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ANEW,

VOYAGE

T O

CAROLINA!

Containing the

ExaEl Defcription and Natural Hifiary

OF THAT

COUN

- Together with the Prefent State thereof.

AND

A JOUR N A L

Of a Thoufand Miles, TraveFd thro' feveral
Nations <£ INDIANS*

Giving a particular Account of their Cuftoms,
- - Manners, &c.

By John Law son, Gent. Surveyor-
Ceneral of North-Carolina.

LO N D ON.-
Printed in the Year 1709.

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T ""H O

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To His Excellency
William Lord Graven, Palatine ;
The moil Noble, Henry Duke of Beaufort ;
The Right Honble John Lord Carteret ;
The HonbIe Maurice Ashley, Efq;
Sir John Colleton, Baronet,
John Dans on, Efq;

And the reft of the True and Abfolute

LORDS- PROPRIETORS

OF THE

Province of Carolina in America,

My Lords,

S Debts of Gratitude ought molt pun-
dually to be paid, fo, where the Deb-
tor is uncapable of Payment, Acknow-
ledgments ought, atleaft, to be made. I can-
not, in the leaft, pretend to retaliate four Lord*
/hips Favours to me, but muft farther intrude
on that Goodnefs of which 1 have already had
fo good Experience, by laying thefe Sheets at
Your Lord/hips Feet, where they beg Proteai-
on, as having nothing to recommend them, but
Truth ; a Gift which every Author may t>e
Matter of, if he will. "

Aa I

- ' /

E D I CAT I 0

I here prefent Tour Lordjhips with a De-
fer! ption of your own Country, for the molt
part, in her Natural Drefs,and therefore lefs vi-
tiated with Fraud and Luxury. A Country,
whofe Inhabitants may enjoy a Life of the
greatelt Eafe and Satisfaction, and -pafs away
their Hours in folid Contentment.

Thole Charms of Liberty and Right, the
Darlings of an Englijh Nature, which Tour
Lordjhips grant and maintain, make you
appear Noble Patrons in the Eyes of all Men,
and we a happy People in a Foreign Country •
which nothing lefs than Ingratitude and Bale-
nefs can make us difown.

As Heaven has been liberal in its Gifts, fo
are Tour Lordjhips favourable Promoters of
whatever may make us an eafy People ; which,
I hope, Tour Lordjhips will continue to us and
our Pofterity ; and that we and they may al-
ways acknowledge fuch Favours, by banifhing
from among us every Principle which ren-
ders Men factious and lartjnft, which is the
hearty Prayer of.

My Lords,

"T<mr Lordfoips moft obliged,

moft humble,

and moft devoted Servant,

J o hn La w s o ft.

SPJ IS a great Misfortune, thai mofi of our Tra-
vellers, whs goto this vaft Continent in Ame-
rica, are Perfons of the meaner Sort, and ge-
nerally of a very flender Education ^ who be-
ing hir'd by the Merchants, to trade amongjl the Indians,
in which Voyages they often fpend fever al Tears, are yet f
at their Return, nncapalole of giving any reafonable Ac-
count of what they met withal in th of e remote Parts;
tho> the Country abounds with Ciiriofties worthy a nice
Obfervation. In this Point, I think, the Frerich out-
Jirip us.

Firft, By their Numerous Clergy, their Mijjionaries.
being obedient to their Superiors in the highefl pegfee,
and that Obedience being one great Article of their Vow\
and firi&ly ebfervd amongjl all their Orders.
- Secondly-, They always fend abroad fome of their
Gentlemen in Company of' the Mijfionaries, who, upon
their Arrival, are order 'd out into the Wildemefs, to
make Difcoveries, and to acquaint themf elves -with the
Savages of America \ and are oblig'd to keep a firi&
Journal of all the Pajfages they -meet withal jn order to pre-
fent the fame not only to their Governors and Fathers, but
likewife to their Friends and Relations in France ;
which is induflrioufly Jpread about that Kingdom, to
their Advantage. For their Monarch being a very good
Judge of Mens Deferts, doe,s not often let Money or Inte-
refi make Men of Parts give Place to others of lefs
Worth. This breeds an Honourable Emulation amongft

them*,

E R E F A C E.

them, to outdo one mother, even ivSatigws, and Dm*
gerp whereby they gain a good Correspondence with the
Indians, and acquaint themfehes with their Speech and
Ufjloms hondfo make considerable Difcoveries in a ibort
*fifiL ?■""$> m/\ Journals from Canada, to the
Mliiidpi, and Us Jeveral Branches, where they have effe-
cted great Matters, in a few Tears. J

Having fpent mofl of my Time, during my eight Tears
Abode.m Czrohm in traveling b I not only furvey d the
Lrfif thf ?«*ts which are already inhabited by
the Lhrijhans , but lihewife view d a fpatious TraB of
Land, lying betwixt the Inhabitants and the Ledaes of
Mountains, from whence our nobleft Rivers have their
Ktje running towards the Ocean, where they water as
pleafant a Country as any in Europe; the Difcovery of
which being never yet made publick, I have, in the fol-
lowing Sheets, given you a faithful Account thereof
woerein I have laid down every thing with Impartiality
wd Irutto, which is indeed, the Duty of every 4uthor
and preferable to a fmooth Stile, accompany d with Fal-
fities and Hyperboles.

Great V art of this pleafant and healthful Country is
inhabited by none but Savages, who a>vet a Chri/iian-
Neighbourhood, for the Advantage of Trade, and enjoy
4iU the Comforts of Life, free from Care and Want.

But not to amufe my Readers any longer with the En-
comium of Carolina,, / refer "em to my Journal , and o-
thcr more particular Defer iption of that Country and jts
inhabitants, which they will find after the Natural Hifto-
ry thereof in which I have been very exaff, and for Me-
thod's fake, rangd each Species under its diftindt and
proper Head, ~.

INTRO-

( I )

:

INTRODUCTION.

N the Y'ear 1.700, when People flock'd from
all Parts. of the Chriftian World, to fee the
Solemnity of the Grand Jubilee at Rome, my
Intention, at that Time,. being to travel,! ac-
cidentally met with a Gentleman,whohad been
Abroad, and was very well acquainted with the
Ways of Living in both Indies ; of whom,having made Enqui-
ry concerning them, he aflur'd me, that Carolina was the bell
Country I could go to 1 and,that there then lay a Ship in the
Thames, in which I might have my PafTage. I laid hold on this
Opportunity, and was not long on Board, before we fell down
the River, and fail'd to Corns \ where, having taken in fome
Paffengers, we proceeded on our Voyage, 'till we fprung
a-leak, and 'were forc'd into the Iflands of Sdlly. Here we
fpent about 10. Days in refitting ; in which Time we had a
great ■ dial " of Diverfion in Fifliing and Shooting on thofe
rocky Iflands. The Inhabitants were very courteous and
civil, efpecially the Governor, to whofegood Company and
Favour we were very much oblig'd.- There is a Town on
one of 'thefe Iflands, where is good Entertainment for thofe
that happen to come in, though the Land is but mean, and
Fleilv-meat not Plenty. They have good Store of Rabbits,
Quails, and Fim V and you fee at the poor Peoples Doors
great Heaps of Perriwinkle-fhelis, thofe Fifh being a great
Part of their Food. On ^the ift Day of May, having a fair
Wind at Baft, we put to Sea, and were on the Ocean (with-
out fpeaking to any VefTel, except a Ketch bound itomNew
England to tarbaloes, laden with Horfes, Fifh, and Provifions)
"till the latter End of July, when the Winds hung fo much
Southerly, that we could not get to our Port, but put into
Sandyhool-bay, and went up to NewTork, -after a pinching
Voyage, caus'd by our long Paffage. We found at the Wa-

B tering-

CO

tering-Place, a French Man of War, who had on Board Men
and NecefTaries to make a Colony, and was intended for
the Mejiajippi River, thereto fettle. -The Country of iW-
lork is very pleafant in Summer, but in the Winter very
cold, as all the Northern Plantations are. Their chief Com-
modities are Provisions, Bread, Beer, Lumber, and Fiih in
abundance ■; all which are very good, and fome Skins and
Furrs are hence exported. The City is -govern'd by a May-'
or, (as in England) is feated on an Ifland, and lies very con-
venient for Trade and Defence, having a regular Fort, and
well mounted with Guns. The Buildings are generally of a
fmaller Sort of Flenjip Brick, and of the Dutch Fafhion," (ex-
cepting fome few Houfes : ) They are all very firm and good
Work, and conveniently plac'd, as is likewife the Town,
which gives a very pleafant Prdfpedf of the neighbouring'
Iflands and Rivers. A good Part of the Inhabitants are
Dutch, in whofe Hands this Colony once was. After a Fort-
night's Stay here, we put out from Sandyhook, and in 14 Days
after, arriv'd at Charles -Town, the Metropolis of South Caro-
lina, which is fcituate in 32, 45 North Latitude, and admits
of large Ships to come over their Bar up to the Town, where
is a" very commodious Harbour, about 5 Miles diftant from
the Inlet, and ftands on a Point very convenient for Tra,de,
being feated between two pleafant and navigable 1. Rivers,
The Town has very regular and fair Streets, in which are
good Buildings of Brick and Wood, and fince my coining
thence, has had great Additions of beautiful, large Brick-
buildings, befides-'a ftrong Fort, and regular Fortifications
made to defend the Town. The Inhabitants, by their wife
Management and Induftry, have much improv'd the Country,
which is in as thriving Circumftances at this Time, as any
Colony on the Continent of Englifl) J:merzca^ndis of more Ad-
vantage to the Crown of Great Britain, than any of the other
more Northerly Plantations, (Virginia and Maryland excepted.)
This Colony was at firft planted by a genteefSort of People
that were well acquainted with Trade, and. had either Mo-
ney or Parts, to make good Ufe of the Advantages that cf-
fer'd, as moft of them have done, by raifing themfelves to
,greaf Fitates, and confiderable Places of Truft, and Polls of
' - < Honour,

(3 )

Honour, in this thriving Settlement. Since the firft Plan-
ters, abundance of French and others have gone over,: and
rais'd themfelves to considerable Fortunes. They are veij
neat and exaci in Packing and Shipping, of their Commodi-
ties •, which Method has got them fo great a Chara&er A-
broad, that they generally come to a good Market with
their Commodities ; when oftentimes the Product of other
Plantations, are forc'd to be fold at lower Prizes. They
have a confiderable Trade both" to Europe, and the Weft
Indies, whereby they become rich, and are iupply'd with all
Things neceflary for Trade, and genteel Living, which
feveral other Places fall fhort of. Their co-habiting in a
Town, has drawn to them ingenious People of molt Sci-
ences, whereby they have Tutors amongft them that edu-
cate their Youth a-la-mode.

Their Roads, with great Industry, are made very good
and pleafant. Near the Town is built, a fair Parfonage-
houfe, with neceflary Offices, and the Minifter has a very
confiderable Allowance from his Pariih. There is likewife a
French Church in Town, of the Refer m'd Religion, and fe-
veral Meet ing-houfes for difTenting Congregations, who all
enjoy at this Day an entire Liberty of their Worfhip -, the
Conftirotion- of this Government, allowing all Parties of
well-meaning Chriftians to' enjoy a free Toleration, and pof-
fefs the fame Priviledges, fo long as they appear fo behave
themfelves peaceably and well : It being the Lords Propri-
etors Intent, that the- Inhabitants of Carolina Ihould be as
free from Oppreflion, as any in the Univerfe •, which doubt-
lefs they will, if their own Differences amongft themfelves
do not occafion the contrary.

They have a well-difciplin'd Militia; their Horfe aremoft
Gentlemen, and well mounted, and the beft in America, and
may equalize any in other Parts: Their Officers, both In-
fantry and Cavalry, generally appear in fcarlet Mountings,
and as rich as in molt Regiments belonging to the Crown,
which Ihews the, Richnefs and Grandeur of this Colony.
They are a Fronteer, and prove fuch troublefome Neigh-
bours to the Spaniards, that they have once laid their Town
of St. Avgnfiine in A{he§>and drove away their Cattle ; befides

B 2 many

(4)

.many Encounters and Engagements, in which they have de-
feated them, too tedious to relate here. What the French got
by their Attempt aga'mft South Carolina, will hardly ever be
rauk'd amongit their Victories h their Admiral Mouville be-
ing glad to leave the Enterprize,- and run away, after he
had fufferd all the Lofs and Difgrace he was capable of re-
ceiving. They are abfolute Matters over the Indians and
carry io ftnet a Hand over i'uch as are within the Circle of
tnerr Trade, -that none does the leaf* Injury to any of the
EvgliJlK but he is pre fen fly fent for, and punifh^ci with Death
or otherwiie, according to the Nature of the Fault. They
have an entire Friendfhip. with the neighbouring Indians of
feveral Nations, which are a very warlike People, ever faithful
to the Englifl], and have prov'd themfelves brave and true on all
Occafjons •, and are a great Help and Strength to this Colo-
ny. The Chief of the favage Nations have heretofore groan?d
under the Spanijb Yoke, and having experienc d their Cruel-
ty, are become fuch mortal Enemies to that People, that
they never give a Spaniard Quarter 5 but generally, 'when
they take any Prifoners, (if the EngliJ/j be not near to prevent
it) iculpthem, that is, to take their Hair and Skin of their
Heads, which they often flea away, whilft the Wretch is a-
Iive. Notwithftanding the Engtifi have us'd all thlflr En-
deavours, yet they could never bring them to leave this Bar-
barity to the Spaniards; who, as they alledge, ufe to mur-
der them and their Relations, and make Slaves of them to
build their Forts and Towns.

This Place is more plentiful in Money, than moft, or in-
deed any of the Plantations on the Continent h befide's they
build a confiderable Number of VefTels of Cedar, and other
Wood, with which they trade to Cuirajfau, and the Wtfi Indies ■
from one they bring Money, and from the other the Produce
of their Jflands,which yields a neceffary Supply of both to the
Colony. Their Stocks of Cattle are incredible, being from
one to two thoufand Head in one Man's PofTeffion : Thefe
feed in the Savannas, and other Grounds, and need no Fodder
in the Winter, l: Their Mutton and Teal is good, and their
Pork is not inferior to any in America. As for Pitch and
Tar, none of the Plantations are comparable for affording

the

(5)

the vaft Quantities of Naval Stor«,asthis Placed jes. There
have been heretofore fome Difcovenes of rich Mines m the
mountanous Part of this Country ; but being remote from the
prefent Settlement, and the Inhabitants not well vers d in-
ordering Minerals, they have been laid alide till a more fit .
Opportunity happens. There are feveral noble Rivers, and
fpacious Trafls of rich Land in their Lordfhips Dominions,
lying to the Southward, which are yet uninhabited befides
PertRovaL a rare Harbour and Inlet, having many Inhaoi-
tants thereon, which their Lordihips have now made a Port
for Trade. This will be a mod advantageous Settlement, ly-
ing fo commodioufly for Ships coming from the Gulph, and
the Richnefs of the Land,which is. reported to be there. Theie
more Soutbtrly Parts will afford Oranges, Limons, Limes, and
many other Fruits, which the Northerly Plantations yield

10 The Merchants of Carolina, are fair, frank Traders. .The
Gentlemen feated in the Country, are very courteous, live
very nobly in their Houfes, and give very genteel Entertain-
ment to all Strangers and others that come toyifit them. And
fince the Produce of South and North Car ohm is the lame, .un-
lets Silk, which this Place produces great Quantities of and
vervicSd, North Carolina having never made any Tryal
thereof as yet, therefore I (hall refer the natural Produce of
this Country, to that Part which treats of North Urolina,
whofe Productions are much the fame. The Chriltian In-
habitants of both Colonies pretty equal, but the Slaves of
South CarolinaatefM more in Number than thofe in the North.
I fhall now proceed to relate my Journey thro the Country,-
from this Settlement to the other, and then treat of the na-
tural Hiftory of Carolina, with other remarkable Circum-
ftances which Ihave met with, during my eight Years Abode
in that Country. .

M-

CO

mill

-\

Saturday.

■ ■

I . .., ■

A

J.

OF

1 thoufand Miles. Travel among the

Indians, from South to North'
Carolina.

N December the 28th, 1700, I began my Tor-
age (for North Carolina) from Charles-Town be-
ing, llx EngUfi-menin Company, with three
IndiM-men, and one Woman. Wife to our In-
dian-Gmde, having five Miles from the Town
to the Breach we went down in a large Canoe
M %e_hadpKmded tor our Toy age thither, ha^ug the
Tide of Ebb along with us 3 which was fo far fpent by that
Time we got down that we had not Water enough for our
Craft to go over, although we drew but two Foot' or there-
abouts. This Breach is a PafTage through a Marfh lying to
the Norrtwardoi Sullmamm^vA^ the- Pilots having a Look-
out thereon, lying very commodious for Marines, (on that
Coal!) making a good Land-Mark info level a Country, ri£
Bar being difficult to hit, where an Obfervation hath been
wanting for a Day or two, North Eafi Winds bringing great

■?*fcM ' *?a Rains' which> towards the cool Months
of USober, November, and until the latter End of March
often appear m thefe Parts. There are three Pilots to at'
*?% ^? condu6*Ships over the Bar. The Harbour where-
the VelTels generally ride, is againft the Town on Cooper's Ri-
ver, lying within a Point which parts- that and ^fcy-River
tnev beine Land-lock'd almnft nn di <i;a00 - - s

they being Land-lock'd almoir. on, all Sides.

At

1

(7)

At 4 in the Afternoon, (at half Flood) we pafs'd with our
Canoe over the Breach, leaving SuUivam Ifland on our Star'
board. The firft Place we ctefign'd for, was Santee River, on
which there is a Colony of irro?t6'Proteftants,allo^v'dand en-
Courag'd by the Lords Proprietors. At Night we got to BeFs-
Jfland, a poor Spot of Land, being about ten Miles ronnd,.
where liv'd (at that Time) aBerimdiaii, being employ'd here
with a Boy, to. look after a Stock of Cattle and Hogs, by the
Owner of this Ifland. One Side tof the ftsof of his Houfe was
thatch'd with Patoneto'-foaves, the other open to the Hea-
v-ens,. thousands of Mufketoes> and other trOublefomelnfefe.,
tormenting both Man and Beaft inhabiting thefe IOands. The
Pahneto- trees, whofe Leaves growing only on the' Top of Palmeto-
the Tree, in the Shape of a Fan, and in a Clufter, like a Cab- trees° -
b&ge -y this Tree in Carolina, when at its utmoft Growth, isf •
about forty or fifty Foot in Height, and two Foot through :
It's worth mentioning, that the Growth of the Tree is not
.perceiveable in the Age of any Man, the Experiment having
been often try'd in Bmmlas, and elfewhere, which fhews the
flow Growth of this Vegitable, the Wood of it being porous
and ftringy, like feme Canes^ the Leaves thereof the Bermu-
'Oatis make Womens HatSjBokeets, Bafkets, and pretty Dref-
iing-bofes, a great deal being ti-anfported to Penfihania^
and other Northern Parts G$ America, (Where they do not grow)
for the fame Manufacture . The People of Carolina make of the
Fans ofthisTree, Brooms very ferviceable, to fweep their Hou-
fes withal.

We took up our Lodging this Night with the Ber mudian 5
our Entertainment was very indifferent, there being nofrefe
Water to be had on the Ma nd.

The next Morning we fet away thro' theMarfhes jj about
Noon we revxh'd anothet Ifland, call'd D ix's Ifland, much like
to the former, tho' larger ; there liv'd an honeit Scot, who gave
us the belt Reception his Dwelling afforded, being well provi-
ded of Oat-meal, and feveral other Effects he had found on
that Coaft 5 which Goods belonged to that unfortunate VeiTel,
the Rijing Sun, a Scotch Man of War, lately arrived from the
v Ijlnms oi'Darkn, and call away near the Bar of AfbUy River,the
Ssptembsr before, Qwgt.Gibfon oEGlafco then-commanding her,

(8)

Septem. 5
noo.

who, with above an hundred Men then on Board her, were e-
very Soul ckown'd in that terrible.: Guftwhich then happen 'd*
naoft.of the Corps being taken up,; -were carefully- interred by
Mr. Grabam-y their Lieu tenant, who happily was on Shore du-
ring the Tempeit.

After Dinner, we Mt. ant Scotch. Landlord, and went that
Night to'the North Eafl Point of the Ifland : It being dark
ere we got there, our Canoe [truck on a Sand near the Break-
ers, and were in great Danger, of our Lives, but :(by God's'
Blefhng), got off fafetfo the Shore, -where we lay all Night.
Monday, jgg $jf. Morning -we fet. forwards on our intended Voyage.
About two a Clock we got to Bulls Ifland, which is about
thirty Miles long, and hath a great Number of both Cattel
and Hogs upon it •. the Cartel being very wild, and the Hogs
yery lean. Thefe two laft Iflands. belong to one Colonel Ca-
ry, an Inhabitant of South Carolina. Although: it were Win-
ter, yet we found fuch Swarms -of. Mufketoes, and other tro-
blefome Infecls, that we got but little Reft that Night.
luefday. ; The next Day we intended for a fmall Ifland on the otfur
Side of £W-Bay, which joining to thefe Iflands, Shipping
might come to victual or careen ; but there being fuch a Bur-
den of thofe Flies, that few or none cares to fettle there-, To the
Stock thereon are run wild. , We were gotten about hl!f Way
to &?eco?z-Ifland, when there fprungup a tart Gale at N.W,
which put us in fome Danger of being call away, the Bay
being rough, and there running great Seas between the two
Iflands, which are better than tour Leagues afunder, a ftrong
Current of a Tide fetting in and out, which made us turn
Tail to it, and got our Cahoe right before the Wind, and
came fafe into a Creek that is joining to -the North End of
Bulk Ifland. We fent our Indiaw'to hunt, who brought us
two Deers, which were very poor, and their Maws full of
large Grubs.
Wednefdny CN frie Morrow we went and viiited the Eajlermofi Side of
this Ifland, it joining to the Ocean, having very fair fandy
Eeechee, pav'd with innumerable Sorts of curious pretty Shells,
verv p! ifant to the Eye. Amongft the reft, we found the
, S$&T}iJk ->/fter-Shell, whence come the Pearls. They are very
large, and of a different Form from other Oy Iters ;. their

Colour

IL_

(9)

Colour much refembles the Tortoife-Shell, when it is drefs'd.
There was left by the Tide feveral ftrange Species of a imi*
ciligmous flimy Subftance, though living, and very aptly
mov^d at their firft Appearance \ yet, being left on the dry
Sand,, (by the Beams of the Sun) foon exhale and vamih.

At our Return to our Quarters, the Indians had kill'd two
more Deer, two wild Hogs, and three Racoons, all very lean,
except the Racoons. We had great Store of Oyfters, Conks,
and Clanns, a large Sort of Cockles. Thefe Parts being very
well furnifh'd with Shell-Filh, Turtle of feveral Sorts, but few
or none of the green, with other Sorts of Salt-water Fifh, and
intheSeafon, good Plenty of Fowl, asCurleus, Gulls, Gail-
nets, and Pellicans, befides Duck and Mallard, Geefe, Swans,
Teal, Widgeon, ■ &c. n - - i}

Oh Tbitrfday Morning we left Bulls Iiland, and went thro rimr/da^
the Creeks, which lie between the Bay and the main Land
At Noon we went on Shore, and got our Dinner near a Planta-
tion^! a Creek h aving the full Profpeft of Setpee-Biy : ' W e fent
up to the Houfe, but found none at Home, but a Negro, of
whom our MefTenger purchas'd fome fmall Quantity of To-
bacco and Rice, We came to a deferred Indian _ Residence,
talVd Abendaugb-bovgh, where we refted that Night.

The next Day we enter'd &wta?-River's Mouth, where is Friday*
freih Water, occafion'd by the extraordinary Current that
comes down continually. With hard Rowing, we got two
Leagues up the River, lying all.Night in a fwampy Pieceof
Ground, the Weather being fo cold all that Time, we were
almoft frozen ere Morning, leaving the Impreflions of our Bo-
dies on the wet Ground. We- fet forward very early in the
Morning, to feck fome better Quarters.

As we row'd up the River, we found the Land towards t he Saturday.
Mouth, and for about ITxteen Miles up it, fcarce any Thing
but Swamp and Percoarfon,, affording vaft Ciprus-Trees of rP"eo£
which the French make Canoes, that will carry fifty or iixty Jof ^
Barrels. After the Tree is moulded and dug, they lav/ them Land.
in two Pieces, and fo put a Plank between, and a fmall Keel,
to prefervethenxfrom the Oyfter-Banks, which are innume- -
rable in the Creeks and Bays betwixt the French Settlement
and CWfa-Town. They carry two Malts, and Bermudas

C Sails,

•fevree

Hans,

C io )

Sails, which makes, them very handy and fit fpr their Pur-
pofe-, for although their River fetches its fi'rft Rife from the
Mountains, and continues a Current fome hundreds of Mjjes
ere it difgorges it felf, having no found Bay or Sand-Banks
betwixt the Mouth thereof, and the Ocean. No^withftand-
. ing all this, with the vaft Stream it affords at all Seafons,
and the repeated Fremes it fo often aliarms the Inhabitants
with, by laying under Water _ great Part of their Country, yet
the Mouth is barr'd, affording not above four or five Foot
Water at the Entrance. As we went up the River, we heard
a great Noife, as-jf two Parties were engag'd againft each o-
ther, feeming exacHy like final! Shot, When we approach'd
/„_ nearer the Place, we found it to be fome Seyee Indians firing
the Canes Swamps, which drives out the Game/ then taking
their particular Standstill great Quantities of both Bear,Deer,
Turkies, and what wild Creatures the Parts afford.

Thefe Sewees have been formerly a large Nation, though
now very much decreas'd, iince tfie Englifi hath feated their
Land, and all other Nations of Indians are obferv'd to par-
take of the fame Fate, where the Europeans, come, the Indians
being a People very apt to catch any Diftemper they are affli-
cted withal \ the Small-Pox has deftroy 5d many thousands of
thefe Natives, who no fooner than they are attacked with the
violent Fevers, and the Burning which attends that Diftem-
per, fling themfelves over Head in the Water, in the very
Extremity of the Djfeafej which (hutting up the Pores, hin-
ders a kindly Evacuation of the peftilential Matter, and drives
it back J by which Means Death mod commonly enfues - not
but in other Diftemper s, which are epidemical, you may find a-
mong 'em Practitioners that have extraordinary Skill and Suc-
cefs in removing thofe morbifick Qualities which afflicl 'em,not
often going above loo Yards from their Abode for their Reme-
dies, fome of their chiefeft Phyficians commonly carrying their
Compliment of Drugs continually about them, which are
Roots, Barks, Berries, Nuts, &c. that are ftrung upon a
Thread. So like a Pomander, the Phyfician wears them a-
bout his Neck. An Indian hath been often found to heal an
Mngli ffi-man of a Malady, for the Talue of a Match-Coat -,
t Which the ableft. of our Erglifi Pretenders in Jmerica, after

repeated

-rf-ri

fkmm

1-1--

»to.

C ii )

repeated Applications, have tleferted the Patient as incurable'}
God having furnifli'd every Country with fpecifick Remedies
for their peculiar Difeafes:

Rum, a Liquor nowfo much in Ufe with them, that they Rum.
will part with the deateft Thing they have, topurcliafe it j
and when they have got a little in their Heads, are the irh1
patients Creatures living, 'till they "have enough to make 'erri
quite drunk ; and the moft miferable Spectacles wheri they are
fb, fome' falling into the Fires, burn their Legs or Arms,
contracting the Sinews- and become Cripples all ther Life-time j
others from Precipices break their Bones and joints, with a-
bundanceof Ihftances,yet none are fogreatto deter them from
that accurs?d Practice of Drunkennefs, though fennble how
many of them (are by it) hurry'd into the other World be-
fore their Time, as themfelves oftentimes will confefs. The
Indians, I was now fpealcing of, Were not content with the com-
moii Enemies that leffen and dellroy ttieir Country-men, but
invented an infallible Stratagem to purge their Tribe, and~re«
duee their Multitude into far lefs Numbers. Their Contri-
vance was thus, as a Trader amongft them inform'd me.

They feeing fe.veral Ships coming in, to bring the BvgJiJff
Supplies from Old England? one* chief Part of their Cargo be-
ing for aTrade with the Indians; Tome of the craftieft ofthem
had obferv'd, t|vat the Ships came always in at one Place,
which made them very confident that Way was the exa£fc Road
to' England ; anil feeing fo many Ships come thence, they b*e-
liev'd it could not be far thither, elfeemingthe EngliJI) that
were among them, no better than Cheats, and thought,
if- they could carry the Skins and Furs they got, them-
felves to Enilatii; which were inhabited with a Better Sort of
People than thofe fenf amongft them, that then they mould
purchafe twenty times the Value for every Pelt they fold A-
broad, in Confideration of what 'Rates they fold for' at Home.
The intended Barter wis exceeding well approved of, and af-
ter a general Confutation of the ablelt Heads amongft them,
it was,- Nemitte Contradicente, agreed upon, immediately to make
an Addition of their Fleet, by building more Canoes, and
thofe to be of the beft Soff, and biggeft Size, as fit for their
intended Difcovery. Some Indians were employ 'd about ma-

C 2 ^ . king

■ I !

(12 )

They ne-
ver hear-
ing more
of their

king the Canoes, others to hunting, everyone to thePoft he
was molt fit for, all Endeavours tending towards an able
Fleet and Cargo for Europe. The Affair was carry 'd on with
a great deal of Secrecy, and Expedition, fo as in a final! Time
they had gotten a Navy, Loading, Provifions, and Hands rea-
dy to. let Sail, leaving only the Old, Impotent, and Minors
at Home, 'till their fuccefsful Return. The Wind prefenting
they fet up their Mat-Sails, and were fcarce out of Sight'
when there rofe a Temperr, which it> fuppos'd carry'd ' one
Part of thefe Indian Merchants, by Way of the other World
whilfi: the others were taken up at Sea by an Englijl) Ship*
and fold for Slaves to the Tflands. The Remainder are bet-
ter fatisfy'd with their Imbecilities in fuch an Undertaking,
nothing affronting them more, than to rehearfetheir Voy-'
age to England.

There being a ftrong Current in 5We^River, caus'd us to
make fmall Way with our Oars. With hard Rowing, we got
that Night to Monf. Eugee's Houfe, which liands about fif-
teen Miles up the River, being the firft Chriftia'n dwelling
we met withal in that Settlement, ,-and were very courter
oufly received by him and his Wife.

Many of the French follow a Trade with the Indians, living
very conveniently for that InrerefL . There: is about feventy
Families feated on this.River, who live as decently and hap-i
pily^ as any Planters. in thefe Southward, Parts of America. The ;
French being a temperate induftrioUs" People, fome of them
bringing very little of Effects^ yet by theirEndeavours and
mutual Affifianceamongit themfelves, (which is highly to be
commended) have out-ftript our Englijl^ who brought with 'em
larger Fortanes, though (as it Teems) lefs endeavour to ma-
nage their Talent to the beft Advantage. Tis admirable to
fee what Time and Induftry will (wkh God's Bleffing) effecl.
Carolina affording many ftrange Revolutions in the Age of a
Man, daily Inflances prefenting themfelves to our View, of
fo many, from defpicable Beginnings, which in amort Time
arrive to very iplended Conditions. Here Propriety hath a
large Scope, there being no ftri& Laws to bind our Privileges*
AQueft after Game, being as freely and peremptorily en*
joy'd by the meaneft Planter, as he that is the higheft in Dig-
nity,

( 13 )

nity or wealthier! in the Province. Deer, and other Game that
are naturally wild, being not immur'd, or preferv'd withm
Boundaries, to fatisfy the Apppetite of the Rich alone, A
poor Labourer, that is Matter of his Gun, &c. hath as good a
Claim to have continu'd Coarfes of Delicacies crouded upon
his Table, as he that is Mailer of a greater Purfe.

We lay all that 'Night at Monf. Engee\znc\ the next Morn-
ing fet out farther, to go the Remainder of our Voyage by
I and • At ten a Clock we pafi'd over a narrow, deep
Swamp, having left t&e three Indian, Men and one Woman*
that' hadpilotted the Canoe from ^/Mj-River, having hir d
a Sewee-Indlan, a tall, lufty Fellow, who carry'd a Pack of
our Cloaths, of great Weight-, notwithstanding his Burden,.
we had much a-do to keep pace with him. At Noon w* came
up with feveral French Plantations, meeting with feveral
Creeks by the Way, the French were very officious in ai-
fiftme with their fmall Dories to pafs over thefe Waters,
(whom we met coming from their Church) being all of them
very clean and decent in their Apparel h their Houfesand
Plantations fuitable in Neatnefs and Contrivance. They are
all of the fame Opinion with the Church of Geneva, there
being no Difference amongft them concerning the PimBthos
of their Chriftian Faith j which Union hath propagated a
happy and delightful Concord in all other Matters through-
out the whole Neighbourhood ; living amongft themfelves as
one Trible, or Kindred, every one making it his Bufinefs to
be afllftant to the Wants of his Country-man, prefervmg his
Eftate and Reputation with the fame Ex actnefs and Concern
as he does his own ; all feeming to lhafr'e in the Misfortunes,
andrejoyceat the Advance, and Rife, of theirBreth'ren. :

Towards the Afternoon, we came, to Monf. VJandro, where
we got our Dinner ;- there coming fomeFrewcfc Ladies whilft
we were there, who were lately come from England, andMonl.
& Grand, a worthy Korman, who hath been a great Sufferer in
his Eftate, by the Perfecution m France, againft thofeof the
Protectant Religion : This Gentleman very kindly invited us
to make our Stay with him all Night, but we being intended
farther that Day, took] our Leaves, returning Acknowledgr

ments of their Favours.

About

!■

( 14 )

S-

About 4 in the Afternoon, wepafs'd over a large Gpmsmn
211a fmal Canoe > the French Doctor fent his Nelrotoguide

MnTf% ir 'afl 0fu'largtSTaffl^' f° ^gotthlt Night to
Moni. M^-3 theelder, who lives- in a very curious contriv'd
Houfe, built of Brick and Stone, which ft gotten near that
Place Near here comes in the Road fromCharks-Ton>n, and
the reft of the tnghfi Settlement, it being a very good Way
by Land, and riot above 36 Miles, -althp' more than 100 by
Water, and I thinly :the moft difficult Way I ever faw ocS-
iiond by ReaTon of the multitude of Creeks lying along the
Main, keeping thar Courfe tlW the Marfhesf turnmg and

7i&r^ a ^Sf W^ the Tide °f Eub and Flood
- twenty Times in lefs than three Leagues going

Monday. The next Morning very early, we ferry 5d over a Creek that
runs^near the Houfe , and, after an Hour's Travel in the
Woods,- we came to the River,fide,where we ftay'd for the -I*
itan who was our Guide, and was gone rourM-by Water in a
fmall Canoe, to meet us at that Place wereftedat, HecameaP
Mr a fmall Time and ferry 'd us in that little Veifel bver Santec
River4.Miles and 84 Miles in the Woods, which the over-W
ingof the Fremes, which then came down, had mad* a perfect
^.°», there running an incredible Current in the River
which had ca^nr fmall Craft, and us, away, had we n*
Had this bewee Indian with us \ who are excellent Artifts in
managing thefe fmall Canoes.

Santee River, atthisTime, (from the ufual Depth of Water}
was rifen perpendicular 36 Foot, always making a Breach
from her Banks, about this Seafon of the Year : The general
Opinion of the Caufe thereof, is fuPPos'd to proceed from the
• werfiowing^offrefli Water-Lakes that lie near the Head of
this River, and others, upon the Bine Continent : But my
Opinion is, that thefe v~aft Inundations proceed from the great
and repeated Quantities of Snow that falls upon the Moun-
tains which lie at fo great a Diflance from the Sea therefore
they have no Help of being diiibW'd bf thofe faline, piercins
Particles as other adjacent Parts near the Ocean receive
and therefore lies and iiicreafes to a vail Bulk, until fome
mild Southerly Breezes coming on a fudden, continue to unlock
thefe frozen Bodies, congeal'd by the North-Weft Wind, dilfipa-
-. n ting

C *5 )

ting them in Liquids ; and coming down with Impetuofity,
fills thofe Branches that feed thefe Rivers, and caufes tMs
ftrauge Deluge, which oft-times lays under Water the adjacent
Parts on. both Sides this Current, for feveral Miles diftant from
her Banks j tho>the French and Indians afhYnfdto me, they
never knew fuch an extraordinary Flood there before.

We all, by God's Bltiling, and the Endeavours of our In-
^aw-Pilot, pafsYl fafe over the River, but was loft in the
Woods., which feemfa like fome great Lake, except here and
there a Knowl of .high Land, which appeared above Water.

We intended for Monf. <jalUar°s^un\ but was loft,none of us
knowing the Way at that Time, altho' the Indian wasborfs
in that Country, jt having receive foltrange a -/Wtt^wor^qfo.
We were in feveral Opinions concerning the right Way, the
Indian and my felf,fuppQs'd theHoufe to bear one Way ,the reft
thought to the contrary j we differing, it was agreed on
amongft us,that one half mould go with the Indian to find the
Houfe, and the other part'to ftay upon one of thefe dry Spots,
until fome of them return'd to us,and inform'd us where it lay.

My felf and two more were left beliind,by Reafon the Ca-
noe would not carry* us all ; we had but one Gun amongftus,
one Load of Ammunition, and no Provifion. Had our Men
in the Canoe mifcairy'd, we mwft (in all Probability) there
have pejifh'd.

In about fix Hours Time, from our Mens Departure, the
Indian came back to us in the fame Canoe he went in, being
half drunk, which afTur'd us they had found fome Place of
Refremment. He took us three into the Canoe, telling us all
was well : Padling our Veflel feveral Miles thrO1 the Woods,
being'often half full of Water •, but at-length we got- fafe to the
Place we fought for, which proved to lie the fame Way the
Indian and I guefs'd it did. . >

When we got to theHoufe, we found our Comrades in the
fame Trim the Indian was in, and feveral of the French Inha-
bitants with them,whotfeated us very courteoufly,wondering.
at pur undertaking fuch a Voyage, thro' a Country inhabi-
ted by none but Savages, and them of fo different Nations
and Tongues. ^

Afaer we had refrefh'd our fejvss, we parted from a very

kind,,

C t6 )

h

■Tuefday.

kind, loving and affable People, who wifh'd us a fafeand
profperous Voyage. . ' .

.3 Hearing of a Camp of &wto /»<&»« not far of, we fet out
intending to take up our Quarters with them that Nieht.
-There being a deep Run of Water in the Way, oaeof our Com-
pany being top-heavy, and there being nothing but a fmall
Pole for a Bridge over a Creek, fell into the Water up to the
Chin j my felf laughing at the Accident, and not taking
good Heedtomy Steps, came to the fame Misfortune: All our
Beddingwaswet The Wind being at N. W. it froze very hard
which prepardfuch a Night's Lodging forme, that I never
deure to have the like again % the wet Bedding and freezing
Air had fo qualify'd our. Bodies, that in the Morning when
we awak d we were nigh frozen to Death, until we had re-
cruited cur felves before a large Fire of the Indians.
_ Tuefday Morning we fet towards the Congerees, leaving
the Indian : Guide Scipia drunk amongft the Santee-hdians We
went ten Miles out of our Way, to head a great Swamp, the
Freflies having fill'd them all with fuch great Quantifies of
Water, that the ufual Paths were render'd unpayable. We
met in our Way with an Mian Hut,where we were enrertain'd
with a fat boil'dGoofe, Veriifon, Racoon, and ground Nats
We made but little Stay; about Noon, we pafs'd by feverai
large Savannah's, wherein is curious Ranges for Cattel be-
ing green all the Year; they were plentifully ftor'd with
H™™; pem&e- and the adjacent W6ods with great Flocks
11 i"rJieS* Thls Day we traveU'd .'about 30 Miles, and lav

1 »irg« at a Houfe wrhich was built for the &&& Trade
the Matter thereof we had parted with at the French Town
who gave us Leave to make ufe of his Manfion. Such Houfes
■are common m thefe Parts, and efpecially where there is In-
dian 1 owns, and Plantations near at hand, which this4%ce
is well furnihYd withal.

The&Satitee-Indians are awell-humour'd and affable Peo-
ple } and living near the Ettglifc are become very tradable
iiieymake themfelves Cribs after a very curious Manner '
wherein they fecure their Corn from Vermin: which are
more frequent in thefe warm Climates, than Countries more
diltant from the Sun. Thefe pretty Fabricks are commonly

fup-

( 17 )

T

fupported with eight Feet or Polls, about feven Foot high
from the Ground, well daub'd within and without upon Laths,
with Loom or Clay, which makes them tight, and fit to
keep out the fmalleft Infeft, there being a fmall Door at the
gable End, which is made of the fame Compofition, and to
be remov'd at Pleafure, being no bigger, than that a (len-
der Man may creep in at, cementing the Door up with the
fame Earth, when they take Com out of the Crib, and are
going from Home, always finding their Granaries in the fame
Pofture they left them h Theft to each other being altogether
tmpradtis'd, never receiving Spoils but from Foreigners. _■

Hereabouts the Ground is fomething higher than about
■Owrfei-Town, there being found fome Quarries of brown free
Stone, which I have feen made Ufe of ior Building, and hath
prov'd very durable and gpod. The Earth here is mix d with
white Gravel, which is rare, there being nothing like a Stone
to be found, of the natural Produce, near to ^f^River.

The next Day about Noon we came to the Side of a great #rejnefdQ
Swamp, where we were forc'd to ftrip our felves to get over it, sqtem. 5.
which, with much Difficulty, we effected. Hereabouts the 1700.
late Guft of Wind, which happen'd in Smtmbtr hit, had torn
the large Ciprus-Trees and Timbers urF6y the Roots, they
lying confufedly in their Branches, did block up the Way,
making the PafTage very difficult. _

This Night we got to one Sc'tpio's Hutt, a famous Hunter :
There was no Body at Home-, but we having (in our Company)
one that had us'd to trade amongft them, we made our lelves
welcome to what his Cabin afforded, (which is a Thing com-
mon) the Indians allowing it prafticable to the Enghfi Tra-
ders, to takeout of their Houfes what they peed in their Ab-
feiace in Lieu whereof they moft commonly leave fome lmall
Gratuity of Tobacco, Paint, Beads, Vc. We found great
Store of Indian Peas, (a very good Pulfe) Beans, Oyl, Think-
apin Nuts, Com. barbacu'd Peaches, and Peach-Bread j which
Peaches being made into a Quiddony, and fo made up into
Loves like Barley-Cakes, thefe cut into thin Slices, and dit-
folv'd in Water, makes a very grateful Acid, and extraordi-
nary beneficial in Fevers, as hath often been try'd, and ap-
prov'd on by our pvglijb Praditioners. The Wind, being at

( 18 )

N. W. with cold Weather, made us make a large Fire in the
Indian's Cabin ; being very intent upon our Cookery, we fet
the Dwelling on Fire, and with mueh ado, put it out, tho'
with the Lofs of Part of the Roof.
Thurfday. The next Day we travelFd on our Way, and about Noon
came up with a Settlement of Satttee Indians, there being Plan-
tations lying (battering here and there, for a great many Miles.
They came out to meet us, being acquainted with one of our
Company, and made us very welcome with fat barbacu'd
Venifon, which the Woman of the Cabin took and tore in
Pieces with her Teeth, fo put it into a Mortar, beating it to
Rags, afterwards ftews it with Water, and other Ingredients,
which makes a very favoury Dilh.

At thefe Cabins came to vifit us the King of the Santee ^ Na-
tion. He brought with him their chief Doctor or Phyfician
wh° was warmly and neatly clad with a Match-Coat, made
of Turkies Feathers, which makes a pretty Shew, feemins as
if it was a ; Garment of the.deepeft fflk Shag. This Doctor
had the Misfortune to lofe his Nofe by the Pox, which Di-
feafe the Indians often get by the Englijh Traders that ufe a-
uiongft them; not but the Natives of" America have for many
Ages (by their own Confeffion) been afflicled with a Di«
Kemper much like the Lues. Venerea , which hath all the
Symptoms of the Pox, being different in this only- for
I never could learn, that this Country-Diftemper, or Yawes
is begun or continu'd with a Gonorrhoea; yet is attendee!
with noaurnal Pains in the Limbs, and commonly makes
iuclra Progrefs, as to vent Part of the Matter by Botches
and feveral Ulcers in the Body, and other Parts ; oftentimes
Death enfuing. I have known mercurial Ungiients and Re-
medies work a Cure, following the fame Methods as in the
Toxh feveral white People, but chiefly the Criolo\ lofmg their
Palates and Nofes- by this devouring Vulture.

It is epidemical, vifiting thefe Parts of America, which is
often occaiion'd thro' the immoderate drinking of Rum by
thofe that commonly drink Water at other Times, cold Nights
Lodging, and bad open Houfes, and more chiefly by often wet-
ting the Feet, and eating fuch Quantities of Pork as they
do, which is agrofsFood, and a great Propagator of fuch

Juices

-

( I )

Juices as it often meets withal in human Bodies, once tainted
with this Malady; which may differently (in forne Refpecls)
act its Tragedy •, the Change being occaflonM by the Diffe-
rence of Climates and Bodies, as in Europe. We being well,
enough afford that the Pox had its flrft Rife (known to us)
in this new World, it being caught of the Indian Women,
by the Spam/} Soldiers that/ollow'd Columbus in one of his
Expeditions to -America^ who after t^heir Arrival in Old Spain,
werehslWd to the Relief of Naples, at that Time befieg'd
by the French. Provifions growing fcarce, the ufelefs Peo«.
pie were turn'd out of the City, to lefTen the Mouths -, a-
mongftthefe, the Curtefans'wefe bne;Part, who had frequent-
ly embraced the Spaniards, being well fraught with Riches b}r
their new Difcovery. The Leager Ladies had no fooher loft
their Spanijl) Dons, but found themfelves as well entertain'd
by the French, whofe Camp, they traded in, giving the Moun-
fieurs as large a Share of the pocky Spoils within their own
Lines, as the Spaniards had, who took the Pains to bring it in
their Breeches as far as from America •, the large Supplies of
Swmes Flefh, which that Army was chiefly victuall'd withal,"
made it rage. The Siege was rais'd ; the French and Spani-
ards retreating to Flanders, which was s Parrade of all Nations^
by which Means , tfois filthy Diftemper crowded it felf into
moftNatious of the known World.^

Notv to return to our Doctor, who in the Time of his Afflicti-
on withdrew himfelf (with one that labourd under the fame
Diftemper) into the Woods. Thefe two perfected their Cures
by proper Vegitables; &c. of which they have Plenty, and
are well acquainted with their fpecifick Virtue.

I have feen inch admirable Cures perform'd by thefe Sava-
ges, which would puzzle a great many graduate Practitioners
to trace their Steps in Healing, with the fame Expedition,
Eafe, and Succefs $ ufing no racking Inftruments in their Chi-
rargery, nor nice Rules of Diet and Phyfick, to verify the
Saying, qui Medice vivit, mifere vivit. In Wounds which pe-
netrate deep, and feem mortal, they order afpare Diet, with
drinking Fountain-water ; if they perceive a white Matter,or
Pus to arife, they let the Patient more at large, and prefently
cur«him.

D i After

( 3ol

After thefe two bad perform'd their Cures at no eafier Rate
than the-Expence of both their Nofes, coming again amongft
their old Acquaintance fodisfigur'd, the Indians zdmir'd to fee
them metamorphosd after that manner : enquir'd of them,
where they had been all that Time, and what were become
of their Nofes? They made. Anfwer, That they had been
converting with the white Man above, (meaning God Al-
mighty; how they were very kindly entertain'd by that Great
15eing 5 he being much plea&'d with their Ways, and had
Promis d to make their Capacities equal with the white People
in niakingGuns Ammunition,^, in Retaliation of which
they had given him their Nofes, The Verity of which, they
yet hold, the Mutts being an eafy, credulous People, and
moft notonoufly cheated by their Priefts and Conjurers/both
fradesmeeting ever in onePerfon, and moft commonly a
Spice of Quackfliip added to the other two Ingredients which
renders that cunning Knave the Impoftor to be more rely'd
upon ^ thence a fitter Inftrument to cheat thefe ignorant 12
ple^thePneft and Conjurers being never admitted to their
Practice, till Years and the Experience of repeated Services-
h*| wrought then Efteem amongft :the Nations they belong

^ favtee King who was in Company. with thisNqr-
nosd Dote , is the moft abfblute Man Ruler in thefe
Parts, although he is Head but of a fmall People in Re-
lpecl: tofome other Nations of Indians, that' I have feen •
Hecanput any of his People to Death that fflh committed
any Fault which he judges worthy of fo great a Punimment
This Authority & rarely found amongl thefe Savages for'
they adt not (commonly) by a determinative Voice BSS
Laws, towardsany one that hath committed Murder, or fuch
other great Crime, but take thisMethodj him to whom the
Injury was done, or if dead, the neareft of nis Kindred
profecutes by Way ofanadtual Revenge, being himfflftf
Opportunity ferves his Intent, both Judge andlrecSer
performing fo much Mifchief on the Cinder, or his neareft
Relation, until fuch Time that he is fully fa tisfy'd Ye*
Shis Revenge is not fo infallible/but it may be bought 'off-
with Beads, Tobacco, and ftich like Commodities that are

ufefui

(21 )

ufeful amongft them, though it were the moft fable Villany
that could be acted by Mankind.

Some that attended the King, prefented me with an odorife-
jous,balfamiekRoot, of afragrant Smell and Tafte,the Name
I know not j they chew it in the Mouth, and by that fimple
Application, heal' defperate Wounds, both green and oldv
that fmall Quantity I had, was, given inwardly to thofe
troubl'd with the Belly-ach, which Remedy foil'd not to give
prefent Help, the Pain leaving the Patient foon after they
had taken the Root.

Near to thefe Cabins are feveral Tombs made after the
manner of thefe Indians h the largeft and the chiefeft of
them was the Sepulchre oi the late Indian King of the Santeesv
a Man of great Power, not only amongft his own Subjects, but
dreaded by the neighbouring Nations for his great Valour and
Conduct, having aslarge a Prerogative in his Way of Ruling,,
as the prefent King I now fpoke of

The manner of their Interment, is thus: A Mole or Pyramid
of Earth is rais'd,the Mould thereof being work'd very fmooth
and even, fometimes higher or lower, according to the Digni-
ty of the Perfon whofe Monument it is. On the Top there-
of is an Umbrella, made Ridge-ways, like the Roof of an
Houfe -, this is fupported by nine Stakes, or fmall Pofts,. the
Qrave being about fix or eight Foot in Length, and four Foot
in Breadth j about it is hung Gourds Feathers, and other fuch
like Trophies, plac'd there by the dead Man's Relations, in
Refpect to him in the Grave. The other Part of the Funeral-
Rites are thus, As Toon as the Party is dead, they lay the
Corpsiupon a Piece of Bark in the Sun, feafoningor embalm-
ing it with a fmall Root beaten to Powder,which looks as red as
Vermilion j the fame is mix'd with Bear's Oil, to beautify the
Hair, and preferve their Heads from being loufy, it growing:
plentifully in thefe Parts of America. After the Carcafs-hafi
laid a Day or two in the Sun, they remove and lay it upon
Crotches cut on purpofefor the Support thereof from the Earthy
then they anoint it all over with the fore-mention'd Ingredi-
ents of the Powder of this Root, and Bear's Oil. When it is
fo done, they cover it very exactly over with Bark, of the
Pine or Cyprus Tree, to prevent any Rain to, fall upon it,

fweeping.

( 22 )

fweeping the Ground very clean all about it. Some of his
neareft of Kin brings all the temporal Eftate he was pof*
fefsd of at his Death, as Guns, Bows, and Arrows, Beads,
Feathers, Match-coat, Mm This Relationis the chief JVfourn--
er, being clad in Mofs, and a Stick. in his Hand, keeping a
mournful Ditty for three or four Days, his Face being black
with the Smoak of Pitch, Pine, mingl'd with Bear's Oil. All
the whilehe tells the dead Mans Relations, and the reft of the
Spectators, who that dead Perfon was, and of the great Feats
perform'd in his Life-time h all what he fpeaks, tending to the
Praifeof the Defunfi:. As foon as the Flefh grows mellow,
and will cleave from ^the Bone, they get it off, and burn its
making all the Bones veryxlean, then anoint them with the
Ingredients aforefaid, wrapping up the Skull (very carefully)
in a Cloath artificially woven of Poffums Hair. (Thefe Mi-
am make Girdles, Sallies, Garters, &c. after the fame Manner.)
The Bones they carefully preferve in a wooden Box, every
Year oiling and cleaning them *. By thefe Means preferve
them for many Ages, that you may fee an Indian in Poffeffion
of the Bones of his Grand-father, or fome of his Relations of a
larger Antiquity. They have other Sorts of Tombs-, as where
an Indian is flain, in that very Place they make a Heap of
Stones, (or Sticks, where Stones are not to be found h) to this
Memorial, every Indian that paffes by, adds a Stone, to aug-
ment the Heap, in Refpe& to the decease Hero.

We had a very large Swamp to pafs over near the Houfe
and would have hir'd our Landlord to have been our Guide'
but he feem'd unwilling; fo we prefs'd him no farther about
it. He was the talleft Indian I ever faw, being feven Foot high
and a very ftrait compleat Perfon, efteem'd on by the King
for his great Art in Hunting, always carrying with him an
artificial Head to hunt withal : They are made of the Head
of a Buck, the back Part of the Horns being fcraptand hol-
low, for Lightnefs of Carriage. The Skin is left to the fet-
ting on of the Shoulders, which islin'dall round with fmall
Hoops, and flat Sort of Laths, to hold it open for the Arm to
go in. They have a Way to preferve the Eyes, as if living.
The Hunter puts on a Match-coat made of Deer's Skin, with
the Hair on, and a Piece of ^he white Part of a Deer's Skin,

that

03)

that grows on theBreaft, which is faften'd to the Neck-End
of this (talking. Head, fo hangs down. In thefe Habiliments-
an Indian will go as near a Deer- as he pleafes, the exadr Mo-
tions and Behaviour of a Deer being fo well counterfeited by
'em,that feveral Times it hath been known for two Hunters to
come up with a (talking Head together, and unknown to each
other, fo that they have kill'd an Indian inftead of a Deer,
which hath happen'd fometimes to be a Brother, or fome
dear Friend ; for which Reafon they allow not of that Sort
of Practice, where the Nation is populous.

Within half a Mile of the Houfe, we pafs'd over a prodi-
gious wide and deep Swamp, being forc'd to ftrip ftark-naked ,
and much a-do to fave our felves from drowning in this Fa-
tiegue. We, with much a-do, got thro', going that Day about
five Miles farther, and came to three more Indian Cabins,,
call'd in the Indian Tongue, Hickerau, by the EngliJI) Traders,
the Hack Houfe, being pleafantly feated on a high Bank, by a ..
Branch of Santee-River. One of our Company1, that had
traded a mongft thefe Indian j, told us, That one of the Cabins
was his FatherVin-Law •, he call'd him fo, by Reafon the old
Man had given him a young IndianGivl, that was his Daugh-
ter, to lie with him, make Bread, and to be necefTary in what
fhe was capable to afTift him in, during his Abode amongft
them.

When we came thither firft, there was no Body at Homev
fo the Son made bold to fearch his Father's Granary for Corn,
and other Provifions. He brought us fome Indian Maiz and
Peas, which are of a reddifh Colour, and eat well, yet colour
the Liquor they are boil'd in, as if it were a Lixivium of red
Tartar. After we had been about an Hour in the Houfe,
where was Millions of Fleas, the Indian Cabins being often
fuller of fuch Vermin, than any Dog-Kennel, the old Man
came in to us, and feem-'d very glad to fee his Son-in-Law.

This Indian is a great Conjurer j as appears by the Sequel.
The Seretee or Santse Indians were gone to War againft the
Hooks and Backhooh Nations, living near the Mouth o£Winy-
tfM*Rnrer. Thofe that were left at Home, (which are com-
monly old People and Children) had heard no News a long
Time of their Men at Arms. This Man, at the Entreaty of

t hef®

C 24 )

Friday.

thefe -People, (being held to be a great Sorcerer amongft'ern)
went to know what Pollute their fighting Men were in. His
Exorcifm was carry 'd on thus : He drefs'd himfelf in a clean
white drefs'd Deer- Skin ; a great Fire being made in the Mid-
dle of the Plantation, the Indians fitting all round it, the
Conjurer was blind-folded, then he furrounded the Fire feve-
ral Times, I think thrice h leaving the Company, he went into
the Woods, where he ftay'd about half an Hour, returning to
them, furrounded the Fire as before j leaving them, went the
fecond Time into the Woods s at which Time there came a
huge Swarm of Flies, very large, they flying about the Fire
feveral Times, at laft fell all into it, and were vifibly confum'd.
Immediately after the IWwH-Conjurer made a huge Lilleloo,
and howling very frightfully, prefently an Indian went and
taught hold of him, leading him to the Fire. The old Wizard
was fo feeble and weak, being not able to Hand alone, and all
over in a Sweat, and as wet as if he had fallen into the River.
After fome Time he recover'd his Strength, aiTuring them,
that their Men were near a River, and could not pafs over it
'till fo many Days, but would, in fuch a Time, return all in
Safety, to their Nation. All which prov'd true at the Indians
Return, which was not long after. This Story the Mnglijb-
man, his Son-in-Law, affirmed to me.

The old Man flay d with us about two Hours, and told us
we were welcome to flay there all Night, and take what his
Cabin afforded ; then leaving us, went into the Woods, to
fome Hunting-Quarter not far off.

The next Morning early we purfu'd our Voyage, finding
the Land to improve it felf in Pleafantnefs and Richnefs of
Soih1 When we had gone about ten Miles; one of our Compa-
ny tir'd, being not able to travel any farther ; fo we went for-
ward, leaving the poor dejecled Traveller with Tears in his
Eyes, taretum to Charles-Town, and travel back again over
fo much bad Way, we having pafsYl thro' the worft of our Jour-
ney, the Land here being high and dry, very few Swamps
and thofe dry, and a little Wray through. Wre travell'd about
twenty Mile6, lying near a Savanna that was over-flown with
Water ; where we were very fhort ofVicluals,but finding the
Woods newly burnt, andonfirein many Places, which gave
us great Hopes that Indians were not far of. Next

( fjj )

Next Morning very early, we waded thro' the Savanna, ($»»> ■<%
"the Path lying-there •, and about ten a Clock came to a hunt- *° mics-
ing Quarter, of a great many Salens -, they made us all Wel-
come 5 ihewing a great deal of Joy at our coming, giving us
barbacu'd Turkeys, Kear's Oil, and Vemfon.

Here we hir'd Santeejack (a good Hunter, and a well-hu-
-mour'd Fellow) to be our Pilot to the Conger et Indians ; we
gave him a Stroud-water-Blew, to make his Wife an Indian
Petticoat, who went with her Hufband. After two Hours Re-
frefhment, we went on, and got that Day about twenty Miles ;
we lay by a finall fwift Run of Water, which was pav'dat
the Bottom with a Sort of Stone much like to Tripoli, and
fo light, that I fancy'd it would precipitate in no Stream,
but where it naturally grew. The Weather was very cold,
the Winds holding Northerly. We made our Selves as merry as
we could, having a good Supper with the Scraps of the Veni-
fonwehad gj.ven us by the Indians, havingkilFd 3 Teal and a
Pofliim-, which Medly ail together made a curious Ragoo._

This Day all of us had a Mind to have refted, but the Indian Sunday 15
was much againtt it, alledging, That the Place we lay at, was &>!'*•
not good to hunt in % telling us, if we would goon, by Noon,
he would bring us to a more convenient Place ; fo we mov'cl
forwards-, ancl&bout twelve a Clock came to the moft amazing
Profpeft I had feen iince I had been in Carolina •, we travelled
by a Swamp'fide, which Swamp I believe to be no lefs than
twenty Miles over, the other Side being as far as I could well
difcern. there appearing great Ridges of Mountains, bearing
from us W. N. V/. One Alp with a Top like a Sugar-loaf, ad-
vanc'd its Head above all the reft very considerably 5 the Day
was very ferene, which gave us the Advantage of feeing along
Way jthefe Mountains werecloth'd all over with Trees,which
feem'd tq us to be very large Timbers.

At the Sight of this fair Profpect, we ftay'd all Night ^ our
Indian going about half an Hour before us,had provided three
fat Turkeys e:er we got up to him.

The Swamp I now fpoke of, is not a miry Bog, as others
generally are, but you go down to it thro' a fteep Bank, at the
Foot of which, begins this Valley, where you may go dry .
for perhaps 200 Yards, then you meet with a fmall Broob

E or.

Monday.

( g )

or Run of Water, about i or 3 Foot deep, then-dry Land for
fuch another Space, fo another Brook, thus continuing. The
Land in this Percoaribn, or Valley, being extraordinary rich^
and the Runs of Water well ftor'd withTowl. It is the Head
of one of the Branches of Santee-Kiver -r but a farther Difcovery
Time Would not permit ; only one Thing is very remarka-
ble, there growing all over this Swamp, a tall, lofty Bay-
tree, :but is not the fame as in England, thefe being in their
Verdure all the Winter long ; which appears here, when
you Hand on the Ridge, (where our Path lay ) as if it were one
pleafant, green Field, and as even as a Bowling-green to the
Eye of the Beholder -, being heinm'd in on one Side with thefe
Ledges of vaft high Mountains.

Viewing the Land here, we found an extraordinary richy
black Mould, and Tome of a Copper-colour, both Sorts very
good ; the Land in fome Places is much burthen'dwith Iron,
Stone, here being great Store of it, feemingly very good : The.
©viling Springs, which are many in thefe Parts, ifTuing out
■of the Rocks, which Water we drank of, it colouring therEx-
crements of Travellers (by its chalybid Quality) as black
as a Coal. When ive were all afleep, in the Beginningof the
Night, we were awaken '4 with the difmall ft and moft hideous
Noife that ever pierc'd my Earsc This fudden Surprizal inca-
pacitated us of gueffing what this threatning Noife might pro-
ceed from ^ but our Indian Pilot (who knew thefe Parts very
iwell) acquainted us, that it was euftomary to hear fuch Mu-
4*ck along that Swamp-fide, there being endlefs Numbers of
Panthers, Tigers, Wolves, and other Beafts of Prey, which
take this Swarrip for their Abode in the Day, coming in whole
Droves to hunt the Deer in the Night, making this frightful
Ditty 'till Day appears, the!n all is ftill as in other Places.

The next Day it proy'd a fmall drifly Rain, which is rare,
there happening not the tenth Part of Foggy -falling Weather
towards thefe Mountains, as vifits thofe Parts. Near the
Sea-board,the IndianYiU'd 15 Turkeys this Day 5 there com-
ing-out of the Swamp,, (about Sun-riiing) Flocks of thefe
Fowl, containing feveral hundreds in a Gang, who feed up-
■^nthe Acrons, it being mofl: Oak that grow in thefe Woods,.
-"If here are but veryfewPinesin thofe Quarters.

Early

,, j ... ... ."._,__. -'.! "

( g )

< in ... ■ ■'! - - ' " '": ' '

Larly the nest Morning, wefet forward for the Congeree-In-
diam, parting with that delicious Profpeft. By the Way, our
Guide kill'd more Turkeys, and two Polcats, which he ear,
efteeming them before fat Turkeys Some .of the Turkeys
which we eat, whillt we ftay'd there, I believe, weighed no
lefs than 40 Pounds. # '

The Land we pafs'dover this Day, was moft of it good,
and the worft paflable. At Night we kill'd a Poflum, being
cloyd with Turkey s,madie arDilh ol that, which t aft ed much
between young Pork and Veal* their Fat being as white as
any I ever law.

Our Indian having this Day kill'd good Store of Proviittm
with his Gun, he always {hot with a fingle.Ball ,, miffing
but two Shoot's in above forty-, they being curious Artifts in
mai^afirfgijarGun, to make it carry either Ball, or Shot, true.
Whe^they have bought a Piece,and find it to fhoot any Ways
erooked,the}r take, the Barrel out of the Stock, cutting a Notch
in a Tree, wherein they fet it ftreight, fometimes mooting a-
way above loo Loads of Ammunition, before they ;bring the
Gun to fhoot according to their Mind. Wetook up our Quar- ,

tersby aFifh-pond-iide,i the Pits in the Woods that Hand full
of Water, naturally breed Fifh in them, in great Quantities.
We.cook'd our Supper ,but havingneither Bread,or Salt,our fat
Turkeys began to be loathfome to us, altho^ we were never
wanting of a good Appetite, yet a Continuance of one Diet,
made us weary.

The next Morning, Smitee Jack told us, we fhould reach the &ej*$&&
Ivdi an Settlement betimes that Day * about Noon, we pafs'd
by -feveral fair Savanna's, very rich and dry -, feeing great
Copfes of many Acres that bore nothing but Bufiies, about
the Bignefs of Box-trees ^ which (in theSeafon) afford great
Quantifies.of fmall Black-berries, very pleafant Fruit, and
much like to our Blues, or Huckle- berries, that -grow on
Heaths in England. Hard by the Savanna s we found the
Town, where we halted •, there was not above one Man left
with the Women, the reft being gone a Hunting for a Feaft,
The Women were very bufily engag'din Gaming : The Name
or Grounds of it, I could not learn, tho'L look 'd on, above
two Hours. Their Arithmetick was kept with a Heap of Indian

E 2 Grain.

(a8.)

Grain. When their Play was ended, the King, or Caffettas
Wife, invited us into her Cabin. The Indian Kings always en-
tertaining Travellers, either Englifi, or Indian ; taking it as a
great -Affront, it- they pafs by their Cabins, and take up their
Quarters at any other Indian's Houfe. The Queen fet Victu-
als before us,- which good Compliment they ufe generally ras
foon as you come under their Roof.

The Town confifts not of above a dozen Houfes, they having
other ftragling Plantations up and down the Country, and
are Tested upon a-, final! Branch of Santee-Rw$r. ■ Their Place
hath curious dry Marines, and Savanna's adjoining to it,
and would prove an exceeding thriving Range for Cattb, and'
Hogs, provided tlie Englijb were feated thereon. Befides, the
Landvis good for Plantations. orf2 bu/3

Thefe Indians are afmall People* '.having loft mufch of their
former Numbers, by inteftine Broils • but rnoft bf the
Smallpox, which hath often vifited them , (weeping away
whole Towns; occafion'd by the immoderate Government
of themfelves in their Sicknefs ; as I have mention 'd before
treating of the Sewees. Neither do I know any Savages that
have traded with the Englijf), but what have been great Lofefs
by this Diftemper.

We found here good; Store of Chinkapin-Nuts, which they
gather in Winter great Quantities of, drying them 1} fo keep
thefe Nuts in great Baikets for their Ufe } likewife Hickerie-
Nuts, which they beat betwixt two great Stones, thenfift
them, fo thicken their Yenifon-Broath therewith g the fmall
Shells precipitating to the Bottom of the Pot, whilft the Ker-
nel in Form of Flower, mixes it with the Liquor. Both thefe
Nuts made into Meal, makes a curious Soop, either with clear
Water, or in any Meat-Broth.

From the Nation of Indians, until fuch Time as you come
to the Tnrkeiruros in North Carolina, you will fee no long
*Mofs upon the Trees j which Space of Ground contains above
live hundred Miles. This feeming Miracle in Nature, is oc-
cafion'd by the Highnefs of the Land, it being dry and
healthful •; for tho' this moil bears a Seed in a Sort of a fmall
Cod, yet it is generated in or near low fwampy Grounds.

The

(, ?-9

^

The Cow^m* are kind and affable to the Evghjb, the^ueeja
being very land, giving us what Rarities herCabmattorued,
as Loblolly made with Indian Corn, and dry a Peaches. Thefe
Convenes have abundance of Storks and Cranes in their Sa-
vannas They take them before they can fly, and breed em
as tame and familiar as a Dung-hill Fowl. They had a tame
Crane at one of thefe Cabins, that was fcarce lets than hx
Foot in Height, his Head b«ing round, with a .{tuning natu-
ral Criinfon Hue, which they all have. Thefe are a very
comely Sort of Indians, there being a ftrange Difference in the.
Proportion and Beauty of thefe Heathens. Altho their Tribes
er N*tions'border one upon another, yet you may dilcern as
great an Alteration in their Features and Difpohtions , as you
can in their Speech, which generally proves quite different
from each other, though their Nations be not above 10
or 20 Miles in Diftance. The Women here being as hand-
Tome as moft I have met withal, being feveral fine-finger d
Brounetto's amongft them." Thefe Laffes ftick not upon Hand
long, for they marry when very young, as at 12 or 14 Years
of Age The Evglip Traders are feldom without an Indian
Female for his Bed-fellow, alledging thefe Reafons as fuffici-
ent to allow of fuch a Familiarity. Firft, They being re-
mote from any white People, that it preferves their .Friend ihip
with the Heathens, they etteeming a white Man s Child much
above one of their getting, the Indian Miftrefs ever fecuring
her white Friend Provifions whilft he ftays amonglt them.
And laftly, This Correfpondence makes them learn the In-
dian Tongue much the fooner, they being of the French-
mans Opinion, how that an Englifi Wife teaches her Hul-
band more Englijb in one Night, than, a School-matter can in-

a Week. rrr.ni r *

We faw at the Cafettas Cabin the ftrangelt Spectacle of An-
tiquity I ever knew, it being an old Indian Squah, that, had
I been to have guefs'd at her Age by her Aipect,old .-Parr's Head
(the Welch Methnfalem) was a Face in Swadling-Clouts to hers.
Her Skin hung in Reaves like a Bagof Tripe. By a fair Com-
putation, one might have juftly thought it would have con-
tain'd three fuch Carcafles as hers then was. She had one of
her Hands contracted by fome Accident in the Fire, they

fleeping

( 3© )

flecping always by it, and often fall into fad Difafters, efpeci-
aliy in their drunken Moods. I made the ftricleft Enquiry that
was poffible, and oy what I could gather, (lie was confiderably
above iqo Years old, notwithftanding ihe fmoak'd Tobacco,
and eat her Victuals,, to all Appearance, as-heartily as one of
1 8. One of our Company fpoke fome of their Language, and
having not quite forgotten his former Intrigues with the Indi-
awLafies, would fain have been dealing with fome of the young
Female Fry .h but theyrefus'd him, he having nothing that
thefe Girls efteemU At Night we were laid in the King's Ca-
bin, where the Queen and the old Squah pig'd in with us:
The former was very much disfigur'd with Tettars, and very
referv'd, which drfappointed our fellow Traveller in his In-
trigues,

.The Women fmoafc much tobacco, .'(as raoft Indians do.)
They have Pipes, whofe Heads are cut out of Stone, an<l will
hold an Ounce of Tobacco, and fome much fiefs, They have
large wooden Spoons, as big as fmall Ladles, which they make
little Ufe of, lading the Meat out of the Bowls with their Fin-
gers.

Zburfday. In the Morning we rofe before Pay, having hir'd a Guide
over Night to conducl us on our Way j but it was top foon
for him to ftir out, the Indians never fetting forward 'till the
Sun is an Hour or two high, and hath eihalFd the Dew
from the Earth. The Queen got us a good Breakfaft be-
fore we left her •, fhe had a young Child, which was much
affhdted with the Cholick ; for which Diftemper me in-
fus'd a Root in Water, which was held in a Gogrd* this me
took into her Mouth, andfpurtedit into the Infent's, which
- gaveiteafe. After we had eaten, we fet Out (with our new
Guide) for the Wateree Indians. We went over a great deal of
indifferent Land this Day. -Here begins to appear very good
: Marble, which continues more and lefs for the Space of ?oo
Miles. We lay all Night by a Run of Water, as we always
do, (if poffible) for the Convenience of it. The Weather
was very cold. , We went this Day about 30 Miles from the
Conger ees ,;

Friday. \ In the Morning we made no Stay to get our Breakfaft, but

hafted on our Voyage, the Land increafing in Marble' and

' v . Richnefs

(31 )

Richnefs of Soil. At Noon we halted, getting our Dinner
upon a Marble-Stone, thatiofe it felf halt a Foot above the
Surface of the Earth, and might contain the Compafs of a
Quarter of m Acre of Land, being very even, there grow-
ing upon it in fome Places a finall red Berry, like a Salmon-
Spawn, there boiling out of the main Rock curious Springs
of as delicious Water, as ever I drank in any Parts I ever tia-

velFd in. - -

Thefe Parts likewife affords. good free Stone, ht for Build-
ing; and of feveral Sorts. The Land here is pleafantly feat-
ed, with pretty little Hills and Valleys, the riling Sun at once
fhewing his glorious reflecting Rays on a great many of thefe
little Mountains. We went this Day about 20 Miles, our
Guide walking like a Horfe, 'till we bad fadl'd him with a
good heavy Pack of fome Part of our Cloaths and Bedding -y
by which Means we kept Pace with him.

This Night we lay by a Run-fide, where . I found a fine
yellow Earth, the fame with Bruxels-Sand, which Goldfhnths
ufe to call withal, giving a good Price in England, .and other
Parts. Here is Ijkewife the true Blood-Stone, and confi-
derable Quantities of Fullers-Earth, which I took a Proof
of, by fcouring great Spots out of Woollen, and it prov'd ve-
ry good. ■•>. - „

,Aswe were;on our Road this Morning, our Indi an liiot at a
•Tyger,> that erofsM the Way, he being a great Diftance from
us. I believe he did him no Harm, becaufe he fat on his
Breech afterwards, ancMook'd upon us. I fuppofe he ex-
pected to have bad a .Spaniel Bitch, that I had with me, for
Jbis Breaftfaft, who run towards him, but in the Midway
it opt her Career, and came fneaking bade to, us with her
Tail betwixt her Legs.

