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CROWDING: A Selected Bibliography
Robert M. Petty- Graduate Assistant, Department of Psychology University of Illinois
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NEW TOWNS BIBLIOGRAPHY
David R. Powell, Senior Analyst, Bureau of Research, Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs and Nan C. Burg, Librarian, Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs
The Library of th«
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Mrs. Mary Vance, Editor Post Office Box 229 Monticello, Illinois 61856
COUNCIL OF PLANNING LIBRARIANS Exchange Bibliography #249
NEW TOUfNa BIBLIOGRAPHY
by
David R. Powell Senior Research Analyst Bureau of Research
and
Nan C, Burg Librarian Pennsylvania Departnent of Coomunity Affairs
INTRODUCTION abstracted from New Copnunities for Pennsylvania? by David R. Powell (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Departnent of Community Affairs, June 1970).
In the United States, plagued by the increasing complexity of urban problens and facing the prospect of even nore urbanization, probably no idea has raore firmly caught the imagination of planners than that of new coumunities , designed from the ground up to avert or ninimize our past and present nistakes in town building. This interest has been heightened by a scattering of brilliant examples of new towns, most of then in other countries but a few here, which seen to show that given good planning and the needed capital, a new conraunity is financially feasible and environmentally far superior to the ''urban sprawl'' to which we have become accustomed.
The term ''new town," means something different to almost every- one who uses it, but generally it implies a kind of planning and development much different from the add-on kind of growth which typifies most of our present communities. The popularity of the term has resulted in its application to a wide range of small and large projects. But for most planners, a "new town":
1. Is totally planned before construction begins
2. Integrates the newest city planning concepts, which generally include a mixture of low and high-rise, cluster, toimhouse and free-standing housing in close proximity; separated rights of way for pedestrian and vehicular traffic; neighbor- hood groupings which include schools, shopping and conriunity facilities for each "village'; and large, open, green spaces for common recreational use at the expense of individual lot sizes, resulting in medium density and wide availability of open land.
2. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
3. Provi-les a range of enployment opportunity in the conmunity for its residents
A. Should include housing on a scale or prices to
allow low as well as high-incone persons to live there
5. Incorporates public transportation, both within the community and between it and the nearest metropolitan center
6. Often implies new, even experimental, housing technology.
Most new communities completed or in process in this country have 2,000 acres or more and are planned for populations of 50,000 or more, although increasingly smaller developments V7hich incorporate a few new town features are being announced as "new communities." The original model of the new town was surrounded by a "greenbelt'' of open farm or woodland which v/as not to be developed and which would limit the growth of the new town; this idea has been applied in many places with varying success. The ideal also was far enough distant from a large urban center to keep it from Decoraing another suburb, but in Western countries, including the United States, financing has dictated a suburban character for most new towns.
Despite the success of some modern, privately financed new towns in this country, there has been increasing pressure for government to assist in these developments. The major problems encountered by private developers are the great amount of money needed for public facilities over a number of years before any substantial return is realized, and the increasing difficulty of acquiring large tracts of land at feasible prices; others include local government restrictions, conflicts with new govern- ments in the developing communities, and difficulty in attracting industry.
THE CHALLENGE TO GOVERNMENT
Do We Want New Towns?
Of the many decisions facing the Commonwealth regarding new towns, the first and most fundamental is: Should Pennsylvania lend, or spend, some of its resources in encouraging and aiding the development of nev; communities?
From the enci of the Greenbelt Towns experiment in the 1930s until the Nev; Communities Act of 1968 (Title IV of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968), government, Federal and State, has left the builaing of new towns almost entirely in the hands of private developers with private financing. But with the recei.t increase in the number of such projects, there has been increasing pressure on governments to encourage new towns by legislation which
3, CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
would simplify the processes of land assembly and local code accomodation, and ease the great financial burden implicit in new town planning and building.
The essential decision is not whether development will occur. It will. The choice is whether an effort will be made to channel some proportion of the State's development into new communities which, by comprehensive planning, can be expected to offer an alternative to the urban — or exurban-spread now in process.
Every few months, metropolitan America will be building all of the houses, shopping centers, schools, industries, sewers, and other things needed to create a new city. The challenge is to organize the urban development so as to build new communities that are physically coherent, econom- ically sound, and socially stable, instead of permitting our potential new cities to be scattered in bits and pieces over many square miles, in a pattern that is inefficient, unattractive, and segregated.*
The economic maladjustment, general inefficiency and social upheavals associated with unplanned growth of our urban areas also represent a cost, but one so diverse that it cannot be placed on a balance sheet for ready comparison with the cost of new towns building. Particularly, this kind of cost does not appear — at least under its own label — on legislative budgets and tax assessments.
In Europe, where official encouragement of new towns is 20 or more years old, the fact that these programs have been continued and intensified is the best proof of their satisfaction that the "third alternative" is a good one, but even there experience is limited. In this country, most of the "nev/ towns" we can claim are largely in construction or still on the drawing boards, and there is no great body of evidence to drav; on. Studies have been made of the Greenbelt Towns, Park Forest and the Levittowns, from which some conclusions may be drawn (although these are not true "new towns"), and continuing studies are being made of Columbia and Reston. The advantages and disadvantages of new tot^n develop- ment may be considered in view of these reports.
A "better way of life." -- Because a new town is built accord- ing to an integrated plan, it can be constructed to utilize the best practicable design and technology to achieve personal comfort and convenience, easy access to employment, supply of goods and services, and educational and recreational facilities. Because everything is new, the new town should embody the best present knowledge and concepts of aesthetics, a desirable social environ- ment and a minimum of wasted time and space.
Henry Bain, "Channeling the Inevitable Metropolitan Growth into Well-Planned Nev/ Communities," paper presented January 26, 1969, at the Conference of the National Committee on Urban Growth Policy, Key Largo.
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The aesthetics of new town living is, of course, a subjective matter, and presumably the people who move into then are pleased with the environment. Letchworth, the Greenbelts and Reston all experienced disappointing early growth, bat in each case the sub- sequent acceptance improved and, in the case of the older towns, later development has been dramatic. Park Forest and the Levittowns showed the opposite trend: Early acceptance was immediate, but later sales (Levittown) and rentals (Park Forest) declined. A tentative conclusion v7ould be that the "dormitory towns" were the best answers to an acute housing shortage. Letchworth and the Greenbelts, hovjever, attracted a more permanent population, and in those cases property values rose and are still rising. The values placed on a style of life can be expected to change slowly, but the experience of the older greenbelt towns, added to the increasing shift toward classic nev/ tovm principles in "modern" development, are evidence that Americans are finding a new appreciation for them, Superblocks, cul-de-sacs, high-density clusters matched with common open space, the community center as a focus, and the surrounding greenbelt to limit growth and congestion have become accepted principles. It is a safe con- clusion that for many of our urban and rural citizens, the new town offers a better, and better appreciated, way of life.
Economic ef f iciency.--Industry, offices, stores, transport- ation facilities are new, are designed for their specific, modern uses and are planned to function together in the community. If well designed, they will provide the optimum in efficiency and should need little repair, addition or reconstruction for many years.
The assumption is that the new town is a complete community, and in this respect the United States has limited experience. England has achieved a high rate of integral employment, but uses a degree of governmental encouragement which is not appropriate to this country. The Greenbelt Towns have developed almost no internal employment, and Park Forest, the Levittowns and most so-called "new towns" are essentially suburbs. Columbia hopes to offer 40,000 jobs and Reston 23,000; prospects in both have been encouraging (a General Electric plant in Columbia will hire 10,000 to 12,000) but it will be several years before a pattern can be traced. Some new towns - Lake Havasu City, for example - have been sited because of the location of industrial plants, and the New Stanton proposal in Pennsylvania would be a similar example. Much of Canada's new town development follows this pattern. Many areas of Pennsylvania knovj of the dangers inherent in the one- industry tovm, and therefore should be expected to guard against them by professional economic planning; meanwhile, improved transportation, better highways and the probable location of new towns within an existing economic area will tend to soften the threats of area unemployment.
