of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Volume Vf Number 1 February 1966 Tlie HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY is published in February, April, June, Octo- ber, and December. It is distributed to all Society members with the pur- pose of informing them about the botanical news and progress in Hawaii and the Pacific. News contributions and articles are welcomed. The deadline foi submission of news items is the 12th of each month prior to publica- tion. Printed at the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. Membership dues are $3.00 and include receipt of News letter. ^n^yme fingerprints for the plant detective* James L. Brewbaker 1 2 To Sherlock Holmes, the color and texture of a visitor’s cigar ash or of the dust on his shoes, were signs which often distinguished men as surely as their more obvious physi- ognomic features. Similarly, the plant systematist uses many traits that are obvious only to what Charles Darwin has called the "practiced eye." 3 The modern biochemist carries such distinctions much further, however, by adding unseen traits to the arsenal of the sys- tematist. Many efforts have been made to uncover biochemical or physiological differences that distinguish two varieties or species of plants easily and qualitatively. Research conducted in our laboratory4 and others encourages the view that the multiple molecular forms of enzymes (known as isozymes ) represent an extremely promising tool for this type of plant detection. Of particular interest is the fact that two species or varieties can often be distinguished by isozymes in tissues as diverse as roots, seeds and even pollen grains. Enzymes are proteins, usually large molecules, with an electric charge which varies depending on the acidity of their surroundings. Due to this charge, thjy will migrate when placed in an electromagnetic field. The catalases of plants, for example, are large mole- cules which, act as if they were negatively charged when placed in alkaline media. As a re- sult of this negative charge, they move towards a positive pole in an electric field. In the past decade, it was observed that a gelatinous medium made out of highly purified starch provided an excellent base for separating proteins in an electromagnetic field (a process known as gel electrophoresis). When corn seeds from the varieties "Hawaiian Sugar" and "Golden Cross Bantam" are ground up , , and the extracts subjected to electrophoresis, the two extracts can he easily 1 - • Part of the Presidential Address presented at the December 1965 meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. 2 Professor of Horticulture, University of Hawaii. 3 From "Animals and Plant Under Domestication," Vol. I., p, 361. Special acknowledgement is made of the cooperation of Assistant Professors M. Upadhya Y. I wan ami and Y. Makinen, and Assistants T. Macdonald, L. Espiritu, K. Ching and ^ ’ B. Hamill , Department of Horticulture, University of Hawaii. February 1966 Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 2 dis inguished by their different catalase molecules. "Hawaiian Sugar" has a single fast moving catalase, "Golden Cross" a slow moving catalase, indicating constant differences in the charge or size of catalase molecules of the two varieties. Genetic studies reveal that each isozyme is synthesized under control of a, single gene (in this case, alleles of a sin- gle locus). Similar differences have been observed for every enzyme system susceptible to this type of study. Six enzyme systems have been used extensively in our studies. The approximate number of distinctly separated isozymes observed in corn for each system are as follows: 17 esterases, six leucineaminopeptidases , three amylases, five perosidases, three alkaline phosphatases, and three catalases. Electrophoretic variations for these systems have been studied in many other species, including orchids, koa ha, ole, mangoes, and pineapple# Some results are summarized below with respect to species differences, varietal differences, and tissue differences. Isozyme differences at. the species level. Many studies suggest that isoenzymes could be used to distinguish almost any two related plant species. Isoenzyme variations among species of the genus Leuca.cna. (koa, haole), for example, confirmed other evidence for the probable identity of two species (L. leucocephala. and L. esculent. a.) , and for the clear dis- tinction between two other species of very similar morphology but different base chromosome number (L. pulverulenta and L. "buitonzorg") . Esterases and amylases from seeds and roots proved most valuable for these studies. The esterases of Cassia, leaves confirmed the proba- ble hybrid origin of the "rainbow shower" from the species C. fistula and C. javaniqa, while esterases and am inop ept Idas es from pollinia appeared to distinguish most orchid species tested. isozyme variations within species are common, and must be considered in making dis- tinntions between species. However, certain isozymes show no variation within species, suggesting their origin either from complex multigenic systems, or from systems ip which mutations produce isozymes which are ineffective or detrimental. Isozyme differences at the varietal level. Among our early discoveries was the in- teresting fact that pollen of a Cayenne pineapple were enzymatically distinguishable from pollen of other varieties bred by Ihe Pineapple Research Institute of Hawaii, Distin- guishing