We faw in the Path a great many Trees blown up by the
Roots., at the Bottom .whereof ftuck great Quantities of fine
red Bole ; I believe nothing inferior to that of Venice or Lem-
ma. We found fome Holes in the Earth, which were full of
a -Water asf black, as Ink. I thought that Tincture might
proceed from fome Mineral,: but >. had- not Time to make a_
farther Difcovery. About Noon' we pafs'd over a pleafant

Safur$fy,

C m )

m\

in
1 1

flony Brook, whofe Water was of a bluifh Caft, as it is for <
ieveral hundreds of Miles towards the Heads of the Rivers
■I fuppofe occaiion'd by the vait Quantities of Marble ly-
ing m the Bowels of the Earth. The Springs that feed thefe
Rivulets, lick up fome Potions of the Stones in the Brooks -

a r!11013 gives this Tin£lure> as appears in all or
molt of the Rivers and Brooks of this Country whofe'ra-
pid Streams are like thofe in Torklnre, and other Northern
Counties of England. The Indians talk of many Sorts of
Fiih which they afford, but we had not Time to difcover
their Species. ,

I faw here had been fome Indian Plantations formerly
there being feveral pleafant Fields of clear'd Ground and
excellent Soil, now well fpread with fine bladed Grafs' and
Strawberry-Vines. '

. The Mould here is exceffive rich, and a Country very plea-
ling to the Eye, had it the Convenience of a navigable Ri-
ver as all new Colonies (of Neceffity) require. It would make
a delightful Settlement.

We went eight Miles farther, and came to the .Jfateree
Ltockanee Indians. The Land holds good, there being not
a Spot of bad Land to be feen in feveral Days going

The People of this Nation are likely tall Perfons, and
great Pilferers, ftealing from us any Thing they could lay
their Hands on, though very refpectful in giving us what
Victuals we wanted. We lay in their Cabins all Night, be-
ing dark fmoaky Holes, as ever I faw any Indians d'well
in. This Nation is much more populous than the Come- "
reesx and their Neighbours, yet underftand not one ano-
ther Speech. They are very poor m Englifl, EfFec'ts, feve-
ral ol them having no Guns, making Ufe of Bows and Ar-
rows, being a lazy idle People, a Quality incident to motf
Indians, but none to that Degree as thefe, as I ever met
Withal.

Their Country is wholly free from Swamps and Quag-
mires, being high dry Land, and confequently healthful
producing large Corn-Stalks, and fair Grain.

Next

Next Morning, we took off our Beards with a Razor, -the ^w^''
Indians looking on with a great deaf of Admiration. They
told 4is, they had never feen the like before, and that our
Knives cut far better than thofe that came amonglt the In-
dians. They would fain have borrow'd our Razors, as they
had our Knives, Sciflbrs, and Tobacco-Tongs, the day be-
fore, being as ingenious at picking of Pocket?, as any, I be-
lieve, the World affords \ for they will Ileal with their Feet.
Yefterday, one of our Company, not walking fo fait as the _
reft, was left behind. He being out of Sight before we mifs'd
him,and not coming up to us,tho' we ftaid a confiderable time .
on the Road for him, we ftuck up Sticks in the Ground,
and left other Tokens to diredl; him which way we were gone:
But he came not to us that Night, which gave us Occafion to
fear fome of the Heathens had kill'd him, for his Cloaths, or
the favage Beaffs had devoured him in the Wildernefs, he
having nothing about him to ftrike Fire withal. As we
were debating which way we fhould fend to know what was
become of him, he overtook us, having a V/axfaw Indian for
his Guide. He told us, he had mifs'd the Path , and got
to another Nation of Indians, but 3 Miles off, who at that
time held great Feafting. They had entertain'd him very
refpeftfully, and fent that Indian to invite us amongft them,
wondring that we would not take up our Quarters with
them, but make our Abode with fuch a poOr Sort of Indimsr
that were not capable of entertaining us according to our
Deferts: We receiv'd the Meffenger with a great many Ce-
remoniei, acceptable to thofe fort of Creatures. Bidding our
Waterree King adieu , we fet forth towards the Waxfaxos,
going along clear'd Ground all the Way. Upon our Arrival,
we were led into a very large and lightfome Cabin, the like I
have not met withal. They laid Furs' and Deer-Skins upon
Cane Benches for us to fit or lie upon, bringing (Immediately)
ftewed Peaches and green Corn, that is preferv'd in their Ca-
bins before it is ripe, and fodden and boil'd when they ufe it,
which is a pretty fort of Food, and a great Increafer of the
Blood.

Thefe Indians are of an extraordinary Stature, and call'd
by their Neighbours fiat Heads, which feems a very fuitable
Name for them. In their Infancy , their Nurfes lay ther
Back-part of their Children's Heads on a Bag of Sand, (fuch

F as

(34)

as Engravers ufe to reft their Plates upon.; They ufe a Roll,
which is placed upon the Babe's Forehead, it being laid with
its Back on a flat Board, and Twaddled hard down thereon,
from one End of this Engine, to the other. This Method
makes the Child's Body and Limbs as ftraight as an Arrow.
There being fome young Indians that are perhaps crookedly
inclin'd, at their firft coming into the World,, who are
made perfectly ftraight by this Method. I never faw-an Indian
of a mature Age,that was any ways crooked, except by Acci-
dent, and that way feldom ;, for they cure and prevent De-
formities of the Limbs, and Body, very exa&ly. The In-
ftrument I fpoke of before, being a fort of a Prefs, that is let
out and in,- more or lefs, according to the Difcretion of the
Nurfe, in which they make the Child's Head flat, it makes
the Eyes ftand a prodigious Way afunder, and the Hair hang
over the Forehead like the Eves of a Houfe, which feems
very frightful : They being ask'd the Reafon why they pra-
clis'd this Method, reply'd, the Indians Sight was much
ftrengthened and quicker, thereby, to difcern the Game in
hunting at larger Diftance, and fo never mifs'd of becoming
expert Hunters, the Perfection of which they all aim at, as
we do to become experienced Soldiers, Jearned School-Men
or Artifts in Mechanicks : He that is a good Hunter never
miffesof being a Favourite amongft the Women •, thepret-
tieft Girls being always beftow'd upon the chiefeft Sports-
Men, and thofeof a grofler Mould, upon the ufelefs Lvbbers.
Thus they have a Graduation amongft them, as well as o-
ther Nations. As for the Solemnity of Marriages amongft:
them, kept with fo much Ceremony as divers Authors af-
firm, it never appear'd amongft thofe many Nations I have
been withal, any otherwife than in the Manner I have men-
tion'd' hereafter.

The Girls at \x or 13 Years of Age^ as foon as Nature
prompts them, freely beftow their Maidenheads on fome
Youth about the fame Age, continuing her Favours on whom
She mo ft affe&s, changing her Mate very often, few or none
of them being conftant to one, till a greater Number of
Years has made her capable of managing domeftick Affairs.,
and me hath try'd the Vigour of moft of the Nation fhe
belongs to •, Multiplicity of Gallants never being a Stain to
a Female's Reputation, or the leaft Hindrance of her Ad-
vancement,

; ( 35 )

vancement, but the more Wkorijh, the more Honourable, and
they of all moll coveted, by thofe of the firft Rank, to make a"
Wife of. The Bos Virginia for much coveted by t\\Q Europeans,
is never valued by thefe Savages. When a Man and Wo-
man have gone through their Degrees," (there being a certain
Graduation amongft them J and are allow'd to be Hoiife-
Keepers, which is not till they arrive at fuch an Age, and
have pall the Ceremonies pra&is'd by their Nation, aim oft
all Kingdoms differing in the Progrefs thereof, then it is that
the Man makes his Addreffes to fome one of thefe thorough-
paced Girls, or other, whonrhe likes belt. Whenfhe is won,
the Parents of both Parties, (with Advice of the King) a-
gree about the Matter,4 making a PrOrnife of their Daughter,
to the Man, that requires her, it often happening that- they
converfe and travel together, for feveral Moons before the
Marriage is publifh'd openly ; After this, at the lead Diflike
the Man may turn her away, and take another •, or if fhe
difapproves of his Company, a Price is fet upon her, and if
the Man, that feeks to get her, will pay the Fine to her
Husband, me becomes free from Him: Like wife fome of their
War Captains, and great Men, very often will retain 3 or 4
Girls at a time for their own "Life, when at the fame time, he
is fo impotent and old, as to be incapable of making
Ufe of one of them \ fo that he feldom mifles of wearing
greater Horns than the Game he kills. The Husband' is
never fo enrag'd as to put his Adulterefs to Death ; if fhe is
caught in the Fad, the Rival becomes Debtor to thecornuted
Husband, in a certain Quantity of Trifles valuable amongft
them,which he pays as foon as difcharg"d,and then all Animofi-
ty is laid afide bewitft theHusband,and hisWife'sGallant. The
Man proves often fo good humour'd as to pleafe hisNeighbour
and gratify hisWife's!nclinations,by letting her out for aNight
or two, to the Embraces of fome other, which perhaps fhe
has a greater Liking to, tho' this is not commonly practjs'd.

They fet apart the youngefl and prettieft Faces ,ibr trading
Girls j thefe are remarkable by their Hair, having a particu-
lar Tonfure by which they are known, and diftinguifh'd from
thofe engag'd to Husbands. They are mercenary, and who-
ever makes Ufe of them, firft hires them, the greateft Share
of the Gain going to the King's Purfe, who is fhe chief Bawd,
«xerci!ing his Perogative over all the Stews of his Nation,and
• • . F 2 his

;;:

( 3* ) .

his own Cabin ( very often) being the chiefeft Brothel-Houfe.
As they grow in Years, the hot Afiaultsof Lovegrowcooier ;
and then they commonly are fo ftaid, as to engage them-
felves with more Conftancy to each other. I have feen feve-
ral Gouples amongft them, that have been fo referv'd, as to
live together for many Years, faithful to each other^ admits
ting none to their Beds but fuch as they own'd for their
Wife or Husband : "So continuing to their Life's end.

At our Wax/aw Landlord's Cabin, was a Woman employ'd
in no other Bufinefs than Cookery y it being a Houfe of
great Refort. The Fire was furrounded with Roaft-meat, or
Barbakues, and the Pots continually boiling full of Meat, from
Morning till Night. This She-Cook was the cleanlieftj ever
Jaw amongft the Heathens of America, warning her Hands
before fhe undertook to do any Cookery ; and repeated
this unufual Decency very often in a day. She made us as
White-Bread as any Englijh could have done, and was full as
neat, and expeditious, in her Affairs. It happen'd to be one
of their great Feafts, when we were there : The firft day
that we came amongft them, arriv'd an Ambaflador from the
King ofSapona, to treat with thefe Indians about fome impor-
tant Affairs. He was painted with Vermillion all over his
Face, having a very large Cutlafs ftuck in his Girdle, and a
Fufee in his Hand. At Night, the Revels began where this
Foreign Indian was admitted , the King, and War Captain,
Inviting us to fee their Mafquerade: This Feaft was held
-in Commemoration, of the plentiful Harveft of Corn they
had reap'd the Summer before, with an united Supplication "
for the like plentiful Produce the Yearenfuing. Thefe Re-
vels are carried on in a Houfe made for that purpofe, it be-
ing done round with white Benches of fine Canes, joining
along the Wall y and a place for the Door being"left, which,
is fo low, that a Man muft ftoop very much to enter therein*
This Edifice refemblesa large Hay- Rick; its Top being Pyra-
midal, and much bigger than their other Dwellings,and at the
Building whereof, every one affifts till it is finifh'd. AH their
DweHing-Houfes are cover'd with Bark, but this differs very
much-, for, it is very artificially thatch'd with Sedge and
Rulhes : As foon a's finifh'd, they place fome one of their
chiefeft Men to dwell therein, charging him with the dili-
gent Prefervation thereof , as a Prince commits the Charge

and

I

(37 )

and Government of a Fort or Cattle, to fome Subjed lie
thinks worthy of that Trait. In thefe State-Houfes is tranf-
afted all Publick and Private Bufinefs, relating to the Af-
fairs of the Government, as the Audience of Foreign AmbaG.
fadors from other Indian Rulers, Confutation of waging and
making War, Propofals of their Trade with neighbouring
Indians, or the Englijlh who happen to come amongft them.
In this Theater, the moll Aged and Wifeft meet, determi-
ning what to Aft, and what may be molt convenient to Omit,
Old Age being held in as great Veneration amongft thefe
Heathens, as amongft any People you' fhall meet withal in
any Part of the World.

Whenfoever an Aged Man is fpeakmg, none ever inter-
rupts him, (The contrary Pradice the EngHfa and other Eu-
ropeans, too much ufej the Company yielding a great deal of
Attention to his Tale, with a continued Silence, and an ex-
ad Demeanour, during the Oration. Indeed, the Indians are
a People that never interrupt one another in their Difcourfe-,
no Man fo much as offering to open his Mouth, till the Speak-
er has utter'd his Intent ; When an Enghfr~Mm comes a-
mongft them, perhaps every one is acquainted with him,
vet firft the King bids him Welcome, after him the War-
Captain, fo on gradually from High to Low ; not one of all
thefe fpeaking to the White Gueft, till his Supenour has
ended his Salutation. Amongft Women, it feems impoffible.
to find a Scold-, if they are provok'd, or affronted, by their
Husbands, or fome other, they refent the Indignity offer d-
them in filent Tears, or by refufing their Meat. Would fome
of our European Daughters of Thunder fet thefe Indians for
a Pattern, there might be more quiet Families tound ■ amongft
them, occafiorfd by that unruly Member, the Tongue.

Fefiination proceeds from the Devil, (fays, a Learned&oaor)
a PaiTion the Indians feem wholly free from-, they determi-
ning no Bufinefs of Moment, without a great deal of Delibe-
ration and Warinefs. None of their Affairs appear to- be at-
tended with Impetuofity, or Hafte, being more content with
the common Accidents incident to humane Nature, (as Lor--
fes, contrary Winds, bad Weather, and Poverty; than thefe
of more civilized Countries. _ _

Now, to return to our State-Houfe,w hither we were invi-
ted by the Grandees : As foon as we came into it^they plac'd-

1 '- "- OUT-

In in

1

(38)

our Englijhmen near the King ; h being my Fortune to lit
next him, having his great General, or War-Captaiii.-on my
other Hand. The Houfe is as dark as a Dungeon and as
hot as one of the Dutch-Stoves in Holland. They had made
a circular Fire of fplit Canes in the middle of the Houfe It
was one Man's Employment to add more fplit Reeds to
the one end as it confum'd at the other, there being a fmall
Vacancy left to fupply it with Fewel. They brought in great
ftore of Loblolly, and other Medleys, made of Indian Grain
ftewed Peaches, Bear-Venifon, &c. every one bringing fome
Offering to enlarge the Banquet, according to his Degree and
Quality. When all the Viands, were brought in, the firft Fi-
gure began with kicking out the Dogs, which are feemingly
Wolves, made tame with flarvirtg and beating 5 they being
the worft Dog-Mafters in the World ; fo that it is an infalli-
ble Cure for Sore-Eyes, ever to fee an Indian's Dog fat. They
are of a quite contrary Difpofition to Horfes; fome of their
Kings having gotten, by great chance, a Jade, ftolen by fome
neighbouring Indian, and tranfported farther into the Coun-
try, and fold \ or bought fometimes of a Chriftian, that trades
fmJag ?2S The? Crratures they continually cram, and
teed with Maiz , and what the Horfe will eat, till he is as
fat as a Hog 5 never making any farther ufe of him than to
fetch a Deer home, that is killed fomewhere near the India*'*-
Plantation.

After the Dogs had fled the Room, the Company was fum-
mon d by Beat of Drum ; the Muflck being made of a drefs'd
Deer s Skin, tied hard upon an Earthen Porridge-Pot Pre-
fentlyin came fine Men drefs'd up with Feathers, their Fa-
ces being covered with Vizards made of Gourds: round
their Ancles and Knees, were hung Bells of feveral forts, ha-
ving Wooden Falchions in their Hands, (fuch as Stage-Fen- '
cers commonly ufe- ) m this Drefs they danced about an
Hour , mewing many ftrange Geftures, and brandifhing their
Wooden Weapons, as if they were going to fight each other;
oitentimes walking very nimbly round the Room, without
making the leaft Noife with their Bells, (a thing I much ad-
mired at ;■) again, turning their Bodies, Arms and Legs, into
inch frightful Poftures., that you would have guefs'd they had
been quite raving mad : At laft, they cut two or three high
Capers, and left the Room. In their Head, came in. a par-
cel

■ 1

( 39 l

eel of Women and Girls, to the Number of Thirty odd j
every one taking place according to her Degree of Stature,
the tallelt leading the Dance, and the leaft of all being plac'd
laft j with thefe they made a circular Dance, like a Ring,
reprefenting the Shape of the Fire they danced about f Ma-
ny of thefe had great Horfe-Bells about their Legs, and fmall
Hawk's Bells about their Necks. They had Muikians, who
were two Old Men, one of whom.beat a Drum, while theother
rattled with a Gourd* that had Corn in it, to make a Noife
withal: To thefe Inftruments, they >both fang a mournful
Ditty , the Burthen of their Song was, in Remembrance of
their former Greatnefs, and Numbers of their Nation', the
famous Exploits of their Renowned Anceftors, and all Acti-
ons of Moment that had* (in former Days) been perform'd
by their Forefathers. At thefe Feftivals it is , that they
give a Traditional Relation of what hath pafs'd amongft
them, to the younger Fry. Thefe verbal Deliveries being
always publiflfd in their moft Publick AfTe.mblies, ferve in-
fl.ead of our Traditional Notes, by the ufe of Letters. Some
Indians, that I have met withal, have given me a very curious
Defcription of the great Deluge, the Immortality of the
Soul, with a pithy Account of the Reward of good and wic-
ked Deeds in the Life to come , having found, amongft fome
of -them, great Obfervers of Moral Rules, and the Law of Na-
ture j indeed, a worthy Foundation to build Christianity
upon, were a true Method found ou£, and practis'd, for the
Performance thereof.

Their way of Dancing, is nothing but a fort of {tamping
Motion , much like the treading upon Foanders Bellows.
This Female-Gang held their Dance for above fix Hours, be-
ing all of them of a white Lather, like a Running Horfe that
has juft come in from his Race. My Landlady was the Ring-
leader-of the Amazons, who, when in her ownHpufe, be-
bav'd herfelf very difcreetly, and warily, in her Domeftick:
Affairs '-, yet, Cuftom had fo infatuated her, asto almoft break
her Heart with Dancing amongft fuch a confufed Rabble.
During this Dancing, the Spectators do not neglect their Bu-
finefs, in working the Loblolly- Pots, and the other ,MeaE
that was brought thither ; more or lefs of them being con-
tinually Eating, whilft the others were Dancing. When the
Dancing was-eflded, every Youth that was fo dilpofsd, catch'd

' -" - ' ' hold;

Tuefday.

( 40 )

hold of the Girl he liked belt, and took her that Night for
his Bed-Fellow, making as fhort Courtfhip and expeditious
Weddings, as the Foot-Guards us'd to do with the Trulls ia
Salisbury-Court. I

Next we fhail treat of the Land hereabouts, which is a
Marl as red as Blood, and will lather like Soap. The Town
Hands on this Land, which holds considerably farther in
the Country, and is in my Opinion, fo durable that no La-
bour of Man, in one or two Ages, could make it poor. I
have formerly feen the like in Leicefierjhire, bordering upon
Rutland. Here were Corn-Stalks in their Fields as thick as
the Small of a Man's Leg, and they are ordinarily to be feen.

We lay with thefe Indians one Night, there being by my
Bed-fide one of the largeft Iron Pots I had ever feenjn Ame-
rica, which I much wondred at, beeaufe I thought there might
be no navigable Stream near that Place. I ask'd them, wher®
they got that Pot? They laugh'd at my Demand, and would
give me no Anfwer, which makes me guefs it came from fome
Wreck, and that we were nearer the Ocean, or fome great
River, than I thought.

The next day aboutNoon,we accidentally met with a South-
ward Indian, amongft thofe that us'd to trade backwards and
forwards, and fpoke a little Englijh,whom we hirM to go with
tistothe Efaw Indians, a very large Nation containing many
thoufand People. In the Afternoon we fet forward, taking
our Leaves of the Wifack Indians, and leaving them fome Tri-
fles. On our Way, we met with feveral Towns of Indians,
each Town having its Theater or State Houfe, fuch Houfes
being found all along theRoad,till you come toSapona^nd then
no more of thofe Buildings, it being about 170 Miles. We
reach'd 10 Miles this day, lying at another Town of the Wi-
fach. The Man of the Houfe offer'd us Skins to fell, but
they were too heavy Burdens for our long Voyage.

Next Morning we fet out early, breaking the Ice we met
withal, in the ftony Runs, which were many. We pafs'd by
feveral Cottages, and about 8 of the Clock came to a pret-
ty big Town, where we took up our Quarters, in one of
their State Houfes,- the Men being all out, hunting in the
Woods, and none but Women at home. Our Fellow Tra-
veller of whom I fpoke before at the Congerees, having a great
Mind for an Indian Lafs, for his Bed-Fellow that Night,

fpoke

(4i )

fpoke to our Guide, who foon got a Couple, referving one
for himfelf. That which fell to our Companion's Share,
was a pretty young Girl. Tho' they could net underftand
'one Word of what each other fpoke, yet the Female Indian,
being no Novice at her Game, but underftanding what file
came thither for, a&ed her Part dexteroufly enough with her
Culiy, to make him fenfibleof what (he wanted >, which was
to pay the Hire, before he rode the Hackney. He fhew'd
her all the Treafure he was pofTefs'd of, as Beads, Red Ca-
dis, &c. which me lik'd very well, and permitted him to put
them into his Pocket again, endearing him with all the
Charms, which one of a better Education than Dame Na-
ture had beftow'd upon her,could have made ufe of,to render
her Confort a furer Captive. After they had us'dthis Sort
of Courtfhip a fmall time, the Match was confirm'd by both
Parties, with the Approbation of as many Indian Women,
as came to the Houfe , to celebrate our WincbeJler-'Wed-
ding. Every one of the Bride-Maids were as great Whores,
as Mrs. Bride, tho' not quite fo handfome. Our happy Cou-
ple went to Bed together before us all,and with as little BluftV
mg, as if they had been Man and Wife^fcr 7 Years. The
reft of the Company being weary with travelling, had
more Mind to take their Reft, than add more Weddings to
that hopeful one already confummated ; fo that tho' the o-
ther Virgins ofFer'd their Service to us, we gave them their
Anfwer, and went to fleep. About an Hour before day, I
awak'd, and faw fomebody walking up and down the- Room
in a feemingly deep. Melancholy. I call'd out to know who it
was, and it prov'd to be Mr. Bridegroom, who in lefs than 1 2
Hours, was Batchelor, Husband, and Widdower, his dear
Spoufe having pick'd his Pocket of the Beads, Cadis, and
what elfe mould have gratified the Indians for the Victuals we
receiv'd of them. Howevervthat did not ferveher turn,but me
had alfo got his Shooes away, which he had made the Night
before, of a dreft Buck-Skin. Thus dearly did our Spark al-
ready repent his newBargain, walking bare-foot, in his Peni-
tentials, like fome poor Pilgrim to Lor et to.

After the Indians had laugh'd their Sides fore at the Fi-
gure Mr. Bridegroom made, with much ado, we mufter'd up
another Pair of Shooes, or Meggifom, and fet forward on our
intended Voyage, the Company (all the way) lifting up their

F 1 Pray-

(42 )

Prayers for the newt married Couple, whofe Wedding had
made away with that, which mould have purchas'd our Food. '
Weinef- Relying wholly on Providence, we march'd on, now and
**■?• then payingc>ur Refpedts to the new-married Man. The Land *
held rich and good •, in many Places there were great Quanti-
ties of Marble. The Water was ftill of a wheyifh Colour.
About io of the Clock, we waded thro' a River, fabout the
Bignefs of Dervpent, in Torkjhire) which I take to be one of
the Branches of Winjavp River. We faw feveral Flocks of Pi-
geons, Field-Fares-, and Thrufhes, much like thofe of Eu-
rope. The Indians of thefe Parts ufe Sweating very much.
If any Pain feize their Limbs, or Body, immediately they
take Reeds, or fmall Wands, and bend them Umbrella-Faftii-
on, covering them with Skins and Matchcoats : They have a
large Fire not far off,wherein they heat Stones,or (where they
are wanting,) Bark, putting it into this Stove, which calls an
extraordinary Heat : There is a Pot of Water in the Bagnio^m
which is put a Bunch of an Herb, bearing a "Silver TafTel, not
much unlike the Aurea Virga. With this Vegetable they ru'»
the Head, Temples, and other Parts, which is reckon'd a
Preferver of the Sight and Strengthener of the Brain. We
went, this day, abou-t 12 Miles, one of our Company being
lame of his Knee. Wepafs'd over an exceeding rich Traci
of Land, affording Plenty of great free Stones, and marble
Rocks, and abounding in many pleafant and delightfome
Rivulets. At Noon, we Itay'd and refrefh'd ourfelves at a
Cabin, where we met with one of their War- Captains, a
Man of great Efteem among them. At his Departure from
the Cabin, the Man of the Houfe fcratch'd this War-Cap-
tain on the Shoulder, which is look'd upon as a very great
Compliment among them. The Captain went two or three
Miles on our way, with us, to direct, us in our Path. One
©f our Company gave him a Belt, which he took Very kindly,
bidding us call at hisHoufe, (which was in our Road) and
flay till the lame Traveller was well, and fpeaking to the In-
dian-, to order his Servant to make us welcome. Thus we
parted, he being on his Journey to the ■ Congerees, and Savem~
nsis, a famous , warlike, friendly Nation of Indians^ living
to the South-ErA of Aftly River. Me had a Man-Slave with
him, who was loaded with, European Goods, bis Wife and
• Daughter being in Company. He told us, at his Departure,

that James had fent Knots to all the Indiar.i thereabouts, for

every

(43_)

every Town to fend ia 10 Skins, meaning Captain Moar,
thenGovernour of Ssuth-CaroLna. The Towns being very
thick hereabouts, at Night we took up our Quarters at one
of the chief Mens Houfes, which was one of the Theaters
I fpoke of before. There ran, hard-by this Town, a pleafant
River, not very large, but, as the Indians told us, wellftor'd '
withFiih. We being now among the powerful Nation of
£faws, our Landlord entertain'd us very courteoufly, fliew-
ingus, that Night, a pair of Leather-Gloves, which he had
made ; and comparing them with ours, they prov'd to be •
very ingenioufiy done, confidering it was the firft Tryal.

In the Morning, he defired to fee the lame Man's afFe&ed Tburflay.
Part, to the end he might do fomething, which (he believ'd)
would give him Eafe. After he had viewed it accordingly,
he pull'd out an Inftrument, fomewhat like a Comb, which
was made of a fplit Reed, with 15 Teeth of Rattle-Snakes
fet at much the fame diftance, as in a large Horn-Comb:
With thefe he fcratch'd the place where the Lamenefs chief-
ly lay, till the Blood came, bathing it, both before and after
Incifion , with warm Water , fpurted out of his Mouth.
This done , he ran into his Plantation , and got fome
Sajfafras Root, (which grows here in great plenty) dry*d it
in the Embers, fcrap'd off the outward Rind, and having
beat it betwixt two Stones, apply'd it to the Part affiifted,
binding it up well. Thus, in a day or two, the Patient be-'
came found. This day, we pafs'd through a 'great many
Towns, and Settlements, that belong to the Sugeree-Indians,
no barreh.Land being found amongft them, but great plen-
ty of Free-Stone, and good Timber. About three in the
Afternoon, we reach'd the Kadapau King's Houfe, where
we met' with one John Stewart, a Scot, then an Inhabitant
of James-Rivec in Virginia, who had traded there for many
Years. Being alone, and hearing that the Sinnagers (Indians
from Canada) were abroad in that Country, he durft not
venture homewards, till he faw us, having heard that we
were coming, above 20 days before. It is very odd, that
News mould fly fo fwiftly among thefe People. Mr. Stewart
had left Virginia ever fince the Ottober before, and had loft a
day of the^Week, of which we inform'd him. He had
brought feven Horfes along with him, loaded with Englifo
Goods for the Indians', and having fold moft of his Cargo,

G 2 told -

( 44 )

vij

III' ill

Saturday

told us, if we would flay two Nights, he would go along
with us. Company being very acceptable, we accepted the
Propofal.

Friday. The next day, we were preparing for our Voyage, and
baked fome Bread to take along with us. Our Landlord
v/as King of the Kadapau Indians, and always kept two or
three trading Girls in his Cabin. Offering one of thefe to
fome of our Company, who refus'd his Kindnefs, his Majefty
flew into a violent Paflion, to be thus flighted, telling the
Englishmen, they were good for nothing. Our old Game-
iter, particularly, hung his Ears at the Propofal, havin*
too lately been a Lofer by that fort of Merchandize. It was
obfervable, that we did not fee one Partridge from tbeWa-
terrees to this place, tho' my Spaniel-Bitch, which I had with
me in this Voyage, had put up a great many before.

On Saturday Morning, we all fet out for Sapona, killing in
thefe Creeks, feveral Ducks of a Arrange Kind, having a red
Circle about their Eyes, like fome Pigeons that I have feen
a Top-knot reaching from the Crown of their Heads al-
moft to the middle of their Backs, and abundance of Fea-
thers of pretty Shades and Colours. They prov'd excellent
Meat. Likewife, here is good ftore of Woodcocks, not fo
bigasthofein England, the Feathers of the Breaft being of
a Carnation-Colour, exceeding ours for Delicacy of Food
The Marble here is of different Colours, fome or other of
the Rocks reprefenting moft Mixtures, but chiefly the white
having black and blue Veins in it, and fome that are red.
This day, we met with feven heaps of Stones, being the Mo-
numents of feven Indians, that were flain in that place by the-
S.nnagers, or Troquois. Our Indian Guide added a Stone ta
each heap. We took up our Lodgings near a Brook-fide
where the Virginia Man's Horfes got away. % and went back
to the Kadapau %.

Sunday-. This day, one of our Company, with a Sapona Indian, who
attended Stsxoart, went back for the Horfes, In the mean
time, we went to (hoot Pigeons, which were fo numerous in
thefe Parts, that you might fee many Millions in a Flock-
they fometimes fplit off the Limbs of ftout Oaks, and other
Trees, upon which they rooft o' Nights. You may find fe-
veral Indian Towns,of not above 17 Routes, that have more
than 100 Gallons of Pigeons Oil, or Fat \ they niing.it with:

Polfe,

(45 )

Pulfe, or Bread, as we do Butter, and making the Ground
as white as a Sheet with their Dung. The Indians take a
Light, and go among them in the Night, a^id bring away
fome thoufands, killing them with long Poles, as they roolt
in the Trees. At this time of the Year, the Flocks, as they
pafs by, in great meafure, obftrua the Light of the day.

On Monday, we went about 25- Miles, travelling through Mtw%.
a pleafant, dry Country, and took up our Lodgings by a Hill-
fide, that was one entire Rock, out of which guuYd out plea>-
fant Fountains of well- tailed Water.

The next day, ftill palling along fuch Land as we had done TuefcUjc
for many days before, which was, Hills and Vallies, about
10 a Clock we reach'd the Top of one of thefe Mountains,
which yielded us a fine ProfpecT: of a very level Country,
holding fo, on all fides, farther than- we could difcern. When
we came to travel through it, we found it very ftiff and
rich, being a fort of Marl. This Valley afforded as large
Timber as any I ever met withal, efpecially of Chefnut-Oaks,
which render it an excellent Country for railing great Herds
of Swine. Indeed, were it cultivated, we might have good
hopes of as pleafant and fertile a Valley, as any our Englifr
m America can afford. At Night, we lay by a fwift Cur-
rent, where we faw plenty of Turkies, but pearch'd upon
fuch lofty Oaks, that our Guns would not kill them, tho* we
fliot very often, and our Guns were very good. Some of our
Company mot feveral times, at one Turkey, before he would
fly away, the Pieces being loaded with large.Goofe-fhot.

Next Morning, we got our Breakfafts •, roafted Acorns be-WedneJ-
ing one of the Difhes. The Indians beat them into Meal, and <*<?/•
thicken their Venifon-Broth with them-, and oftentimes
make a palatable Soop. - They are ufed inftead of Breads
boiling them till the Oil fwims on the top of the Water*
which they preferve for ufe, eating the Acorns with Flefh-
meat. We travell'd, this day, about 25 Mites, over plea-
fant Savanna Ground, high, and dry, having very few \
Trees upon it, and thofe ftanding at a great diftance. The
Land was very good, and free from Grubs or Underwood,
A Man near Sapona may more eafily clear 10 Acres of Ground,
than in fome places he can one •, there being mnch-loofe Stone,
upon the Land, lying very convenient for making of dry-
Walls, or any other fort of durable Fence, This Country ■

abounds

(46 )

abounds likewife with curious bold Creeks, (navigable for
fmall Graft) difgorging themfelves into the main Rivers,
that vent themfelves into the Ocean. Thefe Creeks are well
ftor'd with fundry forts of Fifh, and Fowl, and are very con-
venient for the Tranfportation of what Commodities this
Place may produce. This Night, we had a great deal of
Rain, with Thunder and Lightning.
'fhuffiay. Next Morning, it proving delicate Weather, three of us
Separated ourfelves from the Horfes, and the reft of the
Company, and went directly for SaponaTown. That day,
we pafs'd through a delicious Country, (none that lever
faw exceeds it.) We fawfinebladed Grafs, fix Foot high,
along the Banks of thefe pleafant Rivulets: We pafs'd by
the Sepulchres of feveralilain Indians. Coming,that day,about
30 Miles, we reach'd the fertile and pleafant Banks of Sapona
^River,w hereon ftands the Indian Town and Fort. Nor could
all Europe afford a pleafanterStream,wereit inhabited byCh-i-
ftians,and cultivated by ingenious Hands. Thefe Indians live in
a clear Field, about a Mile fquare, which they would have fold
me j becaufe I talked fometimes of coming into thofe Parts to
live. This moll pleafant River may be fomething broader
-than the Thames at King fi en, keeping a continual pleafant
warbling Noife, with its reverberating on the bright Mar-
ble Rocks. It is beautified with a numerous Train of Swans,
and other forts of Water-Fowl, not common, though extra-
ordinary pleafing to the Eye. The forward Spring welcom'd
us with her innumerable Train of fmall Chorifters, which
inhabit thofe fair Banks •, the Hills redoubling, and adding
Sweetnefs to their melodious Tunes by their fhrill Echoes.
'One fide of the River is hemm'd in with mountainy Ground,
the other fide proving as rich a Soil to the Eye of a knowing
Perfon with us, as any this Weftern World can afford. We
took up our Quarters at the King's Cabin, who was a good
Friend to the Englijh, and had loft one of his Eyes in their
Vindication. Being upon his march towards the Appedlatche
Mountains, amongft a Nation of Indians in their Way, there
happen'd a Difference, while they were meafuring of Gun-
powder •, and the Powder, by accident, taking fire, blew out
one of this King's Eyes, and did a great deal more mifchief,
upon the fpot : Yet this Sapona King ftood firmly to the Eng-
lifl) Man's Intereft, with whom he was in Gompany, ftill

1 iiding

( 47 )

fiding with him againft ihevhdians, They were intended
for the South Sea, but were too much fatigued by the vafb
Ridge of Mountains, tho' they hit the right Paflage ; it being
no lefs than five days Journey through a Ledge of Rocky
Hills, and fandy Defarts. And which is yet worfe, there is
no Water, nor fcarce a Bird to be feen, during your PafFage
bver thefe barren Crags and Valleys. The Sapona River
proves to be the Weft Branch of Cape-Fair^ or Clarendon River,
whofe Inlet, with other Advantages, makes it appear as noble
a River to plant a Colony in, as any I have met withal.

The Saponas had (about 10 days before we came thither)
taken Five Prifoners of the Sinnagers or Jennitos^ a Sort of
People that range feveral thoufands°of Miles, making all Prey
they lay their Hands on. Thefe are fear'd by all the favage
Nations 1 ever was among, the Weftward Indians dreading
* their Approach. They are all forted in, and keep continual
Spies and Out-Guards for their better Security. Thofe Cap-
tives they did intend to burn, few Prifoners of War efcaping
that Punifhment. The Fire of Pitch-Pine being got ready,
and a Feaft appointed, which is folemnly kept at the time of.
their acting this Tragedy,the Sufferer has his Body ftuck thick .
with Light- Wood-Splinters, which are lighted like fo many
Candles, the tortur'd Perfon dancing round a great Fire, till
his Strength fails,and difables him from making them any far-
ther Paftime. Moft commonly , thefe Wretches behave
themfelves (in the Midft of their Tortures) with a great,
deal of Bravery and Refolution, efteeming it Satisfa&ion
enough, to be aflur'd, that the fame Fate will befal fome of
their Tormentors, whensoever they fall into theHands of
their Nation. More of this you will have in the other
Sheets.

The Toteros, a neighbouring Nation, came down from the
Weftward Mountains, to the Saponas, defiring them to give
them thofe Prifoners into their Hands, to the Intent they.
might fend them back into their own Nation, being bound:
in Gratitude to be Serviceable to the Sinnag«rs, fincenot long .,
ago, thofe Northern-/w^»j had taken fome of the Toteros -
Prifoners, and done them no Harm* but treated them civilly
whilffc among them, fending them, with Safety, back to their
own People, and affirming, that it would be the belt-. Me-
thod to preferve Peace on, ail Sides. At that, time thefe ■-•
' ' " ,' " " - " . Ten*-

■I

it

( 48 > _

Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyamvees, 3 fmall Nations, were
going to live together, by which they thought they mould
itrengthen therafelves, and become formidable to their Bne*
rnies. The Reafons oiFer'd by the Totsros being heard, the
Sapona King, with the Confent of his Counfellors, deliver'd
the Sinnagers up to the Toteros, to conduit them home.

&ri&0* Friday Morning, the old King having ftiew'd us 2 of his

Horfes, that were as fat,as if they had belong'd to the Dutch
Troopers, left us, and went to look after his Beyer-Traps
there being abundance of thofe amphibious Animals in this
River, and the Creeks adjoining. Taken with the Pleafant-
nefs of the Place, we walk'd along the River-fide, where we
found a very delightful Ifland, made by the River, and a
Branch ; there being feveral fuch Plots of Ground environ'd
with this Silver Stream, which are fit Pafbres for Sheep,
and free from any offenfive Vermin. Nor can any thing
•be defired by a contented Mind, as to a pleafant Situation
but what may here be found ; Every Step prefenting fome
new Objed, which ftill adds Invitation to the Traveller in
thefe Parts. Our Indian King and his Wife entertain'd us
very fefpeftfufly.

Situt-day. On Saturday, the Indians brought in fome Swans, and

=§an. 51. Geefe, which we had our Share of. One of their Do&ors
took me to his Cabin, and fhew'd me a great Quantity of
medicinal Drugs, the Produce of thofe Parts ; Relating their
Qualities-as to theEmun&ories they work'd by,and what great
Maladies he had heal'd by them. This Evening, came to us
the Horfes, with the Remainder of our Company, their In-
dian Guide (who was a Youth of this Nation) having kill'd,
in their Way, a very fat Doe, Part of which they brought
to us.

4Mlny. ' This day, the King fent out all his able Hunters, to kill
Game for a great Feaft, that was to be kept at their Depar-
ture, from the Town, which they ofFer'd to fell me for a
fmall matter. That Piece of Ground, with a little Trouble,
would make an Englijhman a molt curious Settlement, con-
taining above a Mile fquare of rich Land. This Evening,
came down fome Totems^ tall, likely Men, having great
Plenty of Buffelbs, Elks, and Bears, with other fort of Deer
amongft them, which ftrong Food makes large, robuit Bo-
dies. Enquiring of them, if theyjiever got any of the Be-

z,oar

-<:.

(49 )

tjoar Stone, and giving them a Defcription how it was found,
the Indians told me, they had great plenty of it } and ask'd
me, What ufe 1 could make of it ? I anfwer'd them, That the
white Men us'd it in Phyfick, and that I would buy Tome of
them, if they would get it againft I came that way again.
Thereupon, one of them pull'd out a Leather-Pouch, where-
in wasfomeof it in Powder , he was a notable Hunter, and
affirm'd to me, That that Powder, blown into the Eyes,
ilrengthen'd the Sight and Brain exceedingly, that being
the molt common Ufe they made of it. I bought, for 2 or
3 Flints, a large Peach-Loaf, made up with a pleafant fort
of Seed ; and this did us a Angular Kindnefs, in our Journey.
Near the Town, within their clear'd Land, are feveral Bag*
nios^ or Sweating-Houfes, made of Stone, in Shape like a
large Oven. Thefe they make much Ufe of \ efpecially, for
any Pains in the Joints, got by Cold, or Travelling. At
Night, as we lay in our Beds, there arofe the moll violent
N..W. Wind 1 ever knew. The firft Puff blew down all the
Talifadoes that fortify'd the Town •, and I thought it would
have blown us all into the River, together with the Houfes.
Our one-ey'd King, who pretends much to the Art of Con-
juration, ran out in the moft violent Hurry, and in the
Middle of the Town , fell to his Necromantick Pra&ice -7
tho' I thought he would have been blown away or kill'd, be-
fore the Devil and he could have exchang'd half a dozen
Words ; but in two Minutes, the Wind was ceas'd, and it be-
came as great a Calm, as ever I knew in my Life. As I much
admir'd at that fudden Alteration, the old Man told me, the
. Devil was very angry, and had done thus, -becaufe they had
not put the Sinnagers to Death.

On Monday Morning, our whole Company, with the Hor-Moniy,
fes, fet out from the Sapona-In'dian Town, after having ken
fome of the Locuft, which is gotten thereabouts, the fame
Sort that bears Honey. Going over feveral Creeks, -very
convenient for Water-Mills, about 8 Miles from the Town,
we pafs'd over a very pretty River, call'd Rocky River, a
fit Name, having a Ridge of high Mountains running from
its Banks, to the Eaftward; and difgorging itfelf into Sapo-
»^-River', fo that there is a moll pleafant and convenient
Neck of Land, betwixt both Rivers, lying upon a Point,
where many thoufand Acres may be fenced in, without

H much

C 50)

f

iM

'. .

1 •!

much Coft or Labour. You. can fcarcego a Mile, without
meeting with one of thefe fmall fwift Currents, here being
no Swamps to be found, but pleafant, dry Roads all over
the Country. The Way that we went this day, was as full
of Stones, as any which Craven, in the Weft of TorkJhirer
could afford, and having nothing but Moggifons on my Feet,
I was fo lanfd by this ftony Way, that I thought I mull have
taken up fome Stay in thofe Parts. We went, this day, not
above 1 5 or 20 Miles. After toe had fupp'd, and all lay down
to fteep, there came a Wolf clofeto the Fire-fide, where we
lay. My Spaniel foon difcoVer'd him, at which, one of Our
Company fir'd a Gun at the Beaft } but, I believe, there was
a Miftake in the loading of it, for it did him no Harm. The
Wolf ftay'd till he had almoft loaded again, but the Bitch
making a great Noife, at la ft left us and went afide. We
had nofooner laid down, but he approach'd us again, yet
was more fhy, fo that we could not get a Shot at him.

Tu-'fday. Next day, we had 1 5 Miles farther to the Keyauwees. The
Land is more mountainous,but extremely pleafant, and an ex-
cellent Place for the breeding Sheep, Goats, and Horfes \ or
Mules, if the Englijh were once brought to the Experience of
the TJfefulnefs of thofe Creatures. The Valleys are here very
rich. At Noon, we pafs'd over fuch another ftony River,
as that eight Miles from Sapona. This is call'd Helghwaree,
and affords as good blue Stone for Mill-Stones, as that from
CoJogn, good Rags, fome Hones, and large Pebbles, in great
abundance, befides Free-Stone of feveral Sorts, all very ufe-
ful. I knew one of thefe Hones made ufe of by an Acquain-
tance of mine, and it prov'd rather better than any from Old
Spain, or elfe where. The Veins of Marble are very large
and curious on this River, and the Banks thereof.
<.~ . Five Miles from this River, to the N. W- ftands the Key-
auwecs Town. They are fortify'd in, with wooden Punch-
eons, like Sapona, being a People much of the fame Number..

1 Nature hath fo fortify'd this Town, with Mountains, that

to ere it a Seat of War, it might eafily be made impregnable ;
-having large Corn-Fields joining to their Cabins, and a Sa-
vanna near the Town, at the Foot of thefe Mountains, that
is capable of keeping fome hundred Heads of Cattle. And.
all this environed round with very high Mountains, fo that no
hard Wind ever troubles thefe Inhabitants. Thofe high

Gifts

( 5i )

Clifts have no Grafs growing on them, and very few Trees,
which are very fhort, and ftand at a great Diftance one from
another. The Earth is of a red Colour, and feems to me to
be wholly defign'd by Nature for the Produftion of Minerals,
being of too hot a Quality, to fuffer any Verdure upon its
Surface Thefe Indians make jife of Lead-Ore, to paint then-
Faces withal, which they get in tho neighbouring Mountains.
As for the refining of Metals, the Indians are wholly igno-
rant of it, being content with the Realgar. But if it be my
Chance, once more to vifit thefe Hilly Parts, I fell make a
longer Stay amongft them i For were a good Vein of Lead
found out, and work'd by an ingenious Hand, it might be of
no fmall Advantage to the Undertaker, there being great
Convenience for fmelting, either by Bellows or Reverberati-
on S and the Working of thefe Mines might difcover fome
that are much richer. . - ■

At the Top of one of thefe Mountains, is a Cave that iop
Men may fit very conveniently to dine in * whether natural,
or artificial, I could not learn. There is a fine Bole between
this Place, and the Saps. Thefe Valleys thus hemm'd in with
Mountains, would (doubtlefs) prove a good place for pro-
pagating fome fort of Fruits, that our Eafterly Winds com-
monly blaft. The Vine could not mifs of thriving well here ;
but we of the Northern Climate are neither Artifts, nor curi-
ous, in propagating that pleafant and profitable Vegetable.
Near the Town, is fuch another Current, as Heighwaree. We
being fix in Company, divided ourfelves into Two Parties-;
artd it was my Lot to be at theHoufe of Keyauwees Jack, who
is King of that People. He is a Conger ee- Indian, and ran a-
way when he was a Boy. He got this Government by Mar-
riage with the Queen ; the Female IfTue carrying the Heri-
tage, for fear of Impoftors ; the Savages well knowing, how
much Frailty poffeffes the Indian Women, betwixt the Gar- .
ters and the Girdle. -

The next day, having fome occafion to write, the Indian Wekefi
King who faw me, believ'd that he could write as welU<y.
as I. Whereupon, I wrote a Word, and gave it him to copy,
which he did with more Exactnefs, than any European could
have done, that was illiterate. It was fo well, that he who
<:ould read mine, might have done the fame1)y his. After-
wards, he took great Delight in making Fifh-hooks of bis

H 2 owu

( 52 >

i

, '!

own Invention, which would have been a good Piece for an
Antiquary to have puzzled his Brains withal, in tracing out
the Characters ofall the Oriental Tongues.- He fent for fe-
veral Indians to his Cabin, to look at his Handy-work, and '
both he and they thought, I could read his Writing as well
as I could my own. 1 had a Manual in my Pocket, that had
King ZWW'sPifture inn, in one of his private Retirements.
The Indian ask'd me, Who that Figure reprefented ? I told
him, It was the Pi&ure of a good King, that liv'd according
to the Rules of Morality, doing to all as he would be done
by, ordering all his Life to the Service of the Creator of all
things ; and being now above us all, in Heaven, with God
Almighty, who had rewarded him with all the delightful
Pleasures imaginable in the other World, for his Obedience
to him in this ; I concluded, with telling them, that we re-
ceived nothing here below, as Food, Raiment, &c. but what
came from that Omnipotent Being. They liftned to my Dif-
courfe with a profound Silence^ alluring me, that they be- -
liev'd what I faid to be true. No Man living will ever be
able to make thefe Heathens fenfible of the Happinefs of a
future State, except he now and then mentions fome lively
carnal Reprefentation, which may quicken their Apprehen-
lions, and make them thirft after fuch a gainful Exchange •
for, were the belt Lecture that ever was preach'd by Man'
given to an ignorant fort of People, in a more learned Style'
than their mean Capacities are able to underftand, the In-
tent would prove ineffectual, and the Hearers would be left
in a greater Labyrinth thanjheir Teacher found them in.
But difpenfe the Precepts of our Faith according to the Pu-
pil's Capacity, and thefe is nothing in our Religion, but
what an indifferent Reafon is, in fome meafure, able to com-
prehend 5 tho' a New-England Minifter blames the French Je-
fuits for this way of Proceeding, as being quite contrary to
a true Chriftian Pra&ice, and affirms it to be no ready, or
true Method , to eftablifh a lively Reprefentation of our
Chriftian Belief amongft thefe Infidels.

All the Indians hereabouts carefully preferve the Bones of
the Flefh they eat, and barn them, as being of Opinion, that
if they omitted that Cuftom, the Game would leave their
Country, and they mould not be able ^maintain themfelves
by their Hunting. Molt of thefe Indians wear Muftacboes,
or Whiskers, which is rare ; by reafon the Indians are a Peo-
ple

.'**»

_ — -!

' ( 53 ) _:

pie that commonly pull the Hair of their Faces, and other
Parts, up by the Roots, and fuffer none to grow. Here is
plenty of Chefnuts, which are rarely found in Carolina, and
never near the Sea, or Salt-Water j tho' they are frequently
in fuch Places in Virginia. '

At the other Houfe, where our Fellow- Travellers lay,
they had provided a Dilh, in great Falhion amongft the In-
dians, which was Two young Fawns, taken out of the Doe's
Bellies, and boil'd in theiameflimy Bags Nature had plac'd
them in, and one of Ihe Country-Hares, ftew'd with the
Guts in her Belly, and her Skin with the Hair on, This
new-fafhion'd Cookery wrought Abftinence in our Fellow-
Travellers, which I fomewhat wonder'd at, becaufe one of
them made nothing of eating AUegators, as heartily as if it
had been Pork and Turneps. The Indians drefs molt things
after the Wood-cock Falhion, never taking the Guts out.
At the Houfe we lay at, there was very good Entertainment
of Venifon, Turkies, and Bears-, and which iscuftomarya-
mongftthe/W^/w, the Queen had a Daughter by a former
Husband, who was the beautifulleft Indian I ever faw, and
had an Air of Majefty with her, quite contrary to the gene-
ral Carriage of the Indians. She was very kind to the Eng-
lish, during our Abode, as well as her Father and Mother. -■ .

This Morning, moft of our Company having fome Inclina. 7*«W>
tion to go ftraight away for Virginia, when they left this
Place; I and one more took our leaves of them, refolving
(with God's Leave) to fee North-Carotiriai one of the Indians
fetting us in our way. The reft being indifferent which way
they went, defired usj by all means,. to leave a Letter for
them,.atthe^dWec&y-Town. The Indian that put us m
our Path, had been a Prifoner amongft the Sinnagers; but
had out-run. them, although they had cut his Toes, and half
his Feet away, which is a Practice common amongft them.
They firft raife the Skin, then cut away half the Feet, and
fo wrap the Skin over the Stumps, and make a prefent Cure
of the Wounds. This commonly difables them from making
their Efcape^ they being not fo good Travellers as before,
and the Impreffion of their. Half-Feet making it eafy to trace:
them. However, this Fellow was got clear of them, but
had little Heart to go far from home, and carry'd always a
Cafe of Piftols in his Girdle, befides a Cutlafs, and a Fuzee.

Leaving

( 54 )

Leaving the reft of our Company at the Indian-Town, we
travell'd, that day, about 20 Miles, in very cold, frofty Wea-
ther'; and pafs'd over two pretty Rivers, foraething bigger
than Heighwaree, but not quite fo ftony. We took thefe two
Rivers to make one of the Northward Branches of 'Cafe-Fair
River, but afterwards found our Miftake.

■Indiiy. The next day, we travell'd over very good Land, but full
of -Free-Stone, arid Marble, which pinch'd our Feet fevere-
ly. We took up our Quarters in a fort of Savanna-G round,
that had very few Treesin it. The Land was good, and had
feveral Quarries of Stone, but not loofe, as the others us'd
to be.

■Saturday. Next Morning, we got our Breakfaftsof Parch'd Corn,
having nothing but that to fubfift on for above 100 Miles.
All the Pine-Trees were vanifh'd, for we had feen none for
two days. We pafs'd through a delicate rich Soil this day ;
no great Hills, but pretty Rifings, and Levels, which made
a beautiful Country. We likewife pafs'd over three Rivers
this day ; the firft about the bignefs of Rocky River, the o-
ther not much differing in Size. Then we made not the
leaft Queftion, but we had pafs'd over the North-Weft
Branch of Cafe-Fair-, travelling that day above 30 Miles.
We were much taken with the Fertility and Pleafantnefs
of the Neck of Land betvveen thefe two Branches, and" no
lefspleas'd, that we had pafs'd the River, which us'd to
frighten Paflengers from fording it. At laft, determining
to reft: on the other fide ■ of a Hill, which we iaw before us ;
when we were on the Top thereof, there appear'd to us
fuch another delicious, rapid Stream, as that of Safona, ha-
iring large Stones, about the bignefs of an ordinary Houfe,
lying up and flown the River. As the Wind blew very cold
at N. W. and we were very weary, and hungry, the Swift-
aiefs of the Current gave us fome caufe to fear ; but, at la ft,
We concluded to venture over that Night. Accordingly,
we ftripp'd, and with great Difficulty, (by God's Affiftance)
got fafe to the North-fide of the famous /&a-River, by
fome called Reatfan ; the Indians differing in the Names of
Places, according to their feveral Nations. It is call'd Hau-
River, from the Sijfifahau Indians? who dwell upon this
.Stream, which is one of the main Branches of Cafe-Fair,
<there being rich Land enough to contain forne Thousands of

Fa-

( 55 )

Families i for which Reafon, I hope, in a fliort tune, u
will be planted. This River is much fuch another W&gm
both feeming to run a vaft way up the Country.. Here is
pk ty Tf good Timber, and efpecially of a Scaly-barkU
Oak •; And as there is Stone enough in both Rivers, and the
Land is extraordinary Rich, no Man that will be content
within the Bounds of Reafon, can have any grounds to dif-
like it. And they that are otherwife, are the belt Neigh-
bours, when far theft of.

As foonas it was day, we fet cut for the Achonechy-Sm^.
Town it being, by Eftimatiwi, 20 Miles off, which, I be-
lieve, is pretty exaft. We were got about half way, (meet-
ing great Gangs of Turkies) when we few, at a Diftance, 30
loaded Horfes, coming on the Road, with four or live Men,
on other Jades, driving them. We charg'd our Piece, and
went up to them: Enquiring, whence they came rrom i
They told us, from Virginia. The leading Man's Name was
Mafley who was born about Leeds in Torkfhire. He ask d,
from whence we came ? We told him. Then he ask'd again,
Whether we wanted any thing that he had ? telling us, we
fhould be welcome to it. We accepted of Two Wheaten
Biskets, and a little Ammunition. He advifed us, by all
means, to ftrike down the Country for Ronoack, and not think
of V-vrini^ becaufe of the Sinnagers, of whom they were a-
fl-aid^tho' fo well arm'd, and numerous. They perfuaded
us alfo, to call upon one Enoe Will, as we went to Ad(hujheer^
for that he would conduct us fafe among the Etiglijb, giving
him theCharadter of a very faithful Indian7which we afterwards
found true by Experience. The Firgim^Men asking our Opi-
nion of the Country we were then in ? we told them, it was a
very pleafant one. They were all of the fame Opinion, and af-
firm'd,That they had never feen.20 Miles of fuch extraordina-
ry rich Land, lying all together, like that betwixt Hau*R\yer-~
and the Achmechy Town. Having taken our Leaves of each o-
ther,we fet forward -, and the Country, thro' which wepafs'd,
was fo delightful, that it gave us a great deal of Satisfa&ion*
About 1 hi-ee a Clock, we reaCh'd the Town, and the Indi-.
ans prefently brought us good fat Bear, and Venifon, which,
was very acceptable at that time. Their Cabins were,
hung with a good fort of Tapeftry, as fat Bear, and, bar-,
bakued or dried Venifon; no Indians having greater Plea-> -

I . ty

c mi

H i' >

ty of Provifions than thefe. The Savages do, indeed ftill
poffefs the Flower of Carolina , the Englifi enjoying 'only
the Fag- end of that ..fine Country. We had not been in
the Town 2 Hours, w hen jEwc-W^/7 came into the King's Ca-
bin ; which was our Quarters. We ask?d him, if he would
conduft us to the Englijh, and what he would have for his
Pains , he anfwer'd, he would go along with us, and for
what lie was to have, he left that to our Difcretion.
Mtndw. The next Morning, we fetout, with Enoc-Will, towards
Adjlmfoeer, leaving the Virginia Path, and ftriking more to
the Eaftward, for Ronoack. Several Indians were in our Com-
pany belonging to Will's Nation, who are the Shoccories, mixt
with the Enoe-Indians, and thofe of the Nation of Adjliu-
fiieer. Enoe-WMis their chief Man, and rules as far as the
Banks of Reatkin. It was a fad ftony Way to Adjhujheer.
We went over a fmall River by Achonechy, and in this
14 Miles , through feveral other Streams , which empty
themfelves into the Branches of Cape-Fair. The ftony Way
made me quite lame , fo that I was an Hour or two behind
the reft \ but honeft Will would not leave me, but bid me
welcome when we. came to his Houfe,' lifting us with hot
Bread, and Bears^Oil ; which is wholfomeFood for Travel-
lers. There runs a pretty Rivulet by this Town. Near
the Plantation, I faw a prodigious overgrown Pine-Tree,
having not feen any of that Sort of Timber for above 125
Miles : They brought us 2 Cocks, and pull'd their larger
Feathers off, never plucking the letter, but iingeing them off*.
I took one of thefe Fowls in my Hand, to make it cleaner
than the Indian had, pulling out his Guts and Liver, which
I laid in a Bafon; notwithftanding which, he keptfuch a
Struggling for a confiderable time,tbat I had much ado to hold
him in my Hands. The Indians laugh'd at me, and told me,
that Ense-Will had taken a Cock of an Indian that was not
at home, and the Fowl was defign'd for another Ufe. I con-
jedur'd, that he was defign'd for an Offering to their God,
who,they fay, hurts thcm,(which is the Devil.;) In this Strug-
gling, he bled afrefh, and there ifiued out of his Body more
Blood than. commonly fuch Creatures afford. Notwithftand-
; ing all this, we coak'd him, and eat him \ and if he was de-
fign'd for him, cheated the Devil. The Indians keep many
Cocks., but feldom above one Hen, ufing very often fuch
wicked Sacrifices, as I miftrufted this Fowl was defign'd for.

Our

_ C 57 )

Our Guide and Landlord Etioe-WM was of the belt and molt
agreeable Temper that ever I met with in an Indian, being al-
ways ready to fervethe Englijh, not out of Gain, but real
AfFe&ion :, which makes him apprehenfive of being poifon'd by
fome wicked Indians, and was therefore very earnefl: with me, \
to promife him to revenge his Death, if it mould fo happen.
He brought fome of his chief Men into his Cabin, and 2 of
them having a Drum, and a Rattle, fung by us, as we lay
in Bed, and ftruck up their Mufick to ferenade and welcome
us to their Town. And tho'at laft, we fell afleep, yet they
continu'd their Confort till Morning. Thefe Indians are for-
tify'd in, as the former, and are much addi&ed to a Sport they
call Chenco, which is carry'd on with a Staff and a Bowl made
of Stone, which they trundle upon a fmooth Place, like a
Bowling-Green, made for that Purpofe* as I have mention'd
before.

Next Morning, we fet out, with our Guide, and feveral7«e/%.
other Indians, who intended to go to thtEnglifh, and buy Rum.
Wedefign'dfor -a Nation about 40 Miles from Adfi>i$iee?\
call'd the Lower Quarter : The firft Night, we lay in a rich "
Terkofon, or low Ground, that was hard-by a Creek, and
good dry Land.

The next day, we went over feveral Tf a&s of rich Land,^^/-
but fnixM with Pines and other indifferent Soil. In our way,^>
.there flood a great Stone about the Size of a large Oven, and
hollow j this the Indians took great Notice cf, putting
fome Tobacco into the Concavity, and fpitting after it. I
ask'd them the Reafon of their fo doing, but they made me -
no Anfwer. In the Evening, we pafs'd over a pleafant Rivu-
let, with a fine gravelly Bottom, having come over fuGh ano-
ther that Morning. On the other fide of this River, we found
the Indian Town, which was a Parcel of nafty fmoaky Holes,
much like the Waterrees ; their Town having a great Swamp
running dire&ly through the Middle thereof. The Land
here begins to abate of its Height, and has Fome few Swamps.
Moil of thefe Indians have but one Eye •, but what Mifchance
or Quarrel has bereav'd them of the other I could not learn.
They were not fo free to us, as molt of the other Indians'
had been :, Victuals being fomewha't fcarce among them.
However, we got enough to fatisfy our Appetites, i law,
among- thefe Men, very long Arrows, headed with Pieces of

I " Glafs,

'T

Thar [day.
Friday,.

1 1 !

iili

(58)

Giafs, which they had broken from Bottles. They had ihap'd them
neatly, like tire Head of a Dart ,• but which way they did it, I can't
tell. , We had not been at this Town above an Hour, when two of our
Company, that had bought a Mare of John Stewart, came up to us,,
having receiv'd a Letter by one of Will's Indians, who was very cautious,
and asked a great many Queftions, to certifie him of the Perfon, e'er
he would deliver the Letter. They had left the Trader, and one that
came from South- Carolina with us, to go to Virginia • thefe Two be-
ing refolved to go to Carolina with us.

This Day fell much Rain, fo we feid at the Indian Town.
This Morning, we fet Out early, being four, Englifo- Men, befides
ieveral Indians. We went 10 Miles, and were then ftopp'djsy the
Freihes of 22/w-River, which had rais'd it fo high, that we could not
pafs over, till it was fallen. I enquir'd of my Guide, Where this Ri-
ver difgorg'd it felf ? He faid, It was £«op- River, and run into a.
Place^caU'd -Ewe-Bay, near liis Country, which he left when he was
a Boy ; by which I perceiv'd,he was one of the Cores by Birth : This -
being a Branch of ATf«j-River.

Saturday. This Day, our Fellow-Traveller's Mare ran away from him; where-
fore, V¥ill went back as far as the lower Quarter, and brought her
back.

Sunday, The next Day, early, came two Tushmro Indians to the other fide
of the River, but could not get over. They talk'd much to us, but
we uhderflood them not. In the Afternoon, Will came with the Mare,
and had Tome Difcourfe with them t, they told him, The Englijh, to
whom he was going, were very wicked People ; and, That they
, fhjea.tned the Indians for Hunting near their Plantations. Thefe Two
FelieAvs were going among the Schoccores and Achoncchy Indians, to
fell their Wooden Bowls and Ladles for Raw-Skins, which they make
great Advantage of, hating that any of thefe Weftward Indians ihould
have any Commerce with the Englifb, which would prove a Hinde-
rance to their Gains. Their Stories deterr'd anOldlndian and his Son,
from going any farther ; but Will told us, Nothing they had faid ihould .
frighten him, he believing them to be a couple of Hog-ftealers ; • and
that the Englifb only fought Reflitution of their Lofies, by them ; and
that this was the only ground for their Report. Will had a Slave, a -
Si/jlpahan- Indian by Nation, who killed us fevcral Turiues, and other
Game, on which we feaired.

Monday.-, This River is near as large as Reatlin • the South-fide having curious

. ;•' Tracts of good Land, the Banfehigh, and Stone-Quarries. TheTuf-
ftemros being come to us, we vJeittur d over the River, which we found
to be a itrong Current, and thas^ater about Breafl-high. . However,,
) we all got fafe to the North-Shore, which is but poor, white, fandy
Land, and bears no Timber, but fmall lh-rubby Oaks. We went about
10 Miles, and fat down at the Falls of a krge Creek, where lay migh-
' ' ty Rocks., the Water making a firange Noiie, as if a great many Wa-
ter-

( 59 )

ter-Mills were going at once. I take this to be the Falls of
Neut-Cictk, called by the Indians, Wee quo Whom. We lay here
all Wight. ' My Guide Witt deliring to fee the Book that 1 had a-
bout pie, 1 lent it him ; and as he foon found the Piflure of King
David he asked me feveral Questions concerning the Book^and 1 1-
aure, which I refolv'd him, and- invited him to become a Chriftiaii. ._
Ke made me a very fharp Reply, alluring me, That he lov'd the Ea«~
/;//? extraordinary well, and did believe their Ways to be very good
for thofe that had already pra&is'd them, and had been brought. up;
therein ; But as for himfelf, he was too much in Years to think of
a Chang'e, efteeming it not proper for OldPeople to admit of fuch an
Alteration. - However, he told me, If 1 would take hisSon gdci, who
was then about 14 Years of Age, and teach him to talk in that Book,,
and make Paper fpeak, which they call our Way of Writing, he would
wholly refign him K> my Tuition 5 telling me, he was of Opinion, I
Was very well affefted to the Indians. ■

The next Morning, we fet out early, and I perceiv d that thefe In-Tuefhj.
dims were in fome fear of Enemies ; for they had an Old Man with
them, who was very cunning and circumfpeft, wherefoever he faw
any Marks of Footing, or of any Fire that had been made ; going out
of his Way, very often, to look for thefe Marks. We went, this day,,
above 30 Miles, over a very level Country, and moft Pine Land,
yet intermix d with fome Quantities of Marble ; a good Range for
Cttel, though very indifferent for Swine. We had now loft our ra-
pid Streams, and were come to How, dead Waters, of a brown Co- ;
lour, proceeding from the Swamps, much like the Sluices in Holland,
where the Track- Scoots go along. In the Afternoon, we mettio v
Tmhruros, who told us, That there was a Company of Hunters not
far of, and if we -walk'd ftoutly, we might reach them that Night. .
But Will and He that own'd the Mare, being gone before, and the
Old Indian tired, we refted, that Night, in the Woods, making a: •
good light Fire, Wood being very plentiful in thefe Parts. < '..< - .
3 Next Day, about 10 a Clock, we fbruck ,out of -the Way, by. the Weim\-
Advice of our Old Indian. We had not gone pafl two Miles, e'er vieday. .
met with about 500. Ttuhruros in one Hunting-Quarter. ' They had
made themfelves Streets of Houfes, built with Pine- Bark, not with
round- Tops, as they commonly ufe, but B.idge-Fafhion, after the
manner of" moft othci Indians. We' got nothing amongft them but
Corn, Flefii being not plentiful, by reafon of the great Number, of
their People. For tho'they are expert Hunters, yet they are too po-
paloifs for one Range ; which makes Venifon veiy-fcarce to what it
is "irougft other Indians, that are fewer ; no Savages, living fo'. well
fniTii^ty, as- thofe near -die Sea. I faw, amongft thefe, a "Hump-
back1 d Indian, which was the only crooked one I ever met withal. .
About two a Clock, we reach'd one of their Towns, in which there
was no body left, but an Old Woman or two ; the reft being gone to _.

theix .

fmrfday.

■;:f ii

.

; ( fo > , __

their Hunting- Quarters. We could find no Provifion at that Place.
We had a Tushruro that came in company with us, from the lower
Quarter, who took us to his Cabin, and gave us what it afforded,
which was Corn- meat.

This Day, we pafs'd through feveral Swamps, and going not above
a dozen Miles, came to a Cabin, the Mafter whereof us'd to trade a-
mongft the Englijh. He told us, If we would flay Two Nights, he
would conduct us fafe to them, himfelf designing, at that time, to go
and fetch fome Rum ; fo we refolvedto tarry for his Company. During
our Stay, there happen'd to be a Young Woman troubled with Fits.
The Doctor who was fent for to affift her, laid her on her Belly, and
made a fmall Incifion withRattle-Snake-Teeth ; then laying his Mouth
to the Place, he fuck'd out near a Quart of black conglutinated Blood,
and Serum. Our Landlord gave us the Tail of a Eever, which was a
choice Food. There happen'd alfo to be a Burial of one of their
Dead, which Ceremony is much the fame with that of the Santees,
who make a great Feaft at the Interment of their Corps. The fmall
Runs of Water hereabout, afford great Plenty of Craw-Fifh, full as
large as thofe in England, and nothing inferior in Goodnefs.
Saturday. Saturday Morning, our Patron, with Enoe Will, and his Servant, fet
out with us, for the Englijh. In the Afternoon, we ferried over a
River, (in a Canoe) called by the Indians, Chstwhu, which is the
N. W. Branch of Nens-Rxvef. We lay in the Swamp, where fome In-
dians invited us to go/to their Quarters, which fome of our Company
accepted, but got nothing extraordinary, except a dozen Miles March
out of their Way : The Country here is very thick of Indian Towns
and Plantations. ^

We were forced to march, this day, for Want of Provisions. About
10 a Clock, we met an Indian that had got a parcel of Shad-Fifh rea-
dy barbaku'd. We bought 24 of them, for a drefs'd Doe-Skin, and
fo went on, through many Swamps, finding, this day, the long ragged
Mofs on the Trees, which we had not feen for above 600 Miles.
In libel Afternoon, we came upon the Banks of Pampticough, about 20
Miles above the En^lifi Plantations by Water, though not fo far by
Land. The Indian found a Canae, which he had hidden, in which we
all got over, and went about fee Miles farther. We lay, that Night,
under two or three Pieces of Barkj at the Foot of a large Oak. There
fell abundance of Snow and Rain in the Night, with much Thunder
and Lightning. -

Next Day, it: clear'dup, and it being about 12 Miles to theEnglifo,
about half-way we paned overa deep Lreek, and came fafe to Mr. Ri-
cloard Smith's, of Pamptkough-Wivzr, in North- Carolina ; where be-
ing well receiv'd by the Inhabitants, and pleas'd with the Goodneis
©f the Country, we all refolv'd to continue,

f i n i sr

Sunday:

6i

A

DESCRIPTION

O F

-CAROLINA.

H £ Province of Carolina is feparated Cam-
from Virginia by a due Weft-Line , H?a:f"
which begins at Curritu d-lnlet, in %6^mm^
Degrees , 30 Minutes, of Northern-
Latitude, and extends indefinitely to
the Weftward , and thence to the
Southward, as far as 29 Degrees;
which is a vaft Traft of Sea-Coaft.
But having already treated, as far as
is neceflary,. concerning South- Carolina, I fhall confine my-
lelf, in the enfuing Sheets, to give my Reader a Defcription
of that Part of the Country only, which lies betwixt
Cvrrituch and Cape-Fair, and is almoft 34 Deg. North. * And
this is commonly call'd North Carolina.

This Part of Carolina is faced with a Chain of Sand-Banks,
which defends it from the Violence and Infults of the Atlan-
tick Ocean ♦, by which Barrier, a- vaft Sound is hemm'd in,
. which fronts the Mouths of the Navigable and Pleafant Ri-
vers of this Fertile Country, and into which they difgorge
themfelves. Thro' the fame are Inlets of feveral Depths of inlets,
Water. Some of their Channels admit only of Sloops, Bri-
gantines, fmall Barks, and Ketches % and fuch are Currituck,
Ronoak-, and up the Sound above Hatteras : Whilft others
can receive Ships of Burden, as Ocacocly Toffail-lnlQt, and
-Cape-Fair j as appears by my Chart.

K The

62

A Description

■iJAtitrai
Indians.

11 II

I

Fhft Colo- The firft Difcovery and Settlement of this Country was
tiyof Ca-foy the procurement of SirN Walter Raleigh, in Conjunction
rolna. wlth fome publick-fpirited Gentlemen of that Age, under
the Protection of Queen Elizabeth ; for which Reafon it was
then named Virginia, being begun on that Part called Ro-
w^-Ifiand,, where the Ruins of a Fort are to be feen
at this day, ' as well as fome old English Coins which
have been lately found ; and a Brafs-Gun, a Powder-Horn,
and one fmall Quarter deck-Gun, made of Iron Staves, and
hoop'd with the fame Metal ; which Method of making
Guns might very probably be made ufe of in thofe Days3
for the Convenience of Infant-Colonies.

A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hat-
teras Indians, who either then lived on Ronoak-lftand, or
much frequented it. Thefe tell us, that feveral of their
Anceftors were white People, and could talk in a Book, as
we do , the Truth of which is confirm'd by gray Eyes be- ,
ing found frequently amongft thefe Indians, and no others*
They value themfelves extremely for their Affinity to the
Englijh, and are ready* to do them all friendly Offices. It
is probable, that this Settlement mifcarry'd for want of
timely Supplies from England , or thro' the Treachery of
the Natives, for we may reafonably fuppofe that the Englijh
were forced to cohabit with them, for Relief and Conven-
tion -, and that in procefs of Time, they conform'd themfelves
to the Manners of their Indian Relations. And thus we fee,
how apt Humane Nature is to degenerate.

I cannot forbear inferting here, a pleafant Story that paf-
fes for an uncontefted Truth amongft the Inhabitants of
this Place , which is, that the Ship which brought the firft
Colonies, does often appear amongft them, under Sail, in
a gallant Pofture, which they call Sir Walter Raleigh's Ship ^
And the truth of this has been affirm'd to me, by Men of
jhe belt Credit in the Country.

A fecond Settlement of this Country was made about

Secernent fifty Years ago, in that part we now call Albemarl- County,

of North- aIK} chiefly in Chuxvon Precinft, by feveral fubftantial Plan-

Ca:olina- ters, from Virginia, and other Plantations-, Who finding

mild Winters, and a fertile Soil, beyond Expectation, pro-

■ dacing every thing that was planted, to a prodigious In-

creafe j their Cattle, Horfes, Sheep, and Swine, breeding

, very

Sir Wal-
ter Ra-
leigh'i

Ship,

Second

of North-Carolina.