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The United States' perfornance with respect to public trans- portation to serve new towns has been poor. Levittown, Pennsylvania, and Park Forest were built near existing rail commuter lines; but new towns generally are highway-oriented. This is in contrast to Englana and France, where fast rail pass- enger systems are receiving high priorities in their over-all decentralization programs. Highvjay congestion and the high cost of new highways in urban areas, in both financial and human terms, indicate that public transportation should receive a higher priority in our new town plans. It also has been shown that greenbelts invite usurpation by superhighways, and to preserve the character of our new totms we will need a firm and permanent integration of town and transportation planning. Reston's residents started their own express commuter bus system, and Columbia has a minibus system operating on separate rights-of-way; generally the new towns are designed for easy walking to schools, stores, employment and recreation facilities. Initial elements of a de-emphasis on the automobile are implicit in new towns; they could play an important role in the development of better public transportation systems.
Recreation, education and shopping facilities are so well recognized as essential to new towns that plans for them are basic elements of their design. The postwar suburban developments fared less well in recreation and school site planning; but Columbia, Reston and other nev; towns are built, for all practical purposes, around their lakes, golf courses, schools, and shopping centers.
Equal opportunity. — A racial and economic mix has been the announced goal of the typical new town in this decade; to date, achievement has been short of a reflection of the national ratios. All of the Greenbelt Towns have nonwhite populations, and Park Forest was racially integrated from the beginning. There was public resistance to the movement of black families into Levittown, Pennsylvania. Columbia has sizable minority represent- ation, although officials now say that no records are being kept. Low- or mode rate -income public housing is scheduled for both Columbia and Reston, under Federal assistance; the experience with these projects will be significant. The cost of homes in new towns so far has been restrictive; the average income of Columbia's residents is reported at $14,500.
The surrender of the principle of a private yard for everyone, in favor of better, shared common facilities, has been elemental in new tovm planning; it should help to create an atmosphere of really equal opportunity. If combined with planned dispersal of mode rate -income housing throughout the community, enlightened hiring and promotion practices among employers and provision of equal services by the commercial sector, new towns could achieve a genuine social integration long before our established communities do.
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Local governmental adaptation. --Mew tovm development is almost certain to produce strains v/ithin the local government structure. The governments of rural areas, where new towns logically would be built, are not prepared, organizationally or financially, for sudden, large development.
The development of most of the large new communities in the unincorporated territory of rural counties presents perhaps the greatest governmental difficulties because basic decisions concerning planning, financing, and providing services and facilities must be made immediately upon the initiation of the project. Yet the county involved is usually ill-prepared to assist in or to assume these functions.*
There also may oe local opposition to the principle of unit development, which will require a "selling' job by the developer to overcome. Rouse's version of this problem in the initiation of Columbia in Howard County, Maryland, may be an oversimplific- ation:
These people were so resistant to urban growth, so concerned about sprawl, that the year before the people of the county had thrown out the Democrats and elected Republicans as county commissioners for the first time in 40 years. The only issue was zoning, with the Republicans promising to protect the county against development.
And one year later we arrived on their doorstep, saying we were going to build a city. Despite those anxieties and that skepticism, when we produced our plan for Columbia and laid it on the table, saying: ''Here is wliat we propose; here is a rational city; here is a beautiful place; here the forests and stream valleys are preserved; there will be places to work and shop and have fun; here are stores and apartment houses "--here were all the things that these people had fought till midnight in zoning hearing after zoning hearing-yet when we went in for our zoning, not one single person in the county opposed it-not one.**
The Pennsylvania Municipal Planning Code, which went into effect January 1, 1969, has cleared the way for the kind of plans and zones needed for the development of new towns by allowing for density variations and by requiring countywicle plans; it even provides for zoning and maintenance of permanent open space. The zoning ordinances of municipalities within the counties automatically take precedence over the county plans, and pro- spective new town developers increasingly will be dealing with the officials of rural or suburban townships, rather than the county planning agencies, as more municipalities adopt zoning
laws .
* Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Urban and
Rural America: Policies for Future Growth (Washington, D.C.:
U. S. Government' Printing Office, 1968), pp. 89-91.
** "The Next America, address to the Grocery Manufacturers of America, Inc., New York, November 15, 1966.
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It was noted that where they have incorporated, new towns often have chosen a manager form of government (the Greenbelts, Park Forest). Levittown, Pennsylvania, however, remains unin- corporated and is administered by four local governments. Hershey also continues under a township governoient. It is expected that Columbia will not incorporate, but will remain under county jurisdiction; the ACIR recommends this course:
Premature incorporation or hasty annexation under existing provisions in many states could result in the virtual abandonment of the overall plan....
Continued development under the county government which originally approved the new community project, however, would provide protection.*
Because of the division of powers among municipalities in Pennsylvania, a county would have little administrative role in any new town. The form of government to be used during and after development remains one of the problems in new community development in the Commonwealth.
Resource direction. — Funds and expertise directed toward new town development would be diverted from the kind of subdivision sprawl which is the almost certain alternative; however, new communities also may be seen as diversions from urban redevelopcent. This issue has been one of the principal areas of contention since the new towns movement began accelerating.
A new town development program, if adopted, should be geared to channel some of the new growth which can be expected to occur, not as a substitute for other elements of an urbanization policy.
Experience development. --New techniques both in planning and construction may be used, and the best talent can be encouraged to develop and improve technology without actually using new communities as "laboratories."
New towns have been models for new ideas, from the first "new homes ' show used to publicize Letchworth soon after its founding. Radburn demonstrated the suitability of the superblock and the separation of auto and pedestrian traffic; the Greenbelt Towns pioneered the to\jnhouse, the poured-slab house without a basement, and all copper plumbing. Walt Disney Productions, Inc., is building the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow near Orlando, Florida, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation's Coral Springs, near Fort Lauderdale, will be an "urban laboratory" to develop and test construction technology. Reston's experience with ultramodern architecture, however, indicates that limits will be found to innovation. Both Columbia and Reston were planned by work teams which included not only planners and architects, but
* ACIR, p. 93.
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also psychiatrists, psychologists, government and recreation specialists, educators, clergymen and others, to apply a systems approach to community ouilding. We have seen that many ideas tested in older new tovms have been generally adopted and we should expect similar results as more are built.
Psychological impact. — This includes a range of more subtle, but far-reaching, effects. An improved environment can have a positive influence on the self-image of the residents, and an atmosphere of newness and receptivity to ideas can encourage innovation and economic investments by private interests. The common goal of creating a model community can improve cooperation, compromise and development of mutually favorable attitudes among all involved, A ne\<i town, or a series of them, would be a point of priae for all Commonwealth citizens, and a few successful experiences could have a chain effect on other new developments.
It should be recognized fro-, the outset that there are no local institutions, norms, aspirations, traditions, or social controls, therefore, a mechanism must be built in from the start to give all resident^ including the youth, a sense of their incorporation into the development of these institutions and ongoing social structure. This mechanism must maximize resident participation and establish flows of communication between groups. It is possible that at first this will have to be done somewhat artificially until the community builds its own institutions and communications systems.
Special provision and awareness must be made of juvenile restlessness. There must also be activities for single adults as well as for families.
Since some people will be moving into this new town from large cities and rural areas, provision must be made to help these people with different adjustment problems.
