (Nototrichum),
Hinihina (Artemesia sp.), Xylosma (red-tinted)

10. Leaves ragged/wavery: A\‘ali'i, Cyanea
angustifolia (HaHa), Kalia (Eleaocarpus), Olive
(crinkled-Osmanthus), Kou (Cordia)

wider than _ long: Lapalapa

(Cheirodendron), Wiliwili (Erythrina), Milo

(Thespesia, heart-shaped, also Hau (Hibiscus

teliaceus), and AHibiscus arnottianus (Oahu

white)

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society

52

12. Leaves compound or sawtooth: Mamane
(Sophora) tiny leaves, in 6-10 pairs, Ohe Ohe
(Tetraplasandra oahuensis), Neneleau (Rhus,
sumac), Kolomona (Senna 1X1/2”, 3-5 prs)

13. Leaves quavering: Kalia (Eleaocarpus),
Lapalapa (Cheirodendron), Olapa (Cheiro-
dendron)

14. Leaves oval/elliptical: Ala'a (Pouteria), Olapa
(Cheirodendron), Kamani (Calophyllum), Maua
(Xylosma)

15. Leaves thick leatherv: Kamakahala (Labordia),
Hydrangea (Kawanao), Manono (Gouldia)
Dubautia (Kupaoa--Silversword rel.), Pilo
(Coprosma), Kopiko (Psychotria)

16. Leaves whorled: Ochrosia (3-4) & Rauvolfia
(5), Pittorporum_ terminaloides & P.
confertifolium, Dubautia (crowded toward end.
Silversword rel.)

17. Leaves rounded at end: Charpentiera (Papala),
Pittosporum confertifolium & P. terminaloides,
Hibiscus, Hau, Manono (Gouldia), Kopiko
(Psychotria), Lowland Sandalwood (Santalum
ellipticum), Alani (Pelea)

18. Newleaves “kissing”: kopiko (Psychotria),
some Hedyotis

B. Petioles/midrib:

1.Absent or very short: Mamaki and Olona
(Touchardia), Rauvolfia (Hao), Manono
(Gouldia)

2.Long or prominent: Charpentiera (Papala), Koa-
mature (Acacia), Hame I (prominent green
midrib, red petiole), Mahoe (Soapberry-
prominent mid, short petioles), A’ali'i
(Dodonaea), Kalia (Eleaocarpus--mid green,
prom., yellow petioles), Ala'a (long yellow pet.,
pouteria), Xylosma (Maua, yellow mid), Kou
(Cordia, prom. midrib), Naio (Myoporum),
Manono (Gouldia)

3.Colored red: Olomea (Perrottetia),
Charpentiera (Papala), Hame (Antidesma),
Kauila (Colubrina); yellow (Hao, Rauvolfia),
(Ochrosia, Holei)

C. Flowers: 5

1. Ends of stems: Lowland Sandalwood
(Santallum ellipticum), Pisonia (Papala Kepau),
Ae (Zanthoxylum), Neneleau (sumac, Rhus),
Kawila (Colubrina), Kalia (Eleaocarpus),

2.On stems: (Kolea lau nui or Kolea lau li'‘i--
Myrsine), Mamaki (Pipturus), Alani (Pelea), Ilex

(Holly, Kawau), Manono (Gouldia), Pittosporum
confertifolium (Hoawa), Pouteria (Ala'‘a)

3.Colors:; White: Kukui, Bobea (Ahakea),
Ochrosia, Rauvolfia; Green: Mamaki, Yellow:
Lowland Sandalwood (8S. ellipticum), Alani
(Pelea), Mamane (Sophora), Kauila (Colubrina);
Orange: ieie, Kou (Cordia). Yellow—Kolomona
(Senna), Mamane. Red: Charpentiera-Papala
(tiny red strings), wiliwili (also orange or white),
Cream-colored: Alani (Pelea)

