1^-10 JUN 0 5 209? gj?ay herbarium Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Volume 40 Numbers 1-3 JanuarySeptember, 2001 ISSN: 1523-7338 Lobelia gloria-tiionlis In This Issue The Taxonomy, Characteris- tics, and Cultivation o/Panda- nus tectorius and its Ethno- botanical Significance in Hawaiian Culture by Catherine Simonovich 1 » Botanical Survey p/td Mapping of Moku Q Lo‘e by Kaponcf Ciotti and Ingelia White f. 15 » // Fallopia convolvulus L. New Record fomhe Island of HawaVi f by Steve Dfcugill and Laurie Gold * 18 Minutes of the Hawaiian Bo- tanical Society: January- September 2001 1 9 The Taxonomy, Characteris- tics, and Cultivation of Pandanus tectorius and its Ethnobotanical Significance in Hawaiian Culture Catherine J. Simonovich Biology Program, University of HawaiM at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 simonovi@hawaii.edu Abstract: Pandanus tectorius, a dioecious woody indigenous mono- cot, is commonly found throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Debates about the taxonomic classification of Pandanus species are being re- solved, but chromosome variability causes difficulty when scientists at- tempt to distinguish one species from another. Characteristics of Pan- danus tectorius include measurements of size and descriptions of leaves, roots, bark, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Pandanus tectorius is grown commercially in some of the same places as famous groves were lo- cated, and the best growth condition is on the windward coasts of all of the major islands. The plant has a high ethnobotanical significance in Hawaiian culture, and was used for many purposes, including medicine for conditions such as weakening from childbirth and chest pains. “Her children are like the many rooted hala of the mountain- sides”— Ancient Hawaiian proverb (Stall, 2000). Many proverbs about hala {Pandanus tectorius; Pandanaceae) Continued on Page 3 2 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Published by the Hawaiian Botanical Society which was founded in 1924 to... “...advance the science of botany in all its applications, encourage re- search in botany in all its phases, promote the welfare of its members and develop the spirit of good fel- lowship and cooperation among them. ” Executive Committee President Brandon Stone (UH Department of Botany) Vice-President Don Gardner (USGS-BRD & UH Department of Botany) Treasurer Ron Fenstemacher {Ho 'okahe Wai Ho ‘olu ‘ind) Any person interested in the plant life of the Hawaiian Islands is eligible for membership. Information may be obtained from the Society at; c/o Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way University of Hawai‘i Honolulu, HI 96822 Membership The Society year is from December 1 through November 30 Membership Cost/year Individual $10.00 Student $5.00 Family $12.00 Life (individuals only) $180.00 Institutional Rate $20.00 Honorary and Life Members pay no further dues. Secretary Chuck Chimera (UH Department of Botany) Directors Susan Ching Harbin (UH Department of Botany) Jeff Preble (Pacifica Tropicals) Committees Appointed by the Executive Committee Mem Carol Annable, Co-Chair Alvin Yoshinaga, Co-Chair Lyon Arboretum Newsletter Cliff Morden, UH-Botany/CCRT Don Gardner, Assist. Ed. LIH Botany Rob Anderson, Layout Specialist UH Botany Conservation Steve Montgomery Independent Consultant Undergraduate Giuvnts Leilani Durand UH-Botany Alvin Chock USDA-APHIS-ISAJH-Botany c . ♦ Science Fair Karen Shigematsu, Chair Lyon Arboretum Winona Char Char and Associates Native Plants Alvin Yoshinaga, Chair UH-CCRT John Obata Bishop Museum Karen Shigematsu Lyon Arboretum Roger Sorrell Volume 40(1-3), 2001 3 Continued from page 1 exist in Hawaiian culture due to its high ethnobotanical significance (Stall, 2000). One reason for this signifi- cance is the ubiquitous nature of the plant in the Hawai- ian Islands. P. tectorius is a dioecious, woody monocot that is commonly found throughout the main Hawaiian Islands (Deever, 1987; Stall, 2000). It is believed to have arrived in Hawai‘i via the oceanic dispersal of its fruit, although it could have come to Hawai‘i through wind or bird dispersal via seeds (Wagner et al.. 1990). Since related species of Pandanus and other varieties of P. tectorius are located throughout the Indo-Pacific re- gion, there is some debate as to whether the plant is truly indigenous, was introduced by humans, or arrived through both methods (St. John, 1960; Wagner et al., 1990). Pandanus tectorius is used extensively throughout the Indo-Pacific region for various purposes (Deever, 1987). Because of its wide geographic range, it has many com- mon names, including hala, phala. Screw Pine, and Walking Fences (Stibbe et al.. 1995). There are also two scientific names, Pandanus tectorius and P. odoratis- simus, that have been used to describe the species in Ha- wai‘i throughout the years, although all members of the species in Hawai‘i are now grouped under P. tectorius in current taxonomic classification (Wagner et al., 1990). Since P. tectorius is commonly found throughout the Indo-Pacific region, has a high ethnobotanical signifi- cance in this area, and debate exists about its classifica- tion, this paper will describe its taxonomy, characteris- tics, cultivation, and its ethnobotanical significance in Hawaiian culture. In the ethnobotany section of this pa- per, special attention will be given to the medical uses of P. tectorius because it was commonly used for medicinal purposes in Hawaiian culture, and research has shown that it has great nutritional value. Taxonomy Species of Pandanus that are related to P. tectorius may be found throughout the Indo-Pacific region, includ- ing such locations as the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago, Tahiti, Australia, India, the Phil- ippines, Hong Kong, and Taiwan (St. John, 1960; Stone 1961; St. John, 1968; Stibbe et al., 1995). Pandanus may also be found in other tropical areas as well, includ- ing Madagascar and the Seychelles (St. John, 1960). The number of related species is estimated to be between 600-700, and there are eight well-defined subgenera (Deever, 1987; Wagner etal., 1990). Since Pandanus species are so widespread, there have been many debates about their taxonomic classifications (see St. John, 1960). In 1957, Dr. Harold St. John (University of Hawai‘i) began “Project Pandanus” to study Pandanus in the Pacific and to bring the useful va- rieties to Hawai‘i (Stone, 1957). These studies culmi- nated in many articles that showed new classifications for the genus, and other articles are continuing to be pub- lished that are settling these debates (St. John, 1960; Wagner et al., 1990). Part of the reason that “chaos and confusion in the taxonomy of the genus Pandanus" existed was the high amount of chromosome variability that was found within species (Stone, 1961). For example, a sampling of wild P. tectorius showed that n = 30, 31, or 32 (Stone, 1961). Another study of root tip preparations showed additional chromosome numbers of 2« = 51 or 54 (Stone, 1961). Since a high amount of chromosome variability exists within the species, it was difficult to use chromosome numbers as a method of distinguishing between two spe- cies, which in turn made it more difficult to prove that species were distinct from each other (Stone, 1961). Other methods, such as morphological characteristics, were therefore used to determine differences between species (Wagner et al., 1990). Characteristics of Pandanus tectorius The average P. tectorius plant stands approximately 5- 10 meters tall and its canopy spreads to approximately 6- 10 meters across (Mesick, 1901; Stibbe et al., 1995; Stall, 2000). Individual leaves are approximately 1 me- ter in length and 5 centimeters wide, and they narrow to- ward the apex (Wagner et al., 1995; Stall, 2000). The common name of Screw Pine is derived from that fact that the leaves branch dichotomously or trichotomously in a screw-shaped pattern (Wagner et al., 1990; Stibbe et al., 1995; Stall, 2000). The leaves are also described as being bent “in the center and [drooping] at right angles,” and they tend to crowd near branch ends (Wagner et al., 1995; Stall, 2000). The margins of the leaves contain prickles that are approximately 4 millimeters in length, and the midrib of the leaf is located on the lower surface (Wagner et al., 1995; Stall, 2000). Pandanus tectorius also has many thick, rigid aerial roots around its base (and sometimes descending from its branches) that are approximately one to 4 meters in length (Mesick, 1901; Wagner et al., 1990; Stall, 2000). These prop roots support the tree as it becomes top- heavy with leaves, fruit, and branches as it ages (Stibbe et al., 1995). They also anchor the tree in sandy soils and enable the tree to get a foothold in rocky places by pushing themselves into small crevices in the rocks (Mesick, 1901; Deever, 1987). Additionally, they are protected at the tip by a conspicuous, papery root cap. 4 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society and the roots of the female tree are softer than those of the male tree (Stall, 2000). The bark of the tree is whitish and covered with prickly lenticels (Stall, 2000). In the female tree, the outer cortex is “exceedingly hard” while the inner pith is fibrous and soft (Stall, 2000). In the male mature tree, however, the trunk is more or less solid throughout (Stall, 2000). Since P. tectorius is dioecious, differences between flowers of male and female trees also exist (Stibbe et al., 1995). Flowers on both sexes hang from the center of leaf whorls; however, the flowers differ in appearance (Stall, 2000). The male tree produces an inflorescence 30-45 centimeters long that is surrounded by 13-18 nar- row, white bracts (Wagner et al., 1990; Stibbe et al., 1995). The female tree produces an inflorescence with bract-surrounded flowers as well, but the spadix of the female flower is solitary, globose, orange to red in color, and reaches the size of a child’s head when mature (Wagner et al., 1990; Stibbe et al., 1995; Stall 2000). The fruit of the female tree is composed of many smooth, cone-shaped orange-colored phalanges that to- gether resemble a pineapple in appearance (Stall, 2000). Because of this resemblance, many tourists have mis- taken P. tectorius for the pineapple plant (Deever, 1987). The phalanges are woody segments consisting of many carpels that are fused together at their base, and they col- lectively mature from green to yellow to bright orange or red (Stone, 1957; Stibbe et al., 1995). The seeds are 8- 1 5 millimeters long “and resemble the pifiole of Southern California and