It is also important to take into consideration the feelings and attitudes of people, business, iastitutions, who currently live nearby so that potential conflict can be minimized.*
Albert Mayer, in a review of the Green be It Towns, said he could find nothing to differentiate them socially; yet, most of the early nev/ towns have been racially integrated quietly, and Columbia, at least, seems to De an ''equal opportunity' town from the beginning. In Park Forest, despite stormy late-night meetings, the residents gave outstanding support to community projects. The psychological aspects of new town development is a complex matter, but the assumption here is that, given the proper use of present knowledge and planning, an improvement in community attitudes should be one result of new town building.
* Maurice D. Kelsey, former director. Bureau of Human Resources, Department of Community Affairs, departmental communication, March 19, 1969.
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Area iapact, --Although a new town may be relatively isolated, its construction can be expected to have a general effect on its economic area, resulting from the inflow of large amounts of money in payrolls and local purchases, housing and other needs of construction employees, and the continuing effect of cross- commuting and of general economic improvement. Side effects may be improved governmental structure, the availability of new educational and cultural resources, new markets for pre-existing f arras and industry, a developing economic, integration and inter- dependency, and the pervasive effects of wider and more inclusive social interaction.
On the other hand, sudden, concentrated development, especially in an otherwise relatively undeveloped economic area, may have a wide range of undesirable results. The developer has little control beyond his site, and without prompt and cooperative action by all levels of existing local government the new to^m may result in the least-wanted kind of land exploitation--boon building and speculation in the surrounding community. This may be coupled with depression of normal, soundly based economic and residential growth in the area; wide fluctuation of land prices; and a general attitude of apprehension which could aggravate the reaction of the indigenous population against the development.
There has been too little experience with new towns outside the sphere of larger metropolitan areas to assess these effects, A preliminary study of Columbia and Reston indicates that new towns are better neighbors for a larger economic area than are the usual subdivision-shopping center spreads.*
Capital demand. --New towns are expensive, and the slow return on investment increases the cost for debt service. This is aggravated by the need for planning, which costs initial time and money. Diversion of development funds into new towns entails less total development for a matter of years, because millions of dollars are tied up in land, planning, and public improvement costs before any return is realized.
After the Columbia and Reston developments, a $50 million initial investment became a rule of thumb in new town planning-- that was the approximate investment in Columbia before the first houses were sold. Because of cost increases since then, estimates of capital need now are approaching $75 million. Debt service may cost $5,000 per day — enough to finance another house every week. It is primarily the huge capital investment required which has limited new town starts, and made the participation of large corporations essential.
* Robert L. Morris, "The Impact of New Towns," Nation's Cities, April, 1969, pp. 8-11.
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This is the problem which new town advocates have taken to the Federal government, and the result is the New Communities Act of 1968, Title IV of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 (S.3497). Under this program, the Federal government may guarantee obligations of private nev; town developers up to $50 million per project under a formula reflecting percentages of land cost (Sec. 405). However, the total program allows total guarantees of only $250 million, enough to fund five projects to the limit; funds may be used to install streets and public utilities, but not for buildings except public buildings. There is no specification of time limits for these obligations, so that unless additional funds are approved this program will be severely limited in the number of projects which will be assisted. Financing is an area in which State government may be able to play an important role.
High per capita cost. --Construction of housing acceptable by current standards, added to the concurrent cost of new utilities, schools, streets, and land purchase, places unsubsidized prices of present new town residential units beyond the means of all except upper and upper-middle class families. This tends to aggravate, rather than alleviate, the problems of economic and social separation and to give the new town an unrepresentative climate.
The New Communities Act requires that provisions be made for low- income housing. The prices on houses in Columbia started at $15,400 and in Reston at about $25,000. In private developments, the prices must reflect the developer's costs and anticipated profit in addition to the cost of the house itself. Government subsidy is the only way to achieve an economic mix in a new community.
Difficultyof land assembly. --A private developer faces an increasingly difficult, costly and time-consuming task in pur- chasing and holding enough land to site a new town.
To build Columbia, the Rouse interests had to purchase 10 per cent of Howard County; it was done Ly the formation of several corporations to mask the assembly process. After the assembly, there remained pockets of development in which 8,000 people live- it was necessary to plan the community around them. Developments in the Western United States have more typically been on ranches and other large tracts already held by the developers, usually for an earlier purpose (this also was the case in Reston) but holdings of this size are rare in the East. As urban development, of one kind or another, continues there will be fewer potential sites and prices will be higher.
It has been pointed out that there is no location in Pennsylvania 20 miles or more from some existing settlement. It is not unusual for a new tov;n to absorb an existing community- from Letchworth to Columbia-or to represent rapid expansion of an existing town.
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A State policy for new towns would provide the advantage of influencing the location of new development, to help protect prime agricultural lands fron urbanization and to help direct the founding and expansion of industry ana conmerce in areas which need and can best accoiamodate then. For the best protection of the rights of the indigenous residents and owners:
The siting of "new towns" and "new town" activities should grow out of the conditions that make it desirable (i.e. profitable) for the owners of the lands concerned to act as desired. The process suggested is, first, limitation on use of land in accordance with the 'use area" classific- ation as these uses are confirmed by or agreed to by local governing bodies and, secona, by taxation assessment of all lands on the basis of their use classifications and, third, by applying a higher rate of taxation to land than to improvements.*
This process will depend heavily on implementation of the Pennsylvania Municipal Planning Code by county and local planning bodies, and the completion of a Statewide comprehensive plan by the State Planning Board. State and local industrial development authorities can assist this process; in fact, every State agency from the Department of Highways to the Department of Public Welfare, can become involved in the process of new town development.
Suggestions for State Action
> The spread of the new towns movement in this decade has been accompanied by pressure for legislative action on the Federal and State levels by a variety of agencies and organizations. An incomplete list includes the U. S. Advisory Commission on Inter- governmental Relations; the American Institute of Planners Task Force on Nev; Communities; the Committee for National Land Develop- ment Policy; and the National Committee on Urban Growth Policy. All offer suggestions for governmental action. Meanwhile, New York State has established an active state development agency and New Jersey, in enacting the Hackensack Meadowlands Reclamation and Development Act of 1968, established state and local develop- ment bodies and gave the state broad powers to supercede local government activity in the long-range development of the marshlands.
Suggestions by the new towns organizations generally embody requests for financial assistance, of the nature of that provided by the New Communities Act of 1968. The programs suggested for state action agree that a state development agency should be formed, with powers to lend or use state funds for new town development, to take land where necessary, to direct local government during development and to buy or sell land as needed. Also generally recommended is the formation of local development agencies by local units of government, v/ith similar powers to
develop a single project.
* William A, Good, Housing Advisor, Department of Community Affairs, intradepartmental communication, april 3, 1969.
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Land assembly and development financing are the uost serious obstacles, and these are the areas in which the State can be most active in encouraging new towns. Because of its Constitutional prohibition against guaranteeing the securities of private developers and the formation of quasi-public corporations* the Commonwealth may be required to be more directly involved than would otherwise be the case; but it apparently has the authority to give the right of eminent domain to a private corporation if the Legislature declares new town development to be a public use.
The task is to provide for State assistance in the development of new towns, without the State's usurpation of what should be essentially a private enterprise function. The State must protect the interests of existing local government, yet provide a serviceable vehicle of administration during the development period and help with the inclusion of facilities which will be needed. It should enter the process with the expectation that over a period of years, a new town will pay for itself and be a continuing asset.
The Commonwealth can help the initation and development of new communities if the needed legislative machinery is established and if the funds are made available in the amounts and in the manner appropriate to this kind of undertaking.
Findings
The new towns principle offers enough promise for a better kind of life for many Pennsylvanians, and a kind of economic and social basis which will endure and increase in value as time passes, that the State should commit a reasonable share of its resources and provide the legislative framework to encourage the development o f new t owns .
