aPa\ tte . £ pease *, na am . ‘oJ 5 . iu ees * » 29? GA we ae © « : eS vues oc errs Pee ee te wine ‘ ‘ 4 a) % *}+fgaze cays ‘ a e H ® . 7 - ad = . % bs * ’ : ; ° ’ ! : pie ~ ; . . < . - - Ld - i . . c z ty . : : ‘ . - ; . 3 -,. er . . 7 , - ‘ al - ‘ ‘ ~ - i zt 2 ; : ~ . : . An AAAAAR NAR AA ! : \ ] ] ; \AAAA aaanl | RIAA AAAA\A\.\ rT | a Be mV ex ~\ os ~~, -~ N\A ARAAAAA AA AA AAA Y \ Maaaa AAA AA~\~ wey vy. AnAr | ii AAAAR WAANANAAANAE : AAAI AANA AAAAARAAA AAA’ AN N/ | a A AA AARAAAAAN Ai A aT | AA am J ! LN! } \ \ (a! www N / e = } ! i \) i ayy on ! } \ / y Y y \ ~\/ I; } } i Ni i iV Va\i/ Nil \i/ | fA NAAAAAAY AAAARAAAS ] | / “~ } } ' | } J | | ! { f q | ‘ } } | ARAYA AA aAAA A Fe Ala \alar AAAAARAAAAAAAAY VV.\AA\RAARAAAA Va a ARARAARAAAAA ala \nlala\lalalaale AAA" PAAAAARAAARaa WAAAAAAAA\ANamaARAaAMaaaaea.’.’ VY \ WYYARR..)) WAAARa. patna Raaanna YW Naaaae se AW WARAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAS AAA AIAN SA al VVAAR AR AAARAAAA AA AAA Wanna AAAAAAAARAAA AIA - ! rot Wan ous f \ A' i VNY iN; } \ Na aaAAAAAAAa > ‘ea A AP V | 1} i a NINA AAA A WAY ~ ~ _~ a > oe oe FN a Fe ‘a | WAR AAA A a AARAAARAR aA NAAAAAaany a AA A AAAAAAAAAAA AAAS a Valalalalelalelalatal.lal@lala AIA AWA IN AA ‘ } va ale Nes: jie maar’, /7 rare ev au | : oy oF) New York State Museum Bulletin oeeeered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, under the act of August 24, 1912 Published monthly by The University of the State of New York No. 197 . ALBANY, N. Y. May I, I917 The University of the State of New York New York State Museum Joun M. CLARKE, Director Homer D. House, State Botang REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 10916 PAGE PAGE Betduction oR em Shera 7 | Vegetation of the eastern end tontributors and their contribu- of- Oneida, lake.2 x) due). J ee 61 | I hae 11 | List of ferns, conifersand flowering -pecimens added to the herbarium 16 plants of Oneida lake region... 72 ew or interesting species of Fungi of Chautauqua County, eS nny te oa 25 N. Y. D. R. SUMSTINE ........ III Meal flora notes IV............. Basa ider eas ites aoc e yoann 119 ALBANY é THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1918 Moa2r-F17-1500 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire (Revised to April 15, 1918) 1926 Piiny T. SEXTON LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor — Palmyra 1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M-DOMcA. Pad; LL bees . Vice Chancellor Albany 1922 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. -.- - - - Brooklyn 1930 WILLIAM NottTincHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - —- Syracuse -1921. Francis M. CaRPENTER — - -— — — — — Mount Kisco 1923 Apram [. Erxus LL:B: DCL. = = ~ —_ — Newfie 1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. - - - —- - - Buffalo 1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M.A. LLB. LL.D. Litt.D. - - - - - - - = = — — Tuxedo 1919 JOHN Moore LL.D. - - - — — — Elmira | 1928 WALTER GUEST KELLOGG B.A. LL ‘D. - - -— Ogdensburg 1920 JAMES ByrRNE B.A. LL.B. LL.D. -' - -°- New York 1929 HerBertT L. Bripcman M.A. - - - - -=— Brooklyn President of the University and Commissioner of Education — Joun H. Frntey M.A. LL.D. L.H.D.. Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education Tuomas E. Finecan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education Avucustus S. Downine M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Director of State Library James I. WyveEr, Jr, M.LS.. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. CiarKkE D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs and ageetors of Divisions Administration, Hiram C. CAsE . Agricultural and Industrial Education, LEwis A. WILSON Archives and History, James SuLLIVAN M.A. Ph.D.» Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. WatTSON B.S. Examinations and Inspections, GEorcE M. Witzy M.A. Law, FRANK B. GitBert B.A., Counsel Library School, FRANK K. WATER M.A. M.L.S. School Buildings and Grounds, Frank H. Woop M.A. School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS PB:B. The University of the State of New York Science Department, February 16, 1917 Dr John H. Finley President of the University Sir: I have the honor to communicate herewith for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the Annual Report of the State Botanist for the fiscal year 1916. Very respectfully Joun M. CLaRKE Dtrector THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT Approved for publication thts 20th day of February 1917 ‘ a SS President of the University New York State Museum Bulletin Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, under the act of August 24, 1912 Published monthly by The University of the State of New York No. 197 ALBANY, N. Y. May I, 1917 The University of the State of New York New York State Museum JoHN M. CLARKE, Director REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 John M. Clarke Director, Science Department DIR: ; I beg to communicate herewith my report on the work of the State Botanist’s office for the fiscal year 1916. Very respectfully Homer D. House State Botanist Scientific investigations. A rather limited amount of time was devoted to the completion of a reconnaissance of the vegetation and its ecological relations of the region about the eastern end of Oneida lake, a region of extensive sandy barrens, swamps and bogs .in addition to the broad sandy beach of the lake, the shallow waters of the lake margin and the streams flowing into the lake, the home of numerous water-loving plants. Because of soil conditions and a climate influenced to some extent by the Great Lakes, the region is characterized by a large number of plants common to the northern coastal plain. The results of this investigation appear in another part of the report. Wild Flowers of New York. The season of 1916 was largely spent in continuation of the field work necessary for the completion of the proposed memoir on the Wild Flowers of New York State. This work was started early in August 1915 and with the appearance [7] 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the earliest spring flowers in April 1916, the work was carried forward and completed late in September of the past year. During the two months of 1915 and the six months from April 15 to Sep- tember 15, 1916, there were photographed in the field 364 species of plants which, because of their conspicuous flowers or attractive appearance might be classed under the rather indefinite term of ‘wild flowers.” : The 364 illustrations will be in colors and grouped on about 264 plates, of which 155 plates will have each a single illustration and the 97 remaining plates will contain two illustrations each. The text will consist of a brief description of each species together with its range and such other remarks concerning its habitat as seem proper. By means of a specially constructed apparatus as ea: in the accompanying illustration (figure 1) each flower was photo- graphed in position as it grew, without any.interference from wind or excessive sunlight. For each subject there were taken one or two (usually two) dry-plate photographs and one Lumiere (autochrome) photograph. These were usually developed within a few hours so that any serious faults might be corrected by taking another exposure of the subject. It is proper to remark here that the success of these photographs is largely due to the skill, patience and enthusiasm, often under disagreeable physical circumstances, shown by the two photograph- ers employed: Mr Walter B. Starr of the Matthews-Northrup Com- pany, Buffalo, and Mr Harold H. Snyder of the Zeese-Wilkinson Company, New York. Each subject photographed was given a number in order to facilitate the designation of them in subsequent correspondence, engraving and arrangement in final order. Photographic proofs © of the dry plates were marked with directions for size of completed illustration and such other alterations as seemed desirable and duplicate copies of such proofs were kept on file in the Botanist’s office. From retouched photographs approved by the Botanist, the engraving companies made their plates for engraving, which were etched down with the autochrome positive as a color guide until each of the four copper plates gave the proper register of color when used upon the press in combination with one another, that is to say, blue, yellow, red and black. Noteworthy contributions. The most important additions to the state herbarium during the past year are contributions of specimens from Prof. J. J. Davis, of Madison, Wis., the New York Surydeisojoyd afIYM PUIM WOOF SIOMOLY PIM JOojo1d 0} posn o8vo JO MalA ‘| ‘Sy REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 9 Botanical Garden and Dr J. R. Weir of Missoula, Mont., in addition to the collections made by members of the staff. Exchanges. Duplicate specimens of fungi, ferns and flowering - plants have been exchanged for desirable material with the New York Botanical Garden, the National Herbarium at Washington, Prof. J. Dearness of London, Canada, Dr J. R. Weir of Missoula, Mont., and other institutions and individuals. Additions to the herbarium. The number of specimens of New York State species which have been added to the herbarium from current collections of the staff during the past year is 528, from contributions 375, a total of 903 specimens. Of the total number of specimens received, 131 were new to the herbarium and 20 species are described as new to science. In addition, about 900 specimens of species extralimital to New York, from the Sheldon herbarium, presented in 1914, representing characteristic species of the eastern and southern flora, have been remounted and incorporated into the herbarium. It is not the aim of the state herbarium to represent to any great extent the flora of regions beyond the State’s border. The Sheldon herbarium, however, contains over 13,000 specimens, representing nearly 8000 species, most of them extralimital to New York, and it seems advisable gradually to incorporate the best of them into the herbarium for purposes of comparison with our native species and as an aid in the identification of specimens of plants collected outside the State by persons who bring or send them here for determination. Twenty persons have contributed specimens to the herbarium; 363 species are represented by these contributions. This includes specimens sent or brought for identification which were desirable additions to the herbarium. Collections have been made by the staff in the following counties: Albany, Bronx, Cayuga, Columbia, Genesee, Herkimer, Madison, Monroe, Nassau, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Oswego, Queens, Rensselaer, Suffolk and Wayne. Identifications. The number of identifications made of specimens sent or brought to the office by inquirers is 465. The number of persons for whom these identifications were made was 9s. Mushroom models. The Peck memorial collection of models cast in wax of edible and poisonous mushrooms now includes 56 groups, of which 8 represent poisonous species. This constitutes a most interesting exhibit and one of high educational value. It is planned to arrange these in an attractive manner in wall cases. Many of these groups have been the subject of special study and Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM illustration by Doctor Peck. The following list of the groups is collated with illustrations of them which have appeared in publi- cations of the State Museum. I ~ Craterellus clavatus (Pers.) Fr. Memoir 4, pl. 56, fig. 17-21. 49th Rep’t, pl. 44, fig. 1-5 (as Craterellus cantharellus) ‘Mitrula irregularis Peck (M. vitellina Sacc. var. irregularis Peck) 48th Rep’t, pl. 5, fig. 8-14. Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. Lepiota naucina Fr. (Lepiota naucinioides Peck) 48th Rep’t, pl. I9. Agaricus arvensis Schaeff. 48th Rep’t, pl.-8. Leottia lubrica (Scop.) Fr. Peziza badia Fr. Pleurotus sapidus Kalchobr. Tricholoma personatum Fr. 48th Rep’t, pl. 20. Clavaria pistilaris umbonata Peck Memoir 4, pl. 66, fig. 15-17. Russula roseipes (Secr.) Bres. Fist Rept, pls 53; fig. 1-7. Memoir 4, pl. 54, fig. 1-7. Russula emetica Fr. Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaef. Peziza aurantia Pers. Tremellodon gelatinosum (Scop.) Pres. Clavaria cristata Pres. 48th Rep’t, pl. 39, fig. 8-12. Chanterel cibarius Fr. Lepiota procera (Scop.) S. F. Gray 48th Rep’t, pl. 18. Hypholoma perplexum Peck 48th Rep’t, pl. 47, fig. 11-18. Memoir 4, pl. 60, fig. 10-17. Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel. 48th Rep’t, pl. 20. Scleroderma geaster Fr. Boletus cyanescens Bull. Tricholoma sejuncta (Sow.) Quel. Craterellus cantharellus (Schw.) Fr. Russula albidula Peck Pleurotus serotinus (Schrad.) Fr. Fistulina hepatica Fr. 48th Rep’t, pl. 37, fig. 8-12. Geoglossum ophioglossoides (Z.) Sacc. Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw.) Fr. Mus. Bul, 105, pl. 103. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 re 30 Hydnum albidum Peck Memoir 4, pl. 67, fig. I-6. 51st Rep’t, pl. 56, fig. 1-7. 31 Hygrophorus virgineus (Wulf.) Fr. 32 Collybia dryophila 33 Chanterel floccosus Schw. Memoir 4, pl. 55, fig. 9-13. 52d Rep’t, pl. 60, fig. 10-14. 34 Coprinus comatus Fr. 48th Rep’t, pl. Io. 35 Boletus alboater Schw. (B. nigrellus Peck) 36 Clavaria vermicularia Scop. 37 Russula virescens Fr. 48th Rep’t, pl. 31. 38 Calvatia elata Massee 39 Gyromitra brevipes Fr. (G. esculanta very similar to this is illustrated in 48th Rep’t, pl. 5, fig. 1-3.) 40 Gyromitra brunnea Underw. 41 Sparassis crispa (Wulf.) Fr. 42 Morchella deliciosa Fr. Wetihekep't, pl: 3, fig: 4=7. 43 Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk. Mus. Bul. 94, pl. 92. 44 Craterellus cornucopisides (L.) Pers. 48th Rep’t, pl. 24, fig. 7-10. ° 45 Polyporus sulphureus Fr. Acta Rept, pl. 37, fie. 1-4. 46 Polyporus caudicinus (Scop.) Murr. (P. squamosus Huds.) 47 Agaricus campestris (L.) Fr. 48th Rep’t, pl. 6, fig. I-10. 48 Amanita caesarea (Scop.) Pers. 48th Rep’t, pl. Io. 49 Tremella lutescens Pers. CONTRIBUTORS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Lizzie C. Allen, Newtonville, Mass. Clavaria rugosa Sowerby Hygrophorus minutulus Peck W. W. Ashe, Washington, D.C. Rhododendron punctatum Andr. M. S. Baxter, Rochester, N. Y. Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Teucrium occidentale A. Gray Eupatorium maculatum L. Vaccinium angustifolium A7t. 2 purpureum L. var. folio- Veronica americana Schw. sum Fern. Viola palmata L. “ Hieracium florentinum Al. perpensa Greene Lilium superbum L. I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM S. H. Burnham, Hudson Falls, N. Y. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Acalypha gracilens A. Gray Cassia marylandica L. Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Fnglm.) Small Diaporthe parasitica Murrill Galium verum L. Mitella nuda L. Monarda punctata L. | Nothoholous !anatus (L.) Nash. Omphalia austini Peck Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Peniophoraallescheri Bres. Potentilla sulphurea Lam. H. L. Clapp, Boston, Mass. Boletus subglabripes Peck Cortinarius armeniacus (Schaeff.) Fr. Gomphidius rhodoxanthus Schw. Hydnum cyaneotinctum Peck Hydnum repandum L. Lactaria deceptiva Peck Polyporus admirabilis Peck Prof. J. J. Davis, Madison, Wis. Becdeny ts wisconsina Davis Asterina ribicola E. & E. [* enwbicola, i: ce, A. Cercospora crassa Sacc. corni Davis 3 dioscoreae E. & M. echinochloae Davis fingens Davis f gaultheriae LE. & E. passaloroides Wint. S rhoina C. & E. Cylindrosporium clematidis E. & E. . padi Karst. vermiforme Davts Discora artocreas (Tode) Fr. Entoloma compositarum Far. Epichloe typhina ( Pers.) Tul. Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Exoascus communis Sadeb. S mirabilis Atk= Graphiothecium vinosum Davis Leptothyrium periclymeni (Desm.) Sace. piereonag castagnei (D. & M.) Magn. delastrei (Delacr.) Magn. ‘ fraxini E. & D. ‘ neilliae (Hark.) Magn. ‘ thabdospora (EZ. & E.) Magn. violae ( Pass.) Magn. Melampsora arctica Rostr. “ Microsphaera euphorbiae (Peck) B. & C. Ovularia asperifolii Sacc. Peronospora lophanthi Favri. Phleospora celtidis EZ. & M. Puccinia erikssonii Bubak. MS peckii (DeTont) Howe S pustulata (Curt.) Arth. Phyllesticta medicaginis (Fckl.) Sacc. Plasmopara humili Miyabe & Takaha- sht rt ribicola Schroet. ig caricis E. & EF. Ramularia ionophila Davis ff nemopanthis Peck punctiformis (Schl.) var. Hoehn. rufomaculans Peck sambucina Sacc. uredinis (Voss) Sacc. ie variegata Ell. & Holw. Septocylindrum aromaticum Sacc. Septoria campanulae (Lev.) Sacc. x cannabis (Lasen) Sacc. a epilobii LE. & E. “ lactucicola ive Wve musiva Peck ¢ pachyspora Ell. & Holw. rudbeckiae Ell. & Hals. oo saccharin ire ean f sigmoidea E. & E. Tuberculina parsicina (Ditm.) Sacc. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 13 Prof. John Dearness, London, Ont. Alternaria solani (E. & M.) Jones & Grout _ Cryptospora femoralis Peck Diaporthe columbiensis E. & EF. Diatrype macounii F. & E. Lepiota panaeola (Fr.) P. Karst. Melanconium sphaeroideum Link Phragmidium rosae-californiae Diet. Phragmidium disciflorum (Tode) James Polyporus fulvidus FE. & EF. Puccinia antirrhinae Diet. & Holw. . symphoricarpi Hark. Sebacinaincrustans Tul. Septoria stachydis Rob. & Desm. Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. Prof. J. H. Faull, Toronto, Ont. _ Polyporus albellus Peck $ anceps Peck Polyporus balsameus Peck . chioneus Fr. Mrs E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua, N. Y. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link Centaura nigra L. Gentiana quinquefolia L. Serapias helleborine L. J. M. Grant, Sequin, Wash. Agaricus campestre L. Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Quel. Coprinus comatus Fr. Cortinellus multiformis (Schaeff.) Murr. Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) Fr. Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Berk. Lepiota granulosa (Batsch) Fr. Lycoperdon pyriforme Batsch Panaeolus papilionaceus Fr. Pholiota minima Peck Roy Latham, Orient, N. Y. Cephalozia francisci Hook. Coleosporium helianthi (Schw.) Arth. Cucurbitaria elongata Fr. Cylindrosporium iridis E. & H. Eutypella densta FE. & E. Hendersonia robiniae West. Hysterium pulicare Pers. Hysteriographium cookeana (Ger.) Sacc. : lesquereuxii (Duby) Leptostromella litigiosum (Desm.) Sacc. Nigredo polemonii (Peck) Arth. -polygoni ( Pers.) Arth. Phoma sepincola ( Kichx.) Sacc. Phragmidium rosae-setigerae Dvet. Phyllachora cyperi Rehm. Puccinia cicutae Lasch. “ fraxinata (Link) Arth. “ cyperi Arth. proserpinacae Far. Rhytisma decolorans Fr. ilicis-canadensis Schw. Septoria oenotherae West Taphrina quercus (Cke.) Sacc. Valsa liquidambaris Schw. “ New York Botanical Garden, New York Acer pennsylvanicum L. Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Rich. ’ Aralia nudicaulis L. Asclepias incarnata L. Aureolaria villosa (Muhl.) Raf. Betula alleghanensis Britt. “ coerulea Blanchard Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borck. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Chionanthus virginica L. Coreopsis lanceolata L. 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Y ( Surmosas Ja Dasystoma pedicularis (L.) Benth. Dennstaedtia puncticuloba (Michw.) Moore. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray marginalis (L.) A. Gray Eriocaulon decangulare L. Grossularia cynosbati (L.) Mull. hirtella (Michx.) Spach. Hudsonia montana Nutt. Juncus georgianus Coville Juniperus communis L. Kalmia latifolia L. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Lupinus perennis L. | Lycopodium annotinum L. a lucidulum Michx. Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze Monarda mollis L. Myriophyllum humile (Raf.) Morong. Osmunda regalis L. Panax trifolium L. Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene Proserpinaca palustris L. Prunus maritima Wang.. Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Ranunculus abortivus L. Rhamnus cathartica L. Sabbatia campanulata (L.) Torr. “- dodecand ra; (i) Bese Sedum roseum (L.) Scop. Senecio obovatus Muhl. Spiraea tomentosa L. Steironema lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Thalictrum dioicum L. Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill Viburnum canby1 Britton semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehder Viola pubescens Ait. Joseph Rubinger, New York, N. Y. Antennaria canadense Greene er plantaginifolia (L.) Rich. Aquilegia canadensis L. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. Carex torta Boott. Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hull Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. Houstonia caerulea L. Lycopodium clavatum L. Polygala pauciflora Willd. Azalea nudiflora L. Ribes americanum L’ Her. Viola septentrionalis Greene Zizia aurea (L.) Koch. Prof. C. M. Scherer, Kent, Ohio © Gymnosporangium blasdaleanum (D. & H.) Kern. F. A. Ward, Cortland, N. Y. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) Angs. . neglectum Wood Carex asa-grayii Bailey Dr J. R. Weir, Missoula, Mont. Aecidium allenii Clinton Aleuria aurantia ( Pers.) Fckl. Aurantiporellus alboluteus (EZ. & E.) Murr. Calyptospora columnaris (A. @& S.) Kuhn Cerrena unicolor (Bull.) Murr. Mitella nuda L. Potentilla canadensis L. Selaginella apus (L.) Spring Coleosporium solidaginis (Schw.) — Thim. Coltricia perennis (L.) Murr. “ tomentosa (Fr.) Murr. Coniophora byssoides Pers. Coriolus nigromarginatus (Schw.) Murr. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 T5 Coriolus prolificans (Fr.) Murr. - versicolor (L.) Quel. Coriolellus sequoiae (Cope.) Murr. Creonectria purpurea (L.) Seaver Cronartium comandrae Peck i comptoniae Arth. Dimerasporium collinsii (Schw.) Thiam. Earlea speciosa (Fr.) Arth. Echinodontium tinctorium EF. & E. Endothia gyrosa (Schw.) Fckl. Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke “ ellisianus F. W. Anders. “ laricis (Jacg.) Murr. “ roseus (A. & S.) Cooke “ ungulatus (Schaeff.) Sacc. Funalia stuppea (Berk.) Murr. Gloeophyllum hirsutum (Schaeff.) Murr. Grandinia granulosa Fr. Gymnosporangium juvenescens Kern. Hymenochaete curtisii Berk. = tabaceum (Sow.) Lev. Hypodermella laricis Tub. Hypoxylon fuscum ( Pers.) Fr. < multiforme Fr. Keithia thujina Durand Laetiporus speciosus (Batt.) Murr. Lophodermum nervisequum (DC.) Rehm Z pinastri Schrad. Melampsora albertensis Arth. : medusae Thim. Melampsorella elatina (A. & S.) Arth. Melampsoropsis pyrolae (DC.) Arth. Melampsoridium betulae (Schum.) Diet. ‘Neopeckia coulteri (Peck) Sacc. Nyssopsora clavellosa (Berk.) Arth. Ophiobolus acuminatus (Schw.) Duby Peniophora carnosa Burt 2 crassa Burt gigantea Fr. glebulosa Bres. = glabrifera E. & E. ‘ velutina (DC.) Cooke. Peridermium filamentosum Peck Phacidium infestans Karst. Piptoporus suberosus (L.) Murr. Poria callosa Fr. carbonacea B. & C. corticola Fr. punctata Fr. “ -undata (Pers.) vulgaris Fr. Porodaedalea pini (Thore) Murr. Puccinia acuminata Peck 3 asteris Duby circaeae Pers. circii-lanceolati Schw. crandallii Pam. & Hume grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh. koeleriae Arth. majanthae (Schum.) Arth.° menthae Pers. obscura Schroet. “ peckii (DeToni) Kellerm. § rhamni ( Pers.) Wettst. stipae Arth. symphoricarpi Hark. Pucciniastrum myrtillii (Schum.) Arth. 3 pustulatum ( Pers.) Diet. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Karst. Pyropolyporus igniarius (L.) Murr. Rhizina inflata (Schaeff.) Sacc. Rhytisma punctata (Pers.) Fr. ‘ salicina (Pers.). Fr. Spongipellis borealis (Fr.) Pat. Stereum chailletii Fr. “ purpureum Pers. sulcatum Burt. Thelephora caryophyllea Schaef. Be fimbriata Schw. Trametes hexagoniformis Murr. . setosus Weir suaveolens (L.) Fr. Taphrina aurea ( Pers.) Fr. Tyromyces anceps (Peck) Murr. Uromyces holwayi Lagerh. Uropyxis sanguinea (Peck) Arth. Wallrothiella arceuthobii (Peck) Sacc. “ “ Douglas M. White, Rochester, N. Y. Cynanchium vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. Equisetum sylvaticum L. 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Miss M. K. Smith, Jamaica, N. Y. Agoseris glauca ( Nutt.) Greene Alsine longipes (Goldie) Coville Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Arnica cordifolia Hooker Atragene columbiana Nutt. Calochortus apiculatus Baker Campanula rotundifolia L. Chimaphila corymbosa Pursh Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Delphenium bicolor Nutt. Erigeron speciosus DC. &) staitlerus J, Geranium richardsonii F. & T. Galium boreale L. Homalobus tenellus (Pursh) Britton Lupinus ornatus Pursh Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray Parnassia fimbriata Konig. Peramium decipiens (Hook.) Piper Pyrola bracteata Hooker Ramischia secunda (L.) Rydb. Senecio triangularis Hooker Schizonotus discolor (Pursh) Raf. Sphaeralcea rivularis (Dougl.) Torr. Spiraea lucida Dougl. Thlaspi arvense L. Tiarella unifoliata Hooker Veronica americana Schw. Viola canadensis L. “ orbiculata Geyer Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Zygadenus elegans Pursh SPECIMENS ADDED TO THE HERBARIUM New to the herbarium Aposphaeria allantella Sacc. & Roum. Hien strioiata Sacc. Ascochyta pirina Peglion Cephalozia fransisci Hook. Cercospora corni Davis ‘ lathyri D. & H. < microstigma Sacc. Colletotrichum sordidum Davis Coriolellus sequoiae (Copeland) Murr. Coryne sarcoides (Jacg.) Tul. Coryneum pithoideum D. & H. Cryptospora leiphaemioides D. & H. Cryptosporium robiniae D. & H. Curreya peckiana Sacc. Cylindrosporium iridis E. & H. Cytospora minuta Thum. S phomopsis Sacc. S suffusa (Fr.) Tul. Dendrodochium acerinum D. & H. Dendrophoma phyllogena Sacc. Diaporthe americana Speg. columbiensis E. & EF. o epimicta E. & E. Diaporthe ocularia (C. & E.) Sacc. - oncostoma (Duby) Fckl. " paulula (C. & E.) Sacc. : phomaspora (C. & E.) Sacc. = sassafras D. & H. Diatrype macounii FE. & E. Diatrypella subfulva (B. & C.) Sacc. Diplodia benzoina Sace. . convolvuli D. & H. - subcuticularis D. & H. ee thalictri Eo ae Ds Dothiorella peckiana Sace. . Eutypella densta FE. & E. < gleditschiae Berl. He staphyleae D. & H. Fomitiporia pereffusa Murr. Gibbera vaccinii (Sow.) Fr. Gymnosporangium blasdaleanum (D. & H.) Kern. Haplosporella malorum Sacc. . velata E. & B. Hendersonia anceps Sacc. Hypochnus rubiginosus Bres. = spongiosus (Schw.) Burt Hypoderma tenellum Sacc. Hysterographum lesquereuxii (Duby) Sacc. e Lepiota panaeola (Fr.) P. Karst. Leptosphaeria consessa (C. & E.) Sace. . houseana Sacc. r hydrophila Sacc. : myricae D. & H. Leptothryium dearnessii Kabat & Bubak REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 17 Massarinula brassicae D. & H. Melanconium sphaeroideum Link Meliola pitya Sacc. Metasphaeria anthelmintica Dearn. Microascus americanus Sacc. Microdiplodia laurina D. & H. Micropeltis pitya Sacc. Mycena grantii Murrill Myxosporium rhois (B. & C.) Sacc. (Cke.) Oospora candidula var. carpogena Sacc. Patellaria patinelloides (S. & R.) Sacc. Peniophora allescheri Bres. Phaeangium peckianum Sacc. Phacidium andromedae D. & H. Phialea pulchella (Fckl.) Sacc. Phoma atomica Sacc. “ houseana Sacc. “ ~ ochra Cooke “ oleracea var. meliloti Sacc. “ ~ pleosporoides Sacc. Paowacenn D. & H. Phomopsis daturae Sacc. r; diachenii Sacc. € viticola Sacc. Phragmidium andersoni Shear Phlyctanea verrucioides Sacc. Phyllosticta crataegi (Cooke) Sacc. ‘ opaca E. & E. = pirina Sacc. Poria weirii Murrill Propolidium atrovirens (Fr.) Rehm. Puccinia angelicae (Schum.) Lagerh. Amelanchier humilis Wiegand e stolonifera Wiegand Betula caerulea Blanchard Elymus halophilus: Bicknell Heuchera curtisii T. & G. Juncus georgianus Coville Lycopus europaeus L. SS Gi membranaceus Bicknell Puccinia antirrhinae D. & H. “_ ceanothi (E. & K.) Arth. “~~ nodosa E. & H. “ ornata Arth. & Holw. proserpinacea Farlow Rhabdospora clarkeana Sacc. Sclerotium fallax Sacc. rd mendax Sacc. Septoria breviuscula Sacc. * gentiana D. & H. ¢ krigiae D. & H. macrosporia Dearn. rudbeckiae var. oaklandiae Sacc. Sphaerella altera Pass. hg populifolia Cooke populnea Sacc. vaccinii var. corymbosi Sacc. hystricinum var. “ “ Sphaerographum viburni D. & H. Sphaeropsis aristolochiae D. & H. liquidambaris D. & H. 5 punctata D. & H. Sporodesmium opacum Sacc. G: pilulare Sacc. Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. Stereum sulcatum Burt Urophlyctis pluriannulatum (B. & C.) Farlow Valsa americana B. & C. “ ~ auerswaldi Nke. “ etherialis E.& E. “ nyssae Grev. Panicum pseudopubescens Nash Potentilla sulphurea Lam. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon Scabiosa arvensis L. Solidago shorti1 T. & G. Viburnum canbyi Brition is semitomentosum (Michx.) Rehder Not new to the herbarium (Fungi) Alternaria solani (E. & M.) Jones& Asteroma ribicolum E. & E. Grout Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) Karst. 18 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bremia lactucae Regel. Camarosporium robiniae (West.) Sacc. Cenangium furfuraceum (Roth.) De Not. Cercospora acetosella Ell. fingens Davis ‘ gaultheriae E. & E. “4 omphacodes Fill. & Holw. pastinacea (Sacc.) Peck Ceriomyces subglabripes (Pk.) Murr. Chlorosplenium chlora (Schw.) Massee Cintractia junci (Schw.) Trel. Clavaria rugosa Sowerby Clitocybe multiceps PR. Clitopilus abortivus B. & C. Coleosporium helianthi (Schw.) Arth. * solidaginis (Schw.) Thum. Coltricia perennis (L.) Murr. “~~ tomentosa (Fr.) Murr. Coriolus nigromarginatus (Schw.) : Murr. : versicolor (L.) Quel. Corticium incarnatum (Pers.) Fr. : pezizoideum (Schw.) von Schrenk Cortinarius armeniacus (Schaeff.) Fr. Coryne sarcoides (Jacq.) Tul. Crepidopus ostreatus (Jacg.) S. F. Gray 5s serotinus (Schrad.) Murr. Cronartium comandrae Peck q comptoniae Arth. Cryptospora aculeans (Schw.) E. & E. tt femoralis (Peck) Sacc. Cucurbitaria elongata (F7.) Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. Diaporthe bicincta (C. & P.) Sacc. & carpini ( Pers.) Fckl. . Diaporthe comptoniae-Schw. farinosa Peck neilliae Peck S obscura (Peck) Sacc. oxyspora (Pk.) Sacc. parasitica Murrill woolworthii Peck Diplodia melaena Lev. oe) tte. Discosia maculicola Gerard Dothiorella quercina (C. & E.) Sacc. Eutypella glandulosa (Cke.) E. & E. A stellulata (Fr.) Sacc. Fenestrella princeps Tw. Geopetalum abietinum (Schrad.) Murr . Gloeosporium salicis West. . septorioides Sacc. Gloniopsis cookeana (Ger.) Sacc. Grandinia granulosa Fr. Gymnosporangium juvenescens Kern. Gyromitra esculenta Fr. Helotium citrinum (Batsch) -Fr. Helvella gracilis PR. mo" orudla Sehappe Hydnum cyaneotinctum Peck Hygrophorus cantharellus Schw. 5 miniatus Fr. minutulus Peck Hymenochaete cinnamomea ( Pers.) Fr. Hypocrea sulphurea (Schw.) Sacc. Hypoderma smilacis (Schw.) Rehm. Hypoxylon morsei B. & C. Hysterographium smilacis Schw. Kuehneola potentillae (Schw.) Arth. Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Lactaria deceptiva Peck Lentinus spretus PR. Leptosphaeria subconica (C. & P.) Sace Leptostromella filicina (B. & C.) Sacc. Leptothyrium vulgare (Fr.) Sace. Lophodermium pinastri Schrad. Massaria vomitoria B. & C. . Melampsorella elatina (A. & S.) Arth. Melampsoropsis pyrolae (DC.) Arth. Melanconium oblongum Berk. Microsphaera diffusa C. & P. Mollisia cinerea (Batsch) Karst. ~ Neopeckia coulteri (PkR.) Sacc. Migsede caladi (Schw.) Arth. perigynius (Halsted) Arth. “ ~ polemonii (Peck) Arth. polygoni ( Pers.) Arth. : “ — prominens (DC.) Arth. Odontia fimbriata ( Pers.) Fr. Omphalia austini Peck Ophiobolus porphyrogonis (Tode) Sacc. Peridermium filamentosum Peck Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) De Bar& Phialea pulchella (Fckl.) Sacc. Phoma pallens B. & C. “ sepincola (Kickx.) Sacc. Phomopsis daturae (R. & F.) Sace. Phragmidium disciflorum (Tode) James . rosae-californicae Dvet. rosae-setigerae Dvet. Ss “ “ REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI6 19 Phyllachora cyperi Rehm. Phyllosticta cornicola (DC.) R. * latifolia E. & E. , smilacis E. & M. Plasmopara caricis FE. & E. i humuli M. & T. £ ribicola Schroet. Pleospora herbarum ( Pers.) Rabh. Polyporus admirabilis Pk. ° fulvidus E. & E. % polyporus (Retz.) Murrill Polythelis fusca ( Pers.) Arth. “ thalictri (Chev.) Arth. Porodaedalea pini (Thore) Murr. Puccinia andropogonis Schw. = angustata Peck artemisiarum Duby asparagi DC. caricis (Schum. ) Reb. cicutae Lasch. claytoniata (Schw.) Peck crandallii Pam. & Hume ellisiana Thiam. . helianthi Schw. eriophori Thim. extensicola Plowr. . fraxinata (Link) Arth. * orbicula P. & C. . peckii (De Toni) Kellerm. proserpinaceae Farlow 3 pustulata (Curt.) Arth. «. thamni (Pers.) Weittsb. symphoricarpi Harkness urticae Lagerh. . violae (Schum.) DC. Pucciniastrum pustulatum ( Pers.) Diet. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. Karst. Pyrenopeziza rubi (Fr.) Rehm. Rumularia brunellae E. & E. celastri Peck plantaginis LE. & M. ranunculi Peck variabilis Fckl. var. digi- talidis Sacc. Rhytisma decolorans Fr. 5 ilicis-canadensis Schw. grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh. Sebacina incrustans Jul. Schizonella melanogramma (DC) Schroet. Scoleconectria scolecospora (Bref.) Seaver st Ce brunellae E. & H. dentariae Peck 2 diervillae E. & E. erigerontis Peck oenotherae West. pileae Thim. polygalae Peck . saccharina FE. & E. sedicola Peck sicyi Peck viride-tingens Crut. Sphaerella arbutifoliae Peck . pontederiae Peck polar biformis Peck linearis Peck e mali (West.) Sacc. platani Peck . punctata D. & H. tiliacea Peck Spongipellis borealis (Fr.) Pat. Stamnaria equiseti (Hoffm.) Sacc. Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. Taphrina aurea ( Pers.) Fr. quercus (Cooke) Sacc. Trametes cervinus Pers. Tranzschelia punctata ( Pers.) Arth. Uredinopsis mirabilis (Peck) Magn. Urocystis anemones ( Pers.) Schroet. Uropyxis sanguinae (Pk.) Arth. Valsa ambiens ( Pers.) Fr. “~~ americana B. & C. caryigena B. & C. ceratophora Twl. “ — liquidambaris (Schw.) Cooke salicina (Pers.) Fr. Valsaria exasperans (Gerard) var. aceris Rehm. Valsonectria Rehm Vermicularia Fieetotmnditaites (Sacc.) House Wallrothiella Sacc. parasitica (Murr.) arceuthobii ( Pk .) 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Not new to the herbarium (Flowering plants and ferns) Acalypha gracilens A. Gray Acer tomentosum Desv. Acerates viridiflora Ell. Acnida cannabina Linn. Actaea alba (L.) Mill. Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. 4 striata Mx. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Aletris farinosa Linn. Allium canadense Linn. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. = intermedia Spach. . spicata (Lam.) C. Kock Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl. Andromeda canescens Small Anemone quinquefolia Linn. Antennaria ambigens Fernald Si canadensis Greene fallax Greene grandis (Fern.) House neodioica Greene occidentalis Greene parlini Fernald petaloidea Fernald plantiginifolia (L.) Rich Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Aquilegia canadensis Linn. i. vulgaris Linn. Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. “ hyrata Linn. Arethusa bulbosa Linn. Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell. “ melanocarpa (Mx.) Britt. Asarum canadense Linn. Asclepias incarnata Linn. 7 pulchra Ehrh. - quadrifolia Jacq. Aster ericoides L. laevis L. macrophyllus L. multiformis Burgess. novae-angliae L. prenanthoides Muhl. “ ptarmicoides ( Nees) T. & G. Aster tenuifolius L.. Azalea nudiflora Linn. “« viscosa Linn. Bartonia virginica (L.)B. SS. P: ‘Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie). Millsp. "y cucullaria (L.) Mullsp. Bidens cernua L. “ trichosperma (Mx.) Britt. Blephariglottis blephariglottis (L.) Rydb. 3 lacera (Michx.) Farwell ‘ psycodes (L.) Rydb. Bromus tectorum L. Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Torr. Botrychium lanceolatum (S. G. Gmel.) ; Angs. FS neglectum Wood Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Calla palustris Linn. Caltha palustrus Linn. Camelina microcarpa Andrz. - Campanula aparinoides Pursh “— rapunculoides Linn. “s rotundifolia Linn. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. a pratensis Linn. Carex albicans Wild. “ aquatilis Wahl. ©. ‘atcbata: Boat “ asa-grayi Bailey’ “ — bromoides Schk. “ — buxbaumii WaAl. canascens L. var. disjuncta Fernald “ ~ cephaloidea Dewey “communis Bailey . “ crawfordii Fernald * ” «eristata, Schwss, “ deflexa Hornem. “., diandra Schk. » “ — festucacea Schk. “ folliculata Linn. “ gracillima Schw. “ granularis Muhl. “grisea Wahl. “ ~hystricina Muhl. “ lacustris Willd. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 21 Carex lanuginosa Michx. “ lasiocarpa Schk. laxiflora Lam. “~ Iimosa L. magellanica Lam. “ — muhlenbergii Wahi. “ oligosperma Michx. pallescens L. pedunculata Muhl. prasina Wahl. projecta Mackenzie retrorsa Schw. “rosea Schk. “rostrata Stokes scabrata Schw. scirpoides Schk. scoparia Schk. scoparia var. condensa Fernald sprengelii Dewey “ stellulata Good. stellulata var. cephalantha (Batley) Fernald stricta Lam. “ ~ torta Boott trichocarpa Muhl. typhinoides Schw. varia Muhl. vestita Willd. virescens Muhl. vulpinoidea Michx. Cassia marylandica Linn. Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene Cathartolinum medium ( Planch.) Small . striatum (Walt.) Small Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P. Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small Chenopodium rubrum Linn. Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torr. & Gray Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh.) Ell. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Cirsium muticum Michx. Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Clethra acuminata Michx. “ alnifolia Linn. Clinopodium vulgare Linn. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. . umbellulata (Michx. ) Torr. Comarum palustre Linn. Commelina communis Linn. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter Convolvulus repens Linn. : spithamaeus Linn. Coreopsis lanceolata Linn. . major Walt. rosea Nutt. verticillata Linn. Cornus canadensis Linn, Coronilla varia Linn. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Crocanthemum majus (L.) Britt. Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. Cynoglossum officinale Linn. Cyperus filicinus Vahl “ inflexus Muhl. Cypripedium candidum Willd. . parviflorum Salisb. < pubescens Pursh a reginae Walt. Dalibarda repens L. Dasystephana andrewsii (Griseb.) Small Dasystoma flava (L.) Wood Dentaria diphylla Michx. a laciniata Muhl. maxima Nutt. Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Dianthera americana Linn. Dracocephalum virginicum Linn. Drosera intermedia Hayne ry longifolia L. . rotundifolia Linn. Drymocallis agrimonoides Rydb. Dryopteris dryopteris (L.) Britt. 4 goldiana (Hook.) Gray Ee simulata Davenp. . spinulosa (O. F. Miller) Kze. Echinochloa frumetacea (Roxb.) Link e muricata (Michx.) Fernald Elymus virginicus Linn. Epilobium adenocaulon Haussk. Equisetum sylvaticum L. Erigeron philadelphicus Linn. Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. s gracile Koch. : tenellum Nutt. = virginicum Linn. % viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fern. “ “ “ (Pursh) 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Erythronium americanum Ker. Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. . maculatum Linn. purpureum L. var. folio- sum Fern. Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson Fissipes acaulis (L.) Small Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galium boreale Linn. # “ — verum Linn. Gaylussacia baccata Wang. rs dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. % frondosa (L.) T. & G. Geum rivale Linn. “ virginianum Linn. Glecoma hederacea Linn. Glycine apios Linn. Gratiola aurea Muhl. Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Mx.) Rydb. Helenium autumnale L. 7: latifolium Pursh Helianthus decapetalus L. Fy giganteus Linn. mollis Lam. Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Hemerocallis fulva Linn. Hepatica acutiloba DC. z hepatica (L.) Karst. Hieracium florentinum AJ. < pilosella Linn. Hordeum jubatum Linn. Houstonia caerulea Linn. is longifolia Gaertn, Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Hydrophyllum virginianum Linn. Hypericum adpressum Bart. ascyron Linn. canadense Linn. punctatum Lam. Hypopitys hypopitys (L.) Small Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville Hystrix hystrix (L.) Mullsp. Ibidium plantagineum (Raf.) House . praecox (Walt.) House romanzofhanum(Cham.) House Ilysanthes attenuata (Muhl.) Small Tonoxalis violacea (L.) Small “ «“ “ Isnardia palustris L. Juncus gerardi Lozisel. Junipersus horizontalis Moench. Kalmia angustifolia Linn. “latifolia Linn. Kneiffia alleni (Britt.) Small “linearis (Michx.) Spach “ pumila (L.) Spach — * riparia ( Nuit.) Small Koellia virginianum (L.) M acM ; Lactuca canadensis Linn. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. ™ myrtifolius Muhl. Lechea intermedia Leggett “ leggettii Britt. & Hollick “ ~ racemulosa Lam. Lemna trisulca Linn. Leptasea aizoides (L.) Haw. Lilium philadelphicum Linn. “superbum Linn. Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb. Limodorum tuberosum Linn. Linaria canadense (L.) Dumort. Lobelia cardinalis Linn. “ kalmir beng “ cnubtall eee Lonicera canadensis Marsh. 5 oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Lotus corniculatus Linn. Ludwigia alternifolia Linn. Lychnis alba Mull. . flos-cuculi Linn. Lycopodium alopecuroides Linn. clavatum Linn. Lycopus americanus Muhl. * uniflorus Mx. virginicus L. Lysimachia quadrifolia Linn. . terrestris (2,285.0. nyt salicaria Linn. Malaxis unifolia Michx. Malva moschata Linn. Mariscus mariscoides (Muhl.) Kuntze Medeola virginiana Linn. Meibomia dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze ‘i grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze Melampyrum lineare Lam. Memyanthes trifoliata Linn. Mentha canadensis Linn. Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Mimulus ringens Linn. “ REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1910 Mitella cordifolia Linn. ** nuda Linn. Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenal. Monarda didyma Linn. “mollis Linn. punctata Linn. Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel. Myosotis scorpioides Linn. Myrica caroliniana Mill. Nabalus trifoliatus Cass. Naumbergia thyrsiflora (L.) Duby Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. Neopieris mariana (L.) Britt. Nothoholcus lanatus (L.) Nash Nymphaea advena (L.) .Soland. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Oenothera muricata Linn. Ophioglossum vulgatum Linn. Oxalis acetosella Linn. Oxycoccus macrocarpus (A7zt.) Pursh ¥ oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Oxypolis rigidus (L.) Raf. Panax trifolium Linn. Panicularia grandis (Wats.) Nash 28 nervata (Willd.) Kuntze Panicum depauperatum Muh. ashei Pears. dichotomum L. : columbianum Scribn. . meridionale Ashe virgatum L. 7 © cubense Griseb. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Pedicularis canadensis Linn. Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth Penthorum sedoides Linn. Pentstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. . pentstemon (L.) Britt. “ Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM. 3 tesselatum (Todd.) Heller Persicaria muhlenbergii (S. Wats.) . Small Phalaris arundinacea L. Phlox paniculata Linn. “ subulata L. Phragmites phragmites (L.) Karst. Physalis pruinosa L. Plantago decipiens Barneoud 43 rugelii Decne. * virginica Linn. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Polemonium vanbruntiae Britt. Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene Polygalacruciata L. . lutea Linn. “ nuttallii T. & G. pauciflora Willd. polygama Walt. senega Linn. verticillata Linn. viridescens Linn. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Polygonum maritimum Linn. ;; tenue Michx. Polymnia canadensis Linn. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. * compressus L. natans L. pectinatus L. perfoliatus L. Potentilla recta Linn. Prunus cuneata Raf. Pylaisia schimperi R. & G. _Pyrola americana Sweet “ elliptica L. uliginosa T. & G. Pyxidanthera barbulata Michx. Quercus ilicifolia Wang. “marilandica Moench Radicula palustris (L.) Moench . sylvestris (L.) Druce Ramischia secunda (L.) Rydb. Ranunculus bulbosus Linn. fascicularis Muhl. - hispidus Michx. pennsylvanicus L. f. scleratus Linn. septentrionalis Pozr. Rhexia virginica Linn. Rhododendron punctatum Andr. Rhyncospora alba: (L.) Vahl ‘ -glomerata (L.) Vahl Ribes americana L’ Her. “ ~ glandulosum Grauer “triste Pall. Ridan alternifolia L. Robertiella robertiana (L.) Hanks Rosa virginiana Mill. Rubus argutus Link “ hispidus Linn. procumbens Muhl. «“ “ 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rubus sativus (Bailey) Brainerd Rudbeckia sulivantii Boynton & Beadle Sabbatia stellaris Pursh Salicornia europea L. Salix candida Fluegge “lucida Muhl. “sericea Marsh. Sambucus racemosa Linn. Samolus floribundus H. B. K. Sanguinaria canadensis Linn. Sanicula trifoliata Bickn. Sarothra gentianoides Linn. Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn. Scheuchzeria palustris L. Scirpus caespitosus Linn. “| ‘paludosus A. iNels. robustus Pursh > walidus Vahl Schrophularia leporella Bicknell Scutellaria galericulata Linn. Senecio aureus Linn. “ Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B. S. P. Silene antirrhina Linn. “ ~ pennsylvanica Michx. Silphium integrifolium Muichx. ce perfoliatum Linn. trifoliatum Linn. Sisyrinchium arenicola Bicknell sn atlanticum Bicknell f graminoides Bicknell Sium cicutaefolium Schrank. Smilax rotundifolia L. Solidago houghtoni T. & G. “ odora Lin. “~ ohioensis Riddell f uniligolata CDC.) Porter Sorghastrum nutans (£.) Nash Stachys aspera Michx. Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf. Syntherisma sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Teucrium boreale Bicknell x canadense Linn. % littorale Bicknell : occidentale A. Gray Thalictrum dioicum L. Tissa marina (L.) Britt. é rubra C6.) Brat. “ Tithymalopsis ipecacuanhae (L.) Small Tithymalus cyperissias (L.) Hill Tragopogon pratensis Linn. Triantha glutinosa (Michx.) Baker Trichostema dichotomum L. Trientalis americana Linn. Trillium cernuum Linn. “ undulatum Willd. ‘ Uva-ursi uva-ursi (L.) Britt. Uvularia grandiflora Sm. “ puberula Michx Vaccinium angustifolium Azt. Vagnera racemosa (L.) Morong “ stellata (L.) Morong “ trifolia (L.) Morong Valeriana uliginosa (T. & G.) Rydb. Verbena hastata Linn. Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Willd. Veronica chamaedrys Linn. ~ © ofticinalis Bawa: serpyllifolia Linn. Viburnum cassinoides Linn. = dentatum Linn. opulus Linn. Vinca minor Linn. Viola affinis LeConte “ brittoniana Pollard canadensis Linn. conspersa Reichenb. emarginata LeConte eriocarpa Schw. “ fimbriatula i ssa -hirsutula Brainerd incognita Brainerd lanceolata Linn. “' nephrophylla Greene palmata Linn. papilionacea Pursh pedata Linn. primulifolia Linn. pubescens Az7t. “ renifolia A. Gray. sagittata Ait. “ “selkirkii Pursh “ septentrionalis Greene “sororia Willd. trilobasepwe Vitis aestivalis Michx. Waldsteinia fragarioides Tratt. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Xanthoxalis rufa Small Xyris caroliniana Walt. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Zizia aurea (L.) Koch “ “ (Michx.) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 25 NEW OR INTERESTING SPECIES OF FUNGI IV a Fungi New to the State Flora Camarosporium robiniae (West.) Sacc. Of frequent occurrence on dead twigs of Robinia. Collected at North Bay, Oneida county, on Robinia viscosa. H. D. House, June 26, 1915, and at Orient, Long Island, on Robinia pseudo-acacia Linn. by Roy Latham, no. 702, February 4, to1s. Associated with Cucurbitaria elongata. Cercospora lathyri Dearness & House, sp. nov. Spots bluish gray and finally arid, limited by the veinlets and developing a narrow reddish boundary, 2-4 by 2-3 mm in extent. Hyphae very short on numerous, evenly scattered, brownish bases, amphigenous. Conidia more abundant on the upper surface, straight or slightly curved, continuous or obscurely 1—2-septate, 40-70 by 23-3} um. On living leaves of Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Wading River and Eastport. C. H. Peck, August, September. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Cercospora microstigma Sacc. On dead or dying leaves of Carex arctata Boott, Pecks- port, Madison county. H. D. House, July 15, 1915. Also collected by Doctor Peck on Carex plantaginea Lam. at Taberg, Oneida county. The species is doubtless common on many Carices, and Professor Dearness records it also on C. granularis, Pralenrsina and C. laxiflora. Cercospora pastinacae (Sacc.) Peck aaives ih Pastinaca sativa L., Portage, N. Y. C. H. Peck, August 12th, (year not indicated). Professor Peck raised this from a variety of Cercospora apii Fres. to specific rank after an examination of material collected by J. M. Bates in Nebraska on the same host. Its occurrence in New York has never been recorded by Doctor Peck and this collection of his from Portage Was among some undetermined material. Coryne sarcoides (Jacq.) Tul. On decayed logs of pine and chestnut. Karner, Albany county. H. D. House, November 2, 1916 (determined by F. J. Seaver). 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pileus purplish and waxlike when fresh, one-eighth to nearly one- half inch broad. Coryne urnalis (Nyl.) Sacc. has been collected by Doctor Peck at North Elba. . ~ Coryneum pithoideum Dearness & House, sp. nov. Acervuli in lenticel-like pustules thinly but regularly scattered, producing circular ruptures of the epidermis and contiguous cortex, I-I.5 mm in diameter, seated in the cortex, not compact, of the size of the crateriform rupture, often appearing under the lens as if caespitose. Conidia cask-shaped, variable in size, averaging about 25 by 12 yp, _ mostly 5-septate, brown with a hyaline cell at each end. On dead stems of Celastrus scandens Linn., Kenwood swamp near Oneida, N. Y. H. D. House, May 15, 1915. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. | This has the naked eye appearance of Coryneum pustula- tum Peck, described on dead branches of oak and-chestnut, but the spores are more nearly like those of Coryneum compac- tin! Bag Be Cryptospora leiphaemoides Dearness & House, sp. nov. Stromata scattered, raising the perforated epidermis and black- ening the underlying cortical, pustule, 1-1.5 mm; the dise .25—3 mm, whitish at first, but becoming granular and darker when the very short, black ostiola appear thru it. Perithecia 5 to 8 in a stroma, pale gray, lying in.the unaltered cortex and in transection strongly resembling Diaporthe leiphaemia (Fr.). Asci clavate-cylindrical, paraphysate, 65-90 u, mostly about 75 X 10 uw. sporidia parallel in the asci, cylindrical, subarcuate, subclavate, continuous, pluri-guttulate, 25-60 uw long, mostly about 45 m, upper half 4-5 w in the thickest part, lower half 2.5-3 yp. On dead twigs of Quercus alba L. Astor woods, near Bronx Park, New York City. H.-D. House, April 24, 1916.. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Externally the stroma and disc of this species resemble Cr y p- tospora albofusca (C. &E.),also on Quercus, but ip@mier decidedly in its sporidia and paraphyses as represented in F. Col. 36 (material of Mr Ellis’s collection). C. albofusca is described in the section Eucryptospora but in F. Col. 36 the sporidia are 3-septate in the copy examined. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 27 Cryptospora suffusa (Ir.) Tul. On dead twigs of Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng., Albany. H. D. House, January 30, 1916. Cryptosporium robiniae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Acervuli cortical, raising the epidermis into circular or elliptical uncolored pustules, gray in tangential sections, .2-1 mm showing when mature a central, circular, perforation in the epidermis. Sporules hyaline, continuous, strongly falcate, 14-17 X I-1.5 wy. On dead twigs of Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Hills southeast of Rensselaer. H. D. House, May 4, 1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Cylindrosporium iridis E. & H. | Omlivine leaves of Iris versicolor L., Orient, N: Y.. Roy Latham, October 15, 1915. Dendrodochium acerinum Dearness & House, sp. nov. Sporodochia verruciform, sparsely scattered, brown when dry, flat, .5-.7 mm in breadth, .2 mm in depth, apparently superficial on the cuticle but really developing from the cortex. Conidia numerous, 4-5 x1.5m, borne on curved, branching sporophores, the stalk and branches of which are of various lengths but usually totaling about 45 uw in length. The branches are 2 yp thick. On dead twigs of Acer pseudoplatanus L. Menands, Albany county. H. D. House, December 2, 1914. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Diaporthe americana Speg. Mavcdesa twics or Magnolia, virginiana L. (M. glauca L.) Babylon, N. Y. H. D. House, April 21, 1916. First collected in this country by Professor Ellis in January 1889 on Magnolia glauca and reported as D. americana Speg. Ten years afterward he published a revisal stating that the perithecia were too large for D. americana and proposed for his collection the name of Diaporthe magnoliae. The Babylon material shows marked variation, so much so, that Professor Dearness is inclined to regard the description of D. americana as covering the Babylon collection as well as Professor Ellis’s D.. magnoliae. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Diaporthe oncostoma (Duby) Fckl. On dead twigs of Robinia pseudo-acacia L. Albany. H. D. House, November 26, 1915 and October 26. TOI: : Diaporthe paulula (C. & E.) Sacc. On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Babylon, N. Y. H. D. House, April 20, 1926: Diaporthe phomaspora (C. & E.) Sacc. Grassy pond, Adirondack mountains, N. Y., on dead twigs of Myrica gale Linn. Dr C. H. Peck. Reported™ py Weems Peck as “Diaporthe wibbe1 Nitsch.,” a name wiser for the present must be stricken from the list of reported American fungi. This correction in determination was indicated by Professor Dearness after a most careful examination of the material in question, Diaporthe sociata C. & E. Catskill mountains, N. Y. on dead twigs of Benzoin aes- tivale (L.) Nees. Dr C. H. Peck, September. Diatrypella subfulva (B. & C.) Sacc. On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Shawangunk mountains, Dr C. H. Peck. (Determined by Dearness.) Diplodia convolvuli Dearness & House, sp. nov. Pycnidia thickly scattered, covered by the cuties: perforate, depressed, .2 to .25 mm in diameter. Conidia brown, uniseptate, but slightly when at all constricted, 18-24 by 9-12 pw, usually with similar cells but sometimes one is globose and the other subconic. | On dead stems of Convolvulus sepium Linn. Albany, N. Y. H. D. House, November 7, 1915. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. ‘ Diplodia subcuticularis Dearness & House, sp. nov. Pycnidia densely gregarious, 12 to 18 in a circle 2 mm in diameter, dark brown, seated on the cortex, stellately rupturing the cuticle which soon becomes loosened from the cortex and shed. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 29 Conidia brown, very tardily septate, not constricted at the septum, oblong-elliptic, ends rounded, 16-18 by 9-12 uy. On dead branchlets of Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze. Sylvan Beach, Oneida county, N. Y. H. D. House, May TO} EOI5- | This might be taken for a Sphaeropsis for in some cases the con- tinuous spores appear to be more numerous than the septate ones. Diplodia decorticata C. & E,, also on Sassafras, has strongly constricted spores in hysteriiform pycnidia. Diplodia thalictri E. & D. Wavdead stems of Thatictrum polygamum Mubhl. Near Albany. H. D. House, June 13, 1915. (Determined by Dearness.) | Discosia kreigeriana Bres. Karner, Albany county, on living and languishing leaves of Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (Epilo- ime an Sustifolium L.) H. D. House, July 20, 1915. Eutypella deusta E. & E. On decayed wood of oak limbs, Orient Point, N. Y. Roy Latham, May. 7. F0rT. | Eutypella gleditschiae Berl. Rawmacsa. twies of Gléditsia triacanthos L.”. Orent, Me ¥.- Roy Latham, April 2, 1016. (No. 724.) Eutypella staphyleae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Stromata bullate, incorporating the cambium, lodged on the wood, leaving a whitened area when removed, immediately sur- rounded by a dark line which does not penetrate the wood, some- times confluent, base mostly irregularly elliptic, 2-4 by 1-3 mm. Perithecia 3 to 5 in a stroma or appearing numerous when con- fluent, black, globose, large, about 1 mm in diameter, ostiola sulcate, stout, short, .2 mm in width and height. Asci long-clavate to fusoid, 60-75 by 8-12 yu, stipe linear, 20-80 p long, paraphysate. Sporidia allantoid, dark amber-colored, mostly 15-18 by 4 un, extremes 14-20 by 34-41 wu. On dead stems of Staphylea trifolia Linn. Near Albany. Collected by C. H. Peck in April (year not indicated). 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gloeosporium lappae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Spots subcircular, gray-brown with arid centers tending to crack and break away, the arid portions surrounded by several rather obscurely circinating ridges close together. ; Acervuli epiphyllous on the arid areas, nearly concolorous, 40-100 mw; spores hyaline, with 2 to 3 nuclei causing some of them to appear uniseptate, 6-9 x 3 um. On living leaves of Arctium minus Schk. Albany. H.D. House, August 1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York state Museum. Hendersonia vagans Fckl. On dead twigs of Aronia melanocarpa (Mich iamie Sylvan Beach, Oneida county. H. D. House. There is nothing in the brief description of this species in Saccardo to separate the Sylvan Beach material from H. vagans Fckl., although they may not be the same. The Sylvan Beach material. has spores 10-15 x 4-5 mw, and the stipes 5-40 x 2-3 fp) exss@eiared! with an unidentified Valsa. Hypocrea sulfurea (Schw.) Sacc. Covering over a growth of Exidia glandulosa on twigs and limbs of Populus and Alnus. Karner, Albany county. C. H. Peck, September. (Determined by Dr F. J. Seaver.) Reported by Dector Peckias: Hy poereasci trina (Persomine Hysterographium lesquereuxii (Duby) Sacc. On dead branches: of Gleditsia triancam: moses Orient, Noy > Roy Lataam: Apmis eros: Haplosporella velata E. & B. On dead stems of Celastrus scandens a miaamee Albany county. HH: DB. House, Juneiao, 10s: Leptosphaeria consessa (C. & E.) Sacc. On dead stems of Helianthus annwu ws) Lime ‘Oneida. ED House, ume Sanam Leptosphaeria myricae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Perithecia gregarious, globose-conical, nearly superficial, .3 x .4 mm in diameter above the bark; ostiola short, thick and blunt. Asci linear-cylindrical, 80-120x 5-53; paraphyses linear, abundant. REPORT OF THE. STATE BOTANIST IQI6 31 Sporidia strictly uniseriate or overlapping, brown, 3-septate, 12-15 X 4-5 yb. On dead twigs and branches of Myrica gale L. Grassy pond, Adirondack mountains. C. H. Peck (date of collection unknown). Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. The specimens also contain Diaporthe phomaspora (©. é EB.) Sacce. and Trichopeziza myricae (Peck) Sacc. Leptothryium dearnessii Kabat & Bubak On dead brown areas of living, languishing, or dead leaves of Mmerceron philtadelphicus L. -Albany. H. D. House. November 1, 1916. Doctor Peck has also collected this upon Berseron annuus, reportedasL. punctiforme B. &C. He also noted that it differed from L. punctiforme in being upon both sides of the leaf and in other minor particulars. Macrophoma ceanothi Dearness & House, nom. nov. (Macro- phoma peckiana D. & H. Bul. N. Y. State Museum 179:31. 1915. Not Berl. & Vogl.) Unirdead stemsor Ceanothus americanus L., North Greenbush (Peck, type). Albany (House). Massarinula brassicae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Perithecia densely gregarious, carbonaceous, rugulose, papillate globose-conic, erumpent-superficial, 200-300 uw. eens virescens Muhl., Sand Lake. C. H. Peck. Ramularia brunellae E. & E. On living leaves of Prunella vulgaris Lo jamecme, Onondaga county. H. D. House, June 28, 1916. Also with Sep- toria brunellae E. & E. upon the same leaves. Ramularia lanceolata Dearness & House, sp. nov. Spots brick-red, indefinite, alike on both sides of the leaf, where numerous the leaf becomes yellowish, without an arid center as in Ramutlaria plantaginis E. & M., nor wiiiapdeamae border line asin Ramularia peckii Sacc. & Syd. Hyphae fasciculate, amphigenous, geniculate, yellowish, 25-45 x 4p; conidia hyaline, cylindrical, ends rounded, o—3-septate, 15-33 x 5-6 um. On living and languishing leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. Oneida, Madison county. H. D. House, August 1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 35 Septoria gentianae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Spots arid, small, subcircular, 1 to 5 mm in diameter, surrounded by a very narrow, sharply raised border extending outward into a reddish zone; when numerous the whole leaf becomes dilute brown. _Pyenidia epiphyllous, brown, 30-35 u, with a minute opening. Sporules continuous, 15-24 wu, but averaging 18-20 x .5 yu. On leaves of Gentiana quinqueflora L. Taberg, Oneida county. H.D. House, August 1914. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Septoria microsora Speg. on Gentiana, in Europe, is hypophyllous and is said to have widely gaping ostiola and pluri- septate sporules. Septoria macrosporia Dearness On living leaves of the white daisy (Chrysanthemum leu- canthemum L.) Albany. H. D. House, November 1, 1916. Septoria rudbeckiae E. & H. var. oaklandica Sacc. On living and languishing leaves of Rudbeckia hirta L. Albany. H. D. House, November 13, 1915. (Determined by Dear- ness.) Sphaerographium hystricinum (Ell.) Sacc. var. viburni Dearness & House, var. nov. This variety on stems of Viburnum cassinoides has pungent, beaked pycnidia nearly 1 mm long. Sporules 15-30x 2 yp, subarcuate, acute, simple and continuous or paucinucleate, borne on narrow, branching sporophores varying in length from 5 uw to that of the sporules. On dead stemsof Viburnum cassinoides L. Babylon, -N. Y. H. D. House, April 20, 1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Professor Peck figured the pycnidia and sporules of this form on Viburnum nudum in the 38th report. Mr Ellis’s type was found upon Azalea and described as Howe sporules 25 wu long on stipes 35 wu long. Sphaeropsis liquidambaris Dearness & House sp. nov. Pycnidia .3 mm, globose, gregarious, surrounding the twigs, covered by the epidermis in which narrow clefts expose the very short ostiola; conidia tardily yellow-brown, on sporophores of about 2 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM their own length, and half their thickness, various in shape, from globose to oblong-elliptic, but mostly subpyriform, 17-22 x 6-10 p. On dead twigs of Liquidambar styraciflua L. Astor woods near Bronx Park, New York City. H.-D.. House; Maya a 1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Sphaeropsis punctata Dearness & House sp. nov. Pycnidia minute, 50-110 in diameter, thickly scattered, as many as 20 in a circle 2 mm in diameter; black, conical ostiola punctur- ing the thin epidermis. — Conidia pale brown, oblong-elliptic, 18-22 x 9-10 uw on _ short basidia. 7 On dead branchlets of Sassafras variiiOlium (oamsp Kuntze: Sylvan Beach, Oneida county.. H. D. House, May to, 1915. Also Albany, November 26, 1915 (type). Astor woods, near Bronx Park, New York City. TH. D. House, May 27, 190G= aoc in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. _ 5. sassafras C. & .E. has papillaciorm pyendiameand conidia 30-35 x 5 wu; S..sSeriatus Peck also on this host iGienar acterized by “hard sclerotoid perithecia in linear arrangement.” (33d Report, p. 24.) Taphrina quercus (Cooke) Sacc. On living leaves of Ouercus velutinay Vane @aear. NY. Roy Latham, October 7 rons. Trichopeziza opulifoliae (Schw.) Sacc. On dead stems of cultivated Spiraea. Oneida. H. D. House, June 20, 1915. . Associated with Diaporthe media meee Urophlyctis pluriannulatum (B. & C.) Farlow (Uromyces pluriannulatum B. & C.; Synchytrium, Farlow) On living leaves, stems and peduncles of Sanicula mary- landica L. Oneida, Madison county. H. D: Housemyunepne: 1916. (Determined by Prof. H. S. Jackson.) Valsa americana B. & C. On dead twigs of Maltis malws (i:) Britt! Alaiye erie: House, February 20, 1915. Determined by Professor Dearness, who says concerning it, “‘ This is the same as Mr Ellis named for REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 37 me Valsa americana, The species is not fully described. This material is a long-stiped, long-paraphysate species.’’ Upon the same twigs occurs Sphaeropsis mali (West) Sacc. Valsa caryigena Bere. On dead twigs of Hicoria minima Britton. Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. H. D. House, April 20, 1916. Also with Sphaeropsis linearis Peck (S. caryae) on the same twigs. Valsa ceratophora Tul. On dead twigs of Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze. Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. H. D. House, April 20, 1916. The same twigs containSphaeropsis punctata Dearness & House, and a Cytospora which doubtless belongs to the Valsa and which may be Cytospora sphaeroceph- ala Curtis. Valsa cincta Fr. On dead stems of Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Clear pond, Adirondack mountains, and Aiden Lair, Essex county, on dead twigs of Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) Roem. C.H. Peck, July. Associated with Sphaero- nema pruinosum Peck. Valsa etherialis E. & E. On dead limbs of Acer rubrum L. Albany. H. D. House, November 2, 1913 and May 1rorq. ' Valsa nyssae Grev. On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Astor woods, Bronx, New York City. H.D. House, April 26, 1916. (Determined by Dearness.) b Notes on Fungi Bremia lactucae Regel. On living leavesof Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. Near Albany, N. Y. H. D. House, November 13, 1915. Also known as Peronospora gangliformis (Berk.) DeBary. Cintractia junci (Schw.) Trel. On the inflorescence of Juncus tenuis L. near Baldwins- ville, Onondaga county. H. D. House, June 27, 1916. 7 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Diaporthe obscura (Peck) Sacc. On dead stems o0f Geum strictum Ait. Eaton and Pecks- port, Madison county. Hl. D. Hotise, July 2 ad! 333 neue characters accord very closely with the description by Peck (on Rubus strigosus) and this collection constitutes a new host for the species. Diaporthe (Chorostate) oxyspora (Peck) Sacc. (Sace. Sylloge 1:627. 1882) Valsa oxyspora Peck. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 28, p. 75, pl. Ely £2 20— 29. | 1876 Valsa ocularia Cs & EY Grev. Vi:11, pl:-95, £ oaaowm Diaporthe oc¢ularia Sacc»sylloge 1:616. 1682 Diaporthe é@epimicta B: & EON. Am, Pyro449 eee The type of Valsa oxyspora was stated by Doctor Peck to be on Quercus (collected at Sand Lake, August 1874). This was a case of mistaken host identification which he later corrected but without study of related species upon the host (Nemopan- thus mtcronata (L.) Trel.) or other hosts of taemaemy family. Meanwhile there has accumulated in the state herbarium specimens of Diaporthe upon Ilex and Nemopanthus under the additional names of D. ocularia and D. ¢€ pia ete aoe fessor Dearness has made a careful study of the material here and in his own herbarium and specimens named by Mr Ellis as D. epimicta (and with particular care), are identical with D. oxyspora (Mechanicville on llex verticillataeeeeues field’'on -llex verticillata; Karner on Wem a¢e cillata and Sand Lake on Nemopanthus mucronata (type)). In all these collections the appendage of the spores seems to disappear with age, and suggests that D. ocularia is also the same, since other characters are very similar. Recently col- lected by Roy Latham, Orient, N, Y., on Ilex verticillata (February 7, 1915). | Funalia rigida (Berk. & Mont.) Trametes rigida Berk. & Mont. Ann. Soc. Nat. [EI. 11:240. 1849 Polystictus extensus Cooke. Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6:244. 1888 Polystictus rigens Sacc. & Cub.; Sacc. Syll. 6:274. 1888 Coriolopsis rigida Murrill, North American Flora 9:75. 1907 Sporophore annual, sessile, varying to resupinate, margin thin and acute, o-s x 2-10 cm, usually about 1 cm thick or less, rather fragile when dry, densely hispid or hirsute, yellowish brown or REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 39 darker with age; context very light brown; tubes usually not over t mm long, sometimes in large pileate specimens 3 to 5 mm long, angular, variable in size, sometimes irregular, averaging 2-3 a mm; cystidia none; spores cylindrical, 9-10 x 3 uy. On dead limbs and trunks of Poplar. Albany, Westport and Horicon. Collected by Doctor Peck. This species is reported by Doctor Peckas Trametes trogii Berk. in the 32d Report, page 35 (1879); it is the species described by J. J. Neuman (Polyporaceae of Wisconsin, page 39, 1914) under the name of Trametes trogii Berkeley and so far as the description of this in Fries (Hym. Eur. 583. 1874) goes, it may be the same as Berkeley’s species. The species is placed in Coriolopsis by Doctor Murrill in Polyporaceae of the North American Flora (vol. 9), but is described by L. O. Overholts in the Polyporaceae of the Middle-western United States (p. 69) as Trametes rigida. The range of the species as given by Murrill should be extended northward to Essex county, New York, southern Ontario and Wisconsin. Goniopsis cookeana (Ger.) Sacc. Collected at Orient Point, Long Island, by Roy Latham upon the following hosts: Quercus alba (dead wood), Andro- meda ligustrina (dead decorticated branches), Myrica Garoliniensis (dead branches) Rhus glabra (dead decorticated branches). Gymnopilus magna (Peck) Murrill (Flammula magna Peck; Cortinarius validipes Peck) Dr C. H. Kauffman, who has examined the species of Corti- narius in the state herbarium, suggests that the type specimen of ‘Cortinarius validipes belongs in Flammula, and com- parison seems to indicate that it is the same as Flammula magna described first from Westchester county. A collection also labeled C. validipes and made by S. H. Burnham at West Fort Ann (growing in a mass of sawdust and chips), belongs to Pholiota and is doubtless P. destruens (Brond.) Sacc. Leptosphaeria subconica (C. & P.) Sacc. On dead stems of Impatiens biflora Walt. Karner, Albany county. C. H. Peck, August 1906. (Determined by Dear- ness.) The type collection of this species appears to be upon 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ambrosia trifida, although Doctor Peck did not denaately determine the host. It has also been collected upon Solidago. Leptostromella hysterioides (Fr.) Sacc. On dead stems of Helianthus decaperameaeaa Oneida. H. D. House, May 15, 1915. Spores curved, ge 2» x 2-25 M. Microdiplodia paupercula (B. & Br.) Dearness, comb. n. (Diplodia paupercula B. & Br.) Originally described on Lonicera. Our material is on Sam- bucus canadensis L. (Cascadeville) Adirondack moun- tains. C. H. Peck (goth Rep’t, p..60, 1887). See N. Am. Fungi No. 419 and Saccardo Sylloge 3:345, 1884. The spore measure- ments in Saccardo are given as 10x 5 uw. In Doctor Peck’s material only exceptional spores measure that large, the average being 7—9x 3-575 B- Nigredo perigynia (Halst.) Arth. On Carex flava’ L. Peterboro, Madison county.) i. House, June 12, 1916. (Determined by Arthur.) Also collected by Doctor Peck upon. Carex arctata Boott; and on Carex scoparia Schk. Phialea pulchella (Fckl.) Sacc. Near Albany, on fallen needles of Pinus frigida, pie: House, November 30, 1916. : | Phoma infossa E. & E On dead twigs of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh- Sylvan Beach, Oneida county. H. D. House, June 21, 1915. Also collected at Alcove, Albany county, by C. L. Shear (N. Y. Fungi No. 369). ; Phoma pallens B. & C. On dead*-carpels of Celastrus scand én see ieeeree: Albany county. H. D. House, April 29, 1916. Also collected in May 1908 by Doctor Peck. Phyllosticta latifolia E. & E. On living leaves of Kalmia latifolia L. Merrick, N. Y: H. D. House, June 16, 1916. Professor Dearness verifies this by REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 41 comparison with a cotype, and questions that this species has the pycnidial characters of a good Phyllosticta. Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabh. On dead stems of Triglochin maritimum L. Rergen swamp, Genesee county. H. D. House, June 2, 1916. Pyrenopeziza compressula Rehm. Mnedead stems of Helianthus lacinatus L. Oneida H. D. House, June 5, 1916. (Determined by Dearness.) Puccinia angustata Peck Manone: N: Y.,on Scirpus cyperinus (Ls Kunth. H. D. House, June 20, 1916. (Determined by Arthur.) The other host species for this rust in New York are Scirpus atrocinc- mee hernaid. 5. atrovirens Muhl.: S: sylvaticus L. The type of this rust is supposed to occur upon 8S. sylvaticus collected near ‘West Albany,” by Doctor Peck, but since that sedge probably does not occur in that region the identity of the host remains in doubt. The aecial stage (Aecidium lycopi Ger.) is frequent upon various species of Lycopus. Puccinia ellisiana Thum. The aecial stage was collected at Manorville, N. Y., on leaves of eola lanceolata L., June 20, 1916. It also occurs upon awe or Viola blanda and V. affinis (Aecidium mariae-wilsoni Peck). The telial stage appears to be rather common upon Andropogon scoparius Michx. and A. furcatus Muhl. at Karner, Albany county, and on Long Island. Puccinia extensicola Plowr. The following species are represented among the hosts for the aecial stage in the state herbarium: Aster cordifolius, Meaerophylius, A. novaé-angliae, A. longi- aes A. puniceus, Erigeron pulchellus, E. Beiadelphicus, E.annuus, -E. ramosus, Leptilon moaaaense, Huthamia<~graminifolia, Solidago mmeate isis: 5. LatitLolia, S. odora, S. lanceolata, peerttaees,) 5. ricesa, S. thrysoidea and S. uligi- nosa. 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The hosts for the telial stage as represented in collections from New York State are: Carex crawiordit -@ eames C. houghtonis, C. pennsylvanica, “CC yipmeeere C.. trisperma,.C. .tenella, C... yatlptnie@diea aes Dulichium arundinaceum (Gncludne 2a eee et hake hid. Sydo); | Puccinia majanthae (Schum.) Arth. The aecial.stage on Vagnera stellata (i) Meme Buffalo. ~G. W. Clinton. On Uwvularia sess tiasoeeeee L. Babylon. J. S. Merriam. The telial stages on Phalaris arundinacea WL., Copake, and Watkins. Ir @ierieeee (Determined by Arthur.) The basis for Puccinia linearis Beek bs Se racials] Pecks) a Puccinia mesomejalis B. & C. Elk Park, Catskill mountains, on Clintonia bor eameueme Dr L. H. Pennington, June 24, ror4. Puccinia orbicula Pk. & Clinton On leavesof Nabalus albus L. Jamesville. H. D. House, June 28, 1916. (Determined by Arthur.) The State Museum herbarium also contains collections of this rust upon the same host from Buffalo (Clinton), Cedarville and Watkins (Peck). Ramularia urtica Ces. On living and languishing leaves of Urtica gracilis Ait. Fisher’s, Ontario county. H. D. House, June’3, 1916. _Rhytisma andromedae Fr. Hempstead, N. Y., on leaves of Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. (Andromeda, Muhl., Xolisma, Britton). Common on leaves of Andromeda polifolia L. Gncluding AY elameae phylla Link., the Bog Rosemary), but not previously reported upon the Male Berry (Lyonia ligustrina). ~ : Scoleconectria seulccecioee (Bref.) Seaver On dead twigs of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Hapeen: N. Y. H. D. House, April 20, 1616. A species of frequent occur rence upon pine, but rarely recorded on hardwood species. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 43 Septoria krigiae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Spots 1 to 2 mm broad, yellow-brown with reddish margins 1 mm wide. Pycnidia usually one, seldom more than three on a spot, central, mostly epiphyllous, 50 uy; oe continuous, straight or flexuous, 24-60 X I ym. On living leaves of ee Sa Men ar Nutt. Chelten Hills, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. Martha Shoe- maker, September 1879. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Septoria sicyi Peck On living leaves of Sicyos angulatus L. Liverpool, Onondaga county. H. D. House, August 12, 1915. Septoria xanthismatis Dearness & House, sp. nov . Spots sordid, yellowing of the affected portions of the ieaf or of the whole leaf instead of definite maculae. Pycnidia amphigenous, innate, single or more or less gregarious and in the latter case making the area darker than the surrounding parts; stromata slightly erumpent, sometimes distinguishable by short yellow cirrhi of exuded sporules. Sporules hyaline, continuous, curved or flexuous, 30-75 x I-1.5 yp, exceptionally exceeding 100 pu in length. é mor igme iéayes of Xanthisma texanum DC. Fort Sill (Indian Terr.), Oklahoma, C. S. Sheldon, August 1891. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. Sphaerella pontederiae Peck On living, languishing and dead leaves of Nymphaea ad- vena Ait. In a marsh near Hempstead, N. Y. H. D. House, “June 19 and September 8, 1916. This was first described as Sphaerella paludosa E. &E. but Mr Ellis later referred it to S. pontederiae (Fungi Col. no. 419). On Pontederia the perithecia are hypophyllous while on Nymphaea they are mostly epiphyllous, otherwise the description of Peck’s species agrees with this. Sphaeropsis aristolochiae Dearness & House, sp. nov. Pycnidia numerous, nearly covering the affected areas, cortical, globose-conic, cuticle cleft or irregularly ruptured by the apex and short black ostiola, .3-.4 mm. 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Conidia dark brown, subpyriform to oblong with rounded ends, nucleate, 18-20 x 10-11 w, On sporophores about 10 x 3 wp. On dead twigs of Aristolochia clematitis L. Kent, Ohio. H. D. House, March 1916. Type in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. This is quite different from S. squiereae Clint. on Aristo- lochia. The latter has spherical conidia 15 u, with walls 4—-s5 u thick. _ Sphaeropsis platani Peck On dead twigs of Platanus occidentalis yi wean Cortlandt Park, New York City: H. D. Hotse, Apnt ge, agua. Associated with a Cytospora of undetermined relationship. Sphaeropsis tulipastri House, nom. nov. Sphaeropsis dearneéssii “Sace~ & Trott. in Sace) syle. 1913. NotS.dearnessii Sacc. & Syd.in Sacc. Syll. 16:922. 1899. Sphaeropsis magnoliae Ell. & Dearn. Fungi Col. n. 2087. I90= Not S. magnoliae Magnaghi (1902) On dead twigsof Magnolia acuminata L. (ulapas— trum acuminatum Small). Ontario. J. Dearness. Asso- ciated. with _V alsarira. mas tiolrace: Sphaeropsis dearnessii Sacc. & Syd. was a name proposed for S. mori E. -& E. on Morus, and is the same as Sphaeropsis sepulta E. & E., but its publication invalidates the later use of the same name for the Sphaeropsis on Magnolia. Tranzschelia punctata (Pers.) Arth. | On living leaves of seedlings of Prunus serotina Ait. in open woods near Albany. H.D. House, October 23, 1916. No infections upon the leaves of Prunus serotina which were older than the seedling stage could be found. This rust seems to have been but rarely collected in this State, the herbarium contain- ing two collections by G. W. Clinton, one made at Buffalo, and the other at Albany. The aecial stageupon Anemone quingqgue- folia, Hepatica and Thalictrum has been frequently collected. Tympanis turbinata Schw. On dead stems of Viburnum cassinoides L. Babylon, N. Y. H. D. House, April 20, 1916. Substipitate, erumpent; asci about 100-110 x 18-20 yw, spores numerous, 3-4 x 2 yu. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQ16 45 Uredinopsis mirabilis (Peck) Magnus On living and languishing fronds of the Virginia Chain fern Pwoodwardia virginica (L.) Sm.). Sylvan Beach, Oneida county. H. D. House, August 12, 1916. Valsa liquidambaris (Schw.) Cooke On dead stems of Hamamelis virginiana L. Orient Point, N. Y. Roy Latham, October 30, r911. A new host species. The asci are 30-33 x 8 uw, the spores eight in an ascus, 8-gux2 uy, hyaline, allantoid. | Vermicularia violae-rotundifoliae (Sacc.) House (V. peckii var. violae-rotundifoliae Sacc.) On living leaves of Viola rotundifolia Michx. Taberg, Oneida county.: H. D. House, June 7, 1916. c Fungi Noveboracenses The following list of New York fungi, containing 119 species, was determined recently by Dr P. A. Saccardo of Padova, Italy, from certain collections by C. H. Peck and H. D. House, sent to him for study. Several of them are new species and their descriptions as well as notes upon the others are found in Annales Mycologici, XIII, p. 115-22 (Berlin) 1915 and in Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, PETE 0. 2,-p. 2-15. 1916. The species in heavy faced type were described as new by Sac- cardo, and the cotypes are in the herbarium of the New York State Museum. | Aposphaeria allantella Sacc. © Roum. Clarksville. On wood of Quercus rubra (Peck) Aposphaeria striolata Sacc. Rensselaer. On decorticated log of Poapulws deltoides (Peck) Ascochyta pirina Pegl. Sylvan Beach. On living leaves of meanmia arbutifolia (Peck) Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schw.) Sacc. Albany. On dead twigs of Quercus rubra (House) Cercospora ampelopsidis Peck. Albany. On languishing leaves of Ampelopsis quinquefolia (House) Cercospora rhoina C. G. E. Bolton Landing. On leaves of Rhus copallina (Peck) Diaporthe peckiana (Sacc.) (Chorostate peckiana Sacc.) Catskill mountains. On dead branches of Fraxinus (?) ameri- 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cana. (Peck). The host is quite certainly not Fraxinus and the texture and grain is more like maple. Cladosporium caricicola Corda. Brownville. On dead leaves of Catex-anctia ta, (Peck) : Coniosporium tumulosum Sacc. Tupper Lake. On decorticated wood of Pinus strobus (House) sae Cucurbitaria rosae Sacc. © Wint. Bergenswamp. On dead stems Oko pitaca salicitolyva (Beck) Cucurbitaria stenocarpa E. &@ FE. Southfield. On dead twigs of Ribas co pia tiamar (Beck) Curreya peckiana Sacc. Tupper Lake. On dead twigs of Nemopanthes mucronata (House) Cytospora minuta Thum. Sand Lake. On dead branches of Rraxinws americana: (Peek) Cytospora phomopsis Sacc. Albany. On dead stems of Sas- saifas variifolium (House): - Dendrophoma phyllogena Sacc. Eaton. On languishing and dead leaves of Chamaedaphne calyculata (House) Diatrype asterostoma B. & Br. (not E. @& E.) var. betulae Sacc. Bashfisch. On dead branches of Betula lutea (Peck) Diatrypella betulina (Pk.) Sacc. Oneida. On dead limbs of Betula lutea (House) . Diatrypella cephalanthi (Schw.) Sacc. Southfield. On dead branches of Cephalanthus occidentalis (Peck) Diatrypella decorata Nits. Sand Lake. On dead branches of Betula lutea (Peck). In Europe'this occtirs en She eeee alba. Pant Didymosphaeria empetri (Fr.) Sacc. Mount Marcy. On leaves of Ham pie tram. na etn (House) Dimerosporium balsamicola (Pk.) E. @ E. Tupper Lake. On leaves of Abies’ balsamea (House). North Elba. (Peck) Diplodia benzoina Sacc. Karner. On dead twigs of Benzoin aestrv ate. (Peck) : Diplodia dulcamaeae Fckl. Copake. On dead stems of Solanum dulcamara (Peck) Diplodia rhois Sacc. Southfield. On dead twigs of Rhus copallina. (Peck) ; Dothidea baccharidis Cooke. Sag Harbor. On dead stems of Baceharrse halimtro tia Week Dothidea sambuci (Pers.) Fr. Albany. On dead twigs of Sambucus racemosa (House) Dothidella junci (Fr.) Sacc. Albany. On dead and languishing stems of Juncus effusus (House) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 47 Dothiorella peckiana Sacc. Salamanca. On dead stems of Viburnum alnifolium (Peck) Eutypa heteracantha Sacc. Cold Spring. On dead branches of Milanthus glandulosus (Peck) - Eutypa ludibunda Sacc. Savannah. On dead twigs of micotia glabra (Peck) Eutypa longirostris Peck. Albany. On dead twigs of Ulmus americana (House) Gibbera vaccinii (Sow.) Fr. Featherstone lake, Schenectady county, on languishing leaavesof Oxycoccus macrocarpus (House) Gloeosporium crataeginum Sacc. Crown Point. On leaves of Gratacgus crus-galli. Gnomonia petiolophila (Peck) Berl. © Vogl. Albany. On fallen petioles of Acer spicatum (House). Adirondack mountains on same host (Peck) Godronia cassandrae Peck. Albany. On dead twigs of Cham - aedaphne calyculata (House) Haplosporella malorum Sacc. Rensselaer. On dead twigs of Pyrus malus (Peck) | Harpographium magnum Sacc. Albany. On dead branches of Prunus cuneata (House) Hendersonia anceps Sacc. Hewitt’s pond, Adirondack mountains. On dead stems of Spiraea salicifolia (Peck) Hypoderma tenellum Sacc. Bennetts. Ondead stems of Thal - fete win dioi1cu'm’ (Peck) Hypoxylum coccineum Bull. Menands. On bark of Fagus miteticana, and Boreas, - Adirondack. .mountains, on Amelanchier canadensis (Peck) Leptosphaeria doliolum (Pers.) DeNot. Albany. On dead stems moe Vetrbascum thapsus (House). Sprakers: On dead stems of Urtica dioica (Peck) Leptosphaeria dumetorum WNvessl. Wading River. On dead stems of Lathyrus maritimus (Peck) ' Leptosphaeria houseana Sacc. Albany. On dead stems of Thalictrum dioicum (House) Leptosphaeria hydrophila Sacc. Oneida. On leaves of Typha angustifolia (House) Leptostroma pinastri Desm. New Scotland and Karner. On fallen needles of Pinus rigida (Peck) . Leptothyrium alneum (Lev.) Sacc. Karner. On fallen leaves of Alnus rugosa (Peck) 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Leptothyrium periclymeni (Desm.) Sacc. Kirkville. On leaves of Lonicera oblongifolia (House) Lophodermium melaleucum (Fr.) De Not. Sand Lake. On fallen leaves of Vaccinium corymbosum (Peck) ve Lophodermium petiolicola Fckl. Bennetts. On fallen petioles of Pra xtnusiamerica nt (Peck) ; Meliola pitya Sacc. Caroga. On languishing leaves of Taxus canadensis (Peck) | ; Microascus americanus Sacc. Catskill mountains. On wood of Liriodendrontulipifera (Peck) 3 Micropeltis pitya Sacc. Tupper Lake. On dead or languishing leaves of Abies balsamea (House) Oospora candidula Sacc. var. carpogena Sacc. Albany. On fruit: of Ceanothus americanus (House) Ophiobolus porpyrogonus (Tode) Sacc. Menands. On dead stems of Urticastrum divari1ea tum (ees Ophionectria scolecospora Bref. Lake Placid. On dead limbs of Pinus strobus (Peck) | ) Patellaria (Karschia) patinelloides (S. & R.) Sacc. Lake Hender- son, Adirondack mountains. On bark of Abies balsamea (Peck). This species occurs upon Robinia in Europe. Phaeangium peckianum Sacc. Sand Lake. On bark of Acer Sarc.cina rw m:>(Peck) Phoma atomica Albany. Sacc.. On bark of Salix nigra (Peck) Phoma houseana Sacc. Featherstone lake, Schenectady county. On dead twigs of Vaccinium corymbosum (House) - Phoma leguminium West. Clarksville. On fallen seed pods of Robinia pseudoaca cia’ (Peek) Phoma pleosporoides Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead stems of. Impatiens fulva (Peck) Phoma pulchella (B. & C.) Sacc. Southfield. On dead twigs PLR as Cop 2111 man Peek) : Phoma samararum Desm. West Albany. On fallen samaras of Pirasin us; mie ca’ (Peck) ‘ Phoma solidaginis Cooke var. longiscula Sacc. Rensselaer. On dead stems of Solidago (Peck) Phomopsis ailanti (Sacc.) Trav. Cold Spring. On dead stems of Ailanthus glandulosus (Peck). Pycnidial stage of Daa port nies ad liad Phomopsis daturae (Roll. & Fautr.) Sacc. Albany. On dead stemsof Datura stramonium (House) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 49 Phomopsis diachenii Sacc. Albany. On dry fruit of Pastin- acea sativa (House) Phomopsis viticola Sacc. (Phoma viniferae Cooke), Albany. On dead stems of Vitis aestivalis (House) Phragmidium andersoni Shear. Copake. On leaves of Dasi- meord £rTuticosa (Peck) Phyllosticta crataegi (Cooke) Sacc. Westport. On living leaves So tataersus holmesiana (Peck) Phyllosticta cruenta (Fr.) Kickx. Oneida. On leavesof Vag- nera racemosa (House) Phyllosticta maculiformis Sacc. Indian Lake. On fallen leaves of Alnus rugosa (Peck) Phyllosticta phomiformis Sacc. Oneida. On leaves. of Quercus alba (House) .Phyllosticta pirina Sacc. Albany. On leaves of Pyrus malus (House) Phlyctaena verrucarioides Sacc. Albany. On dead limbs of Tilia americana (House) Pleospora vulgaris Niess]. Central Bridge. On dead stems of Gerardia gquercifolia (Peck): Propolidium atrovirens (fr.) Rehm. Clarksville. On decaying wood of Quercus rubra (Peck) Pseudovalsa stylospora E. & E. North Elba. On bark of Acer spicatum (Peck) Pyrenopeziza rubi (Fr.) Rehm. Morehouseville. On dead stems Be pus strivosu’s: (Peck) Pyrenopeziza thalictri (Pk.) Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead stems Set thalictrum putpurascens (Peck) Rabenhorstia tiliae Fr. Albany. On dead branches of Tilia americana (Peck) Rhabdospora clarkeana Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead stems of Aquilegia canadensis (House) Sclerotium fallax Sacc. Spencertown. On leaves of Poten- tilla canadensis (Peck) Sclerotium mendax Sacc. Karner. On leaves of Solidago altissima (Peck) Septoria albaniensis Thum. Oneida. On leaves of Salix cordata (House) Septoria breviuscula Sacc. Eaton. On dead leavesof Linnaea americana (House) Septoria coptidis B. @ C. Sand Lake. On dead leaves of Coptis trifoliata (Peck) 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Septoria cornicola Desm. Albany. On languishing leaves of Cornus alternifolia (House) Septoria dalibardae Peck. Oneida. On languishing leaves of Dalibarda repens (House) Septoria francisci Sacc. (S. dolichospora E. @ E., not Trail) Karner. On leaves of Solidago (Peck) Septoria increscens Peck. Oneida Lake. On languishing leaves of Traentalis americana. (house Septoria irregularis Peck. Oneida. On languishing leaves of Rhus toxicodendron: (House) Septoria lobeliae Peck, var. lobeliae-inflatae Sacc. Albany. On leaves of Lobelia. inilata (House) Septoria ludwigiae Cooke. Oneida. On leaves of Ludwigia pia last F4s sCEtomse) Septoria polygalae Peck & C bie Albany. On dead and lan- guishing leaves of Polygala pauciflora (House) Septoria ribis Desm. var. ribis-rotundifolii Sacc. Oneida. On leaves of Ribes rotundifolia (House), Septoria rubi West. var. brevispora Sacc. North Chatham. On leaves of Rubus hispididus, and Schoharie on leaves of Rubpts villosus (Peck) Sphaerella altera Pass. Karner. On dead stems of Equi- setum hyemale (Peck) Sphaerella colorata Peck. Oneida Lake. Onleavesof Kalmia angustifolia (House) Sphaerella gaultheriae C. @ R. Albany. On leaves of Gaul- theria procumbens (House) Sphaerella populifolia Cooke. North Elba. On fallen leaves of Populus balsamrfiera (Peck) Sphaerella populnea Sacc. Tupper Lake. On fallen leaves of Populus balsamifera (House) 7 Sphaerella punctiformis (Pers.) Rob. Highland Mills. On fallen leaves of Fraxinus americana (Peck) | . Sphaerella sarraceniae (Schw.) Sacc. Sand Lake. On dead leaves of Sarracenia purpurea (Peck) | Sphaerella vacinii Cooke, var. corymbosi Sacc. Spruce pond, Adirondack mountains. On fallen leaves of Vaccinium corymbosum (Peck) Sphaeronema truncatum Fr. Racquette Lake. On wood of T Suva ea ma diem $1ey (Becks Sporocybe azaleae (Peck) Sacc. Albany. On dead buds and twigs of Azalea viscosa (House) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 51 Sporodesmium opacum Sacc. Bolton Landing. On decayed wood of Juglans cinerea (Peck) Sporodesmium pilulare Sacc. Albany. On decorticated wood of Juniperus virginiana (House) Stemphylium magnusianum Sacc. Oneida. On bark of dead branches of Carpinus caroliniana (House) Tremella nigricans (Fr.) Sacc. Albany. On dead limbs of Tilia americana (House.) Whitehall. On same host (Peck) Tympanis pinastri Tul. (T. laricina Fckl.). Mount Marcy and Hardscrabble pond, Adirondack mountains. On bark of Abies balsamea (Peck) Valsa abietis Fr. Old Forge. On dead bark and branches of Tsuga canadensis (Peck) Valsa auerswaldi Nke. Rensselaer. On dead twigs of Fagus americana (Peck) Valsa brevis Peck. Tupper Lake. On dead branches of Abies balsamea (House) Venturia compacta Peck. Grafton. On languishing leaves of Peeyecoccus-macrocarpus (Peck) Media pulchella C. © P. Sand Lake. On leaves of Chamaedaphne calyculata (Peck) Vermicularia dematium (Pers.) Fr. Albany. On fallen petioles of Ailanthus glandulosus (House.) Oneida. On dead stems of Sedum purpureum (House) Vermicularia saponariae Allersch. Rensselaer. On dead stems mesaponaria officinalis. (Peck) ‘ 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM LOCAL “FLEORA NOLES Vy 1 ALBANY COUNTY Antennaria occidentalis Greene Indian Ladder, Helderberg mountains. J.B. Rubinger, June 13) 1916. Menands. J. B. Rubinger, May 24, 1916. Carex oligosperma Michx. Karner. H.'D. House, July 26,. 19159 oon 5046. Lotus corniculatus L. Near Albany. H.D. House, July 9, 1916. Selkirk. C. E. Jones, July 1907. Viola septentrionalis Greene. Kenwood. J.B. Rubinger, May 10, 1916. 2 COLUMBIA COUNTY Panicum virgatum L. Marsh along the east bank of the Hudson river near Stuyvesant. H. D. House, August 5, 1916. A species of moist barrens and salt marshes chiefly southward. Rarely collected this far northward. According to Hitchcock & Chase (Cortr. U.S. Nat) Hienomiaags 1910), the only localities for this grass farther north than this are Brattleboro, Vermont, and Toronto, Canada, in the eastern states. Doctor Peck collected it several years ago along the Hudson river above Rensselaer (then known as North Greenbush). 3 FULTON COUNTY ‘Antennaria petaloidea Fernald © Sandy fields near Northampton. “H. D. House, May 28, 1914. Poa nemoralis Linn. Woods near Cranberry Creek. H. D. House, May 27, rorgq. Determined by A. S. Hitchcock. 4 GENESEE COUNTY Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. Marl bog in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 14, 1916. lee Pra yt “ yl » ~ ‘ > Fig. 2 Cypripedium candidum Willd. from the open marl bog in Berg n swamp, Genesee co. REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 53 Cypripedium candidum Willd. (Figure 2) Marl bog in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2, 1916. Arethusa bulbosa Linn. Marl bog in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2, 1916. Comandra umbellata Nutt. Common on the surface of very wet marl bog in Bergen swamp. H: D. House, June 2, 1916. Nota rare plant, but the habitat is unusual, as the species is usually found in sandy or dry soils. Myrica caroliniensis Mill. Around the margins and on the marl bogsin Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2, and August 14, 1916. A frequent species along the Atlantic coast, but known inland only in the swamps of Bergen, Junius, Parma.and Caledonia, all in the western part of the State and previously reported as Myrica cerifera, a related species of the south. Parnassia caroliniana Michx. Common in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2,,1916. When growing on the surface of the marl bogs it is often dwarfed. Viola nephrophylla Greene Marl and Sphagnum bogs, Bergen swamp. H. D. House, June 2, 1916. Viola septentrionalis Greene Damp shaded places in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, Ji:ne 2, 1916. Scirpus caespitosus Linn. Marl bogs in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, lear 2, 1916. Also reported from here by G. W. Clinton. Trianthera glutinosa (Michx.) Baker Marl and Sphagnum bogs of Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 14, 1916. . Solidago uniligulata (DC.) Porter Marl and Sphagnum bogs in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 14, 1916. 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Solidago houghtonii Torr. & Gray Wet surface of marl bogsin Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 14, 1916. . Solidago ohioensis Riddell Swampy places, edge of Bergen swamp. H. D. eee August 14, 1916. Oryzopsis racemosa (Sm.) Ricker Dry banks, “‘ The Gulf.” M.S. Baxter, August 1, 1914. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Open places in Bergen swamp. H. D. House, August 14, 1916. 5 MADISON COUNTY The following species of Carex have been CELeL during the past three seasons in Madison county: - Near Oneida Carex cristata Schw. Carex scirpoides Schk. “* crawfordii Fernald "rosea Schk. - ‘“ pallescens Linn. “aurea Nutt. Fiddler’s green, Pecksport Carex communis Bazley Carex lacustris Willd. “ granularis Muhl. “ arctata Boott “ ~ palescens Linn. “ bromoides Schk “ laxiflora Lam. “rosea Schk. “ cephaloidea Dewey : teretuiscula Good. ‘> stricta Lem, “aurea Nutt. “ grisea Wahl. “ magellanica Lam. According to Doctor Holm (in lit.), Lamarck in his diagnosis of Carex magellanica meant that all of the spikes contain some staminate flowers, a character constant in his Carex magellanica, as well as in the European plant, the one named Carex irrigua by Wahlenburg and finally also in our American plant named Carex paupercula by Lo ©) Riewaoeen Lamarck’s name should be retained for these forms, and failure to do so in recent works is apparently due to a misunderstanding of Lamarck’s diagnosis. Doctor Holm further remarks that regarding Carex tere- tuiscula Good., the species designated by Schkuhr.as Carex diandra is according to the author of it a mixture of Carex teretuiscula-Good., Carex \paradoxa and eres : . . Fig. 3 Polemonium vanbruntiae Britton, from near Peter- boro, Madison co., growing in open marsh with sedges REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 55 paniculata, and hence the retention of Gooding’s name seems preferable to thatof Carexdiandra. Polemonium vanbruntiae Britton (Figure 3) Marshy ground near Peterboro. H. D. House, June 29, 1916, and near Warren, Herkimer co. These constitute new localities for this rare species which in this State is confined chiefly to the western and southern Catskill region. The state herbarium contains the following collections: Schoharie county (locality not indicated). Miss Rhoda Water- bury. Charlotteville swamp. C. H. Peck. Chenango county. McDonough. F. V. Coville. Ulster county. Sand Pond. A. P. Van Gievon. Balsam Lake. Agnes M. Blodgett. Delaware county. Balsam mountain. Agnes M. Blodgett. 6 MONROE COUNTY Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Irondequoit. H. D. House, June 1, 1916. Antennaria ambigens (Greene) Fernald Sandy fields near Irondequoit. Staminate and pistillate plants. H. D. House, June 1, 1916. Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand Wet marshes along with Dasiphora fruticosa. Men- don: M.S. Baxter. May 8 (flowers) and June 20 (immature fruit), 1g16. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. In lawns. Rochester. M. S. Baxter, August ro, 1916. Cynanchium vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. Pinnacle hills, Rochester. Douglas M. White, June 4, 1916. A native of the old world, recorded as escaped from cultivation in southern Ontario. It differs from C. nigrum (which possesses dark purple flowers with the segments pubescent within) by having greenish white flowers with glabrous corolla lobes. It was collected also near Rochester by Dr C. H. Peck and reported in 1913 under the name of C. nigrum. Doctor Peck’s specimens were in fruit and hence easily mistaken for that species. 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Carex tuckermanni Dewey Penfield. M.S. Baxter, July 1, 1914. : Cyperus engelmanni Steud. Pittstord, MES. Baxter. september 1.0914). Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. On wet logs, Genesee river. M.S. Baxter, September 10, 1914. Festuca elatior arundinacea Celak Wet meadows near Rochester. M.S. Baxter, July 26, 1914. Centaurea maculosa Lam. sandy fields, Brighton. M.S. Baxter, August 4, 1914. Sagittaria cuneata Sheidon Wet shores, Irondequoit bay. M.S. Baxter, August 10, 1916. 7 NASSAU COUNTY Antennaria ambigens (Greene) Fernald sandy field near Merrick. -H. D: House, June a6) ones eames] specimens possess unusually broad leaves, green but persistently and conspicuously woolly above, and without doubt are similar if not identical with Antennaria caloph yi Greco described in Britton’s Manual. Except for the relatively broader leaves they are the same as recent collections of A. ambigens made in Albany and Monroe counties. Teucrium littorale Bicknell Brackish marshes near Oceanside and Long Beach.» Hl. Deleuse: July 27, 1916. In Rhodora 10:84, 1908, Mr Fernald reduces this toa variety of T. canadense. Asamatter of fact the characters of T: littorale, namely, leaves tapering at the pasevamdeanc villous calyx, make it more closely related to T. boreale and T. occidentalis. Specimens from Orient. Poimt (collikey Latham) possess densely villous calyces and densely soft pubescent or velvety leaves. Specimens from Long Beach vary from canescent calyces to canescent with numerous long villous hairs. Its general appearance, habitat and distinct characters seem to indicate it as well marked in a group of very closely related species. ee ee REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 57 Kneiffia alleni (Britt.) Small In sand near Long Beach. H. D: House, July 31, 1916. Viola brittoniana x fimbriatula Dowell Hempstead meadows. H. D. House, June 1g, 1916. Viola affinis x brittoniana Dowell Hempstead meadows. H. D. House, May 18, 1916. Lycopus europaeus Linn. Near Hempstead. H. D. House, September 8, 1916. This resembles rather closely L. americanus, but the stems are densely pubescent, and it appears to match European specimens of L. europaeus. Panicum virgatum cubense Griseb. Along the edge of salt marshes near Oceanside. H. D. House, July 31, 1916. Also collected by Doctor Peck at Riverhead, Suffolk county, several years ago. It has been variously designated as Panicum virgatum obtusum Wood, and Panicum virgatum breviramosum Small. 8 ONONDAGA COUNTY Amelanchier humilis Wiegand A very distinct shrubby species growing on the limestone ledges of central New York. Labrador pond near Apullia, on the limestone ledges east of the pond. H. D. House, August 13, 1916, in fruit. One to three feet high, irregular in growth, usually spreading and deeply rooted in the crevices of the rock. Leaves elliptical oblong to nearly orbicular, sharply serrate with curved teeth, except at the base. Fruit dark blue without bloom. Carex lasiocarpa Schk. = Old Fly ’ near Pompey. H. D. House, June 28, 1916: Also collected near Baldwinsville, June 27, 1916 and at Carpenter’s pond, June 29, 1915. Carex buxbaumii Wahl. “Old Fly ” near Pompey. H. D. House, June 28, 1916. Growing with Carex aquatilis Wahl. 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Carex deweyana Schw. Open swampy ground around Carpenter’s pond near Fabius. HD) House, (unevag. momse | ~ Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray Under hemlocks and cedar. Carpenter’s pond. H. D. House: June 29, 1915. The species was very abundant there in 191s, but a year later, on June 28, 1916, it could not be found. However the season of 1916 was very wet and the woods where the plant had formerly been found was largely under water so that its failure to flower in 1916 was not surprising. Since such conditions occur frequently it probably does not result in the extermination of the species. 7 | 9 ONTARIO COUNTY Antennaria occidentalis Greene. Near Fishers. H.D. House and M.S. Baxter, June 3, roz6. Eupatorium purpureum var. foliosum Fernald Swamp near Fishers. M.S. Baxter, September ro, 1916. Paspalum muhlenbergii Nash Fishers. M.S. Baxter, September 15, 1914. Also collected by Mr Baxter at Perriton, Monroe county, September 15, 1910. Viola perpensa Greene Leaflets 1:184. 1906 Related to Viola palmata L. Earliest leaves deeply and palmately cut into 5 to 7 more or less blunt lobes. Blades of the summer leaves primarily 3-lobed, the middle lobe 3-cleft, the lateral lobes 3 to 5-cleft into lanceolate, acute ‘to long-acuminate lobes which stand obliquely forward from the middle lobe. Entire arrear- ance of the plant in late summer taller and more slender than Viola palmata. Early foliage glabrous to sparingly pubescent; later leaves 2 to 4 inches long, nearly as broad, pubescent especially on the veins beneath and on the slender petioles. Flowers 2 to 3.5 cm broad, on pedicels about equaling the foliage at flowering time. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, green, hyaline margined and glabrous, 3-nerved, 6 to 8 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the basal auricle ovate and blunt, about 1 mm long; petals dark blue to violet, the lateral ones oblong, broadly rounded at their tips as is the spur petal which is REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 59 scarcely broadened at the end and beardless, the lateral petals with small tufts of white hairs at the base; spur about 4 mm long, full and rounded. Cleistogenes on short horizontal or deflexed pedicels; their pods oblong, 6 to 8 mm long, seeds ovate, drab-colored. Fishers, Ontario county. On shaded hillsides and moist wood- lands which become dry in late summer. H. D. House and M. S. Baxter, June 3, 1916. Same locality. M. S. Baxter, September 10, 1916. Hybridizes freely with: Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith, producing luxuriant clumps of sterile plants with elongated leaves in which the middle segment is greatly elongated and 3-lobed above the middle, the lateral segments greatly reduced and sometimes not divided, giving a pinnate appearance to the entire leaf-blade. This may be designated as Viola fimbriatulax perpensa hyb. nov. Viola perpensa is regarded by Mr Brainerd (Torrey Club Bul. 37:583. 1910) as a “‘ form or geographical race” of Viola palmata. It ranges from central New York westward through the Ontario lowlands and the Great Lakes region to Minnesota. In the first edition of Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora it is referred to as a ‘‘form with the lateral leaf-lobes linear, perhaps distinct.” In Britton’s Manual it is included in the description of Viola bernardi Greene. 10 OSWEGO COUNTY Among the species of Carex to be recorded for Oswego county are the following: ° ie albicans Willd. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) deflexa Hornm. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) “~~ pallescens L. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) “~~ communis Batley. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) “~ pedunculata Muhl. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) “albursina Sheldon. Lewis’ bluff near Oswego (Sheldon) “ projecta Mackenzie. Lake shore near Oswego (House) “ hystricina Muhl. Swamp near Oswego (Sheldon) “ bromoides Schk. Mud lake near Hannibal (House) “ stellulate Good. var. cephalantha (Bailey) Fernald. Mud lake near Hannibal (House) “ scabrata Schw. Panther lake near Constantia (House) 11 RENSSELAER COUNTY Carex typhinoides Schw. mand Wake. H. D.House. No. 5179: July. 4, 1913- 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lycopus membranaceus Bicknell Bald mountain near Lansingburg. H. D. House and Joseph Rubinger, August 25, 1916. Also collected at Green Island by Doctor Peck. Distinguished from other species of Lycopus by its large, pale green, long-petioled leaves of thin, membranacous texture, small clusters of flowers, small corollas and stems conspicuously tuberiferous at the base, usually with numerous, long and filiform, non-tuberous stolons, arising from the main stem above the tubers and often one to two feet long. 12 SUFFOLK COUNTY Viola emarginata LeConte Babylon. H. D. House, May 23, 1916. Manorville, June 21 Ig16. | Viola hirsutula Brainerd Babylon. H. D. House, May 23, 1916. The following hybrid violets were also collected: Viola cucullata x fimbriatula. Manorville “ fimbriatula x hirsutula. Babylon “ affinis x hirsutula. Babylon hirsutula x palmata. Babylon emarginata x sagittata. Babylon Panicum pseudopubescens Nash Sandy woods of oak and pine, near Manorville. H. D. House, June 20, 1916. 13 WAYNE COUNTY — On August 12, 1916 a visit was made to the southern end of Sodus bay for the purpose of collecting the American Lotus in flower (Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers.). The date was a little early for only a few plants were in flower, but they alone well repaid for the trouble encountered in reaching the spot. The Lotus here grows in water two to eight feet in depth just outside the zone of Typha and Scirpus along the shore. (Figure 4.) The flowers are pale yel- low and very fragrant, the large, orbicular, peltate leaves are usually 1 to 2 feet above the water on stout petioles, while the flowers stand from 2 to 3 feet out of the water. The large white water-liy (Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene) is also abundant here. —— te age ah o19Y JuRpuNnqe Os[e oie UOJOSIWIL]IOg JO Sotoods [e1MAVS pue eSOLIqn} vorydwAN ‘s9}eM JaMOT[eYS Ul a1oys oy} suoye snounf pue eydAy ‘sndimg jo YyyMo1s [eulsiew asusp v& Jo yUOoOIY UL doap oof XIS 07 OM] AQJVVM UT SMOIZ snjoT 94, “Aeq snpog jo pvoay oy] UO JIOSOy J (V9IN]T OGWNIIN ) sNjoy uvotoury jo Auojod oy} JO MaIA F ‘BEY 3% — ts ve 4 ° REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQIO 61 THE VEGETATION OF THE EASTERN END OF ONEIDA LAKE Introduction. The geographical location of New York State, with the Atlantic ocean upon one side and the Great Lakes on the other, gives it a unique position in regard to certain factors which influence vegetation — relative humidity, rainfall and snowfall. The general character of the climate of New York is conducive to forest growth, in contrast to conditions in the middle western states, while the . extremes of temperature are considerably modified by the ocean and the inland lakes. In the higher Adirondacks, the growing season, as measured between the last spring frost and the first fall frost, is between go and 120 days, while the growing season at Oneida lake is about 145 days, and on Lake Ontario near Oswego, 170 days, being exceeded in New York only by portions of Long Island and Staten Island with a growing season of 170 to 200 days. The marshes, sandy plains and shores of the eastern end of Oneida lake have been for many years a most interesting field of study for botanists. The literature of botany in New York contains numerous references to this region and to certain species found growing there, but hitherto no attempt has been made to discuss fully the vegeta- tion of this region. Among the botanists who have collected here are Dr John Torrey, Dr Asa Gray, Peter Kneiskern, Dr George Vasey, John Paine, jr, mie} V. Haberer, William R. Maxon, Dr C. H. Peck and many others. The herbariums of many institutions are rich in specimens collected here by the above-named botanists, as well as by other collectors. ° A casual review of the vegetation of this region indicates an unusual number of species of sedges, grasses and aquatic plants. There also appears a certain element which is more suggestive of the vegetation of the northern coastal region than of the typical Canadian-Transition flora which chiefly surrounds this region. The general prevalence of sandy soils is doubtless responsible in large measure for this, but on the other hand, many species typical of the northern coastal plain and other sandy regions in the north, are conspicuous by their absence. What now remains of the original forest condition which once prevailed here is very slight indeed, but there is sufficient evidence to establish the fact that the white pine was one of the predominant trees of the primeval forest on these sandy lowlands. Lumbering 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and subsequent fires, the latter of frequent recurrence on some areas, has resulted in a more or less complete change of vegetation and in the production of conditions which has favored the spread of sand-loving species of herbs and shrubs. (Figure 5.) 2 Geology. The only portion of geological history which is of con- cern here is the Quaternary Period, including the great Ice Age and the subsequent changes in drainage which have taken place in central New York, and especially of Oneida lake which lies in a depression of the southeastern lobe of the Postglacial Lake Iroquois, which discharged its waters to the east through the Mohawk valley. Dur- ing the retreat of the ice sheet in this region, the St Lawrence valley was still buried under the ice. Much later the ice sheet retreated sufficiently to allow the discharge of the water along the northern base of the Adirondacks and into the Champlain and Hudson valleys and finally retreated far enough to free the St Lawrence valley and lower the surface of Lake Iroquois so that Oneida lake became isolated from the main body of Postglacial waters, and its drainage was turned from the Mohawk to the Oswego river. Higher levels of Oneida lake are plainly marked by ridges of sand east of the present western shore line which are similar to the low ridge of sand now existing within the fringe of vegetation (figure 6) along the shore, and caused by the action of high water and strong westerly winds. Climatic influences. The influence of the waters and low eleva- tions of the Great Lakes region serves to produce a distinct climatic province with longer growing season than any other part of the State except the lower Hudson valley and coastal islands. It is a well- known fact that large bodies of water absorb more heat, hold more heat, are warmed to greater depths and absorb and radiate heat more slowly than land areas. In addition to this, probably half of the insolation on water areas is used in evaporating water, and since the prevailing winds of the Ontario lowlands are westerly, the total effect of these conditions is to make cooler summers, milder: winters, to prolong the fall season and to retard spring as well as to check to some extent sudden changes in temperature. These climatic influences are reflected in the character of the vegetation of the Ontario lowlands, where the prevailing forest trees are oak, hickory, chestnut, tulip-tree, elm, basswood, ash, black gum and sassafras, while of infrequent occurrence except in bogs are spruce, tamarack, balsam and white cedar. This apparent Austral influence is reflected in the character of the forests of the Ontario lowlands as far eastward as the lowlands Sse SSO, PA Signi y Ss apro ih wo 14 SHR PCO ete Serr Ty Tale Sttoyq wniurovA euoiy ‘eryosyryndod eynyog ‘wniqojidy yo yyMo18 juetanxny, ev sjioddns mou YIM [IOS oq) JO fojoereys 94} posueyd oAvY sory pojvadsy ‘jja] are syeO oy} Jo owos pue surd youd oy A[UQ <‘aurd azIyM pue sxeO ‘oud yoyid JO 4sotO} YIM PoatAOD ApAIUIAIOJ UOIBo1 wv — sured Apues oy} Ysno1y} peor v Suoje yNos Buryoo, MatiA ¢ “Sly - - . SFP Cee punoisat1oy oy} Ul ST4eyO Tyod XITV@Sg jo sdumj> pue (viqni snotenG ‘eqije snotonO ‘snqo1sjis snurg ‘eprsizt snuig) JSIOF OY] JO Ulorvu oY} UI SouUNp [[VUIS JO WONeUI0}; SurMoys “Yovog ueA[AS JO YYnos ‘oyR] eproug JO ds10yYs UIDISeAL = “BI ‘jo “UINTUTUeys UnPposATOd “‘wnsdtueayAsuuod TE ee es BOW itd Sr ind 9 e -UuUoqd ‘“SIsSUszeIOqoAou a: Sa oe aC) pe weenie Ene SMITING ‘oureyoztd jo Aporyo posodwos yovogq Ipovys d jo Apoyo OD sosvjd usdo UT WOTe}IB0A Jamo} JO Jsto ysotoj} ulvyd pur 1 Cc =) REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST IQI16 63 of Onondaga and Madison counties, and is even apparent at the east end of Oneida lake where the tulip tree, black gum, oaks, sassa- fras and elm are abundant, but where soil conditions have excluded the chestnut in favor of white pine, hemlock, pitch-pine and birch. The moderating influence of Oneida lake upon the climate of the surrounding land is almost inappreciable because of its shallowness. Covering an area of about too square miles the lake is but 20 to 55 feet deep, the greatest depth, near Cleveland, being about 55 feet. Life zones. In order to make clear the position of the Ontario lowlands and the regions to the northeast and to the immediate south, it seems advisable to introduce at this point an outline of the life zones as defined by Doctor Merriam (Bulletin 10, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1898). 1 Boreal region a Arctic-Apline zone b Hudsonian zone. Limited in the eastern United States to the highest mountains of New England to western North Carolina ¢ Canadian zone. The zone of red spruce, balsam fir, paper birch and mountain ash. In New York confined to the Adirondack region and the higher points of the Catskill mountains 2 Austral region d Transition zone, the eastern humid. portion of which is called the Alle- ghanian zone. It is the region of oaks, hickories, chestnut, with mixtures of birches, beech, hemlock, and sugar maple, which are not lacking in the Canadian zone e Upper Austral zone, the eastern humid portion of which is called the Carolinian zone. Itis the zone of the tulip tree, hackberry, sweet gum, redbud, persimmon and black gum. In New York extending up the lower Hudson valley and including Long Island and Staten Island f Lower Austral zone (Austroriparian area) 3 Tropical region g Tropical zone - It will be seen from this outline that all these zones, excepting the first and the last two, are represented in New York State. Forests. The region around the eastern end of Oneida lake represents in the character of its arborescent vegetation a close relationship to the Alleghanian-Transition zone. Upon the sandy — areas (figure 7) which are not covered by swamp or marsh vegetation the principal trees are: SS a Pinus strobus L. (represented chiefly by stumps and seedlings. RePMIEME Uae rk sk oe be Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. RMR ake ste e Ce. bce 3 Pinus rigida Mill. PEE ae eG ee xs, Quercus alba L. 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gerae rari. Bed Menace ae te Quercus rubra L. Mae ise. io ote ts nc Ee cee Betula populifolia Marsh. PETAR CHEESE aN a/b. den haa ieee “lutea Michx. f. Venema oe snc) bss eee ee Hamamelis virginiana L. Peieaie eile a SS Bot ei ana Quercus velutina Lam. Mind ‘binck cherry. 8 ..51c ot ae Prunus serotina Ehrh. Weieberry Os onto 8 eee Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Set eeaiias. oo So etasc > oa re eee Sassafras sassafras (L:) Karst. bind eherry oo. os Ut a ee Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. In low wet situations (swamp-forest) the principal trees are: Red minples <8 ye eee ves Ae Acer rubrum L. Wellow bitchy te" yr ae eee Betula lutea Michx. f. faptiosor black pun ws. ger ee Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. BS hag ge see Leach Is ea a ee eS Ulmus americana L. Silvermaple pc see ees Acer saccharinum L. (ES ASS WOO: oe ote i ea eee Tilia americana L. SWAMP IcCkery. 2h oe Te eee Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt. Swathip whiteoales 2 <5 Via oh & Quercus bicolor Willd. SLiiped) Maple. Sc. ee mene aes Acer pennsylvanicum L. Red ashe. 2286). 107.75 ghee nati le Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh: Tasbis-tree, “Go a 2am Sten es 2 Liriodendron tulipifera L. ick asin eh eh. Se Pe ee ae Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Corian weod dey oa rire ae hehe Populus deltoides Marsh. The presence here of certain trees like the tulip-tree, the oaks, sassafras, black gum, cottonwood, and chestnut (north of the lake, but not on the low sandy soils about Sylvan Beach), while they do. _not form a conspicuous element of the forest, excepting the oaks, would seem to indicate that the influence of the climate of the Great Lakes region is felt to some extent in this eastward indentation of the Ontario-Iroquois lowlands. There is not lacking, however, a good representation of shrubs and herbs very characteristic of the Canadian-Transition zone, the most noteworthy being the following: Bush honeysickle: 2 #54. a. Diervilla diervilla (L.) MacM. Tre srood-sortel. os UP moh Oxalis acetosella L. Partridge-berry........ Aig he ted Mitchella repens L. Wiolesarcaparillart:* bes. ae eee Aralia nudicaulis L. (old-thteada. Sooo seo cen es heres Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Mellow ctintenia 2.55.7 Soe so ee Clintonia borealis (Azt.) Raf. Two-leaved Soloman’s seal....... Unifolium canadensis (Desf.) Greene Banch-perry a2 aa os Ge Cornus canadensis L. Hopbie-tisiy, 5 Siew! ear ea eee Viburnum alnifolium Marsh. Dah basis: ek A Oe: bata! ee ere Dalibarda repens L. Canad MIGleE ely Ae eG tte Sua. Viola canadensis L. It is interesting to note that for the most part these species of the Canadian-Transition zone are inhabitants here of dense wood- lands, while the large element of Austral shrubs and herbs is mainly el -tiq wig Bd tests Py -OUTSI[N wntjeydeur) se soatoads | -NI I30V -Ilowe —_—_ — — ee Se a ae Se = ——— a SS page — gg stqjsOorsy ‘SaprowudAy stisorse1q ‘omr0pixng mnwWostjog ‘eyyuE1oOTM "STIjPUOD SMGLIOSG .BuUT oo: Stopig urns ‘ojo ‘snjndog ‘wniaq ‘snues. ‘elut}yIi1ew “ei puerp 23 I jeus ais Tee Ms bg fa Bi ge a JO UOT}eJISOA SuTyIeOsIUD Smear o'S “Shey ots 2 yons JO sjstsuoo Aq poaMo][OyF ‘Ssossvas Sieh ety 0.0m FI pues oy} Uodn uoTejaS0A ddURAPR dT, XT[ eS ‘(sotods [eiaAos) snoun[ SHOMEA “Sp he] Onl od oy} SUIMOYS YsoI9 YS JO YNow sy) Ieou YOeaq Apues peoiq sy QB sly ————— a OUI} TOJUTAL UT oye M ySiy pue oof pure ‘owt, JOINS UT soARM PUL PUTAL ‘pues 94} YIM opdsn1js JuLysuUOD v sUTe}UTeU yoy ‘SMO][IM JO gu0z e Aq partop10q SI yso10f OY, ‘yovegq ueA[AG JO You ‘syxey eplouE jo os10Yys U4osey 6 ‘S1yy REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST I916 65 in open places — low, sandy plains and the depressions in the sandy plains — open marshes, swamps and shores. ‘With an almost pure sandy soil, and in most portions of the sandy plains with the water level often very close to the surface, the normal changes in soil temperature are considerably modified, the soil losing less heat at night by radiation because of the closeness of the water level to the surface. This becomes an important factor in the ecology of the vegetation, especially in early spring and late fall, retarding spring vegetation, modifying the extremes of temper- ature between day and night in summer and retarding the freezing of the soil in late fall, conditions which in connection with the sandy character of the soil favors the development of Austral species of shrubs and herbs to even a greater extent than any modifying influ- ence of the Great Lakes which may extend this far eastward on the Ontario lowlands. _ This sandy region affords, therefore, a meeting-ground of southern and northern species, with conditions favoring the southern species in the open and the northern species on the more densely wooded areas. Austral elements of the vegetation. The broad, sandy beach (figures 8 and 9) along the eastern shore of Oneida lake, together with the sandy plains, depressions, open marshes, and sandy fields, in which the water level is often close to the surface and which frequently lacks well-defined surface drainage, together with a climate modified to some extent by the prevailing winds from the Great Lakes, is favor- able to the development of a large Austral element in the vegetation, as indicated in the following list of species which are largely absent from the Transition flora of the territory to the south, east and northeast. Some botanists may explain the presence of certain of these species as due to ecological conditions similar to those pre- vailing in certain sandy regions of the northern coastal plain, rather than to any marked Austral climatic conditions. The mere age of a geologic formation is of little consequence in determining the character of plant growth. The important factor is the lithologic character, mechanical and chemical, irrespective of age. Also important is the texture or size of grain of the resulting soils, determining the rate at which plant foods pass into solution, and the structural features helping or hindering drainage. A sandy soil, whether a recent dune or one derived from the dis- integration of Triassic or Paleozoic sandstones, is the home of similar sand-loving plants where moisture conditions are the same, however much the areas may differ in altitude within given limits, or in latitude within certain limits and modifications. 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Similarly a heavy soil, whether glacial till or cretaceous clays © (both abundant in central New York), might be equally available as a home for species which require such a mechanical condition for their proper growth. Likewise trees requiring a merely rocky soil are largely indifferent as to whether the rock is Eozoic granite or Mesozoic trap. 3 ; These principles of soil texture as a determining factor in plant distribution within regions of the same general altitude and climatic conditions are responsible very largely for the characteristic differ- ences between the flora of the sandy plains east of Oneida lake and the clay and loamy soils of the surrounding uplands, and explain at the same time the ease with which the species of the northern coastal plain have invaded this territory. On hilly clay soi! near Tallahassee, Florida, many northern plants occur in a region chiefly sandy and covered by species of the Carolinian flora. This to a certain extent is the fevermesar the conditions which exist at the eastern end of Oneida lake. Further, if we are to consider the various elements of our flora as having migrated northward after the retreat of the ice sheet of the Glacial epoch, it is apparent that the first advance forward of any element of the flora at any time will follow the line of least resistance, which means favorable soil conditions rather than unfavorable conditions where the climatic influences are otherwise identical. The sandy soils of the eastern end of Oneida lake are of alluvial origin (although geologically recent), and hence better adapted to the growth of the Austral species of the northern coastal plain than are gravelly drift, clays and cold humus of the northern Alleghanian plateau in New York State. With this in mind, the element of Austral vegetation of the region east of Oneida lake as shown in the following list of species becomes of great importance to the student of plant ecology and plant distribution. 3 Dodge’s shield fern..... So MRR er AE Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Witginia chain fern... 42.00 04.5.5 Anchistia virginica (L.) Presl.. Garolinazolla, Misch. ee Azolla caroliniana Willd. shorehorsetail: tc. ein Uae oe Equisetum littorale Kuhlewein Groundepines. 8c, cc an ee Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh wmed CyPenis.s te. aye ont Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Sister Cy Pe©rtiey oy lee . filiculmis Vahl. Spreading spike-rush............. Eleocharis diandra C. Wright Low fnimebylis eee) ls. ito be Fimbristylis geminata (Nees) Kunt Conimon hemicarpha....../..:.. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Britt. VOUS SEBO r a en tists uh ww ars ks Carex folliculata L. Wihiperacs eee aes tt ig: Scleria triglomerata Michx. Lindheimer’s panic-grass......... Panicum lindheimeri Nash REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 Red-top panic-grass...:......... POAC 0. Se Low stiff panic-grass............. American panic-grass............ Hemlock panic-grass............. PUP GCS ae isle x c-0 ok ss vv Bs ae Yellow-fringed orchis............ Oo A a a Peete OPICT se es Wild orange-red lily............. MimistrecsTIOEWEEG 5... Fe ce ee Se MCHOL WEE. | oc. hic sy eee vs es emit POROHAE oe ee Long-fruited anemone............ AS Perermemone. oe ee: De a SSS Ss a ee Virginia spring beauty........... Willow-leaved meadowsweet...... Pian pisn-clovers 6.5.25. c3.. White baneberry............. Ae RT Ss Rh). Sake ho ae ¥ s,s yo, p rdets ables GS we, 4 Reece Pinwered ss 220.3 ls. ss ee Cement Ovate-leaved violet.............. AME IGEEL fing 2 dex car Sos sis abs id Soe se Dienadaw beatity? ..n6 ey Mee ess Sasa cit Se diay cet oa e Sy) ES ifs 5 ane Se eee ee ea pambied GGSWwoor .-5.40..¥/ 6... ws ies OPI. sk a tae te, arias Rim eRbet HO WEE as «67 ose Us eee he LE SS crs ne. a Squaw huckleberry.............. Coast-region cranberry........ Png Perec. te Semaine Ae 4! Yellow hedge-hyssop..... 5, Panicum agrostoides Spreng. “ ashei Pearson “ addisonii Nash columbianum Scribn, tsugetorum Nash tennesseense A she Agrostis maritima Lam. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Blephariglottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb. Saururus cernuus L. Populus deltoides Marsh. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter Ibidium gracilis (Bigel.) House Smilax hispida Muhl. Lilium philadelphicum L. Polygonella articulata (L.) Mezssn. Polygonum buxiforme Small Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Anemone cylindrica A. Gray quinquefolia L. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffm. Phytolacca americana L. Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Claytonia virginica L. Spiraea alba Dukoz Rubus villosus A 7zt. Amelanchier intermedia Spach Lupinus perennis L. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bzgel. Meibomia michauxii Vazl Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Actaea alba (L.) Mzll. Polygala viridescens L. 6 SS / Ilex verticillata var. padifolia (Willd.) T. & G. Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. Lechea intermedia Leggett Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith Sarothra gentianoides L. Rhexia virginica L. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Platanus occidentalis L. Cornus paniculata L’ Her. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Azalea nudiflora L. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. Polycodium stamineum (L.) Greene Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Azt.) Pursh Trichostema dichotomum L. Gratiola aurea Muzhl. 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Stachys aspera Michx. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Britt. Lobelia spicata Lam. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B. S. P. Tonactis linearifolius (L.) Greene Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Antennaria fallax Greene Rough hedge-nettle............6. ROG SH Ye, 6 oS Soe sk ee Sender aralinis..< 2 7220S e fee srender Jobelias. 22.05. 7a eres Ventus’s looking-glass............ White-topped aster........... epee Exmear-leaved asters. 2s: ts 25.2228 Climbing hemp-weed............ Plat-topped goldenrod ::../2). 2328): Large-leaved antennaria.......... ~ Perhaps not less marked is the absence of a large number of Austral species, typical of the sandy plains between Schenectady and Albany, and almost as far north as Oneida lake, such as Quercus ilici- folia, QO. prinoides,-Ceanothus ametresmaea ae several others. In the case of the Albany-Schenectady plains, there is a more direct connection with the coastal plain by way of the Hudson valley and the sand-loving Austral species have taken a firmer and earlier possession of that region. Plant formation. A consideration of the plant formations of the region east of Oneida lake is necessarily influenced by the fact that extensive lumbering operations in the past and repeated fires have produced conditions or changes in the vegetation and caused interruptions in the normal succession of floras that are not easy to collate with the primeval conditions. Seemingly, the only plant formations remaining unaffected are those of the shore and the hardwood swamps. ) Shore Vegetation (Figures 8 and 9) The broad, sandy shore of the eastern end of Oneida lake is the home of numerous, shore-loving species, the most noteworthy of which are the following: Fimbristylis gemjnata ( Nees) Kunth Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Agrostis maritima Lam. Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. Bidens cernua L. © frondosa. I: Cyperus inflexus MuAl. 4 rivularis Kunth esculentus L. speciosus Vahl Echinochloa frumentacea Link. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. diandra C. Wright intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes ‘ palustris (L.) R. & S. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) B. S. P. “ «“ (Roxb.) “ Hemicarpa micrantha (Vahl) Pax. Isnardia palustris L. Juncus bufonius L. “ acuminatus Michx. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigel. Mollugo verticillata L. Polygonum buxiforme Small Ranunculus reptans L. ~ Salix humilis Marsh. Scirpus americanus Vahl “— debilis Pursh Sporobolus uniflorus (Michx.) Scribn. & Merr. ‘Oyo Seyd VLIe}IseS ‘ellops} uog ‘wintuesr1edS JO UoTyeJoS9A 9}eM MOT[eEYG ‘Jo RVUReIUT 6 ‘6 -Aj, ‘snd g ‘eaeydwmAyNy ‘snounf “ewsipy SMU]Y Wnigns 199Y eBelstIU XI[e®S fo SsjoxoIy} o104S Yyoeoq ueAlAG Jesu Yoold Ysty suoje MolA OL “S14 REPORT OF THE STATE BOTANIST 1916 69 Lake Vegetation The quieter waters of some of the bays, especially when protected from the prevailing winds by a wooded point, are rich in aquatic species. The deeper waters containing: Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene Potamogeton angustifolius B. & P. Nymphaea microphylla Pers. as lucens L. 7 variegata (Engelm.) G. S. 4 perfoliatus L. Miller Naias flexilis (Willd.) R. & S. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Nymphoides lacunosum ( Vent.) Kuntze Near the shores or in shallower water occurs extensive stretches of ‘‘ swale-grass,’’ as it is locally known, consisting of Scirpus Pamenmea nis Pers: > partina michatwxiana Hitchc., Seeman validus Vahl [umeus eifusus L.,, Eleo- Sietta Palustris vigens Bailey, Typha latifolia L., with smaller and varying quantities of the following species: Soret luyiatitis: Clorr.):A. Gray, Pontederia meee a. Perstearia- amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray, Panamera americana Ll. Mariscus mariscoides (feu. LV licma suibcordattum Raf. Persicaria mdaeremoe toin “(S. Wats;) Small, Saururus’ cernuus EP emer ero tiraeTOstis. canadeéenstrs (Michx.) LEeauv., Cinna arundinacea L., and various other species. Stream Vegetation The quieter and deeper waters of the streams (figure ro) and their shallow sandy or muddy shores contain an unusually large aquatic vegetation, among which the following are the most conspicuous by their abundance: Nymphaea variegata (Engelm.) G. S. Zamnnichellia palustris L. Miller Azolla caroliniana Willd. ; rubrodisca (Morong) Greene Potamogeton natans L. Castalia odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & - epihydrus Raf. Wood : angustifolius B. & P. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. si heterophyllus Schreb. Lemna minor L, : perfoliatus L. * )betstiltes iE. is diversifolius Raf. Vallisneria spiralis L. c praelongus Wulf. Philotria canadensis (Michx.) Britton # pusillus L. Persicaria amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray Neobeckia aquatica (Eaton) Greene Marsh Meadow Vegetation Marshy meadows in which the dominant species are Carices and grasses are rather abundant in the lowlands east of Oneida lake. 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In most of them there is a tendency for the marsh to develop into a swamp-shrub or swamp-forest composedof Alder,Ilex,Salix, Betula, Acer rubrum and a few other species. The com- moner species of the marsh-meadows are the following: Carex stricta Lam. Acorus calamus L. — . “ stipata Muhl. Lilium canadense L. “ — vulpinoidea Michx. Scirpus atrovireus Muhl. | “scoparia Schk. “ cyperinus (L.) Kunth Cinna arundinacea L. Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Juncus effusus L. Kuntze Iris versicolor L. These meadows were without question at one time covered by forest and where undisturbed for a few years show in many places a very rapid succession of vegetation back to the forest type. This is usually first indicated by an abundance of royal-fern, cinnamon- fern, meadow-rue, Canada lily and other tall, herbaceous species which generally precede the development of a swamp-shrub forma- tion consisting of: Alnus rugosa (Du Rot) Spreng. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Britt. Salix lucida Muhl. Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Nemopanthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Cornus femina Mzll. Viburnum cassinoides L. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Salix sericea Marsh. These in turn being succeeded by the swamp-forest type consisting of red maple (Acer. rubrum L.), American elar 4 amie americana L.), black gum (Nyssa sylv a tit@anMancus: silver maple (Acer saccharinumL.), yellow birch (Betula lutea Michx. f.); “hemlock (I sug a gaultheriae, 50 . oe pontederiae, 43 | Valsa abietis, 51 populifolia, 50 americana, 36 populnea, 50 auerswaldi, 51 punctiformis, 50 brevis, 51 sarraceniae, 50 caryigena, 37 vacinil, 50 ceratophora, 37 Sphaerographium hystricinum var. vi- cin Chay 37 burni, 35 etherialis, 37 Sphaeronema truncatum, 50 liquidambaris, 45 Sphaeropsis aristolochiae, 43 nyssae, 37 liquidambaris, 35 . Vegetation of eastern end of Oneida platani, 44 lake, 61-71 punctata, 36 Venturia compacta, 51r tulipastri, 44 pulchella, 51 . Sporocybe azaleae, 50 Vermicularia dematium, 51 Sporodesmium opacum, 51 Saponariae, 51 pilulare, 51 vioiae-rotundifoliae, 45 Viola affinis x brittoniana, 57 brittoniana x fimbriatula, 57 emarginata, 60 hirsutula, 60 nephrophylla, 53 Stemphylium magnusianum, 51 Taphrina quercus, 36 perpensa, 58 | Suffolk county flora, 60 Sumstine, David R., Fungi of Chau- taugqua “County; N:-"Y., 111-18 Teucrium Jittorale, 56 septentrionalis, 52, 53 Tranzschelia punctata, 44 Tremella nigricans, 51 Trianthera glutinosa, 53 Wayne county flora, 60 Wild flowers of New York, 7 fil. New York State Museum Bulletin ' Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, under the act of August 24, 1912 Published monthly by The University of the State of New York No. 198 — * ALBANY, N. Y. JUNE I, 1917 The University of the State of New York . New York State Museu JOHN M. CLARKE, Direct EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State 32d REPORT OF THE STATE E ON INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1916 PAGE PAGE PoP "3 5/2231 A paar ri Greénhouse pests............. 74 Injurious insects.......... nee. 17 Grass and clover insects....... 77 ame NOE il 2 as sy ene os 17 Miscellaneous insects......... 82 PRIME AMAR OU 2 oo aie. we ew a 52 | Publications of the Entomologist. 90 ae Ve a en Se ay Sekt vgs - 56.| Additions to the collections, Oc- « ° Notes for the year... 22. ..5..... 60 tober 16, 1915—October 14, 1916 93 Fruit tree insects....... Sepia 60 | Appendix: A study of gall midges Shade tree insects............ 63 ME $3.3 ATO CU ea ee: Ue I0I Forest tree insects............ 67 | Explanation of plates.......... . 253 Ghaaaer srseces 700s oe. CB | tPA ei iy a ceuan ea bia 5 ote 269 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1918 Mo1r-F 17-1500 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire , (Revised to April 15, 1918) 1926 Priny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor - Palmyra 1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M. A Ph. Lee Vice Chancellor Albany ‘ ‘1922 CuestTeR 5S. Lorp M.A. LED. — - = > = Brookiya 1930 WILLIAM NottTincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - — Syracuse 1921 FRANCIS M. CARPENTER — -— —- — — — — Mount Kisco £923 ABRAM 1..Eixus ULB. D:.C.L..— = .-.— — Newaeee 1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. = - - —- - — Buffalo 1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER. °MLA. LLB. -LL.D. atte oe erie el ey 1919.JOHN Moore LL.D. - - - - - -— - -— Elmira 1928 WALTER GuEsT KeEttocc B.A. LL.D. - - —- Ogdensburg 1920 JAMES ByrNE B.A. LL.B. LL.D. - - - —- New York 1929 HERBERT L. BRipcmMan M.A. -—- —- -— -. — Brooklyn President of the University and Commissioner of Education Joun H. Fintey M.A. LL.D. L.H.D. Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education Tuomas E. FINEGAN M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professiona! Education Avucustus S. Downinc M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education — F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D: Director of State Library . JAMES I. Wer, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum . Joun M. Criarke D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs and Directors of Divisions Administration, Htram C. CasE . | Agricultural and Industrial Education,. LEwts A. Witson” Archives and History, JAMES SuLiivaNn M.A. Ph.D. i Attendance, JAmMEs D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. Watson B.S. } Examinations and Inspections, GEORGE M. WILEY M.A. Law, Frank B. GILBERT B.A., Counsel Library School, FRANK K. WALTER M.A. M.L.S. School Buildings and Grounds, FRANK H. Woop M.A. School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRamMs Ph.B. The University of the State of New York Department of Science, January IT, 1917 Dr John H. Finley President of the University Srr: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as a bulletin of the State Museum, the Annual Report of the State Entomologist, being for the fiscal year 1916. Very respectfully Joun M. CLarKE Director THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT Approved for publication this 3d day of February 1917 President of the University New York State Museum Bulletin Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, under the act of August 24, 1912 Published monthly by The University of the State of New York No. 198 ALBANY, N. Y. June 1, 1917 The University of the State of New York New York State Museum JoHN M. CLARKE, Director | EPHRAIM PORTER FELT, State Entomologist THIRTY-SECOND REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 Dr John M. Clarke, Director of the State Museum I have the honor to present herewith my report on the injurious and other insects of the State of New York for the year ending September 30, 1916. The frequent and rather heavy rains of the spring and early summer offset, in large measure, depredations of various early leaf feeders by producing an unusual growth of vegetation. Apple tent caterpillars were numerous in many localities and yet the dam- age was relatively small. There were no complaints of injuries by the forest tent caterpillar and very little serious damage by the elm leaf beetle, a pest which in earlier years defoliated thousands of trees and has been responsible for the death of many shade trees in the Hudson valley. Fruit tree insects. Practical work with the codling moth was continued the past season in cooperation with the bureau of horti- culture of the State Department of Agriculture, and the Monroe county farm bureau. These studies were conducted in four com- mercial orchards in western New York, through the hearty cooper- ation of their respective owners, and an effort made to determine the relative value, as in former years, of the first, second and third sprays for the control of this pest. In connection with these investigations, observations were also made upon the development and biology of the codling moth. The data secured show, as do [7] 8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM those of earlier years, the very great benefits which can be derived from the first or so-called calyx spray, and indicate most strongly the necessity of thoroughness if satisfactory results. are to be obtained. The work in the orchard of Mr H. E. Wellman, Ken- dall, when compared with that of the preceding year, shows-a © very gratifying reduction in infestation. The same plots were used and the wormy apples of the past season were from one-third to two-thirds less than those of 1915. A careful study of the dif- ferent types of codling moth injury have enabled us to verify earlier opinions as to the relation existing between them and the habits of the insect, and also to outline rules for determining the period during which different injuries may be inflicted, something of considerable importance in connection with the enforcement of the apple grading and packing law. We have also, through the cooperation of several local observers, secured detailed tabula- tions of evening temperatures and other meteorological data under orchard conditions. Unfortunately the egg laying of the moth was so distributed the past season that it was impossible to demon- strate a well-marked relation between evening temperatures and the deposition of eggs, though it is probable that such exists. The meteorological data recorded constitute a substantial basis for subsequent investigations. The work with this insect developed serious and somewhat general injury to Baldwin foliage in particular, due probably to the application of a rather strong fungicide imme- diately after a series of rains which produced an unusually tender growth. The details of this work are discussed on the following pages. Apple maggot. Owing to the continued injuries by this pest an investigation of the insect, with special reference to practical control measures, was started and through the cooperation of Mr Edward Van Alstyne of Kinderhook, and Mr George T. Powell of ‘Ghent, a test of sweetened poisons for the destruction of the adults was conducted: The results were so equivocal that we are unable to recommend this spray and for the present are contenting ourselves with advising the early destruction of infested fruit, supplemented by good orchard practice. The investigations of the past season demonstrated such variations in the habits of the insect in nearby orchards that a continuance of this study is planned for another year. : Leaf roller. Investigations in connection with the codling moth work showed this serious pest of the fruit grower in the western part of the State to be much less abundant than was the case in REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 9g 1915. This is probably due to one of the natural and frequently unexplainable oscillations in insect life. Red bugs. Observations of the past year indicate that these two somewhat new insects are becoming more generally established in the fruit-growing sections of the State and here and there are causing serious injury. The practical work of the past two years has demonstrated nothing to be more effective than the use of a tobacco extract, 40 per cent nicotine, just before the blossoms open. This may be applied simply with soap to aid in spreading the insecticide or added to the delayed dormant spray, and in case of bad infestations, this treatment should be supplemented by the use of tobacco in the usual calyx spray for the codling moth, applying this as soon as possible after the dropping of the blossoms. San José scale. This greatly feared pest of earlier years has caused comparatively little injury in the Hudson valley and in some sections has been remarkable for its scarcity. This reduction is probably attributable in large measure to the activities of various small parasites though climatic conditions may have some influence. Unsprayed orchards, even though they have been infested with the scale for a series of years, are in somewhat better condition, generally speaking, than they were eight or ten years ago, and a few fruit growers have been encouraged by this comparative scarcity of the pest to omit the early spring application for the control of the scale. No serious consequences have followed this omission to our knowledge though it is a practice which can not be recommended unqualifiedly. Pear thrips. This minute and destructive insect has been abundant here and there in the Hudson valley and has caused serious injury in a few localities, particularly where it appeared in numbers before the grower could give the requisite treatment. Through a combination of fortunate conditions we were able to secure a somewhat satisfactory test of the value of a thick lime- sulphur wash as a means of controlling the thrips. The results are most encouraging, though owing to the erratic habits of the pest there can be only a qualified recommendation. The details of this work are given below. Pear psylla. Injuries by this pest have not been serious as a rule in Hudson valley orchards, and in many comparatively few eggs were deposited in early spring. The late application of the winter lime-sulphur wash for the destruction of the eggs is the most satisfactory method of controlling this pest and occasionally [ } 1 Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM this must be supplemented by midsummer spraying with a contact insecticide. Gipsy moth. There has not been a marked change in the infes- tation at Mount Kisco, though the scouting of the winter of 1915-16 showed an extension of the infested area. This latter was well cleaned during the summer, thoroughly sprayed and an examination in midsummer indicated the prevalence of very gratifying conditions. There is no reason why this local infestation should not be eradicated if the work is prosecuted with desirable thoroughness. Grass and grain pests. The grasshopper devastations of the last two years on the borders of the Adirondacks were much reduced during the past season though many young insects hatched in early spring, as shown by observations in Lewis, Saratoga and Albany counties. There are two causes for this change. The frequent and copious rains of the spring and summer produced an abundant forage capable of supporting many grasshoppers without marked injury. The rains doubtless killed many of the young insects and, in addition, the systematic poisoning of earlier years over large areas resulted in a great decrease in the pests. The experience of the last three years has amply demonstrated, generally speaking, the practicability of local control through the distribution of poisoned baits. The white grub outbreak of 1915 was followed, as was to be expected, by numerous full-grown grubs in many fields last spring and as a consequence many, farmers were afraid to plant susceptible crops on such land. The Entomologist advised moderately late planting of these areas, and the outcome in the fall fully justified the recommendation. General notices were also issued calling attention to the more salient features in the life history of these ~ destructive insects and pointing out the most practical means of avoiding injury. Studies were continued of the white grub robber fly, a species which has proved an important natural enemy of white grubs. 3 Incidental observations during recent years upon dover minor clover insects have been brought together and are placed on record in this report. It will be seen by referring to these accounts that two European weevils in addition to the much better known and earlier introduced punctured clover leaf weevil, Hy pera punc- tata Fabr., have become established in recent years in the Hudson valley and in certain localities, at least, are causing an appreciable amount of injury. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 rl Shade tree insects. There has been comparatively little damage to the shade trees of the State, owing to the climatic conditions being unusually favorable for the growth of vegetation. An interesting injury, that by the maple leaf stem borer, was studied at Rye. This insect is a comparatively unknown one in New York State and occasionally, as shown by observations in other portions of the country, becomes somewhat abundant afd injurious. An account of this species may be found in the body of the report. There is annually more or less bleeding from wounded trees and the past season was characterized by an unusual prevalence of this trouble. While there may be other causes for this phenomenon, observations of the last few years have enabled us to associate much of this damage with slender, white maggots, the young of a smail and hitherto almost unknown fly. SONG Fi|| botO Aah ee |e eee 9.67 4.10 PS ANINIORES: fete eee AIQ 283 19 77 SOleh ve te 4 34 13 Per céntia| Sets. re 67.54 4.53 TES 535i A OB isc oe eee 8.11 3.10 MoOtaler sere 3 064] I 999 290 588 266 3 34 180 57 Pen centneeeeoiee coee a elOse 20 9.46 I9Q.19 8.68 0.09 I.10 587 I.20 The yield of plot 2 was approximately half of that in plot 1 and amounted to 3064 apples, the number to each tree ranging from 73 to gg1 and the percentage of wormy fruit varying from 5.61 to 16.43, the highest in this instance being on a tree producing only 73 apples. Here, as in the preceding plot, a very large proportion of the apples damaged showed the characteristic “‘ shallow’ type of injury pro- duced by late-hatching larvae. The fruit infested by the codling moth in this plot amounted to 8.68 per cent. This second appli- cation shows a marked increase in the perfect fruit and a corre- sponding decrease in the number of scabby apples, the difference being really more marked than indicated by the figures, since many of the scabby apples were decidedly less infected than was the case with the fruit from plot 1. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 23 Kendall orchard, plot 3 (sprayed three times) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- 4 LEAF TREE FRUIT | FECT SCAB’ | ROLEER eed Bt Le ode enal- pide Total End July low | August PUNO cits. syne s5 90 OO] aes 17 ab hesn. crc SIRI FONE ech cee 12 3 BEY CON Gone. <|\shs'c cee. GORGG ee one TEP SS ier LO OO ects ae lise teoee iis ese fe qs SING). ai's cares ss 278 180 34 27 48 I 3 48 10 REMICOTI GS oni siliii ee. + le) are GA 74) T2238 ON Agile. peli7 20 Peaehs, anate TAG '7)|) ol 7eO 3.59 COIN tare". 147 08 8 25 DAlliecc on po 2 14 8 PERiCent. crea lici a vend « 66.66 5.44 700) DOs eile cares Tt. 30 9.52 5.44 TANNOW esse. A7I 338 12 74 58 I 3 46 6 Bericentec cole... oT es 254 ae Fae! Aa ae Hl [eee 0.63 9.76 127 TN Ole otc eer TST QI 3 23 TOPE era, aaiihacs ceaeeeee I5 2 IRETHCENG 6c. [he ce s.0 oe 69.46 2.29 ney A | Awe be eo ol ea gi | Ys ee a IIl.45 Te 52 PHN spose s.0 333 240 16 36 Ao) ks aide Bert I 40 5 PeniCeNt? se ilerodes 72.07 AgTy TOSOM oe Use OA etna «ors O20) T2702 1.50 ANC UTILS Fee I 450} I 007 73 202 207 2 9 175 34 PEMCenti. ccs s.[in. v ween: 690.44 5.03 TS COS LA a ai7 0.13 0.62] 12.06 2535 The yield from plot 3 is decidedly lower than in the case of either plots 1 or 2, the product of individual trees ranging from go to 471 apples, while the percentage of wormy fruit varied from 12.21 to 17.26, the average for the plot being 14.27 per cent. This higher percentage of wormy fruit is correlated to a certain extent with the much smaller crop in comparison with the other two plots. Here, as in the preceding plots, a very large percentage of the wormy fruit, namely 12.06 of the 14.27 affected, showed the characteristic “shallow ’’ injury due to the work of larvae coming from late- deposited eggs. There is a marked gain in the percentage of perfect fruit and a corresponding decrease in the scabby apples, a condition not adequately expressed by the figures, since the infected areas on the apples from plot 3 were decidedly less than those on plot 2 and much smaller than in the case of plot 1. Kendall orchard, checks (unsprayed) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- LEAF eee FRUIT | FECT SESE || ROLLER Side | Shal- Side Total | End July low | August Pa Ocoee, ors. 3890 168 160 54 43 7 30 a REMCEMb kjcnillesiantenc AZ) iG} Abate Lavo. LL. 0.76 1.79 7-71 I.79 REINA k's 509 200 204 Ill 86 4| 12 59 - 14 Penicent. Sol ao io. 34.87] 49.08 TS. 5S) TAy. 35 0.60 2.00 9.84 2433 gl) 21 Ni A 988 377 454 165 129 7 19 89 21 Perm CEng. deh he's dc. 38.15| 45.95 LOO eis OS 0.70 Leo 9.00 2. 52 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The check trees bore 389 and 599 apples, respectively, the per- centage of wormy fruit being 11.05 and 14.35, respectively, a marked change from the 60.59 and 68.52 per cent of wormy fruit of the nearby check in the experiments of 1915. The end-wormy apples on these two trees were comparatively few, while by far the greater number showed the characteristic “shallow” type of injury and this alone indicates that this method of feeding is not affected to any material extent at least, by the spraying of the season during which the damage occurs. ” Kendall orchard, summary of plots 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- e LEAF Hels FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER | Side Shal- Side Total || End July low August Taphopals: ee see 6 838] 3 680] 1 506 I 270| 662 12 153 339 190 IPEGtIiCertscers 235 | en eae S04 eesess 18.58 9.68 Sait / 2223 4.96 2718, aa hotalis.: je. e 3 064| I 999 290 588 206 By 34 180 57 Percents iat eG see 65.20 9.46 I9.19 8.68 .09 itp 10) 5.87 1.20 Be hotalecin Sa i450) “1 007; 73 202 207 2 9 175 34 Pemcentian. sn elee ome. 69.44 5.03 TZAOS |) pA a7 5123 202) 206 2225 E—-SUhOtale mene | Las 52) LO OSG. nrnOsG 2000) 135 17 196 694 281 Permicerttescr es. jee sess 58.98] 17.24 I8.15| 10.01 ns Tee, (year 2.47 Two special Lota vn ae I 354 786 201 263 172 7 I5 I32 18 Pericent feclees eee 58.05] 14.87 TO242| er2e70 .51 oe 9.82 Te22 Checks otal ee sexe 988 B77 454 165 129 7 IQ 89 21 Percentaet cele ee em 38.15| 45.95 16.59] 13.05 .70 17 9.00 Daiey A study of the summary of the plots gives in brief compass an idea of the results obtained. It will be noted, first of all, that the yields of plots 1, 2 and 3 decreased, each, as was true last year, being about one-half smaller than the preceding and that there is a higher percentage of wormy fruit on plot 3 than in the case of either plots 1 or 2, this apparent anomaly being due, in our esti- mation, to the much smaller crop on plot 3. There is a constant increase in the percentage of perfect fruit between plots 1 and 3, this being due in large measure to a reduction in the amount of scabby fruit, a condition by no means adequately expressed by the figures, since the scabby areas were decidedly smaller on the apples of plot 3. Compared with. the check or unsprayed trees,. these three plots show a very marked improvement in the amount of perfect fruit and a substantial though by no means so striking a difference in - REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 25 the number of wormy apples. This is probably due not only to the very small crop on plot 3, but also to the fact that the thorough spraying of last year may have aided materially in reducing the number of codling moths which were able to winter and breed upon the trees this year. It is worthy of note in passing that the per- -centages of perfect and scabby fruit and also of apples injured by the leaf roller and the codling moth for the three sprayed plots, do not vary widely from the results secured from two special trees farther north on the experimental rows. These trees were not sprayed under supervision and presumably received about the same treatment as those in the plots. The fruit was classified simply for the purpose of comparing the yields from trees bearing a moderate crop with those showing a light fruitage. Kendall orchard, comparison of plots, 1915 and 1916 PLOT TOTAL FRUIT PERFECT WORMY SIDE JULY! IgI5 1916 I9gI5 1916 I9I5 1916 I9gI5 1916 Toe lhoj 2 5 598 6 838 2 107 3 680 I 549 662 I 419 492 [PEPua ST ae aes eee ae 31703 53.84 27.07 9.68 25.34 7 ID eS Rota 2 847 3 064 I 092 I 999 QOL 266 837 214 l2ge BEre FL oe | el aa 38.35 65.20 31.64 8.68 29.36 6.97 Jee 5 ae are I 683 I 450 589 I 007 582 207 564 184 LEEIP WS ned ee 34.99 69.44 34.52 LA 27 2S5ir 12.68 Checks phoma. 6 <)-3 sc 651 988 63 377 430 129 373 108 TEE (CST ha ee, en 9.52 38.15 67.58 13.05 57220 10.72 1 This includes the side July and ‘‘ Shallow ”’ of the 1916 classification. The same trees were used in this orchard for plots 1-3 in both 1915 and 1916 and the above comparison is therefore of more than usual interest. In the first place it should be noted that there is no very wide divergence between the yields of the trees in the various plots during these two years, though the crop on the check trees in 1916 was somewhat larger than that for 1915. It will be noted that there is a substantial increase in both the number and the percentage of perfect apples on the three plots and the check trees, and a marked decrease in both number and percentage of wormy apples and those classed as “side July’ (these are included in the wormy and are separated for the purpose of comparing the results obtained with one type of injury) in all three plots, the reduction in the wormy fruit of both classes amounting approximately to from one-third to two-thirds of the infested apples. This is true of the check trees 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM as well as of those sprayed, and here the relatively low percentage of wormy fruit is undoubtedly due in part to the fact that the check trees of 1916 had been sprayed in 1915 as thoroughly or nearly as thoroughly as the experimental trees. Too much importance should not be attached to this, since the entire orchard had been sprayed for several years before and the probabilities are that the codling moth infestation in this orchard the past season was not so serious as in 1915. The comparison between the two years is, on its face, most gratifying and a portion of the gain at least can be legitimately ascribed to the thorough work of the preceding year; if this is the case a further improvement should be noted next season. The close relation existing between the reduction in the percentage of wormy apples and the percentage showing the “‘ side July ”’ type of injury (this latter including the ‘‘side July” and the “ shallow ” of the 1916 classification) is shown by the fact that the ratio between the percentage of wormy of 1915 and “side July’ of that year is very nearly the same as the ratio existing between the wormy for 1916 and the “side July” of 1916. This is true not only of plot 1 but also of plots 2 and 3 and the check trees. Furthermore, a similar ratio between the percentage of wormy of 1916 for plots 1 and 2 is very nearly the same as the ratio existing between the “side July ” affected fruit for the same year, and this also holds with remarkable closeness between plots 2 and 3. These relationships are another indication that the reduction in the ‘‘ side July ’’ wormy fruit closely parallels that of the total wormy. Albion Orchard This is a fine king orchard about 24 miles northeast: of Albion and belonging to Mr A. G. Snyder. These trees are about 4o years old, set 40 feet apart and are in a good, thrifty condition. Three plots and one check tree were selected as follows: Plot 1 consists of trees 1 and 2 north from the southern boundary of the orchard and trees 1, 2 and 3 west from the eastern boundary or adjacent highway. Plot 2 consists of trees 4 and s north and trees 1, 2 and 3 west. Plot 3 consists of trees 8 and 9 north and 1, 2 and 3 west, except that tree C in row 9 was replaced by a tree in row to directly north. of tree A. The check tree was 5 trees west, and 1 tree north from the southeastern corner, there being a vacancy in this row where tree 4 should stand. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 27 Plots 1-3 were sprayed May 31st under the supervision of Mr A. B. Buchholz, nursery inspector, with Swift’s arsenate of lead and a lime- sulphur wash in substantially the same proportions as later. The second spraying was given June 21st, with Riches’s and Pivers’s 15 per cent arsenate of lead at the rate of 12 pounds to 200 gallons of water, and lime-sulphur wash, 33° Baumé, at the rate of 1 to 4o or 5} gallons to 200 gallons of water. In this latter treat- ment one man stood on the tower and one on the ground and the application was extremely thorough. Plot 2 was sprayed on both sides, while the trees in plot 3 had been sprayed on the west side June 17th. The spraying began about 8 o’clock in the morning and was finished by 9 at the beginning of a moderate rain which started gently before the last trees which were sprayed could have dried, and continued for a period, being rather heavy until 11.30. It is probable that no very great amount of poison was washed from the trees by this rain. The third spraying occurred August 3d, Riches’s and Pivers’s arsenate of lead being used at the rate of 6 pounds to too gallons of water, with a home-made lime-sulphur wash. This application was confined to plot 3 and was made under the supervision’ of Mr Buchholz. Albion orchard, plot 1 (sprayed once) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL PER- | LEAF — FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER Side Shal- Side Total End July low | August RORRNOI 3500s I 076 90 951 AI HOS erence. A2 38 28 Rereents.< sc |e a. sas = 8.36] 88.38 Soni ue TOMOALN aera ers 3.90 B53 2.60 SHINO sec, eeu 857 59 774. 17 QI I 32 35 23 Remicent..cs|coc. << 6.88] 90.31 TOSI LOMO a 204 soya Bi ou/s! 4.08 2.88 rIINGRe 2g 2 ss. I 043 96 899 45 109 2 48 48 II Pm Cents ots lh-sinescs ys 9.21| 86.19 Amoi le PLO WAS Sits Shans 4.60 4.60 1.05 1D)» | Net otal ene i 103 99 970 48 TOM Sele ane 37 63 4 ReriGemtins se. |icc oe act. 8.98] 87.94 4.34 ORAS TEA ete 3-35 e/a 0.36 BNO moe foe 2S 907 70 794 130 94 re 33 18 Remcentacis|inis< sce Tegan a teyfeaw TASS le KOSS e's metho A 52 3.63 1.98 Bea DIN Opese) ea. 769 148 571 19 100 5 37 50 8 Pericetith,. <2]. >. sac: TORSA VrRAos DRAMA Ae OON sees sic oes 4.82 6.51 I.04 Oud sce el) 5755 562] 4 959 300 606 10 237 207 92 PERICEILER Re oi |ahwk-aystovs 9.77| 86.16 Bacay sadoaiye: 0.17 4.10 4.62 1.59 Plot 1, it will be seen from the above tabulation, produced a moderately uniform crop, the number of apples ranging from 769 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to 1103, while the wormy fruit varied from 91 to 108. The per- centage of infested apples exhibits no great variation, the lowest being 9.43 and the highest 13. The last, as might be expected, was found on the tree producing the smallest crop. There is likewise comparatively little variation in either the number or percentage of perfect fruit, except in the case of tree F, and the same is traeson the number and percentage.of scabby apples. The number of apples showing the typical “ shallow”’ type of injury ranges from approximately one-third to over one-half of the wormy fruit, the average for the plot being a little below one-half. Albion orchard, plot 2 (sprayed twice) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY : TOTAL | PER- SCAB LEAF thscere FRUIT | FECT ROLLER. Side Shal- Side Total End July low | August PAWAING@ ne: t Weed 298 105 168 9 SAN eels I2 21 2 Reracentyrwaltsr-ieas eres 35.23) 56.37 GeO aeingallis aio) hoc i AnO2 7.05 67 Be INO epee 593 175 390 4 PVA ele, cle nme) 26 8 Percemt.joyecilies oie bu 29.51| 65.76 .07 TRADI Owe ete r.68 4.38 Te 35 CeiiNow. ee 453 120 280 16 52 I 16 34 ti Pericetitien waliesse oe 26.49} 61.81 BS Bit able nee 3.53 oT. SAAN Este. DD r\INOPe eran 680 260 350 24 SO amare 23 57 6 Per cemitavers oils sic atest BOo23 GL Ay alee seeCyMs i 3238 838i wie Em NOpee etter 987 85 863 26 TTR tetas 4A 717 6 IRenicentmaenieeee cer 8.61] 87.43 PAOA|\" TP, BO, 5 5 on oo 4.46 URES en Bera.as DDAWING fect hese 466 120 328 12 I I IO BON siete oe Per COM tee ail eeegee en 25.75| 70.40 2.57 8.80 2.14 OMe inh o chole AO fallin ee tee aes 2 ATT 865| 2 388 OI 384 2 II5 245 23 Percentile aries 24.87) 68.68 Ol! stat SOI s 6 als oo 3.30 7.04 66 Plot 2 produced a smaller crop than plot 1 and shows a relatively greater variation in the yield, the product of individual trees ranging from 2098 apples to 987 and the wormy fruit varying from 34 to 127 apples, the percentage ranging from 7.42 to 12.86, this last occurring on the tree producing the greatest quantity of fruit: This particular tree stood by the roadside and it is possible that its proximity to the fence may have interfered to some extent with the thoroughness of the spraying. The number of apples showing the “shallow ”’ type of injury is larger than in the preceding plot, if varying for individual trees from 21 to 77 apples, and the percentage ranging from 4.38 to 8.38. Approximately two-thirds of the wormy apples on this plot were injured in this manner. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 29 Albion orchard, plot 3 (sprayed three times) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY s TOTAL | PER- ead LEAF Seae FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER ae be ea e * 7 1C Uo 7 1a — . 7 1c ~ ‘ Total End July low August ROOUING ces une I 068 2900 Wag 23 TAA \Wkeeee caper 14 62 I Bemeente ctl. oc os 27.215| ~68:63 2005 OnOGite veer. De3% BESO eee cksk. 134) ee eee 6990 183 482 7 89 4 27 53 7 PemCentescdioee... | 20.18|) 68.95 BAB iy Aa esp ile recat ssuavs 3.86 Yea AVA li Reale PING esi «68s I E39 384 700 18 7 ha |\ Me ee oe 18 53 6 mer Cente colioc sec cal) S371. 625.24 1.58 ONO ae ek 1.58 AROS Hehe ak. HO NR eee. ws ¢ I 090 150 804 30 roo I 27 64 8 REDiGONt. wc ole ce ote hs E370) “82.72 2.75 Qua0 line asics DAT PR) 7 fee ae NO cues wine 8 a I 618 360) > m 185 56 103 I 22 79 I IGE GONG eos. lis os ce ws BOR 78.28 3.46 OvsOl\ea. avers 1.36 AvSS|\ care e 1S ere 805 73 698 23 OME Seah vod 23 70 I IQRIGEM ES nate line. xcs « 9.06] 86.70 DRO Sieiy DLs OA. ceva aie « 2.85 SOO | Seaton e potaleven hte l. O Aro Diadol; 4 yor 1607 540 6 131 381 24 GROEN nt cc )e'l aie dtate 2s 2AAS| 73023 2.60 8.41 .09 2.04 5.93 Soi The yield of plot 3 approximates closely that of plot 1, though there is a somewhat greater variation in the yield of individual trees, this ranging from 699 to 1618. ‘There is a considerable varia- tion in the number and percentage of perfect and scabby fruit. There is no great variation in the number of wormy apples to each tree, these ranging from 77 to 103, while the percentage of such fruit varies from 6.36 to 12.73, the smallest being on the tree producing next to the largest crop. There is a somewhat larger number of apples showing the “ shallow ” type of injury, as compared with the other plots, this varying for individual trees from 53 to 79 and com- prising for the plot, approximately two-thirds of the wormy apples. Albion orchard, summary of plots, 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- LEAF a FRUIT | FECT SCAB | ROLLER Sid Shal Sid . Total | End : 2 ie eee July low | August EMA ROtAT. Gos... : 4 755 562] 4 959 300 606 10 237 267 92 Percent: cleus cic ts 9.77| 86.16 Sogn LO. 5a 20) 7) 4.10 4.62 1.59 2 ‘otal. a.5. 3477 865| 2 388 OI 384 2 II5 245 23 Pemeent. aahics aes 24.87| 68.68 2nO2 Ns LL AOA |e a4 teen 3.30 7.04 .66 3 Roba eu.2's 6 419} I 440] 4 7o1 167 540 6 131 381 24 PST CONE, sa-||crers. 8 2 24.43) . 73.23 2.60 8.41 .09 2.04 5.03 37 F—aihotal. .2.,.| £5 652] 2.867) 12.131 558) I 530 18 483 803 139 Percents. hia’ ex. 18.42] 77.50 3.56 9.77 PUT 3.08 5.00 . 88 Check tree take «Aol. GAS |e ha suk 605 12 201 37 102 51 I CR COM Gaeess his ely he cats 94.07 TL SOlMyglees Sh Ons ap 7.93 1.7 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM An examination of the above summary shows that plot 2 pro- duced a light crop and that while there is a progressive increase in the number of perfect apples on the plots sprayed once, twice and three times, there is not for some reason or other an equally good showing in percentage returns. This improvement, as might be expected, is largely due to the more efficient control of scab as a result of the later applications. The figures do not adequately express the true condition of affairs, since many apples counted as scabby on plot 3 showed very much less infection than was the case with plot 2 and even more so of plot 1.- The percentage et total wormy fruit for the three plots is about as might be expected after making allowance for the smaller yield of plot 2 and the heavier crop of plot 3, and although the percentage would appear to indi- cate a marked reduction in wormy apples on trees sprayed three times, yet we believe this variation may be explained, in consider- able measure at least, by the larger number of apples. The varia- tion in total wormy, both in number and percentage, corresponds fairly closely with the number and per cent of apples showing the “shallow ”’ type of injury. | The significance of this summary can best be appreciated by com- paring the data with those obtained from the check tree with its total absence of perfect fruit, its 94 per cent of scabby apples and over 31 per cent codling moth infestation. It will be noted that the end-wormy apples on this tree amounted to 5.75 per cent, while on the sprayed plots this percentage was cut down to less than one-fifth of 1 per cent and lower. It is worthy of note that the percentage and relative number of apples showing the “ shallow ”’ type of injury on the check trees does not vary greatly from that on plots 1-3, plainly indicating that repeated poison applications are of little value in preventing blemishes of this kind for the season in which the application is made. Hilton Orchard A series of experimental plots were located June rst in the Baldwin orchard of Mt Fred W. Curtis, Hilton, N. Y. The trees are about 30 years old and stand at an approximate distance of 30 feet from one another. The orchard is somewhat uneven, some trees being missing and, generally speaking, pear trees have been interplanted. The Baldwins were mostly well loaded with blossoms and owing to an occasional missing tree the plots are somewhat irregular. The experimental orchard was on the north side of the road east of the barn and the numbering began with the easternmost row REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 31 and ran west, the trees in the rows being numbered from the road northward. Plot 1 began on row 9 with the third apple tree north from the road, and on row to with the second apple tree north, these being trees 1 and 3, respectively, while trees 2, 4, 5 and 6 were the third, fourth and sixth apple trees, respectively, on the ninth row. Plot 2, trees tr and 5 were the sixth and seventh apple trees, respec- tively, north from the road on row 1o, and trees 2, 3, 4 and 6 were the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh apple trees, respectively, north from the road on row 9. Plot 3, trees 1, 3 and 5 were the third, fourth and fifth apple trees, respectively, north from the road on row 15, while trees 2, 4 and 6 were the third, fourth and fifth apple trees, respectively, north from the road on row 14. The check tree was the seventh apple tree north from the road in row 15. North of the check tree were a series of greenings. The first spraying was begun June 1st. Thompsen’s BT dry soda-sulphur was used at the rate of 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water, and 4 pounds of Niagara arsenate of lead was added. The blossoms were mostly off, fully 98 per cent having dropped. One man sprayed all the trees from the top of the tank, the tops being hit only by drift in the case of the larger trees. The application was fairly thorough though there probably was a little missed here and there. At 12 o'clock all the plots had been sprayed except the southern ' six apple trees on row g, and these Mr Curtis finished up early in the afternoon. The day was ideal, bright and sunny and with only a light breeze. Mr Curtis stated that the orchard had been sprayed for years and that he had experienced comparatively little trouble from side-worm injury. The second spraying began about 9.30 June 22d and was completed at 10.40. Thompsen’s paste arsenate of lead was used at the rate of 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water and Thompsen’s lime-sulphur wash at the rate of 1 to 45. At this time some burning of the leaves was evident, though in most cases the damage was not serious. Mr Curtis stated that in each instance this had followed an applica- tion June sth or 6th, made only a few days after the exceptionally heavy rains of June 1st and 2d. The Baldwins at this time had a diameter of one-half to three-fourths of an inch and showed a marked fuzziness. There was abundant fruit on the check tree and con- siderable fungus though the foliage was not in markedly poorer condition than that on plot 3. Mr Curtis stated that tree 3 of plot: 3 was sprayed from the east side after June rst by mistake and the 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM considerable burning on the east side of that tree substantiated his statement and illustrated in a striking manner the connection between excessive precipitation and the danger of burning. Tree 3 of plot 1 was sprayed by mistake on the west side June 22d. Neither of these applications appear to have had any material influence upon the yield as will be seen by referring to the tabulated data below. The third spraying was given August 3d, 3 pounds of arsenate of lead paste to 50 gallons of water and lime-sulphur diluted at the rate of 1 to 45 being used. Between 190 and 200 gallons of mixture were applied at a pressure of 175 pounds. The work was done under the supervision of Mr L. A. Toan. Hilton orchard, plot 1 (sprayed once) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- LEAF TREE FRUIT | FECT SET ROLLER : dea ah : Side al- ide Total End July low | August TaN Men eee. 796 36 745 I51 160 9 77 54 20 Rercenbhe an |nimestriee 4.52] 93.59 18.97] 20.10 1b 2 103} 9.67 6.78 2e5 ir DANNOpiee onesie 823 m6) 799 III 183 5 II4 52 12 Pericent creates. ee 1220) O72 08 UZ) Atel) BA al 60} 13.85 6.31 I.45 ZF INIOeig bin eee 268 I4 2A7 31 58 6 21 27 4 Percent callie os thas SQA OPs © Tie Sill eee On! 228 7.83| 10.07 I.49 AbalNi@ ices sue. sea 741 74 646 85 128 2 38 69 20 Pericenity. 3s. aleuieieeie- 9.98] 87.17 IED ALG RG ra 26 582) Oust 2.69 IP INOn ceoteicnee 593 65 494 102 104 5 31 63 5 Percent. Goalie. oe 10.86] 82.58 WOR 17/5 237) 83 5 £7) LOeS2 83 GTINOR uae aes I 604 167| I 483 17a 230 A 76 128 23 Renmcents --| sr eee 9.88] 87.54 TOREAN SESE So 223 4.48 7.55 Sts DONG S545 Avisall) Lat OHS 366] 4 414 651 863 31 357 393 84 Fer Cent. escalates 7.44| 89.80 WB A ayo 0.63 720 7.99 1710 The trees in plot 1 show a great variation in yield, this ranging from 268 to 1694 apples and there is nearly as wide a variation in the amount of perfect fruit, the percentage of scabby apples run- ning high and in no case falling below 82.58. The total wormy apples vary from 13.58 to 22.24 per cent, the smallest being on the most fruitful tree and the largest on the one producing the next heaviest yield. The proportion of “‘ shallow’’ affected apples runs from approximately one-third to one-half of the total wormy, being somewhat lower than in other orchards. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 Hilton orchard, plot 2 (sprayed twice) 1916 33 ee TREE iS) ey ° U helt eee CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- z A | eee Fruit | Fect | S°4® | potter - bik, pide enai- Total End July eee wai Tear 160 986 92 187 4 66 101 Spice ane T3.10}) (80-275 Fi. 5Qi | Loma o32 5.40 8.27 aE 706 66 594 41 148 5 _55 85 <1|| See 9.34; 84.13 5.80] 20.96 .70 7-97} 12.04 Be 566 33 513 46 80 I 20 46 Se ee 5.83] 90.63 reheat gaa all ag oe pity Sieabs 8.12 a 659 87 532 54 108 3 39 60 Cea oe 13.20} 80.73 rspuiko) | unio y techs -45 5.91 OL LO ae 735 100 506 59 94 2 20 58 rue re ae 13.60] 81.08 8.02] 12.78 127 3.94 7.890 ae 535 48 465 47 3 | ene 34 55 AS Bete ue 8.97| 86.91 SS le LT eSOiion ow i eters OFasiy LonZo --| 4 422 494| 3 686 339 710 15 252 405 eras fies fore ae TEE 2) 63-35 7.66) 16.05 33 5.69 Qurs Side August The crop in plot 2 was more even than in the preceding, the indi- vidual trees producing from 535 to 1221 apples, the perfect fruit ranging from 48 to 160 and the percentage of. the wormy apples varying from 12.78 to 20.96. rule and is somewhat anomalous. This latter variation follows no definite The ‘“ shallow ”’ affected fruit approximates a little over one-half of the total wormy and in this respect approaches closely the conditions obtaining in plot 3. TREE TSN onze: 2 - wn Ai °o fos NOx. 22% INO ers Hilton orchard, plot 3 (sprayed three times) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY Side August TOTAL | PER- LEAF FRuIT | FEcT | °°4® | roLLER Side Shal- Total End July low I 2209 205 922 74 186 4 23 139 2a Alan! See 16.68] 75.02 G702|, "Ts 13 33 Deotie Ler ee I 804 305| I 462 80 305 2 106 181 Plier ean sc TO. EO) 77.59 A23ie, -£0. £0 m0) 5.59 9.55 hip Oo 334| I 274 be) 210 53 128 Swsllstetet ome ES_ 86), 272.05 TOF, TL .Sy 22 2.99 23 7? I 737 R27" 278 I16 218 4 39 158 Sale| paket driers TS, 49) 73257 6.67| 12.55 23 2024 9.09 es I 442 269} I 056 135 127 I 18 96 Me LA ey Sacre TOVOS|) 7a023 9.36 8.80 07 Tae 6.65 Ate I 828 385] I 307 160 196 2 53 135 Rl eae. oe 21.06} 71.49 S275) 10.72 10 2.80 7.38 PhOtale 2 <3 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The yield of plot 3 was considerably larger than that of the two preceding, amounting to nearly 10,000 apples, the range for indi- vidual trees being from 1229 to 1828, while the perfect fruit varied from 205 to 385 apples. The lowest percentage of wormy apples was 8.80 and the highest in this plot 16.10, the average being 12:54. The “shallow ”’ injured fruit varied from approximately one-half to three-fourths of the total wormy, the average for the plot being two-thirds. : Hilton orchard, summary of plots, 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- |° LEAF EEOr FRUIT | FECT SCsE> | ROLLER: Side Shal- Side Total End July low | August 1 MPotaby.i cb 4 915 366] 4 414 651] 863 31 357 393 84 Pericenitness|cere moe 7.44| 89.80 Tee Te ays 63 7.260 7.99 Tea70 yaaa Oba ler cet: 4 422 494| 3 686 339) == 710 I5 252 405 AI IPermceih sale cee oe Tihet7|| EOS hs 7.66} 16.05 33 5.690 9.15 92 3 otal wises 9 808] I 819] 7 209 690] I 242 I7 292 837 07 Percent sci wena TOesiile Woeue: esl) Gras eval 177 205 8.45 99 T—Zyuiitoobal. se). TO 225) 2.070), L50309 I 680] 2 815 63 OOMi« 1/625 222 Rerieent../2 |. 2 ae 13.93] 80.05 8.75| 14.64 233 4.69 8.51 Tako Check Ro tale oo. 3 423 88] 3 209 274 372 12 125 203 33 Penicenibs ise lise cee 2257 00237 8.00] 10.87 ~35 3.65 5.93 .96 The summarized tabulation shows a decidedly heavier crop on plot 3 with a corresponding increase in the percentage of perfect apples and a marked decrease in the percentage of scabby apples, this latter ranging from nearly 90 per cent in the case of plot 1, to 833 per cent for plot 2, and.732 per cent-for plot 3. hese meumes should be compared with the 964 per cent of scabby fruit on the check trees. There is also a marked decrease in the percentage of wormy fruit in plots 1-3, though this is to be explained to some extent, at least, by the fact that the yield on plot 3 was nearly equal to that of plots 1 and 2 combined, thus the apparent benefit from: the third spraying must be reduced considerably if we make allowance for this factor. The proportion of “ shallow ’”’ injured fruit is a little less than one-half the total wormy for plot 1, a little over one-half for plot 2 and a little over two-thirds of the total wormy for plot 3, which would indicate no great reduction in this type of injury as a result of the later sprayings. The average percentage of wormy fruit for the three plots is 14.64 and this makes a poor comparison . with the 10.87 per cent of wormy fruit on the one check tree, which REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 35 latter, it should be noted, produced 3423 apples, a decidedly larger crop than that from any of the sprayed trees. This large yield explains in considerable measure the low percentage of wormy fruit on the check trees. ‘There is no question but what material benefits in the control of the codling moth were obtained in this orchard though the large variation in the yields of different plots, and especially of the check trees, makes a fair comparison impossible. It is interesting to note that the proportion of “ shallow’ injured fruit on plots 1-3, as compared with the total wormy, does not vary greatly from the proportion on the unsprayed tree. Newfane Orchard This work was conducted in cooperation with Mr G. H. Stahler of Newfane, his orchard being located close to the stop known as Jacques road. The trees are Baldwins, about 4o years old, set approximately 38 feet apart and stand in sod. The orchard has had a reputation of producing large crops of apples and is in good condition. Plot 1 was located on the eighth and ninth rows from the west side and comprised the eighth, ninth and tenth trees from the south end. Plot 2 was located on the fourteenth and fifteenth rows from the west side and comprised the ninth, tenth and eleventh trees from the south. | Plot 3 was in the same rows and comprised the fourth, fifth and sixth trees from the south. } The check trees were on the eighth and ninth rows near plot 1 and were the twelfth from the south end, there being only one tree intervening between the northern trees of plot 1 and the check trees. The first application was made with the wind on the morning of June 2d, the day being sunny and with light and fitful breezes. ‘One man sprayed from the top of the tank, using three nozzles which delivered the spray in nearly parallel lines. The work was continued until there was some dripping and the application was made only with the wind. The blossoms were all off and the stamens shriveled although there was no closing of the petals. The work started with one spraying outfit, a pressure of 150 pounds being used and the application being made to the east side of trees 1, 3 and 5 of plot 1, and then owing to engine troubles another spraying outfit was substituted with a continuance of the same type of nozzles and method of application. The pressure in this latter case was 250 pounds and the application was made to the east side 2 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of trees 2, 4 and 6 of plot 1. Additional engine troubles developed and the work was interrupted by a heavy shower, followed by: rain most of the afternoon and the completion of the spraying of these plots was left in the hands of Mr Strickland. Plots 2 and 3 were sprayed on the west side, under the supervision of Mr Strickland, on June 6th and on the east side June 5th. A ~ Gittord” vanele nozzle was used and a pressure of 250 pounds maintained. The calyxes were closing rapidly and these plots were sprayed with the west wind, since it was not deemed wise to wait for an east wind. Plot 3 was sprayed on the west side of the trees on June 5th, the same straight nozzle being used as was employed to spray the east side of the trees June 2d. Four pounds of ‘‘ Adheso”’ were used for each 50 gallons. The following is a transcription of the ingredients as stated on the label: Metallic copper 2.8 to 2.9 per cent Dry lead arsenate 274 to 284 per cent; inert ingredients 64 to 69 per cent; total arsenic (expressed as percentage of metallic arsenic) 5¢ to 6 per cent Arsenic in water soluble form less than 4 of 1 per cent The metallic copper and metallic arsenic present are equivalent to ‘“‘ copper hydrate ’’ for 4.2 to 4.35 per cent, arsenic oxide 8.9 to 9.3 per cent ‘ It will be seen from the above formula that the amount of poison actually applied was relatively light and approximately equivalent to 2 pounds of 15 per cent arsenic oxide (paste arsenate of lead) to 50 gallons of water. | The second application to plots 2 and 3 was made on the morning of June zoth, a very heavy home-made lime-sulphur wash being used, approximately 6 gallons of this to 180 gallons of water. This home-made mixture contained a considerable amount of sediment, and even after the addition of so much of this preparation, the hydrometer read less than 1.1 per cent. 'Thompsen’s paste arsenate of lead was used at the rate of 103 pounds to 180 gallons. Spraying began at 9.30 and was completed at 11.10, the application being restricted to the 12 experimental trees, 155 gallons being applied. An examination at this time showed that many of the leaves on the Baldwin trees were badly spotted and that a-considerable number had turned yellow. Some were on the ground and others were dropping. This unfortunate condition is very probably due to burning following the application of the lime-sulphur wash just after the very heavy showers of June 1st and 2d. The third treatment was practically identical with the second and was given in early August under the supervision of Mr Stahler. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 37 Newfane orchard, plot 1 (sprayed once) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- LEAF oe Fruit | rect | S°“® | RoLLER Side | Shal- Side | RUST Total | End Ful 1 aoe Aug- y ust BEEMOV ING. 5-05 $0 )e%m a 438 QI 273 87 85 I 12 68 4 115 PGE GEN. cs.) s.. ses 20.77| 62.32 TQ,O0] 10.40]... . . 2.473) 15.53 -91| 26.25 iOS oe 706 162 493 85 96 3 I2 80 3 166 BEE GENE. ais [sche «1000 22.81| 69.83 12.04] 13.59 4210. POO alrse AQ) 23.52 iho... 253 55 184 37 25 I 4 5 er 31 REM CONG. os oiis.ce csc’ 20.73) 7272 TACOS OuSBlivss cw Tyee Sicau ee em 12.25 LD (oe t 838 508] rt 165 200 257 I 20 ago 4 344 PET IGEM Galore clhece. wco'e ae 27.62] 63.38 DTS MES Oob date wes 1.08] 12.62 SpA de ef ING os des cn 3 286 107 II4 49 53 I II AMY fot Be 69 Bem CCMGew. ata cccech « 37.42] 39.86 Le TS LOWS Sere aa. << Be Suille PAs oe ates 24.12 INO eros cos aie: < 610 233 236 116 81 I 8 DNs oes 183 IPO CONE. 2. bis sow «is 38.20] 38.68 LOGOS E Es LO ae acer FSi es PaO er rece s 30.00 PROtale ease = fs 4 131] I 156] 2 465 664 597 8 67 514 II 908 ol oe 27.98] 59.67 16.07| 14.45 =O} I.62) (12.47 26 21.98 A scrutiny of the data from plot 1 shows a considerable variation in the yield from individual trees, it ranging from 253 to 1838 apples and the perfect fruit varying from 91 to 508 apples. . There is a con- siderable range in the percentage of wormy apples, this amounting to from 9.88 to 19.40, both extremes being on trees producing com- paratively light crops. The average wormy fruit for the plot amounted to 14.45 per cent. It should be noted that the proportion of “ shallow ”’ affected apples is high, approximating five-sixths for the plot and nearly that for most of the trees. Newfane orchard, plot 2 (sprayed twice) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- LEAF —— Fruit | Fect | °©4® | RoLLER Side | Shal. | Side | RUST Total | End a caus ay. Pe July | low g ust PAM ING aio oa. 2 597 167 360 76 105 8 IA 78 7 04 Pemeent. us tess ss. 2 27EO7, OOss Deets) E50) f.a4l 23a 23.60) | 17/115. 74. 133 UN cae ee 279 I12 131 I5 31 I 6 Day Sore 79 REriCEMU et lca 40.14] 46.95 mse ere FT SSS 2k Ste Gaol. oat 28.32 CORING cco Sis Me 482 200 187 38 105 I 7 93 129 PemcCeiite ete ese, 41I.49| 38.79 7.88| 21.78 2G) 9 2-451) 10.20 .82| 26.7 PENG. os ae sc I17 40 47 15 29 2 7 20 3 18 IPERICEN Be ra c'1e <35 coe 34.18] 40.17 12.82] 24.78 1.7} 5.98] 17.09} 2.56] 15.39 BS aUNGISs 2 oa ee 365 125 173 45 73 5 13 48 13 37 ER CEG l eS -.<\laiecamuad 34.24] 47.39 £2). 321" 20 00), 1.361993. 56) 12218). 3.56) toer6 ONO er a sx eis 46 28 5 ro Albian I Bee 2 ae 6 Rer cent.<

. -- 28.92) 60.94 9.65| 16.72 75, 2'.88|. LEL8ol) Tease eKSeor BOLAleS. Seve ae IO 521] 3 244| 6 134 999| I 680 4I 244|) I 339 68] I 923 Rericent ne. a[aeeen nS aut 58.43 9.50} 16.00 -39| 2032|7 92275 -64) 18.28 The yield on plot 3 was much larger than that of the other plots and owing to time limitations the apples of but four trees were can- vassed. These ranged in number from 2098 to 3092 and an exami- nation of the other two trees showed they were about as heavily loaded. The perfect fruit varied from 715 to 997 and the percentage of wormy apples ranged from 13.63 to 16.72, a moderate variation. Approximately three-fourths of the wormy apples showed the ‘shallow’ type of injury. The percentage of wormy fruit is quite high when allowance is made for the heavy yield. Newfane orchard, checks (unsprayed) 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- LEAP boo eee eee FRUIT | FECT | SCAB | ROLLER cia: | eee si ats Total | End | July | low | Aug- gust XS TINGR re Ae I 868 I5| I 820 123 A419 138 104 172 16 15 | Paz h(c/ehal oe) | pee ee .8I} 97.43 6/58), 22243) (7538/" 5.55 poeee “oli ae ag ae MINOR ee ee I 198 59| I 104 256 226 36 43 I47 3 8 Percent |e ee we 4.92] 92.23 27. 37 1S. 86.300) Se 50l22eem 225 |Raaes sFotal tn Ahern 3 066 74] 2 924 379 645 174 I47 319 19 23 Percent w. perenne cee 2.41] 95.36 12.36] 21.03] 5.67| 4.79) 10.40 Gir ete ae REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 39 The check trees in this orchard produced 1868 and 1198 apples: respectively, with 15 and 59 of these being classed as perfect, the remainder showing some form of defect, usually scab. The wormy fruit comprised 22.43 and 18.86 per cent of the crop, a rather low proportion showing the “ shallow ” type of injury. Newfane orchard, summary of plots, 1916 CODLING MOTH, WORMY TOTAL | PER- LEAF ‘ PLOT FRUIT | FECT Sa ROLLER ; ? ys End | Side | Shal- | Side Total n July low ug- ust Fey ie) 2 Or 4 131] I 156) 2 465 664 597 8 67 514 Il 908 lace Cri Re 27.98) 59.67 16.07| 14.45 SEO) 02) 112 947 26| 21.98 SOY 21 ee I 886 672 903 199 347 r7 48 266 27 363 en cents sick ocfoecs ss 34.82] 47.93 TOnSr). Lengo 96) 2.54 TA. ro) orsAs| eter 3 oatali 2532) T2075 -64| 18.28 ion) fo] et 16 538] 5 072] 9 502 I 862] 2 624 66 250| 2 110 I06| 3 194 Ber Cerlbe sau Je fiestas 30.66) 57.45 THe25) T5250 230) -2r7) T2.82 -64| 19.31 Check | MGbetre ohare 2 3 066 74| 2 924 379 645 174 IA47 319 I9 23 Per cent...... | eee 2.41} 95.36 E236)" SE.03)' * 5-67) 4270) t0l4z0 .16 7s A comparison of the data secured from the various plots results in a rather poor showing for plot 3 when allowance is made for the much larger yield of the trees classified. There is, for example, in the perfect fruit, a gain of from 27 to 34 per cent between plots 1 and 2, while for plot 3 it is a little less than 31 per cent. This drop is probably to be explained in part by the fact that the trees in plot 3 were larger, thicker, and therefore more difficult to spray thoroughly, especially from the top of a spraying outfit. The observations in regard to the perfect fruit apply, though in reverse order, in relation to scab, since this was the infection which dis- qualified much fruit. There is a similar lack of returns in the per- centage of wormy fruit from the three plots, though there is and should be some difference between the sprayed and the check trees, this amounting to an average of a little over 4 per cent for all of the sprayed trees as compared with those untreated. At the time the fruit was picked our attention was called to a russeting of the apples, which is probably due to spray injury. The extent. of this is well shown in this summary, it varying for different plots from 18.32 to 21.98 per cent, while on the unsprayed trees there was only three-fourths of 1 per cent. This russeting affected 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the appearance of the fruit and probably checked its development to some extent, hence care should be exercised not to use too strong or irritating sprays. Data from Various Orchards A comparison of results obtained in the different orchards is inter- esting though the returns are somewhat anomalous. It will be noted by referring to the preceding tabulations that in the plots sprayed once at Kendall and Albion, the percentage of wormy fruit was 9.68 and 10.53, while those similarly sprayed at Newfane and Hilton gave 14.45 and 17.55 per cent of wormy fruit. In our judg- ment the smaller yields of the plots sprayed once in the two orchards last named is hardly an adequate explanation for the difference. Again, the plots sprayed twice in the Kendall and Albion orchards produced 8.68 and 11.04 per cent of wormy fruit, while those similarly treated in the Newfane and Hilton orchards bore 18.39 and 16.05 per cent of wormy apples. Plot 2 of the Newfane orchard produced about two-thirds of the crop as compared with the Kendall and Albion orchards and less than one-half the number of apples on plot 2 in the Hilton orchard. Here again we have a higher percentage of wormy apples without an adequate variation in the size of the crop. Finally, the Kendall and Albion orchards produced 14.27 and 8.41 per cent of wormy fruit on the trees sprayed three times, while the Newfane and Hilton orchards yielded 16 and 12.54 per cent wormy apples, respectively. The crop on plot 3 of the Kendall orchard was only 1450 apples, a marked difference between over 6000 of the Albion orchard and nearly 10,000 each of the Newfane and Hilton orchards on corresponding plots. The percentage of apples on the check trees in these four orchards is also worthy of comparison in connection with the yield. The Kendall check trees produced 988 apples and 13.05 per cent wormy apples, the Albion check tree, 643 apples and 31.25 per cent of wormy fruit, while the two Newfane check trees produced over 3000 apples, 21.03 per cent of which were wormy, and the Hilton check tree over 3400 apples with 10.87 per cent wormy. | This summary of conditions in the various plots shows, broadly speaking, a high percentage of wormy fruit in the Newfane and Hilton orchards which were sprayed by one man working from the tower with a moderately long extension nozzle, and while an honest effort was made to do thorough work we do not believe that so good results can be secured as where one man with a long hose works REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 41 on the ground and cooperates with the tower man. This latter method is characteristic of the Kendall and Albion orchards and the greater thoroughness possible under such conditions explains in part at least, we believe, this somewhat striking discrepancy between the two groups of orchards, though there are undoubtedly other factors which have influenced the character of the yield. Relation between Shallow and total Wormy Apples There seems to be a moderately definite relation between shallow and total wormy apples, and to show this the following tabulation was prepared : Comparison of percentages between wormy and ‘“‘ shallow” apples; 1916 KENDALL ORCHARD ALBION ORCHARD HILTON ORCHARD PLOT Wormy athe Shallow | Wormy ees Shallow | Wormy / nem Shallow te a, eee 9.68 4.84 4.96 10.53 5.26 4.62 E7ERS 8.77 emer aes ae 8.68 5.78 5.87 II.04 7.36 7.04 16.05 10.70 9.15 2 fe eee 14.27 9.41 12.06 8.41 5.61 5.93 12.54 T3260 8.45 en < 13.05 8.60 9.00 31.25 20.83 7.93 10.87 6.25 9 An examination of the above tabulation shows an interesting relation existing between the percentage of wormy fruit and the peculiar side injury included in the foregoing, which we have desig- nated as “shallow.” The first column under each plot gives the percentage of wormy fruit and the third column the percentage of ‘““ shallow ”’ affected apples. The middle column gives a figure which was obtained by subtracting from the percentage of total wormy a definite proportion which, in the case of plot 1 is one-half, and of plots 2, 3 and the check trees is one-third. It will be seen that in the case of plot 1 very nearly one-half of the percentage of wormy apples showed the peculiar ‘“‘ shallow’’ defect, while in the other plots this type of injury was restricted fairly closely to one-third of the total per cent, a marked exception being in the case of the check tree in the Albion orchard, where only one-fourth of the total wormy comes much nearer to representing the actual number of ‘shallow’ affected apples. The probable explanation for this marked discrepancy is that the check tree from which these figures were derived, produced a smaller crop than the others and the infes- tation was much more general. It is possible that this figure 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM approaches the proportion Santee the “shallow ” \injunyen unsprayed trees and that the much larger proportion of “‘ shallow ” affected apples on the other check trees is due in part to the sprayings of preceding years. The above data are interesting, since they suggest a moderately constant ratio between the total wormy and this peculiar type of injury. The moderate and, for the most part well-defined propor- tion, intimates that this type of injury may be a response by the young caterpillars to an inherited instinct, and there certainly is nothing in these figures which would suggest any disproportionate reduction in the number of “‘ shallow’ injured apples as a result of additional sprayings. In fact, the data show a somewhat higher proportion of ‘‘ shallow” affected apples on the plots sprayed two and three times as compared with those sprayed but once, which would tend to indicate a greater reduction in the other types of injury and a “ lagging’’ in benefits accruing from repeated treat- ments so far as “ shallow ”’ injury is concerned, though this conclusion must be stated with some caution, since it is not entirely justified by the returns from the check trees. These latter, however, are relatively few in number and the data they give are therefore more subject to individual variation or local peculiarities. 2, Weather and the Codling Moth Insects are materially affected by weather conditions and several observers have noted relations existing between the activities of the codling moth and climatic changes. The history of this insect in western New York, particularly during the last few years, suggests there might be a close relation between evening temperatures and the extensive deposition of eggs. An attempt to show this, based on earlier records of oviposition, was made last year and was not entirely successful, owing to the impossibility of more than approxt- mating evening temperatures from the published minimum temperatures. The past season, through the teceretien of the weather bureau of the United States Department of Agriculture and more particularly Prof. Wilford M. Wilson, in charge of the weather bureau at Ithaca, the loan of standard thermometers and rain gauges was secured and a portion of the records given below are based on data obtained with these instruments and the voluntary aid of local observers, namely: Messrs F. W. Curtis, Hilton; F. N. Stevens, Kendall; Harold Snyder, Albion; L. F. Strickland, Lockport; and G. H. Stahler, Newfane. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 43 The meteorological observations were made under typical orchard conditions and the data secured from representative localities make possible a fairly accurate comparison of temperature changes in particular throughout the season. Unfortunately there was no such well-marked periodic deposition of eggs as characterized 1915, and . consequently sharply defined variations in egg laying could not be demonstrated. It is felt, however, that the data recorded below make a substantial addition to the meteorology of New York State orchards and may well be used as a basis for further investigations which may enable us to state the conditions favorable for the deposi- tion of large numbers of codling moth eggs. This matter is something which may be of great practical importance in connection with the destruction of young caterpillars before they have materially injured the fruit. A comparison of the temperature records for the latter part of June, the period when climatic conditions are most likely to affect codling moth oviposition, shows an interesting discrepancy between temperatures at Kendall near the lake and those in the relatively nearby Albion orchard, approximately 10 miles south and west. It will be noted that there was a marked rise in temperature begin- ning June 24th, and on the 28th there was a difference of 14 degrees between the temperatures recorded for 8 p. m. at Kendall and Albion, the latter being higher and the difference ample to affect materially the deposition of eggs, provided this is a factor of some importance. It will further be noted that on comparing data from other localities where observations were recorded, while this period showed a distinct increase in the evening temperatures, the dif- ference was not nearly so marked as between the two places men- tioned above. This is very possibly to be explained in part at least by the fact that the Albion orchard was more remote from the lake and consequently less liable to be affected by the relatively high evening temperatures occurring in sections somewhat distant from a body of water. An examination of the data obtained at Kendall plainly indicates the difficulty of approximating with a fair degree of accuracy evening temperatures from minimum temperatures. The difference between the two, as will be seen from this table, varies within considerable limits and is materially modified by weather conditions, especially by the presence of clouds. 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1916 Weather records, Kendall orchard Locality, Kendall, N. Y.. Observer, F. N. Stevens DATE TEMPERATURE RAIN NOTES June |8 p.m./9 p. m.| Max. | Min. Amt. Evening aoe Conditions at 8 p. m. 4 58 tS Pees eye a aes Sts Alay uD Owls Tie Meus petiena ae Cloudy; still ; 5 59 56 71 yy. DG el hg te muta A IS NS her Wide Clear; light west wind 6 55 55 6r POV WAP eee oe aN perce ene ore PactS Mea ees, arene Clear; light east wind 7 58 iso) 62 52 Let. ae Mallee ee ducteceke Cloudy; brisk east wind 8 59 58 68 56 Let. 4.30-5.30 } \ Pe Mea ees Clear; light east wind OVENS net 54 72 Ne Rol Rae gles A= AO dno 4 ago ono Cloudy; light east wind IO 54 54 68 5S TS TSO {Pst ta os eee aa Cloudy; light east wind Tit 54 51 64 BOM ey eect vac feal eevee Meir sahte ale | oboe a gC Ina Fog; still I2 56 56 69 AGM cos avepeteall Mraanesie ap aire oeetese eater Cloudy; still 13 65 58 76 ESE Vegera heme otal Ie ate Sud Bre rere itor SUIS Ct |Clear; still I4 66 65 76 BiG ilhehe maseycte wil teveteta ec senate mteterets leet |Clear; still ) 15 59 58 70 COs ae wean HAO 10s Ne bo geo0 soo ,Rain; light east wind 16 65 65 70 GON eee eee Whoa tite cae tener oN lated aay teeeeatcde Cloudy; light east wind 7. 61 59 73 ESLOle| tac iasne aaa KS at ene Sree ltlcad Ry, ciel cle Clear; light southeast wind 18 58 55 70 ISIS eres eye eae] thet cen eee ee ee | heen aioe '...! Cloudy; light west wind 19 54 54 63 SAL all Scere iewa tse seller aucee ieee Rey oe ho [ decom uel meeenen Cloudy; still 20 54 53 60 Oral ee ie eeshere least snstieerdc fore een ate cre ae Cloudy; still 21 55 54 63 50 QUE toons at 9.30-I1 : : a.m. | Clear; still. Rain gauge installed : 22)\) 50. 56 68 AB Boe teas cutie aa texene. stencil Grae cers termed Clear; light west wind 23 58 58 67 48 esa caer tei ee 5.30 p.m. |,Cloudy; light west wind 24 64 64 82 56 DOW By epenestin terete 5.30-6.30 p.m. | Cloudy; light southwest wind — 25 59 58 WB AS He es Me stasis sote ca] ets gee mre lle en cere aa Clear;; still 20 60 59 74. IS a tend cates GIS A RS ere ete ah ee cee eae Clear;' still 27 65 63 76 Eeyirtae Pacer eet ieee | POR A Pyare chic | Ea MeyRee oy Clear;; still : 28 60 59 74 BiG lee ita eisetallt ate manne: Sereno ceemareals casual Clear; ‘light west wind 29 60 59 70 El etee cm Sacer | eure creia bah Sune cer ecb Meioes Clear; {still 30 62 58 72 Fa S ott cy aida lhe oeans ae ec seera all [e aabeepe ec Ae laa Clear; still Tr.= trace; Let —=light; TS = thunder showers. . REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 1916 Weather records, Kendall orchard DATE July 8 p. Hi p. m.} Max. | Min I 64 63 83 49 2 63 65 83 60 3 60 60 79 60 4 62 60 70 60 5 62 60 79 58 6 70 67 86 55 ee. 34 71 90 63 8 65 64 75 65 9 65 66 71 60 Io 68 66 75 63 II 76 77 87 64 I2 80 79 91 74 13 70 69 85 70 I4 66 65 76 62 15 78 Fer 85 62 16 76 74 92 es 17 72 70 76 65 18 79 76 89 65 19 80 79 87 | 65 20 76 73 fone 71 21 75 74 95 66 22 74 72 85 65 23 70 74 88 65 24 74 72 88 65 25 fh 74 87 68 26 74 72 89 62 27 76 74 83 72 28 67 65 78 07 29 82 81 93 62 30 83 82 92 78 31 | 74 | Wa | 88: 74 TEMPERATURE 45 Locality, Kendall, N. Y. see ee eae os aie ©) 6.8 (e RAIN Evening miwie e © 6 6] — erm eo ore ora y ie hes eee 0, 67» 6 ern ape sl ged WON are eos a) ein ef we.) a ene ee. Nie mAs 8 © ile ene ce ae wale) al] ©. eet 6 gre 6 nee 8 oe («4 @ ae m6 ePauera @ «ale sevehie a a <) 16 i efe) & a eae jem © ee Be. re OW ee te AOS, ein 7.30-7-45 pe te avasalpl eg (@ «6 erase Le spe = oa © wie eles) (a Ce; e) 8 6 alee) [ere s'e) «= «= See] ee) oe -%) ia» aie ee el eeyeees ai aie bagel) aiimial a's. m6 e\,. eet ee). 0) 8!» OAC OC wen Om ii Cha yet ed Carole ee) ale) he. cee ewe ee Me Locality, Kendall, N. Y. Observer, F. N. Stevens Approx. duration ein [evel pis aice,cel ie a \olleuie ie rede nehe! jw er sy (s @Gaie we) 16 e) = re Ce ee i rr rc 5.30 p. m. Avant wile) ete wie mr hehe ole Lalietia’tay =) te/mer te: NOTES Conditions at 8 p. m. Clear; still Clear; still Clear; still Clear; still Cloudy; still Clear; still Cloudy; still Cloudy; strong northeast wind Cloudy; still Clear; still Clear; still Clear; strong northwest wind Clear; brisk northwest wind _ Clear; light west wind Clear; still Clear; still Clear; still Clear; still - Clear; still Clear; still Clear; still Cloudy; light west wind Cloudy; still Clear; light west wind Clear; still Cloudy; still Clear; still Clear; still Clear; wind Clear; still Clear; wind light light southwest southwest r= Trace. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 NEWFANE G. H. Stahler, Evening temperatures, 1916 47 LOCKPORT HILTON ALBION Harold Snyder, L. F. Strickland, F. W. Curtis, Observer Observer Observer Observer 8 p.m opm 8 p. m op.m 8 p.m Q pe m. 9 |)8"p) m. 0 p.m. ee | es pease | Shoat) 1 ai lea ea eC [eatery give alte mie or eie are ahaa e an = coy 52 52 7 ee 67 (VSL) See ae ue hes el ae tage SA a] Bs a 8 ee OM [eee ee, et 58 58 cat nae 58 ner eee aa aren tae CAITR Sac, ds tee ceobe Ian SIR RCTS aes 52 52 Aa 8, 3 isc, 63 (SIE | Bee Ray ae AN oer ew aie | Dole) Meare c OR Ped Lanes Saree Pe a6oo 59 ee sw os! 62 CF t Te ae gah lt agree Rasta) [ne a | 60 or Oe teivec 3 64 63 SOU, rch marscaratllee hatin et all eto ae 55 55 oe 66 64 Beer tee aa anc acts race gates 4 57 57 Ral aht «ce 07 66 BOE rete ccete oe owed | may Mt ochncl( Oe cscs, ei ae 58 58 Oia! 3 i Or 60 by Ie ae Coa ieattar sl [tee aveschel te, | ctatices etete oes 58 57 Ojos a sts. « 63 OOS penton hirec Mute Maerehonlt le. atthe Te tate hae 54 53 8 oe a ee 67 66 GTA [een ste ns es el lieve eteroua tate [ies suite, oeuvre [fata ong levels 51 De eerie cesses 63 61 G5 nile crave ie es SRA war eaea aialll'eccatree carers 60 52 Ayes et) < 67 GOS Roe ety aie lists fae Um Nimes NO we hs eNotes a8. al ot 67 61 fi? eh 69 07 GSDIB. Patsy lscab ee ocacatescalll cats hepa eas 68 67 iN eye a Re 59 OM lenreae SOL ea oat eee Alter ea aise aB Ry enctiere 58 57, DOR sere’. 58 ES aFa |th Rs Arai dts pent Ae Leviathan ober, at aie) de die: ame ale 66 65 17) ae 57 55 ATL ameniteaae abt ea | mine eee rll nd ter eA LO eS R ety f 62 Tike o/s) as 56 EA ed tein Me I teeter eC) Pal eR ae ING AN ee eden e b59 a o(0 l= AS 57 Sie Meats e ake ieatial lite eile) avery a 56 56 55 54 BO Gre Wiatiniahs Se AA Ne Vs rat sas eal ware pall reich we vay ena tes 55 54 GSAS are rcv eae 1 ey ge 58 56 ANU aa te ae oe 53 52 56 56 ee oe 60 57 SGraleotiae ces cueae. e 53 52 58 57 ie hoe oe 61 59 Gia lPoieaia aoete 60 59 60 59 7 a ee 62 59 le Nickel ister ee AC 64 64 66 65 21>) eee eee 63 61 OW pe Anaisyate. ol Neer acta Alans 59 On? | eR eeeeee 210 ae eae 60 Fy iaslees vant Seuaeelll Siete dRnatah 66 Ole al Inet Le dor QTR ils Pe 59 S7/ TOA Weeae a We sitll, once A thre 65 69 68 7S a 64 61 PAL WP ae ct Pe ose 62 60 65 63 2Orves tse 67 (ONS Hie ee cere rng || Aes UN ee A a 62 62 61 BORN o dew e 68 67 G2) 4) Resa 5 63 59 65 64 PEK ORES esia's 68 SI ree Wa ede ean iS, Lyte tae Ga ow. ek Oe DER ats ic 69 OOF Oye cote aie she chats GOALh hea siete 88 87 SE ent ee 68 Ci aN Leesan oth vob Ne 62 O28 bi ces a: 63 AN SS ae: 71 68 OVA CRATE. ole kere te yaia Sine, eee rote 62 61 te ayacone 70 (087 [Atal Waa Rh Aa Fh as A nen ee, a 64 63 one (Oh Seas 71 69 OSM ee ERS ee, eke 68 64 63 Woman) aoe 72 Ligh arab, hea Yoh Kore oct celll le heiaoy testes nuevos || Goss Sreersem aces 72 70 nae, Sates: 73 7a OSes, Reeuae Rees rte etnll deca oars 72 72 Bey At cal Nee RON | Hoa eee GAR eee ees ail ok iswens crise 07 65 64 CMOS Meee LAO oy sPeeo tae re caameves &ntaill ls, ctu ahora cose) lrebe aetacdcte are 72 OOF NER cO4 FE Berry ewe | ttre ee ca aici as [haa (attoga tale, Se Fea llr sea eeeee oy cecil 80 78 72 71 Lt EE et Pee eran irate Paltccateellta) cast hidtseade. All cheiae © suelo ive 78 76 80 79 eS eMe ete tel fee rane. agencies [ich costes sy acm i es ORR Gil 69 76 74 OY NO aa | RE al ee Hm ee OSin ehh eucis rake 68 66 68 67 TES te) ch aap a es De eS RS ene FF Chea Wie Pho ot ayer ai Ney areal ectan wich ol leans aah hike ded 82 80 LOOMIS Para Bien Slee giver veces Syatenceg FOOT a aetesiarer ate 76 vie: 80 79 Deere et ete eee wall eaena anaes Vast | VOTER EWG Fon CREAO 73 71 78 We TA) SR ES ie ER [aa SO ee sfc al ae an PEON ALM iia Da aire Cae URAL at ge Rig 76 75 TED js hey A) Me age ae a Noe er ae gene 7/3 EPRVESSENE, Cee actol ee EU EIS Bate CSC oe Sa 80 78 aReading taken at 8.30; b at 10; c at 9.30; and d at 9.15. 