Mexico” with their fusiform-ellipsoid shape (Mesick, 1901; Wagner et al., 1990). Cultivation in HawaiM It has been known since the days of the ancient Ha- waiians that the best hala is grown near the ocean (Stall, 2000). Pandanus tectorius is found commonly on the windward sides of all the islands except Kaho‘olawe, in- habiting elevations ranging from sea-level up to 610 me- ters, although it is frequently found in mesic coastal sites and lower forest areas (Wagner et al., 1990; Stibbe et al., 1995; Stall, 2000). It is therefore frequently found in such places as the coast of Puna on the island of Hawai'i and the northern slope of Haleakala on Maui, and it tends to occur with such plants as Aleurites, Psidium, and Aca- cia (Wagner et al., 1990; Stall, 2000). Additionally, P. tectorius can live along coastlines because it is highly tolerant of salt (Stibbe et al., 1995). Certain groves of P. tectorius were known in ancient llawai'i as having prime leaves for weaving (Stall, 2000). The most famous grove was the Kakela grove near the foot of the Nu‘uanu Pali on 0‘ahu that was known for the fragrance of its fruit (Stall, 2000). There are still a few scattered trees standing at this site, but the ground is now used for pastureland (Stall, 2000). Tlie Hinano grove, located at Puna on the island of Hawai'i, was well known for the quality of its leaves (Stall, 2000). Naue was a famous grove on the island of Kaua‘i, and “the most beautiful of all hala trees was in this grove, Kahala o Maupuand’’’ (Stall, 2000). This grove, located near Hanalei, was partially destroyed by the tidal wave of 1946 (Stall, 2000). The Hana District on Maui and the Puhala District on the island of HawaiM also had many groves (Stall, 2000). Therefore, all of the major islands had groves that were important because of the fine hala that they produced. Pandanus tectorius is still grown commercially for weaving in Hawai‘i, although in not as widespread a manner as in the rest of the Pacific Basin (Cable, 1983; Stall, 2000). More than 200,000 leaves are shipped weekly from the Puna and Hamakua Districts of the is- land of Hawai'i, and large quantities of leaves are shipped from other islands as well (Stall, 2000). The district of Puna has therefore always been famous for the quantity and quality of its hala (Stall, 2000). One concern while growing P. tectorius commercially is potential pests. Scale and mealy bugs have been known to create problems in groves in Hawai‘i (Stibbe et al., 1995). The beetle Diathetes pandanae has been known to attack healthy Pandanus in Fiji, and its larvae have been known to destroy the hearts of trees (Zimmerman, 1939). Although this insect has not been problematic in the Hawaiian Islands, it could potentially devastate hala forests here if it were to be introduced. No other pest concerns have been documented. Ethnobotanical Significance in Hawaiian Culture Pandanus tectorius has such a high significance in Ha- waiian culture that almost every part of the plant was used for such items as housing, clothing, textiles, food, medicine, ornamentation, fishing, religion, and folklore (Stibbe et al., 1995; Stall, 2000). Many chants, proverbs, and sayings were written about hala that referred to places where it grew best, times of the year that the fruit ripened, and comparisons of the plant to human behav- iors (Stall, 2000). There were also names for many dif- ferent parts of the plant (Wagner et al., 1990). For ex- ample, the entire tree was called puhala or hala, the leaves were called lauhala, and the roots were called a' a hala (Krauss, 1981; Stall, 2000). Four varieties of hala were recognized based on the color of their fruit: com- Volume 40(1-3), 2001 5 inon hala with yellow phalanges; hala'ula with orange phalanges; hala lihilihi 'ula with phalanges red and fad- ing to yellowish below; and hala pia with small and pale yellow phalanges (Wagner et al., 1990). There was a variety of uses for the leaves, but the most famous purpose is the weaving of lauhala mats, hats, bags, and purses (Wagner et al., 1990). Leaves were also used to line banana pits to prevent the bananas from having contact with the soil (Stall, 2000). They were also used to cover a brood sow about to have young so she would remain dry (Stall, 2000). In places where pill and other suitable grasses were sparse and P. tecto- rius plentiful, the leaves were used to thatch houses (Handy, 1940). When objects made of leaves were to be discarded, they were fed to livestock and used as a fertil- izer for crops such as kalo (Tutangata, 1999). Hala fruits were commonly used for lei making (Stall, 2000). When fruit was ripe, the phalanges were broken apart, the large end was discarded, and the smaller end was made into lei, necklaces, or paintbrushes for kapa (Krauss, 1981; Stall, 2000). A dried hala lei was never thrown away; instead it was dropped into a calabash of salt water and the resulting concoction was sprinkled over a person as a “water of purification” (Stall, 2000). Aerial roots were used to make canes as well as the 'ukeke, a bow-like musical instrument (Stall, 2000). Fi- bers in roots of the female tree were used to make thread for hala lei (Stall, 2000). In sizeable bundles, they could also be used for straining ‘awa (Handy, 1940). Roots could also be soaked and separated to yield a cordage fiber (Wagner et al., 1 990). Many parts of hala are edible as well. According to W. J. Cable (1983), edible parts of the plant include; 1) fruit; 2) seed; 3) apical bud (when washed in sea water and cooked); 4) tips of aerial roots (raw, roasted or braised); 5) pith of the branch; and 6) floral bract. Seeds were commonly eaten because children liked to break open hard, dried fruit to obtain the edible seeds inside (Stall, 2000). Fruits were eaten in Hawai‘i usually only in times of famine. Hawaii’s volcanic soil caused local varieties of hala to be highly astringent as compared to the more mild varieties that were grown on Pacific atolls where they were a staple part of the diet (Deever, 1987; Stall, 2000). However, male fiower bracts have a milder flavor and were frequently eaten in Hawai'i (Cable, 1983). In addition to the uses aforementioned, parts of hala were also used for medicinal purposes. Tips of the aerial roots and flowers were used in medicinal concoctions (Krauss, 1981; Stall, 2000). Root tips were pounded and mixed with other plants, and the resulting mixture was heated by placing hot stones in it (Krauss, 1981). This medicine was used for mothers who were “weakened be- cause of giving birth to a large number of children” and for people suffering from chest pains (Akina and Ka‘ai‘akamanu, 1968; Krauss, 1981). According to Malcom Naea Chun (1998), this is “one of the most im- portant medicines of all the internally taken medicines” for these and other respiratory conditions such as tuber- culosis and asthma. The flower was often used as an aid in digestion and gastrointestinal distress. The soft part at the bottom of the flower was used as a laxative for both children and adults. Dosages ranged from eight flowers (followed by breast milk) for infants to sixteen or more flowers for adults (Akina and Ka‘ai‘akamanu, 1968; Krauss, 1981). Mothers often chewed this part of the flower for their young children to enable the children to digest this part of the plant more easily (Krauss, 1981). Although more research needs to be conducted to de- termine why parts of P. tectorius are medically effective, studies have shown that the plant is high in certain nutri- ents and minerals. The fruit is high in energy-producing carbohydrates (150 kilocalories per 100 grams) and vita- min A, and also contains 4% protein, 3% fat, and 3% fi- ber (Stone, 1957; Deever, 1987). Leaf buds are high in vitamin B| content (Stall, 2000). Additionally, the pha- lange lower mesocarp must be cooked before being eaten because it is rich in calcium oxalate crystals (Wagner et al., 1990). Hala can therefore be used in a wide variety of ways and can provide its users with much nutrition, medicinal value, and other benefits. Conclusion Pandanus tectorius has such a high ethnobotanical significance in Hawaiian culture that almost every part of the plant was named and used. There were various uses for its leaves, fruits, and roots, and many parts of the plant are edible or have medicinal uses. Future re- search should therefore be conducted to determine the exact reasons that Pandanus is medicinally effective. Research should also be undertaken to better understand the high amount of chromosomal variability that exists within the species, which may in turn help to clarify taxonomic issues that cloud the species classification. Additionally, ecological studies could be conducted to determine other possible sites for the cultivation of Pan- danus and methods for combating pests, such as Dia- thetes pandanae that could potentially devastate Panda- nus groves in Hawai‘i. 6 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Literature Cited Abbott, I. A. 1992. La aw //awaz'/, traditional Hawaiian uses of plants. Bishop Museum Press. Akina, J. K., and Ka‘ai‘akainanu, D. M. 1968. Territorial Board of Health; Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value. (Translated by Akaiko Akana) Pacific Book House, Honolulu, 74 pp. Cable, W. J. 1983. Integrated Post-Harvest Manage- ment Including Storage, Processing and Marketing: Breadfruit, Pandanus and Other Tree Crops. Alafua Agricultural Bulletin 8(2); 57-60. Chun, M. N. 1998. Native Hawaiian Medicine: Volume II. First People’s Productions, Honolulu, 53 pp. (Translated and edited from Hawaiian) Deever, Allen. 1987. Pandanus: The Coconut Alterna- tive. Islands 7(6): 26-30. Handy, E. S. C. 1940. The Hawaiian Planter, Volume I. His Plants, Methods, and Areas of Cultivation. Hono- lulu: Bishop Museum, 227 pp. Krauss, B. H. 1981. Native Plants Used as Medicine in Hawaii. Honolulu: Harold L. Lyon Arboretum, 50 pp. Mesick, L. S. 1901. The Lauhala. Paradise of the Pa- cific 14(4): 10-11. St. John, H. 1960. Revision of the Genus Pandanus Stickman, Part 1. Key to the Sections. Pacific Sci- ence 14(3): 224-241. St. John, H. 1968. Revision of the Genus Pandanus Stickman, Part 28. The Australian Species Published by Robert Brown. Pacific Science 22(3): 4 1 2-42 1 . Stall, E. W. 2000. The Story of Lauhala (Leaf of the Pandanus Tree). Honolulu: Petroglyph Press, Ltd., 63 pp. Stibbe, R., Hensley, D., and Rauch, F. 1995. ILala. Honolulu; Hawai‘i Cooperative Extension Service, 1 P- Stone, B. C. 1957. Poor Man’s Pineapple is Pandanus of the Pacific. Micronesian Reporter 5(1): 16-17. Stone, B. C. 1961. A Note on Chromosome Number in Pandanus. The Journal of Japanese Botany 36(8): 23-28. Tutangata, T. 1999. Rubbishing the Pacific. Islands Business 25(3): 41 . Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., and Sohmer, S. H. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, Volume 2. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1853 pp. Zimmerman, E. C. 1939. A New Fijian D/at/ze/e^ Inju- rious to Pandanus {Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Pro- ceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 10 (2): 335-338. Volume 40(1-3), 2001 7 The History of Forest Conservation in Hawai‘i Jennifer Rod well Department of Botany, University of HawaiM, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822 Editor 's Note: This article was also prepared as a web site that contains many links (bold and underscored in the text below) to photographs of people important to the conservation effort in Hawaii, locations around the Hawaiian Islands, and governmental or private agencies where conservation efforts are underway. The text with links may also be viewed at http://www.island.hawaii.edu/jen/bot450.htm. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the policies, motives and consequences of forest conserva- tion in Hawai‘i over the past 150 years. An overview of these policies and practices shows three distinctive trends in forest conservation based on different attitudes and social circumstances of the times. The first two trends, which began around 1903 and 1950, respectively, were economically based, in the sense that the forest was viewed as valuable for the resources they protected, such as water for agriculture, or for the resources they pro- vided, such as timber. The third trend, which began in the early 70’s and still persists today, showed a shift away from primarily economy-based actions toward more intrinsic forest conservation: conservation for the sake of the value of the forest itself and the biodiversity it contains. Pre-1903 The first people to colonize the islands of Hawai‘i were the Polynesians, about AD 500. Although it does not appear as if they initiated active forest conservation policies, they did seem to practice forest conservation on an instinctual level. This was probably largely due to their subsistence-type lifestyles. One land-use system they used that maintained the integrity of the forest, was the system of ahupua'a in which a narrow strip of land from the sea to the top of the mountains {makai to mauka) was cultivated or extracted from, rather than a lengthwise strip of land. By having a variety of re- sources at their disposal this prevented the forests from becoming drained or deteriorated (Judd, 1927). Small populations and a lack of sophisticated tools also pre- vented the people from over utilizing the forests. Re- gardless of the early Hawaiians’ decision making mo- tives, it became evident over time that people were no longer living in accord with what the forests could pro- duce and sustain, and so conscious forest conservation had to take place. The first record of a forest conservation law being published was on June 7, 1839 by King Kamehameha III and his chiefs, to restrict the cutting of sandalwood. The sandalwood trade, which began in 1810 and peaked in 1925, was showing signs of serious decline. This led the King to declare in an 1840 amended version of the 1839 law, that “His majesty the King taboos the sandalwood for himself The visitors of the mountains shall not touch that timber until such time that the King shall say, when all the people may cut it by paying two thirds to the King, reserving one third to themselves. He also ta- boos all large trees such as one man may clasp” (Mosaka, 1931). Although King Kamehameha Ill’s motives may be questionable he did in effect bring awareness to peo- ple that the lands natural resources were not unlimited. On April 27, 1846 King Kamehameha 111 made an- other declaration stating that “the forests and timber growing therein shall be considered government property and under special care of the Minister of Interior” (Le Barron, 1970). At this time it was becoming noticeable that the forests of Hawai‘i were rapidly diminishing and that this was affecting the water resources because the forests protected the watershed areas from soil erosion and surface runoff In 1876 “an act for the protection and preservation of woods and forests” fl] was passed by King Kalakaua which allowed the Minister of the In- terior to acquire non-crown lands for the sake of forest protection for the watershed [1]. Plant cuttings brought 8 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society back by King Kalakaua after a world tour in 1881 may have provided the impetus for the beginning of reforesta- tion efforts in HawaiM (Le Barron, 1970). Between 1882 and 1892 there was a growing consciousness toward for- est conservation in relation to protection of the water- sheds, as reflected in the Hawaii Planters Monthly pub- lished by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA). In an 1 889 publication it was written: “The wa- ter supply is abundant, and while the forests stand guard around the sources of the rivers, their flow is as everlast- ing as the hills themselves” [4a]. Suggestions for future planning were also discussed in these reports. Finally in 1892 Queen Liliu'okalani and Governor G. N. Wilcot passed a law for the Kingdom of Hawai'i that established the Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry. The purpose of the Bureau was to “encourage the advancement of Agri- culture, livestock and rural industries” [1], and included the promotion of reforestation and forest preservation. One of the powers of the Bureau would be to remunerate any private landholders who supported these plans for public benefit. Despite the establishment of the Bureau and the laws they stated, these policies were mostly in the planning stage. In 1901, after becoming a Territory of the United States, a request by the Bureau for assistance from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service was made, to write a report on the needs of Hawaii’s forests. In response, E.M Griffith, Assis- tant Forester USDA Forest Service, wrote a report for Governor Dole to initiate a protection program (Nelson, 1989). The result was Act 44 of 1903, which saw the first major advancement in “active” forest conservation. 1903-1950 Act 44 of 1903 was “an act to provide for the encour- agement and protection of Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry” [2]. This action was spurred by The Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA), and the sugar indus- try’s need for irrigation water. The Bureau of Agricul- ture and Forestry became the Board of Agriculture and Forestry and was to be run by five unpaid commission- ers, appointed by the Governor. The principal duties of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry were to reserve government land for forestry purposes; to create self sup- porting forest systems; to protect watershed; to survey and map forests; to suggest the best types of plantings; to propagate plants; to appoint a superintendent of forestry; to hire foresters, assistant foresters and rangers for all the islands; and to fence out or remove cattle [2]. Although HSPA was a leading influence in the adoption of this legislation primarily for watershed protection, the Board of Agriculture and Forestry did define the purpose, au- thority and duties of the Division of Forestry for forest conservation, which lasted for many years to follow. During the first 10 years of forest conservation in Hawai‘i watershed protection was the major policy builder chiefly due to the attitudes of Ralph S. Hosmer who was appointed the first Territorial Forester on No- vember 25, 1903 (Judd, 1937). Hosmer played a very influential role in policy creation for forest conservation in Hawai'i. His central disposition was an economic one, as stated in the Hawaii Planters Record. “There is no sentiment about forestry in Hawai'i. It is purely a business proposition, a matter of dollars and cents” (Hosmer, 1909). His reasons being that the coun- try depended on agriculture for its prosperity, and agri- culture requires adequate water (irrigation) supplies. Hosmer stressed the need for catchment basins for water- sheds and vegetation cover to prevent soil erosion and surface water run off preventing water being absorbed and slowly distributed underground to the streams and rivers. Evidence was also found that there was a rela- tionship between rain and forests in that the forests help to cause the rain to fall, not create it but help it to be de- livered [3]. In 1909 a report was given before the legislature where Governor Walter F. Frear said: “the people are becoming awakened as never before to the gravity of the situation, to the fact that the national prosperity is de- pendant upon the proper conservation and use of the natural resources” [3]. Hosmer stated in this 1909 ad- dress the need for watershed protection, also suggesting that native trees would be best for out planting in these disturbed areas. He suggested that protection of the forests be only in areas where the water sources existed and that the leeward sides of the islands could be used as commercial timber stands. He was also interested in ex- perimenting with timber production on high elevation “wastelands” using pine, spruce and fir. The USDA For- est Service gave $2000 in funds to arrange such an ex- periment (Nelson, 1989). The summary of this proposal to legislature in 1909 was a request for increased fund- ing, increased land designation, and permission to set up a State experimental research station similar to what HSPA and the leading stock ranchers had done. The re- sulting Act 33 passed by legislature gave one quarter of the additional 25% income tax imposed at the time, to developing and expanding the conservation, improve- ment and utilization of natural resources (Hosmer, 1909). Hosmer had set the stage for forest conservation pol- icy in Hawai'i and effectively managed to delineate the boundaries of the planned reserves. The first reserve set aside by Hosmer on November 10, 1904, was the Kaipa- pau reserve on O'ahu (Judd, 1931). In 1908 the Division Volume 40(1-3), 2001 9 of Forestry had grown half a million trees in a nursery headed by David Haughs. Most were Eucalyptus, which had been shown by HSPA research to be the best for reforestation. In 1909 the Board of Agriculture and Forestry had established sixteen reserves on the four main islands consisting of 444,116 acres of land of which 61% was government owned. By 1914 the Board of Agriculture and Forestry had about 800,000 acres of