Pennsylvania has relatively vast areas of low population density; this factor alone nay control the Commonwealth's destiny. Whether this factor itself is controlled or it, in turn, controls will depend on current and future policies of this State, The concept of nev; tovm development can be an alternate means of improving urban life and channeling economic growth.
The Commonwealth should therefore;
1. Establish a community development corporation which will have the authority to buy and sell land, construct or finance public improvements, approve plans of private developers or local development agencies, and administer funds as needed for new community development.
2. Provide for the establishment of local development agencies which may be delegated the powers of the State corporation for individual projects.
Art. VIII, Sec. 8.
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3. Provide for the establishment of local development districts to perform local government functions and provide local services within the area of development during the period of construction.
4. Permit the construction of public facilities, incluaing highways and access roads, water and sewer facilities, schools, libraries, and others in advance of demonstrated need, with corresponding provision for State assistance as would be permitted if the need were existent, and from those funds normally provided for these purposes.
5. Assist in every way applicable in the securing of grants, loans, and other financial assistance which may be available from the Federal government for community development.
6. Permit statutory tax relief or rebates to private developers whose plans have been approved within the development for the period during which normal taxation would result in undue hardship or constraint.
7. Require that any development assisted must provide a range of housing so that all economic levels may be represented and may share in the public program, and that equal opportunities will be afforded to all persons for employment, housing and the use of public services.
8. Encourage commitments from industrial and commercial companies or corporations to the extent that employment will be available to a range of skills for approximately the number of families to be accommodated by the development.
9. Require that a viable local government for the community be functioning when development is generally completed.
10. Make available, from the general fund or by the issuance of bonds, up to $50 million for each project not Federally financed, with all repayments to go into a sinking fund which will be used for retirement of debt and for funding additional new community projects.
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GENERAL - BOOKS
Advisory Coinmission on Intergovernmental Relations. Urban and rural ^Vmerica: policies for future growth (Wa shington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1968).
Allen, Muriel I. (ed.). Nev/ conmunities : challenge for today (VJashington, D.C.: American Institute of Planners, 1968).
■"^ Bacon, Edmund N. Design of cities (New York: Viking, 1967).
- Canty, Donald (ed.). The nev? city; National Committee on Urban GrovJth Policy (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969).
Edwards, Gordon. Land, people and policy (West Trenton,
New Jersey: Chandler-Davis Publishing Company, 1969); esp. pp. 37-76.
■^ Eldridge, H. Wentworth (ed.). Taming megalopolis (two vols)
(Garden City: Doubleday and Company - Anchor Books, 1967): "The new town concept," pp 813-74.
-u Gans, Herbert J. People and plans; essays on urban problems and solutions (New York: Basic Books, 1968).
Gimlin, Hoyt. New towns (Washington, D.C.: Editorial Research Reports, Vol II, No. 17, 1968).
Gcodman, Paul and Percival Goodman. Communitas: Means of
livelihood and ways of life (New York: Random House, Inc., 1960).
International City Managers' Association, New Towns : a new dimension of urbanism (Chicago: ICMA, 1966).
Mayer, Albert. The urgent future (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967); Chapter 6: "New towns and fresh in-city communities ."
Mumford, Lev/is . The city in history (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1961).
Unwin, Raymond. To^to planning in practice (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1919).
Whyte, William H. The last landscape (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1968).
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GENERAL - PERIODICALS
Apgar, tfahlon (IV). "New business from new towns?" Harvard Business Review, January/February 1971.
Archer, R. W. "From new towns to metrotowns and regional
cities," The /merican Journal of Economics and Sociology, July 1969.
/ Architectural Forum. "New approach to new-town planning," September 1964.
Bulletin. "Nevj to^ims and urban rehabilitation," North Dakota League of Cities, Bismarck, March 1971.
Business Management. "Emerging idea: instant towns," December 1966.
Carbine, Michael E. "New towns and the search for an urban solution," Manpower, July 1969.
Conti, John V. "An architect views a crowded space ship," Wall Street Journal. March 11, 1970.
Downtown Idea Exchange. "New towns downtown," February 1, 1969.
. •'Planning a new downtown," January 15, 1968.
^ Fortune. "What's new about new towns?" February 1966.
Gladstone, Robert. "New town's role in urban growth explored," Journal of Housing. January 1966.
Reman, Harold and Michael L. Joroff. 'Planning health services
for new towns," American Journal of Public Health, April 1967,
Liebernan, Myron, "New cooraunities : business on the urban frontier," Saturday Review. May 15, 1971.
Mayer, Albert. "Urgent need for new towns," National Conference Housing Yearbook. 1967.
Menzies, Ian. "Toward balanced development of new towns and old cities," Urban and Social Change Review. Spring 1971.
Miller, Richard A. "Turning small towns into new ones," Architectural Forum. February 1962,
Molinaro, Leo A. 'Truths and consequences for older cities," Saturday Review. May 15, 1971.
Moore, Daniel W. 'Planning for a new town, ' American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of Urban Planning and Development Division. April 1971.
16. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Otten, Allen L. "The new town idea is vastly overrated," Nations Cities, December 1970.
Progressive Architecture (P/A) , "New towns and major spaces," June 1965.
Riboud, Jacques. "New towns for a new civilization," Town and Country Planning, June 1970.
Spagnola, Patricia. "New towns," Pennsylvania Department Internal Affairs Bulletin, August 1965.
Talbot, Allan. Analysis: new towns are not a new idea, but
they could become part of a new strategy to deal with urban growth," City, May 1968.
Time. "The city: starting from scratch," March 7, 1969.
Turner, Alan. "A case for new towns," AIA Journal, November 1970,
Von Eckhart, Wolf. "A fresh scene in a clean dream," Saturaay Review, May 15, 1971.
confepj:nces, addresses, statements
American Society of Planning Officials (Chicago): Planning 1952. Boston: "New Tovjns"
Chapin, F. Stuart, Jr. "New town planning: criteria,"
pp 81-3. May, Richard, Jr. "Reporter's summary," pp 83-5. Mayer, Albert. "Trends in new town development," pp 64-71. Meltzer, Jack. "Administrative problems of new towns," pp 71-81.
Planning 1954, Philadelphia: "Clinic: New communities - lessons to be learned." Barrett, Nestor. (Reporter's summary), pp 36-41. Orlans, Harold, pp 29-33. Whyte, William H. , Jr. pp 33-36. Walter, Harry W. pp 27-9.
Planning, 1964, Boston: "New towns: prospects and problems" Dinnerstein, Robert A. ''Problems in the development of
Park Forest, Illinois," pp 143-150. Edwards, Gordon. "The proposed federal program," pp 157-
60. Hammer, Phillip. "An antiquarian's view," pp 138-143. Simon, Robert E., Jr. "Planning a new town - Res ton,
Virginia," pp 150-7.
17. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Planning 1965, Toronto: "Policies for new towns"
Hancock, Macklin L. "Policies, problems and prospects
in legislation, design and adciinistration," pp 264-270. Harrison, Peter. "Canberra - case notes on a new town," pp 270-73.
Planning 1967, Houston: "A critical evaluation of new towns legislation" Cartsonis, Emanuel M. "New towns: a challenge to
partnership of private and public enterprise," pp 174-7.
Barr, Joseph W., Jr. "The urban crisis," address at Philadelphia, August 12, 1969.
Committee for a National Land Development Policy. "Land develop- ment group calls for 25 brand new cities to ease urban grov;th problems," news release. May 19, 1966.
Garvey, John, Jr. "America's new towns: frontiers or failures?' address April 29, 1969, Chicago.