6?

very faft, and pafling the Winter, without any Aflifrance
from the Planter \ fo that every thing feenVd to come by
Nature, the Husbandman living alrnoft void of Care, and
free from thofe Fatigues which are abfolutely req'iifite in
Winter-Countries, for providing Fodder and other Necefla-
ries j thefe Encouragements indued them to Hand their
Ground, altho' but a handful of People, feated at great
Diftances one from another, and amidft a vaft nunfber of
Indians of different Nations, who were then in Car din a.
Neverthelefs, I fay, the Fame of this new-difcover'd Sum-
mer-Country fpread thro' the neighbouring Colonies, and,
in a few Years, drew a confiderable Number of Families
thereto, who all found Land enough to fettle themfelves in, -
(had they been many Thoufands more) and that which was
very good and commodioufly ieated, both for Profit and ^
Pleafure. And indeed, molt of the Plantations in Carolina piearm.
naturally enjoy a noble Prolpect of large and fpacious Ri- nefrnf
vers, pleafant Savanna's, and fine Meadows, with their Carolina.
green Liveries, interwoven with beautiful Flowers, of molt
glorious Colours, which the feveral Seafons afford -, hedg'd
in with pleafant Groves of the ever-famous Tulip-tree, the
ftately Laurel, and Bays, equalizing the Oak in Bignefs and
Growth ^ Myrtles, Jeflamines, Wood-bines, Honyfuckles,
and feveral other fragrant Vines and Ever-greens, whofe
afpiring Branches fhadow and interweave themfelves with
the loftieft Timbers, yielding a pleafant Profpedt, Shade and
Smell, proper Habitations for the Sweet-finging^irds, that
melodioufly entertain fuch as travel thro'theWoods of Carolina.

The Planters poffefTing all thefe Bleflings, and the Pro-
duce of great Quantities of Wheat and Indian Com, in
which this Country is very fruitful, as likewife in Beef,
Pork, Tallow, Hides, Defr-Skins, and Furs % for thefe
Commodities the New-England-Men and Bermudians vifited
Carolina in their Barks and Sloops, and carry'd out what
they made, bringing them, in Exchange, Rum, Sugar, Salt,
MolofTes, and fome wearing Apparel, tho' the laft at very
extravagant Prices. ,

As the Land is very fruitful, foare the ; Planters kind
and hofpitable to all that come to vifit them ; there being
very few Houfekeepers, but what live very nobly, and
-give away more Provifions to Coafters and Guefts who

. K -2 come

64.

^— — M— — a»— MMWh^MI ITT1 llll 111 J M,

^4 Description

come to fee them, thaa they expend amongft their own
Families.

Of the Inlets and Havens of this Country.

Curri- The Bar of Currituck being the Northermoft of this.
tuck Met. Country, prefents itfelf firft to be treated of. It lies in
36 deg. 30 min. and the Courfe over is S. W. by W. having
not above feven or, eight Foot on the Bar, trio' a good
Harbour, when you are over, where you may ride fafe, and
deep enough •, but this Part of the Sound is fo full of Shoals,
as not to fuffer any thing to trade thro' it, that draws a-
., bove three Foot Water, which renders it very incommodi-
ous. However, this affects but fome part of the Country,
and may be eafily remedied, by carrying their Produce, in,
finall Craft, down to the Vefiels, which ride near the Inlet.
Ronoak Ronoak Inlet has Ten Foot Water r the Courfe over the
inlet... Bar is almolt W. which leads you thro' the belt of the Chan-
nel. This Bar, as well as Currituck^ often Mfts by the Vio-
lence of the N. E. Storms, both lying expos'd to thofe
Winds. Notwithstanding which, a confiderable Trade
might be carry'd on, provided there was a Pilot to bring
them in ; for it lies convenient for a large Part of this Co-
lony, wliofe Product would very eafily allow of that Charge y
Lat. 35 deg. 5a min.
Hatteras The Inlet of Hatter as lies to the Weftward of the Cape,\
Met. round which is an excellent Harbour. When the Wind blows
liard at N. or N. E. if you keep a fmall League from the
Cape-Point, you will have 3, 4, and-5; Fathom, the outer-
moft Shoals lying about 7 or 8 Leagues from Shoar. As
you come into the Inlet, keep clofe to the South Breakers^
till you are over the Bar, whe§p you will have two Fathom
at Low- Water. You may come to an Anchor in two Fa-
shorn and a Half when you are over, thenfteer over clofe
aboard the North Shoar, where is four Fathom, clofe to a
Point of Marfh; then fteer up the Sound a long League,
till you bring the North Cape of the Inlet to bear S.S.Ei
half E. then fleer W. N. W- the Eaft-point of Bluff- Land
at Hamras bearing E. N. E. the Southermoft large Ham-
mock towards Ocacock, bearing S. S. W. half S. then you are
_ iji the Sound, over the Bar of Sand, whereon, is but 6 Foot

Water 1

of North-Carolina.

Water •, then your Courfe to Pampticough is almoft Weft.
It flows on thefe three Bars §. E. by E>i E. about Eight of
the Clock, unlefs there is a hard Gale of Wind at N. E.
which will make it flow two hours longer ; but as foon as
the Wind is down, the Tides will have their natural Courfe :
A hard Gale at N. or N. W. will make the Water ebb
fometimes 24 hours, but ftill the Tide will ebb and
flow, tho' not feen by the turning thereof, but may be
feen by the Rifing of the Water, and Falling of the fame,
Lat. 350 20". , .

Ocaeock is the beft Inlet and Harbour yet in this Country ; ocacock
and has 1.3 Foot at Low-water upon the Bar. There are Ma.
two Channels •, one is but narrow, and lies dole aboard the
South Gape ; the other in the Middle, viz.. between the Middle
Ground, and the South Shoar, and is above half a Mile
wide. The Bar itfelf is but half a Cable's Length over, and
then you are in 7 or 8 Fathom Water ; a good Harbour.
The Courfe into the Sound is N. N. W. At High-water,
and Neap-tides, here is 18 Foot Water. It lies S. W. from
Hatter as Inlet. Lat. 35Q 8"-

Top/ail Inlet is above two Leagues to the Weftward of Topfail
Cape Look-out. . You have a fair Channel over the Bar, aiKU»/«. •
two Fathom thereon, and a good Harbour in five or fix Fa-
thom to come to an Anchor. Your Courfe over this Bar is
almoft N.W. Lat. 34° 44"-

As for the Inlet and River of Cape Fair, I cannot give youcape
abetter Information thereof, than has been already deli- Fair Met-
ver'd by the Gentlemen, who were fent on purpofe, from mi River,.
JBarhados,to make aDifcovery of thatRiver,in the Year \66$.
which is thus.

From Tuefday the 29th of September, to Friday- the id of
OBober, we rang'd along the Shoar from Lat. 32 deg. 20 min.
to Lat. 33 deg. 11 min. but could difcern no Entrance for
our Ship? after we had pafs'd to the Northward of 32 deg.
40 min. On Saturday, Ottob. 3. a violent Storm overtook
as, the Wind between North and Eaft ^ which Eafterly.
Winds and Foul Weather continu'd till Monday the 12th % ,
byfeafon of which Storms and Foul Weather, we were
forced to get off to Sea, to fecure Our&lves and Ship, and.
were driven by the Rapidity of a ftrong Current to Cape
Matteras ia Lat.. 3 < deg, 30 min* OR-Monday the. 1 2th afore-

jj- -'■"' faidr.

^Description

I

■

! i

i !:::: I

r'. ■

fa id, we came to an Anchor in Teven Fathom at Cape-Fair
Road, and took the Meridian Altitude of the Sun, and were
in Latitude 33 deg. 43 min. the Wind continuing Hill eafter-
ly, and foul Weather, till Thurfday the 15th 5 and on Friday
the 1 6th, the Wind being at N. W. we weigh'd and fail'd
up Cape -Fair-River , fome 4 or 5 Leagues, and came to an
Anchor in 6 or 7 Fathom , at which time feveral Indians came
on board, and brought us great Store of frefh Fifh, large
Mullets, young Bafs, S,hads, and feveral other Sorts of very
good well-tailed Filh. On Saturday the 1 7th, we went down
to the Cape, to fee the Englijh Cattle, but could not find 'em,
tho' we rounded the Cape : And having an Indian Guide with
us, here we rode till Oft. 24. The Wind being againlt us,
we could not go up the River with our Ship ; but went on
fhoar, and view'd the Land of thofe Quarters. On Saturday ,
we weigh'd, and fail'd up the River fome 4 Leagues, or
thereabouts. Sunday the 25th, we weigh'd again, and row 'd
up the River, it being calm, and got up fome 14 Leagues
from the Harbour's Mouth, where we mor'd our Ship. On
Monday OB. the 26th, we went down with the Yawl, to Ne*-
coes, an Indian Plantation, and view'd the Land there. On
Tuefday the 27th, we row'd up the main River, with our
Long-Boat, and 12 Men, fome 10 Leagues, or thereabouts.
On Wednefday the 28th, we row'd up about 8 or to Leagues
more. Thurfday the 29th, was foul Weather, with much
Rain and Wind," which forc'd us to make Huts, and lie ftill.
Friday the 30th, we proceeded up the main River, 7 or %
Leagues. Saturday the .3 1 ft, we got up 3 or 4 Leagues more,
and came to a Tree that lay crofs the River ; butbecaufe
our Provifions were almoft fpent, we proceeded no farther^
but return'd downward before Night, and on Monday the
id of November, we came aboard our Ship. Tuefday the 3d,
we lay flill, to refrefh ourfelves. On Wednefday the 4th, we
went 5 or 6 Leagues up the River, to fearch a Branch that
run out of the main River towards the N. W. In which
Branch we went up 5 or € Leagues \ but notliking the Land,
return'd on board that Night about Midnight, I and call'd
that Place Swampy-Branch. Thurfday, November the 5th, we
ftay'd aboard. On Friday the 6th, we went -up Greens-River,
the Mouth of it being againft the Place at which rode our
Ship. On Saturday the 7th, we proceeded up the faid River,

fome

of North-Carolina.

67

fome 14 or 15 Leagues in all, and found it ended. in feveral
finall Blanches ; The Land, for. the moft part, being marfhy
and Swamps, we returned towards our Ship, and got aboard
it in the Night. Sunday November the 8th, we lay Hill, and
on Monday the 9th, went again up the main River, being well
ftock'd with Provifions, and all things necefTary, and pro-
ceeded upwards till Thurfday noon, the 12th, at which
time we came to a Place, where were two Wands in the
Middle of the Rivera and by reafon af the Crookednefs of
the River at that Place, feveral Trees lay crofi both Bran-
ches, which ftop'd the PaiTage of each Branch fo that we
could proceed no farther with our Boat * but went up
the River fide by Land, fome 3 or 4 Miles, and found the;
River wider and wider. So we return'd, leaving it, as far
as we could fee up along Reach, running N.E. we judging
ourfelvesnear fifty Leagues North from the River s Mouth.
In our Return, we view'd the Land on both Sides the River,
and found as good Trafts of dry, - well-wooded, pleafant,
and delightfol Ground, as we have feen any where 111 the
World, with abundance of long thick Grafs on it, the Land
beine very level, with fteep Banks on both Sides the River,
,and in fome Places very high, the Woods ftor'd every where,
'with great Numbers of Deer and Turkies, we never going
on Shoar, but wefawof each Sort-, as alfo great Store of
Partridges, Cranes, and Conies, in feveral Places y we like-
wife heard feveral Wolves howling in the Woods, andfaw
where they had torn a Deer in Pieces. Alfo in the River we
faw ereat Store of Ducks, Teal, Widgeon-, and m the
Woods, great Flocks of Parrakeeto's. The Timber that the
Woods afford, for the moft part, confifts of Oaks of four or
five Sorts, all differing in Leaves, but each bearing very good
Acorns. We meafur'd many of the Oaks m feveral Places,
which we found to be, in Bignefs, fome Two, fome Three,
and others almoft Four Fathom in Height, before you come to
Boughs or Limbs-, forty, fifty, fixty Foot, and fome more 5..
andthofe Oaks very common in the upper Parts ot both Ri-
vers; alfo a very tall large Tree of great Bignefs, which
fome call Cyprus, the right Name we know not, growing in
Swamps. Likewife Walnut, Birch, Beech, Maple, Afh,
Bay, Willow, Alder, and Holly; and in the lowermoft
Parts innumerable Pines, tall and good for Boards or Malts,

-

■■■■':■

68

A Description

-...

>: i!:' i

growing, for the moft part, in barren and fandy, but in fome
Places up the River, in good Ground, being mixt amongft
Oaks and other Timbers* We faw Mulberry-Trees, Multi-
tudes of Grape* Vines, and fome Grapes which we eat of.
We found a very large and good Trad of Land, on the N. W.
Side of the River, thin of Timber, except here and there a
very great Oak, and full of Grafs, commonly as high as a
Man's Middle, and jn many Places to his Shoulders, where we
faw many Deer, and Turkies; one Deer having very large
Horns, and great Body, therefore calPd.it Stag-Park. It be*
ing a very pleafant and delightful Place, we travell'd in it
feveral Miles, but faw no End thereof. So we return'd to
our Boat, and proceeded down the River, and came to ano-
ther Place, fome twenty five Leagues from the River's Mouth
on the fame Side, where we found a Place, no lefs delightful
than the former \ and as far as we could judge, both Trafts
came into one. This lower Place we call'd Bj>cly Trim, be*
caufe we found many Rocks and Stones, of feveral Sizes, up-
on the Land, which is not common. . We fent our Boat down,
the River before us •, ourfelves travelling by Land, many
Miles. Indeed we were fo much taken with the Pleafantneft
of the Country, that we travell'd into the Woods too far to
recover our Boat and Company that Night. Thenext day-
being Sunday, we got to our Boat \ and on Monday the i5th
of November, proceeded down to a Place on the Eaft-Side
of the River, fome 23 Leagues from the Harbour's Mouth,
which we call'd Turky-Ouarterj , becaufe we kill'd feveral
Turkies thereabouts *, we view'd the Land there, and found
fome Ti'a&s of good Ground, and high, facing upon the Ri-
ver about one Mile inward, but backwards fome two Miles,
all Pine Land, but good Pafture Ground: We return'd to
-our Boat, and proceeded down fome 2 or 3 Leagues, where
we had formerly view'd, and found it a Trad of as good
'Land, as any we have feQa, and had as good Timber on it.
The Banks on the River being high, therefore we call'd it
High- Land- Point. Having view'd that, we proceeded down
the River, going onShoar in feveral Places oa both Sides, it
being generally large Marfhes, and many Of them dry, that
they may more fitly be calld Meadows. The Wood-
Land againft them is, for the moll; part, Pine, and in fome
Places as barren, as ever we faw Land, but in other Places

good

of North-Carolina.

good Pafture-Ground. On Tuefday, November the 17th, we
pot aboard our Ship, riding againft the Mouth of Greens,
River, where our Men were providing Wood, and 'fitting
the Ship for the Sea: In the interim, we took a View of
the Country on both (ides of the River there, finding fome
good Land, but more bad, and the belt not comparable to
that above. - Friday the 20th was foul Weather , yet in the
Afternoon we weigh'd, went down the River about two
Leagues, and came to an Anchor againft the Mouth of Hil-
ton's River, and' took a View of the Land there on both
fides, which appear'd to us much like that at Green's River.
Monday the 23d, we went, with our Long-Boat well vidhi-
all'd and mann'd, up Hilton's River •, and when we came
three Leagues, or thereabouts, up the fame, we found
this and Green's River to come into one, and fo continu'd
for four or five Leagues, which makes a great Ifknd betwixt
them. We proceeded ftill up the River, till they parted a-
eain, keeping up Hilton's River on the Larboard lide, and
followed the faid River five or fix Leagues farther, where we
found another large Branch of Greens River to come into
H'lton's, which makes another great Ifland. On the Star-
board fide going up, we proceeded ftill up the River fome
four Leagues, and return'd,. taking a View of the Land on
both fides, and then judg'd ourfelves to be from our Ship
fome 18 Leagues W. and by N. One League below this
Place, came four Indians in a Canoe to us, and fold us feve-
•ral Baskets of Acorns,which we fatisfy'd them for,and fo left
them \ bat one of them follow'd us on the Shoar fome two
or three Miles, till he came on the Top of a high Bank,
facing on the River \ and as we row'd underneath it, the
Fellow fhot an Arrow at us, which very narrowly mifs^d
one of our Men, and ftuck in the upper edge of the Boat}
but broke in pieces, leaving the Head behind. Hereuppn,
we prefently made to the Shoar, and went all up the Bank
(except Four to guide the Boat) to look for the Indian^ but
could not find him: At la ft, we heard fome ling, farther
in the Woods, which we look'd upon as a Challenge to us,
to come and fight them. We went towards them with all
Speed \ but before we came in Sight of them, heard two
Guns go off from our Boat -, whereupon we retreated, as
fait as we could, to fecure our Boat and Men. When we

L came

- • • • •

7

o

A Description

m i

'' :

came to them, we found all well, and demanded the P^ea-
fon of. their firing the Guns: They told us, that an Indian
came creeping along the Bank, as they fuppos'd, to fhooc
at them y and therefore they fhot at him at a great diftance,
with fmall Shot, but thought they did him no Hurt } for
they faw him runaway. Prefently after our Return to the
Boat, and while we were thus talking, came two Indians to us,
with their Bows and Arrows, crying Bonny, Bonny. We
took their Bows and Arrows from them, and gave them
Beads, to their Content-, then we led them, by the Hand,
to the Boat, and fhew'd them the Arrow-head flicking in
her Side, and related to them the whole Paflage ; which
when theyunderftood, both of them fhew'd a great Con-
cern, and fignifyd to us, by Signs, that they knew nothing
of it •, fo we let them go, and mark'd a Tree- on the Top
of the Bank, calling the Place Mount-Skerry. We look'd up
the River, as far as we could difcern, and faw that it
widen'd, and came running dire&ly down the Country :
So we return'd, viewing the Land on both fides the River,
and finding the Banks fteep in fome places, but very high
in others. The Bank-fides are generally Clay, and as fome
of our Company did affirm, fome Marl. The Land and
Timber up this River is no way inferiour to the belt
in the other, which we call the main River. So far as
we could difcern, this feem'd as fair, if not fairer, than
the former, and we think runs farther into the Country,
becaufe a ftrong Current comes down, and a great deal
more Drift- Wood. But, to return to the Bufinefs of the
Land" arid Timber: We faw feveral Plots of Ground clear'd
by the Indians, after their weak manner, cbmpafs'd round
with great Timber Tree?, which they are no-wife able to
fell, and fo keep the Sun from Corn-Fields very much.}
yet neverthelefs, we faw as large Corn-ftalks, or larger,
than we have feen any where elfe : So we proceeded down
the River, till we found the Canoe the Indian was in, who
fhotNat us. In the Morning, we went on Shoar, and cut
the fame in pieces. The Indians perceiving us coming to-
wards them, ran away. Going to his Hutt, we pull'd' it
down, broke his Pots, Platters, and Spoons, tore the Deer-
Skins and Matts in pieces, and took away a Basket of A-
corns •, and afterwards proceeded down the River 2 Leagues,

of North-Carolina.

71

or thereabouts, and came to another Place of Indians, bought
Acorns and feme Corn of them, and went downwards 2
Leagues more. At laft, efpying an Indian peeping oyer a
high Bank, we held up a Gun at him *, and calling to him,
Sherry y prefently feveral Indians came in Sight of us, and
made great Signs of Friendfhip, faying Bonny, Bonny. Then
running before us, they endeavour'd to perfuade us to come
on fhoar } but we anfwer'd them with ftern Countenances,
andcall'd out, Sherry, taking up our Guns, and threatning
to fhoot at them, but they ftill cry'd Bonny, Bonny. And
when they faw they could not prevail , nor perfuade
us to come on Ihoar, two of them came off to us in a Canoe,
one paddling with a great Cane, the other with his Hand. As
foon as they overtook us, they laid hold of our Boat, fweat-
ingand blowing, and told us, it was Bonny on fhoar,andat lail
perfuaded us to go on fhoar with them. As foonas we landed,
feveral Indians, to the Number of near 40 lufty Men, came to
us, all in a great Sweat, and told us Bonny : We fhew'd 'em the
Arrow-Head in theBoat-Side,and a Piece of the Canoe we had
cut in Pieces : Whereupon, the chief Man amongft them
made a long Speech, threw Beads into our Boat, which is a
Signof great Love and Friendfhip, and gave us to under-
ftand, that when he heard of the Affront which we had re-
ceiv'd, itcaus'd him to cry, and that he and his Men were
come to make Peace with us, alluring us,' by Signs, that they
would tye the Arms, and cut off the Head, of the Fellow
who had done us that Wrong*, And for a farther Teftimony
of their Love and Good-Will towards us, they prefented us
with two very handfome, proper, young IndianWomen, the
tailed that ever we faw in this Country *, which we fup-
pos'd to be the King's Daughters, or Perfons of Diftin&ion
amongft them. Thofe young Women were fo ready to come
into our Boat *, that one of them crowded in, and would
hardly be perfuaded to go out again. We prefented the King
with a Hatchet and feveral Beads, and made Prefents of
Beads alfo to the young Women, the, chief Men, and the
reft of the Indians, as far as our Beads would go. They
promis'd us, in four Days, to come on board our Ship, and
fo departed from us. When we left the Place, which was
foon after, we call'd it Mount- Bonny, becaufe we had there
concluded a firm Peace. Proceeding down the River 2 or 3
Leagues farther, we came to a Place where were 9 or 1-0 Ca-

L 2 noes

7^

A D

ESC RI PtlON

noes all together. We went alhoar there, and found feveral
Indians; but molt of them were the fame which had made
Peace with us before. We ftaid very little at that Place, but
went directly down the River, and came to our Ship, before
day. Thurfday the 26th of November, the Wind being at
South, we could not go down to the River's Mouth ; but on
Friday the 27th, we weigh'd at the Mouth of H:dton\ Ri-
ver, and got down a League towards the Harbour's Mouth.
On Sunday the 29th, we got down to Crane-IJland, which is
4 Leagues or thereabouts, above the Entrance of the Har-
bour's Mouth. On. Tuefday the ift of December, we made a
Purchafeof the River and Land of Cape-Fair, of Wat^Coofa^
and fach other Indians, as appear'd to us to be the chief of
tbofe Parts. They brought us Store of frefh Fifh aboard, as
Mullets, Shads,, and other forts very good. This River is all
.frefh Water, fit to drink. Some 8 Leagues within the
Mouth, the Tide runs up about 35 Leagues, hutftops and
rifes a great deal farther up. It flows at the Harbour's Mouth,
S. E. and N. W. 6 Foot at Neap-Tides, and 8 Foot at Springs
Tides. The Channel on the Ea ft fide, by the C^e-Shoar,
is the belt, and lies clofe aboard the Cape-Land, being 3 Fa-*
thorns at high Water, in the fhalloweft Place in the Channel,
juft at the Entrance •, But as foon as you are palt that Place,
half a Cables Length inward, you have 6 or 7 Fathoms, a
fair turning Channel into the River, and fo continuing 5 or 5
Leagues upwards. Afterwards the Channel is more difficult,
in fome Places 6 or 7 Fathoms, in others 4 or 5, and in others
but 9 or 10 Foot, efpecially where theRiver is broad. When
the River comes to part, and grows narrow, there it is all
Channel from fide to fide, in molt Places •,, tho' in fome you
ihall have 5, 6, or g Fathoms, but generally 2 or 3, Sand
and 03ze. We vievv'd the G*/w-Land,and judg'd it to be little
worth, the Woods of it being fhrubby and low, and the Land
iandy and barren •, in fome Places Grafs and Rufhes, in
others nothing but clear Sand: A Place fitter to ltarve
-Cattle, in our Judgment, than to keep 'em alive ; yet the In-
dians, as we underltand, keep the EngUJh Cattle down there,
and fuffer them not to go off of the faid Caps, ('as we fuppofe)
becaufe the Country Indians fhall have no Part with them ;
and therefore 'tis likely,theyhave fallen out about them,which
Jhall have the greateft Share. They brought on board our

Ship

of North-Carolina.

73

Ship very good and fat Beef feveral times, which they fold us
at a very reafonable Price ; alfo fat and very large Swine,
good and cheap ; but they may thank their Friends of Nexv-
England, who brought their Hogs to fo fair a Market. Some
oflhe Indians brought very good Salt aboard us, and made-
Signs, pointing to both fides of the River's Mouth* thatthere
was great Store thereabouts. We faw up the River, feveral
good Places for the fetting up of Corn or Saw-Mills. la
that time, as our Bufinefs cati'd us up and down the River and
Branches, we kilt'd of wild Fowl, 4 Swans, 10 Geek, 29
Cranes, 10 Turkies, 40 Ducks and Mallards, 3 dozen of
Parrakeeto's, and .6 dozen of other fmall Fowls, as Curlues
and Plover, &c.

Whereas there was a Writing left in a Poll, at the Point
©f Cape-Fair River, by thofe New- England-Men, that left-
Cattle, with the Indians there, the Contents whereof tended 1
not only, to the Difparagement of the Land about the faid Ri-
ver, but alfo to the great Difcouragement of.all fuch as mould
hereafter come into thofe Parts to fettle : In anfwer to that
fcandalous Writing, We,, whofe Names are underwritten,
do affirm, That we have feen, facing both fides the River
and Branches of Cape-Fair aforefaid, as good Land, and as
well timbered, as any we have feen in any-other Part of the
World, fufficient to accommodate Thoufands of our En*
glijh Nation, and lying commodioufly by. the faid River's
Side.

On Friday the 4th of December, the Wind being fair, we
put out to Sea, bound for Barbados ; and, on the 6th of
February, \66\, came to an Anchor in Carlijle-Bay -, it ha-
ving pleas'd God, after feveral apparent Dangers both by
Sea and Land, to bring us all in Safety to our long-wiftYdr
for and much-defir'd Port, to render an Account of our,
Difcovery ; the Verity of which we do auert.

Anthony Long* .,
William Hilton, .
Feter Fabian.

Thus you have an Account of the Latitude, Soil, and Ad-
vantages of Cape-Fair, or Clarendon-River, which was fettled
in the Year 1661, or thereabouts ; and had it not been for
the irregular Pra&ices of fome of that Colony againft the *

Indians^

74-

A Description

:i

Indians, by fending away fome of their Children, (ast
have been told ) under Pretence of inftru&ing 'em in Learn-
ing, and the Principles of the Chriftian Religion , Which
fo difgufted the Indians, that tho' they had then no Guns,
yet they never gave over, till they had entirely rid them-
selves of the Englifh, by their Bows and Arrows \ with
which they did not only take off themfelves, but alfo their
Stocks of Cattle \ And this was fo much the more ruinous
to them, in that they could have no Afliftance from South-
Carolina, which was not then planted , and the other Plan-
tations were but in their Infancy. Were it not for fuch ill
Practices, I fay, it might, in all Probability, have been, at
this day, the belt Settlement in their Lordlhips great Pro- •
vince of Carolina.
Albemarl The Sound of Albemarl, with the Rivers and Creeks of
sound and that Country, afford a very rich and durable Soil. The
*ivers' Land, in molt Places, lies indifferent low, (except in Chu-
won, and high up the Rivers) but bears an incredible Burden
:of Timber \ the Low-Grounds being cover'd with Beech ;
and the High-Land yielding lofty Oaks, Walnut-Trees, and
other ufeful Timber. The Country, in fome Plantations,
s has yearly produc'd Indian Corn, or fome other Grain, ever
fince this Country was firft feated, without the Trouble of
Manuring or Dreffing , and yet (to all appearance; it feems
not to be, in the leaft, impoverifiYd, neither do the Plan-
ters ever mifs of a good Crop, unlefs a very unnatural Sea-
fon vifits them, which feldom happens.

Of the Corn of Carolina.

What HPHE Wheat of this Place is very good, feMom yielding lefs
1 than thirty fold, provided the Land is good where it
is fown ; Not but that there has been Sixty- fix Increafe for
one meafure fown in Piny-Land, which we account the mean-
eft Sort. And I have been inform'd, by People "of Credit,
that Wheat which was planted in a very rich Piece of Land,
brought a hundred and odd Pecks, for one. If our Planters,
when they found fuch great Increafe, would be fo curious as
to make nice Observations of the Soil, and -other remarkable
. Accidents, they would foon be acquainted with f!he Nature
of the Earth and Climate, and be better qualified to ma-

/ nage

I. .-. ■ I '■ "-■"■■ —

of North-Carolina.

75

nage their Agriculture to more Certainty, and greater An-
Vantage ; whereby they might arrive to the Crops and Har-
ve(>s .of Rabylon, and thofe other fruitful Countries fo much
talk'd of. For I mull confefs, 1 never faw one Acre of
Land manag'd as it ought to be in Carolina, fince I knew it •,
and were they as negligent in their Husbandry in Europe, as
they are in Carolina, their Land would produce nothing but ,
Weeds and Straw. . ..:■„. . ' , n

They have try'd Rye, and it thrives very well ; but hi-fye.
ving fuch Plenty of Maiz, they -do not regard it, becaufe
it makes black Bread, unlefs very conoufly handled.

Barley has been fowed in fmall quantities, arid does better Barky.
than can be expeded ; becaufe that Grain requires the
Ground to be very well work'd with repeated Ploughings,
which our general Way of breaking the Earth with Hoesr
can, by no means, perform, tho' in feveral Places we have a
light, rich, deep, black Mould, which is the particular Soil
in which Barley belt thrives. .-. •

The naked Oats thrive extraordinary well •, and the others
would prove a very bold Grain ; but the Plenty of other
Grains makes them not much coveted. » Vr4^

The Indian Com, ov Maiz,, proves the moftufeful Grain in m&
the World : and had it not been for the Fruitfulnefs of this
Species, it would have proved very difficult to have fettled
fome of the Plantations in America. It is very nouriming,
whether in Bread, fodden, or otherwife i And thofe poor
Christian Servants in Virginia, Maryland, and the other
northerly Plantations, that have been forced to live wholly
upon it, do manifeftly prove, that it is^he molt nouriming
Grain, for a Man to fubfift on, without any other Victuals.
And this AfiertVm is made good by the i\^n>-31aves, who,
in many Places, eat nothing but this Indian Corn arid Salt.
Pigs and Poultry fed with this Grain, eat the fweeteft of ail
others. It refutes no Grounds, unlefs the barren Sands,
and when planted in good Ground, will repay the Planter
feven or eight hundred fold ; befides the Stalks bruis d ,and>
boil'd, make very pleafant Beer, being fweet like the Sugar-

X There are feveral forts of Rice, fome bearded, others fe*
not, befides the red and white ; But the white Rice is the
belt. Yet there is a fori; of perfum'd Rice in the Eajt-

Iff(UeJ9 ,

WbttLU
Guinea-

WksAU

Pulfe.
Bitlhel-

Bun,

Of the Corn

Indies, which gives a curious Flavour, in the Dreffing. And
with this fort America is not yet acquainted ; neither can I
learn, that any of it has been brought over to Europe; the
Rice of Carolina being efteenfd the beft that comes to that
Quarter of the World. It is of great Increafe, yielding
from eight hundred to a thoufand-fold, and thrives belt in
wild Land, that has never been broken up before.

Buck- Wheat is of great Increafe in Carolina ; but we make
no other ufe of it, than inftead of Maiz, to feed Hogs and
Poultry-: And Guinea Corn, which thrives well here, fcrves
for the fame ufe.

Of the Pulfe-kind, we have many forts. The firft is the
Bufhel-Bean, which is a fpontaneous Produft. They are fo
called, becaufe they bring a Bufhel of Beans for one that is
planted. They are fet in the Spring, round Arbours, or at
the Feet of Poles, up which they will climb, and cover the
Wattling, making a very pretty Shade to fit under. They
continue flowering, budding, and ripening all the Summer
long, till the Frolt approaches, when they forbear their
Fruit, and die. The Stalks they grow on, come to the
Thicknefs of a Man's Thumb-, and the Bean is white and
mottled, with a purple Figure on each ilde it, like an Ear.
They are very flat, and are eaten as the Windfor-Bean. is, be-
ing an extraordinary well-relilh'd Pulfe, either by themielves,
or with Meat.

We have the Indian Rounceval, or Miraculous Peafe, fo call'd
from their long Pods, and great Increafe. Thefe are latter
Peafe, and require a pretty long Summer to ripen in. They
-are very good ; and fo are the Bonavis, Calavancies, Nanti-
cokes, and abundance of other Pulfe, too tedious here to
name, which we found the Indians poilefs'd of, when firft we
fettled in America •, fome of which forts afford us two Crops
in one Year } as the Bonavis and Calavancies, befides (everal
others of that kind.

Now I am launch'd into a Difcourfe of the Pulfe, I muft
Eng.BM». acquaint you, that the European Bean planted here, will, in
time, degenerate into a dwlrfifh fort, if not prevented by a
yearly Supply of foreign Seed, and an extravagant rich Soil ;
yet thefe Pigmy-Beans are the fweeteft of that kind I ever
met withal.

Indian

jounce-

■Vdls.

Peafe and
Beans,

As

^CAROLINA.

11

As for all the forts of Englrjh Peafe that we have yet made p«/e.
tryal of, they thrive very well in Carolina. Particularly,
the white and gray Rovncival, the common Field-Peafe, and
Sickle-Peafe yield very well, and are of a good Reliih. As
for the other forts, I have not feen any made tryal of as
yet , but queftion not their coming to great Perfection
with us.

The Kidney-Beans were here before the Englift came, Qdncj-
being very plentiful in the Indian Corn-Fields. Bean.

The Garden-Roots that thrive well in Carolina, zxz Roots.
Carrots, Leeks, Parfnips, Turneps, Potatoes, of feveral de-
licate forts, Ground Artichokes, Radilhes, Horfe-Radifh,
Beet, both forts, Onions, Shallot, Garlick, Cives, and the
Wild-Onions.

The Sallads are the Lettice, CurlM, Red, Cabbage, and Sa-Saua(lu
voy. The Spinage round and prickly, Fennel, fweet and
the common Sort, Samphire in the Marines excellent, fo is
the Dock or Wild-Rhubarb, Rocket, Sorrel, French and
Englifiy CrefTes of feveral Sorts, Purflain wild, and that of ^ Pur^
a larger Size which grows in the Gardens •, for this Plant teflon in
never met withal in the Indian Plantations, and is, therefore, Indian
fuppos'd to proceed from Cow-Dung, which Beafb they keep fields*
not. Parfley two Sorts-, Afparagus thrives to a Miracle,
without hot Beds or dunging the Land, White-Cabbage from
European or New-England Seed, for the People are negligent
and unskilful , and don't take care to provide Seed of their
own. The Colly-Flower we have not yet had an Opportu-
nity to make Tryal of, nor has the Artichoke ever appear'd x
amongft us, that I can learn. Coleworts plain and curl'd,
Savoys -\ befides the Water-Melons of feveral Sorts, very
good, which ihouki have gone amongft the Fruits. Of Musk-
Melons we have v«ry large and good, and feveral Sorts, as
the Golden, Green, Guinea, and Orange. Cucumbers long,
ihort, and prickly, all thefe from the Natural Ground, and
great Increafef without any Helps of Dung or Refle&ion.
Pompions yellow and very large, Burmillions, Calhaws, an
excellent Fruit boil'd \ Squaflies, Simnals ,. Horns, and
Gourds i befides many other Species, of lefs Value, too tedi-
ous to name.

Our Pot-herbs and others of ufe, which we already poflefs, poulerfo,
are Angelica wild and tame, Balm, Buglofs, Borage, Burnet, and other]

M Clary,/0'' *&/W»

Of the Herbs

Kittle-
S?iahs.

James-
Town

Clary, Marigold, Pot-Marjoram, and other Marjorams, Sum-
mer and Winter Savory, Columbines, Taniey, Wormwood,
Nep, Mallows feveral Sorts, Drage red and white," Lambs
Quarters, Thyme, Hyfibp of a very large Growth, fweet
Bazil, Rofemary, Lavender : The more Phyfical, are Car-
dims Bemdittus, the Scurvy-grafs of America, I nerer here
met any of the European fort ; Tobacco of many forts, Dill,
Carawa, Cummin, Anife, Coriander, all forts of Plantain of
England, and two forts fpontaneous, good Vulneraries ; E-
lecampane, Comfrey, Nettle, the Seed from England, none
Native •, Monks Rhubarb, Burdock, Afarum wild in the
Woods, reckon'd one of the Snake-Roots ; Poppies in the
Garden, none wild yet difcover'd -, Wormfeed, Feverfew,
Rue, Ground-Ivy fpontaneous, but very fmall and fcarce,
Aurea virga, four forts of Snake-Roots, befides the common
Species, which are great Antidotes againft that Serpent's
Bite, and are eafily rais'd in the Garden ; Mint; James-Town-
Weed, fo called from Virginia, the Seed it bears is very like
Weed, the that of an Onion , it is excellent for curing Burns, and af-
seediike fwaging Inflammations, but taken inwardly brings on a fort
omonseed.0f drunken Madnefs. One of our Marfli- Weeds, like a
Dock, has the fame Effeft, and pofTefles the Party with Fear
and Watchings. The Red-Root whofe Leaf is like Spear-
Mint, is good for Thrufhes and fore Mouths ; Camomil,
but it mult be kept in the Shade, otherwife it will not thrive \
Houfleek firft from England \ Vervin ; Night-Shade, feveral
kinds •, Harts-Tongue'-, Yarrow abundance, Mullein the
fame, both of the Country \ Sarfaparilla, and abundance
more I could name, yet not the hundredth part of what re-
mains, a Catalogue of which is a Work of many Years, and,
without any other Subject, would fwell to a large Volume,
and requires the Abilities of a skilful Botanift : Had not
the ingenious Mr. Banifter (the greateft Virtuofo we ever had
on the Continent) been unfortunately taken out of this
World, he would have given the bell Account of the Plants
of America, of any that ever yet made fuch an Attempt in
thefe Parts. Not but we are fatisfy'd, the Species of Vege-
tables in Carolina, are fo numerous, that it requires more than
one Man's Age to bring the chiefelt Part of them into regular
">■ GMTes *, the Country being fo different in its Situation and
Soil, that what one place plentifully affords, another is ab-

folutely

*/ CAROLINA.

19

folutely a ftrangerto; yet we generally obferve, that the
greateft Variety is found in the Low Grounds, and Savanna's.

The Flower-Garden in Carolina is as yet arriv'd but to aF/onw«
very poor and jejune Perfection. We have only two forts of
Rofes ; the Clove- July-Flowers, Violets, Princes Feather,
and Tres Colore s. There has been nothing more cultivated
in the Flower-Garden, which, at prefent, occurs to my Me-
mory -, but as for the wild fpontaneous Flowers of this Coun-
try, Nature has been fo liberal, that I cannot name one
tenth part of the valuable ones; And fince, to give Speci-
mens, would only fwell the Volume, and give little Satisfa-
ction to the Reader, I (hall therefore proceed to the Trefent
State of Carolina, and refer the Shrubs and other Vegetables of
larger Growth, till hereafter, and then mail deliver them and
the other Species in their Order.

the Trefent State of Carolina.

WHen we confider the Latitude and convenient Situation
of Carolina, had we no farther Confirmation thereof,
our Reafon would inform us, that fuch a Place lay fairly to be
a delicious Country, being placed in that Girdle of the World
which affords Wine, Oil, Fruit, Grain, and Silk, with o-
ther rich Commodities, befides a fweet Air, moderate Cli-
mate, and fertile Soil •, thefe are the Blefiings (under Hea-
ven's Protection) that fpin out the Thread of Life to its ut-
moft Extent, and crown our Days with the Sweets of Health
and Plenty, which, when join'd with Content, renders the
PofTeflors the happieft Race of Men upon Earth.

The Inhabitants of Carolina, thro' the Richnefs of the Soi\,The Prcfefit
live an eafy and pleafant Life. The Land being of feveral-^ °f
forts of Compoft, fomeftifF, others light, fome marl, others Carolina*
rich black Mould ; here barren of Pine, but affording Pitch,
Tar, and Mafts •, there vaftly rich, efpecially on the Frefhes .
of the Rivers, one part bearing great Timbers, others being
Savanna's or natural Meads, where no Trees grow for feveral
Miles, adorn'd by Nature with a pleafant Verdure, and beau-
tiful Flowers, frequent in no other Places, yielding abun-
dance of Herbage for Cattle, Sheep, and Horfe. The Coun-
try in general affords pleafant Seats, the Land (except in
fome few Places) being dry and high Banks, parcelfd out
into moft convenient Necks, (by the Creeks) eafy to be fen-j^b of
ced in for fecuring their Stocks to more ftrid Boundaries,!^.

M 2 whereby,

8o

The Prefent State

Purchafe
of Land.

Land in
Virginia
end Mary
land

Starts.

bxreafe.

Beef.

Heifers,

whereby, with a fmall trouble of fencing, almoft every Man
may enjoy, to himfelf, an entire Plantation, or rather Park.
Thefe, with the other Benefits of Plenty of Fifh, Wild-Fowl,
Venifon, and the other Convenie(ncies which this Summer-
Country naturally furnifhes, has indue'd a great many Fami-
lies to leave the more Northerly Platations, and fit down un-
der one of the mildeft Governments in the World; in a
Country that, with moderate Induftry, will afford all the
NecefTaries of Life. We have "yearly abundance of Strangers
come among us, who chiefly ftrive to go Southerly to fettle,
becaufe there is a vaft TradT: of rich Land betwixt the Place
we are feated in, and Cape-Fair, and upon that River, and
more Southerly, which is inhabited by none but a few Indians,
who are at this time well affe&ed to the English, and very de*
firous of their coming to live among them. The more
Southerly, the milder Winters, with the Advantages of pur-
chafing the Lords Land at the molt eafy and moderate Rate
of any Lands in America, nay (allowing all Advantages there-
to annex'd) I may fay, the Univerfe does not afford fuch an-
other •, Befides, Men have a great Advantage of choofing
good and commodious Trads of Land at the firft Seating of
a Country or River, whereas the later Settlers are forced
to purchafe fmaller Dividends of the old Standers, and
fometimes at very confiderable Rates; as now in Virginia
and Maryland, where a thoufand Acres of good Land cannot
-be bought under twenty Shillings an Acre, beiides two- Shil-
lings yearly Acknowledgment for every hundred Acres;
which Sum, be it more or lefs, will lerve to put the Mer-
chant or Planter here into a good pofture of Buildings,
Slaves, and other Neceflaries, when the Purchafe of his
Land comes to him on fuch eafy Terms. And as our Grain and
Pulfe thrives with us to admiration, no lefs do our Stocks of
Cattle, Horfes, Sheep, and Swine multiply.

The Beef of Carolina equalizes the bell that our neighbour-
ing Colonies afford ; the Oxen are of a great fize when they
are fuffer'd to live to a fit Age. I have feen fat and good
Beef at alL times of the Year, but Olhber and the cool Months
are the Sealbns we kill our Beeves in, when we intend them
for Salting or Exportation •, for then they are in their prime
of Flefb,all coming from Grafs,we never ufing any other Food
for our Cattle. The Heifers bring, Calves at eighteen os

twenty

i

.

^/CAROLINA.

twenty Months old, which makes fuch a wonderful Increafe,
that many of our Planters, from very mean Beginnings, have
rais'd themfelves, and are now Matters of hundreds of fat
Beeves, and other Cattle.

The Veal is very, good and white, fo is the Milk very plea- Veal*
fant and rich, there being, at prefent, confiderable Quanti-
ties of Butter and Gheefe made, that is very good, not only,
ferving our own Neceffities,, but we fend out a great deal ar
mong our Neighbours.

The Sheep thrive very well at prefent, having molt com- sheep.
monly two Lambs at one yeaning : As the Country comes
to be open'd, they prove ftill better, Change of Pafture being
agreeable to that ufeful Creature. Mutton is (generally) ex-
ceeding Fat, and of a good Relilh ; their Wool, is very fine;,
and proves a good Staple*

The Horfes are well-fhap'd and fwift ; the belt of them Horfes^
would fell for ten or twelve Pounds in England. They prove
excellent Drudges, and will travel incredible Journeys. They
are troubled with very few Diftempers, neither do the
cloudy-fac'd grey Horfes go blind here, as in Europe. As
for Spavins, Splints, and Ring-Bones, they are here never met
withal, as I can learn. Were we to have our Stallions- and
choice of Mares from England, or any other of a good Sort,
and careful to keep them on the Highlands* we could not
fail of a good Breed , but having been fupply'd with our
firft Horfes from the neighbouring Plantations, which were
but mean, they do not as yet come up to the Excellency of
the Englijb Horfes •, tho3 we generally find, that the Colt
exceeds, in Beauty and Strength, its Sire and Dam.

The Pork exceeds any in Europe -, the great Diverfity and ■y™W!> ■
Goodnefs of the Acorns and Nuts which the Woods afford, "
making that Flefh of an excellent Tafte, and produces great-
Quantities ; fo that Carolina (if not the chief) is not inferior^
in this one Commodity, to any Colony in the hands of the.
Englijh.

As for Goats, they have been found to thrive and increafe Geats.
well, but being mifchievous to Orchards and other TreeSj
makes People decline keeping them.

Our Produce for Exportation to Europe? and -the. -Wands in-Vttineu-
America, are Beef, Pork, Tallow, Hides, Deer-Skins, Furs*
Pitch, Tar, Wheat, lndian-Cata* Peafe,, Malts, Staves,

Headings

The Trefent State

Heading, Boards, and all forts of Timber and Lumber for
Madera and the Weft-Indies ; Rozin^ Turpentine, and feve-
ral forts of Gums and Tears, with fome medicinal Drugs,
are here produc'd •, Befldes Rice, and feveral other foreign
Grains, which thrive very well. Good Bricksand Tiles are
made, and feveral forts of ufeful Earths, as Bole, Fullers-
Earth, Oaker, and Tobacco-pipe-Clay, in great plenty ;
Earths for the Potters Trade, and fine Sand for the Glafs-
makers. In building with Bricks , we make our Lime of
Oyfter-Shells, tho' we have great Store of Lime-ftone, to-
wards the Heads of our Rivers, where are Stones of all
forts that are ufeful, befldes vaft Quantities of excellent
Marble. Iron-Stone we have plenty of, both in the Low-
Grounds and on the Hills; Lead and Copper has been found,
fo has Antimony heretofore •, But no Endeavours have been
us'd to difcover thofe Subteraneous Species ; otherwife we
might, in all probability, find out the beft of Minerals,
which are not wanting in Carolina. Hot Baths we have an
account of from the Indians that frequent the Hill-Country,
where a great likelihood appears of making Salt-peter, be-
SaJt-peter. caufe tjje Earth, in many places, is ftrongly mix'd with a
nitrous Salt, which is much coveted by the Beafts, who come
at fome Seafons in great Droves and Herds, and by their
much licking of this Earth, make great Holes in thofe Banks,
which fometimes lie at the heads of great Precipices, where
their Eagernefe after this Salt haftens their End, by falling
down the high Banks, fo that they are dafh/d in Pieces.
It malt be confefs'd, that the moll noble and fweeteft Part
of this Country, is not inhabited by any but the Savages ^
and a great deal of the richeft Part thereof, has no Inhabi-
tants but the Beafts of the Wildernefs : For, the Indians are
not inclinable to fettle in the richeft Land,, becaufe the Tim-
bers are too large for them to cut down, and too much bur-
then'd with Wood for their Labourers to make Plantations
of; befldes, the Healthfulnefs of thofe Hills is apparent, by
the Gigantick Stature, and Gray-Heads, fo common amongft
the Savages that dwell near the Mountains. The great
Creator of all things, having molt wifely diffused his Blef-
lings, by parcelling out the Vintages of the World, into fiich
Lots, as his wonderful Forefight faw molt proper, requifite,
and convenient for the Habitations of his Creatures. To-
wards

ofC AROL.iN A.

8?

wards the Sea, we have the Convenient-/ ©f Trade, 1-racfpor-
tation and other Helps the Water affords ; but oftentimes,
thofe Advantages are attended with indifferent Land, a thick
Air and other Inconveniences ; when backwards, near the
Mountains, you meet with the richeft Soil, a fweet, thin
Air dry Roads, pleafant ffnall murmuring Streams, and
feveral beneficial Productions and Species, which are un-
known in the European -World. One Part of this Country
affords what the other is wholly a Stranger to.

We have Chalybeate Waters of feveral Taftes and different Chaly-
Qualities j fome purge, others work by the other Emundo- beate
ries. We have, amongft the Inhabitants, a Water, that is,"**"-
inwardly, a great Aperfive, and, outwardly, cures Ulcers,
Tettars, and Sores, by wafbing therewith.

There has been a Coal-Mine lately found near the Manna- Coal-Mm
kin Town, above the Falls of 7^-River in Krglnia, which in Virgi-
proves very good, and is us'd by the Smiths, for their Forges i ma-
and we need not doubt of the fame amongft us, towards the
Heads of our Rivers ;, but the Plenty of Wood, (which is
much the better Fuel) makes us not inquifitive after Coal-
Mines. Moft of the French, who lived at that Town on French
James-River, areremov'd to Trent-KvJZV, in North-Carolina, XtfugKS-
where the reft were expected daily to come to them, when I
came away, which was in Augufi, 1708. They are much ta-
ken with the Pleafantnefs of that Country, and, indeed, are
a very induftrious People. At prefent, they make very good
Linnen-Cloath and Thread, and are very well vers'd in cul-
tivating Hemp and Flax, of both which they raife very con-
fiderable Quantities-, and defign to try an EfTay of the Grape,
for making of Wine. ;-r':

As for tbofe of our own Country in Carolina, iome or the Planters*.
Men are very laborious, and make great Improvements in
their Way ; but I dare hardly give 'em that Character in ge-
neral. The eafy Way of living in that plentiful Country,
makes a great many Planters very negligent, which, were
they otherwife, that Colony might now have been in a far
better Condition than it is, (as to Trade, and other Advan-
tages) which an uniyerfal Induftry would have led them in*-
to. _, .

84

The Prefent State

Women The Women are the raoft induftrious Sex in that Place
goodifouf-ahWi by their good Houfwifry, make a great deal of Cloath
mves- of their own Cotton, Wool and Flax •, fome of them keep-
ing their Families (though large) very decently apparel'd,
both with Linnens and Woollens, fo that they have not>c-
cafion to run into the Merchant's Debt, or lay their Money
out on Stores for Cloathing. .
Wtives of The Chriftian Natives of Carolina are a ftraigh t,clea n-limb'd
Carolina. People ; the Children being feldom or never troubled with
Rickets, or thofe other Diftempers, that the Europeans are
vifited withal. 5Tis next to a Miracle, to fee one of them
deform'd in" Body. The Vicinity of the Sun makes Impref-
fion on the Men, who labour out of doors, or ufe the Wa-
Semifuh ter. As for thofe Women, that do notexpofe themfelves
to the Weather, they are often very fair, and generally as
well featur d, as you (hall fee any where, and have very brisk
charming Eyes, which fets them off to Advantage. They
marry very young jjj fome at Thirteen or Fourteen £ and She
thatftays till Twenty, is reckon'd a flale Maid; which is a
very indifferent Charader in that warm Country. The Wo-
-men are very fruitful ; molt Houfes being fall of Little Ones.
It has been obfervM, that Women long marry'd, and with-
out Children, in other Places, have remov'd to Carolina, and
become joyful Mothers. They liave very eafy Travail ia
their Child-bearing, in which they are fo happy, as feldom
to mifcarry. Both Sexes are generally fpare. of Body, and
not Cholerick, nor eafily call down at Difappointments and
LolTes, feldom immoderately grieving at Misfortunes, unlefs
for the Lofs of their nearelt Relations and Friends, which
feems to make a more than ordinary ImprefFion upon them.
Many of the Women are very handy in Canoes, and will ma-
nage them with great Dexterity and Skill, which they be-
come accuftomed to in this watry Country. They are ready
to help their Husbands in any fervile Work, as Planting,
when the Seafon of the Weather requires Expedition \ Pride
feldom banifhing good Houfwifry. The Girls are not bred
up to the Wheel, and Sewing only \, but the Dairy and Af-
v fairs of theHoule they are very well acquainted withal -, fb
that you mail fee them, whilft very young, manage their Bu-
nxtives linefs with a great deal of Conduct and Alacrity. The Chil-
docfc. dren of both Sexes are very docile, and learn any thing with

a great

Wot Paf-
fionxte.

Good. '
Wives,

.£re

mm

of C A R. O L I N A.

85

a great deal of Eafe and Method •, and thofe that have the
Advantages of Education, write good Hands, and prove
good Accountants, which is moft coveted, and indeed molt
neceflary in thefe Parts. The young Men are commonly of a
bafhful, fober Behaviour } few proving Prodigals, to con-^ Prodi-
fume what the Induftry of their Parents has left them, but&aIs'
commonly improve it. The marrying fo young, carries a
double Advantage with it ; and that is, that the Parents
fee their Children provided for in Marriage, and the young
married People are taught by their Parents, how to get their
Living-, for their Admonitions make great Impreffions on
their Children. 1 had heard (before I knew this new World)
that the Natives of America were a (hort-liv'd People, which,
by all the Obfervations I could ever make, proves quite con-
trary j for thofe who are born here, and in other Colonies,
live to as great Ages as any of the Europeans,z\\Q Climate being Great Agt
free from Confumptions, which Diftemper, fatal to England^. Ame*
they are Strangers to. And as the Country becomes more ncans°
clear'd of Wood, it ftill becomes more healthful to the In-
habitants, and lefs addicted to the Ague ; which is incident
to moft new Comers into America from Europe, yet not mor-
tal. A gentle Emetick feldom milles of driving it away, but
if it is not too troublefome, 'tis better to let the Seafoning
have its own Courfe, in which cafe, the Party is commonly
free from it ever after, and very healthful. -

And now, as to the other Advantages the Country af-
fords, we cannot guefs at thematprefent, becaufe, as I faid
before, the belt Part of this Country" is not inhabited by the
Englifl}) from whence probably will hereafter fpring Producti-
ons that this Age does not dream of, and of much more Ad-
vantage to the Inhabitants than any things we are yet ac-
quainted withal: And as for feverai Productions of other
Countries, much in the fame Latitude, we may expect, with
good Management, they will become familiar to us, as Wine,
Oil, Fruit, Silk, and other profitable Commodities, fuch as
Drugs, Dyes, &c. And at prefent the Curious may have a
large Field to fatisfy and divert thernfelves in, as Collections collem-
of ftrange Beafts, Birds, Infects, Reptiles, Shells, Fi(hes,cw.
Minerals, Herbs, Flowers, Plants, Shrubs, intricate Roots,
Gums, Tears, Roiins, Dyes, and Stones, with feverai other
that yield Satisfaction and Profit to thole, whofe Inclinations

£J tend

86

The Prefent State

very
fkeap

Indians
Hunters.

sil

tend that Way. And as for what may be hop'd for, to-
wards-a happy Life and Being, by fuchasdefign to remove
thither, I (hall add this ; That with prudent Management,
I can affirm, by Experience, not by Hear-fay, That any Per-
fon, with a fir all Beginning, may live very ccmfortably,
Prorvifiovs and not only provide for the NecefTaries of Life, but like-
wife for thofe that are to fucceed him :; Provifions-being very,
plentiful, and of good Variety, to accommodate genteel
Houfe-keeping i andthe neighbouring Indians are friendly,and
in many Cafes ferviceable to us, inmaking us Wares to catch
Fimin, for a fmall matter, which proves of great Advantage
to large Families, becaufe thofe Engines take great Quanti-
ties of many Sorts of Fifh, that are very good and nourinV
ing : Some of them hunt and fowl for usut reafonable Rates,,
the Country being as plentifully provided with all Sorts of
Game, as any Part of America •, the poorer Sort of Planters
often get them to plant for them, by hiring.thern for that
Seafon, or for fo much Work, which commonly cbmes very
reafonable. Moreover, it is remarkable, That no Place on
the Continent of America, has feated an Englifh Colony fo
free from Blood-fhed, as Carolina y but all the others have
been moredamag'd and difturb'd by the Indians, than they
have-i which is worthy Notice, when we confider how oddly
it was firft planted with Inhabitants.

TheFifhing-Trade in Carolina might be carried on to great
Advantage, confidering how many Sorts of excellent Fifh
our Sound and Rivers afford, which cure very well with Salt,
as has beenexperienced by fome fmall Quantities, which have
been fent abroad, and yielded a good Price. As for the
Whale- fi(hing,it is no otherwife regarded than by a few People
who live on the Sand-Banks j and thofe only work on dead
Fifh caff, on fhoar, none being ftruek on our Coaft, as they are
to the Northward} altho' we have Plenty of Whales there.
Great Plenty is generally the Ruin of Induftry. Thus our
Merchants are not many, nor have thofe few there be, apply'd
themfelves to the European Trade. The Planter fits con-
tented at home, whilft his Oxen thrive and grow fat, and his
Stocks daily increafe \ The fatted Porkets and Poultry are
eafily rais'd to his Table, and his Orchard affords him Li-
quor, fo that he eats, and drinks away the Cares of the
World, and defires no greater Happinefs, than that which

he

lijhin^
Trade.

iVbale-
iifning

^CAROLINA.

he daily enjoys. Whereas, not only the Enropean,but alfo the
fndian-Tiade, might be carried on to a great Profit, becaufe
we lie as fairly for the Body of Indians, as any Settlement in
Englijh- America 5 And for the fmall Trade that has been car- Indian-
ried on in that Way, the Dealers therein have throve as fall Irate*
as any Men, and thefooneft rais'd themfelves of any People
I have known in Carolina.

Laftly, As to the Climate, it is very healthful ; onr Sum- climate.
meTiS not fo hot as in other places to the Eaftward in the summer.
lame Latitude •, neither are we ever vifited by Earthquakes, jv0 Earth-
as many places in Italy and other Summer-Countries are. quakes.
Our Northerly Winds, in Summer, cool the Air, and free
os from peftilential Fevers, which Spain, Barbary, and tjie
neighbouring Countries in Europe, &c. are vifited withal.
Our Sky is generally ferene and clear, and the Air verySergKCe
thin,, in comparifon of many Parts of Europe, where Con-
lumptions and Catarrhs reign amongft the Inhabitants. The
Winter has feveral Fittsof (harp Weather, efpecially when
the Wind is at N. W, which always clears the Sky, though
never fo thick before. However, fuch Weather is very a-
greeable to European Bodies, and makes them healthy. The
N. E. Winds blowing in Winter, bring with them thick
Weather, and, in the Spring, fometimes, blight the Fruits ,
"but they very feldom endure long, being blown away by
AVefterly Winds* and then all becomes fair and clear again.
Oar Spring, in Carolina, is very beautiful, and the molt plea- spring.
fant Weather a Country can enjoy. The Fall is accompa-F4#„
nied with cool Mornings, which come in towards the latter
end of Augufi, and fo continue (moft commonly) very mo-
derate Weather till about Chriflmas; then Winter comes
on apace. Tho* thefe Seafons are very piercing , yet the
Cold is of no continuance. Perhaps, you will have cold
Weather for three or four days at a timej then pleafant
warm Weather follows, fuch as you have in England, about
the latter end of April or beginning of May. In the Year
1707. we had the fevereft Winter in Carolina, that ever was
known fmce the Englijh came to fettle there ; for our Rivers,
that were not above half a Mile wide, and frefh Water, were
frozen over ; and fome of them, in the North-part of this
Country, were paffable for People to walk over.

N 2

One

88

The Frefent State

Man-
land.

One great Advantage of North-Carolina is, That we are not
No iron- a Frontier, and near the Enemy • which proves very charge-
UiU able and troublefome, in time of War, to thofe Colonies that
are fo feated. Another great Advantage comes from its be-
WMrVir-ing near Virginia, where we come often to a good Market
ginia. at the Return of ,the <7«/«^- Ships for Negro's, and the Rem-
nant of their Stores, which is very commodious for the /»-
, d.'an-Trade ; beiides, in War-time, we lie near at hand to
go under their Convoy, and to fell our Provifions to the To-
bacco-fleets j for the Planting of Tobacco generally. in thofe
Colonies, prevents their being fupplyed with Stores, fuffi-
cient for victualling their Ships.
Nuejfmes As for the Commodities , which are neceflary to carry
for Caro- over to this Plantation, for Ufe and Merchandize, and are,
llfla. therefore, requillte for thofe to have along with them, that
intend to transport themfelves thither •, they are Guns, Pow-
der and Shot, Flints, Linnensof.all forts, but chiefly ordi-
nary Blues, Ofnabrugs, Scotch and Irijh Linnen, and fome
fine : Mens and Womens Cloaths ready made up , fome
few Broad-Cloaths, Kerfeys and Druggets'; to which you
muft add Haberdajhers- Wares , Hats about Five or Six Shil-
lings apiece, and a few finer; a few Wiggs, not long, and
pretty thin of Hair; thin Stuffs for Women ; Iron- Work,
as Mails, Spades, Axes, broad and narrow Hoes, Frows
Wedges, and Saws of all forts, with other Todls for Carpen-
ters, Joiners, Coopers, Shoemakers, Shave-locks, &c. all
which, and others which are neceflary for the Plantations,
you may be inform'd of, and buy at very reafonable Rates*
of Mr. James Gilbert, Ironmonger, in Mitre-Tavern-Yard*
near Aldgate. You may alfo be ufed very kindly, for your
Cuttlery-Ware, and other advantageous Merchandizes, and
your Cargo's well forted, by Capt. Sharp, at the Blue-gate in-
Cannon- fireet. ; and for Ear then- Ware, Window-Glafs, Grind-
Stones, Mill-Stones, Paper, fnk- Powder, Saddles, Bridles,
and what other things ycu are minded to take with you, for
Pleafure or Ornament.

And now, I mail proceed to the reft of the Vegetables,
that are common in Carolina, in reference to the Place where
I left off, which is the Natural Hijlory of that Country.

of CAROLINA.

Of the Vegetables of Carolina.
■. - -

TH E fpontaneous Shrubs of this Country, are, the Lark-
heel-Tree; three forts of Hony-Suckle-Tree, the firft
of which grows in Branches, as our Piemento-Tree does,
that is, always in low, moift Ground; the other grows in
clear, dry Land, the Flower more cut and lacerated \ the
third, which is the moll beautiful, and, I think, the moft
charming Flower of its Colour, 1 ever faw, grows betwixt
two and three Foot high, and for the moft part, by the fide
of a fwampy Wood, or on the Banks of our Rivers, but ne-
ver near the Salt-Water. All the Sorts are white -y the laft
grows in a great Bunch of thefe fmall Hony-Suekles fet up-
on~T>ne chief Stem, and is commonly the Bignefs of a large
Turnep. Nothing can appear more beautiful than thefe
Bufhes, wlren in their Splendour, which is in April and Mayt
The next is the Honey-Suckle of the Forefl ; it grows about
a Foot high, bearing its Flowers on fmall Pedeftals, feverafc
of them ftanding on the main Stock, which is the Thicknefs
of a Wheat-Straw. We have alfo the Wood-bind, much.
the fame as in England, Princes-feather, very large and
beautiful in the Garden ; Tres-Colores, branch'd Sun-flower „
Double Poppies, Lupines, of feveral pretty forts, fpontane-
ous ; and the SenfibU Plant is faid to be near the Mountains3.
which I have not yet feen. Saf-Flower; (and I believe,
the Saffron of England would thrive here, if planted) the
yellow Jeflamirt is wild in our Woods, of a plealant Smelk
Ever-Greens are here plentifully found, of a very quick.
Growth, and pleafant Shade -, Cyprefs, or white Cedar, the
Pitch Pine, the yellow Pine, the white Pine with long
Leaves •, and the fmaller Almond-Pine, which laft bears Ker-
nels in the Apple* tailing much like an Almond ; and in.
fome years there falls fuch plenty, as to make the Hogs fat,
Horn-Beam ; Cedar, two forts •, Holly, two forts ; Bay-
Tree, two forts; one the Dwarf- Bay, about twelve Foot
high , the other the Bignefs of a middling Pine-Tree, a-
bout two Foot and half Diameter y Laurel-Trees, in Height
equalizing the lofty Oaks \ the Berries and Leaves of this
Tree dyes a Yellow ;;the Bay-Berries yield a Was, which
foeildes, its Ufe in Chirurgery, makes Candles that, in burn--

The Natural Hiftory

fiupcn.

;ing, give a fragrant Srriell. The Cedar-Berries are infufed,
and made Beer of, by the Bermudians, they are Carminative,
and much.of theQuality of Juniper-Berries ; Yew and Box I
never faw or heard of in this Country : There are two forts
of Myrtles, different in Leaf and Berry •, the Berry yields.
Wax that makes Candles, the moft lafting, and of the fweet-
eft Smell imaginable. Some mix half Tallow with this Wax,
others ufe it without Mixture ; and thefe are fit for a Lady's
Chamber, and incomparable to pafs the Line withal, and
other hot Countries, becaufe they will ftand, when, others
will melt, by the exceffive Heat, 4own in the Binacles. fi-
ver-green Oak, two forts } Gall-Berry-Tree, bearing a black
Berry, with which the Women dye their Cloaths and Yara
black-, 'tis a pretty Ever-green, and very plentiful, grow-
ing always in low fwampy Grounds, and amongfl Ponds.
We have a Prim or Privet, which grows on the dry, barreri,
ftndy Hills, by the Sound fide •, it bears a fmaller fort than
that in England, and grows into a round Bufh, very beauti-
ful. Laft of Bufhes, (except Savine, which grows every
where wild) is the famous Yaupon, of which I find two forts,
if not three. I fhall fpeak firft of the Nature of this Plant,
and afterwards account for the different Sorts. This Tau*
pan, call'd by the South- Carolina Indians, Cajfena, is a Bufh,
that grows chiefly on the Sand-Banks and Iflands, bordering
oh the Sea of Carolina \ on this Coaft it is plentifully found,
and in no other Place that I know of. It grows the moft
like Box, of any Vegetable that I know, being very like it
in Leaf; only dented exactly like Tea, but the Leaf fome- '
what fatter. I cannot fay, whether it bears any Flower,
but a Berry it does, about the Bignefs of _ a Grain of Pep-
per, being firft red, then brown when ripe, which is in
December \ Some of thefe Bufhes grow to be twelve Foot
high, others are three or four. The Wood thereof is
brittle as Myrtle, and affords a light afh-colour'd Bark.
There is fometimes found of it in Swamps and rich low
Grounds, which has the fame figured Leaf, only it is larger,
and of a deeper Green j This may be occaflon'd by the Rich-
nefs that attends the low Grounds thus fituated. The third1'
Sort has the fame kind of Leaf, but never grows a Foot high,
and is found both in rich, low Land, and on the Sand-Hills.
I don't know that ever 1 found any Seed, or Berries on the

dwarfifh

*/ CAROLINA

91

"

ilon is made : Cattle and Sheep delight in this mnt very
much ™nd fo do the Deer, all which crop it very fliort and
"rowie?hc eoii! wherefoever they meet with it. I. have
tSlanted the Sand-Bank and ^^^MM
that the firft Year,the ^^^Mi^^^iKS
Year thev throve as well as in their native Sml. Jjap nan.
year tney uiruvc ■* aDDrov'd by a the Savages on

is the Indian Tea, usd ana appiuv u u/ . weffward

thetloaftof *rtti* and from them lent tc » fhc Wcttwaid
Indians, and fold at a confutable ^^M^^Mcuring^
cure after the fame way, as they do for themielves , wiucn s^
h thus • They take this Plant (not only the Leaves, but the
fma ^er* Twigs along with them; and bruife it in a Mortar,
[m it blcZes blaclim, the Leaf ^W*'
Th-=n thev rake it out, put it into one or tlieir eartnen rots
SSviSSMbSv&i itfmoaks-, ftirringitaU the time
Jill it is cur'd. Others take it, after it is bruis d, and put
ft into a Bowl to which they put live Coals, and cover them
ith ^ the r«A till they ha've done fmoaking j often ^urmng
them over. After all, they fpread it upon then Mats, and
dryTt in the Sun. to 'keep 'for Ufe. ^SmWflL fRT .
SPL have this Plant very V^^Hoat^^\?A
?nd hold it in great Efteem. Sometimes they cure itas he
MUm do i or elfe beat it to a Powder, fo mix it, as Coffee
vet before they drink it, they' filter the fame. They pretei
[t above all Liquids, to drink with Phyfick, to carry the fame
fifc^ndfpSlily Ihrtf tbe Palfages, for which it is admi.

^ctmutoak1: is* fv^' lofty Tree, clear of Boughs and ^,

Foot through all clear Timber v and are the largelt Oaks we
have, yielding the faireft Plank. They grow c uefly : « Am
Land, that if ftiff ' and rich. I have ftta of them Jo high,
that a good Gun could not reach a Turkey, tho loaded with
Swan-Shot: They are call'd Chefnut, becaufe of the Large-
•nefs and Sweetnefs of the Acorns. i \

White Scaly-bark Oak^ This is ufed, as the former, u****,
buying Sloops and Ships. Tho' it bears a large Acorn
ye i rfever gmws to the Bulk and Height of the Chefnut

92

The Natural Hifiory

$gi Oah

B&ftard
Spanifh.

Oak. It is fo call'd, becaufe of a fcaly, broken, white Bark
that covers this Tree, growing on dry Land.

We have Red Oak, fometimes, in good Land, very large
and lofty. 'Tis a porous Wood, and ufed to rive into Rails
for Fences. 'Tis not very durable ; yet forae ufe this, as
well as the two former, forPipe and~ Barrel-Staves. It makes
good Clap boards.

Spanilh . Spanijh Oak is free to rive, bears a whitifh, fmooth Bark i

*«*. and rives very well into Clap-boards. It is accounted dura-
ble, therefore fome ufe to build Veflels with it for the Sea •
it proving well and durable. Thefe all bear good Maft for
the Swine.

Baftard-S/><M(/k is an Oak betwixt the Spanijh and Red Oak •
the chief Ufe is for Fencing and Clap-boards. It bears good*
Acorns.

Black oat. The next is Black Oak, which is efteem'd a durable Wood,
under Water •, but fometimes it is ufed in Houfe-work. It
bears a good Maft for Hogs.

VAnttlron. White Iron, or Ring-Oak, is fo call'd, from the Durabi-
lity and lafting Quality of this Wood. It chiefly grows oa
dry, lean Land, and feldom fails of bearing a plentiful Crop
of Acorns. This Wood is found to be very durable, and is
efteem'd the belt Oak for Ship-work that we have in Caro-
lina •, for tho' Live Oak be more lafting, yet it feldom al-
lows Planks of any conffderable Length, j

turhyOah Turkey-Oak is fo call'd from a fmall Acorn it bears,which
the wild Turkeys feed-on.

Live Oak. - Live-Oak chiefly grows on dry, fandy Knolls. This is

an Ever-green, and the molt durable Oak all America affords.

,The Shortnefs of this Wood's Bowl, or Trunk, makes it

unfit for Plank to build Ships withal. There are fome few

Trees, that would allow a Stock of twelve Foot, but the

Firmnefs and great Weight thereof, frightens our Sawyers

from the Fatigue that attends the cutting of this Timber.

A Nail once driven therein, 'tis next to an Impofllbiliurto

draw it out. The Limbs thereof are fo cur'd, that tn6y

'ferve for excellent Timbers, Knees, &c. for Veflels of any

fort. The Acorns thereof are as fweet as Chefhuts, and the

Indians, draw an Oil from them, as fweet as that from the

Olive, tho' of an Amber-Colour. With thefe Nuts,. or A-

^orns, fome have counterfeited the Cocoa, whereoi they

have

o/ CAROLINA.

93

■

have made Chocolate, not to be diftinguifh'd by a good Pa-
late. Window-Frames, Mallets, and Pins for Blocks,are made
thereof, to an excellent Purpofe. I knew two Trees of this
Wood among the Indians, which were planted from the A-
corn, and grew in the Frefhes, and never faw any thing more
beautiful of that kind. They are of an indifferent quick
Growth^ of which there are two forts. The Acorns make
very fine Pork.

Willow-Oak is a fort of Water-Oak. It grows in VondsWUhwOai
and Branches, and is ufeful for many things. It is fo call'd,
from the Leaf, which very much refembles a Willow.

The Live Oak grows in the frelh Water Ponds and Frejh-roa-
Swamps, by the River fides, and in low Ground overflownw onk.
with Water ; and is a perennial Green.

Of Am we have two forts, agreeing nearly with the En-Jp.
glifi in the Grain. One of our forts is tough, like the JE»-
gl'jh, but differs fomething in the Leaf, and much more in
the Bark. Neither of them bears Keys. The Water-Afh is
brittle. The Bark is Food for the Bevers.

There are two forts of jElm \ the firft grows on our High-E/W.
Land, and approaches our Englifa. The Indians take the
Bark of its Root, and beat it, whilft green, to a Pulp •, and
. then dry it in the Chimney, where it becomes of a reddifh
•Colour. This they ufe as a Sovereign Remedy to heal a
Cut or green Wound, or any thing that is not corrupted.
It is of a very glutinous Quality, The other Elm grows in
low Ground, of whofe Bark the Englifr and Indians make
Ropes • for as foon as the Sap rifes, it ftrips off, with the
greateft eafe imaginable.- It runs in March, ox there-
abouts.