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Biological Observations The season of 1916 was nearly two weeks later than that of 1915, and the cool, backward weather appears to have had an unfavor- able influence upon the development of the codling moth, possibly checking to some extent, at least, the deposition of eggs. : On June 15th codling moth pupae but no adults were to be seen in and about Albion, according to Mr A. B. Buchholz. On July 6th he observed young larvae working in the apples to some extent and at that time no eggs were to be found. On the 7th, substantially the same conditions prevailed, and in this orchard a week later it was not difficult to find eggs. It was interesting to note in this connection that the Albion records showed evening temperatures at 8 p.m. of 70 to 74°; June 25th to the 28th, and again from July 4th onward, the evening temperatures ranging from 70° a little below and above. It is very probable that the eggs from which the larvae observed working July 6th hatched, were deposited during this first warm spell and that there was a subsequent increase in deposition during the next warm period. On July roth Mr Buchholz again reported some larvae working on the sides of the apples, though there was not a large number. On July 14th he stated that eggs were not abundant, those found being practically all on the fruit, and added that there was a small deposition of eggs a short time ago and a much larger one’the past week. These two periods coincide approximately with the higher evening temperatures mentioned above. The conditions detailed above were substantially paralleled by those observed in and about Lockport by Mr Strickland, who reported a pupal exuvium July ist, and on the 5th and 6th a few eggs. On July rath he examined 127 apples at Orangeport and only three eggs and two egg shells were found. The eggs had prob- ably been deposited on the roth, except one which was in the black stage. On July 13th an examination of king apples in the Cowper orchard at Newfane resulted in finding nine eggs, eight egg shells and three side entrances on 297 apples.and ten eggs, fourteen shells and six side entrances on 468 Baldwins. Very few of the nineteen eggs found in this orchard had been freshly deposited. On July 17th Mr Strickland found the following conditions in the orchard of Mr S. S. Hopkins, Youngstown; 235 apples bore six eggs, twelve shells and eighteen entrance holes, and the next day at Wright’s Station, 335 apples yielded one egg, eight egg shells and two entrances. These show conditions very different from those that obtained in 1915s. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 49 An examination by the writer and Mr Buchholz on July 2oth of an orchard belonging to Mr Samuel Smith, Albion, and located about 14 miles west on the state road, showed codling moth eggs, mostly in the black stage, and small numbers of egg shells. The total infestation was estimated at that time as approximately 3 per cent. There were very few or no recently deposited eggs. There were a few more codling moth eggs to be found in Mr Wellman’s orchard at Kendall than in Mr Snyder’s orchard at Albion, though by no means so many as in Mr Smith’s orchard, and here likewise the eggs were mostly in the black stage or had hatched. An examination the same day in Mr W. H. Cowper’s orchard, Newfane, showed relatively few codling moth eggs and most of these had hatched; some, however, were in the red or black stage and a few had been recently deposited. One moth was seen and a nearly full-grown larva and several half-grown larvae were found in apples. These were undoubtedly from the earlier deposited eggs. The two check trees of last year showed an apparently greater infestation than elsewhere. On July 22d an examination by Mr Strickland of 191 apples in a Lockport orchard resulted in finding no eggs and four egg shells. There were no side entrances. On July 24th, at Wright’s Station Mr Strickland examined 38 apples on one branch and found four eggs, no egg shells and only one entrance, and a search of 171 leaves on the same branch disclosed but one egg and one egg shell. Further- more, an examination of 342 apples from 25 branches in the same orchard resulted in finding six egg shells and only one egg. The next day in an Akron orchard he examined 303 apples and found one fresh egg, and in another orchard 182 apples showed no evidences of oviposition. The relatively large number of eggs found upon the fruit is probably to be explained by the large size and smoothness of the apples at the time the moths were ovipositing, since observa- tions June 22d in a Hilton orchard showed that the Baldwins had a diameter of one-half to three-fourths of an inch and were still decidedly fuzzy, though this latter must have disappeared some time before there was any considerable egg laying. Observations at Wright’s Station August 1st, by Mr Strickland, of 779 apples resulted in finding one egg, fourteen egg shells and nine side entrances, indicating that oviposition had practically stopped although it had extended over as long a period as in 1913. On the 16th in the E. S. Gifford orchard at Gasport, and the R. E. Heard orchard at Lockport, a few larvae were leaving the apples to pupate, and on the 17th the first larva spinning a cocoon was observed by Mr Strickland at Barker. On August 22d-many larvae 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM were leaving apples to pupate at Youngstown, as observed by Mr Strickland. The above records show a period of oviposition by the first brood extending from approximately the first of July to the first of August, and while the evening temperatures during this period were favor- able for deposition, extensive egg laying did not occur during a limited period, as was the case in 1915. The most probable explana- tion for this discrepancy in behavior is that the earlier season of t915 was favorable for the appearance of the moths before moder- — ately high evening temperatures permitted a fairly uniform depo- sition of eggs, while during the past season emergence of the adults appears to have been delayed until evening temperatures were such that egg deposition was not prevented for periods of a few days to a week, as appears to have been true of 1915. Spray Injury Tncidentad to, and yet directly connected with the codling moth work, observations were made upon somewhat general and occasion- ally very severe leaf injury to Baldwins in particular. The damage was most pronounced in the case of orchards which were sprayed in early June, immediately following a period of unusual precipita- tion, and apparently had no relation to the brand of lime-sulphur nor arsenate of lead used. The injury was so marked in certain orchards that the foliage was badly spotted, turned yellow, and in some cases at least one-half to two-thirds of the leaves dropped. © Similar though less serious damage occurred in a few places in the Hudson valley. It is probable that the foliage was extremely tender as the result of the rapid growth following frequent and copious rains, and the experience indicates that many are moderately close, if not too close, to the limits of safety and are using fungicides in particular, fully as strong as conditions warrant, especially during periods when there is a very rapid growth. Another type of spray injury, namely the rusting of the fruit, appeared in the Newfane orchard and the amount is indicated in the tabulations relating to the experimental work. This damage undoubtedly dwarfed the development of the apples to some extent and on account of its unsightliness can not but exert a material influence upon the grade of the fruit. Summary and Conclusions The experience of the last two years in western New York leads us to emphasize the necessity of thorough work, especially with the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 51 spraying given just after the blossoms fall and widely known as the calyx spray or the codling moth spray. This is the treatment which gives by far the larger returns in preventing wormy apples. In our opinion a deficient or poor spraying at this time can not be made good by later treatments, though the latter are undoubtedly helpful. The equipment should be such that the trees can be thoroughly and quickly covered with the spray and the men doing the work should have a full appreciation of the difficulties and the possibilities. The last is by no means an insignificant factor in securing thorough work. A liberal application should be made at this time and the aim should be to fill every calyx cup with poison, since it is at this point that most of the killing occurs. A comparison of results obtained in the Kendall orchard in 1915, and upon the same trees in 1916, shows a reduction of one-third to two-thirds in the amount of wormy fruit, and is striking evidence of the efficiency of thorough spraying and the results which may be expected the following season. Conditions such as obtained in this orchard in 1915 are, in our estimation, a most potent argument for thorough annual sprayings for the codling moth, since the expe- rience of the past year indicates that the reduction in “ side”’ or “shallow ”’ injury is secured the year following the treatment. The second application for the codling moth may be effective in reducing “‘ side injury’ to some extent, though conditions the past season made it impossible to test this out thoroughly and the results summarized under a comparison of percentages between wormy and “shallow ’”’ apples show a remarkable consistency in the propor- tions of “shallow”’ affected apples between those sprayed and unsprayed. This data, while not negativing the above, can hardly be considered encouraging. Evening temperatures appear to have an effect upon the periodicity of oviposition, though climatic and other conditions were unfavor- able for the obtaining of any sharply defined data the past season. Both the second and third sprayings for the codling moth, even if they have comparatively little influence in reducing the numbers of this pest, are abundantly justified in localities or during seasons when scab is more or less prevalent, assuming of course that a fungi- cide is universally added to the poisoned spray. The extensive and, in certain cases, very serious leaf injury to certain varieties following the application of the usual sprays, sug- gests that we are close to the margin of safety and raises a question, as to the advisability of applying the fungicides, particularly in a somewhat greater dilution. —P oe —— > a - 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM APPLE MAGGOT Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh ¢ ’ The apple maggot or “railroad worm ”’ appears to be coming to the frorit in New York State as a pest, particularly in portions of the Hudson valley where it has become so abundant in certain orchards as to render nearly worthless, early sweet and subacid varieties and seriously affect the winter fruit. Habits. This pest is well known as a local form and among entomologists it has a reputation for erratic behavior. The parent flies may be found on the fruit from some time in late June or early July through to September, moving slowly about and occasionally depositing a minute, white egg just under the skin. The egg punc- tures are visible with the naked eye though not readily distinguish- able without the aid of a hand lens, and in some varieties are accom- panied late in the season by distinct depressions, simulating, to a certain extent, those produced by red bug injury. They may be found largely on the sides of the apple, rarely near the ends. Hatch- ing occurs in from two to six days and the colorless maggots begin to make almost invisible trails, frequently beneath the skin and showing through as darkened areas, suggesting a railway line, hence the popular name. As the maggots increase in size the burrow is larger, and in the case of a serious infestation the interior of the fruit may be a brownish, decaying mass traversed by interlacing galleries. The maggots may attain full development in two weeks though in unripe fruit and especially during cool weather, feeding and growth may be considerably prolonged and cover a period of several months. The fully grown maggots leave the fruit through irregular holes and enter the soil to the depth of an inch or two for the final transfor- mations, which latter may occur the same season, be deferred to the next or even delayed until the second summer. This delayed transformation or biennial habit may be more general than has been suspected hitherto.- There is a generation in the early fruit, some of which at least may produce flies the same season. The flies also attack the later fall and winter apples, there apparently being some correlation between the appearance of the adults and the development of the fruit. Food habits. The food habits of this common pest are some- what more variable than is usually supposed, the insect having been reared from thorn apples or wild haws, huckleberries and blueberries, and there are also records of the pest attacking pears, though this latter appears to be exceptional. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 53 It is well known that this insect displays a marked preference for the early sweet or subacid apples, such as the garden royal, Porter, August sweet, pound sweet, NHubbardston, to mention only a few, while it also occurs, though in much smaller numbers, in standard winter varieties, such as greening, Baldwin and russet. It is probable that almost any variety of cultivated apple would be injured to some extent under favorable conditions, though as stated above, the most serious damage is to the late summer and early fall apples. - Description of the fly. The parent of the apple maggot is a little smaller than the common house fly and may be most easily distin- guished by its broadly, brown-banded wings and the dark body with the transverse white bands on the abdomen. Very rarely is any similar fly found upon apples during midsummer. Occurrence of the flies. The time the parent flies appear is of importance. This may vary from the latter part of June into Sep- tember. Observations were made during the past summer at Nassau, Ghent and Kinderhook. The first adult was found on a red astrachan at Nassau July 11th. No others were seen then and there were no signs of the deposition of eggs. July 27th Mr George T. Powell of Ghent reported flies as plentiful on sweet bough apples and on the 29th they were rather numerous on red astrachan and early harvest trees at Nassau. Some apples were infested at this time and a few nearly full-grown maggots were found. Two days later only one fly could be discovered on these trees. August 8th flies were abundant at Ghent though none were to be found on the nearby Cox orange pippins. The flies were also numer- ous at this time at Kinderhook on both Baldwins and greenings, - especially the latter, though none had been seen earlier in the season. August 15th pairing and the deposition of eggs were in progress on the greenings at Kinderhook and the flies appeared to be less numer- ous than they were on the 8th, and on the 24th their numbers had materially lessened. No flies were seen in either Ghent or Kinder- hook orchards after this latter date, though occasional examinations were made till September 12th. Poisoning flies. It is well known that fruit flies feed to some extent upon honeydew or sweetened materials, and the results secured with the Mediterranean fruit fly in Africa and cherry fruit flies in this country have led to various attempts to control this pest in the same way. Two infested orchards were put at our dis- posal for work against this pest and the poisoned spray was tested. ° The formula used follows: arsenate of lead, 3 ounces or 5 pounds; cheap molasess, 1 pint or 3 gallons; water, 4 gallons or 100 gallons. eee 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The spray was thoroughly mixed and mostly applied here and there upon the trees without attempting to cover the entire leaf surface, since it was presumably sufficiently attractive to the flies so that they would find it if only small areas here and there were covered with the mixture. . The orchard of Mr Edward Van Alstyne of Kinderhook was one of the places selected for this cooperative work. The first applica- tion was made July 14th and the second the very last of that month or early in August. An examination of alternate sprayed and unsprayed sweet bough apple trees at picking time failed to disclose any well-marked difference between the two. The infested portion was so limited that it was impractical to use large plots or different orchards for the purpose of comparison. The other orchard was that of Mr George T. Powell of Ghent. Mr Powell was much interested in the control of this insect, owing to his having lost, through its work, a large crop of Cox orange pippins in 1914 and a light crop in 1915. Owing to the value of the fruit he was willing to spray more frequently than would be prac- tical with the average commercial grower. The formula given above was used and his record of treatments follows: July 15, sprayed Cox orange pippins, no flies were visible. July 16, sprayed experimental block of dwarf trees; on the 17th it rained most of the day and on the roth one sus- picious fly was found. July 25, sprayed the Cox orange pippin trees and found a few flies, one dead on a leaf; rain occurred the next day. July 27,sprayed the Cox orange trees very thoroughly, also sweet bough and McIntosh, found some dead flies on the sweet bough. August 4, sprayed Cox orange trees, also ths experimental block. Flies were seen only on the sweet bough, being plentiful. August 6, sprayed Cox orange lightly on the tops and also the sweet bough and McIntosh trees. - August 19, sprayed the Cox orange trees and saw no flies. The weather was very hot and dry. August 20, sprayed the McIntosh and also the: fall strawberry nearby. The weather continued hot and dry. Unfortunately, so far as the work at Ghent was concerned, the efforts were concentrated on the Cox orange pippin trees and it was not until after the season had advanced so far that special work - with earlier varieties was out of the question that we could be cer- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 55 tain there would be no serious infestation in this block, although Trypeta flies were moderately abundant on nearby sweet bough and McIntosh trees. Repeated examinations of the sprayed trees resulted in finding nothing very pronounced in the way of material benefit though some dead insects, including one Sarcophagid, were found upon the sprayed Cox orange trees, and Mr Powell stated that he or his foreman at various times had seen a few dead Trypetas. The number of these latter, however, was presumably far too small to be of any great importance. That there had been a very few Trypeta flies in this block of Cox orange trees sprayed as indicated above, was revealed by an examination made September 14th. The sprayed trees bore possibly two or three apples, each showing a few signs of maggot work, while the fruit on the tree check or unsprayed trees was presumably somewhat more maggoty though it was impractical to obtain the exact percentages. The conditions, so. far as this one block is concerned, were much better than those obtaining the two preceding seasons, according to statements made by Mr Powell. This is probably to be explained in part at least by the small crop of last year affording so little food that com- paratively few insects were able to mature and issue in 1916, though there is a chance that a considerable number of the insects remain quiescent through the summer and may appear next season, a biennial habit which has been referred to above. Mr Powell was greatly encouraged by the results upon the nearby McIntosh trees which early in the season were infested by a number of flies. The fruit was quite free from maggots in mid-September, ' there certainly being no such infestation as upon the earlier varieties. Unfortunately here, where flies were somewhat abundant, there were no checks and accurate comparisons can not be made. The work of Prof. L. Caesar in the province of Ontario, and that of Mr C. A. Good, assistant provincial entomologist of Nova Scotia, seem to indicate considerable benefit from the application of sweetened poisons. Mr Good! gives some data which suggest substantial control resulting from this method of treatment. These figures, taken from the same varieties but in different orchards, are certainly promising though in view of the fact, as noted above, that the apple maggot is such a local insect and, moreover, may have a marked biennial habit, we can not help thinking that if material benefits accrue from the use of this poison, they should be evident on nearby trees as well as apparent on trees in well-separated ‘nt. Sec. of N.S. Proc., p. 72, 1915. 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM orchards. The conservative scientist will at least insist on more data before recommending this treatment unreservedly. Conclusion. Summarizing, we have been unablé to demonstrate any very marked benefit from the use of a sweetened poison for the destruction of apple maggot flies, though more extended work may give very different results. Serious infestations by apple maggot — can be controlled, so far as known, in no better way than by collect- ing and destroying the infested fruit before the maggots have an opportunity to escape. This work should be done, according to careful investigations carried out by Prof. W. C. O’Kane,! every three days in the case of the late summer and early fall varieties and once a week for the later apples. This is somewhat laborious unless live stock, such as sheep or hogs, can be allowed to run under infested trees. It is quite possible that a few varieties of early apples adjacent to commercial orchards, might be used as traps for the attracting of the flies and then the pest effectively checked through the destruction of the fruit as indicated above. The difficulty is that in many places the specially attractive trees are allowed to serve as breeding places and centers for dispersal instead of being employed as a valuable means for controlling this pest. Good orchard practice, both cultivation and spraying, is undoubtedly helpful and as a supplementary measure, in the case of bad infestations, some benefit should be derived from the use of the sweetened poison. PEAR THRIPS Taentothrips pyrt Daniel The severe and local injuries by this pest have been very much the same as during the last two or three years. By far the greater damage has been in pear orchards in the immediate vicinity of Hudson and farther south, the extensive pear-growing section of Kinderhook and Muitzeskill being nearly, if not entirely, free from this destructive insect. In Germantown this pest is very local, being extremely severe in some orchards and hardly noticeable in others, though a portion of this is doubtless explainable by differ- ences in treatment. Similar restricted outbreaks also occurred in the vicinity of Poughkeepsie. This insect attacks by preference Seckle and Bartlett pear trees, though other varieties are occasionally badly damaged. Signs of infestation. The most evident signs of this insect’s presence are the sticky buds, the brown, blasted appearance of the 1N. H. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul..171, 1914. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 57 blossom buds and the unusual drop of bud scales followed later by small, crinkled, spoon-shaped leaves. In the earlier stages of the attack a slender, dark-brown, apparently wingless insect, only one- twentieth of an inch long, may be seen upon the opening fruit buds and especially in crevices between the stems of the partly expanded fruit clusters. Sometimes it is easy, by drawing the loosely closed hand over a limb, to dislodge two or three of the thrips, a con- venient method of detecting infestation prior to there being any material injury. Habits of the insect. The thrips winter in the soil, appearing upon the trees as the young leaves push from the bud or even some- what before, and feed by preference upon the more tender and essen- tial parts of the fruit buds. They may be found crawling between the loosened bud scales, the partly opened leaves, and working their way to the base of clusters of fruit buds. Thickly infested buds become sticky, showing clear drops of sap, and in very serious infes- tations the branches and trunk may be wet with the exudation. The microscopic eggs are deposited in minute slits in the leaf and blossom stems. The whitish, red-eyed young soon appear and feed, like the darker parents, on the tender leaves for about two weeks, drop to the ground and remain in the soil unchanged till fall. Food plants. This minute pest attacks a variety of our deciduous fruits, including the apple, apricot, cherry, fig, grape, peach, pear, plum, prune, quince and also English walnut; the principal damage, however, is to pear trees. An unusual damage, at least for the Hudson valley, was observed on the farm of Mr William Albright, at New Baltimore, in the form of severe injury to apple buds in a gully below a rather extensive pear orchard. ‘The location is such that it would seem as though the insects drifted with gentle breezes from the higher pear orchard down through the gully onto the apple trees. It was easy to find on the sunny side of the trees four or five thrips in a bud and ina few cases the numbers ran to ten or fifteen. The year preceding Mr Albright stated that ten to fifteen or even’ thirty thrips were found in individual buds. Remedial measures. The small size, sudden appearance and insid- ious method of work makes this insect a very difficult one to control, and while spraying with contact insecticides, if. timely, will quickly destroy the thrips, practically it is by no means easy to make the treatment at just the right time to secure satisfactory results. The application generally used is a tobacco extract, 40 per cent nicotine, at the rate of three-fourths of a pint to 100 gallons of water to which 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are added 4 to 6 pounds of soap, the latter being particularly valu- able because it increases the spreading properties of the insecticide, or the tobacco may be added to the standard lime-sulphur wash, in which event soap is an undesirable addition. ‘The most effective spraying is that given just before the -buds have opened, because this means the destruction of the pest prior to its causing any material damage. The next best opportunity is just as the blossom buds have pulled apart and thus reduced the shelters of this insect to a minimum. : —- 6. *}/_. ee ee —e ~—_ > = eS Oe ee $= ~- 2 pS, ~ 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM points not present on the anterior row; posterior extremity slightly infuscated and with a series of irregular, tuberculate processes, modifications of the spines noted on the preceding segments. The parent fly is a dark brown or blackish gnat or midge about one-tenth of an inch long and most easily recognized by the mod- erately short, black antennae and the long stem of the Sciara-like fork of the greatly reduced median wing vein. The venation is so peculiar as to admit of a ready identification of the species. Attack by this species is probably favored by a slight wound or scar or even a small cavity following the healing over of a place where a limb has been removed and the presence of more or less dead organic matter, the latter keeping the deeper portion of the wound moist and presumably offering favorable conditions for the deposition of eggs and the development of the small maggots which, as they increase in size, attack adjacent tissues and soon produce the characteristic bleeding. The frequent precipitation in the early part of last season was favorable for the development of this insect and appears to have been accompanied by an unusual amount of injury. The recurrence of this trouble from season to season in no way invalidates the above, since with the approach of cold weather these insects would naturally suspend operations and there ‘would be no breeding until the following spring. The discoloration of the bark and the sour odor may be easily explained by the precip- itates, due to evaporation and fermentation caused by various organisms which establish themselves in collections of moisture con- taining various elements of food. The most promising treatment for this type of injury is simply to remove the dead tissues, cut down to the healthy wood and pro- vide adequate drainage for the cavity, if one of any size exists. The wound should then be dressed with some protective material, such as grafting wax, tar or paint. Pigeon Tremex (Tremex columba Linn.). This species was reared in small numbers in midsummer, 1915, from a hickory log cut the previous February, and in the winter of 1916 fully devel- oped living adults were found. These latter suggest a two-year life cycle for this species, since conditions were such that the initial infestation might well have occurred in 1913. The probabilities were decidedly against the Tremex larvae alive in the log in the winter. of 1916 having developed from eggs deposited the preceding summer. The larvae of the pigeon Tremex are rather common in dead, particularly fungous-affected wood of various trees, and on account of this insect restricting itself to dead or dying tissues, it can not be considered of much economic importance. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 67 Norway maple aphid (Chaitophorus lyropicta! Kess- ler). This common plant louse on Norway maples is present almost every year and occasionally becomes excessively abundant, as was the case last summer with some Norway maples at Ogdensburg, the trees being so badly infested that the leaves were fairly smeared. and almost dripping with the honeydew. This plant louse occurs in clusters on the under side of the leaves, usually along the veins. The young are pale greenish yellow with red eyes, while the fully grown plant lice are greenish with conspicuous irregular brownish red markings. Usually natural enemies, such as ladybeetles, both young and adults, and Syrphus or flower fly larvae, reduce the num- bers of the insect so greatly by midsummer that there is very little injury thereafter. This aphid may be readily destroyed by thor- oughly spraying the under side of the leaves with a nicotine-sulphate preparation, 4o per cent nicotine, used at the rate of three-fourths of a pint to too gallons of water and adding thereto 6 to 8 pounds ‘of soap. One thorough treatment is usually sufficient to control the pest. ' Magnolia scale (Eulecanium magnoliarum Ckll), This large scale insect, previously unrepresented in the state collec- tions, was received the latter part of July through Dr G. G. Atwood of the Department of Agriculture, accompanied by the statement that it occurred on some magnolia trees at Dansville. This species is one of the largest of our native scale insects, approaching closely the size of the much better known tulip tree scale, Toumeyella liriodendri Gmel,, it being about one-third of an inch long, one-fourth of an inch wide and one-tenth of an inch high. The surface is a variable dark brown or blackish, more or less granular and with low, warty protuberances at intervals. A badly infested twig may have one side nearly covered with the insects, the scales being crowded together much as in the case of the tulip tree scale. Spraying as for the above-mentioned tulip scale would doubtless be very effective in checking this magnolia insect. FOREST TREE INSECTS Hickory bark beetle (Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa Say). Depredations by this well-known enemy of hickory trees have decreased markedly during the last two years, though an exami- nation in mid-July of a wooded knoll east of Troy showed general 1Determined by Dr J. J. Davis. This is the Chaitophorus aceris of our. earlier publications. 3 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and rather serious injury to hickory foliage by this insect. From 25 to so per cent of the leaves were dropping or nearly ready to fall as a consequence, though there were comparatively few signs of the beetles actually having entered the trees. Some of the hickories were in an unhealthy condition though not ans more so than the oaks and other trees. The forested area upon which the above observations were made was typical of many of the thin-soiled ridges of southern Rensselaer county, and it is very probable that the numerous dead branches on some of the trees at least were an outcome of the severe droughts of earlier years, since there were no signs of general injury by one or more borers. . Red-shouldered limb borer (Sinoxylon basilare Say). Large numbers of this borer were reared from limbs of dying hickory trees which, had succumbed to.attacks by the hickory bark beetle or other causes. The borer is rather uncommon in New York State though it has been recorded as breeding in the limbs and twigs of a considerable variety of trees, such as persimmon, mulberry, apple, peach and also grapevine. Doctor Hopkins states that it infests most deciduous trees. This borer appears to confine itself, so far as hickory is concerned, to the smaller, dead, apparently fungous-infected branches, rarely occurring in those with a diameter greater than 4 inches. It runs longitudinal galleries in the inner wood about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter and may nearly riddle the interior of the branch with a series of frequently contiguous, sawdust-filled galleries. The borings produced by this species are very fine, uniform and firmly packed in the galleries. The longitudinal workings evidently originate from a transverse gallery made by the adult, which is very apt to encircle the limb at an approximate depth of three-eighths of an inch below the surface. This gallery is enlarged here and there into a series of irregular chambers. Emergence is through circular galleries penetrating the wood at. right angles to the surface. The larvae of Sinoxylon resemble those of Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa Say superficially, the Sinoxylon larvae being almost invariably in deeper galleries than those made by the hickory bark beetle. There is also a more marked ventral flexing of. the posterior abdominal segments, while the thoracic legs are long, slender and with the.apical segment bearing a rather thick tuft of long, conspicuous setae, a marked difference from the rudimentary or absent thoracic legs of Eccoptogaster. eee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 69 Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr. The small, reddish beetles with their three yellow, nearly transverse lines on each wing-cover, were reared in some numbers from a large hickory log collected in mid- winter. The insects continued to emerge during the summer and one living specimen was found the following midwinter. The data indicate one generation annually for this species though there may be occasional specimens which would carry over to the second season. This borer has been reared from the dead wood of a considerable variety of trees. GARDEN INSECTS Box leaf midge (Monarthropalpus buxi Lab.). The receipt, through Thomas J. Wade, city forester, New Rochelle, N. Y., in early May, of a twig of box showing a serious infestation by this insect, indicates a gradual spread of the midge and accompanying “injury. This is especially likely to occur in places where box is extensively used as an ornamental or hedge plant. The affected leaves contained numerous full-grown, yellowish maggots, a few transforming maggots and some recently transformed pupae, indi- cating that emergence would not be long delayed. The reception May 27th of infested box leaves containing pupae from Philadelphia, indicates that the flies are not likely to emerge along the Atlantic coast prior to the last of May or early in June. This matter is of some importance in connection with remedial measures. | The presence of this recently introduced enemy of box is indicated by more or less irregular, oval swellings on the leaves, each marking an eccentric, oval, clear space mined beneath by one or more pale, yellowish, white maggots about one-sixteenth of an inch long. There may be a very slight elevation of the leaf with an irregular, yellowish _or brownish discoloration, the margin of the enlargement being indicated by darker green. This condition is most easily observed in September and later after the maggots are more than half grown. An infested leaf may contain only one or two of the miners and be injured to only a comparatively slight extent or there may be six or more of the maggots and a nearly total destruction of the leaf. Attack by this midge weakens the plants and results in the badly infested leaves dropping in the spring, leaving unsightly, bare stems with new leaves developing at the tip. The known occurrence of this species at Newport, R. I., New Rochelle, Westchester county, Roslyn and probably other Long Island localities and Philadelphia, Pa., suggests that it is likely to appear in numbers in almost any place along the northern Atlantic coast, and 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM there would seem to be no reason why it might not appear here and there in other places in the country, especially in localities to which there have been recent shipments of box plants. It has been recetved recently from California. The insect winters in the leaves and hence would be readily conveyed from place to place. E The most promising method of checking this insect appears to be repeated treatments with a contact insecticide at about the time the midges are beginning to issue, and distributed through the period of flight. Kerosene emulsion or a whale oil soap solution, as reported, have been used with excellent results though it is quite probable that the nicotine-soap combination so generally employed for the control of plant lice and some other soft-bodied insects would be equally effective and perhaps safer. In case of limited infestations where the plants are highly prized it might be advisable to make daily applications so long as any of the yellowish flies are noted issuing from. the leaves or flying about the plants. Columbine borer (Papaipema purpurifascia Gr & Rb.). This insect belongs to a group commonly known as stalk borers and, like its associates, occasionally attracts attention by its work in piants. The female, according to Mr Henry Bird, our American authority upon stalk borers, lives but a few days and deposits her eggs on the lower stems of the food plant in late August or early September, where they remain securely attached until. the period of hatching, which, in the latitude of Rye, is between May 15th and zoth. The young borer usually ascends the flower stems and enters well up where the tissues are tender, working down by slow degrees and in about ten days enters the root. Some two months are required to complete its growth. The infestation of the stem is indicated by a general wilting and also the fine frass or borings which are thrown out through the small entrance hole near the top of the stem. After the borer enters the root another hole is made near the surface of the ground for the discharge of borings and the infested plants are usually marked by a circular mound of such rejecta, reminding one somewhat of grains of earth surrounding an ant burrow. The full-grown caterpillar inhabits the root. It measures from one and one-third to one and one-half inches in length, is naked, flesh- colored, with no stripes or mottlings. The head and thoracic shield are testaceous, shining, the latter margined with black on the side. The anal shield, spiracles and minute setigerous tubercles are black. The above life history details, based on notes kindly placed at our disposal by Mr Bird, show that it is comparatively easy to check REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 71 this pest by burning over infested beds any time after the foliage dies and before the appearance of a new growth in the spring. Mr Bird cites several instances in which this method has given excellent results. An incipient infestation, if one recognizes the connection between wilting stems and later root injury, can be materially checked by cutting out the flower stalks containing the young borers and burning them. It is even possible to destroy larvae in the roots by injecting arsenate of lead into the burrow with a small syringe or oiling can. Silver-spotted skipper (Epargyreus tityrus Fabr.). The peculiar caterpillar of this butterfly is a well-known feeder on locust and wisteria and has been recorded from such a variety of legu- minous plants that in the opinion of the late Doctor Scudder, the insect would probably feed on any of the Papilionaceous Leguminosae. The full-grown caterpillar is about one and one- half inches long, greenish or greenish yellow, with a dark-brown head bearing a pair of bright red, eyelike spots. The slender neck and somewhat sluglike shape of the body, in connection with the above characteristics, is sufficient for the identification of this caterpillar. Ordinarily it feeds within a partly folded leaf and therefore largely escapes observation. There is but one brood in the North and two or three in the South. This insect was the cause of an unusual complaint the past sum- mer on account of its feeding on wisteria and then making itself a nuisance by invading a sleeping porch partly sheltered by the vine and even soiling the bedding. The conditions were such that con- trol by the applications of poisons could not be advised and, as a consequence, hand picking or the exclusion of the caterpillars by means of a fine screen were the only practical methods of eliminating the nuisance. Spindle worm (Achatodes zeae Harr.). Elder shoots infested by this caterpillar were received from Geneva, N. Y., in mid-June. This insect is a close relative to the more common and better known stalk borer, and the larva, like that of some of its allies, occurs in the stems of a variety of plants. It has been recorded from corn and dahlia, in addition to elder, and occasionally becomes somewhat abundant though it is rarely brought to the notice of the economic entomologist. The full-grown caterpillar is yellowish white, about an inch long, with a black head, thoracic and anal shields and a series of moderately conspicuous, black tubercles or spots on the body. Its work in elder twigs is marked by a wilting a -- 3 =~ > - =: 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the shoots, the tip hanging because the interior is gnawed away until only the thin bark remains. There is a similar record of this insect injuring corn in New England, though nothing of the kind appears to have been brought to notice in recent years. This borer completes its growth about the middle of June and conse- quently damage to corn, if it is inflicted, must occur while the plants are still small. The moths appear the latter part of June and have been taken in New York as late as mid-August. It is very probable, as in the case of some of the allied stalk borers belonging to the genus Papaipema, that the insect winters in the egg stage, the young caterpillars commencing operations shortly after growth starts in the spring. If this surmise as to its life history is correct, it is obvious that injury in corn fields must either be limited to the margins near wild growth or to fields which have been indifferently cultivated and infested with thick-stemmed plants which would prove attrac- tive to the moth when ovipositing. Gooseberry fruit worm (Zophodia erossulariae Packs This insect is so rare that it is seldom brought to the attention of the economic entomologist, especially in the eastern United States, and the opportunity is therefore taken of placing on record a few observations made upon infested plants near the southeastern border of the State. The larvae were rather abundant in a small gooseberry and currant patch at Stamford, Conn., June 29th. The pale green, indistinctly striped, brown-headed caterpillars, about . three-fourths of an inch long when full grown, enter the goose- berries and devour the interior, causing the infested fruit to color prematurely and turn brown. There is usually more or less fungus accompanied by a slight webbed protection above the entrance to the fruit. It was not uncommon to find two or three injured goose- berries in close proximity, having been entered presumably one after the other by the caterpillar. In the case of the smaller currants several of the berries are drawn together in a webby mass, the cater- pillar eating out the contents of a number. The infestation was such that so to 7s per cent of the gooseberry crop and an appre- ciable portion of the currants in a small planting were destroyed. The winter is passed in the pupal stage, the moths appar shortly after the fruit has set. Ordinarily this insect can not be considered a serious . pest and feed picking or allowing poultry, when practical, to run among currant and gooseberry bushes, are the most promising methods of checking the insect. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 73 Spraying with a poison, such as arsenate of lead, just as the webs are beginning to form has given excellent results, according to Professor Parrott. Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae Linn.). A parsnip infested with the larvae of this insect was received from Hempstead, N. Y., the last of July. This pest was first brought to our notice December 30, 1901, and a detailed account of the insect will be found in Museum Bulletin 64, pages 99-103. Apparently this species has not become excessively abundant, since it has been brought to attention only occasionally, though it has been reported during the last few years as being abundant and injurious in the vicinity of Rochester. A rotation of crops planned so as to plant those susceptible to attack by this insect on ground remote from that which may have become infested in earlier years, is one of the best protective measures. This should be supplemented by late sowing whenever that is prac- tical and, if necessary, the use of a repellent, such as a carbolic soap wash during June at the time the flies are abroad and deposit their eggs. European mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linn.). fo) Fig.9 Baldratia salicorniae, dorsal view of the last segment of the pupa, enlarged (original) Female. Length 2.5 mm. Ovipositor stout, about one-fourth the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes broadly ovate and thickly setose. Other characters nearly as in the opposite sex. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 107 Pupa. Length 3 mm, rather slender; antennal cases _ short, stout, cephalic horns short, inconspicuous. Wing pads extending to the second abdominal segment, the legs to the fourth; terminal segment narrowly rounded and with a pair of stout, irregular, diverging, conic processes apically. LASIOPTERA Meig. 1818 Meigen, J. W. Syst. Beschr., 1:88 1834 Macquart, J. M. Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt., 1:162 1840 Westwood, J.O. Introduc. Class. Ins., 2, sup., p. 126 (Diomy za) 1853 Winnertz, J. Mon. Gallmtcken, p. 191 1860 Rondani, Camillo. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano Atti, 2:6 1862 Osten Sacken, C.R. Dipt. N. Am. Mon., 1:175 1864 Schiner, J. R: Fauna Austriaca Dipt., 2:406 1876 Bergenstamm, Jj. E. & Low, Paul. Syn. Cecidomyidarum, p. 24 1877. Karsch, F. A. F. Revis. der Gallmucken, p. 14 1888 Inchbald, Peter. Entomologist, 21:195 1888 Skuse, F. A.A. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales Proc., 3:127 1892 Rubsaamen, E.H. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr, 37:344-46 1892 Theobald, F. V. Acct. Brit. Flies, p. 50, 88 1897 Kieffer, J. J. Syn. Cecid. de Eur. & Alg., p. 2 1900 ——————_ Soc. Ent. Fr. Ann., 69:437 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 323 I9gir —————— _ N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 30 The members of this genus present a wide range in the number of antennal segments, those of the female varying from 16 in the Pee a tlayvescens to 33 in L. querciftlorae. The Australian L. nodosae Skuse is recorded as having 34 antennal segments in the female. The segments of the male antennae vary from 16 in L.lycopi to 21 or 22 in the male of L. desmodii. some species have the same number of antennal segments in both sexes, while in the majority the female possesses two to four or five more than the male. There seems to be no law governing this variation. Certain of the females possess a group of heavy, stout, recurved, chitinous hooks on the dorsum of the lobes of the ovipositor. This peculiar structure is present in several rather widely separated forms. Type Cecidomyia albipennis Meign. The species belonging to this genus breed for the most part in more or less irregular subcortical galls on the stems of both herbaceous and woody plants. An interesting form, L. caulicola, has been reared from apparently normal Diervilla stems. All species of this genus appear to winter in their galls. Those which live in herbaceous stems emerge, as a rule, in early spring, while the forms subsisting >?) upon woody stems are more likely to fly during June. A few species 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM appear to breed in leaf galls; for instance, L. corni in an ocellate, highly colored, blisterlike gall on the leaves of Cornus alterni- folia; L. vitis inhabits the common tumid leaf or tendril gall on grape, while L. impatientifolia produces a some- what similar gall on the under side of the leaf of the snapdragon (Impatiens fulva). Blackberry leaves frequently have near the base a hard, corky, warty gall caused by L.farinosa. Lasi- optera excavata has a more singular habit, since the larvae occur in a true leaf mine in the foliage of Crataegus. The galls may be monothalamous or polythalamous, some of the latter being inhabited by a considerable. number of larvae, as in the case of Leecylindrigaliacandil tem nt coe One fossil species, Lasioptera recessa Scudd.’ has been described from the White river near the Colorado, Utah boundary. The specimen was in such poor condition that this reference can be regarded as tentative only. Scudder’s description in connection with his figure of the antennal segments suggests that this species may be referable to Trotteria. Key to species a Abdomen dark brown b Abdomen unicolorous c Mesonotum and abdomen fuscous d Tarsi dark brown or black, antennal segments, female 18...... ventralis say dd Tarsi a light yellowish basally, antennal segments, female I9.. pottulacae Felt, © a 2m cc Mesonotum and abdomen black, female with 18 antennal segments; btedultiomn erases ste. ce ee ee Gy at bonitens CkIl. ccc Mesonotum and abdomen dark brown sy d Tarsi fuscous yellowish. Male with 16 antennal se gments; feared itommOsybapnis. ere) ne allioniae Felt, C2026 dd ‘Tarsi dark brown, male with 16, female with I9 antennal seg- ments; reared from Pentstemon...tibialis Felt, C. 2505 bb Abdomen rather thickly clothed dorsally with silvery white scales c Antennae and mesonotum dark brown; male with 16-17 antennal SCMMICTIUS Pre tere ne te ea eee Lee eae een cinerea Belt, (C2 74 cc Antennae light brown d Mesonotum thickly yellow scaled; antennae, female, 22 seg- ments; reared ‘from Solidago....: ... . hc. 450... eee argent is qira mac Pelme. rece 2 11877 Scudder, S. H. U.S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. Bul. 3, p. 745-46; 1890 Tert. Ins. N. Am., U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr. Rep’t, 13:600, pl. 5, fig. 29-31. 2 Location provisional. onan md le eens ata REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 10g dd Mesonotum shining dark brown, antennal segments, male, 20; fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; reared from oval, tendril or petiole gall on grape.................. riparia Felt, C. ar784a bbb Abdominal segments variably margined anteriorly and laterally with yellowish white scales; antennae, female, 22 segments; reared from tumid leaf or tendril gall on grape...vitis O. S., C. a1165, a1146 bbbb Abdomen with the basal segment thickly clothed with silvery white or yellowish scales c¢ Second abdominal segment fuscous yellowish; antennae, female, 15 segments; ovipositor with hooks....basiflava Felt, C. 719 ce Second and following abdominal segments yellow d Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third e Female antennae with 18-19 segments; ovipositor with hooks; reared from blister gall on Cornus.............. corni Felt, C. 764, al1I51, a1288 dd Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half é Female with 23 antennal segments; no hooks present; reared from Rudbeckia..rudbeckiae Felt, C. a1697b ee Male with ?16 antennal segments; female with 16 or 17 antennal segments; ovipositor as long as the body. Reared from heads and leaf sheaths of Muhlenbergia...... coloratt n.sp., a2716 ddd Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third é Female with 21 antennal segments; ovipositor with hooks; reared from apical, clavate twig gall on Cornus.......... élavula’ Beutm: C.°a327 ccc Second and following abdominal segments without conspicuous white markings Ny ie d Fourth and fifth abdominal segments darker than others; meso- notum dark brown; male with I9 antennal segments; reared HCE MULE UIGT SAGE All. ea hes. ventas «occa soc tim alder oun Banal impatientifolia Felt, C. a1166 dd Abdominal segments 2 to 6 unicolorous or nearly so; mesonotum reddish brown; male 18; female 20-23 segments; reared from Nretaciiet MOWEr cing TEAL Gamer, Jol). vst ec alec doula coive cou ¢ vernoniae Beutm., C. 1058, 1059, a2014,- 2897 cece Second and following abdominal segments with submedian silvery spots d Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third é Mesonotum reddish brown; female with 28 antennal seg- inenes; teahed from a. Cormcal Oak. Gall. so... eon we eee querciperda Felt, C. 1054 ee Mesonotum dark brown, male 18-21 segments; reared from Petnonia woawer ano leat aalis ooo... eo. eae ewe oe oats vernoniae Beutm., C. 1050, 1059, a2014 eee Mesonotum dark brown f Scutellum pale orange; female with 18 antennal seg- PERS Pes cs Kea s consobrina Felt, C. 183a ff Scutellum purplish brown; female with 22 antennal SGneIeMESi. Eon ees nassauensis Felt, C. 432 110 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fff Scutellum yellowish; female with 16 antennal segments, fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; reared from Danthonid .... 5... «:,..c. oon danthoniae Felt, (©) aroa5 ffff Scutellum fuscous, female with ?16 antennal segments, fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; teared fromyOmybaphlitis.. 2). 554 se a allioniae Felt, C. a2026 Sffff Scutellum reddish brown, female with 19 and male with 16 antennal segments; reared from Pentstemon.... tibialis Felt, C..a2505 eeee Mesonotum fuscous yellowish f Scutellum yellowish; antennal segments, male, 16, fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; reared from Danthonia..2....4.......2. eee eee danthoniae Felt, C. arg25 dd Third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal half e Legs and mesonotum dark brown; dorsal plate narrowly ; incised; male with 16 antennal segments; reared from DIEMECIO 1 Shoe ee ote arizonensis Felt, ©. s0eseoq ee Legs mostly yellowish; mesonotum dark red; dorsal plate triangularly incised; male with 17 antennal segments..... flavipes fel ©C.6r eze Legs light yellowish or yellowish brown; mesonotum reddish brown, antennal segments, female, 33; reared from Quercus DLOSSOMNS seit atet weer oe querciflorae fet, Caan eece Legs white-banded, the fourth and fifth tarsal segments of the posterior legs white; mesonotum reddish brown; antennal segments, female, 16 or 17. Reared from heads and. leaf sheaths. of, Muhlenbersia......2 22222 eee colorati- ma sae a2716 ccccc Second and following abdominal segments margined posteriorly with silvery white! d Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third; femora and tibiae unicolorous; antennal segments, male and female, 21-22; reared from fusiform stem gall on tick trefoil..... .desmodii Felt C. 88, al0gI, a1376, al2QI, al184 dd Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half e Tarsi-distinctly annulate with whitish f Scutellum fuscous yellowish; antennal segments, female 23; reared from Diervilla stems: .: > 2. eee caulicola, Felt, C. ar469a ee Tarsi narrowly or indistinctly annulate with yellowish f Scutellum reddish brown g Antennal segments, male, 19, female, 23; second-— fourth abdominal segments white margined, fourth palpal segment of female twice the length of the third; reared from warty leaf gall on lack beriy satay eee ean farinosa Beutm. C..a1343, ala2nel us 1L. ephedrae Ckll. and L. tertia Ckll. probably belong in this group. ee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 Itl gg Antennal segments, female, 25; second—sixth abdom- inal segments white margined, fourth palpal segment of female one-third longer than the third; reared from oval, tendril or petiole gall on grape. riparia Felt., C. a1784a ff Scutellum fuscous yellowish; antennal segments, male, 19; female, 22; palpi three-segmented; reared from unknown stem gall.....spinulae Felt, C. 1056 eee Tarsi nearly unicolorous f Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, male 20; female, 25; reared from irregular subcortical gall on ISELER DGREURE coke Soe ee Ck vty de nodulosa Beutm. C. al42I1, alq4II, 803 ff Scutellum reddish brown; antennal segments, male 20; female, 25; reared from fusiform stem gall on aquatic WEEE cig us cane’ palustris Felt, C. a1443, a1447 fff Scutellum fuscous yellowish; antennal segments, male 20; female, 23; reared from irregular subcortical stem gall on Lindera...... linderae Beutm., C. a1417 ffff Scutellum pale yellowish; antennal segments, male 16; female, 21; reared from fusiform stem gall on Lycopus mitchellae Felt, C. a1369 ‘ST Scutellum yellowish brown; male with 15 or 16 segments, female with 16-20, the ovipostor with hooks. Reared from huckleberry....... fructtaria Felt, a2641 bbbb Basal segment (sometimes margined with white) and other abdominal segments with submedian whitish spots ! c Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third d Tarsi annulate e Tarsal segments 2 to 4 annulate basally; antennal segments, male 17; female, 20; reared from fusiform stem gall on eavasyvidlus.ss sacs eves convolvuli Felt, C. a1465 ee Tarsal segments 2 to 4 annulate at both extremities; antennal segments, male 16; female, 18; reared from fusiform stem Saline LAYCOpUs. 2 600... lycopi Felt, C. a1348, a1339 cc Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half d Tarsi nearly unicolorous e Mesonotum’ dark brown, the submedian lines with long, golden hairs; antennal segments, male 21; female, 25; reared from enlarged stem gall on hop................. humulicaulis Felt, C. a1446 ee Mesonotum thickly clothed with bronzy scales; antennal segments, male 17; female, 19; reated from irregular stem gall on wild lettuce..... lactucae Felt, C. 1102, ro61 eee Mesonotum shining black; antennal segments, male 16, female, 20; reared from stems and crown of Echinochloa 2 aa ae echinochloa Felt, a2719 dd Tarsi annulate 1Lasioptera willistoni Ckll. probably belongs in this group, [i2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM e Mesonotum black f Distal palpal segment one-half longer than the pre- ceding; antennal segments, female, 21.........)..... hecate Helt. @ia29 jf Distal palpal segment one-fourth longer than the pre- ceding; antertnal segments, female, 20, male, 14; reared from Verbena rostrata..... verbenae Felt, a2313 fff Distal palpal segment a little longer than the preceding; antennal segments, female, 18; reared from stem gall on Wiplacusiseee acc aiee diplaci Felt, az2ra4 ee Mesonotum dark brown : f Distal palpal segment twice the length of the preceding g Antennal segments of female, ?18; oviposition on Panicum iiss. rege panici Melt, @y 402 gg Antennal segments of male 16, female, 18; reared from stem gall on Galeopsis tetralit= eee galeopsidis Felt, C. a1965 ff Distal palpal segment one-fourth longer than the preceding g Abdomen purplish dark brown; antennal segments of male 18, female, 23; reared from a fusiform stem gall on Helianthus.) 2.21.20 weldi Felt, C. a1816 gg Abdomen black; antennal segments, female 18-19; | reared from subglobose stem gall on Hypericum VAIN Litine eee virginica Melt) @argr, ggg Abdomen black; antennal segments, male 16; female, 23; reared from irregular stem gall on Galeopsis tetrahit,..... 4.) s,/32 eee eee ; galeopsidis Felt, C. aro65 eee Mesonotum shining reddish brown; distal palpal segment only a little longer than the preceding; antennal segments, female 22-23: reared from Lupine. ..).. 3. eee lupini Felt, C. 1068 ccc Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third d Mesonotum black; antennal segments, female, 22; palpi three- ' segmented; reared from subcortical twig gall on Ephedra..... ephedaticolasedr dd Mesonotum dark brown ee Mesonotum distinctly bordered laterally and anteriorly with light scales . f Third vein uniting with costa a little before the distal third; ventral plate long, broadly rounded apically; antennal segments, male 15-17; female, 21-22; reared frem long stem’ gallon Solidago... 2 ae eee eylindrigallae Felt, ©) airso,,ares ff Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third ee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I1l3 g Ventral plate long, tapering, narrowly rounded apically; antennal segments, male, 17; female, 19-22; reared from stout, asymmetric stem gall Sh noes 03 Eh) 0 ane a ee solidaginis O. S. C. 846, aI360, aI470, a1060 gg Ventral plate long, slender, broadly rounded apically; antennal segments, male, 16; female, 17; reared from stem gall on Zizia.......:........ ziziae-Felt, C, ar817 bhbbb Basal and other abdominal segments white-margined posteriorly c Basal and apical white bands on fifth abdominal segment; antennal segments, male, 20; reared from subcortical twig gall on Ephedra ephedrie@o aC. cc Apical band only on the fifth abdominal segment d Tarsi unicolorous e Antennal segments, female, 18, the fifth with a length equal to its diameter, the ovipositor with a length one-half that Oh ther anMOmen wai. eae 2's hamata Felt, C. 289 ee Antennal segments, female 18, the fifth with a length three- fourths its diameter, the ovipositor as long as the abdo- men; reared from between leaves of Tripsacum......... tfripsaci Felt, C. .az0%g eee Antennal segments, female 23-24; male 19; reared from Stevahsii/i\V cay 0) [2nd a oenenar ane Sak ae eae cassiae Felt, C. go1 dd Tarsi annulate with yellowish e Antennal segments, female 23; reared from tumid leaf gall on Impatiens..... impatientilolia Pelt, Cyarr66 ccc Apical bands on several abdominal segments d Antennal segments, male 16; female 20; ovipositor one-half the length of the abdomen, reared from blackened leaf sheaths of Ra maGiin VIbeabUlt cs 2 Nes Go. inustorum Felt, a2715 bbbbbb Abdomen with no conspicuous white markings c Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third; tarsi annulate d Scutellum reddish brown; antennal segments, female 23........ neofusca Felt, C. 82 dd Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, female 21........... puvenalis Melt; C: 70s ce Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half d Scutellum dark reddish brown; antennal segments, female 25; palpi quadriarticulate; reared from curled ash leaves......... fraxinifolia Felt, C. ar546a dd Scutellum shining dark brown; antennal segments, female 18; palpi triarticulate; reared from blister gall on aster.......... clarkei Felt, C. a1gor ccc Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third d Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, female 21-22; palpi quadriarticulate; ovipostor with chitinous hooks............. abhamata Felt, C. 130 dd Scutellum dark brown; antennal segments, male 15; palpi triar- ticulate; reared from blister gall on aster.................. clarkei Felt, C. argor IIl4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM aa Abdomen reddish, yellowish brown or pale orange b Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third ‘¢ Abdomen nearly unicolorous; antennal segments, female 18.......... quercina Felt, "C06 bb Third vein uniting with costa near the basal half c Abdomen yellowish brown; antennal segments, male 18....... Ae, viburni Pelt Ciiiss cc Abdomen yellowish orange; antennal segments, male 14, the fifth with a length one-half greater than its diameter; reared from blis- tenga ikon Spiraea ioe eee spiraeafolia Felts@. anseo ccc Abdomen pale yellowish, second to sixth segments basally dark brown, antennal segments, female 26; reared from blister mine in crabacsus wear . tin. Mie temo We excavata Felt, ar576 bbb Third vein uniting with costa at the distal third c Abdomen yellowish brown; antennal segments, male 17; reared from wild sunflower seeds....... murtfeldtianam sp. 1 sae Lasioptera portulacae Felt 191i Felt, E.P. Psyche, 18:84-85 This midge was reared from a stem gall on purslane, Portulaca oleraceae Linn. by William H. Patterson, formerly of the Agricul- tural School, St Vincent, W. I. Lasioptera ventralis Say 1824 Say, Thomas. Long’s 2d Expedition, 2:357 1883 =—————— Complete Writings, 1:242 There is no certainty as to the generic position of this species. We have provisionally referred it to the genus Lasioptera. It was captured in a garden at the University of Pennsylvania. Lasioptera allioniae Felt 1911 Felt, E. P. Econ. Et. Jour., 4:482 This dark, white-spotted species with the third vein uniting with costa at the basal third, was reared in June 1908 by Mr E. Bethel from an irregular, subfusiform stem gall on Oxybaphus (Allionia) taken at Boulder, Col., and kindly placed at our disposal by Prof. AD ae © Oekene!) Gall. Length 1.5 to 2 cm, irregularly swollen and apparently always near a joint. The interior is spongy and presumably irregularly mined by the larvae. See above citation for description of the two sexes. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 IIS Lasioptera tibialis Felt 1914 Felt, E. P. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 2:119-20 The midges related to L. allioniae Felt were reared from a stem or branch gall on Pentstemon antirrhinoides col- lected by Mr E. P. VanDuzee near La Jolla, Cal. Lasioptera carbonitens Ckll. 1902 Cockerell, T.D. A. Can. Ent. 34:183 The midge provisionally placed here produces an aborted shoot, somewhat like a long onion bulb, on an unknown grass collected at Las Vegas, N. M. The gall is characterized as being similar to that of Brachypodium sylvaticum figured by Rub- saamen in Ent. Nach., 21:16. See also under Asteromyia merostis O. S. Lasioptera cinerea Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p: 104. Separate, p. 8 fone N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 The midge was captured at Albany, N. Y., May 21, 1906, on black alder, Ilex verticellata. Male. Lengthi.;mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 or 17 segments, the fifth with a length greater than the diameter; terminal segment subconical, slightly prolonged, obtuse. Palpi; the first segment short, swollen distally, the second subrectangular, one-half longer than the first, the third a little longer than the second, more slender, the fourth, one-fourth longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum and scutellum dark brown, the latter silvery white apically; postscutellum very dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, rather thickly clothed dorsally with silvery white scales. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 4) hyaline, anterior veins reddish brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the distal third. Halteres reddish yellow. Legs mostly dark brown, lighter ventrally; tarsi darker than femora and tibiae; claws stout, strongly curved. Genitalia (pl. 7, fig. 1); basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate narrow, tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes subtriangular. Type Cecid. 73. Lasioptera argentisquamae Felt 1908 © Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 oo ——_—— Ottawa Nat., 22:248 This conspicuously marked form was reared from a considerable lot of Solidago taken at West Nyack, N. Y. and bearing the character-_ istic adhesive type of gall produced by Asphondylia mon- achaO.S.andCamptoneuromyia adhesa Felt. 116 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Female. Length2mm. Antennae light brown, the basal segments yellowish; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half the diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, acute. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subrectangular, the second a little longer, stouter, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face with patches of whitish scales above and below the antennae. Mesonotum thickly and. evenly clothed with silvery yellowish scales. Scutellum pale yellowish. Abdomen thickly and evenly clothed with grayish silvery scales, the seventh segment fuscous, the ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the distal third. Pleurae and coxae silvery white; femora pale yellowish, fuscous apically, tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws rather slender, long, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the abdomen, the distal portion slender. Type Cecid. a1568x. ; | Lasioptera riparia Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour.; 2:287 This form was reared April 27, 1908 from an oval or fusiform, petiole or tendril gall on Vitis bicolor taken at Westfield, N. Y., October 16, 1907. The male may be distinguished from similarly marked individuals by the four basal segments being mostly yellowish and sparsely clothed with silvery scales, the fifth and sixth segments being dark brown and the seventh fuscous yellowish. The female has the basal segment white and the other segments narrowly margined with whitish markings, the latter produced laterally. The tarsi have the two basal segments mostly yellowish, the distal segments fuscous. This species evidently winters in the gall and presumably produces but one generation annually. Polygnotus sp. was reared from this gall. Gall. This gall is monothalamous, narrowly oval, 1.5 cm long by .8 cm in diameter. It may occur on either the leaf or the petiole, almost invariably near the middle, and is a variable brown in color. Larva. Length 2 mm, rather slender, deep orange. Head small, the antennae rather long, uniarticulate; breastbone slender, minutely tridentate, slightly expanded distally. Skin minutely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded, ornamented with a few stout setae, anus slitlike. Probably the larva of this species. Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal segments yellowish, 20 segmerits; the fifth with.a length a little greater than its diameter, the last segment somewhat produced, narrowly rounded apically. Palpi; first segment presumably short, the second apparently narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, and the fourth longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum reddish brown, the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 ch hg postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen with the four basal segments mostly yellowish and sparsely clothed with silvery scales, the fifth and sixth segments dark brown, the seventh fuscous yellowish, all sparsely margined with fine setae. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with the yellowish discal spot near the basal half. Halteres pale orange. Coxae yellowish, femora and tibiae reddish brown, the extremity yellowish; tarsi with the first segment and the basal portion of the second yellowish, the remainder datk brown; claws stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment swollen basally, stout; dorsal plate deeply and narrowly incised, the lobes narrowly rounded, ventral plate long, tapering, broadly rounded. Harpes long, tapering, irregular; style long. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae colored as in the male, 25 segments; the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second roundly quadrate, the third one-half longer, slender, the fourth one-third longer and more slender. Mesonotum shining black, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown, rather thickly clothed with silvery scales. Abdomen dark brown, basal segment white, the others narrowly margined with white, the markings produced laterally and almost forming a white, lateral line; venter dark brown with a broad, median stripe of silvery white scales; ovipositor yellowish. Halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae, the extremity of femora and tibiae more or less yellowish, the middle portion of the latter two fuscous yellowish; tarsi with the two basal segments mostly yellowish, the distal segments fuscous. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly oval. Type Cecid. a1784a. Lasioptera vitis O. S. 1862 Osten Sacken, C.R. Mon. Dipt. N. Am., 1:201-2 1869 Walsh, B. D. & Riley, C. V. Am. Ent., 1:247 1870 Osten Sacken, C. R. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 3:59 (Callimome ebria O.S. reared) 1873 Riley, C. V. Ins. Mo. 5th Rep’t, p. 117-18 1879 Lintner, J. A. Cultv. & Count. Gent., 44:407 1883 Reed, E.B. Ent. Soc. Ont., Rep’t 13, p. 49 1883 Saunders, William. Ins. Inj. Fruits, p. 294 1888 Lintner, J. A. Cultv. & Count. Gent., 53:511 1888 Lintner, J. A. Inj. & Other Ins. N. Y., 4th Rep’t, p. 63-67 1892 Beutenmueller, Wm. Am. Mus. Nat. ee Bul. 4 272 1900 Smith, J.B. Lists Ins. N. J., p. 621 1904 Beutenmueller,Wm. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet 16, p. 32-33 1906 Felt, E. P. Inj. & Other Ins. N. Y., 21st Rep’t, p. 119 (larva of Dasyneura vitis Felt described) 1907 Smith, J.B. N.J. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Rep’t, p. 528 1908 Felt,E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 1908 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 87 1909 Felt, E.P. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1909 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 . 1910 Cook, M.T. Mich. Geol. & Biol. Surv. Pub. 1, Biol. ser. 1, p. 31-32 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 44 The gall produced by this species and its associate, Dasyneura vitis Felt, is rather common on grape leaves and tendrils in. various parts of New York State and probably in other portions of the country. It occurs on both cultivated and wild grape, being most abundant the latter part of July or in August. The relatively large, reddish galls attract considerable notice. A female was reared July 15, 1907, and, judging from observations, the species may appear from about that time till the latter part of August or even into September. The larvae desert the galls and transform in the earth, the later individuals presumably hibernating in their pupal chambers. Torymus? ebriaO.S. was reared from this gall. Gall. The gall is an irregular, frequently lobulated, succulent enlargement of the leaf stalk, portions of the leaf, particularly near the base, or even the tendrils. A serious infestation may result in an irregular, swollen mass two or three inches long, com- posed of a number of subglobular enlargements, each inhabited by a yellowish larva (pl. 3, fig. 1). Dasyneura vitis Felt apparently may be equally concerned in the production of this gall, as we have taken larvae of the last named form from what was supposed toube typical Lhasioptera- wv it 1s (Ono veallics This species is very subject to attack by insect parasites. Larva. Length 3 mm, pale orange; head rather broad; antennae short, stout; breastbone bidentate, broad anteriorly, tapering posteriorly; skin coarsely shagreened; terminal segment broadly rounded. This larva is hardly a typical Lasioptera larva. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, pale yellowish orange basally; 22 segments, the fifth with a length equal to its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, conic. Palpt; fuscous yellowish, the first segment subrectangular, with a length about one-half greater than its diameter, the second a little longer, rounded at the extremities, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third; face fuscous with a conspicuous patch of whitish scales. Mesonotum light brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with yellowish white scales, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with yellowish hairs. Scutellum pale yellowish, postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, with the segments broadly margined posteriorly and laterally with golden yellow; ovipositor pale yellowish; venter yellowish transparent. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half. Halteres yellowish transparent; legs pale yellowish, the tarsi mostly dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the body, the terminal lobes long, slender and with a patch of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I19Q heavy, recurved, chitinous processes near the distal third. Cecid. ali6s. Lasioptera basiflava Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 A female representing this species was captured on grape at Albany, N. Y., July 30, 1906. Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 15 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second with a length about two and one-half times its diameter, narrowly oval, the third one- half longer and more slender, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the third; eyes black, margined posteriorly with silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, the distinct submedian lines with yellowish white scales. Scutellum dark reddish, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown with the two basal segments fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, broadly oval, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin near the basal half. MHalteres pale yellowish; coxae and femora mostly pale yellowish, the distal portion of femora and tibiae reddish brown; tarsi dark brown, the distal segments almost black; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the body, the base with oval sublateral patches of stout, halberd-shaped scales; terminal lobes slender, narrowly rounded and basally a group of three or four stout, recurved, chitinous processes. Type Cecid. 719. Lasioptera corni Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 107; separate, p. 11 1908 ——————-_ N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 - 1908 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 86-87 1909 ——————__ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 79 1910. Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 46 1912 Cosens, A. Can. Inst. Trans., 9:323 The bright, ocellate galls possibly producing this species are exceedingly common in the vicinity of Albany, N. Y., on the leaves Sree Cornus paniculata. They have also been. observed in mid July at West Nyack, Ellenville and Catskill, and undoubtedly occur in most parts of New York State as well as in other localities where the food plant is abundant. The young galls are pale green, becoming ringed with bright red (for a colored illustration, see Museum Bul. 175, pl. 3, fig. 19) about the middle of July; adults were reared therefrom the latter part of August. Larva. Length 3 mm, pale orange, slender; head small, antennae ~ long, uniarticulate; breastbone bidentate, broad, chitinous apically, I20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM disappearing distally; skin coarsely shagreened; each of the abdominal segments at least, with a sparse row of long spines near the middle; terminal segment broadly rounded; a submedian pair of heavy, chitinous spurs, a pair of minor transparent processes and a sub- lateral pair of long, stout setae. This larva does not appear like that of a typical Lasioptera, it may be a Dasyneura. Female. Length .9 mm. Antennae brownish black; 18 or 19 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; - terminal segment obconical, the apex rather obtuse. Palpi; the first segment subquadrate, the second a little longer, the third | about as long as the second, both rather stout, the fourth one-half longer than the preceding, more slender. Mesonotum brownish yellow, yellowish posteriorly, submedian lines broad, narrowly separated, the median line shorter. Scutellum yellow, postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen dark brown with the first segment golden, the others yellow-banded apically, ovipositor yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, thickly clothed with scales basally, the third vein uniting with the margin at- the basal third. MHalteres yellow, large. Coxae. whitish transparent, femora pale, tibiae © pale brownish above toward the apex, tarsi brown; claws rather slender, strongly curved. Ovipositor as long as the body, the terminal lobes slender, rather broadly rounded; a small group of curved, blunt hooks at the distal third. Type Cecid. airs te Lasioptera rudbeckiae Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 The female representing this species was reared September 11, 1907 from specimens of Rudbeckia lacineata bearing galls of Asphondylia conspieua OO. S., and erecemedeamoma Highspire, Pa. A species of Torymus was also obtained. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal segments whitish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about three- fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second rather stout, with a length about three times its diameter, narrowly oval, the third one-third longer than the second, slender, the fourth about as long as the third. Face whitish. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined anteriorly and laterally with silvery hairs, the submedian lines gray haired. Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment silvery white dorsally, the third and fourth segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the markings obsolete laterally, venter silvery white; ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting at the rather long, whitish discal spot just before the basal half. Halteres and coxae pale yellowish; femora and tibiae dark brown, yellowish at the extremities, especially the distal third of tibiae; tarsi dark brown, the first REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I2I segment shaded with yellowish; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, rather slender, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. a1697b. Lasioptera clavula Beutm. 1891 Townsend, C.H.T. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc., 2:390-91 1892 Beutenmueller, William. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 4:269 1904. ————————- Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet 16, p. 29 1905 Cook, M.T. Dep't Geol. & Nat. Res. Ind., 29th Rep’t, p. 841 foo, Felt, EB. P. Ins. Affec. Pk. & Wdld. Trees, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, 2:736 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat.-Hist. Bul., 23:396 ipo7 6Jatvis, T..D, Ent. Soc. Ont., 37th Rep’t, p. 69 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 mor tervis, 1. D. Ent. Soc. Ont.,.39th"Rep’t, p. 79 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 45 This gall appears to be rather common in the vicinity of Albany southward to New York City. It has been recorded from Indiana by Mr Cook and listed from On- tario by Mr Jarvis. The bright orange larvae, according to Beuten- mueller, desert the galls in Sep- tember and October and enter the ground, though we have found a few larvae in galls in the spring. ‘This latter is presumably excep- tional. The galls vary in color as they age from green to a variable red. -A species of Polygnotus was also reared. _ Gall. The galls of this species are about 2.5 cm long and are invariably on the more tender twigs, usually near the extremity and more or less variable in form. Asatule they are somewhat pro- duced and fusiform, occasionally being subglobular, and sometimes two or three may occur on a twig so near together as to almost fuse one with the other. This deform- ity is found only on the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). Mieso:) Lassi op tera olka vwhe various types of galls, about natural size (original) The interior of the gall con- tains a long rather large central cavity. I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Larva. Length 3.mm, pale orange. Head small, antennae long, uniarticulate; breastbone long, slender, obtusely bidentate, the head slightly expanded; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded, a pair of submedian, chitinous hooks distally, the sublateral setae nearly obsolete. Not a typical Lasioptera, probably Dasyneura. Female. Head small, black, face whitish. Antennae short, black, with 21 segments; the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter. Thorax black with golden brown hairs and a white spot on each side anteriorly. Abdomen dark brown. The basal abdominal segment mostly whitish; the second to sixth segments narrowly margined posteriorly with whitish, the latter indistinct mesially and laterally. Venter yellowish brown covered with white scales. Wings long, slender, with along yellowish discal spot at the distal third; the third vein yellowish and joining the margin at the distal third. Legs dark brown above; yellowish brown beneath. Ovipositor with sublateral oval patches of halberd-shaped scales; and heavy chitinous hooks. Characters drafted from the type and the original description. | ~ Lasioptera impatientifolia Felt 1907. Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 105-6; separate, p. 9-10 1907 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 37th Rep't, p. 69 1905: Felt, FE. P.-N“Y. State Mus. Ball 24) pia24 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 43 1912 Cosens, A. Can. Inst. Trans., 9:323 The gall of this species appears to be rather common about Albany on Impatiens fulva, touch-me-not or snapdragon in August. The adult was obtained August 10. Eupelmus dryorhi- zoxeniAshm. was also reared from this gall. Gall. The gall of this species is an oval, tumid:fold along the midrib, about one-fourth of an inch long. It is green and shows upon the upper surface only as a brownish scar. The interior is filled with black carbonaceous matter. Larva. Length 2.5 mm. Head small, antennae slender, uniden- tate; breastbone long, slender, heavily chitinized, bidentate, with a minute third tooth basally; head slightly expanded; skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded, unarmed. Male. Length 1.6mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; Ig segments, the fifth with a diameter about equal to its length. Palpi; the first segment rather short, stout, slightly expanded dis- ttlly, second one-half longer than the first, stout, the third as long as tae second, slender basally, the fourth about twice the length of the hhird; face fuscous with a median white patch, eyes black, narrowly margined posteriorly with dull silvery scales, the head posteriorly dark brown. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly clothed with silvery and pale yellowish scales. In one specimen the mesonotum is eee eS REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 123 entirely covered by scales. Scutellum dark brown with pale yellowish apically, postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown with the first segment clothed dorsally with silvery white scales, the fourth and fifth segments thickly clothed with dark brown scales and the others more sparsely clothed with scales of the same color, the posterior margin of the segments a dull yellowish orange, seventh and eighth segments mostly yellowish orange, the former narrowly margined posteriorly with dark brown. Genitalia dark brown; pleura dark brown, venter sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein joining costa at the basal half; halteres pale yellowish. Coxae fuscous yellowish, femora and tibiae dark brown, pale yellowish apically, tarsi nearly uniform dark brown; claws rather heavy, strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, terminal clasp segment stout, swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply incised, the lobes broadly rounded; ventral plate broad, tapering to a broadly rounded apex. - Harpes slender, stout, approximate, indistinctly dentate; style broadly rounded. Female. Length 1.2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 23 segments, the fifth with a diameter one-half greater than the length. Palpi; the first segment short, rather broadly orbicular, second nearly twice the length of the first and broad, the third as long as the second, but more slender and the fourth one-half longer than the third. Face fuscous, eyes large, black and margined posteriorly with dull silvery scales, the head mostly dark brown posteriorly. Mesonotum a rich purplish brown, broadly margined laterally and anteriorly with dull silvery scales. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark purplish brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with dull silvery, that of the second and third apparently broadly interrupted along the median line, ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein unites with the yellowish orange discal spot at the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, silvery white apically. Legs mostly a rich brown, the femora and tibiae annulate with light yellow at the articulations. Coxae a deep orange; claws moderately heavy, strongly curved. Ovipositor short, terminal lobes small,’ broadly orbicular. Type Cecid. a1166. Lasioptera vernoniae Beutm. 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 23:389-90 1907 Cook, M.T. Acad. Sci. Proc., separate, p. 7-8 1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124:324 (L.vernoniflorae) 1913 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 45:415 This species has been reared from flower and leaf galls on ironweed, Vernonia noveboracensis taken in Virginia and at Washington, D. C. Adults reared from Virginia material by the United States Bureau of Entomology, appeared September 23, 1885 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and June 12, 1886. Both sexes were reared in this office in May toto from material collected by Miss E. G. Mitchell at Washington, D. C., September 3, 1909. It has also been recorded from North Carolina, Staten Island, New York City and Indiana. Gall. The floral deformity occasioned by this species has not been described. The gall on the petiole and midrib is about 6 mm long, oval, greatly distending the midrib and showing above and below. It is green, sometimes tinged with red, fleshy within and contains one larva. Larva. Length 2.5 mm, yellowish. Head small; antennae long, tapering; breastbone bidentate with a minute median tooth, becoming obsolete posteriorly. Skin coarsely shagreened, posterior extremity broadly rounded and with a few short, tapering spines. Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae light brown; 18-21 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, slightly expanded distally, the second subrectangular, with a length over twice its diameter, the third a little longer and more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender, mouth-parts slightly produced. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum and postscutellum reddish brown, basal abdominal segment white, the second to fourth seg- ments rather broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white markings, produced laterally, the fifth and sixth segments narrowly margined posteriorly; genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half. Halteres yellowish white. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly pale yellowish, tarsi mostly yellowish, the second and third segments brown apically, the fourth and fifth dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, terminal clasp segment with the basal third swollen; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded, ventral plate short, broad, narrowly rounded. MHarpes slender, tapering, tuberculate; style long, slender. Female. Lengthi.5;mm. Antennae light brown; 23-25 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal seg- ment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment . short, stout, subquadrate, the second twice the length of the first, rather slender, the third a little longer.and more slender than the sec- ond, the fourth longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum shining, reddish. Scutellum and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen presumably with the basal segment whitish, the others dark brown. MHalteres fuscous yellowish. Legs a variable fuscous yellowish, apparently badly rubbed, the distal tarsal segment some- what darker; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes, narrowlv oval. Type Cecid. 1058, 1059, a2or4. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I25 Lasioptera querciperda Felt Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:354 1908 I9IO — — —_— —_. —_— These midges were reared at the United States Bureau of Ento- mology June 14 to 25, 1883 from twigs of white oak (Quercus alba) taken in Virginia. A number of parasites were obtained from June 14th to July 3d, as well as Cynipid flies Gall. Large, hard, uneven galls, length 4-6 cm, diameter 2 cm, somewhat resembling a potato. The galls, according to unpublished Bureau notes by Mr Pergande, were abundant on small oaks, all the young twigs on some of the larger branches being deformed (U. S. Bur. Ent. Notes). Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; basal segments fuscous yellowish; 28 segments, the fifth with a length slightly greater than three- fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly pro- duced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subrectangular, the second with a length about twice its diameter, narrowly oval, the third a little longer and much more slender, the fourth longer and more slender than the third; eyes large, black. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum fus- cous yellowish, postscutellum a _ little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the dorsum of the first seg- ment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to fourth segments inclusive, with nar- rowly lunate, silvery white submedian markings; ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa Fig.11 Lasiop- dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and base of tibiae pale yellowish, the distal portion of tibiae and tarsi mostly reddish or dark brown; claws rather long, stout, -strongly curved, the puvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about three-fourths the length of the abdomen; at the base a sublateral, oval group of halberd-shaped tera querci- perda, gall showing sec- tions through several cells, enlarged (origi- nal) spines; terminal lobes tapering, with a group of three or four stout, recurved, chitinous processes. Type Cecid. 1054. Lasioptera consobrina [elt 1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. (original description) 1908 BLO} “Dp: N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 The female of this spec 104-5; separate, p. 8-9 ies was taken on maple-leaved arrow-wood (Viburnum acerifolium) at Albany, June to, 1906. 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than the diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, ovoid. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second’ nearly twice as long, a little stouter, subrectangular, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth longer, and more slender than the third, face yellowish brown with patches of whitish hairs, eyes large, black, margined posteriorly with silvery white hairs. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely margined anteriorly and laterally with silvery white scales, posteriorly with a conspicuous” patch of the same. Scutellum pale orange, apically with numerous whitish hairs, postscutellum dark orange. Abdomen dark brown, the first segment clothed with silvery white scales, the second, third and fourth segments, each with subquadrate submedian spots of yellowish white scales, fifth segment with a few whitish scales sublaterally, sixth with a few median ones along the posterior margin and a small lateral group of the same color. Wings hyaline, costa basally dark brown, the third vein uniting with the inconspicuous discal spot at the basal third. Halteres whitish transparent basally, yellowish apically. Legs a rather variable yellowish transparent with some dark brown dorsally, tarsi largely and irregularly tinged with carmine; claws stout, uniformly curved. Genitalia (pl. 7, fig. 2); basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment swollen at the basal fourth; dorsal plate broad, deeply incised, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate narrow, broadly rounded. Harpes sub- triangular; style short. Type Cecid. 183a. Lasioptera nassauensis Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 324 The female representing this form was taken on a window at Nassau Ne [uly i@oo: Female. Length 1mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment reduced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, swollen distally, the second a little longer, roundly rectangular, the third one-half longer than the second, more slender, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face thickly clothed with yellowish hairs. Mesonotum dark brown, margined anteriorly and. laterally with yellowish white. Scutellum purplish brown, postscutellum presumably dark brown. Abdomen dark purplish brown, the basal segment covered with silvery white scales, the others with indistinct silvery white submedian spots. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal third. Halteres yellowish orange basally, ‘pale yellowish apically. Coxae pale yellowish orange, the femora mostly pale yellowish, the anterior tibiae dark brown, the middle and posterior tibiae with a line of dark brown, mostly yellowish; tarsi a nearly uniform dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen; terminal lobes long, slender. Type Cecid. 432. a — REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q16 127 Lasioptera danthoniae Felt 1909 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 This species was reared by Mr C. R. Crosby of the Cornell Uni- versity Agricultural Experiment Station, from a bunch of Danthonia taken in the spring of 1908 on top of one of the high hills at White horch N.Y. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, the basal segments whitish; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three- fourths its diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second narrowly oval, the third one-half longer than the second, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, slender. Mesonotum fuscous yellowish. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment white, the second to fourth segments with conspicuous submedian, lunate, white spots, the sixth and seventh segments yellowish; venter dark _ brown, with irregular, whitish markings laterally. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal third. Halteres yellowish, coxae and femora mostly yellowish white, the tibiae yellowish fuscous, the tarsi dark brown, the posterior legs with the segments broadly banded basally with white; claws rather stout, the pulvilli about three-fourths the length of the claws. Genitalia; fuscous yellowish, basal clasp segment short, stout, distal clasp segment somewhat swollen at the base, short, stout, dorsal plate triangularly incised, the lobes narrowly rounded, ventral plate long, slender, narrowly rounded. Harpes_ subtriangular, style long. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae about as in the opposite sex, except that the terminal segment does not appear to be so greatly prolonged. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment white, the second to fourth segments with small, submedian, whitish spots; ovipositor yellowish, when extended about as long as the abdomen; terminal lobe rather short, broadly oval, nearly naked; minor lobe short. Legs about as in the male, except that the basal tooth of the claw is more distinct. Described from alcoholic specimens, the female being provisionally associated with the male. Type Cecid. a1g25. Lasioptera arizonensis Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325, I91r “—————_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:482-83 This species was reared in the United States Bureau of Entomology May 1, 1899 from stems of Senecio arizonensis taken at Oracle, Ariz., April 22d the same year. The larva is described by Pergande as reddish. There is no description of the gall. 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lasioptera flavipes Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 This species was taken on white oak at Albany, N. Y., July 17, 1906. Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal segments yellowish; 17 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment expanding distally and with a length over twice its diameter, the second longer than the first, roundly rectangular, the third presumably a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth longer and more slender than the third; face yellowish; head clothed posteriorly with silvery white scales. Mesonotum shining black, sparsely ornamented with golden scales. Scutellum dark red, postscutellum fuscous. Abdo- men deep red with the basal segment and small subquadrate sub- median spots on the second, third and fourth segments yellowish white, the sixth segment margined basally with reddish and posteri- orly with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa yellowish brown and dark fuscous, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin just before the basal half. Halteres whitish transparent. Legs mostly pale yellowish, the distal tarsal segments somewhat darker; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the basal tooth very long, slender, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment with the basal third swollen; dorsal pl late long, broad, deeply and triangularly incised, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate broad, narrowly rounded. MHarpes short, stout, tapering: Style short, Stomt.. saina@e Cecid. 612. Lasioptera querciflorae Felt 1908 | Felt; E)-P. IN: Yo state Mus Bull 124,79:-325 1910 ———— Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:351 This species was reared from galls on blossoms of oak received June 9, 1882 from Mr H..K. Morrison of Fort Grant, Ariz) 7A number of flies issued in transit and others continued to appear until June 15th. We are indebted to the courtesy of Doctor Howard and the National Museum for an opportunity of studyane this interesting form. Female. Length 1.5 mm. penteuinae dark brown; 332 segments the fifth with a length about three-quarters its diameter: terminal segment slightly produced, tapering to a broadly rounded apex. Palpi; the first and second segments, indistinct in the preparation, the third with a length four times its diameter, tapering at both extremities, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the third, eyes black. Mesonotum reddish brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen reddish brown, the basal segment and ovate submedian REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 129 spots on the second to fifth segments silvery white, the sixth nar- rowly margined with silvery white scales, the ovipositor pale yellow- ish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein joining the rather long, yellowish discal spot at the basal half. Halteres fuscous yellowish. Legs mostly a light yellowish or yellowish brown, the distal tarsal segments somewhat darker; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved and armed with heavy, strongly curved teeth basally; pulvilli distinctly shorter than the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, basally with oval patches of heavy, halberd-shaped scales; terminal lobes with a length about twice the width, densely clothed dorsally with a patch of unusually long, slender, recurved hooks. Type Cecid. goo. Lasioptera colorati n. sp. Numerous midges belonging to this species were reared by Mr C. N. Ainslie in the spring of 1914 from salmon-colored larvae found in the stems of Muhlenbergia collected at Elk Point, S. D. The larvae occur in tubular, silken cases in the concavities of the leaflets and at the base of the leaf sheath and occasionally in the stems, the very base of the leaf sheath showing brownish, dead tissues though no such carbonization as that produced by Lasioptera inus- torum Felt in the leaf sheath of Panicum virgatum. Mr Ainslie recorded under date of March 2, 1014, that usually a single larva occupies one subhead but sometimes two occur side by side within a leaf sheath. The larvae are never contiguous but are always wrapped in a thin membrane and as many as four or five occur in a single stem of Muhlenbergia. April 9, 1914 the larvae showed some activity, moving the head slowly and apparently spinning a fine silk on the glass of the vial. The next day a change in color was noted from a uniform salmon to a lighter shade mottled with cream color, evidently a change prior to pupation. The species is so abundant that a few heads of Muhlenbergia collected by Mr Ainslie March 23, 1915, contained a half dozen full-grown larvae, . the latter occurring under large leaf sheaths which appeared to occupy the place where subheads would have grown. There is a marked difference between this species and Asteromyia agrostisO.5., an inhabitant of the same food plant. The adults are easily separated from allied forms by the’ coloration of the abdomen and legs. Larva. Length 4 mm, stout, a rather deep reddish orange, the head rather long, broad, subtriangular, the antennae long, tapering, apparently uniarticulate; breastbone more or less rudimentary, lance-shaped; skin coarsely shagreened, the posterior extremity produced as a pair of submedian, fleshy, irregularly conical, some- what wrinkled processes. 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae extending to the base of the abdomen, sparsely haired, grayish brown, the two basal segments whitish; probably 16 or 17 segments, the fifth with a length one- fourth greater than its diameter. Palpi; the first segment irregu- larly quadrate, the second one-half longer, broader, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-fourth longer than the third, somewhat dilated. Mesonotum reddish brown, sparsely haired. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum yellow- ish brown. Abdomen mostly yellowish with a variable salmon tinge and very sparsely clothed with dark brown scales. Costa dark brown, ' the small stigmatal spot at the basal half; halteres whitish trans- parent. Coxae reddish orange; femora mostly whitish transparent, with sparse, fuscous scales apically; tibiae sparsely clothed with dark brown scales, the posterior thickly so apically, the anterior and midtarsi dark brown, the segments narrowly annulated basally with whitish, the posterior tarsi with the first segment white, the base of the second and third broadly annulate with white, the fourth and fifth white; claws unusually long, slender, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment moderately long, stout; terminal clasp segment long, greatly swollen basally; dorsal plate short, broad, triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes rather slender and nar- rowly rounded. | Female. Length 2mm. Antennae reddish brown, the two basal segments whitish; 16 or 17 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter, the terminal segment reduced. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown with submedian, triangular spots posteriorly on each segment and laterally a series of irregular similar spots. Halteres yellowish white. Ovipositor as long as the body, yellowish orange; terminal lobes slender, with a length six times the width and sparsely setose. Other characters asin the male. Type Cecid. a2716, Web- SUEE RE;O2 01 Lasioptera willistoni Ckll. 1898 Cockerell,T.D. A. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 2:327 This species, according to notes kindly placed at our disposal by Professor Cockerell, was taken on the college campus, Mesilla Park, New Mexico, December 19, 1899, at which time the immature larvae were extremely minute. The insect was reared by Professor Cockerell from an irregular twig swelling on Atriplex canescens. This species is tentatively assigned this position together with the two others described by Professor Cockerell in comparison with this form. Gall. Length 1.5 mm, diameter 5 mm, a somewhat irregular twig swelling, tapering at both extremities and with one exit hole. Described from a specimen kindly sent by Professor Cockerell. Larva. Length 6.5 mm, orange color, rather stout. Head small, triangular; antennae small, posterior extremity broadly rounded, breastbone dark, slender, minutely bidentate and in the mounted REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 13! specimen apparently with a peculiar plate filling most of the emargina- tion between the two teeth. ie “ ¢ Fig. 12 Lasiop- Fig.13 Lasioptera tera willis- willistoni, breast- toni, gall, nat- bone of larva, after ural size (original) Cockerell, enlarged (original from Cockerell) Mesilla, New Mexico: also common on the campus of the Agricultural college, Mesilla Park, N. M. The imago described emerged May 2, 1897; there appears to be a second brood, issuing in August. Great numbers of parasites, femtmined by Mr Ashmead as Polygnhotus atriplicis Ashm., have been raised from the galls (collected at Mesilla Park) by Miss Ivah Mead and the present writer. When I first bred this species I was unable to identify it with anything described, so I sent a drawing of it to Doctor Williston, who informed me that it was a new Lasioptera without doubt. (Cockerell) Lasioptera ephedrae CkIl. 1898 Cockerell,T.D.A. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 2:327-28 This insect produces a fusiform swelling on the twigsof Ephedra Pati? ca. Gall. Length 12 mm, diameter 5mm. This deformity is a fusi- caudal end cephalic end lewe oe in 0 Mery brght or, v } omeg area, Fig. 14 Lasioptera ephedra, larvaslightly enlarged, anterior and pos- terior extremities more enlarged, after Cockerell (original from Cockerell) 5 132) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM form swelling of the twigs with a depression on each side where the wall is thinner and through which the insect emerges. Mesilla Park, N. M., abundant; also at Paraje, N.- Mi, Pret: C. H. T. Townsend described the gall in Entomological News, September 1893, pages 242-43. (Cockerell) : Lasioptera tertia Ckdl. 1898 Cockerell, T.D.A. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 2:328 Gall. A potato-shaped smooth swelling on the twigs of some asteroid composite. The galls are of various shapes, sometimes subglobular, 11 x 9g mm, or elongated, 17 mm long, constricted in the middle; they are always quite broad and more or less irregular. Paraje, New Mexico; galls collected in April 1898. (Cockerell) Bich 15) ly asio p tema desmodii, two types of gall (original) Lasioptera desmodii Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mic Se iiseimner p, LOO—7.) Sepatare, p. 10-08 1908 ——————_ N. Y. State Mus> Balti, P- 325 | The midge appears to be rather common in Albany and vicinity, as its galls were taken a number of times and the adults reared. The long, whitish larvae winter within the gall, the adults appearing early the following spring. Gall. The gall is a slight enlargement on three sides of the stem, usually about 1.8 cm long. Most of thepolythalamous galls appear to originate in a bud which seems to be the center of the swelling, though that part.is no more enlarged than others. This gall occurs on several tick trefoils, Meibomia cus- pidatum, “M.canadensiseapiec4 modium, acuminatwm )agdmeee canadense. Polygnotus -species was reared from this gall. ; Larva. . Length 3 mm, slender? awihinen Head small; antennae long, slender; breast- bone long, stout, bidentate, with a minute, median tooth; head slightly expanded; skin rather coarsely shagreened, posterior extrem- ity broadly rounded, with a few minute setae. Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish transparent; 21-22 segments, the fifth with a length about three- fourths its diameter; terminal segment short, broadly rounded REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 133 distally. Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly subquadrate, s2cond broader, suboval, a little longer, the third more slender and longer, and the fourth one-fourth longer than the third; face yellowish brown, with a white patch on the front; eyes rather large, black. Mesonotum nearly uniform dark brown, margined anteriorly and laterally with silvery white hairs and with a sprinkling of the same on the margin of the nearly naked posterior median area. Scutellum brownish, rather thickly clothed with silvery white hairs, and a few longer apical whitish bristles; postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the first segment thickly clothed with snow- white hairs, the second, third and fourth segments broadly margined posteriorly with snow-white hairs, the bands being wider on the median line, the fifth narrowly margined with white, the seventh entirely brown, margined posteriorly with long, white bristles, the eighth yellowish and margined with long, white bristles; ventral surface dark brown, with a broad, median silvery white stripe; genitalia dark brown, tipped with silvery white. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal third. Halteres and coxae yellowish transparent; femora and tibiae dark brown, banded at the extremity with yellowish white; tarsi pale yellowish brown, darker distally; claws stout, strongly curved. Genitalia; terminal clasp segment with the basal fourth greatly swollen; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly incised, the lobes broadly rounded; ventral plate broad, broadly rounded. Harpes subtriangular. Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish white; 23-24 segments. Coloration practically as in the other sex, except that the dorsal apical bands on the abdomen do not appear quite so broad and the terminal segments are yellowish; the broad, median stripe on the venter of the abdomen is not quite so wide as in the opposite sex. Ovipositor probably three-fourths the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobe slender. Type Cecid. 1376. Lasioptera caulicola Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 162 i905: ——__—_——.. NN. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 A number of females of this species were reared June 3, 1907 from an apparently normal stem of bush honeysuckle taken in the vicinity of Albany. The stem was only 3 to 4 mm in diameter and showed no external sign of infestation, though a subsequent examination disclosed the fact that some seven or eight adults had emerged from a portion less than 3 cm long. The larvae appear to live just under the bark in a small cell hardly large enough to contain the full-grown insect. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal seg- ments fuscous yellowish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths the diameter; terminal segment obpyriform. Palpi; 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second one-half longer, stouter, the third a little longer, more slender, though swollen distally, the fourth about one-half longer than the third, strongly flattened. Face sparsely clothed with silvery white scales, the mouth-parts fuscous yellowish, the eyes rather large, faintly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, rather broadly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment silvery white dorsally, the third and fourth segments rather broadly margined along the median third posteriorly with silvery white, the second segment with an elongate, median silvery white © dot on the posterior margin; ovipositor pale yellowish; venter sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the silvery white discal spot just before the basal half, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin just before the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish, apically a ight salmon. Coxae fuscous basally, yellowish apically; femora and tibiae dark brown, irregularly and broadly banded at the extremities with silvery white, tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about two- thirds the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1469a. Lasioptera farinosa Beutm. 1862 Osten Sacken, C.R. Dipt. N. Am. Mon., 1:204 1891 Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. O. Ins. Life, 4:126 (Polygnotus rubi Ashm. reared) 1892 Beutenmueller, William. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 4:273 1894 Brodie, William. Biol. Rev. Ont., 1:110 (Diplosis) 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 23:397-98 1908 - Felt, E. P. -N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 1908. Jarvis; T. D:) Ent. Soc. Ont,, 35th Rep tsp. 36 L909.) ae nt. wee: One SOLEMN nenizap ago 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 35 This gall is a very characteristic, warty, usually pruinose, woody swelling at the base of the leaflets or midrib of the common blackberry. It was recognized by Osten Sacken as early as 1862. Messrs Riley and Howard in 1891 record rearing therefrom a parasite (Polyg- notus rubi Ashm.) and it has been subsequently noticed by Beutenmueller and Brodie, the former obtaining the adult and describing the same in connection with the larva in 1907. The species is rather common in the vicinity of Albany and New York. It is evidently widely distributed, as there are specimens in the collections of the United States National Museum from Virginia, and Kirkwood, Mo., while Beutenmueller records it from North Carolina and Brodie from Toronto. The larvae winter in the galls REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 135 on the ground, the adults appearing in the vicinity of Albany the latter part of June and in early July. Two specimens were also obtained October 2d but these latter must be regarded as abnormal. Gall. This gall is more or less variable in appearance, attaining maturity the latter part of September or in early October. The individual galls are more or less irregularly ridged, light brown, about 1 cm long, sometimes: two or three are fused together to form a more or less irregular mass 2 or 3 cm in length. The greater part of the swelling is on the under surface of the leaf and invariably along the midrib or occasionally on the lateral veins, the galls on the latter being decidedly smaller. The larger galls are .5 to .6 or .7 cm in diameter, about .5 cm in thickness and show on the upper surface as slight swellings accompanied by more or less distinct crumpling of the leaf and a rather characteristic purplish red dis- coloration. The-larger galls are usually at the base of the leaflets and rarely or never occur on the petiole. (Fora colored illustration see Museum Bul. 175, pl. a, fig. 3, 3a) Larva. Length 2.5 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, antennae slender; breastbone stout, bidentate, tapering distally; skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18-19 segments, the fifth with a length slightly greater than the diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, oval. Palpi; the first segment rather short, stout, oval, the second one-half longer, subrectangular, the third one-fourth longer than the second, more slender and the fourth | one-half longer than the third, more slender, face fuscous, eyes large, black. Mesonotum very dark brown, the anterior margin, specially laterally, bordered with silvery white scales. Scutel- lum reddish brown, rather thickly clothed with yellowish setae, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment clothed dorsally with silvery white scales, the second, third and fourth segments margined posteriorly with silvery white scales, which latter are somewhat produced on the median line and obsolete laterally. Wings hyaline, costa a rich dark brown - with a whitish stigmatal spot near the middle, the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, yellowish white apically. Legs dark brown with the distal extremity of the femora and the extremities of the tibiae narrowly banded with yellowish, the first segment, the basal three-fourths of the second and the basal portion of the third and fourth segments of the posterior tibiae yellowish, the distal tarsal segments brown. In another specimen the posterior tarsal segments are a nearly uniform light yellowish, except the last, which is dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly curved, with a long, well developed tooth basally, pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender, obliquely truncate; terminal clasp segment short, slender, tapering; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly 136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate short, broadly rounded; harpes rather long, slender, tapering, style long. Female. Size and general characters about as in the opposite sex. Antennae composed of 20-23 sessile segments, the fifth with a length a little less than the diameter; terminal segment’ short, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second stout, more than twice the length of the preceding, roundly rectangular, the third slightly longer and more slender than the second, the fourth more slender and about twice as long as the third, the terminal segment, at least, with a few broad scales; ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender. Type Cecid™ arz43: Lasioptera spinulae Felt 1908: Felt, E. Po IN. Yo State Mus: Bulk 1245 ,325 Both sexes of this form were reared in the United States Bureau of Entomology June 16, 1883 from stem galls on an unknown plant taken at Fort Huachua, Ariz., May 17, 1883, by H. K. Morrison. Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae dark brown; 19 segments, the fifth with a length nearly equal to the diameter; terminal segment shightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second stout, broadly oval, ° the third one-half longer than the second, swollen; eyes large, black. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, post- scutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to fifth segments rather broadly and irregularly margined posteriorly with yellowish brown scales; genitalia dark brown. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish basally, reddish brown apically. Coxae dark brown; femora mostly yellowish brown; tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the first and second segments on the posterior legs narrowly banded with silvery white; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvillt shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment short, swollen basally; dorsal plate short, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral -plate short, stout, deeply and _ triangularly emarginate. Harpes short, stout, irregular. . Female. Length 3.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, the fifth with a length one-half its diameter; terminal segment produced, with a length over twice its diameter and variably ornamented with anastomosing circumfili. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second about as long, irregular, the third about twice the length of the second, greatly swollen near the middle and tapering at both extremities. Color characters and structure of wings and claws practically as in the opposite sex. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 1056. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 137 Lasioptera nodulosa Beutm. 1891 . Smith, J.B. N. J. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. N., p. 13-14 1891 ————— N. J. Agric. Exp’t Sta. 12th ‘Rep’t, 1892, p. 382-84 (L.ftarinosa) 1893 Webster, F. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 45, p. 188-89 (L. farinosa) 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 23:397 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 1909 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 78 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 36 The gall produced by this insect is common in the vicinity of New York City and has erroneously been considered as the work of | Lasiopterafarinosa. It was first noticed and described by Dr J. B. Smith in 1891, and in 1892 Professor Webster found specimens of the gall quite abundant in the vicinity of Wooster, Ohio. Midges in the National Museum were reared May 24, 1883 from material taken at Cadet, Mo. Adults were reared and described by Professor Beu- tenmueller in 1897. This species makes a very characteristic gall on the smaller twigs of the high blackberry and is much more abundant in the vicinity of New York City than in the neighborhood of Albany. Galls of apparently the same species were taken on the stem of a trailing blackberry at Bath, N. Y., April 4, 1907. The work of this insect was very common at West Nyack, N. Y., in 1907. The larvae winter in the galls, the adults’ appearing the latter part of May. The midge may be distinguished from L. farinosa by its nearly uniform, dark brown tarsi and the larger number of antennal segments in ~ both sexes. Reared specimens of this species and L. farinosa were submitted to L’abbe Kieffer, the distinguished European authority on this group. Hestates that this form is near the European Lasioptera rubi Heeg., Fig 16 Lasioptera which make a very similar gall on blackberry, noOdulosa, a series and that the female of our American ‘species oF eatee Be a differs therefrom in the absence of hooks on ~~ ee the lobes of the ovipostor. He also indicated several differences between L. farinosa and the species under discussion. Poly g- moeuds tuibi Ashm. and Torymus ostensackeni D. T. have been reared from this fly. 138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gall. The gall is an irregular, subfusiform or elongate swelling on the smaller branches of blackberry. It presents a somewhat general resemblance to the deformity produced by the gouty gall beetle: (Agrilus - ruficollis Fabr.). The veaiiiemaea: woody (usually of the same color as the adjacent bark) about 2 cm ‘long and 1 cm in diameter, polythalamous and contains numerous pale yellowish larvae. Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small; antennae rather short, stout; breastbone stout, slender, bidentate, with a minute median tooth; skin coarsely shagreened: posterior extremity broadly rounded. | Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 18-20 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than the diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, narrowly rounded distally. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second longer, rather broadly rounded, the third a little longer and much more slender than the second, the fourth twice the length of the second, more slender; face with a conspicuous patch of white scales; eyes narrowly margined posteriorly with yellowish scales. Mesonotum dark brown, irregularly margined laterally and anteriorly with yellowish or yellowish white scales; submedian lines rather thickly clothed with short, golden yellow scales. Scutellum dark brown, with a few yellowish setae apically, postscutellum light reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown with the basal segment suffused with silvery white scales, the second to fifth narrowly margined posteriorly with whitish hairs, the sixth and seventh narrowly margined with yellowish hairs, the incisures. deep red; genitalia fuscous, venter black with a broad median area suffused with silvery white scales, the seventh and eighth segments sparsely scaled and therefore showing a deep red. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the long whitish discal spot at the basal half; the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half. Haiteres pale yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically. Legs mostly a light fuscous yellowish; femora and tibiae irregularly and rather broadly banded near the middle with variable fuscous, the distal tarsal segments slightly darker; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment somewhat swollen at the base; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly incised, the lobes narrowly rounded; ventral plate long, broadly rounded. Harpes long, tapering, | obtuse, sub- apically a heavy subquadrate diverging process. Female. Length 2 to 3 mm. Antennae dark brown basally, fuscous yellowish; 25 segments, the fifth with a length somewhat produced, obovate. Palpi; the first segment stout, irregularly sub- quadrate, the second about as long, rather broadly rounded, -the third one-half longer than the second, much more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of the preceding, more slender; face pale yellowish, sparsely clothed with light setae; eyes large, black. Mesonotum dark brown or black, broadly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely clothed REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ1O 139 with short, golden yellow setae. Scutellum a reddish brown, postscutellum a reddish yellow. Abdomen dark brown, the first segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to fifth segments, narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the silvery white discal spot at the basal half; the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically. Legs with the coxae and base of femora yellowish transparent, the other portions a variable fuscous yellowish; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, narrowly rounded. ‘Type Cecid. arqrt. Lasioptera palustris Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 162 1908 ———_ N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 325 The midges were reared from an irregular stem gall occurring upon a weed abundant in wet places at West Nyack, N. Y. Galls were first observed April 18th and adults obtained June 22d. Eupelmus dryorhizoxeni Ashm., Eurytoma, Polyg- notus and Torymus species were reared from this gall. Gall. Length .7 to 1.5 cm. It varies in form from subglobular to elongate, irregular, fusiform. The interior is hard, pithy, the larger ones at least are polythalamous. Larva. Length 3 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, antennae slender; breastbone slender, bidentate, with a minute median tooth; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length1.75mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 20 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, obovate. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second about twice as long, stouter, rounded apically, the third a little longer than the second, dilated apically, the fourth about twice the length of the preceding, more slender. Face fuscous yellowish with a rather conspicuous patch of silvery white scales, the black eyes narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum a dark reddish brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, the posterior median area reddish brown. Scutellum a pale reddish brown with a few yellowish setae apically, postscutellum pale orange. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment silvery white, the second to fourth segments rather broadly and the fifth and sixth segments narrowly margined with silvery white, the latter obsolete laterally, the eighth segment pale orange; genitalia fuscous yellowish; venter dark brown with a broad median silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the discal spot yellowish, the third vein uniting with. the margin just before the basal half. Halteres pale salmon; legs I40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM mostly brown, the extremities of femora and tibiae variably annulate with light yellowish, the tarsi dark brown; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, roundly truncate. Harpes long, stout, obtusely rounded. Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 25 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, tapering to a broadly rounded apex. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second twice the length of the first, stout, rounded distally; the third one-half longer, more slender, slightly expanded apically, the fourth nearly twice the length of the preceding, slender; face fuscous yellowish with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales, eyes black; narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum a rich purplish brown, narrowly margined laterally and anteriorly with yellowish white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with short, yellowish setae, the median posterior area reddish brown. Scutellum reddish brown with numerous fine setae apically, postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the dorsum of the first segment silvery white, the second, third and fourth segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the latter obsolete laterally; ovipositor pale orange, venter black with a broad median, silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just before the basal half. Halteres pale orange. Legs mostly brown, the extremities of femora and tibiae variably annulate with pale yellowish, the tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about three-fourths the length of the abdomen, terminal lobe slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 21442. Lasioptera linderae Beutm. 1907. Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 23:398-99 1908 Felt,E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, Pp. 325 1913. ————_._. Can. Ent., 457415 Theirregular, subcortical gall of this species occurs on spicebush, Lindera benzoin, and was first described together with the larva inhabiting the same, by Professor Beuten- mueller in 1907. This insect is rather com- mon in the vicinity of New York City. ~The larvae winter in the galls and adults may be obtained therefrom in the latter part of ; May to toward the end of June. A species of linderae, two views : SpA e eile nie olen Torymus was reared from this fly. (original) Gall. The irregular, subcortical galls are Mig 17 Lasiop teeta REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I4!I from 2 to 5 cm in length and occur only on one side of the twig or smaller stems. They present a marked, general resemblance to similar deformities caused by Neolasioptera sambuci Felt. Larva. Length 2 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small; antennae slender; breastbone slender, bidentate, slightly expanded apically, subobsolete distally; skin finely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length about 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 20 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than the diameter; terminal segment produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, narrowly oval, the second one-half longer, a little stouter, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. The markings of the male differ from those of the female in that the mesonotum is more or less suffused with silvery hairs. Coloration of the abdomen the same, except that the apical segments appear to have a row of shining gray hairs. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base; dorsal plate broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate long, narrow, broadly rounded. MHarpes stout, tapering. Female. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally pale yellowish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths the diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly rounded apically. Palpi pale yellowish, the first segment presumably short, stout, subquadrate, the second rather stout, with a length about one-half greater than its diameter, the third more slender and one-fourth longer than the second, the fourth more slender and one-half longer than the third. Face rather thickly clothed with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, broadly and variably margined anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely clothed with fine hairs. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown,’ the first segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second segment with a narrow median, triangular mark posteriorly of silvery white, the third and fourth broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the markings produced on the median line, obsolete laterally, the fifth and sixth very narrowly margined posteriorly with yellowish, the seventh and ovipositor mostly pale yellow, the venter dark brown with a broad median silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, third vein joining costa well before the basal half. Halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae pale yellowish; femora yellowish white, with a variable light brown band near the middle; tibiae dark brown basally, yellowish apically; tarsi a nearly uniform dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, terminal lobes slender, broadly rounded apically. I42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lasioptera mitchellae Felt 1908 Felt, E. P. N:-Y. State Mus. Bul.-124, p. 325 The fusiform stem gall of this species was taken on Wolfsfang, Lycopus virginicus or L. sinuatus St Wasamenen: D. C., by Miss E. G. Mitchell and transmitted to this office under date of March 23, 1907. Gall. This fusiform stem gall is 1.5 to 2 cm long and .5 to .8 em in diameter. The thickened portion is soft, spongy and near the center are two or three cells each containing a plump, whitish larva 2 or 3 mm in length. Larva. Length 2 mm, pale orange.” Head small; antennae slender; breastbone rather stout, slightly expanded apically, bidentate, with a minute median tooth; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, basally whitish; 16: segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, ovate. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregularly subquad- rate, the second longer, roundly rectangular, the third one-fourth longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face with a conspicuous patch of whitish scales below the antennae. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined later- ally and anteriorly with silvery white, the sub- median lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed Fig. 18 Lasiop- With silvery white scales, the second to seventh tera mitch- segments narrowly margined posteriorly with ellae, gall about Silvery white; ventral surface with a broad natural size (orig- median, silvery white stripe. Wings hyaline, inal) costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half. Halteres whitish trans- parent. Legs a variable fuscous yellowish, the middle of the femora and tibiae darker; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, obliquely rounded; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate broad. Harpes rather stout at base, tapering. Female. Length2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 21 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, broadly obconic. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second one-half longer than the first, stout, rounded at the extremities, the third one-half longer than the second, more slender, slightly dilated REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 143 apically, the fourth nearly twice as long as the third, more slender; face yellowish silvery. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the general surface sparsely clothed with fine, yellowish hairs, the submedian lines rather thickly marked with silvery hairs. Scutellum pale yellowish orange, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to fourth segments rather narrowly margined with silvery white on the median third, the fifth with a few silvery hairs distally ; ovipositor pale yellowish, the venter with the median third thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish orange. Legs dark brown, the apexes of coxae, the extremities of femora and tibiae a pale yellowish or whitish yellow; tarsi mostly a uniform dark brown; claws stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably over half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1369. Lasioptera fructuaria Felt 1916 Felt, E.P. Me. Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bul. 244, p. 268-69 The midges were reared from blueberries in June 1914 and 1915 by William C. Woods, Orono, Me. The species runs in the key to near L. mitchellae from which it is easily separated by color- ational characters and also by the presence of well-developed hooks upon the ovipositor. A detailed description is given in the above citation. Lasioptera convolvuli Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 149-50 oes ———_——— N.Y. State Mus: Bul. 124, p. 326 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 47 The fusiform stem galls of this species were rather common on hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepium) at Bath-on-the- Hudson, N. Y., in 1907. The gall was also taken by Mr L. H. Weld, at Evanston, Ill. The adults appear the middle of May. Gall. The monothalamous fusiform stem gall inhabited by this species is some 1.5 cm in length and .5 cm in diameter. The gall has a longitudinal central channel about two-thirds the length of the swelling, the hypertrophied tissues being hard and corky. Larva. Length 3.25 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, antennae slender, tapering; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded apically, bidentate, with a minute median tooth; skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae dark brown, fuscous: yellowish basally; 17 segments, the fifth with a length slightly I44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM greater than the diameter; terminal segment obovate. Palpi yellowish, the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second some- what produced, narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Face rather thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, rather thickly and evenly clothed with yellowish white scales. Scutellum reddish brown with a few coarse setae apically, postscutellum darker. Abdomen a rich dark brown, the first seg- ment rather broadly banded posteriorly with silvery white, the others with submedian rows of small, lunate, silvery white spots and sublateral rows of rather prolonged, silvery white spots, particularly on the second, third and fourth seg- ments, venter suffused. with silvery white, genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the yel- lowish white discal spot near the basal third, the third vein uniting thereat; halteres a nearly uniform yellowish orange. Legs mostly dark brown, the basal half of femora, the femoro-tibio articulation, the extremity of the tibiae and narrow basal annulations on the tarsal seg- ments yellowish white, the latter broad on the posterior legs; claws long, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Geni- talia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ven- tral plate long, stout, broadly rounded. Harpes long, broad at base, strongly constricted at the distal: tira y= Female. Length 2.5 mm. Anten- nae dark brown: basal segments fuscous yellowish; 20 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal seg- ment obovate. Palpi yellowish, the first segment irregularly sub- quadrate, the second stout, broadly oval, the third more slender, a little longer, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face thickly clothed with silvery scales; eyes narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely margined laterally and anteriorly with rather long, yellowish hairs, the submedian lines rather thickly ornamented posteriorly with yel- lowish hairs. Scutellum reddish yellow with a few coarse setae apt- cally; postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, seg- ments one to seven with submedian rows of small, lunate silvery white spots and with rudimentary sublateral longitudinal spots on the second, third, fourth and fifth segments; the sixth and seventh Bic 19 <1 a S1O%p he fare oa volvuli, gall, enlarged (origi- nal) REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 145 segments basally, and ovipositor more or less yellowish, ventral sur- face suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the discal spot yellowish white, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal third. Halteres semitransparent, light orange subapically. Legs dark brown, the basal half of femora, the articu- lations and the tarsal segments basally, narrowly banded with yel- lowish white, rather broadly so on the posterior legs; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes rather long, broad. Type Cecid. ar46s5. Lasioptera lycopi Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 152 1908 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 40:75 1908 Felt,E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 1909 «Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep'’t, p. 78 The oval stem gall inhabited by the larva of this fly is rather common on bugleweed (Ly copus communis) in the vicinity of Albany and presumably in other localities in the Hudson valley, as specimens were taken at Shushan, N. Y., by Prof. C. H. Peck while Professor Beutenmueller records it from White Plains. The pale orange larvae winter in the gall, the adults appearing about the middle of May. Eritrissomerus noveboracensis Brues and a species of Torymus were reared from this midge. Gall. The stem gall inhabited by this form is light green, round or subglobular, 8 to 10 mm long, 2.5 mm in diameter and within there is an elongate chamber containing the larva. Larva. Length 3 mm; slender, pale orange. Head small, antennae stout; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded apically, minutely tridentate; skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 7 Male. Length2.25mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than the diameter; terminal segment somewhat reduced, broadly oval. _Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second one- half longer, narrowly oval, the third slender, one-fourth longer than the second, the fourth about as long as the third, flattened, broader. Face rather thickly clothed with silvery white hairs, eyes black, narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines rather sparsely clothed with yellowish setae. Scutellum dark brown, a few coarse setae and whitish scales apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, basal segment broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the second to seventh segments with submedian lunate, silvery spots on the posterior margins of the segments and with smaller, oval spots laterally; genitalia fuscous, venter variably clothed with silvery scales, with irregular submedian dark brown 146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM spots on segments one to five, the sixth and seventh dark brown basally. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the whitish discal spot near the basal half; third vein unites with costa just before the basal half. Halteres whitish transparent, pale orange basally. Coxae dark brown, femora silvery white, broadly and variably banded subapically with dark brown, tibiae dark brown, the extrem- ities narrowly banded with silvery; tarsi dark brown, the first segment basally, the extremities of the second to fourth tarsal seg- ments and the base of the fifth segment variably banded with silvery, the basal annulations distinctly broader, particularly on the posterior legs; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; ter- minal clasp segment slender; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, slender, narrowly rounded. MHarpes long, slender. take Female. Length 2mm: Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length hardly equal to the diameter; terminal segment slightly pro- duced, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, clavate, the second stout, Fig.20 Lasiop- tera lycopi, fifth antennal seg- ment of female, enlarged (original) Fig.21 Lasioptera lycopi, palpus of female, enlarged : (original) subrectangular, the third one-half longer than the second, much more slender, the fourth as long as the third, fusiform. MHalteres pale yellowish salmon. Coxae and base of femora pale yellowish, distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the articulations marked by narrow, white annulations, the latter broader on the posterior tarsi. Ovipositor one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobe rather long, stout, narrowly rounded. Other characters nearly as in the male. Type Cecid. a1348. | ) Lasioptera humulicaulis Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. r1o, p. 151 1908 ——————_ NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 This species is remarkable in that the larvae appear to inhabit considerable lengths of the hop stem, producing a uniform swelling some so cm in length and about one cm in diameter. It was dis- covered by Henry Bird at Rye, N. Y., and a long gall containing REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 147 numerous larvae was placed at our disposal April 17, 1907. The adults appear early in May. Gall. The gall is a uniform swelling of the hop stem about one cm in diameter and ranging in length from 4 to 50 cm. The hollow dark, blackened interior is inhabited by long, pale yellowish larvae. Fig.22 Lasioptera humulicaulis, swollenhop stem, the normal size being indicated at A (original) Larva. Length 4.25 mm, slender, pale orange. Head small, antennae rather slender; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded apically, bidentate with a small, median tooth; skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally fuscous yellowish; 21 segments, the fifth with a length somewhat greater than the diameter; terminal segment reduced, irregularly sub- | globose. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subrectangular, the second about the same length, broader, irregularly suboval, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth about one-half longer than the third; face rather sparsely clothed with whitish scales, eyes rather small, distinctly and rather narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines thick with long, golden yellow scales; laterally there is a narrow margin of yellowish and silvery white scales, the remaining surface clothed with fine, yellowish scales. Scutellum dark brown, with rather numerous yellowish setae apically, postscutellum a pale orange. Abdomen dark brown with sub- median rows of rather large, lunate, silvery white spots, each on the. posterior margin of segments one to six, the seventh segment and genitalia yellowish orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, except for the rather small, pale yellowish discal spot just beyond the middle, the third vein uniting with costa near the middle. Halteres semitransparent basally, pale orange distally. Legs with coxae and basal portion of femora pale yellowish, the remainder dark brown; the tarsi slightly darker; claws rather long, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, broadly and roundly excavated; ventral plate broad, narrowly rounded; harpes long, stout, slender, distally. Female. Length 3mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 25 segments, the fifth with a length scarcely equal to its diameter; terminal segment somewhat prolonged, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment presumably short, subquadrate, swollen distally, the second stouter, broadly rounded basally, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-third longer than the third. Face with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with golden yellow scales; yellowish and silvery white scales border the meso- notum laterally, the surface is sparsely clothed with fine, yellowish scales. Scutellum reddish brown, with a few yellowish setae apically, postscutellum deep red. Abdomen dark brown with submedian rows of rather large, lunate, silvery white spots on the posterior margin of each segment, the sixth segment with none, the seventh pale yellowish with a small fuscous spot dorsally, the ovipositor and venter pale yellowish, the latter suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the rather small, yellowish discal spot near the distal third, the third vein uniting with the margin near the middle. Halteres yellowish transparent basally, pale orange distally, the coxae and femora basally pale yellowish, the other portions of the legs mostly dark brown, the tarsi somewhat darker; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen; laterally an oval patch of stout, halberd-shaped spines; terminal lobes very REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 I49 long, slender, tapering, subacute, near the base five or six stout, recurved hooks. Type Cecid. a1446. Lasioptera lactucae Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 151-52 “1908 ——————-_NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 This species was originally reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson of Clark University from irregular galls on the stalks of rabbit- weed or wild lettuce, Lactuca canadensis. They closely resemble the much more common gallsmadeby Aulax tumidus Bass., though there was no trace of central cells and the rot- ten interior was filled with midge larvae. Doctor Thompson states that he has never found Itonid larvae in Aulax galls and he therefore believes this species to be a gall maker. We have repeatedly examined Aulax galls on this plant without find- ing any Lasioptera larvae. The female of this species was taken on wild lettuce at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906 and specimens appar- ently belonging to this form were reared by the United States Bureau of Entomology from a stem gall taken at Holderness, N. H., April 18, 1883. It also occurs in the Riley collection. Gall. The gall has been characterized by Doctor Thompson as being exactly like that of Aulax tumidus Bass. The larva of apparently this species has been described by Pergande in: unpublished notes of the Bureau of Entomology as orange colored. Male. Length 2 mm. poems: dark brown; 17 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal seg- ment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, almost subglobose, the second broad, somewhat produced, broadly rounded distally, the third as long as the second, more slender, the fourth more than twice the length of the third, more slender. Other color characters presumably as in the opposite sex; the single male obtained was badly rubbed. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the yellowish discal spot a little beyond the basal half, the third vein uniting therewith. Claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, broad, truncate. Harpes long, slender, tapering. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae, dark brown; 19 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than the diameter; terminal segment somewhat reduced, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, swollen distally, the second about as long, broadly oval, the third more slender and longer, and the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the preceding. I50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mesonotum thickly clothed with bronzy scales. Scutellum yellow- ish with a few apical setae, postscutellum apparently dark brown. Abdomen dark brown or black, the segments with submedian rows of lunate, silvery white marks posteriorly; ovipositor yellowish. Legs fuscous yellowish, the tarsi brown, the distal segments darker. Ovipositor as long as the body; basally a large, oval group of hal- berd-shaped processes; terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded, with numerous small, recurved setae and two or three heavy, recurved hooks. Type Cecid. 1102. Lasioptera echinochloa Felt 1916 Felt, B..P. N.Y. Ent. Sec. jours, 24181 This species was reared in August and September 1915 by Mr C. N. Ainslie from injured or infested stems of crippled plants of Echinochloa crusgalli collected at ‘Elk Pome: The larvae are usually found in numbers in the fibrous, somewhat decayed stubs of the crown and were also taken from the lower and apparently normal portions of the stem. This midge is allied to L. lactucae Felt, from which it may be easily distinguished . by the almost total lack of scales upon the mesonotum. Lasioptera hecate Felt 10s Felt, EPS IN. Yo state Mus: Bul 124... 320 This species was captured on the office window, Albany, N. Y.., June 19, 1906, and was presumably reared from some plant brought into the office. Female. Length 2mm. Antennae black; at least 21 segments, the fifth with a length about three-quarters its diameter. Palpi; the first segment broad, dilated distally, the second:a little longer, the third one-half longer than the second, slender, the fourth one- half longer than the preceding, more slender. Head black, face silvery white. Mesonotum velvety black, with two narrow, white, submedian lines and a creamy white line on the anterior margin and extending laterally to the base of the wing. Scutellum silvery white apically and a black spot anteriorly. Abdomen velvety black, the basal segments with two submedian silvery spots, the next similarly marked, the third with two larger spots, the fourth with two still larger ones, each segment laterally with a white dash. . Wings hyaline, costa fuscous, the third vein uniting with the whitish discal spot at the .basal third. Halteres white. -Femora yellow, the posterior with a black spot apically; tibiae and tarsi black, yel- lowish white ventrally; tarsi narrowly annulate with whitish; claws rather stout, evenly curved. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid:.. 320; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 151 Lasioptera verbenae Felt 1912 Felt, E.P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 20:150-51 The midges were reared by Mr P. H. Timberlake, Whittier, Cal., from flower-stem galls on Verbena prostrata. Lasioptera diplaci Felt I9I2 Felt, E.P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 20:151 This midge was reared by P. H. Timberlake from ovoid, stem galls on Diplacus longiflorus collected at Whittier, Cal. Lasioptera panici Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 The female representing this species was taken at Albany, N. Y., June 27, 1906 as she was evidently about to oviposit on Panicum macrocarpa. Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; at least 18 segments, the fifth with length scarcely equal to the diameter. Palpi; the first segment rather slender, irregular, the second one- half longer, narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth twice the length of the third. Mesonotum dark brown, evidently denuded. Scutellum and postscutellum concolorous. Abdomen thickly clothed with black scales, the first four segments with silvery white, submedian spots, those of the posterior segments smaller. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith at the basal third. MHalteres white. The anterior legs, femora and tibiae pale basally, fuscous apically, the last with a black line from the basal third, posterior legs with femora entirely pale, the tarsi white banded, the anterior narrowly so; claws rather long, stout, evenly curved. Ovipositor nearly as long as the body, term- inal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 403. Lasioptera galeopsidis Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 This species was reared in early June 1909 from irregular stem galls on the common hemp nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit, taken by Cora H. Clarke at Boston, Mass., May 21, 1908. Miss Clarke called our attention to the white, caplike structures over certain exit holes and we were fortunate enough to see a pale orange larva construct this peculiar shelter. The movement of the head was apparently as intelligent as the operations of one of our common caterpillars in shaping its more complex cocoon. The larva moved its head back and forth across the opening, carrying an irregular, IS2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM . pale, silken thread back and forth and attaching it to either side. The threads issued from its mouth or at some point near that cavity, possibly a minute spinneret. The woven cap was irregular in tex- ture, due in part to irregularities in the width of the silken thread and probably somewhat to the larva making a thicker layer in "some parts than in others. Gall. The gall is a very irregular, frequently async enlargement of the stem and having a diameter of .5 to 1.5 cm and a length of .5 to 2cmormore. ‘The interior is spongy and occupied by a number of silken chambers and apparently irregular galleries (pl. 4,-figy 1). Larva. Length 1.5 mm, rather stout, pale yellowish. Head small; antennae short, stout; breastbone strongly chitinized, expanded apically, tridentate, the median tooth small. Skin finely shagreened, posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae short, dark brown, yellowish basally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; first and second segments apparently very short, stout, the third somewhat longer and the fourth apparently twice the length of the third, very slender. Mesonotum shining dark brown, sparsely margined posteriorly and laterally with yellowish setae, the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum dark brown, post- scutellum fuscous. Abdomen dark brown, segments one to five with submedian lunate spots posteriorly, those on segments six and seven nearly obsolete. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the discal spot yellowish and a little before the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae and femora basally fuscous yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the segments of the latter narrowly banded basally, the fourth and fifth with a yellowish cast, the posterior legs with the third to fifth segments broadly and indistinctly yellowish banded basally, the fourth and fifth mostly yellowish and only slightly fuscous apically; claws moderately stout, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate short, deeply and narrowly emarginate; ventral plate long, broadly rounded. Harpes-long, irregularly rounded. Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae with 23 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightiy produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; first segment short, stout, the second with a length three times its diameter, stout, the third as long as the second, the fourth a little longer than the third. Meso- notum dark brown. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum fuscous. Abdomen dark brown, segments one to six with submedian, lunate, white spots posteriorly and triangular, white marks at the postero-lateral angles; ovipositor yellowish, venter white. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae and femora basally fuscous yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the latter narrowly banded basally with yellowish on the anterior and mid REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 153 legs and the third to fifth segments broadly so on the posterior legs. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly oval. Type Cecid. a1g65. Lasioptera weldi Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 This species was reared in early May 1908 from a fusiform stem gall on Helianthus taken by Mr L. H. Weld at Evanston, II. Gall. Length 3 cm, diameter .7 cm, fusiform; occurs on the stem, the interior being filled with a spongy matter inhabited by the pale yellowish larvae. Larva. Length 3 mm, pale yellowish, rather stout. Head small, the antennae long, tapering, breastbone distinct, bidentate, with a minute median tooth, the posterior portion slender, terminating in a crescentic enlargement. Skin minutely shagreened. Posterior extremity broadly rounded with a few scattering fleshy processes. _ Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae, fuscous yellowish, basally yel- lowish; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, subglobose. Palpi; first segment short, the second short, stout, irregular, the third with a length nearly twice its diameter, the fourth one-fourth longer, narrowly oval. Face yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown, the sub- median lines thickly haired. Scutellum reddish brown, with numerous setae, postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with white, the latter broadly inter- rupted mesially and laterally, except on the basal segment, which has the white markings slightly produced anteriorly; genitalia fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith at the rather long, yellowish orange discal spot beyond the basal half. Legs mostly dark brown, the articulations narrowly banded with white, the posterior tarsi broadly banded, the distal third of the third segment and fourth white; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvillt shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, broad, terminal clasp segment stout, tapering. Dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, broadly rounded. Harpes ‘long, broad, irregularly and obliquely truncate. Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae, dark brown; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half its diameter; terminal segment broadly oval. Palpi; first segment short, subquadrate, the second broadly oval, the third narrowly oval. Face sparsely clothed with silvery scales. Mesonotum black, narrowly margined anteriorly and laterally with silvery scales, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown, with numerous silvery scales apically, postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen purplish dark brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery scales, the latter broadly interrupted mesially and narrowly so sublaterally on segments two to six. A broken sublateral line of silvery mark- 154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM _ings; venter suffused with silvery scales; costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the whitish discal spot at the basal third. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae fuscous, femora basally yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown or black, except for the narrow, white band on the anterior and mid and the broad band on the posterior tarsi, the distal half of the third and the fourth and fifth omen of the last yellowish white. Type Cecid. a1816. Lasioptera virginica Felt 1909 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 This species was reared February 9, 1909 from a stem gall on marsh St. Johnswort, Hypericum virginicum. Gall. Length 1 cm, diameter 8 cm, subglobose, monothalamous. The large, irregular central chamber is surrounded by rather thick walls, the outer part soft, the inner irregularly hardened and black-: ened. Taken by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., October tro, 1908. Numerous parasites were reared April 18, 1912. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, 18 or 19 seg- ments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, the terminal segment slightly produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the first segment presumably short, subquadrate, the second probably narrowly oval, the third slender, with a length about four times its diameter, the terminal segment one-fourth longer than the preced- ing. Mesonotum dark brown, margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery scales, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown with a few white setae apically, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen black, the segments with narrow submedian spots posteriorly, those of the first slightly confluent; ovipositor yellowish; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting with costa a little before the basal half. Halteres yellowish whitish, slightly fuscous basally. Coxae and femora basally fuscous yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi black, the articulations narrowly annulate with white, the posterior tarsi broadly banded basally; claws stout, evenly curved, pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly oval. Type Cecid angus: Lasioptera lupini Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 This species is represented in the collections of the United States National Museum by material reared from an undescribed lupine gall taken in California. Plymecus lupinicola Ashm, MS., (Insect Life, 4:125), may have been reared from this gall. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 to 23 seg- ments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment somewhat reduced and partially fused with the ee ee REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ16 155 preceding. Palpi; the first segment presumably short, stout, irreg- ularly subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, with a length nearly three times its diameter, the third a little longer and much more slender than the second, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum shining dark reddish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum shining dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, seg- ments one to five with submedian, suboval, silvery white spots pos- teriorly; ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half; halteres yellowish white. Legs mostly a dark brown, the tarsal segments faintly annulate basally with dull whitish; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor presumably about as long as the abdomen. Type Cecid. 1068. Lasioptera ephedricola Cockerell 1902 Cockerell, T.D. A. Can. Ent., 34:184 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 This species was reared by Professor Cockerell from a resinous, elongate, brown swelling on the twigsof Ephedra trifurca. LLasioptera ephed ricola ck Yoriaht ferreynenf > on cephale end anchor process Larvoe of hym pararite. coudoa\ end , } () ae reaacak —_ Fig.23 Lasioptera ephedricola, larva anterior and posterior extremities, brzastbone and larva of Hymen- opterous parasite, after Cockerell, enlarged (original from Cockerell) He states that this species is similar to L. ephedrae Ckll. but the abdomen has basal and apical white bands on the fifth segment, though otherwise hardly banded. Types were kindly loaned for study by Professor Cockerell and the following description is based thereupon. Gall. The gall has been described by Professor Cockerell as resinous, elongate, lateral brown swellings on the twigs. 150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 20 segments, the fifth with a length more than twice the diameter; terminal segment reduced, subglobular. Palpi; the first segment greatly swollen, suboval, the second twice the length of the preceding, swollen, slightly dilated apically, the third longer than the second Fig.24 Lasioptera ephedricol a, 4a, sixth antennal segment of male, 6, sixth antennal segment of female, both greatly enlarged (original) and more swollen. Face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum black; abdomen dark brown or black with basal and apical white bands on the fifth segment, otherwise hardly banded. Wings hyaline, costa, subcosta and the third vein thickly clothed with dark brown scales the last uniting with costa at the distal third. Legs dark brown, claws long, stout, evenly curved. Genitalig= pacar clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment short, greatly swollen at the base. Dorsal plate very short, broad, broadly and triangularly incised; ventral plate broad, broadly rounded. Harpes broad at base, tapering, tuberculate. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, sparsely haired ; 22 segments, the fifth with a lengthabout one-half greater than its diameter. Palpi; first seg- ment short, quadrate, the second produced, incrassate, Fig.25 Lasioptera ephedricola, the third one-half longer ovipositor retracted, greatly enlarged than the second, slender. (original) Mesonotum with three black vittae, united anteriorly. Abdomen with ten white spots, wings with a white discal spot. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes short, broadly rounded; near the base a group of capitate processes, each with a length one-fourth the diameter of the terminal segment. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 157 Described from types kindly loaned for "study by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell. The color characteristics are taken from the original description. Lasioptera serotina Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 326 This species was taken on chokecherry, Prunus virgin- iana, at Albany, N. Y., May 23, 1907 and may possibly cause the irregular subcortical galls on the small twigs of wild cherry. Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 19 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal seg- ment suboval. Palpi; the first segment subquadrate, the second a little stouter, rounded distally, the third more slender and a little longer than the second, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum dark brown with a golden luster. Scutellum dark, shining. Abdomen dark brown with a row of submedian white spots. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 1) hyaline, costa fuscous ba- sally, the third vein unit- ing with the yellowish stig- matal spot at the distal third. Halteres yellowish. Coxae, femora and tibiae Fig.26 Lasioptera serotina, termi- pale beneath, the tibiae nal abdominal segment and ovipositor and the above, and tarsi dark tip of the latter showing the peculiar chiti- _ brown; claws stout. Ovi- nous hooks still more enlarged (original) positor probably half the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes slender, acutely rounded, and with five or six heavy hooks. Type Cecid. 79. . Lasioptera cylindrigallae Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus: Bul. 110, p. 150-51 ao —__——"_ N. Y: State Mus: Bul. 124, p. 326 1909 ——————-_ Ottawa Nat., 22:249 The midges were reared in early May from a uniform enlargement of Solidago stems, the deformity being some ro cm long and .7 cm in diameter, and occurring usually just below where the branches 158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM arise. The larvae winter in the enlarged central cavity. This gall Big.27. Tas1-0'p = tera cy lindri- gallae,_ swollen stem, A, portion in section, enlarged (original) is somewhat common on Staten Island and occurs sparingly at West Nyack, N. Y. Appar- ently the same gall was also observed at Nas- sau, N. Y., it occurring in this latter instance on Solidago graminifolta eee sumably the same species was taken by Mr J. R. Gillett on Mt Tom, Mass., July 22, 1906. A species of Polygnotus was reared from this midge. Gall. A uniform enlargement of the upper portion of Solidago stems. Length 10 cm, diameter .7 cm, the. central cawity /siteiaely, enlarged and inhabited by a number of pale yellowish larvae. Larva.. Length 3.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small, antennae slender; breast- bone slender, distinctly expanded apically, tri- dentate, the median tooth rather small; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. .Length™2 mm. > Anteanaeayaaue brown, basally silvery white, 15 or 16 segments, the fifth with a length slightly greater than its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, tapering to an obtusely rounded apex. Palpi fuscous yellowish, the first segment subquad- rate, slightly swollen distally, the second about as long, irregular, the third one-half longer than the second, more slender, the fourth one- half longer than the third, more slender; face with a patch of silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white and yellowish scales, the submedian lines rather sparsely clothed with golden yellow hairs, the median and sublateral areas rather uniformly clothed with short, golden yellow hairs. Scutellum dark brown with numerous yellowish setae apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown with large, submedian rows of lunate, silvery white spots, the latter on the posterior margins of the segments and extending to the lateral line; genitalia dull yellowish, slightly fuscous apically; venter suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot yellowish, the third vein yellow- ish, uniting with costa nearjthe distal third. Halteres a nearly re REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI16 159 uniform pale yellowish. Legs with coxae mostly fuscous, the base of femora yellowish white, the distal portion of tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the latter darker; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, broadly rounded. Harpes long, narrow, tapering, obtuse. Female. Length 2.5mm. Antennae dark brown, basally fuscous yellowish, ventrally silvery white; 21 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter; terminal segment obpyriform. Palpi fuscous yellowish, the first segment subrectangular, slightly swollen distally, the second one-half longer, stouter, the third a little longer, more slender than the second, the fourth one-third longer and more slender than the third. Ovipositor probably as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly rounded, and with five or six stout hooks. Type Cecid. a1408. Lasioptera solidaginis O. S. 1863 Osten Sacken, C.R. Ent. Soc. Phil. Proc., 1:368-70 1874 Glover, Townend. MS. Notes From My Journal, p. 68 (Cecidomyia) 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. fie) bul 23, p. 394 (L. tumifica) moc pelt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, peae5 (L- dorsimaculata) p. 327,(L. tumi- fica Beutm.) 1909 —————.__ Ottawa Nat., 22:249 (L. tumi- fica) ee —— Pt. noc, Ont., 39th Rept, p: 44 (+t umifica) 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2,p.52 (L. tumifica) The rough eccentric stem gall of this species is rather common on the stemsof Solidago rugosa in the immediate vicinity of New ‘York City. It also occurs about Albany and has been taken at Worcester, Mass., and Bos- bs etic ; Fig. 28. Lasiop- cawen, N. H. This insect winters as larvae pode ee ifaw in the deformity, the midges appearing in the nis, gall, somewhat spring. Polymecus canadensis enlarged (original) Ashm. was reared from this gall. A study of the types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge show that L. tumifica Beutm. and L. dorsi- maculata Felt are identical with the above-named species.. There is some variation in the white markings on the abdomen, though nothing to justify the recognition of more than one species. 160 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gall. Length and diameter about 2.5 cm. An irregular, sub- globose or fusiform enlargement of the stem near the ground and almost invariably eccentric. The surface is usually somewhat roughened, hard, while the softer, pithy interior is inhabited by numerous larvae. Larva. Length 3.5 mm, slender, pale yellowish gray. Head long, slender, tapering gradually to a narrowly rounded apex. Antennae stout, tapering, with a length two and one-half times the diameter. Breastbone stout, heavily chitinized, tridentate, the median tooth small, sometimes almost obsolete and about one-third the length of the heavy submedian, rather slender teeth; terminal segment broadly rounded posteriorly. Male. With 17 antennal segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter, the fourth palpal segment one- half longer and more slender than the third; the pulvilli are shorter than the claws. Genitalia, basal clasp segment long, slender; ter- minal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly incised, the lobes widely separated, nar- rowly rounded distally; ventral plate long, tapering, narrowly rounded. Harpes long, slender, tapering, obtuse. Style a little longer, slender, broadly rounded. Female. With 19 to 22 antennal segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, narrowly oval. The wing is illustrated on plate 5, figure 2. Ovi- positor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes with a length four times their diameter, slender and with a sparse group of short, stout, lance-shaped scales and five or Six stout, chitinous hooks. Lasioptera ziziae Felt 1908 Felt, E. P. N. Y: State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 This midge was reared in April 1908 from a fusiform stem gall on golden Alexanders, Zizia atrea, collected by Mirai Weld at Evanston, Ii. | Gall. A fusiform stem swelling some 3 cm in length and .6 cm in diameter. , Larva. Length 3 mm, pale orange, rather stout.” Head ema, antennae slender, tapering; breastbone slender, distinctly expanded apically, bidentate, the teeth unusually long and between a minute median tooth; skin coarsely shagreéned; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, fuscous basally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, with a length one- half greater than its diameter, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregular, the second narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the second. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly yellow-haired, the submedian lines with long, yellowish setae. _ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 161 Scutellum reddish brown, whitish scales apically, postscutellum darker. Abdomen dark brown with lunate, silvery spots on seg- ments one to five and rudimentary markings on the sixth, venter suffused with silvery white scales; genitalia light fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the rather long, pale orange discal spot at the distal third; halteres yellowish orange. Coxae and base of femora fuscous yellowish, the femora distally and tibiae dark brown; tarsi nearly black; claws long, slender, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment stout, tapering; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, slender, tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes stout at base, tapering, irregularly obtuse; style long, rather stout, narrowly rounded. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, the basal segments whitish; 17 segments, the fifth with a length about one- fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, with a length about twice its diameter, narrowly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second with a length one- half greater than its diameter, stout, the third one-half longer than the second, more slender and the fourth three-fourths longer than the third, more slender. Color as in the opposite sex. Wings a little broader and the discal spot less marked than in the male. Ovipositor with a length equal to the abdomen; basally an oval area with short, halberdlike spines; terminal lobes slender, with a length fully five times the diameter and five or six < heavy, stout hooks. Type Cecid. ar817. Lasioptera hamata Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 107; separate, p. II 1908 ——————_ NV. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 This species was taken on Solidago at Nassau, N. Y., June 14, 1906. Nothing is known concerning its life history. The female may be recognized by the basal and abdominal segments being white-margined posteriorly. _. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; the first seg- ment short, subquadrate, the second short, broadly oval, the third twice the length of the preceding, narrowly oval, the fourth one- fourth longer than the third, a little more slender; lower portion of face and base of antennae sparsely ornamented with white hairs; eyes large, black, margined posteriorly with a few white hairs. Mesonotum brownish black. Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown with the third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments margined posteriorly with sparse, whitish scales, terminal segments pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa light brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the whitish 162 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM stigma on the basal half, it and the base of costa thickly clothed with dark brown scales. Halteres whitish transparent. Coxae dark yellowish brown; femora pale yellowish, tibiae and tarsi slightly variable dark brown; claws rather stout, strongly and evenly curved. Ovipositor nearly as long as the body: basally, oval patches of halberd-shaped scales; terminal lobes long, slender, rather broadly rounded, with a eroup of pale, slightly curved rods and three heavy hooks. Type Cecid. 280. Lasioptera tripsaci Felt 1910 Felt, E. P.. Ent. News, 21:10 This dark brown, white-banded species was reared at Plano, Texas, August 12, 1909 from larvae occurring between the leaf blades of Gama or Sesame grass, Tripsacum dactyloides and transmitted to this office by Prof. F. M. Webster under the number 6011. Lasioptera cassiae Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287—-88 This species was reared May 8 and June 16, 1883 from stem galls on thé. sensiuvve plant, Cassia nictitats, “taken py hiene Morrison at Fort Huachua, Ariz. We are indebted to the courtesy of Doctor Howard and the United States National Museum for an opportunity to describe this interesting form. Gall. ‘Length 3 cm, diameter 5 or 6 mm. This 1S am amresmian elongate, fusiform stem gall, purplish brown in color and evidently polythalamous, since circular exit holes occur here and there over its surface (Pergande, Bureau Notes). The larva is described by Mr Pergande as bright orange with a brown breastbone. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, 19 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter, the terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi presumably quadriarticulate. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines thickly haired. Scutellum yellowish brown, rather thickly haired, postscutellum darker. Abdomen dark reddish brown, the segments rather narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Wings hyaline, costa probably dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just beyond the basal half, the whitish stigmatal spot small; halteres pale yellowish. Legs a nearly uniform yellowish brown, the tibiae and the distal tarsal segment apically somewhat darker; claws stout, the pulvilli about half the length of the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment short, swollen at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, broadly and roundly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate. Harpes long, stout. ——————— SO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI6 163 Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae short, dark brown, composed of 23 to 24 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segments indistinctly fused. Palpi; first segment probably short, stout, the second presumably narrowly oval, stout, the third subrectangular, with a length about twice its diameter, the fourth twice the length of the third, slender. Color and other characters about as in the male, except that the abdomen is somewhat lighter and with broader, white bands. Ovipositor half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly oval. Type Cecid. gor. Lasioptera inustorum Felt mr6. Fell, E. P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 24:182 Midges were reared in May 1915 by Mr C. N. Ainslie from black- ened leaf sheaths of Panicum virgatum collected at Elk Point, S. D. This species runs in our key to L. impatienti- folia Felt, a form which also produces a carbonaceous discolor- ation of the vegetable tissues. The most striking difference between the two is in the much produced lobes of the ovipositor in the western midge. The leaf sheath of infested plants is marked by a diffuse blackening near the base. The affected area may have a length of 3 cm and extend more than half way around the stem, the latter being unaffected. Larval cells occur within the blackened tissues, the larvae sheltering in tubular, silk-lined cavities some 5 to 6 mm long. Lasioptera neofusca Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 This insect was taken May 25, 1906 on a train entering Albany, ae | - Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal seg- ment slightly pro- é te Tee he teat eee longed, ovoid. Palpi; Sp pe ered or tac oe Ter ae the first segment short, irregularly rectangular, slightly swollen dis- tally, the second one- Fig. 29 Lasioptera neofusca, basal half longer than the portion of ovipositor showing the dorsal chitinous preceding, the third bars, enlarged (original) more slender, slightly longer, the fourth one-third longer than the preceding, more slender: face yellowish brown, eyes large, black, margined on the sides 6 164 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen sooty brown, rather thickly and irregularly clothed dorsally with dark brown scales. Wings hyaline, costa basally and. the third vein thickly clothed with brownish scales, the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal third. Halteres reddish transparent basally, whitish transparent apically.. Coxae reddish transparent, anterior and mid femora and tibiae sooty yellow, posterior femora whitish yellow, tibiae dark brown dorsally, lighter ventrally, tarsi dark brown, the second and third segments narrowly ringed basally with yellowish white; claws slender, uniformly curved. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen; terminal lobes long, tapering, obtusely rounded. Type Cecid. 82. Lasioptera juvenalis Felt 1908 Felt, E. P.. N. Y. State Mus: Bul. 124, p..327 This female was taken at Newport, N. Y., July 25, 1906 on bouncing bet, Js aponaria officinalis Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 21 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, somewhat expanded distally, » the second narrowly oval, with a length about three times its diameter, the third a little longer and more slender, the fourth one-fourth longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum dark brown basally, yellowish apically, postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal third. MHalteres pale orange basally, yellowish apically. Coxae and femora fuscous yellowish, narrowly clothed exteriorly with fuscous scales; tibiae and tarsi mostly dark brown, the latter narrowly ringed and indistinctly annulate distally with yellowish; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvillt about half the length of the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the body; terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Wecid: 7e3- : Lasioptera clarkei Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 1910 —— | Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 Several females of this species were reared January 18, 1909 from a whitish, circular, blister gall on the leaves of Aster macro- phyllus collected by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., October 12, 1908. Evidently this form winters in the gall, and from the character of its nidus we would be inclined to refer it to the genus Asteromyia. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 165 The presence of but three palpal segments indicates a decided tendency toward reduction in these organs. Gall. The galls formed by this species occur on the under side of the leaf, scarcely showing above. They are nearly circular, 2 to 3 mmin diameter, yellowish white and with an irregular, central, dark puncture. Larva. Length 1.5 mm, pale whitish, stout, narrowly oval. Head small, the palpi short, stout, uniarticulate; breastbone short, broad, minutely and acutely bidentate, the lateral anterior angles somewhat produced; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Exuviae. Length 2.5 mm, whitish and protruding from gall. The form is rather stout, antennal cases stout, strongly curved, with an inconspicuous chitinous tubercle at the internal basal angle. Wing cases extending to the third abdominal segment, the leg cases to the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, the dorsum of the latter thickly clothed with short, stout, brownish, chitinous spines; posterior extremity broadly rounded, unarmed. Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish; 15 seg- ments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, the terminal segment produced, narrowly rounded apically and occasionally fused with the preceding. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, swollen distally, the second broadly oval, stout, the third one-haif longer, narrowly fusiform. Mesonotum shining dark brown, sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown, rather thickly clothed apically with yellowish setae, postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown, the segments very narrowly lined posteriorly with whitish, the sixth, seventh and the terminal segment with a broad, naked, orange band; genitalia fuscous; venter sparsely clothed with fuscous scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith at the distal third, the small stigma white. Halteres fuscous distally, white basally. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, the tarsal segments very narrowly banded basally with whitish; claws stout, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, terminal clasp segment slightly swollen at the base, stout; dorsal plate broadly and triangularly emarginate, ventral plate long, tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes stout, tuberculate apically. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish, 18 seg- ments; the fifth with a length shghtly greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, narrowly rounded apically and evidently composed of two segments. Palpi; the first segment long, swollen distally, the second broadly oval, the third one-half longer than the second, flattened. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum shining dark brown, postscutellum yellowish dark brown. Abdomen a uniform dark brown, the venter dark reddish brown and sparsely white-scaled mesially and laterally; ovipositor dull orange. Wings hyaline, costa thickly black-scaled, the third vein uniting with costa at the somewhat large, whitish discal spot near the basal half. Halteres fuscous apically, white basally. Legs dark brown, the tarsi black, the femora, tibiae and 166 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the tarsal segments very narrowly banded with white apically; claws stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes short, broadly oval. Type Cecid. argotr. 5 Lasioptera fraxinifolia Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 The midge was reared in August 1907 from a jar containing ash leaves bearing a purplish green subglobular gall, the deformity Osten Sacken characterized under the name of Cecidomyia pe liex It is possible that this fly caused the deformity. The gall is green or purplish green, subglobular, monothalamous, and about 5 mm in diameter. It occurs on the lateral veins, mostly on the upper surface of the leaf, its position being indicated on the lower surface by a slight swelling. This gall was observed at West- field, Lake Onondaga, Poughkeepsie, Highland and New York City. Larva. Length 2 mm, rather stout, pale yellowish. Head small, antennae short, stout; breastbone obsolete posteriorly, roundly bidentate and slightly expanded apicallv; skin coarsely shagreened; postevioz extremity broadly rounded. This is hardly a Lasioptera larva. The gall belonging therewith is probably not the work of Lasioptera. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 25 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment produced, tapering distally to a subacute apex. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, with a length nearly three times its diameter, the third a little longer and more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, strongly compressed. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum apparently dark brown. Abdomen apparently a nearly uniform dark brown. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein joining the rather long, whitish discal spot near the basal. half; halteres pale yellowish. -Coxae yellowish; femora yellowish at the extremities, dark brown near the middle; tibiae dark brown, irregularly yellowish distally; tarsi dark brown; claws long, rather slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment long, swollen; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, slender, tapering. Harpes long, slender, tapering: style long, slender, subacute distally. Type Cecid. a1546a. _ Lasioptera abhamata Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 108; separate, p. 11-12 1908. ———___ | N2Y. State, Mus, Bul. 124, p. 327 This species was taken June 4, 1907 in general collecting at Karner, N. Y. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 167 Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 21 or 22 seg- ments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, obtusely rounded distally. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second subrectangular, one-half longer than the preceding, the third one-half longer than the second and the fourth one-third longer than the third. Face dark brown, eyes large, black. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines sparsely clothed with fine hairs. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum and abdomen nearly uniform dark brown. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 3) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just beyond the middle; halteres yellowish transparent basally, whitish transparent apically. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, lighter ventrally, distal tarsal segment somewhat darker; claws stout, uniformly curved. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the body, the terminal lobe long, slender, rather narrowly rounded and with a group of stout hooks. Type Cecid. 130. Lasioptera quercina Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 108; separate, p. 12 1908 —————-_N. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 The female representing this species was taken on white oak, Oiestecus alba, at Albany, N. Y., June 1, 1906. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a diameter nearly twice its length. Palpi; the first segment short, subtriangular, expanded distally, the second nearly twice as long as the preceding, swollen basally, the third a little longer than the second, slightly enlarged distally, the fourth one- third longer than the third. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum and postscutellum very dark brown. Abdomen nearly uniform reddish brown, rather thickly clothed with ferruginous hairs. Wings hyaline, costa basally, subcosta and the third vein thickly clothed with dark brown or black scales except at the whitish discal spot, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal third; halteres yellow- ish transparent. Coxae yellowish or reddish yellow, transparent, femora and tibiae dark brown, lighter at articulations, tarsi dark brown; claws rather slender, uniformly curved. Ovipositor two-thirds the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes broad, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 96. Lasioptera spiraeafolia Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:287 This small, yellowish species was reared July 16, t909 from a somewhat conspicuous, yellowish brown blister gall on Spiraea salicifolia taken by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. Several shipments of this gall have been received and a number of parasites reared therefrom. . Gall. 3 mm in diameter. A yellowish, brown spotted blister on the leaves. 168 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Larva. Length 1.5 mm, pale yellowish, rather stout. Head small; antennae short, tapering, uniarticulate; breastbone distinct, bidentate, the teeth triangular, well separated, the shaft tapering posteriorly. Skin coarsely shagreened, posterior extremity broadly rounded, slightly lobed and with the cuticular rugosities more pronounced. Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 14 segments, the fifth with a length one-half greater than its diameter, subbasal whorl sparse, subapical whorl rather thick, relatively long, circumfili at the basal half and apically; terminal segment narrowly oval, tapering distally, with a length twice its diameter. Palpi yellowish; first segment short, stout, second narrowly oval, with a length three times its diameter, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum a light fuscous yellowish, the submedian lines sparsely haired.. Scutellum and postscutellum yellowish orange. Abdomen yellowish orange, the segments slightly fuscous dorsally. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with the dark brown costa near the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly yellowish, the tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli about half the length of the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment rather stout, curved; dorsal plate long, deeply and narrowly incised, ventral plate inconspicuous. Harpes expanded basally, tapering to a narrowly produced, irregular apex. Type Cecid. a186o. Lasioptera viburni Felt 1907, Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 104; separate spare 1908 —————__ NN Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 This male was taken at Albany, N. Y., June ro, 1906 on maple leaved arrowwood, Viburnum acerifolium. Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; at least 18 and probably more segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter. Palpi; the first segment irregularly curved, subrectangular, with a length four times the diameter, the second shorter, narrowly oval, the third a little longer than the second, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender, curved; eyes margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, margined laterally with yellowish, anteriorly with a few sparse, silvery white hairs, submedian lines yellowish. Scutellum and postscutellum nearly uniform fuscous orange. Abdomen yellowish orange, with irregular fuscous markings on the first, second, third and fourth abdominal segments, the markings nearly divided in the middle and slightly prolonged sublaterally. Genitalia shining brown. Wings hyaline, costa basally and the third vein thickly clothed with dark brown scales, the latter uniting with the margin at the distal third; halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae, femora and tibiae pale yellowish straw, tarsi nearly uniform REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 169 dark brown; claws slender, long, strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment with the basal fourth enlarged, tapering; dorsal plate broad, deeply incised; ventral plate roundly emarginate. Harpes narrowly subtriangular. Type Cecid. 186. | Lasioptera excavata Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. New Species of Cecidomyiidae II, p. 6 1908 ——————_ N- Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 287, 327 _ This species was presumably reared from a blisterlike mine found rather commonly in the vicinity of Albany on species of Crataegus. The larvae occur in the mines about midsummer, the adults appear- ing August 17, 1907. The blisterlike mine inhabited by this species is about 8 mm in diameter, pale green and surrounded by a broad, diffuse, reddish brown area, with diameter about three times that of the blister. The tints of the lower side of the leaf are much less striking than those above. One to three or six larvae may occur in a leaf. For a colored illustration of the gall see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 2, figure II, Ifa. Larva. Whitish, moderately stout, the extremities rounded, length 2 mm; head rather small, rounded anteriorly, the antennae moder- ately long, stout, biarticulate, the terminal segment rounded apically; breastbone obtusely bidentate, shaft distinctly chitinized but more slender than the anterior portion; skin moderately smooth, posterior extremity roundly truncate and with a pair of fleshy, obtuse processes at each of the latero-posterior angles. Female. Length 1mm. Antennae black, basally yellowish; 26 seg- ments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; termi- nal segment slightly produced, obpyriform. Palpi; the first segment rather long, narrowly oval, the second a little longer, stouter, oval, the third one-half longer than the second, broad, tapering at both extremities, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the third; face with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales, head thickly clothed posteriorly with silvery white scales. Mesonotum narrowly dark brown, broadly and variably margined laterally and anteriorly with pale yellowish, the submedian lines broad, pale yellowish and sparsely haired. Scutellum pale yellowish, postscutellum pale orange. Abdomen mostly pale orange, the second to sixth segments variably marked basally with dark brown, the markings being almost obsolete on the second, nearly reaching the margin on the third and extending thereto on the fourth, fifth and sixth segments, ovipositor pale orange; venter pale yellowish, sparsely clothed with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, no discal spot; the third vein uniting with the anterior margin near the basal half; halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly pale yellowish, the femora narrowly reddish brown Bz: NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM apically, the tarsi black. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, the ~ terminal lobes long, slender, subacute and with three or four stout hooks. _ Type Cecid. a1576. Lasioptera murtfeldtiana Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:288 Several specimens of this form were reared September 9, 1806 from seeds of sunflower taken at Kirkwood, Mo. Apparently the same or a closely allied insect was obtained from wild sunflower seeds August 25, 1884 from Ottawa, Kan. We are indebted to the courtesy of the National Museum for an opportunity of describing this species. The sunflower seed infested by this insect appears to be normal, the adult escaping from the pupa atter the latter was nearly free from the base of the seed. Exunae. Length 2.5 mm, semitransparent, except for the light brown dorsum of the abdominal segments; antennal sheaths short, with a short, obtuse, triangular process basally; dorsal horns short, rather stout. Wing pads extending to the third abdominal segment, leg cases to the fifth or sixth abdominal segment; dorsum of the abdominal segments thickly clothed with short, stout, chitinous spines; these evidently give the dark brown color mentioned above. Male. Length2mm. Antennae short, dark brown, 17 segments; the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, the terminal segment slightly produced, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; first segment rather long, rectangular, the second a little stouter and as long as the first, the third one-half longer and more slender than the second, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines thickly haired. Scutellum dark brown, yellowish brown apically. Post- scutellum darker. Abdomen apparently a nearly uniform yellowish brown, the genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa mostly dark brown, the white discal spot apparently missing, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. Halteres reddish brown. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, the femora and tibiae apically narrowly ringed with pale yellowish. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment, short, stout, swollen basally ; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes long, with a narrow, chitinous process apically. Type Cecid. go2. Lasioptera centerensis n. sp. This name is proposed for a yellowish orange larva inhabiting a double celled gall at the base of the stem of _ Impatiens aurea anid taken at Karner, N. Y., September 6, 1906: Gall. ‘The gall is soft, green, one-half of an inch long, one-third of an inch in diameter, and is composed of two cells. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQI 6 - Pya Larva. Length 3 mm, rather stout, yellowish orange, the breast- bone linear, rather broad, tridentate. Head small. Antennae appar- ently uniarticulate, tapering. Skin coarsely shagreened; segmenta- tion indistinct, posterior extremity broadly rounded and with a few small, scattering spines. This larva is easily distinguished from that of L. impati- entifolia by the tridentate breastbone. Type Cecid. a1166. NEOLASIOPTERA Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 I9l1l ————— N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 22 This genus is closely allied to Lasioptera. It is distinguished by the fifth vein forking at the extreme base of the wing or by the sixth being entirely independent of the preceding (pluses, fie.) 8). Tins character, while not always determined with ease, affords a good basis for division, even though this latter may not be closely corre- lated with variations in habit. The female antennae may be com- posed of from 17 segments in the case of N. celastri to 29 segments in N. viburnicola, while the males may have but feeccemenc, in Ny squamosa to.23 in N. cornicola. As in the genus Lasioptera, there is frequently a variation, appa- rently following no law, of four or five segments between the sexes. The species of this genus, as in Lasioptera, inhabit largely sub- cortical stem galls on herbaceous and woody plants, most of the forms producing distinct enlargements, though the presence of N. hibisci is indicated only by a somewhat general enlarge- ment of the stem.. N. squamosa has been reared from grass, presumably a stem gall, while N. vitinea makes a character- istic conical gall on the grape petiole. Type Lasioptera vitinea Felt. . Key to species a Abdomen dark brown or black 6 Abdominal segments nearly unicolorous é Daise danke brown; female antennal segments 17... . 25.6... cea s'ae celastri Felt, C. 598 cc Tarsi dark brown, annulate with yellowish white; female antennal Sepments 12; reated Irom .gtass.:......s0.55 squamoSa Felt ccc ‘Tarsi reddish brown, female antennal segments 21; reared from stem BaMOR CHIN OMELET tk: oar ot een oe ou aes a titimera n. sp., C. 907 cccc ‘Tarsi fuscous yellowish, antennal segments, female 24.............. i Mayor.) ne Sp, .C. tans bb Basal abdominal segment whitish or yellowish white c Third vein uniting with costa at the basal third 17 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM d Abdominal segments 1 to 4 white; male antennae with ?20 to 22 segments; female, 24; reared from Eragrostis...........:. agrostis PelrC. ames dd Third abdominal segment margined with silvery; female antennaliseenientss. 25 o.-1i se 2s see ee cinérea Pel sae ddd Second to fourth abdominal segments with submedian lunate spots e Tarsi mostly dark brown f Female antennal segments, 22; terminal lobes of ovipositer very slender (x6). .... 2. 7 eee tenuitas Belt) Graze ff Female antennal segments, 24; male, ?20-22; terminal lobe of ovipositor rather stout (x4); reared from ra OnOStiGi te le oy, agrostis: Felt, Cones ee Tarsi mostly yellowish; terminal lobes short, stout, thickly ANG OGIS sca 5 rn oh Beta Thai prea hirsttta Belt,@. gos cc Third vein uniting with costa at the basal half d Third and fourth basal abdominal segments yellowish or whitish e Distal abdominal segment pale orange;.antennal segments, MINATSR Ace cet eats Sane nee oe basalis Pelt @xi29 ee Distal abdominal segments white; margined posteriorly; antennal segments, male, 20; female, 23-25; reared from conical petiole grape gall... 20. 9a ee vitinea Felt, C. al4i5, 1665, 1118) e630 dd Second to fourth abdominal segments with submedian whitish spots e Ventral plate rather broad, narrowly rounded distally; antennal segments, male,18... 11. 27 eee sexmacula tasPeli, Cuizen i ss9 ee Ventral plate broad, narrowly incised apically; antennal Segimentis, male, Woe. 4: tripunctata Melt. @-a127 ddd Second to third abdominal segments margined posteriorly with silvery white e Legs mostly pale yellowish f* Male antennal segments 18...» 