Hartzog, Justin R. "Planning of suburban resettlement towns: Greenhills," paper presented to American City Planning Institutem Princeton, New Jersey, December 28, 1937.
Jackson, Samuel C. "New towns," address before National Farm Institute, Des Moines, February 1970.
National Committee on Urban Growth Policy. "Key national leaders recommend large program of new cities for U.S.," news release. May 25, 1969. (This statement, variously rewritten and headlines, was published in most major newspapers on this date.)
., Conference January 24-26, 1969, Key Largo, Florida.
Bain, Henry. "Channeling the inevitable metropolitan growth
into well-planned communities. ' Downs, Anthony. "Creating the institutional framework for
encouraging new cities." Fleming, Harold C. 'Social strategy and urban growth." Lief, Donald. "The European experience: Scandinavia,
The Netherlands, and France." Paul, Peter. "Urbanization in the United States: patterns
and projections." Thomas, Wynaham. "The European experience: Great Britain."
New towns. Proceedings of a symposium held in Newark, Delaware, July 1, 1969, Delaware State Planning Council and State Planning Office.
Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs, Second Annual
Conference. October 8-10, 1969, Camp Hill: Advance and summary reports on panel October 10, "Are new towns really feasible in Pennsylvania?" Advance report published in Fennsylvanian. November 1969 and in IPS Local Government Newsletter "(The University of Connecticut), January 1970.
18. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Polly, Stuart N. "UDC: Feeble infant or menacing giant?" Address to annual conference, Connecticut Renewal Association, Hartford, July 1, 1969.
Prescott, James R. "The planning for experimental city,"
address to Midxjest Economics Association Meetings, Chicago, April 17-19, 1969.
Rouse, James W., addresses:
"Great cities for a great society,'' April 8, 1965, Chicago. "How to build a whole city from scratch," May 17, 1966,
Philadelphia. "New towns from old cities," Nover.iber 3, 1967, Baltimore,
Maryland, statement before the Executive Reorganization
Subcommittee, Senate Committee on Government Operations,
December 7, 1966. "The next America," November 15, 1966, New York.
Symposium on Communities of Tomorrow - National growth and its distribution, Washington, D.C., December 11-12, 1967.
Ylvisaker, Paul N. Hackensack Meadowlands - stagnation or renaissance," October 15, 1968, Cresskill, New Jersey.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Akin, Joy. Feasibility and actuality of modern new towns for the poor in the U. S. . Council of Planning Librarians Exchange Bibliography #167, (Monticello, Illinois, December 1970).
Branch, Melville C. Comprehensive urban planning: a selectea annotated bibliopraphy with related materials (Ca 1 i f orn ia : Sage, 1970)."
C la pp , Jame s . The new town concept: private trends and public
response. Council of Planning Librarians Exchange Bibliography #122, (Monticello, Illinois, April 1970).
Kerr, J. Douglass. New towns: a selected bibliography (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania State Library, 1970).
National Housing Center. Library Bulletin. Regular monthly periodical. (Washington, J.C.)
Public Administration Service Joint Reference Library. Recent publications on governmental problems. Regular bi-monthly publication. (PAS, Chicago).
U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Nev/ communities: a bibliography (Washington, D.C. : U. S. Government Printing Office," 1970).
L
19. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
NEVJ TOVmS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES - BOOKS
Eldridge, H. Wentworth (ed.). Taming megalopolis (See General - Books) Fisher, Jack C. ''Urban planning in the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe," pp 1069-99. Von Moltke, Wilheln, "The visual development of Ciudad Guayana," pp 274-86.
France: Town and country environment planning, (New York: Ambassade de France, 1965).
Howard, Ebenezer. Garden cities of tomorrow (London: Faber and Faber, Ltd. Revised 1940).
International Federation for Housing and Planning, 27th World Congress for Housing and Planning, Jerusalem, 1964: National planning for the redistribution of population and the establishment of new tovms in Israel (Planning Depart- ment, Ministry of the Interior, Israel).
Israel Institute for Planning and Development. Modi 'in - planning of a new town, (Tel Aviv: 123 Hashmonain St., 1970).
Osborne, Frederic J. and Arnold VJliittick. The new to\ros: the answer to megalopolis. (England) (Cambridge: MIT Press, Revised 1969).
Purdom, C. B, The building uf satellite tovms (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd,, 1949).
The Letchworth achievement (London: J. M. Dent &
Sons, Ltd., 1963).
Smith, Karl C, and William A, Scharf. European new towns - a lesson for Pennsylvania (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Department Coionunity Affairs, May 1970).
Thomas, Ray. Aycliffe to Cumbernauld: a study of seven new towns in their regions. (London: PEP, 1969).
NEW TOl'JNS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES - PERIODICALS
Architectural Forum. "LaLuz: smallest new town to date," July/August 1969.
Architectural Record, "Two new French towns - a ski resort called Flaine and a housing development in Bayonne," August 1969.
Bolwell, L., et al. "Social class in a new town: a comment," Urban Studies (Britain), February 1969.
Business Week. "A nevj type of 'new town' breaks ground for planners," July 19, 1969.
20. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Champion, Anthony. "Recent trends in new tov;n densities," Town and Country Planning. May 1970.
Corrigan, Anne VJoodward. -'England's new towns," Manpower, February 1970.
Engineering Mews-Record. "Doned city expecteJ in 12 years," July 29, 19717"
. "England's Thamesmead,' and "Holland's Bijlmereer,"
October 30, 1969. . "New tovm near a city nay start a trend,"
August 21, 1969.
"Planned anenity offsets Churchill Falls bleakness,"
January 15, 1970.
Garvey, John, Jr. "I'Jhat Europe can teach us about urban growth," Nations Cities. April 1969.
Heinzerling, Lynn (Associated Press). "Garden cities growing like weeds," Sunday Patriot -News . Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, August 3, 1969.
House and Home. "Nun's Island: a new standard for high-density communities," (Canada), December 1969.
HUD Challenge. "Vaudreuil: a new French experimental city," May 1971.
HUD International. "West Germany - Perlach, a new suburb of Munich," September 15, 1970.
Hughes, Derek W. "Pontoise - a new town for Paris," Town and Country Planning. May 1969.
Kellaway, A. J. "Migration to eight new towns in 1966,' Journal of the Town Planning Institute (Britain), May 1969.
Kubitschek, Juscelino. "Brasilia: nev7 town with bravura," AIA Journal. August 1969.
Lee, John M. "Stockholm has a new planned suburb and critics call it a barren hodgepodge," The New York Times . November 4, 1969.
LeRoyer, Ann M. New towns movement in Great Britain and the
United States," Urban and Social Change Review. Spring 1971.
Municipal Journal. (Britain). "Civic Centre caps new town success story," (East Kilbride), August 23, 1968.
Newsweek. "The new-city blues," July 14, 1969.
Philadelphia Bulletin. "Modern Beersheba in Israel wins top architectural award," March 8, 1970.
21. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Ponce de Leon, Jaine. "Guatavita: new town with potentials," AIA Journal. August 1969.
Rodwin, Lloyd. "Ciudad Guayana: a new city," Scientific American, September 1965.
Turner, Alan and Jonathan Sinulian. "Nev/ cities in Venezuela," Town Planning Review, January 1971.
Underbill, Jack A. "European new towns: one answer to urban problems?" HUD Challenge. March/April 1970.
Unger, Liselotti and 0, M. Ungers. "Nord-West Zintrum" (Germany) Architectural Forum. October 1970.
Von Eckhart, Wolf. "New town is a mecca for city planners,"
(Cumbernauld), Sunday Patriot News . Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, March 2, 1969.
Wheeler, John T. (Associated Press). "New cities are old hat
for Russia," Sunday Patriot News, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, May 18, 1969.