The Tulip-Trees, which are, by the Planters, call'd Pop- fulip-Tree
Jars, as neareft approaching that Wood in Grain, grow
to a prodigious Bignefs, forne of them having been found
One and twenty Foot in Circumference. I have been in-
form'd of a Tuiip-Tree, that was ten Foot Diameter j and
another, wherein a lufty Man had his Bed and Ho?€hold
Furniture, and liv'd in it, till his Labour got him a more
fafhionable Manilon. He afterwards became a noted Man,
in his Country, for Wealth and Conduct. One of thefe
forts bears a white Tulips the other a party-colour5d,mottled
one. The Wood makes very pretty-Wainfcot, Shingles for

n tierce

O

Homes,

9

i
ij

The Natural Hifiory

<\\-'i

Horn-
Beam.
Sajfafras

h ]

Houfes, and Planks for feveral Ufes. It is reckon'd very laft-

■iji| ■ efpecially, under Ground, for Mill- Work. The Buds,

J made into an Ointment, cure Scalds, Inflammations, and

Burns. I faw feveral Bufhels thereon. The Cattle are apt

to eat of thefe Buds, which give a very odd Tafte to the

BjwA Beech is here frequent, and very large. The Grain feems

exactly the fame as that in Europe. We make little Ufe
thereof, fave for Fire-Wood. 'Tis not a durable Timber.
It affords a very fweet Nut, yet the Pork fed thereon (tho'
fweet) is very oily, and ought to be harden id I with Mian
, Corn, before it is kill'd. Another fort call d Buck-Beech is

Buck Beech . v- ,

here found. , , .r „

Horn-Beam grows, in fome Places, very plentifully ; yet
the Plenty of other Wood makes it unregarded. O

The Vertues of Saffafras are well known in Europe. This
Wood fometimes grows to be above two Foot over, and
is very durable and halting, ufed for Bowls, Timbers, Pofts
for Houfes, and other Things that require ftanding in the
Ground 'Tis very light. It bears a white Flower, which
is very cleanfing to the Blood, being eaten in the Spring,
• with other Satiating. The Berry, when ripe, is black ; 'tis
very oily, Carminative, and extremely prevalent in Clyfters
for the Colick. The Bark of the Root is a Spccifick to
thofe affiled with the Gripes. The fame in Powder, and a
I ot'on made thereof, is much ufed by the Savages to mu ni-
difyold Ulcers, and for feveral other Ufes; benig highly

richSoil. !t flowersthe firft in the Woods; its white Blof-
fom makin- the Foreft very beautiful. It has a fine Grain,
tiiMMtm Ufe/within doors; but isnotdurabk.
The Bark of this Root infufed, is held an infallible Remedy
acainft the Worms. . ' , r

Li,H ° Laurel, before- mentioned j as to its Bignefs and Ufe, I
have feen Planks fawn of this Wood; but us not found du-
rable in the Weather; yet pretty enough for many other

TT/"" n

Bay and Laurel generally delight in a low^ampy Ground.
- I know no Ufe they make of them, but for Fire- Wood, ex-
cepting what I fpoke of before, amongft the Ever-Greens.

of CAR OLINA.

95

A famous Ever-Green I muft now mention, which was*™'-
forgotten amongft the reft. It is in Leaf like a JefTamine/ s
but larger, and of a harder Nature. This grows up to a
large Vine, and twifts itfelf round the Trees it grows near,
making a very fine Shade. I never faw any thing of that
Nature outdo it, and if it be cutaway clofe to the Ground,
it wjll prefently fpring up again, it being impofllble to de-
ftroy it, when once it has got Root. 'Tis an ornamental
Plant, and worth the Tranfplanting. Its Seed is a black

Berry.

The Scarlet Trumpet-Vine bears a glorious red Flower, trumpet-
like a Bell, or Trumpet, and makes a Shade inferiour to none Vine.
that I ever faw ^ yet it leaves us, when the Winter comes,
and remains naked till the next Spring. It bears a large Cod,
that holds its Seed. \ •

The Maycock bears a glorious Flower, and Apple of ariMajwk,
agreeable Sweet, mixt with an acid Tafte. This is alfo a
Summer-Vine. Mho-

The Indico grows plentifully in our Quarters. Trees.

The Bay-Tulip-Tree is a fine Ever-green which grows Buy-tulips.
frequently here. -:,':[?

The fweet Gum-Tree, fa call'd, becaufe of the fragrant sweet
Gum it yields in the Spring-time, upon Inciiion of the Bark, Gum. ■
or Wood. It cures the Herpes and Inflammations *, being
apply'd to the Morphew and Tettars. ?Tis an extraordinary
Balfarn, and of great Value to thofe who know how to ufe
it. No Wood has fcarce 3 better Grain , whereof fine Ta-
bles, Drawers, and ot'aer Furniture might be made. Some
of it is curioully cuffd. It bears a round Bur^ with a fort
of Prickle, which is the Seed.

Of the Black G una there grows, with us, two forts •, both Black
fit for Cart-Naves.. The one bears a black, well-tafted <*«»"■•
Berry, which the IrJ.ians mix with their Pulfe and Soup.s, it
giving 'em a pretty Flavour, and fcarlet Colour. The Bears
crop thefe Trees.for the Berries, which they mightily covet,
yet -kill'd in that Seafon, they eat very unfavory •, which
muft be occafioa'd by this Fruit, becaufe, at other times,
when-they feed on Mail;, Bears-Flefh is a very weli-tafted ,
Food. The oth'sr Gum bears a Berry in fhape like the other,
tho5 bitter -and ill-tafted. This tree (the Indians report)

O 2

IS

96

The Natural Hifiory

-

;';

is never wounded by Lightning. It has no certain Grainy
and it is alYnoft impoffible to fplit Or rive it.
ivUuGum The white Gum, bearing a fort of long bunch'd Flowers,
is the mod: curled and knotted Wood I ever fa w, which
would make curious Furniture, in cafe it was handled by a
good Workman.
sedCedar. The red fort of Cedar is an Ever-green, of which Caro-
lina affords Plenty. That on the Salts, grows generally on
the Sand-banks ; and that in the Frefhes is found in the
Swamps. Of this Wood, Tables, Wainfcot, and other Ne-
ceffaries, are made, and efteemed for its fweet Smell. It is
as durable a Wood as any we have, therefore much ufed in
Pofb for Houfes and Sills v likewife to build Sloops, BoatsT
&c. by reafon the Worm will not touch it, for feveral Years-.
The Veflels built thereof are. very durable, and good Swim-
mers. Of this Cedar, Ship-loads may be exported; It has
been heretofore fo plentiful in this Settlement, that they
have fenced in Plantations with it, and the Coffins of the
Dead are generally made thereof.
whhe White Cedar, fo call'd, becaufe it- nearly approaches

€edar. tne other Cedar, in Smell, Bark, and Leaf ;; Only this grows
taller, being as ftrait as an Arrow. It is extraordinary
light, and free to rive. 'Tts good for Yard, Top-Malts,
Booms and Bbltfprits, being very tough." The belt Shingles
for Houfes are made of this Wood, it being no Strain to
the Roof, and never rots. Good Pails and other Veflels^
free from Leakage, are likewife made thereof. The Bark
of this and the red Cedar, the Indians ufe to make their Ca-
bins of,_which prove firm, and refift all Weathers.
Crirefs. Cyprefs is not an Ever-green with us, and is therefore
call'd the bald Cyprefs, becaufe the Leaves, during the Win-
ter-Seafon, turn red, not recovering their Verdure till the
Spring. Thefe Trees are the largeft for Height and Thick-
jiefs, that we have in this Part of the World j fomeof them
holding thirty-fix Foot in Circumference. Upon Incilion,
they yield a fweet-foielUng Grain, tho' not in great Quan-
tities •, and the Nuts which thefe Trees bear plentifully,
yield a raoft odoriferous Balfam, that infaHifrly cures all new
"and preen Wounds, which the Inhabitants are well acquain-
ted withal. Of thefe great Trees the Pereaugers and Ca-
noes are fcoop'd and made ; which fort of Veflels are chiefly

to

^CAROLINA.

97

to paTs over the Rivers, Creeks, and Bays ; and to trknfport
Goods and Lumber from one River to another. Some are
fo large, as to carry thirty Barrels, tho' of one entire Piece
of Timber. Others, that are fplit down the Bottom, and
a piece added thereto, will carry eighty, or an hundred.
Several have gone out of our Inlets on the Ocean to Vir-
ginia, laden with Pork, and other Produce of the Country.
Of thefe Trees-curious Boats for Pleafure may be made, and
other neceffary Craft. Some Years ago, a foolifn Man in
Alhemarl and his Son, had got one of thefe Canoes deck'd.
She held, as I take it, fixteen Barrels. He brought her to
the Colle&ors, to be clear'd for Barbados \ but the Officer
took him for a Man that hadloft his Senfes, and argu'd the
Danger and Impoflibility of performing fuch a Voyage, in a
hollow Tree ; but the Fellow would hearken to no Advice
of that kind, till the Gentleman told him, if he did not
value his own Life, he valu'd his Reputation and Honefty,
and fo flatly refus'd clearing him*, Upon which, theda-
noe was fold, and, I think, remains in being flill. This
Wood is very lafting, and free from the Rot. A Canoe of
it will outlaftfour Boats, and feldom wants Repair. They
lay, that a Cheft tnade -of this Wood,, will fuller no Moth*
crVermine, to abide therein.

The Locuft, for its enduring the Weather, is chofen for Two forts,.
all forts of Works that are expofed thereto. It bears a Leaf °/,f ocufi.
neareft the Liquorice-Plant. 'Tis a pretty tall Tree. Of

white and:
yellow ', is.

this the Indians make their choiceft Bows, it being VQvy"rareifvax--
tough and flexible. We have little or none of this Wood in nifh'd*
Pampticough.

The Honey-Tree bears as great a Refemblance to the Lo- HomyTree.
cult, as a Shallot does to an Onion. It is of that Species, * ie«<jL
but more prickly. They bear a Cod, one fide whereof
contains the Seed, the other the Honey \ They will bear in.
five Years, from the Kernel. They were firft brought (by.
the Indian Traders) and propagated, by their Seed, at the
Apamaticks in Virginia. Laft Year, I planted the: Seed, and.
had them fprung up before I came from thence, which was-
in Augvft. Of the Honey, very good Metheglin is made,
there being Orchards planted in Virginia for-, that in>
tent,

The.'

93

The Natural Hifiory

Pine.

sovorlVooi The Sorrel, or Sowr- Wood-Tree, is fo call'd, becaufe
the Leaves taft'e like Sorrel. Some are about a Foot or ten
Inches Diameter. I am unacquainted with its Vertues at

prefent. ,

Of Pines, there are, in Carolina, at leaft, four forts. The
Pitch-Pine, growing to a great Bignefs, molt commonly has
but a fhort Leaf. Its Wood (being replete with abundance
of Bitumen) is fo durable, that it ieems to fuffer no Decay,
tho' expofed to all Weathers,, fortnany Ages-, and is ufed
in feveral Domeftick and Plantation Ufes. This Tree affords
the four great NecefTaries, Pitch, Tar, Rozin, and Turpen-
tine •, which two lalt are extrafted by tapping, and the Heat
of the Sun, the other two by the Heat of the Fire.

The white and yellow Pines are faw'd into Planks for feve-
ral Ufes. They make Malts, Yards, and a great many o-
ther Neceflaries therewith, the Pine being the moll ufeful
Tree in the Woods.

The Almond-Pine ferves for Malts very well. As tor the
Dwarf-Pine, it is for Shew alone, being an Ever-green, as

they all are. ' . ,

The Hiccory is of the Walnut-kind, and bears a Nut as
thev do of which there are found three forts. The firft is

J ' . i. . i .., u:.-„ "CJ7>y-«^Tr Tf- Jo not1 ct

Hiccory
the befi

r i

tire-mod. JJJ which we call the common white Hiccory. It is not a
durable Wood ; for if cut down, and expofed to the Wea-
ther, it will be quite rotten, and fpoil'din three Years; as
will HkeWife the Beech of this Country. Hiccory Nuts have
verv hard Shells, but excellent fweet Kernels, with which,
'in a plentiful Year, the old Hogs, that can crack them,
fatten themfelves, and make excellent Pork. Thefe Nuts
are eotten in great Quantities, by the savages, and laid
^pforstores, of which they make feveral Dimes and Ban-
quets One of thefe I cannot forbear mentioning j it .is
this • They take thefe Nuts, and break them very frnall be-
. twixt two Stones, till the Shells aad Kernels are indifferent
fms'll • And this Powder you are prefeuted withal in tneir
Sb^ in little wooden Dimes-, the Kernel diflblves in
■your Mouth, and the Shell is fpit out This taltes as well
as any Almond. Another Difli is the Soup which they
make of thefe Nuts, beaten, and put «f? Vemfon-Broth,
which difTolves the Nut, and thickens, whillt the Shell pre-
cipitates, and remains at the bottom. This Broth taltes

c/CAROLl NL &T

99

™ the Heart thereof being very red, firm and durable , of <>
Sh'fchW.1 king-Sticks, Moltar. Peftils and toote
fine Turnery-wares are made .T^-thud is ca » a tnc *£
;nfr barkM Hiccory, from its brittle and icaly Bark. It beais
a £ut with bitler Kernel and a/oft Shell, liKe . W
Walnut Of this Wood, Coggs for Mills are made, m

fuppofe, that Name was, at firft, to diftinguifh u trom the
Hkcories, it having a blacker Bark. This Tree grows, m
Sod S to a prodigious Bignefs. The Wood is very
firm and durable, of which Tables and Chefts of Drawers
aremade, and prove very welk Some of this is very knotty
which would make the belt Returns for England tho the
Mafters of Veffels refufe it, not undemanding its Goodnefs.
'Tis a very good and durable Wood, to bottom Veffels for
the Sea withal 5 and they fay, that it is never eaten by the
Worm. The Nuts have a large Kernel, which is very oily,
except lain by, a long time, to mellow. The Shell is very
thick, as all the native Nuts of America are. When it has
its yellow outward Coat on, it looks and fmells much like a

^he Maple, of which we have two forts, isufed to makeM^.
Trenchers, Spinning-wheels, &c. withal.

Chinkapin is a fort of Chefnut, whofe Nuts are 1110ft com-Cbuila.
monly very plentiful ; infomuch that the Hogs get fat with Piru
them. They are rounder and fmaller than a Chefnut, but ,
much fweeter. The Wood is much of the Nature of Chef-
nut, having a Leaf and Grain almoft like it. It is ufed to
timber Boats, Shallops, &c. and makes any thing that is to-
endure the Weather. This and the Hiccory are very tough
Rods ufed to whip Horfes withal ; yet their Wood, m Sub-
fiance is very brittle. This Tree the Vine much delights
to twift about. It's good Fire-Wood, but very fparkling,,
as well as Saffafras. ,. ■ .,

The Birch grows all on the Banks of our Rivers, very high *trt*.
up. I never faw a Tree on the Salts. It. differs fpme thing,
in Bark, from the European Birch Its Buds in April are eaten
by' the Parrakeetos, which refort, from all Parts,, at that
Seafon-, to feed thereon. Where this Wood grows, we are,

not

iOO

The Natural Hiftory

Willow.
Sycamore.

A/pin*.
-HoUj.

J{ed-Bud.

VcUitorj.

JirroyO'

■ ll'OOi.

not yet feated •, and as to the Wine, or other Profits it
would yield, we are, at prefent, Strangers to.

The Willow, here, likewife differs both in Bark and Leaf.
It is frequently found on the Banks of frefh Water, as the
Birch is.

The Sycamore, in thefe Parts, grows in a low, fwampy
Land, by River-fides. Its Bark is quite different from the
Englijh, and the molt beautiful I ever faw, being mottled
and clowded with feveral Colours, as white, blue, &c. It
bears no Keys but a Bur like the fweet Gum. Its Ufes I am
ignorant of.

I never faw any Afpin, but in Rapahannock-River, from
whence I brought one, (that was prefented me there as a great
Prefent) but it died by the way.

Of Holly we have two forts •, one having a large Leaf, the
other a fmaller. They grow very thick in our. low Woods.
Many of them are very ftrait, and two Foot Diameter.
They make good Trenchers, and other Turnery- Ware.

The Red-Bud-Tree bears a purple Lark-Heel, and is the
belt Sallad, of any Flower I ever faw. It is ripe in April and
May. They grow in Trees, generally final], but fome are a
Foot Diameter.

Pelletory grows on the Sand-Banks and Iilands. It is ufed
to cure the Tooth-ach, by putting a Piece of the Bark in the
Mouth, which being very hot, draws a Rhume from the
Mouth, and caufes much Spittle. The Indians ufe it to
make their Compofition, which they give to their young Men
and Boys, when they are hufquenaw'd, of which you fhall
hear farther, when I come to treat of the Cuftorns, &c. of
that People.

Arrow- Wood, growing on the Banks, is ufed, by the In-
r, for Aitows and Gun-Sticks. It grows as ftrait, as if

itans.

plain'd, and rs of all Sizes. 'Tis as tough and pliable, as the
fmalleft Canes.

■Ckfriut. The Chefnut-Tree of Carolina, grows up towards the hilly
Part thereof, is a very large and durable Wood, and fit for
Houfe-Frames, Palifado's, Sills, and many other Ufes. The
Nut is fmaller than thofe from Portugal, but fweeter.

4/ik-Vine. This is no Tree, but call'd the Oak- Vine, by reafon it
bears a fort of Bur as the Oak does, aad generally runs up
thofe Trees. It's fo porous, that you fuck Liquors thro' a
Length of two Foot. Prickly,-

Ji-';i

■1

of CAROLINA.

IOI

Prickly-Alh grows up like a Pole •, of which the Indians
and Ewlijb make Poles to fet their Canoes along in Shoal-
Water. It's very light, and fall of Thorns or Prickles, bear-
ing Berries in large Clatters-, of a purple Colour, not much
unlike the Alder. The Root of this Tree is Catbartick
and Emetick, ufed in Cachexies.

The Poifon Vine is fo called, becaufe it colours the Hands W*
of thofe who handle it. What the Effcds of it may be, 1
cannot relate \ neither do I believe, that any has made an
Experiment thereof. The Juice of this will ftain Linnen,
never to waft out. It marks a blackifh blue Colour, which is
done only by breaking a bit of the Vine off, and writing
what you pleafe therewith. I have thought, that the Eaft-
Jndia Natives fet their Colours, by fome fuch Means, into
their fineft Callicoes. It runs up any Tree it meets withal,
and clafps round about it. The Leaves are like Hemlock,
and fall off in Winter.

Of Canes and Reeds we have many forts. The hollow Reed, cme% mi
or Cane, fuch as Angling-Rods are made of, and Weavers Heeds.
ufe, we have great Plenty of, though none to the Northward
of fames-River in Virginia. They always grow in Branches
and low Ground. Their Leaves endure the Winter, in
which Seafon our Cattle eat them greedily. We have them
(towards the Heads of our divers) fo large, that one Joint
will hold above a pint of Liquor.

The fmall Bamboo is next, which is a certain Vine, like Bamboo,
the reft of thefe Species, growing in low Land. They fel-
dom, with us, grow thicker than a Man's little Finger,
and are very tough. Their Root is a round Ball, which '
the Indians boil as we do Garden-Roots, and eat them. When
thefe Roots have been fome time out of the Ground, they
become hard, and make good Heads to the Canes, on which
feveral pretty Figures may be cut. There are feveral o-
thers of this kind, not thoroughly difcover'd. fin,Paifflete

Tliat Talmeto grows with us, which we call the dwarfifli **"*>*»•
fort; but the Palmeto-Tree I have not yet met withal in
North-Carolina, of which you have a Defcnption elfewhere.
We mail next treat of the Spontaneous Fruits of this
Country •, and then proceed to thofe that have been tranf-
planted from Europe, and other Parts.

The Natural Hifiory

Per fm-

Among the natural Fruits, the Vine firft takes place,
of which I find fix forts, very well known. The firft is
the black Bunch-Grapes, which yield a Crimfoa Juice. Thefe
grow common, and bear plentifully. They arc of a good
Relifh, though not large, yet well knit in the Clutters.
They have a thickifh Skin, and large Stone, which makes
them not yield much Juice. There is another fort of Black-
Grapes like the former, inallrefpe&s, fave that their Juice
is of a light Fie fh- Col our, inclining to a White. I once
faw a Spontaneous white Bunch-Grape in Carolina; but
the Cattle browzing on the Sprouts thereof in the Spring,
it died. Of thofe which we call Fox-Grapes, we have four
forts } two whereof are called Summer-Grapes, becaufe
ripe in July •, the other two Winter-Fruit, becaufe not ripe
till September or OBoher. The Summer Fox-Grapes grow
not in Clutters, or great Bunches, but are about live or fix
in a Bunch, about the Bignefs of a Damfon, or larger.
The black fort are frequent, the white not fo common-
ly found. They always grow in Swamps, and low moiffc
Lands, running fometimes very high, and being fhady, and
therefore proper for Arbours. They afford the largeft Leaf
I ever faw, to my remembrance, the Back of which is of a
white Horfe-flefh Colour. This Fruit always ripens in the
Shade. I have tranfplanted them into my Orchard, and find
they thrive well, if manured : A Neighbour of mine has
done the fame •, mine Were by Slips, his from the Roots,
which thrive to Admiration, and bear Fruit, tho' not fo
juicy as the European Grape, but of a glutinous Nature*
However, it is pleafant enough to eat.

The other Winter Fox-Grapes, are much of the fame Big-
nefs. Thefe refufe no Ground, fwampy or dry, but grow-
plentifully on the Sand-Hills along the Sea-Coaft, and
elfewhere, and are great Bearers. I have feen near twelve
Bufhels upon one Vine of the black fort. Some of thefe, when-
thoroughly ripe, have a very pretty vinous Tafte, and eat
very well, yet are glutinous. The white fort are clear and
tranfparent, and indifferent fmall Stones. Being removed by
the Slip or Root, they thrive well in, our Gardens, and
make pleafant Shades.

Terfimmon is a Tree, that agrees with all Lands and Soils.
Their Fruit, when ripe, is nearefl: our Medlar \ if eatea

before.

*f CAROLINA.

103

before, draws your Mouth up like a Purfe, being the greateft
Aftringent I ever met withal, therefore very ufeful in fome
Cafes. The Fruit, if ripe, will prefently cleanfe a foul
Wound, but caufes Pain. The Fruit is rotten, when ripe,
and commonly contains four flat Kernels, calPd Stones,
which is the Seed. 'Tis faid, the Cortex Peruvianm comes from
a Perjimmon-Tree, that grows in New-Spain. I have try'd
the Drying of this Bark, to imitate it, which it does tolerably-
well, and agrees therewith. It is binding enough to work
the fame Effect. The Tree, in extraordinary Land, comes
fometimes to two Foot Diameter, though not often. There
are two forts of this Fruit ; one ripe in Summer, the other
when the Froft vifitsus.

We have three forts of Mulberries, befides the different Multity:
Bignefs of fome Tmees Fruit. The firfl is the common red
Mulberry, whofe Fr#k is the earlieft we "have, (except the
Strawberries^ and "very fweet. Thefe Trees make a very
fine Shade, to lit under in Summer-time. They are found
wild in great Quantities, wherever the Land is light and
rich-, yet their Fruit is much better when they ftandopen. "
They are ufed inftead of Raifins and Currants, and make
feveral pretty Kickfhaws. They yield a tranfparent Crim-
foil Liquor, which would make good Wine \ but few Peo-
ples Inclinations in this Country tend that way. The
others are a fmooth-leav'd Mulberry, fit for the Silk- Worm.
One bears a White Fruit, which is common ^ the other bears
a fmall black Berry, very fweet. They would perfuade
me. there, that the black Mulberry with the Silk- Worm
fmooth Leaf, was a white Mulberry, and changed its Fruit.
The Wood hereof is very durable, and where the Indians
cannot get Locuft, they make ufe of this to make their Bows,
This Tree grows extraordinary round and pleafant to the
Eye. -.

The Hiccory, Walnut, Chinkapin and Chefnut, with their
Fruits, we have mention'd before.

The Hazle-Nut grows plentifully in fome places of this^R^.
Country ^ efpecially, towards the Mountains , but owx%mu
are not fo good as the Englifh Nuts, having a much thic-
ker Shell (like all the Fruits of America^ that I ever met
withal) which in Hardnefs exceeds thofe of Europe.

P 2 - The

104.

The Natural Hifiory

Bhrt-
Ckerriss.

Hurls.

The Cherries of the Woods grow to be very large Trees.
One fort, which is rarely found, is red? and not much un-
like the Cornel-Berry. But the common Cherry grows high,
and in Bunches, like Englijh Currants, but mnch larger.
They are of a bitterifh fweet Relifh, and are equally valua-
ble with our fmall Black-Cherries, for anlnfufion inspi-
rits. They yield a crimfon Liquor, and are great Bearers.
lasbernes. Our Rasberries are of a purple Colour, and agreeable Re-
lifh, almoft like the Englijh -7 but I reckon them not quite
fo rich. When once planted, 'tis hard to root them out.
They run wild all over the Country, and will bear the
fame Year you tranfplant them, as I have found by Ex-
perience.

The Hurts, Huckle-Berries, or Blues of this Country^
are four forts, which we are well acquainted withal; but
more Species of this fort, and all others,- Time and Enquiry
mull difcover. The firit fort is the fame Blue or Bilberry,
that grows plentifully in the North of England; and in
other Places, commonly on your Heaths, Commons, and
Woods, where Brakes or Fern grows.

The fecond fort grows on a fmall Bufh in our Savannas and
Meads, and in. -the Woods. They are larger than the com-
mon Fruit, and have larger Seed.

The third grows on the fmgle Stem of a Stick thatrgrows
in low good Land, and on the Banks of Rivers. They grow
three or four Foot high, and are very -pleafant like the firfb
iort, but larger.

The fourth fort grows upon Trees, fome ten and twelve
Foot high, and the Thicknefs of a Man's Arm , thefe are
iound in the Runs and low Grounds, and are very plea-
fant, .and bear wonderfully. The Enghjh fometimes dry
them: in the Sun, and keep them to ufe in the Winter, inftead
of Currants. The Indians get many Buihels, and dry them
on Mats* whereof they make Plum-Bread, and many other
Eatables. They are good in Tarts, or infufed in Liquors.

In the fame Ground, commonly grows the Piemento, or
All -Spice- Tree, whofe Berries differ in ihape from
thofe in t\e Weft* Indies, being Taper or Conick, yet- not
mfenour to any of that fort.. This Tree grows much like
the Hurts, and is- of the fame Biguefs. I. have known it
tranfplant'ed to high Land,, where it thrives.

Our

Piemen
to. - \

o/CAROLIN A.

105

Oar Dew-Berries are very good. But the Black-Berries^-
are bitterilh, and not fo palatable, as in England. _ v£ '

The Sugar-Tree ought to have taken place before. It isSugarTreet
found in no other parts of Carolina or America, that 1 ever
learnt but in Places that are near the Mountains. It s molt
like one fort of Maple, of any Tree, and may be rank'd
amongft that kind. This Tree, which, I am told, is of a
very tedious Growth, is found very plentifully towards the
Heads of fome of our Rivers. The Indians tap it, and
make Gourds to receive the Liquor, which Operation is done
at diftind and proper times, when it belt yields its Juice, of
which, when the Indians have gotten enough, they carry it
home, and boil it to a juit Cbnfiitence of Sugar, which-
grains of itfelf, and ferves for the, fame Ufes, as other Su-
gar does. .... r

The Pa-pau is not a large Tree. Lthink, I never faw one a Papail,_
Foot through •, but has the broadeft Leaf of any Tree in
the Woods, and bears an Apple abouttheBignefsofa Hen s
Eeg yellow, foft, and as fweet, as any thing can well -be,
Thiy make rare Puddings -of this Fruit. The Apple con-
tains a large Stone. ■ s'rl-I . uruv ■

The wild Fig grows in Virginia, up in the Mountains, zsWMBg,
I am inform'd by a Gentleman of my acquaintance, who
is a Perfon of Credit, and a great Traveller in America.
I fhall be glad to have an Opportunity to makeTryal what
Improvement might be made of this wild Frnit, ; ■ ■ ' ■

The wild Plums of America are of feveral forts. Thofe^™^
which I can give an account of from my own Knowledge,
I will, and leave the others till a farther Difcovery. The
moft frequent ts that which we call the common Indian
Plumf of which there are two forts^ if not more. One of
thefe is ripe much fooner than the other, and differs in
the Bark \ one of the Barks being, very fcaly, like our
American Birch, Thefe Trees, when in Bloffom, fmell as
fweet as any Jeffamine, and look as white as a Sheet, be-
ing fomething prickly. You may make it grow to what
Shape you pleafe } they -are very ornamental about a Houfe,
and make a wonderful fine Shew at a Diftance, in the Spring,
becaufe of t-hfeir white Livery. Their Fruit is red, and very,
palatable to the lick. They are of a quick Growth, and
will bear -from the Stone in five Years, on their Stock. The

9iiT

Mnglijfj

io6

The Natural Hifiory

DamfoKs
of Ame-
rica,

Winter
yCurram.

■

Bermu-
.•das Cur-

grants.

| April
Currants.

$ti Haws.

Engiifli large black Plum thrives well, as does the Cherry,
being grafted thereon.

The American Damfons are both black and white^ and a-
bout the Bignefs of an European Damfon. They grow any
where, if planted from the Stone or Slip \ bear a white
Bloffom, and are a good Fruit. They are found on the
Sand-Banks all along the Coaft of America, i have planted
feveral in my Orchard, that came from the Stone, which
thrive well araongfl: the reftof my Trees. But they never
grow to the Bignefs of the other Trees now fpoken of. Thefe
are plentiful Bearers.

There is a third fort of Plum about the Bignefs of the
Damfon. The Tree is taller, ieidom exceeding ten Inches
in Thicknefs. The Plum feems to tafte phyfically, yet I
never found any Operation it had, except to make their
Lips fore, that eat them. The Wood is fomething porous,
but exceeds any Box, for a beautiful Yellow.

There is a very pretty, bufhy Tree, about feven or eight
Foot high, very fpreadiug, which bears a Winter-Fruit, that
is ripe in O&cber. They call 'em Currants, but they are
nearer a Hurt. I have eaten very pretty Tarts made there-
of. They dry them inftead of Currants. This Bum is very
beautiful. » ■ ■ \ . .

The Bermudas Currants grow in the Woods on a Bum,
much like the European Currant. Some People eat them very
much-, but for my part, I can fee nothing inviting in them,
and reckon them a very indifferent Ft uit.

We have another Currant, which grows on the Banks of
Rivers, or where only Clay hath been thrown up. This
Fruit is red, and gone almoft as foon as come. They
are a pretty Fruit whilft they Jail, and the Tree (for
'tis not a Bufh) they grow upon, is a very pleafant Ve-

getable. *.

The Haw-thorn grows plentifully in fome parts of this
Country. The Haws are quite different from thofe in Eng-
land, being four times as big, and of a very pleafant agree-
able Tafte. We make no ufe of this Plant, nor any other, for
Hedges, becaufe Timber is- fo plentiful' at prefent. In my
Judgment, the Honey-Locuft would be the fitteft for
Hedges-, becaufe it is very apt to Ihoot forth many Sprouts
and Succours from the Roots j befides, it is of a guickGrowth,
and very prickly- ( > Til€

of C A R O L 1 N A.

107

The Black Haw grows on a (lender Tree, about the-He §ht £<£
of a Quince-Tree, or fomething higher, and bears thablack
Haw which People eat, and the Birds covet alio. What
Vertues the Fruit or Wood is of, I cannot refolveyou, at

PITnus have I given an Account of all the Spontaneous
Fruits of Carolina, that have come to my Knowledge, ex-
cepting Services, which I have feen in the Indians Hands, ^^/^
and eat of them, but never faw, how nor where they grew.
There may very well be expected a great many more Fruits*
which are the natural Product of this Country, when
we confider the Fruitfulnefs of the Soil and Climate, and
account for the vaft Trad of Land, (great part of which is-
not vet found out) according to the Produdt of that which is
already difcover'd, which (as I once hinted before) is not
as vet arriv'd to our Knowledge, we having very little or
no Correfpondence amongft the mountainous Parts of this
Province, and towards the Country of Mejfiajippi, all which;
we have ftrange Accounts of, and fome very large ones, with
refped to the different and noble Fruits, and feveral other
Ornaments and Bleffings of Nature which Mefliafippi poffefles £
more to be coveted, than any of thofe we enjoy, to the .
Eaftward of the Mountains: Yet when I came to difcourfe
fome of the Idolizers of that Country, I found it to be rather
Novelty, than Truth and Reality, that induced thofe Per-
fons to allow it fiich Excellencies above others. It may be a
brave and fertile Country, as I believe it is -y but I cannot be
perfuaded , that it can be near fo advantageous as ours,
which is much better fituated for Trade, being faced all
along with the Ocean, as the Englifi America is; when the
other is only a direct River, in the midft of a wild unknown
Land, greateft part of whofe Product muft be fetch'd, or
brought a great way, before it can come to a Market. More-
over, fuch great Rivers commonly allow of more Princes Ter-
ritories than one-, and thus nothing but War and Contention
accompanies the Inhabitants thereof.

. But not to trouble our Readers with any more of this, we
will proceed, in the next place, to fhew, what Exatkk Fruit*
we have, that thrive well in Carolina; and what others,
it may reafonably befappos'-d, would do there, were they
brought thither and planted* In purfuance of which, I will

io8

The Natural Hifiory

jppks,.'.

i:

Tet down a Catalogue of what Fruits we have; I mean Spe-
cies : For fliould I pretend to give a regular Name to every
one ; it's neither poffible for me to do it, nor for any one
to underftand it, when done ; if weconfider, that the chiefeft
part of our Fruit came from the Kernel, and fome others
from the Succours, or Sprouts' of the Tree, Firft, we will
begin with Apples; which are the

Golden Rufet.

, I Summer.

■Harwy-jippie, I cannot tell, whether the lame as in %tim
land. s

Winter Queening.
Leather Coat.
Junking.
Codlin.
Redflreak.
Long-fialh
Lady-Finger*

The Golden Ruflet thrives well.

The Pearmains, of both forts, are apt to fpeck, and rot
on the Trees ; and the Trees are damaged and cut off by
the Worm, which breeds in the Forks, and other parts
thereof; and often makes a Circumpofition, by deftroying
the Bark round the Branches, till it dies.

Harvey-Apple; that which we call fo, is efteem'd very
good to make Cider of.

Winter Queening is a durable Apple, and makes good
Cider. ' ■

Leather-Coat ; both Appleand Tree ftand well.

The Juniting is early ripe, and foon gone, in thefewarm
Countries.

Codlin; no better, and fairer Fruit in. the World; yet
the Tree fufFers the fame Diftemper, as the Pearmains, or
rather worfe; the Trees always dying before they come to
their Growth.

The Redftreak thrives very well.

Long-ftalk is a large Apple, with a long Stalk, and makes
good Summer Cider.

We

of C A R O L I N A.

109

Webeatthefirft of our Codlin Cider, againft reaping our
Wheat, which is from the tenth of June, to the five and
twentieth.

Lady-Finger, the long Apple, the fame as in England, and
full as good. We have innumerable forts ; fome call'd Rope-
Apples which are fmall Apples, hanging like Ropes of Oni-
ons-, Flattings, Grigfons, Cheefe- Apples, and a great num-
ber of Names, given according to every ones Difcretion.

The Warden-Pear here proves a good eating Pear; andp<?<£";
is not fo long ripening as in England.

Katharine excellent.

Sugar-pear.

And feveral others without Name, The Bergamot we -
have not , nor either of the Bonne Chreftiennes, though
I hear , they are all three in Virginia. Thofe forts Of Pea'rs
which we have, are as well relifht, as ever I eat any where ;
but that Fruit is of very fliort Continuance with us, for they
are gone almoft as foon as ripe.

I am not a Judge of the different forts of Quinces, which Quinces*
they call Brunfwick, Portugal, and Barbary -, But as to the
Fruit, in general, I believe no Place has fairer and better
relifht. They are very pleafant eaten raw. Of this Fruit,
they make a Wine , or Liquor, which they call Quince-
Drink, and which I approve of beyond any Drink which that
Country affords , though a great deal of Cider and fome
Perry is there made. The Quince-Drink moft commonly
purges thofe that firft drink it, and cleanfes the Body very
well. The Argument of the Phyficians, that they bind Peo- .
pie, is hereby contradicted, unlefs we allow the Quinces to
differ in the two Countries. The leaft Slip of this Tree
ftuck in the Ground, comes to bear in three years. - [

All Peaches, with us, are Handing; neither have weanyPe#&».
Wall-Fruit in Carolina, for we have Heat enough, and there-
fore do not require it. We have a great many forts. of thia
Fruit, which all thrive to Admiration, Peach-Trees coming
to Perfection (with us) as eafiiy as the Weeds. A Peach
falling on the Ground, brings a Peach-Tree that fliall bear in
three years, or fometimes fooner. Eating Peaches in our
Orchards makes them come up fo thick from the Kernel, that
we are forced to take a great deal of Care, to weed them out;
otherwife-they make our Land a Wildernefs of Peach-Trees.

Q, They,

no

The Natural Hifiory

\Jpr*e$ch

They generally bear fo full, that they break great part of their '
Limbs down. We have likewife very fair Ne&arines, efpeciall^
the red, that clings to the Stone , the other yellow Fruit,
that leaves the Stone , of the kit, I have a Tree, that, molt
Years, brings me fifteen or twenty Bufhels. I fee no Fo-
reign Fruit like this, for thriving in all forts of Land, and
bearing its Fruit to Admiration. I want to be fatisfy'd a-,
bout one fort of this Fruit, which the Indians claim as their
own, and affirm? they had it growing amongft them, be-
fore any Europeans came to America. The Fruit I will de-
fcribe, as exactly as I can. The Tree grows very large,
moft commonly as big as a handfome Apple-tree-,the Flowers
are of a reddifh, murrey Colour-, the Fruit is rather more
downy, than the yellow Peach, and commonly very large
and foft, being very full of Juice. They part freely from
the Stone, and the Stone is much thicker than all the other
Peach Stones we have, which feems to me, that it is a Sponr
taneous Fruit of America; yet in. thofe Parts of America, that
we inhabit, I never could hear that any Peach-Trees were
ever found growing in the Woods •, neither have the foreign
Indians, that live remote from theEnglifa any other fort. And
Xhofe living amongft us have a hundred of this fort' for one
other •, they are a hardy Fruit , and are feld'om damaged
by the North-Eaft Blafts, as others are. Of this fort we
make Vinegar ; wherefore we call them Vinegar-Peaches,
and fometimes iWi<?»-Peaches.

This Tree grows to a vaft Bignefs, exceeding moft Apple-
Trees. Th^y bear well, tho' fometimes an early Spring
comes on in February, and perhaps, when the Tree' is fully
blown the Cloudy North-Eaft-Winds which attend the end
of, that Month, or the beginning of March, deftroy moft
of the Fruit. The biggeft Apricock-Tree I ever faw, as
they told me, was grafted on a Peach-Stock,, in the Ground.
I know of no other fort with us, than the Common, We
generally raife this Fruit from the Stone,, which never fails
to bring the fame Fruit. Likewife our Peach-Stones effed
the fame, without fo much as once miffing, to produce the
fame fort that the Stone came from.. •

Damfon, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all

1 have met withal ia Carolim. They thrive well enough $,

- ' " * , the.

^/CAROLINA.

it i

the laft to Admiration, and becomes a very large Tree, if
in ftiff Ground \ otherwife they will not do well.

Of" Figs we have two forts; One is the low Bufti-Fig,^-
which bears a large Fruit. If the Winter happens to have
much Froft, the tops thereof die, and in the Spring
Iprout again, and bear two or three good Crops. .

The Tree-Fig is a lefler Fig, though very fweet. The
Tree grows to a large Body and Shade, and generally brings
a good Burden *, efpecially, if in light Land. This Tree
thrives ho where better, than on the Sand-Banks by the Sea.

We have the common red and black Cherry, which bear Cherries,
well. I never faw any grafted in this Country, the com-
mon excepted, which was grafted on an Indian Plum-flock,
and bore well. This is a good way, becaufe our common
Cherry-Trees are very apt to pot Scions all round the Tree*
for a great Diftance, which mult needs be prejudicial to
the Tree and Fruit. Not only our Cherries are apt to do
fo, but our Apples and molt other Fruit-Trees, which may
chiefly be imputed to the Negligence and Unskilfulnefs of
the Gardener. Our Cherries are ripe a Month fooner than \

in Virginia.

Goosberries I have feen of the fmaller fort, but find they &we*y
do not do fo well as in England, and to the Northward.
Want of Drefling may be fome Reafon for this.

Currants, White, Red, and Black, thrive here, as well Cmam.
as any where. •

Rasberries, the red and white, I never faw any Trial **&•
made of. But there is no doubt of their thriving to Ad-
miration, fince thole of the Country do fo well.
• The Mulberries are fpontaneous. We have no others, than Mulberry*
what I have already mentioned in the Clafs of Natural Fruits
of Carolina.

Barberry red, with Stones, and without Stones, grow B*rberrj„
here.

Strawberries, not Foreign, but thofe of the Country, *»*»wr-
grow here in great Plenty. Laft April I planted a Bed of J*
two hundedFoot in Length, which bore the fame Year.

Medlars we have none. Medlar.

All forts of Walnuts from England, France, and Maderas% Wdm$.%
thrive well from ftie Nut.

Q "2. No.

H2

Filbert.

V'ma..

'iiiii'ir

111

The Natural Hiftory

No Filberts, but Hazle-Nuts -7 the Filbert-NufplanteT
becomes a good Hazle-Nut, and no better.

As for that noble Vegetable the Vine, withoutdoubt it
may (m this Country) be improved, and brought to the fame
Perfection, as it is, at this Day, in the fame Latitude in,
Europe, fince the chiefefb part of this Country is a deep
rich, black Mould, which ,is up towards the Freflies and
Heads of our Rivers, being very rich and mix'd wifh
Flint, Pebbles, and other Stones. And this.fort of Soil fc
approv'd of (by all knowing Gardeners and Vigneroons ) as
a proper Earth, in which the Grape chiefly delights -
and what feems to give a farther Confirmation hereof is'
that the largefr. Vines, that were ever difcover'd to grow-
wild, are found in thofe Parts, oftentimes in" fuch Plenty
and are fo interwoven with one another, that 'tis impoffible:
to pafs through them. Moreover, in thefe Freflies, to-
wards the Hills, the Vines are above five times bigger than
thofe generally with us, who are feated in the Front-parts
©f this Country, adjoining to the Salts. Of the wild
Vines, which are raoft of them great Bearers, feme Wine
has been made, which I drank of. It was very ftrong and
well relifht :, but what detains them all from offering at
great quantities, they add, that this Grape has a large Stone
and a thick Skin, and confeqaently yields but a fmall Quan-
tity of Wine. Some Ehays of this Nature have been made
by that Honourable Knight, Sir Nathanaekjohnfw, in South
Caroling who, as I am inform'd, has rejected all Exotick
Vines, and makes his Wine from the natural black Grape-
©f Carolina, by grafting it upon its own Stock. What Im-
provement this may arrive to, I cannot tell; but in other
Species, I own Grafting and Imbudding yields fpeedy Fruit
tho' I never found that it made them better.

New planted Colonies are generally attended with a
Force and Neceffity of Planting the known and approved
Staple and Produd of the Country, as well as all the Pro-
*ifio.ns their Families fpend. Therefore .we can en terrain.
but fmall hopes of the improvement of the Vine, till fome-
skilful m, dreffing Vines mail appear amongft us, and go,
gboufc it, with a Refolution, that Ordering the Vineyard
&al be one haif of their Employment- If this be begua
m± earned on, with that Affiduit^ and Refolution which it

of CAROLINA-

113

requires, then we may reafonably hope to fee this a Wine-
Country ; for then, when it becomes a general Underta-
king, every one will be capable to add fomething to the
common Stock, of that which he has gain'd by his own Ex-
perience. This way would foon make the Burden light, and
a great many fhorter and exa&er Curiofities, and real
Truths would be found out in a fhort time. The trim-
ming of Vines, as they do in France, that is, to a Stump,
muft either here be not follow'd, or we are not fenfible of
the exadt time, when they ought to be thus pruned ^ for
Experience Jnas taught us, that the Enropean Grape, fuffer'd
to run and expand itfelf at large, has been found to bear
as well in America, as it does in Europe \ when, at the
fame time, the fame fort of Vine trimm'd to a Stump,
as before fpoken of, has born a poor Crop for one Year
or two ; and by its fpHling, after-cutting, emaciated, and
in three or four Years, died. This Experiment, I believe,
has never fail'd -0 for I have trimrn d the natural Vine the
French way, which has been attended, at laft, with the
fame Fate. Wherefore, it feems moft expedient, to leave
the Vines more Branches here, than in Europe, or let t hem-
run up Trees, as fame do, in Lombard}, upon Elms. The
Mulberries and -Chinkapin are tough, -and trimni'd to what
you pleafe, therefore fit Supporters of the Vines. Gelding
and plucking away the Leaves, to haften the .ripening of
this Fruit, may not be unneceflary, yet we Jee the natu-
ral wild Grape generally ripens in the Shade. Nature in.-
this, and many others, may prove a'fure- Guide. The
Twitting of the Stems to make the Grapes ripe together,,
lofes no Juice, and may be .beneficial, if done in Seafon.
A very mgmtions French Gentleman, and another from
Switzerland^ with whom I frequently converfe, exclaim
againfr, that ftrid cutting of Vines, the.genex'ally appro-
ved Method of France and Germany, and fay, that they
were both out in their Judgment, till of lateT Experience
hasi taught. them >otherwife. Moreover', the French in North
Carolina, allure me, that if we fhould trim our Apple and o-
ther Fruit-'Trees, as they do in Europe, we fhould. fpoil
them. As* for; Apples and -Plums, i have found by Expe-
rience, what they affirm to be true. The- French, from the-
Mannakin. Town, oa the Freftes of Jamet Eiver in Virginia^

had!

The Natural Hiftory,

had, for themoft part, removed themfelves to Carolina, to
live there, before I came away ; and the reft were follow-
ing, as, their Minifter, (Monfieur Philip de Rixbourg) told
me, who was at Bath-Town, when I was taking my leave
of my Friends. He affur'd me, that their Intent was to
propagate Vines, as far as their prefent Circumftances
would permit •, provided, they could get any Slips of Vines,
that would do. At the fame time, I had gotten fome
Grape-Seed* which was of the Jefuits white Grape from
Madera. The Seed came up very plentifully, and, I hope,
will not degenerate, which if it happens not to do, the
Seed may prove the belt way to raife a Vineyard, as cer-
tainly it is molt eafy for Tranfportation. Yet I -reckon
we mould have our Seed from a Country, where the
Grape arrives to the utmoft Perfection of Ripenefs. Thefe
French Refugees have had fmall Encouragement in Virginia,
becaufe, at their firft coming over, they took their Mea-
fures of Living, from, Europe ; which was all wrong ; for
the fmall Quantities of ten, fifteen, and twenty Acres to
a Family did not hold out according to their way of Reckon-
ing, by Reafon they made very little or no Fodder j and
the "Winter there being much harder than with us, their
Cattle fail'd -, chiefly, becaufe the Englijh took up and fur-
vey'd all the Land round about them •, fo that they were
hemm'd in on all Hands from providing more Land for them-
felves or their Children, all which is highly prejudicial in
America, where the generality are bred up to Planting.
One of thefe French Men being a Fowling, foot a Fowl in the
River, upon which his Dog went down the Bank- to bring it
to his Matter > but the Bank was fo high and fteep, that he
could not get up again. Thereupon, the French Man went
down, to help his Dog up, and.breaking the Mould away,
accidentally, with his Feet, he difcover'd a very rich Goal-
Mine. This Adventure he gave an Accouut of amdngft the
Neighbourhood, and prefently one of the Gentlemen of that
Part furvey'd the Land, and the poor French Man jgot no-
thing by his Difcovery. The French axe ^goodi Neighbours
amongft us, and give Examples of Induftry,: which is much
wanted in this Country. They make good Flax, Hemp,
Linnen-Cloth and Thread ; which they exchange amongft
the Neighbourhood for other Commodities, for which they
hav-e occafion. We

gf CAROLINA?

i*5

~T^ have hitherto made no Tryal ot foreign Herbage • but,
a Sniff i would thrhre well; efpeciaTly, Mf^ and

I &m t* ajSJJ p fertf afford 800d

LWef°wraSreat of the Beafts which you U *«
aaTccountof, as they have been difcoverd.-

Btffilo, or wild Beef.

Bear.

Panther.

Cat-a-mount*

WddCat^ .

Wotf.

Tyger.

Tplcatr.

Otter.

JBever.

The Beafts of Carolina are the

-
Water -Rat:
Rabbet^ two forts,
Elks.
Stags.
■ Fallow-Deer.
Squirrel, four forts*

■ Fox. : ' ' • ■

Lion, and.Jachall on m &&&
Rats, two forts.
Mice, wo forts, i \>u, ti'

■*'wr* .-, : 'Motes. 'icm^r _

Musk-Rat. Weafel, Dormouft,

i°Vum- Bearmoufe, liW

on his Back, as the Cattle MM W£ h|schief

He feldom appears amongft $e j^£ »gg^ for the
Haunt being in the Land ^ot ^^J^jjj^g kiil'd
moftpart, * -plain Country y yet i naj & „ffi } Led 3

on'the Hilly Fart ^f*^S?S^2^SS they can 7™ ifti
Qfvaft Mountains f^^^iffi^^!^^?"^:

^nmp npqr us. 1 have eaten or tneir Meat, uai. wk w Virg.i»

1 16

The Natural Hiftory '

Beat:

of their Tranfportation, and make Beds to lie on. They
fpin the Hair into Garters, Girdles, Safhes, and the like, it
being long and curled, and often of a chefhut or red "Colour.
Thefe Monfters are found to weigh (as I am informed by
a Traveller of Credit) from 1600 to 2400 Weight.

The Bears here are very common, though not fo large as
in Groenland, and the more Northern Countries oi'Ruflia.
The Flefh of this Beafb is very good, and nburifhing, and
not inferiour to the belt Pork in Tafte. It ftands betwixt
Beef and Pork, and the young Cubs are a Difh for the great-
eft Epicure living. I prefer their Flelh before any Beef,
Veal, Pork, or Mutton ; and they look as well as they eat,
fheir fat being as white as Snow, and the fweeteft of any
Creature's in the World. If a Man drink a Quart thereof
melted, it never, will rife in his Stomach. We prefer it a-
bove all things, to fry Fifh and other things in. Thofe that
are Strangers to it, may judge otherwife-, But I who have
eaten a great deal of Bears Flelh in my Life-time (fince my
being an Inhabitant in America) do think it equalizes, if not
excels, any Meat I ever eat in Europe. The Bacon made
thereof is extraordinary Meat ; but it mult be well faved,
otherwife it will ruft. This Creature feeds upon all forts of
wild Fruits. When Herrings run, which is in March, the
Flefh of fuch of thofe Bears as eat thereof, is nought, all
thatSeafon, and eats filthily. Neither is it good, when he
feeds on Gum-berries, as I intimated before* They are
great Devourers of Acorns, and oftentimes meet the Swine
in the Woods, which they kill and eat, efpecially when they
are hungry, and can find no other Food. Now and then they
get into the Fields of Indian Corn, or Maiz,, where they
make a fad Havock, fpoiling ten times as much as they eat.
The Potatos of this Country are fo agreeable to them, that
they never fail to fweep 'em all clean, if they chance to
come in their way. They are feemingly a very clumfy Crea-
ture, yet are very nimble in running up Trees, and
traversing every Limb thereof. When they come down, they
run Tail foremoft. At catching of Herrings, they are molt
expert Fifhers. They lit by the Creek-fides, (which are
very narrow) where the Fifh run in; and there they take
them up, as fait as it's poflible they can dip their Paws into
the Water. There is one thing more to be conjlder'd of

this

,of CAROLINA.

1 17

this Creature, which is, that no Man, either Chriftian or /*-■
dian, lias ever kill'd a .She-bear with Young.

It is fuppofed, that the She-Bears, after Conception, hide
themfelve-s in fome fecret and undifcoverable Place, till
they bring forth their Young, which, in all Probability, can-
not belong ; otherwise, the Indians^ who hunt the Woods
like Dogs, would, at fome time or other, have found them
out. Bear-Hunting is a great Sport m America, both with
the Ettglifi and Indian. Some Years ago, there were kill'd
five hundred Bears, in' two Counties of Virginia, in one
Winter -0 and but two She-Bears amongft them all, which
were not with Young, as I told you of the reft. The Eng-
lish have a breed of Dogs fit for this fport, about the fize
of Farmers Curs, and, by Praftice, come to know the Scent
of a Bear, whiph as foon as they have found, they run
him, by the Nofe, till they come up with him, and then
bark and fnap at him," till he trees, when the . Huntfmaa
moots him out of the Trees, there being, for the moft part,
two or three with Guns, left the firft mould mifs, or not
quite kill him. Though they are not naturally voracious, ;
yet they are very fierce when wounded. The Dogs often
bring him to a Bay, when wounded, and then the Huntf-
men make other Shots, perhaps with the Piftols that are
ftuck in their Girdles. If a Dog is apt to fallen, and run.
into a Bear," he is not good, for the belt Dog in Europe is
nothing in their Paws •, but if ever they get liim in their
Clutches, they blow his Skin from his Fleih, like a Bladder,
and often kill him ; or if he recovers it, he is never good
for any thing after; As the Paws of this Creature, are held
for the beft bit about him, lb is the Head efteem'd the
worft, and always thrown away, for what reafon I know-
not. I believe, none ever made Trial thereof, to know how
it eats. The OiJ of the Bear is very Sovereign for Strains,
Aches, and old Pains. The fine Fur at the bottom of the
Belly, is ufed for making Hats, in fome places. The Fur -
itfelf is fit for feveral Ufes § as for making Muffs, facing
Caps, &c but the black Cub-skin is preferable to all forts
of that kind, for Muffs. Its Grain is like Hog-Skin.

The Panther is of the Cat's kind ; about the height of a VmUr.

very large Greyhound of a reddiih . Colour, the fame as a

Lion. He climbs. Trees with the greateft Agility imaginable,
- — ~ R ■

1 1

The Natural Hifiory

Mount.-

is very ftrong-limb'd, catching a piece of Meat from any
Creature he ftrikes at. His Tail is exceeding long ; his
Eyes look very fierce and lively, are large, and of a grayifti
Colour ', his Prey is, Swines-flelh, Deer, or any thing he can
take } no Creature is fo nice and clean, as this, in his Food,, .
When he has got his Prey, he fills his Belly with the
Slaughter, and carefully lays up the Remainder, covering it
very neatly with Leaves, which if any thing touches, he
never eats any more of it. He purrs as Cats do -7 if taken
when Young, is never to be reclaim'd from his wild Na-
ture. He hollows like a Man in the Woods, when kill'd,
which is by making him take a Tree, as the leaftCur will
prefently do; then the Huntfmen fhoot him ; if they do not
lillhim outright, he is a dangerous Enemy; when wounded,
efpecially to the Dogs that approach him. This Beaft is
the greataft Enemy to the Planter, of any Vermine in Carolina.
His Flefh looks as well as any Shambles-Meat whatfoever -r
•a great many People eat him, as choice Food \ but I never
tailed of a Panther, fo cannot commend the' Meat, by my
own Experience. His Skin is a warm Covering for the /»-
dians- in Winter, though not efteem'd amongft the choice:
Furs. This -Skin drefs'd, makes fine' Womens Shooes, of
Mens Gloves. - - / ~ ,

The Mountain-Cat, fo calfd, becaufe he lives in the
Mountainous Parts of America. He is a Beaft of Prey, as
the Panther is, and neareft to him in Bignefi and Nature.

This Cat is quite different from thofe in Europe ; being
more nimble and fierce, and larger; his Tail does not exceed
four Inches. He makes a very odd fort of Cry in the Woods,
In the Night. He is fpotted as the Leopard is, tho' fomeof
them are not, (which may happen, when their Furs are out
of Seafon) he climbs a Tree very dexteroufly, and preys as-
the Panther does. He is a great Deftroyer of young Swine. I
Iknew an Ifland, which was pqjfefs'd by -thefe Vermine, un-
known to the Planter, who put thereon a confiderable Stock
of Swine ; but never took one back -, for the wild Cats de~
i£roy'd them all. He takes moft of his Prey by Surprize, get-
ting up the Trees, which they pafs by or under, and thence
leaping, direclly upon them; Thus he takes Deer (which he:
sannot catch by running}, and fattens his Teeth into their
Statldsrs aad fiieks tfara They run with him, till they

of CAROLINA.

119

falldorfn for want of ftrength, and become a Prey to the
Enemy. Hares, Birds, and all he meets, that he can con-
quer, he deftroys. The Fur is approv'd to wear as a Sto-
macher, for weak and cold Stomachs. They are likewife
-ufed to line Muffs, and Coats withal, in cold Climates.

The Wolf of Carolina, is the Dog of the Woods. The«
Indians had no other Curs, before the Chriftians came a-
mongft them. They are made domefhck. WThen wild,
they are neither fo large, nor fierce, as the European Wolf.
They are not'Mair-flayers •, neither is any Creature in Caro-
lina, unlefs wounded. They go in great Droves in the Night,
to hunt Deer, which they do as well as the belt Pack of
Hounds. Nay, oneofthefe will hunt down a Deer. They
are often fo poor, that they, can hardly run. When they
catch no Prey, they go to a Swamp, and fill their Belly full
of Mud ; if afterwards they chance to get any thing of Flefh,
they will difgorge the Mud, and eat the other. When
they hunt in the Night, that there is a great many together,
they make the molt hideous "and frightful Noife, that ever -
'was heard. The Fur makes gopd Muffs. The Skin drefs d
taa Parchment makes the beft Drum-Heads, and if tanu'd
makes the beft fort of Shooes for the Summer-Countries.

Tygers are never met withal in the Settlement \ but are 7^
more to the Weftward, and are not numerous on this Side
the Chain of Mountains. I once faw one, that was larger ■
that a Panther,, and feem'd to be a very bold Creature.
The Indians that hunt in thofe Quarters, fay v they are
feldom met withal. It feems to differ from the Tyger of
Afia and Africa. ' .

Polcatsor Skunks in America, are different from thofe mpohau
Europe. They are thicker, and of a great many Colours-,
not all alike, but each differing from another in the parti-
cular Colour. They fmell like a Fox, but ten times ftronger.
When a Dog encounters them, they pifs upon him, and he
will not be fweet again in a Fortnight or more. The /«*
dians love to eat their Flefh, which has no manner of ill
Smell, when the Bladder is out. I know no-ufe their
Furs are put to. They are eafily brought up tame.

There have been feen fome Otters from the Weftward of otter:* .
Carolina, which were of a white Colour, a little inclining to
a yellow. They live on the fame Prey here, as in Europe,
and are the fame in all other Refpeftsj fo I ftiall lnjift no

aj" farther

The Natural Hiftory

farther on that Creature. Their Furs, if black, artr valu-
able.

Severs are very numerous in Carolina, their being abun-
dance of, their Dams in all Parts of thb Country, where -I
have travel'cu They are the moft induftrious and greatelfc
Artificers (in building their Dams and Houfes) of any four-
footed Creatures in the World. Their Food is chiefly the
Barks of Trees and Shrubs, i)lz.. Saflafras, Afh, Sweet-Gum,
and feveral others. If you take them young, they become
very tame and domeftick, but are very mifchievous in. fpoil-
ing Orchards , by breaking the Trees, and blocking up>
your Doors in the Night, with the Sticks and Wood, they
bring thither. If they eat any thing that is fait, it kills;
them. Their Flefli is a fweet Food ; efpecially, their Tail,.
which is held very dainty. There Fore-Feet are open, like -
a Dog's; their Hind-Feet webb'd like a Water-Fowl's. The
Skins are' good Fu*s for feveral Ufes, which every one knows- .
The Leather is very thick \ I have known Shooed made
thereof in Carolina, which lafted well. It mafces the befr
Hedgers Mittens that can be.ufed.

Musk Rats frequent frefh Streams and no other ; as the
Bever does. He has a Cod of Musk, which is valuable*
as islikewife his Fur.

The Pojfum is found no where but in America. He is the
Wonder of all the Land-Animals, being the fize of a Badger, .
and near that Colour. The Male's Pizzle is placed retro-
grade y and in time of Coition, they differ from all other
Animals, turning Tail to Tail, as Dog and Bitch when ty'd*
The Female, doubtlefs, breeds her Young at her Teats ;for
I have feen them ftick fall thereto* when they have been no
bigger than a fmall Rasberry, and feemingly inanimate. Shs
has a Paunch, or falfe Belly, wherein fhe carries her Young,
after they are from thofe Teats, till they can fhift fop
themfelves. Their Food is Roots, Poultry, or wild Fruits.'
They have no Hair on their Tails, but a, fort of a Scale, of
hard Cruft, as the Bevers have. If a Cat has nine Lives*
this Creature furely has nineteen \ for if you break every Bone
in their Skin, and malh their Skull, leaving them for Dead*
you may come an hour after, and they will begone quite
away, or perhaps you meet them creeping away. They are
^wy.ltupid Creature, utterly .neglecting their Safety. They.

are..

ofC AR0L1NA.

121

I

¥r\ ^,fa nf anv thin? I have, for Necefllty in

Z WiuWsf enVAem.^Their Flelh is very white,
the Wi aerneii, c me out of Con.

M> Sfirt&e TheytS Trees, as the Raccoons do.
The'" FurhaisFn0; S nor ufed, fave that tbc<**»

fpiThe Khrf a'tk'grf/'colour; if taken young, {M
S^or^S^|^f«;

s7tVWat rVLfmucLn Oyfterl which they love, They
„^h the Ovfcr when it opens, and nimbly pu .in their
C and pluck onfthe Eilh. Sometimes the Oytter fonts,
£d lioUstfo their Paw till the Wconres g«g
are drown'd, tho' they fwim very well. The way that Mis
Animal catches Crabs/which he great y admires, ancUhich
„e plenty ia C«B«, U worthy -f Rema Wh»h
intends to make a Prey ot the ie t-im,. &
where Handing on the Land, he lets his Tarl W&^*£
Wfli-rr This the Grab takes tor a Bait, ana raiipab ius
n,ws therein which as foon as the.***™ perceives, he of
Sudde ^Xings forward, a confutable way, on the
, a n\ kC the Crab along with him. As foon as the

Sing The Chief of his other Food is all fortsof w Id
Fruits ereen Corn, and fuch as the Bear delights in, Thi»-
Sd helSarenrachofaBignefs. The Fur makes good;
Hats andSngs. The Skin dtefs'd makes fine Womeaa..

SbThl'Mmx is an Animal much' like the .j/g^Filliniartt^.
or PolcM He is long, (lender, and every way foap'd like

122

The Natural Hiftory

i

from you in the Night, when afleep, as I can tell by Expe-
rience; for one Winter, by Misfortune, I ran my VelTel
a-ground, and went often to the Banks, to lull wild Fowl,
which we did a great many. One Night, weTiad a mind to
fleep on the Banks (the Weather being fair) and -wrapt up
the Geefe which we had kill'd, and not eaten, very care-
fully, in the" Sail of a Canoe, and folded it feveral Doubles,
and for their better Security, laid 7em all Night under my
Head. In the Morning when I wak'd, a Minx had eaten
thro' every Fold of the Canoe's Sail, and thro' one of the -
Geefe, molt part of which was gone. Thefe are likewife
found high up in the Rivers, in whofe iides they live •, which
is known by the abundance of Frelh-Water Mufcle-Shells
(fiich as you have in England) that lie at the Mouth of
their Holes. This is an Enemy to the Tortois, whofe
Holes in the Sand, where they hide their Eggs,' the Minx
finds out, and fcratches up and eats. The Raccoons and
Crows do the fame. The Minx may be made domeftick,'
and were it not for his paying a Vifit now and then to the
Poultry they are the greateft Deftroyers of Rats and Mice,
that are in the World. Their Skins, if good of that kind,
are valuable, provided they are kill'd in Seafon.
Water' The Water-Rat is found here the fame as in England. The
%#• Water-Snakes are often found to have of thefe Rats in

their Bellies.
fmeys. That which the People of Carolina call a Hare, is nothing
but a Hedge-Coney. They never borough in the Ground,
but much frequent Marines and Meadow-Land. They hide
their Young in fome Place feeure from the Difcovery of the
Buck, as the European Rabbets do, and are of the fame Co-
lour •, but if you ftart one of them, and purfue her, flie
takes into a hollow Tree, and there runs up as far as ihe
can, in which Cafe the Hunter makes a Ere, and fmoaks
the Tree, which brings her down, and fmothers her. At
one time of the Year, great Bots or Maggots breed betwixt
the Skin and the Flefh of thefe Creatures. They eat juft as
the EngLJh ones do } but I never faw one of them fat. We
lire the Marines,- and then kill abundance.
Rabbet The ^n&^-> or Ettropean Coneys are here found, tho' but
Ecglilh. in one place that I ever knew of, which was in Trent-
River, where they borough'd among the Rocks. I cannot

believe,

»_

of CAROLINA.

123

Elks,

believefthefe are Natives of the Country, any otherwife than
that they might come from aboard fome Wreck ; the Sea not
being far off. " I was told of feveral that were upon Bodies
lfand by Rowah, which came from that Ship of Bodies -0 but
I never faw any. However the Banks are no proper Abode
of Safety, beeaufe of the many Minxes in thofe Quarters. I
carried over fome of the tame fort from England to South Caro-
lina, which bred three times going over, we having a long
Paflage. I turn'd them loofe in a Plantation, and the young
ones, and fome of the old ones bred great Maggots in their
Tefticles. At laft, tha great Gull in September, 1700. brought
a great deal of Rain, and drown'd them all in their Holes.
I intend to make a fecond Tryal of them in North Carolina^
and doubt not but to fecure them.

The Elk is a Monlter of the Venifon fort. His Skin is
nfed almoft in the fame Nature as thejtejfe/b's. Some take
him for the red Deer of America \ but he is not : For, if
brought and kept in Company with one of that fort, of the
contrary Sex, . he will never couple. His Flefh is not fo fweet
as the leffer Deers. His Horns exceed (in Weight) all Crea-
tures which the new World affords. They will often refort
and feed with the Buffelo, delighting in the fame Range as
they do.

The Stags of Carolina are lodg'd in the Mountains. They^
are not fo large as in Europe, but much larger than any Fal-
low-Deer. They are always fat, I believe, with fome deli-
cate Herbage that grows on the Hills •, for we find all Crea-
tures that graze much fatter and better Meat on the Hills,
than thofe in the Valleys: I mean towards and near the ~
Sea. Some Deer on thefe -Mountains afford the occidental.
Bewar, not coming from a Goat, as fome report. What fort
of Beaft affords the oriental Beu>ar, I know not. The Tal-
low of the Harts make incomparable Candies. Their Horns-
and Hides are of the fame Value, as others of their kind;

Fallow-Deer in Carolina, are taller and longer-legg'd, thani^ow.
in Europe j but neither run To fait,- nor are fo well haunch'd. ^"^
Their Singles are much longer, and their Horns ftand for-
ward, as the others incline backward \ neither do they beam,
or bear their Antlers, as the Englifb Deer do. Towards the .
Salts, they are not generally fo fat and good Meat, as on the:
Hills. I have' known fome kilLU o&- the Salts in January^

* til "■'.' tfea-r-

.t?'h

•*H

The Natural Hifiory

Wox Squirt

rel.

Small gray.
Squirrel.

Flying-
Squirrel.

Ground.
Squirrel*

that have had abundance of-Bots in their Throat, which keep
them very poor. As the Summer, approaches, thefe Bots
come out, and turn into the fineft Butterfly imaginable, be-
ing very large, and having black, white, and yellow Stripes.
Deer-Skins are one of the belt Commodities Carolina affords,
to Ihip off for England, provided they be large. ,

Of Squirrels we have four Sorts. The frrft is the Fox-
Squirrel, fo call'd, becaufe of his large Size, which is the
Bignefsof a Rabbet of two or three Months old. His Co-
lour is commonly gray} yet I have feen feveral pied ones,
and fome reddifh, and black •, his chiefeft Haunts are in the
Piny Land, where the Almond-Pine grows. There he pro-
vides his Winter-Store •, they being a Nut that never fails
of bearing. He may be made tame, and is very good Meat,
when killed.

The next fort of Squirrel is much of the Nature of the
Englifiy only differing in Colour. Their Food is Nuts (of
all forts the Country affords) and Acorns. They eat well -7
and, like the Bear, are never found with youngi

This Squirrel is gray, as well as the others. He is the
leaft of the Three. His Food is much the fame with the
fmall gray Squirrels. He has not Wings, as Birds or Bats
have, there being a fine thin Skin cover'd with Hair, as the
reft of the parts are. This is from the Fore-Feet to the
Hinder-Feet, which is extended and holds fo much Air, as
buoys him up, from one Tree to another, that are greater
diftances afundcr, than other Squirrels can reach by jumping
or fpringing. He is made very tame, is an Enemy to a Corn-
field, (as all Squirrels are) and eats only the germinating
Eye of that Grain, which is very fweet.

Ground Squirrels are fo call'd, becaufe they never delight
in running upTrees,, and leaping from Tree to Tree. They
are the fmalleft of all Squirrels. Their Tail is neither fo
long not bufhy \ but -flattim. They are of a reddifh Co-
lour, and fcriped down each Side with black Rows, which
make them very beautifuL They may be kept tame, in a
little Box with Cotton. They and the Flying-Squirrels
ield^m fiir out ia Cold Wea .her, being tender Animals.

The

of C A R O L I N A.

125

The Fox of Carolina is gray, but fmells not as the Foxes in Fox.
Great-Britain, and elfewhere. They have reddifh Hair about
their Ears, and are generally very fat-, yet I never fa w any
one eat them. When hunted, they make a forry Chace, be-
caufe they run up Trees, when purfued. They are never to
be made familiar and tame, as the Raccoon is. Their Furs,
if in Seafon, are ufed for Muffs and other Ornaments. They
live chiefly on- Birds and Fowls, and fuch fmall Prey. _

I have been inform'd by the Indians,-, tthat oh a Lake of ii^lni
Water towards the Head of Neus River, there haunts afakaii.
Creature, which frightens them all from Hunting there-
abouts. They fay, he is the Colour of a Panther, but cannbt
run up Trees-, and that there abides with him a Creature
like an Endifhman\ Dog, which runs falter than he can, and
gets his ptey for him. They add, that there is no other
of that Kind that ever they met withal ; and that they have
no other way to avoid him, but by running up a Tree. The
Certainty of this I cannot affirm by my own Knowledge,
yet they all agree in this Story. As for Lions, I never faw
any in America ; neither can I imagine, how they fhould
come there.

Of Rats we have two forts •, the Houfe-Rat, as in Europe ;^j.
and the Marfh-Rat, which differs very much from the other,
being morefrairy, and has feveral other Diftin&ions, too long
here to name.

Mice are the fame here, as thofe in England, that belong ^ve.
to the Houfe. There is one fort that poifons a Cat, as foon
as fhe eats of them, which has fometimes happen'd. Thefe
Mice refort not to Houfes.

TheDormoufe is the fame, as in England; andfois the Domoufe.
Weafel, which is very fcarce.

The Bat or Rearmoufe, the fame as in England. The pearmufg,
Indian Children are much addicted to eat Dirt, and fo are ,
fome of the Chriftians. But roafl a Bat on a Skewer, then
pull the Skin off, and make the Child that eats Dirt, eat
the roafl ed Rearmoufe; and he will never eat Dirt again.
This is held as an infallible Remedy. I have put this a-
mongft the Beafts^ as partaking of both Natures \ of the
Bird, and Moufe-Kind.

Having mention'd all the forts of terreftrial or Land- Ani-
mals, which Carolina affords and are yet known to us, except

S the

I
■

ia6

The Natural Htftory

the Tame and Domeftick Creatures (of whichlfhall givean
Account hereafter, when I come to treat of the Ways and
Manners of Agriculture in that Province J I mall now pro-
ceed to the known Infeits of that Place. Not that I pretend
to give an ample Account of the whole Tribe, which is too
numerous, and contains too great a Diverfity of Species,
many not yet difcovered, and others that have flipt my Me-
mory at prefent-, But thofe which lean remember, I here
prefent my Readers withal.

Infe&S of Carolina.

"Allegators.
Rattle-Snakes.
Ground Rattle-Snakes.
Horn-Snakes.
Water-Snakes, four forts.
Swamp Snakes three forts.
Red-be/lied Land-Snakes.
Red-backed Snake.
Black Truncheon Snake*
Scorpion-Lizard*
Green Lizard.
Frogs, many forts.

Strange
Genitors.

Long black Snake.

Kim-Snake.

Green Snake.

Corn Snake.

Vipers black and gray.

Tortois.

Terebin Land and Water,

Brimfione-Snake.

£gg, °r Chicken-Snake*

Mel-Snake, or great Loach.

Brown Lizard.

Rotten-wood Worm, &c.

The Allegator is the fame, as the Crocodile, and differs
only in Name. They frequent the fides of Rivers, in the
Banks of which they make their Dwellings a great way un-
der Ground •, the Hole or Mouth of their Dens lying com-
monly two Foot under Water, after which it rifes till it be
confiderably above the Surface thereof. Here it is, that this
amphibious Monfter dwells all the Winter, fleeping away
his time till the Spring appears, when he comes from his
Cave, and daily fwims up and down the Streams. He al-
ways breeds in fome frefh Stream, or clear Fountain of Wa-
ter, yet feeks his Prey in the broad Salt Waters, that are
brackifh, not on the Sea-fide, where I never met with any.
He never devours Men in Carolina, butufes all ways to a=
void them, yet he kills Swine and Dogs, the former as they
come to feed in the Marines, the others as they fwim over
she Cresks and Waters. They are very miichievous to the

Wares

^/CAROLINA.