forest reserves, 540,000 of which was government owned and the rest owned by private land owners. Some of the private land was under the care of the Territory under a “surrender agreement” which allowed the land- owners tax exemptions (Le Barron, 1970). On January 15, 1915, Charles S. Judd was appointed Superintendent of Forestry. Like Hosmer, Judd was an outspoken man and his attitudes were very influential on the policies and practices of forest conservation in Ha- waii. He based his conservation decisions on watershed protection, however with an increased awareness of native forest preservation as well, and an understanding that the forest was a place for the “Recuperation of bod- ily energy and of spirit which an occasional sojourn in the cool, bracing, and inspiring forest air brings to the weary dweller of the city” (Judd, 1918). He noticed that native forest covered only 20% of the land in 1918, and he viewed the protection of native 'ohi'a and mamane forest as an absolute for watersheds. Judd envisioned that with adequate protection, the native forests would re-grow on their own, and that minimal use of introduced species would be needed. He also realized that intro- duced species should be “carefully suited to the situation by adequate testing” to avoid new pests such as the lan- tana plant (Judd, 1918). Unfortunately, however, the na- tives proved to be too slow growing so that in fact it was many of Dr. Harold Lyon’s introduced species that were used to reforest the watershed areas. Although he main- tained the idea of Hosmer’s to keep the Leeward side of the islands for commercial timber production, he was rather pleased when this experiment failed as he felt there was not sufficient knowledge on re-planting and that the areas were better being maintained and pre- served as they were (Judd, 1918). By 1918 Judd saw the culmination of the original “paper reserves” being transformed into truly managed forest reserves with miles of fencing built and main- tained, tree plantings, fire patrols, elimination of cattle and enforcement of rules by rangers. At this time the Board of Agriculture and Forestry had 39 reserves estab- lished, with 772,000 acres of forest, 68% of which was government land (Judd, 1918). Another key figure in the history of forest conserva- tion in Hawai‘i was Dr. Harold L. Lyon who was respon- sible for the development of HSPA’s Department of Bot- any and Forestry Experimental Station in the back of Manoa Valley in 1918. Dr. Lyon was principally con- cerned with restoration experiments for HawaiM’s heav- ily damaged watershed areas. His goals were not so much to dictate forest policy, but rather to establish per- manent self supporting watershed forests working in co- operation with government agencies in the form of ad- vice and research results (Lyon, 1929). With trained botanists, a nursery acquired from Mrs. Foster on Vineyard Street in Honolulu and 94 acres of land in the back of upper Manoa Valley for an arbore- tum. the experimental station had all that it needed for an intensive research program. He began research and restoration efforts using native trees, but this proved to be unsuccessful. 'Ohi'a could not be artificially propa- gated and the koa tended to be short lived. He was “forced” to use nonnatives such as Eucalyptus, iron- wood, wattles, Monterey cypress and silver oak, which showed great success in terms of their growth in Ha- waii, but were not good as watershed trees. Over 900 species were collected by Dr. Lyon from all over the world and planted out in the arboretum, of which the Fi- cus genus showed to be the most successful restoration species. Dr. Lyon noted that “Trees of this genus occur throughout the tropics of the world, and constitute im- portant elements in most rainforests, but the indigenous Hawaiian flora did not include a single species” (Lyon, 1929). Despite this insight into the unique native vegeta- tion of Hawai'i, Dr. Lyon inadvertently introduced many species that now constitute a threat to native vegetation. In 1931 Charles Judd reported in the Journal of For- estry (1931) that the Division of Forestry’s programs were expanding, and funding was increasing with the aid of legislative support. The reserve system now had 63 reserves set up with over a million acres of forested land, of which the government owned 65%, and which covered 25% of the total land of the Territory. A total of 34,264 wild animals had been eliminated, 3,000 trees per month outplanted, consisting of about 145 different species from all over the tropics, although few if any were native species (Judd, 1931). With the depression in 1933, funds were dramatically cut for the Division of Forestry. Fortunately the Civilian Conservation Corns (CCCl was sent to the territory in 1934, and stayed until 1942, which offset these budget cuts (Le Barron, 1970). It was the CCC boys that estab- lished a basic infrastructure for the Division of Forestry by completing many large scale tasks such as fence erecting, road and trail building, telephone line installa- tion and the planting of over 2 million trees. Le Barron (1970) exclaimed that “The CCC accomplished a refor- 10 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society estation program in 8 years that would have been equiva- lent to 40 years of work under normal Territorial appro- priations.” From 1919 to 1937 the number of forest reserves and acreage had not changed significantly; however, man- agement and maintenance practices had. Approximately 22 1 ,746 wild animals were destroyed, 308 miles of fence constructed and maintained, 382 miles of trails built, fire breaks positioned and 2,100,000 trees planted (Judd, 1937). Charles Judd retired from the position of Territo- rial Forester in 1939 and was succeeded by William Crosby. Between 1942 and 1945 most energy seemed to focus on the war effort and not much was written about forest conservation during this time. There were a few post war legislations regarding forest conservation which called for more watershed protection, forest fire protec- tion, protection of native plant life and regulation of seed and plant materials entering Hawai'i [5]. The first Terri- torial Park System was established in 1949. 1950- 1970 The 1950’s were the beginning of a new trend in for- est conservation policy, still with an economic focus, but from a different perspective. In comparison to the focus on watershed protection, which was sustained for 50 years, the shift in the 1950’s was toward the view of Ha- waiian forests as a valuable potential timber resource. Attention was turned mostly to research on forest prod- ucts and timber planting. The socio-economic view at this time was toward economic development and job creation such that the forests of Hawai'i were being per- ceived for their commercial component. Coincidentally the sugar and pineapple industries were waning. Until 1957 there had been resistance to this aspect, especially by Judd and Lyon who held the opinion that “nothing should be planted that would entice an axe” (Nelson, 1989). In 1955, Walter H. Holt was appointed Territorial Forester. However, it was more the aggressive actions of C. Eric Reppun, president of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, that brought radical changes to forest con- servation during this time. Reppun saw the need for “a more positive, progressive and realistic forestry program in the Territory” (Nelson, 1989). This would involve an emphasis on wood utilization, while still advocating wa- tershed protection. It was Reppun who requested fund- ing in 1956 from the Territorial Government to establish a research station in Hawai‘i with the assistance of the USDA Forest Service to investigate the potential of for- est products (Nelson, 1989). In 1957 Legislature re- sponded positively by passing Act 234, which granted Reppun’s request with funding and authority (Nelson, 1989). This marked the beginning of the first Federal forestry agency in Hawai'i. The USDA Forest Service sent Robert E. Nelson to Hawai'i in 1957 to carry out these new development plans. Nelson’s main role in Hawai'i was to establish a research center, develop plans, and lead a program for various research projects on Hawaiian forests, in co- operation with the Territorial, soon to be State Division of Forestry. The core goals of the research station were to develop a broad based research program, which con- sisted of six project areas. These projects were: 1) a complete inventory of forest resources, maps made and statistical timber production potentials calculated; 2) for- est products research in collaboration with the USDA’s Forest Products Lab in Madison, Wisconsin and vari- ous timber companies in Hawai'i; 3) watershed protec- tion research to include management and reforestation; 4) silviculture research, to determine what economically valuable species of trees would be best suited to Hawai'i; 5) forest disease and insect research especially concern- ing the koa and silk oak dieback; 6) conferences and re- search planning, to attract commercial timber companies to Hawai'i and legislative support. This was the begin- ning of the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, a unit of the USDA Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Ex- periment Station based in Berkeley, California (Nelson, 1989). When Hawai'i became the 50th State of the United States in 1959 there were many organizational changes within the government, one of which was the creation of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) in 1960. In July 1961, the Division of Forestry was assigned to DLNR and the Board of Agriculture and Forestry dissolved [9a]. The primary responsibilities of the Division of Forestry was the establishment of forest reserves, land use zoning, management, product utiliza- tion, wildlife protection, recreation and the continued de- velopment of research programs in the conservation dis- tricts. These responsibilities fell under a new theme called the “Multiple Use” program for Hawai'i’s forests, which was formalized in 1962 [9a]. There were some significant legislative policies passed in the early 1960’s that effected the implementa- tion of the above plans and ideals. One of these was the 1960 “A Wildland Research Plan for Hawai'i,” which was published with the objective to develop technical knowledge required for intensive management of the for- ests, mostly in the area of forest economics. Another was the 1961 legislation that approved and funded the Division of Forestry’s “Five Year Reforestation Plan” Volume 40(1-3), 2001 1 1 for 1962 to 1966. The plan was to incorporate the “Multiple-Use” program, however its main focus was on expansion of the tree-planting program in State forests to develop and sustain a timber industry in the State of Ha- waii [6], Their goal was to plant 8 million trees on all of the five major islands with various introduced species. In 1967, the second five-year plan was begun with a similar focus. Another of these policies that had an ef- fect on conservation in Hawai‘i was the 1961” Land Use Law” (Act 205), erroneously called the “greenbelt law”, which divided the land into three zones: “urban,” “agricultural,” and “conservation” land. State forests were to be considered “conservation” zones or districts (Nelson, 1989). In 1964 another zone was added called the “rural” zone [5]. The 1960’s also saw the rapid turnover of a number of different state foresters. In 1964 State Forester Walter Holt retired and was replaced by Floyd Cossit. Max Landgraf took over the position in 1965 and finally Tom Tagawa was appointed in 1967 and remained the state forester for the next 9 years (Nelson, 1989). During the remainder of the 1960’s, forestry programs expanded along the above general lines. Accomplish- ments were primarily in the area of research science with the strongest results in collection of resource data, water- shed management and technology, and timber produc- tion. The resource inventory was completed in 1963 and the planting inventory was completed in 1966. In addi- tion, many new roads and trails were built, conferences were sponsored, training programs developed, and some recreational sites were established [7]. In 1968 the Divi- sion of Forestry cared for over two million acres of State forest land. Much of the research science was achieved through the collaboration of many agencies including the Forest Products Lab in Madison, Wisconsin; the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry; University of Hawai‘i Agri- cultural Experiment Station; University of HawaiM De- partment of Agriculture; HSPA; Pineapple Research Institute; Honolulu Board of Water Supply, and vari- ous timber companies (Nelson, 1989). Although many of the policies and attitudes pertain- ing to HawaiM’s forests during the 1950’s and 1960’s may not be defined as “forest conservation” per say to- day, especially considering a statement written in the 1967/68 DLNR “Report to the Governor” [9b] saying: “converting relatively idle wildland forest into profitable forest is one of the most important forestry jobs in Ha- waii today” [9b]. However, these were not the only atti- tudes held. There was a non-profit private organization called the Conservation Council, established in 1950, that also played an influential role in conservation ef- forts . The council’s objectives were to preserve and en- hance the natural resources of Hawai’i for the enjoyment of present and future generations and to encourage and facilitate co-operation between government agencies, private groups and or individuals [5]. This organization played a key role in the establishment of the Land Use Commissions Zoning Act of 1961. They were also very influential in sponsoring many conferences and symposi- ums in Hawai‘i, specifically the Pacific Science Con- gress Symposiums. 1970- 1980 The 1970’s saw a turning point in forest conservation policies from the domain of forest conservation for the sake of its economical value, either for water protection or timber production, toward the domain of conservation of the forest for itself and the unique biodiversity con- tained and supported there in. This was a time when so- ciety was loudly proclaiming “Make love, not war” and environmental activism was emerging world wide. It was also a time when demands on the land were becom- ing too great for the environment to be able to sustain itself. The population was growing, land development was on the rise, the economic condition was improving, people’s leisure time was increasing and environmental demands were mounting. Hawai‘i’s native forests were vanishing at an alarming rate and the public was voicing its desire for a better environment for mankind, forests for aesthetic enjoyment and the “preservation” of Ha- waii’s endemic flora. The growing necessity to satisfy all of society’s needs could no longer be ignored and this finally guided forest conservation policies away from timber production, toward ecological research and pro- tection of native plant communities. One of the first significant changes in forest conserva- tion policy took place in 1969 when Governor Burns set up a commission to study scientifically valuable areas within the State forest reserves. This eventually led to the establishment of the Natural Area Reserve System (NARS) in 1971 [9c]. The purpose of this program was to preserve native ecosystems and unique natural areas within the forest preserves and elsewhere. Propagation of native species and protection of endangered species was a significant proponent of this program too. A key factor to the success of this program was conservation through the increased control of “noxious” plants and feral ungulates. The method of placing protective en- closures around mamane forests and endangered plants such as the Hawaiian silverswords showed great results. Elimination of 186 head of wild cattle on Moloka’i through “Operation Hui” in 1972 was another success story. The NARS program expanded through the years 12 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society with many new sites being proposed on a regular basis, although sometimes the process was slow in actually designating these sites as natural area reserves [9c]. In response to the changing public pressures for “preservation” of native species, the Division of Forestry and the Hawai'i Forest Service decided to review past and present accomplishments and to draft a plan for the future research needs of Hawaii’s forests. The results were published in “A Forest Conservation Plan for the 1970’s” (Tagawa, 1971). The purpose of this plan was to set up an “early warning system” for the protection of environmental degradation. Emphasis would be placed on ecological research rather than forest products re- search; however, watershed protection research would remain a moderate priority. The review published a table summarizing past accomplishments and future needs of Hawaii’s forests. The following general rec- ommendations were made: 1) increased forest range and related resources; 2) increased research for environ- mental protection; 3) increased watershed research to im- prove quality of water; 4) resource inventory on soil pro- duction; timber growth; 5) protection of rare and endan- gered species; 6) increased protection against plant and animal pests; 7) increased disease research; 8) some sil- viculture; 9) some recreational planning; and 10) some environmental planning. A 1974 review of the Division of Forestry’s five year planting plan for 1972 to 1976 pointed out the lack of utilization of native trees for replanting and the inappro- priate clearing of native forest to re-plant with more vig- orous non-native species. Improvement suggestions stressed the use of native species and the hiring of biolo- gists and ecologists to assist the Division of Forestry in their tasks [8]. In 1976 William Sager was named the new State Forester, and in 1979 the Division of Forestry was renamed the Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). During the 1970’s, research was conducted in many areas especially in ecological research, natural area pro- tection, fire prevention, native species propagation, and pest control. Of worthy note were some research pro- jects that began in the early 70’s and continued for many years after. One such project was the insect and disease research project for ‘ohi'a trees, which were declining at an alarming rate in the Hilo and Waiakea Forest Re- serves, and in HawaiM Volcanoes National Park. Pa- thologists and entomologists from various institutions were provided funding to conduct research on this prob- lem. Another focus for intensive research was the de- cline of the mamane forests on Mauna Kea, Island of Ha- waii. Again funding and research hours by scientists were invested in the problem. By the end of the 70’s, however, no single causal agent could be determined for the decline of the 'ohi'a or mamane forests. In 1970, re- searchers also did ecological studies to determine the ef- fect of harvesting koa and tree ferns on forest regenera- tion and non-native species encroachment. The Institute of Pacific Islands forestry undertook development of fire prevention and protection technology with funding pro- vided by the Division of Forestry (Nelson, 1989). 1980 - Present The past 20 years has seen the continuation of forest conservation policies and attitudes that began in the 1970’s, with an emphasis remaining on preservation and protection of native plant communities. In addition, con- siderable attention was placed on education and public awareness programs as part of forest conservation prac- tices during this time. With growing environmental ac- tivism and an increase in public awareness, conservation concepts were broadened such that forest conservation fell under the broad picture of environmental protection. When Hawai'i became recognized as the “endangered species capital” of the world, due to the fact that the Ha- waiian islands could lay claim to almost 50% of the na- tions endangered plant species, and was also considered to be a “living laboratory” due to the high endemnicity of it’s biota, people from all sectors began to fully com- prehend the “extinction crisis” that the Hawaiian islands were facing. This understanding has led to many legisla- tive bills and private actions that have affected forest conservation policies and practices in Hawai'i, which still persist today. The Natural Area Reserve Systems (NARS) program expanded considerably since it’s establishment in 1970 with increased legal protection, active management, and increased funding. In 1987, Governor Waihee and the legislature funded the first state effort to inventory and manage these unique areas [10]. By 1991 NARS had a total of 19 reserves with 109,165 acres on five islands. Active management of the NARS reserves includes un- gulate control, non-native plant control, monitoring, and public education. Other natural reserves include State sanctuaries. State Wilderness Preserves (such as the Alakai Wilderness Preserve on Kaua'I, containing one of Hawai'i’s finest montane wet forest bogs), national parks, USFWS refuges, and private reserves. In 1987, about half a million acres of land were dedicated to the protection of native resources by