Whittick, Arnold, "Cumbernauld - outstanding success or failure?" Town and Country Planning, May 1970.
Wylie, William H, "Factories 'solving' Russia's shortage of housing," Pittsburgh Press. November 23, 1969.
NEW TOVJNS IN THE UNITED STATES - BOOKS
American City Corporation City Building. Experimental trends and new dimensions. (Columbia: 1971).
^ Bain, Henry. The Reston express bus: a case history of citizen action to improve urban transportation (Washington, D.C.: Washington Center for Metropolitan Studies, 1969).
Coolidge, John. Mill and mansion: a study of architecture and society in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1820-1865 (New York: Columbia University Press, Rev. 1967).
Cornell University, College of Architecture, Art and Planning. Lysander new city (Ithaca: Center for Urban Research and Development. 1970).
Gaithersburg Planning Department. Gaithersburg Corridor City; a new tovm in the heart of Montgomery County, Maryland (Gaithersburg: 1970).
22. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Gans, Herbert J. The Levittowners: ways of life and politics in a new suburban coLiraunity (New York: Random House - Vintage, 1969).
Haminerschlag, Dieter. A new town for Rhode Island (Kingston: University of Rhode Island, Bureau of Government Research, 1970).
Lansing, John B. Planned residential environments (Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, 1970).
flayer, Albert. Greenbelt towns revisited (Washington, D.C,:
National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials, 1968).
Metropolitan Fund, Inc. Regional new tovm design; a paired community for Southeast Michigan (Detroit: 1971).
. Regional new towns; alternatives in growth for
Southeast Michigan (Detroit: 1S70).
New Jersey. Hackensack Meadowland Reclamation and Development Act of 1968.
• Municipal Planned Unit Development Act of 1967 ; also
Senate Bill 303 of 1969, proposed Land Use Planning and Development Law.
New Jersey Department of Community Affairs, Division of State and Regional Planning. The Hackensack Meadowlands 1968 (Trenton: 1968).
Newport News, Virginia, Department of City Planning. Hilton Village after fifty years (1968) .
New York State. Urban Development Acts of 1968 (New York: New York State Urban Development Corporation, 1968) .
New York State Urban Development Corporation. The island nobody knows (VJelfare Island) (New York: 1969).
. Lysander new community Planning summary.
(New York: 1971).
. New communities for New York (New York: 1970).
. A new community in Amherst. Interim report summary,
(New York: 1970). , Staff progress report; proposed new community in the
town of Lysander, New York (New York: 1969).
Parker, Margaret Terrell. Lowell: a study of industrial
development (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1960).
23. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Scott, I'lel. American city planning since 1890 (Berkeley. University of California Press, 1969).
Soleri, Paolo. Arcology: the city in the iraage of man (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970).
Stauber, Richard L. New cities in America: a census of municipal incorporation in. the United States. 1950-1S60 (Lawrence : The University of Kansas, 1965).
Stein, Clarence S. Toward new towns for^Ainerica (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1967).
U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Developing new communities; application of technical innovations (Washington, D.C. : 1968).
U. S. Resettlement Administration. Greenbelt towns: a
demonstration in suburban planning (Washington, D.C: 1936).
Von Eckhart, Wolf. A place to live: the crisis of the cities (New York: Delacorte Press, 1967); Chapter IV, "The new community."
Weimer, David R. , (ed.). City and county in America (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962); selections.
Whyte, Williaui H. , Jr. The organization man (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1957); Part Seven, "The new suburbia: organization man at home' (Park Forest).
NEW TOWNS IN THE UNITED STATES - PERIODICALS
Anierican City. "A space-age transit system for a 'new town' (Columbia), March 1969.
Appalachia. 'New towns in Appalachia," October 1967.
Architectural Forum. "New town, new twist," (Soul City), March 1969.
. "Pullouts: new town, old story," (General Electric),
April 1969.
Ashley, Thomas L. '"A new urban growth strategy for the United States," Urban and Social Change Review. Spring, 1971.
Auerbach, Stuart. "Reston branded 'Golden Ghetto' " Washington Post. Noveraber 11, 1969.
Bach, Ira J. "A program for new towns," American Society of
Civil Engineers, Journal of the Urban Planning and Develop- ment Division, April 1971.
24. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Better Homes and Gardens. "The new tovm: a proving ground for bold new ideas, ' September 1969,
Bulletin. "New towns and urban rehabilitation," North Dakota League of Cities, Bisraarck, March 1971.
Business Week. "Brave new towns that aged awkwardly," January 9, 1971.
. "Maryland's 'new town' nay make it big," March 9, 1968.
. "'Master builder with a new concept," (James Rouse),
August 20, 1966.
. "The race is on for new towns," March 13, 1971.
Cassels, Louis, (United Press International), "A unique combined church sets the future's pace," (Columbia), Sunday Patriot-News. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, July 13, 1969.
. " 'New Towns' help to dim cities' crisis," Patriot,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, October 20, 1968. Changing Tines. "Can new cities remake America?" May 1970.
. "Tomorrow's cities; go up, spread out or start over?"
April 1970.
Chevalier, Lois R. 'New cities - built with you in mind," Family Circle, August 1968.
Columbia Today. I-Iagazine issued bimonthly by The Rouse Company, Baltimore, beginning July/August 1968 and completed March 1971.
Daily Bond Buyer. "Construction of towns in Michigan, California, set by Ford, Chrysler," January 6, 1970.
Davis, Douglas. "The arcologist," Newsweek, March 2, 1970.
Davis, Jeanne M. "Small City, U. S. A.: decline or growth'" July 1969.
Dixon, John Morris. ''Progress in planning: a new town brings urban living patterns to the countryside," (Reston), July/August 1965, Architectural Forum.
Dorr, Maude. "Lake Anne Village Center: a planned community nucleus," Progressive Architecture, May 1966.
Engineering News -Record, "Domed new city planned for Minnesota," December 7, 1967.
. "New city planned for Jersey marshes," (Hackensack) ,
December 5, 1968.
25. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Engineering News -Record. "New York combats urban crisis," (Welfare Island), Novenber 6, 1989.
. "Southern Black town planned," (Soul City),
January 23, 1969.
"Two automakers plan construction of new towns,"
January 1, 1970.
Fischer, John. "Notes from the underground," Harpers . February 1970, (New York State Urban Development Corporation).
Florida County Government and Port Authority Magazine. "Planning: Charlotte County's city in the round," (Rotunda West), January/ February 1970.
Flynn, Anne. "New city for the seventies built around parks," American City, October 1970.
Gottschalk, Shimon. "Citizen participation in the development
of new towns: A cross-national view," Social Service Review, June 1971.
Hancock, Macklin L. "New towns: are they the cnswer to current urban sprawl?' Journal of Housing, October 1965.
Heller, Barbara S. 'Pullman's Diodel town: skillful planning, six percent for amenities," City, July/August 1968.
Herrera, Philip. "The instant city," (Clear Lake City, Westlake Village), Fortune, June 1, 1967.
Hoffman, Ellen. 'New towners: the voiceless Mary landers, " (Columbia), Washington Post, December 26, 1969.
House and Home. "El Dorada Hills: new model for tomorrow's satellite cities,'' March 1963.
^ . "Look what happens when a top-talent team goes to
work in an all-new community," April 1962.
. "Old players - and new - pour millions into the new
town game," February 1969. . "Virginia says no to a 'perfect' new town. It would
mean too many kids," April 1971.
HUD Challenge. "New America," November/December 1970.
Jacoby, Susan. "Columbia, Reston or 'Soul City'?" Washington Post, February 14, 1969.
26. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Kimbrough, John T. "New towns and regional development: Project Scioto," Appalachia . November/Decenber 1970.