127

Wares made for taking Fifh, into Which they come to prey
on the Fifh that arecaughtin the Ware, from whence they
cannot readily extricate themfelves, and fo break the Ware in
Pieces, being a very ftrong Creature. This Animal, ia
thefe Parts, fometimes exceeds feventeen Foot long. It is
impoffibleto kill them with a Gun, unlefsyOu chance to hie
them about the Eyes, which is a much fofter Place, than the
reft of their impenetrable Armour. They roar, and make
a hideous Noife againft bad Weather, and before they come
out of their Dens in the Spring. I was pretty muchfright-
ned with one of thefe once; which happened thus: I had.
built a Houfe about half a Mile from an Indian Town, on
the Fork of iVezw-River , where I dwelt by my felf, ex-
cepting a young Indian Fellow, and a Bull-Dog, that I had
along with me. I had not then been fo long a Sojourner in
America^ as to be throughly acquainted with this Creature.
One of them had got his Neft direttly under my Houfe,
which ftood on pretty high Land, and by a Creek-fide, in
whofe Banks his Entring-place was, his Den reaching the
Ground directly on which my Houfe ftood. I was fitting a-
lone by the Fire-fide (about nine a Clock at Night, fome time
in March) the Indian Fellow being gone to the Town,
to fee his Relations ; fo that there was no body in the Houfe
but my felf and my Dog ; when, all of a fudden, this ill-fa-
vour'd Neighbour of mine, fet up fuch a Roaring, that he
made the Houfe fhake about my Ears, and fo continued, like
a Bittern, (but a hundred times louder, if poffible) for four
or five times. The Dog ftared, as if he was frightned out
of his Senfes } nor indeed, could I imagine what it was, ha-
ving never heard one of them before. Immediately again I
had another Leflbn ; and fo a third. Being at that time a-
mongft none but Savages, I began to fufped, they were
working fome Piece of Conjuration under my Houfe, to get
away my Goods-, not but that, at another time, I have as
little Faith in their, or any others working Miracles, by dia-
bolical Means, as any Perfon living. At laft, my Man came
in, to whom when I had told the Story, he laugh'd at me,
and prefently undeceiv'd me, by telling me what it was that
made that Noife. Thefe Allegators lay Eggs, as the Ducks
do j only they are longer fhap'd, larger, and a thicker Shell,
than they have. How long they are in hatching, I cannot

S 2 tell.

28

The Natural Hiftory

Snake.

tell^ but, as the Indians fay, it Is molt part of the Summer
they always lay by a Spring-Side, the young living in and a-
bout the fame, as foon ashatch'd. Their Eggs are laid in
Neils made in the Marines, and contain twenty or thirty
Eggs. Some of thefe Creatures afford a great deal of Musk.
Their Tail, when cut of, looks very fair and white, feemingly-
like the belt of Veal. Some People have eaten thereof and
fay, it is delicate Meat, when they happen not to be musky,.
Their Fleih is accounted proper for fuch as are troubled with
the lame Diftemper, (a fort of Rhumatifm) fo is the Fat very
prevailing to remove Aches and Pains, by Unclion. The
Teeth of this Creature, when dead, are taken out to make
Chargers for Guns/ being of feveral Sizes, fit for all-
Loads. They are white, and would make pretty Snuff Boxes
if wrought by an Artifr. After the Tail of the Aliegator is
feparated from the Body, it will move very freely for four
days-. '

The Rattle-Snakes are found on alt the Main of America,
that 1 ever had any Account of} being fo calfd from the
Rattle at the end of their Tails, which is a Connexion of
jointed Coverings, of an excrCmentitious Matter, betwixt
die Subitance of a Nail, and- a Horn, though each Teg-men is
very thin. Nature feems to have defign'd thefe, on pur-
pofe to give Warning of fuch an approaching Danger, as
the venomous Bite of thefe Snakes is. Some of them grow
fco a very great Bignefs, as fix Foot in Length, their Middle
being the Thicknefs of the Small of a lufty Man's Leg. We
have an Account of much larger Serpents of this Kind } but I
never met them yet, although I have ften and kill'd abun-
dance in my time. They are of an Orange, tawny, and
blackifll Colour, on the Back} differing (as all Snakes do)
in Colour, on the Belly} being of an Afh-Colour, inclining
to Lead.. The Male is eafily diftinguifh'd from the Female
oy a black Velvet-Spot on his Head } and befides, his Head
is fmaller fhaped, and long. Their Bite is venomous, if not
fpeedily remedied} efpecially, if the Wound be in a Vein
Nerve, Tendon,, or Sinew} when it is- very difficult to cure.
The Indians are the heft Phyficians for the Bite of thefe and
all other venomous Creatures, of this Country. There are
four forts of Snake-Roots already difcovet'd, which Know-
ledge came from: the Indians ,w.ho have performed feveral great

Cures,.

of C A R Q L 1 N A.

129

Cares The Rattle-Snakes are accounted the peaceableft
in the' World-, for they never attack any one, or injure
them, unlefs they are trod upon, or molefted. icTfae : molt
Danger of being bit by thefe Snakes, is for thofe that furvey
Land in Carolina, yet I never heard of any Surveyor that
was kill'd, or hurt by them. I have ^f*™0™*?*
ral of this Sort, and others ; yet it pleafed God, I never
came to any harm. They have the Power, or Art (I know
not which to call it) to charm Squirrels, Hares, Partridges,
or any fuch thing, in fuch a manner, that they run direftly
into their Mouths. This I have feen by a Squirrel and one of
thefe Rattle-Snakes •, and other Snakes have, in fome meafure,
the fame Power, The Rattte-Snakes have many fmall Teeth,
of which I cannot fee they make any ufe; for they fwallow
everything wholes but the Teeth which poifon, are only
four- two on each fide of their Upper-jaws. Thefeare bent-
like isickle, and hang loofe as if by a Joint. 1 o wards the
fetting on of thefe, there is, in each Tooth, a little Hcue,
wherein you may j aft get in the Point of a fmall Needle*
And here it is, that the Poifon comes out, (which is- as
green as Grafs) and follows the Wound, made by the Point ■
of their Teeth. They are much more venomous in the
Months of June and July, than they are hi March, Afrtl or
September. "The hotter the Weather, the more poifonou*
Neither may we fuppofe, that they can renew their Poifon

as oft as they will S f°r we have had a Perfon blt b>? one ot
thefe who never rightly recover'd it, and very hardly
efcaped with Life-, a fecond Perfon bit in the fame Place
bv the fame Snake, and received no more Harm, that it bit-
ten with a Rat. They call their Skins every Year, and com-
monly abide near the Place where the old Skin lies. Thefe
caftSkinsareufedinPhyfick, and the Rattles are reckoned
good to expedite the Birth. The Gall is made up into Pills,-
with Clay, and kept for Ufej being given in-Peltilential
Fevers and the Small-Pox. It is accounted a noble Remedy, .
known to few, and held as a great Arcanum, Tins Snake
has two Noftrils on each fide of his Nofe. Their Venom, I
have Reafon to believe, effefts no Harm^ any otherwife man-
when darted into the Wound by the Serpents Teetjn _

The Ground Rattle-Snake, wrong namU becaufe &«J&S<™*
nothing like Rattles. It refembles the Rattle-Snake a little Sml
0 m

I go

The Natural Hiftory

Horn.

Snake.

Water-
Snakes.

Swamp-
Snakes.

in Colour, but is darker, and never grows to any conflderable
Bignefs, not exceeding a Foot, or fixteen Inches. He is
reckon'd amongft the worft of Snakes ; and ftays out the
longeft of any Snake I know, before he returns rin the
Fall of the Leaf) to his Hole. , v

Of the Horn-Snakes I never faw but two, that I remember
They are like the Rattle-Snake in Colour, but rather lighter!
They hifs exa&ly like a Goofe, when any thing approaches
them. They ftrike at their Enemy with their Tail, and kill
whatfoever they wound with it, which is arm'd at the End
with a horny Subftance, like a Cock's Spur. This is their
Weapon. I have heard it credibly reported, by thofe who
faid they were Eye-Witneffes, that a fmall Locuft-Tree
about theThicknefs of a Man's Arm, being tfruck by one of
thefe Snakes, at Ten a Clock in the Morning, then verdant
and flourifhing, at four in the Afternoon was dead, and the
Leaves red and wither'd. Doubtlefs, be it how it will they
are very venomous. I think, the Indians do not pretend to
cure their Wound.

Of Water-Snakes there are four forts. Thefirft is of the
Horn-Snakes Colour, though lefs. The next is a very long
Snake, differing in Colour, and will make nothing to fwim
over a River a League wide. They hang upon Birches and
other Trees by the Water-Side. I had the Fortune once
to have one of them leap into my Boat, as I was going up
a narrow River ; the Boat was full of Mats, which I was glad
to take out, to get rid of him. They are reckon'd poifo-
nous. A third is much of an Englijh Adder's Colour, but
always frequents the Salts, and lies under the Drift'sea-
weed, where they are in abundance, and are accounted mif-
chievous, when they bite. The lalt is of a footy black Co-
lour, and frequents Ponds and Ditches. What his Qualities
are, I cannot tell.

Of the Swamp-Snakes there are three forts, which are
very near akin to the Water-Snakes, and may be rank'd
amongft them.

The Belly of the firft is of a Carnation or Pink Colour •-
his Back a dirty brown ; they are large, but have not much
Venom in them, as ever I learnt. The next is a large Snake
of a brown. Dirt Colour, and always abides in. the Mar/hes.

The

of CARD LIN A.

»3

The laft is mottled, and very poifonous. They dwell in
Swamps Sides, and Ponds, and have prodigious wide Mouths,
and (though not long) arrive to the Thicknefs of the Calf
of a Man's Leg.

Thefe frequent the Land altogether, and are fo ca\Yd,xed-Mj
becaufe of their red Bellies, which incline to an Ora'ngef Lani-
Colour. Some have been bitten with thefe fort of Snakes, Snakes-
and not hurt} when others have fuffer'd very much by them.
Whether there be two forts of thefe Snakes, which we
make no Difference of, I cannot at prefent determine.

I never faw but one of thefe, which I ftept over, and %ed-Bart
did not fee him ; till he that brought the Chain after me^nakes.
fpy'd him. He has a red Back, as the laft has a red Belly.
They are a long, flender Snake, and very rare to be met
withal. I enquired of the Jnd.ia.rt that was along with me,
whether they were very venomous , who made Anfwer,
that if he had bitten me, even the Indians could not have
cured it.

This fort of Snake might very well have been rank'd ftim&ack
the Water-Snakes. They lie under Roots of Trees, and on?rm™em°
the Banks of Rivers. When any thing difturbs them, they m s'
dart into the Water (which is Salt) like an Arrow out of a
Bow. They are thick, and the fhorteft Snake I ever faw.
What Good, or Harm, there is in them, I know not. Some
of thefe Water-Snakes will fwallow a black Land-Snake, half
as long again as themfelves.

The Scorpion Lizard, is no more like a Scorpion, than a scorpion
Hedge-Hog-, but they very commonly call him a Scorpion. Li\ari»
He-is of the Lizard Kind, but much bigger:, his Back is of a
dark Copper- Colour ; his Belly an Orange j he is very nimble
in running up Trees, or on the Land, and is accounted very
poifonous. He has the moft Sets of Teeth in his Mouth and
Throat, that ever I faw.

Green Lizards are very harmlefs and beautiful, having a Green
. little Bladder under their Throat, which they fill with Wind,L/^n£>
and evacuate the fame at Pleafure. They are of a moft glo-
rious Green, and very tame. * They refort to the Wails of
Houfes in the Summer Seafon, and ftand- gazing on a Man,
without any Concern otFear. There are feveral other Go-
lours, of thefe Lizards \ but none fo beautiful as the green

ones are. _ .

J Off

The i Natural Hlftory

Traps,

Snake.

Of Frogs we have 'feveral forts :, the molt famous is the
Bull-Frog, fo call'd, becaufe he lows exadHy like that Beaft,
which makes Strangers wonder (when by the fide of a Marfh)
what's the matter, for they hear the Frogs low, and can fee no
Cattle j he is very large. I believe, I have feen one with
as much Meat on him, as a Pullet, if he had been drefs'cT.
The fmall green Frogs get upon Trees, <and make a Noife.
There are feveral other colour'd fmall Frogs \ but the Com-
mon Land-Frog is likeft a Toad, only he leaps, and is not
poifonous. He is a great Devourer of Ants, and the Snakes
devour him. Thefe Frogs baked and beat to Powder, and
taken with Orrice-Root cures a Tympany.
long Mack The long,' black Snake frequents the Land altogether, and
is the nimbleft Creature living. His Bite has no more Ve-
nom, than a Prick with a Pin. /;He is the belt Moufer that
can be j for he leaves not one of that Vermine alive, where
he comes. ' He alfo kills the Rattle-Snake, wherefoever he
meets him , by twilling his Head about the Neck of the
Rattle-Snake, and whipping him to Death with his Tail.
This Whipfter haunts the Dairies of carelefs Houfewives, and
never mifles to skim the Milk clear of the Cream. He is art
excellent Egg-Merchant, for he does not fuck the Eggs, but
fwallows them whole (as all Snakes do.) He will often fwal-
low all the Eggs from under a Hen that fits, and coil himfelf
under the Hen, in the Neil, where fometimes the Houfe-
wife finds him. This Snake, for all his Agility, is fo brittle
that when he is purfued, and gets his Head into the Hole of
a Tree, if any body gets hold of the other end, he will
twill, and break himfelf off in the middle. One of thefe
Snakes, whofe Neck is no thicker that a Woman's little
Finger, will fwallow a Squirrel j fo much does that part
ftretch, in all thefe Creatures.

The King-Snake4s thelongefl of all others, and not com-
mon-, no Snake (they fay) will meddle with them. I think
they are not accounted very venomous. The Indians make
Girdles and Safhes of their Skins.

Green- Snakes are very fmall, tho' pretty (if any Beauty
be allow d to Snakes.) Every one makes himfelf very fami-
liar with them, and puts them in their Bofom, becaufe there
is no manner of Harm in them.

The

Snake

Green
Snake.

of C A R O L I N A.

The Corn-Snakes are but fmall ones \ they are of a brown Cow-
Colour, mixed with tawny. There is no more hurt in this,-^'-'-
than in the green Snake. -^

Ofthofe we call Vipers, there are two forts. People call Vipers.
thefe Vipers, becaufe they fpread a very flat. Head at /any
time when they are vex'd. One of thefe is a grayffh like the
Italian Viper, the other black and fhortj and is ' reckon'd a-
mongfl: the worft of Snakes, for Venom.

Tortois, vulgarly calfd Turtle-, 1 have fank'd thefe fcfortm.
mong the Infeds, becaufe they lay Eggs, and I did. not know
well where to put them. Among us there are three forts.
The firft is the green Turtle, which is not common, but is
fometimes found on our Coaft, The next is the Hawks-bill,
which is common. Thefe two forts are extraordinary Meat.
The third is Logger-Head, which Kind fcarce any one covets,
except it be for the Eggs, which of this and all other Turtles,
are very good Food. None of thefe forts of Creatures Eggs
will ever admit the White to be harder than a Jelly ; yet the
Yolk, with boiling, becomes as hard as any other Egg.

Of Terebins there are divers forts, all which, to be brief, Terebin.
we will comprehend under the Diftin&ion of Land and Wa-
ter-Terebins.

The Land-Terebin is of feveral Sizes, but generally Round- Lani-iert--
Mouth'd, and not Hawks-Bill'd, as fome are. The Indians hm'
eat them. Molt of them are good Meat, except the very
large ones ; and they are good Food too, provided they are
not Musky. They are an utter Enemy to the Rattle-Snake,
for when the Terebin meets him, he catches hold of him a
little below his Neck, and draws his Head into his Shell,
which makes the Snake beat his Tail, and twilt about with
all the Strength and Violence imaginable, to get away-,
but the Terebin foon difpatches him, and there leaves him.
Thefe they call in Europe the Land Tortois ■■, their Food is
Snails , Tad-pools, or young Frogs, Mulhrooms, and the
Dew and Slime of the Earth and Ponds.

Water Terebins are fmall ; containing about as much Meat Wctef-ie*
as a Pullet1, and are extraordinary Food-, efpecially, mr^in-
May and June. When they lay, their Eggs are very good ;
but they have fo many Enemies that find them out, that the
hundredth part -never comes to Perfection. The Sun and

T Sand

,. Si" I
I:f: ! (

l?4

The Natural Hiftory

:.!;■•

Sand hatch them, which come oat the Bignefs of a fmall

Chefnut, and feek their own Living.

Brimftcne- We now come again to the Saakes. The Brimftone is fa

Snake. cali'd, I believe, becaufe it is almoft of a Brimftone Golour.

They might as well have cali'd it a Glafs-Snake, for it is as

brittle as a Tobacco-Pipe, fo that if you give it the leaft

Touch of a fmall Twigg, it immediately breaks into feveral

Pieces. Some affirm, that if you let it remain where you broke

it, it will come together again. What Harm there is in this

brittle Ware, I cannot tell ; but I never knew any body hurt

by them.

Chicken- The Egg or Chicken-Snake is fo cali'd, becaufe it is fre-

Snale. quent about the Hen-Yard, and eats Eggs and Chickens,

they are of a dusky Soot Colour, and will roll themfelves

round, and flick eighteen, or twenty Foot high, by the fide

of a fmooth-bark'd Pine, where there is.no manner of Hold,

and there fun themfelves, and fleep all the Sunny Part of the

Day. There is no great matter of Poifon in them.

Wood- The Wood- Worms are of a Copper, mining-Colour, fcarce

Worm, fo thick as your little Finger } are often found in Rotten-*-

Trees. They are accounted venomous, in cafe they bite,

though I never knew any thing hurt by them. They never

exceed four or five Inches in length.

The Reptiles, or fmall er hfetls, are too numerous to re-
late here, this Country affording innumerable Quantities
thereof; as the Flying-Stags with Horns, Beetles, Butter-
flies, Grafhoppers, Locuft, and feveral hundreds of uncouth
Shapes, which in the Summer-Seafon are difcovered here in
Carolina^ the Defcription of which requires a large Volume,
which is not my Intent at prefent. Befides, what the Moun-
tainous Part of this Land may hereafter lay open to our
View, Time and Induftry will difcover, for we that have fet-
tled but aTmall Share of this large Province, cannot imagine,
but there will be a great number of Difcoveries made by
thofe that fhall come hereafter into the Back-part of this
Land, and make Euquiries therein, when, at leaft, we con-
fider that the Weflward of Carolina is quite different in Soil,
Air, Weather, Growth of Vegetables, and feveral Animals
too, which we at prefent are wholly Strangers to, and to
feek for. As to a right Knowledge thereof, I fay, when an-
other Age is come, the Ingenious then in being may ftand

upon

^/CAROLINA.

135

upon the Shonlders of thofe that went before them, adding
their own Experiments to what was delivered down to them
by their Predeceflbrs, and then there will be fomething to-
wards a complete Natural Hiftory, which (in thefe days>
would be no eafie Undertaking to any Author that writes
truly and conipendioufly, as he ought to do. It is fufficient
at prefent, to write an honeft and fair Account of any of
• the Settlements, in this, new World, without wandring out
of the Path of Truth, or befpattering any Man's Reputation
any wife concern'd in the Government of the Colony y he
that mixes Inve&ives with Relations of this Nature ren-
dering himfelf fufpecled of Partiality in whatever he writes.
For my part, I wifh all well, and he that has received any
fevere Dealings from the Magiftrate or his Superiours, had
beft examine himfelf well, if he was not firft in the Fault ;
if fo, then he can juftly blame none but himfelf for what has
happen'd to him.

Having thus gone thro' the hfi&s, as in the Table, ex-
cept the Eel-Snake, (fo call'd, though very improperly, be-
caufe he is nothing but a Loach, that fucks, and cannot
bite, as the Snakes do.) He is very large, commonly fixteen
Inches, or a Foot and half long \ having all the Properties
that other Loaches have, and dwells in Pools and Waters, as
they do. Notwithftanding, we have the fame Loach as vou
have, in Bignefs.

This is all that at prefent I ihall mention, touching the jfe-
fim, and fo go on to give an Account of the Fowls and Birds,
that are properly found in Caroling which are thefe.

Birds of Carolina.

Eagle bald.

Eagle gray.

Fijhing Hawk.

Turkey Buzzard, or Vulture,

Hernng-taiPd Hawk.

Cojhawk.

Falcon.

Merlin.

Sparrow-hawk,

Hobby,

Ring-tail.

Raven.

Crow.

Black Birds, two forts.

Buntings two forts,

Theafant.

Woodcock.

Snipe.

Tartridge,

Moorhen.

T %

Birds in
America
more beau;
tiful than
in Eu-
rope.

Jty

Natural Hiftory

Red Bird.

Eafl- India Bat.

Martins, two forts..

Diveling, or Swift.

Swallow.

Humming Bird.

The Tom-Tit, or Ox-Eye.

Owls, two forts.

Switch Owl.

Baltimore bird.

Throflle, no Singer. ,

Whippeo Will. -

Reed Sparrow..

Weet bird.

Rice bird.

Cranes and Storks,

Snow-birds-.

Yellow-wings.

Water Fowl are,

Swans, called Trompeters*

Swans, called Hoopers,

Gtefe, three forts.

Brant gray.

Brant white.

Sea-pies or pied- CwlneSc

WtllWillets.

Great Gray Gulls.

Old Wives,

Sea Cock.

Car lues, three fort?,*

Coots.

Kings- fijher.

Loons, two forts.

Bitterns, three forts*

Hern gray.

Hern white.

Water TheafanU

Little gray Gull.

Link Fijher-, or D*ft&*

Duels, as in England.

Ducks black, all Summer.

Ducks pied, build on Trees.

Ducks whifiling, at Sapona^

Ducks fcarlet-eye at Efaw.

Blue-wings.

Widgeon.

Teal, two forts.

Shovelers.

Whifflers.

Black FluftererS) or bald Cwt.

Turkeys wild*.

Fijher men.

Divers.

Raft Fowl.

Bull-necks.

Redheads.

Tropick-birdso

'Fellican:

€Qrmo(smtl

of CAROLINA.

J37

Tutcoch

Swaddle- bills.

Men.

Sheldrakes.

Bald Faces.

Water Witeb^ or Ware 'Coot.

Gannet.

Shear-water.

Great bla k pied Gull.

Afarjh-hens.

Blue Peter s.

Sand-birds.

Runners. \

As the Eagle is reekon'd the King of Birds I have begun BM-2&
With him. The firft I fhall fpeak of, is the bald Eagle ] fogfc.
call'd, becaufe his Head, to the middle of his Neck, and his
Tail, is as white as Snow. Thefe Birds continually breed
the Year round y for when the young Eagles are juft down'd^
with a fort of white woolly Feathers,- the Hen-Eagle lays
again, which Eggs are hatch'd by the Warmth of the young
ones in the Neft, fo that the Flight of one Brood makes
Room for the next, that are but juft hatch'd. They prey
on. any living thing they can catch. They are heavy of Flight,,
and cannot get their Food by Swiftnefs, to help which there
ia-a Fifhawk that catches Fiftes, and fuffers the Eagle to take
them from her , although fhe is long-wing'd and a fwifc
Flyer, andean make far better way in her Flight than the;
'Eagle can. Thebald Eagle attends the Gunners in Winter,
with all the Qbfequioufnefs imaginable, and when he moots
and kills any Fowl, the Eagle furely comes in for his Bird;
and befides, thofe that are wounded,, and efcape the Fowler,
fall to the Eagle's fhare. He is an excellent Artift at ilealing .
young Pigs, which Prey he carries alive to his ISJeli, at which
time the poor Pig makes fuch a Noife over Head, that Stran-
gers that have heard them cry, and not feen the Bird and his
Prey, have thought there were Flying S<5ws and Pigs in that
Country. The Eagle's Nejt. is made of Twigs, Sticks and
Rubbifh. It is big enough to fill a handfome Carts Bod y^,
and commonly fo full of nafty Bones and CarcafTes that it
ftinks moft ofFenfively. This Eagle is not bald, till heis one
OK two years old.

The gray Eagle is altogether the fame fort of Bird, as the Gny.£c>
Eagle in Europe \ therefore, we fhall. treat no farther of£^-
him.

The Fiihing-Hawk is the Eagle's jackal* which- rnofi: com- sQT
monly (though not always) takes his Prey for him. He is a m "

large.

The Natural Hiftory.

Merlin.

Sparrow-

Hawk.

large Bird, being above two thirds as big as the Eagle. He
builds his Neil as the. Eagles do; that is, in a dead Gypr els-
Tree, either (landing in, or hard by, the. Water. The Ea-
gle and this Bird feldom lit on a living Tree. He is of a gray
pied Colour , and the mofb dexterous Fowl in Nature at
Catching of Fifh, which he wholly lives on, never eating
any Flefh.

The Turkey-Buzzard of Carolina is a fmall Vulture, which
lives on any dead Carcafles.. They are about the Bignefs of
the Fifhing-Hawk, and have a nafty Smell with them. They
are of the Kites Colour, and are reported to be an Enemy to
Snakes, by killing all they meet withal of that Kind.

The Herring, or Swallow-taiPd Hawk, is about the Big-
nefs of a Falcon, but a much longer Bird. He is of a deli-
cate Aurora- Colour ; the Pinions of his Wings, and End of
his Tail are black. He is a very beautiful Fowl, and never
appears abroad but in the Summer. His Prey is chiefly on
Snakes, and will kill the biggeft we have, with a great deal
of Dexterity and Eafe.

Gofhawks are very plentiful in Carolina. They are not
feemingly fo large as thofe from Mufcovy \ but appear to be
a very brisk Bird.

The Falcon is much the fame as in Europe, and promifes
to be a brave Bird, tho' I never had any of them in my Hand;
neither did I ever fee any of them in any other Pofture than .
on the Wing, which always happen'd to be in an Evening,
and flying to the Weftward •, therefore, I believe, they have
their Abode and Neft among the Mountains, where we may
expect to find them, and feveral other Species that we are at
prefent Strangers to.

The Merlin is a fmall Bird in Europe, but much fmaller
here; yet he very nimbly kills the fmaller forts of Birds, and
fometimes the Partridge ; if caught alive, he would be a great
Rarity, becaufeof his Beauty and Smalnefs.
- The Sparrow-Haw k in Carolina is no bigger than a Field-
fare in England. He flies at the Bulb, and fometimes kills a
fmall Bird , but his chiefeft Food is P.eptiles, as Beetles,
Grafhoppers, , and fuch fmall things. He is exactly of the
fame Colour, as the Sparrow-Hawk in England, only has a
blackilh Hood by his Eyes.

Hob-

--*■

of C A R O L 1 N A.

,:?9

Hobbies are the fame here as in England, and are not often Hobby.
unec withal.

The Ring-tail is a fhort- winged Hawk, preying on Mice, Ringtail.
,and fuch Vermine in the Mji fhes, as in England.

Ravens, the fame as in England, though very few. J have ^w^*.
not feen above fix in eight Years time.

Crows are here lefs than in England. They are as good Crow.
Meat as a Pigeon \ and never feed on any Carrion. They
are great Enemies to the Corn-Fields^ and cry and build
-almoft like Rooks.

Of thefe we have two forts, which are the worft Vermine BUcU
in America. They fly fometimes in fuch Flocks, that they Sirds.
deftroy every thing before them. They (both forts; build
in hollow Trees, as Starlings do. The firft fort is near as
big as a Dove, and is very white and delicate Food. The
other fort is very beautiful, and about the Bignefs of the
Owfel. Part of their Head, next to the Bill, and the Pini-'
ons of their Wings, are of an Orange, and glorious Crimfon
Colour. They are as good Meat as the former, tho' very
few here (where large Fowl are fb plenty) ever trouble
themfelves to kill or drefs them.

' Of the Bunting-Larks we have two forts, though the HeelB/if/g
of this Bird is not fb long as in Europe. The firft of thefe °r **
often accompany the Black-birds, and fing as the Bunting-
Larks in England do, differing very little. The firft fort
has an Orange-Colour on the Tops of their Wings, and are
as-good Meat as thofe in Europe. The other fort is fomething
lefs, of a lighter Colour -, nothing differing therein from
thofe in England, as to Feathers, Bignefs, and Meat.

The Pheafant of Carolina differs fome fmall matter fVompkafm*
the Englijh Pheafant, being not fo big, and having fome dif-
ference in Feather ; yet he is not any wife inferiour in Deli-
cacy, but is as good Meat, or rather finer. He haunts the
back Woods, and is feidom found near the Inhabitants.

The Woodcocks live and breed here, though they are not^oico;^
in great plenty , as I have feen t.hem in fome Parts of
England, and other Places. They want one third of the
Englijh Woodcock in Bignefs •, but differ not in Shape, or
Feather, fave that their Breaft is of a Carnation' Colour; and
they make a Noife fwhen they are on the WingJ like the
Bells about a Hawk's Legs, They are certainly as dainty Meat,

The Natural Hiffory

, Swamps, and

as any in. the World. Their Abode is in all Parts of this
Country, in low, boggy Ground , Springs
Percoarfons.

':?%». The Snipes here frequent the fame Places, as they do in

England, and differ nothing from them. They are the only-
wild- Bird that is nothing different from the Species of Eu-
rope, and keeps with us all the Year, la fome Places, there
are a great many of thefe Snipes.
Tmriige. Our Partridges in Carolina, very often take upon Trees,
and have a fort of Whittle and Call , quite different from
thofe in England. They are a very beautiful Bird, and great
Deftroyers of the Peafe in Plantations ; wherefore, they fet
Traps, and catch many of them. They, have the fame Fea-
ther, as in Europe -r only the Cock wants the Horfe-Shooe,
in lieu of which he has a fair Half-Circle over each Eye.
Thefe fas well as the Woodcock; are le'fs than the European
• Bird, but far finer Meat. They might be eafily tranfportedl
to any Place, becaufe they take to eating, after caught.
Sloorhew. The Moorhens are of the black Game. I am inform'd,'
that the gray Game haunts the Hills. They never come into
the Settlement, but keep in the hilly Parts.
3*/' Jays are here common, and very mifchievous, in devour-

ing our Fruit, and fpoiling more than they eat. They are
abundantly more beautiful, and finer feather'd than thofe in
Europe, and not above half fo big.

The Lap-wing or Green-Plover are here very common.
They cry pretty much, as the English Plovers doj and dif-
fer not. much in Feather, but want a third of their Big-
nefs.

The gray or whittling Plover, are very fcarce amongft us.
I never faw any but three times, that fell and fettled on the
Ground. They differ very little from thofe in Europe, as far
as I could difcern. I have feen feveral great Flocks of them
fly over head ', therefore, believe, they inhabit the Valleys
near the Mountains.
Tigeons. Our wild Pigeons, are like the Wood-Queefe or Stock-
Doves, only have a longer Tail. They leave us in the Sum-
mer. This fort of Pigeon fas I faid before) is the molt like
our Stock-Doves, or Wood-Pigeons that we have in Eng-
land ; only thefe differ in their Tails, which are very long,
much like aParrakeeto's? You muft undtrftand, that thefe.

Birds

Green-
Tlover.

Gray-

Tlover.

^/CAROLINA.

141

Birds do not breed amongft us, (who are fettled at, and near
the Mouths of the Rivers, as I have intimated to you before^
but come down (efpecially in hard Winters) amongil the In-
habitants, in great Flocks, as they were feen to do in the
Year 1707, which was the hardeft Winter that ever was
known, fince Carolina has been feated by the Chriflians. And
if that Country had fuch hard Weather, what muff, be ex-
pected of the fevere Winters in Penfylvania, New-Tor^ and
New-England^ where Winters are ten times (if poffible)
colder than with us. Although the Flocks are, in fuch Ex-
tremities, very numerous •, yet they are not to be raention'd in
Comparifon with the great and infinite Numbers of thefe
Fowl, that are met withal about a hundred, or a hundred
and fifty, JN^iles to the Weftward of the Places where we at
prefent live; and where thefe Pigeons comedown, in queft
of a fmall fort of Acorns, which in thofe Parts are plenti-
fully found. They are the fame we call Turky- Acorns, be-
caufe the wild Turkies feed very much thereon-, And for the
fame Reafon, thofe Trees that bear them, are call'd Turky-
Oaks. I faw fuch prodigious Flocks of thefe Pigeons, in
January or February, i70i-2,(which were in the hilly Country,
between the great Nation of the Efaw Indians, and the plea-,
fant Stream of Sapona, which is the Weft-Branch of Clarendon,,
or Cape-Fair River) that they had broke down the Limbs of
a great many large.Trees all over thofe Woods, whereon
they chanced to lit and rooft; efpecialfy the great Pines,
which are a more brittle Wood, than our forts of Oak are.
Thefe Pigeons, about Sun-Rife, when we were preparing to
march on our Journey, would fly by us in fuch vaft Flocks,
that they would be near a-Quarter of an Hour, before they
were all pafs'd by ; and as foon as that Flock was gone, a-
nother would come , and fo fucceffively one after another,
for great part of the Morning. It is obfervable, that when-
ever thefe Fowl come in fuch Numbers, as I faw them then,
they clear all before them, fcarce leaving one Acorn upon
the Ground, which would, doubtlefs, be a great Prejudice to
the Planters that mould feat there, becaufe their Swine
would be thereby depriv'd of their Malt. When I faw fuch
Flocks of the Pigeons I now fpeak of, none of our Company
had any other fort of Shot, than that which is 'caft in Moulds*
and was fo very large, that we could not -put above ten or a

\*

The Natural Hifiory

funk
Doves.

Panaiee

MS.

'fbrufnes.

Wood-
feckers,

doien of them into our largeft Pieces^ Wherefore, we made
but an indifferent Hand of mooting them ; although we
commonly kilfd a Pigeon for every Shot. They were very
fat, and as good Pigeons, as, ever I eat. I enquired of the
Indians that dwell'd in thofe Parts, where it was that thole
Pigeons bred, and they pointed towards the vaft Ridge of
Mountains, and faid, they bred there. Now, whether
they make their Nefts in the Holes in the Rocks of thofe
Mountains, or build in Trees, 1 could not learn , but they
feem to me to be a Wood-Pigeon, that build in Trees, be-^.
caufe of their frequent fitting thereon, and their Roofting
on Trees always at Might, under which their Dung com-
monly lies half a Foot thick, and kills every thing that
grows where it falls.

Turtle Doves are here very plentiful -, they devour the
Peafe; for which Reafon, People make Traps and catch

them.

The Parrakeetos are of a green Colour, and Orange-Co-
lour'd half way their Head. Of thefe and the Allegators,
there is none found to the Northward of this Province.
They vifit us firft, when Mulberries are ripe, which Fruit
they love extremely. They peck the Apples, to eat the
Kernels, fo that the Fruit rots and perifhes. They are mif-
chievous to Orchards. They are often taken alive, and will
become familiar and tame in two days: They have their
Nells in hollow Trees, in low, fwampy Ground. Theyde^-
vour the Birch-Buds in April*, and lie hidden when the Wea-
ther is frofty and hard.

The Thrufhes in America-, are the fame as in England, and
red under the Wings. They never appear amongft us but
in hard Weather, and prefendy leave us again.

Of Wrood-peckers, we have four forts. The firft is as
big as a Pigeon, being of a dark brown Colour, with a white
Crofs on his Back, his Eyes circled with white, and on his
Head ftands a Tuft of beautiful Scarlet Feathers. His Cry
is heard a long way ; and he Hies from one rotten Tree to
another, to get Grubs, which is the Food he lives on.

The fecond fort are of an Olive-Colour , ftriped with
yellow. They eat Worms as well as Grubs, and are about
the Bignefs of thofe in Europe.

The

. —

*/ CAROLINA.

H3

The third is the fame Bignefs as the laft *, he is pied withTTj/r.i
black and white, has a Crimfon Head, without a Topping,
and is a Plague to the Corn and Fruit •, efpecially the Apples.
He opens the Covering of the young Corn, fo that the Rain
gets in, and rots it.

The fourth fort of thefe Wood-peckers, is a black and Fourth.
white fpeckled, or mottled; the fineft I ever faw. The
Cock has a red Crown ; he is not near fo big as the others ;
his Food is Grubs, Corn, and other creeping Infe&s. He is
»not very wild, but will let one come up to him, then fliifts
on the other lide the Tree, from your fight ; and fa dodges
you for a long time together. He is about the fize of an Eng-
iijh Lark.

The Mocking-Bird is about as big as a Throilie in England^mcckir.^
but longer-, they are of a white, and gray Colour, and are 5,-rJ/. "
held to be the Chorifters of America, as indeed they are.
They fing'with the greateft Diverfity of Notes, that is pofli-
ble for a Bird to change to. They may be bred up, and will
fing with us tame in Cages; yet I never take any of their
Nefts, altho' they build yearly in my Fruit-Trees, becaule
I have their Company, as much as if tame, as to the flnging
Part. They often fit upon our Chimneys la Summer, there
being then no Fire in them, and fing the whole Evening and
molt part of the Night. They are always attending our
Dwellings; and feed upon Mulberries and other Berries and
Fruits; efpecially the Mechoacan-berry, wtych grows here
very plentifully.

" There is another fort call'd the Ground-Mockirig-Bird.2<*-.M
She is the fame bignefs, and of a Cinnamon Colour. This
Bird fings excellently well, but is not fo common amongfl; us
as the former.

The Cat-Bird, fo nam'd, becaufe ft makes a Noife ex-Cat'Bird'
adtly like young Cats. They have a blackifh Head, and an
Afli-coloured Body, and have no other Note that I know of.
They are no bigger than a Lark, yet will fight a Crow or any
other great Bird.

The Cuckoo of Carolina may not properly be fo call'd, be-cuch*.
caufe fhe never ufes that Cry ; yet Ihe is of the fame Bignefs
and Feather, and fucks the Small-Birds Eggs, as the Englijii
Cuckoo does.

U 2 A

144

The Natural Hiftory

Blue- Bird

Bulfincb.

Nigbtin
gale.

I

Hedge-

.

Sparrow.

1

|) '

Wren.

Sparrow,

i*&rt.

Zed-Birds,

•£aft-In-
dia Bats.

Martins.

A Blue-Bird is the exafr Bignefs of a Robin-red-breaft.
The Cock has the fame colour'd Breaft as the Robin has, and
his Back, and all the other Part,sof him, are of as fine a Blue
as can poffibly be feen. in any thing in the World. He has
a Cry, and a Whittle. They hide themfelves all the Win-
ter.

Bulfinches, in America , differ fomething from thofe in
Europe, in their Feathers, tho' not in their Bignefs. I never
knew any one tame, therefore know not, what they might be
brought to.

The Nightingales are different in Plumes from thofe in,
Europe. They always frequent the low Groves, where they
ling very prettily all Night.

Hedge-Sparrows are here, though few Hedges. They
differ fcarce.any thing in Plume or Bignefs, only I never
heard this Whittle, as. the Engltjh one does ; efpecially after
Rain.

The Wren is the fame as in Europe, yet I never heard any
Note fhe has in Carolina.

Sparrows here differ in Feather from the English. We have
feveral Species of Birds call'd Sparrows, one of them much re-
fembling the Bird call'd a Corinthian Sparrow.

The Lark with us reforts to the Savannas, or natural
Meads, and green Marines. He is colour'd and heefd as
the Lark is-, but his Breaft is of a glittering fair Lemon-
Colour, and he is as big as a Fieldfare, and very fine Food.

The Red-Birds (whofeCock is all over of a rich Scarlet
Feather, with a tufted Crown on his Head, of the fame Co-
lour) are the Bignefs of a Bunting-Lark, and very hardy,
having a ftrong thick Bill. They will ling very prettily^
when^takeri old, and put in a Cage. They are good Birds
to turn a-Cage with Bells j or if taught, as tlae Bulfinch is, I
believe, would prove very docible.

Eaft-Jndia Bats or Mufqueto Hawks, are the Bignefs of a
Cuckoo, and much of the fame Colour. They are fo call'd,
becaufe the fame fort is found in the Eaft-Indies. They ap-
pear only in the Summer, and live on Flies, which they catch
in the Air, as Gnats, Mufquetos, &c.

Martins are here of two forts. The firft is the fame as in,
England \ the other as big as a Black-Bird. They have white
Throats and Breafts, with black Backs. The Planters put

Gourds

of CAROL IN

45

>

Gourds on Handing Poles, on purpofe for thefe Fowl to
build in, becaufe they are a very Warlike Bird, and beat the
Crows from, the Plantations.

The Swift, or Diveling, the fame as in England. Swifi'

Swallows, the fame as in England. Sn-aUow.

The Hummiog-Bird is the Miracle of all our wing'd Am-^mw&'
mate} He is feather'd as a Bird, and gets his Living as the
Bees, by fucking the Honey from each Flower. In fome of
the larger fort of Flowers, he will bury himfelf, by diving
to fuck the bottom of it, To that he is quite cover'd, and of-
tentimes Children catch them in thole Flowers, and keep
them alive for five or fix days. They are of different Colours,
the Cock differing from the Hen. The Cock is of a green,
red, Aurora, and other Colours mixt. He is much lefs than
a Wren, and very nimble. His Neft is one of the g'reateft
Pieces of Workmanfbip the whole Tribe of wing'd Animals
can ftiew, it commonly hanging on a fingle Bryar, molt ar-
tificially woven, a fmall Hole being left to go in and out at. ;
The Eggs are the Bignefs of Peafe.

The Tom-TitT or Ox-Eyes, as in England. Tom-Tit,-

Of Owls we have two forts 5 the fmaller fort is like ours in 0wjSm
England; the other fort is as big as a middling Goofe, and
has. a prodigious Head. They make, a- fearful Hollowing in
the Night-time, like a Man, whereby they Often make Stran-
gers lofe their .way in the Woods.

Scritch Owls, much the fame as in Europe. Scrhch

The Baltimore-Bird , fo call'd from the Lord Baltimore, 0wls:
Proprietor of z\\ Maryland, in which Province .many of them BBdtIr''
are found. They are the Bignefs of a Linnet, with yellow
Wings, and beautiful in other Colours.

Throttle, the fame Size and Feather as in Europe, but Wroflk.
never could hear, any of them ling.

TheWeet, fo call'd becaufe he cries always before Rain ; Wen Bird,
he refembles nearett the Fire-tail.

Cranes ufe the Savannas, Low Ground, and Frogs \ they Cranes ami
are above five Foot-high, when extended ^ are of a Cream Storl's'
Colour , and have a Crimfon Spot on the Crown of their
Heads. Their Quills are excellent for Pens • their Flefh makes
the belt Broth, yet is very, hard to digeft. Among them often
frequent Storks, which are here fee a, and no where bef/des
in America, that I have yet heard of. The Cranes are eafi'ly

bred,

? Baltimore-

146

The Natutal Hifiory

tSt!OW-

BmlLi

Tallow
Wings,

u luppoo-
WiU.

Zed Spar-
row.

Water

Fowl.

■Swam.

Hooper.

Wild

Geefe.

bred up tame, and are excellent in a Garden to deitroy Frogs,
Worms, and other Vermine.

The Snow-Birds are molt numerous in the North Parts of
America, where there are great -'Snows, . They vifit us fome-
times in Carolina, when the -Weather is harder than ordinary.
They are like the Stones Smach, or Wheat-Ears, and arede-
licate Meat.

Thefe Yellow- Wings area very -fmall Bird, of a Linnet's
Colour, but Wings as yello.w as Gold. They frequent high
up in our Rivers, and Greeks, and keep themfelves in the*
thick Bufhes, very difficult to befeen in the Spring.: They
fing very prettily,

Whippoo-Willy fonam'd, becaufe it makes thofe Words ex-
actly. They are the Bignefs of a Thrulh, and call their Note
under a Bufh, on the Ground, hard to befeen, though yoa
hear them never fo plain. They are more plentiful in Virgi-
nia, than with. us in Carolina', for I never heard but one
that was near the Settlement, and that" was hard-by an In-
dian Town.

Thisneareft refembles a Sparrow, and is the molt com-,
mon Small-Bird we have, therefore we call them fo. They
are brown, and red, cinnamon Colour, ftriped.

Of the Swans we have two forts , the one we call Trom-;
peters; becaufe of a fort of trompeting Noife they make.

Thefe are the largeft fort we have, which come in great
Flocks in the Winter, and ftay, commonly, in the frefh Ri-
vers till February, that the Spring comes on, when they go to
the Lakes to breed. A Cygnet, that is, a Jaft Year's Swan,
is accounted a delicate Dim, as indeed it is. They are known
by their Head and Feathersy which are not fo white as Old
ones.

The fort of Swans call'd Hoopers, aretheleaft. Theya-
bide more in the Salt- Water, and are equally valuable, for
Food, with the former. It is obfervable, that neither of
thefe have a black piece of horny Fleih down the Head, and
Bill, as they have in England.

Of Geefe we have three forts, differing from each other
only in fize, Ours are not the common GeeCe that are in the
Fens in England? but the other forts, with black Heads and
Necks.

The

^/CAROLINA.

J47

The gray BrantT^Ba^cle, h here very plentiful, as all <*£
other Water-Fowl are, in the Wintet-Seafon. They are
the fame which they call Barnicles in Great-Britain, and are
a very good Fowl, and eat well. ■ . T^.

There is alfo a white Brant, very plentiful m Amenca.^^
This Bird is all over as white as Snow, except the T_ ips 01
his Wings, and thofe are black. They eat the Roots of Sedge
and Grafs in the Marfhes and Savannas, which they tear up
like Hogs. The belt way to" kill thefe Fowl is, to burn a
Piece of Marlh, or Savanna, andasfoon as it is burnt, they
will come in great Flocks to get the Roots, where you kill
what you pleafe of them. They are as good Meat as the o-
ther, only their Feathers are flubbed, and good for xittle.

The Sea-Pie, or gray Curiae, is about the Bignefs of a very ****, or
large Pigeon, but longer. He has a long Bill as other Cor««*
lues have, which is the Colour of an Englijh Owfel s, that
is, yellowy as are his Legs. He frequents the Sand-beaches
on the Sea-fide, and when kill'd, is inferiour to no Fowl I

ever eat ot.

" WM mikt is fo called from his Cry, which he very exactly «^

calls Will WJkt , as he flies.'. His Bill is like a ■Curlue s, or'"-

Woodcock's, and has much fuch a. Body as the other, yet

not fo tall. He is good Meat. r,£J**

The great gray Gulls are good Meat, and as large as a<^«»W
Pullet. They lay large Eggs, which are found in very great '
Quantities, on the Mandlrirf our Sound, in the -Months of
June, and July. The young Squabs are Very good Victuals,
and often prove a Relief to Travellers by Water, that have
fpent their Provifions. , „

Old Wives are a black and white pied Gull with extraor- old Wiver.
dinary long Wings, and a golden' colour'd Bill and Feet. He
makes a difmal JSfoife, as he flies, and ever -and anon dips
his Bill in the Salt-Water. I never knew him eaten.

The Sea-Cock is 'a Gull that crows at Break of Day, and^Cwfc
m the Morning, exaftly like a Dunghil Cock, which Cry
feems very pleafant in thofe uninhabited Places. He is -never

eaten r

■ Of'curlues there are three frrts, and vafl Numbers of™«»
each. They have ail long Bills, and differ neither m^ggpr,
Colour, nor Shape, only in Size. The largeft is as big as a Loons, tw*
• good/em*. .

Her vs.

White-
Hems.

Water-

The Natural Htftory

goad Hen, the fmaller the Bignefs of .a.Snipe, or fome thing
-bigger, -

Bitterns, We have three forts of Bitterns in Carolina. The fir ft is
tkee forts, the fame as in. England; the fecond of a deep brown, with a
great Topping, and yellowifh white Throat and Breaft, and
is leifer than the former j the laft is no bigger than a Wood-
cock, and near the Colour of the fecond*

We have the fame Herns, as in England.

White Herns are here very plentiful. I have feen above
thirty fit on one Tree, at a time. They are as white as
Milk, and fly very flowly. .

The Water-Pheafant (very improperly call'd fo ) are a
Pheafam. Water-Fowl of the Duck-Kind, having a Topping, of pretty

' Feathers, which fets them out. They are very good Meat.
Link gray ~r/he little Gray-Gull is of a curious , gray Colour, and
abides near the Sea. He is about the Bignefs of a Whiftling-
Plover, and delicate Food.

We have the little Dipper or Fifher, that catches Fifh fo
dexteroufly, the fame as you have in the Iflands of Stilly.

We have of the fame Ducks, and Mallards with green
Heads, in great Flocks. They are accounted the coarfeft fort
of our Water-Fowl.

The black Duck is full as large as the other, and good
Meat. She frays with us all the Summer, and breeds. Thefe
are made tame by fome, and prove good Domefticks.

We have another Duck that flays with us all the Summer.
She has a great Topping, is pied, and very beautiful. She
builds her Neft in a Wood-pecker's Hole, very often tfxty
or feventy Foot high.

Towards the Mountains in the hilly Country, on the
^Weft-Branch of Calp-Fair Inlet, we faw great Flocks of
pretty pied Ducks, that whittled as they flew, or as they
fed. I did not kill any of them.

We kill'd a curious fort of Ducks, in the Country of the
Efavo- Indians ■, which were of many beautiful Colours. Their
Eyes were red, having a red Circle of Flefti for their Eye-
lids } and were very good to eat.

The Blue- Wings are lefs than a Duck, but fine Meat.
Thefe are the firft Fowls that appear to us in the Fall of the
Leaf, coming then in great Flocks, as we fuppofe, from
Canada, and the Lakes that lie behind us.

Wid-

£>uck and

Mallard.

Black
Duck

"of CAROLINA.

4-9

Widgeons, the fame as in Europe, are here in great Plenty. Widgeon.

We have the fame Teal, as in England, and another fort.rw/twr
that frequents the Frefh-Water, and are always nodding^,
their Heads, they are fmaller than the common Teal, and

dainty Meat. . , , , TT . , ,

Shovellers (a fort of Duck) are gray, with a black Head. sfovtlkn

They are a very good Fowl.

Thefe are called Whiftlers, from the whittling Noife they wtgjfy.
make, as they .fly.

Black Flufterers ; fome call thefe Old Wives- They are Black-
as black as Ink. The Cocks have white Faces. They aiways#«iW<
remain in the midft of Rivers , and feed upon drift Grafs, £***-
Camels or Sea-Nettles. They are the fatteft Fowl I ever '
faw, and fometimes fo heavy with Fleft, that they cannot
rife out of the Water. They make an odd fort of Noife when
they fly. What Meat they are, I could never iearn. Some
call thefe the great bald Coot.

The wild Turkeys I mould have fpoken of, when I treatea w&jf
of tJie Land-Fowl. There are great Flocks of thefe in Caro-^
Una. I have feen about five hundred in a Flock , fome of
them are very large. I never weigh'd any myfelf, but have
been inform'd of one that weigh'd near fixty Found Weight.
I have feen half a Turkey feed eight hungry- Men two Meals.
Sometimes the wild breed with the tame ones, which, they
reckon, makes them very hardy, as 1 believe it muft. I fee
no manner of Difference betwixt the wild Turkeys and the
tame ones-, only the wild are ever of one Colour, (viz..) a
dark gray, or brown, and are excellent Food. . They feed
on Acorns, Huckle-Berries, and many other forts of Berries1
that Carolina affords. The Eggs taken from the Neil:, and
hatch'd' under a Hen, will yet retain a wild Nature, and
commonly leave you, and run wild atlaft, and will never be
got into a Houfe to rooft, but always pearch on fome high
Tree, hard-by the Houft, and feparate themfelvesfrom the
tame fort, although (at the fame time) they tread .and breed
together. I have been inform'd, that if you take thefe wild
Eggs, when juft on the point of being hatch'd, and dip
them (for fome fmall time) in a Bowl of Milk-warm Water,
it will take off their wild Nature, and make them as tame
and domeftick as the others. Some Indians have brought
thefe wild Breed hatch'd at home, to be a Decoy to bring

X v others

150

The Natural Hifiory

which they have fhot.

FiJl.'ermeiJ.

Vivers.
Haft-Fowl

Bull-
N^cks.

tfd-
Jhfeads.

1'rcpiek-
Birds.

JeJlican.

Cormorant,

$atmet,

others to rooft near their Cabins ,
But to return to the Water-Fowl.

Fiihermen are like a Duck, but have a narrow Bill, with
Setts of Teeth. They live on very fmall Fifh, which they
catch as they fwim along. They tafte Fiihy. The bell way
to order t-hem, is, upon occafion, to pull out the Oil-Box
from the Rump, and then bury them five or fix Hours under
Ground. Then they become tolerable.

Of Divers there are two forts ; the one pied, the other
gray ; both good Meat.

Raft- Fowl includes all the forts of fmall Ducks a nd Teal,
that go in Rafts along the Shoar, and are of feveral forts,
that we know no Name for.

, Thefe are a whitifh Fowl, about the Bignefs of a Brant;
they come to us after Chrijlmas^ in very great Flocks," in all
our Rivers. They are a very good Meat, but hard to kill,
becaufe hard to come near. They will dive and endure a
great deal of Shot.

Red-Heads, a lefTer Fowl than Bull-Necks, are very fweet
Food, and plentiful in our Rivers and Creeks.

Tropick-Birds are a white Mew, with a forked Tail. They
are ib call'd, becaufe they are plentifully met withal under
the Tropicks, and thereabouts.

The Pellican of the Wildernefs cannot be the fame as
ours;, this being a Water-Fowl, with a great natural Wen
or Pouch under his Throat, in which he keeps his Prey of
Fifh, which is what he lives on. He is Web-footed, like a
Goofe, and fhap'd like a Duck, but is a very large Fowl, big-
ger than a Goofe. He is never eaten as. Food ; They make
Tobacco-pouches of his Maw. •

Cormorants are very well known in fome Parts otEngland\
we have great Flocks of them with us, efpecially againfl the
Herrings run, which is in March and April; then they
lit upon Logs of dry Wood in the Water, and catch the
Fifh.. .

TheGannet ha large white Fowl, having one Part of his
Wings black ; he lives on Fifh, as the Pellican. His Fat or
Greafe, is as yellow as Saffron, and the bell thing known, to
preferve Fire-Arms, from Ruft.

Shear-Waters are a longer Fowl than a Duck -r fome of
them lie on the Goafl* whilflf others range the Seas all over.

Some-

of CAROLINA.

5

Sometimes they are met five hundred Leagues from Land.
Tli£y< live without drinking any frefh Water.

We have a great pied Gull^ black and white, which feems Pied-Gtiil,
to have a black Hood on his'Head:, thefe lay very fair Eggs
which are good j as are the young ones in the.Seafon.

Marfh-Hen, much the fame as in Europe, only fhe makes Marfi).
another fort of Noife, and much mriller. ■ Hen^~~

The fame as you- call Water-Hens in England, are here verys/ae-p?.
numerous, and not regarded for eating. ten-

The Sand-Birds are about the Bignefs of a Lark, and fre-s<at£-
quent our Sand-Beaches , they are a dainty Food, if you will Birds.
beftow Time and Ammunition to kill them.

Thefe are called Runners ; becaufe if you run after tbem^m'eru
they will run along the Sands and not: offer to get up y fo that
you may often drive them together to fhoot as you pleafe.
They area pleafant fmallBird.

A fort of Snipe, but fucks not his Food ; they are almoft Tutcorbs.
the fame as in England.

Swaddle-Bills are a fort of an afh-colour'd Duck, which
have an extraordinary broad Bill, and are- good Meat \ they
are not common as the others are.

The fame Mew as in England^ being a white, (lender Bird, Mew.
with red Feet. , shel.

The lame as in England. Drakes.

The bald, or white Faces are a good Fowl. They cannot Bail-
dive, and are eafily fhotten. FMes>

Water- Witch, or Ware-Coots, are a Fowl with Down tyfer-
and no Feathers ; they dive incomparably, fo that naFowler^^*
can hit them. They can neither fly, nor go j but get into
the Fifh-wares, and cannot fly over the Rods, and fo are
taken.

Thus have we given an Account of what Fowl hascometo
our Knowledge, lince our Abode in Carolina , except iome
that, perhaps, have flipt our Memory, and fo are left. out of •
our Catalogue. Proceed we now to treat of the Inhabitants
of the Watry Element, which tho' we can as yet do but
very imperfectly *, yet we are willing, to oblige the Curious
with the belt Account that is in our Power to prefent
them withal.

Xi

The

*5

The Natural Hifiory

•

The Fifh in the fait, and frefh Waters of Carolina, are,

Whales^ fever al forts-,

Thrafiers .

Divel-Fifh.

Sword-Fift.

Crampois.

Bottle-Nofes.

Porpoifes.

Sharks, two forts.

Dog-Fijh.

SpaniSh-MackareL

Cavallies.

Boneto's.

Blue-Fijh.

Drum, red.

Drum- Fiji}, black.

Jlngel-Fifli.

Bafs, or Rock-Fijb.

Sheep-Heads.

Plaice.

fflofrnder*

Mullets.

Shad.

Fat-Bach.

Gnard% white.

Guards green.

Scate or Stingray.

Thornba:h

Congar-Eels.

Lamprey-Eels.

Feb.

Sun-Fijh,

Toad-Fif).

Sea-Tench.

Trouts of the Salt Water*

Crocus.

Herring*

Smelts.

Shads.

Breams..

Taylors.

_

Frefh- Water Fifh are,

Sturgeon*

Pike.

Trouts.

Gudgeon.

Pearch Englifh.

Pearch, white.

Pearch, brown, or Welch-men.

Pearch, flat, and mottled, or

Jrifhmen.
Pearch fmall and fiat, with red

Spts, cdVd round Robins,.

Carp.

Roach.

Dace..

Loaches*-

Sucking- Fifh

Cat'FiJh.

Crindals.

Old-Wives,

Fount aw- Fifh;

White'FiJh;

The.

^/CAROL IN A.

The Shell-Fifh are.

Large Crabs^caWd Stone-Crabs.

Smalle, flat Crabs. .

Oyfters great andfmalU

Cockles.

Clams.

Mvfcles.

Conks.

Skellop.

Man ofNofes.

Periwinkles, or Wilks.

Sea-Snail- Horns.

Fidlars.

Runners.

Spanijh or Pearl-Oyflers.

Flattings.

Tortois and Terebin, accounted

for among the Infetts.
Finger- Fijh.
Shrimps.

Frefh Water
Craw-Fijh.
Mufdes*

Whales are very numerous, on the Coaft of North Caro-Wluh
Una, from which they make Oil, Bone, &c. to the great Ad-
vantage of thofe inhabiting the Sand-Banks, along the
Ocean, where thefe Whales come afhore, none being ftruck
orkill'dwith a Harpoon in. this Place, as they are to the
Northward, and elfewhere ; all thofe Fifh beingfound dead on
the Shoar,' moft commonly by thofe that inhabit the Banks,
and Sea-fide , where they dwell, for that Intent, and for
the Benefit of Wrecks, which fometiraes fall in upon that

Of thefe Monfters there are four forts \ the firft, which
is moft choice and rich, is the. Spenna Get*. Whale, from
which the Sperma C*ti is taken. Thefe aTe rich Prizes ; but;
I never heard but of one found on this Coaft, which was near
Currituck-laltt.

The other forts are of a prodigious -Bignefs. Or tnele
the Bone and Oil is made-, the Oil being the Blubber, or
oily Flefh, or Fat of that Fifli.boil'd. Thefe differ not only
in Colour, fome being pied, others not, but very much la
fhape, one being call'd a Bottle-Nofed Whale, the other a
Shovel-Nofe, which is as different as a Salmon from a.
Sturgeon. Thefe Fifhfeldom come afhoar with their Tongues
in their Heads, the Thrafher (which is the Whale's mortal
Enemy, wherefoever he meets him) eating that out of his
Head, asfoonasheandthe.Sward-Eiflihavekiird him. For
'• — — - wh'enu

gjgttflfi i HV

54

The Natural Hiftory

Jbrajbers

Divel-FiJI)

Srvord'
fijb. .

Crampois,

Bottle-
Nofes.

Torpoifes.

when the Whale-catchers (in other Parts) kill any of thefe
Fifh, they eat the Tongue , and esteem it an excellent
Difh.

There is another fort of tbefe Whales, or great Fi fh
though not common. I never knew of above one- of that
fort, found on theGoaft of North Carolina-, and he was con-
trary, in Shape, to all others ever found before him ■■, beino-
fixty Foot in Length, and not above three or four Fool
Diameter. Some Indians in America will go out to Sea, and
get upon a Whales Back, and peg or plug up his Spouts, and
ib kill him.

The Thrafhers are large Fifh, and mortal Enemies- to the
Whale, as I faid before. They make good Oil-, butarefel-
dom found.

The Divel- Fifh lies at fome of our Inlets, and, as near as
I can defcribe him, is fhap'd like a Scate, or Stingray •, only he
has on his Head a Pair of very thick ftrong Horns, and is of
a monftrous Size, and Strength ; for this Fifh has been known
to weigh a Sloop's Anchor, and run with the VefTel a League
or two, and bring her back, againft Tide, to almoft the fame
Place. Doubtlefs, they may afford good Oil ; but I have
no Experience of any Profits which arife from them.

The Sword-Fim is the other of the Whale's Enemies, and
joins with the Thrafher to deftroy that Monfter. After
they have overcome him, they eat his Tongue, as I faid be-
fore, and the Whale drives afnoar.

Crampois is a large Fifh, and by fome accounted a young
Whale j but it is not fo \ neither is it more than twenty five
or thirty Foot long. They fpout as the Whale does, and
when taken yield good Oil.

Bottle-Nofes are between the Crampois and Porpois, and
lie near the Soundings. They are never feen to fwim leifure-
ly, as fometimes all other Fifh do, but are continually run-
ning after their Prey in Great Shoals, like wild Horfes,
leaping now and then above the Water. The French e-
fteem them good Food, and eat them both frefh and fait.

Porpoifes are frequent, all over the Ocean and Rivers that
are fait; nay, we have a Frefh-Water Lake in the great
Sound of North Carolina that has Porpoifes in it. And fe-
veral forts of other unknown Fifh, as the Indians fay, that we
are -wholly Strangers to. As to the Porpoifes, they make good

Oil j

^/CAROLINA.

Oil ; they prey upon other Fifh as Drums, yet never are
known to take a Bait, fo as to be catcb/d with a Hook.

Of thefe there are two forts; one call'd Paracooda-No&s; Sharks.
the other ShoveLNofes ; they cannot take their Prey before
they turn themfelves on their Backs ; wherefore fome Ne-
gro's, and others, that can fwim and dive well, go naked
■into the Water, with a Knife in their Hand, and fight the
Shark, and very commonly kill him, or wound him fo, that
he turns Tail, and runs away. Their Livors .make good Oil
to drefs Leather withal ; the Bones found in their Head are
fa id to haften the Birth, and eafe the Stone, by bringing it
away. Their Meat is eaten in fcarce times; but I°never
could away with it, though a great Lover of Fifh. Their
Back-Bone is of one entire Thicknefs. Of the Bones, or
Joints, I have known Buttons made, which fei ve well e-
nough in fcarce Times, and remote Places.

The Dog-Fifh are a fmall fort of the Shark Kind ; and avQDog-Fifi.
caught with Hook and Line, fifhing for Drums. They fay,
they are good Meat; but we have ib many other forts of
delicate Fifh, that I fhall hardly ever make Tryal what they
are.

Spanfi Mackarel are, in Colour and Shape, like the com- Span iilv
mon Mackarel-, only much thicker. They are caught -with MuUrd.
Hook and Line at the Inlets, andfometimes out a little way
at Sea. They are a very fine hard Fifh, and of good Tafte.
They are about two Foot long, or better.

Cavallies are taken in the fame Places. They are of aCaoaB!es
brownifh Colour, have exceeding fmall Scales, and a very
thick Skin \ they are as firm a Fifh as ever I faw ; therefore
will keep fweet (in the hot Weather) two days, when o-
thers will ft ink in half a day, unlefs falted. They ought to
be fcaled as foon as taken; otherwife you muft pull off the
Skin anti Scales, when boiled; the Skin being the choiceft
of the Fifh. The Meat, which is white and large, is drefs'd
with this Fifh.

Boneto's are a very palatable Fifh, and near a Yard long. 5«/efc?j.<
They haunt the Inlets and Water near the Ocean ; and are
killed with the Harpoon, and Fifhgig.

The Blue Fifh is one of our bed Fifties, and always very Blue-Eifk
fat. They are as long as a Salmon, and indeed, I think, full
as good Meat, Thefe Fifh come fin the Fall of the Year)

generally

i$6

The Natural Hiftory

generally after there has been one black Froft, when there
appear great Shoals of them. The Hatteras Indians, and o-
thers, run into the Sands of the Sea, and ftrike them, though
fome of thefe Fifh have caufed Sicknefs and violent Burnings
after eating of them, which is found to proceed from the
Gall that is broken in forne of them, and is hurtful. Some-
times, many Cart-loads of thefe are thrown and left dry on
the Sea lide, which comes by their eager Purfuitof thefmall
Fifh, in which they run themfelves alhoar, and the Tide
leaving them, they cannot recover the Water again. They
are called Blue-Fifth, becaufe they are of that Colour, and
have a forked Tail, and are fhaped like a Dolphin.
Rei- The Red Drum is a large Filh much bigger than the Blue-

Drum pifh. The Body of this is good firm Meat, but the Head is
beyond all the Filh I ever met withal for an excellent Dim.
, We have greater Numbers of thefe Filh, than of any other
fort. People go down and catch as many Barrels full as they
pleafe, with Hook and Line, efpecially every young Flood,
when they bite. Thefe are faked up, and tranfported to
other Colonies, that are bare of Provilions.

Black Drums are a thicker-made Fifh than the Red Drum,
being fhap'd like a fat Pig } they are a very good Filh, but
not fo common with us as to the Northward:

The Angel-Filh is fhaped like an Engli{l> Bream. He is
fo calFd, from his golden Colour, which fhines all about his
Head and Belly. This is accounted a very good Fifh, as are
moft in thefe Parts. The Bermudians have the fame fort of
Fifh, and efleem them very much.

Bafs or Rock is both in Salt and Frefh- Water; when
young, he much refembles a Grayling, but grows to the
lize of the large Cod-Fifh. They are a very good firm Fifh.
Their Heads are fouced, and make a noble Difh, if large.

Sheeps-Head has the general Vogue -of being the choicefl
Fifh in this Place. Indeed, it is a very delicate Fifh, and well
relifh'd ; yet I think, there are feveral others full as good
as the Sheeps-Head. He is much of the Bignefs of the An-
gel-Fifh, and flat as he is •, they fometimes weigh two or three
Pound Weight. This Fifh hath Teeth like a Sheep, and is
therefore fo^all'd.
riaicc. Plaice are here very large, and plentiful, being the fame
as in England.

Flounders

Blati-
Drura,

Angej-Fijb

EochFiJb.

Sheeps-
Head.

o/ CAROLINA.

57

flounders fhould have gone amongfr. the Frem- Water Flounder.
Fifh, becaufe they are caught there, in great Plenty.

Soles are a Fifn we have but lately difcover'd j they are asSo!es'
good, as in any other Part.

Mullets, the fame as in England, and great Plenty in all^'^*
Places where the Water is fait of brackifh.

Shads are a fweet Fifh, but very bony , they are very plen- sbatis-.
tiful at fome Seafons. ' (

Fat-Backs are. a fmall Fifh, like Mullets, but the fatteft^^--8^^
ever known. They put nothing into the Pan, to fry thefe.
They are excellent fweet Food.

The white Guard-Fifh is fhaped almoft like a Pike, hutWhhs
flenderer \ his Mouth has a long fmall Bill fet with Teeth, in S-**"
which he catches fmall Fifh} his Scales are knit together
like Armour. When they drefs him, they ftrip him, taking
off Scales and Skin together. His Meat is very white, and
rather looks like Flelh than Fifh. The English account them
no good Fifh} but the Indians do. The Gall of this Fifh is
green, and a violent Cathartick, if taken inwardly.

The green Guard is fhaped; in all refpe&s, like the other, £W7J
fave that his Scales are very fmall and fine. He is indifferent r '
good Meat } his Bones, when boil'd or fry.'d, remain as green
as Grafs. The fame fort of Fifh come before the Mackarel
in England-

Scate, or Stingray, the fame as in£»j/W,andverycom-.fr«ff.
mon; but the great Plenty of other Fifh makes thefe' not re-
garded*, for few or none eat them in Carolina., though they
are almoft at every ones Door.

Thornbacks are the fame as in England. . They are not {Qtharnb^k-
common as the Scate and Whip-Rays.

Congaf-Eels always remain in the Salt-Water-, they areO^r-
much more known in the Northward Parts of America, thanEels'
with us.

• Lampreys are not common \ I never faw but one, which 'lanprej.
was large, and caught by the Indians, in a Ware. They
would not eat him, but gave him to me.

Eels are no where in the World better, or more plentiful, Eels,
than in Carolina.

Sun-Fifh are flat and rounder than a Bream , and aveSun'Fi^'
reckon'd a fine-tailed Fifh, and not without Reafon. They
are much the flze of Angel-Fifh.

Y Toad-

y

The Natural Hifiory

Sea-Tench.

Salt-Water
Trouts

crocus.

Bmmg,

Tcad-Fijk. Toad-Fifh are nothing but a Skin full of Prickles, an'd a
few Bones \ they are as ugly as a-Toad, and preferv'd to look
upon, and good for nothing elfe.

They are taken by a Bait, near the Inlet, or out at Sea a
little way. They are blackifh, and exactly like a Tench, ex-
cept in the Back-fins, which have Prickles like a Pearci.
They are as good, if not better than any Tench.

Trouts of the Salt-Water are exa&ly fhaped like the
Trouts in Europe, having blackifh, not red Spots. They are
in the Salts, and are not red within, but white, yet a very
good Fifh. They are fo tender, that if they are in or near
frefh Water, and a fudden Froft come, they are benumm'd,
and float on the Surface of the Water, as if dead \ and then
they take up Canoe-Loads of them. If you put them into
warm Water, they prefently recover.

The Crocus is a Fifh, in Shape likeaPearch, and in Tafte
like a Whiting. They croke and make a Noife in your Hand,
when taken with Hook or Net., They are very good.

The Herrings in Carolina are not fo large as in Europe. They
fpawn there in March and April, running up the frefh Rivers
and fmall frefh Runs of Water in great Shoals, where they
are taken. They become red;if faked \ and, drelt.with Vine-
gar and Oil, refemble an Anchovy very much ; for they are
far beyond an Englijh Herring, when pickled.

The fame as in England; they lie down a great way in the
Sound, towards the Ocean, where (at feme certain Seaions)
are a great many very fine ones.

The frefh Water affords no fuch Bream as in England, that
I have as yet difcover'd \ yet there is a Sea-Bream, which is
a flat and thin Fifh, as the European Breams are.

The Taylor is a Fifh about the Bignefs of a Trout, but of
a bluifh and green Colour, with a forked Tail, as a Mackarel
has. They are a delicate Fifh, and plentiful in our Salt- Wa-
ters.- Infinite numbers of other Species will be hereafter
difcover'd as yet unknown to us •, although I have feen and
eaten of feveral other forts of Fifh, which are not here men-
tioned,, becaufe, as yet, they have no certain Names affign'd
them. Therefore, I fhall treat no farther of our Salt- Water
Fifh, but proceed to the Frefh.

The firft of thefe is the Sturgeon, of which we have Plenty,
all the frefh Parts of our Rivers being well Jtor'd therewith.

The

Smelts-

Breams

Taylors*

Frefo W&
ter Stv.r*

<f CAROLINA.

The Indians upon and towards the Heads and Falls of our
Rivers, ftrike a great many of thefe, and eat them ; yet the
Indians near the Salt- Waters will not eat them. I have feen
an Indian ftrike one of thefe Fiih, feven Foot long , and
leave him on the Sands to be eaten by the Gulls. In May,
they run up towards the Heads of the Rivers, where you
fee feveral hundreds of them in one day. The Indians have
another way totake them, which is by Nets at the end of
a Pole. The Bones of thefe Filh make good Nutmeg-Gra-
ters. .

The Jack, Pike, or Pickerel, is exadly the fame, in Caro* Pike-
Una, as they are in England. Indeed, I never faw this Fifh fo
big and large in America, as I have in Europe, thefe with us
being fejdom above two Foot long, as far as I have yet feen.
They are very plentiful with us in Carolina, all our Creeks
and Ponds being full of them. I once took out of a Ware,
above three hundred of thefe Filh, at a time.
- The fame in England as in Carolina', but ours are agreatlW?'
way up the Rivers and Brooks, that are frefh, having fwift
Currents, and ftony, and gravelly Bottoms.

The fame Gudgeons as in Europe are found in America. Gtldie0,i'

The fame fort of Pearch as are in England, we have like-.ffr/?
wife in Carolina , though, I think, ours never rife to-be fo"Par<&
large as in England. -

We have a white Pearch, fo call'd, becaufe he is of a Silver •^•^
Colour, otherwift like the Englifh Pearch. Thefe we havePwrf*'
in great Plenty, and they are preferable to the red ones.

The brown Pearch, which fome call Welch-men, are the^vi
largeft fort of Pearches that we have., and very firm, white Temh°
and fweet Fifh. Thefe grow to be larger than any Carp,
and are very frequent in every Creek and Pond.

The flat or mottled Pearch are lhaped almoft like a Bream, fourth
They are called Irifh-men, being freckled or mottled with/"-
black, and blue Spots. They are never taken any where,
but in the frefh Water. They are good Fifh •, but I do not
approve of them, no more than of the other forts of Pearch.

We have another fort of Pearch, which is the leaft fort- of fifth
all, but as good Meat as any. Thefe are diftinguifh'd from*"™**
the other forts, by the Name of Round-Robins • being flat *rRound
and very round- fhap'dj they are fpotted with red Spots very Robm*

Y 2 beau-

i6o

The Natural Hiflory

Cirp.

Upacb*

Dice.

loach.

Sucking-

Fiji).

Cat-Ftfo-

Grindds.

GH-Wives;

lounuin-

- *
White-

Barbouts

Millers

thumbs.