two varieties of plants by their pollen grains seems to be a. sort of ultimate in use of the isozyme technique 1 Studies of 15 mango; varieties revealed that all could be distinguished by esterases and am in op'ep t id a s e s of t/heir fruits; preliminary studies indicated that leaf extracts could a.lso be used to identify seedling trees. Distinguishing differences have also been seen among clonal varieties of sugar cane and citrus. Varieties of self-pollinated plants are customarily very uniform, reflecting a high degree of genetic homozygosity. In contrast, varieties of cross-pollina.ted plants are much more heterogenous. Isoenzyme differences are often under the control of alleles at a sin- gle gene locus; such differences are absent in clonal varieties and rare in self-pollinated varieties, but are m, ore frequent in varieties of cross-pollinated plants. This has been illustrated by the rarity of isozymic differences within varieties of koa, haole (self- pollinated), but its rather common occurrence in corn varieties. Isozyme differences among tissues. All tissues are distinguished by quantitative or qualitative enzymatic differences, reflecting differences in site, time and intensity of gene action. 'With reference to plant systematics, therefore, judicious choice must be made of tissues for comparative studies. Rapidly growing, healthy tissues have been superior for many isozymic studies, while storage tissues like bulbs, seeds and pollen are excel- lent for others. Isozyme differences have been noted between embryo and endosperm, between plumules and roots of seedlings, between pollen and anther wall, and between stigmas and styles — all of potential interest to morphologists. Among the more interesting of tissue differences observed in our studies are those distinguishing’ immature from ripe fruits. Most fruits undergo a climacteric change, unnoticeable Superficially, at which time ethylene evolution is often maximized. At this time, fruits like the mango and papaya undergo striking changes in isozyme patterns, which February 1966 Ha. g.x. ..an Botanical Society Her a let ter - page 3 tna thus be used to distinguish the stage of ripeness of the fruits. Summarizing, there is increasing evidence from these and other research programs to enforce the view that electrophoretic variations of enzymes (known as isozymes) may become very important ’'fingerprints" for the plant detective and svstemat ist . KAUAI NATIONAL PARK, HAWAII - A P R 0 P 0 S A 3L 1 In 1961 a resolution was passed by the Tenth Pacific Science Congress stating that the area on the island of Kauai, known as Kokee and Alalcai Swamp, should be made a. national park. Previous to this, there had been many proposals that the region should come under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. Most of it was once supervised by the Ter- ritorial Division of Forestry; more recently it became a , part of the Division of State Parks, its former Head Ranger, Joe Souza, is now Director of that Division. An earlier issue of the Newsletter^ described many of the parks' features. The NP8 began a survey of the region in 1962, with a contract made with the Honolulu office of llarland Bartholomew and Associates (iiow Donald Wolbrink & Associates , Inc.). 'Several local scientists, including William K. Kikuchi (^archeologist) and Alvin k. Chock (botanist), contributed to the program. Cooperation in the studies was made by the State Department of Land and Natural Resources, in particular the Division of State Parks and Division of Water and Land Development, and by a. number of local residents. The proposal of the NPS includes "spectacular wilderness coastline; mysterious swamp lands perched surprisingly on Kauai's 'roof in almost perpetual rainfall; two coral sand beaches, one palm-fringed and one backed by verdant waterf a.ll-la.ced cliffs, and the other below parched and barren lava headlands; deep valleys eroded through hundreds of colorful is land- forming lava flows ; countless remnants of ancient Hawaiian civilization; varied recreational opportunities — many already recognized by Hawaii's State Park System; and to realize the diverse potential of this complex resource, to protect the scenic and scientific features which make this area unique, a National Park of approximately 97,000 acres is proposed." The park objectives are threefold. (1) "To conserve and manage for their highest pur- pose the natural, historical, and recreation resources in this outstanding park complex." Management programs would be established to emphasize conservation and recreation appro- propria-te to these uses in the areas. A land use plan would insure a balanced relationship between preservation and special recreation needs. Means of reduction and eradication would be developed for exotic plants and feral animals which are damaging the natural re- sources of the area. t,2) "To provide for the highest quality of use and enjoyment of the proposed Kaua.r National Park by increasing numbers of visitors in years to come." The primary objective is to enable visitors to enjoy the natural beauty and to appreciate the historical features of the area in conjunction with its recreational opportunities. Develop- ment would be made compatible with the primary park features, and certain areas would be preserved as roadless wilderness. (3) "To communicate the natural, cultural, inspirational, and recreational significance of the proposed park in line with established programs through- out the National Park System." An interpretive program would be provided to give visitor information, local community relations would be strengthened through communication of park policies and purposes, and temporary and career employment would be provided for residents who are interested in the NP3 program. 