Krooth, David L. "Prograra for new tov;ns in Anerica," National Housing Confeifence Yearbook , 1966.
^ Langewiesche, Wolfgang, "A look at America's new towns,'' Readers Digest. March 1967.
Lawson, Simpson. ''New towns in old cities," City. May /June 1971.
Library Journal. "New concepts of library service proposed for unborn Maryland city," February 1, 1966.
L' Life . "A city made to human measure,'' (Columbia), January 8, 1971.
McGarrity, Arler.e. "Arcology - the revolutionary city," Class Student Guide, Fall, 1970.
^ Mayer, Albert. "A technique for planning complete communities,' Architectural Forum, January 1937.
Metropolitan. ''Reston express bus," January/February 1971.
Miller, Dean C. (United Press International). "Cities facing big trouble," (Columbia), Sunday Patriot-News, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, June 22, 1969.
Miller, Gail. "Floyd McKissick is planning a new city with soul," (Soul City, North Carolina), City. October 1969.
Montgomery, Roger. '"Synanon City, ' (California), Architectural Forum. November 1970,
Morris, M. D. "New towns in the desert,' American City. November 1970.
Morris, Robert L. "New towns and old cities," (3 parts). Nations Cities. April, May, June 1969.
Murray, Robert W., Jr. "New toims for America," House and Home. February 1964.
Nations Cities. ''New towns in town," July 1969.
. "Satellite city: Raleigh experiments with new
technique to channel orderly urban growth," June 1969. . "Southern new towns," June 1969.
National Real Estate Investor. "Plans $200-million community," (South Bay Terraces, California), July 1969.
Newsletter. "Pattonsburg: new town for Missouri," Missouri Department of Community Affairs, December 1970.
27. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Newsweek. 'Grov/ing pains of a new tovm," (Colunbia), July 14, 1959.
. ''New town in town," July 19, 1971.
Paul, Peter. "Fort Lincoln's house of cards," City. February 1969.
Phillips, Robert. "Reston: the search for village living in the city of tomorrow," American Hoae. March 1965.
^ Pointner, Norbert J., II. "Pullnan: a new town takes shape on
the Illinois prairie," Historic Preservation. April/ June 1970.
Progressive Architecture (P/A) . "Corporations as new master builders of cities," May 1969.
Region. "Ground broken for Northfield, new connunity in Troy
(Michigan),'' Metropolitan Fund, Inc., Detroit, April 1971.
Ridgeway, James. "New cities are big business," New Republic. October 1, 1966.
Roger, Richard. New town on a New York island" (Welfare), City. May/ June 1971.
Ruvinsky, Aaron. "D, C. man to build town in Carolina,"
(Greenevers), The Evening Star. Washington, D.C, October 31, 1969.
Sanders, Jacquelin. "'New town' push readied by U. S. despite problems," Pittsburgh Press. November 16, 1969.
Scarupa, Harriet. "The Columbia pioneers," Columbia Today. November 1970.
Spilhaus, Athelstan. ''Are new cities the answer?" Appalachia, April 1963.
. "The experimental city,'' Science. February 16, 1968.
. "The experimental city," (different text), Daedalus.
Fall, 1967.
Thornhill, Ed and Fred DeArraond. "Another social experiment goes sour," (Greenbelt), Nations Business. October 1940.
Time. "New towns: 18 miles from the capital," (Reston), May 21, 1955.
United Press International. "Alaskans to build an enclosed city,"
Sunday Patriot -News , Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, November 23, 1969.
U. S. News and World Report. "A new 'New York' for Jersey swamp," (Hackensack) , l^Iarch 24, 1969.
28. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Urban Life in New and Renewing Coraaunities , issued bimonthly froa
January 1971, cy Auerican City Corporation, Columbia, Maryland.
Von Eckhart, Wolf. "A city set on an island," (Welfare Island), Sunday Patriot-News. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, December 10, 1969. (also The Washington Post) .
"Readynade suburbs with the cellophane off,"
(Columbia, Reston), Washington Post. July 25, 1968.
Willmann, John B. ''Columbia 'walking' for first birthday," Washington Post. June 22, 1968.
Zimmerman, Joseph F. ''Metropolitan Fund urges new towns," National Civic Review. May 1971.
NEW TOW'IS IN PENNSYLVANL\ - BOOKS
Arcon, Inc. A new community for Westmoreland County? Phase 1 of a study prepared for the Pennsylvania State Planning Board (Washington, D.C.: 1969) (New Stanton).
Bellante, Clauss, Miller and Nolan, Architects. Preapplication proposal - new community - Waverly, Abington Township , Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, (Philadelphia: March 1971).
Bucks County Planning Commission. Local Government; Lower Bucks County (Doylestown: 1954).
Conn, Frances G., and Shirley Sirota Rosenberg. The first oil rush. (Pithole City), (New York: Meredith Press, 1971).
Prey, J, C. et al. Planned versus unregulated development in a
suburban comaunity: a case study (University Park: Depart- ment of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, 1960) (Monroeville) .
General Assembly of Pennsylvania. Senate Bill #939, Session of 1971. "Pennsylvania Land Development Agency Act."
McLain, John D. A progress report of Pennsylvania's new
metropolis (Clarion, Pennsylvania: 1968) (Falls Creek).
Monroe Valley, descriptive pamphlets (Jonestown, Pennsylvania).
Monroeville, Borough of. Annual Report. (1963).
New York Office of Planning Coordination. The Tocks Island Project (Albany: 1968).
Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of. Pennsylvania's urban program: an interim summary (Harrisburg: 1969); Section VI "New towns and urbanization policy."
29. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Pennsylvania Governor's Science Advisory Connittee Panel on Nev7 Towns and Cities. New toxms and cities for Pennsylvania: A policy statement proposed to Governor Raymond P. Shafer. (Harrisburg: 1969).
Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code, Act 247 of 1968.
Powell, David R. New towns for Pennsylvania? (Harrisburg: Department of Community /f fairs, Bureau of Research Bulletin #3, September 1970).
Raymond and May Associates and the New Jersey Division of State and Regional Planning. Highlights of preface to planning: a sketch plan for the locks Island Region (Trenton: 1966).
Report of the Ad Hoc Pennsylvania Bicentennial Committee (Harrisburg: 1968).
Senate Bill 127, Session of 1969, The General Assembly of Pennsylvania (new towns).
Stevens, Sylvester K. Pennsylvania: Birthplace of a nation (New York: Random House, 1964).
Tocks Island Regional Advisory Council. Second annual report (Stroudsburg: 1967).
U. S. Government Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Tocks Island National Recreation Area: a proposal (Washington, D.C.: 1968).
. Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
(Washington, D.C.: 1968).
NEW TOI#TS IB PENNSYLVANIA - PERIODICALS
American City. "Levittown, Pennsylvania, builds for 70,000 population," September 1953.
Associated Press. '"New town' bill proposed; beats study panel to punch," The Evening News, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, February 4, 1969.
. "State v/ants U. S. aid to study 'new town',"
Sunday Patriot-News, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, February 16, 1969 (New Stanton).
'Shafer plans 'new town' parley role," The Patriot.
Harrisburg, March 26, 1969.
Bernstein, Peter. ''Tocks Island Plan spared funds cut," The Evening News , Harrisburg, April 20, 1969.
Counsel, Gordon 'Mike'. "Brier Hill: Pennsylvania's first new town," Pennsylvanian, November 1970.
30. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Evening News (Harrisburg) . "Harapden OKs 'Colonial' Village,'' April 8, 1970. (Westover)
Markov7itz, Jack. ''Chrysler orders 2-year delay at New Stanton," Pittsburgh Post Gazette.