-

beautiful, and are eafily caught with an Angle, as all the
other fort of Pearches are.

We have the fame Carp as you haveinr^W.

And the fame Roach:, only fcarce fo large?

Dace are the fame as yours too ; but neither are thefe fo
large nor plentiful, as with you.

The fame as in England.
. Sucking-Filh are the neareft in Tafte and Shape to a Barbel
only they have no Barbs.

Cat Fifth are a round blackifn Fifh, with a great flat Head
a wide Mouth, and no Scales • they fomething referable Eels
in Tafte. Both this fort, and another that frequents the Sale
Water, are very plentiful.''

Grindals are a long fcaled Fifh with fmall Eyes 5 and fre-
quent Ponds, Lakes, and flow-running Creeks and Swamps.
They are a foft forry Fifh, and good for nothing \ though
fome eat them for good Fifh.

Thefe are a bright fcaly Fifh, which frequent the Swamps,
and frefh Runs • they feem to be between an Ewlijb Roa'ch
and a Bream, and eat much like the latter.' The Indians kill
abundance of thefe, and barbakue them, till they are crifp
then tranfport them, in wooden Hurdles, to their Towns
and Quarters.

TheFountain-Fifh area white fort which breed in the clear
Running Springs and Fountains of Water, where the Clear-
nefs thereof makes them very difficult to be taken. I cannot
fay how good they are; becaufe 1 have not as yet tailed of
them.

The white Fifh are very large; fome being two Foot and
a half long and more. They are found a great way up in
the Frefnes of the Rivers \ and are firm Meat, and an extra-
ordinary well-relifiYd Fifh.

Barbouts and Millers-Thumbs, are the very fame here in
all refpects, as they are in England. What'more are in'the
frefh Waters we have not difcover'd, but are fatisfied, that
we are not acquainted with one third part thereof ; for we-
are told by the Indians^ of a great many fcrange and uncouth
fiupes and forts of Fifh, which they hai?e found in the Lakes-
laid down in my Chart. However as we can give no farther
Account of thefe than by Hear-fay ; 1 proceed to treat of the

Shell-

^/CAROLINA.

161

Shell- Fiih that are found in the Salt- Water, fofaras they
have already come to our Knowledge.

The large Crabs, which we call Stone-Crabs, are the fame Large"
fort as in England, having black Tips at the end of their Crabs
Claws. Thefe are plentifully met withal , down in Core
Sound, and the South Parts of North- Carolina.

The fmaller flat Crabs I look upon to be the fweeteft of small flat
all the Species. They are the Breadth of a lufty Man's Hand, crabs,
or rather larger. Thefe are innumerable, lying in moll pro-
digious quantities, all over the Salts of Carolina. They are
taken not only to eat, but are the belt Bait for all forts of
Fifh, that live in the Salt- Water. Thefe Fifharernifchievous
to Night-Hooks, becaufe they get away all the Bait from
the Hooks;

Oyilers, great andfmall, are found almoft in every Creek oyfieru
and Gut of Salt- Water, and are very good and well-relihYci
The large Oy Iters are excellent, pickled.

One Cockle in Carolina is as big as five or fix in England. Cockles.
They are often- thrown upon "the Sands on the Sound-Side,
where the Gulls are always ready to open and eat them.

Clams are a fort of Cockles, only differing in Shell, which clams*.
is thicker and not ftreak'd , or ribb'd. T4iefe.are found
throughout all the Sound and Salt-Water-Ponds. The Meat
is the fame for Look and Tafte as the Cockle. Thefe make
an excellent ftrong Broth, and eat well, either roafted or
pickled.

The Mufcies in Carolina have a very large Shell, ftriped Mufties.-
with Dents, They grow by the fide of Ponds and Creeks, in
Salt- Water, wherein you may get as many of them as you
pleafe, I do not like them fo well as the Englijli Mufcle, which
is no good Shell-Fifh.

Some of the Shells of thefe are as large as a Man's Hand, conks,.
but the leifer fort are the belt Meat, and thofe not extraor-
dinary. They are fhap'd like the end of a Horfes Yard. Of
their Shells , the Peak or Wampum is made, which is the
richeft Commodity amonglt the Indians. They breed like a
long Thing IhapM like a Snake, but containing a fort of
joints,, in the Hollo wnefs whereof are- thoufands of fmali
Coaks, no bigger then fmail Grains of pepper*

*m*mmmm^im

162

The Natural Hiflory

:■ "

Skejlops.

Mm of
Nofes.

mih.

SnaiU
Hom,

fid! or.

Tymnet.

SpaniftV
Oyfters.

flattings-

Finger-

mjb-

Shrimps.

Small-
Cockles,

Mufcks.

The Skellops, if well drefs'd, are a pretty Shell-Fifh • but
to eat them only roafted, without any other Addition, in
my Judgment, are too lufcious.

Man of Nofes are a Shell-Fifh commonly found amongft us.
They are valued for increafing Vigour in Men, and making
barren Women fruitful \ but I think they have no need of
that Fiftr, for the Women in Carolina, are fruitful enough
without their Helps.

Wilks, or Periwinkles, are not fo large here, as in the
Iflands of Stilly, and in other Parts of Europe, though very
fweet.

The Sea- Snail-Horn is large, and very good Meatj they
are exa&ly fhaped as other Snail-Horns are.

Fidlars are a fort of fmall Crabs, that lie in Holes in the
Marines. The Raccoons eat them very much. I never knew
any one try, whether they were good Meat or no.

Puinners live chiefly on the Sands, but fometimes run into
the Sea. They have Holes in the Sand-Beaches and are a
whitifli fort of a Crab. Tho' fmall, they run as faff, as a Man,
and are good for nothing but to look at.

Spanifj Oyfters have a very thin Shell,and rough on the out-
fide. They art very .good Shell-Fifh, and fo large, that half
a dozen are enow to fatisfy an hungry Stomach.

The Flattings are inclofed in a broad, thin Shell, the whole
Fifh being flat. They are inferiour to no Shell-Fifh this Coun-
try affords.

Finger-Fifh are very plentiful in this Country, they are
of the Length of a Man's Finger, and lie in the Bottom of
the Water about one or two Foot deep. They are very
good.

Shrimps are here very plentiful and good, and are to be
taken with a Small-Bow -Net, in great Quantities.

The fmall Cockles are about the Bignefs of the largefl: Eng-
lljh Cockles, and differ nothing from them, unlefsin the Shells,
which are itriped crofs-wife as well as long-wife.

The Frefh- Water Shell-Fifh are,

Mufcles, which are eaten by the Indians, after five or fix
hours Boiling, to make them tender, and then are good for
nothing.

Craw-

of CAROLINA.

163

Craw-Fifh, in the Brooks,, and fmall Rivers of Water, a- Craw-Ftp
mongft the Tuskeruro Indians, and up higher, are found very
plentifully, and as good as any in the World.

And thus I have gone through thefeveral Species of Filh,
fo far as they have come to my Knowledge, in the eight Years
that I have lived in Carolina. I mould have made a larger Dis-
covery, when travelling fo far towards the Mountains, and
amongfl: the Hills, had it not been in the Winter-Seafon,
which was improper to make any Enquiry into any of the
Species before recited. Therefore, as my Intent was, I pro-
ceed to what remains of the Pre fern State of Carolina, having
already accounted for the Animals, and Vegetables, as far as
this Volume would allow of} whereby the Remainder, though
not exadly known, may yet be guefs'd at, if we confidcr
what Latitude Carolina lies in, which reaches from 29 to
30* deg. 30 min. Northern Latitude, as 1 have before ob-
ferv'd. Which Latitude is as fertile and pleafant, as any in
the World, as well for the Produce of Minerals, Fruit, Grain,
and Wine, as other rich Commodities. And indeed, all the
Experiments that have been made in Carolina, of the Fertility
and natural Advantages of the Country, have exceeded all Ex-
pectation, as.affbrding fome Commodities, which other Places,
in the fame Latitude, do noti As for Minerals, as they are
Subterraneous Produces, fo, in all new Countries, they are the-
Species that are laft difcover'dj and efpecially, in Carolina?
where the Indians never look for any thing lower than the
Superficies of the Earth, being a Race of Men'the leafl* ad-
dicted to delving of any People that inhabit So fine a Country
as Carolina is. As good if not better Mines than thoSe the
Spaniards pofTefs in America, lie full Well from us \ and I am
certain, we have as Mountainous Land, and as great Probabi-
lity of having rich Minerals in Carolina, as any of thofe Parts
that are already found to be So rich therein. But, waving
this Subject, till fome other Opportunity, I mail now give,
you fome Obfervations in general, concerning Carolina-* ■
which are, firft, that it lies as convenient for Trade as any
of the Plantations in Ajnerica; that we have Plentv of Pitch,
Tar, Skins of Deer, and Beeves, Furs, Rice, Wheat, Rie,
Indian Grain, Sundry forts of PulSe, Turpentine, Ro^in, Mails,
Yards, Planks and Boards, Staves and Lumber, Timber of
many common forts, lit for any-USes ; Hemp, Flax, Barley,

■ Oats,

The Natural Hifiory

Oats, Buck- Wheat, Beef, Pork , Tallow, Hides, Whale-
Bone and Oil, Wax, Cheefe, Butter, &c. befides Drugs,
Dyes, Fruit, Silk,^ Cotton, Indico, Oil, and Wine that we
need not doubt of, as foon as we make a regular EfTay, the
Country being adorn'd with pleafant Meadows , Rivers,
Mountains , Valleys , Hills, and rich Paftures, and blefled.
with wholefomc pure Air y efpecially a little backwards from
the Sea, where the wild Beaif s inhabit, none of which are
voracious. The Men are active, the Women fruitful to Ad-
miration, every Houfe being full of Children, and feveral
Women that have come hither barren , having prefently
prov'd fruitful. There cannot be a richer Soil, no Place a-
bounding more in Flefh and Fowl, both wild and tame, be-
fides Filh , Fruit, Grain, Cider, and many other pleafant
Liquors ; together with feveral other NecefTaries for Life
and Trade, that are daily found out, as new Difcoveries are
made. The Stone and Gout feldom trouble us ; the Confump-
tion we are wholly Strangers to, no Place affording a better
Remedy for that Diftemper, than Carolina. For Trade, we
lie fo near to Virginia, that we have the Advantage of their
Convoys; as alfo Letters from thence, in two or three Days
at moll, in fome Places in as few Hours. Add to this, that
the great Number of Ships which come within thofe Capes,
for Virginia and Maryland^ take off our Provifions, and give
us Bills of Exchange for England, which is Sterling Money.
The Planters in Virginia and Maryland are forc'd to do the
fame, the great Quantities of Tobacco that are planted there,
making Provifions fcarce; and Tobacco is a Commodity
oftentimes fo low, as to bring nothing, whereas Provifions
and Naval Stores never fa il of a Market. Befides, where
thefe are raifed, in fuch Plenty as in Carolina, there always
appears good Houfekeeping, and Plenty of all manner of de-
licate Eatables. For Inftance, the Pork of Carolina is very
good, the younger Hogs fed on Peaches, Maiz, and fuch o-
ther natural Produce; being fome of the fweeteil Meat that
the World affords, as is acknowledged by all Strangers that
have been there. And as for the Beef, in Pampticough, and
the Southward Parts, it proves extraordinary. We have
not only Provifions plentiful, but Cloaths of our own Manu-
factures, which are made, and daily increafe; Cotton, Wool,
Hemp, and Flax, -being of our own Growth; and the Wo-
men

of CAROLINA.

'65

men to be highly commended for their Induflry in Spinning,
and ordering their Houfwifry to ib great Advantage as they
generally do; which is much more eafy, by reafon this happy
Climate, vifited with fo mild Winters, is much warmer than
the Northern Plantations, which faves abundance of Cloaths;
fewer ferving our Neceflities, and thofe of our Servants. But
this is not all ; for we can go out with our Commodities, to any
other Part of thQWefl-Indiei, oYelfe where, in the Depth of
Winter; whereas, thofe in New- England, New-York^ Penfyt-
vania, and the Colonies to the Northward of us, cannot ftir
for Ice, but are fall lock'd into their Harbours. Befides, wc
can trade with South-Carolina, and pay no Duties or Cuftoms,
no more than their own VefTels, both North and South be-
ing under the fame Lords-Proprietors. We have, as I obferv'd
before, another great Advantage, in not being a Frontier,
and fo continually alarm'd by the Enemy ; and what has been
accounted a Detriment to us, proves one of the greateft Ad-
vantages any People could wifh ; which is, our Country's be-
ing faced with a Sound near ten Leagues over in fome Places,
through which, although their be Water enough for as large
Ships to come in at, as in any part hitherto feated in both
Carolina! \ yet the Difficulty of that Sound to Strangers,
hinders them from attempting any Hoflilities againfl us;
and, at the fame time, if we confider the Advantages thereof,
nothing can appear to be a better Situation, than to be
fronted with fuch a Bulwark, which fecures us from our E-
nemies. Furthermore, our Diftance from the Sea rids us of
two Curfes, which attend moll other Parts of America, viz..
Muskeetos, and the Worm-biting, which eats Ships Bottoms
out-, whereas at Bath-Tomn, there is no fuch thing known;
and as for Muskeetos, they hinder us of as little Reft, as
they do you in England. Add to this, the unaccountable
Quantities of Fifh this great Water, or Sound, fupplies us
withal, whenever we take the Pains to fifh for them ; Ad-
vantages I have no where met withal in America, except here.
As for the Climate, we enjoy a. very wholfome and ferene
Sky, and a pure and thin Air, the Sun feldom miffing to give us
his daily Bleffing, unlefs now and then on a Winters Day,
which is not often; and when cloudy, the firft Appearance
of a North- Well Wind clears the Horizon, and reilores the
Light of the Sun. The Weather, in Summer, is very plea-

. 2 £knt;

•

The Natural Hiftory

fant; the hotter Months being refrefh'd with continual
Breezes of cool reviving Air 5 and the Spring being as pleafant,
and beautiful, as in any Place I ever was in. The Winter, molt
commonly, is fo mild, that it looks like an Autumn, being
now and then attended with clear and thin North-Welt
Winds, that are fharp enough to regulate Engl ft Confuta-
tions, and free them from a great many dangerous Diftem--
pers, that a continual Summer afflifts them withal, nothing
being wanting, as to the natural Ornaments and Bleffings
of a Country, that conduce to make reafonable Men happy.
And, for thofe that are otherwife, they are fo much their own
Enemies, where they are, that they will fcarce ever be any
ones Friends, or their own, when they are tranfplanted ; foy
it's much better for all fides, that they remain as they are.
Not but that there are feveral good People, that, upon juft
Grounds, may be uneafy under their prefent Burdens , and
fuch I would advife to remove to the Place I have been treat-
ing of, where they may enjoy their Liberty and Religion,
and peaceably eat the Fruits of their Labour, and drink the
Wine of their own Vineyards, without the Alarms of a
troublefome worldly Life. If a Man be a Botamfl, here is a
plentiful Field ofPlams to divert him in-, If he be a Gardner?
and delight in that pleafant and happy Life, he will meet
with a Climate and Soil, that will further and promote his
Defigns, in as great a Meafure, as any Man can wifh for } and
as for the Conftitution of this Government, it is fo mild
and eafy, in refpect to the Properties and Liberties of a
Subjeft, that without rehearfing the Particulars, I fay once
for all, it is the mildelt and beft eftabliflrd Government ia
the World, and the Place where any Man may peaceably en-
joy his own, without being invaded by another ^ Rank and
Superiority ever giving Place to juftice and Equity, which
is the Golden Rule that every Government ought to be built
upon, and regulated by. Befides, it is worthy our Notice,
that tfejs Province has teen fettled, and continued the molt
free from the Infults and Barbarities of the Indians, of any
Colony that was ever yet feated in America \ which mull
be efteem'd as a particular Providence of God handed down
from Heaven, to thefe People \ especially, when we confider*
how irregularly they fettled North-CW//^, and yet how un-
difturb'd they have ever remain'd, free from any foreign Dan-
ger

of C A R O L 1 N A^

167

cer or Lofs, even to this very Day. And what may well
be look'd upon for as great a Miracle, this is a Place, where
no Malefactors are found, deferving Death, or even a Pn-
•fon for Debtors ; there being no more than two Perfons* that,
as far as I have been able to learn, ever fuffcr'd as Criminals,
although it has been a Settlement near fixty Years •, One of
whom was a Turk that committed Murder; the other, an
old Woman, for Witchcraft. Thefe, 'tis true, were on the
Stage, and afted many Years, before 1 knew the .Place •, but
as for thelaft, 1 wiih it had been undone to this day-, al-
though they give a great many Arguments, to juftifie the
Deed, which I had rather they mould have a Hand in, than
mvfelf i feeing I could never approve of taking Lite away
upon fuch • Accufations, the Juftice whereof I could never yet

underfland. . ,. , « 1

But, to return to the Subject in Hand ; we there make ex-
traordinary good Bricks throughout the Settlement. All
forts of Handicrafts , as Carpenters, Joiners, Mafons, TUi-
fterers. Shoemakers , Tanners, Taylors, Weavers, and mott O-
thers, may, with fmall Beginnings, and God's Blefhng, thrive
very well in this Phce, and provide Eftates- for their Chil-
dren, Land being fold at a much cheaper Rate^there, than 111
any other Place in ^w*V*, and may, as Ifuppofe, be purchaied
of the Lord*- Proprietors here in England, or of the Governour
there for the time being, by any that fnall have a mind to
tranfport themfelves to that Country. The Farmers that
so thither (for which fort of Men it is a very thriving Place)
fliould take with them fome particular Seeds of Grafs, as
Trefoil, Clover-grafs all forts, Sanfoin, and Common Grafs,
Of that which is a Rarity in Europe; efpecially, what has
fprung and rofe firft from a warm Climate, and will endure
the Sun without flinching. Likewife, if there be any ex-
traordinary fort of Grain for Increafe or Hardmefs, and iome
Fruit-Trees of choice Kinds, they will be both profitable and
pleafant to have with you, where you may fee the Fruits of
your Labour in Perfection, in a few Years. 1 he neceflary
Inftruments of Husbandry I need not acquaint the Husband-
man withal ; Hoes of all forts, and Axes muft be had, with
- Saws, Wedges, Augurs, Nails, Hammers, and what otner
Things may be neceffary for budding with Brick, or Stone,
which fort your Inclination and Conveniency lead you to.

Z 2, : F°r

68

The Natural Hiftory, &c.

For, after having look'd over this Treatife, you mull needs
be acquainted with the Nature of the Country, and there-
fore cannot but be Judges, what it is that you will chiefly
want. As for Land, none need want it for taking up, even,
in the Places there feated on the Navigable Creeks, Rivers,
and Harbours, without being driven into remoter Holes and
Corners of the Country, for Settlements, which all are forced
to do, who, at this day, fettle in moffc or all of the other
Englifi Plantations in America \ which are already become fb
populous, that' a New-Comer cannot get a beneficial and
commodious Seat, unlefs he purchafes, when, in moft Places
in Virginia and Maryland, a thoufand Acres of good Land,
feated on a Navigable Water, will coft a thoufand Pounds ;
whereas, with us, it is at prefent obtain'd for the fiftieth
Part of the Money. Befides, our Land pays to the Lords.,
but an eafy Quit-Rent, or yearly Acknowledgement , and
the other Settlements pay two Shillings per hundred. All
thefe things duly weighed, any rational Man that has a mind
to purchafe Land in the Plantations for a Settlement of him-
felf and Family, will foon difcover the Advantages that
•attend the Settlers and Purchafers of Land in Carotin*,
above all other Colonies in the Englijh Dominions in Ame-
rica. And as there is a free Exercife of all Perfuafions amongft
Chriftians, the Lords- Proprietors, to encourage Ministers of the
Church of England, have given free. Land towards the Main-
tenance of a Church, and efpecially, for the Parifh of S. Thomas
m Pamptkough, over-againft the Town, is already laid out
for a Glebe of two hundred and twenty three Acres of
rich well-fituated Land, that a Parfonage-Houfe may be built
aponv And now I lhall proceed to give an Account of the In-
dians, their Cuftoms and Ways of Living, with a fliort Di-
Plenary of their Speech.

169

A N

ACCOUNT

OF T H E

INDIANS

O F

NORTH-CAROLINA

Is* HE Indians, which were the Inhabitants of America r
when the Spaniards and other Europeans difcovei'd
I the feveral Parts of that Country, are the People
which we reckon the Natives thereof; as indeed they were,
when we firft found out thofe Parts, and appeared therein.
Yet this has not wrought in me a full Satisfaction, to allow
thefe People to have been the Ancient Dwellers of the New-
World, or Trad of Land we call America. The Reafons
that I have to think otherwife, are too many to fet down
here •, but I fhall give the Reader a few, before I proceed 1 ,
and fome others he will find fcatter'd in my Writings clfe-
where. .

In Carolina (the Part I now treat of) are the faireft Marks
of a Deluge, (that at fome time has probably made ftrange
Alterations, as to the Station that Country was then in)
that ever I faw, or, I think, read of, in any Hiftory. A-
rnongft the other Subterraneous Matters , that have been
difcoverd, we found, in digging of a Well that Was twenty
iix toot deep, at the Bottom thereof, many large Pieces of
the Tulip-Tree, and feveral other forts of Wood, fome™, N
of winch were cut and. ndtch'd, and fome fquared, as theZlf
JOices of a Houfe are, which appeal (in the Judgment Gram
ot an that law them; to be wrought with Iron Instruments^

it.

m!)*

170

An Account of the Indians

1

it Teeming impoflible for any thing made of Stone, or what

they were found to make ufe of, to cut Wood in that manner.

It cannot be argu'd, that the Wdod fo cut, might float from

fome. other Continent j hecaufe Hiccoryand the Tulip-Tree

Shells fome avQ fp0ntane6*os in •America^ and, in no other Places, that I

inthT* could ever learn, ft is; to be acknowledged, that the Spani-

Eanb, tbeards give us Relations of magnificent Buildings, which were

Sea proba- raifed by the Indians of Mexico, and- other Parts, which they

Uy has difcover'd, and conquer'd ; amongffc whom no Iron Inftru-

tbnm up ments were found: But 'tis a great Misfortune, that no Perfon

fj/c0un-ia tnat Expedition was fo curious, as to take an exaft Draught

try. of the Fabricks of thofe People, which would have been a Dif-

Mexico coyery of great Value, and very acceptable to the Ingenious 5

Buildings. for^ as to tne pditenefs of Stones, it may be effected by Col-

lifion, and Grinding, which is of a contrary Nature, onfe-

veral Accounts , and difproves not my Arguments, in the

leaft.

Eirthen The ne?fc is» the ^rt^Qn Pots tnat are °^ei1 found under

rots iwierGround, and at the Foot of the Banks where the Water has

Ground, wafh'd them away. They are for the moft part broken. in

pieces •, but we find them of a different fort, in Comparifon,

of thofe the Indians ufe at this day, who have had no other,

ever fince the Englifi difcover'd America. The Bowels of

the Earth cannot have alter d them, lince they are thicker,

of another Shape, and Compofition, and nearly approach

to the Urns of the Ancient Romans.

Again, the Peaches, which are the only tame Fruit, or
what is Foreign, that thefe People enjoy, which is an Eaftern
Product, and will keep and retain its vegetative and growing
Faculty, the longeffc of any thing of that Nature , that I
lbs stove, know of. The Stone, as I elfewhere have remarked, is thicker
Water- than any other fort of the Peaches in Europe r or of the Eu-
Meon *ndropea„ fort;) n0w growing in America, and is obferved to
Indies grow if Panted, after it has been for feveral Years laid by ;
and it feems very probable, that ihefe People might come
from fome Eaftern Country j for when you ask them whence
their Fore-Fathers came, that fir ft inhabited the Country,
they will point to the Weft ward and fay, Where the S^n peps,
our Forefathers came thence, which, at that diftance, may be
reckon'd amongft the Eaftern Parts of the World. And to
this day, they area Ihifting, wandring People-, for 1 know

fome

Indian
VeacheS.

have al-
ways had.

-*s^

of North-Carolina.

171

fome Indian Nations, that have chang'd their Settlements,
many hundred Miles ^fometimes no lefs than a thoufand, as
is prov'd by the Savanna, Indians, who formerly lived on the
Banks of the Mejfiafippi, and remov'd thence to the Head
of one of the Rivers of South-Carolina; fince which, (for
fome Diflike J molt of them are remov'd to live in the Quar-
ters of the Iroquois or Sinnagars, which are on the Heads of
the Rivers that difgorge themfelves'into the Bay of Chtfapeah
I once met with a young Indian Woman, that had been
brought from beyond the Mountains, and was fold a Slave
into Virginia. She fpoke the fame Language, as the Coranine
Indians, that dwell near Cape-Look-out, allowing for fome
few Words, which were different, yet no otherwjfe, than
that they might underftand one anotfier very well.

The Indians of North-Carolind are a well-fhap'd clean-made Ind ia n
People, of different Statures, as the Europeans are, yet chiefly wlljbafd
inclin'd to be tall. They are a very ftreight People, and ne-r<^&'
ver bend forwards, or ftoop in. the Shoulders, unlefs much
overpowered by old Age. Their Limbs are exceeding well-
fnapU As for their Legs and Feet, they are generally the
handfcmeft in the World. Their Bodies are a little flat, which
is occafion'd, by being laced hard down to a Board, in their
Infancy. This is all the Cradle they have, which I lhall de-
fcribe at large elfewhere. Their Eyes are black, or of a
darkHazle; The White is marbled with red Streaks, which
is ever common to thefe People, unlefs when fp'rung from a
white Father or Mother. Their Colour is of a tawny, which
would not be fo dark, did they not dawb themfelves with
Bears Oil, and a Colour like burnt Cork. This is begun ia
their Infancy, and continued for a long time, which fills the
Pores, and enables them better to endure the Extremity of
the Weather. They are never bald on their Heads, although
never fo old, which, I believe, proceeds from their Heads
being always iincover'd, and the greafing their Hair (fo of-
ten as they do; with Bears Fat, which is a great Nourifher
of the Hair, and caufes it to grow very fait. Amongft the
Bears Oil (when they intend to be fine) they mix a certain
red Powder, that comes from a Scarlet Root which they get
in the hilly Country, near the Foot of the great Ridge of
Mountains, and it is no where elfe to be found." They have
this Scarlet Root in great Eftcem, and fell it for a very great:

-Pries

I

11

I

Jin Account of the Indians^

Price, one to another. The Reafon of its Value is, becaufe
they not only go a long way for it, but are in great Danger
of the Sinn agars or Iroquois, who are mortal Enemies to all
our Indians *and very often take them Captives, or kill them,
before they return from this Voyage. The Tvskeruros and
other Indians have often brought this Seed with them from
the Mountains; but it would never grow in our Land. With
this and Bears Greafe they anoint their Heads and Temples,
which is efteem'd as ornamental,as fweet Powder to our Hair.
Befides, this Root has the Virtue of killing Lice, and fuffers
none to abide or breed in their Heads. For want of this
Root, they fometimes ufe Pecewz-Root, which is of a Grimfon
Colour, but it is apt to die the Hair of an ugly Hue.

Their Eyes are commonly full and manly, and their Gate
fedate and majeftick. They never walk backward and for-
ward as we do, nor contemplate on the Affairs of Lofs and
Gain ; the things which daily perplex us. They are dexte-
rous and fteady both as to their Hands and Feet, to Admi-
ration. They will walk over deep Brooks, and Creeks, on
the fmallefl Poles, and that without any Fear or Concern.
Kay, an Indian will walk on the Ridge of a Barn or Houfe
and look down the Gable-end, and fpit upon the Ground,
as unconcern' d, as if he was walking on Terra firma. In Run-
ning, Leaping, or any fuch other Exercife, their Legs feldom
mifcarry, and give them a Fall ; and as for letting any thing
fall out of their Hands, 1 never yet knew one Example.
They are no In venters of any Arts or Trades worthy men-
tion; the Reafon of which I take to be, that they are not
pofTefs'd with that Care and Thoughtfulnefs, liow to provide
for the Neceflaries of Life, as* the Europeans are ; yet they
will learn any thing very foon. I have known an Indian ftock
Guns better than molt of our "joiners, although he never
faw one ftock*d before ; and befides, his Working-Tool was
only a forry Knife. I have alfo known feveral of them that
were Slaves to the Englijh, learn Handicraft-Trades very
*r n f well and fpeedily. I never faw a Dwarf amongft them, nor
*0 • ;'but one that was Hump-backU Their Teeth are yellow
with Smoaking Tobacco, which both Men and Women are
much addicted to. They tell us, that they had Tobacco a-
jnongft them, before the Europeans .made any Difcovery of

that

of North-Carolina.

73

that Continent. It differs in the Leaf from the fweet-fcented,
and Oroonoh, which are the Plants we vaife and cultivate in
America. Theirs differs likewife much in the Smell, when
green, from our Tobacco, before cured. They do not ufe
the fame way to cure it as we do ^ and therefore, the Dif-
ference muffc be very confiderable in Taite ) for all Men (that
know Tobacco^ mult allow, that it is the Ordering thereof Indian
which gives a Hogoo to that Weed, rather than any Natural Tobam.
Relifh it poffelfes, when green. Although they are great
Smokers , yet they never are feen to take it in Snuff, or
chew it.

They have no Hairs on their Faces (except fome few) and
thofe but little, nor is there often found any Hair under their
Arm-Pits. They are continually plucking it away from their
Faces, by the Roots. As for their Privities, fince they wore
Tail-Clouts, to cover their Nakednefs, feveral of the Men
have a deal of Hair thereon. It is to be ohferv'd , that the
Head of the Penis is cover'd ("throughout all the Nations of
the Indians I everfaw) both in Old and Young. Although
we reckon thefe a very fmooth People, and free from Hair •,
yet I once faw a middle-aged Man, that was hairy all down
his Back j the Hairs being above an Inch long.

As there are found very few, or fcarceany, Deformed, Few Crig
or Cripples, amongft them, fo neither did I ever fee but oaePles*
blind Man } and then they" would give me no Account how
his Blindnefs came. They had a Ufe for him, which was, to
lead him wit;h a Girl, Woman, or Boy, by a String 5 fo they
put what Burdens they pleafed upon his Back, and made
him very ferviceable upon all fuch Occafions. No People
have better Eyes, or fee better in the Night or Day, than Indians
the Indians. Some alledge, that the Smoke of the Pitch-Pine,gooi Eyes,
jwhich they chiefly burn, does both preferve and ftrengthen
the Eyes ^ as, perhaps, it may do, becaufe that Smoak never
offends the Eyes,, though you hold your Face over a great
Fire thereof. This is occaJIon'd by the volatile Partof-the
Turpentine, which rifeswith the Smoke, and is of a friend-
ly, balfamick Nature •, - for the Afhes of the Pine-Tree af-
ford no fix'd Salt -in-them.

Tbey let their Nails grow very long, which, they reckon, Mtpajr
is the Ufe Nails are dellgn'd for, and laugh at the Europeans their

A a - for M«fc-

1

3 74

An Account of the Indians

Indians
Dunce of
War.
On what
Account
hey make
,Far,

for pairing theirs,which, they fay, difarras them of that which

Nature, defign'd them for.

Indians They are not of fo robuft and ftrong Bodies, as to lift

not robuft, grea£ Burdens, and endure Labour and flavifh Work, as the

Europeans are ; yet fome that are Slaves, prove very good

and laborious : But, of themfelves, they never work as the

Englifh do, taking care for no farther than what is abfolute-

ly neceflary to fupport Life. In Travelling and Hunting, they

''Nbhard are very indefatigable; becaufe that carries a Pleafure along

Wbekexs. with the Profit. I have known- fome of them very ftrong 5,

and as for Running and Leaping, they are extraordinary

Fellow's, and will dance for feveral Nights together, with

the greatelt Brisknefs imaginable, their Wind never failing

them.

Their Dances are of different Natures ; and for every fort
of Dance, they have aTune, which is allotted for that Dance;
as, if it be a War-Dance, they have a warlike Song, wherein
they exprefs, with all the Paffion and Vehemence imaginable,
what they intend to do with their Enemies-, how they will
kill, roaft, feulp, beat, and make Captive, fuch and Tuch
Numbers of them; and how many they have deftroy'd be-
fore. All thefe Songs are made new for every Feaft ; nor is
one and the fame Song fung at two feveral Feftiyals. Some
one of the Nation (which has the beft Gift of expreffing
Indian tne"' Defigns) is appointed by their King, and War- Gap tain s>
Toet. to make thefe Songs.

Others are made for Feaftsof another Nature; as, when
feveral Towns, or fometimes, different Nations have made
Dame of Peace with one another; then the Song fuits both Nations,
ff« and relates, how the bad Spirit made them go to War, and
deftroy one 'another; but it fhall never be fo again; but
that their Sons and Daughters fhall marry together, and the
two. Nations love one another, and become as one People.

They have a third fort of Feafts and Dances, which are
always when theHarveft of Corn is ended, and in the Spring,
The one, to return Thanks to the good Spirit, for the Fruits
of the Earth ; the other, to beg -the fame Bleffings for the
fucceeding Year. Ani , to encourage the young Men to
labour ftoutly, in planting their Maiz and Pulfe, they fet.
a fort of an Idol in the Field, which is drefs'd up exactly
like an Indian-, having all the Indian* Habit, befldes abundance

of North-Carolina.

*75

of Wampum, and their Money, made of Shells, that hangs
about his Meek. The Image none of the young Men dare
approach j for the old ones will not fuffer them to come
near him, but tell them, that he is fome famous Indian War- rUntunon
riour, that died a great while ago, and how iscomeamongft/<W.
them, to fee if they work well, which if they do, he will go
to the good Spirit, and fpeak to him to fend them Plenty
of Corn, and to make the young Men all expert Hunters
and mighty Warriours. AH this while, the King and old
Men fit round the Image, and feemingly pay a profound
RefpecY to -the fame. One great Help to thefe Indians, in
carrying on thefe Cheats, and 'inducing Youth to do what
they pleafe, is, the uninterrupted Silence, which is ever
kept andobferv'd, with all the Reipect and Veneration ima-
ginable.

At thefe Feafts, which are fet out with all the Magni-
ficence their Fare allows of, the Mafquerades begin at Night,M^«<?-
and not before. There is commonly a Fire made in the middle radei-
of the Houfe, which is the largeft in the Town, and is very
often the Dwelling of their King, or War-Captain •, where
lit two Men on the Ground, upon a Mat •, one with a Rattle,
made of a Gourd, with fome Beans in if, the other with a
Drum, made of an earthen Pot, cover'd with a drefs'd-Deer-
Skin, and one Stick in his Hand to beat thereon j and fo
they both begin the Song appointed. At the fame time,
one drums, and the other rattles, which is all the artificial [Indian
Mufick of their own making I ever faw amongft: them. To mlicum'
thefe two Inftruments they fing, which carries no Air with
it, but is a fort of unfavoury Jargon -, yet their Cadences
and Railing of their Voices are form'd with that Equality
and Exa&nefs, that (to us Europeans) it feems admirable,
how they fhould continue thefe Songs, without once miffing
to agree, each with the others Note and Tune.

As for their Dancing, were there Mailers of that Pro- Dating,
feffion amongft them, as there are With us, they would dearly
earn their Money j for thefe Creatures take the molt Pains
at it, that Men are able to endure. I have feen thirty odd
together a dancing, and every one dropp'd down with Sweat,
as if Water had been poured down their Backs. They ufe
thofe hard Labours, to make them able to endure Fatigue,
— A a 2 and

■

I

76

An Account of the Indians

Indians

long

winded.

Indian
Gammg.

Indian
Cards.

Indian
Dies,

Indian
Jrsp-Bdl.

Indian
€'iibi?;s.

and improve their Wind, which indeed is very long and du-
rable, it being a hard matter, in any Exerciie, to difpofTefs
them of it.

- At thefe Feafb, they meet from all the Towns within fifty
or fixty Miles round, where they buy and fell feverai Com-
modities , as we do at Fairs and Markets. Befides, they
game very much, and often itrip one another of all they have
in the World 1 and what is more, I have known feverai of
them play themfelves away, fo that they have remained the
Winners Servants, till their Relations 0 themfelves could
pay the Money to redeem them ; and when this happens, the
Lofer is never deje&ed or melancholy at th .; Lofs, but laughs,
and feems no lefs contented than if he had won. They ne-
ver differ at Gaming, neither did I ever fee a Diipute, about
the Legality thereof, fo much as rife amongff, them.

Their chiefeft Game is a fort of Arithmetic!?, which fs
managed by a Parcel of fmall fplit Reeds, theThicknefs of
a fmall Bent ; thefe are made very nicely, fo that they part
and are tractable in their Hands. .They are fifty one ia
Number, their Length about feven Inches ; when they play,
they throw part of them to their Antagonift • the Art is to
difcover, upon fight, how many you have, and what you
throw to him that plays with you. Some are fo expert at
their Numbers, that they will tell m\ times together, what
they throw out of their Hands. Although the whole Play
Is carried on with the quicker! Motion it's poffible to ufe, yet
fome are fo expert at this Game, as to win great Indian fi-
liates by this Play. A good Sett of thefe Reeds, fit to.play
withal, are valued and fold for a drefs'd Doe-Skin.

They have feverai other Plays, and Games ; as, with the
Kernels or Stones of Perflmmons, which are ia efFe& the
fame as our Dice , becaufe Winning or Lofing depend on
which fide appear uppermoll, and how they happen to fall
together.

Another Game is managed with a Batoon and a Ball, and
refembles our Trap-ball ; befides, feverai Nations have fe-
verai Games and Paftimes, which are not ufed by others.

Thefe Savages live in W>gwamsy or Cabins built of Bark
which are made round like an Oven, to prevent any Da-
mage by hard Gales of Wind. They make the Fire in the
piddle of the Koufe, and haye a Hole at the Top of the Roof

right

of North-Carolina.

77

right above the Fire, to let out the Smoke. Thefe Dwel-
lings are as hot as Stoves , . where the Indians fleep and
fweat all Night. The Floors thereof are never paved nor
fwept, fo that they have always a loofe Earth on them. They
are often troubled with a multitude of Fleas, efpecially near j^
the Places where they drefs their Deer-Skins, becaufe that
Hair harbours them •, yet I never felt any ill, unfavory Smell
in their Cabins, whereas, fhould we live in our Houfes, as
they do, we fhould be poifon'd with our own Naftinefs j
which confirms thefe Indians to be, as they really are3 fome Indians
of the fweeteft People in the World. a 'wset

The Bark they make their Cabins withal, is generally Cy-P?fl^8'
prefs, or red or white Cedar ; and fometimes, when they
area great way from any of thefe Woods, they make ufe of
Pine-Bark, which is the worfer fort. In building thefe Fa-
bricks, they get very long Poles, of Pine, Cedar, Hiccory,
or any Wood that will bend , thefe are theThicknefs of the
Small of a Man's Leg, at the thickeft end, which they ge-
nerally ftrip of the Bark, and warm them well in the Fire,
which makes them tough and fit to bend \ afterwards, they
flick the thickeft ends of them in the Ground, about two
Yards afunder, in a Circular Form, the diftance theydefign
the Cabin to be, (which is not always round, but fometimes Making
oval) then they bend the Tops and bring them together, Cabins.
and bind their ends with Bark of Trees, that is proper for
that ufe, as Elm is, or fometimes the Mbfs that grows on the
Trees, and is a Yard or two long, and never rots; then Black Mefi.
they brace them with other Poles, to make them ftrong ^Indians
afterwards, cover them all over with Bark, fo that they are Store:
very warm and tight, and will keep firm agamftall the Wea-^0^*
thers that blow. They have other forts of Cabins without
Windows, which are for their Granaries, Skins, and Mer- '
chandizes ; and others thai: are cover'd over head -, the reft
left open for the Air- Thefe have Reed-Hurdles, like Ta- Indians-
bles, to lie and fit on, in Summer, and ferve for pleafant&*»g[««-
Banqueting-Houfes in the hot Seafon of the Year. The Ca- in£ '
bins they dwell in have Benches all round, except where the^0"/"4
Doorftands-, on thefe they lay Beafts-Skins, and Mats made
of Rufhes, whereon they fleep and loll. In one of thefe, fe-
veral Families commonly live3 though all related to one ano-
ther.

I

'178"

An Account of the Indians

Indian
looi.

m

As to the Indians Food, It is of feveral forts, which are as
follows,

Venifon, and Fawns in the Bags, cut out of the Doe's
Belly ; Fifh of all forts, the Lamprey-Eel excepted, a i-id the
Sturgeon cur, Salt-Water Indians will not touch ; .Bear and
Bever; Panther; Pole-cat; Wild-cat* Poffuin ; Raccoon •*
Hares, and Squirrels, roalted with their Guts in; Snakes'
all Indians will not eat them, thoJ fome do ; All wild Fruits
that arepaiatable, fome of which they dry and keep againft
Winter, as all fort of Fruits, and Peaches, which they dry,
and make Quiddonies, and Cakes, that are very pleafant*
and a little tartifh ; young Wafps, when they are white in
the Combs, before they can fly, this is efteemed a Dainty •
All forts of Tortoisand Terebins; Shell-Filh, and Stingray'
or Scate, dry'd; Gourds; Melons; Cucumbers; Squares'
Ptflfe /of all forts ; Roctwhctn'me Meal, which is their Maiz
parch'dand pounded into. Powder ; Fowl of all forts,that are
eatable ; Ground-Nuts, or wild Potato's ; Acorns and Acorn
Oil; Wild-Bulls, Beef, Mutton, Pork, &c. from the Ewlijh;
Indian Corn, or Maiz, made into feveral forts of Bread ^fiars
of Corn roalted in the Summer, or preferv'd againft Winter.
The Victuals is common, throughout the whole Kindred'
Relations, and often to the whole Town 5 efpecially when
they are in Hunting-Quarters , then they all fare alike
whichsoever of them kills the Game. They are very kind'
and charitable to one another, but more efpecially to thole
of their own Nation ; for if any one of them has fuffer'd
any Lofs, by Fire or otherwife, thejTOrder the griev'd Per-
fon to makeaFeaft, and invite them al] thereto, which, on
the day appointed, they come to, and after every Man's
Mefs of Vicf uals is dealt to him, one of their Speakers or
grave old Men, makes an Harangue, and acquaints the Com-
pany, That that Man's Houfe has been burnt, where-
Indians in all his Goods were deltroy'd ; That he, and his Family,
difcem not very narrowly efcaped ;That he is every Man's Friend in that
between Company; and, That it is all their Duties to help him, as

km men he woulddo t0 anJr of them> had the like Misfortune -befallen

'them. After this Oration is over, every Man, according to

his Quality, throws him down upon the Ground fome Pre^

fent, which is commonly Beads, Ronoak, Peak, Skins or Furs

and which very often amounts to treble the Lofs he has fuf'-

fer'd.

Feafli of
Chin

of North-Carolina.

179

fer'd. The fame Affiftance they give to any Man that wants
to build a Cabin, or make a Canoe. They fay, it is our Duty
thus to do \ for there are feveral Works that one Man cannot
effed, therefore we mult give him our Help, otherwife our
Society will fall, and we mall be depriv'd of thofe urgent Ne-
ceffities which Life requires. They have no Fence to partindians
-one anothers Lots in their Corn-Fields •, but every Man knows no Fences.
his own, and it Icarce ever happens, that they rob one ano-
ther of fo much as an Ear of Corn, which if any is found to
do, he is fentenced by the Elders to work, and plant for him
that was robb'd, till he is recompenfed for all the Damage
he has fuffer'd in his Corn-Field •, and this is punctually per-
form'd, and the Thief held in Difgrace, that Iteals from any
of his Country-Folks. It often happens, that a Woman is
deftituteof her Husband, and has a great many Children to Indians
maintain \ fuch a Perfon they always help, and make their chmtyto
young men plant, reap, and do every thing that ihe is i\otWl<ims'
capable of doing herfelf -, yet they do not allow any one
to be idle, but to employ themfelves in fome Work or other.

They never fight with one another, unlefs drunk, nor do Indian
you ever hear any Scolding amongft them. They fay, the^omenm
"Europeans are always rangling and uneafy, and wonder they ScMs-
do not go out of this World, fince .they, are fo uneafy and
difcontented in it. AH their Misfortunes and Lofies end in
Laughter-, for if their Cabins take Fire, and all their Goods
are burnt therein, findeed, all will fh"ive to prevent farther
Damage, whilft there is any PolTibihty) yet fuch a Misfor-
tune ends in a hearty Fitt of Laughter, unlefs fome of their
Kinsfolks and Friends have loft their Lives \ but then the
Cafe is alter'd, and they become very penfive, and go into
deep Mourning, which is continued for a eonfiderable Time }
fometimes longer, or fhorter, according to the Dignity of
the Perfon, and the Number of Relations he had near him.

The Burial of their Dead is perform'd with a great deal
of Ceremony, in which one Nation differs, in fome few Cir-
cumstances, from another, yet not fo much but we may, by
a general Relation, pretty nearly account for them all.

When an Indian is dead, the greater Perfon he was, theindian-
more expenfive is hisFuneral. The firlt thing which is done>Burixi of".
is, to place the neareit Relations near the Corps, who mourn Ui'lrI)^"
and weep very much, having their Hair hanging down their

Shoulders;.

Mil

M

150

Indian
Fmieral
Sermon.

An Account of the Indians

Shoulders, in a very forlorn manner. After the dead Per-
.fon has Jain a Day and a Night, in one of their Hurdles of
Canes, commonly infome Out-Houfe made for that puroofe
thofe that officiate about the Funeral, go into the Town1 and
the firit young Men they meetwithal, that have Blankets or
Match Coats on, whom they think fit for ■ their Turn*- they
,ftrip them from their Backs, who fuffer them fo to do, 'with-
out any Refinance. In thefe they wrap the dead Bodies, and
cover them with two or three Mats, which the Indians make
of Ruihes or Cane -? and laft of all, they have a long Web
of woven Reeds, or hollow Canes, which -is the Coffin of
the Indians, and is brought round feveral times , and tied
faft at both ends, which indeed, looks very decent and
well. Then the Corps is brought out of the Houfe, into
the Orchard of Peach-Trees* where another Hurdle is made
to receive it, about which comes all the Relations and Na-
tipn that the dead Perfon belong'd to, belides feveral from
other Nations in Alliance with them * all which fit down on
the Ground, upon Mats fpread there, for that purpofe;
where the Do&or or Conjurer appears * and , after fome
time, makes a Sort of 0-yesy at which all are very iilent-
then he begins to give an Account, who the dead Perforl
was, and how ftout a Man heapprov'd himfelf* how many
Enemies and Captives he had kill'd and taken* how ftrong
tall, and nimble he was * that he was a great Hunter, a Lover
of his Country, and poflefs'd of a great many beautiful Wives
and Children, efteem'd the greateft of Bleffings among thefe
Savages, in which they have a true Notion. Thus this Ora-
tor runs on, highly extolling the dead Man, for his Valour
Conduct, Strength , Riches, and Good-Humour- and enu-
merating his Guns, Slaves and almoft every thing he was pof-
fefs'd of, when living. After which, he addrefles himfelf to
the People of that Town or Nation, and bids them fupply
the dead Man's Place, by following his fteps, who, he aflures
them, is gone into the Country of Seuls, (which they
think lies a great way off, in this World, which the Sun vi-
fits, in his ordinary Courfe) and that he will have the Enjoy-
ment of handfome young Women, great Store of Deer to
hunt, never meet with Hunger, Cold or Fatigue, but every
•thing to anfwer his Expectation and Defire. This is the
Heaven they propofe to themftlves * but, on the contrary,

for

of North-Carolina.

181

for thofe Indians that are lazy, thievifh amongft themfelves,
bad Hunters, and no Warriours, nor of much Ufe to the Na-
tion, to fuch they allot, in the next World, Hunger, Cold,
Troubles , old ugly Women for their Companions, with
Snakes, and all forts of nafty Viduals to feed on. Thus is
mark'd out their Heaven and Hell. After all this Harangue,
he diverts the People with fome of their Traditions, as when
there was a violent hot Summer, or very hard Winter -, when
any notable Diftempers rag'd amongft them •, when they
were at War with fuch and fuch Nations ; how victorious Indian
they were; and what were the Names of their War-Cap- rraditions.
tains. To prove the times more exaftly, he produces the
Records of the Country, which are a Parcel of Reeds, of
different Lengths , with feveral diftindt Marks, known to
none but themfelves ; by which they feem to guefs, very ex-
actly, at Accidents that happen'd many Years ago ; nay two
or three Ages or more. The Reafon I have to believe what
they tell me, on this Account, is, becaufe I have been at the
Meetings of feveral Indian Nations ; and they agreed, in re-
lating the fame Circumftances, as to Time, very exactly •, as,
for Example, they fay, there was fo hard a Winter in Caro-
lina, 105 years ago, that the great Sound was frozen over,
and the Wild Geefe came into the Woods to eat Acorns, and Abvl
that they were fo tame, (I fuppdfe, through Want) that they WmtT'
kill'd abundance in the Woods, by knocking them on the
Head with Sticks.

But, to return to the dead Man. When this long Tale is
ended, by him that fpoke firft ; perhaps, a fecond begins
another long Story 5 fo a third, and fourth, if there be fo
many Dodlors prefent \ which all tell one and the fame thing.
At laft, the Corps is brought away from that Hurdle to the
Grave, by four young Men, attended by the Relations, the
King, old Men, and all the Nation. When they come to
the Sepulcre, which is about fix Foot deep, and eight Foot
long, having at each end (that is, at the Head and Foot) a
Light-Wood, or Fitch-Pine Fork driven clofe down the
fides of the Grave, firmly into the Ground \ (thefe two imement
Forks are to contain a Ridge-Pole, as you mail underftand in the
prefently) before they lay the Corps into the Grave, they<?r*™?.
cover the bottom two or three times over with Bark of Trees,
then they letdowa the Corps (with two Belts, that the /a-

B b dims

i'8a

An Account of the Indians

diam carry their Burdens withal) very leifurely , upon the
faid Barks ; then they lay over a Pole of the fame Wood, in
the two Forks, and having a great many Pieces of Pitch-Pine
Logs, about two Foot and a half long, they ftick them in the
fides of the Grave down each End, and near the Top thereof,
where the other Ends lie on the Ridge- Pole, fo that they are
declining like the Roof of a Houfe. Thefe being very thick-
plac'd, -they cover them ( many times double) with Bark;
then they throw the Earth thereon, that came out of the
Grave, and beat it down very firm; by this Means , the
dead Body lies in a Vault, nothing touching him; fo that
when 1 faw this way of Burial, I was mightily pleas'd with it,
efteeming it very decent and pretty, as having {sen. a great
many Chriflians buried without the tenth Part of that Cere-r
.mony and Decency. Now, when the Flelh is rotted and
moulder'd from the Bone , they take up the Carcafs, and
clean the Bones, and joint them together; afterwards, they
. drefs them up in pure white drefs'd Deer-Skins, and lay them
'^ttoh. amongft their Grandees and Kings in the Quiogoz.on, which
" is their Royal Tomb or Burial-Place of their Kings and War-
Captains. This is a very large magnificent Cabin, (according
to their Building) which is rais'd at the Publick Charge of the
Nation, and maintained in a great deal of Form and Neat*
nefs. About feven foot high, is a Floor or Loft made,' on
which lie all their Princes, and Great Men, that have died
for feveral hundred Years, all attir'd iii the Drefs I before
told you of. No Perfon is to have his Bones lie here, and to
be thus drefs'd, unlefshe gives a round Sum of their Money to
the Rulers, for Admittance. If they remove never fo far, to
live in a Foreign Country, they never fail to take all thefe
dead Bones along with them , though the Tedioufnefs of
their fhort daily Marches keeps, them never fo long on their
Journey. They reverence and adore this Quiogoz.on^ with all
the Veneration and Refped that is poffible for fuch a People
to difcharge, and had rather lofe all, than have any Violence
or Injury offerd thereto. Thefe Savages differ fome fmall
matter in their Burials; fome burying right upwards, and
otherwife, as you are acquainted withal in my Journal from
M tnm S°utri to North Carolina ; Yet they all agree in their Mourn-
:orihl ing> which is, to appear every Night, at theSepulcre, and
howl and weep in a very difmal manner, having their Faces

dawb'd:

2on

Idols at
the Bids.

'.Dead.

of North'Carolina.

dawb'd over with Light-wood Soot, (which is the fame as
Lamp-black) and Bears Oil. This renders them as black as
it is poflible to make themfelves, fo that theirs very much
refemble the Faces of Executed Men boil'd in. Tar. If the
dead Perfon was a Grandee, to carry on the Funeral Cere-
monies, they hire People to cry and lament over the dead
Man. Of this fort there are feveral, that pra&ife it for a
Livelihood, and are very expert at Shedding abundance of
Tears, and howling like Wolves, and fo difcharging their Indians
Office with abundance of Hypocrify and Art. The Women hirei w
are never accompanied with thefe Ceremonies after Death •, murv°
and to what World they allot that Sex, I never underftood,
unlefs, to wait on their dead Husbands ; but they have more
Wit, than fome of the Eaftern Nations, who facrifice them-
felves to accompany their Husbands into the next World.
It is the dead Man's Relations, by Blood, as his Uncles, Bro-
thers, Sifters, Couflns, Sons, and Daughters, that mourn in
good earneft, the Wives thinking their Duty js difcharg'd,
and that they are become free, when their Husband is dead ;
fo, as faft as they can, look out for another, to fupply his
Place.

As for the Indian Women, which now happen in my Way ;
when young, and at Maturity, they are as fine-fhap'd Crea-
tures (take them generally) as any in the Univerfe. They are
of a tawny Complexion •, their Eyes very brisk and amorous 5 ^dian
their Smiles afford the fineft, Compofure a Face can poffefs ; hm&fomc.
their Hands are of the finefl Make, with fmall long Fingers,
and as foft as their Cheeks 5 and their whole Bodies of a
fmooth Nature. They are not fo uncouth or unlikely, as
we fuppofe them 5 nor are they Strangers or not Proficients
in the foft Paffion. They are moft of them mercenary, ex-
cept the married Women, who fometimes beftow their Fa-
vours alfo to fome or other, in their Husbands Abfence.
For which they never ask any Reward. As for the Report,
that they are never found unconftant, like the Europeans, it i^MmM
wholly falfe ; for were the old World and the new one put into Women tm»
a Pair of Scales fin point of Conftancy) it would be a hard«>«faw*«
Matter to difcern which was the heavier. A; for the Trading ^l"S
Girls, which are thofe defign'd to get Money by their ^
Natural Parts, thefe are difcernable, by the Cut of their
Hair j their Tonfure differing from all others, of that Nati-
"."•'- B b 2 on,

84-

An Account of the Indians

Indian
Traders

Indian^

Wives,

on, who are not of their Profeflion } which Method is in-
tended to prevent Miftakes ^ for the Savages of America are
defirous (if poflible) to keep their Wives to themfelves, as
well as thofe in other Parts of the World. When any Ad-
dreiTes are made to one of thefe Girls, ihe immediately ac-
quaints her Parents therewith, and they tell the King of it,
(provided he that courts her be a Stranger) his Majefty com-
monly being the principal Bawd of the Nation he rules over,
and there feldom being any of thefe Winchefter- Weddings a-
greed on, without his Royal Confent. He likewife advifes
her what Bargain to make, and if it happens to be an Indian
Trader that wants a Bed-fellow, and has got Rum to fell, be
fure, the King mull: have a large Dram for a Fee, to con-
firm the Match. Thefe Indians, that are of the elder fort,
when any fuch Queftion is put to them, will debate the Mat-
ter amongft themfelves with all the Sobriety and Serioufnefs
imaginable, every one of the Girl's Relations arguing the
Advantage or Detriment that may enfue fuch a Night's En-
counter -7 all which is done with as much Steadinefs and Rea-
lity, as if it was the greateft Concern in the World,, and no*
fo much as one Perfon ihall be feen to fmile, fo long as the
Debate holds, making no Difference betwixt an Agreement
of this Nature, and a Bargain of any other. If they com-
ply with the Men's Defire, then a particular Bed is provided
for them, either in a Cabin by themfelves, or elfe all the
young people turn out, to another Lodging, that they may
not fpoil Sport ; and if the old People are in the fame Cabin
along with them all Night, they lie as unconcern'd, as if
they were fo many Logs of Wood. If it be an Indian of
their own Town or Neighbourhood, that wants a Miftrefs,
he comes to none but the Girl, who receives what Ihe thinks
fit to ask him, and fo lies all Night with him, without the
Confent of her Parents.

The Indian Traders are thofe which travel and abide a-
mongft the Indians for a long fpace of time ; fometimes for a
Year, two, or three. Thefe Men have commonly their In*
dian Wives, whereby they foon learn the Indian Tongue, keep
a Friendfhip with the Savages^ and, befides: the Satisfadioii
of a She-Bed-Fellow, they find thefe Indian Girls very fer-
vieeable to them, on Account of dreffing their Visuals, and
intruding 'em in the Affairs and Cuftoms of the Country-
More-

of North-Carolina.

Moreover, fuch a Man gets a great Trade with the Savages ;
for when a Perfbn that lives amongft them, is referv'd from
the Converfation of their Women, 'tis impoflible for him
ever to accomplifh his Defigns amongft that People.

But one great Misfortune which oftentimes attends thole
that converfe with thefe Savage Women, is, that they get
Children by them, which are feldom educated any otherwife
than in a State of Infidelity ; for it is a certain Rule and Cu-
ftom, amongft all the Savages of America, that I was ever
acquainted withal, to let the Children always fall to the Wo-
man's Lot-, for it often happens, that two Indians that have children -
liv'd together, as Man and Wife, in which Time they have^0 w;th
had feveral Children ; if they part, and another Man poffef- the Wo~
fes her, all the Children go along with the Mother, and none men.
with the Father. And therefore, on this Score, it ever feems
impoflible for the Chriftians to get their Children (which they
have by thefe Indian Women) away from them \ whereby
they might bring them up in the Knowledge of the Chri-
ftian Principles. Neverthelefs, we often find, that Englijk
Men, and other Europeans that have been accuftom'd to the
Converfation of thefe favage Women, and their Way of
Living, have been foallur'd with that earelefs fort of Life,
as to be conftant to their Indian Wife, and her Relations, fo
long as they liv'd, without ever defiring to return again a-
mongft the EngUJh, although they had very fair Opportuni-
ties of Advantages amongft their Countrymen ; of which fort
I have known feveral.

As for the Indian Marriages, I have read and heard of a
great deal of Form and Ceremony ufed, which I never faw,
nor yet could learn in the Time I have been amongft them, a-
ny otherwife than I fhall here give you an Account of y which
is as follows..

When any young Indian has a Mind for fuch a Girl' to his
Wife, he, or fome one for him* goes to the young Woman's
Parents , if living*, if not, to her neareft Relations •, where
they; make Offers of the Match betwixt the Couple. The
Relations reply, they willconfider of it, which ferves for a
fufficient Anfwer, till there be a fecond Meeting about the
Marriage, which is generally brought into Debate before all
the Relations (that are old People) on both Sides •, and fome- Jjdiari
times the King, with all his great Men, give their Opinions Mmw&*>-

there-

Indians
buy their
Wives.

Indian
Men not
vigorous.

An Account of the Indians

therein. If it be agreed on, and the young Woman approve
thereof, ( for thefe Savages never give their Children in.
Marriage, without their own Gonfent) the Man pays fo
much for his Wife \ and the handfomer (he is, the greater
Price me bears. Now, it often happens, that the Man has
not fo much of their Money ready, as he is to pay for his
Wife *, but if they know him to be a good Hunter, and that
he can raife the Sum agreed for, in fome few Moons, or any
little time, they agree,* fhe fhall go along with him, as be-
troth'd, but he is not to have any Knowledge of her, till
the utmoft Payment is difcharg'd} all which is punctually
obferv'd. Thus, they lie together under one Covering for
feveral Months, and the Woman remains the fame as Ihe was
when fhefirftcame to him. I doubt, our Europeans would be
apt to break this Cuftom, but the Indian Men are not fo vi-
gorous and impatient in their Love as we are. Yet the Wo-
men are quite contrary, and thofe Indian Girls that have con-
vers'd * with the EngUJhand other Europeans, never care for
the Converfation of their own Countrymen afterwards.

They never marry fo near as a firft Coufin ; and although
there is nothing more coveted amongft them, than to marry
a Woman of their own Nation, yet when the Nation confifts
of a very few People (as now adays it often happens) fo
-that they are all of them related to one another, then they
look out for Husbands and Wives amongft Strangers. For
if an Indian lies with his Sifter, or any very near Relation, his
Body is burnt, and his Ames thrown into the River, as un-
worthy to remain on Earth •, yet an Indian is allow'd to
marry two Sifters, or his Brothers Wife. Although thefe
People are calPd Savages, yet Sodomy is never heard of a-
mongftthem, and they are- fo far from the Practice of that
beaftly and loathfome Sin, that they have no Name for it in
all their Language.

The Marriages of thefe Indians are no farther binding, than
the Man and Woman' agree together. Either of them has
Liberty to leave the other, upon any frivolous Excufe they
can make*, yet whofoever takes the Woman that was ano-
ther Man's before, and bought by Mm, as they all are, muft
certainly pay to her former Husband, whatfoever he gave for
her. Nay, if fhe be a Widow, and her Husband died in Debt,
whofoever takes her to Wife, pays all her Husband's Obliga-
tions.

■ nfTiT ■' - -i ii

of North-Carolina.'

187

tions, though never fo many ; yet the Woman is not required
to pay any thing (unlefs me is willing) that was owing from
her Husband, fo long as {he keeps Single. But if a Man courts
her for a Nights Lodging, and obtains it, the Creditors will
•make him pay her Husband's Debts, and he may, if hewillv
take her for his Money, or fell her to another for his Wife.
I havefeen feveral of thefe Bargains driven in a day, for you
may fee Men felling their Wives as Men do Horfes in a Fair,^- .
a Man being allow'd not only to change as often as he pleafes, ^vgjt
but likewife to have as many Wives as he is able to maintain.
I have oftenfeen, that very old Jndlkn Men (that have been Indian
Grandees in their own Nation^ have had three or foutr very 'MnJ Wi*
likely young Indian Wives, which I have much wondered at,w*
becaufe to me they feern d incapacitated to make good Ufe of
one of them.

The young Men will go in the Night from one Houfe to
another, to vifltthe young Women, in which fort of Ram-
bles they will fpend the whole Night. In their AddrefTes N;ght
they find no "Delays, for if fhe is willing to entertain the Hambks>~
Man, ihe gives him Encouragement and grants him Admit-
tance \ otherwife Ihe withdraws her Face from him, and
fays, I cannot fee you, either you or I muft leave this Cabin^
and deep fomewhere elfe this Night.

They are never to boaft of their Intrigues with the Wo-
men. If they do, none of the Girls value them everaften,
or admit of their Company in their Beds. This proceeds
not on the fcore of Reputation, for there is no fuch thing
(on that account; known amongft them ; and although we
may reckon them the greateft Libertines and moft extrava-
gant in their Embraces, yet they retain and poflefs a Mo~
defty that requires thofe Paflions never to be divulged.

The Trading Girls, after they have led that Courfe of
Life, for feveral Years, in which time they fcarce ever have
a Child-, (for they have an Art to deftroy the Conception,
and fhe thatbrings a Child in this Station,is accounted a Fool,
and her Reputation is lefTen'd thereby)at laft they grow weary
of fo many, and betake themfelves to a married State, or to#"%
the Company of one Man -? neither does their having beea.Girh
common to fo many any wife lefTen their Fortunes, butl rather JX^

augment tli^m ' ,BiJ*

I

augment them,

The

i8g

An Account of the Indians

Womatm The Woman is not punifli'd for Adultery, but 'tis the Man

purijh'd
for Adul
terj*

Niver

that makes the injur'd Perfon Satisfaction, which is the Law
of Marions pradis'd amongft them all ; and he that ftrives
to evade fuch Satisfaction as the Husband demands lives
daily in Danger of his Life; yet when difcharg'd, all Ani-
mofity islaidafide,and the Cuckold is very well pleafed with
liis Bargain , whilft the Rival is laugh'd at by the whole
Nation, for carrying on his Intrigue with no better Condud,
than to be difcover'd and pay fo dear for his Pieafure.

The Indians fay, that the Woman is a weak Creature and
eafily drawn away by the Man's Perfuafioni for which Rea-
fon, they lay no Blame upon her, but the Man (that ought
to be Matter of his Paflion) for perfuading her to it.
They are of a very hale Conftitution; their Breaths are as
zevff-wii.fweetasthe Air they breathe in, and the Woman feems to
be of that tender Compofition, as if they were delign'd rather
for the Bed then Bondage. Yet their Love is never of that
Force and Continuance, that any of them ever runs Mad or
makes away with themfelves on that fcore. They never love
beyond Retrieving their firft IndifFerency, and when flighted
.are as ready to untie the Knot at one end, as you are at the
other.

Yet I knew an European Man that had a Child or two by
one of thefe Indian Women, and afterwards married a Chri-
stian, after which he came to pafs away a Night with his
Indian Miftrefs ; but (he made Anfwer that ftie then had for-
got fhe ever knew him, and that lhe never lay with another
Woman's Husband, fo fell a crying, and took up the Child
ftiehadbyhim, and went out of the Cabin (away from him")
In great Difordei*. f

Indian The Indian Womens Work is to cook the Vi&uals for the
Zlmhey whole Family, and to make Mats, Baskets, Girdles of Pof-
io. fum-Hair, and fuch-hke. They never plant the Corn a-

Iroquois mongft us, as they do amongft the Iroquois, who are always
greaWafi&t War and Hunting ; therefore, the Plantation Work is left
noun, for the Women a nd Slaves to perform, and look after • whilft
they arewandring all over the Continent betwixt the two
Bays of Mexico and St. Laurence.
Mats haw The Mats the Indian Women make, are of Rufhes and a-
madc. bout five Foot high, and two Fathom long, and few'd' double"
that is, two together ; whereby they become very commo-
dious

of North-Carolina.

■ *- nt-- ■■-*■■ -"-

189

dious to lay under our Beds,Nor to fleep on in the Summer
Seafoii in the Day-time, and for our Slaves ia the Night.

There are other Mats made of Flags, which the Tushruro
Indians make, and fell to the Inhabitants.

The Baskets our Neighbouring Indians make, are all made Bjstetf.
of a very fine fort of Bulrufhes, and fometimes of - Silk-grafS",
which they work with Figures of Bealts, Birds, Fifties, &c.

A great way up in the Country, both Baskets and Mats
are made of the fplit Reeds, which are only the outward
{hining Part of the Cane. Of thefe I have feen Mats, Baskets,
and Dreffing-Boxes, very artificially done.

The Savage Women of America, have very eafy Travail
with their Children } fometimes they, bring Twins, and are
brought to bed by themfelves, when took at a Difad vantage ;
not but that they have Midwives amongfb them, as well as
Doctors, who make it their Profeifion (for Gain) to aflift and
deliver Women, and fome of thefe Midwives are very know-
ing in feveral Medicines that Carolina affords, which certainly
expedite, and make eafy Births. Befides, they are unac-
quainted with thofe fevere Pains which follow the Birth in
our European Women. Their Remedies area great Caufeof . .

tliis Eaiinefs in that State ; for the Indian Women will run j ..
up and down the Plantation, the fame day, very briskly, and y^ves.
without any fign of Pain or Sicknefs -, yet they look very
meager and thin. Not but that we mult allow a great deal
owing to the Climate, and the natural Conftitution of thefe
Women, whofe Courfe of Nature never viflts them in fuch -
Quantities, as the European Women have. And tho' they
never want Plenty of Milk, yet I never faw an Indian Wo-
man with very large Breafts ; neither does the youngeft Wife
ever fail of proving fogood a Nurfe, as to bring her Child
up free from the Rackets and Difafters that proceed from the
Teeth, with many other Diftempers which attack our Infants
in England, and other Parts of Europe. They let their Chil-
dren fuck till they are well grown, unlefs they prove big with
Child fooner. They always nurfe their own Children them- r r
felves, unlefs Sicknefs or Death prevents. I once faw SLrunf
Nurfe hired to give Suck to an Indian Woman's Child, whi^h y^
you have in my Journal. After Delivery, they abfent the
Company of a Man for forty days. As foon as the Child is
born, they wafh it ia cold Water at the next Stream, and

C c then

An Account of the Indians

Indian

Wsmsns

Habit,

then bedawb it, as I have mention'd before. After which,
the Husband takes care to provide a Cradle, which is foon
made, confifting of a Piece of flat Wood, which they hew
with their Hatchets to the Likenefs of a Board \ it is about
two Foot long, and a Foot broad ; to this they brace and
tie the Child down very clofe, having, near the middle, a
Stick faften'd about two Inches from the Board, which is for
the Child's Breech to reft on, under which they put a Wad
of Mofs , that receives the Child's Excrements, by which
means they can fhift the Mofs, and keep all clean and fweet.
Some Nations have very flat Heads, as you have heard in my
Journal, which is made whilft tied on this Cradle, as that
Relation informs you. Thefe Cradles are apt to make the
Body flat \ yet they are the molt portable things that can be
invented} for there is a String which goes from one Corner
of the Board to the other, whereby the Mother flings her
Child on her Back-, fo the Infant's Back is towards hers, and
its Face looks up towards the Sky. If it rains, fhe throws
her Leather or Woollen Match-coat, over her Head, which'
covers the Child all over, and fecufes her and it from the
injuries of rainy Weather. The Savage Women quit all Com-
pany, anddrefsnot their own Vi&uals, during their -Purga-
tions. ' „

After they have had feveral Children, they grow itrange-
ly out of Shape in their Bodies -, As for Barrennefs, I never
3uiew any of their Women , that have not Children when

marry'd. , , . _, \ . .

TheWomensDrefsis, in fevere Weather, a hairy Match-
coat in the Nature of a Plad, which keeps out the Cold, and
(as I faid before) defends their Children from the Prejudices
of the Weather. At other times, they have only a fort of
Flap or Apron containing two Yards in Length, and better
than half a Yard deep. Sometimes, it is a Deer-Skin drefs'd
white, and pointed or flit at the bottom, like Fringe. When
this is clean, it becomes them very well. Others wear blue
or red Flaps made of Bays and Plains, which they buy or the
Zwlifc of both which they tuck in the Corners, to fatten
the Garment, and fometimes make it fait with a Belt. All
of them, when ripe, have a fmall String round the Wafte, to
which another is tied and comes between their Legs, where
always is a Wad of ■ Mofs againft the OipSis \ but never any

of North-Girolina.

*9

Hair is there to be found: Sometimes, they wear Indian
Shooes, or Moggizons, which are made after the fame man-
ner, as-the Mens are.

The Hair of their Heads is made into a long Roll like a
Horfes Tail, and bound round with Ronoak or TorceUn, which
is a fort of Beads they make of the Conk-Shells. Others that
have not this, make a Leather-String ferve.

The Indian Men have a Match-Coat of Hair, Furs, Fea-Indian
thers, or Cloth, as the Women have. Their Hair is roll'd Jv&
up, on each Ear, as the Womens, only much Ihorter, and .•
oftentimes a Roll on the~Crown of the Head, or Temples,
which is juft as they fancy i there being no Stri&nefs in their
Drefs. Betwixt their Legs comes a Piece of Cloth, that is
tuck'd in by a Belt both before and behind. This is to hide
their Nakednefs, of which Decency they are very ftrict Ob-
fervers, although never pradtifed before the Chriftians came
amongir. them. They wear Shooes, of Bucks, and fometimes
Bears Skin , which they tan in an Hour or two ; with the
Bark of Trees boil'd, wherein theypuvthe Leather whilft
hot, and let it remain a little while, whereby it becomes fo
qualify'd, as to endure Water and Dirt, without growing '
hard. Thefe have no Heels, and are made as fit for the
Feet, as a Glove is for the Hand, and are very eafie to travel
mi, when one is a little us'd to them. When thefe Savages
live near the Water, they frequent the Rivers in Summer- Indians
time very much, where both Men and Women very often in majbing-
a day go in naked to warn themfelves, though not both Sexes in.tbe
together. *lver-

Their Feather Match-Coats are very pretty, efpecially
fomeofthem, which are made extraordinary charming, con-
taining feveral pretty Figures wrought in Feathers, making
them feem like a fine Flower Silk-Shag; and when new andMatrt-
frefh, they become a Bed very well, inftead of a Quilt. Somec»^ bote
of another fort are made of Hare, Raccoon j Bever, or Squir-^^'
rel-Skins, which are very warm. Others again are made of
the green Part of the Skin of a Mallard's Head, which they
few perfectly well together, their Thread being either the
Sinews of a Deer divided very fmall, or Silk-Grafs. When
thefe are finifh'd, they look very finely, though they mult
needs be very tsoublefome to make. Some of their great
Men¥ as Rulers and fuch, that have Plenty of Deer Skins _

Cc 2 by

s92

An Account of the Indians

Chiliii
Indians.

Hatteras
Indians.

Tainting
jar War.

by them, will often buy the Englijh-m3.de Goats, which they
wear on Feftivals and other Days of Viiiting, Yet none eveF
buy any Breeches, faying, that they are too much confin'd
in them, which prevents their Speed in running, &c.

We have fome Indians, that are more civilized than the reffc,
which wear Hats, Shooes, Stockings, and Breeches, with
very tolerable Linnen Shirts, which is not common amongfb
thefe Heathens. The Pafpitank Indians did formerly keep
Cattle, and make Butter.

Thefe are them that wear the Englijh Drefs. Whether,
they have Cattle now or no, I am not certain-, but I am of
the Opinion, that fuch Inclinations in the Savages mould
meet with Encouragement, and every Englijhman ought to do
them Juftice, and not defraud them of their Land, which,
has been allotted them formerly by the Government ; for if
we do not Ihew them Examples of Juftice and Vertue, ws
can never bring them to believe us to be a.wor.thier Race, of
Men than themfelves.