1 In part abstracted from a 34-page publication with the same title which was prepared by the National Park Service, U. S. Department of Interior, 1965. Copies may be obtained from the Regional Director, National Park Service, 450 Golden date Avenue, Box 36063, San Fran- cisco, California 94102. Chock, Alvin K. 1963. Kokee. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter II(3):37-39. 2 February 1966 Hawaiian Botanical Society - pane 4 The proposed park area would cover Mt. Waialeale, the Na Pali Coast, Lumahai Beach, Barking Sands beach, Waimea Canyon, Alakai Swamp, Olokele Canyon, Lumahai Valley, and Wainiha Valley. This area would include all major geologic events of Kauai such as the creation of an ancestral shield volcano, the summit collapse to form a great caldera, ero- sion of the Kauai dome, high sea cliffs, deep canyons, and deposition of shoreline sediments.*' The area is rich in plant species, many of which are endemic to that region. Many of Hawaii's native birds still persist in that wilderness. A number of historical and archaeo- logical sites are also located in the proposed park. The present water rights, such as Wainiha Valley's power plant, would continue to exist. Control of the introduced goats and pigs would be by the NFS ("As is the case now in Waimea Canyon and Kokee State Parks, public hunting of feral or native animals would not be allowed in the proposed National Park."). There would be no change in the present regulations on fishing since "sport fishing has historically been accepted as a desirable activity in National Parks throughout the Mainland." Fruit and berry picking would continue "with con- trols similar to those now imposed by the State." The military and space installations at Kokee "would remain under suitable arrangements between the Notional Park Service and the Department of Defense." Limited grazing occurs in several areas, and "it is anticipated that this operation should eventually be phased out." Since taro was the most important staple rop in Hawaii, its cultivation would be continued and even encouraged. The con- tinuation of the use of mountain cabins would be permitted "until such time as it can be phased out." Approximately 65,000 acres of the proposed area is now under State ownership (Division of Forestry, Division of State Parks, and Hawaiian Homes Commission), and the remainder under private ownership . Comments or suggestions on this proposal are solicited by National Park Service, and they should be forwarded to the Regional Director, National Park Service, in San Francisco. (Alvin K. Chock) BOOK REVIEW CARLQUIST, SHERWIN. 1965. Island Life, A Natural History of the- World. 451 pp. New York: The Natural History Press (J>9.95). This volume will be of interest to all members of the Hawaiian Botanical Society. The author, a Society member and well-known for his publications in plant anatomy, has produced a collation of data which is a lineal descendant of Wallace's Island Life published in i860. This new Island Life represents the only modern gathering of popular information on the evolution of insular biotas. The book is divided into sixteen chapters. The first are of a somewhat general nature and describe the unique features of various island groups and their environments. It is made evident that the "high" islands and their biota will bo the subject of concentration. Chapter-length explanations of some basic evolutionary mechanisms are written in easily understood language and illustrated by fascinating examples. These are followed by chapters wholly devoted to specialized groups of insular organisms. The .author is particularly lucid when speaking of the evolutionary diversity found in island-dwelling genera of the Compos it ae. The information presented will stimulate interest in the life found on islands for several reasons. First, many statements are made with a narrow factual background. This serves to point up to the paucity of information. Second, many statements based on some factual material are highly speculative. These serve to point up the difficulties of an undertaking which attempts to cover the islands of the world. For example, the subject of lava flows Hawa i ian Botan ical Society ~ pag a _5 February 1966 as isolating mechanisms is mentioned, but little factual knowledge can be cited to support the relative importance of this mechanism in the evolution of insular biotas. The same is true of the mention of dioecious modes of reproduction in insular floras. The statement (p. 54) that "wet- forest is often more rich in species" must be approached cautiously with regard to the Hawaiian flora. Some may disagree when the author refers to low, sandy Pacific atolls as "little more than beaches." Too little is known about the effective dispersal and germination of wave-carried dissemules to assume that the lack of variability in strand species is a. direct result of the constant reintroduction of new dissemules. Variation is recognized in such groups as Lcp turns , Scaevola, Tribulus , Ipomoea, and Boer ha. via. Island Life includes a remarkable gamut of quality with regard to illustrative