state, federal, and pri- vate agencies [10]. A federal forest stewardship and state forest steward- ship program was adopted through Act 327 legislature in Volume 40(1-3), 2001 13 1990 and 1991, respectively, as an incentive program to provide technological and financial assistance to private land owners with non-industrial forest land. The objec- tive was to encourage private landowners to commit their forested lands to the enhancement and conservation of their forest resources for wildlife habitat, water qual- ity, timber, recreation, and aesthetics. Today the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) takes care of a great deal of forested land and is most active in its management and conservation. The primary mission of the department today is stated as “To safeguard and manage the natural and cultural resources that are so critical to our quality of life here in Ha- wai‘i” [13]. Although State and Federal agencies have played the largest role in forest conservation past and present, an interesting change in awareness has emerged more re- cently toward the realization that responsibility for Ha- waii’s forests does not lie solely in the hands of the gov- ernment. As a consequence, many private non-profit or- ganizations dedicated to the protection of Hawaii’s na- tive environment have sprung up in the past 20 years. One such agency is The Nature Conservancy of Ha- waii (TNCH), which was founded in 1951 and estab- lished in Hawaii in 1980 (personal communication). TNCH is a private international conservation group with about 8000 members in Hawaii. Their mission is to act as a “non-profit organization devoted solely to the pro- tection of Hawaii’s native forests and wildlife.” TNCH’s total acreage is 51,262 acres on six islands, and they actively manage ten preserves [14], Another of these private organizations is the Center for Plant Con- servation Hawaii (CPC), founded in 1980 and a Ha- waii office established in 1990 (personal communica- tion). This organization works in co-operation with gar- dens and arboreta “to prevent the extinction of plants na- tive to the United States” [15]. The national collection of endangered plants held by CPC is 552 species in the form of seeds, cuttings and whole plants. The Conser- vation Council of Hawaii (CCH), mentioned earlier (founded in 1950), still exists today and continues to play an active role in forest conservation. Their mission is to promote “environmental health and education; and conservation and management of Hawaii’s natural re- sources” [16]. They fund the endemic Hawaiian plant program, provide assistance to the Youth for Environ- ment Service, and coordinate national programs such as Wildlife Week in Hawaii’s schools. These are to name some of the more well known private agencies; however, many small community based organizations can be found all over the islands, all devoted to preserving and protecting their natural environment. Some of the islands’ arboreta (such as Lyon Arbore- tum and Waimea Arboretum) play a role in conserva- tion, from habitat restoration to native Hawaiian plant propagation, tissue culture and seed storage. Various departments within the University of HawalM have graduate students working on different aspects of forest conservation in the form of questions on native plant ge- netics to reforestation questions. National parks such as HawaiT Volcanoes and Haleakala are actively involved with reforestation programs within their forests. The army is spending a great deal of money to protecting en- dangered plants that have been found on their land in the Wai‘anae range on 0‘ahu and other islands. Even indi- vidual private landowners, like Keith Robinson on Kaua‘i, have devoted themselves to restoring native trees on their land. A major cooperative restoration project underway right now is the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Commission, which plans to restore the entire island to a native status. It is evident that forest conservation has evolved very rapidly since 1980 and that it is most definitely a joint effort by many different agencies, institutions, commu- nity groups and individuals. Despite this cooperative system, legislature still provides the biggest protection for Hawai‘i’s forests in the form of legal protection, which is a pivotal point for forest survival. Conclusion Just as organisms evolve, so do attitudes, policies, and societies. Forest conservation began as a practice for economic reasons. Initially it started as protection for the sake of maintaining water resources for agricultural industries and then for potential commercial resources. Later it was transformed into a practice for the sake of the forest itself, protection of biodiversity. This evolu- tion is a reflection of the times and the values of the peo- ple living in those times. What can the future be like? Today we are seeing a great deal of radical activism on the behalf of the environment. However, sometimes this activism is extreme and may not be the most effec- tive way to solve conservation issues. Perhaps a future created with a sense of balance, a balance between pro- tection and preservation of forests for their inherent aes- thetics and valuable biodiversity, with forest utilization for timber products, is required. Just as nature requires flexibility to sustain itself, so do people’s attitudes and the forest conservation policies that reflect these atti- tudes. 14 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Literature Cited 1) Laws of the Hawaiian Islands Relating to Agricul- ture and Forestry. 1893. Hawaii Gazette Co., Honolulu. 2) Act 44. Territory of Hawaii. 1903. Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry Legislation of 1903. Ha- waii Gazette Co. Ltd, Honolulu. 3) Conservation of Hawaii’s Natural Resources. 1909. Report before the legislature 1909. Hawaii Gazette Co., Ltd, Honolulu. 4) Hawaii Planters Monthly (1882-1909). Hawaii Sugar Planters Association, Honolulu, a) Vol. viii: 227, 1889. 5) Conservation Council for Hawaii. 1950. Minutes of Organization 's Meeting. 6) Five Year Forest Planting Plan for the State Of Ha- waii, Fiscal Years 1962-1966. 1961. Division of Forestry, Department of Agriculture and Conserva- tion, Honolulu. 7) Forestry and Research in Hawaii. 1962. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. 8) Reviews of the Five Year Forest Planting Plan for the State Of Hawaii, Fiscal Years 1972 to 1976. 1974. Submitted by the Animal species Advisory committee, Honolulu. 9) Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Report to the Governor. a) 1961/1962. b) 1967/1968. c) 1971/1972. 1 0) Biological Overview of Hawaii 's Natural Area Re- serve System. 1987. The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Honolulu. 1 1 ) NARS and Natural Area Partnership Programs. 1991. Annual Report to the Legislature. DLNR, Honolulu. \2) State of Hawaii Forest Stewardship Handbook. 1995. DLNR, Honolulu. 13) DLNR, Message from the Chairperson. June, 2001. www.hawaii.gov/dlrn 14) TNC Hawaii Mission Statement. May, 2000. www. tnc.org/inrield/state/hawaii/mission.htm 15) The Mission and Goals of CPC. June, 2001. www. mobot.org/cpc.aboutcpc.html \6) CCH Home Page. June, 2001. www.conservation- hawaii.org/ Hosaka, E.Y. 1931. History of the Hawaiian Forest. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Hosmer, R.S. 1909. Some aspects of the forest question in Hawaii. Planter's Record 2\ 83. Judd, C.S. 1918. Forestry as applied in Hawaii. The Hawaii Forester and Agriculturist 15 (5). Judd, C.S. 1937. Forestry in Hawaii. Territorial For- ester. Judd, C.S. 1927. The Natural Resources of the Hawai- ian Forest regions and their conservation. The Ha- waii Forester and Agriculturist 27: 40-47. Judd, C.S. 1931. Forestry in Hawaii for water conserva- tion. Journal of Forestry 29 (3). LeBarron, R.K., Korte, K.H. 1970. The History of For- estry in Hawaii. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu. Lyon, H.L. 1929. Ten Years in Hawaii Forestry. Ha- waii Planters Record vol. 33 (1). Nelson, R.E. 1989. The USDA Forest Service in Ha- waii: The First 20 Years (1957-1977). Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Tagawa, T.K. 1971 . A Forest Conservation Plan for the Seventies. Department of Land and Natural Re- sources State of Hawaii, Honolulu. Volume 40(1-3), 2001 15 Botanical Survey and Mapping of Moku O Lo^e Kapono Ciotti and Ingelia White Department of Natural Sciences, Windward Community College, 45-720 Kca‘ahala Road, Kane'ohe, Hawai‘i 96744 Introduction Located in Kane‘ohe Bay on the Windward side of O'ahu, Moku O Lo‘e (Coconut Island) has served as a research center for marine studies since 1951. The cen- ter became the Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology in 1965. Two new facilities, the E.W. Pauley Marine Labo- ratory, and the B.P. Pagen - W.R. Pagen Library have since been added on the south-end of the island. Pro- grams and activities have expanded to educate school- children, college students and the general public in envi- ronmental studies and a sustainable future. One can stroll the 28 acres of land and discover a large variety of naturalized coastal plants, some native and Polynesian plants, as well as exotic trees. A botani- cal survey was conducted in the summer of 1998. Plant distribution was recorded using GPS (Global Positioning System) and GIS (Geographic Information System) units, and the data was plotted onto a geo-reference map. Methods A pre-statehood map of Moku O Lo‘e was digitized at the East West Center GIS Laboratory. Field plant identi- fication was carried out, and a GPS unit was used to re- cord geographic coordinates of the target plant species from June through August 1998. Data collection was obtained with a Trimble Pro XR roving unit using real- time corrections with an accuracy level of approximately 2 m. The differentially corrected data were then trans- ferred to an Arc View GIS generated, geo-reference map at the Department of Natural Sciences, Windward Com- munity College. Results Naturalized coastal plants: American Mangrove {Rhizophora mangle, Rhizo- phoraceae) Button Mangrove {Conocarpus erectus, Combretaceae) False Kamani {Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) Heliotrope {Tournefortia argentea, Boraginaceae) Ironwood {Casuarina equisetifolia, Casuarinaceae) Pickle Weed {Batis maritima, Bataceae) Pluchea (Pluchea indica, Asteraceae) Native plants: Hala {Pandanus tectorius, Pandanaceae) Hau {Hibiscus tiliaceus, Malvaceae) Milo {Thespesia populnea, Malvaceae) Naupaka {Scaevola sericea, Goodeniaceae) Sea Purslane {Sesuvium portulacastrum, Aizoaceae) Polynesian introduced plants: Coconut {Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae) Hala {Pandanus tectorius, Pandanaceae) Kamani {Calophyllum inophyllum, Clusiaceae) Exotic plants: Bamboo Palm {Sahal palmetto, Arecaceae) Banyan {Ficus microcarpa, Moraceae) Bilimbi {Averrhoa bilimbi, Oxalidaceae) Calabash Tree {Crescentia cujete, Bignoniaceae) Date Palm {Phoenix dactylifera, Arecaceae) Giant Cactus {Cereus sp., Cactaceae) Jack Fruit {Artocarpus heteropyllus , Moraceae) Mango {Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae) Monkey Pod {Samanea saman, Fabaceae) Sea Grape {Coccoloba uvifera, Polygonaceae) Shell Ginger {Alpinia zerumbet, Zingiberaceae) Shower Tree {Cassia fistula, Fabaceae) Sisal {Agave sisal ana, Agavaceae) Spider Lily {Crinum asiaticum, Amaryllidaceae) Travellers Palm {Ravenala madagascariensis, Musaceae) Yellow Oleander {Thevetia peruviana, Apocynaceae) Tlie 1998 GIS Moku O Lo ‘e map shows distribution of these plants. An overlay of a 1991 infrared aerial photograph of the island demonstrates a significant re- duction of vegetation, particularly on the south-end of the island as a result of new construction, as well as the spread of mangroves in the lagoons and spits. Changes such as these are easily recorded and updated as deemed 16 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society Volume 40(1-3), 2001 17 BH Construction Site Ornamental Garden Individual Plants ^ Banyan ^ Button Mangrove ® Calabash Tree ^ Monkey Pod ® Giant Cactus O Hala ® Heliotrope O Pluchea G Sisal Jack Fruit ® Mango S Milo C Spider Lily ^ Traveler's Palm • Bilimbi Groves ^§3 Bamboo Palm Banyan EUD Button Mangrove Coconut Date Palm rv'il Hala csa Hau Ironwood j-jj Kamani Mango Mangrove M Milo [L-LI Pickelweed L<.fj Shell Ginger g Shower Tree P'/1 Yellow Oleander — Moku o Lo‘e Prepared hy Kapoiio Ciotti Windward Coininunity College I^inded in part by NASA MTPE Cirant and Hawaii Space Grant Consortium Summer. 1998 Mixed Plants Coconut & Ironwood Coconut & Ironwood & Milo |a\M Coconut & Ironwood & Milo & Pluchea & Pickelweed I':':':’! Mangroves & Ironwood t'lViVnJ Pluchea & Coconut & Sea Grape ^i=i Spider Lily & Heliotrope & Naupaka 18 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society necessary using this technology. As the Kane‘ohe Bay ecosystem changes, tools such as this botanical resource study and mapping can play an important role in monitoring changes in plant distribu- tion, and thus help guide future plans for land use in Ha- wai‘i. Acknowledgement Special thanks are due the East West Center GIS Laboratory for a digitized pre-statehood map of Moku O Lo‘e. Many thanks to Dr. Joseph Ciotti for implement- ing the NASA-Hawai‘i Space Grant Consortium Fellow- ship program and for the use of the Hoa‘aina RS/GIS Center, and also to Dr. David Krupp for arranging access to the island. Literature Cited Ciotti, K. and 1. White. 1998. Ethnobotanical Study of Some Major Coastal Plants at Moku O Lo ‘e. Hawai'i Horticulture Vol. 1 (1 1); 7 -9. Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bishop Mu- seum Press. Honolulu. Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. Vols. 1 and 2. University of Hawai'i Press and Bishop Mu- seum Press, Honolulu. Kapono Ciotti is a Windward Community College stu- dent, enrolled in BOT 299 (Independent Study) under the guidance of his adviser, Dr. Ingelia White. Fallopia convolvulus L. New Record for the Island of Hawai'i Steve J. Dougill and Laurie S. Gold Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center Kilauea Field Station Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Hawai'i 96718 Wild buckwheat, Fallopia convolvulus, has recently been collected for the first time on the island of Hawai'i. Prior to this discovery, it had been recorded only once from disturbed ground within Haleakala National Park at 2,070 m (Wagner et al., 1999). This species is native to Europe and is now a common weed in the western United States (Whitson, 1999). We discovered F. convolvulus, formerly known as Polygonum convolvulus (Ronse Decraene and Akeroyd, 1988) on the west slope of Mauna Kea at 2,256 m on 19 October 2000. Five plants were found growing in an area of disturbed mamane {Sophora chrysophylla) forest within the shade of a game bird guzzler maintained by Hawai'i Division of Forestry and Wildlife. These scrambling vines were still small (stems less than 0.5 m in length) and had not been noticed in April when the site was inspected. The disturbed ground around the guzzler and the re- cent rains in the subalpine forest probably enabled this species to become established. In addition, it is a site frequented by biologists, hunters and other outdoor en- thusiasts, and alien birds; all could have transported the seeds here. To avoid further spread and the addition of another alien weed species to Mauna Kea, we removed all plants by hand. Identification of this specimen was verified by Derral Herbst of the B. P. Bishop Museum where the specimen is maintained. Literature Cited Ronse Decraene, L. P., and Akeroyd, J. R. 1988. Ge- netic limits in Polygonum (Polygonaceae) on the basis of floral characters. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 321- 371. Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., and Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i (Revised edition, Vol. 2. University of Hawai'i Press and The Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Whitson, T. D. 1999. Weeds of the West (5'*’ Edition). The Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Univer- sity Cooperation Extension Service. Volume 40(1-3), 2001 19 Minutes of the Hawaiian Botanical Society January 2001 Meeting The January 8th meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Society was called to order by Brandon Stone in his new role as president. Guests: None w'ere present. Minutes: Minutes of the December 2000 meeting were approved as read by outgoing secretary Elizabeth Stampe. Treasurer’s report: Income: $205.50 Spent: $49.80 Total remaining: $2800.39 B. Krauss royalties: NA. B. Kjauss trust principal: NA. B. Krauss total income: NA. Vickie Caraway read a thank you card from Charlie Lamoureux’s family for the $100 donation to the Memo- rial Fund for Plant Conservation. New business: • Brandon Stone, the new Botanical Society Presi- dent, thanked the outgoing board and introduced the new board for 2001: Vice-President Don Gardner; Secretary Chuck Chimera; Board Members Susan Ching and Jeff Preble; Treas- urer Ron Fenstemacher. Membership: Alvin Yo- shinaga and Carol Amiable • Brandon made a motion suggesting that, in the future, the meeting minutes, rather than being read, should be printed out and made available for perusal by the attendees of the monthly meet- ing. The motion passed on the condition that the by-laws did not forbid this. • Brandon also suggested that the Botanical Soci- ety board members be given the authority to re- spond to conservation related issues on behalf of the society without having to get the approval of the society as a whole. This would enable mem- bers of the board to comment on issues in a timely manner. • Ron suggested that the society set up some kind of e-mailing list to disseminate information in a quick and efficient way and enable concerned members to give input and comment on issues before board members speak on behalf of the society. Eileen Herring volunteered to set up a trial list-serve for the Botanical Society. Old business: None Announcements: • Congratulations to Joby Rohrer and Kapua Kawelo on the birth of their son on January 4th. • Susan Ching Harbin announced that USFWS critical habitat plans and the master plan for Fos- ter Gardens were available for review by society members. Vickie Caraway mentioned that there were habitat plans that would be available for each of the islands if anyone was interested in reviewing them. • Brandon Stone announced that he would like to coordinate a volunteer response for the new US Fish and Wildlife Refuge in the Ko’olau Moun- tains when help was requested. • Karen Shigematsu announced that she had Pritchardia remota seeds available for cultiva- tion. • Vickie Caraway announced plans for a service trip to the Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a dry forest on the Big Island for the weekend of March 24-26 (Prince Kuhio Day weekend). The trip will be limited to a minimum of six people and a maximum of 12. Plant of the Month and Speaker: An Investigation of Soil Erodibility Indices under Forest Plantations of Eucalyptus robusta and Melaleuca quin- quenervia, O'ahu, Ilawai'i. Clinton Muryami. Topic and Speaker: The Name of the Rose. Dr. Paul Cox, Director, National Tropical Botanical Garden. 20 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society February 2001 Meeting The February 1st meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Society was called to order by President Brandon Stone. Guests: Loren Gill, Life Member Minutes: January minutes approved as read by Chuck Chimera Treasurer’s Report: Income: $2.98 Spent: $14.27 Total remaining: $2969.10 Announcements: • Membership: Carol Amiable announced that there are 95 current members in the botanical society, 10 renewals, and 1 new member. • Eileen Herring announced that a number of books are being moved from the 3^“* floor of Hamilton Library to the new wing, and that they will be available only by request. She also passed around a sign-up sheet for those members interested in being included on the Botanical So- ciety’s e-mail list-serve. • Brandon Stone mentioned that the 0‘ahu Forest Refuge in the central Ko'olaus is in severe need of volunteers to do everything from trail clear- ing, to rare plant monitoring and invasive weed control; more TBA. • Brandon also announced that the critical habitat designation for the island of Oahu would be the last; Earth Justice Legal Defense Fund would be making comments if anyone were interested in reviewing them. • Brandon announced that the Foster Botanical Garden community meeting number five would be held on February 8 from 6:30-8:00 to review their plan. • Bruce Koebele announced that he had seedlings of Psychotria hathewayi to give away. • Mindy Wilkinson announced a windward side Miconia removal service trip for Saturday, Feb- ruary 10. New business: None Old business: Vickie Caraway announced the names of those who would be participating in the Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a service trip on March 24-26 and requested that participants meet after the meeting to discuss logistics. Plant of the month and speaker: Stenogyne kanehoana: A New (Old) Mint from Honouliuli: Back from Beyond the Brink. Dan Sailer, TNC of HawaiM, 0‘ahu