27.2. eee . liriodend tm! FHeltis@2 401 ee Legs mostly brown f Antennal segments, female, 23; scutellum reddish yellow; reared-from irregular stem gall on Solanum solani Felt, C. 903 ff Antennal segments, female, 26; scutellum dark brown; presumably forming a stem gall on Clematis...... clematidis Felt, a1596a fff Antennal segments, male, 19; female, 23; scutellum dark brown; reared from irregular subcortical gall Ol SAMpPUCMSs semen « Saim-b wea) helices ar40o4 ffff Antennal segments, male, 20; female, 23-25; scutellum reddish brown; reared from conical petiole grape gall vitinea Felt, C. alq15, 1065, 1118 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 173 fffff Antennal segments, female, 24; reared from fusiform stem gall on Asclepias incarnata...... asclepiae Felt, C. a1gor ffffff Antennal segments, male, 22; female, 29; scutellum reddish brown; reared from irregular subcortical gall Spe NO MCIUNIEROIEIEO gots ig alge tie Sule ibis sais fares esa"elale's, 2s viburnicola Beutm., C. al4og dddd Third and fourth abdominal segments margined posteriorly e Antennal segments, male, 23; female, 27; third and fourth abdominal segments narrowly margined posteriorly; reared from irregular subcortical gall on Cornus cornicola Beutm., C. a1423, 21363 ee Antennal segments, female, 23; third and fourth abdominal segments broadly margined posteriorly................. hamamelidis Felt, C. 181 bbb Abdominal segments margined posteriorly with yellowish or whitish c Tarsi banded; antennal segments, male, 18; female, 24; reared from oval stem gall on Eupatorium...... perfoliata Felt, °C. 1101 cc Tarsi with the distal segments of the posterior legs white; antennal SEPiEMES, TEMAIG TO. Ss .-. own See oe we s albipe's n. sp., C. 604 ccc Tarsi unicolorous; antennal segments, female 18; reared from Heli- SLUT Sai aes eee ee eae ee helianthi Felt, C. a1718x bbbb Basal and other abdominal segments with conspicuous submedian markings c Submedian spots straw yellow Bebemale ancenmtal SCpments T8is.c. 2. sas salad bas mals oe fm earn flavomaculata Felt, C. 545 cc Third and fourth abdominal segments mostly whitish; antennal segments, male, 16; on basswood....tiliaginea Felt, C. 283 ccc ‘Third and fourth abdominal segments not mostly whitish d Tarsi unicolorous or nearly so e Antennal segments of male, 18; female, 22; scutellum dark brown; reared from oval stem gall on tick trefoil...... hamata Felt, C: a1458 ee Antennal segments of female, 25; ovipositor lobes very long, SPST cet cues cals cet eo lonadens1s i. sp: C.* 1350 eee Antennal segments, female, 17; scutellum black........... albolineata Felt, C. 1234 dd Tarsi distinctly annulate e Posterior tarsi with the fourth and fifth segments white in the female f Antennal segments, male, 20; female, 24-25; the fourth palpal segment twice the length of the preceding; scutellum dark brown. Reared from ovate stem gall Gin Mrplariaanns 0 is. eA es ie oi Sor Pee Se albitarsis Felt, C::at477, ai379 ee Posterior tarsi with the second to fourth segments banded at both extremities f Antennal segments, male, 15-16; female, 23; scutellum dark brown, the third vein uniting with the costa at the basal third. Reared from swollen stems of ERDISRUS 20° 572 014. «!s, o/s ls pub bet se i elt. C. araro —— ee SO L7A NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ff Antennal segments, male, 19; female, 21; scutellum dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half.’ Reared from a fusiform stem gall on aSten JoTaMehes: Meylet soem ramuscula Beutm. C. a1361, a1397, a1500, 1107 eee Posterior tarsal segments white-banded basally f Antennal segments, male, 14; female, 16; palpi three — four-segmented, the distal segment one and one- half to two and one-half times the length of the preceding; scutellum dark brown. Reared from fusiform bud gall.on Erigeron. ).) 2.) see erigerontis Felt, C. ai4274,,anz02 neo ff Antennal segments, female, 17-18; male) 15; noun palpal segment one-half longer than the preceding; scutellum dark brown; reared from stems of giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida...2.... ee eee ambrosiae Felt, C. angz6 fff Antennal segments, female, 18; scutellum reddish brown, the fourth palpal segment one and one-third the length of the preceding, the costal spot obscure. Reared from stem gall on Mimulus........ er otoemiees mimu 11: Felt) Canons ffff Antennal segments, male, 17; female, 23; scutellum dark brown, the distal palpal segment with a length one and one-fourth that of the preceding; ovipositor slender, as long as the abdomen. Reared from stem gall on Eupatorium.. eupatori1 Felt Gs arma. fffff Antennal segments, male, 17; female, 22-25; the fourth palpal segment with a length three-fourths to twice that of the preceding; scutellum dark brown, the ovipositor stout, with a length one-half that of the abdomen. Reared from Mint stemy ee) oe menthae Felt, C. a1823 aa Abdomen a pale or reddish brown b Mesonotum light brown; antennal segments, male, 12; bred from grass... squamosa Felt, C. 909 bb Mesonotum dark brown; antennal segments, female, I6-19............ : flavoventris Felt, C. 478, 480; 672 Neolasioptera celastri Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 This species was taken on climbing bitter-sweet, Celastrus scandens at Albany;.N. Y.,: July 17, 2906. [t7aimayeepemiie species causing the subcortical stem gall on this vine. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellow- ish; 17 segments, the fifth with a length nearly equal to its diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, evidently composed of two or three closely fused, distally tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 175 Palpi; the first segment long, expanding distally and with a length over twice its diameter, the second narrowly oval, with a length over twice its diameter, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth longer and more slender than the third; face fuscous yellowish, eyes large, black. Head posteriorly clothed with silvery white scales. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum and postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen shining dark brown, ‘ovipositor yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa light brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just before the basal half. Halteres whitish transparent. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, except for the yellowish coxae and femora; claws rather slender, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Ovipositor probably about two-thirds the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes long, siender, narrowly oval. Type Cecid. 598. Neolasioptera squamosa Felt I9gtt Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:483-84 The midges were reared 7 grass, presumably a gall, collected at Cadet, Mo. | Neolasioptera trimera Felt 191r Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:484 Females of this species were reared July 8-16, 1882 from a stem — gall on sunflower taken by Mr H. K. Morrison at Fort Grant, Ariz. A number of undetermined parasites were reared from this gall fly. Neolasioptera major n. sp. This giant species was taken in August at Colorado Springs, Col., at an elevation of 5915 feet, by Mr E. S. Tucker. It is also numbered 126. Female. poe 3 mm. Antennae dark brown, 24 segments, the first broadly obconic, the second subglobose, the third and fourth free, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, the terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly ovai. The circumfili are remarkably high for a Neolasioptera, producing dis- tinct ridges. Palpi; first segment obconic, the second stout, with a length about two and one-half times its diameter, the third one-half longer, more slender, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the second. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum a little lighter, postscutellum nearly concolorous. Abdomen a_ shining reddish dark brown, ovipositor deep orange. Wings hyaline, costa yellowish transparent, probably badly rubbed, the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, slightly fuscous apically. Coxae dark brown, femora mostly fuscous, yellowish, tibiae yellowish brown, tarsi fuscous yellowish, the seg- ments somewhat darker distally. Ovipositor*hardly half the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes large, broadly oval. Type Cecid. 525%. 176 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Neolasioptera agrostis Felt 1908 Felt, E. P. .N. Yo State Mus? Bul. 124. paar IQII —— Beon? But jours 4-463 This species, loaned for study by the United States National Museum, was reared from Eragrostis poacoides, adults issuing in September 188s. Neolasioptera cinerea Felt 1907. Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p.> 111} separsse eas (Choristoneura) iN S013 ee I SS Sie ISS SVEN ree ee This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., June 21, 1906. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 25 segments, the fifth with a diameter one-half greater than its length. Palpi; the first segment short, obconic, second one-half longer, subcylindric, the third very long, about three times the combined length of the two preceding, irregular, the basal portion stout, the apical part slender. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines with grayish hairs. Scutellum dark brown with sparse apical setae, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, incisures and pleurae pale whitish orange; basal segment thickly clothed with silvery scaies, the posterior margin of the third abdominal segment sparsely ornamented with scales of the same character, terminal segments pale orange. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the whitish stigma on the basal third. Halteres pale yellowish basally, yellowish white apically. Coxae dark yellowish, femora yellowish straw with a more or less broad, fuscous band near the middle. Anterior and mid tibiae fuscous dorsally, pale yellowish ventrally, posterior tibiae pale yellowish; tarsi fuscous, lighter ventrally; claws moderately stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor moderately long, the lobes long, broadly rounded. ype Cecid: aan. Neolasioptera tenuitas Felt 1908 *\ Felt, H.-P. N: Y. state Mus. Bul-1245-p. 331 This species was taken on the office window at Alpes July 30, 1907, presumably having been reared from material brought into the office. Female. Length 1.5mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellow- ish; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; first segment rather long, slender, slightly expanded distally, the second a little longer and broader than the first, the third about as long as the second, more slender, the fourth one-third longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum’ shining dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery yellowish scales. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9Q16 177 Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second, third and fourth segments with lunate, submedian, silvery white spots on the posterior margin; on the second and third seg- ments there are also narrow, linear, silvery white markings laterally; ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith near the basal third. Halteres pale orange basally, yellowish transparent apically. Coxae, femora and the base of tibiae mostly pale yellow, the distal portions of tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Claws long, stout, strongly curved, - the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the body, the terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 1232. Neolasioptera hirsuta Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 This species, loaned by the United States National Museum for study, was reared May 17, 1883, from stem galls on an unknown plant taken at Fort Huachua, Ariz. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae reddish brown; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment somewhat reduced, broadly oval. Palpi; first segment rather long, narrowly oval, the second a little longer, stouter, the third a little longer and about as stout as the second, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark reddish brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with long, silvery scales, the submedian lines thickly clothed with golden yellow setae. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed with silvery scales except for a narrow median line, the second to sixth segments with submedian subquadrate silvery spots posteriorly, the seventh segment rather broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white, ovipositor pale yellowish. ‘Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith at the basal third. Halteres mostly pale yellowish. Legs mostly fuscous yellowish, distal portion of tibiae and the apexes of the third to fifth tarsal segments inclusive, a light brown; claws rather long, stout, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, the lobes short, broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. This species appears to be quite close to Cecid. 1232, differing therefrom particularly in the hghter color of the legs, especially that of the tarsi and in the shorter, stouter, thickly haired terminal lobes of the ovipositor. Type Cecid. go8. Neolasioptera basalis Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 109; separate, p. 13 (Choristoneura) 1908 ——————-_ N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This species was taken on hazel, Corylus americana, at Albany, N. Y., August 6, 1906. Nothing is known of its life history. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark Bn probably com- posed of 14 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter. Palpi probably quadriarticulate. Face fuscous yellowish, eyes large, black. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines sparsely ornamented with yellowish hairs. Scutellum yellow- ish brown, postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen with the four basal segments yellowish white, the distal segments pale orange dorsally, sparsely clothed with fuscous and yellowish scales, genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith at the whitish discal spot on the basal half. Halteres and coxae pale yellowish, femora yellowish basally, dark brown distally, tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws moderately heavy, strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, terminal clasp segment stout, tapering. Dorsal plate broad, deeply emarginate, ventral plate broad, short, acutely rounded. MHarpes convolute, stout and with two subtriangular, truncate teeth. Type Cecid. 739. Neolasioptera vitinea Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 153 (Lasioptera) 1908 —————-_ N.. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 The midge was reared June 15, 1907 from a conical petiole gall on grape, collected on Staten Island, N. Y. The gall is quite com- mon in the vicinity of New York City, also at West Nyack, N. Y. It was found on Isabella grape by Mrs M. Archer Shee, Highland Falls, N: Y., and taken on grape at Albany, N. Yio Whesepecics was reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson, Worcester, Mass., and presumably at Washington, D. C., as specimens dated April 28, 1888 are in the collections of the National Museum. Trichasis virginiensis Ashm. was reared from this gall. Gall (pl. 3, fig. 2). This is an obpyriform or slightly curved coni- cal petiole gall on grape. The enlargement is about 1.5 cm long and .5 cm in diameter. Each gall contains 2-4 larvae in a-long central chamber. Larva. Length 3.5 mm, stout, whitish or pale yellowish. Head small; antennae uniarticulate; breastbone linear, bidentate, with a minute median tooth and tapering slightly distally; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 2.5mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 20 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment greatly prolonged, subconic with a length fully twice its diameter, the base slightly rounded, the apex obtuse. Palpi fuscous yellowish, the first segment stout, subquadrate, slightly swollen distally, the second a little longer than the first, stout, roundly REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 179 rectangular, the third more than twice the length of the second, tapering, obtuse; face sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, variably and diffusely margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the sublateral areas sparsely clothed with short, whitish hairs. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, clothed with a few coarse setae apically, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the first segment rather thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second, third and fourth nearly so, except for a variable, diffuse median fuscous spot, the sixth, seventh and eighth segments dark brown, thickly margined posteriorly with silvery, incisures and apex of abdomen fuscous yellowish, genitalia fuscous; venter with a broad median stripe, thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the sublateral areas dark brown. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the long, whitish discal spot at the basal half; the tip of the third vein uniting therewith; halteres pale yellowish. Coxae and femora mostly pale yellowish, the latter with a variable median band of light fuscous, tibiae light fuscous, narrowly banded at the extremities with pale yellowish, the first and second tarsal segments mostly light yellowish, darker distally, the third, fourth and fifth mostly dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment long, stout basally, tapering; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate shorter, broad, broadly rounded; harpes stout at base, tapering. Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, obovate. Palpi fuscous yellowish, the first segment irregularly subquadrate, swollen distally, the second one-half longer, narrowly oval, the third more slender and one-fourth longer than the second, the fourth more slender and one-half longer than the third; face thickly white-scaled. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined with silvery white scales, submedian lines thickly yellow-haired. Scutellum reddish brown, sparsely clothed with whitish hairs, postscutellum yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly silvery white- scaled, segments two to six narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, these markings continued laterally to form a crenulate lateral line; wing, see plate 5, figure 8; ovipositor pale yellowish; venter dark brown with the median third rather sparsely white- scaled. Tarsi a nearly uniform dark brown, the first segment narrowly annulate with whitish. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the lobes long, tapering, narrowly rounded. Dype Cecid. ar4rs. Neolasioptera sexmaculata Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 This species was taken at Nassau, N. Y., June 14, 1906, probably on cherry and again captured July 17th of the same year on a house window. 180 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally with silvery hairs; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three- fourths its diameter; terminal segment nearly twice the length of the preceding, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, second a little longer, swollen distally, the ‘third narrowly oval, the fourth about two and one-half times the length of the third. Mesonotum dark brown with a darker median line, anteriorly and laterally with a broad band of silvery scales; there are also a few posteriorly on the median line. Scutellum dark brown, a few whitish scales subapically; postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown with the basal segment and small subdorsal spots on the second, third and fourth segments, white; laterally, larger, more diffuse, whitish spots, on the second, third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments; subterminal segments pale orange; genitalia fuscous yellowish, basally on the dorsal aspect with silvery white. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, a small, yellowish stigmatal spot at the basal half, the third vein uniting therewith; halteres pale yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically, anterior coxae pale yellowish, posterior coxae dark brown, variably clothed laterally with silvery white scales; femora mostly silvery white with variable fuscous markings, tibiae silvery yellow basally, a variable brown distally, lighter ventrally, tarsal segments dark brown, variably annulate basally with yellowish white, the annulations broader on the posterior legs, nearly rudimentary on the anterior ones; claws slender, evenly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment rather long, stout; terminal clasp segment greatly swollen basally, tapering; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. MHarpes stout, sub- triangular, a narrow, subquadrate tooth internally and a shorter, stouter one externally. Type Cecid. 265. Neolasioptera tripunctata Felt 1908 Felt, E-P. “No Y. state Mus: Bultzas pi 338 This species was taken on a house window at Nassau, N. Y.., June 30, 1906. Nothing is known concerning its life history. Male. Length tmm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length but a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment subglobular. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second rather stout, narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third. Face yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines distinct, thickly clothed with fine, yellowish hairs and with a slightly broader stripe of similar hairs along the antero-lateral . margin. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown with the basal segments mostly yellowish, the second with three subquadrate yellowish spots, one: median the others nearly lateral, the third and fourth segments, each with a pair of submedian subquadrate spots, terminal segments bordered REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 18i posteriorly with yellowish white scales, ventral surface pale yellow- ish. Wings hyaline, costa with dark brown scales, third vein uniting with costa at the basal third; halteres pale reddish basally, whitish apically. Coxae pale yellowish, femora mostly pale yellowish, tibiae yellowish ventrally, with some dark brown dorsally, tarsi dark brown, the segments narrowly annulate with light reddish yellow basally; claws rather long, slender, evenly curved, the tooth long. Genitalia (pl. 7, fig. 4); basal clasp segment long, obliquely truncate; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base, tapering. Dorsal plate broad, very deeply and triangularly incised, ventral plate broad. Harpes stout, subtriangular, obtusely rounded. Type Cecid. 427. Neolasioptera liriodendri Felt 1907, Felt, E. P WN. Y. State Mus: Bul. 110, p. 109-10; separate, p. 13 (Choristoneura) - 1908 ————— N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 This species was taken on a tulip tree, Liriodendron Peeeparerde, at Albany, N. Y., June 8, 1906. The tree was more Or legs infested. by Thecodiplosis liriodendri Jack, a species producing the characteristic purplish blister galls on the leaves. Male. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, lighter basally; 18 segments, the fifth with a length scarcely greater than its diameter; terminal segment suboval, sometimes free and occasionally fused with the preceding. Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly quadrate, slightly swollen distally, the second a little longer, narrowly oval, the third more slender, the fourth twice the length of the third. Head small, dark. Mesonotum dark brown, shining, clothed with long, white hairs, more abundant anteriorly and seen from the side, appearing like a collar, submedian lines rather abundantly clothed with fine hairs. Scutellum and postscutellum reddish. Abdomen with the basal segment covered with white scales, the second black basally, the dark color with three distal prolongations, ‘that on the median line extending across the segment; the third segment has the three dark points extending across the segment, the fourth is decidedly reddish yellow, the fifth narrowly so at the base and clothed with a patch of dark scales. Wings hyaline, costa thickly clothed with dark brown scales basally, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal third (pl. 5, fig. 6); halteres white. Legs pale yellow, with the tarsi slightly darker at the tips of the segments; claws rather long, stout, uniformly curved. Genitalia (pl. 7, fig. 3); basal clasp segment long, obliquely truncate; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base. Dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly incised, ventral plate broad, broadly rounded: Harpes stout, irregularly subtriangular. Type Cecid. 291. « 182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Neolasioptera solani Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p..164 (Choristoneura) 1908 ——————_N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 This species, loaned by the United States National Museum, was reared April 16-22, 1896 from a stem gall on Sola aus carolinense, taken at Ivy City, D.C. The gall reterediiay, us to this species was very common at Asheville, N. C., September 1906. The larvae winter in the gall, the adults appearing in the spring. , Gall. An irregular stem swelling 3.75 to 5 cm in length and with a diameter of about 1.75 cm. It is usually mostly on one side of the stem and spined. Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head rather broad; antennae uniarticulate, slender, tapering; breastbone rudimentary, unidentate; skin smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. ‘Larva probably young. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter; terminal segment reduced, subglobose. Palpi; the first segment small, subquadrate, the second short, dilated, a little longer than the first, the third .a little longer than the second, narrowly rounded, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, slender. Mesonotum dark reddish brown, broadly and irregu- Fig. 30 Neo- larly margined with yellowish white, the submedian lasiop- lines thickly clothed with short, yellowish setae. tera so- Scutellum reddish yellow, a few small setae apically, lani, gall, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, naturalsize the first abdominal segment yellowish-white scaled, the (original) | second to fifth segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, broadly interrupted along the median line, ovipositor pale yellowish; venter thickly suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the silvery white discal spot near the basal half, the third vein uniting with costa just before the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish transparent. Coxae and base of femora mostly a pale yellowish, the other parts of the legs a variable dark brown, the tarsi lighter; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, basally oval patches of stout, halberd-shaped spines, the terminal lobe long, tapering, and with a group of dark, stout hooks. Type Ceads 903: Neolasioptera clematidis Felt 1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 287-88, 331 The female was observed at Newport, N. Y., July 17, 1907 as she was attempting to oviposit in a small slit in the stem of Cle- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 183 matis. The egg is about .1 mm in length and with a diameter of .o2 mm, reddish brown, slightly darker at one extremity. There were at least three eggs in this crevice. The gall, presumably made by this species, is ovate, reddish brown, about 4 mm long, 3 mm in diameter and occurs at the base of the tendrils. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 26 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly obovate. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second over twice the length of the first, rather stout, the third as long as the second, more slender, the fourth one-fourth longer than the third, more slender; face thickly clothed with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, apparently margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white scales, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the dorsum of the first abdominal segment thickly clothed with silvery white ‘scales, second, third and fourth abdominal segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white markings, obsolete laterally. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the whitish discal spot near the basal half; the third vein uniting therewith. Halteres yellowish basally, whitish apically. Coxae and extremities of femora and tibiae broadly and variably yellowish, the middle dark brown, tarsi dark brown, the distal segments yellowish, the latter possibly denuded; claws rather short, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably two-thirds the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, slightly expanded distally. Type Cecid. arsg6a. Neolasioptera sambuci Felt 1906 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 104, p. 131 (Cecidomyia) 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist. Bul. 23, p. 396 tg06 Felt, FE. P. N.Y.State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 331 I910 S‘ebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 48 The irregular subcortical gall of this species is somewhat common Bmreider, Oambucus canadensis, at Nassau,-N. Y., and vicinity and near New York City. Midges were reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson at Worcester, Mass. The irregular galls vary greatly in size and may contain a considerable number of larvae, the flies appearing early in June. A Torymid was reared from this midge. The gall of this species is an irregular swelling usually on one side of the smaller elder stems. It ranges in length from 2 to 4 cm and has a diameter of nearly 2 cm. Larva. Length 3 mm, yellowish red, rather stout. Head rather large; antennae uniarticulate, slender; breastbone linear, slightly enlarged apically, bidentate, with a rudimentary median tooth; skin smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length 2mm. Antennae light brown, basally yellowish; 19 segments, the fifth with a léngth a little less than its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; the first segment narrowly oval, with a length about one-half greater than the diameter, the second one-half longer than the first, somewhat stouter, subrectangular, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer than the third, compressed and somewhat dilated apically; face fuscous yellowish with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, broadly and irregu- larly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines thickly clothed with short, yellowish setae. Scutel- lum dark brown, naked, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segments naked and pale salmon basally, broadly margined distally with silvery white, the second, third and fourth segments nar- rowly margined posteriorly with silvery white. Genitalia fuscous yellowish; venter sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the whit- ish discal spot just before the basal half; the third vein uniting therewith just before the basal half; halteres pale orange. Coxae and base of femora pale yellowish, the femoro- tibio articulations irregularly yellowish trans- parent, the other portions of femora and tibiae a variable brown, the tarsi dark brown; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvillt as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment. long, roundly truncate; terminal clasp segment slightly swollen at the base, dorsal plate broad, Fig.31 Neolasiop- broadly and deeply incised; ventral plate. tera sambuci, short, broad, broadly rounded. Harpes galls about natural size, short, stout, tapering. one mostly eccentric Female. Length 2mm. Antennae. dark and the other sectioned brown, basally yellowish; 23 segments, the (original) fifth with a length about one-half its di- ameter; terminal segment somewhat pro- duced, obpyriform. Palpi yellowish fuscous distally, the first seg- ment irregularly subquadrate; slightly swollen distally, the second one-half longer, stout, the third one-half longer than the second; more slender, the fourth twice the length of the third, more slender. Abdomen dark brown, the first segment thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to fourth segments inclusive rather broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white scales, sixth, seventh and eighth very narrowly so; venter fuscous with a broad, median stripe of sil- very white scales, ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 185 dark brown, the whitish discal spot at the basal half, the third vein uniting with costa just before the basal half; halteres pale ‘salmon. Coxae and femora basally and apically, the tibiae apically pale yellowish, the remainder of the legs a variable brown, tarsi dark brown; the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes rather long, broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. ar4o4. Neolasioptera asclepiae Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 This specimen was reared at Albany, N. Y., from an elongate fusiform swelling on the stems of swamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnata, adults appearing June 20, 1907. Gall. This species was reared from an elongate fusiform swelling on. the stem of Asclepias incarnata. It occurs invariably at the joint and on that account presents a symmetrical appearance, which at first sight appears normal. The galls usu- ally contain two larvae, one on each side of the septum of the joint. Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small; antennae wuniarticulate; breastbone linear, bidentate, with a small median tooth and slightly expanded distally; skin minutely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae black, basally fuscous yellowish; 24 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, obovate. Palpi; the first segment short, rectangular, with a length about one-half greater than the diameter, slightly dilated apically, the second stout, narrowly oval, a little longer than the first, the third one-half longer and Fig.32 Neo- more slender than the second, the fourth about as lasioptera long as the third, somewhat more dilated. Face asclepiae, whitish. Mesonotum black, margined anteriorly two enlarged and laterally with silvery hairs. Abdomen dark nodes, natural brown, the first segment covered with yellowish size (original) white scales, the second narrowly bordered pos- teriorly with silvery white, the third and fourth more broadly mar- gined with silvery white posteriorly, remaining segments with a scattered row of silvery hairs along the posterior margin; ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the white discal spot almost at the basal third, the third vein uniting with the costa alittle beyond the basal third. Halteres whitish transparent, anterior legs dark brown, the femora basally white or pale, the posterior with: a dark brown band near the middle and silvery apically; tibiae dark, nearly to the base, the apical third silvery, tarsi black; claws long, 186 - NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slenger, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. al4ol. Ss Neolasioptera viburnicola Beutm. 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist; Bulyjze :398 (Lasi- optera) 1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. E24. 18e2 The irregular, subcortical galls of this species occur on the larger branches of arrowwood, Viburnum dentatum, and closely _ resemble those produced by N. sambuci Felt on elder. It is rather common in the vicinity of New York City. The larvae winter in the gall, the adults appearing the latter part of May. Gall. An irregular, subcortical swelling from 2 LO. eon 6 "Cm an length, and approximately 5 cm in diameter. Larva.’ Length 3 mm, rather slender, pale orange. Head small; antennae _ uniarticulate, slender; breastbone linear, bidentate, with a min- ute median tooth; skin rather coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length1.5;mm. Antennae dark brown, fuscous yellowish basally; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment tapering to a broadly rounded apex. Palpi; the first segment irregularly sub- quadrate, the second rather stout, rounded, with a length about twice its diameter, the third a little longer, more slender, slightly dilated apically, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slen- der; face with a patch of silvery white. Meso- notum dark brown, broadly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with lght yellowish hairs. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal seg- ments silvery white, the second to fourth seg- ments margined posteriorly with silvery white, the latter obsolete laterally, the fifth, sixth and seventh segments with the posterior margin sparsely clothed with long, silvery setae; genitalia fuscous; venter dark brown with a broad, median, white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot pale yellowish, the third vein uniting there- with. Halteres pale salmon basally, semitransparent apically. Legs a variable brown, coxae and extremities of femora and tibiae pale yellowish, the tarsi dark brown; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment slightly swollen Fig. 33 -Neolasi- optera vibur- nicola, gall, en_ larged (original) - REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 187 basally; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly incised ; ventral plate broad, broadly rounded. Harpes long, stout, tapering, obtuse- Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, fuscous basally; 29 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths or one-half its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, tapering to an obtusely rounded apex. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second about twice as long, stout, subrectangular, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, somewhat dilated subapically, the fourth about twice as long as the third, more slender; face with a patch of silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely haired posteriorly. Scutellum dark brown with numerous whitish setae apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segments silvery white dorsally, the third and fourth rather broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white, obsolete laterally, the second very narrowly so along the median line; ovipositor pale yellowish; venter black with the broad median area silvery white. Legs mostly dark brown, the extremities of the femora and tibiae variably annulate with whitish or yellowish; tarsi darker; the pulvill as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen; terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. The above descriptions were drafted from material reared from galls taken in the vicinity of New York City. Type Cecid. ar4og. Neolasioptera cornicola Beutm. 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 23:394-95 (Lasi- optera) 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 1909 ———————_ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 The gall is common on dogwood, Cornus s,olomiter as in the vicinity of New York City, occurs at West NeackooNe Y:. and is abundant at Nassau, N. Y. It is presumably found in other - sections of the State. It is an extremely variable subcortical swelling which resembles that produced by N. sambuci Felt on elder. The larvae winter in the gall, adults appearing in early May in the latitude of Albany, N. Y., and from March to June in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. A Polygnotus species was reared from this gall. Gall. An irregular, nodular, polythalamous, woody gall on the small twigs, the larger branches and the old stems of COSnat's stolonifera. It varies in length from 1 to 2 cm, is very irregular and is confined as a rule to one side of the twig. Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head small; antennae uniarticulate, small; breastbone linear, bidentate, with a rudimentary median tooth, tapering and almost obsolete basally; skin nearly smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. 188 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish, silvery scales ventrally; 25 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths the diameter; terminal segments somewhat produced, narrowly obovate. Palpi yellowish, fuscous apically, the first seg- ment short, broadly oval, the second a little longer, rather stout, the third longer and more slender than the second, the fourth fully one-half longer than the third, more slender. Face thickly clothed with silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown or black, broadly mar- gined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white scales, the submedian - lines faintly indicated by a few silvery scales. Scutellum dark brown, with a few silvery setae api- cally, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment thickly clothed dorsally with silvery white scales, the second narrowly mar- gined posteriorly on the median line and the third rather broadly and the fourth narrowly margined with silvery white scales, the bands on the two latter obsolete distally, eighth and sometimes the seventh segment fuscous yellowish; genitalia fuscous; venter black with a broad median white stripe. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the white discal spot near the basal half. Halteres pale silvery yellowish. Legs with the extremities of femora, the distal extremity of tibiae and the first tarsal segment a variable silvery yellowish, the other portions of the legs dark brown, tarsi slightly darker; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli hardly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender, the obtusely rounded terminal clasp segment some- what swollen basally. Dorsal plate broad, tapering, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, Fig.34 Neo- tapering, broadly rounded. MHarpes long, slender, lasioptera tapering, obtuse. | cornicola, Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, swellings on yellowish white basally; 27 segments, the fifth with larger cornus a length hardly half its diameter; terminal segment twigs (origi- produced, obpyriform. Palpi; yellowish white, nal) _ slightly fuscous apically, the first segment quadrate, the second a little longer, narrowly oval, the third about as long and more slender than the second, the fourth one- half longer than the third. Ovipositor pale yellowish; venter black, with a broad median stripe of silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark purple, the third vein uniting with the small, white discal spot near the basal third. Femora and tibiae dark brown, narrowly annulate with yellowish and white at the extremities; tarsi dark brown. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, terminal lobes very long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1423. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 189 Neolasioptera hamamelidis Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 111-12; separate, p. 15-16 (Choristoneura) 1908 —— N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 This species was taken on witch-hazel Hamamelis vir- ginica, at Albany, N. Y., June 10, 1907. Nothing is known concerning its life history. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 27 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, the 27th suboval. Palpi; the first segment short, swollen distally, the second a little longer, narrowly oval, the third more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender; face dark brown, with patches of whitish scales. Mesonotum shining black, margined anteriorly and laterally with silvery white and with submedian lines ornamented with pale hairs. Scutellum dark brown, silvery white apically, postscutellum nearly uniform dark brown. Abdomen a rich dark brown with the dorsum of the first abdominal segment, a minute median spot on the second, a broad apical band on the third and fourth segments, the latter two not extending to the margin, silvery white; terminal segment pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa a rich brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal half; halteres yellowish trans- parent basally, whitish transparent apically. Coxae and extremities of femora and tibiae yellowish transparent, tarsi nearly uniform dark brown, lighter ventrally; claws rather stout, strongly curved, Ovipositor probably two-thirds the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes narrowly lanceolate. Type Cecid. 181. Neolasioptera perfoliata Felt Boneset Stem Gall 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 156-57 (Choristoneura) sagae ————_—— N.Y. ‘State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 wage) Jjatvis, T..D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 88 1909, —————__ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 78 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 2:49 1912 Cosens, A. Can. Inst. Trans., 9:323-24 The midges were first reared by the late Dr M. T. Thompson of Clark University, Worcester, Mass., from an oval stem gall on boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum. This gall is rather common at Springfield, Mass., at Nassau, N. Y., and has been observed in the vicinity of Buffalo as well as in other sections of tke State. It is fairly common in Ontario, Canada. The larvae winter in the gall, the adults appearing probably in May. Several para-. sites were obtained, namely, Eupelmus dryorhizoxeni mod. Flatygaster obscuripennis ‘Ashm., Polyg- notus sp. and Torymus sp. I9O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gall. This species was reared from an oval or fusiform stem gall ranging in length from 1 to 1.5 cm, and with a diameter of about .5cm. It is green and hairy like the stem. The long, central chamber within is inhabited by a larva. For a colored illustration, see Museum Bulletin 175, plate a, figure’ ro. ; Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, the second broadly oval, the third a little longer, more slender than the preceding and swollen distally, the fourth as long and more slender than the third. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines thickly yellow haired. Scutellum yellowish brown, sparsely setose apically, postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery, the eighth mostly pale yellowish. Gentalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, slightly fuscous apically. Legs dark brown, the anterior and mid tarsi narrowly, and the posterior tarsi broadly banded with cinereous; claws long, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment greatly swollen basally; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, narrow, narrowly rounded. MHarpes long, tapering. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 24 segments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter. Palpi; the fourth © segment nearly twice the length of the third. Mesonotum dark brown or black. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the second, third and fourth segments with submedian, lunate, silvery spots posteriorly, the fifth, sixth and seventh segments narrowly margined posteriorly with sil- very. Ovipositor one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender. Type Cecid. 1101. Neolasioptera albipes n. sp. This species was taken at Riverton, N. J., October 1, 1904 by Prot. CW Johnson: Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown or black, 19 seg- ments; the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment produced, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; first segment short, stout, the second broadly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, slender. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely and uniformly clothed with short, golden yellow setae. Scutellum dark brown with a few yellowish setae apically, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen a rich dark brown, the first to fourth abdominal segments brokenly and narrowly margined with pale yellowish scales, the bands broadly interrupted in the middle, narrowly so laterally. The following segments are ornamented with a broad, median, pale yellowish band; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 IO! ovipositor orange yellow. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin near the distal third, the discal spot small, white. Halteres yellowish orange, slightly fuscous api- cally. Coxae and femora mostly pale golden yellow, the tibiae and tarsi a rich brown, except for the snow-white distal portion of the third, the fourth and fifth tarsal segments of the posterior legs; claws stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly oval. Type Cecid. 804. Neolasioptera helianthi Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. New Species of Cecidomyiidae II, p. 7, 8 (Choristoneura) 1908 ———_-_ NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 288-89 (Choristoneura), Pp. 332 This species was reared September 3, 1907 from Helianthus strumosus, taken at Highland, N. Y., and supposed to bear only the gallsof Asphondylia globulus O.S. Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally silvery white; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; first segment rather stout, with a length more than twice its greatest diameter, the second about as long as the first, much stouter, the third one-fourth longer than the second, much more slender and the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender; face silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, mostly denuded, the submedian lines dark. Scutellum ornamented with numerous silvery hairs, postscutellum with silvery hairs laterally. Abdomen black, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the latter interrupted at the middle, venter silvery white. Wings hya- line, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin near the distal third. Halteres fuscous, lighter basally. Coxae black with silvery hairs, the anterior and mid femora gray to the apical third, the posterior lighter at the base, all black distally and with the incisures clothed with silvery white scales; tibiae black with the articulations clothed with silvery scales; tarsi black, gray ventrally; claws long, rather stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the body, terminal lobes long, rather broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. ar718x. Neolasioptera flavomaculata Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 This form was taken on a window July 11, 1906 at Albany, N. Y. Female. Length 1.6 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally pale. straw; 18 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter, terminal segment produced, apparently composed of two IQ2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM closely fused, subacute. Palpi; probably quadriarticulate; face pale yellowish. Mesonotum black, the submedian lines and the lateral and anterior margins rather thickly clothed with yellowish setae. Abdomen black with triangular submedian straw yellow spots on segments one to six; laterally the abdomen has the straw yellow: line slightly interrupted at each segment; below this there is a dark line separating it from the white ventral surface. Wings hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting with the costa near the basal half. Halteres yellowish at the base, fuscous apically. Legs black, the anterior femora. with a black line above, pale beneath, the anterior and mid tarsi narrowly annulate with whitish, the pos- terior tarsi broadly so, the fourth and fifth segments entirely white; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes rather long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 545. Neolasioptera tiliaginea Felt 1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 This species was taken on basswood, Tilia americana, at Nassau, N. Y., June 14, 1907 and may be the species responsible for the destruction of many buds on this tree. Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment suboval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquad- rate, the second rather broadly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Face pale yellowish brown. Mesonotum dark brown, a conspicuous patch of yellowish white hairs on a broadly crescentic area posteriorly. _Scutellum dark brown, pale yellowish apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown with the entire lateral portions of the first segment, and lateral subquadrate spots on the second, and nearly the entire anterior portion of the third and fourth segments, yellowish white; the following segments nar- rowly ringed with pale orange, the color of the incisures. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 7) hyaline, costa dark brown with a whitish stigmatal spot at the basal third, the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal third. Halteres pale yellowish orange. Legs pale yellow- ish orange basally, dark brown apically, terminal segments slightly darker; claws rather long, slender, evenly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base. Dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly incised; ventral plate narrow, narrowly rounded. Harpes stout, irregularly triangular, slightly prolonged. Type Cecid. 283. Neolasioptera hamata Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 155 (Choristoneura) 1908 —————_ NL Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ16 193 The midges were reared the last of April and in May 1907 from an oval stem gall on an unknown weed taken at Albany, N. Y. The larvae winter in the gall. Gall. An oval, polythalamous stem enlargement some 2 cm in length and .5 cm in diameter. The gall closely resembles that of Masioptera desmodii Felt. The larvae tunnel the cork- like tissues. Larva. Length 2.5 mm, rather stout, pale orange; head small; antennae uniarticulate, tapering; breastbone expanded apically, bidentate and with a small median tooth, subobsolete basally; skin nearly smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length slightly greater than its diameter; terminal seg- ment short, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment subquadrate, expanding distally, the second stout, broadly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth more than twice the length of the preceding, slender, tapering; face fuscous with a few whitish scales. Head posteriorly rather thickly clothed with pale yellowish scales. Mesonotum dark brown, sparsely margined laterally and anteriorly with yellowish hairs, submedian lines rather thickly clothed with the same. Scutellum dark brown with a few whitish scales, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown or black with submedian rows of conspicuous lunate, silvery spots, a pair on thé posterior margin of each segment; genitalia fuscous yellowish, venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the distal third. MHalteres a pale yellowish. Legs a variable brown, the tarsi dark brown; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvillii longer than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, rather slender; terminal clasp segment somewhat swollen at the base; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, narrow, narrowly rounded. Harpes long, narrow, tapering. Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 20-22 seg- ments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, greatly swollen distally, the second stouter, subrectangular, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth fully one-half longer than the third, more slender; face with patches of silvery white scales, mouth-parts fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown, variably marked laterally and anteriorly with yellowish or whitish scales, the submedian lines thickly clothed with yellowish setae. Scutellum reddish brown with a few yellowish setae apically; ovipositor pale yellowish; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot yellowish, the yellowish brown third vein joining the costa near the basal half. Halteres a pale yellowish. Legs a variable brown, the tarsi dark brown, the pulvilli about as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, with oval patches of stout, spear-shaped spines; term- inal lobe long, slender, narrowly rounded, with a group of heavy, recurved hooks. Type Cecid. a1458. 194 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Neolasioptera coloradensis n. sp. This species was taken by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell at Boulder, Col., May 12, 1909. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 25 segments, the fifth with a length equal to its diameter, the terminal segment with a length twice its diameter and evidently composed of two closely fused segments. Palpi; first segment stout, incrassate, the second as long as the first, narrowly oval, the third ‘and fourth sub- equal, each about one-half longer than the third and slender. Meso- notum dull dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutel- lum dark brown, sparsely clothed with silvery setae apically, post- scutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, segments one to six with small, submedian, silvery spots posteriorly; venter fuscous; ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, subcosta uniting therewith before the basal third, the third vein before the basal half, the discal spot long, whitish. Halteres yellowish basally, whitish apically. Coxae fuscous; femora, tibiae and tarsi mostly dark brown, the latter almost black, claws moderately stout, long, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobe extremely slender, with a length about six times its width. Type Cecid. 1350. Neolasioptera albolineata Felt’ 1908 Pelt, E.P. “N. V.state Mus. Bul 124, p2332 This species was taken on the office window at Albany, N. Y.., August 5, 1907, presumably having been reared from some material. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal seg- ments reddish yellow; 17 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment greatly swollen, broadly oval and tapering slightly to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi; the first segment, short, stout, expanded distally, the second long, nar- rowly oval, the third one-half longer, more slender, the fourth one- half longer than the third and more slender; face with a patch of silvery scales. Mesonotum shining black, variably margined later- ally with silvery white scales, the submedian lines broadly clothed posteriorly with silvery white scales. Scutellum black, with numer- ous silvery scales apically, postscutéllum fuscous.. Abdomen black, the segments posteriorly with submedian, lunate, silvery white spots and laterally with subquadrate, silvery white spots, forming an almost unbroken, lateral line; ovipositor pale salmon; venter thickly clothed with silvery white scales, except for the narrow, sublateral black lines. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal fourth; halteres yellowish basally, reddish brown apically. Legs mostly a uniform dark brown. The two distal segments of the posterior tarsi silvery white; claws long, stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovi- positor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly ovel, | Type ec s1247- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 195 Neolasioptera albitarsis Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 153-54 (Choristoneura) 1908 ——————_ NN Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 1910 ————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:350 - This species was reared May 18 and 21, r907 from galls on maptropappus cornifolius, taken at Nassau, N.. Y. This gall resembles rather closely that made by Lasioptera desmodii Felt, and is quite common in places where its food plant occurs. The larvae winter in the galls, adults appearing the latter part of May. Gall. The gall produced by this species is a greenish brown, more or less fusiform, irregular swelling on the stem, at or near the base of the leaf. It is about 1 cm long by .6 cm in diameter, and occa- sionally two are fused to form an irregular swelling some 2.5 cm long. Male. Length 2.5mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 20 segments, the fifth with a length hardly equal to its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, somewhat dilated apically, the second stout, subrectangular, the third one-half longer and more slender than the second, the fourth cver twice the length of the third, more slender. Mesonotum a shining dark brown. Scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen evidently badly denuded, a deep salmon, with numerous dark brown or black scales dorsally; probably the segments are margined posteriorly with silvery white, genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half. Halteres yellowish transparent, femora and tibiae a variable fuscous yellowish, tarsi dark brown, the segments annulate basally with silvery white. Color characters from a badly rubbed specimen. Claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout, terminal clasp segment short, greatly swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate shorter, tapering, narrowly rounded, apex setose. Harpes long, stout, tapering, obtuse. Female. Length 3 mm. Antennae sparsely haired, dark brown, basal segments fuscous yellowish; 24 to 25 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths the diameter; terminal segment some- what produced, broadly rounded apically. Mesonotum dark brown or black, broadly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with yellowish scales. Scutellum dark brown, thickly clothed apically with whitish scales, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown or black with submedian rows of lunate, silvery white spots. Ovipositor pale orange, venter mesially suffused with silvery white. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just before the basal half. Halteres pale orange basally, light yellowish apically. Legs mostly dark brown, the articulations 7 196 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM narrowly annulate with silvery white, those on the posterior tarsi broad, the most of the fourth and fifth segments yellowish white. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes long, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1477. Neolasioptera hibisci Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 155-56 (Choristoneura) 1908 ——' IN; Yo State; Mus Balk 124. 02,422 This brightly marked midge was reared April 25, 1907 from slightly enlarged stems of the rose marshmallow, Hibiscus moscheutos, taken on Staten Island, N. Y. The larvae occur singly or in numbers in the pith, and occasion- ally in the outer portions of the tissues. One stalk may be inhabited by only a few ‘larvae, or may contain 50 to 100 or more. Gall. Infested stems can usually be discerned by a somewhat abnormal thickening, though occasionally a badly infested stem may be nearly twice the usual. size, The female appears ce deposit eggs in a small slit in the stem, the larva usually tunneling the pith and frequently exca- vating a channel just beneath the surface, figure Larva. Length 4 mm, rather stout, light yel- lowish. Head small; antennae uniarticulate, slender, tapering; breastbone stout, somewhat expanded apically, bidentate and with a rudi- mentary median tooth; skin finely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal segment slightly pro- duced, subglobose. Palpi; the first and second Fig. 35 Neo- segments irregularly subquadrate, slightly swollen lasioptera hi-- distally, the third a little longer mamewk, bisci, portion rounded, the fourth twice the length of the pre- of swollen ster, ceding, more slender; face fuscous with a patch showing larva; of silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, nar- galleries and exit rowly and irregularly margined laterally with holes, enlarged golden yellow scales, the submedian lines rather (original) thickly clothed with golden yellow hairs. Scutel- lum dark brown, scatteringly ornamented with silvery white scales and with a few long setae apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen a dark brown or black with submedian rows of somewhat irregular, sublunate, silvery white spots, a pair on the posterior margin of segments one to six or seven, those on the distal segments smaller and less distinct. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 197 the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal third. Halteres pale salmon basally, whitish transparent apically. Legs mostly dark brown, the articulations annulate with white, the bands broader on the posterior tarsi; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment somewhat swollen at the base; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, slen- der, narrowly truncate or slightly emarginate. Harpes long, stout. Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; basal seg- ments fuscous yellowish; 23 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, obtusely rounded. Palpi; first segment rather long, narrowly oval, swollen distally, second a little shorter, stouter, the third a little. longer than the second, more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, more slender. Mesonotum a rich dark brown, the anterior lateral angles narrowly margined with silvery white, the submedian lines sparsely clothed with light golden yellow scales and with broad, submedian golden yellow vittae anteriorly. Scutel- lum dark brown or black, rather thickly clothed with silvery white scales, postscutellum dark brown. Ovipositor pale yellowish, the venter suffused with silvery white scales, except rather indistinct yellowish submedian lines. The white scales on the under surface are prolonged laterally along the margins of the segments and form a series of triangular marks. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 5) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin just before the middle. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, broad, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. ar4to. Neolasioptera ramuscula Beutm. 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 23, p. 392 (Cecidomyia) 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 1910 —————-_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul., 2:53-54 (Cecid- omyia strobiligemma) 1913 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 45:416 (Cecidomyia, in part) This species is a rather common inhabitant of fusiform stem galls on several species of aster. It was originally reared by Professor Beutenmueller from material taken in North Carolina. It has been reared repeatedly from galls collected in the Hudson valley, while the late Dr M. T. Thompson of Clark University, Worcester, Mass., also reared this species. The gall of apparently this species has been recorded by the late Dr William Brodie! under the name of Diplo- ‘sis punicei on Aster puniceus. It is probably widely distributed, The larvae winter in the galls, adults appearing about | 1Can. Ent., 41:150—-5I, 1909. 198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the middle of May. Eurytoma and Polygnotus species were reared from this gall. Gall. The more usual form of gallisfusiform, about 1 cm long and about .¢4cm in diameter. It occurs rather commonly on the smaller branches of several species of aster. The galls are monothalamous with a narrow central cavity extending the greater portion of their length. They are usu- ally single though occasionally two may be confluent, or there may be two on the same branch, an inch or more apart. Larva. Length 4>mm, tather ‘stout eel lowish. Head small; antennae uniarticulate, slender, breastbone stout, slightly expanded apically, bidentate; skin nearly smooth; pos- terior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae, dark brown, basally yellowish, ventrally with silvery scales; 19 segments, the fifth with a length | Fe slightly greater than its diameter; terminal Fig.36 Neolasiop- segment slightly prolonged, narrowly oval. tera ramus-_ Palpi fuscous, the first segment very short, cula, two gallso1 broad, the second twice its length, broadly cmaller twigs, nat- oval, the third a little longer than the second, ural size (original) much more slender, the fourth twice the length of the third and more slender. Face with a patch of silvery scales. Mesonotum dark brown, rather broadly and irregularly margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white scales, a cluster of yellowish scales at the base of the wings, submedian lines sparsely clothed with short, yellowish scales. Scutellum dark brown, with sparse silvery scales and with a few yellowish setae apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown with submedian rows of small, silvery spots on segments one to seven, incisures deep red; venter black with a broad median white stripe; genitalia fus- cous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the margin at the basal half. Halteres mostly pale yellowish. Legs mostly dark brown, the extremities of femora and tibiae narrowly annulate with yellowish white, the tarsal segments narrowly annulate basally with yellowish white, except the three distal ones on the posterior legs, which are broadly annulate basally, the second, third and fourth also narrowly annulate distally; claws long, slender, strongly curved, a little longer than the pulvilli. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender, terminal clasp segment. swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, angularly rounded. MHarpes short, stout, obtuse. Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; basally fuscous yellowish; 21 segments, the first broadly obconic, the second slightly flattened, subglobose, the third and fourth closely fused, the fifth with a length scarcely equal its diameter; terminal seg- ment somewhat produced, broadly oval. Abdomen; seventh REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 199 segment narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the eighth segment and ovipositor fuscous yellowish; venter black with a broad median white stripe. Legs dark brown, femora, tibiae and the tarsal segments narrowly annulate with silvery, except the third to the fifth posterior tarsal segments, which are broadly annu- late basally, the second, third and fourth also narrowly annulate distally; the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably one-half the length of the body, the terminal lobes, short, broadly oval. Cecid. a136r1. | Neolasioptera erigerontis Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 163 (Choristoneura) 1907 Cook, M.T. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc., separate, p. 10 (Lasioptera) mg06, Pelt, BE. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul..124, p. 332 1913 Beutenmueller, William. Can. Ent., 45:414 (L. podagrae) This species was reared in some numbers from a fusiform gall on horseweed, Erigeron Samauemsis. It is hardly the same as the species described by Brodie! as Cecidomyia eregeroni, since he clearly states that the larvae forsake the galls, a habit we have never observed in the Lasiopterariae: The larvae of this insect winter in the gall, the adults appearing the latter part of May. This species is pre- sumably widely distributed, as it undoubtedly occurs in Ontario, various portions of New York State, and specimens were found in the collections of the late C. V. Riley. Adults in the National Museum were bred May 1, 1895 from galls taken at Washington, D. C., and July 8, 1893 from material taken in Missouri. This species was also reared by Mr Beutenmueller, the host being erroneously identified as aster and the insect described by himasL. podagrae. Polyg- | motus angulatus Ashm. Torymus Fig.37 Neolas- G@ecensackenizr D. T..and a Eurytoma ioptera eri- species were reared from this gall or that of the gerontis, two associated Asteromyia moadesta Felt. rk glide on ee : ratural size (orig- Gall. The gall produced by this insect is inal) simply a slight enlargement on the stem, a rather evident fusiform enlargement near the base of the branches, 1 Brodie, William. Biological Review of Ontario, 1:13-15 (Gall described and noticed, as Diplosis). 1894. 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM or it may possibly produce the small arrested budlike galls along the side of the stem. Larva. Length 2 mm, slender, whitish. Head small, broad; antennae uniarticulate; stout; breastbone greatly dilated apically, quadridentate, the submedian teeth slightly smaller, distal portion subobsolete; skin coarsely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded, minutely papillate. Probably a Neolasioptera though the quadridentate breastbone suggests Asphondylia. Male. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 14 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal segment slightly reduced, obovate. Palpi; the first segment very short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, more slender, the third two and one-half times as long as the second, slender, tapering distally to an obtuse apex; face with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely clothed with yellowish setae. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum dark brown. Abdo- men a dark brown with rather large, submedian lunate white spots on the posterior margin of each segment, incisures pale salmon; genitalia fuscous; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hya- line, costa dark brown, discal spot silvery, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin just before the basal half; halteres pale salmon. Legs mostly a variable dark brown, the basal two-thirds of femora yellowish, tibiae and the first and last tarsal segments banded basally, and the others narrowly annulate basally and apically with silvery white, the annulations broader on the posterior legs; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp seg- ment swollen at the base; dorsal plate long, slender, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate long, slender, narrowly rounded. Harpes short, stout, tapering, broadly obtuse. Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish, silvery white scales ventrally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment produced, apparently composed of two fused, slightly constricted near the middle, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; the first segment irregularly subtriangular, greatly expanded distally, the second a little longer, stout, slightly tapering apically, the third longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third; face with a conspicuous patch of silvery white scales, eyes margined posteriorly with silvery white. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with silvery white, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed. with yellowish hairs. Scutellum and_ postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen a dark brown with submedian, lunate, silvery spots on the posterior margins of the segments, ovipositor light fuscous yellowish; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the small discal spot silvery white, the third vein uniting with the margin just before the basal half; halteres pale salmon. Legs mostly black, the basal half of femora yellowish; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 201 tibiae and the first and last tarsal segments banded basally, and the others narrowly annulate basally and apically with silvery white, the annulations broader on the posterior legs; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1427a. Neolasioptera ambrosiae [elt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:288 This form was reared by Mr C. R. Crosby in January tgog from stems of the giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida, taken at Ithaca, N. Y., in midwinter. There was no evidence of a gall. The larva has been observed in giant ragweed in the vicinity of Albany but no adults have been reared. Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 15 segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, the terminal segment slightly reduced, narrowly rounded apically. Palpi; the first segment short, irregular, the second narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth fully one-half longer than the third. Mesonotum reddish brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, segments one to eight with small, white, submedian spots; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith a little before the basal half, the discal spot whitish. Halteres pale orange basally, yellowish apically. Legs mostly dark brown, the tarsal segments banded basally with white, the posterior tarsi broadly so; claws long, rather stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia fuscous, basal clasp segment slender, terminal clasp segment slightly swollen basally; dorsal plate short, deeply and broadly incised, ventral plate long, slender, narrowly rounded distally. Harpes slender, irregular apically. Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae with 17 to 18 segments, otherwise as in the opposite sex. Palpi; the first segment short, irregular, the second narrowly oval, with a length over three times its diameter, the third as long, more slender, the fourth one-half longer, somewhat more slender. Color characters practically as in the opposite sex, except that the banding of the posterior tarsi may be a trifle broader, the most of the fifth segment being yellowish in a few cases. Ovipositor pale orange, unusually slender, with a length two-thirds that of the abdomen; terminal lobes with a length fully three times the diameter. Type Cecid. a1g26. Neolasioptera mimuli Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 332 This form, loaned for study by the United States National Museum, was reared November to, 1885 from twigs of Mimulus gluti- AQa! 4. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM nosus taken. by A: Koebele: at’ Alameda,: Cal. 7 ofan é n cecidomyiae Ashm. (Insect Life, 2:348) has been reared from this gall. Gall. A simple, more or less elongate swelling at the tips of branches containing a long cell inhabited by one to four orange colored larva. (Pergande, Bureau Entomology.) Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second stout, with a length about twice its diameter, the third as long as the second, much more slender; the fourth one-third longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum shining dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the first to fifth or sixth segments with submedian, lunate, silvery white spots on the posterior margin; ovipositor pale yellowish, venter suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the anterior margin at the basal half. Halteres yellowish transparent, slightly fuscous apically. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown, the tarsal segments narrowly banded basally with silvery white markings, those on the posterior legs broader; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli hardly as long as the claws. Ovipositor scarcely half the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes long, narrowly oval. Type Cecid. 1052. Neolasioptera eupatorii Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 154 (Choristoneura) 1908 ——————_ NL Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 The midge was reared May 2, 1907 from oval or subglobular swellings on white snake root, Eupatorium urticaefo- [aime taken on otatem Island: IN] Y- Gall. The gall is about 1.5 cm long by 1 cm in diameter, and usually occurs near the upper part of the stem. The walls are thin and the interior is~ thickly packed with larvae in closely webbed cocoons. | Larva. Length 3 mm, rather stout, pale orange. Head rather broad; antennae uniarticulate, rather stout; breastbone slender, slightly expanded apically, bidentate, with a rudimentary median tooth; skin finely shagreened; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally with silvery scales; 17 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment much reduced, subglobose. Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly subquadrate, expanded distally, the second short, stout, suboval, the third a little longer, broadly rounded, the fourth one-fourth longer than the third, sub- fusiform, acute distally; face sparsely clothed with silvery scales. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 203 Mesonotum dark brown or black, the submedian lines sparsely clothed with fine hairs. -Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum yellowish or fuscous brown. Abdomen dark brown with submedian rows of small, lunate, silvery white spots, the markings being on the posterior margin of the first to sixth segments, the posterior segments fuscous yellowish, the venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot white, the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half. Halteres pale yellowish. Legs dark brown, the first tarsal segment and narrow basal annulations on the second to fifth, white; claws rather long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp ség- ment long; terminal clasp segment strongly swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, tapering, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate narrow, tapering, narrowly rounded. MHarpes long, narrow, tapering, subacute, dentate. . Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally silvery white; 23 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, broadly obovate, color as in the opposite sex. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, terminal lobe narrowly oval. Type Cecid. ar4r3. | Neolasioptera menthae Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:288 This species was reared May 13 and 19, 1908, by Mr L. H. Weld from a polythalamous gall taken on a mint stem in the vicinity of Chicago. Gall. The gall is from 6 to 12 mm long, somewhat oblong, polythalamous and pithy and contains orange colored larvae some 3 mm long. Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally, 17 segments, the fifth with a length nearly equal its diameter; terminal segment slightly reduced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregular, the second narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, slender. Mesonotum dull brownish black, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown, sparsely clothed apically with silvery white scales, postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the segments broadly margined posteriorly with silvery white scales, the markings on the second to seventh segments broadly interrupted mesially; venter with a broad, median, silvery stripe, the segments laterally margined posteriorly with silvery. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal third, the discal spot yellowish. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae and femora basally mostly yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the articulations narrowly white-banded, those of the posterior legs broadly so; the basal half of the second to fifth tarsal segments of the latter yellowish white; claws long, stout, the pulvilli as long as the claws. 204. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base, long; dorsal plate broad, deeply and narrowly incised, ventral plate tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. MHarpes stout, irregularly tuberculate. Female. Length 2.75 mm. Antennae black, fuscous yellowish basally; 25 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment reduced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the fourth segment nearly twice the length of the third, slender; face thickly clothed with white scales. Mesonotum shining black, bordered laterally and anteriorly with silvery white scales, the approximate submedian lines so thickly clothed with golden haired scales as to appear like a broad, median stripe. Scutellum dark brown with a few whitish scales apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown with submedian silvery spots and lateral subtriangular marks on segments one to six, those on the first seg- ment narrowly united, the seventh segment mostly fuscous orange with inconspicuous white markings posteriorly; venter suffused with white scales; ovipositor fuscous yellowish. Coxae fuscous yellowish, femora yellowish basally, fuscous apically, the tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the segments of the first and second pair of legs narrowly annulate with white, those of the posterior legs broadly so, the basal half of the third, the fourth and fifth being yellowish white. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobe narrowly oval. Type Cecid. a1823. Neolasioptera squamosa Felt roos “Felt, EP. N. Yo State dvlus. ul 124, p.344 ) The midges, loaned for study by the United States National Museum were reared from grass (presumably a gall) August 11, 1891, taken at Cadet, Mo. Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae light brown; 12 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, tapering, narrowly oval, slightly fused with the preceding segment. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, narrowly oval, the second a little longer, stouter, the third slender and with a length more than twice the second; eyes large, black, the occiput thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Mesonotum reddish brown, the submedian lines very thickly clothed with diver- gent, yellowish white scales. Scutellum and postscutellum pale yellowish. Abdomen apparently a yellowish brown, there being rudiments of submedian silvery markings, possibly an interrupted line of the same. Genitalia pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, rather long, narrow, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal third. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae and the femora mostly pale yellowish, the latter with a narrow, dark brown line dorsally; tibiae and tarsi dark brown with the first tarsal segment and the extremities of the others, except the distal one of the fifth, rather broadly banded with yellowish white; claws rather long, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 205 slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment with the basal third somewhat swollen; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate rather long, slender, narrowly rounded. Harpes short, stout, tapering. Type Cecid. gog. Neolasioptera flavoventris Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 This form appears to have a marked preference for pine, as three individuals were captured at Karner, N. Y., flying about hard pine, Pinus rigida, in July 1906. Male. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown, fuscous yellowish basally; 16 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, narrowly rounded distally. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second about twice as long, a little stouter, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown with distinct, narrow submedian lines, thickly ornamented with pale hairs and with a sublateral yellowish patch on the anterior angle. Scutellum dark reddish, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen reddish brown, sparsely clothed with yellowish setae, ventrally pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa light brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, whitish apically. Coxae dark brown, posterior and mid femora and tibiae yellowish brown, annulate with fuscous distally, other portions of legs nearly uniform dark brown; claws rather long, stout, uniformly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, terminal clasp segment short, swollen basally. Dorsal plate broad, long, deeply and narrowly incised, ventral plate long, narrow, broadly rounded. Harpes broad at base, obtuse, dentate. Type Cecid. 478. ASTEROMYIA Felt 1908 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia Felt, not Kieffer) 1909 —————__ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 (Baldratia Felt, not Kieffer) - 1909 ————— Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia Felt, not Kieffer) 1909 ——————_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286-87 (Baldratia Felt, not Kieffer) 1910 —————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 (genus erected) 1oly ————_ NN Y.. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 27 This new genus was erected for certain species previously supposed to be referable to Baldratia Kieff. A study of the types of both Baldratia and Stefaniella show that our American forms can not be referred to either. 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Asteromyia is closely related to Lasioptera, having the alar and antennal characters of this genus, though it is easily distinguished therefrom by the uniarticulate or biarticulate palpi. The fused third and fourth antennal segments, the invariably unidentate claws and the well developed pulvilli prevent the reference of these forms to either Baldratia or Stefaniella. Furthermore, numerous rearings in this group have shown that the species breed almost exclusively in leaf tissues and generally in the peculiar, apparently fungous affected spots on the leaves of aster and goldenrod. Type Lasioptéera icarboniterna Pelt: Key to species a Tarsi distinctly white or yellow-banded b All the tarsal segments with bands basally c Tarsal bands yellowish white, the fifth tarsal segment of the pos- terior legs yellowish; male and female with 16 antennal segments; palpi biarticulate, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half. Reared from oval, black blister galls on Solidago grami- TALON ERS ok Oe See taba Sak eee carbonifera Felt, C. ara54 cc Tarsal bands white; 15 antennal segments; palpi biarticulate; the third vein uniting with costa near the distal third. Reared from oval, black thickenings on the flower stems of Gutierrezia sarothrae gutierreziae Pelt Cxaezs bb Posterior tarsi only narrowly annulate basally with whitish c Female with 22 antennal segments; palpi probably biarticulate. Reared from a rosy blister gall on Solidago rugosa. ; rosea Felt C. oe aa Tarsi unicolorous or nearly so b Abdomen conspicuously. yellowish or orange in part at least c Abdomen light fuscous yellowish; antennae with 13 segments; palpi uniarticulate. eared from Solidago... .2.25+255 eae socialis Felt, C. a1568 I cc Abdomen with the basal segment fuscous yellowish, male with 13-14 antennal segments; terminal segment compound, composed of two closety fused; palpi uniarticulate. Reared from Erigeron.... modesta Felt, C. 1427, a1427x, a1666, a1666a ccc Abdomen with the basal four segments fuscous, the distal segments yellowish brown; antennal segments, male, 13; female, 18; palpi uniarticulate. Reared from greenish or blackish blister galls on Ec 0G ale aie ON Pea 9 et RAO grindeliae Felt, C. a2319 cccc Abdomen mostly deep orange, segments one to fivé sparsely clothed with dark brown scales and narrowly margined with a few white scales; antennal segments, male, 14; the terminal segment simple; palpi uniarticulate. Reared from oval swelling on aster leaves. . vesiculosa Felt, C. a1884 ccccc Abdomen a nearly uniform yellowish brown; antennal segments of the male, 16 or 17; the fifth with a length three-fourths its diam- eter; palpi probably uniarticulate. Reared from Chrysothamnus ICATIGES .\ 16 poetameens seta tints chrysothamni Felt, C. a2055 REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 207 bb Abdomen dark brown or at least mostly so c Abdomen dorsally with scattering white scales; palpi uniarticulate; antennal segments of male, 14. Reared from yellowish or brown blister galls on aster...... paniculata Felt, C. 757, a1167 cc Distal abdominal segments reddish; palpi uniarticulate; male antennae with 12 segments, those of the female with 13 or 14. Reared from an oval, blackish blister gall on Aster undulatus. . red dc't a’ Felt; €: aap ccc Abdomen dorsally reddish brown or brownish black. Palpi biar- ticulate. Male and female antennae with 16 segments, reared from a circular brownish or yellowish blister gall on Aster cordi- SRS MRet Bate Ti: Le Wnts he wh ade dekrens sylvestris Felt C. a2585 cccc Abdomen a uniform black; palpi triarticulate; antennal segments of the male, 17. Reared possibly from inconspicuous blister gall Sn tamer leavese tsk. eee nigrina Felt, C. a1780b bbb Abdomen dark brown or black c¢ Basal abdominal segment yellowish or silvery white d Second to sixth abdominal segments margined posteriorly; female antennae with 26 segments; palpi uniarticulate; feared iran? 4. Stape petiole sal’) oa 8. 140. 5 oo Te petie@lico la Felt, C. $77 dd Third to sixth abdominal segments margined posteriorly; female antennae with 18 segments; palpi uniarticulate...... flavoscuta Felt, C. 1228 cc Abdominal segments with whitish submedian spots d Segments I to 6 or 7 spotted e Male antennae with 14 segments, 14th compound; palpi uniarticulate; reared from small pustulate gall on aster Sr orca A CAS ea os gear a pustulata Felt, C. a1520 ee Female antennae with 18 segments; palpi biarticulate; EU TSACBE- SOULE ND fc 8 sis Ua ell ose ccc titans bp ate tha ct Os albomaculata Felt, C. 758, a1584, a1598 eee Female antennae with 18 segments, palpi uniarticulate; reared from blister gallon Grindelia..............0...: grindeliae Felt, a2319 eeee Female antennae with 15 segments; palpi uniarticulate; reared from oval swelling on aster leaves.............. vesiculosa Felt, C. a1884 dd Abdominal segments 2 to 7 spotted; female with 19 antennal segments; palpi biarticulate; reared from a purplish and white blister gall on aster....squarrosae Felt, C. a1594 ddd Abdominal segments 1 to 4 spotted e Male with 18 to 19 antennal segments; palpi biarticulate. . canadensis Felt, C. 74 dddd Abdominal segments 1 and 2 white margined posteriorly, 3 to 5 spotted; female antennae with 17 segments; palpi uni- articulate; reared from a yellowish blister gall on aster...... paniculata Felt, C. a1167 (marginata Felt) ccc Abdominal segments white margined posteriorly d Palpi uniarticulate 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM e Mesonotum black; male antennae with 13 to 14 segments; female with 18; reared from Erigeron leaf............ modesta Felt, C. 41427, .anoen ee Mesonotum dark brown ‘ f Female antennae with 13 segments, abdominal seg- ments sparsely margined with white; reared from an oval, brown, blister gall on aster: 1 3) eee dumosae Felt, C. a1870a ff Female antennae with 16 segments g Posterior wing margin even; reared from yellowish © blister ‘gall on aster... 2... flavomacwulata Pelt, ©, aie gg Posterior wing margin distinctly emarginate at apex of fifth vein..abnormis Felt, C. 676 dd Palpi biarticulate e Mesonotum dark brown or black . f Female with 16 antennal segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; mesonotum black; reared from dark white-ringed blister gall on asterifoliae Beutm, Co ars5o,anee2 ff Female with 19-20 antennal segments, male, 18; the fifth with a length one and one-fourth that of its diameter; mesonotum dark brown or black; reared from ‘fusiform stem gall.on grass, 22a 02 eee agrostis'O) Si C2 77onten fff Female with 18 antennal segments, male, 16; the fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; mesonotum dark brown; reared from brown, yellow- tinged blister gall on astet........ 2-2 o eee waldorfi Felt, ©. arsz4, ans29 ffff Female with 21 antennal segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths that of its diameter; mesonotum dark brown; reared from large, shiny, yellowish blister gall on aster...... nitida Pelt Caamgaze eee Mesonotum reddish brown; female antennae with 18 seg- ments; reared from a gray, yellow margined blister gall on .volidago, .. 22%. flavoanulata Felt, @>arjesk cccc Abdomen nearly unicolorous dorsally d Third vein uniting with the anterior margin near the distal third e Scutellum yellowish brown, anterior tibiae yellowish ; female antennae with 18 segments; palpi uniarticulate; reared from Solidago....convoluta Felt, C. a1307 ee Scutellum reddish brown; tibiae dark brown; male antennae with 14 to 15 segments; palpi biarticulate; reared from a yellowish, brown margined blister gall on Solidago... . rubra Felt, C. 650, 1067, a1586 (650b), a1768 (650bx) dd Third vein uniting with the anterior margin at or near the basal half REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 209 e Tarsi yellowish; male antennae with 14 segments; palpi uniarticulate; reared from whitish blister gall on Aster i, es A eee laeviana Felt, C. a1287, ?a2440 ee Tarsi black. . f Female antennae with 21 segments; palpi biarticulate; reared from a lunate, yellowish, marginal blister gall on Solidago...... flavolunata Felt, C. a1430 ff Female antennae with 16 segments; palpi uniarticu- late; reared from blister galls with pinkish aureola on Aster divaricata..divaricata Felt, C.a1787 Asteromyia carbonifera Felt 1862 Osten Sacken,C.R. Dipt. N. A. Am. Mon., 1:195 (Cecidomyia) 1874 Glover, Townend. MS. Notes From My Journal Dipt., p. 7, pl. 12, fig. 29 (Cecidomyia) 1880 Riley, C. V. Am. Ent., 3:278 (Cecidomyia) 1884 Trelease, William. Psyche, 4:196, 199, 200 (Cecidomyia) 1892 Beutenmueller, William. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 4, p. 271 (Cecido- myia) 1900 Smith, J. B. List Ins. N. J., p. 621 (Cecidomyia) 1906 Felt, E. P. Inj. & Other Ins. 21st Rep’t, p. 116-19 (Lasioptera) mao N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) ae Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 50 (Baldratia) The oval, blisterlike gall of this species is exceedingly common upon the leaves of the narrow leaved Solidago, Solidago graminifolia, throughout New York State and presumably in most sections of the country where this species or its close allies occur. It appears to have been tacitly assumed that most blister galls occurring on Solidago might be referable to the gall described under this name by Osten Sacken. An examination of his type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- bridge, Mass., shows that our identification is presumably correct. The characteristic blister galls produced by this and allied forms are usually filled, or nearly so, with a black carbonaceous matter, suggesting that the tissues have become badly infected by fungus. This material is almost invariably present in many galls. Professor Peck states that after repeated examinations he has failed to observe any evidence of the characteristic fruiting bodies of fungus, and consequently we must assume this malformation to be independent of fungus infection and produced by the activities of the larva. Doctor Trelease, writing in 1884, states that some of these blister galls occur in the herbaria of mycologists, under the name of Rhy-. tisma solidaginis and R. asteris. The galls of this species are well developed the latter part of 210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM June, at which time adults may be obtained in considerable numbers. It is presumable that the insects continue to develop upon the young foliage at least, till the latter part of summer. Gall. The galls of this species are oval, about 4 or 5 mm long: usually somewhat thickened and when well developed dark brown or even jet black. Several dull orange larvae occur in a gall. For a colored illustration, see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figure 16. Larva. Length 1.25 mm, stout, pale yellowish. Head small, narrowly rounded apically; antennae small, uniarticulate, slightly swollen distally; breastbone stout, bidentate, broadly expanded subapically, slightly .so distally; skin smooth; posterior extremity broadly rounded, unarmed. | Male. Length 1.5mm. Antennae light brown; : 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three- f a6 fourths its diameter; the two distal segments frequently fuse to form a nearly oval, deeply con- stricted double segment. Palpi; basal segment short, subquadrate, the second three times as long, conical. Mesonotum dark brown or black, nar- rowly margined anteriorly and laterally with yel- lowish white, sparsely yellow haired posteriorly. Scutellum thickly clothed with short, yellowish scales; postscutellum dark brown, lighter anteriorly. Abdomen dark brown with the segments sparsely - and irregularly margined posteriorly with whitish apieee scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third e 4 vein uniting with costa at the middle. MHalteres Higess Neher. light brown. Anterior legs; coxae light yellowish, 4 dark brown ventrally, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the segments of the latter yellowish white basally; the middle legs similar except for the well defined basal band on the tibiae; the posterior legs with the first tarsal segment white, the second to fourth segments narrowly banded, the fifth yellowish; Om yilay Car - bonifera, an- tennal segments of male, greatly enlarged (au- thor’s illustra- tion) E segment short, stout, terminal clasp segment long, slender. Dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and rather broadly emargi- nate; ventral plate narrow, narrowly rounded. MHarpes stout at base, tapering, narrow. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae light brown; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, narrowly oval. Palpi; the basal segment fusiform, the second slightly longer, tapering, subacute. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes strongly constricted basally, suborbicular. Color and other characteristics as in the opposite sex. Redescribed from the types. Type Cecid. a1354. claws stout, strongly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp — _ REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 2II Asteromyia gutierreziae Felt 1916 Felt, E.P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 24:179 This species was reared by Mr P. H. Timberlake in May and June 1914 from black, blisterlike galls on the slender flower stems of Gutierrezia sarothrae collected near Salt Lake City, Utah. The gall is very similar to that of Asteromyia car- bonifera Felt and the adult presents many characters in common with this widespread eastern species, from which it is most readily separated by the third vein uniting with costa near the distal third and the moderately stout, obtuse harpes with a conspicuous, eccen- tric, quadrate, chitinous tooth. The eastern C. carbonifera has the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half, while the harpes taper to a decidedly slender apex bearing a conspicuous quadrate tooth. Asteromyia rosea Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 152-53 (Lasioptera) 1908 ——————-_N Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 1909 —————__ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) This fly was reared from a presumably typical oval, blister gall on a leaf of Solidago rugosa, collected in October 1906, the adult appearing May 16, 1907. The species probably winters within the gall. Species of Torymus and Polygnotus were reared from this gall. Gall. Oval, blisterlike and nearly 1 cm in diameter. Earlier: it was presumably brightly ornamented with yellowish and shades of pink or reddish. For a colored illustration, see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figure 11. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, the fifth with a length slightly greater than its diameter, the two distal segments closely fused, subcylindric, broadly rounded apically; palpi two-segmented; face rather thickly clothed with whitish scales. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines with the lateral and anterior margins rather thickly clothed with golden yellow scales. Scutellum brownish black, yellowish apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown or black, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery: white; ovipositor pale orange; venter irregularly suffused with silvery white scales, there being suggestions of submedian and sublateral whitish patches on each segment. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half. MHalteres a pale yellowish orange. Legs a nearly uniform dark brown or black, the posterior legs with narrow, white annulations at the base of the first tarsal - segment; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes rather short, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. al474. 212 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Asteromyia socialis Felt 1908 Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 1909 ——————__ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) A male referable to this species was reared at Albany, N. Y.., July 26, 1907 from a jar containing Solidago canadensis leaves bearing a number of adherent type of galls inhabited by Asphon- dylia monacha O.5S. and. Dasyneura adimeeaerem . Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae light yellowish; 13 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, sometimes fused with the preceding, narrowly rounded. Palpi; one small, narrowly oval segment; face light yellowish. Mesonotum light fuscous yellow, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum and postscutellum light fuscous yellow. Abdomen light fuscous yellow, the distal segments light orange, sparsely and irregularly clothed dorsally with dark brown scales; genitalia yellowish transparent. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres yellowish | basally, light fuscous apically. Coxae and femora mostly pale yellowish; tibiae and tarsi a variable dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment short, broad; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, narrowly rounded. Harpes slender, short. iype Cecidimamsos: Asteromyia modesta Feit 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y: State Mus. Bul 110; ps163 (Choristoneura) 1908 ——————._ N.Y. State MusmSalh 27 ees (Baldratia) This species was repeatedly obtained at Albany, N. Y., from small, oval swellings appearing much like arrested buds on the stems of horseweed, Erigeron canadensis. One aduliegac reared August 6thand the exuviae found protrud- ing from an apparently normal leaflet. Polyg- notus angulatus Ashi.) Wl tenga ostensackenii D. T.and Eurytoma speeies were reared, possibly from this gall midge. Exuviae. Length 2 mm, rather stout, mostly Fig.39 Aster- whitish transparent, the short, stout antennal omyia mo- cases and the ventral plates at their base some- desta, gall,nat- what fuscous. The antennal cases are rather uralsize (original) strongly bidentate at the internal basal angles. REPORT OF THE, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 213 The wing cases extend to the third abdominal segment, the leg cases to the fifth; dorsum of the abdominal segments with a broad middle band of short, stout, chitinous points. Posterior extremity rather broadly rounded and slightly bilobed. ‘Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae pale yellowish orange, yellowish basally; 12 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment greatly produced, broadly rounded distally. Palpi composed of one stout, fusiform segment. Face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum reddish brown, the sub- median lines sparsely haired. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, post- scutellum darker. Abdomen fuscous, the basal segments dorsally fuscous, yellowish ventrally, the distal segments deep carmine. Geni- talia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half. Halteres light fuscous yellowish. Coxae and base of femora pale yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment short; terminal clasp segment short, greatly swollen basally; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and broadly incised; ventral plate short, broad, tapering, narrowly rounded. MHarpes very broad, tapering, irregularly serrate. ; Female. Lengthz2 mm. Antennae brown, lighter apically; 18segments, the fifth with a length hardly equal its diameter; terminal segment produced, broadly rounded distally. Palpus composed of one. fusiform segment. Face sparsely clothed with Fig. 4o Aster- light scales. Mesonotum black, sparsely margined omyia mo- laterally and anteriorly with pale setae. Scutel- desta, palpus lum lighter than the mesonotum. Abdomen black, of female, en- the segments narrowly margined with light scales, larged (original) interrupted mesially. Halteres whitish, fuscous subapically. Legs black, lighter beneath. Ovipositor about one- half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly oval. ype Cecid. ar427. Asteromyia grindeliae Felt pe Fell, FE. P. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 20:149 ae ——— WN. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 24:180 This insect was reared July 27, torr by Mr P. H. Timberlake from blister leaf galls on Grindelia robusta _ collected near Santa Barbara, Cal., and-again October 20, 1915 from a green- ish or blackish, oval blister gall on G. cuneifolia collected in a salt marsh at Millbrae, Cal. Asteromyia vesiculosa Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) feed =——_———._ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 214 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This species was reared September 24, 1908 from oval swellings on the leaves of an aster collected at Magnolia, Mass., by Mrs H. M. Tower. Gall. The gall (pl. 4, fig. 2) from which this species was reared is simply an oval, green swelling about 2 mm long and 1.5 mm in diameter on the under side of a blue-flowered aster having rough, cordate leaves. There is no discoloration of the injured tissues. Male. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, the fifth with a length one-half greater than the diameter: face yellowish. Mesonotum shining dark brown, the submedian lines thickly clothed with yellowish scales. Scutellum dark brown with numerous setae apically, post- scutellum dark orange. Abdomen mostly deep orange, the dorsal sclerites of segments one to five sparsely clothed with dark brown scales and scatteringly margined with silvery scales, the distal segments nearly naked. Genitalia fuscous yellowish ; venter mostly pale yellowish, the distal segments deep orange, all sparsely clothed with silvery scales. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres and coxae pale yellowish, the femora distally, tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout, terminal clasp segment stout - at base; dorsal plate long, broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, narrowly rounded. MHarpes subtriangular, irregular, dentate. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae with 15 segments, the fifth with a length one-third greater than its diameter, the 15th compound. Palpi uniarticulate. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines thickly yellow-haired. Scutellum dark brown with sparse, whitish setae apically, postscutellum dark orange. Abdomen dark brown with small, narrowly lunate, silvery submedian spots, those on the fifth and sixth segments nearly confluent, each segment laterally with a subtriangular, whitish spot near the posterior margin. Ovipositor pale orange; venter suffused with silvery scales. Wings about as in the male, the white discal spot larger. Halteres pale orange basally, fuscous yellowish distally. Coxae fuscous yellowish; femora basally yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown, almost black. Ovipositor short, the lobes broadly oval. Type Cecid. a1884q. Fig. 41. Aster- omyia vesi- Cutbosa,= fifth and sixth anten- nal segments of male, enlarged (original) Asteromyia chrysothamni n. sp. This species was reared from a narrow leaflet of Chrysothamnus collected by Mr E. Bethel near Boulder, Col., and transmitted by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell under date of June 30, 1910. It was also REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 215 reared in May 1914 by Mr P. H. Timberlake from some swollen leaves of Chrysothamnus graveolens, collected at Salt Lake City, Utah. Gall. The narrow leaflet is slightly enlarged or swollen, and in the specimen submitted by Professor Cockerell, the interior was lined with a thin, carbonaceous matter similar to that found so abundant in the gall of Asteromyia carbonifera Felt. Length of gall 5 mm, diameter 1 mm. Male. Lengthi.;mm. Antennae dark brown, 16 or 17 segments, the fifth with a length about equal, sometimes a little greater or a little less than its diameter, the terminal segment with a length over twice its diameter, narrowly rounded and variably fused with the penultimate segment. Palpus consisting of one broadly oval segment, the length being scarcely twice its width. Mesonotum rather dull dark brown, sparsely setose, the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen sparsely haired, a nearly uniform yellowish brown. (Timberlake characterizes the mesonotum as black and the dorsum of the abdomen as black, with submedian white marks on the posterior margin of each segment, except the last two, which latter are white; venter suffused with white). Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with costa just beyond the basal half; halteres yellowish, (costa and subcosta yellowish, Timberlake). Legs a nearly uniform yellowish brown, the tarsal segments somewhat lighter. (Timberlake char- acterizes the legs as brownish black, becoming gradually paler or more yellowish distally; coxae, femora, tibiae and first two tarsal segments covered with white scales, especially on the upper side). Claws stout, strongly curved; the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment swollen basally; dorsal plate short, very broadly, roundly and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broadly rounded. Female. Very similar (Timberlake) in coloration to the male, but the submedian white markings are slightly wider next the black median line. Ovipositor short, stout, with a length about one-third that of the abdomen, the terminal lobes orbicular and sparsely / setose. Type Cecid. a205s5, Cecid. 1640. This species approaches Aplonyx with the greatly reduced basal teeth on the tarsal claws and also:on account of the short, stout ovipositor. Asteromyia nigrina Felt I91t Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:481 The fuscous species described earlier was reared in May 1909 from a jar containing inconspicuous blister galls on the leaves of witch- hazel, Hamamelis virginica. The material was col- ected at Magnolia, Mass., the preceding October by Cora H. Clarke. It is possible that this unique form inhabits these blister galls though 216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the evidence does not warrant a positive statement. The nearly free third and fourth antennal segments indicate a relationship to the European Baldratia and Stefaniella, while the triarticulate palpi show a connection with Lasioptera. Despite these anomalies we have tentatively referred the species to the above named genus. Gall. This simply shows as a rounded, greenish spot on the upper side of the yellow leaves in the fall. The lower epidermis is slightly raised. The solitary whitish larva in the gall has a length Of 2 mim. Asteromyia reducta Felt rgQit elt, EP. Econ Eat. jour, 4-455 This species was reared in considerable numbers from an irregu- larly oval, blackish blister gall with a diameter of about 4 mm on Aster undulatus. The material was collected at Mag- nolia, Mass., July 26-28, 1910 by Cora H. Clarke. Gall. Diameter 4 mm, irregularly oval, blackish. Asteromyia sylvestris Felt 1915 Felt, E.P. Can. Ent., 47:228-29 The yellowish or brownish blister leaf galls of this species were very abundant October 22, 1914 on Aster cordifolius at — Mount Kisco, N. Y. This species is most easily distinguished from | its near allies by the reddish brown or brownish black abdomen, the biarticulate palpi and the 16 antennal segments in both sexes. Asteromyia paniculata Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 109; separate, p. 13 (Choris- toneura) 1908 ——————_ NN. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328, 329 (Baldratia, B. marginata) 1910. ——————-- Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 (A. marginata) —— Econ. Ent. Jour., 4:454 (A. marginata) . IQII This species was reared at Albany August 10, 1907 from a yellow- ish or brownish, oval blister gall on the leaves of Aster paniculata. A species of Polygnotus was reared. Gall. The blister gall producing this form is irregularly ‘oval, about one-quarter of an inch in diameter and is yellowish or brownish, the upper surface sometimes light brown, irregularly encircled with yellowish white; the under surface is a nearly uniform, yellowish white. The gall is distinctly thicker than the normal leaf, it pro- jecting about equally on both surfaces. For a colored illustration see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figure 14. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 217 Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter; terminal segment narrowly oval. Palpus; one short, stout segment, dilated apically. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum dark brown, slightly yellowish apically, rather thickly clothed with golden yellow hairs, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen a dark purplish brown, badly rubbed and the markings, therefore, indistinct. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 3) hyaline, costa with dark brown scales, the third vein joining the margin just before the distal third; halteres pale yellowish basally, slightly fuscous apically. Coxae fuscous yellowish, laterally with irregular patches of silvery white scales; distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi a nearly uniform purplish brown, the base of the second and the third tarsal segments on most of the legs deep crimson. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment greatly swollen at the base; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate short, broadly rounded. MHarpes short, stout, irregular. Type Cecid. a1167. - Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 17 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter, the two distal segments fused, the latter about twice the length of the former. Palpus; one segment. Face fuscous yellowish, with patches of silvery white scales. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly clothed along the antero-lateral margin with golden yellow hairs, submedian lines broad, thickly clothed with golden yellow hairs. Scutellum dark brown, slightly yellowish apically, rather thickly clothed with golden yellow hairs, postscutellum dark brown. Abdo- men dark purplish brown, the first and second segments margined posteriorly with reddish orange, the third, fourth and fifth segments narrowly margined posteriorly on each side of a broad lateral line with silvery white scales; sixth segment with dorsal sclerites small, dark brown, margined laterally and posteriorly with silvery white. Ovipositor fuscous yellowish or pale orange; pleurae and venter suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa purplish brown, discal spot yellowish white, the third vein at the distal third (pl. 6, fig. 2); halteres pale yellowish basally, slightly fuscous apically. Coxae fuscous yellowish laterally with irregular patches - of silvery scales, distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi a nearly uniform purplish brown; claws heavy, strongly curved distally, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Ovipositor moderately long, the terminal lobes broadly orbicular. Another female bred from the same material differs in that the basal antennal segments and face are fuscous, while the markings on the posterior portion of the head and mesonotum are much less pronounced; the base of the second and third tarsal segments on most of the legs is a deep crimson, otherwise about as described above. Cecid. a1167. Asteromyia petiolicola Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 228 (Baldratia) This species, kindly loaned for study by the United States National Museum, was reared May 2, 1882 from an oblong, ovate swelling 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM on the basal portion of a grape petiole. Unpublished notes, kindly placed at our disposal by Doctor Howard of the Bureau of Ento- mology, give a number of records of this gall or that of a closely allied form being found on petioles of wild grapevines in Virginia and Missouri. There is also. a record in these notes of Proctotrypids having been reared from such galls. Gall. The gall and the following description of the larva from which this species was presumably reared, have been drafted by Mr Pergande in the unpublished notes mentioned above, sub- stantially as follows: This gall is an oblong, ovate swelling on the basal portion of the petiole and has a diameter about five or six times that of the petiole. Its length varies from 1.3 to 2 cm. It has the same color as the vine or the petiole. The tissues surrounding the cell, which latter is nearly as long as the entire gall, are woody and rather hard. Larva. Length 4 mm, milk white with a dark brown breastbone, the forked apex of the latter protruding from the second segment. Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae, reddish brown, basally yellowish; 28 segments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter. Palpus, one short, stout segment, obtusely rounded distally. Mesonotum deep reddish brown, evidently denuded. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark reddish brown, the basal segment yellowish or possibly thickly clothed with silvery white scales, the second to sixth segments narrowly margined posteriorly with a fringe of rather long, silvery white scales, ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third; halteres slightly fuscous basally, yellowish white apically. Legs nearly uniform yellowish straw, possibly denuded, the distal segments fuscous; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 877. Mr Pergande, in unpublished notes placed at our disposal, has characterized the adult, presumably from life, as being dark orange, the mesonotum black with silvery hairs anteriorly and yellowish © hairs between the wings. The dorsum of the abdomen is black, the first abdominal segment red, being covered entirely with silvery hairs and segments two to six with black hairs, the latter narrowly margined posteriorly and broadly so laterally with silvery hairs; the venter broadly margined laterally with black -hairs. Asteromyia flavoscuta Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) These midges were taken July 16, 1907 on the office window, Albany, N. Y., presumably having been reared from some recently collected material. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 219 Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae pale yellowish, apical segments tinged with carmine; 18 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat enlarged, subglobose, evidently composed of two closely fused. -Palpus; one stout, narrowly ovate segment, sparsely setose; face yellowish, a patch of whitish scales above the mouth. Mesonotum probably dark brown, thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, the submedian lines broad, pale yellowish, rather thickly clothed with short scales and sparsely so with long setae. Scutellum fuscous yellowish with numerous setae apically, postscutellum pale yellowish. | Abdomen dark brown, the basal segments silvery, the third to sixth with narrow, submedian lines of silvery on the posterior margin, the seventh segment mostly silvery white; pleurae thickly clothed with silvery scales; venter with a broad median band of silvery scales. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half; halteres yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically, fuscous subapically. Coxae and base of femora _ silvery white, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown or black, the femora and basal segment of the tarsi narrowly annulate with pale yellowish; claws long, stout, slightly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, stout, broadly — Type Cecid. 1228. Asteromyia pustulata Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 328 (Baldratia) 1910 —— Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 This form was reared at Albany, N. Y., June 13,1907 from a small, pustulate gall on an aster stem. Gall. The gall from which this species was obtained is a small, pustulate swelling on the side of aster stems, the enlargement being about 4 mm long and 2 mm in diameter and differing but slightly in color from the normal stem. Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally fuscous yeliowish; 14 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, nearly twice the length of the preceding, obtuse apically. Palpus, one rather large, irregularly fusiform segment, subacute distally and bearing several stout setae; face with a patch of whitish scales. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined anteriorly and laterally with yellowish white scales, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with yellowish hairs. Scutellum black with a few whitish setae apically, postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown with lunate, silvery white submedian spots on the posterior margins of segments one to seven. and laterally longitudinal silvery white spots on each segment, incisures dark salmon, genitalia fuscous reddish; venter sparsely stiffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting therewith just beyond the basal half. Halteres pale salmon, fuscous subapically. 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Legs dark brown; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment short, stout; terminal clasp segment greatly swollen at the basal third; dorsal plate short, very broad, broadly and roundly emarginate; ventral plate a little longer, narrow, broadly rounded. MHarpes short, stout, tapering, apex irregular. Type Cecid. a1520. Asteromyia albomaculata Felt 1907. Felt, E. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 111; Ssepataie pees (Choristoneura) 1908 —————_._ NY. State Mus. Bul. 124, p . 328 (Baldratia) This species was captured on Solidago at Albany, N. Y., August 14, 1906 and was reared July 15th from a small, blister gall on aster taken at Jamesburgh, N. J., and from a blister gall on Solidago taken at Westfield, N. Y., July 18, 1907. Gall. The blister gall on aster leaf producing this species, is 3 to 4mmin diameter, a diffuse yellowish, with a dark center and a narrow, dark margin. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae pale yellowish; 18 segments, the fifth with a length a little less than its diameter, the two terminal segments partly or completely fused. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, greatly expanded distally, the second more slender, elongate. Mesonotum black with a median pale line. Scutellum black. Abdomen black, segments one to three with submedian white spots; incisures reddish yellow; ovipositor yellowish. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot whitish, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres slightly yellowish, nearly covered with black scales. Coxae yellowish with a few white scales and the anterior and mid pair with long, black setae anteriorly; femora with the basal two-thirds whitish, the remainder black; tibiae and tarsi black; claws stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor moderately long, the terminal lobes rather long, broadly moundeds tyne Cecid.: 756. . Asteromyia squarrosae Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 1909 ——————_ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) The species was reared July 20, 1907 from irregular blister galls on Solidago squarrosa taken at Rhineclit, Nee 17th. It was also reared by Dr A. Cosens from S. serotina and S. squarrosa collected at Toronto, Canada, in June, 1914. Gall. A grayish brown, black-margined, irreguiar blister gall about 3 mm in diameter. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 19 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment produced, broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 221 stout, slightly expanded distally, the second one-half longer than the first, narrowly oval. Mesonotum dark brown, variably margined laterally and anteriorly with dull reddish brown scales, the sub- median lines sparsely clothed with similar hairs. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen dark brown, the second to seventh segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the markings obsolete laterally; venter thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein joining costa near the basal fifth; halteres yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Coxae and base of femora a variable fuscous yellowish, the remainder of the legs dark brown, the tip of femora and tibiae narrowly annulate with white on the posterior legs; claws long, rather stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, stout, broadly rounded. ‘Type Cecid. a1594. Asteromyia canadensis Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. I10, p. 105; separate, p. 9 (Lasioptera) ——N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 1908 — The midge was captured May 21, 1906 sweeping blueberry, Spiraea or possibly Cornus at Albany. Male. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 or 19 seg- ments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter; terminal segment suboval. Palpi; the first segment with a length four times its diameter, subrectangular, the second over twice the length of the first, slender. Mesonotum dark brown, ornamented with frag- mentary submedian lines of whitish scales posteriorly and a some- what broken patch of the same on the lateral posterior area near the base of the wings. Scutellum dark brown, rather thickly ornamented with silvery white scales, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the four basal segments each with submedian, quadrate, silvery spots. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein joining the costa at the basal half; halteres pale orange basally, silvery white distally. Legs mostly pale yellowish straw, tarsi with reddish or dark brown on the distal segments. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, irregularly truncate; terminal clasp seg- ment swollen at the basal fourth; dorsal plate broad, deeply emarginate; ventral plate narrow, broadly rounded. MHarpes sub- triangular, tapering. ‘Type Cecid. 74. Asteromyia dumosae Felt 1909 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) oe Econ. Ent. Jour. 3:348 . This species was reared July 30, 1908 from Aster dumosus taken by Cora H. Clarke at Annisquam, Cape Ann, Mass., apparently 222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM coming from an inconspicuous blister gall. Polygnotus species was reared, probably from this midge. Gall. The blister gall from which this species was presumably reared is yellowish brown, narrowly oval, nearly 4 mm long and 2 mm in diameter. Female. Length 1.75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 13 segments, the fifth with a length one-third greater than its diameter, the 13th compound, nearly twice the length of the preceding, irregularly rounded. Palpi; wuniarticulate. Mesonotum dark brown, anteri- orly and laterally rather thickly clothed with short, golden yellow scales. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined with white, the latter interrupted laterally and mesially. Ovi- positor fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with costa a little before the basal half, the white discal spot small; halteres yellowish transparent, fuscous subapically; coxae and femora basally fuscous yellowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Ovipositor moderately short, terminal lobes narrowly oval. Type Cecid. a1870Aa. Asteromyia flavomaculata Feit 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 1910 ——————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 This species was reared from a blister gall on a leaf, presumably aster, taken at Albany, N. Y., March 16, 1907. Polygnotus species and Eurytoma were reared, probably from this midge. Gall. Length 2 cm, diameter 1.2 cm. It is a clouded, sooty, blister gall, yellow beneath and dirty whitish above. It looks much like the large blister gall commonly found on aster. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae- dark brown; 16 segments, - the fifth with a length scarcely equal to its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, obtusely rounded distally. Palpi, one somewhat irregular, prolonged segment, swollen distally; face fuscous with yellowish white hairs ventrally. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines rather thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, an inconspicuous patch of the same at the anterior margin — and a larger one in front of the humeri. Scutellum a dark brown, postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen black, the second to eighth segments narrowly margined posteriorly with silvery white, the markings broadly interrupted on the median line; ventral surface suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown or black, discal spot yellowish white, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half; halteres a variable yellowish, fuscous subapically. Coxae and base of femora fuscous yellowish, other portions of legs a nearly uniform dark brown or black; claws rather long, strongly curved, pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the distal lobes broadly rounded. Type Cecid. a1361a. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I916 223 Asteromyia abnormis Felt 1907 Felt, E: P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 110; separate, p. 14 (Choristoneura) sages ———-._ N. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 24, 1906 on Solidago. Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment twice the length of the preceding, broadly rounded. Palpi, one segment with a length about three times its diam- eter, slightly dilated, broadly rounded apically. Mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen presumably a nearly uniform dark brown with irregular patches of whitish scales on the pleurae. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot whitish, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres pale orange. Legs mostly dark : brown; claws stout, slightly curved. Fig.42 Asteromyia abnor- Ovipositor probably about one-third mis, seventh, eighth and ninth the length of the body; terminal antennal segments, the latter two lobes short, broadly rounded distally partly fused, greatly enlarged and thickly setose. (author’s illustration) This specimen is abnormal, since the ninth and tenth segments on one antenna and the tenth to thirteenth on the other were more or less irregularly fused. Type Cecid. 676. Asteromyia asterifoliae Beutm. 1907 Beutenmueller, William. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 23, p. 395- 96 (Lasioptera) 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p.288 (Choristoneura helena Felt), p. 329 (Baldratia fuscoanulata) 1909 ——————-_ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia fuscoanulata) 1910 —————__ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 53 (Lasioptera) This species was reared by Professor Beutenmueller from aster leaves taken in the valley of the Black mountains, North Carolina. Apparently the same form has been reared by us from a circular blister gall on Aster lateriflorus collected at Highland, adults being obtained June 26, 1907. Presumably the same form was reared from a blister gall on what is probably Aster laevis, midges appearing July 25, 1907. 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gall. The gallon Aster lateriflorus producme tiisiomun is round, about 3 mm in diameter and with a dark center encircled by a white ring, the portions of the leaf adjacent being more or less suffused. The gall on what we take to be Aster laevis, is oval, 4 to 6 mm in diameter, yellowish white and dark margined. For a colored illustration see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 2, figure s. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae brown, basally fuscous yellow- ish; 18 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment partly fused with the preceding, somewhat pro- longed, narrowly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second twice the length of the first, irregularly subfusiform. Face with a white patch of silvery white scales. Mesonotum black, sparsely margined laterally with silvery white. Scutellum nearly the same color as the mesonotum. Abdomen black, the incisures dark reddish, each segment sparsely margined posteriorly with silvery white, the venter a uniform silvery gray. Wings (pl. 5, fig. 9) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres pale... Legs black, coxae, the extreme base of the femora and articulations of the tibiae more or less pale; claws rather long, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, broadly oval. Male. Antennal segments 16, the fifth with a length three- fourths its diameter; the abdomen and the legs a uniform dark brown, the venter pale yellowish; otherwise as in the female. The char- acters of the male are from the type. Cecid. ar55o. Asteromyia agrostis O. S. 1847 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans., 6:35%-52 1862 Osten Sacken, C. R. Dipt. N=Am. Mon., 1:204 (Cecidomyia AK ft ' Oss £408) 1893 Marten, John. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Techn. ser. I, no. 3, p. 155-56 (Lasioptera muhlenbergiae) 1893 Webster, F. M. Ohio Agric. Exp’t Sta. Techn. ser. I, no. 3, p. 154-55 (Lasioptera muhlenbergiae) 1902. Cockerell, T. D. A. Can. Ent., 34:183 (Lasioptera carbour tens) 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. r24, p. 329 (B. muhlenbergiae) 1909 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont.,. 39th Rep’t,.p. 85>(83 nr teh Rea bergiae) The gall and pupa of this species were described by Fitch without a name in 1847. Later Osten Sacken proposed the scientific name for this form, which breeds in a prolonged, fusiform enlargement at the basal portion of the stem of Muhlenbergia mexicana. Lasioptera carbonitens Ckll. is probably a synonym. Polygnotus species was reared from this gall. The species breeds in a prolonged, fusiform enlargement at the basal portion of the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 225 stem of Muhlenbergia mexicana. It was first reared by Mr Marten at Champaign, II1l., adults appearing from May 9 to June 10, 1902. There is but one generation annually, the larvae wintering in the gall. We have received examples of this form from Prof..Cyrus R. Crosby of Ithaca, N. Y., who reared the insect from grass collected in that vicinity. Gall. The gall has been described by Mr Marten as cone-shaped and produced by the abortion of a branch and the consequent approximation of the leaves. He states that the peculiar yellowish larvae he singly or several together on the inner bases of the leaves, thus producing the gall. The pupa he describes as reddish yellow, becoming darker reddish or even orange color with age. When ready to pupate, the old larval skin is pushed down to the tip of the abdomen, where it remains adher- ing to the last segment. The following descriptions have been drafted from specimens kindly contributed by Prof. H. A. Gossard of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. The Fig. 43 As- anatomical characters are from these specimens, the teromyia aerTros tiSsZ color features from Mr Marten’s descriptions. : gall, natural Gall. Length about 3 cm, diameter nearly 1 cm. size (origi- This gail is a long, stout, fusiform swelling evidently sa caused by the dwarfing of the young shoot leaves growing close together and the larvae occur here and there at the base of the inner leaves. Larva. Length 2 mm, pale yellowish white, breastbone not evident. The larvae occur in numbers irregularly located between the inner leaves of the gall. Female. Length 3 to 3.5mm. Antennae black, fading to dusky toward the tips, yellowish brown basally; 19 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter; terminal segment red- dish, ‘suboval.. Palpi;, the first. segment irregularly obconic, the second irregularly conic, greatly swollen basally; face tinged Fig.44 Asteromyia With yellowish brown and having a silvery agrostis, palpus of White reflection in certain lights; it also has female, enlarged (origi- afew scattering black hairs. Eyes rather nal) small, black. Mesonotum shiny pitchy black with some reddish brown about the base of the wings and on the posterior angles of the mesothorax. Scutellum’ black with reddish brown margins, somewhat transparent in appear- ance; metathorax and pleurae reddish brown, the latter with a 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM black spot commencing anterior to the base of the wing and reach- ing with a slight interruption to the middle coxa. Abdomen red- dish brown distally, covered with pitchy black scales, the latter less dense on the venter. Ovipositor reddish yellow, becoming pale yellow, almost white at the tip. Wings dusky, costa black, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third; halteres yellowish with the capitate portion and upper part of the stem covered with pitchy black scales. Coxae and femora yellowish, the distal half of the femora covered with black scales, becoming more dense toward the apex; tibiae and tarsi black; claws long, stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the body; terminal lobes long, slender, broadly rounded. , Male. About as the female, more slender and not so black, but smoky or brown-black with a pitchy reflection. Antennae with 16 to 18 segments. Palpi; short, inconspicuous, apparently com- posed of two segments, the first irregularly oval, deeply divided near the middle, the second consisting of a transverse oval basal portion and a long, slender, tapering distal part, the latter with a length fully five times its diameter. Wing: (pl. 6, fig. 1) with ' thick, black scales on the costa not extending beyond the point where the third vein unites with the border. Genitalia (pl. 8,. fig. 1); basal clasp segment long, stout, obliquely truncate; terminal clasp segment short, greatly swollen basally; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate broad, broadly rounded. Harpes broad at base, dentate. Described from specimens received from the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station December 1906, presumably reared by Marten. They bore only the number 1571. Cecid. 770. Asteromyia waldorfi Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) 5O0@) (ae ae Coe. et OUG. ns 476 Several midges were reared in early May 1908 from a small, brownish, blister gall on a somewhat hairy unknown species of aster found at Karner near the Waldorf station in early April. Gall. The gall is about 3 mm in diameter, circular, brownish and with a more or less distinct yellowish ring. — Male. Length 2mm. Antennae yellowish brown; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment produced, compound. Palpi; the first segment subquad- rate, the second longer, broadly oval. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown, post- scutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly, the latter interrupted mesially; the sixth and seventh segments mostly orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half, the discal spot large; halteres a variable yellowish. Coxae and basal portion of femora yellowish, the distal part of femora, tibiae and REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 227 tarsi dark brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment stout; dorsal plate short, broad, triangularly incised; ventral plate short, broad, broadly rounded. MHarpes tapering, obtuse, tuberculate. Female. Length 2.25 mm. Antennae with 18 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal seg- ment produced, evidently composed of two closely ‘fused, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; basal segment slender, obconic; terminal segment longer, tapering, subacute. Colorational and other char- acters probably as in the opposite sex. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen; terminal lobes short, broadly oval. A very similar and probably identical species was reared May sth from a slightly different gall taken in the same vicinity and num- bered ar829. Type Cecid. a1824. Asteromyia nitida Felt 1909 Felt, E. P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 2:286 (Baldratia) ao ————— __ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 This species was reared April 17, 1908 from a shining, yellowish gall on the basal leaves of aster collected at Meadowdale near Albany, N. Y., October 23, 1907. Gall. The gall is large, smooth, slightly glossy, yellowish, oval and 6 to 7 mm in diameter. It is found on the long, often purplish basal leaves. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, the basal seg- ments yellowish; 21 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment produced, compound, broadly rounded apically. Palpi biarticulate. Face yellowish. Meso- notum dark brown, the submedian lines and lateral margins clothed with yellowish scales. Scutellum.dark brown with white scales apically, postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined with silvery white scales, the latter interrupted laterally and mesially. Venter clothed with silvery “white scales. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with costa just beyond the basal half; halteres yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Coxae and base of femora a variable yellowish, the remainder of the legs dark brown. Ovipositor short, terminal lobes broadly oval. Type Cecid. a1820. Asteromyia convoluta Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 110 (Choristoneura) 1908 —————__ NN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 1909 ——————._ Ottawa Nat., 22:246 (Baldratia) This species was reared from a loose, convolute tip gall on Solidago, which was taken at Albany, N. Y., August 11, 1907. 8 228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gall. This species appears to have been reared from a loose, convolute apical gall having an approximate diameter of 6.5 mm. It is composed of a thick mass of long, aborted, more or less curled leaves. There were no indications of blister galls on any of. the leaflets. Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae light brown, fuscous basally; 17 segments, the fifth with a length less than its diameter; terminal segment twice the length of the preceding, subconical. Palpus, one elongate segment, slightly enlarged distally; face fuscous, eyes black, large. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines ornamented with sparse, yellowish setae. Scutellum and postscutellum pale yellowish brown. Abdomen nearly uniform dark brown, ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, yellowish basally, the third vein uniting with costa just beyond the basal half. Hal- teres yellowish basally, whitish apically, base of club fuscous. Legs mostly uniform dark brown with irregular, yellowish markings; anterior tibiae yellowish, tarsi yellowish, the segments tinged with reddish brown distally; mid and posterior tarsi mostly yellowish with a faint brown annulation on the second segment, distal seg- ment dark brown; claws rather stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor moderately long, terminal lobes acutely rounded. Type Cecid. a1307. Asteromyia flavoanulata Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) The small, marginal blister gall on Solidago canadensis from which this species was reared, was taken at West Nyack, N. Y., the adults appearing July 25, 1907. Gall. A marginal, circular; golden gray blister gall with a diameter about 3.5 mm and with the under surface narrowly margined with pale orange. There is apparently but one insect ina gall. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment distinctly enlarged, produced, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, broadly oval, the second about as long, much more slender; facefuscous. Mesonotum reddish brown, the lateral and anterior margins and submedian lines thickly yellow- haired. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum a little lighter. Abdomen dark brown, the segments narrowly margined posteriorly by silvery white lines, the latter interrupted in the middle and laterally; ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half; halteres yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Coxae dark brown, femora light yellowish basally, the distal portion and tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws rather long, stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, oval, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. a1568k. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1Q10 229 Asteromyia rubra [elt foope rel, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. I10, p. 103; separate, p. 7 (Lasioptera), p. 103-4 (L. tuberculata) 1908 ——————_ N Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 329 (Baldratia) 1908 Jarvis, T.D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 38th Rep’t, p. 88 (Choristoneura flavolunata in error) 1909 Felt, E. P. Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) 1909 Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 81 (Choristoneura flavolunata in error) This form was reared from a more or less variegated blister gall occurring on the leaves of Solidago rugosa, adults appearing July 21, 1906. Apparently the same species occurs in the collection of the United States National Museum, having been reared from blister galls taken July 21, 1877 in the [llinois bottom and from others taken at St Louis, Mo. Unpublished notes by Mr Pergande, kindly placed at our disposal by Doctor Howard of the Bureau of Entomology show that galls of apparently this species occtirred June 18, 1884 in the vicinity of the fair grounds, Washington, D. C.., and were quite abundant at Cabin John Bridge, Maryland, June 25, 1899. Galls of apparently the same species were received June 27th of the same year from George Caswell, Dayton, Ohio. It is apparently this form which is recorded as common at Guelph, Ontario, by Jarvis. It is probable that the individuals described mumecicer the name of Lasioptera tuberculata! are referable to this species. Gall. This form was reared from a variegated blister gall varying in diameter from about 3 to6 mm. The smaller, older galls appear to be mostly black, while the larger and perhaps younger galls have the edge margined with purple, the outer part being pale yellowish olive with a darker, slightly elevated central part or nipple. For a colored illustration seé Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figures 9, Of, 24, 15, 158, and 20. Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae yellowish brown; 14 to 15 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, subcylindric, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, slightly expanded distally, the second short, broadly oval. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely clothed with yellowish setae. Scutellum and postscutellum reddish brown. Abdomen mostly a reddish brown, the distal seg- ments lighter and apparently narrowly banded basally with silvery white scales; genitalia yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark reddish brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third; halteres pale yellowish. Legs mostly fuscous yellowish, the distal tarsal segments reddish brown; claws long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvill about two-thirds the length of the claws. Genitalia (pl. 8, *Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 103-4 (separate, p. 7). 1907 230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fig. 2) basal clasp segment short, stout; terminal clasp segment with the basal two-thirds greatly swollen; dorsal plate short, stout, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, stout, nar- rowly rounded. MHarpes short, stout, tapering, irregularly dentate. Female. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment broadly oval. Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly subquadrate, the second a little longer, swollen at the basal third, broadly rounded. Mesonotum dark brown with submedian lines sparsely clothed with silvery hairs. Scutellum dark reddish brown, postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, incisures deep carmine, ovipositor pale orange. Pleurae brokenly clothed with quadrate patches of silvery white scales separated by small patches of dark brown ones, venter suffused with silvery white scales; halteres fuscous yellowish basally, stem pale yellowish, club fuscous basally, semitransparent apically. Coxae dark brown, clothed laterally with silvery white; femora pale yellowish basally, fuscous apically, tibiae dark brown, narrowly ringed with pale yellowish apically, tarsi with the basal segments dark brown, the distal ones lighter. Ovipositor probably about two-thirds the length of the body, the terminal lobes short, stout, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. 650. Asteromyia laeviana Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N.- Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 108-9; Separate pee (Choristoneura) 1908 ——————._ NV. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 (Baldratia) I910° ——————_ Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:349 1915 =— Econ. Ent. Jour. 33406 The midge was reared at Albany, N. Y., from a yellowish blister gall on the leaves of Aster laévis, fhe adults appearing the latter part of September 1906. Gall. A greenish yellow blister gall about 1.75 cm in diameter, the under surface is papery white. For a colored illustration see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figures 12, 12a and Ig. Larva. Length 2 mm, stout, pale orange. Head-small, tapering; antennae small, uniarticulate: breastbone rudimentary or wanting; skin finely shagreened ; posterior extremity broadly rounded, finely papillate. ; Male. Length 1.6 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, the fifth with a diameter equal to its length, the two terminal seg- ments fused, separable only by a light constriction. Palpi; one elongate segment, obliquely truncate apically; face reddish brown, eyes black, large, margined posteriorly with pale yellowish scales. Mesonotum dark brown with broad, submedian stripes thickly clothed with short, yellowish scales. Scutellum dark brown, post- scutellum reddish brown. Abdomen dark brown with the incisures and pleurae pale yellowish red, genitalia dark brown. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the ccsta at the basal half; halteres pale yellowish basally, whitish transparent apically. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 231 Legs mostly dark brown, the tarsal segments a variable pale yellow or reddish; claws strongly curved. Genitalia (pl. 8, fig. 3); basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment broad at base; dorsal plate deeply incised; ventral plate short, broadly rounded. MHarpes ‘subtriangular, tapering, a long, curved apical spur and several recurved spines. Type Cecid. a1287. A female, provisionally referred to this species, was reared from’ meumiiat gall on Aster saggittifolius July 15, 19133, by Dr A. Cosens, Toronto, Canada. The description follows: Female. Length rmm. Antennae extending to the base of the abdomen, sparsely haired, dark brown; at least 14 and probably 15 or 16 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter. Palpi invisible in the preparation, probably uniarticulate. Mesono- tum shining black, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum shining dark brown, sparsely haired apically, postscutellum yellowish brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform black, the third to sixth abdomi- nal segments narrowly margined posteriorly with whitish scales. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with the margin near the basal half. Halteres yellowish, the club narrowly fuscous basally. Coxae reddish brown; femora yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Tibiae and tarsi fuscous. Ovipositor about half the length of the abdomen, stout, the terminal lobes orbicular, minor lobes linear, both thickly setose. Az44o. Asteromyia flavolunata Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y.State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 154-55 Cs. 1908 ——————-_ NL Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 (Baldratia) 19c9 ——————_ Ottawa Nat., 22:248 (Baldratia) - 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 53 (Baldratia) This species was reared from a semioval, yellowish, marginal gall on Solidago leaves taken at Albany, N. Y., March 19, 1907, the adultsappearing April 16th. It appears to be widely distributed, - having been taken in several localities in New York State and also at Asheville, N. C. Gall. A characteristic marginal, semioval gall on the leaves of Solidago, probably S. canadensis. The galls are about I cm in the greatest diameter, are invariably on the margin of the leaf, lunate in form and usually approximately equidistant. For a colored illustration, see Museum Bulletin 175, plate 1, figures 8 and to. Female. Length 2.5 mm. Antennae dark reddish brown; 21 segments, the fifth with a length scarcely equal to its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly rounded apically. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, almost subglobular, the second a little longer, slender, subfusiform, subacute distally; face reddish brown, with sparse, whitish scales, the tip of the mouth-parts fuscous. Mesonotum dark brown, almost black, the base of the wing insertions reddish. Scutellum dark brown with a few yellowish setae apically, 232 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, almost black, the incisures of the latter a dusky reddish, the dorsum of the eighth segment and the ovipositor fuscous yellowish; laterally, though hardly ventrally there is a broken band of five somewhat conspicuous subquadrate patches of silvery white scales; venter sparsely clothed with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting with costa near the middle. Legs black; claws long, stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor. about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes rather short, broad, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. a1430. | Asteromyia divaricata Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 330 (Baldratia) 1910 ————— Econ. Ent. Jour., 3:348 This species was reared April 6, 1908 at Albany from a large blister gall on the leaves of Aster divarica ta. 9 Wiememae winter in the galls. One leaf may produce 18 to 20 adults. The white exuviae contrast strongly with the blackened leaves. Gall. The blister galls from which this species was reared are large and oval, about 1.2 cm in diameter and with a pinkish tinged aureola, especially on the under surface. In the spring they are much darker and nearly unicolorous. Female. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown, yellowish basally; 16 segments, the fifth: with a length about twice its diameter, the terminal segment produced, with a length about three times its diameter. Palpus, one rather stout, fusiform segment having a length about twice its diameter. Face . fuscous — yellowish. Mesonotum dark reddish* brown and rather thickly and evenly clothed with yellowish setae. Scutellum reddish brown with whitish setae apically; postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, each segment sublaterally with silvery white spots and rudimentary white markings posteriorly; pleurae a variable reddish brown; ovipositor a pale orange; venter clothed with silvery scales.’ Wings hyaline, costa black, discal spot whitish, the third vein uniting with costa near the basal half; halteres yellowish, fuscous subapically. Coxae and base of femora fuscous yellowish; femora distally, tibiae and tarsi a nearly uniform dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli distinctly shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes short, broad, suborbicular. Male. Length 2mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish; 16 segments. Palpi uniarticulate, fusiform, with a length over twice the diameter. Mesonotum dark brown, with scattering, yellowish setae upon its surface, the submedian lines thickly clothed with yellow setae. Scutellum dark brown, with a few white scales apically, postscutellum light fuscous yellowish. Abdomen dark brown, the basal segment laterally and posteriorly sparsely margined with white scales, the distal segment nearly naked, deep orange and with a few dark brown, scattering, silvery white scales dorsally; pleurae yellowish; REPORT OF TIE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IQ16 22 genitalia fuscous yellowish, the venter yellowish basally, deep orange distally, sparsely clothed with silvery white scales; halteres yellowish transparent. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment stout at base; dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate short, stout, broadly rounded. Harpes short, stout, truncate, minutely dentate. Type Cecid. ai787. CLINORHYNCHA Loew 1850 Loew, H. Dipt. Beitr., 4:21 1860 Rondani, Camillo. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano Atti, 2:287 1863 Schiner, J. R. Fauna Austriaca Dipt., 2:409 - 1876 Bergenstamm, J. E. & Low, Paul. Syn-Cecidomyidarum, p. 23 1888 Skuse, F. A.A. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales Proc., 3:40, 44, 133 1892 Rubsaamen, E.H. Berl. Ent. Zeit., 27:341 1895 Kieffer, J. J. Wein. Ent. Zeit., 14:3-4 1897 —————_ Syn. Cecid. de Eur. & Alg., p. 4 1904 soc. Sci. Brux: Ann., 28:2 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 Igtl WN. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:42 1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 19 Fig.45 Clinorhyncha filicis, head and appendages, note the relatively short antennae, the well developed palpi and the greatly produced mouth-parts, enlarged (orignial) 234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This genus, first recognized in America by the author, comprises an assemblage of extremely interesting forms which may be dis- tinguished at once by the great prolongation of the mouth-parts and the ro to 12 antennal segments. The European C. chry- santhemi H. Lw., the type of the genus, has 13 antennal segments in both sexes. The wings are small, rather narrow and with the venation greatly reduced -(pl. 6, fig. 8); claws unidentate. The species are all small, being only about 1 mm in length. It is very probable, as stated elsewhere, that this genus is a synonym of Acorhynchus Rond. The four European species were all reared from the enlarged akenes of such composites as Anthemus, Chrysanthemum, Achillea and Tanacetum. The additional Ameri- cam species, C. eupatorifloraec, was reared fomummenaonere of thoroughwort, Eupatorium perfoliatum. It is prob- able that the other species known to occur in this country have similar habits, though C. karnerensis was taken on willow. Key to species @ Second to fifth abdominal segments reddish brown; female with 10 antennal segments, the fifth with a length one-third greater than its diameter....... filteis Belt (©2386 aa Abdomen unicolorous b Abdomen of the female dark brown, that of the male fuscous yellowish, antennal segments 10, the fifth in the male with a length twice its diameter, that of the female with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, the three distal palpal segments successively longer, the fourth one-fourth longer than the third. Reared from yarrow........ ; millefolit Wachth, @er226 bb Abdomen of female dark brown, antennal segments 10, the fifth with a length one-half greater than its diameter, the three distal palpal SEOIMEMUS COMA Lcd pee tae op eee karnerensis Pelt, (@7 483 bbb Abdomen reddish, antennal segments of male 12, female 11, the fifth of the male with a length one-half greater than its diameter, that of the female with a length one-fourth greater. Reared from flowers of thoroughwort, Hupatorium pertioliat wma eee -eupatoriflorae Pelt @arocy Clinorhyncha filicis Felt 1907 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110; p. 108; separate, p. 12 1908 ———— _N. Y: State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 . This species was taken on fern at Nassau, N. Y., June 24, 1906. Apparently the same form was reared from willow bearing the galls of Hormomyia vyerruca Walsh, collected by @Gorase: Clarke at Magnolia, Mass. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 235 Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae dark brown; 10 segments, the fifth with a length one-third greater than its diameter; terminal segment short, broadly rounded distally. Palpi; the first segment rather long, irregular, the second a little shorter, the third nearly twice the length of the preceding, more slender, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum dark brown, submedian lines yellowish, thickly clothed with fuscous yellowish hairs. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum brown. Abdomen dark brown basally, with the second to fifth segments reddish brown, terminal segments yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot whitish, the third vein uniting with costa at the basal half, the fifth vein forking near the middle, unites with the posterior margin at the distal third, its branch at the basal third. Halteres reddish yellow. Legsa nearly uniform dark brown, lighter ventrally; claws rather stout, strongly curved. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the body, the terminal lobe long, broad, narrowly rounded, at the base a group of four or five heavy, stout, strongly recurved, obtuse spurs and scattering groups of straight spines. Type Cecid. 386. Clinorhyncha millefolii Wachtl. 1884 Wachtl, F. A. Wien. Entomol. Zeit., 3:161, tab. 2, fig. 3-5 1908 Felt, E.P. Econ. Ent. Jour., 1:19 1908 ——————._ NY. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 1909) ——————_ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rep’t, p. 44 This European species was reared during August 1907 in consider- able numbers from the florets of yarrow, Achillea mille- Poeeiium, taken “in the vicinity of Albany. Our provisional determination of this form has been confirmed by the distinguished European specialist on this group, L’abbe Kieffer. This species has presumably become well established in this country and it is rather surprising that its presence has not been detected earlier. The wing of the female is shown on plate 6, figure 8. Larva. Length 1 mm, yellowish, rather stout, the segmentation - rather distinct; head small, with a diameter about one-fourth that of the body, tapering to a broadly rounded apex. The one antennal segment is cylindric, with a length about four times its diameter. Breastbone apparently wanting, skin smooth, the posterior extremity broadly rounded, smooth; anus slitlike. The above described specimen is probably partly erown. Clinorhyncha karnerensis Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 333 This form was taken on willow at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906. Female. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown; 10 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter, 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the terminal segment slightly reduced. Paipi; the first segment rather long, expanded distally, the second slender, tapering at the extremities and with a length about three times its diameter, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum dark brown,” the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum dark brown, postscutellum | yellowish brown. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown, the segments margined posteriorly with rather abundant short, silvery -setae. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, discal spot white, the third vein uniting with costa a little before the basal half, the fifth at the distal fourth, its branch near the basal half. Halteres yellowish basally, silvery white apically. Legs a nearly uniform fuscous brown, the posterior ones a little lighter; claws long, slender, strongly curved distally, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor probably about as long as the body, basally with a patch of stout, halberd- shaped processes; terminal lobe long, broad, irregularly rounded, at the base a group of five or six stout hooks. Type Cecid. 488. | Clinorhyncha eupatoriflorae Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. New Species of Cecidomyiidae II, p. 6 (Lasioptera) 1908 ———_————_ NY. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 287, 333 (Lasioptera) 1909 ——————-_ Ent. Soc. Ont., 39th Rép’t, p. 44 _ 1910 Stebbins, F. A. Springf. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bul. 2, p. 49 (Cecidomyia) The midge was reared in late August from yellowish larvae, about 2 mm long, in apparently normal florets of thoroughwort, Eupatorium perfoliatum, taken at Albamyes ae Male. Length 1.25 mm. Antennae dark brown, the sbacal segments pale reddish; 12 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than the diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly rounded. distally. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, narrowly oval, the second one-half longer and more slender; the third a little longer and more slender than the second; the fourth longer and more slender than the third; face pale reddish. Mesonotum fuscous, the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum and ~ postscutellum reddish. Abdomen reddish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa before the basal half, the fifth joining the posterior margin at the distal fourth, its branch near the basal half; halteres and coxae pale reddish, the femora yellowish at the base, brownish apically; tibiae and tarsi brownish; claws rather long, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long; terminal clasp segment long, swollen near the basal third; dorsal plate short, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate short, broad, truncate. Harpes long, stout, tapering, dentate. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae sparsely haired, dark brown, basal segments pale reddish; 11 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than the diameter; terminal segment produced, tapering distally to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi; REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 237 the first segment short, stout, truncate distally, the second a little longer, narrowly oval, the third as long as the second, more slender, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Face pale reddish. Pronotum fuscous. Mesonotum slightly fuscous, the submedian lines indistinct. Scutellum and _ postscutellum reddish. Abdomen reddish. Halteres and coxae pale reddish; femora yellowish at the base, brownish apically; tibiae and tarsi brownish. Ovipositor longer than the body, basally with halberd- shaped spines and recurved hooks; the terminal lobes long, slender, tapering, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1689. CAMPTONEUROMYIA Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 322, 334 I91I ————— N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:43 1913 Kieffer, J. J. Gen. Insect., fasc. 152, p. 26 This genus was erected for a very well-marked type which may be recognized by the broadly oval wings having the third vein strongly arched, rather well separated from costa and uniting there- with near the distal third (pl. 6, fig. 5). The antennae are sessile in both sexes, the segments ranging in number from 14 to 22. The individual segments are longer than in Lasioptera and its close allies and do not have the thick, heavy circumfili usually observed in this tribe. Furthermore, the whorl of minute hairs is more marked in Camptoneuromyia than in allied genera. The male genitalia have somewhat the same structure as obtains in Dasyneura, the ovipositor of the female is rather short and thick. The vestiture of the anterior wing veins is not so heavy as in Lasioptera, though approaching that type. The legs are usually very thickly covered with scales, and in some species this clothing is so abundant as to practically obscure the basal tooth on the unidentate claws. Type Meeyneura virginica Felt. Several species have been reared. The best known form is C. adhesa Felt. It breeds mostly in an oval adherent gall between apposed Solidago leaves. Another species, C. rubifolia Felt, has been reared from a marginal leaf roll on high blackberry. A West Indian form, C. meridionalis Felt! was reared from Ipomoea, probably the deformed flower buds infested by Schiz- Omyia ipomoeae Felt. Key to species a Antennae with 14 segments b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum reddish brown; the fifth antennal segment with a length one-half greater than its diameter, female. . brevicauda Felt, C. 751 1 Ent. News, 21:269-70. I9gI0. 238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM aa Antennae with 15 segments b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum fuscous yellowish; the fifth antennal segment with a length one-half greater than its diameter, male. . virginica Felt, C. 238b aaa Antennae composed of 16 segments b Abdomen yellowish brown, scutellum Fiseoee yellowish; the fifth antennal segment with a length about three-fourths its diameter, Ferriabes.\ 50) crept ee eae emcee eit a fulva Felt. C) 461 bb Abdomen light yellowish, scutellum pale orange; fifth antennal seg- ment with a length one-third greater than its diameter, female... . flavescens Felt sCxarssap. aaaa Antennae with 18 segments b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum a variable fuscous; the fifth antennal segment with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, male. . hamamelidis Peli e@3 2284 aaaaa 20 to 22 antennal segments b Abdomen dark brown, scutellum fuscous yellowish; the fifth antennal segment of the male with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, that of the female with a length three-fourths its diameter. Reared from an oval, adherent gall between Solidago leaves...... adhesa Felt, C. a1568, a1583 bb Abdomen dark brown, the basal and distal segments yellowish; the fifth antennal segment in both sexes with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter. Reared from marginal leaf roll on high latch eriiy. sien tt sae ee eae ee rubifodlia Pelt, arcsoeea1s59 Camptoneuromyia virginica Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N: Y. State Mus. Bul. 110; ps rS3 sseparcnesno ene (Dasyneura) - | 1908 ————— N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 334 The species was taken on witch-hazel Hamamelis virgin- W2yinl ey. eye dlicenone ING SS he ma, OOO. Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, 15 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter;- terminal segment suboval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregular, the second narrowly oval, a little longer, the third as long as the second, more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, more slender. Mesonotum nearly uniform dark brown, lighter posteriorly, submedian lines lighter, sparsely haired. Scutellum variably fuscous basally, pale yellowish and with sparse setae apically; postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the sixth and seventh segments pale yellowish orange. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 5) hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. Halteres yellowish transparent. Legs light brown, lighter ventrally, tarsi slightly darker; claws long, slender, uniformly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment short, stout; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate. Harpes subtriangular, stout, irregularly dentate. Type. Cecid? 238b- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 239 Camptoneuromyia brevicauda [elt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 343 (Dasyneura) This species was taken in July and August 1906, at Nassau, and also at Albany, N. Y. Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 14 segments, the fifth with a length one-half greater than its diameter. Palpi; the first segment rather long, slender basally, expanded distally, the second one-fourth longer than the first, stout, the third about equal to the second and the fourth one-half longer than the third, all sparsely clothed with coarse setae and broad scales; eyes large, black. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum and abdomen dark brown, ovipositor pale yellowish. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 7) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal fifth; halteres yellowish basally, whitish apically. Coxae fuscous yellowish, trochanters deep carmine, base of femora yellowish, other portions of legs dark brown; claws slender, strongly curved. Ovipositor one-fourth the length of the body, the terminal lobes long, slender, tapering, broadly rounded. "hype Cecid. 340. Camptoneuromyia fulva Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 334 This midge was taken on Cornus, probably C. stolonifera, at Albany, N. Y., July 3, 1906. Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellow- ish; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, tapering slightly distally; terminal segment reduced, subconical. Palpi; the first segment long, subrectangular, the second a little longer than the first, stouter, the third one-half longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third; face yellowish, eyes black. Mesonotum thickly clothed with golden yellow setae, submedian lines reddish brown, naked. Scutellum fuscous yellowish, postscutellum pale yellowish. Abdomen yellowish brown, thickly yellow haired. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa near the distal third. Halteres pale yellowish; coxae, femora and tibiae mostly pale yellowish; tarsi fuscous yellowish, dark brown distally; claws long, slender, curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, terminal lobes slender, with a length about three times their diameter, tapering. Type Cecid. 461. Camptoneuromyia flavescens Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 327 (Lasioptera) ee Oftawa Nat ., 22:247 _ This form was apparently reared from a closely adherent pyriform ) apical leaf gall on Solidago graminifolia very similar 240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM in appearance to that made by Asphondylia monacha O. S. Galls were taken at Jamesburgh, N. J., and West Nyack, N. Y., the latter half of July 1907, adults being reared the 29th and 30th. Some leaves in this material were rolled and it is possible that this species came from these rather than from the galls described below. Apparently the same gall on S. canadensis was col- lected by Dr A. Cosens June 29, 1916 at Toronto, Can. Gall. The gall from which this species may have been reared is a closely adherent pyriform apical leaf gall 1 x .5 cm and identical in every appearance with that commonly producing Asphon- dylia monacha, presumably the normal inhabitant of this type of gall. Female. Length 1 mm. Antennae. brown, basally yellowish; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about one-third greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, slender, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi; first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second nearly twice as long as the first, narrowly oval, the third as long as the second, slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, slender; face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum pale orange. Scu- tellum and postscutellum pale orange. Abdomen light yellowish, the segments sparsely clothed dorsaily with fuscous setae, venter pale yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal fourth. Halteres yellowish trans- parent. Coxae pale orange, femora mostly light yellowish, tibiae and tarsi mostly dark brown; claws rather long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli a little longer than the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes long, slender, narrowly rounded.. Type Cecid. ar583b. Camptoneuromyia hamamelidis Felt 1907 Felt,E. P. N. Y.. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 11G—17>separoseeee co (Dasyneura) 1908 -————— _N-Y: State Mus. Bul. 124,-p: 334 The single male representing this species was captured on witch- hazel, Hamamelis virginiana, at Albany, NaWeieaee 1906. ; Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a length about one-half greater than its diameter; terminal segment slightly prolonged, subovoid... Palpi; the first segment short, irregularly subquadrate, the second short, broadly oval, the third a little longer, slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Face presumably dark brown. Mesonotum nearly uniform dark brown, somewhat lighter pos- teriorly, submedian lines rather distinct and ornamented with pale hairs. Scutellum a variable fuscous basally, pale yellowish and with, sparse setae apically, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen nearly REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 241 uniform dark brown. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 4) hyaline, costa dark brown or black, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. Halteres yellowish transparent. Legs nearly uniform light brown, lighter ventrally, tarsi slightly darker; claws rather slender, uni- formly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment swollen at the base. Dorsal plate broad, deeply and broadly emarginate; ventral plate narrow, deeply incised. Harpes rather stout, subtriangular, irregularly dentate. Type Cecid. 238a. | Camptoneuromyia adhesa Felt | 1907 Felt,E.P. N. Y.State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 291; separate, p. 10 (Dasyneura) 1909 —————__ Ottawa Nat. 22:248 A number of specimens of this peculiar form were reared in July 1907 from an oval cell formed by the adhesion of two Solidago leaves about an injured area. ‘Two species at least, develop in this type of gall, the above named form and Asphondylia monachaO.S. The exuviae of the latter form was found near a large exit hole, while the Camptoneuromyia emerges through a smaller orifice. Representatives of both genera were reared from different lots of galls and in one case the puparium of an Asphondylia was observed within the deformity. A peculiar larva, probably a Lestodiplosis, was taken from one gall. The formation of this gall is interesting. It evidently originates in the closely appressed terminal leaves of growing buds. The female presumably inserts her long ovipositor between the young leaves, deposits an egg there and the irritation caused by the develop- ing larva results in the leaves adhering, even after subsequent growth of the plant has separated the bases of the two leaves an inch or more. Interesting gradations showing the development of the gall of this somewhat local species were observable at West Nyack, July 17, 1907. This gall has been observed at Nassau, N. Y., and by Prof. J. G. Needham in the Adirondacks. Gall. The gall produced by this species is an irregular, subglobular swelling involving both leaves. Itisapproximately oval in shape, about 2 mm in diameter and may contain one or two whitish larvae. Larva. Length 2.5 mm, whitish or yellowish white, slender, smooth; head small; antennae iia minute. There is no breastbone visible in the Fig.46 Campto- mounted specimens, possibly due to a recent © neuromyia ad- molt or to the larva being in an early stage. hesa, fifth anten- Terminal segment broadly rounded, with a pair _ nal segment of the of submedian, stout, irregular tubercles and a male, enlarged (orig- long, slender, lateral seta near the middle of inal) each segment. 242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Male. Length.7s mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 21 segments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, narrowly Fig. 47 Camptonettromyia adhesa, palogsvoruaurc enlarged (original) oval. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, subquadrate, the second a little longer and stouter, narrowly oval, the third a little longer and more slender, the fourth nearly twice the length of the third, more slender. Face fuscous yellowish. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum red- dish brown, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, the segments rather sparsely margined posteriorly with yellowish hairs; genitalia fuscous, pleurae and venter fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the dis- tal third. Halteres whitish transparent. Coxae fuscous yellowish, femora and tibiae pale yellowish, narrowly annu- late distally with dark brown or reddish brown, tarsi brown, the distal seg- ments darker; claws very long, slender, strongly curved, the pulvillii shorter segment short, stout; terminal clasp seg- ment short, Fig. 48 Camptoneuro- Stout, slightly myia adhesa, third, swollen ba- fourth and fifth antennal ‘Sally; dorsal segments of female, enlarged plate short, (original) broad, deeply 2 and narrowly Pig 49 Camptoneu- incised; ventral plate long, narrowly ;omyia a'dhesa, rounded. Harpes stout at base, tapering anterior claw of male, and curving distally, apex irregularly greatly enlarged (original) rounded. Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown, basally yellowish; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp | REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 243 its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, broadly obovate. Palpi; one segment, probably the second, short, stout, narrowly oval, the next a little longer, broader, somewhat irregular, the distal one-half longer than the preceding and more slender. Face fuscous. Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines rather thickly haired. Scutellum and postscutellum light fuscous yellowish. Abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown, the basal segments yellowish, the others narrowly margined posteriorly with yellowish, pleurae and fig. 50 Camptoneuromyia adhesa, ovipositor of female, enlarged (original) venter yellowish; in some specimens the venter appears to be thickly clothed with silvery scales. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 6) as in the male. Halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly pale yellowish, the femora narrowly and variably annulate distally with fuscous, tarsi dark brown. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes rather long, stout, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. a1568. Camptoneuromyia rubifolia Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 334 This species was reared July 30, 1908 from a corrugated marginal leaf roll on high blackberry discovered by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., July 20th. Apparently one female (ar869) of this species was reared August 1, 1908 from oval, blisterlike spots on the leaves of Smilax rotundifolia collected by Cora H. Clarke at Magnolia, Mass., July 23d, though there is no undoubted evidence to show that this latter specimen came from the smilax leaves. Gall. The gall inhabited by this species is a corrugated marginal leaf roll on high blackberry some 10 to 15 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter. The larvae are yellowish and whitish. 244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Larva. Length 3.5 mm, yellowish or whitish, rather stout, the segmentation distinct, head small. Antennae small, the basal segment short, very broad, with a length less than one-half its diameter: terminal segment slender, with a length nearly three times its diameter. Breastbone bidentate, the lobes broadly rounded, basal portion of the breastbone indistinct. Skin nearly smooth, naked: terminal segment with submedian and sublateral stout, tubercular elevations, the sublateral ones larger; on the latero- posterior angle there is a long, slender seta arising from a stout base. Male. Length .75 mm. Antennae fuscous yellowish; 21 seg- ments, the fifth with a length about one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment broadly. oval or slightly fused with the penultimate. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, the second narrowly oval, with a length nearly three times its diameter, the third slender, one-fourth longer than the second, the fourth a little longer than the third, more dilated. Mesonotum reddish brown, © the submedian lines yellowish. Scutellum and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen sparsely haired, the dorsum dark brown, except the yellowish basal and apical segments; venter pale yellowish, genitalia fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa black, the third vein uniting with the costa at the basal half; halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and tibiae pale, the three basal tarsal segments fuscous yellowish, the two distal segments reddish brown, shading to dark brown apically; claws long, slender, strongly curved; pulvilli shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, slender; terminal clasp segment short, stout, dorsal plate long, broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate; ventral plate long, tapering, narrowly rounded. Harpes long; broad at base, the distal third produced, obtuse. Female. Length .75 mm. Antennae dark brown; 22 segments, the fifth with a length about one-third greater than its diameter; . Fig.51 Camptoneuromyia rubifoliae, ovipositor, enlarged (original) terminal segment somewhat reduced, broadly rounded. Palpi; the first segment rather long, stout, the second probably narrowly oval, as long as the first, the third a little longer than the second, more slender, the fourth one-third longer than the third, slender. | REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 245 Mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines sparsely haired. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen sparsely haired, dark brown, the ovipositor pale yellowish; halteres yellowish transparent. Coxae, femora and tibiae mostly light yellowish, the basal tarsal segments fuscous yellowish, becoming darker distally, the apical segments dark brown. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the body, the terminal lobes broad, long, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. a1866. Camptoneuromyia meridionalis Felt 1910 Felt, E. P. Ent. News, 21:269-70 This West Indian species may ‘be separated from known Ameri- can forms by the reddish brown abdomen and the 19 antennal seg- ments, the fifth having a length about equal to its diameter. It was reared by William H. Patterson, then of the Agricultural School, St Vincent, W. I., from flower buds of Ipomoea infested Wer vemiszonyia ipomoecae Felt. Type Cecid. 1370 TROTTERIA Kieff. Choristoneura Rubs. 1892 Rubsaamen, E. H. Berl. Ent. Zeit., 37:343 (Choristoneura) 1897 Kieffer, J. J. Syn. Cecid. de Eur. & Alg., p. 4 (Choristoneura) 1902 ——————_ Soc. Ent. Fr. Ann., 70:561 (Trotteria proposed) 1904 ——————__ Soc. Ent. Brux. Ann., 28:20 nage ret. 2..P. oN. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p..334-35 I91l_ ——————. _ N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour., 19:43 agna Kieffer, J. J. Gen; Insect., fasc. 152, p. 21 The genus Trotteria comprises a well-defined group, easily recog- nized by the abundant scale covering of the body, the peculiar venation, the relatively large eyes limited to the ventral two-thirds of the head, the greatly produced basal antennal segment and the long, ‘setose spines on the posterior tibiae. Any one of these characters suffices to separate the genus. Type Lasioptera obtusa H. Lw. The venation of the wings (pl. 6, fig. 9) is peculiar; costa to the apex of the wing, subcosta and the third vein are heavily scaled, the last being some distance from the nearly straight costa, rather strongly curved and uniting with the anterior margin near the distal third. The occiput is small while the ventral position of the eyes appears to be in some measure correlated with the greatly produced (fig. s2) first antennal segment. This latter has a length two and one-half to about four times its diameter. The flagellate antennal segments are sessile, cylindric and in most species have a length of only one-half or three-fourths that of the diameter. There is a rather 240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM thick subbasal whorl and a scattering subapical whorl of short setae and stout circumfili near the basal third and apically on these segments. The antennae may have from 16 to 22 segments. . The femora are strongly swollen and the tibiae, particularly the posterior pair, are armed with long, setose spines which, in some forms extend to the base of the second tarsal segment. The male genitalia presents a very characteristic type, differing markedly in some respects from those of other Itonididae. The genus Choristoneura Rubs. is preoccupied by Choristoneura Mabille. Practically nothing is known concerning the life history of these interesting forms. Rubsaamen believes that members of this genus may be parasitic in habit. The one American species reared was obtained from a jar containing galls of well-known Itonids, upon which it was probably parasitic, since no peculiar deformity could be recognized as its habitat. Key to species a Females b 16 antennal segments; abdomen and tibiae dark brown, the fourth palpal segment with a length one-half greater than the third................ katnerensis Bele ano4 bb 20 antennal segments; abdomen dark brown; tibiae pale aii the fourth palpalsegment twice as long as the third.3. 92 e === eee subfuscata Felt, C. 618 bbb 22 antennal segments c Claws stout, legs thickly clothed with scales, the first antennal seg- ment with a length four times its diameter; reared from Solidago. . solidaginis Felt, C. a1568y cc Claws rather slender, legs rather thinly clothed with scales, the first antennal segment with a length thrice its diameter...) ae eee cau da tianeht ead aa Males 6 18 antennal segments, the first with a length four times its diameter; abdomen thickly clothed with silvery scales, fourth palpal segment one-fourth longer than the third. fore eer he: squamosa Help @s22 bb 20 antennal segments | c Fifth antennal segment with a length more than three-fourths its diameter | d First antennal segment with a length two and one-half times AESUGMCTOO HEN 1s Cube toes ok kt See eee caryae Felt, C- 334 cc Fifth antennal segment with a length scarcely three-fourths its diameter d Abdomen silvery white; tibiae dark fuscous orange........... argent1 Pelt. G2 4G6 dd Abdomen silvery yellow; tibiae and tarsi black............... tarsata Pelt. 2 G67 ddd Abdomen pale brown; tibiae*dark brown..............+-+-e+ metallica Melty Crass REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1910 247 Trotteria karnerensis Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 This female was taken at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906 on elder, Bembucus canadensis. Female. Length 1.66 mm. Antennae dark brown; 16 segments, the first subcylindric, with a length three times its diameter, the fifth with a length about one-half its diameter; terminal segment produced, apparently composed of two closely fused, strongly constricted near the middle, narrowly rounded. Palpi; the first segment subrectangular, with a length about twice its diameter, the second stouter, one-half longer, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, and the fourth about one-half longer than the third, more slender, strongly compressed. Mesonotum dark brown. Scutellum thickly clothed with pale silvery yellowish hairs. Abdomen dark brown, the segments mar- gined posteriorly with dull silvery; ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the costa near the distal fourth; halteres pale yellowish; pleurae and coxae rather thickly clothed with silvery white hairs; femora basally silvery yellow, apically banded with fuscous; posterior tibiae pale yellowish, fus- cous distally, other tibiae and tarsi nearly uniform dark brown; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen, terminal lobe slen- der, with a length nearly five times its diameter, narrowly rounded. Type Cecid. 484. Trotteria subfuscata Felt foe een, EB. P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 17, 1906 on Solidago. Female. Length2mm. Antennae dark brown; 20 segments, the first with a length fully three times its diameter, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment twice the length of the preceding, the distal fourth Fig. 52 Trot- obtusely subconic. Palpi; first seement subquad- teria sub- rate, second twice the length of the first, a little fuscata, basal stouter, the third a little longer, more slender than four antennal the preceding, the fourth about twice the length — segments, greatly of the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark enlarged (origi- brown. Scutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen nal) shining dark brown, ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. Halteres pale yellowish. Coxae, femora and 248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tibiae mostly pale yellowish, tarsi dark brown; claws rather stout, slightly curved. Ovipositor probably about three-fourths the length ——— Fig. 53 Trotteria subfuscata, ovipositor, greatly enlarged (original) of the body, lobes broad at base, tapering, broadly rounded. Type Cecid. 618. Trotteria solidaginis Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul: 124, p. 335 This female was reared July 2, 1907 from a lot of infested Solidago material taken at West Nyack, N. Y., and supposed to contain only galls of Dasyneura adhesa Felt and the adherent type of gall made-by Asphondylia monacha O.S. This species was also reared in association with Asphondylia thalictri Felt and is probably zoophagous. _ Female. Length 1.66 mm. Antennae presumably dark brown, consisting of 22 segments, the first with a length fully four times its diameter, the fifth with a length about one-half its diameter; terminal segments produced, narrowly rounded. Palpi; first segment sub- rectangular, the second a little longer and stouter, the third a little longer than the second, more slender and the fourth about one- half longer. and more slender than the third. Colorational and scale characters very similar to allied forms. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. Legs very thickly clothed with stout scales; claws long, stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Ovipositor about as.iong as the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, tapering to an acute, bladelike apex. Type Cecid. ar568y. Trotteria caudata Felt 1908 Felt, E. P.. N: Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 This species was taken at Karner, N. Y., July 5, 1906 on bush honeysuckle, Diervilla trifida. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 249 Female. Length 1.66 mm. Antennae dark brown; 19 and probably 22 segments, the first with a length about three times its diameter, the fifth with a length about half its diameter; terminal segment apparently free. Palpi; the first segment short, stout, irregularly subquadrate, the second stouter and more than twice the length of the first, the third a little longer and more slender than the second and the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum dark brown with numerous dark brown apical setae or scales. Abdomen dark brown, rather thickly clothed with dull silvery scales, especially basally on each segment; pleurae thickly clothed with silvery white scales; Ovipositor pale orange. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting w th costa at the distal fourth; halteres whitish trans- parent. Coxae, the basal portion of femora and the hind tarsi silvery white, the other parts of the legs a dark brown, lighter ventrally; claws long, rather slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli neatly as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the ‘abdomen, the terminal portion slender, tapering to a narrow, blade- like apex. Type Cecid. 477. Trotteria squamosa Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 This male was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 26, 1906.0n New Jersey tea, Ledum latifolium. Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown; 18 segments, the first with a length nearly four times its diameter, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, evidently composed of two closely fused, contracted at the distal third, tapering, narrowly rounded. Palpi; the first segment rather long, irregularly subquadrate, the second a little longer and stouter than the first, the third longer and more slender than the second, the fourth about one-fourth longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum thickly clothed with bronzy, silvery scales. Scutellum ornamented with light brown scales, the dorsum of the abdomen thickly clothed with silvery scales, except the terminal segment which is dark brown. Genitalia reddish ventrally. The abdomen is clothed with thick tufts of silvery white scales. Wings subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third; halteres silvery whitish. Coxae silvery, fuscous distally; femora and tibiae mostly light fuscous, lighter ventrally; tarsi darker; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment short, stout, swollen near the basal third; dorsal plate long, deeply and triangularly incised; ventral plate long, deeply and roundly incised. Harpes long, slender, irregular, obtuse. Type Cecid. 522. 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Trotteria caryae Felt 1907 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 110, p. 110 (separate, p. 14) (Choristoneura) ) 1908 —— — N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 - This species was taken at Albany, N. Y., June 20, 1906 on hickory. Male. Length 2 mm. Antennae dark brown, probably 20 segments, the first with a length about two and one-half times its diameter, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, cylindric. Palpi; the first segment short, rather slender, second and third subequal, stouter, the fourth one-half longer than the third. Head dark brown with two silvery spots at the base of the antennae, eyes black. Mesonotum covered with bronzy scales. _Scute lum and postscutellum with long scales. Pleurae with very large, silvery scales. Abdomen clothed with pale brown scales, those on the last two segments with a bluish tinge. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein joining costa at the apical third. Legs thickly scaled, pale yellowish at the base, the tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws heavy. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment stout; dorsal plate broad, deeply incised; ventral plate narrow, deeply incised. Harpes stout, nearly straight. Type Cecid. 324: | Trotteria argenti Felt 1908 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 This midge was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 3, 1906 on New Jersey tea, Ledum latifolium. Male. Length 3 mm. Antennae dark brown; 20 segments, the first with a length fully three times its diameter, the fifth with a length scarcely three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment pro- longed, more than twice the length of the preceding, obtusely rounded. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second a little a Fig-54 Trotteria argenti, posterior femur, enlarged (original) longer, stouter, rounding distally, the third longer and more slender than the second, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, becoming more abundant posteriorly and giving the posterior half of the mesonotum a distinct, yellowish appearance, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I9QI16 251 pleurae thickly clothed with silvery white scales. Scutellum thickly covered with pale yel'owish scales. Abdomen thickly covered dorsally with silvery scales, except the naked, dark brown terminal segment; ventral surface uniform dark brown. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 9) subhyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with the costa at the distal fifth; halteres light fuscous basally, whitish transparent apically, club greatly enlarged. Coxae fuscous, femora mostly a pale fuscous orange, narrowly annulate with fuscous distally, tibiae dark fuscous orange, narrowly marked with fuscous distally, tarsi nearly uniform dark brown; claws stout, evenly curved. Genitalia; basal clasp segment stout; terminal clasp segment stout, slightly swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, deeply and _ triangularly emarginate; ventral plate narrow, deeply and narrowly incised. Harpes long, slender, subacute. Type Cecid. 466. Trotteria tarsata Felt _Ig08 Felt, E.P. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 The male was taken at Albany, N. Y., July 24, 1906 on scrub fee ercus ilicifoliaor Q. prinoides. Male. Length 2mm. Antennae dark brown; 20 segments, the first with a length fully three times its diameter, the fifth with a length about half its diameter; terminal segment prolonged, about twice the length of the preceding, the distal fourth obconic. Palpi; first segment subquadrate, the second a little longer, narrowly oval, the third longer, more slender than the second, the fourth longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum dark brown, thickly clothed with silvery, yellowish scales. Scutellum thickly clothed with similar scales. Abdomen nearly uniformly and thickly clothed with silvery, yellowish scales; terminal segments fuscous. Wings (pl. 6, fig. 10) hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the-distal fourth. Halteres yellowish trans- parent. Coxae and femora pale yellowish, tibiae and tarsi mostly black, the distal tarsal segment with silvery reflections. Claws rather stout, evenly curved. Genitalia (pl. 8, fig. 4); basal clasp segment long, stout; terminal clasp segment stout; dorsal plate broad, deeply and narrowly incised; ventral plate narrow, deeply and narrowly incised. Harpes long, swollen at the base, slender, the apex minutely dentate. Type Cecid. 667. Trotteria metallica Felt eee Pets oer. N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 110,,p. 106 (Lasioptera caryae) 1908 — N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 124, p. 335 re species was taken on hickory, Carya species, at By N. Y., June 19, 1906. a Length 2 mm. Antennae brown; 20 segments, the first with a length four times its diameter, the fifth with a length three- 252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fourths its diameter; terminal segment with a length more than twice its diameter; subacute apically. Palpi; the first segment short, subquadrate, second one-fourth longer, nearly oval, the third slightly longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third. Head dark brown with two silvery spots at the base of the antennae. Mesonotum covered with bronzy scales. Scutellum and postscutellum with long scales. Pleurae with very large, silvery scales. Abdomen clothed with pale brown scales, those of the last two segments with a bluish tinge. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the third vein uniting with costa at the distal third. MHalteres yellowish. Legs thickly clothed with scales, yellowish at the base, the tibiae and tarsi dark brown; claws medium. Genitalia, basal clasp segment stout, tapering; terminal clasp segment stout, dorsal plate broad, deeply incised; ventral plate narrow, deeply emarginate. ierpes srout, . “bype ‘Cecid.: 335) WV. Z \ . 4 J « Pt Bp Fe P 4 5 ae > ee 5 ; W t b. AS AN AT! N OF PLATES ne a t > . ‘ Pn 7 Led ‘ my ry “gis cs F é . ¢ ’ . , . ' ' J ‘ * I 9qeIq : - hae J ~ ~ 4 . 256 ; ae 9 “ ? if, rc 2 } Ny : : i “ i ae 8, Z Py. Z aeIg < ‘J j 2 - Pa -—---g_- Grape tomato gall, Lasioptera a t 3 | 2 Grape petiole gall, Neolasioptera ve tes € 91eI1q a a 2 t my, 4 ; 4 ; : i 1 ‘i i. & o> ¢ ~ ae [ { y 7 . - ‘] ‘ - ant i" bs i ‘ ' a are aL tS lial ai * rig : , FE ne Fae | ae . r b 4 — at 7 s ¥ : ul . 4 5 ‘ hs - Gall of Lasioptera galeopsi eopsis tet rahat eee Gallof Asteromyia vesiculos = : ie 260 hy ad | 7 = . iy LPs La Nm BW WH He “I Wing-of Lasioptera serotina Fell, temalegaea Wing of Lasioptera solidaginis O.5., female, x 20 Wing of Lasioptera abhamata Peljptemoaleiaeae Wing of Lasioptera cimerea Pelt) males Wing of Neolasioptera hibise1 Belijtemealeymgs Wing of Neolasioptera liriodendri Felt, male, X 20 Wing of Neolasioptera tiliagi mes Sega X 20 Wing of Neolasioptera vitinea Pele tema ave Wing of Asteromyia asterifoliae Beutm., female, x 20 262 ? fi 4 sie) Wing of Asteromyia agrostis O. Si maleeaca Wing of Asteromyia paniculata Pelt, female xX 20 Wing of A. paniculata Felt, male, x 20 Wing of Camptoneuromyia “ia mammelmeame Felt, male, x 20 ; ‘Wine of Camptoneuromyia’’ Vipetmeeaeepen male, x 20 Wing of Camptoneuromyia adhesa Peltjiemme X 20 Wing of Camptoneuroniyia brev teatime, female, x 20 Wing of Clinorhyncha millifoli1 Wachtimiemele XK 20 Wing of Trotteria argent’ Felt, maleymae Wincor Trotter ta tansiana hen, male, x 20 204 Plate 6 Io | f : z a] vs Se Year alk ete a Pals ay 7 é * x aaexen *. Y -_ . Pil ih iy Male genitalia of Lasioptera cinerea Felt, x 260 Male genitalia of Lasioptera consobr mma fel, X 260 Male genitalia of Neolasioptera liriodendnri Felt, x 260 . Male genitalia of Neolasioptera fi pmimemeas Felt, x 260 266 ~* on, Bh WN Male genitalia of Asteromyia agrostis O.S., x 260 Male genitalia of Asteromyia rubra Felt, x 260 Male genitaliaof Asteromyia laéviana vem eaege Male genitalia of Trotteria tarsata Melt geo 268 Plate 8 INDEX abhamata, Lasioptera, 113, 166 abnormis, Asteromyia, 208, 223 acericaulis, Caulacampus, 63 aceris, Chaitophorus, 67 Rhabdophaga, 90 Achatodes zeae, 71 Additions to collections, 93—-10c adhesa, Camptoneuromyia, 102, 238, 241 Adirus trimaculatus, 60 aesculana, Proteoteras, 63 agrostis, Asteromyia, 208, 224 Neolasioptera, 172, 176 albipennis, Cecidomyia, 107 albipes, Neolasioptera, 173, 190 albitarsis, Neolasioptera, 173, 195 albolineata, Neolasioptera, 173, 194 albomaculata, Asteromyia, 207, 220 allioniae, Lasioptera, 108, I10, 114 ambrosiae, Neolasioptera. 