material wh i c h~" in cl udes seven color plates, 103 separate photographs, and several hundred ink and brush illustrations. There are a. host of maps to inform and orientate the reader to island groups. The illustrators, C. P.. Papp and J. R. Janish, are represented by some excellent work. The drawings of insects and other animals by Papp are of a, consistently high illus- trative value. The exceptions are color plates I- IV which are juxtaposed to the magnifi- cent plates reproduced from the works of Mil ne-Edwar ds and Grand id ier. Papp's plates of the Hawaiian birds suffers most in comparison. The rendering of the plumage and the stance of each species seems artificial. Two jarring drawings, one of a booby (p. 25) and the other of a sickle billed vanda (p. 394) should have been omitted from the volume. Both are annoyingly askew as drawn by Papp. The usefulness of the illustrations could have been en- hanced by the inclusion of a scale. The text deals with examples of gigantism, many of which are illustrated. But for those who ask "how large" or seek some comparison, the only recourse is the list? of references by chapter at the back of the book. Often this reviewer found material mentioned in the text which was not covered in the reference lists. This lack of refinement in the illustrations and references carries into the text. The use of Latin names is vigorously explained in the preface to the volume. In dealing with the highly specialized biota, of islands, no apologia, seems necessary. However, in this case, the author should have . carefully checked the Latin names used. For example, a ref- erence to the Indo-Pa.cif ic strand Scaevola. as S. sericea is neither correct nor current usage. It occurred to this reviewer that volumes such as Island Life which are to reach a. wide popular audience should be as carefully documented and corrected as scientific papers. This applies not only to nomcncla.torial matters but also to a, careful source check, in depth, in the literature. One reference (p. 269-270) to the hybridization of purple fruited Scaevolas in the Hawaiian Islands gives the impression that the discovery of this pheno- mena is a recent occurence. Such is not the case. The flora, of the Tokelau Islands is small (p. 76), but size does not relate the flora to the Ellice Islands as claimed. Clearly this volume could have benefited from a much wider pre-publication reading. Many of the errors must fall to inadequate proofreading. I was surprised to read that the extinct bird, Ps ittacirosta cantans mentioned on. page 125 had undergone a resurrection on page 127. These cavils are minor, but this reviewer feels strongly that volumes of popular bio- logy cannot afford slipshod manufacture. In spite of a. number of annoying errors, Dr. Carlquist has provided an interesting modern work on the life found on islands. The range of the potential audience is from junior high students to academic specialists. The chap- ters evidence a high degree of organization and the oddments of plants and animals are con- stantly absorbing. Above all, the author has largely succeeded in a, prose style which is direct, conveys enthusiasm, and, at the same time, introduces a. judicious amount of tech- nical terms. On this score alone, Is 1 and Life can be highly recommended. But Island Life is especially recommended to those of us who live on islands. There is no carping in this volume about the destruction of many of the fragile organisms by man. The sense of wonder which one cannot escape while reading this chronicle of marvelous crea- tures can go far in educating islanders to certain responsibilities which even to this day, Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 6 February 1966 are taken seriously by only a fraction of the insular population. It is this sense of won- der which 1 think Carlquist succeeds in inducing most effectively. With this in mind, it is possible to overlook the presentation of the lizard on p. 19' who is imputed to be "hopeful of arrival on an island"! (C. R. Long) NEWS AND NOTES1 HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS1 ASSOCIATION EXPERIMENT STATION; R. L. Gushing, Director of the Experiment Station, has appointed Dr. Louis G. Nickell as Assistant Director. Dr. Nickell will continue in his present capacity as Head of the Physiology and Biochemistry Department. He was head of the Phytochemistry laboratory of Charles Pfizer & Go. in New York prior to coming here in 1961. A native of Little Rock, Arkansas, he received his BS degree in 1943 , his master's in 1947, and his doctorate in plant physiology in 1949, all from Yale Univer- sity, He was with the Brooklyn Botanical Garden prior to joining Pfizer. PINEAPPLE RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF HAWAII: Dr. Sterling Wortman left PRI directorship to be- come Director of Agricultural Sciences at the Rockefeller Foundation in New York. He will have world- wide responsibilities in the foundation program in agriculture. The new Director of PRI, Dr. Wally Sanford, was formerly head of the Physiology and Soils Department. He has been a long-time active member of the Society and served as Mana- ging Editor of the Newsletter from 196.3 to 1964 . HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL GARDENS FOUNDATION, INC; The annual meeting was held on January 12. The speaker was Mr. Harry Camp, Assistant Director in Charge of Recreation Studies, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, in