May, Tony. "State weighs 'New Town' concept," Sunday Patriot-News , Harrisburg, January 26, 1969.
McKenna, Kenneth, 'Echoes of the impossible dream," (Hershey) , Sunday Patriot-News, Harrisburg, July 20, 1969.
Miller, E. Lynn and James R. DeTuerk. "High-density fairways for 1975." Landscape Architecture. July 1967. (Toftrees).
Neilan, Edv7ard. "New towns: appealing dream or overrated mirage?" Philadelphia Sunday Bulletin, January 17, 1971.
Newsweek. "The new look of Mr. Levitt's towns," September 13, 1965.
Pennsylvania Business. "Chrysler assembles at New Stanton," January/February 1969.
Pennsylvania Township News. "New North Strabane community," September 1969.
Philadelphia Inquirer. "Model city proposed by Bicentennial Unit," August 21, 1968.
Reports. '"Land development' - changing role of the state,"
Pennsylvania Department of Community Affairs, Harrisburg, August 1971.
Stout, Jared. "Reston visit impresses Pennsylvania Governor,'' Washington Post. January 25, 1969.
Sunday Patriot-News. Harrisburg. "Shafer to attend conference in England, study new towns," March 2, 1969.
United Press International. '"New To\m' idea praised at parley," Sunday Patriot-News, Harrisburg, June 22, 1969.
. "Urban affairs tasks outlined," The Evening News ,
Harrisburg, August 27, 1969.
THE CHALLENGE TO GOVERNMENT - BOOKS
Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. 1968 State Legislative Program (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Office, 1967).
31. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Crane, David A., et al. Fort Lincoln new tovm technologies study; the application of technological innovation in the development of a new connunity, (Washington, D.C.: National Capital Planning Conmission and District of Columbia Governnient, 1968).
G liege, John G. New towns; policy problems in regulating develop- ment. (Tempe, Arizona; Arizona State University, Institute of Public Administration, 1970).
Keegan, John E., and William Rutzick. Private developers and the New Conmiunities Act of 1968, (Georgetown: 1969). Reprint from the Georgetown Law Journal, June 1969.
Morgan, Eloise Logsdon. Certain legal problems suggested by the creation of new tovms in Massachusetts (Boston: Massachusetts Department of Community Affairs, 1969).
Rowland, Norman. Reston low income housing demonstration program (Reston; Foundation for Community Programs, Inc., 1969).
Triton Foundation, Inc. A_ stud^ of a prototype floating conmunitjy, prepared for U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (Springfield, Virginia: Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information: November 1968.
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Cognunities of tomorrow; Agriculture 2000 (Washington, O.C: 1967).
U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Initial policies & procedures. New Communities Act of 1968, Circular 6270.1 (VJas'hington, D.C.: November 19, 1968).
, New communities (pamphlet) (Washington, D.C.: 1969).
U. S. Government Public Law 90-448, Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, Title IV. "Guarantees for financing new community land development," (New Communities Act of 1968).
U. S. Government, Public Law 91-609, Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970, Title VII, "Urban growth and New Community Development Act of 1970."
THE CH/.LLENGE TO GOVERNMENT - PERIODICALS
Alonso, William. 'The mirage of new towns," The Public Interest. Spring, 1970.
Business Week. "Firmer foundations for new towns," January 9, 1970.
Canty, Donald. "Urbanization: a proposal for new cities - and for a new approach to land development," City. June 1969.
32. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Chris tensen, Boake. "Land use control for the new conuaunity,'' Harvard Journal on Legislation. Vol. 6, 1969; also, 'Appendix: proposed ordinance for land use during new town development."
Colunbia Today. "Nebulous art of new conaunity nanagement," March 1971.
Danes, Thomas A., and William L. Grecco. "A survey of new town planning considerations," Traffic Quarterly, October 1968. (includes 50-itea bibliography).
Dickey, John W. , and Alan W. Steiss. "Model for optimizing the use of housing in new towns," Ekistics , July 1969.
Downs, Anthony. "Alternative forms of future urban growth in the United States," AIP Journal, January 1970.
. "Private investment and the public weal," Saturday
Review, Itoy 15, 1971.
Engineering News-Record. "Congress realizes nev7 towns need help," August 1, 1968.
. "First new-town loan guarantee issued by HUD,''
February 19, 1970.
"New law will give new towns a big new lift,"
January 14, 1971.
"New tovm builders ask for federal financial aid,"
May 6, 1969. . "HUD issues new towns rules," January 16, 1969.
Farrell, Peter. "What you should know about building in new tovms," American Builder, April 1968.
Ferns trom, John R. "New towns: an iinerican decision," Industrial Deve lopcent , September/October 1969.
•—Cans, Herbert J. "The myths of the nev; tovra," Equalop. Planners for Equal Opportunity, Winter, 1969.
Haas, VJilliam. "Changing cities and the future for investment properties," Journal of Property Management, November/ December 1968.
Harris, Brit ton. "New communities and the ghetto," Equalop, Planners for Equal Opportunity, Winter, 1969.
Heidman, M. Lawrence, Jr. "Pi.'blic implementation and incentive devices for innovation and experiment in planned urban development," Land Economics, May 1969.
33. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Herbers, John. "Federal plans to spur building of new cities are bogged down," New York Times . December 21, 1969.
HUD Newsletter. ''First new comnunity connitment, " March 1, 1970.
Industrial Developner.t. "New towns: a vital component of a strategy for more balanced growth in urban and rural America," May/June 1969. Office of the U. S. Vice President.
. 'The case for the airport new town," July/August 1969.
Klaber, Eugene Henry. "Who needs new cities?" Architectural Forum. April 1966.
Kraemer, Kenneth L. "Developing governroental institutions in new communities," The Urban Lawyer, Fall, 1969.
Lalli, Frank. "New towns: are they just oversized subdivisions - with oversized problems?" House and Home, June 1966.
LeMenager, Charles R. "New town hearings," Housing and CommunitY Development Nev;s (California), November/December 1969.
Lessing, Lavjrence. "Systems engineering invades the city," Fortune . January 1968.
Liston, Linda. "Need for new towns spurs state legislative
action,'' Industrial Development, November/December 1969.
Logue, Edward J. ''New towns - the optimist," Equalop, Planners for Equal Opportunity, Winter, 1969.
. "Piecing the political pie," Saturday Review,
Itoy 15, 1971.
McLean, Edward L. "New communities and population redistribution as policy issues," Urban and Social Change Review, Spring, 1971.
Monthly Business Letter. "The prospect for new towns," Western Pennsylvania National Bank, Septenber/October 1968.
Morris, Robert L. "The impact of new towns," Nations Cities. April 1969.
. "Transportation planning for new towns," Highway
Research Recorj. No. 293.
"VJhat can cities learn from new town experience?"
NcTtions Cities, May 1969.
Reilly, William K., and S. J. Schulman. "The State Urban
Development Corporation: New York's innovation," The Urban Lawyer. Sumner, 1969.
Schaller, Lyle E. "Nev; towns: a third alternative?" Mayor & Manager. December 1967.
34. CPL Exchange Bibliography #249
Schnickel, Richard. "New York's Mr. Urban Renewal," (Edward J. Logue), Itorch 1, 1970.
Shipler, David K. '"New Towns' plan faces tax hurdle," Nev7 York Tinges. February 8, 1970.
U. S. Department of Housing & Urban Developnent. "Guarantee of private obligations for financing new comnunity land developnent, ' Federal Register. Vol. 34, No. 242, December 18, 1969, pp. 19814-20.
COUNCIL OF PLANNING LIBRARIANS Exchange Bibliography #249
NEW TOWNS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Additional copies available from:
Council of Planning Librarians Post Office Box 229 Monticeilo, Illinois, 61856
for $3.50.
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