The Drefles of thefe People are fo different, according to?
the Nation that they belong to, that it is impoffible to re-
count all the whimfical Figure's that they fometimes make by.
their Antick Drefles. Befides, Carolina is a warm Country,
and very mild in its Winters, to what Virginia, Maryland, Ten*
fylvania, Neve-York, the Jerfeys7.and New- England are \ where-
fore, our Indians Habit very much differs from the. Drefles
that appear amongft the Savages wlio inhabit thofe cold
Countries ; in regard their chiefeft Cloathing for the Winter-
Seafon is made of the Furs of Bever, Raccoon, and other
Northern Furs, that our Climate is not acquainted withal,
they producing fome Furs, as the Monad, Moor, Marten*
Black Fox, and others to us unknown.

Their Drefs in Peace and War, is quite different Befides,
when they go to. War, their Hair is comb'd out by the Wo*-
men, and done over very much with Bears Greafe, and red.
Root; with Feathers, Wings, Rings, Copper, and Peak, or
Wampum in their Ears. Moreover, they buy Vermillion of
the Indian Traders , wherewith they paint their Faces all.
over red, and commonly make a Circle of Black about one.
Eye, and another Circle of White about the. other, whilft.
others bedawb their Faces with Tobacco-Pipe Clay, Lamp-
Mack, black Lead, and divers other Golours, which they,

jfiake.

of North-Carolina.

make with the feveral forts of Minerals and Earths that
they get in different Parts of the Country, where they hunt
and travel. When thefe Creatures are thus painted, they
make the moft frightful Figures that can be imitated by Men,
and feem more like Devils than Humane Creatures. You may
befure, that they areabout fome Mifchief, when you fee them'
thus painted •, for in all the Hoftilities which have ever been
a&ed againft the Englifl) at any time, in feveral of the Planta- ,
tions of America, the Savages always appear'd in this Dif-.
guize , whereby they might never after be difcover'd, or
known by any of the Chriftians that mould happen to fee-
them after they had made their Efcape ^ for it is impoffible,.
ever to know an Indian under thefe Colours, although he has
been at your Houfe a thoufand times, and you know him, af
other times, as well, as you do any Perfon living. As for
their Women, they never ufe any Paint on their Faces ; nei-
ther do they ever carry them along with them into the Field,
when they intend any Expedition, leaving-them at home with'
the old Men and Children.

Sorrie of the Indians wear great Bobs in their Ears, dmmasMh
fometimes in. the Holes thereof they put Eagles and other-
Birds, Feathers, for a Trophy. When they kill any .Fowl,
they commonly pluck off the downy Feathers, and ftick them -
all over their Heads. Some (both Men and Women; wear
great Necklaces of their Money made of Shells. They of-
ten wear Bracelets made of. Brafs, and fometimes of Iron
Wire. ' -" - .

Their Money is of different forts, but all made of Shells, Indian.
which are found on the Coaft of Carolina, which are very *&»*>-
large and hard, fo that they are very difficult to cut: Some
EngUfr Smiths have try'd to drill this fort' of Shell-Money,
and ^hereby thought to get an Advantage-, but itprov'd fo
hard, that nothing could be gain'd. They oftentimes make,
of this Shell, a fort of Gorge, which they wear about their
Neck in a ftring \ fo it hangs on their Collar, whereon fame-
times is engraven a Crofs, or fome odd fort of Figure, which
comes next in their Fancy" There are other forts valued at
a Doe-Skin, yet the Gorges will fometimes fell for three or
four Buck-Skins ready dreft. There be others, that eight of
them go readily for a Doe Skin , but the general a-nd current
Species of all the Indians in Carolina^ arid, I believe, all over

the.

i I

194-

An Account of the Indians

the Continent, as far as the Bay of Mexico, is that which
we call Teak, and Ronoak ; but Peal more efpecially. This is
that which at Nerv-Tork, they call Wampum, and have ufed it
as current Money araongffc the Inhabitants for a great
many Years. This is what many Writers call Porcelan, and
is made at New-Tork in great Quantities, and with us in fome
meafure. Five Cubits of this purchafe a drefs'd Doe-Skin, and
feven or eight purchafe a drefs'd Buck-Skin. An English*
man could not_ afford to make fo much of this Wampum for
five or ten times the Value.} for it is made out of a vaft great
Shell, of which that Country affords Plenty ; where it is
ground fmaller than the final! End of a tobacco-Pipe, or a
large Wheat-Straw. Four or five of thefe make an Inch, and
every one is to be drill'd through, and made as fmooth as
Glafs, andfo ftrung, as Beds are, and a Cubit of the Indian
Meafure contains as much in Length, as will reach from the
Elbow to the End of the little Finger. They never Hand to
queftion, whether it is a tall Man, or a fhort one, that mea-
fures it ; but if this Wampum Teak be black or purple, as fome
Part of that Shell is, then it is twice the Value. This the
Indians grind on Stones and other things, till they make it
current, but the Drilling is the moll difficult to the English-
men, which the Indians manage with a Nail ftuck in a Cane
or Reed. Thus they roll it continually on their Thighs, with
their Right-hand, holding the Bit of Shell with their Left,
fo in time they drill a Hole quite through it, which is a very
tedious Work ; but efpecially in making their Ronoak, four of
which will fcarce make one Length of Wampum. The Indi-
ans are a People that never value their time, fo that they can
afford to make them, and never need to fear the Englljh will
take the Trade out of their Hands. This is the Money with
which you may buy Skins, Furs, Slaves, or any thing, the
Indiahs have; it being the Mammon (as our Money is to us)
that entices and perfuades them to do any thing, and part
with every thing they poffefs, except their Children for Slaves.
As for their Wives, they are often fold, and their Daughters
violated for it. With this they buy off Murders ; and what-
foever a Man can do that is ill, this Wampum will quit him
of, -and make him, in their Opinion, good and vertuous,
though never fo black before.

All

of North-Carolina.

i

All the Indians give a Name to their Children, which is Indians
not the fame as the Father or Mother, but what they fancy. how
This Name they keep, (if Boys) till they arrive to the Age "*"'**•
of a Warriour, which is fixteen or feventeen Years •, then
they take a Name to themfelves, fometimes, Eagle, Panther,
Allegator, or fome fuch wild Creature ; efteeming nothing on
Earth worthy to give them a Name, but thefe Wild-Fowl,
and Beafts. Some again take the Name of a Fifh, which they
keep as long as they live.

The King is the Ruler of the Nation, and has others under Indian
him, to affift him, as his War-Captains, and Counfellors, ^inf *?*'
who are pick'd out and chofen from among the ancientefl ^
Men of the Nation he is King of. Thefe meet him in all
general Councils: and Debates, concerning War, Peace, E^ry
Trade, Hunting, and all the Adventures and Accidents oP™?1 a
Humane Affairs, which appear within their Verge; where ^"^efeJ
all Affairs are difcourfed of and argued fro and con, very de-*# the m-
Hberately (without making any manner of Parties or Divili- tion,
onsj for the Good of the Publick ; for, as they meet there to
treat, they difcharge their Duty with all the Integrity imagi-
nable, never looking towards their Own Intereft, before the
Publick Good. After every Man has given his Opinion, that
which has moft Voices, or,in Summing up, is found the molt
reafonable, that they make ufe of without any Jars and
Wrangling, and put it in Execution, the firft Opportunity
that offers.

The Succelfion falls not to the King's Son , but to his succejfim
Sifter's Son, which is a fureway to prevent Impoftofs in thehsm-
Succeflion. Sometimes they poifbn the Heir to make way for
another, which is not feldomdone, when they do not ap-
prove of -the Youth that is to fucceed them. The King hina-
felf is commonly chief Do&or in that Cure.

They are fo well verfed in Poifon, that they are often
found to poifon whole Families ; nay, moft of a Town , and
which is moft to be admired, they will poifon a running
Spring , or Fountain of Water, fo that whofoever drinks
thereof, fhall infallible die. When the Offender is difcover'd,
his very Relations urge for Death, whom nothing will ap=
peafe, but the moft cruel Torment imaginable, which is
executed in the moft publick Manner that it's poffibleto ztX
fuch a Tragedy in. For all the whole Nation, and all the

196

An Account of the Indians

Poifoning
Indians
hoxx> pu-
mjb'ed'.

Indians within a hundred Mile (if it is poffible to fend for
themj are fummon'd to come and appear at fuch a Place and
Time, tqfee and rejoyce at the Torments and Death offuch
a Perfon, who is the common and profefs'd Enemy to all the
friendly Indians thereabouts,. who now lies under the Con-
demnation of the whole Nation, and accordingly is to be
put to Death. Then all appear (young and old) from all
the adjacent Parts, and meet, with all the Expreffions of joy,
to confummate this horrid and barbarous Fea ft , which is
carried on after this difmal Manner. Firft, they bring the
Prifoner to the Place appointed for the Execution, where he
is fet down on his Breech on the Ground. Then they all get
about him, and you fhall not fee one forrowful or dejeded
Countenance amongfl them, but all very merrily difpos'd, as
if fome Comedy was to be acted, inftead of a Tragedy. He
that is appointed to be the chief Executioner, takes a Knife,
and bids him hold out his Hands, which he does, and then
cuts round theWrift through the Skin, which is drawn off
like a Glove, and flead quite off at the Fingers Ends ; then
they break his Joints and Bones, and buffet and torment hjm
after a very inhumane Manner, till fome violent Blow per-
haps ends his Days •, then they burn him to Ames, and
throw them down the River. Afterwards they eat, drink
and are merry, repeating all the Adions of the Tormentors
and the Prifoner, with a great deal of Mirth and Satif-
fadion. This Accufation is laid againft an Indian Heroe
fometimes wrongfully, or when they have a mind to get rid
of a Man that has more. Courage and Condud than his neigh-
bouring Kings or great Men ; then they alledge the Pradice
of polfoning Indians againft him, and make a Rehearfal of e-
very Indian that died for a year or two, and fay, that they
were poifon'd by fuch an Indian; which Reports ftir up all
the Pvelations of the deceafed againft the faid Perfon, and by
fuch means make him away prefently. In fome Affairs, theie
Savagesare very refervM and politick, and will attend a long
time with a great deal of Patience, to bring about their De-
figns •, they being never impatient or hafty in executing any
of their Defignsof Revenge.

Now I am gone fo far in giving an Account of the Indians
Temper, I will proceed ; and cangive you no other Gbara-
der of them, but that they are a very wary People, and are

never

w

Jorth-Girolina.

197

nevei* irjfry or impatient. Tho'y will endure a great many
MiSfetft-tinV^, ' Loiles, and Difapointmerits without mewing
th*rtftWfe«,-iii theieaft, vex'd or'u'tieafy. When they g6',by
Water, it there proves a Head-Wirid; they.' 'never1 vex and
fret, as the Europeans do, and let what Misfortune tome td
them, as will or can happen, they never 'relent. Befides, there
is one Vice very common every where, which I neve'r found
amongft them, which is Envying other Mens Hippinefs, be-
£aufe their Station is not equal to, or above, theifNeigh'bbu'rs.
Of this Sin I cannot fay 1 ever faw'an Exam'ple,"ttibugh 'they
are a People that fet as great a Value upon themfelves, as
any fort of Men in the Worlds upon which Account they
find fomething Valuable in themfelves above Riches,, Thus,
he that is" a good Wafriour, Is the proudeft Creature living .\ %.
and he that is an expert' Hunter, is efteerii'd By the People
arid himfelf-, yet all thefe are natural Vertues and Gifts,
and not Riches, which are as often in the PoOefTiOri of a Fool
as a Wife-man. Several of the Indians are pofTefVd of a great
many Skins, Wampum,- Ammunition, and what other things
are efteem'd Riches amongft themj yet fuch an Indian 'is
no more efteem'd amongft them, than arijf other ordinary
Fellow, provided he has no' perfbnal Endowments, which
are the Ornaments, that muft gain hi'rh an Efteem among
them \ for a great Dealer, amongft the Indians, is no other-
wife refpedted and efteemed, than as a Man that ftrains
his Wits, and fatigues himfelf, to furriiih others with NeceT-
faries of Life, that live much eafier and enjoy more of the
World, than he himfelf does, with all his Pelf. If they are
taken Captives, and expect a miferable Exit, they fing ; if Indians
Death approach them in Sicknefs, they are not afraid of, fftinot sfrtai
nor are ever heard to fay, Grant me fome time. They know t0 ile*
by Inftinct, and daily Example, that they muft die ; where-
fore, they have that great and noble Gift, to fubrait to every
thing that happens, and value nothing that attacks them.

Their Cruelty to their Prifoners of War is what they are
feemingly guilty of an Error in, (I mean as to a natural Fail-
ing) becaufe they ftrive to invent the moit inhumane Butch-
eries for them, that the Devils themfelves could invent, or
hammer out of Hell ^ they efteeming Death no Punilhment,
but rather an Advantage to him, that is exported out of this
into another World.

D d There-

98

An Account of the Indians

vfWar.

Therefore, they inflift on them Torments, wherein they
prolong Life in that miferable ftate as long as they can, and
never mifs Skulping of them, as they call it, which is, to cu£
off the Skin from the Temples, and taking the whole Head
of Hair along with it, as if it was a Night-cap. Sometimes,
they take the Top of the Skull along with it ; all which theyr
preferve, and carefully keep by them, for a Trophy of theii?
Conqueft over their Enemies. Others keep their Enemies
Teeth r which are taken in War, whilil others Iplit the
Pitch-Pine into Splinters, and Hick them into the Prisoners
Body yet alive. Thus they light them, which bum like, fa
Indians many Torches ; and in this manner, they make him dance
Cruelty to round a great Fire, everyone buffeting and deriding him,
Trifomrs tju he expires, when every one ftrives to get a Bone or ibme
Relick of this unfortunate Captive. One of the young Fel-
lows, that has been at the Wars, and has. had the Fortune
to take a Captive, returns the proudeft Creature on Earth,
and fets fuch a Value on himfelf, that he knows not how to
contain himfelf in his Senfes. The Iroquois, or Sinnagars, are
the molt Warlike Indians that we know of, being always at
War,, and not to be perfuaded from that Way of Living, D7
any Argument that can be ufed.. If you go to perfiiade them
to live peaceably with the Tushruros,, and let them be one.
People* and in cafe thofe Indians defire it, and will fubmit
to them, they will anfwer you, that they cannot live without
War, which they have ever been ufed to ; and that if Peace
"be made with the Indians they now war withal, they mult,
find out fome others to wage War againft -r for, for them to
live in Peace, is to live out of their Element,, War, Con-
cuieft, and Murder, being what they delight in, and value
t hemfelves for. When they take a Slave, and intend to keep,
him to Work in their Fields, they flea the Skin from the
Setting on of his Toes to the middle of his Foot, fo cut off
one half of his Feet, wrapping the Skin over the Wounds,
Indians and healing them. By this cruel Method, the Indian Captive
pa and is hinder d from making his Efcape^ for he can neither, rum
tut off ^r*faft or go any where, hut his Feet are more eafily traced.
JkJ* and difcoverd. Yet I know one Man who made his Efcape
fromthem, tho' they had thus difabled him, as you may fee in
any Journal;

of North-Carolina.

199

The Indians ground their Wars on Enmity, not on Interefl,
as the Europeans generally do ; for the Lofs of the meanelt
Perfon in the Nation, they will go to War and lay all at
Stake , and profecute their Defign to the utmoft •, till the
Nation they were injur'd by, be wholly deftroy'd, or make
them that Satisfaction which they demand. They are very
politick, in waging, and carrying on their War, firft by ad-
vifing with all the ancient Men of Conduct, and Reafon, that
belong to their Nation-, fuch as fuperannuated War-Cap-
tains, and thofe that have been Counfellors for many Years,
and whofe Advice has commonly fucceeded very well. They
have likewife their Field Counfellors, who are accuftomed
to Ambufcades, and Surprizes, which Methods are common-
ly ufed by the Savages ; for I fcarce ever heard of a Field-
Battle fought amongft them.

One of their Expeditions afforded an Inftance, worthy
mention, which was thus ; Two Nations of Indians here in
Carolina were at War together, and a Party of each were in
the Forelfc ranging to fee what Enemies they "could take.
The leflfer Number found they were difcover'd, and could not
well get over a River ( that lay betwixt them and their
home) without engaging the other Party, whofe Numbers
were much the greater •, fo they calfd a Council, which met,
and having weigh'd their prefent Circumftances with a great
deal of Argument and Debate, for a confiderable time, and
found their Enemies Advantage, and that they could expecl:
noSuccefs in Engaging fuch an unequal Number -, they, at
Iaft, concluded on this Stratagem, which, in my Opinion,
carried a great deal of Policy along with it. It was, That
the fame Night, they lhould make a great Fire, which they
were certain would be difcover'd by the adverfe Party, and
there drefs up Logs of Wood in their Cloaths, and make
them exactly feem like Indians, that were afleep by the Fire-
iide ; (which is their Way, when in the Woods) To, [aid they, (
our Enemies will fire upon thefe Images, fuppofing them to
be us, who will lie inAmbufcade, and, after their Guns are India
unloaded, fhall deal well enough with them. This Refult mthL
was immediately put in Execution, and the Fire was made
by the fide of a Valley, where they lay perdu very advanta-
geoufly. Thus, a little before Break of Day, (which com-
monly is the Hour they furprize their Enemies in) the Indi-

D d 2 aws.

200

An Account of the Indians

Macha'

punga

King

Charles.

ans came down to their Fire, and at once fired in upon taofe
Logs in the Indians Cioaths, and rua up to them; expecting
they had kih°d every Man dead; but they found themfelves
miftaken, for then the other Indians^ who had lain all 'the
Night ftark-naked in the Bottom, attaek'd them with their
loaded Pieces, which fo furprized them , that every Man
was taken Prifoner, and brought in bound to their Town:

Another; Inftance was betwixt the Maehapunga Indi'axjj
and the Coralline's, on- the Sand-Banks; which' was as follows.
The Macbapungas wexe invited to a.Feaft, by the Coranines%
(which two Nations had been a long time at War together,
and had lately concluded a Peace.) Thereupon, the . MaohJe-
punga Indians took the Advantage of coming to the Cdranina
Feaft, which, was to avoid all Sufpicion, and their King, 'wild,
of a Sav3ge, is a great Politician and very jftouE; order'd all
his, Men to carry'their Tamabauh along with them, hidden
under their Match-Goats, which they did; arid being ac-
quainted when to fall on, by. the Word given, they all (upon
- this Delign) fet forward for the Feaft, and came to the Car a-
nm Town, wherethey had gotten Victuals, Fruit, and fuch
thjngs.as make an. Indian Entertainment, all ready to make
thefe new Friends welGome,avhich they did \ and, after Din-
ner, towards the Evening, fasitiscuftomary amongft them*)
they. went. to. Dancing, all- together^ fo when the Macha-
pxnga King faw.the beft Opportunity offer, he gave the Word, .
and his Men pull'd their Tamabauh or Hatchets from under
their MatchrCoats, and kidl'd feveral, and tbolfiith'e reft Pri-
foners, except Tome few that were notprefent, and about
four or five that efcap'd. The Prifoners they fold Slaves' to
the Englijh- At the time this was done, thofe Indians had
nothing but Bows and Arrows, neither tide having Guns.

The Indians me "very-revengeful,1 and never: forget an In-
jury done, till they have reeeiv'd Satisfaction. Yet they are
. thefreeft People from Heats and ; Famous (which pofiefs the1*
pefift ~ Europeans) of anyl ever heard of. They never- call any Man
ladians. to account for what he did, when he was drunk ; but fay^ it
^was the Drink that caufedt his Misbehaviour, therefore he
"ought to be 'forgiven*. -They never- fre<juent:a :Ghriiian's
Houfethat is given to. Paffion,- nor will they ever buy befell
with him, if they can- get' the fame Commodities of any -a*

' ■ ther

of North-Carolina.

20 £

ther Perfon ; for they fay, fuch Men are mad Wolves, and
no more Men.

They know not what Jealoufy is, becaufe they never think Indians
their Wives are unconftant, unlefs they are Eye-witneiTes »«?<?<*-
thereof. They are generally very bafliful, efpecially the young lous-
Maids, who when they. come into a ftrange Cabin, where
they are not acquainted, never ask for any thing, though ne-
ver fo hungry, or thirfty, but lit down, without fpeaking a
Word (be'it never fo long) till fome of the Houfeasks them
a Queftion, or falls into Difcourfe, with the Stranger. I
never Taw a Scold amongft them, and to their Children they
are extraordinary tender and indulgent •, neither did I ever
fee a" Parent correct a Child, excepting one Woman, that
was the King's Wife, and fhe (indeed) did pqiTefs a Teniper
that is not commonly found, amongft them.- They are free
from all manner of Compliments, except Shaking of Hands,
and Scratching on the Shoulder, which two are the greateft
Marks of Sincerity and Friendfhip, that can be fhew'd one to
another. They cannot expxtfs fare you well;, but when they'lndians
leave theHoufe, will fay, Jgoftr^'ghtway, which5 is to jsafci- Compte-
mate their Departure } and if the Mail of the Houfe Jias'any mm'
MeiTage to. Tend by the goingMan, he may acquaint him '.»
therewith. Their Tongue allows not to fay, Sir, I am your
Servant, becaufe they, hav.e'no different Titles for Man, only
King, .War-Captain,, Old Man, or. Young Man, which, re-
fpectthe Stations and Circwroftanees Men are employed in,
and arriv'd to,r and not .Geremonyv As for Servant, 'they
have no fuch thing, except' Slave, and their Dogs, Cats, tame
or domeftick.Bea.fts, and Birds,, are calFd by the fame Name :
For the Indian- Word for Slave includes them all. So when an
Ind'an tells you he has gota Slave for you, it may (in general
Terms., as theyufe) be.' a young Eagle, & Dag, Ottsr, or
any other thing of that Nature, whlch.is&bfequiouiliytO de-
pend on the Mailer for its Suftenance.
. , They are never/fearful in the Night, nor do the Thoughts
©f Spirits ; ever trouble them.", fuch as the many Hobgoblins
and Bugbears that we fuck in with our Milk, and the
Foolery, of our Nurfes- and Servants fuggeft to us; I who.byincjians
their idje Tales of, Fairies, and Witches, make .fuch lm-mtarraid
preiTioosjtan, our tender -Years* that at Maturity, we carry of spirits.
PigmiesSoals, ia.Giaats Bodies, and ever after are thereby

3JOl

An Account of the Indians

;i i

: i

■ill I

fo, much depriv'd of Reafon, and unman'd, as never- to be
Mailers' of half the Bravery Nature defigivd for us,-

Not but that the Indians have as many Lying Stories of
Spirits and Conjurers, as any People in the World ; but they
tell it with no Difadvantage to themfelves -; for the great E-
fteem which the Old Men bring themfelves to, is by making
the others believe their Familiarity with Devils and Spirits,
and how great a Correfpondence they have therewith, which
if it once gains Credit, they ever after are held in the great-
eft. Veneration imaginable, and whatever they after impofe
upon the People, is receiv'd as infallible. They are fo little
llartkd at the Thoughts of another World, that they not
feldom murder themfelves •, as for Inftance, a JBear-River
Indian, a very likely young Fellow, about twenty Years of
Age, whofe Mother was angry at his drinking of too much
Rum, and chid him for it, thereupon reply'd, he would have
her fatisfied, and he would do the like no more •, upon which
he made his Words good ; for he went afide, and fhot him-
felf dead. This was a Son of the politick King of the Ma-
chapunga, I {poke of before, and has the molt Cunning of any
Indian I ever met withal.

Moll of the Savages are much addided to Drunkennefs, a
Vice they never were acquainted with, till the Chriftians
came amongll them. Some of them refrain drinking ftrong
Liquors, but very few of that fort are found amongll them.
Their chief Liquor is Rum, without any^ Mixture. This the
MqgHjh bring amongll them, and buy Skins, Furs, Slaves and
other of their Commodities therewith. They never are con-
tented with a little, but when once begun, they mull make
themfelves quite drunk ; otherwife they will never reft, but
fell all they have in the World, rather than not have their
full Dofe. In thefe drunken Frolicks, (which are always car-
ried on in the Night ) they fometimes murder one ano-
ther, fall into the Fire, fall down Precipices, and break their
Necks, with feveral other Misfortunes which this drinking of
- Rum brings upon them ; and tho' they are fenfible of it, yet
they have no Power to refrain this Enemy. About five years
ago, when Landgrave Daniel was Governour, he fummon'd
in all the Indian Kings and Rulers to meet, and in a full
Meeting of the Government and Council, with thote Indians,
they agreed upon a firm Peace, and tht Indian Rulers defired
• „ no

of North- Carolina.

a 03

no Rum might be fold to them, which was granted, and a
Law made, that infli&ed a Penalty on thofe that fold Rum
to the Heathens j but it was never ftridtly obferv'd, and
befides, the young Indians were fo difgufted at that Article*
that they threatned to kill the Indians that made it, unlefs it
was laid afide, and they might have Rum fold them, when
they went to the Englijhmens Houfes to buy it.

Some of the Heathens are fo very poor, that they have
no Manner of Cloaths, lave a Wad of Mofs to hide their
Nakednefs. Thefe are either lufty and will not work ; o-
therwife, they are. given to Gaming or Drunkeanefs; yet
thefe get Victuals as well as the reft, becaufethat is common
amongft them, If they are caught in theft they are Slaves till-
they repay the Perfon>(as Imention'd before) but to Ileal from
theEnglijh they reckon no Harm. Not but that I have
known fome few Savages that have been as free from Theft as
any oftheChriftians. When they have a Defign^to lie with a
Woman, which they cannot obtain any other-wife than by a
larger Reward than they ape able tQ give, they then ftrive to
make, her drunk, which a great many of them will be \ then
they take the Advantage, to do with them what they pleafe,
and fometimes in their Drunkennefs, cut off their Hair and
fell it to the. Englljhy which is the greatefl: Affront can be-
offer'd them. They never value Time*, for if they be going'
out to hunt , fifh , or any other indifferent Builnefs, you>
may keep them in talk as long as you pleafe, fo you but keep
them in Diicourfe, and feem pleafed with their Company 5!
yet none are more expeditious and fafer Meflengers than they,,
when any, extraordinary Bulinefs that they, are fent ahout re*
quires it. .

When they. are. upon travelling the Woods, they keep- a^of *,&
conftant Pace, neither will they ftride over a Tree that lies que/1 '.
crofs the Path, but always go round it, which is quite con- pea.
trary to the Cuftam of the Englijh , and other Europeans.-
When they cut with a Knife, the Edge is towards them,^*"'^
whereas we always, cut and whittle from, us. ; Nor did 1 f?'fc
ever lee one of them left-handed. Before the Chriftians came Tr«/f
amongft them, not knowing the Ufe of Steel and Flints,,they 0f fe£~
got their Fire with Sticks, which by vehement Colliflon, otNot lefts.
Rubbing together^ take Fire. This Method they will fcme-^^-

toffls&i

Git Sir.^::-

-^***^8S8«£

■~"T— — — ' — "

204

Ath^'imfitbfitbeJthdiMis

Indian
Comal's.

times praftife now, when it has happen'*! thro' rainy Wea-
ther, or Tanie oiiher. Accident^ that they have wiit their
Get The- S§fflfels£ whiclv is 'a -fok :©f -fofe corky Subftance, generailyof
a Cinnamon Col6urV and grows in the toncavc part ./of an
Oak, Hiccory, and feveral other Wood?^ being dug out with
an Ax, .and always kept by the Indians, infte'ad of Tinder or
Touch-wood, both which it exceeds. You are to undcr-
ftand, that the two Sticks they ufe- to ftrikeFire witha), are
never of one fort of Wood, but always differ from each 0-
ther.

They are expert Travellers , arid ; tbough they have
nottheUfe of our artificial Coinpafs, yet they underftand
the North-point exaclly, let them be in never fo great a
Wildernefs. One Guide is a fhort Mofs, that, grows upon
fome Trees," exaclly!on the North-Side thereof.

Befides, they have:Names for eight of the thirty two Points,
and call the Winds' by their feveral Names, as we do ; but;
indeed more properly", for the North- Weft' Wind is called
the cold Wind \ the North-Eaft the wet Wind ; the South
the warm Wind; and To agreeably of the reft. Sometimes
it happens, that they have a large River or Lake to pafsover,
and the Weather is! very foggy, as it often happens in the
Spring and Fall of the 'Leaf; fo that they cannot fee which
Courfe tofteer: In fuch a Cafe, they being on one fide
of the River, or Lake, they know well enough what Courfe
fuch a Place (which they intend for) bears from them. There-
fore, they get a great many Sticks arid Chunks of Wood in
their Canoe, and then fet offdire&ly for their Port, and now
and then throw over a Piece of Wood, which diredts them,
by feeing how the Stick bears from the Canoes Stern, which
they always obferve to keep right aft ; and this is the In-
d';an Compafs by which they will go over a broad Water of
ten or twenty Leagues wide. They will find the Head of any
River, though it is five, fix or kven hundred miles off, and
they never were there, in their Lives before; as is often
prov'd, by their appointing to meet on the Head of fuch a
River, where perhaps, none of them ever was before, but
where they fhall rendezvous exadtly at the prefixt tirne*, and
if they meet with any Obftruction, they ^eave certain Marks
in the Way, where they that come after will understand how
many have pafs'd by already, and which way they are gone.

Be-

of North-Carolina:

Befides, ill their War Expeditions, they have very certain
Hieroglyphicks , whereby each Party informs the other of
the Succefs or Lofles they have met withal •, all which is
fo exadly perform'd by their Sylvian Marks and Characters,
that they are never at a Lofs to under ftand one another. Yet
there was never found any Letters amongft the Savages of
Carolina-, nor, I believe, among any other Natives in .Ame-
rica, that were poffefs'd with any manner of Writing or
Learning throughout' all the Difcoveries of the New-World.
They will draw Maps, very exadtly, of all the Rivers, To wns, Jjgm*
Mountains, and Roads, or what you mail enquire of them,
which you may draw by their Diredions, and come to a imall
matter of Latitude, reckoning by their Days Journeys. Thefe
Maps they will draw in the Ames of the Fire, and fometames
upon a Mat or Piece of Bark. I have put a Pen and Ink into
a Savage's Hand,, and he has drawn me the Rivers, Bays, and
other Parts of a Country, which afterwards I have found to
agree with a great deal of Nicety: But you mull be very
much in their Favour, otherwife they will never make thefe
Difcoveries to you ; efpecially, if it be in their own-Quar-
ters. And as for Mines of Silver and other Metals, we are at© Difco-
fatisfied we have enow, and thofe very rich, in Carolina and ™v °1
its adjacent Parts ; fome of which the Indians are acquainted mm°
withal, although no Enquirers thereafter, but what came,
and were difcover'd, by Chance ; yet they fay, it is this
Metal that the Englifi covet, as they do their Peak and Ronoak;
and that we have gain d Ground of them wherever we have
come. Now, fay they, if we mould difcover thefe Minerals
to the Englijh, they would fettle at or near thefe Mountains,
and bereave us of the belt Hunting-Quarters we have, as
they have already done wherever they have inhabited •, fo by
that means, we (hall be driven to fome unknown Country,
to live, hunt, and get our Bread in. Thefe are the Reafons
that the Savages give, for not making known what they are
acquainted withal, of that Nature. And indeed, all Men
that have ever gone upon thofe Difcoveries, allow them to be
good •, more efpecially, my ingenious Friend Mr. Francis-
Louis Mitchell, of Bern in Switzerland, who has been, for fe-Mr.
veral Years, very indefatigable and ftri& in his Difcoveries MitcheiS,
amongft thofe vaft Ledges of Mountains, and fpacious Trads
of Land, lying towards the Heads of the great Bays and

Ee ■ Rivers

ao6

An Account of the Indians

Rivers of Virginia, Maryland, and Penfylvania, where he has
difcover'd a fpacious Country inhabited by none but the Sa-
vages, and not many of them ; who yet are of a very friendly
Nature to the Chriftians. This Gentleman has been employ'd
by the Canton of Bemtto find out a Trad of Land in the Eng-
lish America, where that Re publick might fettle fome of their
People -, which Propofal, 1 believe, is now in a fairway to-
wards, a Conclufion, between her Majefty of Great-Britain and
that Canton. Which muft needs be of great Advantage to
both , and as for ourfelves, I believe, no Man that is in his
Wits, and underftands the Situation and Affairs of America,
but will allow, nothing can be of more Security and Advan-
tage to the Crown and Subjects of Great- Britain, than to have
Switzers our Frontiers fecured by a warlike People, and our Friends,
settlement as the Switz.ers are \ efpecially when we have more Indians
in Ame- than we can civilize, and fo many Chriftian Enemies lying
rica* on the back of us, that we do not know how long or fliort
a time it may be, before they viilt us. Add to thefe, the
Effects and Produft that may be expected from thofe Moun-
tains-, which may hereafter prove of great Advantage to the
Britijh Monarchy, and none more fit than an induftrious Peo-
ple, bred in a mountainous Country, and inur'd to all the
Fatigues of War and Travel, to improve a Country. Thus
we have no room to doubt, but as foon as any of thofe Parts
are feated by the Switz,ers, a great many Britains will . ftrive
to live amongft them, for the Benefit of the fweet Air and
fiealthful Climate, which that Country affords, were it only
for the Cultivating of Hemp, Flax, Wine, and other valua-
ble Staples, which thofe People are fully acquainted withal i
Not to mention the Advantages already difcover'd by that
worthy Gentleman I )uft now fpoke of, who is highly de-
ferving of the Conduct and Management of fuch an Affair, as
that wife Canton has entrufted him withal.
„ " ._ ■ ■ When thefe Savages go a hunting, they commonly go out
ifthh.™ great Numbers, and oftentimes a great many Days Journey
vages. from home, beginning at the coming in of the Winter; that
is, when the Leaves are fallen from the Trees, and are be-
come dry. 'Tis then they burn the Woods, by fetting Fire
to the Leaves, and wither'd Bent and Grafs, which they do
with a Match made of the black Mofs that hangs on the Trees
in CW«w,andis fometimes above fix Foot long. This, when

dead

of North-Carolina,

207

dead, becomes black, (the/ of an Afh-Colour before) and will
then hold Fire as well as the belt Match we have in Europe. Mofs
In Places , where this Mofs is not found, fas towards theM"w**
Mountains) they make Lintels of the Bark of Cyprefs beaten,
which ferve as well. Thus they go and fire the Woods for
many Miles, and drive the Deer and other Game into fmall
Necks of Land and Ifthmus's, where they kill and deftroy
what they pleafe. In thefe Hunting-Quarters, they have
their Wives and Ladies of the Camp, where they eat all the
Fruits and Dainties of that Country, and live in all the Mirth
and Jollity, which it is poffible for fuch People to entertain
themfelves withal. Here it is, that they get their Comple- ■
ment of Deer-Skins and Furs to trade with the Englifi, (the
Deer-Skins being in Seafon in Winter, which is contrary to
England.) All fmall Game, as Turkeys, Ducks, and fmall
Vermine, they commonly kill with Bow and Arrow, think-
ing it not worth throwing Powder and Shot after them. Of
Turkeys they have abundance.^ efpecially, in Oak-Land, as
molt of it is, that lies any difiance backwards. I have been
often in their Hunting-Quarters, where a roafted or barba-
kued Turkey, eaten, with Bears Fat, is held a goodDiftr,
and indeed, I approve of it very well •, for the Bears Greafe
is the fweeteft and leaft offenfive to the Stomach (as I faid be-
fore) of any Fat of Animals I ever tailed. The Savage Men
never beat their. Corn to make Bread-, but that is the Wo-
mens Work, efpecially the Girls; of whom you mall fee four
beating with long great Peftils in a narrow wooden Mortar J_ ^
and every one keeps her Stroke fo exactly, that 'tis worthy </07j,
of Admiration. Their Cookery continues from Morning till
Night. The Hunting makes them hungry } and the Indians
area People that always eat very often, not feldom getting
up at Midnight, to eat. They plant a great many forts of
Pulfe, Part of which they eat green in the Summer, keeping
great Quantities for their Winter-Store, which they carry-
along with them into the Hunting-Quarters, and eat them.

The fmall redPeafeis very common with them, and they eat
a great deal of that and other forts boil'd with their Meat, or
eaten withBearsFat, which Food makes them break Wind back-
wards, which the Men frequently do, and laugh heartily at it,it
being accounted no ill Manners amongft the Indians: Yet the
Women are more modeft, than to follow that ill Guftom. At

Ee 2 their

O.r

:>,

ao8

An Account of the Indians

■ ■

! :

Servile

Indians.

Dryi

Fruits.

?igsons

Fat.

Bowls and.
Tobacco-
Pipes to
make.
Drefs
Skins.

IH

ii

their fetting out, they have Indians to attend their Hunting-
Camp, that are not good and expertHunters ; therefore a re era-
ploy'd to carry Burdens, to get Bark for the Cabins,and other
Servile Work ; alfo to go backward and forward) to their
Towns, to carry News to the old People, whom they leave
behind them. The Women are forced to carry their Loads of
Grain and other Provisions, and get Fire- Wood; for a good
Hunter, or Warriour in thefe Expeditions, is employ'd in no
other Bufinefs, than the Affairs of Game and Battle. The-
wild Fruits which are dry'd in the Summer, over Fires, on
Hurdles and in the Sun, are now brought into the Field ; as
are likewife the Cakes and Quiddonies of Peaches, and that
Fruit and Bilberries dry'd, of which they ftew and make
Fruit-Bread and Cakes. In fome parts, where Pigeons are
plentiful, they get of their Fat enough to fupply their Win-
ter Stores. Thus they abide in thefe Quarters, all the Win-
ter long, till the Time approach for planting their Maiz and
other Fruits. In thefe quarters, at Spare-hours, the Women
make Baskets and Mats to lie upon, and thofe that are not
extraordinary Hunters, make Bowls, Difhes, and Spoons,
of Gum-wood, and the Tulip-Tree-; others (where they
find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpofe,make Tobac-
co-pipes, all which are often tranfported to other Indians, that
perhaps have greater Plenty of Deer and other Game ; fo they
buy fwith thefe Manufactures) their raw Skins, with the
Hair on, which our neighbouring Indiani bring 't©' their
Towns, and, in the Summer-time, make the Slaves and
forry Hunters drefs them, the Winter-Sun being not ftrong
enough to dry them ; and thofe that are dj?y'd in the Cabins
are black and nalty with the Lightwood Smoke, which they-
commonly burn. Their Way of dreffing their Skins is by
foaking them in Water.,, fo they get the Hair off, wkh an
Inftrument made of the Bone of a Deer's Foot ; yet fome ufe
a fort of Iron Drawing-Knife, jwhich they purchafeof the
Englijb, and after the Hair is off, they diffolve Deers Brains,
(whichr-beforehand are made in a Cake and baked in the Em-
bers) in a Bow4-of Water, fo fbak the Skins therein, till the-
Brains have fuck'd up the Water ; then they dry it gently,
and. keep working it with an Oyfter-Shell, or ibrne fuclt
thing,, to fcrape withal, till it is dry ; whereby it becomes
foft and pliable.. Yet thefe fo drefs'd will not endure wet*.

■:•■" I-" but

-

of North-Carolina.

209

but become hard thereby, which to prevent, they either
cure them in the Smoke, or tan them with Bark, as before ob-
ferv'd •, not but that young Indian Corn, beaten to a Pulp,
will efFed the fame as the Brains. They are not only good
Hunters of the wild Beafts and Game of the Foreft, but very
expert in taking the Fifh of the Rivers and Waters near
which they, inhabit, and are acquainted withal. Thus they
that live a great way up the Rivers pradUfe Striking Sturgeon
and: Rock- fifh, or Bafs, when they come up the Rivers to
fpawn ^ befides the vaft Shoals of Sturgeon which they kill
and take with Snares,as we do Pike in Europe. The Herrings in
March and April run a, great way up the Rivers and frefh
Streams to fpawn, where the Savages make great Wares, 1
with Hedges that hinder their PafTage, only in the Middle,
where an artificial Pound is made to take them m, fo that j^ t0
they cannot return. This Method is in ufe all over the fce&tftrike.
Streams, to catch Trout and the other Species of Fifh which
thofe Parts afford. Their taking of Craw-fiih is fo pleafant, Cw.-pjh
that! cannot pafs it by without mention -, When they have a M uki*
mind to get thefe Shell-fifh, they take a Piece of Venifon, and
half-barbakue or roaft it ; then they cut it into thin Slices,
which Slices they ftick through with Reeds abflut fix Inches a*
funder, betwixt Piece and Piece j then the Reeds are made fharp
at one end.} and fo they ftick a great many of them down in
the bottom of the Water (thus baited) in the fmall Brooks. .
and Runs, which the Craw-fifh . frequent. Thus the Indians- fie
by, and tend thofe baited Sticks, every now: and "then taking
them up, to fee how many are at the Bait ? where they ge-
nerally find abundance j fo take them off, and put them in- a.
Basket for thepurpofe, and ftick.the Reeds down again. By,
this Method, they will, in a little time, catch feveral Bufhels$1
which areas good, as any I ever eat. Thofe Indians that.
frequent the Salt- Waters, take abundance of Fifh., %®f#Jtter.a®i
very large* and of feveral forts, which to preferve, they -firrb*ruiians<>
barbakue, then pull, the. Fifh to Pieces, fo dry it in the Sun,,
whereby it keeps for Tranfportation •, as for Scate, Oyfters^.
Cockles, and feveral forts of Shell-fifh, they .open- and-dry
them upon Hurdles, having a conftant Fire under them. The£
Hurdles are made of Reeds or Canes in the fhape of a Gridi--
ron. Thus they dry feveral Bufhels of thefe Fifh, and. keep.
Shem for their Keceffities. .At the time. when they are,on-tha
. ~ "" , SaltSj,

2 10

' i !■!

;

An Account of the Indians

Salts-, and SeaCoafts, they. have another Fifhery, that is
BUchmoor for a little Shell-fifh, which thofe in England call Blackmoors
Teeth. Teeth. Thefe they. catch by tying Bits of Oyfters to a
long String, which they lay in fuch places, as, they know^
thofe Shell-Fifh haunt. Thefe Fifh gee hold of the Oyfters,
and fuck them in, fo that they pull up thofe long Strings, and
take great Quantities of them, which they carry a great way
into the main Land, to trade with the remote Indians, where
they are of great Value ; but never near the Sea, by reafon
they are common, therefore not efteem'd. Befides, the
Youth and Indian Boys go in the Night, and one holding a
Lightwood Torch, the other has a Bow and Arrows, and the
Fire directing him to fee the Fifh, he {hoots them with the
Arrows^ and thus thgy kill a great many of the fmaller Fry,
and fometimes pretty large ones. It is an eftablifh'd Cuftom
noteatlf amongft a11 triefe Natives, that the young Hunter never
the firfl he eats of that Buck, Bear, Fifh, or any other Game, which
tills. happens to be the firft they kill of that fort^ becaufe they
believe, if he fhould eat thereof, he would never after be
fortunate in Hunting. The like foolifh Ceremony they
*• bold, when they have made a Ware to take Fifh withal •, if
a big-belly'd Woman eat of the firft Difh that is caught in it,
. .. .they fay, that Ware will never take much Fifh-, and as for
Woman killing of Snakes, they avoid it, if they lie in their way, be-
nevereat caufe their Opinion is, that fome of the Serpents Kindred
of the firfl would kill fome of the Savages Relations, that mould deftroy
Fifh caught him : They have thoufands of thefe foolifh Ceremonies and
Tn*;!mf e' Beliefs, which they are ftrid Obfervers oft Moreover^ fe-
veral Cuftoms are found in fome Families, which others keep

Indians

not kiU

Snakes

vohy.

Circumel-

fton.

not j as for Example, two Families of the Machapunga In-
dians, ufe the Jewijh Cuftom of Gircumcifion, and the reft do
not j neither did I ever know any others amongft the Indians^
that practis'd any fuch thing} and perhaps, ifyou ask them,
what is the Reafon they do fo, they will make you no Man-
ner of Anfwer} which is as much as to fay, I will not tell
you. Many other Cuftoms they have, for which they will
render no Reafon or Account , and to pretend to give a
true Defcription of their Religion, it is impoffible , for there
are a great many of their Abfurdities, which, for fome Rea-
fon, they referve as a Secret amongft themfelves ; or other-
wife, they are jealous of their Weaknefs in the pra&ifing

them ;

of North-Carolina.

11 1

them j Co that they never acquaint any Chriftian with the
Knowledge thereof, let Writers pretend what they will ;
for I have known them amongft their Idols and dead Kings
in their Ouiogoz.on for feveral Days, where I could never get
Admittance, to fee what they were doing, though I was at
great Friendship with the King and great Men , but all my Indian
Perfuafions avaii'd me nothing. Neither were any but the idols give
King, with the Conjurer, and fome few old Men, in that m ^count
Houfe , as for the young Men, and c hie felt Numbers of the °J'
Indians, they were kept as ignorant of what the Elders were
doing, as myfelf.

They all believe, that this World is round, and that thereto Woril
are two Spirits ; the one good, the other bad : The good one « rouril-
they reckon to be the Author and Maker of every thing, and
fay, that it is he, that gives them the Fruits of -the Earth,
and has taught them to hunt, filh, and be wife enough to over-
power theBeaftsof the Wildernefs, and all other Creatures* wfe they
that they maybe affiftant, and beneficial to Man, to which bsheveof
they add, that the Ouera-, or good Spirit, has been very kind ^v. r
to the Englifl) Men, to teach them to make Guns, and Am-yen>^
munition, befides a great many other Neceflaries, that are idols,
helpful to Man, all which, they fay, will be delivered to
them, when that good Spirit fees fit. They do not believe,
that God punilhes any Man either in this Life, or that to
come, but that he delights in doing good, and in giving the
Fruits of the Earth, and inftructing us in making feveral ufe-
ful and ornamental things'. They fay, it is a bad Spirit (who „?
lives leparate from the good one) that torments us with Sick- jj^
Defies, Difappointments , Lofles, Hunger, Travel, and all
the Misfortunes, that Humane Life is incident to. How
they are treated in the next World, I have already mention'd,
and, as I faid before, they are very refolute in dying, when
in the Hands of Savage Enemies , yet I faw one of their
young Men, a very likely Perfon, condemn'd, on a Sunday, for
Killing a Negro, and burning the Houfe. I took good Notice J^S^,
of his Behaviour, when he was brought out of the Houfe to '
die , which was the next Morning after Sentence, but he
chang'd his Countenance with Trembling, and was in the
■greatefl Fear and Agony. I never faw any Perfon under his
Circumftances, which, perhaps, might be occafion'd by his
being deliver'd up by his own Nation (which was the Tush-

ruro's)

1\1

An Account of the Indians

.

Turd's) and executed by us, that are not their common Ene-
mies, though he met with more Favour than he would have
rec.eiv'd at. the Hands of Savages ; for he was only han^'d on
' a Tree, near the Place where the Murder was committed •
and the three Kings, that but the day before fhew'd fuch a
Reludtancy to deliver him up, (but would have given another
■in his Room) when he was hang'd, pull'd him by the Hand
and faid, Thou wilt never flay any more Rogues Tricks in this
World •, -whither art thou gone to flew thy Trtch now ? Which
fhevvs thefe Savages to be what they really are, (viz.) a Peo-
ple that will fave their own Men if they can, but if the Safety
of all the People lies at Stake, they will deliver up the moft
innoeeiit Perfon living, and be fo far from Concern, when
they have made themfelves eafy thereby, that they will laugh
at their Misfortunes, and never pity or think of them more.
Their Priefts are the Conjurers and Dodrors of the Nation*
cfn^ers l fhal1 mention forae of their Methods, and Practices ; and fo
J ' 'leave them to the Judgment of the Reader. As I told you
before, the Priefts make their Orations at every Feaft, or o-
ther great Meeting of the Indians. I happen'd to be at one
of thefe great Meetings, which was at the Funeral of a Tuf-
Indian keruro Indian, that was flain with Lightning at a Feaft the
L!chat8,d:iy before' where I was amongft the reft • it was in July,
tooka,** and a very fairday> where, in the Afternoon, about fix or
a Feaft for^ven a Clock, as they were dealing out their Victuals, there
rebuilding appear'd a little black Cloud to the North Weft, which fpread
a Ki"g's and brought with it Rain, Wind and Lightning; fo we went
out from the Place where we were all at Victuals, and went
down to the Cabins where I left the Indians, and went to lie
in my Canoe, which was convenient enough to keep me dry.
The Lightning came fo terrible, and down in long Streams,
that I was afraid it would have taken hold of a Barrel of
Powder I had in my VefTel, and fo blown me up-, but it
pleas'd God, that it did me no Harm ; yet the Violence of
the Wind had blown all the Water away, where I rid at An-
chor, fo that my Canoe lay dry, and fome Indian Women
came with Torches in their Hands to the fide of the Canoe,
and told me, an Indian was kill'd with Lightning. The next
day, (I think) he was buried, and I ftay'd to fee the Cere-
mony, and was very tractable to help the Indians to trim their
Reeds, and make the Coffin, which pleafed them very much,

bein

Bonjs
burnt.

o

of North-Carolina.

i-i

becaufe I had a mind to fee the Interment. Before he was In-
terr'd according to their Cultom, they dealt every one fome
hot Viftuals, which he took and did what he would with :
Then the Do&or began to talk, and told the People what
•Lightning was, and that it kill'd every thing that dwelt upon
the Earth j nayv the very Fifties did not efcape •, for it often
reach'd the Porpoifes and other Fifh, and deftroy'd them ;
that every thing ftrove to fhun it, except the Mice, who,
he faid, were the bufieft in eating their Corn in the Fields,
when it lightned the moft. He added, that no Wood or
Tree could withftand it, except the black Gum, and that it
would run round that Tree a great many times, to enter
therein, but could not effect it. Now you muffc underftand,
that fort of Gum will not fplit or rive ; therefore, I fuppofe,
the Story might arife from thence. At laft, he began to tell
the molt ridiculous abfurd Parcel of Lyes about Lightning,
that could be j as that an Indian of that Nation had once
got Lightning in the Likenefs of a Partridge \ That no o-
ther Lightning could harm him, whilft he had that about
him •, and that after he had kept it for feveral Years, it got
away from him \ fo that he then became as liable to be ftruck
with Lightning, as any other Perfon. There was prefent at
the fame time, an Indian that had liv'd from his Youth, chiefly
in an Englijh Houfe ^ fo I call'd to him, and told him, what a
Parcel of Lyes the Conjurer told, not doubting but he thought
fb, as well as I, but I found to the contrary ^ for he reply'd,
that I was much miftaken, for that old Man f who, I believe
was upwards of an hundred Years old) did never tell Lyes ^
and as for what he faid, it was very true, for he knew it
himfelf to be fo. Thereupon, feeing the Fellow's Ignorance, ■f/owhilrd
I talk'd no more about it. Then the Dodor proceeded to^i^e
tell a long Tale of a great Rattle-Snake, which, a great Indians
while ago, liv'd by a Creek in that River ( which was New) from their

and that it kill'd abundance of Indians \ but at laft, a bald^i^*"
Eagle kill'd it, and they were rid of a Serpent, thatus'd to^f*)
devour whole Canoes full of Indians, at a time. I have been snakekiB
fomething tedious upon this Subject, on purpofe to fhew what Indians ot
ftrange ridiculous Stories thefe Wretches are inclinable to canoes.
believe. I fuppofe, thefe Doctors underftand a little better Ea&ksm-
themfelves, than to give Credit to any fuch Fooleries ; for IU
I reckon them the cunningeft Knaves in all the Pack. I will

Ff there-

314

An Account of the Indians

therefore begin with their Phyfick and Surgery, which is
next: You mufl know, that the Do&ors or Conjurers, to
Indian gain a greater Credit amongft thefe People, tell them, that
Fbyfick and all Diftempers are the Effects of evil Spirits, or the bad Spi-
Smgery, rjtj which has ftruck them with this or that Malady ^there-
fore, none of thefe Phyficians undertakes any Diftemper,
but that he comes to an Exorcifm, to effect the Cure;, and
acquaints the lick Party's Friends, that he mull converfe with
the good Spirit, to know whether the Patient will recover or
not •, if fo, then he will drive out the bad Spirit, and the
Patient will become well. Now, the general way of their
Behaviour in curing the Sick, (a great deal of which 1 have
feen, and fliall give fome Account thereof, in as brief a man-
ner as poffible) is, when an Indian is lick, if they think there
Is much Danger of Life, and that he is a great Man or hath
good Frieds., the Doctor is fent for. As foon as the Doctor
comes into the Cabin, the fick Perfon is fat on a Mat or Skin,
ftark-naked, lying on his Back, and all uncover'd, except fome
fmail Trifle that covers their Nakednefs when ripe, otherwife
In very young Children, there is nothing about them. In this
manner, the Patient lies, when the Conjurer appears ; and
the King of that Nation comes to attend him with a Rattle
made of a Gourd with Peafe in it. This the King delivers
into the Do&or's Hand, whilft another brings a Bowl of
Water, and fets it down: Then the Doctor, begins, and ut-
ters fome few Words very foftly \ afterwards he fmellsof the
Patient's Navel and Belly, and fometimes fcarifies him a lit-
tle with a Flint, or an Inftrument made of Rattle-Snakes
Teeth for that purpofe -,sthen he fucks the Patient, and gets
out a Mouthful of Blood and Serum, but Serum chiefly :, which,
perhaps, may be abetter Method in many Cafes, than to take
away great Quantities of Blood, as is commonly pradtis'd :,
which he fpits in the Bowl of Water. Then he begins to .mut-
ter, and talk apace, and, atlaft, to cut Capers, and clap his
Hands on his Breech and Sides, till he gets into a Sweat, fo
that a Stranger would think he was running mad •, now and
t-hen fucking the Patient, and fo, at times, keeps fucking*
till he has got a great Quaatity of very ill-coloured Mat-
ter out of the Belly, Arms, Breaft, Forehead, Temples,
Neck, and moll Parts, ftiil continuing his Grimaces, and
antick Poftures, which are not to be match'd in Bedlam : At
Iair3 you will fee tfee Doctor sail over of a dropping Sweat, and

fcarce

Conyurmg
svsr the

of North-Carolina.

015

fcarce able to utter one Word, having quite fpent himfelf j
then he will ceafe for .a while, and fo begin again, till he
comes in the fame Pitch, of Raying and feemin'g Madnefs, as
before, fall this time the fick Body never fo much as moves,
although, doubtlefs, the Lancing and Sucking mult be a
great Punilhment to them \ but they, certainly, are the pa-
tienteit and moft fteady People under any Burden, that I
ever faw in my Life.) Atlaft, the Conjurer makes an end,
and tells the Patient's Friends, whether the Peribn will whether
live or die ^ and then one that waits at this Ceremony, takes livs sr die-
the Blood away, (which remains in a Lump, in the mid-
dle of the Water) and buries it in the Ground, in a
Place unknown to any one, but he that inters it. Now, iBury.th?.
believe a great deal of Impofture in thefe Fellows ; yet I ne-Serum-
ver knew their Judgment fail, though! have feen them give
their Opinion after this Manner, feveral times : Some affirm,
that there is a fmell of Brimftone in the Cabins, when they are
Conjuring, which I cannot contradift. Which way it may
come, I will not argue, but proceed to a Relation or two,
which I have from a great many Perfons, and fome of them
worthy of Credit.

The firll is, of a certain Indian, that one rainy Night, Indian ^
undermin'd a Houfe made of Logs, (fuch as the Swedes in Rgbbey,,
America very often make, and are- very ftrong) which J>e-
long'd to Seth Southwell, Efqi Governor of North-Carolina*
and one of the Proprietors. There was but one place
the Indian could get in at, which was very narrow •, the reft
wasfecur'd, by having Barrels of Pork and other Proviflons.
fet againft the fide of the Houfe, fo that if this Indian had not
exa&ly hit the very Place heundermin'd, it had been impoffi-
ble for him to have got therein, becaufe of the full Barrels
that ftood round the Houfe, and barricadoed it within. The
Indian ftole fixty or eighty drefs'd Deer-Skins, befides Blan-
kets, Powder, Shot and Rum, (this being the Indian Store-
Houfe, where the Trading Goods were kept.) Now, the In-
dian had made his Efcape, but dropt fome of the Skins by
the way, and they track'd his Foot-fteps, and found him to
be an- Indian ; then they guefs'd who it was,- becaufe none
but that Indian had lately been near the Houfe. Thereupon,
the Governor fent to the Indian Town that he belong'd to,
which was the Tuskerwo% and acquainted them that if they
did not deliver up the Indian, who had committed the

F f 2 Rob-

2l6

An Account of the Indians

for ftoln

Robbery, he would take a Courfe with them, that would not
be very agreeable. Upon this, the Indians of the Town he
belong'd to, brought him in bound, and deliverd him up to
the Governor, who laid him in Irons. At the fame time, it
happen'd, that a Robbery was committed a mongft therafelyes,
at the IndianTowa, and this Prifoner was one of their Con-
jurers \ fo the Indians came down to the Governor's Houfe,
and acquainted him with what had happen'd amongit them,
and that a great Quantity of leak, was ftoln away out of one
of their Cabins, and no one could find out the Thief, unlefs
he would let the Prifoner conjure for it, who was the only-
Man they had at making fuch Difcoveries. The Governor
was content he mould try his Skill for them, but not to have
the Prifoners Irons taken off, which was very well approved'
of. The Indian was brought out in his Fetters, where were
the Governor's Family, and feveral others of the Neigh-
bourhood, now living, to fee this Experiment 5 which he
perform'd thus :

The Conjurer order'd three Fjres to be made in a trian-
gular Form, which was accordingly done ; then he was hood-
wink'd very fecurely, with a drefs'd Deer-Skin, two or
three doubles, over his Face. After he had made fome
Motions, as they always do, he went directly out of one of
the three Gaps, as exactly as if he had not been blindfolded*
and kept muttering to himfelf, having a Stick in his Hand,
with which, after fome time, he ftruck two Strokes very hard
apon the Ground, and made thereon a Crofs, after which he
told the Indians Name that had ftoln the Goods, and faid,
that he would have a Crofs on his Back •, which prov'd true 5
for when they took and fearch'd him, there appear'd two
great Wheals on his Back, one crofs the other ; for the
Thief was at Governor Southwell's Houfe, and was under no
Apprehenfion of being difcover'd. The Indians profFer'd to
fell him as a Slave to the Governor, but he refufed to buy
him i fo they took him bound away.

Another Inftance, of the like Nature, happen'd at the
fame Houfe. One of the Tvshruro Kings had brought in a
Slave to the fame Governor, to whom he had fold him -, and
before he return'd, fell fick at the Governor's Houfe ; upon
which, the Do&or that belong'd to this King's Nation, was
fent for, being a Man that was held to be the greateft Conju-
re?

of North- Carolina.

217

rer amongfl: them. It- was three Days, before he could ar-
rive, and he appear'd (when he came) to be a very little
Man, and To old, that his Hair was as white as ever was feen.
When he approach'd the fickKing, he order'd a Bowl of Wa-
ter to be brought him, and three Chunks of Wood, which
was immediately do;ie.. Then he took the Water, and let ic by
him, and fpurted a little on him, and with the three Pieces
of Wood, he made a Place to Hand on, whereby he was rais'd
higher ; (he being a very low ftatur'd Man) then he took
a String of Ronoak, which is the fame as a String of fmall Beads ;
this he held by one End, between his Fingers;, the other End
touch'd the King's Stomach, as he ftood on the Logs. Then
he began to talk, and at lengthj the By-ftanders thought
really, that they heard fomebody talk to him, but faw no more
than, what firft came in. At laft, this String of Beads, which
hung thus perpendicular, turn'd up as an Eel would do, and
without any Motion of his, they came all up (in a lump) un-
der his Hand, and hung fo for a confiderable time, he never
clofing his Hand, and at length return'd to their priftine
Length and Shape, at which the Spectators were much fright-
ned. Then he told the Company, that he would recover,
and that his Diftemper would remove into his Leg, all which.
happen'd to be exactly as the IndianDodior had told. Thefe
are Matters of Fadt, and I can, at this day, prove the Truth,
thereof by feveral fubftantial Evidences, that are Men of Re*
putation, there being more than a dozen People prefent,
when this was perform'd j moll of whom are now alive.

There are a great many other Stories, of this Nature,
which are feemingly true, being told by Perfons that affirm
they were Eye-Witnefles thereof ; as, that they have feen
one RoncommecJi (a Chutvou Indian, and a great Conjurer) take
a Reed about two Foot long in his Mouth, and Hand by a Salmon
Creek- fide, where he call'd twice or. thrice with the Reed in Creek.
his Mouth j and, at laft, has open'd his Arms, and fled over
the Creek, which might be near a quarter of a Mile wide or
more } but I mall urge no Man's Belief, but tell my own;
which is, that I believe the two firft Accounts, which were
acted at Mr. Southwell's Plantation, as firmly as any Man can'
believe any thing of that which is told him by honeft Men, and "
he has not feen y not at all doubting the Credit of my Au-
thor.

The.

2*8

An Account of the Indians

ScaldHead
cured.

Noulcera-

ted

Wounds.

Vox to

cure.

Indian
cure an
VJcer.

Cure in
Mary-
land.

in

The Cures I have feen perform'd by the Indians, are too
many to repeat here; fo I ihall only mention Tome few, and
their Method. They cure Scald-heads infallibly, and- never
mifs. Their chief Remedy as I have feen them make ufe of,
is, the Oil of Acorns, but from which fort of Oak I am not
certain. They cure Burns beyond Credit. 1 have feen a Man
burnt in fuch a manner, (when drunk) by falling into a Fire,
that I did not think he could recover ; yet they cnrM him in
ten Days, fo that he went about. I knew another blown up
with Powder, that was cured to Admiration. I never faw art
Indian have an Ulcer, or foul Wound in my Life •, neither is
there any fuch thing to be found amongft them. They cure
the Pox, by a Berry that falivates, as Mercury does ; yet
they ufe Sweating and Deco&ions very much with it ; as they
do, almofton every Oecafion ; and when they are thoroughly
heated, they leap into the River. The Pox is frequent in
fome of thefe Nations •, amongft which I knew one Woman
die of it ; and they could not, or would not, cure her. Be-
fore fhe died, fhe was worn away to a Skeleton, yet walk'd up
and down to the laft. We had a Planter in Carolina, who had
got an Ulcer in his Leg, which had troubled him a great
many Years •, at laft, he apply'd himfelf to one of thefe In-
dian Conjurers, who was a Pampticougb Indian, and was not
to give the Value of fifteen Shillings for the Cure. Now, I
am not pofitive, whether he wafh'd the Ulcer with any thing,
before he ufed what I am now going to fpeak of, which
was nothing but the rotten doated Grains of Indian Corn,
beaten to Powder, and the foft Down growing on a Turkey's
Rump. This dry^d the Ulcer up immediately, and no other
Fontanel was made todifcharge the Matter, he remaining a
healthful Man, till the time he had the Misfortune to be
drown'd, which was many Years after. Another Inftance
(not of my own Knowledge, but I had it confirm'd by feve-
ral Dwellers m Maryland, where it was done) was, of an honeft
Planter that had been, poflefs'd with a ftrange Lingring Di-
ftemper, not ufual amongft them, under which he_ emacia-
ted, and grew every Month worfe than another, it having
held him feveral Years, in which time he had made Tryal of
feveral Do&ors, as they call them, which, I fuppofe, were
Ship-Surgeons. In the beginning of this Diftemper, the
Patient was very well to pafs, and was poflefs'd of feveral

Slaves,

of North-Girolina.

219

Slaves, which the Do&ors purged all away, and the poor
Man was fo far from mending, that he grew worfe and worfe
every day. But it happen'd, that, one day, as his Wife and
he were commiferating his miferable Condition, and that he
could not expefr to recover , but look'd for Death very
fpeedily, and condoling the Mifery he mould leave his Wife
and Family in, fince all his Negro's were gone. At that
time, I fay, it happen'd, that an Indian was in the fame
Room, who had frequented the Houfe |for many Years, and
fo was become as one of the Family, and would fometimes be
at this Planter's Houfe, and at other times amongft the In-
dians.

This Savage, hearing what they talk'd of, and having a"
great Love for the Sick Man, made this Reply to what he
had heard. Brother •, you have been a long time Sick j and, I know,
you have (riven away your Slaves to your 'English Doctors: What
made you do fo, and now become poor ? They do not know how to
cure you ; for it is an Indian Diftemper, which your People know
not the Nature of. If it had been an Engliih Difsafe, probably
they could have cured you ; and had you come to me at fir ft '; I would
have cured you for a frnall matter-, without taking away your Ser-
vants that made Corn' for you and your Family to eat , and yet.; if
you will give me a Blanket to keep me warm., and fome Powder
and Shot to kilt Deer withal, 1 will do my be ft to make you well ftilL
The Man was low in Courage and Pocket too, and made the
Indian this Reply. Jack-, my Diftemper is paft Cure^ and if our
Engliih Doclors cannot cure it, I am fare-, the Indians cannot.
But his Wife accolted her Husband in very mild term?, and
told him, he did not know, but God might be pleafed to give
a Bleffing to that Indian's Undertaking more than *he had
done to the Englifh; and farther added ; if you die, I cannot
be much more referable, by giving this fm all matter to the Indian :,
fo I pray you, my Dear, take my Advice, and try him ', to which,
by :her Peffuafions, he confented. After the Bargain was con-
cluded, the Indian went into the Woods, and brought in both
Herbs and Roots, of which he made a Decodion, and gave
it the Man to drink, and bad him go to bed, faying,, k mould
not be long, before became, again, which the Patient per-
form'd as he had ordered }.and the Potion he had adminiftred
made him fweat after the molt violent manner that could
be, whereby he fmell'd very offenfively both to himfelf, and

they ,

120

An Account of the Indians

they that were about him ; but in the Evening, towards
. Night , Jack came, with a great Rattle-Snake in his Hand
alive, which frightned the People almolt out of their Senfes";
and he told his Patient, that he muft take that to Bed to
him; at which the Man was in a great Gonfternation, and
Cure by a told the Indian^ he was refolv'd, to let no Snake come into
snake- fcs gecj^ for he might as well die of the DiTtemper he had,
as be kill'd with the Bite of that Serpent. To which the
Indian reply'd, he could not bite him now, nor do him any
Harm \ for he had taken out his Poifon-teeth, and ihew'd
him, that they were gone. At laft, with much Perfuafion,
he admitted the Snake's Company , which the Indian put
about his Middle, and order'd nobody to take him away
upon any account, which was ftridtly obferv'd , although
the Snake girded him as bard for a great while) as if he had
been drawn in by a Belt, which one pull'd at, with all his
ftrength. At laft, the Snake's Twitches grew weaker and
weaker, till, by degrees, he felt him not -0 and opening the
Bed, he was found dead, and the Man thought himfelf bet-
ter. The Indian came in the Morning, and feeing the Snake
dead, told the Man, that his Diftemper was dead along
with that Snake, which prov'd fo as he faid •, for the Man
fpeedily recover'd his Health, and became perfe&ly well.
• They cure the Spleen (which they are much addi&ed to )
spleen how^Y burning with a Reed. They lay the Patient on his Back,
aire. fo put a hollow Cane into the Fire, where they burn the
End thereof, till it is very hot, and on Fire at the end. Then
they lay a -Piece of thin Leather on the Patient's Belly, be-
tween the Pit of the Stomach and the Navel, fo prefs the
hot Reed on the Leather, which burns the Patient fo that
you may ever after fee the ImprefTion of the Reed where it
Colouring was laid on, which Mark never goes off fo long as he lives.
of the Thisisufed for theBelly-Ach fometimes. They can colour
their Hair Mack, though fometimes it is reddifh, which they
do with the Seed of a Flower that grows commonly in their
Plantations. I believe this would change the reddeft Hair
into perfect black. They make ufe of no Minerals in their
Phyfick, and not much of Animals \ but chiefly rely on Ve-
getables. They have feveral Remedies for the Tooth-ach,
which often drive away the Pain , but if they fail, they have
Recourfe to punching out the Tooth, with a fmall Cane fet

againffc

Hrir.

Not many

Tears,

Ro\ins,

of North-Carolina.

aa

againft the fame, on a Bit of Leather. Then they ftrike the
Reed, and To drive out the Tooth ; and howfoever it may
feem to the Europeans, I prefer it before the com mon way of
drawing Teeth by thofe Instruments than endanger the jaw,
and. a Flux of Blood often follows, which this Method of a
Punch never is attended withal ; neither is it half the Pain.
The Spontaneous Plants of America the Savages are well
acquainted withal; and a Flux of Blood never follows any of
their Operations. They are wholly Strangers to Amputa-
tion, and for what natural KTues of Blood happen immode-
rately, they are not to feek for a certain and fpeedy Cure.
Tears, Rozins, and Gums, I have not difcover'd that they
make much ufe of ; And as for Purging and Emeticks, fo
much in fafhion with us, they never apply themfelves to, un-
lefs in drinking vaft Quantities of their Yaupon. or Tea, amdrMP0}f<
vomiting it up again, as clear as they drink it. This is a
Cuftom amongfl: all thofe that can procure that Plant, in
which manner they take it every other Morning, or oftner ;
by which Method they keep their Stomachs clean, without
pricking the Coats, and ftraining Nature, as every Purge is
anEnemy to. Betides, the great Diuretick Quality of their
Tea carries off a great deal, that perhaps might prejudice
their Health, by Agues, and Fevers, which all watry Coun-
tries areaddi&ed to , for which reafon, I believe, it is, that
the Indians are not fo much addifted to that Diltemper, as
we are, they preventing its feizing upon them, by this Plant
alone. Moreover, I have remark'd, that it is only thofe
Places bordering on the Ocean and great Rivers, that this
Diltemper is frequent in, and only on and near the fame
Places this Evergreen is to be founds and none up towards
the Mountains, where thefe Agues feldom or never appear ;
Nature having provided fuitable Remedies, in all Coun-
tries, proper for the Maladies that are common thereto.
The Savages of Carolina have this Tea in Veneration, above
all the Plants they are acquainted withal, and tell you, the
Difcovery thereof was by an infirm Indian, that labour'd un-
der the Burden of many rugged Diftempers, and could not
be cured by all their Do&ors •, fo, one day, he fell afleep,
and dreamt, that if he took a Deco&ion of the Tree that
grew at his Head, he would certainly be cured -, upon which
he awoke, and faw the Tanpon or Cajfena-Tre^ which was no€

G s there

i ,1

aaa

An Account of the Indians

there when he fell afleep. He follow'd the Direction of his
Dream, and became perfectly well in a Ihort time. Now, I
fuppofe, no M3n has fo little Senfe as to believe this Fable ;
yet it lets us fee what they intend thereby, and that it has,
doubtlefs, work'd Feats enough, to gain it fuch an Efteem a-
mongft thefe Savages, who are too well verfed in Vegetables,
to be brought to a continual ufe of any one of them, upon a
meer Conceit or Fancy, without fome apparent Benefit they
found thereby \ efpecially, when we are fenfible, they drink
the Juices of Plants, to free Nature of her Burdens, and not
out of Foppery and Fafhion, as other Nations are oftentimes
found to do. Amongfl all the Difcoveries of America, by
the Miflionaries of the French and Spaniards, I wonder none of
them was fo kind to the World, as to have kept a Catalogue
of the Diftempers they found the Savages capable of curing,
and their Method of Cure; which might have been of
fome Advantage to our Materia Medica at home, when de-
liver'd by Men of Learning, and other Qualifications, asmoft
of them are. Authors generally tell us, that the Savages are
well enough acquainted with thofe Plants which their Cli-
mate affords, and that fome of them effect great Cures, but
by what Means, and in what Form, we are left in the dark.
The Bark of the Root of the Saffafras-Tree, I have obfery'd,
is much ufed by them. They generally torrefy it in the Em-
bers, fo ftrip off the Bark from the Root, beating it to a
Confiftence fit to fpread, fo lay it on the griev'd Fart ;
which bothcleanfes a fowl Ulcer; and after Scarrification,
being apply'd to a Contufion, or Swelling, draws forth the
Pain, and reduces the Part to its priftine State of Health,
as I have often feen effected. Fats and Unguents never ap-
pear in their Chirurgery, when the Skin is once broke. The
Fats of Animals are ufed by them, to render their Limbs
pliable, and when wearied, to relieve the Joints, and this
not often, becaufe they approve of the Sweating-Houfe (in
fuch cafes) above all things. The Salts they mix with their
Bread and Soupe, to give them a Relifh, are Alkalis, (viz.)
Afhes, and calcined Bones of Deer, and other Animals.
Sallads, they never eat any ■, as for Pepper and Muftard,
Nosdhds^w] reckon us little better than Madmen, to make ufe of
Fepper, orit amongft our Victuals. They are never troubled with the
Mitftard* Scurvy, Dropfy, nor Stone. The Phthiiick, Afthma, and

Diabetes,

Sujfafras.

Make
Bread-,.
bow
Alkali

Salts.

of North-Carolina.

11

3

Diabetes, they are wholly Strangers to \ neither do I remem-
ber I ever faw one Paralytick amongft them. The Gout, I
cannot be certain whether they know what it is, or not.
Indeed, I never faw any Nodes or Swellings, which attend
the Gout in Europe ; yet they have a fort of Rhumatifm or phumi.
Burning of the Limbs, which tortures them grievoufly, atx-^Vlir,%,
which time their Legs are {o hot, that they employ the
young People continually to pour Water down them. I ne-
ver faw but one or two thus afflicted. The Struma is
not uncommon amongft thefe Savages, and another Diftem-
per, which is, in fome refpects, like the Pox, but is attended
with no Gonorrhoea. This hot feldom bereaves them of
their Nofe. I have feen three or four of them render'd molt
miferable Spectacles by this Diftemper. Yet, when they
have been fo negligent, as to let it run on fo far without
curbing of it ; at laft, they make fhift to patch themfelves
up, and live for many years after ; and fuch Men commonly
turn Doctors. I have known two or three of thefe no-nofe
Doctors in great Efteem amongft thefe Savages. The Juice
of the Tulip-Tree is ufed as a proper Remedy for this Di-
ftemper. What Knowledge they have in Anatomy, I cannot
tril, neither did I ever fee them employ themfelves therein,
unlefs, as I told you before, when they make the Skeletons of
their Kings and great Mens Bones.