Berkely, California. His topic was "Mountain Land Recreation." The following were elected Trustees: Mrs. Anne Benner, Dr. George W. Gillett, Admiral (ret.) R. D. Higgins, Miss Beatrice Krauss, Dr. Charles H. Lamoureux, Mrs. A Lester Murks, Mr. J. Scott B, Pratt, and Mr. Marshall M. Ross. At the trustees' meeting which followed the general meeting, the following officers were reelected: President, W. W. Good- ale Moir; First Vice-President, Mrs. A. Lester Marks; Second Vice-President, Richard A. Cooke, Jr.; Secretary, Dr. Constance E. Hartt; Treasurer, Miss Beatrice Krauss; and Editor, Dr. Shosuke Goto. Mill jpl ORGH ID SOC IET IES : The Pacific Orchid Society is hard at work on an ambitious "Spring Garden Show." It will cover, in addition to orchids, all other areas of horticulture. These in- clude flower arrangements, flowering plant exhibits, nursery stock, art displays, and com- mercial exhibits. The theme of the show is 'Hawaiian Sunshine,' and it will be held at the Honolulu International Center on March 4~6 from 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Show chairman is Theodore Green, Landscape Architect, Department of Parks & Recreation, City and County of Honolulu . Many island orchid lovers are planning to attend the Fifth World Orchid Conference in Long Beach, California, from April 13-22. These conferences are held every three years. The Hawaiian Orchid Societies, Inc, has reserved 500 square feet of display space to put oh an exhibit worthy of the islands. Speakers from Hawaii will be the Rev. Mas ad Yam ad a and Drs. Harry Kamemoto and Yoneo Sagawa of the University of Hawaii. Orchid grower Oscar M. Kirsch recently received after a long delay, four beautiful Gold Medals and two Silver Medals for exhibits entered at the Vienna International Garden Show. Among these was the Gold Prize of Honor of the Mayor of Vienna, the top prize of the show. By Shinya Namiki, Assistant Editor, through the cooperation of the various News Repre- sentatives of the Newsletter. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 7 February 1966 A visitor at the last meeting of the Pacific Orchid Society was Dr, Yeoh Bok Choon, Editor of the Malayasian Orchid Bulletin, and past President of the Orchid Society of Malay- sia. He is the Head of the Medical Services for the State of Johore, and private physician to the Sultan of Johore. The monthly judging sessions of the local panel of the American Orchid Society will be held at the Foster Botanic Garden beginning in May 1966. They are presently held at Henke Hall at the University of Hawaii. PLANT QUARANTINE DIVISION, ARS , USDAs In early February two new Plant Quarantine Inspectors will be added to the Honolulu staff. They are A. A. Perkins and R. T. Uyeda, who have com- pleted their training at the Division Training Center, New York. Pacific Regional Supervisor K. L. Maehler will be here on a supervisory visit from January 23 to February 5, He will visit the ports of Honolulu and Hilo. New Year’s Day was a. busy one for the inspectors of this port. A total of 4,600 pas- sengers, 42 aircraft, 13,800 pieces of baggage, 2,985 flowers, and 2,255 pieces of cargo destined for the Mainland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were cleared at Honolulu International Airport. Two former Honolulu inspectors now on the Mainland have recently received promotions: Carl K. Sato is Assistant Inspector in Charge at El Paso, Texas, and Robert H. Nave became the Inspector in Charge at the new station at El Toro MGAS , California. UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII : Department of Plant Physiology: Dr. James A. Lockhart resigned to accept a position at the University of Massachusetts, His address will be: Department of Botany, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01003. His principal interest during his five years here was factors affecting plant stem growth. He had a dozen articles published on subjects ran- ging from the interaction of light, gibberellin, and chlorochol ine in hypocotyl' elongation, to a theoretical analysis of plant cell growth in relation to extensibility and turgor pres- sure. Ills successor, expected in June, will be Dr. Bruce J. Rogers, a specialist on herbi- cides and the biochemistry of herbicide action. Dr. Rogers is from Purdue University and the East Hawaii Branch of the Experiment Station. Horticultural Notes (Extension Service): Certain varieties of cauliflower, bean, pea, sweet corn, lettuce, and tomato seeds are available from the University of Hawaii, Address inquiries and requests to the Seed Distribution Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, 1820 Edmondson Road, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96822. Testing and introduction of tropical fruits is a big project at the University of Hawaii Experiment Station. Fruits are tested state-wide, since their performance differs from one location to the next. Some of these are: cherimoya, avocado, banana, orange, papaya, kawa, cola, nut, okari nut, cashew, sapodilla, and governor’s plum. To harvest avocados all year round, one might plant three varieties that ripen in dif- ferent seasons. Varieties suitable for summer and winter axe Itzamna., Yamagata, and Oba.ta; for fall and winter, Kahaluu, Beardslee, and Fuerte; and for winter and spring, Fujikawa, and Haas. A new, uniformly small-fruited papaya (Line 10 Solo) suitable for export purposes is being released to growers in the Puna area, for comparison