174, 201 americana, Feltiella, 90 Malacosoma, 60 Aphids, 92 Aplonyx, 102, 104 sarcobati, 104 Apple maggot, 8, 52-56, 91 Apple tent caterpillar, 7, 60, 92 Apple. tree, red-shouldered limb borer injuring, 68 Apple tree caterpillar, red-humped, 60 Apple tree borer, round-headed, 92 Aquatic insects, studies of, 13 Arachnida, additions to collections, 100 argenti, Trotteria, 246, 250 argentisquamae, Lasioptera, 108, 115 arizonensis, Lasioptera, I10, 127 Army worm, 90 Arsenate of lead, 73 asclepiae, Neolasioptera, 173, 185 Asphondylia globulus, 83 monacha, 102 sesami, 90 Aspidiotus perniciosus, 62, 92 asterifoliae, Asteromyia, 208, 223 Asteromyia, 102, 205 abnormis, 208, 223 agrostis, 208, 224 albomaculata, 207, 220 asterifoliae, 208, 223 canadensis, 207, 221 carbonifera, 206, 209 chrysothamni, 206, 214 convoluta, 208, 227 divaricata, 209, 232 dumosae, 208, 221 flavoanulata, 208, 228 flavolunata, 209, 231 flavomaculata, 208, 222 flavoscuta, 207, 218 grindeliae, 206, 207, 213 gutierreziae, 206, 211 laeviana, 209, 230 modesta, 206, 208, 212 nigrina, 207, 215 nitida, 208, 227 paniculata, 207, 216 petiolicola, 207, 217 pustulata, 207, 219 reducta, 207, 216 rosea, 206, 2II rubra, 208, 229 socialis, 206, 212 squarrosae, 207, 220 sylvestris, 207, 216 vesiculosa, 206, 207, 213 waldorfi, 208, 226 atlanis, Melanoplus, 79, 80 atriplicis, Stefaniella, 103 aurata, Ouradiplosis, 90 auripes, Epihormomyia, 90 Baldratia, 102, 104 salicorniae, 105 Barypeithes pellucidus, 83 basalis, Neolasioptera, 172, 177 basiflava, Lasioptera, 109, I19 basilare, Sinoxylon, 68 Betten, Dr Cornelius, cited, 13 [ 269] 270 Birches, bleeding tree maggot injuring, Caddis flies, monographic account, 13 64. ; Bleeding tree maggot, 64-66 borealis, Gryllotalpa, 73 Box leaf midge, 69, 90 braziliensis, Johnsonomyia, 90 - brevicauda, Camptoneuromyia, 237, 239 Bronze birch borer, 91 Brown-tail moth, 90, 91 buoliana, Evetria, 60 buxi, Monarthropalpus, 69 Camptoneuromyia, IOI, 102, 237 adhesa, 102, 238, 241 brevicauda, 237, 239 flavescens, 238, 239 fulva, 238, 239. hamamelidis, 238, 240 meridionalis, 245 rubifolia, 102, 238, 243 virginica, 238 canadensis, Asteromyia, 207, 221 Solidago, 102 candida, Saperda, 92 canis, Ctenocephalus, 82 Carbolic soap, 73 Carbon bisulphide, 83 tetrachloride, 89 carbonifera, Asteromyia, 206, 209 carbonitens, Lasioptera, 108, I15 Carpocapsa pomonella, 17, 91,92 Carrot rust fly, 73 caryae, Trotteria, 246, 250 cassiae, Lasioptera, I13, 162 Cat and dog flea, 82 caudata, Trotteria, 246, 248 Caulacampus acericaulis, 63 caulicola, Lasioptera, 107, I10, 133 Cecidomyia albipennis, 107 celastri, Neolasioptera, 171, 174 centerensis, Lasioptera, 170 Chaitophorus aceris, 67 lyropicta, 67 Chenopodiaceae, 92 Cherry trees, wild, apple tent cater- pillar injuring, 61 Chestnut borer, two-lined, 91 Chionaspis furfura, 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chortophaga viridifasciata, 80 Chrysanthemum gall midge, 11, 76 Chrysanthemum midge, 92 chrysothamni, Asteromyia, 206, 214 Cicada, periodical, 11, 84-88 cinctipes, Delphodiplosis, 90 cinerea, Lasioptera, 108, 115 Neolasioptera, 172, 176 clarkei, Lasioptera, 113, 164 clavula, Lasioptera, 109, 121 claypoliana, Stenganoptycha, 63 clematidis, Neolasioptera, 172, 182 Clinorhyncha, 102, 233 eupatoriflorae, 234, 236 filicis, 233, 234 ‘karnerensis, 234, 235 millefolii, 234, 235 Clover, Phytonomus meles injuring, 80 Clover, red, Phytonomus meles injur- ing, 81 Clover insects, 10, 77-82 Clover leaf midge, 82 Clover leaf weevil, punctured, 81 Coccidae, 90 Codling moth, 7, -I17-51I, 91, 92; life ‘history and habits, 17; time of in- jury, 18; experimental work, 19-41; relation between shallow and total wormy apples, 41; weather and the codling moth, 42-47; biological ob- servations, 48-50; spray injury, 50; remedies, 50-51: Coffee, thread scale injuring, 77 Coleoptera, additions to collections, 94 Collections, 14; additions to, 93-100 | coloradensis, Neolasioptera, 173, 194 colorati, Lasioptera, 109, I10, 129 columba, Tremex, 66 Columbine borer, 70 concinna, Schizura, 60 consobrina, Lasioptera, 109, 125 convoluta, Asteromyia, 208, 227 convolvuli, Lasioptera, III, 143 Corn, spindle worm injuring, 71 corni, Lasioptera, 108, 109, 119 cornicola, Neolasioptera, 173, 187 crabro, Vespa, 60 Cricket, European mole, 73 Ctenocephalus canis, 82 | cylindrigallae, Lasioptera, 108, 112, 157 INDEX TO REPORT OF Dahlia, spindle worm injuring, 71 danthoniae, Lasioptera, 110, 127 Dasyneura gossypii, 90 rhodophaga, 75 sassafras, 90 trifolii, 82 Delphodiplosis, 90 cinctipes, 90 desmodii, Lasioptera, 107, I10, 132 Diarthronomyia hypogaea, 76 Diestrammena marmorata, 88 diplaci, Lasioptera, 112, 151 Diptera, additions to collections, 95 dispar, Porthetria, 92 divaricata, Asteromyia, 209, 232 divergens, Mycetobia, 64 Dog and cat flea, 82° dumosae, Asteromyia, 208, 221 Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa, 67 rugulosa, 92 echinochloa, Lasioptera, III, 150 Elder, spindle worm injuring, 71 Elm leaf beetle, 7, 60, 91 Elms, American, bleeding tree maggots injuring, 64 Epargyreus tityrus, 71 ephedrae, Lasioptera, 131 ephedricola, Lasioptera, 112, 113, 155 Epihormomyia, 90 auripes, 90 erigerontis, Neolasioptera, 174, 199 Eriopus floridensis, 74 erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 69 Eulecanium magnoliarum, 67 . eupatoriflorae, Clinorhyncha, 234, 236 eupatorii, Neolasioptera, 174, 202 European pine-shoot moth, 90 Evetria buoliana, 60 excavata, Lasioptera, 108, I14, 169 farinosa, Lasioptera, 108, I10, 134 Faunal studies, 13 Feltiella americana, 90 Ferns, Florida fern caterpillar injuring, 74 filicis, Clinorhyncha, 233, 234 fitchii, Promachus, 79 flavescens, Camptoneuromyia, 238, 239 Lasioptera, 107 — i THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 271 flavipes, Lasioptera, 110, 128 flavoanulata, Asteromyia, 208, 228 flavolunata, Asteromyia, 209, 231 flavomaculata, Asteromyia, 208, 222 Neolasioptera, 173, I9I flavoscuta, Asteromyia, 207, 218 flavoventris, Neolasioptera, 174, 205 Flies, II Florida fern caterpillar, 11, 74 floridensis, Eriopus, 74 Forest tent caterpillar, 7, 60, 90, 92 Forest tree insects, 11, 67-69 fraxinifolia, Lasioptera, 113, 166 fructuaria, Lasioptera, 91, III, 143 Fruit tree bark beetle, 92 Fruit tree insects, 7, 60-63 fulva, Camptoneuromyia, 238, 239 furfura, Chionaspis, 92 fusca, Phyllophaga, 77 galeopsidis, Lasioptera, I12, 151 Gall midges, 12, 90, 92, 101 short-horned, 101 Garden insects, 69-74 Gipsy moth, 10, 91, 92 globulus, Asphondylia, 83 Gooseberry fruit worm, 72 gossypii, Dasyneura, 90 Grape vine, red-shouldered limb borer injuring, 68 Grass and clover insects, 10, 77-82 Grasshoppers, 79, 90, 92 Greenhouse pests, II, 74-77 grindeliae, Asteromyia, 206, 207, 213 grossulariae, Zophodia, 72 Gryllotalpa borealis, 73 gryllotalpa, 73 gutierreziae, Asteromyia, 206, 211 hagani, Protaplonyx, g2, 104 hamamelidis, Camptoneuromyia, 238, 240 Neolasioptera, 173, 189 hamata, Lasioptera, 113, 161 - Neolasioptera, 173, 192 hecate, Lasioptera, 112, 150 helianthi, Neolasioptera, 173, 191 Hemiptera, additions to collections, 98 Heterocordylus malinus, 61, 92 hibisci, Neolasioptera, 173, 196 272 Hickory, Neoclytus erythrocephalus injuring, 69 red-shouldered limb borer injuring, 68 Hickory bark beetle, 11, 67 Hickory bark borer, 91 hirsuta, Neolasioptera, 172, 177 Hornet, European, 60 House fly, 12 Howard, Dr L. O., acknowledgments to, 16 humulicaulis, Lasioptera, III, 146 Hydrocyanic acid gas, 76, 83 Hymenoptera, additions to collections, 93 Hypera punctata, 10, 81 _ hypogaea, Diarthronomyia, 76 impatientifolia, Lasioptera, 108, 109, Fis, 122 Injurious insects, 17-59 inustorum, Lasioptera, 113, 163 Itonididae, 101 Japanese spotted camel cricket, 88 Johnsonomyia braziliensis, 90 June beetles, 90 juvenalis, Lasioptera, 113, 164 Kansas bait, 80 karnerensis, Clinorhyncha, 234, 235 Trotteria, 246, 247 Kerosene emulsion, 70 Key to American insect galls, 12 lactucae, Lasioptera, III, 149 laeviana, Asteromyia, 209, 230 Lasioptera, 102, 107 abhamata, 113, 166. allioniae, 108, I10, 114 argentisquamae, 108, II5 arizonensis, 110, 127 basiflava, 109, 119 carbonitens, 108, 115 cassiae, 113, 162 caulicola, 107, 110, 133 centerensis, 170 cinerea, 108, 115 clarkei, 113, 164 Ischnaspis longirostris, 77 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lasioptera (continued) clavula, 109, 121 colorati, 109, I10, 129 consobrina, 109, 125 convolvuh, I11, 143 corni, 108, 109, 119 cylindrigallae, 108, 112, 157 danthoniae, IIo, 127 desmodi, 107, I10, 132 diplaci, 112, 151 echinochloa, I1I, 150 ephedrae, 131 ephedricola, 112, 113, 155 excavata, 108, II4, 169 farinosa, 108, 110, 134 flavescens, 107 flavipes, I10, 128 fraxinifolia, 113, 166 fructuaria, 91, III, 143 galeopsidis, 112, I51 hamata, 113, 161 hecate, 112, 150 humulicaulis, 111, 146 impatientifolia, 108, 109, 113, 122 inustorum, I13, 163 juvenalis, 113, 164 lactucae, III, 149 linderae, I11, 140 lupini, 112, 154 lycopi, III, 145 mitchellae, 111, 142 murtfeldtiana, 114, 170 nassauensis, 109, 126 neofusca, I13, 163 nodosae, 107 nodulosa, 111, 137 palustris, 111, 139 panici, II2, 151 portulacae, 108, 114 querciflorae, 107, 110, 128 quercina, 114, 167 querciperda, 109, 125 recessa, 108 ; riparia, 109, III, 116 rudbeckiae, 109, 120 serotina, 112, 157 solidaginis, 113, 159 spinulae, III, 136 spiraeafolia, 114, 167 tertia, 132 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 Lasioptera (continued) tibialis, 108, 110, 115 tripsaci, 113, 162 tumifica, 108 ventralis, 108, 114 verbenae, I12, I5I vernoniae, IOI, 109, 123 viburni, 114, 168 virginica, 112, 154 vitis, 108, 109, I17 weldi, 112, 153 willistoni, III, 130 _ Ziziae, 113, 160 Lasiopteriariae, IOI Latania, thread scale injuring, 77 Leaf feeders, 92 Leaf roller, 8 Lectures, I2 Leopard moth, 91 Lepidoptera, additions to collections, 97 Lepidosaphes ulmi, 92 Lestodiplosis picturata, 90 Lilacs, European hornet injuring, 60 Lime sulphur wash, 9, 62 linderae, Lasioptera, III, 140 liriodendri, Neolasioptera, 172, 181 Locust, silver-spotted skipper injuring, 71 longirostris, Ischnaspis, 77 lupini, Lasioptera, 112, 154 Lygidea mendax, 61, 92 lycopi, Lasioptera, III, 145 lyropicta, Chaitophorus, 67 Magnolia, thread scale injuring, 77 Magnolia scale, 67 magnoliarum, Eulecanium, 67 major, Neolasioptera, 171, 175 Malacosoma americana, 60 malinus, Heterocordylus, 61, 92 Maple, Norway, injurious insects: bleeding tree maggot, 64 Norway maple aphid, 67 Maple leaf midge, soft, 90 Maple leaf stem-borer, 11, 63 Maples, sugar, bleeding tree maggot ' injuring, 64 marmorata, Diestrammena, 88 May beetles, 90 273 | Medicago, Phytonomus meles injuring, 8I Melanoplus atlanis, 79 meles, Phytonomus, 80 mendax, Lygidea, 61, 92 menthae, Neolasioptera, 174, 203 meridionalis, Camptoneuromyia, 245 metallica, Trotteria, 246, 251 millefolii, Clinorhyncha, 234, 235 mimuli, Neolasioptera, 174, 201 mitchellae, Lasioptera, III, 142 modesta, Asteromyia, 206, 208, 212 monacha, Asphondylia, 102 Monarthropalpus buxi, 69 Mosquito studies, 92 Mulberry tree, red-shouldered limb borer injuring, 68 murtfeldtiana, Lasioptera, 114, 170 Mycetobia divergens, 64 Napthalene flakes, 82 nassauensis, Lasioptera, 109, 126 Natural history survey of the State, contributions to, 13 Needham, Prof. James G., cited, 13 -Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 69 neofusca, Lasioptera, 113, 163 Neolasioptera, 102, 171 agrostis, 172, 176 albipes, 173, I90 albitarsis, 173, 195 albolineata, 173, 194 ambrosiae, 174, 201 asclepiae, 173, 185 basalis, 172, 177 celastri, 171, 174 cinerea, 172, 176 clematidis, 172, 182 coloradensis, 173, 194 cornicola, 173, 187 erigerontis, 174, 199 eupatorii, 174, 202 flavomaculata, 173, I9I flavoventris, 174, 205 hamamelidis, 173, 189 hamata, 173, 192 helianthi, 173, 191 hibisci, 173, 196 hirsuta, 172, 177 liriodendri, 172, 181 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Neolasioptera (continued) Periodical cicada, 11, 84-88 Major lz iy 175 perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 62, 92 menthae, 174, 203 Persimmon tree, red-shouldered limb mimuli, 174, 201 borer injuring, 68 : perfoliata, 173, 189 petiolicola, Asteromyia, 207, 217 ramuscula, 174, 197 Phyllophaga fusca, 77 Samm buci, 172,153 Phytonomus meles, 80 sexmaculata, 172, 179 picirostris, Tychius, 81 solani, 172, 182 picturata, Lestodiplosis, 90 squamosa, 171, 174, 175, 204 Pigeon tremex, 66 , tenuitas, 172, 176 Pine borer, 91 tiliaginea, 173, 192 Pine twig moth, 60 trimera, 71, 175 pini, Parharmonia, 91 tripunctata, 172, 180 Plant lice, 92 viburnicola, 173, 186 Plecoptera, monograph of, 13 vitinea, 172, 178 | pomonella, Carpocapsa, 17, 91, 92 Nicotine-soap combination, 70 Rhagoletis, 52 Nicotine-sulphate, 77 Poplars, bleeding tree maggot injuring, A AN ee nigrina, Asteromyia, 207, 215 64 nitida, Asteromyia, 208, 227 Porricondyla parrishi, go nodosae, Lasioptera, 107 Porthetria. dispar, 92 nodulosa, Lasioptera, III, 137 portulacae, Lasioptera, 108, 114 Norway maple aphid, 67 Potatoes, white grubs injuring, 78 Nursery inspection, 15 Promachus fitchii, 79 Protaplonyx, 92, 102, 104 Orthoptera, additions to collections, hagani, 92, 104 99 Proteoteras aesculana, 63 Ouradiplosis, 90 Psila rosae, 73 aurata, 90 Psylla pyricola, 61 Oyster shell scale, 92 Publications of the entomologist, 12, go—92 Palmetto, thread scale injuring, 77 | punctata, Hypera, 10, 81 Palms, thread scale injuring, 77 purpurifascia, Papaipema, 70 palustris, Lasioptera, III, 139 pustulata, Asteromyia, 207, 219 panici, Lasioptera, 112, I5I pyri, Taeniothrips, 56 paniculata, Asteromyia, 207, 216 pyricola, Psylla, 61 Papaipema purpurifascia, 70 Parallelodiplosis, 90 quadrispinosa, Eccoptogaster, 67 Parharmonia pimi, 91 ~| querciflorae, -Lasioptera, 107, 110, parrishi, Porricondyla, 90 128 Parsnip, carrot rust fly injuring, 73 quercina, Lasioptera, 114, 167 Peach tree, red-shouldered limb borer | querciperda, Lasioptera, 109, 125 injuring, 68 _ Pear psylla, 9, 61 Railroad worm, 52 Pear thrips, 9, 56-59, 91; signs of infest- | ramuscula, Neolasioptera, 174, 197 ation, 56; habits, 57; food plants, 57; | recessa, Lasioptera, 108 remedial measures, 57; experimental | Red bugs, 9, 61, 91, 92 work, 58-59 lined, 90 pellucidus, Barypeithes, 83 Red-shouldered limb borer, 68 perfoliata, Neolasioptera, 173, 189 reducta, Asteromyia, 207, 216 INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1916 275 Remedies and preventives: arsenate of lead, 73 carbolic soap, 73 carbon bisulphide, 83 carbon tetrachloride, 89 hydrocyanic acid gas, 76, 83 Kansas bait, 80 kerosene emulsion, 70 lime-sulphur wash, 9, 62 napthalene flakes, 82 ~ nicotine-soap combination, 70 nicotine-sulphate, 77 sulphur, 82 sweetened poisons, 8 tobacco extract, 9, 61 whale oil soap solution, 70 Remedies and preventives for: apple maggot, 8, 53-56 apple tent caterpillar, 61 bleeding tree maggot, 66 box leaf midge, 70 carrot rust fly, 73 cat and dog flea, 82 codling moth, 8, 50-51 columbine borer, 70 European mole cricket, 74 Florida fern caterpillar, 75 gooseberry fruit worm, 72-73 grass and grain pests, 10 grasshoppers, 80 magnolia scale, 67 maple leaf-stem borer, 64 Norway maple aphid, 67 pear psylla, 9, 62 pear thrips, 9, 57 Phytonomus meles, 81 ted bugs, 9, 61 rose gall midge, 76 San José scale, 62 saw-toothed grain beetle, 83 silver-spotted skipper, 71 thread scale, 77 Rhabdophaga aceris, 90 Rhagoletis pomonella, 52 rhodophaga, Dasyneura, 75 riparia, Lasioptera, 109, III, 116 rosae, Psila, 73 Rose gall midge, 11, 75 Rose pest, new, 60 rosea, Asteromyia, 206, 211 ee rubifolia, Camptoneuromyia, 102, 238, 243 rubra, Asteromyia, 208, 229 rudbeckiae, Lasioptera, 109, 120 rugulosa, Eccoptogaster, 92 salicorniae, Baldratia, 105 sambuci, Neolasioptera, 172, 183 San José scale, 9, 62, 91, 92 Saperda candida, 92 sarcobati, Aplonyx, 104 sassafras, Dasyneura, 90 Saw-toothed grain beetle, 83 Schizura concinna, 60 Scurfy scale, 92 septendecim, Tibicen, 84 serotina, Lasioptera, I12, 157 Solidago, 102 sesami, Asphondylia, 90 sexmaculata, Neolasioptera, 172, 179 Shade tree insects, 11, 63-67 Shade trees, 9I Silvanus surinamensis, 83 Silver-spotted skipper, 71 Sinoxylon basilare, 68 Siphonaptera, additions to collections, 97 socialis, Asteromyia, 206, 212 solani, Neolasioptera, 172, 182 solidaginis, Lasioptera, 113, 159 Trotteria, 246, 248 Solidago canadensis, 102 serotina, 102 Spindle worm, 71 spinulae, Lasioptera, III, 136 spiraeafolia, Lasioptera, 114, 167 squamosa, Neolasioptera, 171, 174, 175, 204 Trotteria, 246, 249 squarrosae, Asteromyia, 207, 220 Stefaniella, 102, 103 atriplicis, 103 Stenganoptycha claypoliana, 63 Stone flies, monograph of, 13 Strawberry plants, Barypeithes pellu- cidus injuring, 83 subfuscata, Trotteria, 246, 247 Sulphur, 82 Sunflower purse gall, 83 surinamensis, Silvanus, 83 276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tumifica, Lasioptera, 108 Tussock moth, white-marked, 91 Tychius picirostris, 81 Sweetened poisons, 8 sylvestris, Asteromyia, 207, 216 Taeniothrips pyri, 56 tarsata, Trotteria, 246, 251 Tent caterpillars, 91 . tenuitas, Neolasioptera, 172, 176 tertia, Lasioptera, 132 texana, Walshomyia, 90 ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 92 Thread scale, 77 ventralis, Lasioptera, 108, 114 verbenae, Lasioptera, I12, I5I vernoniae, Lasioptera, IOI, 109, 123 vesiculosa, Asteromyia, 206, 207, 213 Vespa crabro, 60 viburni, Lasioptera, 114, 168 viburnicola, Neolasioptera, 173, 186 virginica, Camptoneuromyia, 238 Lasioptera, 112, 154 viridifasciata, Chortophaga, 80 vitinea, Neolasioptera, 172, 178 vitis, Lasioptera, 108, 109, II7 Thysanura, additions to collections, 100 tibialis, Lasioptera, 108, 110, I15 Tibicen septendecim, 84 tiliaginea, Neclasioptera, 173, 192 tityrus, Epargyreus, 71 Tobacco extract, 9, 61 Tremex columba, 66 Trichoptera, monographic account, 13 trifolii, Dasyneura, 82 Trifolium incarnatum, 81 trimaculatus, Adirus, 60 trimera, Neolasioptera, 171, 175 tripsaci, Lasioptera, 113, 162 tripunctata, Neolasioptera, 172, 180 Trotteria, IOI, 102, 245 argenti, 246, 250 caryae, 246, 250 caudata, 246, 248 karnerensis, 246, 247 waldorfi, Asteromyia, 208, 226 Walshomyia texana, 90 weldi, Lasioptera, 112, 153 Whale oil soap solution, 70 White grub robber fly, 10, 79 White grubs, Io, 77-79, 90, 91, 92 willistoni, Lasioptera, III, 130 Wisteria, silver-spotted skipper injur- metallica, 246, 251 ing, 71 solidaginis, 246, 248 subfuscata, 246, 247 zeae, Achatodes, 71 squamosa, 246, 249 ziziae, Lasioptera, 113, 160 tarsata, 246, 251 | Zophodia grossulariae, 72 ) Al ed as second-class matter November 27, rots, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, under the act of August 24, 1912 Published monthly by The University of the State of New York ' No. 199 ALBANY, N. Y. JULY I, 1917 H ———— a iy ie. t « The University of the State of New York tale New York State Museum > fx fs. 3 WY JOHN M. CLARKE, DIRECTOR .j ae ye | _ a THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS By HAROLD L. ALLING PAGE PAGE ET ee ee 7 \> The igneous rocks 4/25 a URS ee 123 Early mining developments....... 8 | Concentration problems......... 132 Meewor grapiiite.. .. 22... oe ek IO | Commercial status.. .....5.2...2 1%, Fs Description of the graphite prop- Prospect for future production... 140 TUES eee ee eee eee Il | Artificial graphite............... 140 — deposits of the northern a Origin.of praphite! <<... S20e0 5 I4I Graphi Bette SP the southern Wsmilex 508 10 oa. Pe See 149 OS eS eae a eee 40 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1918 Mrroz-Je18-1500 = a : bee ‘onal i 136" le - . THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University 7 With years when terms expire , j (Revised to October mh T918) ; : 1926 Puny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor —- Palmyra ; 1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL. 18 Vice Chancellor Albany 1922 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - ~ - — - Brooklyn 1930 WiLttiaM NottincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. — Syracuse 1921 Francis M. CARPENTER — —- -— -— -— — — Mount Kisco 1923 Apram I. Erxus LL.B. D.C.L. LL.D. - -— New York = 7 1924 ADELBERT Moot LL.D. - - - - - —- -— Buffalo 1925 CuarRtes B. ALEXANDER M.A. LL.B. LL.D. Litt.D. .-*’- - = - - -— - = = - Tuxedo 1919 JoHN Moore LL.D. - - - - — - — — Elmira 1928 WALTER Guest Kettocc B.A. LL.D. -—- -— Ogdensburg ° 1920 JAMES Byrne B.A. LL.B. LL.D. - - - = New York 1929 HERBERT L. Bripeman M.A. - — -' = = Brooklyn a President of the University and Commissioner of Education JOHN H) Pintey MCAS LED. LA: Deputy Commissioner of Education and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education Tuomas E. Finegan M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. _ Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education Aucustus S. Downinc ‘M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education (CHARL ES BB. WHEELOCK B.S. LL. Be Director of State Library James I. WyeErR, Jr, M.LS. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. CrarKkxe D.Sc. LL.D. \ c Chiefs and Directors of Divisions Administration, Hrram C. Case Agricultural and Industrial Education, Lewis A. WILSON Archives and History, JAMES Sutiivan M.A. Ph.D. Attendance, James D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WiLtit1am R. Watson B.S. Examinations and Inspections, GEorcE M. Witey M.A. Law, {Frank B. Gitpert B.A., Counsel Library School, Frank K. Water M.A. M.LS. School Buildings and. Grounds, Frank H. Woop M.A. School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. - Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABrams Ph.B. The University of the State of New York New York State Museum April 29, 1918 | Dr Thomas E. Finegan Acting President of the University Dear Sir: I transmit to you herewith for immediate publication as a bulletin of the State Museum a report on the Adirondack Graphite Deposits. The matter contained in this report is of exigent importance as it relates to the intensive development of a war mineral of the first moment. I therefore urge that its publication be expedited. Yours sincerely | Joun M. CLARKE Director THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT Approved for publication this 14th day of June 1918 Hedge egou~ Acting President of the University | New York State Museum Bulletin Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1915, at the Post Office at Albany, New York, under the act of August 24, 1912 _ Published monthly by The University of the State of New York No. 199 ALBANY, N. Y. TOOLS E. TOL The University of the State of New York New York State Museum Joun M. CLARKE, Director THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS By Harotp L. ALLING INTRODUCTION The world’s chief supply of high-grade graphite comes from the island of Ceylon where it has been mined for nearly a century in a most primitive way but at low cost. In 1916 a little more than 70 per cent of the crude crystalline graphite used in this country came from Ceylon. Graphite is also mined extensively in Bohemia, Bavaria and Mexico, the last-named country being noted for the amorphous grade applicable to pencil manufacture. Madagascar has lately come into prominence as a source of the crystalline article and promises to vie with Ceylon in the quantity of exports, which already amounts to over one-half the total credited to that island. The graphite-mining industry in the United States has been a slow development; only recently has it shown signs of a growth which may at last win for it a place of importance in the world’s trade. The industry was established here as far back as the middle of the last century, for it has been carried on in the Adirondack region for more than sixty years. Yet the total output of crystalline graphite in 1916, according to the records of the United States Geo- logical Survey, was only a little over 5000 tons, or less than 15 per cent of the indicated supply available for consumption. Of the total, New York State contributed about one-fourth, ranking second to Alabama in size of output, with Pennsylvania, California and Montana contributing smaller amounts. An incentive to the expan- sion of the domestic industry has been given recently by the cur- | tailment of supplies from abroad and a consequent rise in prices paid for the native product. A continuance of these conditions may be anticipated for some time at least so that there is opportunity for (71 eae NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM a very substantial increase in the development of our resources, in which the local industry should participate as fully as possible. The present bulletin embodies the results of a survey of the Adirondack graphite districts, made in the summer of 1917. It aims to give a comprehensive estimate of the resources of the region so far brought to notice and to provide such information about the local geological conditions and other features which affect the out- come of mining and concentration of the graphite as may be useful in forwarding the future progress of the industry. In view of the current conditions, the publication of a report upon the Adirondack deposits which have so long occupied a prominent place in the industry of our country, may be held to be timely. The writer would like to acknowledge his indebtedness to the many who have shown interest in the work or have assisted him in other ways. To Prof. George H. Chadwick he stands under especial obligations. The topographic maps of the graphite dis- tricts are in a large measure his contribution and he has also given freely of advice and suggestion in the study of the complex problems of geology — a service that can scarcely be BOSE. or valued by this formal acknowledgment. EARLY MINING DEVELOPMENTS The first attempt to extract graphite or “black lead,” as it is popularly called, from the Adirondack rocks in any commercial way was on Lead hill (Chilson hill of some authors) near Ticonderoga, Essex county, N. Y. Graphite had been known to exist in this locality for a long time. Emmons mentions it in 1842,1 and Beck gives a brief account of the occurrence.” In the fifties the deposits were being exploited by a company that eventually became the ‘American Graphite Company. The Joseph Dixon Crucible Com- pany, now of Jersey City, N. J., the first enterprise to import and manufacture graphite products in this country, took over the American Graphite Company in the eighties and has since been engaged in mining at one or another of its properties on Lead hill, at the Lakeside locality, at Hague, and at Graphite in Warren county. About the year 1902 the Adirondack deposits began to attract general attention, and in the following years many prospects were opened, companies organized and mills for treating the ores were 1 Emmons, E., Nat. Hist. N. Y. Geology of the Second District, p. 420. 2 Beck, Nat. Hist. N. Y. Mineralogy, pt 3, p..96-97, 1842. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 9 built. Among the enterprises that entered the field at this time was a company which attempted to mine the Towne property. This company, after a year, abandoned work and moved to a site near Overshot pond, operating as the Columbia Graphite Company. There it found more ore but soon worked out all the available supply. Then it moved again, having dismantled its mill, and took over the holdings of the Ticonderoga Graphite Company at Rock pond. Much activity prevailed here for a time, but the property was soon leased to Pettinos Brothers of Bethlehem, Pa., who worked it for only a short time as the ore was cut off by a fault. Another attempt at mining was made at the Buck Mountain pond locality, which also was not permanently successful. The property was worked for a time by the Consolidated Graphite Company and at another time by the Amalgamated Graphite Company. A huge mill was prematurely constructed and exists today as a dismal ruin. Many companies that had started operations during the boom period failed to weather the financial stress of 1907 and have not attempted operations since. Fortunes have been lost in vain attempts to win the shining flake from the rocks of the Adirondacks. The history of the industry kas been characterized rather by the number of failures that have been recorded than by the few examples of success. One of the conspicuously successful enterprises has been the American Graphite Company. This company began operations on Lead hill, sending the graphite for treatment to its finishing mill at Ticonderoga. The pockety character of the graphite in the locality led the company to scek a more regular source of supply and it secured control of deposits of graphitic quartz schist in the town of Hague, Warren county, and began experimentation in the mining ‘ and treatment of this type of material. At Graphite, 5 miles west of Lake George, the company has developed the most important mine in the State. It has worked the graphitic quartz schist in Warren county ever since and has mined an immense amount of it. It would appear that the company was the first to abandon the northern area with its pockety contact form of graphite for the bedded or blanket type found in the southeastern Adirondacks. The large flake of the spectacular limestone and contact types still attracts attention. When, however, the mining of this kind of ore was found to be unprofitable, in general, the interest shifted south-. ward, and several very promising mines have been opened and are operating on graphitic schist. Io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM THE USES OF (GRAPHITE Contrary to the popular conception, the manufacture of lead pencils requires but a comparatively small amount of graphite, only about 5 per cent of the total being such material. This form of graphite is the amorphous variety. Other uses to which this form of material is put include electrodes for electric furnaces, dry batteries, electrotyping, paints, inks and numerous other purposes. A considerable amount of natural amorphous graphite is now sup- planted by artificial material manufactured from coal by the heat of the electric furnace. But we are more especially concerned with the crystalline or flake variety of graphite which nature alone seems able to produce. It is important to make a distinction between the two classes. A great share of the flake graphite is manufactured into crucibles — used in the production of crucible steels, brass and similar alloys. It has generally been held that Ceylon graphite alone was suitable, but the present shortage has resulted in the employment of domestic materials, at least in part mixed with foreign graphite and found to answer the purpose fairly well. The crucible manufacturers are today experiencing difficulty in maintaining their former quality as well as in meeting the market demands in quantity. This state of affairs is accounted for by the different characters possessed by the Ceylon and domestic materials and especially by the failure to secure a perfect substitute for the German clay used as binder. In 1916 the average crucible, it was said, was capable of withstanding only about half as many heats as the prewar articles. While this condition has been greatly improved, still the present crucibles do not equal the former in quality. Stoppers used in closing poring holes in the huge steel ladles that receive the charges from furnaces, retorts and certain chemical wares are composed of graphite. . neh Second to refractory articles in consuming a large share of the supply is stove polish. The small-sized flakes (the intermediate grades) of the graphite mills are employed for that purpose. Graphite is being used more and more for lubrication, either in a dry condition as in textile mills where oil would soil the cloth, or added to lubricating oils and greases. In the latter form it is being extensively used in automobile lubrication. The fine dust is used in metal paints and, when mixed with talc etc., is used as a facing to foundry molds. ‘syDepuoIIpy Usojsea oY} UT SSO yodsoid savy YJouMmeyy 92 ‘od ayydesry eiquinjo) &¢ ‘od ayydety oe 7 uoljeiodioy syonpold ayydesrr) ¢Z ‘oD opydery edepueosresg 727 ‘oD auydesy pueryMoy Ic yoodsoid a[[IAsi9}j0d 02 ‘oD anydeiny, urejduey) 61 0) SUNITA B Burry, WePUOTIPV sl ‘so1g JodooH {I ‘od asydery JeoyT JOATIS Of ‘oy enydery jeuotjeusejoy SL Ajsodoid uoxey rl ror) aytydets) uediiowy Ss uoxtId eT QUuIW epIsayxeyT Zl puod xox IT Aysodoid Aq Ol iy pel 6 yoodsoid yoo) Asi_ 8 yoodsoid uoseyy, / puod urejunoyy #PNA Y ‘oD ayydery quod UMOT) & yodsoid puog ppPyued v Aysodoid sumo, ¢ yadsoid yoy HUIS Z yoodsoid j[ny T "1061 JO Geu pesBojoes aA¥IS AOA MON ay} uodn paseg dap ayydess oy} Fo UoTRoo] Ot} Surmoys ‘dew Ay OT ‘BIT -- —_-— tT? LEGEND a '| ABANDONED c SHUT DOWN BS OPERATING COUNTY LINES| _ LINE BETWEEN |---- NORTHERN & SOUTHERN) GRAPHITE AREAS epeeeae mer || Ds RAILROADS = 20 MILES =i Fig. 1 Key map, showing the location of the graphite deposits in the eastern Adirondacks. Based upon the New York State Geological map of 1901. 1 Gulf prospect 2 Split Rock prospect 3 Towne property 4 Penfield Pond prospect 5 Crown Point Graphite Co. 6 Buck Mountain pond 7 Mason prospect 8 Betsy Cook prospect 9 Lead hill 10 Bly property 11 Rock pond 12 Lakeside mine 13 Dixon’s American Graphite Co. 14 Faxon property 15 International Graphite Co, 16 Silver Leaf Graphite Co. 17 Hooper Bros. 18 Adirondack Mining & Milling Co. 19 Champlain Graphite Co. 20 Pottersville prospect 21 Rowland Graphite Co. 22 Sacandaga Graphite Co. 23 Graphite Products Corporation 24 Flake Graphite Co. 25 Columbia Graphite Co. 26 Mammoth Cave prospect apne ALVIS! ee a ee THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS sk Reo CkiIPIION OF THE GRAPHITE PROPERTIES Although the chief purpose of this bulletin is to describe the com- mercially important deposits of graphite in Essex, Warren, Wash- ington and Saratoga counties, an account of the unsuccessful mines is included, for many of them reveal features that furnish valuable aid in understanding the physical and geological conditions of graphite. It has been found convenient to divide the eastern Adirondack graphite district into two areas —the northern, where the majority of the limestone and contact type of deposits occur, and the southern, which is characterized by the bedded or blanket form of ore body. (See the accompanying key map, figure 1). The following prospects and mines occur in the northern area, listed from north to south. The Gulf prospect, located in the township of Jay, Essex county, 4 miles south of Ausable Forks, is still undeveloped. No. 1 on the key map. Split Rock prospect, now abandoned, is located in the township of Essex, Essex county, 8 miles northeast of Westport, just south of the Split Rock lighthouse. No. 2 on the map. The Columbia Graphite Company’s abandoned mine is situated in the township of Crown Point, Essex county, 234 miles north-north- west of Ironville. No. 25 on the map. The Towne property lies in the township of Ticonderoga, Essex county, just south of the boundary between Crown Point and Ticonderoga and on the boundary between the Ticonderoga and Paradox Lake quadrangles. No. 3 on the map. — The Betsey Cook property is located in the township of Ticon- deroga, 2 miles southeast of Ironville. Abandoned. No. 8 on the map. A little prospect here called the Penfield pond property lies near the southern boundary of the township of Crown Point, near Pen- | field pond, and is not developed. No. 4 on the map. The Buck Mountain Pond mine, now abandoned, is located in the township of Ticonderoga, between Buck mountain and Keeney mountain, as is shown on the Ticonderoga quadrangle. No. 6 on the map. The Crown Point Graphite Company’s mine and mill is‘ likewise situated in the township of Ticonderoga 2% miles south- west of Ironville. The property is today abandoned. No. 5 on the map. IZ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Mason property (not developed) is located in the township of Ticonderoga three-eighths of a mile east of Echo lake (Wor- cester pond on the map). No. 7 on the map. Lead Hill, located 3 miles northwest of Ticonderoga, in the nota ship of the same name. This property is abandoned. Contact type in the township of Wilmington, exact location not known, but probably somewhere on the shoulders of Wilmington mountain 2% miles west-northwest of Wilmington village. The two following occurrences have been reported to but not visited by the writer. These are not indicated upon the key map. Limestone type in the township of Newcomb, not far from vil- lage of Newcomb. Contact or vein (?) type in the township of Minerva, just north of the town of Minerva (Schroon Lake sheet). | The next three prospects, although of the contact type, occur in the southern area: A contact-limestone prospect, here referred to as the “ Potters- ville” prospect. This is located in the township of Chester, Warren county, 244 miles south of Pottersville. Not developed. No. 20 on the map. A prospect in a natural cave, locally called Mammoth cave, located in the township of Warrensburg, Warren county, one-half of a mile north of Warrensburg. No. 26 on the map. On Pardo point, on Lake George, is a vein deposit of graphite. Mines in the southern area, all of the bedded or blanket type, although a few show in a minor way other types as well: The Bly property, located in the township of Ticonderoga on the northern slopes of Bear Pond mountain, is still undeveloped. No. To on the map. Rock Pond property. This abandoned mine is to the southeast of the Bly property on the shore of Rock pond. No. 11 on the map. Dixon’s American Graphite Company is situated at Graphite, 5 miles west of Lake George in the township of Hague, Warren county. No. 13 on the map. The Faxon property adjoins the American Company’s land on the west and southwest. This property is still undeveloped. It has recently been sold. It is understood that the property will be worked by the American Graphite Co. No. 14 on the map. The Lakeside mine of the American Graphite Company 1s located at the town of Hague on the lake shore. Abandoned. No. 12 on the map. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 13 International Graphite Company’s abandoned mine is situated in the township of Chester, Warren county, 3% miles west-northwest of Pottersville. No. 15 on the map. The Rowland Graphite mine, now inactive, is located in the town of Johnsburg, Warren county, about a mile south-southwest of the village of Johnsburg. No. 21 on the map. The Adirondack Mining and Milling Company’s abandoned mine and mill is on the west shore of South bay of Lake Champlain; township of Dresden, Washington county. No. 18 on the map. Hooper Brothers’ recently developed property lies in the town- ship of Dresden, Washington county, about 4 miles due west of Whitehall. No. 17 on the map. The Silver Leaf Graphite Company’s workings are situated on the west side of South bay several miles north of the Adirondack Company’s property. The mine has been abandoned. No. 16 on the map. : The Champlain Graphite Company. This property, likewise in the South Bay districts, is near the southern end of South Bay and has not been operated for ten years. No. 19 on the map. The Sacandaga Graphite Company’s property is located in the township of Day, Saratoga county, 1% miles due west of Conkling- ville. The mine is today abandoned. No. 22 on the map. Graphite Products Corporation (formerly the Saratoga Graphite Company). This property now in operation is situated 1 mile southwest of King’s Station, 4 miles north of Saratoga Springs in the township of Wilton, Saratoga county. No. 3 on the map. The Flake Graphite Company (formerly the Empire Graphite Company). This mining district is located in the township of Greenfield, Saratoga county, 2'%4 miles west of Porter Corners. No. 24 0n the map. Probably will be in operation in 1918. Several prospects reported to but not visited by the writer are as follows: A limestone-contact deposit on the Welch farm, 3 miles south- west of Mineville. A deposit 3 miles east of Hulett’s Landing, Lake George. Chamberlain & Company, 3 miles southwest of Canton, St Lawrence county. M. W. Spalding, 4 miles southwest of Canton. C. T. Holbrook, 1% miles southwest of Pyrites, St Lawrence county. I4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Macomb Graphite Company — Popes Mills Graphite Company, 1% miles southwest of Pope’s Mills, St Lawrence county. A deposit on the Indian River, 3 miles from Rossie, St Lawrence county. Of the complete list, twenty-four of these properties were per- sonally visited during the field season of 1917. The salient features of each will be discussed in the following pages. THE, GRAPHITE DEPOSITS OF. THE NORTHERN Ska ‘While an attempt is made to avoid technical terms, certain concepts are necessary for a comprehensive grasp of the conditions found in the northern area. Two general groups of rocks are involved: the first, a great series of sedimentary rocks originally bedded limestones, sand- stones and shales that have been altered by earth forces to crystal- line limestones, schists and gneisses. The second group comprises igneous rocks, among which granite is especially prominent. Igneous rocks are later in age and have invaded the sedimentary series from below. Where the hot fluid mass, saturated with various gases, came in contact with the sediments, especially if they were limestones, and the proper conditions obtained, graphite was developed by complex chemical and physical reactions within the zone of contact. The deposits of the northern area have, in large part, been formed by the process thus briefly outlined. The general subject of origin of the graphite deposits is treated fully on page I41. : The Buck Mountain Pond Property Located in the township of Ticonderoga, Essex county, within the limits of the Ticonderoga topographic map of the United States Geological Survey, between Buck mountain and Keeney mountain,’ near the shore of Buck Mountain pond. - The history of the various companies which have attempted to develop this deposit is extremely complicated but apparently the company which operated at one time was known as the Consolidated Graphite Company and at another the Amalgamated Graphite Company.’ The extent of the property is said to be a tract of 84 acres® on the 1 The local name of the latter is different from that given on the map. 2The Amalgamated Company included ‘the Rowland Graphite Company. near Johnsburg. | 3 Information supplied by Mr Charles T. Rowland of the Rowland Graphite Company. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I5 south side of Buck mountain about 7 miles by road northwest of Ticonderoga, and a like distance southwest of Crown Point at about 1100 feet elevation. ~The mine openings lie directly west of the pond where the main bed of the graphite-bearing rock outcrops on the northern slope of a small knoll a hundred feet high, several hundred feet from the pond. These openings occur directly behind the mill and extend west along the outcrop for 230 feet. Then after passing an in- terval of 720 feet to the west a second cut extends about 200 feet. In neither case has the excavation extended beyond 4o feet in depth. The bed of graphitic material can be followed along the strike for 1000 feet or more. The eastern pits. The ore consists of two distinct rocks: a soft crumbly limestone carrying fairly large flake graphite, and the footwall, a dense green rock’ produced by the action of the neigh- boring granite upon the limestone. The rocks here strike north 40° west (magnetic)? and dip from 25° to 30° southwest into the hill. In the main drift-opening a crush zone occurs indicating a minor fault that cuts off the soft limestone bringing in a hard, unweathered variety. The ore contains considerable mica (phlogopite). The western pits. Here the dip is considerably greater, being from 50° to 60°. Professor Crosby suggested the possibility of a fault being located somewhere in the concealed portion of the interval. The writer offers below another interpretation. The summit prospects pits. On the hillside above the western cut are several prospect openings displaying the contact type of ore. This, although of spectacular appearance, is not of com- mercial importance. The mill equipment. The mill is situated near the pond, where -a plentiful supply of water for the boilers etc., was secured by pumping. The mill was amply large but is now in a ruined con- dition. The equipment consisted of crushers, rolls, buddles, tube dryers and blotters which are today of no value. Geology and structure. The ore is chiefly limestone which has been invaded by a coarse variety of granite, known to geologists as pegmatite. This is of later age than the limestone and when in hot fluid condition profoundly affected the limestone, producing the green contact rock mentioned above. -Graphite has _ been, developed in this rock by chemical changes taking place during the 1 Professor Crosby, in a report upon this property, interpreted this rock as quartzite. 2 All compass readings are given uncorrected for the convenience of the miners. The correction in 1917 was about 13° west of north. 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM | injection and solidification of the granite-pegmatite. The granite, the parent of the pegmatites, lies to the north, forming Buck mountain. Lying on top of the limestone is a black and white rock of sed- imentary origin, belonging to the same series as the limestone. This is the “ para-amphibolite,” a hornblende schist. Fig. 2. Block diagram of the region at Buck Moun- tain pond, showing that the knoll is an anticline while the valley through which the outlet of the pond flows is a syncline. The old sedimentary series have been invaded from below by a granite. There is really more pegmatite than is actually shown. The end of the block toward the reader is © an east and west section. H. L. Alling, 1917. The knoll is composed of the sediments in the form of a trough, a syncline, while the valley to the east through which the outlet of the pond flows (at one point through a natural bridge) exhibits the opposite or arched structure — an anticline. Both the syncline and | THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS. 17 the anticline are pitching southward, as can be seen from figure 2. The mine openings to the west are on the western side of the syncline and thus the dip is greater than is the case in the eastern group of pits ; hence the reason to question the presence of the fault suggested by Professor Crosby. Future of the property. Although specimens can be gathered that show a good display of graphite, the deposit, like most of them in the northern area, is of the limestone and contact type which experience has shown to be rarely of sufficient regularity to have commercial importance. The writer is indebted to Mr D. G. McGrew and Mr Charles Rowland for information about the Buck mountain locality. The Penfield Pond Prospect Located near the southern boundary of the township of Crown Point, one-half of a mile west of Penfield pond, very close to the 80° angle in the boundaries between Crown Point and Ticonderoga. It is a small limestone deposit of rather striking characteristics but of no commercial importance. Specimens of white, grading to pink and red, limestone carrying large flakes of graphite (one-fourth of an inch in diameter) may be obtained. The Crown Point Graphite Company first opened a deposit near Penfield pond, but whether or not this is the locality is not known. The Crown Point Graphite Company Location. This recently abandoned property is situated in the township of Ticonderoga 2% miles southwest of Ironville, one- fourth of a mile south of the road which runs west past Eagle lake (Lake Chilson on the map), and 7%4 miles southwest of Crown - Point Center and ro miles from Ticonderoga. It lies within the Paradox Lake quadrangle. The mine, located on the northern slope of a low ridge overlooking a swamp, was opened about 1907 and has lain idle since I9Io. Workings. The workings consist of four inclined shafts nearly in line (three abandoned and one recently worked). The dip of the rocks and hence of the shafts is 55°—60° southward. The main shaft is reported to be 72 feet deep “from which the miners have drifted eastward along the ore bed, removing a con- siderable amount of ore by stopping and finally reaching the surfacé¢ again about 150 feet east-northeast of the shaft.’ 1 Bastin, E. $., Mineral Resources. U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:729. 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are several surface pits and a trench to the west of the mine. The mill stands on the steep hillside facing north, so that gravity methods of ore handling could be employed. The top floor carries the hoisting engine as well as the ore bin, into which the ore was directly raised from the shaft. On the floor below are two rows of crushers which feed into burrstone grinders, and the boilers for the single tube-dryer. On the lowest floor are the main boilers, driving engines, mine pumps and packing room. The difficulty in securing abundant water forced the company to resort to the dry method of concentration. The details of this method are not available as the writer was informed that the process was a secret one. The mill concentrates were hauled to Crown Point Center and there refined in a finishing mill. The fuel used was coal hauled from Crown Point station. The following grades were prepared: 7 Mill concentrates: no. I, no. 2, no. 3. Finishing mill products: flake — no. I, no. 2, no. 3; dust —no. 1, no. 2. A sample of concentrate was secured and the following measure- ments were made upon the size of the graphite flakes. These were secured by means of a microscope especially arranged for the work. The average diameter is based on ten measurements. It is not known what grade this sample represents. gavetace \ldilelel GRENVILLE PARA-AN- ee ae INCLUSIONS GRENVILLE GRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE : N CLI] CLL ha dbab td PALE LA LL LL] t/ my) i) y q Q N iN a at d E Q 5 a AB) AS, ? FEEL, LLL dpe PFA u YUM VA, Weramey &y, Q 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 g0 FEET & a -] GANGU WR Dune - ’ 4 Geologic. reconnaissance map of the “ Woodchuck” workings on Lead hill. G. H. Chadwick and H. L. Alling, 1917. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 27 ing the last five years the main drift was extended farther with the hope of finding more ore, and at the same time for the purpose of tapping the bottom of a large slope pit (the Young Lion pit) farther up the hill to the north, but the attempt was eventually abandoned. The contact rock zone, which carries spectacular graphite, is likewise variable in thickness and in distribution. For the most part it is a white to green pyroxene rock with accessory scapolite. Frequently the pegmatite develops very coarse textures and shows feldspars 8 inches long; on the other hand, certain contact phases show large black-green crystals of pyroxene. Under . a stringer or sheet of pegmatite is a mass of coarsely crystalline calcite, something like 3 feet in thickness. Between this and the capping igneous rock is a 3 inch layer of quartz, the under surface of which is coarsely crystalline showing the characteristic habit of the mineral. The edges of all the crystals are rounded, and very smooth as though corroded by solutions. This quartz, when examined under the microscope, appears to be vein matter. One of the hypotheses to account for the origin of this layer of calcite is that it represents a true fissure vein. The other theory is that the limestone has been recrystallized by the action of the pegmatite. In the Fryatt workings (described below) the contact is along sandy quartzite and there the prevailing rock is quartz, being possibly a recrystallized portion of the quartzite. The drifts, especially the main one, run through barren peg- matitic granite which occasionally holds inclusions of sedimentary amphibolite, still maintaining the original relative positions with sharp outlines and without any graphitic development. Near the portal of the main drift lies a small mass of limestone overlain by a sheet of pegmatite, likewise without any graphite. At another point the pegmatite has penetrated the limestone, which still retains its crumpled and distorted foliation, by “lit-par-lit”* injection pro- ducing an injection gneiss. Still again the pegmatite becomes porphyritic with phenocrysts 2 inches long. The Young Lion pit. This lies to the north of the “ Wood- chuck” pits a little to the east. It consists of a large underground chamber extending diagonally down the dip with an average slope of 22° and for 100 feet westward. It was once timbered but the pillars have long since rotted and large blocks have fallen from the roof, resulting in a lofty cave. 1 French, ‘‘ bed by bed.’ Applied to a structure composed of alternating bands composed of sedimentary and igneous rocks. 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The same pegmatitic granite (largely an andesine rock) is shown here but the country rock is the sedimentary amphibolite, dipping 20° to 22° south 20° west (magnetic). The east wall is pegmatite and, as far as the section shown in the pit is concerned, can be regarded as a vertical plug which has sent dikes and stringers of its own material westward into the amphibolite, producing large flake graphite on contact. Much of the ore taken from the Young Lion pit is pure white pyroxene, in which flakes of graphite one-fourth of an inch in diameter are promiscuously distributed. The far end of the pit is filled with water. It is understood that the long drift at the “ Woodchuck ” workings was begun in an attempt to tap this | to furnish drainage, but the enterprise was poorly planned inasmuch as they would have failed to make connections if the initial direction had been maintained. Along the line of contact with the main mass of pegmatite and the amphibolite the miners have removed a large amount of ore by stoping, reaching to the surface in several places. al The Old Lion tunnel. About half way between the “ Wood- chuck” and the “ Young Lion” pits is a portal to a drift that 1s said to connect with the Young Lion pit. The higher workings. Higher up and above the Young Lion pit are a series of workings, side wall pockets, trenches etc. They reveal examples of the same type of contact — the pegmatite upon the amphibolite. The Fryatt workings. These are located a little to the east of the Young Lion pit, north of the old wood road, consisting of open pits verging on drift openings on two distinct levels. The upper series consist of two wall pockets, from one of which an inclined tunnel leads to the lower level to the west. The workings on the lower level comprise two wall pockets driven some 6 to 8 feet into the north wall. A drainage trench leads south. At the west end of the main pit a drift has been driven westward, rather near the surface, for in places this has fallen in. | The geology here presents a third species of contact deposit. Here the ore is the green augite-scapolite (the latter mineral. is chiefly meionite’) rock. Closely associated with the contact rock is a quartzose material that may be either recrystallized quartzite or true vein matter. It is analogous to the crystallized calcite in the 1 Bastin, E. S, Economic Geology, 5:147-48. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 29 “Woodchuck ” holes. At the pits themselves it is not possible to determine what the country rock is, but 55 feet east from the wall pockets on the upper level an exposure of the sandy quartzite schist occurs that shows the relations. The pegmatite overlies the quartzite and-has developed the pyroxene-scapolite rock on contact. The line of demarcation between the three rocks is exceedingly irregular, although it is an easy matter to see that the pyroxene- scapolite rock increases in thickness on leaving the quartzite ex- posure tc the west. The north wall consists of alternate layers and masses of quartzose and contact rocks. The lenses or blocks of green rock are often “ lit-par-lit”’ injected with pegmatite. They are furthermore frequently fringed with foliated graphite. Near the contact with the pegmatite, the more dense pyroxene rock is comparatively barren of graphite. The sixth set of workings. These are found higher up and to the north of the Fryatt workings. They consist of a narrow trench showing the pegmatite in contact with a quartz-feldspar rock which appears to be of sedimentary origin. Other workings. South of the old road, supposedly to the east of the “ Woodchuck ” drift, there is said to be another group of workings known as the “ Old Indian” which the writer was unable to find. | Summary of the pits. Four different members of the sedimen- tary series of rocks can be seen on the hill. Under certain conditions the pegmatitic granite has developed graphite on contact with every one of them: in the “ Woodchuck ” with limestone; in the Old Lion, the Young Lion and the higher pits with amphibolite; in the Fryatt with sandy quartzite; and in the sixth set with quartz-feldspar eneiss. The ore. In every case the ore sought and mined was a variety of contact rock. It is often a most beautiful rock making very attractive museum specimens. The flake is frequently as large as a dime. An analysis of the Lead hill graphite, as given by Cirkel’ is-as follows: Carbon Hydrogen Ash 99.87% 0.11% 0.02% “i Cirkel, Fritz, Can. Geol. Surv. Dep’t of Mines, Mines Br. ‘ Graphite,’’ 1907. Analysis by Luzi, Berl. Ber. 1891, 24, 4085. 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Concentrates. The following measurements have been made upon concentrates from ores of Lead hill: ‘“* Arthur Pit vein” | unknown vierace GAME REr 22 19) dtte oo 6 er eee Aaa oe ei .38 mm .38 mm Ke, we .50 mm -57 mm Waxing diameter. uo). Ae chee eter ets (cue re .80 mm 1.20 tant Damien dieitiebens... 2e.e seed aes eee se tl 32 mm .22 Tm Analyses of contact rock on Lead hill MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (Specimen 665 — Young Lion pit) (Specimen collected by Bastin) a (Grape. eee 626 | S10. 42. aoe Serre 47.91 Pa N UTES adie ete eo eels te 54.0; )|) Al.Os 3.2325 ee 6.32 ae SCA DOMES wie Pee cee Gali. 5s 35.3 || Me:Os: “2. soe ee eee 33 RSE AN (tay child eae Seana See a me eee 1:5 || Pe. 02 S008 She, Momemalie.. ico ate Fieve 14 || MeO.) 4 eer 11.86 Rigi antes bee tet acu Meeak “7 \ CAO... 0. 22.88 o eG Zine Pray ye taht Uae Pool NasO\. 2.2) ee 40 Ay EONSILS ahs toe ae Oe ene 10 I. TKGO! no 2 46 & Bota) foe ee se 700.0: ||, H:0— >: |. i eee 96 H2O-+ wok sletth B aes Saas IO 1A ON ese GA 1 84smim: || TiOs cs 2) 2 eee A4 2 aire g COn i ee 95 m S mi 5 Max 2. 80 mim!) -P.03. 23.) 25 5.|848 Sf ties. 1e6 ere .05 OW Peale erect Sears 1.50 mm il PeSe. 0) .”. 723, ee 4 4 i——— C.. . 4.00 S| on YANO Lhe atts i ese 095 mm Total... 4h eee 100.10 ia aq Z e Less ©}. Us See .02 o) ¢; Bet Maro. 2). oo. 190 mm 2 eae Total 3. . eee 100.08 = = Sel illu Ni Cea ge pepe aaa ea ex 030 mm The chemical analysis by George Steiger in the laboratories of the United States Geological Survey, U. S. G. 5. Bul. 591, p. 40. The quantitative microscopic analysis by the writer by the camera-lucida- polar planimeter method. These are approximate values by weight. See page 50 for a description of the methods employed in obtaining these results Its variable nature and its pockety distribution are factors leading to irregular supply, and precarious mining conditions. The supply is by no means exhausted but the writer feels confident that Lead hill can never regain the reputation that it held for so long in the early days of the graphite industry. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 31 True fissure veins. Besides the contact type of graphite, the mineral occurs “in narrow veins from one to two inches wide, most of which are vertical and trend nearly north and south. They cut indiscriminately across the schists and pegmatitic granite, but in a number of cases apparently disappear when crystalline limestone is reached. In them graphite is usually the only mineral recognizable and forms aggregates of nearly parallel blades arranged about at right angles to the walls of the vein and closely resembling certain of the Ceylon occurrences. In most places the walls are sharp, and the pegmatitic granite shows no change of texture next to the vein. In a few places, however, the pegmatite becomes pyroxenic, finer grained, and somewhat graphitic next to the vein.” = emp. describes the graphite deposits... ., as true fissure veins cutting the laminae of the gneissic walls at nearly right angles. ‘The wall rock is a garnetiferous gneiss with an east and west strike, and the vein runs at the big mine 12° west with a dip of 55° west. The vein filling is evidently orthoclase (or microcline) with quartz and biotite and pockets of calcite. The mineral is also asso- ciated with tourmaline, apatite and sphene [titanite].’’ The deposit on Lead hill has been popularly referred to as a “vem” or as a “dike.” While it is true that very small veins do occur, the important graphite rocks are contact rocks, and not veins. The former do not extend in any definite direction such as is implied by ee word “vem” or “dike.” This matter 1s brought. to the attention of the reader with the hope that the past nomenclature, which is clearly erroneous, may be corrected. Split Rock Prospect This is in Essex county, in the township of Essex, 8 miles north- east of Westport, within the Willsboro quadrangle, 30 to 40 rods south of the Split Rock Light House. a Workings. These consist of (1) a prospect pit verging upon a vertical shaft about 20 rods from the shore at an elevation of 60 feet above Lake Champlain, and (2) an opening for a drift on the lake shore, east of the pit. It is believed that an attempt was made to sink a shaft, which the pit represents, to join the horizontal drift. Geology. The northern and eastern shore of the point shows members of the sedimentary or Grenville series of rocks which include schists and garnet gneisses, associated with crumpled 1 Bastin, E. $., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:730-31. * Cirkel, Fritz, ‘‘ Graphite,’’ Can. Dep’t of Mines, Mines Br. 1907, p. 56. 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM crystalline limestone dipping at a high angle into the lake. Several dikes of later age cut all the rocks in the vicinity. Near the light- house on the shore there are three dikes of great scientific interest.1 The strike of the rocks varies greatly. The following measure- ments were obtained: N 19° E, N 30° E, N 35° E (magnetic), while the corresponding dips were 37° S, 69° E, 30° S, 60° E, and 45° 5 55° Away from the shore the Grenville rocks grade into syntectic rocks because of the assimilation and soaking due to the igneous activity of the intruding batholithic dark green gabbro (Algoman in age). This shell of syntectic rock” covers the gabbro so that the typical rock is not exposed until the shoulders of Split Rock moun- tain are reached. We may regard the entire point as a section of Grenville strata which has been domed by an invading mass of gabbro. Numerous pegmatites (quartz-andesine rock) of the gabbro cut the overlying rocks. The wall rock of the pit is a mixture of various contact rocks, including the usual green pyroxene rock with a high pyrite content. The latter carries microscopic traces of gelena (PbS) which is replacing the pyrite as beautiful intergrowths. The development of the graphite is limited to the immediate vicinity of the pit, which led the prospectors to think that they were dealing with a “ vein.” The occurrence of graphite on the lake shore also caused them to believe that they had found the continuance of the same ore body. The incorrect use of the term “ vein” has been extremely unfortunate in practical mining, not only here but also in other sections of the graphite area. After the miners had pushed their tunnel about 30 feet into the hill they encountered a diabase dike (augit te-camptonite) Io inches wide associated with a crush zone formed of brecciated fragments of itself indicating’ post diabase faulting. The dike strikes N 70° E with a dip of 45° N 20° W. Beyond the dike the rock is barren of 1 Apparently a dike of diabase (microscopically an augite-camptonite) originally 6 to 7 feet wide, fractured and intruded by another dike of similar composition, but laterin age. This was probably about 3 feet in width. Micro- scopically, it comes near to hornblende-camptonite. This latter dike is split and a third dike, 2 feet wide is intruded. This is the Bostonite. When Kemp and Marsters visited this locality in their study of the dikes of the Champlain region (U. S. G. S. Bul. 107) this ‘‘ three story’ dike was hidden by a boat- house, but this has subsequently been removed, exposing the dikes. It is hoped that this remarkable occurrence of three dikes cutting one another will be treated more fully elsewhere. 2 Meaning a composite rock due to a mixing of two or more of distinct species. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 33 graphite. The amount of displacement and the nature of the fault is unknown. Near the mouth of the drift-opening the rocks are highly folded and involved with the gabbro in a very complex manner. | In 1808 graphite veins were reported as occurring on Split Rock mountain.‘ It would seem as if these were not located at the spot where the above contact deposits occur. Kemp says that “at Split Rock . . . narrow veins or veinlets of graphite have been found crossing the gneisses, and filling fissures up to an inch in width. The graphite is in rather coarse leaves, and stands at an angle, somewhat less than a right angle, to the wall rock. Considerable vein quartz is mingled with it, and it is not so pure as one would infer at first sight. A large deposit of this sort would be the richest and most desirable of all, but veins have not yet been found crossing the gneisses in sufficient abundance to justify mining.’’” It has been the opinion of graphite men and of the early geologists that graphite frequently occurs in veins. As has been said, some confusion resulted from the improper use of the term, which has been applied indiscriminately to graphite deposits of various origins. While it is true that fissure veins carrying graphite do occur, as is the case in the vicinity of Split Rock, they are insignificant and of no commercial value. The Gulf Prospect This property is in the township of Jay, Essex county, 4 miles south-southeast of Ausable Forks within the Ausable quadrangle Sr mone explicitly, to thé east of -the East branch of. the Ausable river, a mile south of Ellis mountain, at the western entrance of a deep and narrow fault line valley known on the government map as the Gulf. Directly to the south runs a similar valley at right angles to the former, locally known as the South gulf.* The prospect is surrounded by hills on three sides, while to the west the ground slopes gently to the river. | Prospects. No definite information could be obtained in regard to the dates of prospecting, but from the appearance of the small diggings it is judged that it was done many years ago and has not been renewed. Several small diggings were made on both sides of the road running through the South gulf as indicated upon the 1 The Mineral Industry for 1898, p. 383. ‘Kemp; ).f., U.S.-G. S. Bul. 225, 1903, p. 512-13. ’ For the glacial geology of this region, especially the significant réle as ed by ee fault line valleys, see Bul. Geol. Soc. Am., 27:645-72, especially p. 658-60. Pd 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM accompanying map. One of them is in the quartzite; the others are in amphibolitic limestone. Geology. The range of rocks is rather complete. The sedi- mentary series is represented by two distinct strata of the quartzite and limestone, the latter of which in contact with igneous rocks has developed an amphibolite phase. The first rock found on approach- ing the property is a firm quartzite schist, usually graphitic, dipping 55° to 60° eastward, followed by an igneous rock that is very com- mon in the center of the Adirondacks, known as anorthosite. Here it has been crushed and is somewhat “ pulpy’ in appearance. Then follows a pure limestone carrying a very small percentage of the usual silicates, but no graphite. Above occurs a quartz-feldspar (the feldspar is orthoclase) schist that likewise is graphite-free. Closely associated with the schist is a dense, hard, green quartzite. Cutting the sedimentary rocks are small dikes or bosses of a fine- grained variety of the augite-syenite. Especially in the vicinity of the diggings this rock has produced contact effects, including the development of large flake graphite. These flakes occur both in the limestone and in the quartzite. . The next rock is a fine-grained equigranular rock, nearly black in color and rich in garnets. This basic (femic) rock occurs as a dike 4 feet wide with a direction N 50° W (magnetic) near the western edge of the map. The writer has encountered several similar ones in the Adirondacks but has never seen them described. Under the microscope a specimen consists of augite, hornblende, basic labra- dorite and garnet. Mineralogically it might be classed as.a gabbro but the texture is very different. This cuts all the above mentioned rocks in the vicinity. The last rock to be noted is diabase (augite- camptonite), two dikes of which were observed. All the dikes occur along the fault line of the gulf. Ores. The graphitic rocks are clearly of two kinds: first, and most important, is the lower quartzite which carries medium to large-sized flakes, but no mica or clay substances. It splits readily but would be a hard rock to crush. The south road crosses several ledges of this quartzite, which dip at a high angle into the hills to the east. There appears to be a good supply of the mineral from what could be seen, although the glacial drift, which is exceedingly thick, obscures much of the surface. The other type of ore has already been mentioned. It occurs as a contact effect where the small tongues of the augite-syenite cut the quartzite and limestone. The farmer who lives in the log cabin THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 35 indicated on the map informed the writer that he has repeatedly plowed up chunks of graphite as. big as his fist. It is a fine composite of very small flake and amorphous material. we a a“ s~ ESSALGOMAN § SYENITE pox, HEB A NORTHOSITE i [==] UNDIFFERINATED GRENVILLE EZ:]GRENVILLE QUARZZITE ESAGRENVILLE LIMESTONE E=JGRENVILLE AMPHIBOLITE ~~ Fig. 5 Geologic and topographic reconnaissance map of the Gulf region, Ausable quadrangle. The topography taken from the Federal map; geol- ogy by H. L. Alling, 1915 and 1917. 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mining conditions. No active mining has been undertaken at the property, but the writer looked the situation over with such a prospect in mind. The north road is the one employed by the farmer and is passable even for a motor car. It is 334 miles by. dirt road to the state road at Stickney Bridge, then 2 miles to Ausable Forks, the terminal of the Ausable branch of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad. At the property there is not a sufficient supply of water for the wet process of concentration, nor is there water power. At Ausable Forks, however, there is probably sufficient water power for a finishing mill and in addition electric power is available. Amount of ore. The quartzite ore is the only attractive material. It is impossible to say how much there is of it. The outcrop measures some 20 feet in width, while the extent along the strike is difficult to determine. It is possible that the Gulf and the South gulf faults delimit the amount of ore. The high angle of the dip is not favorable to mining. Considerable exploration will be necessary before anything more definite can be stated. | The Welch Prospect This property is in the township of Moriah, Essex county, 3 miles southwest of Mineville, on the Welch farm, Newland* reports that “ some prospect work has been done on a bed of graphitic lime- stone . .~-. which outcrops along the crest of a low hill and is accompanied by pyritous gneisses which are also more or less graphitic. In one pit a very rich band of limestone has been found, giving assays as high as I5 per cent graphite. The flakes are large and are built up of many laminae into comparatively thick plates. There is little mica in the rock, the accompanying minerals com- prising pyroxene, serpentine, pyrite, tourmaline and quartz. The mining rights on the-property are owned by the firm of Witherbee, Sherman & Company of Mineville.” . It would appear from the above that this bed of limestone has been enriched by contact with some igneous rock, presumably peg- matite. The Wilmington Prospect This property is located in the township of Wilmington, Essex. county, about 2%4 miles west-northwest of the town of Wilmington. It is situated at an elevation of about 2800 feet on the shoulder 1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 102, p. 76. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 37 of Wilmington mountain in a moraine-filled valley between two rocky knobs of the mountain mass. It can be reached by following an old lumber road which leaves the road running from Wil- mington to Franklin Falls. There are four prospect pits, two of which are the beginning of shafts in crystalline limestone and pyroxene-garnet contact rocks. The first one reached, after pass- ing the group of recently constructed buildings, is in pale-blue, coarsely crystalline limestone which carries, besides the large graphite flake, the usual collection of silicates, garnet, diopside and occasionally a little pyrite. Cutting through this mass of limestone is a streak of garnet rock. The shaft which has been made here is perhaps 12 feet square and 20 feet deep. To the northeast in the bed of a small brook is a circular shaft sunk only to a shallow depth. This also is situated in limestone. Nearby in sharp con- tact with this is a black, crumbly rock composed of deep-green pyroxene and dark-red garnet. At the line of contact very large flakes of graphite have been developed and to some extent squeezed and rubbed into amorphous masses due to the slight movement that has taken place between the two contrasted masses. Higher up the slope a shaft has been sunk in a limestone that is in part a conglomerate. This has been effected by the action of a basic pegmatite presumably of the anorthosite. The pyroxene crystals associated are often crystallographically well formed and present interesting corroded surfaces as though due to the action of vapors and solutions associated with the pegmatite. A few specimens collected of the more distinctly pegmatitic material con- tained hexagonal prismatic of pale-green apatite. The fourth pit is located in limestone. The ore. The material was in a large measure the pale-blue lime- stone, but apparently the prospectors were interested to some extent in the contact rocks as well. Two years ago even during the winter active development work was in progress, but early in the spring of 1917 they gave up their attempts to develop the property. This prospect presents some very interesting features of considerable scientific interest, but the nature of the deposit being of the lime- stone-contact type rather indicates that its commercial value is slight. It would appear that the area occupied by graphitic rocks covers several acres and it might be that it might prove to be as extensive as Lead hill. It is either owned or controlled by J. E. Bliss of Tupper Lake. 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Occurrences in Newcomb and Minerva The economic collections of Columbia University contain speci- mens of contact graphite from these townships. Further informa- tion is not available. The Pottersville Prospect This property is in the township of Chester, Warren county, 2% miles south of Pottersville, south of Loon Lake mountain, within the North Creek quadrangle. This limestone-contact deposit has been noted ne W. J. Miller,? who has mapped the area in which it lies, as Grenville gneiss. It is situated under the lee of a great fault line escarpment — the southern face of Loon Lake mountain. In the field it was found that several beds of limestone, inter- bedded with amphibolite and with other members of the Grenville series, are cut by a dike of pegmatite which spreads over the present surface, but probably originally was a laccolith. The dip is 25° to 30° S 78° W (magnetic). No commercial importance can be attached to this locality. The Mammoth Cave Prospect This property is in the township of Warrensburg, Warren county, one-half of a mile north of Warrensburg, on the east side of the International highway. This prospect consists of an opening that has been dubbed “ Mammoth cave.’ The cave is a natural one due to the solution of the Grenville limestone, and has been somewhat enlarged by prospectors. It is 25 to 30 feet long, following the dip of the rocks (22° N 80° E). Overlying the limestone is a mass of typical syenite. Where this rock has come into contact with the limestone a thin layer carrying graphite flakes, which are often one-eighth of an inch in diameter, has resulted. The footwall is a contact rock composed of white pyroxene and scapolite and shows specks of a brilliant emerald-green mineral whose identification is not certain. While this prospect exhibits some rather interesting features we can dismiss it from our minds as a commercial source of graphite.- SUMMARY OF THE NORTHERN ‘AREA A line can be drawn across the graphite area of the eastern Adirondacks north of which will be found almost all the limestone 1Miller, W. J., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 170, p. 82. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 39 and contact deposits, while most of the bedded or blanket areas all lie to the south. It may be that erosion, more severe in the south- eastern portion of the region, has removed the contact zone rocks in the section and has carried the present surface down to the _ horizon of the graphite schists, while in the northern area can still be seen patches of the Grenville in which graphite has been developed by contact with igneous rocks under favorable tempera- ture and pressure conditions. The contact deposits of graphite are usually very striking to the layman and appear to be exceedingly rich and promising, but the writer is convinced that they are too uncertain, too pockety, and too limited in extent to pay for mining. The milling of graphite is still in the experimental stage. The bedded deposits, even though much more uniform in character, afford difficult milling problems but the treatment of contact ores is still more difficult because of their greater variability. Even granted a large deposit of this form of graphite, successful mining would be highly problematical. The early workers on Lead hill were fortunate in that they realized good prices for their product and had an unusually large deposit; and the operations were in charge of an inventive man. The important deposits of the northern area do not occur in veins. It seems to be the universal opinion of graphite men in the Adiron- dacks that veins, carrying graphite (deposited from aqueous solutions) are common. On the contrary, they are extremely rare and are always too small to be of commercial importance. Graphite does occur, however, in the zone between an igneous rock and a sedimentary one. The rocks most commonly so grouped are peg- matite and limestone, which is the combination found at Buck Mountain pond, Columbia, Crown Point, the “ Woodchuck ” work- ings on Lead hill, Penfield pond, Mason, and in the Pottersville properties. Deposits have also been formed by pegmatites in con- tact with other members of the Grenville series; upon biotite- hornblende schists, as in the case of the Betsy Cook and Towne prospects ; upon amphibolite, as in the Young Lyon pit on Lead hill; and upon quartzite, as is found in the pits of the Columbia Graphite Company and the Fryatt workings on Lead hill. The syenite (a granite low in quartz) has developed graphite in contact with limestone as in the Gulf and Mammoth cave prospects. And finally, the gabbro developed graphite when in juxtaposition with a variety of sedimentary rocks, as at Split Rock. The writer concludes then that most of the igneous rocks exposed in the 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Adirondacks, especially the latter series, which the writer regards as of Algoman age, were capable of producing graphite upon contact (metasomatic metamorphism) with nearly all kinds of meta- morphosed sediments. That graphite is not always developed at the line of contact between an igneous and a sedimentary rock is, of course, easily observed. The question as to why we find graphite at one place and not at another is not as yet answered to our satisfaction. Some discussion of this problem will be found when we come to the question of the origin of graphite. THE GRAPHITE DEPOSITS OF THE SOUTHER Ne teas In describing the occurrences of graphite in the northern area, where the contact type is best shown, geological details have pur- posely been avoided, but are, however, indispensable in treating the major deposits in ihe southern area. The blanket or bedded form of ore body should be regarded as a distinct stratum of the old sedimentary rocks known as the Gren- ville series. This series represents a succession of marine deposits consisting of limetones, sandstones, shales, conglomerates and their intermediaries that have subsequently been folded, faulted and acted upon by earth forces of such magnitude that their original characters, mineralogical make-up and structures have been greatly changed. The ancient limestones have been recrystallized to white marbles; the sandstones to quartzites and quartz schists, and the shales and conglomerates to various schists and gneisses. The rocks that com- posed this great series, one of the most ancient known in the world, occur throughout the Adirondacks, but are found more extensively on the flanks of the mountains, such as in the eastern foothills. : Usually the subdivision of the Grenville into distinct beds or strata has not been attempted in mapping a quadrangle. It is, however, of great practical importance to graphite interests to know the succession (stratigraphy) of the Grenville rocks at the various properties. As the beds exposed in a given locality may represent a portion near the top or bottom of the original series, a district some distance away may expose a different portion; the order of the beds may differ in the two cases. There may also have been horizontal differences due to local conditions of sedimentation or in the degree of subsequent alteration (metamorphism), producing a different kind of rock although representing the same stratum. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 41 It is often possible when the succession of the beds is understood for a given area, to locate the graphite bed by reference to the hanging or the footwall, although the ore itself may not outcrop, as well as to locate important faults and folds. It was found that practically the same rocks, in the same order, occur on the Dixon, Faxon and the Lakeside properties as well as at the Hooper mine. How many different graphitic ore beds there are in the area investi- gated is not absolutely certain, but it seems highly probable that there are at least two distinct beds. Since the deposition of the Grenville series and subsequent alteration (metamorphism) they have been penetrated and injected by a series of igneous rocks that welled up from below, cutting them and greatly altering them. The first of these is a white, fine- _ grained granite strongly squeezed into a gneiss. It is rarely pure, for it absorbed while in the molten condition quantities of the overlying rock. It is almost always highly involved in and with the Grenville quartzites, having frequently soaked through the latter along the original bedding planes, giving rise to “ lit-par-lit ” injection gneisses. This will be referred to as the Laurentian granite." Closely related to the granite in age, is a dark igneous rock here called a metagabbro. The significance of this rock and its relation to the Laurentian granite have heretofore been imperfectly known.” It is difficult to describe the metagabbro so that it can be recognized in the field, but suffice it to say that it varies from a fine-grained, dense, brown-black rock, similar to diabase or trap, to a salt-and- pepper combination, coarse grained and frequently gneissic. That some of it is later than the Laurentian granite has been demon- strated at the Hooper Brothers’ and Flake Graphite Company’s properties, although Cushing thinks that the greater part of it as shown generally throughout the Adirondacks is older.* It was found to cut the Laurentian granite but is cut by the later granites. Furthermore, the Laurentian granite and the metagabbro have been folded with the Grenville series, while the later granites have not. 1See H. P. Cushing et al., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 145, p. 46-47, 177-80, and Bul. 169, p. 21-26; also Am. Jour. Sci., 39: 288-94. 2 The writer belives that this investigation has demonstrated that the Adiron- dack amphibolite is in part (1) sedimentary, a distinct stratum of the Grenville series; (2) in part igneous, this metagabbro; and (3) altered, impure limestones. A careful study of all three types has shown that in the majority of cases it is possible to distinguish them. (See summary of southern area). 3H. P. Cushing. Personally communicated. 42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Its typical behavior 1s sill-like (laccolith), often acting like a mem- ber of the Grenville strata in a given case, but frequently it cuts diagonally across the bedding. At the Hooper mine it cuts out the ore at the west end of the property after it has acted as a capping rock for a long distance. 7 The rocks above mentioned were folded and faulted before the intrusion of the anorthosite, as well as of the syenite, quartz-syenite, syenite-granite and granite that are different phases of related deep- seated rock masses. These syenite-granite rocks and their dikes (pegmatites) are in the main responsible for the development of the contact type of graphite already treated. In the southern area they have another significance for the miner, and that is in the way they frequently cut the ore. Such considerations are important in estimating ore reserves. | These rocks are here assumed to be of Algoman age. This corre- lation is merely suggested in the same way that the term Laurentian has been used. Following the Algoman granitic rocks in time of intrusion is the long recognized Adirondack gabbro— green-black in color, often showing long, slender needles of feldspar (labradorite) and likewise referred to the Algoman. . The list of rock units is completed by ie trap or diabase dikes, coal-black bands from a few inches to many feet in width, that cut all the above-noted rocks. Thus summing up the Adirondack rocks, placing the oldest rocks at the bottom, the geological column would be: ike weenawan, impart 20. 1G. Roe ee Diabase ( Gabbro | Granite LAN SY 272) OD NS A eae aS gins 1 Gea rial , : | Syenite | ; [ Anorthosite Metagabbro Granite Para-schists Para-gneisses (SGenvdlle Series... apenuce 12) lear eee ane Quartzites Para-amphibolites Limestones THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 43. The Dixon and Faxon Properties The property of the American Graphite Company and the adjoin- ing property, owned by William H. Faxon, comprise a single district and can for the most part be treated as a unit. Location. The Dixon-Faxon properties are located in the town- ship of Hague, Warren county, about 4% miles west of Lake George on the southern border of the Paradox lake, and the northern edge of the Bolton quadrangles: The headquarters of the Dixon Com- pany has become known as Graphite. The Faxon property is to the south and the southwest. At the present time the Dixon Company is the most important producer of flake graphite in the Adirondacks, and possibly in the United States. Continuous mining has been pursued for over thirty years and it is largely due to this company that the production of graphite has been maintained. The Faxon property has been extensively prospected by diamond drilling and promises to be a large producer when developed. It. has been stated from time to time in the last ten years that Faxon was just on the point of commencing operations, and there is now every evidence that he will soon do so. Geology. In order to grasp the conditions of mining, the character of the ore and the problems of supply, a knowledge of the rocks and their succession is necessary. The ore is a quartz schist, somewhat feldspathic, containing about 5 to 7 per cent of graphite and small amounts of biotite and pyrite. It varies from a few feet to 20 feet in thickness as it pinches and swells, but the average would be about 15 feet. This stratum is so characteristic, not only here but in most of the other mines in the southern area, that it would be very desirable to give it a distinctive ' name. It has been impossible up to the present time to secure an ideal name. The term “Graphite schist” would, perhaps, conform to geological tradition, taking the name from the village of Graphite. As some confusion may result, in that all the bedded ores are graphitic schists, the term “ Dixon schist,” while open to criticism’ is here used for convenience and should not become an established name in Adirondack geology. It is highly probable that the Dixon schist occurs as two long lenses, which can be regarded as separate beds. It is the general opinion that as one bed thickens the other diminishes in thickness. 1As it is preoccupied, Dixon formation, Silurian of Tennesee; see Pete, William F., & Bassler, Ray S., U. S. Nat. Mus.§Proc. 34:407-32. 44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM These are usually separated by the same kind of rock that forms the footwall, which is garnetiferous gneiss. The American Graphite Company in its main mine is probably following the lower_bed, there the thicker of the two. As the rock that forms the roof is the same as the footwall, it has been assumed that the rock that over- lies the ore is garnetiferous gneiss. The writer would emphasize this fact, for some confusion has resulted from incorrect statements. The upper bed of the Dixon schist is usually capped by a lime- stone, although this is occasionally absent. The limestone is some- times pure but more frequently siliceous. This formation the writer chooses to call the Faxon limestone, taking the name from Faxon pond. No definite statement can be made as to the thickness, as it has been molded and stretched like so much putty under the stresses to which the whole region has been subjected, but a maximum thickness of 20 feet can be given. | The Faxon limestone is capped by a quartzite,” usually vitreous, approaching a glassy phase in certain localities. This is referred to as the Swede Pond quartzite, taking its name from Swede pond. It is probably several hundred feet thick. This is overlain by another limestone bed of crumbly texture or “sandy” to which no dis- tinctive name has been applied. It is followed by a sillimanite schist which the writer calls the Catamount schist,’ then by a para-amphibolite designated as the Beech Mountain amphibolite. The footwall of the ore is extremely characteristic. It is a bluish green rock with purple garnets as large as peas. It has been found to be the footwall here, at the Hague mine, at the Hooper mine and many other localities. When examined under the micro- scope it is found to contain, besides quartz, feldspar and garnet, long slender needles of the mineral sillimanite. In the literature it is spoken of as a garnet-sillimanite (para-) gneiss. The term “Hague” gneiss seems to be highly appropriate and will be used here. It is some 50 or 60 feet thick on the Faxon property but decreases in thickness toward the east. Beneath is a rock that appears to be a granite but-is not a simple 1 The Mineral Industry for 1890, p. 383. Kemp, J. F.. & Newland, D. H., 51st Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus., 2:539, fig. 4, section. 2 Noted by Kemp & Newland, 5ist Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus., 2:539. See the Mineral Industry for 1898, p. 383. 3 See description of the Bear Mountain pond region and the property of the International Graphite Company. 4 51st Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus., 2:530. Microphotograph. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 45 pure rock but a syntectic.’ Careful studies indicate that the lower beds of the Hague gneiss have been “soaked” and saturated by igneous solutions of the Laurentian granite. In this syntectic rock the characteristic garnets of the former are absent but the sillimanite is still persistent. This syntectic rock is termed the Trumbull gneiss, from Trumbull mountain. The lower portions of the Trumbull are comparatively free from sedimentary admixture and approach the true Laurentian granite in character. The summary of the stratigraphy for this district is as follows: AGE ROCK NAME Co Sh Ee Tega Seo tha Mates 5 Poten P ie Mrtnga taan ages OD Me ee ae Sear ay aa eis ee ele, Loe Rely de Cnn ema PREMISE i Sk eee ee reas Serrated [ans semanas Son Mian, Ria’ Kags Sn ie ame: Para-amphibolite....... Beech Mountain Graphite schist... . 2. .... Bear Pond schist Sillimanite schist....... Catamount ATES MOVES a Saray Guida ikea So Sop hrs, Leta ae Ree “Soa (cE ie an Ohare baie 7 ran, Neo pia oa Swede Pond | Prina Vets 0:01 ene arene a ee Faxon Graphite sehist ...... 45. - Dixon Garnet-sillimanite para- SIeISse wes See le 2 Hague pymocetic TOCK. 32.0. 5... Trumbull American graphite mine. The great share of the mining is underground and more closely resembles coal mining than operations on a vein deposit. The extensive mining has resulted in very large chambers; the entrance drift driven into the hillside with a south- west direction, follows the strike of the Dixon schist for a distance of probably over one-half cf a mile. At the far end of the open- ing, near the southwestern limits of the mine, the mine tracks are near the surface, but the miners have worked down the dip to the southeast one-fourth of a mile, reaching a depth of 200 to 250 feet. The roof needs little support and for that purpose is left an occa- sional pillar of ore. The floor of the mine is exceedingly uneven as the dip (average about 20 to 25 degrees) is not constant but varies considerably, due to irregularities of the Grenville rocks. Occa- sionally the Hague gneiss and the hanging wall come together, pinching out the ore. The deepest portion of the mine, now abandoned and filled with water, is known as the “big sink.” The breast here is said to be barren of graphite and in character abrupt and nearly vertical. The ore here has been cut off by a fault (see below). The present mining is localized in the far south corner of the property close to the Faxon line. 1 Suggested by Kemp, ibid. Used to indicate a rock composed of the admixture of two or more different rocks. 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The main versus the “bastard” bed. Graphite men state that the schist mined in this locality occurs as two distinct beds. The one opened in the American mine is probably the lower one, which here is the thicker. The upper one is known as the “ bastard vein.”* Garnet-sillimanite rock (a portion of the Hague gneiss) separates them. It is the common belief that as the Faxon line is approached the main bed becomes thinner, while the “ bastard ” stratum increases in thickness and constitutes the ore on that property. Bastin suggests such a possibility and says:? “It is probable that the ore on the Faxon property . . . is the con- tinuation of one or the other of the beds worked by the American Graphite Company . . . though their continuity has not been certainly traced.” The writer was not afforded an opportunity to see this for him- self, although it is very reasonable in view of the known stratigraphy to assume that the beds are continuous. Which of the two beds is the important Faxon ore is not proved, but from the diamond drill records it appears likely that it is the upper bed. On the geologic map two beds are represented ; when one is thin the other is thick. The summer pit. To the east of the outcrop of the main bed of the American Graphite Company is a northeast and southwest pit about 600 feet in length following a bed of the graphitic schist. The ore here strikes N 50° E and dips 20° to the southeast, and is parallel to the other outcrop. The pit is “shallow and operated during the summer season . . . The thickness of the bed at the mouth of the pit is from 6 to 10 feet. . . . This pit was opened about 1890. The ore is similar to’’* that in the main mine. The relation between the two outcrops has long been in dispute. Kemp and Newland: suggest that the two beds of the graphitic schist are separated by a fault causing a repetition of the beds. That such actually is the case was demonstrated by the rocks freshly exposed along the right of way of the new state road. There is a sudden change from the Swede Pond quartzite to the Faxon lime- stone. Exposures of the former show crushing by the slipping of the two blocks on each other. Specimens were secured that exhibit brecciated fragments recemented by the infiltration of silica. This 1 The use of the term “ vein”’ is likewise incorrect when applied to bedded deposits. Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S. 1908, 2:725. ’ Bastin, E. S., loc. cit. p. 724. 4N. Y. State Mus., 51st Ann. Rep’t, 2, fig. 4, 1897, and the Mineral Industry for 1898, p. 383. if Trt Spee w re Se 4 gigevuss ted (eas) ds v Gh vie Xt) eu ee 49%. x YY ee oes See i wy F. \ sae ew KY bi, . ~ = eNO ie 3283204 poe) « ASIAPEHD “eis ROD: . pe ~ ; ) a: “9 “aqradergy iy f 4s AER “ee ee mae? a8 sae let ek. T rux schist examine the: A t é« i ? \ A TOPOGRAPHIC RECONNAISSANCE MAP OF THE DIXON AND FAXON PROPERTIES PARADOX LAKE GEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSAN MAP OF THE DIXON AND FAXON PROPERTIES SECONDARY ROADS WOOD ROADS “APPROXIMATE OUTLINE. AMERICAN MINE MINE TRACKS: SCHOOL HOUSE SUMMER PIT (gee) Lor numbers LEGENE KEWEEN AWAN —— ers DIKE ALGOMAN FREE saesao Laccoui Tis GRENVILLE SERIES E=Sivnipoite, ie A e 8 POND gull nist CATAMOUNT {LLIN ANTE FEF rans estavusheo Soust scHise FESS] raucts wypornertcan uiearue RESHINE SJ exertion vines eel perce om yd = Scinbanies Livestows LIMESTONE ES] iter tines PE SaRSNEHEAL quater sehtar Bey TRON ORE oROsPeCT FESS{DiKON SCHIST Ne ener [OT] ort Howes EeSSiucur creissGARNET. SILL MONITE GNEISS [OJ eunoinas CEL TERRES gpa tee me 6 Topographic and geologic reconnaissance map of the Dixon-Faxon graphite properties at Graphite, N. Y. ased on an old forest: ry map. Topography in part from the government maps by G. H. Chadwick. Geology by H. L. Alling, 1917, ae * oe Xe : : A he j i t SOSNEGEN Si gedas ue en aaa iS tes een ead ae 3 ye 1 eee hy EE. SO BE ae ES tr | ‘ pac Sa =, Cy Sy aes ime ee hh Pee : ¥ e sa ee a8 or > nee “nh en ipl 1 se ee ha lee A om) J = SADVAS2IAM0NSA DIHAARDOSOT (Fee ee, AR AOKI, HT IO FAM aaah ree @AITASIORS VOXAa 2YAWHO! AK @ * . “ wi ; che cea Tee © | sasae ion MOND pcenertag Nt : INS ees) ae SW lrvO Atami KONIIA bo Mev ae CNDAAT 34M. oid Hees a ' ‘ eo ane & THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE, DEPOSITS 47 fault is the main “cut-off.” Again to the east is a similar fault but of less magnitude. The evidence for this fault is just as positive. To the east of both, the main and the bastard beds out- crop. The thickness of the two here is apparently the reverse of that exhibited in the main mine. The summer pit was intermittently worked for a number of years during the summer (hence the name). It has lain idle for some time until recently. Considerable ore has been mined along the strike but not much along the dip as the miners are close to the line of the Wheeler lot, of which the mineral rights are owned by W. H. Faxon. The southern end of the Summer pit bed is probably cut off by a fault. This is not proved and hence it is indicated upon the map by a dashline. It is reported that the northern end dies or pinches out. The writer had no opportunity of investigating this. Pin ) es A eee 49 aoe ss ee? es | MILLIMETER GRAPHITE HH PYRITE BIOTITE [_|QUARTZ [QdAPATITE Fig. 7 Cammera-lucida drawing of microscopic thin section of very high-grade Dixon ore from the main mine. (Specimen 850). H. L. Alling, 1918. To the south of the bridge over North pond outlet an exposure of the Trumbull gneiss was found. The particular specimen examined microscopically probably represents the transition from the Trumbull to the Hague gneiss — the footwall of the graphitic schist. Thus there is the possibility of a bed, probably dipping 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM southward, continuing onto the lot owned by the American Graphite Company. The Algoman gabbro which outcrops so frequently on the southern edge of the area mapped has intruded the sediments as mushroom-shaped bodies (laccoliths), doming up the Swede Pond quartzite. Just where the feeding channel or channels (the “stem of the mushroom ”’) of the mass of gabbro on the lot is of course not known, but it may be that they cut through the ore at some point underneath the surface. The Dixon schist. This is a sedimentary rock composed of interlocking quartz grains with accessory microcline and oligoclase feldspars (usually altered to sericite), pyrite, graphite and bleached brown biotite; in part completely altered to chlorite. Occasionally a little apatite, titanite, zircon and garnet is found. The graphite is almost always associated with the biotite, usually interleaved with it, and frequently with the pyrite as well. The graphite, biotite and pyrite occur in bands parallel to the schistosity. Chemical analysis of the American ore SAMPLE A SAMPLE B SAMPLE C Sr Jind otal sey oe nen ARR EN 3 greet 65. Io PSOE Cis encgen ete oe, ie OBS Pies Oise coe oe eee re ee 4.68 | Ee! © Jen Clin a ianet 2 ae aig RN Re RE 3.09 1B ed GaP RR RS Seite ek ARs Oc 5 ce 22S AO REM, Sine aoc Geran ee Ey. NaOLe he. Bass Je tee toe J24 HELO Se ks SEDER RS Be eee ne 222 EO) Fis RS oe) 50 PASO! SP ets 8 Mee ck. cue ee 2ia3 TRO ARR hoy LG, ca NS Tag .96 OF 0 Sie.) OR Beery Voce: None ee gers tate to ih ane Bs aia: NG 5, a ae A rR oe Se 3.26 AVEO eet st cl rac eee .03 Br aes A or ROR aR es 5.29 Graphite..).6:25, Siaeeeee 5.36 CNT Fe EA, a Aaya Pata Benet: 101.61 RSS Oe iat ea ee eee we 7.63 99.98 Sample A is a composite sample analyzed by George Streiger in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. Collected by E. S. Bastin.1 Sample B is another collected by Bastin (Econ. 1 Bastin gives this analysis in Econ. Geol., 5: p. 141. F. W. Clarke, U. S. G. S. Bul. 591, p. 40, gives the identical analysis for the Adirondack Graphite Company’s (Washington co.) ore. As it seems highly improbable that the schists of the two localities should be exactly alike, it seems very likely that some error has occurred in ascribing the analysis to both companies. It seems probable that this analysis was made upon the American Graphite Company’s schist. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 49 Geol., 5:137). Sample C is a composite sample analyzed by W. H. Hall in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Dixon ores No. 751 Seek No. C 3-N | No. 850 No. 851 | No. 852 No. 853 Cu ae Main Main Main | Summer Sum mer err mine mine mine pit pit state road | -| ) OUn 2 AY oS ee Poor Average Above Abov2 | Av>2rage Aveae normal normal Graphite......... Soi 52 9.8 BS hey ee8 6.4 OM 6 4.6 2.4 m| a:8 4.4 y eS Whierite. os... ..- 2 ui 2.0 8 12 6 5 GZ Olizoclase-andesine. 22.0 PINES 16.0 19.1 733 14.3 Seu) silerocime....... 4 1.4 aS. <3 | 9 Srl Orbnoclase... .. . ....s 2 5 9 ai sil eZ Se) Guncte.c6...... 62.6 60.8 64.4 64.5 74.5 67.0 aS Pgritese ies. yo es. as 1.4 beg 5.9 2.4 Sie Weare & IBPaAuMte os 6 es ss 6 ay) AO ie? iat 1.0 pie betikaniien......... es) ee iets oe, Ae Nd eae fd Ae eienins AE ta “CIT Stet SS aes aera | Aa RN, | |e RS ae oe mag | eg ae de a! o TSS SPORE Ss ete ee aes ee ee Us Soe eee en] |GET Og) | 1 ene Pe ee Ha BS ee cok. xs 2 al oan niet a aR ROM tea. Yo TN ica Rael Seca geet (58,7 Rap a Bk aq ee ees SS ae) ee ere | < PLOEAE Es oe cs 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.9 100.0 100.0 vz, Zz POT hppa e an ee we Celi Te eC Gt ~ |o8| Average...... .32mm | 1.10mm | 1.79mm | 1.03mm | .70mm .67 mm & iS) = & 8 Maximum....| .50mm |} 3.50mm |} 5.20mm | 2.50 mm | 1.40 mm 1.42 mm < Se a ae Minimum....| .20 mm .34 mm .30 mm .40 mm .32 mm .35 mm (:) 2 Ss He | ZZ eho Hie g Average...... .014 mm | .045mm | .050mm | .079mm | .056mm | .043 mm fo) a 5 ; a Z | Maximum....| .025mm | .074mm | .089mm | .147 mm | .095 mm .070 mm : z = Minimum....| .003 mm | .020mm | .020mm | .020mm | .020 mm .012 mm =a | The Dixon schist as shown at Graphite, both in the main mine and in the Summer pit, is practically free from micaceous minerals.* The ore has been rubbed or squeezed to some extent, resulting in an easily disintegrated material. This is especially true in the case of certain specimens of the Summer pit ore which falls to pieces even by crumbling with the fingers. In one of the slides of the ore from the main mine (no. C3-N) some of the graphite flakes and pyrite grains were observed to be split apart, and in case of the pyrite, penetrated by a secondary fibrous aggregate, probably of sericitic mica. While the writer does not feel justified in going on record that the sericite is replacing the graphite and pyrite, it cer- tainly appears to be the case. The pyrite has been broken up into 1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 161, p..32. 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM triangular shaped pieces by the slender, fibrous laths. The only similar occurrence that has been noted is the development of zeolitic minerals between the thin laminae of graphite flakes in certain contact zone rocks of the northern area. y Microscopic Analyses In addition to the chemical analyses here quoted, a number of microscopic analyses of the graphite ores of the different graphite properties are included in this report. As this type of analyses and the method of making it is unusual, a word concerning it is intro- duced at this point. The microscopic analyses were made by means of a petrographic microscope equipped with a camera lucida. By this arrangement the outlines of the mineral grains in a given field were traced upon coordinate paper and the areas occupied by the different species determined by either one of two methods. For the larger areas a polar planimeter was employed that measured the areas directly. For the smaller units the areas were secured by counting the in- dividual squares of the cross-section paper. These two methods were used together as the paper was ruled in the same units as those recorded by the planimeter. The sum of the areas occupied by the grains of the different numerals was assumed to be proportional to their volumes. By multiplying the volumes by the average specific gravities of the minerals the proportion by weight was secured and then calculated to 100 per cent. Usually three different microscopic fields to each slide were analyzed and their results averaged. Care was taken to use an optical system (objectives and oculars) so that the largest practical field was obtained. The results of this method are only approximate and should be regarded as merely indicating the proper order of magnitude. In case of the graphite special pains were taken to secure as accurate a result as possible. For this mineral the probable error is likely about --1 per cent while for the more abundant minerals an error of +2 per cent to +3 per cent at least can be expected. It has not been possible up to the present to check these results against a chemical analysis, for a given hand specimen of this sedimentary schist is variable and any two speci- mens, even if taken from the same spot, will show slight differences in mineralogical make-up. The measurements made upon the graphite flakes were secured in a similar manner; using the camera lucida. A scale, adapted for the particular optical system employed, was moved into position THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 51 so that the images of the flake and the scale coincided. The max- imum and minimum diameter of each of ten normal flakes was measured in this way and the results averaged. The thin sections of the graphitic schists were cut perpendicularly to the plane of the schistosity and thus the graphite flakes appeared as long laths. The length of these is a measure of the diameter of the flakes. The average length is the result of ten measurements. The width of these laths gives the thickness of the flakes. Other measurements have been made upon flakes brushed off from hand specimens and laid flat upon a microscopic slide. The concentrates were treated in this same manner. All these measurements are fairly accurate. The mill. The ore from the mine is hauled directly into the mill. The concentration process is by the usual Adirondack wet method. The process is briefly described as “crushing, rolling,” stamping by a battery of California stamps, “and buddling to a 70 per cent concentrate.” “The concentrates are said to average about 3 per cent by weight of the ore mined.” . . . “The average output of the mine is 160 to 180 tons a day.’”* “The milling process is kept secret.” The American Graphite Company concentrates COARSE FINE SRSDE FLAKE PRODUCT Ree MieN ee MAINS A EN oa s Jaks, sels > Na (lhduebavni S'S «esi Bake .37 mm O15 mm % = 62 mm .0O2I. mm Diemint GIAINELCE 6. de ks 2 bos ee oe ak ee: PE com. .040 mm PRRMMMINAIAMENE, COIATAAC GET: 2 os. oie aa) geese 5 nso evn) e vaca oe eas .23 mm .003 mm The concentrates are hauled by motor trucks down the steep grade to Hague and there transferred to barges on Lake George which carry it to Ticonderoga for final treatment in the finishing mill there. The details of the refining process are not made public. It is reported that in 1908* there were four Munson under-runner burr mills and five Abbé pebble mills in use. Further details are not available. 1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1913, 2: 217. *Kemp & Newland, 51st Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus. 2: 539. 3 Bastin, E. S. ibid. 4 W.R. Ingalls, The Mineral Industry for 1908, 17: 493. 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Faxon Property The title to the adjoining property to the south and southwest is held in fee by William H. Faxon of Chestertown. The jtand embraces about 1300 acres. In addition is included the mineral rights on lot 229, known as the Wheeler lot, which contains about 100 acres. The nature of the ground and location of the different lots can be learned by glancing at the accompanying topographic and geological map, which is based upon an enlargement of an old forestry map. The early workings are located about a mile southwest of the mill of the American Graphite Company and consist of a short drift driven into the face of a cliff exposed in a natural ravine (just northeast of the diabase dike, which is shown on the map) N 75° E (magnetic) for 50 feet, then turning a right angle to N 15° W for 45 feet more. The ore and associated rocks here strike N 50° E and dip 20° to the southeast.” The roof of the drift is siliceous lime- stone, which has been at this point overthrust from the southeast, the line of faulting being nearly parallel to the bedding planes. ‘This is of minor importance. This fault has been pointed out by Bastin, who says:* “There is evidence of shearing movement in the bed overlying the ore, lenses of quartz schist surrounded by crystalline limestone having been broken in several instances and the fragments dragged apart, though still preserving their angular outlines. There is also some crumpling in the more quartzose layers.” “Two distinct beds are found here separated by a band of garnet- iferous gneiss (the Hague gneiss). In drill hole 2°. . . a similar relation holds, the upper bed measuring about 4 feet and the lower 18 feet with 26 feet of the garnetiferous gneiss between them. The two beds appear to merge” [or the upper bed is missing] “a little farther northeast, for in no. 3 hole . . . a single seam over 20 feet thick was encountered and this continues with local variations as to thickness to the northeast limits of the property, except in the places where the series is invaded by a gabbro intru- sion”’* [and displaced by faulting]. Mr Newland directed the writer’s attention, in the field, to the unusual, perhaps unique behavior of the diabase dike that is indicated in the southwest corner of the map. Just north of the new state 1The Faxon property has been sold to a Long Island party. It is understood that the property will be worked by the American Graphite Company. ? Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:724. LL Oc. Cit. p77 25; 4Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 142, p. 37-38, 1910. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 53 road the dike is exposed with a width of 40 feet, penetrating the thicker member of the Dixon schist on the south side of the road; but instead of behaving in a normal way and reaching to the surface it has expended its energy in splitting this seam by forming a large mushroom mass (laccolith) about 270 feet in length. This unusual laccolithic mass is chiefly confined to the west side of the main body of the dike. The rock itself is normal Adirondack diabase, olivine free, exhibiting chilled margins and is being quarried for surfacing the road. Lee] =] QuaRTziTE [=== = GARNET RK roy LIMESTONE ran = oR Fig. 8 The laccolithic diabase dike on the Faxon property, not far from the old workings. The new state road has cut through this mass of diabase, revealing the fact that the dike formed a laccolith which splits the Dixon schist. Look- ing south. H. L. Alling, 1917. Just back of the camp and running northwest is a fault, recognized by Mr Newland, that offsets the ore, as can be seen from the - geologic map. Across Faxon pond to the south another fault is indicated cutting across Swede Pond mountain. As these two faults are drawn it would appear that they are separate affairs, but it is quite possible that a little more care in the field would reveal the fact that it is the same fault. From a study of the drill records kindly furnished by Mr Faxon, although difficult of interpretation due to insufficient data, the writer suggests the possibility of a fault of small displacement running from hole 4 in the Wheeler lot south- west through the ponds between holes 3 and 7 (of the Faxon group). Thisis the North Pond fault. Another, trending east and west from hole 7 continued to the old road, where well-defined 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM slickensides occur in the Algoman gabbro. Although these faults upstep the ore each time to the southeast, the ore apparently is dipping with more or less regularity and continues from lots 228 and 230 to lot 231. Secondary to the interest taken in the possibilities on lots 228, 230 and 231, the Wheeler lot has received considerable attention. The Summer pit bed continues onto the Wheeler lot, as is shown by the drill records of holes 1 and 2, where 15%4 and 5 feet of ore is found respectively. Hole 3 went down 232 feet without finding any graphite. It may be that hole 3 was beyond the eastern limit of the ore as the Summer pit bed thins or pinches out to the north, as previously suggested, or that the schist takes a pronounced roll and was not reached by the drillers. Holes 4 and 5 failed to strike any ore. Six feet north of hole 4 is a ledge of the Swede Pond quartzite, DIXON-FAXON PRO PERTIES 7 / 1600 pee es |. ! o <>