The Indians are very carelefs and negligent of their Health;
as, by Drunkennefs, Wading in the Water, irregular Diet
and Lodging, and a thoufand other Diforders, (that would
kill an European) which they daily ufe. They boil and roaft
their Meat extraordinary much, and eat abundance of Broth,
except the Savages whom we call the naked Indians, who/fefci
never eat any Soupe. They travel from the Banks of the Indians*
Mejfiafippi, to war againft the Sinnagars or Iroquois, and are
(it equal Numbers; commonly too" hard for them. They
will lie and fleep in the Woods without Fire, being inur'd
thereto. They are the hardieft of all Indians, and run fo
fait, that they are never taken, neither do any Indians outrun
them, if they are purfifd. Their Savage- Enemies fay, their
Nimblenefs and Wind proceeds from their never eating
any Broth. The Small-Pox has been fatal to them; they Snult-rox.
do not often elcape, when they are feiz'd with that Diftem-
per, which is a contrary Fever to what they ever knew.
r ] - G g 2 Moft

• n

An Account of the Indians

■Fi

l„ii

Moll certain, it had never vifited America, before the Difco-
very thereof by the Chriftians. Their running into the Wa-
ter, in the Extremity. of this Difeafe, itrik.es it in, and kills
all that ufe it. Now they are become a little wifer ■■> but for-
merly it deftroyM whole Towns, without leaving one Indian
alive in the Village. The Plague was never known amongft
them, that I could learn by what Enquiry I have made :
Thefe Savages ufe Scarrification almoft in all Diftempers.
Their chief Inftru merits for that Operation is the Teeth of
Rattle-Snakes, which they poiibn withal. They take them
out of the Snake's Head, and fuck out the Poifon with their
Mouths, (and fo keep them for ufe) and fpit out the Venom,
which is green, and are never damag'd thereby. The Small-
Pox and Rum have made fuch a "Deftruction amongft them,
that, on good grounds, I do believe, there is not the iixth
Savage living within two hundred Miles of all our Settle-
ments, as there were fifty Years ago. Thefe poor Crea-
tures have fo many Enemies to deftroy them, that it's a
wonder one of them is left alive near us. The Small-pox I
have acquainted you withal above, and fb I have of Rum,
and fhall only add, that they have got a way to carry it back
to the Weftward Indians, who never knew what it was, till
within very few Years. Now they have it brought them by
the Tvskeruro"s, and other Neighbour- Indians, but the Tvsh-
r uro^s chiefly, who carry it in Rundlets feveral hundred
Miles, amongft other Indians. Sometimes they cannot for-
bear breaking their Cargo, but fit down in the Woods, and
drink it all up, and then hollow and fhout like fo many Bed-
lamites. I accidentally once met with one of thefe drunken
Crews, and was amaz'd to fee a Parcel of drunken Savages
fb far from any Englishman's Houfe; but the Indians 1 had in
Company inform'd me, that they were Merchants, and had
drunk all their Stock", as is very common for them to do.
But when they happen to carry it fafe, (which is feldom,
without drinking fome part of it, and filling it up with
Water) and come to an Indian Town, thofe that buy Rum
of them have fo many Mouthfuls for a Buck-Skin, they never
uling any other Meafure ; and for this purpofe^ the Buyer al-
ways makes Choice of his Man, which is one that has the
greateft Mouth, whom he brings to the Market with a Bowl
to pat it in. The Seller looks narrowly to the Man's Mouth

• that

of Nortli'CaroIina;

aa

that meafures it, and if he happens to (Wallow any down, ei-
ther through Wilfulnefs or otherwife, the Merchant or fome
of his Party, does not fcraple to knock the Fellow down,
exclaiming againft him for falfe Meafure. Thereupon, the
Buyer finds another Mouthpiece to meafure the Rum by; fb
that this Trading is very agreeable to the Spectators, to fee
fuch a deal of Quarrelling and Controverfy, as often hap-
pens, about it, and is very diverting.

Another Deftroyer of them, is, the Art they have, and of- Toi fining
ten practife, of poifoning one another; which is done by a offylor*
large, white, fpungy Root, that grows in the Frefli-Marfhes,
which is one of their Poifons ; not but that they have many
other Drugs, which they poifon one another withal.

Laftly, the continual Wars thefe Savages maintain, one How the
Nation againft another, which fometimes hold for fome A- Indians
ges, killing and making Captives, till they become fo weak***7-*
thereby, that they are forced to make Peace for want of Re-
eruits, to fupply their Wars; and the Difference of Lan-
guages, that is found amongft thefe Heathens, feems alto-
gether ftrange. For it often appears, that every dozen Miles,
you meet with an. Indian Town, that is quite different from
the others you laft parted withal ; and what a little fupplies
thir Defect is, that the moft powerful Nation of thefe Savages
fcorns to treat or trade with any others (of fewer Num-
bers and Jefs Power) in any other Tongue but their own,
which ferves for the Lingua of the Country, with which we
travel and deal ; as for Example, we fee that the Tushrw<?$>
are moft numerous in North-Carolina, therefore their Tongue
is underftood by fome in every Town of all the Indians near
us. And here I fhall infert a fmall Dictionary of every
Tongue, though not Alphabetically digefted.

Englifi).
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight

TusTceruro.
Vnche

Ohf-fah

Vntoc

Ouch-Tohe-

Houeyoc

Chavb-mc

Nes-hara

Pamptkough,

Weembot

Nefbinnauh

Mijh-wonner

Tau-Ooner

Vmperren

Who-yeoc

Top-po-ojh

Nait-haufh'ftjoo

Woccon.
Tonne
Num-perre
Nam-mee
JM,mnum°punns-
Web'tau
Iffto

Nomrms'fau
Nuppiu

'■'

126

An Account

of the Indians

EngUJb.

Tuskeruro.

Pampticough.

Woccon.

^}>A

Nine

Wearab

Tach-ic-cotik

We there

Ten

Wartfauh

Cojh

Soone noponne

'Ml

Eleven

"Vnche fcauwbau

'Tonne h auk pea

Twelve

NetJec fcaukhau

Soone nomme

■

Twenty

Wartfau fcauhait

Winnop

Thirty

Ofla te wartfau

,

■

Hundred

Touch fe

Thoufand Kiyoufe

Rum

Oonaquod

Weefaccon

Ynp-fi

|ii :' " ;

Blankets

Oorewa

Mattofi

Roo-iune

White

Ware-occa

Wbp-pojhaumojl)

Waurraup*

'V'l

Red

Cotcoo-rea

Mtjh-cosk

Tauta

lr>

Black or
Blue, idem

Caro-hunflje

Mow-cottorooJI)

Tab-tefiea

■

Gunpow-
der

Ou-kn

Pungue

Rooeyam

Shot

Catwa

Ar'rovnfer

Week

Axe

Au-nuka

Tomma-bick

Tau-unta roinnik

Knife

Oefocke nauh

Rig-cofi

Wee

Tobacco

Charho

Hooh-pau

ZJu- cootie

Shirt

Ough-tre*s

Tacca pitteneer

Shoes

Oo-rofs-foo

Wee~keffoo

Hat

Trojfa

Mottau-quahan

Intome-pojjwa

Fire

Vtchar

Tinda

Tau

Water

Atom

Vmpe

Ejau

Coat

Oufxcox

Kawbitcbra

Taus-toon

Rummijfuu

'

Awl or

Needle

Oofe-waure

Moc-cofe

Wonfr-JIiee

'

A Hoe

Wauche-wocnoc

Rojh-Jliocquon

Rooe-pau

Salt

Cheek- ha

• Paint

Quaunt

Cbuxvon

Whooyeonne

Ronoak

Nauh-hou,eot

Mif-kipfu

Rummaer

Peak

Chu-teche

Ronoak

Erroco

Gun

Auk-.noc

Gau hooptop

Wit tape

Gun-Loci*

1 Oo-tefie

Gun tock Seike

Noonkoffo

Flints

Ou'tiegh-ra

Hinds

Matt-teer

A Flap

Oiikbaure

Rappatoc

Rhooeyau

!

Belt

iQona-tejle

Maachone

Wee-kau

Efigtijl:

ttftftaflu^fllflll

1 i" I

2l8

An Account of the

Indians

Englifl].

Turkerum

Waccoa.

A Mortar

Ootic caugh-m

r#*

Stockings

Way haujke

.'•"'--

i

A Creek

'Wackena

■

A River

'Ahum wacHkna

A Man

Entequos

Old Man

Occooabawa

Young Man

Qvottis

Woman

Con-noowa

■

Old Woman

, Cufquerre

T'icau.

*

Wife

Kateocca

Tecaaau

A Child

Woccanoohne

A Boy

Wariavgh

; Infant

Vtferofta

\

Ears

Ooethnat

Fifhgig

Ootofne

Weetipfd

A Comb

Oonaquitchra

Sacketoome pajj

wa

A Cake bak'£

Ooneck

A Head

Ootaure *

Foppe

•

Hair

Oowaara

Tumrne

Brother

Cannot ka

Tenrauhe

I

Ee

Thou

Eets

There

Ka

Homine

Cotquerre

Roocauwa

Bread

Ootocnarc

Iksttau

Broath

Ook-hoo

Corn

I j ,■-. |

Oopaha
Oonavs
Go/are
Oojha

Cofe

Peafe

Sangb-he

Co of auk

•

A Bag

Vttaqua

Ekoocromon .

.Fifh

Cunflie

Tacunne

A Loufe

Cheecq'j

Eppefyau

A Flea

Nauoctp,

. .

Potato's

Vntone

Wauk

A Stick

Chinqva

Wood

Ouyunkguit

Tome

Houfe

Oitioufe

Ouks

A Cow

(hs-farwt

Noppinjure

i

Engllfh,

of North-Carolina.

Ertglijli.
A Snake
A Rat
A Goofe
A Swan
Allegator
A Crab
A Canoe
A Box
A Bowl
A Spoon
A Path
Sun or Moon
Wind
A Star
Rain

*
Night
A Rundlet
An Eel
A T— d
AF-t
A Cable
Small Ropes
A Button
Breeches
Stockings
Day
Mad
Angry
Afraid
Smoak

Tuskeruro.
ZJS'CjuAuh-ne
Rufquiane
Au-hoohaha
O or haft ,
Vtfererauh
Rouare con
Ooftmnuawa,
Ooanoo*
Ortfe
Chfghijuere
Wauhrbauhnt
Heita
Hoonoch
Vttewiraratfc
Vntuch
Auhuntwood
Oofottoo
Oohwaroa
Cuhn~na
ZJtquera
ZSttena
Vtquichra
Vtfira utquichra
Tic-hab
Wabunjhe
Ooxvijfera
Wduwvc-hook
Gofferunte
Cotcheroore
Werricauna
Oo-teiabns

AThief or Rogue Katicbhei

A Dog
A Reed
Lightwood
To morrow
Now
Today
A little while
ago

Cheeth

Cauna

Kakoo

Jureha

Kahunk

Kawtt

Kakogwa

Woccon.
Yau-hauk
IVittau
Aubaun
Atter

Monwittetau.
Wunneau
Wan
Yopoomtfa
Cotfoo '
Cotfau
Yaith
Wittapare
Yuncor

Wattapi tmtahev
Yawowa

Yantoha
Ynpyupfetmm

Fulawa
Fautyau

Rttmmijfauwomi

Raoeyaukitte

Rooefoo pojfoa

Waukhtttpay

Rockcumtie

Rsocheha

Rehefhiwau

Too-Jhe

Tauh'he
Weehvonm

Kittaps

230

An Account of the Indians

Englijh. . ■
Yefterday
How many
How far
Will you go a-
long with me
Go you
Give it me
That's all
A Cubit length
Dead
A Gourd or

Bottle
A lazy Fellow
Englifhman is

thirfty
I will fell you

Goods very

cheap
All the Indians

are drunk
Have you got

any thing to

eat
I am lick
AFifh-Hook
Don't lofe it
A Tobacco-pipe
I remember it
Let it alone
Peaches
Walnuts
Hickery Nuts
A^ews-Harp
I forget it a
3&orthweft-

Wind
Saow»

•Tuskeruro; Woccoa*

Qonfoito a«r Tottoha

< xTotimrinte-

Vtrtemots
IJntateAwa
VtJfa hah
'■ .
Its wdrh
Catjhau
Vt chat
Kihoofecca
Whaharia.
Vtchdawa

Watidttoo wat/e Tontaunete

Oukwockaninniwock v J

-. ..:.7. atsxVS1

Wavfthanocha ' -'/'Mdtt^kau hoore

■ ' r ■■' <jtm<aWO

• ■ ■ ' 3

Connaughjoft twane Nonntifper

. »q Tnma me
• \Mothei
€uttautoe
Ijhewaiinaup-
Courts

r

Vttd'tma-ixiox

Connduwex

Oos~shmna

Oon eft norms it quoft

Ovfeuaana

Odtiutfauka

Tmtfaurauweek

Roo-ooe

Moot au- oog

Rootau

Ooratfa

AierraukA

Hotbooka

^Nqccojo Eraute.

V

•''■'.'
Waufefa

Intom N
Aucummato

Sauhau
Tonne

Nimmioi

tivau

■
xc

3 A

"I A
oM i

Z A
1 u ft

ene
irfgiPl

:. 1,

' a A.
J>--T A

'DA

i

1

Wawaw*

3fo

of North-Garolina.

31

'To repeat more of this Indian Jargon, would be to trou-Ind'an
ble the Reader j and as an Account how imperfed they are^^*
fin. their Moods and Tenfes, has been given by feveral alrea-
dy, I ihall only add, that their Languages or Tongues are fo
.deficient, that you cannot fuppofe the Indians ever could ex-
prefs themfelves in fuch a Flight of Stile, as Authors would
Jiave yoirbelieveV They are fo far from it, that they are but
juft able to make one another uriderftand readily what they
talk about. As for the two Gonfonants L and F, I never
knew them in any Indian Speech I have met withal \ yet I
muft tell you, that they have fuch a Way of abbreviating
•.their Speech, when in their great Councils and Debates, that
.the young Men do not underftand what they treat about,
when they hear them argue* It is wonderful, what has oc~
cafion'd fo many different Speeches as the Savages have. .
The three Nations I now; mentioned, do not live above ten
Leagues diftant, and two of them, viz.. the Tushruro's and Tartaric
the Woe con-, are not two Leagues afunder ; yet their Speech an Kurds*
differs in every Word thereof, except one, which is rtfaure%
Cockles, which is in both Tongues the fame, and nothing elfe.
Now this Difference of Speech caufes Jealoufies and Fears a-
rnongft them, which bring Wars, wherein they deftroy one
another •, otherwife the Chriftians had not (in all Probabi-
lity) fettled America fo eafily, at they have done, had thefe
Tribe9 of Savages united themfelves into one People or ge-
neral Intercity or were they fo but every hundred Miles. In
fhort, they are an odd fort of People under the Circum-
stances they are at prefent, and have Tome fuch uncouth
Ways in their Management and Courfe of Living, that it
feems a Miracle to us, how they bring about their Defigns,
as they do, when their Ways are commonly quite contrary
to ours. I believe, they are (as to this Life) a very happy
People •, and were it not for the Feuds amongft themfelves*
they would enjoy the happieft State (in this World) of all
Mankind. They met with Enemies when we came amongft
them j for they are no nearer Chriftianity now, than they
were at the firlbDifcovery, to all Appearance. They have
learnt feveral Vices of the Europe ans, but not one Vertue, as Indians
I know of. Drunkennefs was a Stranger, when we found horn of
them out, and Swearing their Speech cannot exprefs ; yetJ^ £ur©*
thofe that fpeak £»£/»/&, learn to fwear the iirft thing they5eans°

H 2 talk.

I

1^0.

An Account of the Indians

talk of. _It's true, they have fame Vertues. and fome Vices -y
but how the Chriftiaas can bring thefe People into; the fld-
fom of the Church, is a Propofal that ought to be forra'd
and follow'd by the wifeft Heads and belt Cbriftians. After
I have given one Remark or two farther, of. fome of their
ftrange Practices and Notions, I will give ray Opinion, bow
I think, in probability, it may be (if poflible,) effeffcedy andfo
fhall conclude this Treatife of Carolina. ^.

They are a very craving People, and if a Man give; tbiem
any thing of a Prefent, they think it obliges him to give
them another ; and fo on, till, he has given them all, he has 5
for they have no Bounds of Satisfaction in that way ; and if
they give you any thing, it is to receive twice the Value of it.
They have no Confederation that you will wajat -what you
give them } for their way of Living. j§ fo contrary to ours,
that neither we nor they can fathom one anothers Deiigns
and Methods. They call Rum and Phyfick by one Name,
which implies that Rum make People lick-, as when they have
taken any poifonous Plant :, yetthey cannot forbeanRum. They
make Offerings of their Firft-Fruits, and the mare feriousJfort
of them throw into the Afhes, near the Fire, thefirftBit
or Spoonful of every Meal they fit down to, wbicb, they
fay, is the fame to them, as the pulling off our Hats, and
talking, when we go to Victuals, js to us. They name the
Mpnths very agreeably, as one is the; Herring-Month, ano-
ther the Strawberry-Month, another the MulberryTMontb:»
Others name them by the Trees that biofTom ; efpeciauyv
the Dogwood-Tree- j or they, fay, we, will return when Tur-
iey-Cocks gobble, that is in March afl^ ApriL The Age of
the Moon they underftand, -but know no -diffeeat [Name for
Sun, ancj Moon. They, can guefs well at the timfe <otf tfee
Day, by the Sun's Height. Their Age 'fchey^uinbei- b.y Wini
ters, "and lay* fucha Man or Woman Is fo many Winters okL
They have no Sabbath, or Day of Reft. Their Slaves are
not over-burden'd with Work, and fo not driven by Severity
to feek for that Relief. Thofe that are acquainted with the
Englljb, and fpeak the Tongue, know when Sunday comes 5 be-
fides, the Indians have a diftindt Name for Chrifimas whidi
they call Winmck Kejbvfe, or the Engl ijhmans Gads Mwn.
There is one moft abominable Cuftom lamongft them, ^vifoicn*
they call Hus-quenming their young Men; wiiich I iiave not

made

■mi — iiiiwiii i >nmi mii ii '• ' ""

of North-Carolina.

'made am? Mention of as yet, fo will give you an Account
of it here. You muft know, that moft commonly, once a
Year, or, at fartheft, once in two Years, thefe People take
up fo many of their young Men, as they think are able to
undergo it, and hufqievangh them, which is to make them
obedient and refpeftive to their Superiors, and (as they fay)
is the fame to them, as it is to us to fend our Children to
School:, to be taught good Breeding and Letters. This Houfe
©f Correction is a large ftrong Cabin, made on purpofe for
the Reception of the young Men and Boys, that have not
pafTed this Graduation already •, and it is always at Chriftmas
that they hufquenaugh their Youth , which is by bringing
them into this Houfe, and keeping thern dark all the time,
■where they more than half-ftarve them. Befides, they give
them Pellitory-Bark, and feveral intoxicating Plants, that
make them go raving mad as ever were any People in the
World ; and you may hear them make the moft difmal and
helliih Cries, and How lings, that ever humane Creatures ex-
prefs'd ; all which continues about five or fix Weeks, and
the little Meat they eat, is the naftieft, loathfome ftuff, and
mkt'Witri all manner of Filth it's poffible to get. After the
Time is expired, they are brought out of the Cabin, which,
never is in the Town, but always a diftance off, and guarded
by a Jaylor or two. who watch by Turns. Now, when they
rfirft come but, they are as poor as ever any Cretftfres werej
for you mull know feveral die under this diabolical Purga-
't-ion.; Moreover, they either really are, or pretend to Tie
-durhB, and do notfpeak for feveral Days •, I think^ twenty
or thirty ; and look fo gaftly, and are fo changd^that it's
oiext to an Impoffibility to know them again^lthotigh you
was never fo well acquainted with them beforev.T.wbuld faia
'have gone into the mad Houfe, and have feen them in their
f ime'-of Purgatory, but the King would .not fuffer it, becaufe,
lie told me, they would do me, or aiity-other white Man, an.
injury, -that ventured in amongft th^hfv fo I defifted. They
play this Prank with Girls as wellasrfioys, and I believe it
a mifera^le Life they endure, becaufe I have known feveral
of them run away, at that time, to avoid it. Now, the
Savages fay, if it was not for this, they could never keep them
Youth in Subjection, befides that it hardens them ever after
to the Fatigues of War, Hunting, and all manner of Hard-

ihip r

:34-

An Account of the indians

fhip, which their way of Jiving expofes them to, Befides, they
add,that it carries offthp'fe infirm weakBodies, that would have
been only a Burden and Difgfcace tp. their Nation, and faves
the Victuals and Cloathing for better People, that Would
r.bave been expended on fuchufelefs Creatures.. Thefe Sava-
ges are defcribed in, their proper Colours, but by a very few ■
for . thofe- that generally write Hiftories of this new WorldJ
are fucli as Intereft, Preferment* and Merchandize, drew
thither, arid know no more of that People than I do of
the Laplanders, which is only by Hear- fay. "And if we will
make juft Remarks, how near fuch Relations generally ap-
proach Truth and Nicety, we fhall find very few of them
worthy of Entertainment ; and as for the other part of the
Volume, it is generally ftufft with Invectives againft! the Go-
vernment they lived under, on which Stage is commonly
acted greater Barbarities, in Murdering worthy Mens Repu-
tations, than all the Savages in the new World are. capable
of equalizing, or fo much as imitating.

And fince 1 hinted at a Regulation of the Savages, and to
propofe a way to convert them to Chriltianity, I will firlt
particularize the feveral Nations of Indians that are our
Neighbours, and then proceed to what I promis'd.

Tusker uro Indians are fifteenTowns, viz,.Haruta,Waqui, Con-
tah-nah,^4nna Ooka, Conauh-Kare Harooka^Vna Nauhan, Kenta*
nuska, Ckyfffneets, Kent a, Eno?Naur-hegh-ne,Oonoj[oora,Tofneoc,
Nonaroharitfe, Nvrfoorooka, Fighting Men 1 200. Waccon. Towns
2; Jvpwauremau, Tooptatmeer, Fighting Men 120. Machapunga,
Town i^Maramiskeet, Fighting Men 30. Bear River, Town
i, Raufiafflga-quank, Fighting Men 50. Maherring Indians,
Towa.!}<3i$g\errillg River, Fighting Men 50. Chuwon Indians,
Town 'i^'fynhets Creek, Fighting Men 15. Pafpatank Indians,
Town 1, Pafpatank River, Fighting Men 10. Poteskeit, Town
1, North River, Fighting Men 30. Nottaway Indians, Town
1, Winoack Creek, Fating Men 30. Hatter as Town i,Sand
Banks, Fighting Men^. Connamo* Indians, Towns 2, Cora-
nine, Raruta, Fighting Men 25. Neus Indians, Towns 2, Chat-
tooka, Rouconk, Fighting Men 15. Pampticough Indians, Town
i,Ijland, Fighting Men 15. Jaupim Indians, 6 People. Thefe
five Nations of the Totero's, Sapona's, Keiauwee's, Aconechos,
and Schoccories, are lately comeamongft us, and may contain'
in all, about 750 Men, Women and Children. Total 4780. '

Now

of North- Carolina.

ns

Now, there appears to be one thoufand fix hundred arid-
twelve Fighting Men, of our Neighbouring Indians; and pro-
bably., there are three Fifths of Women and Children, not in-
cluding Old Men, which amounts to four thoufand and thirty-
Savages, befides the five Nations lately come. Now, as
I before hinted, we will 'fee what grounds there are tomake.
thefe People ferviceable to us, and better themfelves there-
-,

^(Xafair Scheme, we mult fiiil allow thefe Savages what,
really belongs to them, that is, what good Qualities, .and
natural Endowments,, they poffefs, whereby they being in
their proper Colours, the Event may.be better guefs'd at, and.
fathom'd. ;

Firlc, they are as apt to learn any Handicraft, as any Peo-
ple that the World affords; I will except none; as is feen
by their Canoes and Stauking Heads, which they make of,
themfelves; but to my purppfe, the Indian Slaves in South-
Carolina, and elfew here, -make my Argument good.

Secondly, we have no difciplin'd Men in Europe, but what
have, at one time or other, been branded with Mutining, and.
Murmuring againft their Chiefs. Thefe Savages are never
found guilty of that great Crime in aSoldier ; I challenge all
Mankind to tell me of one Inita.nce of it ; befides, they never
prove Traitors to their "Native Country, but rather chufe.
Death than partake and fide with- the Enemy.

They naturally poffefs the Righteous Man s Gift ; they are-
Patient under all Afflictions , and have a great many other.
Natural Vertues? which I have High tlytoueh'd throughout
the Account of thefe Savages.

They are really better to us, than we are to them ; they
always give us Viduals. at their Quarters, and take care we.
are arm'd againft Hunger and Thirft : We do not fo by;
them ( generally fpeaking ) but let them walk by our Doors.
Hungry, and do not often relieve them.. We. look upon,
them with Scorn and Difdain, and think them little better:,
than Beafts in Humane Shape, though if well examined, we.
fhall find that, for all our. Religion and Education, we poffefs;
more Moral Deformities, and Evils than thefe Savages do*.
or are acquainted withal.

We reckon them Slaves in Comparifon to us, and Intru-
ders, as. oft as they enter our Houfes, or hunt near our.

An Accotmt of the Indians

Dwellings. But if we will admit Reafon to be our Guide, Ihe
will inform us, that thefe Indians are the freeft People in the
World, and fo far from being Intruders upon us, that we
have abandon'd our own Native Soil, to drive them out, and.
poflefs theirs ; neither have we any true Balance, in Judging
of thefe poor Heathens, becaufe we neither give Allowance
for their Natural Difpofition, nor the Sylvian Education, and
ftrange Cuftoms, (uncouth to us) they lie under and have
ever been train'd uptb-, thefe are falfe Meafuresfjbr Cliri-
ftians to take, and indeed no Man can be reckon'd aMo-
ralift only, who will not make choice and ufe, of bet-
ter Rules to walk and ad by : We trade with them, it's true,
but to what End? Not to Ihew them the Steps of Vertue,and
the Golden Rule, to do as we would be done by. No, we
have furniihed them with theViceof Drunkennefs, which is
the open Road to all others, and daily cheat them in every
thing we fell, and efteem it a Gift of CKriftianity, not to
fell to them fo cheap as we do to the Chriftians, as we call our
felves. Pray let me know where is there to be found one
Sacred Command or Precept of our Matter, that counfels us
to fuch Behaviour ? Befides, I believe it will not appear, but
that all the Wars, which we have had with the Savages,
were occafion'd by the unjuft Dealings of the Chriftians
towards them. I can name more than a few, which my own
Enquiry has given me a right Underftanding of, and I am
afraid the remainder (if they come to the teft) will prove
themfelves Birds of the fame Feather.
Indians As we are in Chriftian Duty bound, fo we muft adt and be-
jiverfion have ourfelves to thefe Savages, if we either intend to be
to chrifti- ferviceable in converting them to the Knowledge of the
mm- Gofpel, or difcharge the Duty which every Man, within the
Pale of the Chriftian Church, is bound to do. Upon this
Score, we ought to lhew a Tendernefs for thefe Heathens
under the weight of Infidelity; let us cherifh their good Deeds,
and, with Mildnefs and Clemency,mak£ them fenfjble and for-
warn them of their ill ones-, let our Dealings be juft to them
In every Refpeft, and fhew no ill Example, whereby they
oiay think we advife them to praftife that which we will
not be conformable to ourfelves : Let them have cheap Pen-
niworths (without Guile in our Trading with them) and
learn them the Myfteries of our Handicrafts, as well as our

Re-

of NorMvGapolinaA •'

Religion; Dtherwife we deal -unjtiitly by them. But it is highT.
lyneceilary to be brought in Practice,/ which is, to give En-
couragement to the' ordinary People, and .thofe of a lower
Ranky that cthey might 'marry with thefe Indians.,, and. come'
into Plantations, and Monies, where To, many Acres of Land
and ibme Gratuity of Money, (out of a publick Stock) are
given to the new-married. Couple; and that the Indidns might
have Encouragement to fend their Children Apprentices to
proper Matters, that would be kind to them, and mi ke them
Mailers of a Trade^ whereby they would be drawn to livea-
mongft us, and become Members of the. fame Ecciefiaftical
and Civil Government we are under •, then we mould have-
great Advantages to make daily Conversions amongft them,
when they faW that we were kind and juft to them in all our
Dealings. Moreover, by the Indians Marrying with the Chri-
ftians, and coming' into Plantations with their English Huf-
bands^!6r Wives, they would become Chri'fiians, and their
Idolatry would be quite forgotten, and, in all probability, a
better Worfhip come in its Stead •, for were theT^ engrafted
thus, and alienated from the Worfhip and Converfation of
Jews, their Abominations would vanifh, and be no more.

- Thus iwe mould be let into a better "Underftanding of the
Indian Tongue, bybur hew Converts ; and the whole Body
of thefe People would arrive to the'Knowledge of our 'Reli-
gion and Cuftoms, and become as one People with us. By this '
Method alfo, we mould have a true Knowledge of all thelndians
Skill in Medicine and Surgery, they would inform us of the
Situation of our Rivers, Lakes, and Tracts "of Land in; the
Lords Dominions, where by their Affiftance, greater DifcQve-
riesmay be made than has been hitherto found out, and" by
their Accompanying us in our Expeditions, we might civi-
lize a great many other Nations of the Savages, and daily
add to bur Strength in Trade, and Intereft •, To that we might
be fuffioiently enabled to conquer, or maintain our ' Ground,
againft all the Enemies to the Crown of- England in America^
both Chriltian and Savage.

-■ What Children we have of theirs, to learn Trades, e£r.
ought to be put into thofe Hands that are Men of the beft
Lives and Chara&ers, and that are not only ftridt Obfervers
of their Religion, but alfo of a mild, winning and fweet Dif-
pofition, that thefe Indian Parents may often go and fee how

Ii well

m

An Account of the Indian^ &c.

well their Children are dealt with, which would much win
them to our Ways of Living, Mildnefs being a Vertue the
Indians are in love withal, for they do not practife beatine
and correcting their Children, as we do. A general Com-
plaint is, thatitfeemsimpoffible to convert theft PeopLe to
Chriftianity, as, at firft fight, it does ; and as for thofe in
New Spain, they have the Prayer of that Church in Latin by
Rote, and know the external Behaviour at Mafs and Ser-
mons ', yetfcarce any of them are fteady and abide with con-
ftancy in good Works, and the Duties of the Chriftian Church.
We find that the Fuentes and feveral other of the noted Indian
Families about Mexico^ and in other parts of New Spain, had
given feveral large Gifts to the Altar, and outwardly feem'd
fond of their new Religion ; yet-thofe that were thegreateffc
Zealots outwards, on a ftrid Enquiry, were found guilty of
Idolatry and Witchcraft ; and this feems to proceed from
their Cohabiting, which, as I have noted before, gives Oppor-
tunities of Cabals to recal their ancient priftine Infidelity
and Superftitions. They never argae againft our Religion,
but with all imaginable Indifference own, that it is moft pro-
per for us that have been brought up in it.

In my opinion, it's better for Chriftjans of a mean Fortune
to marry with the Civiliz'd Indians, than to fuffer the HarcK
Ihips of four or five years Servitude,, in which they meet with
Sicknefsand Seafonings aniidft a Crowd of other Afflictions,
which the Tyranny of a bad Matter lays upon fuch poor Souls,
all which thofe acquainted with our Tobacco Plantations are
not Strangers to.

This feems to be a more reafonable Method of converting
the Indians, than to fet up our Chriftian Banner in a Field of
Blood, as the Spaniards have done in New Spain, and baptize
©ne hundred with the Sword for one at the Font. Whjlft we
make way for a Chriftian Colony through a Field of Blood
and defraud, and make away with thofe that one day may be
wanted in this World, and in the next appear againft us, we
make way for a more potent Chriftian Enemy to invade us"
iiereafter, ©f which we may repent* when too late.

JHE

.

339

■

THE SECOND

CHARTER

Granted by

King CHARLES 11

T O T H E

PROPRIETORS

O F

*

CAROLINA

(1

lereas

CHARLES II. by the Grace of God, &c. Whc
Our Letters Patents, bearing Date the Four and
Twentieth Day of March , in the Fifteenth Year of
Our Reign, We were Gracioufly Pleas'd to Grant unto
Our right Trufty, and right Well-beloved Coufin and Coun-
fellor Edward Earl of Clarendon, our High Chancellor of Eng-
land, Our right Trufty, and right entirely Beloved Coufin
and Counfellor, George Duke of Albemarle , Matter of our
Horfe, Our right Trufty and Well Beloved William, now
Earl ox Craven, our right Trufty and well-beloved Counfellor, ;
3Mw'Lord Berkley, our right Trufty, and well-beloved
Counfellor, Anthony .hord Afhley, Chancellor of our Exche-
quer, our right Trufty and Well-beloved' -Counfellor Sir
George Carter -m Knight and Baronet, Vice-Chamberlain of

lis oar

240

The Second Charter

our Houfhold, Our right Trudy and well-beloved, Sir John
Colleton Knight and Baronet, and Sir William Berkeley Knieht
all that Province, Territory, or Tract of Ground, called'
CareLna, fituate, lying and being within our Dominions of
America, Extending from the North End of the Ifland called
Lvhljland, which lyeth in. the Southern Virginians, and

]Vlt um£X*and thcirty DeSrees of the Northe™ Latitude and
to the Weft, as far as the South Seas; and fo refpeaively as
far as the River of Mathios, which bordereth upon the Coaft
ot Florida, and within One and Thirty Degrees of the Vw-
*W» Latitude,' and fo ^/ in a dired Line, as far as' the
iez/fbaeas aforefaid.

Now, know Ye, that We, at the Humble Reqneft of the
faid -Grandees i in the aforefaid Letters Patents named, and
as a farther Mark of Onr-efpecial Favour towards them, We
are Gracioufly Pleafcd to Enlarge Our faid Grant unto them
according to the Bounds and Limits hereafter Specifyed, and
in Favour to the Pious and Noble Purpofe of the faid Edward
Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Alhemark, William Earl of
Craven, John JLord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir Georr*

ITS' Sir ??*? Colletcn-> and ^ir William Berkeley, their Heirs
and Ate all that Province, Territory, or Traft of Ground
fituate, lying, and being within Our Dominions of America
aforefaid extending North and Weft^ard, as far as the North
1 • ° %f* , Rlver> ov Gulet, upon a ftreight Wcfttrh
Line, to Wyonoake Creek, which lies within, or about the De-
gVTr rJalVty Si?' and Thirty Minutes Northern Latitude

f /°KVn a/ire? Lille' aS far as the Smhsilf^
South and ^Masfar as the Degrees of Twenty Niie 1*3
clufive Aorthern Latitude, and fo Weft, in a dired; Line, Ts far
as the South Seas- together with all and Angular Ports
Harbours Bays, Rivers and Iflets, belonging SSSgft*

58&S A^ afbrefaM- «i%*nSs^nfe
Fields Woods, Mountains, Ferms. Lakes, Rivers, Bays and
Iflets, fituate, or being within the Bounds, or Limits! If?
before mentioned v with the Fiihing of all forts of ¥^,WhaL
Sturgeons, and all other Royal Fifhes in the Sea, Bays, Iflets
and Rivers, within the Premifes, and the Fifh therein taken
together with the Royalty of the Sea, upon the Coaft with!
an the Limits aforefaid. And moreover, all Veins, Mines

and

*/ CAROLINA.

H

a ad Quarries, as welldifcoveredasnot difeover'd, of Gold,
Silver, Gems and Precious Stories, and all other whatfoever ;
be it of Stones, Metal, or any other thing found, or to be
found within the Province, Territory, Ifletf and Limits
aforefaid.

And furthermore, the Patronage and Advowfons of all the
Churches and Chappels, which as the Chriftian Religion fhall
encreafe within the Province,, Territory, Iiles, and Limits a-
forefaid, fhall happen hereafter to be ere&ed ; together, with
Licence and Power to buiiiiand found Churches, Ch^ppeis
and Oratories in convenient and fit places, within the faid
Bounds and Limits -, and to caufe them to be Dedicated and
Confecrated, according to theEcclefiaflicalLawsof Our King-
dom Qi. Engl and:, together with all and; lingular, the like, and
as ample, '.Rights , Jurifdi&ions ^Privileges j, . Prerogative S\
Royalties, Liberties, Immunities a.ad.Franchifes, of what
Kind foever, within .the Territory* Hies,, Ifletsand Limits-^
forefaid. To have, hold, ufe, exercife and enjoy the fame, as
amply, fully, and in as ample Manneiyas any Bifhop oi Durham.
in Our Kingdom of England,w§r heretofore had, held, ufed,
or enjoyed, or of right oughtv or could have, ufe, or enjoy^
and them the Laid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of
Albemarle, William Earl of Cramn, John Lor&Berkeleyl Anthony
Lord Ajhley, Sir George. Carterett, Sir 'John Colleton, and Sir
William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns y We do by thefe
Prefents, for Us, Our Heirs and Succeflbrs, make, create and
conftitute the true and.abfolute Lojjdsahd Proprietors of the
faid Province, or Territory, and of all other the Premifes,
faving always the Faith, Allegiance and Sovereign Dominion
due to Us , our Heirs and . Succeflbrs , for the' fame i to
have, hold, poflefs and enjoy the faid Province, Territory,
Iflets, and all and Angular, other the Premifes, to them the
faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, Wil-
liam Earl ;of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Afh-
ley , Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and Sir William
Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, for Ever, to be holdeu of
Us, Our Heirs and Succeflbrs, as of Our Mannor of Eafl Green-
wich, in Kent, in free and common Soccage, and not in Capite,
or by Kmghts Service, yielding and paying yearly to Us, Our
Heirs and Succeflbrs, for the fame,the fourth Part of all Goods
and Silver Oar, which within the Limits hereby Granted,

fhall

i a. a

The Second Charter

ihall from Time to Time, happen to be found, over and be-
fides the Yearly Rent of Twenty Marks and the fourth part
of the Gold and Silver Oar, in and by the faid recited Let-
ters Patents teferved and payable.

And that the Province, or Territory hereby granted and
defcribed, may be dignifyed with as large Titles and Privi-
leges, as any other Parts of our Dominions and Territories in
that Region ; Know ye, That We, of our farther Grace, cer-
tain Knowledge and meer Motion, have thought fit to annex
the fame Trad of Ground and Territory, unto the fame Pro-
vince of Carolina, and out of the Fulnefs of our Royal Power
and Prerogative, We do for Us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs,
annex and unite the fame to the faid Province of Carolina.
And forafmuch as We have made and ordained the aforefaid
Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William
Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley^
Sir George Carter ett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley,
their Heirs and Affigns, the true Lords and Proprietors of
all the Province or Territory aforefaid ; Know ye therefore
moreover, that We repofing efpecial Truft and Confidence in
their Fidelity, Wifdom, Juftice and provident Circumfpecrion
for Us, our Heirs and SuccefTors, do grant full and abfolute
Power, by virtue of thefe Prefents, to them the faid Edward
Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle ^William Earl of
Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir George
Catterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, and their
Heirs and Affigns, for the good and happy Government of
the faid whole Province or Territory, full Power and Autho*
rity to erect, conftitute, and make feveral Counties, Baronies^
and Colonies, of and within the faid Provinces, Territories^
Lands and Hereditaments, in and by the faid recited Letters
Patents , and thefe Prefents, granted, or mentioned to be
granted, as aforefaid, with feveral and diftindt Jurifdidtions,
Powers, Liberties and Privileges. And alfo, to ordain,
make and enadr, and under their Seals, topublifh any Laws
and Constitutions whatfoever, either appertaining to the
publick State of the laid whole Province or Territory, or of
any diftindt or particular County, Barony or Colony, of or
within the fame, or to the private Utility of particular Per-
fons, according to their beft Discretion, by and with the Ad-
vice, AfTentand Approbation of the Freemen of the faid Pro-
vince

of CAROLINA.

m

~-n,, or Territory, or of the Freemen of the County, Barony
6 • cXnlft ^ wh chrfach Law or Constitution ftall be made,
or?h^TreateftPart of them, or of their Delegates or Depu-
t 'es Xm for enading of the faid Laws, when and as oftea
as ne^d fhall require, We will that the faid Edward Ezvl of
cZnlTGeorgemie of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven,
?fkn Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord AjUey, Sir George Carterett,
S ^l£c5^» and Sir WVto M^<£ «d .their Heirs or
St S5l from Time to Time, affcmble in fuch Manner
rndForm isto them mall feem belt: And the fame Laws duly
to execuTe upon all People within the faid Province or ler-
ntorv CoS Barony or Colony, and the Limits thereof,
for [he T?me being, which fhall be confuted under the
Power a^ Government of them, or any of them either fail-
inTtowards the faid Province or Territory of Carohna ,ot
re?uS from thence towards England, or any other of our,
or forebn Dominions, by Impofition of.Penakies, Impn-
Lmen for any other Punifliment: Yea,ifit fhall be need--
ful and the auklity of the Offence require it by taking a-
' M.mW^d Life, either by them, the faid Edward Earl
W/^ £ ctm\ Duk of Albemarle, WMam Earl of CM.
I^lSW, ^thony Lord tfk Sir—
Sem r, Sir3W» C,//efi,andSir^T.^^, and their
Hers or by them or their Deputies, Lieutenants judges,
Tdtices MaftiftrateV, or Officers whatfoever, as well within
xne fcfd Province^ at Sea, in fuch Manner and Form as una
the iSd Edvard Earl of GUM**** Ge^e Duke of f^rh
miUam Earl of £tf»A jM« ^rd JfcrMgr, ^ ** Lord
Se7sfrW» C.r^, Sir John Colleton, and Sir «fc
^&f and their Heirs, fhall feem moit convenient; Alio,
foreS releafe, pardon and abolifh, whether before Judg-
ment or after, ail Crimes and Offences whatfoever agamft
SI ftS Laws-- and to do all and every other Thing and
SSS&JS the compleatEftablimmentofJuftice
M ^Courts, Seflion, and Forms of Judicature, and Manners
It ^rnreedines therein, do belong, altho' in thefe Prefents,
«iS Sm i&onl not made thereof, and by Judges, to hin,
S them delegated to award, procefs, hold Pleafe, and detei -
mine in all the faid Courts and Places of Judicature, all ■ Afti-
Tns Suit and Caufes whatfoever, as well criminal as civil,
r3,S, perfonal, or of any other Kind or tttarewha*.

344

1 ;

Tbe'Sgcond Chsrtei?

foever : Which'JLaws fa as; aforefaid, -to .be-publifhed, , Our
Pleafure. island-. We .da cojoyn, require and commang, iljall
be ahfolutely, -fitnl«and'av:ail:able4ft 'Law,-,, and'that .all. the
Leige People of Usv out jKeirs; and'. -Succe#pr.s:j fw'ith£n the.
faid .Province, or Territory,, do^.ohfe/ve andVjkeejj tkeilme
inviolably in thofe Paft5,"Jo far as.tbey: concern them, under
the Pains and Penalties- therein exprejfed • or to be excelled *
provided: nevertheifCs^ thatuhe ;faiG .Laws be confonant .to.
Reafon, and as'; near asr may- jbe .cpriyen^tiyj 'agreeab^ft»
the Laws and Cuftoms of this our: Realm of ' ErgUwd. '

And becaufe fuchAffemblies of Fref-h;oldcrs cannot be fo'
fuddenly called, as there may be Occafi^n to require the fame ;
We do therefore by thefe Prefents, give and grant unto the
faid Edward Ezv\ of Clarendon, Gep-rge Duke of ' Alhe marie ,W'd~
Ham Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley , Anthony, Lord ~AJJi-
ley , Sir George Carterett , Sir John Colleton, and Sir William.
Berkeley, their Heirs and Afligns, by themfelves or their Ma-
giftrates in that Behalf, lawfully authorized, full Power and
Authority from Time to Time, to make. arid ordain fit and
wholfome Orders and Ordinances, within the Province or,
Territory aforefaid, or any County, Barony or Province, of
or within the fame, to be kept and obferved, as well for the
keeping of the Peace, as for the better Government of the
People there abiding, and to publifh the fame to all to whom
it may concern : Which Ordinances we do, by thefe Prefents,
ftreightly charge and command to be inviolably obferved
within the fame- Province, Counties, Territories, Baronies,
and Provinces, under the Penalties therein exprefled ; fo as
fuch Ordinances be reafonable and not repugnant or contra-
ry, but as near as, may be agreeable to the Laws and Statutes
of this our Kingdom of England; and fo as the fame Ordi-
nances do not extend to the binding, charging or taking a-
way of the Right or Intereft of anyPeribn. or Perfons,in their
freehold Goods, or Chattels, whatfoeyer.

And to the end the faid Province or Territory, may be the
more happily encreafed by the Multitude of People reforting
thither , and may likewife be the more ftrongly defended
from the Incurfioas of Savages and other Enemies, Pirates;
and Robbers. '-.Vc

E

' bl

■

• • '■

There:

of CAROLINA.

45

Therefore, We for Us, Our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give
and grant by thefe Prefents, Power, Licenfe and Liberty
unto all the Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs in
our Kingdom of England, or elfewhere, within any other
our Dominions, lflands, Colonies or Plantations ; /excepting
thofe. who (hall be efpecially forbidden) to tranfport them-
felves and Families into the faid Province or Territory, with
convenient Shipping, and fitting Proviiions ;and there to fet-
tle themfelves, dwell and inhabit, any Law, Ad, Statute, Or-
dinance, or other Thing to the contrary in any wife, not-
withftanding.

And we will alfo, and ofOurefpecial Grace, for Us, our
Heirs and Succeflbrs, do flreightly enjoyn, ordain, conftitute
and demand, That the faid Province or Territory, fhall be
of our Allegiance \ and that all and Angular, the Subjeds
and Leige People of Us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, tranfpor-
ted, or to be tranfported into .the faid Province, and the
Children of them, and fuch as (hall defcend from them, there
born, or hereafter to be born, be, and fhall be Denizens and
Lieges of Us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs of this our Kingdom
of England^ and be in all Things, held, treated and reputed
as the Liege faithful People of Us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs,
born within this our faid Kingdom, or any other of our Do-
minions •, and may inherit, or otherwife purchafe and re-
ceive, take, hold, buy and pofl'efs any Lands, Tenements or
Hereditaments, within the faid Places, and them may occu*
py, and enjoy, fell, alien and bequeath \ as likewife, all Li-
berties, Frartcbifes and Privileges of this our Kingdom, and
of other our Dominions aforefaid , may freely and quietly
have, poflefs and enjoy, as our Liege People born within the
fame, without the Moleftation, Vexation, Trouble or Grie-
vance of Us, Our Heirs and Succeflbrs, any Ad, Statute,
Ordinance, or Provifion to the contrary, notwithftanding.
. And furthermore, That Our Subjeds of this Our faid King-
dom of England^ and other our Dominions, may be the rather
encouraged to undertake this Expedition, with ready and
chearfalMinds -0 Know Ye, That We, of Our efpecial Grace,
certain Knowledge and meer Motion, <\o give and grant, by
virtue of thefe Prefents, as well to the faid Edward Earl of
Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven,
John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajbley, Sir George Cmerett9

K k wir

54.6

The Second Charter

Sir John Colleton, arid Sir William Berkeley, and their Heirs, as
unto all others as fhali,.froni time to time, repair unto the faid
Province or Territory., with a JPurpofe to inhabit there, or to
trade with the Natives thereof v Full Liberty and Licenfe to
lade and freight in every Port whatfoever, of Us, our Heirs
and Succeilbrs \ and into the faid Province of Carol .na ;hy them,
their Servants -and A ffigns, to tranfport all and lingular, their
Goods, Wares and Merchandises : as likewife^ ;all i fort of
Grain whatfoevei;, and any other Thing whatfoever, necef-
iary for their Food and Gloathi-ag, not prohibited by the
Laws and Statutes of our Kingdom and Dominions, to be car-
ried out of the fame, without any Letf or Moleftation of Us,
our Heirs and SuccefTors, or of any other our Officers or Mi-
Bifters iW;hatfoever \ faving alfoito l§kj otirilileirsand Succd*
fors, the Cuftoms,and other' Duties and Payment's due for the-
laid Wares and Merchandizes, according to the ft vera! Rates-'
of the Place from whence the fame lhal'i be tranfported.

We will alfo, and by thefe Prefents, for Usrou'r- Heirs and
SuccefFors, do give and grant Licenfe by this ourGharter-, un-
to the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, Geo'jWCjUke of AlbeA
marle, William EarLof Graven,^ John Lord Berhleys-Jinihohy-
' Lord \Ajhley, Sir George Carterett, Sk'john Coilefy%,lan<& Sir
William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, and to all' the Inha-
bitants and Dwellers in the Province or Territory aforefaid,:
both prefent and to come, full Power and Authority to im-
port or unlade by themfelves, -or their Servants, Factors or
Affigns, all Merchandizes and Goods whatfoever, that mail
arife of the Fruits and Commodities of the faid Province or
Territory, either by Land or Sea, into any the Ports of Us, our
Heirs and Suc'ceffors, in our Kingdom of Engl, Seal, or Ireland,
or otherwife, to difpofe of the faid Goods, in the faid Ports.
And if need .be, within one year next after the unlading, to'
lade the faid Merchandizes and Goods again in the fame, or
other Ships; and to export the fame into any other Coun-
tries, either of our Dominins or foreign, being in Amity
with Us,, our Heirs and Succeffors, fo as they pay fuch
Cuftoms, Subsidies and other Duties for the fame to Us, our
Heirsand Succeffors*, as the reft x>f our Subjects of this- our
Kingdom, for the Time being, {hall be bound to pay. Beyond
which We will not that the Inhabitants of the faid Province^
or Territory, fhall beany ways charged.. Provided, never-
¥erthelefs? and our Will and Pfeafure is, and we have fur-
ther*

Y CAROLINA.

47

tiler, for the Conllderations aforefaid, of our fpecial Grace,
certain Knowledge and meer Motion, given and granted,
and by thefe Prefents, for Us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do
give and grant unto the laid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George
Duke of Albemarle, William Eari of Craven; John Lord Berke-
ley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colle-
ton, a.w\S'\K William Berkeley, their Heirs and AfTigns, full and
free Licenfe, Liberty, Power and Authority, at any Time
or Times, from and after the Feaft of.St. Michael the Arch-
Angel, which, (hall be in the Year of our Lord Chrift, One
Thoufand, Six Hundred, Sixty and Seven ; as well to im-
port and bring into any our Dominions from the faid Pro-
vince of Carolina, or any Part thereof, the feveral Goods and.
Commodities herein after mentioned •, That is to fay, Silks,
Wines, Currants, Raifons, Capers, Wax, Almonds, Oil and
Olives, without paying or( anfwering to Us, our Heirs and
Succeflbrs, any Cuftom,- Impoft, or other Duty, for, or in.
refpect thereof, for and during the Time and Space of Seven
Years to commence and be accompted from and after the firft
Importation of Four Tons of any the faid Goods, in any one
Bottom Ship or VelTer, from thefaid Province or Territory,
into any of our Dominions ; as alfo, to export and carry
out of any of our Dominions into the faid Province or Terri-
tory, Cuftom-free, all forts of Tools, which fhall be ufeful or
necefTary for the Planters there, in the Accommodation and
Improvement of the Premifes, any thing before in thefe Pre-
sents contained, or any Law, Act, Statute, Prohibition, or
other Matter or Thing, heretofore had, made, enacted or
provided, or hereafter to be had, made, ena&ed or provided,
in any wife notwithstanding.

And furthermore, of our more ample and efpecial Grace,
certain Knowledge and.meer Motion, We do for Us, our Heirs
and Succeflbrs, grant unto the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon,
Geor?e Duke of Albemarle, WiltiamEivl of Craven, John Lord
Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John
Colleton, and Sir Will. Berkeley, their Heirs and AfTigns, full and
abfolute Power and Authority to make, ere<2t and conftitute
within the. faid Province or Territory, aud the Ifles and Iflets
aforefaid , fuch and fo many Sea-Forts, Harbours, Creeks and
other Places for difcharge and unlading of Goods and Merchan-
dizes out of Ships, Boats, and other VefTels, and for lading of
them in fuch and fo many Places, as with fach Jurifdittions,

Kk2 Pri-

H8

The Second Charter

Privileges and Franchifes, unto the faid Ports belonging, as
to them fhall feem moft expedient ; And that all and lingular
the Ships, Boats and other VefTels, which fhall come for Mer-
chandizes, and trade into the faid Province or Territory or
fhall depart out of the fame, fhall be laden and unladen at
fuch Ports only, as fhall be ere&ed and conftitued by the faid
Edward E^r\ of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William
ILaxl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir
George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley
their Heirs and Affigns, and not elfew here, anyUfe^ Cu-
ftom, or any thing to the contrary in any wife notwithftand-

And we do furthermore will, appoint and ordain, and by
thefe Prefents, for Us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do grant
unto the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of
Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley An-
thony Lord Ajhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton and
Sir William Berkeley , their Heirs and Affigns, That they,
the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle
William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord
Ajliley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sit William
Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, may from Time to Time for
ever, have and enjoy the Cuftoms and Subfidies in the Ports
Harbours,Creeks and other Places, within the Province afore-
faid, payable for the Goods, Merchandizes and Wares there
laded, or to be laded or unladed, the faid Cuftoms to be reafo-
aably affeffed upon any Occafion by themfelves, and by and
with the Confent of the free People, or the greater Part of
them, as aforefaid; to whom We give Power by thefe Prfe-
fents, for Us, our Heirs and Succeffors, upon juft Caufeand
in a due Proportion to afTefs and impofe the fame.

And further, of our efpecial Grace , certain Knowledge
and meer Motion, we have given, granted and confirmed
and by thefe Prefents, for Us, our Heirs and Succeffors do
give, grant and confirm unto the faid Edward Earl of Claren-
don, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John-
Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir
John Colleton, and ShWilliam Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns*
foil and abfolute Power, Licenfe and Authority, that they
the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle
William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley^ Anthony Lord

Ajhley,

*/ Carolina!

H9

Mley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, ancL Sir WBum
ilhley, their Heirs and Affigns, from Time to Time, here-
after for ever, afc his and their Will and Pleafure, may affign,
alien/grant, demife or enfeoff the Premifes or any Part or
PaVel thereof to him or them, that lhall be willing to pur-
chafe the fame ; and to fuch Perfon and Perfons, as they fliatt
think fit, to have, and to hold to them the iaid Perfon or
Perfons, their HeHaad Affigns,in-Fee fimple or in Fee Tay le
or for the Term of Life or Lives, or Years to be heldof
them, the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, Gentle puke or £fr
bemarle, WdlUm Earl of Craven, -John Lord Berkeley, Ant bony-
Lord Alhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and >ir
Wtlliam Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, by MiMfe Ser-
vices andCuftoms, as fhall feem fit to them the faid |^W
Earl of Clarendon, Georgemte &f Albmarf,rWfam^vl m
Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley^ Sit Georg*
Carterltt, Sir John Colleton, and WtBam Berkeley, their Heirs
and Affigns, and not of Us, our Heirs and Succeffors i And
to the fame Perfon and Perfons, and to all and every of them,
We do give and grant by thefe Prefents, for Us, our Heirs
and Succefibrs, Licenfe, Authority and Power, that fuch Per-
fon or Perfons, may have and take the Premifes, or any Par-
cel thereof, of the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, Gtorgepxxks
of Albemarle , William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley,,
Anthony Lord Ajklcy, Sir George Carterett, SfJohn Colleton*
and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, and the
fame to hold to themfelves, their Heirs or Affigns, in_what
Eftate of Inheritance foever, in Fee fimple, or inFeeTayle,
or otherwife, as to them the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon*
George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven-, John Lord
Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir George Cartentt, Sir John
Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, malt
feem expedient ; The Statute in the Parliament of Edward*
Son of King Henry, heretofore King of England, ourPrede-
ceflbr, commonly called, The Statuteof^^ Emptores Terror',,
or any other Statute, Ad, Ordinance* Ufe,. Law, Cuftom,
any other Matter, Caufe or Thing heretofore publiined or
provided to the contrary, in any wife notwithstanding*

And becaufe many Perfons born and inhabiting m WftifrW
Province for their Deferts and Services miry exped, and be
capable of tyarks of Honour and Favour, which, in refpea

5o

l-he Second Charter -

-of the great Diftance cannot conveniently be conferred by
Uiyout Will aad Pleafur-e therefore is, and We'd 5 by, trie'fe-
Prefects,- give and grant tin to the- laid Edward mn®f-€UL
re$W$ ' ®fcgfmm%PMlUMrt&WMm Lord "&&>&$ John
L^dWmeliyj'^mmyMrd Idfiley, $&®mti Carterett+Sk
John CelletohiGtid. Sir William Berkeley,- their Heirs and Alliens,
full Power and Authority to give and-confer ufito, and upon
fach'of thelnbabitants' of- the- faid1 Province, or Territory
as they- ll' thihkvdoVwaal'ljiierit the fame,- -fach Marks
Wf aUdTilksW HMour,-as •" they^M think fit, fo as
tbeir Titles of Honours be not the fameas are enjoyed'by, or

* kiri'Tj ' vivcry-vticic; rreiencs, *ror us, uur>

Hetfs -and SuccelTdrs,rgive and Grte, Licenfe to them' the"
M^rd'-EavlomareMon., 'Getfgfbuke Of Albemarle, William
EarloFCmw??: .«0W» Lord Berkeley; 'Anthony Lord j?p%| Sir
GW^e Carter^ -Sir y^» -(7*//^ and Sir »?/&»» Berkeley <
their Heirs and- Affigns, full Power, Liberty and Licenfe, to
W§&k R-aife and Build within- the laid- Province and -Places
afcrefaM .- or ahyPart -or ^art%^thefe<jf, fuch and To many'
Fort*, -FortrefTes, Oaftlesy GitfesV -Boroughs, Towns,-' Villa-'
ges and: other Fortifications .Wbatfoever-, and the fame or
any of them to Fortify and Furnifh with Ordnance, Powder,
Shot, Armour and all other Weapons, Ammunition and Ha-
biliments of War, both Defenfive and OfFenlive, as fhall be
th'bught'fLt and convenient fot the Safety and Welfare of the
faid Province, and Places, or anyiPart thereof j and the fame
or any of them, from Time to Time, as OccafTon fhall require^
to Difmantle , Disfurnifh i Demolifh and Pull down j And
alfo to Place, Conftitute and Appoint in, or over all, or any
of the faid Caftlesj- Forts,- Fortifications, Cities, Towns and
Places aforefaid, GovernOurs, -Deputy Governours Magi-
ftraresv^Skpiffs and other Officers, Civil and MMitary, as to
therh^lil^feewi^lneei: ; and" to the faid- Cities, Boroughs,:
Towns, Villages, or any other Place or Places, within the
faid Prbvince or Territory, to Grant Letters or Charters
of Incorporation, with' all Liberties, Franchifes and Privi-
leges requifite, or ufual, to, or within this our Kingdom
fflj -England granted^ or belonging ^ And in the fame Ci-
ties, •Boroughs, Towns and other Places, to Gonititute*
Eredand Appoint fuch, and fo many Markets, Marts and'

Fairs,

of CAROLINA

*5

mm*& (hall in that Behalf be thought fit and necefhry ;
And farther lfo" to Ereft and Make in the Province -or Ter-
rl^y^relaidAr any Part thereof, *> many Mannors with
fch Series as to thenVmall ieem meet and convenient,
fnd in Serv-ofthe fame Manners to-have an d * -hold a .Court-
Baron, with ail Things whatever wn.ch to a ^rt-Baion
do belong and to have and to hold Views orFiahk WWgej
a^dSrt'Leet, for the GonferVationof th^ Peaee,"and^cL-
SS^ thbfeParts, with >m® yg® |»8*&*

Sou s to be- MMfe hy ^^M^.b^e^e^a.^^h^
X*v Lord 3*fe S^^{C^?4 ^<Wf!?SSH

7'And becatfft «QrfK3M«*W a'Cotm^and Sifuat*
among fo many. Barbarous Nations, the Invasions as Well of
Sis « otLr Enemies, Pirates, and- Robbjrs may |&o~

Viniam- Earl Sof fiBE**," ȤS ISS *&*<*& ^jffiSS
y»?, Sir CerrfeCtrterett, Sir ?^&$? and- Sir WW**
Behlel their Heirs or Affigns bythemfelves, or their- Cap-
S, ir^hflir Officers to~W ] Mufter^nd-Trnd-.u;?,^
grS of Mifft wte Conditioner,'^ rtgg®** rJfl
father i¥*5 feid Province, or-flfeft her*, J#^»^
MM and to make War and pur fce the -Enemies afe-refaid ^
■ wfllb^Sea, as by Land, yea, even without che Limit, of h^
ftid Province, and "by God's AOiftance, to Vanquift and Take,
&%dbAng Taken, to put Am to, Deadly W £g '
S^aM, tS fl^ &iW fefc&r •Pleafeel^d to;
S and tfwfefc* -tning, eftttg to .^Charge -and OIS**
Sa CaptaiV General of fa Army belonged or hph ^

2K1

The Second Charter

jtangft beloiig.as fully and freely as any Captain General

A Ajfp, pur WiJ! and Plea&re is, '^nd by this Our Charter
We dp give mf grant unto the &id Edward Earl of Clarendon,
fr^Pukeof Albemarle, WUliam Lord Craven, John Lord
Mdey, Anthony Lord AJldey, Sir George Carterett, Sir John
Colleton, and Sir Willimn Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, full
Power, .Liberty and Authority, in Cafe of Rebellion, Tumult
or Sedition (if any mould happen, which God forbid) either'
upon the Land within the Province aforefaid, or upon the
main Sea, m making a Voyage thither, or returning from
thence, by him and themfelves, their Captains, Deputies or
umeers, to be authorized under his or their Seals, for that
purppfe; To whom aifo for Us, our Heirs and SuccefTors, We
do give and grant by thefe Prefents, full Power and Autho-
rity to exercife^ Martial Law; againft mutinous and feditious
Perfons of thofe Parts* fuch as fliall refufe to fubmit them!
lelves to their Government, or lhall refufe to ferve in the
Wars, or lhall fly to the Enemy, or forfake their Colours or
Unligns, or be Loiterers or Stragglers, or otherwife howfo-
cyer offending againft Law, Cuftom, or Military Difcipline
as freely and m as ample Manner and Form as any Captain
General of an Army, by virtue of his Office, might, or hath
accuftomed to ufe the fame.

And Our further Pleafure is, and by thefe Prefents, for Us
our Heirs and Sacceflbrs, We do grant unto the fa id Edward
harlot Clarendon, George Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of
Craven, John Lord Berkeley, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir GvWe
Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley their
Heirs and Affigns, and to the Tenants -and Inhabitants of the
laid Province, or Territory, both prefent and to come, and
to every of them, that the faid Province, or Territory
and the Tenants and Inhabitants thereof, lhall not from
Henceforth, be held or reputed any Member, or Part of
any Colony whatfoever , in America or elfewhere , now
transported or made, or hereafter to be tranfported or
made -, nor mall he depending on, or fubjed to their
Government in any Thing, but be abfolutely feparated and
divided from the fame: And our Pleafute is, by thefe- Pre-
*eats, That they may be feparattd, and: that they be fubjed

irii-

cf CAROLINA.

*53

immediately to our Crown of England., as depending thereof
for ever. And that the Inhabitants of the faid Province or
Territory, or any of them, fhall at any Time hereafter, be
compelled or cotnpellible, or be any ways fubjed, or liable
to appear or anfwer to any Matter, Suit, Caufe, or Plaint
whatsoever, out of the Province or Territory aforefaid, in
any other of our Iflands, Colonies or Dominions in America,
or elfewhere, other than in our Realm of England wi Do-
minion of Wales.

And becaufe it may happen, That fome of the People and
Inhabitants of the faid Province, cannot in their private O-
pinions conform to the Publick Exercife of Religion according
to the Liturgy, Forms and Ceremonies of the Church of Eng-
land, or take or fubfcribe the Oaths and Articles made and
eftablifhed in that Behalf: And for that the fame, by reafon
of the remote Diftances of thofe Places, will, as we hope, be
no Breach of the Unity, and Conformity, Eftabliihed in this
Nation ; Our Will and Pleafure therefore is, and We do by
thefe Prefents for Us, Our Heirs, and SuccefTors, Givfr and
Grant unto the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George-Duke of
.Albemarle y William Earl of Craven, "John Lord Berkeley, An-
thony Lord Afhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton, and
Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns, full and free
licence, Liberty and Authority, by fuch Ways and Means
as they fhall think fit, To Give and Grant unto fuch Perfon
any Perfons, Inhabiting, and being within the faid Province
or Territory, hereby or by the faid recited Letters Patents,
mentioned to be granted as aforefaid, or any Part thereof,
fuch Indigencies and Difpenfations, in that Behalf, for, and
during fuch Time and Times, and with fuch Limitations and
Reftrictions, as they the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George
Duke of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berke-
iey, Anthony Lord Ajhley, Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton^
and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs, Or Affigns, mall in
their Difcretion think fit and reafonable. And that no Per-
fon or Perfons, unto whom fuch Liberty fhall be given, mail
be any way molefted, punifhed, difquieted, or called in que-
stion for any Differences in Opinion or Practice, in Matters
of Religious Concernment, who do not actually difturb the
civil Peace of the Province, County or Colony, that they
fhall make their abode in. But all and every fuch Perfon and

L 1 Perfons,

The Second Charter ^ &c.

Perfons, may from Time to Time, and at all Times, freely and
(juietly have and enjoy his^nd their Judgment andConfciences,
in Matters of Religion, throughout all the laid Province^
or Colony, they behaving themfelves peaceably, and not
uiing this Liberty to Licentioufnefs, nor to the Civil Injury
or outward Difturbance of others. Any Law, Statute or
Claufe contained, or to be contained, Ufage or Cuftoms of
our Realm of England to the contrary hereof in any wife,
notvvithftanding.

And in Gale it mall happen, that any Doubts or Queflions
ffyould arife concerning the True Senfe and TJnderftanding
df any Word, Claufe, or Sentence, contained in this Our
prefent Charter, We Will, Ordain, and Command, that at
all Times, and in all Things, fuch Interpretations be made
thereof, and allowed in all and every of Our Courts. whatfa-
ever, as Lawfully may be Adjudged molt Advantageous and
Favourable to the faid Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke:
of Albemarle, William Earl of Craven, John Lord Berkeley,
Anthony Lord AJhlefa Sir George Carterett, Sir John Colleton*
and Sir William Berkeley, their Heirs and Affigns,_ although
Exprefs Mention, &c.

Witnefs our Self at Weftmmfter, the Thirtieth Day of
June, in the Seventeenth Year of our Reign.

Per Ifjitm Regem,

AN

A N

55

OF THE

CONSTITUTION

O F

CAROLINA.

AS to the Government of Carolina^ the Laws of Eng-
land are there in Force ; yet the Lords-Proprietors,
by their Deputies, have Power, with the Gonfent
of the Inhabitants, to make By-Laws for the better
Government" of the faid Province ; fo that no Law can be
made or Money rais'd^ unlefs the Inhabitants, or their Re-
orefetitatives, confent thereto: One Law which they have
in South-Carolina deferves particular Mention, which is,
their Method of chafing* Juries, it being done by making a
<:onfiderable Number of Pape. Billets, on which are written
the Names of as. many of the molt fubftantial Freeholders.
Thefe Billets are put into a Hat, out of which Twenty-four
arechofen by the next Child that appears. Then, out of
thofe Twenty-four, Twelve are chofen at the next Court,
after the fame manner »,. which is an infallible way to pre-
vent all Manner of Fraud.

L 1 2 North

An Abftraff of the Conftitutwn

North and South- Carolina Settlements are diftant from
one another fome hundreds of Miles ; fo that Neceffity
compels each Colony to keep to themfelves, a.Governour,
Council and AfFembly. The Governor reprefents the Lord-
Palatine ; the reft of the Counfellors are the Lord-Deputies \
who, of themfelves, make a Palatines Court, and a Court
of Chancery; wherein they pafs feveral Orders of Council,
much, of the Nature of the Prince's Proclamation • which
continues no longer in Force, than the next AfTembly. Like-
wife, they grant feveral forts of Commiflions, Warrants
&c. yet Military Commiflions lie wholly in the Governor's
Power ; but Making of War or Peace, in all, or the Majority
of the Lords-Deputies ; by whom (the Governor being one)
it is determin'd, and by whofe Commiffions all other Magf-
ftrates act. On thefe Heads they have fettled, and maintain
an admirable Conftitution of Government, for the laftine
Peace, Security, and Well-being of all" the Inhabitants!
The way of any ones taking up his Land in Carolina, due
to him either by Purchafing it of the Lords Proprietors
herein England, who keep their Board at Craven^Houfe in
Brury-Lane, London, the firft Thurfday in every Month • or
if purchas'd in Carolina, is after this manner : He firft looks'
out for a Place to his Mind, that is not already poiTefVd by
any other ; then applies himfelf to the Governor and Lords
Proprietors Deputies, and fhews what Right he hath to
fuch a Trad of Land, either by Purchafe of the Lords in
England,, or by an Entry in the Surveyor-General's Office
in order to purchafe of theGovernor and Lords Deputies there
in Carolina, who thereupon ifftie out their Warrant-Land as
is due to him. Who making Certificate, that he had mea-
fured out fo much Land and the Bounds, a Deed is prepared
ofCourfe, by the Secretary, which is figu3d by the Governor
and the Lords Proprietors Deputies, and the Proprietors
Seal afflx'd to it, and regifter'd in the Secretaries Office
which is a good Coveyance in Law of the Land therein
mention'd,. to the Party and his Heirs for ever.

Thus have I given you as large and exact an Account of
Carolina, as the Difcovery of fo few Years (in this great

and

of C A RO LINA.

^57

and extenfive Land) would permit. Which flouriftung
Country will, doubtlefs, in time, increafe the Number of its
Produ&ions, and afford us plentifully thofe Neceffaries
and rich Commodities, which the Str eights, Turfy and o-
ther Countries fupply us withal at prefent, and not feldom
in their own Shipping \ whereas, were thofe Merchandizes
the Produce of an Eqglifh Plantation, and brought us home
-by our own Hands and Bottoms, of what Advantage fuch
an Improvement would be to the Crown of Great- Britain,
and the People in general, I leave to Men of Reafon and
Experience to judge. I do intend (if God permit) by future
Voyages (after my Arrival in Carolina) to pierce into the
Body of the Continent, and what Difcoveries and Obferva-
tions I ihall, at any time hereafter, make, will be commu-
nicated to my Correfpondents in £«g/W,-.to-be-publifh'd-, ha-
ving; furniflv'd myfelf with Inftruments and other Necefla-
ries for fuch Voyages.

For the better "Underftanding of this Country, I have al-
ready drawn a very large and exaft Map thereof, as far as
any Difcoveries have been yet made, either by others or my
felf, and have fpared neither- Colt nor Pains, to procure
the moft correct Maps' and JournalsM;hereof, that are extant
in Print, or in Manufcript. This Map containing nine
Sheets of Imperial Paper, and now fit for engraving, be-
gins at Cape Henry in Virginia, 37 deg. N. Lat. and contains
all the Coafts of Carolina, or Florida, with the Bahama Iflands,
great Part of the Bay of Mexico, and the Iiland of Cvba, to
the Southward, and feveral Degrees to the Weftward of
of the Mefliafippi River,, with all the Indian Nations and
Villages, and their Numbers, which of them are fubje&to
Carolina, and trade with their People, what Places are
convenient Factories and Forts, to increafe and fecure our
Trade on the Mejfiajippi, and what Forts and Factories the
French and Spaniards have gain'd in thofe Latitudes, efpeci-
ally on the great River and the Neighbouring Streams j all
which they illegally poffefs, fince the very Mouth of the
River Mefiajipji is in the King of England's Grant to the
Lords Proprietors of Carolina? it falling fomething to the

5*

An ABSTRACT, &c."

Northward of 29 Degr. AM, Lat. whofe Claim and Right
I queftionnot, but a Peace willadjuft, and reftore, which eve*
ry Englishman is bound in Duty and In^ereft, to wilhfor- if
we confider how advantageoufly they have feated themfelves,
-whereby to difturb the Peace and Intereft of all the Ewld
Plantations on the Continent of America. ■, J -

O J ' '

'.-.'■
' ■ ; .

I ;
wivy

*- .

■

FINIS.

asate

Lately publifli'd, in the CoUeftions for December, Ja+
nuary, February, and March,

HE Difcovery and Conqueft of the Molucco and
Philippine Iflands 5 containing their Hiflory, An-
cient and Modern, Natural and Political: Their Ue-
fcription, ProduB, Religion, Government, Laws, lf®-
sua&s, Cujioms, Manners, Habits, Shape, and Inclina-
tions of the Natives. With an Account of many other
adjacent Iflands, and feveral remarkable Voyages through
the Streights ^/Magellan, andin other Parts. Written
in Spanifh by Bartholomew Leonardo Argenfola, Chap-
lain to the Emprefs, and ReStor of Villahermofa. Norn-
tranflated into EngliOi 3 and illuftrated with a Map and,
fever al Cuts*

. - ■ . .

. ■...,:■ \

■ ■ ■ .