with larger-fruited export strains now being marketed. Department of Horticulture: Visitors to the Department were Dr. II. J. Reitz, Horti- culturist in Charge, University of Florida Citrus Experiment Station, Lake Alfred; Dr. Robert E. Lee, Professor of Floriculture, Cornell University; Dr. Dorothy Niimoto, Cytologist, U. S. National Arboretum, Washington, D. C. ; and Dr. Richard A. Bra.dfield, Rice Inst itute. Hawaiian Botanical Society Hc.r.lc. , cr - page 8 February 1966 Dr, James L, Brewbalcer attended a meeting of the National Science Foundation Summer Science Program in New Orleans in January, Dr. Robert Warner and Dr. Richard A. Hamilton attended the International Citrus meetings in Japan in November. Dr. Warner will discuss certain aspects of this at the February meeting. Dr. Donald P. Watson, Professor and Extension Specialist1, recently returned from a study of methods of culture, packaging, and marketing of flower crops, and landscape methods of Encinitas, San Diego, and Orange counties in California. Late in March he will conduct a garden tour of Washington, British Columbia, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Bankok, and Hawaii, for the purpose of obtaining the latest landscape and horticultural practices for a pro- posed curriculum in landscaping at the University. Department of Botany: During the Christmas recess Dr, George W. Gillett visited the herbaria at the Smithsonian Institution and Harvard University in conjunction with his re- search work. Dr. A. C. Smith attended the AAAS meetings in Berkeley during tills period. Dr. Noel P. Kef ford arrived in December to assume the position of Chairman of the De- partment and Professor. He comes to Hawaii from Canberra, Australia, where he was Principal Plant Physiologist at the CSIRO, His. mother, wife, and three children arrived on January 20. He succeeds the interim chairman, Dr. Gladys E. Baker. Dr. Melvin L. Bristol arrived on that same day. He will be an Assistant Professor during the spring semester, and will teach the "Plant Kingdom," and "Origin and Evolution of Cultivated Plants." Dr. Bristol recently received his PhD from Harvard University after completing an ethnobotaniea.1 study in South America. His family will arrive at a later date. Dr. Clifford Smith will arrive shortly before the beginning of the Spring Semester as Visiting Assistant Professor. He comes from the University of Manchester in England, a.nd will teach plant anatomy and microtechnique. NEW MEMBER: Norman IC. Carlson of Kealakekua, Hawaii, was elected a member of the Society at the January meeting. ADDRESS CHANGES : Dr. Anthony 1 lepton, 1076 Lunahooia. Place, Kailua 9673d, and Mr. Colin Potter Box 124 , Volcano 96785. POBSP : The Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program, United States National Museum, has com- pleted field botanical investigations of the Hawaiian Leeward , Line, Phoenix, northern Gil- bert, eastern Marshall, Tonga rev a, Caroline, Vos t ok, and Tokelau Islands. Other collections have been made on all of the Oahu off-shore islands and Tutuila. Approximately 6,048 spe- cimens of vascular plants-, lichens, mosses, and algae have been collected. Soils have been sampled. To date, eleven specialists have aided in the sorting and identifications. In cooperation with the Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, space has been provided for the temporary housing of these collections. We can expect numerous publications in the next few years based on this valuable material. ELEVENTH PACIFIC SCIENCE CONGRESS : 'Hie Hawaiian Academy of Science is sponsoring charter flights to Tokyo, Japan, for the Eleventh Pacific Science Congress. They will depart on August 18,- return to Honolulu on September 13. The round trip cost is estimated to be $270. Individuals who are members of the Academy for at least six months prior to the trip are eligible. Membership applications may be sent to John Marr, USEWS, 2570 Dole Street, Honolulu 96822. New members will be mailed trip reservation applications upon approval of their membership applications. A $50.00 deposit (per person) must be submitted with the reservation application, which is non-refundable, but transferable. Spouse, children, and parents living with the member are also eligible for the reduced trip fare. Each jet flight will carry 144 passengers. Two charter flights are contemplated at the present time. The Congress will be held a,t the University of Tokyo from August 22 to September 10, under the auspices of the Science Council of Japan. In the Information Bulletin of Pacific Systematic Bota.ni/, No. 1, a number of symposia, will be held during the first week of the Congress which, will be of interest to systematic, botanists. These include: algae in the Pacific (biology and cultivation) ; biotic communities of the volcanic area, of the Pacif ic Hawaiian Bo i a nice! Hocici-.y Mown lei: H o 7~ - pa c. 9 Fobruarv 19u6 evolution, distribution, and migration of plants and animals in the Pacific area; medicinal and poisonbus plants in the Pacific; Pacific palynolog1/; and plant diseases in the Pacific. During the second week, the di.vision meeting on botany will be held. Two afternoons during this period will be devoted to the International Symposium on Plant Biosystematics. Symposium topics include: biosystematics of taxa whose ranges include large distribution; problems of chromosomal, polyploid, and ecotypic differentiation; biosyst empties of Com- pos