4.Particular shape: Propellor-Ochrosia(Holei)
Rauvolfia's are small and in bunches of 20+;
star--Kauila (Colubrina), candle-like--
Tetraplasandra oahuensis (Ohe ohe); white
trumpet-shaped: Plumbago and manono
(Gouldia); cream-colored small tulips—Alani
(Pelea)

D. Fruits

As cherries: (Hame I, Antidesma), O‘hia Ha;
Purple: (lex, Holly, Kawau), Olive (Osmanthus,
Olopua); red: (sumac, Neneleau); Hilo Holly;
round on long stem-Kamani (Calophyllum),; black
berry (Bobea); Pecans with sharp ends (Ochrosia,
Holei, vs. small, black Rauvolfia--Hao); Sapinda
(Soapberry--large brown Ochrosia -like seed);
large oval green: Bonamea vine.

E. Trunk/Stems
White to light yellow or orange: Wiliwili

(Erythrina), corrugated—mamane; smooth
(Kolomana); Vertical striated: Hame (Antidesma)
F. Shrubby

A‘ali'i (Dodonea)--often shrubby, but can be a tree;
Pukiawe (Styphelia), Mamane

(Sophora), Akoko (Chamaesyce), Neneleau
(Sumac, Rhus), Anapanapa (Colubrina asiatica),
Akia (Wikstroemia), Kolomona (Senna), Dubautia
(Silversword rel.), Hydrangea (Broussaisia) Naio
(Myoporum), Hedyotis terminalis and H. littoralis,
Alahe'e (Canthium), Pilo (Coprosma); Manono
(Gouldia), Hao (Hibiscus), Kulu (Nototrichum)

G. Viney
Smilax (Hoi); Maile (Alyxia), Plumbago (shiny
leaves, white trumpet flowers), Bonamea

H.. Milky sap
Akoko (Chamaesyce)

Volume 37 (3) 53

Minutes of the Hawaiian Botanical Society

May Meeting
¢ The May 5, 1998 meeting of the Hawaiian
Botanical Society was called to order by
Mindy Wilkinson, President.

¢ The minutes were approved as read.
¢ Two guests were introduced.

e Treasurer’s Report. Ron Fenstemacher
read the treasurer’s report. The current
account balance was $5284.19.

¢ Membership Report. Gerald Toyomura
reported that there were four new members.

¢ Old Business
e The Earth Justice Defense Fund relayed,
through James Kwon, that the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service had agreed to designate
plants for which it was prudent to have
critical habitat named by the year 2004.

¢ The Calendar Committee announced that
it would cost approximately $800 for 500
copies of a 1 sheet with pictures calendar.

¢ A thank you note was received from the
science fair winner.

¢ New Business

¢ The Dept. of Land and Natural
Resources, through Randy Kennedy, asked
to have a Botanical Society representative
to the Kaena Point Meetings to be held on
the 1° Wednesday of every month in
Haleiwa. The meetings would concern
proposed uses for the Kaena Point Natural
Area Reserve.

* Plant of the Month was pili grass,
Heteropogon contortus, and was presented by

Debbie Carino of the University of Hawai‘1
Department of Botany.

¢ Guest Speaker. The speaker for May was
Puanani Wong of the University of Hawai‘i
Department of Botany. Her talk was entitled
“How to Make the Story of Hawaii’s Natural
Heritage Positive and Fun.”

September Meeting
¢ The September 14th, 1998 meeting of the
Hawaiian Botanical Society was called to
order by Mindy Wilkinson, President.

e Four guests were introduced.

e The minutes from the May Sth, 1998
meeting of the Botanical Society were read by
Leilani Durand and approved.

¢ Treasurer's Report. Ron Fenstemacher
read the treasurer's report. As of last May, the
Botanical Society had $5287.91 in its account.
The outgo of funds over the summer totaled
$4993.40, and the income totaled $3605.72.
Our current balance is $3900.23.