Program. Topic and speaker; Biocontrol of Hawaii's Superweeds: the Brazilian Con- nection. Dr. Cliff Smith, Lyon Arboretum. March 2001 Meeting The March 5th meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Society was called to order by President Brandon Stone. Guests: Dr. Celia Smith, Dr. Isabella Abbott, Dr. Hobson, Dr. Tamara Ticktin (new UH botany faculty member). Hector Perez and Rosie Barnes from Univer- sity of Florida. Minutes: February minutes approved as read by C. Chi- mera Treasurer’s report: No report at this meeting (inadvertently omitted). Announcements: • Vickie Caraway announced that she would send out final details on the service trip to Pu‘u- wa‘awa‘a. She also had seeds of Abutilon men- ziesii to give away. • Alvin Yoshinaga had germinated seeds of Pritchardia remota to give away. He stated that they came from a tree cultivated in Waimanalo. • Ron Fenstemacher announced for Steve Mont- gomery that the Botanical Society was looking for someone to chair a conservation committee that could provide written testimony in support of plant conservation. Steve Montgomery con- tinued by stating that he felt plant related issues needed more support at public meetings in light of the recent negative response by pig hunters to critical habitat proposals of the USFWS. • Bruce Koebele announced that he had Rauvolfia sandwicensis seedlings to give away. • Brandon Stone said that work has begun on the 0‘ahu Forest NWR to clear trails and that there would be more opportunities for volunteers to Volume 40(1-3), 2001 21 participate. Old business: None New business: • Ron Fenstemacher was seeking help in getting an identification on a Flacourtiaceae tree in his yard (mystery unsolved). • Tbe issue of holding Botanical Society meetings throughout the summer was brought up to gauge membership interest. • T-shirts: a new Hawaiian Botanical Society t- shirt is being proposed, and designs were solic- ited from members. Rick Palmer volunteered to submit a design. Plant of the Month and Speaker: Peleophycus multiprocarpium, a Red Alga Endemic to O'ahu. Drs. Isabella Abbott & Celia Smith, UH Botany Department. Topic and Speaker: Pollination and other Plant/Animal Interactions of Ama- zon Plants. Sir Dr. Ghillean Prance, NTBG (currently). APRIL 2001 Meeting The April 2nd meeting of the Flawaiian Botanical So- ciety was called to order by President Brandon Stone. Guests: None Minutes: Extremely abbreviated reading of minutes ap- proved as read by Chuck Chimera Treasurer's report: Start; $2635.25 Finish; $2672.93 Announcements: • Brandon Stone announced that a less formal version of the meetings would be scheduled on a weekly ba- sis throughout the summer. • Carol Annable, membership chair, announced that we have one new member, and encouraged everyone to pay their dues and renew their membership. • Don Gardner asked for suggestions for lighter, less formal topics for talks over the summer. Old business • Chuck Chimera announced that the Botanical Soci- ety is still looking for a new t-shirt design. Plant of the Month and Speaker: • Abutilon menziesii on O'ahu. Greg Mansker, DLNR. Topic and Speaker: • Strange and Unusual Plants of the Pacific Basin: From New Guinea to Hawai'i. Dr. Tim Motley, New York Botanical Garden. MAY 2001 Meeting The May 7th meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Soci- ety was called to order by President Brandon Stone. Guests: None Minutes: Expurgated minutes (e-mailed in their entirety) approved, as read by Chuck Chimera. Treasurer's report: None given, as Ron. Fenstemacher was not present (whereabouts unknown, despite rumors of seeing him boarding a plane for Las Vegas the day of the meeting). Announcements: • The annual plant raffle will be held on the night of the June meeting, (Monday, June 4, 2001). • T-shirts: Rick Palmer unveiled some preliminary de- signs for the new Botanical Society t-shirt. • Foster Botanical Garden; Annual plant sale held from 9:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m., Saturday, May 7, 2001. • Lyon Arboretum will be having a Heliconia and Ginger Week from May 3 1 st to June 6th. • Alvin Yoshinaga had spare plants to give away. • Bruce Koebele had Carex meyenii plants to give away. Old business: None New business: • Steve Montgomery asked the society to re-activate a conservation committee that would respond in a timely fashion (through letter writing, attending of meetings etc.) to issues pertaining to the protection and conservation of native Hawaiian plants and habi- New business: None 22 Newsletter of the Hawaiian Botanical Society tats upon which they depend. He made a motion to give the Botanical Society board the authority to re- spond on behalf of the members. The motion passed unanimously. One issue which could receive imme- diate attention is the renegotiation of the Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a lease, which is coming up for re- newal. The society will write a letter endorsing the transfer of the lease to Ahui Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a, an or- ganization dedicated to the protection and preserva- tion of the area's plants and habitats. Plant of the Month and Speaker: Gardenia brighamii. Matt Schirman and Rick Barboza of Matt & Rick’s Nursery. Topic and Speaker: Plant Conservation in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean Is- lands. Michael Mounder, Conservation Officer, Na- tional Tropical Botanical Garden. June 2001 Meeting The June 4th meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Soci- ety was called to order by President Brandon Stone. Guests: M. Lockwood, Intern with Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund Minutes: Expurgated minutes (e-mailed in their entirety) approved, as read by Chuck Chimera. Treasurer's report: Combined April-May minutes • Start: $2672.93 • Income: $17.03 • Spent: $507.03 • End May 2001: $2182.03 Membership report: • Carol Annable announced one membership re- newal and a stack of information from likely re- newals. Announcements: • Dan Sailer, Field Supervisor for Honouliuli Pre- serve announced that the Nature Conservancy is looking for assistance in fence line clearing and construction throughout the summer. Old business: • The new Botanical Society t-shirt design, featuring a Lobelia gloria-montis and courtesy of Rick Palmer, is almost ready for production. New business: • Ron Fenstemacher motioned to transfer Life Mem- ber Fund money into a mutual fund with Vanguard. This safer fund (normally returning about 8%) is in- tended to generate income to cover expenses associ- ated with the newsletter and printed announcements. The motion passed unanimously. • Carol Annable motioned to write a Botanical Society support letter for the Waimea Botanical Foundation to attain rights to the Waimea Botanical Garden, whose previous owners recently declared bank- ruptcy. Alvin Yoshinaga motioned that the letter in- clude a statement of support for David Orr. The mo- tion passed unanimously. Plant of the Month and Speaker: Vida menziesii. Vickie Caraway, DLNR. Topic and Speaker: Critical Habitat: Fact and Fiction. Marjorie Ziegler, Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund. July 2001 Meeting The July 2nd meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Soci- ety was called to order by President Brandon Stone. Guests: None Minutes: Approved as read Treasurer's report: N.A. Contact Ron Fenstemacher for details Announcements: None Old business: None New business: • 0‘ahu Elepaio critical habitat proposal is open for comment until Thursday, August 2, 2001. • A new invasive species book will be available in mid-July from Bishop Museum entitled "Hawaii’s Invasive Species: A Guide to Invasive Plants and Animals in the Hawaiian Islands: Hawai'i Biological Survey Handbook." Mutual Publishing. • A new reference has been donated to the UH Botany Volume 40(1—3), 2001 23 flies: Staples, G.W., D. Herbst and C. Imada. 2001. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Pa- pers. Plant of the Month and Speaker: New Invasive Species from Botanical Gardens. Dr. George Staples, Bishop Museum. Topic and Speaker: Conservation Education: Non-Traditional Approaches. Maile Sakamoto, DLNR. August 2001 Meeting The August 6th meeting of the Hawaiian Botanical Society was called to order by Vice President Don Gard- ner. Guests: Wendy McDowell, UH Botany, Bob Pyle Minutes: E-mailed to list serve but not read at meeting (inadvertently forgotten by absent-minded secretary). Treasurer's report: Start: $2272.92 Expenses: $94.85 Interest: ca. $79 Finish: approx. $2183-2185 (bank statement with interest not available). Announcements: • Don Gardner announced the death of Nancy Glover, •; ' former Secretariat of Conservation Biology and wife ***“*•^1 Mike Buck. He asked that a moment of silence be observed in her memory. As a result, Mike Buck was not available to give his scheduled talk for this evening. Old Business: • Rick Palmer, designer of the new t-shirts for the Bo- tanical Society, was on the mainland, but we hope to have them ready by December. New Business: None Plant of the Month and Speaker: Status of Centaurium sebaeoides (Gentianaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Chuck Chimera, UH Botany Depart- ment. Topic and Speaker: The search for Biocontrol Agents of Yellow Himalayan Raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) in China. Dr. Don Gardner, UH Botany Department and USGS-Biological Resources Division. September 2001 Meeting The September 10th meeting of the Hawaiian Botani- cal Society was called to order by President Brandon Stone. Guests: Bruce Hoffman (new graduate student with Dr. McClatchey), Dr. Travis Columbus Minutes: Approved as read. Treasurer's report: Not reported on this date. Announcements: • We are looking for nominees or volunteers to serve as officers of the 2002 Botanical Society executive committee. • Susan Ching Harbin suggested that the monthly meetings be scheduled 'A to 1 hour earlier (6:30 or 7:00 p.m.) and wanted the society members to think about the change in the next couple of months. • T-shirts, mugs and tote bags from the 2001 SCB/ Hawaii Conservation Conference are available from the PCSU office in St. John 409 or from Chuck Chi- mera (chimera(§hawaii.edu). Old business: None New business: None Plant of the Month and Speaker: Kaho ‘olawe, Pray for Rain. Maya LeGrande (UH Bot- any Department). Topic and Speaker: Hakalau Forest: Problems, Progress and Phuture. Jack Jeffrey, USFWS. V Ia (\ ^ Hi V ^ y^i ^ ^ > ^ y V ^ I i\j & .1 ^ 9 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIM AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY HONOLULU, HI 96822