itae; and biosystematics of weeds. Six Congress tours are planned during the third week to local cultural centers and places of scientific interest. A number of tours to scientific institutions will be held in the afternoons of both the first and second week. (akc) BEAUMONT: A NEW DUAL PURPOSE MACADAMIA VARIETY: An article with that title in the Cal i- fornia. Macadamia Society Yearbook, 1965 by W. B. Storey (formerly with the HAES, U1I) , an- nounces the name of a Macadamia variety which wa.s introduced to Hawaii by Dr. and Mrs. J. H. Beaumont from Australia in 1954. Hie new variety was named by the California. Macadamia Society in honor of the Beaumonts, to commemorate their sojourn to Australia, for eight months in 1953-1954. The new name is dedicated to the Tate Dr. J. II. Beaumont for his macadamia research work and his introduc- tion of new varieties of that plant, and to his wife, Thelma Beaumont (a past Society Director) for her significant part as his constant companion, encouraging and helping him in his research. During this period in Australia, Dr. Beaumont was the recipient of a. Ful bright Research Grant, which was devoted to the study of Macadamia in the region to which it is indigenous . In conjunction with his duties at the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Dr. Beaumont was responsible for enlarging the interest and research in Macadamia as a Hawaiian crop. His visit to Australia resulted in the shipment of 58 selections of propagative material, of which 49 were propagated successfully and established in Hawaii. The Beaumont variety is importation NSW-44 , which was entered as Macadamia accession HAES No. 695, The Department of Horticultural Science, University of California, Riverside, obtained scions of this accession in 1959. It was distributed in southern California and attracted much attention because it is not only desirable as a. nut-bearing tree, but also as an orna- mental tree. Its productivity, coupled with beauty of foliage and vigor of growth make it stand out among other varieties and clones, and this led to the decision that it deserved perpetuation as a. named variety. It is a. natural hybrid of MU tetraphylla. and M. integri- fol ia. Tine young leaves have reddish-bronze blades with bright red midribs and veins. The upper surface of mature leaves is a. dull dark green, and the lower surface a lighter green. The flowers are numerous (300-500) and bright pink. Hie nuts are medium to large in size (7/8 to 1-1/8 inches in diameter), with a thin side she'll (1/32-1/16 inch). The flavor and texture of the nut is very good, and 85% are grade A, and 15% grade B. In California, the season for fruiting is January to March. (alec) Hawa i ian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 10 February 1966 HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY MEETING Date : February 7, 1966 Time : 7:30 p.m. Place : H3PA Experiment Station, Agee Hall 1527 Keeaumolcu Street Speaker: Dr. Robert M. Warner, Professor of Horticulture University of Hawaii Subject; Citrus Ecology in Japan In November 1965 Dr. Warner participated in the two weeks’ International Citriculture Meeting and Interchange, sponsored by the East-West Center in Japan, In addition to the presentation of reports, field trips and discussion sessions were held in the three principal Citrus producing Prefectures: Shizuoka, Wakayama and Ehime. Dr, Warner later visited the University of Kyoto and Horticultural Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, at Hira tsuka , Kana.ga.wa Prefecture. Dr. Warner reports that Japan's rapidly growing citrus acreage exceeds that of California. His illustrated report will cover this intensive Citrus culture at the northern edge of the world citrus belt. (geb) Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 11 A. February 1966 EDITOR'S NOTES YOUR EDITORIAL STAFF & FUTURE NEWSLETTER FLANS: After an absence of two years, the founder of the Newsletter is returning as Editor to report on the "botanical news and progress in Hawaii and the Pacific." He is no stranger to the Society, having already served in a mul- titude of offices in this "august body." He has, however, plans to retire from all Society responsibilities in the fall. At that time Dr. Charles H. Lamoureux, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Hawaii, returns from his sabbatical leave at the Department of Botany, Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand. Charlie, who has served as a Society officer (Secretary, President, and Director), has graciously consented to serve as Editor of the Newsletter upon his return to Honolulu. Since some confusion may exist as to the present Editor’s employment, duties, and titles, these are being restated: Full- time, he is employed as a Plant Quarantine Inspector by the Plant Quarantine Division, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture; and part-time, Lecturer in Botany at the University of Hawaii, and Assistant Botanist, Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Your new Associate Editor is C, R, Long. Bob hails from Long Beach, California (originally). He received his B.A. in Botany from the University of Toronto in 1959 and his If. A. in Botany from the University of Massachusetts in 1961. He remained at Massachu- setts an additional year as NDEA Fellow. He was Instructor in Biology at Windham College in Putney, Vermont from 1962 to 1964. During the summer of 1963 he was an NSF Fellow at the NSF