¢ Membership Report. Gerald Toyomura
announced there were a total of 226 members,
with 16 renewals and 8 new members. The
new members were announced.

e Alvin Yoshinaga discussed the appointment
of Honorary Members to the Botanical
Society. A motion was made to nominate Jon
Obata to be an honorary member, and the
motion was approved.

e Committee Reports
The Native Plant Committee will start a
regular column in the Botanical Society
newsletter that will present bits of wisdom

Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society 54

about growing native plants. Contribution
are welcome.

e Old Business:
e A letter from the Science Fair winner
Sue Lyong was read.

e New Business
e An anonymous request to send a letter to
Walmart on the Big Island to ask them to
stop selling the Australian tree fern was
received. A draft will be presented for the
membership to approve.

e The Oahu fountaingrass Working group
draft letter was passed around for the
membership to review. Comments were
requested.

e Dave Orr from the Waimea Arboretum
announced that the Botanical Garden is
threatened. The owners have threatened to
eliminate the Botanical garden, and there
are currently only three people on the staff
so they are trying to distribute plants to
other collections.

¢ Alvin Yoshinaga announced a possible
trip to Koke‘e or Hakalau. Members should
see Alvin if they are interested.

e Plant of the Month talk was Akala, Rubus
hawaiiensis and other Rubus in Hawai‘i by
Cliff Morden, UH Department of Botany.

¢ Guest Speaker. Mike Clearwater, of
Hawaii Agricultural Research Center was the
featured speaker. His talk was entitled
“Forestry research in the lowland dipterocarp
forests of Indonesian Borneo.”

October Meetings

¢ The October 5th, 1998 meeting of the
Hawaiian Botanical Society was called to
order by Mindy Wilkinson, President.

e One guest was introduced.

e The minutes from the September 14th, 1998
meeting were read by Leilani Durand and
approved.

e Treasurer’s Report. Ron Fenstemacher
read the treasurer’s report, stating that the
ending balance in our account was $3738.08,
was read and approved. Also announced was
that in her will, Bea Krauss left 5% of her
estate to the Botanical Society. It was
requested that someone volunteer to audit the
books.

¢ Membership Report. Gerald Toyomura
gave the membership report and stated that
there were 4 new members and 4 renewals,
bringing current membership to 233 members.

¢ Committee Reports
¢ A nominating committee needs to be
created to determine nominees for next
year’s Botanical Society officers.

¢ Old Business
e The letter to WalMart requesting that
they stop selling the Australian tree fern is
still being written.

¢ New Business
e An update on the status of the Sierra
Club Legal Defense Fund (Earth Justice
Legal Defense Fund) was given.

¢ Plant of the Month was given by Tim
Motley of the New York Botanical Garden.
His talk was entitled “A new species of
manono (Hedyotis) for the Kohala Coast.”

¢ Guest Speaker. The speaker for October
was Betsy Gagne of the Dept. of Land and
Natural Resources, who led a discussion on
“Implementing New Rules for Private
Propagation of Endangered Hawaiian Plants.”

Volume 37 (3) 55

November Meeting
e The November 2, 1998 meeting of the
Hawaiian Botanical Society was called fo
order by Mindy Wilkinson, President.

¢ Five guests were introduced.

¢ The minutes from the October 5th meeting
were read by Leilani Durand and approved.

e Treasurer’s Report. Ron Fenstemacher
reported that the ending balance in our account
was $4225.00. The report was read and
approved.

¢ Membership Report. Gerald Toyomura
reported that there were 245 current members.

e¢ Committee reports
¢ The Conservation Committee announced
that members are still needed.

¢ The Nominating Committee announced
that nominees for the upcoming Botanical
Society elections were still being sought.

e Old Business

A letter regarding the availability of the
Australian tree fern for sale on the Big Island,
was still in the process of being drafted.

e New Business
e The Botanical Society's 75th anniversary
is coming up in May of 1999, and
suggestions regarding how to celebrate this
event were welcome.

e Plant of the Month was “Metrosideros - a
Hawaiian Enigma” given by Susan Grose of
the UH Manoa Botany Department .

e Guest Speaker. The guest speaker was
Sheila Conant of the UH Zoology Department
whose presentation was entitled “Natural
History and Conservation in the Northwest
Hawaiian Islands.”

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