Summer Institute in Desert Biology at Arizona State University. He arrived in Honolulu in April 1964 as Research Curator in Botany for the Pacific Ocean Biological Sur- vey Program, Smithsonian Institution. During the past two years he has explored many of the Central Pacific Islands. He is currently curating and studying the plant specimens collected. This position will terminate in June 1966. His wife, Marie, also has a Master’s in Botany, and teaches science and mathematics at Funahou School. Bob will be responsible for the feature portions of this Newsletter, and also any other details which the Editor does not desire to do. Contributions to the feature section are welcomed and invited. We particularly invite Society meeting speakers to submit abstracts of their talks as our past president has so graciously done (see pages 1-3 of this issue). We will continue the series of "Profiles of Hawaiian Botanists" from time to time as they are received. Your new Assistant Editor is Shiny a Namiki of Honolulu (now Pearl City) . He received his B.S. in Vocational Agriculture in 1940 and his Fifth Year Certificate in 1941 j both from the University of Hawaii. After a brief period of teaching at Lahainaluna High School, he was called to service with the US Army. His tours of duty included Africa, Italy and France. After his discharge in 1945 » he joined the Territorial Plant Quarantine Branch as an inspector. He became a federal Plant Quarantine Inspector in 1956, and was promoted to Supervisory Plant Quarantine Inspector in 196.1 . Of late, his son Michael has been in the news as an Iolani School debator and outstanding scholar. Shinya will be responsible Tor editing the news which the News Representatives (their names are shown on the last page) submit to him. The deadlines for submission of news ar- ticles are: March 12, May 12, September 12, and November 12, 1966. News items should be sent to Mr. Namiki at the following address: Plant Quarantine Division, AR3, USD A, P. 0. Box 9067, Honolulu. 96820. We would like to thank our News Representatives for their willingness to serve and for their contributions to this issue. Individuals or institutions not represented by the appointed News Representatives are invited to send news items directly to Mr. Namiki. His work in compiling the news items is greatly appreciated, and the exten- sive section in this issue indicates the time and effort spent. Hawaiian Botanical Society Newsletter - page 12 February 1966 Wa would like to emphasize to Society members that this i3 your Newsletter, and its quantity and quality, while somewhat controlled by the editorial staff, is largely depen- dent upon your cooperation and news and feature contributions. Only through your assis- tance in this project can we truly report on botanical events in Hawaii and the Pacific, (akc) DUES Members are reminded that the 1966 dues were payable as of the January meeting. It would be greatly appreciated if you would forward them a.s soon as possible to the Treasurer (Mr. W. M. Bush, Castle & Cooke, Inc., P. 0. Box 2990, Honolulu 96802). Prompt payment of dues (regular members, $3.00; student members, $2.00) will save the Society both time and funds. Those who are delinquent (1965 dues) are reminded that their names will be dropped ■ from the membership rolls if payment is not received by January 31, 1966. HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY c/o Department of Botany, University of Hawaii 2550 Campus Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 OFFICERS PRESIDENT* . . . ..Dieter Mueller-Dombois (Dept. Botany, Univ. Hawaii) VICE-PRESIDENT.. Gladys E. Baker (Dept. Botany, Univ. Hawaii) SECRETARY Richard W, Hartmann (Dept, Horticulture, Univ. Hawaii) TREASURER William M. Bu3h (Castle & Cooke, Inc. Box 2990, 96802) DIRECTORS, . . James L. Brewbaker (Dept. Horticulture, Univ. Hawaii) John Warner (Dept. Genetics, HSPA Expt. Sta.) THE HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY was founded in 1924 to ''advance the sci- ence of Botany in all its applications, encourage research in Botany in all its phases," and "promote the welfare of its members and to develop the spirit of good fellowship and cooperation among them. Any person interested in the plant liffe of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership in this Society." EDITORIAL STAFF EDITOR Alvin K. Chock (PQD-ARS-USDA; UI1 Botany; Bishop Museum) ASSOCIATE EDITOR. ............. C . R. Long (P0B8P, Smithsonian Inst., c/o UII Botany) ASSISTANT EDITOR. (NEWS). . . .Shinya Namiki (Plant Quarantine Divis ion-ARS-USDA) PRODUCTION MANAGER. .Mrs. Edith Hazelwood (HSPA Expt. Sta.) NEWS REPRES ENTATIVES : Bishop Museum Harold St. John Haw'n. Bot. Card. Found. .Constance Hartt HSPA Expt. Sta, Honolulu Botanic Gard. ..... Paul Waissich Orchid Growers & Societies Oscar Kirsch Plant Qua.r. Div '. ARS-USDA. Edward Tsugita Pineapple Res. Inst Jimmie Bob Smith University of Hawaii Noel P. Kef ford (Botany); Shosuke Goto (Col. Trop. Agr.); Robert M. Warner & Donald P. Watson (Horticulture); Minoru Aragalci (Plant Pathology); Edison Putman (Plant Physiology); George W. Gillett (H. L. Lyon Arboretum). HAWAIIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY c/o Department of Botany- University of Hawaii 2550 Campus Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96322 Return Requested f-' • i V*'. Please Post LIBRARY U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM WASHINGTON 25, D. C. *************