a 5 Opa : k- © i ALGOMAN LAURENTIAN SYNTECTIC GABERG BSS _ GRANITE TRUMBULL GNEISE GRENVILLE BEAR POND SCHIST = _ CATAMOUNT SCHIST == Be a AMEE OET EE: Feed HYPOTHETICAL aie Easy See eae FAXON LIMESTONE DIXON SCHIST -GRAPHITIC DIXON SCHIST-GRAPHITIC [Fo-o-c HAGUE GNEISS quae ScHIsy2 (one). leans : ‘SanDyY’ LIMESTONE SCHIST - HYPOTHETICAL P-°7° a5 HAGUE GNEISS =9=6 HYPOTHETICAL FEET Fig. 9. Geologic reconnaissance cross-section of the Dixon-Faxon prop- erties, showing the normal faulting and the laccoliths of the Algoman gabbro. Ratio of vertical to horizontal scales 1: 1. Geology by H. L. Alling, 1917. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 55 while the record gave 48 feet of hardpan and gravel and a succes- sion of rocks which is quite different from the expected stratigraphy. The writer interprets this in the light that drillers encountered a crush zone—the North Pond fault. The tally sheet of hole 5 is valueless for the purpose of identifying the horizons, as it states 284 feet and 6 inches of “ rock.” It makes a big difference whether it is the Swede Pond quartzite (a rock above the ore) or the Trum- bull gneiss (a rock beneath the ore). In the vertical section (A-B) it is thought that the latter condition is the more correct one in view of the occurrence of the Trumbull gneiss at the bridge over the outlet of North pond and hence no ore can be expected to the east of the North Pond fault in line with the section, but there is the possibility of some south of this, as has been suggested when describing the Dixon property. The American Graphite Company has in the Summer pit the most feasible approach to the ore. It would be less expedient to tap the ore on the Wheeler lot by a shaft because that would entail hoisting and pumping. There is no question but that the ore on the Wheeler lot is of high grade. Bastin* describes it as follows: “ Under the microscope quartz in irregular interlocking grains is seen to be the most abund- ant mineral. Feldspar, in part plagioclase and in part microcline, also occurs, but has suffered considerable alteration. Brown biotite in small quantities, as are also small rounded prisms of apatite. Graphite occurs in plates averaging about 0.45 millimeters in length and about 0.075 millimeters in thickness.” The natural surroundings are favorable for mining and milling operations. Access to the Faxon bed may be had on the line of outcrop or by vertical shafts below the surface exposures. The _ depth to which these would have to be sunk would not exceed more than 300 feet until the less available reserves were sought. Access to the deposit on the Wheeler lot can be had only through a shaft, as the outcrop is on the Dixon land. The new state road, now nearing completion, places this lot within easy reach. An abundance of water can be had from the ponds, but if exten- Sive excavations are made underground Faxon and North ponds will probably be drained. It is expected that mill water can be had from Swede pond by constructing a syphon over the low divide, piping it to the mill, where the wet process of concentration will probably be used. _ 1} Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2:724-25. 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The transportation facilities of the Faxon property are excellent. The new state road will make the haulage problem to and from Riparius (Riverside) station on the Adirondack branch of the Dela- ware and Hudson a matter of 22 miles of easy going for a motor truck. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Faxon ores No. 838 4 Y Outcrop, y o. 856 0. 857 Newie main bed peri ei Main Main drift east of west west bed bed reservoir outcrop outerop near top nity ea Oe. Good Poor Good Good Average Average quality quality quality quality quality quality Eel C—O a eS ee a Graphite cE RRS Bc 8.5 Ar? 8.7 8.1 6.7 6.8 Evel Blobbes ty. Faces. Ber Rom beeen a: 3H 3.0 9 2S meh) (Ghlotite.., of. ye 1.4 Tod. 1a) ps7 10.4 8.7 © & | Oligoclase-ardesine.| 19.4 11.0 20.8 7.8 20.1 17.5 a8 Orthoclase: .). ..' 2. 4.1 .6 AS ly eres eee OY Me Ri cigs axe Ses = Quartz ee eer WO, ae 58.5 le) 57.9 74.4 OS) 5720 Sf EAU foe SS See eC 4.0 3.9 5.8 33.572 iW 2% a Apatite 2 oy eee eS eae 0 a 1.3 1.8 1.6 as) 36 i Dyna eats OPE EN BRM’ AS oe Die URlY, gated: eit lk cas cee te, eel tle rr 4.3 me é AL GALA Se etl aka. See 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 siete, = : 4 2 I S Average...... .44 mm .53 mm | 1.20 mm .75 mm .66 mm .69 mm ‘S 6) ar Maximum.... .80 mm | 1.00 mm | 2.70 mm | 1.50 mm | 1.10 mm 1.60 mm Ban ag Minimum.... .20 mm .20 mm .60 mm .20 mm .25 mm .30 mm Q mM reves La Fale 2 eet le 2 PNELARE® oe 2). .033 mm | .025mm j .050mm | .050mm | .051 mm .054 mm ) ns a Z a Maximum....| .080 mm | .042 mm | .090 mm | .120 mm } .095 mm .095 mm a =| Minimum....} .020mm | .010mm | .010 mm | .020.mm | .025 mm | .023 mm Be The Faxon properties include a power site on the Schroon river, where it is understood that a dam is already in place which is able to furnish from 500 to 1000 horsépower. This available power would ensure great economy over a steam plant. Estimate of tonnage. It is a matter of some difficulty and un- certainty to arrive at an estimate of ore reserve. A much more detailed survey, including the making of an accurate topographic and geologic map, would be necessary before accurate determinations can be made. Calculations based upon the data at hand would indicate that there are some 5,000,000 tons of ore that are more or less available. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 57 The Lakeside Mine of the American Graphite Company Location. This mine is located near the shore of Lake George, just back of the Trout House at Hague, township of Hague, Warren county. The American Graphite Company opened this mine many years ago. The property represents one of the first occurrences of graphite quartz schist in New York State and possibly in the country to have been exploited. The workings consist of two parallel drifts driven for a con- siderable distance due magnetic north, nearly parallel to the strike, which is N 20° W. How far these extend is not known, as it was impossible at the time of the visit to explore them for more than several hundred feet on account of water. The two are about 50 to 60 feet apart and the easterly one is 15 feet higher than the other. They are nearly horizontal but gradually slope downward so that free drainage becomes impossible. How extensive the underground operations are is not known. The upper drift is entered also by a slope about 100 feet from the portal. Geology. The stratigraphy is strikingly like that of the Dixon and Faxon properties, but with minor variations. The graphite bed is a single stratum of the Dixon schist 12 to 15 feet thick. The footwall is the Hague gneiss in its typical development,* which in turn lies upon the Trumbull gneiss, which rests upon and holds inclusions of a para-amphibolite. This hornblendic rock is better shown at the Hooper mine, where it is named the Dresden. The hanging wall is different from that found at the Dixon and Faxon properties, as the Faxon limestone is absent. Specimens taken just above the two portals appear to be the Dixon schist minus graphite. Quartz is the dominant mineral with accessory feldspar, which is entirely altered to sericite and traces of pyrite, chlorite, apatite and titanite. A little higher up, however, this quartz schist becomes very feldspathic until a true feldspar-schist (“ arkosite ’’) is found. The feldspar is chiefly soda-microcline. An abnormal percentage of titanite (CaTiSiO,) suggests that some igneous in- fluence has been at work. Again it is possible that this feldspar schist is equivalent to the Faxon limestone or that the limestone possibly is not represented. In stratigraphic geology a change in character of equivalent beds is usually thought to be the result of different conditions obtaining at the time of deposition ; for exaniple, i Kemp; J. FU. §.'G, S, Bul. 2257p. 513: -~ 58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM deep water versus near-shore conditions. But in dealing with recrystallized sediments the degree of metamorphism enters as a factor to render the problem more complex. The absence of the Faxon limestone seems to be confined to the eastern edge of the area. As we shall see, this bed is wanting in nearly all the mines in the South Bay district. Does this mean that the old shore of the Grenville sea was to the east, that is, as far as Faxon time is concerned ? This feldspar-schist grades into the typical Swede Pond quartzite. Higher beds than this formation are not shown in the vicinity of Hague. There is no question in the writer’s mind that the Lakeside mine exhibits the same graphitic bed now being worked at Graphite. The ore. The ore is very similar, if not identical, in character to the Dixon schist shown on the Dixon-Faxon properties. The specimens collected are exceedingly low in mica and unusually high in graphite which may run as high as 10 per cent.* 1Thne, F. W., The Mineral Industry, 1908, p. 432. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 59 Analyses of the Lakeside ores CHEMICAL ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE MICROSCOPIC ANALYSES Lower Higher Ore portal portal dump No. 2569 No. 758 No. 761 No. 765 ST LS ale 76.37 % Grapnlteyvuc suure cass 9.1 ONG aflosete Sane cers io) TNO ge” eae ae 6.75 & IOLIEG «Suche clers fete ‘2 fe) WR ti gen INE Bia yn fle ee ) ° Ge (RUNES Fg coctins re 47, CR Pie ceccrtentahis 1.66 .|3§ FeO. et meldspar. 65.7 e00n 8.0 Re VN oe ee att, & WEG 18 it ee ae a EE 91 = wiG@hantzes.. i... . ike tt. (P&S STE Nt arkare stale > eee Pace ork 1.42 ce Perit ee 9.1 i Can RE ik jas Naan acter ecie se site's 1.04 & Amaibites:.lsiset are she ae 9 SW ah [aes wee eee Ay Ks0. . 132 < TRO UH.N oct met seesintry ipeneeue 100.0 TOOL OR) |ane aes H2,0— 38 | ——- | | Z H20+... 1.22 Z g Average...... 69 mm .89 mm 59 mm : 2 x x x ROE Tee uia les Tek. 59 ae 80 mm | 1.03 mm 84 mm + A Ay COD a ean ro none a 3 2 Maximum....} 1.15 mm | 1.50 mm 1.09 mm < a PaO ees Se 74 = A z Minimum....| .54mm .42 mm .40 mm 2 tg ete | eam teen RE ores BED sees ee tc ro v & INGTON AA Ae Ass Oe re < a g Average...... | 71mm Si aaah cola We okar pene pects, © 3) Ne oe 54. | © | &B | Maximum....| 1.20mm | 1.90 mm | ......... Q ; é ley, foe haa = 8614 4.63 a a - Minimum....| .30mm UAQvansa:. [Se « aroter fe a fo) | | | | f AA SRE ABe eos 2. 100% OS N nS Average...... O73) mame“ O60 mom if Grates n n 3) Z a Merxamartnae |e OOO mira feed 25) rama | ee eetere = é Minimum, 22.) 050) mi | s020smm jee. ee ae The chemical analysis by Chase Palmer in the laboratories of the United States Geological Survey, U. S. G. S. Bul. 591, p. 40. _ The quantitative microscopic analyses by camera-lucida-polar planimeter method. These are approximate values by weight. The exact cause of the abandonment of the Lakeside mine is not known to the writer, but the suggestion has been made that when the drifts extended below the level of the portals so that the water had to be pumped, the company ceased work and confined its attention to the deposit at Graphite. From what the writer observed there appears to be plenty of ore still unmined and it is quite possible that interest may be renewed in this locality. The mill, which has been partly demolished, used the dry method of concentration, employing Hooper air jigs. 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Bear Pond Mountain Region The Bly and Rock Pond Properties Location. This district is situated in the township of Ticon- deroga within the Paradox Lake quadrangle. The Bly property is on the northern and southwestern slopes of Bear Pond mountain. The Rock Pond mine is located on the shore of Rock pond to the southeast of the other. As the two properties are close together and each shares in the same geological conditions, they have been mapped as a single unit and will be described together. The properties can be reached by a road leading west from Chilson, following a fairly good dirt road to a farmhouse just north of the junction of Putnam creek and Bear pond outlet. From there a wood road leads to Bear pond. On the shore of the pond are the camp buildings belonging to Mr John D. Bly of Crown Point, who is the owner of the graphite property. The Bly pits. The road on the north side of the mountain follows the outcrop of the graphitic schist, which here stands on edge with nearly vertical dip. A number of prospect pits have been opened to test the extent of the graphitic strata. The most important is the Eutoka pit. Near the end of the north road is the Joan pit. Mr Bly has not traced the stratum any farther to the west. South of the Joan pit on the other side of the hill is the South Side pit. The stratum here exposed has been regarded by Bastin’ as another and distinct bed, but careful examination in the field shows that the two exposures very probably exhibit the same bed that has been isoclinally folded. The Bly property is still undeveloped. Rock pond. In 1go1 Gray Brothers began to develop a deposit at Rock pond. A well-designed ten stamp mill was erected during the following vear by the Ticonderoga Graphite Company, organized for the purpose of working it. In 1903 the Ticonderoga Company allowed the Columbia Graphite Company, which had abandoned its former location near Overshot pond, to experiment with the deposit. In the following year the Rock pond property was formally taken over and worked during 1904 and 1905 by the Columbia Graphite Company, backed by Pittsburgh capital. The next year the plant was leased to Pettinos Brothers of Bethlehem, Pa., who worked it for only a brief period as the ore was cut off by a fault, it is said. ~S 1 Bastin, E. S., Economic Geology, 1910, 5:141. 4 a ==> USEO ROADS t=.2-* UNUSED ROADS — ROADS UNSURVEYSAS BUILDINGS GEOLOGIC MAP OF BEAR POND MTN. REGION WS =f SYENITE PEGMATITE be] Zz QUARTZ-SYENITE WHICH HAS be IN eles SRO QU es z EBs Xiu care GRENVILLE ROCKS rt S o GRAPHITIC QUART =~ rr} 5 S . ° esl {Sorte SCHIST 4 Bea SYENUUESGRANIIE, 5 = = CATAMOUNT SCHIST = JES Saas SCHIST _( BSS9 QUARTZ SYENITE a J PARA-AMPHIBOLIT & = z ry SJ LAURENTIAN’ META-GABBRO § SS ion SEPARATED FROM ANPHIBOLITE WLA Fig. 10 Geologic and topographic map of the Bear Pond Mountain region. Datum plane, Bear pond, Plane table survey b . H. Chadwick and H. L. Alling. ick; iureearties y wick an ng. ‘Topography by G, H. Chadwick; geology by H. L. ae er ia nieainttpeetniatenibeeres ea } 5 Sarees ah Oe a ,. et és i SER = 40 FAM JIHIARDOIOT| O1DaA UTM AUS: AA) aS “fa i 4 - es t7 i | Cc ii if ; 7 Bf? » ay Seueeee yy) ita 3 “ ol i a hea c "9d @ THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 61 Rock pond workings. ‘These consist of an abandoned pit about 150 feet in diameter and 4o feet deep, filled with water, and a drainage tunnel. The rock is chiefly a feldspar schist (an “arkosite ”*) carrying graphite and heavily impregnated with pyrite which carries traces of galena. The oxidation of the former mineral to various oxides, hydroxides and the sulphate of iron has deeply stained the walls of the pit with reds, yellows and browns, with splashes of white incrustations of copperas. Geology and structure. The geology in essence is not very com- plicated but with the isoclinal folding and subsequent compression followed by igneous injection, the structure is very involved. J Mule * " i] ] \ / a -GRANITE a3 \/GRAPHITIC SCHIST FAH META-GABBRO [AUT] CATAMOUNT SCHIST Maivs] PARA~- AMPHIBOLITE Tiint] SANDY QUARTZITE Fig. 11 Vertical section of the Bear Pond Mountain region, showing the isoclinal folding of the Bear Pond schist and associated rocks. H. L. Alling, 1917. Bear Pond mountain is probable an anticline (see section, figure I1), while the south side of the hill is a syncline, both strongly pitching westward. These folds have been truncated by erosion, so the line ' The term arkose is the ‘‘ special name for a sandstone rich in feldspar frag- ments, as distinguished from the more common, richly quartzose varieties.’ (Kemp, J. F., “‘ Handbook of Rocks,’ IgII, p. 187). The term “ arkosite ”’ is proposed to signify an arkose that has been metamorphosed into a rock analogous to quartzite. 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of outcrop of the graphitic schist (called for our purpose the Bear Pond schist) follows a Z-shaped pattern on the map. Grenville stratigraphy. The folding and compression make it difficult to be sure of the succession of the different beds. The lowest member exposed, however, is limestone, which is found in » - one place near the camp. It may be equivalent to the “‘sandy ” limestone shown on the southern edge of the Dixon and Faxon map. The next formation is the sillimanite schist called the Catamount schist from Catamount mountain near the International Graphite Company’s property west of Pottersville in Warren county. In the hand specimen the long prismatic needles of the mineral sillimanite are shown. The next rock is the Bear Pond schist — the graphitic member. It is uncertain how thick this formation is, but it is about 30 feet. Frequently this grades into a biotitic schist. Above the ore, stratigraphically, is the amphibolite, very possibly the Beach Moun- tain rock of the Faxon property. In mapping the Bear pond region it was often impossible in the field to distinguish this from the metagabbro and so the two rocks have been mapped together. With the microscope one can frequently distinguish them. Interbedded in the amphibolite are numerous lenses, lentils and drawn-out masses of sandy quartzite and sillimanite schist. It is doubtful if these can be ascribed to any definite place in the stratigraphic table. Several igneous rocks are shown here. The first one to be noted is the metagabbro. Petrographic examination reveals that it was an augite monzonite; now it is a hornblende-feldspar (ortho-) schist. It was injected into the sedimentary strata before the isoclinal fold- ing took place. Many small knobs puncture the Catamount schist, frequently exhibiting contact effects on the margins. This rock is much in evidence in the vicinity of Rock pond, where it has injected the ‘‘ arkosite ” in “ lit-par-lit ” fashion. After the folding and lateral compression ie area has been invaded by the Algoman syenite and granite. Very often this rock has absorbed, through assimilation, various members.-of the Gren- ville series, forming syntectic rocks. Numerous pegmatite bosses cut all rocks shown on the map. On the eastern slope of the mountain the Catamount schist is cut to pieces by them in such a manner as to indicate that the main body of the syenite granite is not far below the present surface. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 63 Bear Pond Mountain column AGE ROCK NAME | (CES SES ee Oo eee ga Ae) he ae CMM he es eee t aire eae ee las SRE ld Bie Rie wie Algoman........... SY SURE PTAMIEE. 25) a Sv alee eek ; Be RE oa Re as gle ag 3 SETA re EE Laurentian (?)...... RISER ec treat ee Oke ere be eda Pa Oem eK es | Para-amphibolite, in ‘ancl are inter- bedded lenses of sandy quartzite : and sillimanite schist...........% Beech Mountain Grenville........... 1 Graphite feldspar-quartz schist... .. Bear Pond schist Pemlinmtitce SPHISES ...4-c oa oh fs eee Catamount schist ( Uiathipeeneere 20S oon 8'y oe oP y/ngt eeu oes aie Anat a abi lan Faults. There are two main faults that cut across the area, each resulting in a physiographic depression. As the strata are nearly vertical, the amount of vertical displacement is not known but the lateral displacement of the Bear Pond schist and associated beds is 20 to 40 feet. The faults trend in such a direction as strongly to suggest that they nearly converge at the Rock Pond pit. At the western end of the Joan loop the graphitic bed has been greatly dissected and broken apart, probably by cross-faulting and perhaps by injections of the metagabbro. In the vicinity of Rock pond the faults are of frequent occurrence and very puzzling to trace in detail. The Bly property." The Bear Pond schist is a bedded deposit which probably has no connection with the Dixon schist. Its place in the general geological column is tentatively suggested as between the Catamount schist and the Beech Mountain amphibolite. The Eutoka pit. This is a narrow trench dug along the strike of the bed and reached by a short adit. The rock is usually soft, due to surface weathering. This Bly has experimented with and has produced some good concentrates. Bly concentrates No. 638d | No. 638b | No. 638¢ | EUTOKA EUTOKA EUTOKA | PIT PIT PIT Pryerage «ameter... 6 ss. ss ee ee .64 mm .46 mm .052 mm / x x . =. F2 Tam .77 mm .067 mm Maximum diameter................ 1.40 mm I.30 mm .130 mm Risin daaineter..:. i. eee 32 mm .20 mm .020 mm Estimated per cent Ren Ne nes 2 on Porn sun oars es Nearly 100 80.0? 12.0 ees teri on a. ska aa GPs bas >PYRITEL__| QUARTZ Winky Fig. 14 Camera-lucida drawing of microscopic thin section of Rock Pond “arkosite’ from head of pit, showing the two generations of pyrite and in- troduced galena coating the pyrite. X 100. Speci- men 681. H.L. Alling, 1918. ae “The plans for developing the property include erection of a mill at the mine for rough concentrating and the erection of a finish- ing mill at Crown Point village. Both of these mills can be run by water power, and electric power can be generated for the cheap operating of the mine machinery.’”* The Rock pond property. All that remains of this enterprise today is a big hole in the ground from which a trickle of brick-red 1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1908, 2: 728. : THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 69 water is flowing, giving off a strong order of copperas (iron sul- phate), and the dismal ruin of a huge mill with several acres of tailings. The geological relations exhibited here are puzzling and among the most difficult the writer has ever seen. The rock mined was a very dense, hard, fine-grained feldspathic schist (arkosite) dipping at an angle of 78° with small size flake, perhaps running from 2 to 3 per cent, and considerable amounts of pyrite and perhaps pyrrhotite. If the conditions shown on the map are correct, then Fig. 15 Camera-lucida drawing of polished specimen of vein pyrite from Rock Pond pit, showing the microscopic intergrowths of pyrite and galena, the latter replacing the former. X 20. Specimen 650 P. H. L. Alling, 1918. MM) : the miners were operating in a block of ore faulted on all sides. Where this rock should be placed in the geological column is a problem that can not be atternpted at this time. . The graphite must be regarded as of organic origin but its relation to the pyrite, for such exists, is rather obscure. Examina- tion shows that the pyrite is of two generations. The first intro- duction of the pyrite preceded the faulting, while the perfect cubes 7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of the mineral represent the later or postfaulting period. Polished sections of massive pyrite from a vein reveal microscopic inter- growths of galena and pyrite; the former probably replacing the latter. The percentage of the pyrite in the average rock is exceed- ingly high. The findings of micro-analyses are as follows: Ore from pit, 17 per cent; at head of pit, 7 per cent; rock from drainage tunnel near shore of Rock pond, 4o per cent, by weight. In addi- tion to the pyrite disseminated through the “ arkosite”’ there are true fissure veins, some of which are 4 to 5 inches wide. In fact, the average run of the graphite ore contains more pyrite than graphite, yet it was the latter mineral that alone was saved, the sulphide being allowed to go into the waste. If more ore should be found it would seem as if it would pay to save the pyrite for sulphuric acid manufacture. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Rock Pond “ arkesite ” xo, 650 | No.565 | wo. ax | Nga | Novess Drainage side Head corner south tunnel : of pit of pit of pit of 683 s Graphiten 515 ees. so ee 2.0 Da 1.4 All Se See Q BIOUIECS o.oo ores Le EE trace trace trace 124, eee oenere 7 Chionie. ino see: soe cee 520 7.4 4.6 9:0) |< ae © OEEHOCIASE 0 i. eee a one 40.9 trace trace trace 2a ee Microcline ss 00. 22. oe. eee AT | 62.2 68.4 700%) 2 eee x Gunes ee se S22 cea MR Bie g ; ae ee =, ee De Ey [CFE TPA unas buen hy PNR Sapemes oe teva ote ¥ 10 ete OD Sie ree Bly rie b amy © Sit. oee eames ae 40.0 175 ne 30:4 “eee irs |B IVIGISCOVALEL So oie hatin cka tee cocker rs 6 aS ittle tidce slo Qe eee Q = DCRICULE Bs te ag ele wires We trace trace trace ae & Carhonatesse. sae. ee trace : little PS Saree ee = IA WATICS Se Gee ete ee kee 3 sil trace tracea| i ee oA AEA TEC) ree eee ster asters alee none none none |: “2a eee re) PNNAPAL Co see aah Cees oe Gs! pe age none . a3 none tl.3 eee Rie Silunanvite owe ott. «ee ee 2 none none NORE |... eee Bs Galenavhh. creme seeiat anes tie aD, little eco AIRORUAN Cte Be Re ee ee a 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2018), ta. eee z, Z AV ETASE Gare ane see Meno ees 57 mm 31° mms |e eee 66 mm es = x x x gg 99 mm 50 mm 88 mm A, : = z Weaxinitiants 2.08 2 lest tse bene: 2. Soom || 1-02 mm, | eae 2.30 mm < si a 4 Witeaisn cing 52) Sse ee eee Bie 30 mm 20am | (eee 30 mm = fen ee i ae a ee Nea ee Fe ee Me _ = Z & J = ASVETABER ol tert pao 45 mm 66 mm .56 mm 23 stim! ||| ae oz =O o a Wich cbamyboaatey eee fe .60 mm .89 mm .91 mm ;42) mm|2 oe eee g Z es a : Minimise ee sce 30 mm 34 mm 35 mm 18: mniG| [eee fx ss) fe Za > e Sl Ryeraed ass 9 oe ee 077 mm 061 mm | .031 mm 042. mim") ae Z 2 Miacimitid can ten ee 150 mm 082 mm 061 mm O51. mina eee z g Minimum....... Paginas 049 mm 034mm | .023 mm 020 min ase Be THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 71 Milling practice. The mill had a daily capacity of 3000 pounds of graphite. The ore was loaded into side-dumping cars which were hauled up an inclined track into the mill. There the ore was ‘crushed, passed under a battery of ten California stamps, treated with water and fed to the buddles, following the usual Adirondack practice. The concentrates were hauled to Ticonderoga for shipment. The mill has been torn down, and all the valuable material has been removed. It is difficult to express an opinion about the value of this property, but until the faults are carefully investigated and understood it would not be possible to state whether or not the ore is entirely exhausted. Hooper Brothers’ Property Location. ‘This recently developed property is located in the township of Dresden, Washington county, on the west side of South bay of Lake Champlain about 4 miles due west of Whitehall. Active mining operations commenced in April 1916. The establishment includes a mill, office, boarding house, blacksmith shop, etc. Geology. In many ways the conditions that obtain here are very similar to those found on the Dixon and Faxon properties. It is quite clear that the graphite-bearing rock is the same stratum being worked at the town of Graphite. On approaching the mill, passing the extensive tailing pond, which has been created by damming a swamp, one finds the Potsdam sandstone, a rock of Upper Cambrian age,” in sharp contact upon the yellow quartzite of the Grenville series. The mill is situated directly upon this quartzite schist which splits easily into slabs. However, this is not a pure rock but a syntectic of two. The Laurentian granite has soaked it, “lit-par-lit” injected it, so it would not be readily recognized as the equivalent of the Swede Pond quartzite. It is only rarely that an exposure can be found that reveals the original quartzite free from granitic material. The syntectic Swede Pond gneiss directly overlies the ore, the Faxon limestone being absent. The graphite rock is the typical Dixon schist; a quartz-feldspar-schist with 5 to 6 per cent of graphite, exposed along the north road’ and is found to outcrop for a long distance along the strike at the base of a steep cliff (cuesta front). Beneath the ore is the rock that has been referred to as the Hague gneiss, but the garnet is not so well developed and the sillimanite ‘Constructed in colonial days by General Burgoyne]Jas a military road. Possibly of “ Ozarkian”’ age. 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is less abundant than is the case at Graphite and Hague. There is no question but that it represents the same stratigraphic unit. Beneath the Hague is the para-amphibolite, already mentioned, the dresden amphibolite. In composition, character and in habit it is similar to the Beech Mountain amphibolite, but this occupies a totally different and distinct horizon. | Two igneous rocks, both later than the Grenville rocks and which have an important bearing upon the extent of the ore, are shown. The first one to be noted is the black, gabbroic rock that acts as a cap to the long ridge running east and west. This is the so-called Laurentian metagabbro (formerly an augite monzonite) that occurs as a big sill or thin laccolith covering and replacing in part the syntectic Swede Pond gneiss. It formerly spread over a much more extensive area than is shown today, for erosion has removed large quantities, only small patches remaining.. Even in the vicinity of the mill small “skins” of the metagabbro adhere to the Swede Pond gneiss. It was chilled rapidly on contact with the country rock, and specimens studied microscopically show a very fine-grained rock with diabasic texture but comparatively free from ferromagnesian minerals. To the west this cap of the metagabbro keeps cutting out more and more of the Swede Pond gneiss until it actually cuts the ore itself. This marks the westward extent of the available ore, the eastern end of the outcrop being obscured by a swamp. No one can tell where the feeding channels of the metagabbro are, nor whether they will be encountered in extensive underground operations. One of the nice problems of Adirondack geology is the origin of the amphibolite. As has been pointed out before (in the intro- duction to the graphite deposits of the southern area) an “ amphi- bolite’ may be of one of three origins. The metagabbro of the Hooper property is- truly igneous. The criteria used in dis- tinguishing it from the other types are given in the summary. It remains to discuss its age relations. It lies on top of and has “ lit- par-lit ” injected the syntectic Swede Pond gneiss. This gneiss was previously saturated and injected by the Laurentian granite. Thus one is forced to conclude, contrary to Cushing’s experience? that it is later in age than the Laurentian granite. Furthermore, it was found to have been folded with Grenville rocks before the intrusion of the later granite which is referred to the Algoman. It would be stretching the matter beyond the known data to conclude that all 1 Personally communicated. IHT 3O JAM 3ID0JO3 ex Sa mn ———— * % 6 KOK Sere ratete « i? as #08 OK +4 77? . = + Oe e¢e03 @¢ — q ‘ OOo . + eee : oo.o La eee se PRO OOOO ©. ¢& 64 4.6 +.4.6 * 4 x A? ate . orate ete! POX OK OO a + >. ¢ 4 .¢ e027 % ee vee 6.4.4 4 6 . o oe © * 2 A, 4 eS e oe @ & Tora st KW ~ + . _* 4 +2 ¢ Sh + > > A Pad in a : { q | 4 D 100 200 300 400 500 Se Sa 2 x] © 4 <=RDADOS. The North Road is the Old Burgeyne Military Read, Abandoned 7" MINE CAR TRACKS CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 FEET, DATUM TAILING POND. GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE HOOPER PROPERTY. © 100 200 300 400 500 600 "~o B00 Feet “on nes So ie see S LCRRS es o% oe ERS RLS stones ee, iS RAR KLKS [ea] QuartziTe » Pree of Laurentian Granite ALGOMAN GRANITE, Pink Hornbdlend accoman {HEH Microcline-perthite Granite Cs = SWEDE POND GNEISS ES quartets, Seaneaey imarentancrantts, | 1 peyri fy METAR Gropno,, Mate huge ‘ ‘ odes DIXON’ sate AE raschtst Yr ti hic Quartz Schis' Graphitic Feldspathic Q) (s ics META™ GaABDRO as patches pa] HAGUE GNEISS @lGarnet Sittimanite Gnelss and ES)rara- amprsnourte DQ x Ne Fig. 16 Topographic and geolosic map of the Hooper property, four miles west of Whitehall, N. Y. The con- um: Surface of tailing pond. Map based upon plane table survey by G. H. Chad- tour interval 10 feet. D; wick and H. L. Alling. Topography by G. H. Chadwick; geology by H. L. Alling, 1917. meer a - 0A as a iy ro Sneed Sih eat @ fe A cele” os ok ae Re SNGOOH AHL do dVN SID0 OEY |IH fe aie . . % Neste GHOREE Wriwo "““S%ed) WweNases Ee 7 Fe | — ; dacabredA been CREM 9HYSR WH BIO one) Boo Arigit oAT -COKU Ro ume age. some are certainly older than the Laurentian . c c GRAPHITE DEPOSITS . ~ THE ADIRONDAC That mav be the case with the metagabbro on Bear Pond igneous amphibolites (orthoamphibolites) are of the s Cushing believes that granite. mountain. ‘ZI6I ‘SUNTVY "TT “H ‘Léi] Sayeos [e}Uu0z:10Y4 0} [edT}ADA FO OT}eY ‘JSvayNOS-YyNOS dy} 0} I10 24} FO Jno suiyouid oy} pue syOOI dy} JO Surpjoy [eurpsost oy} sMoYys C-d UOT}IIG ‘YyIdep Ul 910 94} JO Sunn opueis uewos[y oy} pue ded ke sv [Is O1qqesejauU oy} SMOYS G-Y UOT}IIS ‘puod surrey jo d9vjins winjep uonedsyy ‘Ajtodoid sadoofy sy} Sso1de SUOT}DIS-SssOIQ /][ ‘“SIY 79 = OOS wae $2505 aLMoGdIWdWy -Wuald ~ S\ os. (881aN9 3NDVH) = SSIaND “. JLINVWITHS LINYVD ) LSIHIS IILIHdWHd “ @.,INVHD NVILNSYHNY7 OxHaOVD VLIW SLINVHD NVYWODTV SNOILOGAS SSOUYO ALYsdadOY¥d YAdOOH ZIV ON single A ranite. Consequently the re- goman g ck Al k is the pinl The other igneous roc knob is exposed on the south road. This has injected the syntectic Swede Pond gneiss in “ lit-par-lit ” fashion. sulting rock is a double injected syntectic— the Grenville quartzite 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM saturated and injected by the Laurentian white granite and then subsequently injected by the Algoman granite. The presence of this later rock here indicates to the practical miner that it very likely cuts off the ore in depth as is shown by the vertical section. See figure ihe Structure. The beds, including the graphitic layer, are dipping at an angle of 25° to the southeast. Considerable variation from this figure is to be expected as the dip is rarely constant for any great distance. This is well shown in the main pit. Near the eastern end a dip of 26° S 35° E was measured, while directly north of the office on the north road 32° S 18° E was noted. The twice injected gneiss on the south road was found to have the following dip: 10° S 20° E. Other observations show that the beds are probably flat- tening as they continue to the southeast. Along the south road beyond the limits of the map, the quartzite, very free from the Laurentian granite, essentially the typical Swede Pond quartzite, was found succeeded by the Hague gneiss and the Dresden amphibolite in the reverse order, due to isoclinal folding; the rocks have been folded back upon themselves. The rocks all show crinkling and stretching. A careful search for the ore that normally lies between the Swede Pond and the Hague gneiss, re- vealed only a narrow black band with the graphite flakes stretched, rubbed and polished. The unresistant Dixon schist on close folding is stretched and pulled out into a narrow band which often breaks under such excessive strains. In spite of this pinching of the ore and the cutting out by the Algoman granite, there is an immense amount of ore, perhaps a million and a half tons, within the property. The ore. The graphite schist is the familiar Dixon schist very similar to the rock being mined at Graphite by the American Graphite Company: Perhaps the schist here has not been so squeezed and is harder and firmer than some of the best ore, say, from the Summer pit. It is a quartz-feldspar combination with dominant eee 65 to 80 per cent, feldspar 15 to 30 per cent, and accessory graphite, biotite, chlorite and pyrite. The micro-analyses, tabulated below, although only approximate, show the relations fairly well: The ore from the main pit, which is located near the eastern limit of the outcrop, does not exhibit the best ore on the property, as is revealed by the series of test pits farther westward. The rock now mined carries a small flake which is highly involved with chloritic material. The latter is THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 75 probably derived frcm the alteration of micaceous minerals. Pit no. 2 shows a rock with larger flake and an almost total absence of bi- otite and chlorite. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Hooper ores | No. 758a No. 721 No. 722 No. 772 No. C4-N Pit 1 Pit 2 Pit 3 Pit 4 th Loa 2 RE Ee 4.9 5.7 5.0 8.7 RN EIORMUE deca e 4.7 ty | 4.9 1.8 1.4 SORT oF. sonics ewe fas 6.6 1? sl aaa 4.8 4.5 OS ee 13.6 28.1 2.3 23.9 8.0 Sm Quartz + eS EE eee ee 64.6 60.1 82.2 58.8 75.0 Oy 2 2o2 4.9 3.7 .3 Ms SRE SONGS ae ees Be ees 9 BW irene stasenar she eetiovel vats 1.6 25 hE eee 7 iS eee eral at eo mor a Me aye. eae ag fl ke ee eee 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 SUM AEVETAP ER ei... . Say. 5I mm 68 mm .78 mm Sita aes eee 3 =S X x x Kee Ut Were | ee oeterits cect xO 71mm |] 1.18 mm } 1.19 mm Oder ty ones Q & a1 8 # | Maximum............ 1.36mm | 1.35mm | 2.05 mm | 1.43mm]......... M <2 ies Stee ao) Manimum. ..........- 20mm. |). 40imm. |.) 40mm] 35 mit | ees sla. & 226... eee .020 mm EROTAT eh ee. hot: = reese 100.0 Contact type of ore. The igneous, or pneumato-igneous, action attributed to the Algoman granite is further shown by the develop- ment of the contact type of graphite. It was found in small amounts in the trench and in the middle pit. The rock that carries the large flake is the usual pyroxene material—the type gangue of the graphite of the northern area. | Whether or not the richness of the graphite now found in the sedimentary schist is in any way due to the infiltration of any of the contact type is an unsettled question, but the suggestion is worthy of consideration. _ Summing up all the facts and relationships observed, it is very clear that folding, redistribution and igneous agencies have all had a share in the development of the mineral. It is quite certain that the sedimentary type of ore is limited, that it varies in composition and character from place to place, and is too high in biotite, as well as too difficult to crush, to arouse any commercial interest. In regard to the contact type of ore, the conclusions reached from the study of the deposits of the northern area apply here and incline us to abandon any hope that this mine will ever be productive. The mill. The company’s mill is located 1700 feet to the south- west of the mine connected by a wagon road down which the ore was teamed. A small dam has been built across the stream so that the mill was operated in part by water power. The dryers were supplied with steam from a boiler using cord wood and sawmill refuse for fuel. “ Only test runs have been made with the graphite from the mine, but the power was partially utilized for very fine grinding of Ceylon graphite for electrotyping purposes:”’ The’ equip- ment included a “ Sturdevant crusher, Sturdevant rolls, hexagonal revolving screens, wet screens, a dryer of special pattern, burrstone mill, and equipment for bolting and grading.” 1 Bastin, E. S., Mineral Resources, U. S. G. S., 1904, 2:212. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS Q7 In 1912 the following grades were made. PER CENT PRICE GRADE OF PER GRAPHITE POUND RMP PIN TRIRE Ee 6g SN ck len kt ee eae tte 92 15 cents a I oy 6 lo wie wun idb add» Sime go dg epi rele) 9 cents IIE OLANC . . e etce ees 80 6 cents MENS eS os y oe On ks We ea Ce iwe d 60 33 cents The Flake Graphite Company (Formerly the Empire Graphite Company) _ This mining district is in the township of Greenfield, ante county, 214 miles west of Porter Corners, just west of the Hoffmans fault. The location is indicated by crossed hammers on the geologi- cal map of the Saratoga quadrangle." Workings. The principal working is an open cut extending east and west along the northern slope of a spur of the main ridge. “The outcrop of the beds strike nearly east and west and is marked by a slight depression in the easterly sloping ridge. [The graphitic schist] is traceable for 1500 feet or more from the present mine openings, which are on the eastern end of the outcrop.”” From this open cut three inclined slopes have been driven following the dip of the graphitic bed into the hill. The main slope has an initial dip of 32° due magnetic south, which increases until a dip of 48° is found at a distance of 207 feet from the portal. At this depth cross cuts lead to the bottom of two parallel back stopes. ‘At the distance of 30 feet from the present bottom another back stope has been driven from the east wall of the slope. About 50 feet from the portal one of the parallel slopes curves and joins it. Several drifts farther east that were driven by the Empire Company will be abandoned by the Flake concern. The present inclined drift has a defective es wall for 50 feet or so that allows a large amount of seepage, causing a wet mine. The first few feet present a solid roof but this gives way to porous and fractured rock with some loose gravel. This necessitates timbering and the employment of tin gutters. It was found that a stream formerly had its course on the hill slope above the drift. 1 Cushing, H. P., & Ruedemann, R., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169. 2 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 161, p. 34._ - 4 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The stream cut into the rocks overlying the ore and effectively weakened the hanging wall. The channel is now filled with glacial material. It would have been better to have driven a horizontal drift at a lower level until the ore bed was reached and then have followed down the dip. The present methods necessitate pire. and hoisting. In 1912 a nearly horizontal drift, then designated as “No. 2,” followed the strike of the schist farther to the east than the inclines above mentioned. It was planned to block out the ore between this and the surface, but as the turn from the direction of dip to that of the strike was made too near the portal, there was little ore to be had. Still farther east, in loose ground,.a drift was attempted. This was to furnish drainage for the “No. 2” drift but was poorly planned and probably will be abandoned. On the south side of the knoll there are three abandoned prospect holes. Geology and structure. The area in which the mine is located has been mapped by Cushing, who suggests that the block in which the graphite-schist is found on the property, represents a portion of the same block in which similar beds occur that are now being worked by the Graphite Products Corporation, 8 miles to the east. The Grenville rocks are dipping from 30° to 50° southward, vary- ing from a few degrees west of south to S 70° W. Cushing is of the opinion that there are two beds of the schist that “ are capable of utilization, because of the high graphite and low mica content. The upper bed, from to to 14 feet thick, has been the one chiefly worked up to date. The lower bed is much thinner (4 to 5 feet). They are separated by a 4-foot thickness of quartzite and thin limestone. Underneath is a much more solid bed of mica gneiss.”* The writer would question whether this parting is sufficiently well defined to separate the ore into-two distinct seams. The part- ing consists of limestone and green quartzite layers that pinch and swell, disappear and come in again in a most irregular way. Some of the siliceous stringers are interpreted as metapegmatites of the Laurentian granite. The present miners are operating the total thickness of the rock. The graphite rock is at present correlated with the Dixon and the limestone, which is usually siliceous, as the Faxon. The footwall was not observed at any near-by locality but the “ mica gneiss ” of 1 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169, p. 149. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 99 Cushing is, in all probability, the Hague gneiss, somewhat more biotitic than is customary. Above the Faxon is the expected Swede Pond quartzite which “is more or less involved with the white, garnet-bearing granite which we regard as Laurentian.”* ‘This is the familiar syntectic Swede Pond gneiss. On climbing the hill this syntectic rock was observed to be penetrated by pegmatitic dikes suggesting the near presence of the Algoman granite. Thus, when the higher slopes and the summit were reached, it was not surprising to find a splendid display of the granite. This was dark grey-green in color suggesting the augite-syenite of the central Adirondacks. The microscope, however, shows the quartz content to be about 30 per cent, placing the rock among the granites. The © ferromagnesian minerals are all altered to serpentine and chlorite, but probably were originally amphiboles. The significant fact for us is that this is the Algoman and not the Laurentian granite. The latter rock was injected into the Grenville before that series was folded, and thus it frequently behaves like a stratigraphic unit, not interfering with the contin- uance of the ore in depth. On the other hand, the Algoman came in after the intense folding and its habit is to cut through the sed- imentary layers, which include the ore. Thus the writer strongly suspects ‘hat the ore does not continue “all the way to China.” How much farther down the dip the workings can continue before encountering the main body of the granite is, of course, not known, but a diamond drill would settle the matter. On the summit of the knoll several small patches of the black metagabbro were observed that remind us of the Hooper property. On the farther side of the same hill a large mass of it was found cut by the Algoman but cutting the Laurentian injected Swede Pond gneiss, thus establishing their relative age relations. That all the metagabbro of the Adirondacks is of the same age is certainly not proved. Doctor Cushing says that “there is certainly much (ortho-)amphibolite in the region which is older than the Lauren- tian and is the oldest eruptive present, so far as I know,”* There seems to be no escape from the fact that this metagabbro, on the property, is younger than the Laurentian granite but older than the Algoman granite. Passing over the metagabbro, an outcrop of the Swede Pond gneiss was again found. At one spot a minor fault was suspected ° by the brecciated condition of the rock. This gneiss is succeeded 1 Tbid. . 2 Communicated by letter, November 1917. a = = a . = sia ecemiiatatiaiita ; sree aici WS shee aoc = SI Re RU UA RI > RE ‘cy Aq assoAe1y e@ uodn paseq ‘AjsJodo1d s,Auedtuo) ayydesy) OP IY} FO UOTIS-ssoId sdULSSTeUOIII IISO[OST) ZZ ‘SI {(SA-BM1IC ~ aa rivwodd Pa | SLINVYD-BALINSAS eerie oudayd -Wi an REY * MIdO0O¥URroT LOVLNOD SNOIIVIIW face: tOVLAIO OD Pate PCr Th NVICNSAaMY 1 STIVANSYD OslsaissvIaNnAl= === 3NOLSANID BNITWLSAYNo Folios LNNOWYLYD asinos. s.uainvwrrits [= =| GLINVHYS NYVW.NSYMNVI FSS7SHO SHA NI Gaqdd3eHY aL Ni aqawnssy 4 OBWNSSV NOILISOd (ora AG AsMVOS SLIzLyvnod Ess ANOLSIWIT SNOBINIS LSIHOS DILIHdDVHD SH we ' SSIBND ANDV Hl 2 SALINVYD NVILNSYNV Fe oe (su0) LSIHOS uvasaitsa4 SSI3NDY GNYVH) SSIZND . Nous BAYA BLIZLAWNO ANOS ANT sn0so)71S besa clea era OLIHdvud a.LINYWITIS rere cea as Sire Se) Se I NIN SS 2 ree a ae Sg eae Or Cie ee ee A Sees pues oe AS \ RA LABAALYSOAALAS NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Laaga ooo! oos 0 ISVs eS pe | Seca ES ee 31V9S SAV ANIKOU dd’ eNOlLJs6-FLaGe Flan Daina any ta I0O THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS IOI by a bed of limestone which is correlated with the crumbly lime- ‘stone which we met with on the Faxon property. Continuing southward, ignoring the numerous pegmatites, a biotitic rock was found that has been unsatisfactorily interpreted. Some of it is clearly a contact rock consisting of titanaugite and biotite, while other specimens are quartz-augite rocks with chondrodite (?) ; still others look like the Hague gneiss, but its presence here would be difficult to explain unless there has been a repetition of the beds by faulting or that this limestone is the Faxon rather than the crumbly member. The limestone is again found near the base of the hill, probably repeated by isoclinal folding. In this limestone occur two prospect pits of bygone days. One of them was of the nature of a drift driven into the hillside in a crush zone, along which pegmatitic solutions have given rise to a - limited amount of the contact type of graphite. At a later geologic period a narrow disabase dike 34 inches wide, N 60° E, has followed the same line of weakness. The second pit is located a little distance farther up the slope and a little to the west. Here a trench was made in serpentized limestone that is today verde antique marble. This is in contact with a mass of the perplexing “ biotitic rock.” One of the pegma- tites above mentioned has cut the limestone and developed a good display of the spectacular contact type of graphite. The third pit is a square shaft sunk some 10 to 12 feet in barren pegmatite. Outcrops are lacking immediately north of the mine; the nearest | exposures occur perhaps three-eighths of a mile distant on the farm owned by Nathan Towne. The typical Hague gneiss dipping 20° S o° E was found cut by numerable pegmatite dikes, which in one place have developed graphite by contact action. Beyond a gap of 20 feet is an exposure of the typical Catamount schist, so similar to the rock from the Bear Pond mountain region that hand specimens of the two are indistinguishable. The Catamount here dips 51° S 2° E. In the glacially filled depression between the two rocks Mr Towne dug up for us a few pieces of graphitic schist. It would seem to us that that ore was a transported boulder, not in place. Continuing northward the thick Swede Pond quartzite was encountered. The writer followed the road, passed over a gap and found the quartzite again forming a precipitous cliff. The Swede Pond here was a beautiful semitransparent to translucent pinkish buff rock, dipping 50° magnetic south. Beyond, the Catamount reappears. The interpretation that the writer would put upon these 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM relationships is that the Catamount schist and the Swede Pond quartzite are anticlinally folded, while the Hague gneiss has been overthrust upon the Catamount; the little valley, in which the stray ore was buried, representing the fault line depression. Retracing his steps to the gap between the exposures of the Swede Pond and swinging to the east along the base of the cliff, the writer found a rusty micaceous schist filling the core of the anticline. Identification of this rock is rendered impossible, due to the fact that it is badly weathered, sheared and fractured. The tentative vertical section (see figure 22) which is based in large measure upon Professor Chadwick’s suggestions, indicates that the rocks are folded, faulted and penetrated by igneous rocks in a complicated manner. The stratigraphy as here disclosed is appar- ently identical with that shown on the Dixon and Faxon properties. The structure, however, is far different, rendering the mining con- ditions less favorable. : The ore. The graphitic schist is in many respects similar to the Dixon, Faxon, Hague and Hooper ores. There is, however, con- siderable variation, which is shown in the microscopic analyses here tabulated, especially in the amount and in the size of the graphite flakes. The first two columns give analyses of specimens taken from the ore dump. The fine flake rock probably came from the top of the bed while the big flake sample represents the central pertion. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Flake Graphite Company’s ores No. 798 No. 799 No. 799a Ore dump Ore dump Back stope fine flake big flake “best ore ”’ re) Cea Mibe’ fbr ae tee dayne oe ako Peete Ot 4.5 7.0 10.0 = Pl MBIOLIGE seop hoe Ore aye een Bev tte ae trace 3.0 120 eel Me bloriben eigen. peur akdelhs Gi xkok dats ok trace 3.0 trace Oneiy| SAnidesinie Seger: poe n yh mi eal ess Gas Met 31.8 1.0 10.0 QS Quartz Spay NACH Sele tig nackte pear NT en 20 DEN A7.5 75.0 70.0 aie DL EILe ee Mom eee heehee 5.5 | 248... 2a = SAL St UE NIRA a DRNE ah. emeME ro Meee et 6.0 9.0 fee ial AD atten: tyre te Liter eee hel eo os PEs age 2.2 2.0

z Ce ee lt ee ys, ; 100.0 100.0 fe} : : : ce SHP SENSES 0 1S CG 0) Andesine Microcline a and < andesine Z BR FAPECEEACCR A cB eek a oc Diba oe .705.42 mm |1.43x.70 mm Rat = B25 [ise T ig) ga FUT Com ap ee an 1.30 mm 4.25 mm & =a % a 2 ES 20 mm .45 mm B) a & RB z = Z = / SCE) = SE ee eet 75 mm .77 mm Be mC 7 oe WVICE aaa SETI RG ee oc Sue tw oe tne Freese 1.30 mm 2.00 mm o Z 2 ae Rulereatayati nitty oot ik a ake MN Scie 30 mm .30 mm = A= i il S ZZ 2 REP GCEIBE I. ws ak ole 2h ewe es | .065 mm .071 mm N | 25 a G a RVICRTEINCTEE LS oe SAS SS. ot eu SNe ee .120 mm -150 mm v nels = : NPSrASTTA Certs atc, SMe SB Mo ks, el a ecg .030 mm .031 mm Se Graphite Products Corporation concentrates SPATEIOE TETRA Bee a Nie a Oe ee 789a 789A SREDE. 4oc uh PR Ae Se ee ee Mill Finishing ‘concentrate mill no. 1 (2 \vEe? LE SL eines: vo Ue, £m Sark a ee .205 mm 372 mm | x x -437 mm 677 mm | UirUR ITER CHIAZHEEEE oh oc Gah oees a kaiWes oe cd oe ss .600 mm 924 mm | Wbaritatima er eaIMeter Ao. ice cae, ovarc et We we Plc .133 mm 194 mm No. 786 The quarry ore free from pegmatite SESS a te Wi lle le eee eee sees 789B Finishing mill no. 2 .268 mm x .451 mm .831 mm .233 mm Hague there is the possibility of another bed of the graphitic schist. Climbing out of the depression upon the low ridge a view of the quarry can be had. The rocks here are faulted and penetrated by pegmatite. A better idea of the conditions that prevail here can be the 1t 1S NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The north end of the section ends in a limestone, in It was not possible to name with certainty the rock forming the floor of the quarry. A reasonable suggestion is that secured from the cross section of the quarry than from a descrip- Hague gneiss. 108 tion. ‘Z1I6L ‘SUITV “I ‘HH pue xormpeyD “HE “5D Aq oss9Avs} o[qe} ouejd e uodn peseq ‘Ajsodoid suorerodioy) sjonpoig opydery ay} JO UOoT}DaS-ssO1D DJIBOTOI) HZ ‘SI agnA0W3y i AYUWNY JO ANITLNO —.—-—- BLi1VWO9d L >: Pee * owygvo yaw BLILVWoad Lt SAM NVLLNSYAVT NYNODTY No GANIW axO one SS Oanaway 3NOLSAWIT 4K oe “WWI LAHLOdAH [@ — Lis Be! Bes IS Cake Sa. BLIZLYVAd ANITIVESAHD DSS WONMSHLOd AH = sstano 3o9vW E@)o-* JLI'I0a —— INOLSINI 1 LsiHos ZLYvNhd 0-0-0 BLIZL vad [== ‘| aoa SS13N9 anovH|°o° ~\HdWW -Vuvd — H ie snozgvtWs DILIHd VY 2 ul 02020 saldss ATHANAYS AYYYNO, 3H “07 ‘NOLLYAOdu0D Deer a cere xs, eee SLONdOUd It will be noticed from the geological map of the Saratoga sheet’ that to the west of the mine there are three IN, Y. State Mus, Bul. 149. been drawn in the section; the one in the quarry being the only one Diabase dikes which several prospect pits have been dug. Four fault lines have that could be demonstrated, the others are inferred. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 109 extraordinarily long diabase dikes running from the north-northeast to the south-southwest. Five hundred feet west of the concentra- tion mill is another one that evidently was not observed when the mapping of the quadrangle was in progress. The width of this dike is 30 feet. This has an important bearing upon the mining condi- tions, both in the mine and in the quarry. At the time of our visit the west end of the drifts was about 90 feet away and headed for it. A test pit on the strike to the west of the dike shows that there is very little or no displacement associated with the dike. Thus it would seem that the drifts will eventually cut through the diabase and the miners will find that the ore continues on the farther side. Likewise the further extension of the quarry will be hampered by the same dike. A much smaller one located just across the road from the finishing mill is parallel to the other but is only 10 inches wide. The ore. This is the normal schist, similar to the American, Hague, Flake and Hooper ores, but the pegmatite stringers have caused some variation in the composition, including the graphite content. For the exact composition, see the tabulated microscopic analyses. “ The outcrop is badly weathered and softened throuch oxidation of the contained pyrite, which is rather plentiful in the unweathered rock.”* The material from the bottom of the inclines along the drifts is apparently better, where about 20 feet of rock is shown. The expense of operating the mine by the underground methods has led the company to exploit the quarry much more ex- tensively at the present time than the mine. The schist now being worked “contains less mica than the more easterly ledges and with the coarser size of the flake affords better material for mill treatment.””” _ Mining practice. The quarry is a recent venture and the methods in use are in an experimental stage. The ore is hauled up an inclined track by a donkey engine and dumped into wagons. The teams follow the road to the east end of the mine and the ore is dumped down a chute into the mine cars on the upper drift level, which carry it directly into the concentration mill. It is the plan, if the quarry holds out, to provide a better and more permanent system. The mine is being worked only in a small way at the present time. 1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 190, p. 31. 2 Tbid. IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The drifts are being driven westward and some overhead stoping is being done as well as working down the dip. Milling practice. The Graphite Products Corporation, which took an active interest in the property in 1915, has constructed a new concentration mill, the old one of the Saratoga Company being fitted out as a finishing mill, a little distance away. The usual Adirondack practice is in force: crushing, stamping, buddling, screening and drying. The finishing mill uses Hooper pneumatic jigs which prepare the flake for the market. The mill water is secured from the small stream that flows past the mill. The brook valley has been dammed and receives the tailings. The water is filtered through sand banks and used over again. In the late fall the floodgates in the dam are opened and the spring freshets carry the accumulated tailings down stream, empty- ing the reservoir. : Summary. Cushing says that “much the same assemblage of rocks.” [is shown on both the Flake and Graphite Products proper- ties] “and the general similarity of the rock association strongly suggests that we are dealing with the same rock horizon.’”* With this opinion the writer is in full accord. Isoclinal folding, ac- companied by some overthrust faulting, characterizes the Flake property, while this locality exhibits repeated faulting. This is very fortunate for the Graphite Products Corporation in that it has exposed two beds, and possibly a third. Amount of ore. It would seem as if there was a large store of graphite rock on this property, but the complicated structure of the quarry, especially, demands careful work as_ the operations are continued. The “ Hulett’s Landing ” Prospect “ A very low-grade deposit of graphitic quartzite was discovered by Prof. J. F. Kemp on the east shore of Lake George about 3 miles back of Hulett’s Landing. A peculiar feature of this deposit is the fact that the hanging wall is a very large eruptive dike. As in the Hague mine the ‘ vein’ seems to have been a line of weakness. The flake of this deposit is very small and of too low grade to be of any value.””” | Dr W. McKim Marriott reports*® that in 1916 he collected spec- imens from an outcrop that occurs near Long pond, which he state’ 1 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169, p. 148-49. 2 The Mineral Industry for 1902, p. 347. Letters of September oand 12, 1917. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS II! is apparently of considerable extent. He was kind enough to send the writer several samples that bear out Professor Kemp’s opinion that they are of too low a grade to demand any attention. It would appear that the deposit is of the usual graphitic schist, ‘outcropping along the ridge between Lake George and Lake Cham- plain. The eruptive dike may well be the metagabbro. The reader is cautioned to interpret the word “ vein” as it is used above to mean a bedded deposit. The Macomb Graphite Company — Popes Mills Graphite Company The mine is in the township of Macomb, St Lawrence county, south of Black lake, 114 miles southeast of Popes Mills, within the Hammond quadrangle. Workings. “The cut shows a finely laminated graphite quartz- schist complexly foliated and corrugated. It may represent the highly metamorphosed deposits of organic material near the shores of the [pre-] Cambrian sea. The contact line of the indurated Cambrian sandstone is irregularly disposed as the northern boundary of this locality. The laminated deposit is crumpled, friable, quart- zose and contains a small proportion of iron [pyrite]. The property has been worked to a limited extent by a small company under the name of the Macomb Graphite Company. A section about 75 feet long and nearly 15 feet deep into the face of one of the folds has - been made. The structure is uniform and rich in graphite. The company mined about 100 tons of rock for experimental purposes. The deposit seems to grow richer and the percentage of the iron [pyrite] to decrease with depth. Although the milling was done with rather crude equipment the yield was from 15 to 20 per cent of graphite. © Several tons of excellent concentrates were produced, averaging more than go per cent of carbon. The product was distributed to various manufacturers to determine its practical value for lubrica- tion, foundry work, metallic paint and other uses. “The reports were highly satisfactory. For lack of capital the company has temporarily ceased operations after having worked out the major problem of extraction.” Cirkel’ says: “‘ Some development work was done last year (1906) on a prospect near Popes Mills, town of Macomb. The graphiie’ occurs as fine scales in schist and the deposit is said to be extensive. 1 Mills, Frank S., Eng. & Min. Jour., Feb. 22, 1908, 85:397. ? Cirkel, Fritz, ‘“‘ Graphite,’’ Can. Dep’t. of Mines, Mines Br. 1907, p. 57. II2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM About 500 tones of rock have been taken out and a mill has recently been completed.” The property has laid idle for several years. It would appear that this deposit is of the very fine crystalline form that usually is referred to as amorphous. Apparently the © metamorphism of the Grenville rocks has been less severe in the northwestern Adirondacks than in the southeastern areas. Thus the carbon has not been so completely recrystallized to graphite. The material from the Macomb locality is well suited for certain forms of lubrication, foundry work, etc., but is not crystalline enough to be used in the manufacture of crucibles. It is understood that the Macomb Graphite Company has, within recent years, relinguished its holdings on the mine to the Popes Mills Graphite Company, although it still operates the mill. Size of concentrate PAVEEAES MIAMIEUEL. ow ohn elon se a ae ee MP ig Sey | .145 mm x .202 mm Mien widtmeter: 5. 275i ei Le eee ees | 42 mm o9 mm Mintaiem caameter . ob es ec ae ee oss ee | The Rossie Prospect Beck’ says that graphite “is thought to exist in workable quanti- ties in the town of Rossie and elsewhere in St Lawrence county.” “In St Lawrence county some attention has been given to a de- posit occurring on the Indian river about 3 miles [probably south] from Rossie village. The graphite forms the principal constituent of a schist, through the body of which it is distributed richly in very small scaly particles. It is a crystalline graphite, but too fine in size to be easily separated. Trial shipments of the crude material were reported to have given satisfactory results when used for foundry purposes.” The Smith Graphite Property This property was visited and mapped in detail during the summer of 1918 after completing the report on the Adirondack graphite deposits. This deposit is situated in the township of Chesterfield about 4 miles directly south of Clintonville and one-half of a mile south-southeast of the southern end of Trout pound within the limits of the Ausable sheet. Topography and physiography. The graphite schist occurs ina narrow valley extending northwest and southeast as a side valley i Beck,"Nat. Hist. N. Y. State, pt 3, Mineralogy, 1842, p. 421. 2 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 120, p. 30. her HS VUOBLHOAILE centped £0 9 pb), yory =, > « & Ge “ & Ry f Spr = Ey ‘ BS Spyies hive Gawreg’ Coe 40 Bow GABOYS Quer? » WTCOWVU Ry DIVEYZE Oftarra-yatiige- combsource Dyes WEMEEMY MH. (5) mE CSE lLImS : bBObEBLA POCIC We OL JHE CEO Mt Ca TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE GEO.W. SMITH 1050 PROPERTY Le ce EN & BQ MAIN HicHwas [5] BuLDINGs J SECONDARY ROADS [==] SWAMP [S.] uNuseo RoADS [p]sPrinc [7] pats a | Pits BRIDGES-BROOKS —_ [= ]ROCK DUMP. GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE GEO. W. SMITH PROPERTY LE CSE 7M KEWEENAWAN (7?) DIABASE Olivine-Augite- Comptonite Dikes ALGOMAN GRANITE, Fine Grained, Gray to Pink Granite Gneiss ANORTHOSITE Grushed to a'Pu\py’ Rock SYNTEcTIC ROCK Assimilation Product PRE-LAURENTIAN (?) [S) META-GABBRO Inclusions in Granitic Roc’ GRENVILL NORMAL PHASE = SYNTECTI ASE GRAPATTE SCHIST ‘BEAR POND’ SILLIMANITE SCHIST ‘CATAMOUNT UARTZITE, ‘UPPER SWEDE POND’ \ ‘TROUT POND Fig. 25 Topographic and geologic map of the George W. Smith property. Based upon a stadia-plane table survey, Topography and geology by H. L. Alling, 1918. ‘ 4 r} ' 7 W030 BHT 0 1 peepee & vy + Tr tr > “il Wve ‘ mpl, 7 » "Al i.) Ty ‘ cea) t ep eee wrons SPINS F198 7} j mS nm =o my) ~ r . . TAM TYCO TORS = oo ting an - IHIARD he oo, 'e, SOT — ge} : - ) : | a as 5 ee ees THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I13 to the long north and south depression that is traceable from Trout pond to Elizabethtown. ‘The origin of this side valley is directly due to the easily eroded Grenville strata which here are composed in large measure of limestone. The valley walls and inclosing hills are of igneous rocks that are much more resistant to destructive forces. The continental ice sheet widened the north and south valley as well as scraped off the decomposed rock decay which had formed during the interglacial periods. During the retreat of the glacier, heavy glacial streams flowed through the main valley along- side of the ice tongue which occupied the valley bottom. Extensive boulder trains and deltas were deposited, which can be traced for a long distance southward. The ice tongue deposited crescent- shaped moraines north of Lewis and one in the side valley in which the graphite schist is exposed. This moraine is convex up stream showing that it is the work of the continental ice rather than that of a local glacier. Although it is somewhat dissected yet it has forced the present brook to seek a course to one side of the valley forcing it out of its normal course. Morainal ridges and glacial silts obscure much in this side valley and greatly interfere with detail mapping. The pits. Graphite was discovered years ago by marble men seeking a supply of serpentinized limestone (verd antique). In their original search they were disappointed. The property is now owned by George W. Smith of Keeseville, N. Y. A large number of pits and small diggings have been made to determine the extent and quality of the graphite rock. Two of them are situated on the east side of the valley where the schist is exposed, dipping from 55 to 40° to the east. From north to south these pits will be called No. 1 and No. 2 respectively. Seven hundred feet to the southwest of these pits are a number of diggings and pits situated near a wood road. The rocks exposed here are nearly horizontal. To the east of the road they dip to the northeast at a low angle, while to the west of the road the strata dip in the opposite direction. Geology and structure. It is evident from the behavior of the graphite schist and associated Grenville rocks that they have been folded into a anticline, which is slightly tilted to the west and pitches to the north (see figure 25). The present surface of the region has so truncated the graphite schist that the line. of outcrop forms a U-shaped pattern on the map. While the stratigraphy of the Grenville series in this locality is in many respects similar to IIi4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM that exposed on the active graphite properties in the southern region, there are some interesting variations. | Above the ore is a bed of quartzite about 50 feet thick that is evidently equivalent to the horizon called the Swede Pond quartzite. On top of this quartzite is a bed of crystalline limestone which is commonly siliceous and contains various green silicates that have been changed to serpentine. It is about 50 feet thick and is sur- mounted by another layer of quartzite. The question arises whether this lime formation is equivalent to the so-called “ sandy ” lime- stone which is shown on the southern edge of the Dixon-Faxon properties. If this is the case then it is a little difficult to explain the second stratum of quartzite. Thus it is proposed that this limestone be called the Trout Pond limestone and the two quartzite formations be called the lower and upper Swede Pond. It is of course possible that the Trout Pond limestone is replacing the Swede Pond quartzite in somewhat the same way that the Faxon limestone was found to do on the International Graphite Com- pany’s property. On the southern slope of the prominent ridge that limits the valley on the west a quartzite-carrying graphite was encountered. - It is possible that this is the Bear Pond schist which constitutes the ore on the Bly property, or this graphite may have been introduced into the Swede Pond by the action of adjacent igneous rocks. From a study of a thin section cut from this material, the writer concludes that the former interpretation is probably the correct one. The so-called sandy limestone is either absent or so highly silicified that it could not be recognized as— such. At the Flake Graphite Company’s mine (Greenfield, Sara- toga county) a parting composed of limestone and green quartzite separated the ore into two distinct layers. On the Smith property a thin stratum of limestone occurs near or on top of the graphitic member. - Beneath the ore is another limestone that seems to be a new one in Grenville stratigraphy. While it is conceivable that this may be a phase of the Faxon it is deemed best to introduce a new term, the Chesterfield limestone. This is some 50 feet thick. There is some uncertainty in regard to the rock that lies beneath the Chester- field, as exposures are very rare. In the core of the anticline loose boulders of a para-amphibolite were encountered in sufficient _ numbers to justify the conclusion that they came from a bed situated beneath the limestone. No evidence could be secured that the garnet-sillimanite gneiss of the southern area, named the Hague gneiss, was present. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 115 The ore. The graphite rock appears to be the Dixon schist. In general it is a quartz schist with feldspar, graphite, pyrite, apatite, zircon and biotite. The ore from pits no. 1 and no. 2 is greatly superior to any found elsewhere on the property. Here it is essentially a quartz schist with 14 to 18 per cent graphite and a surprisingly small mica content. On the west side of the valley the ore that is exposed near the wood road is of poor quality with a low graphite and a high mica content. There is considerable 1m- provement, however, in depth, but no ore has as yet been encountered Quantitative microscopic analyses of the Smith ores PATH PATH PATH eee HILL HILL SECOND SUMMIT 5 FEET eS 12 FEET 3 FEBT PIT OF BELOW Seg BELOW BELOW ANTICLINE | SURFACE pase SURFACE SURFACE 900 902 902a 919 920 921 S| GTI TG rset se corso a 14.6 3.0 6.9 8 14.0 Gal! “TL nA ea Be) enon 14.0 8.5 TSE Ons i Nice aa eve 4.5 FE) GUI cat ae Ee ee ees Ao all In IRN eS Bis NERO IC ERIE | (SBS ce ie idl ate ac cis eka] eaoys ae aed SAGE CTR A hei eae 12 40.0 40.0 Silt Soar Bei eatettcise seeoe Al =|) ens 82.3 14.6 26.0 TS aa) i ee ho 37.6 SCH EORIUC HE cla.c Sere cid Sinie ie tars 2 6.0 Ths 20.0 11.5 29.5 SP PHARM e eels Jeiisiie sie. + « sil A 4 Sole yaw erlenl s arecaetereres Ah 2) So oo ES Dee [eee OE PO wills teaste sraporaro5i] ears; guewesahcecorears [tesa ereeePe el ave ceil eters efsvanereuats si 2 USOT EL LE. alah: NCH Oo Oe Sie We il Ce caatets einer PORTA | Nigigm Wnag| | ae tase chee ee DERE TER TCM POR REY Shere Ree ae NE vara avarraas out rall chars ovieianav See [Mevaate Wovens evade SORZE AR ae es CCCs eee Saltire in| erate er aes | Oh ge Lal Ok EO ieee ANY toate Beet ta ae ek ee g STLLNTHE TD. ae A RI oe |e TOMOP ES) DB eee oe a eR Wsirespet rn ts as aoe aa © 3 ATRUDT ola S a Oe aa Be rae De Rape NBS pe Cae SISO | Minimum.............. 010 017 012 010 040 015 on the west limb of the anticline that equals the ore from the first two pits. Furthermore, the ore on this side of the valley has been affected by the action of the igneous rocks which have penetrated the ore in some places as pegmatite dikes which have developed, in some local cases, traces of graphite by contact action. Specimens from the bottom of a pit dug at the side of the wood road revealed the presence of pyroxene (diopside) which has been developed by contact metamorphic action, reminding us of the Rowland-Interna- 116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tional ores. In all the surface exposures the quality is low, but improvement may in general be looked for in depth. It is possi- ble that the surface layers exposed on the west limb of the anti- cline are the lower beds of the Swede Pond quartzite into which the graphite has been carried by igneous activity. The ore on the west limb is much more available than the material on the east limb, in that quarry methods could be employed, because the graphite schist lies in a horizontal position, but the inferior character forces us to place our emphasis upon the cast limb in spite of its greater dip. The graphite schist in pits nos. I and 2 is separted into several seams by layers of yellow quartzite. In no. 1 pit the following order was found in descending order: 2 feet of graphite schist, 9 inches of quartzite, 1 foot 6 inches of graphite, 1 foot 6 inches of quartzite, 4 feet 10 inches of graphite schist, making a total of 8 feet 4 inches of graphite schist. In no. 2 pit the beds occur as follows: 4 feet 6 inches of graphite schist, 2 feet of quartzite, 9 inches of graphite, 2 feet of quartzite, g inches of graphite, making a total of 6 feet of graphite ore. This alternation of graphite and quartzite is unfortunate in that it will complicate the mining prac- tice, involving as it will the rejection of some of the blasted rock. Microscopic examination of the yellow quartzite, that separates the graphite seam into several layers, seems to indicate that this is in part igneous material. It is quite possible that the igneous activity has removed the graphite from the barren zones and con- centrated it in the other portions of the bed. If this should be true it might interfere with the uniformity and character of the rock in depth. This suggestion is furthermore strengthened by the finding of large flake graphite which has the appearance of being of the contact type. This occurs near the bottom of the Dixon schist in contact with the Chesterfield limestone. | About 1000 feet north of no. 1 pit a ridge of the lower Swede Pond quartzite dips at an angle approaching 90°. It is inferred from this outcrop that the graphite rock is situated thus to the west of this exposure, but as this account is being written the presence of the ore at this spot has not been proved. If, however, this should be established it would be safe to assume that the ore can be traced for about 2000 feet along the eastern limb of the anticline. Assuming 6 feet for the thickness of the graphite ore and that the bed should be followed for 300 feet down the dip, the available tonnage of the schist is calculated to be 300,000 tons. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 117 There are no indications that the total depth to which the work can extend is limited to 300 feet, but as the dip undoubtedly will increase in depth, which is especially true of the ore farther north along the strike, the mining difficulties will increase. It is quite possible that preliminary work could be conducted by quarrying the ore along the strike from a point near no. 1 pit southward. The number of igneous rocks present on this property is not absolutely known, but according to the present knowledge the Algoman granite and the anorthosite are present. The latter rock occurs as small bosses which have been severely squeezed so that the rock resembles the crushed or “pulpy” phases of the rock as shown throughout the Adirondacks. Farther away from the sedimentary rocks the amount of Gren- ville admixture becomes less until a fine-grained granite makes up the bulk of the rock exposed. This is in all probability the Algoman granite. In this granite a large number of inclusions of amphibolite occur in a manner quite similar to the inclusions found in the so-called Laurentian granite of St Lawrence county. The microscope points very clearly to the fact that these inclusions are igneous and it is quite possible that they represent the ancient metagabbro which Cushing believes to be the oldest eruptive in the Adirondacks. If this is so, then they must be older than the Laurentian granite; and in view of the fact that the term Lauren- tian is primarily applied to the older granite, the term pre-Lauren- tian is used in the legend on the map of this property. Syntectic rocks. The valley is delimited on both east and -west by ridges composed of igneous rocks which present a number of per- plexing problems that up to the present time have been only partially solved. The relation between the Grenville rocks which occupy the valley and the igneous rocks is apparently an eruptive one rather than that they exist together by virtue of a fault. The east valley wall is composed of a syntectic rock resulting from the assimilation of Grenville rocks by an igneous magma. On the west, the transition from the sediments to the granite can be traced much more satisfactorily. It is possible to recognize the different forms for several hundred feet even though they have been saturated by the solutions of the igneous rock. These blend gradually into rusty assimilation products which give away in time to the normal granite. The last igneous rock that is recorded in the region is the diabase (olivine-augite-camptonite), two dikes of which were found. One 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is near the pit on the west limb of the anticline cutting the Chester- field limestone. It is 4 feet 10 inches wide and runs from north 65° to north 80° west. The other dike is situated on the west hill slope and is 1 foot 9 inches in thickness and extends across the foliation of the granite north 76° east. Water supply. It is quite possible that there is a sufficient amount of water available on the property. The outlet of Trout pond alone may be sufficient although more water could be secured from this brook after it had been enforced by the stream that crosses the anticline, as shown on the map. If, however, this supply proved to be too scanty it is quite possible that water could be secured for boiler and mill use from Trout pond. Transportation. The secondary roads from the pits to the main highway are in fair condition. The renewing of the culverts and bridges and a little grading would make the property very accessible. It is 4 miles by highway to Clintonville through which the Ausable Forks branch of the D. & H. railroad runs. This road although quite passable for a motor car is rather hilly and it might be that some improvement would be necessary in order that heavy laden trucks could use it. Summary. This property exhibits in some places ore that is of unusually high quality. Some care must be taken to establish the exact limits of the ore on the west and on the east sides of the valley. At the present time the position of the contact between the ore and the igneous rocks is only approximately known. However, it is certainly worth while to conduct exploratory work on this deposit. 7 THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I1g SUMMARY OF THE SOUTHERN AREA It is the bedded deposits of the graphitic schists of the southern area that are the commercial deposits of the Adirondacks. We have seen that there are four distinct types of ores. 1 The normal quartz-schist with 5 to 7 per cent of graphite which is the valuable rock at the American Graphite Company, the Faxon property, the Lakeside mine, Hooper Brothers’ mine, the Champlain Graphite Company, the Adirondack Mining and Milling Company, the Silver Leaf Graphite Company, the Flake Graphite Company, and the Graphite Products Corporation. The rock worked at all these localities is very probably the same stratigraphic unit, referred to as the Dixon schist. It exists as two beds or lenses at the Dixon, Faxon and probably at the Flake mines, but in the other properties it is represented by a single bed. In general, the forma- tion varies in thickness from a maximum of 30 feet to a minimum of 3 feet. The upper portions of the Dixon schist are usually mica- ceous, which seems to be true of the bottom layers as well. Asa _ general habit an increase in the feldspar percentage is accompanied by a rise in the biotite-chlorite content, although there are a few exceptions to this rule. 2 The second type is the feldspar-quartz schist with 6 per cent of graphite and 10 per cent of micaceous minerals. This is exemplified by the Bly ore. It is the writer’s opinion that this schist represents a distinct and different horizon from the Dixon schist. It would seem as if it did not have such a great areal extent. This is the Bear Pond schist. 3 The third type is a phase of the Dixon schist affected by a mild form of contact metamorphism, which has developed pyroxenes and tourmaline and redistributed the graphite resulting in an abnormally high graphite content in certain layers. This is the International- Rowland-Sacandaga type. | 4 The last group has only one known representative; the Rock Pond ore, which is a meta-arkose (“arkosite’”), being composed almost entirely of potash feldspar. Its stratigraphic position is unknown. There is a practical basis for such a classiftcation. Milling practice rules out, for the present, the last three classes. It may be that with the development of milling processes, already suggested,’ some of these can be successfully worked in the future. The slightly contact metamorphosed beds present a very variable rock 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM that is difficult to crush without undue attrition of the valuable mineral. The chief objection to the Bly ores is the high mica con- tent. The commercial possibilities were touched upon while dis- cussing the Bear Pond Mountain region. ; Average of the quantitative microscopic analyses of graphitic schists of the southern area The properties from which specimens have been micro-analysed are capitalized. — : Slightly Normal Dixon contact Bear Pond | Rock Pond schist metamorphosed schist ““ arkosite ”’ Dixon schist (Greil abiteie pegs Wea een 6.9 HAS 6.2 1.6 BIO EGON fin eres NE Boe, 3:3 3.4 9.4 £3 INT ASCOWALCI Oo aimee aca osccd sce les|l -Steyd ree toaks GAeoe ae IPagre ae eevee pet eet el lg | ar Ail Ginlonibey eee co Beis-sle 6.1 1.4 if 4 6.7 DERICHE Ese tes fo) tik u sensi Sheus little little little little INTIGLESIMG Seis a. Saye Sel cere se 15.7 16.9 39.5 sil MTWoclase.c wih iin sche eels EAL |i meet ee ee pm iD 9.5 10.3 Miteroclities sect. >: ies.ccstens 4 ; 133-5) .6 52ES (ORF eis Sin Gee ee ee 61.6 24.6 26.1 9.6 avritene red aren Mia eae ee 3:5 7.9 7.3 iif TNTOEN BIS aly SA ee eae aN 1.0 1.0 1.0 atl (Garnet s siren: ieieeeys BMW acess Sle: abe cialele Gch grc: eeu || ltweccllolele ke wen aps sna | ela ae iD MOyo\S)\6 (ee peta aire ae 32 22.18. (|) ie eens pee 15 Aaa rab Y Ree ae ete eae ae aS Be PG i co .05 DEEMENTING sae. La seie sain et ML Diyalbotspatcdvesa te AWE a ieee rest tee tPACEy, | Seine Sy we Mennr. Momrmealines.: 6 0... cm we ; none Boe Ae een will et alta o Carbonatesi «. sis vais oc0.0e trace trace trace 4 Sillimmanite ..2ci0.- 2's bee none NONE? ||, <7. hheuaeeee .05 Galena ite ce iene cielo none MONE: je ees aee eee 52 ROTA ieee Belkin oe Noe w 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Represented by.......... DIXON INTERNATIONAL | BLY ROCK FAXON ROWLAND POND HAGUE SACANDAGA HOOPER CHAMPLAIN Adirondack Silver Leaf FLAKE GRAPHITE PRODUCTS Classification of the graphite ores ; : Bear Pond Rock Pond | -Slight contact , : Dixon schist - schist arkosite metamorphosed Contact Veins Dixon Faxon Hague Hooper . Champlain Adirondack Silver Leaf Flake Graphite Products Bly Rock Pond International International International Rowland Rowland Sacandaga Sacandaga Sacandaga THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I2I GRENVILLE STRATIGRAPHY It is the hope of Adirondack geologists that the Grenville series can be “ put in order.” Up to the present time the succession and the thickness of the beds are unknown, and likewise we are unacquainted with the base and the top of the series. W. J. Miller’ has made a beginning following I. H. Ogilvie,’ but their units are far too large for our use. Most of the geologists are interested in the purely scientific side of the problem, but the writer’s task demands that he take a practical as well as a scientific view. Hence he started the field work with the hope that something could be done with the stratigraphy as an aid to the problems of the graphite deposits of the Adirondacks. He feels that he has, in part at least, arrived at something definite. Composite geological column showing the Grenville stratigraphy of the southern graphite area Estimated Rock Name thickness Type locality in feet i Top unknown Para-ampitbOlite ss... 5 sae ews Beech Mountain.... 150 | Beech mountain southeast ; of Graphite Feldspar-quartz graphite schist...] Bear Pond schist.... 30 | Baar pond, Ticonderoga Dilnmanite SCHISE:. 2.56.5. 666. 8 Catamounty «. ce. 70 | Catamount mountain, In- ternational property CL es a Re ee ee ee rn 20 | Faxon property ORI ALTS. Ae AAS Cs eer Swede Pond........ 400 | Swede pond, Faxon prop- ; erty (LiRES ATO ye A et ee BARON om cic. Mee one eee 20 | Faxon pond, Faxon prop- erty Quartz-graphitic schist.......... Dixon schist........ 30 | Dixon mine Garnet-sillimanite gneiss......... Hague gneiss....... 60 | Lakeside mine at Hague Para-amphibolite.......... NaS Dresdennase on: ies 120 | Township of Dresden, ; Hooper property MES UOTE Le cP orate stan s cehticuate J folaustloythge7s ply ee aicions 30 | Johnsburg Rowland prop- erty DICER HZ Hes A kk ne ee Selozhatc Eiefh on ghine Pages 70 | Sacandaga river, Sacan- daga mine Bottom unknown ‘Rotale ses 10090 As the number of beds recognized increased, it became necessary that some name be attached to each one. The names here proposed have already caused some criticism, and rightly so. Geological usage demands that a name should indicate the geographical locality where the formation is typically shown, and furthermore the name should not be preoccupied. Such an ideal has not been realized. This is 1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 170, p.”1o. 2N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 96, p. 479. I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM accounted for by the scarcity of geographical names in the sparsely settled Adirondacks and that the writer was forced to devote his energies to the graphite properties and did not have the time to go exploring over the country in search of typical outcrops. The names are purely tentative, and nothing more. It is the writer’s hope, how- ever, that as continued progress is made in untangling the Grenville series more suitable names and better correlations can be proposed. The practical application of the stratigraphy has already been pointed out. There was hardly a mine that did not have problems that, in a manner at least, were solved by using the knowledge of the succession of the beds. A striking example is the conclusion reached in regard to the amount of ore on the Rowland property. The value is not limited to the question of the amount of ore, but can be used in locating and determining the amount of displacement of faults. “n this connection see the Dixon and Faxon properties. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 123 THE IGNEOUS ROCKS The Algoman. The anorthosite, syenite, granite and gabbro (arranged in order of their age), which compose the younger group of igneous rocks, the writer regards as Algoman in age. They have been so thoroughly discussed in the various bulletins of the New York State Museum as to call for no further discussion. The writer would take more kindly toward the view that the syenite- granite masses represent several different centers of intrusion con- temporaneous in age rather than that they represent differentiated portions of a single body. The name Algoman, perhaps, needs a word in the way of explana- tion. Correlation of igneous rocks is, at the best, difficult, but the. Precambrian rocks of Canada have been studied in sufficient detail to furnish data for numerous correlation tables, twenty of which have been examined. There is a striking similarity in nearly all; there are only two periods of igneous activity prior to ee Keweenawan. The other granite of the Adirondacks, Cushing regards as Laurentian. Hence, if we follow Miller and Knight,* ‘we are compelled to employ the term Algoman. It furnishes a much desired “ handle.” The metagabbro. This igneous rock found on a number of the graphite properties has not received the attention in Adirondack geology it deserves. The cause of this is not difficult to find. It has been pointed out that the amphibolites are often difficult to interpret as they have been derived in a number of ways: (1) Grenville para-amphibolites, (2) metamorphosed basic (femic) igneous rocks such as gabbros, diorites, and diabases, (3) contact metamorphosed impure limestones.? Excluding the last as unim- portant in the present discussion, the choice rests between para- -amphibolites and ortho-amphibolites. Cushing, and _ especially Martin,® lean strongly toward the igneous interpretation. While it is true that some of the amphibolites are igneous, it is not necessarily the case in all.* Granting that some are sedimentary and some are igneous, a distinction between the two is difficult and frequently impossible, for they are often confoundingly alike. Specimens were collected from rock masses where field relations pointed to a definite origin. Microscopic examination revealed 1 Miller, W. G., & Knight, C. W., Jour. Geol., 23:588. 2 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 191, p. 15. + Martin, J. C., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 185, p. 57. ‘ Lowinson- -Lessing, F., ‘‘ Uber die chemische Natur der feldspath Amphibole.”’ Ann. de l’Inst, Polytech. Pierre le Grand. St Petersbourg, 15:559-76, I9II. 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM striking similarities and a few differences. The similarities need not be touched upon. It is the latter that are important. The interpretation of para-schists and para-gneisses should be guided by mental reference to the original unmetamorphosed rock. What kind of a sediment did we have in the beginning? Cushing suggests a calcareous shale.t Now as the first point in our examina- tion it is difficult to conceive of a shale without any free quartz. If any original quartz is present in an amphibolite, it gives it a sedimentary look, for basic (femic) rocks are usually lacking in this mineral. But, on the other hand, the absence of quartz does not furnish a reliable criterion for igneous origin, for recrystalliza- tion may have brought about the formation of various silicates, -using up the quartz present. | The pyroxene-amphibole (the “ pyribole” of Johannsen’) con- tent was next examined. It is held by many geochemists that pyroxene is a high temperature mineral, while amphibole is a lower temperature form,*? the change from pyroxene to amphibole being a paramorphic (or “autometamorphic”) one. Whatever the nature Chemical analysis of para-amphibolite (hornblende schist) from Lead hill Ticonderoga * pag ee So ih bee be ES le eee ee ro ae ee 48.26 - 0S Oa ie age a a PET RS ere. t ee see Vu bis. a 13.32 eae au 6) ene ho. os ait Leis sips tape LR one a eet ae 1.41 52.9 Selene Ian tae Ee A OR we oe ere Le Mh a E155 Pele P asi eee: dpa cs can seca: Meh eee 2 Sache es ae eee er 6.66 MN ee a aelee a we fa! ast wi as Gore oye Rs RRR Eek eed eet Oe 10.55 Wicieteertrct es oee Pl. ie ie bey SR Pe eee 3.36 K;0 AO oo ate ee OL ae mC) seer ty Re Oey Ce SN RA 0.80 WER Gye Ras ch a Ra eg Bae ee Siete Sy eae Gres ias CO ea ol es ae .06 Oy aps cA R a aks vibe cans bie ee Rehab WME Sh oe e ge aN oer .96 AMON ln Piste in ie oto Werabans coheed oe oo soe es > A 1.99 COs A De A Oe ED it A caer ye Mn On me, ibe hee Oe Te .38 P.O; Ay ee ea ee Go i ere a ae aA kN Se 220 SS GES SE ee eee ce ee ROE TE .20 DVB ee hi ogee Sept sie & eistenascce ray ed Teta sle soy Gta ht hase Anny ern .14 FeS; Stel tal @, eco eyanie co Pele: os. ap efee wl) ow ol ee) @ eco hare leva ye. 4 et @ stcslee 6) 2) \obinl o) <<, eure Welle Mente en mn aa PRR ie usa oe reed epi Oe siege od va, eck oe None 99.84 ESCO Fe cares « i ee tae cee Do os Re ee 2IG 9.74 Collected by E. S. Bastin, analyzed by George Steiger in the laboratories = the United States Geological Survey, USS) G. S. "Bul. 561, ps 40: 1N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 169, p. 19, and Bul. 191, p. 15. 2 Tohannsen, Albert, Jour. Geol. 1911, 19:3109. 3Elsden, J. V., ‘‘ Principles of Chemical Geology,’’ 1910, p. 114. Becke, F., Tschermak, Min. u. Petro. Mitth. 16:327—36. Clarke, F. W., U.S. G..S. Bul. 616; p. 386. Lacroix, Mineralogie de la France, 1893-95, 1:668-69. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 125 of the change may be, the process furnishes some aid in the problem. If a large amount of pyroxene (say augite) is found in an amphi- bolite, it suggests an igneous origin. Martin,’ for example, points _ out that the dynamic disturbances of the northwestern Adirondacks (Canton sheet) were sufficient to all but completely transform the pyroxene to amphibole. Thus the absence of augite does not prove a sedimentary origin but may suggest it. On the other hand, the presence of pyroxene points toward igneous origin. In neither case is this criterion conclusive. Hunting for additional criteria, the writer investigated the feld- spars in turn. Now Vogt,’ Becke,* Marc,* and Harker’ attempt to present the physical chemistry of the system; albite-orthoclase- anorthite by a thermo-equilibrum diagram. The plagioclase series is an isomorphous one* (solid solutions), while the orthoclase-albite pair is an eutectiferous one.‘ The third pair, orthoclase-anorthite is very likely similar to the latter. Thus plotting the three com- ponent system upon a triangular base, an eutectic line is to be drawn, connecting the two eutectic points. If the feldspar composition in the magma was on the potash side of this eutectic line, the resulting crystals would approach the orthoclase type of feldspar, while if it were on the other side plagioclase would result. But if the position of the molten feldspar was on or near the eutectic line, the solid minerals would be divided, on freezing, into orthoclase and plagio- clase, usually in about equal amounts. In examining the slides of the amphibolites, it was found that the undoubted sedimentary types carried a motley collection of all sorts of feldspars with no definite proportion among them, while the igneous varieties carried an evenly split orthoclase-andesine content, for example. A rock with both potash and soda-lime feldspars is termed a monzonite. While it is not certain that the ferromagnesian minerals were original pyroxenes, it seems likely, and hence the writer suggests that the ortho-amphibolites he has encountered are in large measure meta- augite-monzonites, although the name metagabbro 1 is employed as a more general term. 1 Martin, J. C., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 185, p. 57. 2 Vogt, J. H. L., Silikatschemelzlosungen, 1914, 2:120-21. 3 Becke, F., Tschermak, Min. u. Petro. Mitth. (2), 1906, 25:361, 383-85. 4Marc, Robert, Vorlesungen tiber die Chemische Gleichewichtslehre, und ihre Anwendung auf die Probleme der Mineralogie, Petrographie und Geologie, fig. 68 and pages 69, III—12. 5 Harker, Alfred, ‘‘ The Natural History of Igneous Rocks,’’ 1909, p. 250. § Day, Arthur L., & Allen, E. T., Carnegie Inst. Pub. 31. 7 Warren, C. H., Proc. Am. Acad. Art and Sci., v. 51, no. 3, p. 127-54. 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The critical points in the above discussion can be summed up as follows: the criteria for the sedimentary origin of the amphibolites, the presence of original quartz and motley collection of feldspars; for igneous origin, high pyroxene content and evenly “ split 2 feldspars. These criteria have been used in classifying the amphibolites whose origin was not forthcoming from the field relations. How successfully it has been done can not be tested at the present time, but the hope is entertained that some progress has been made in this difficult problem. The probable age relations of this rock have already been touched upon. The Laurentian granite. The existence of a granite much older than the Algoman series of eruptives in the Adirondack region seems to the writer to have been sufficiently proved to need but little comment. Its universal habit is to be intricately involved with the Grenville series. This led the early geologists to regard it as a Grenville sediment.1 Even today this view is entertained by a few.” “The recognition of pegmatitic phases of the rock threw the first doubt upon its sedimentary character,’ while “ the chemical analysis finally settled the question.”* The writer wishes to add this addi- tional bit of evidence which supports the contention that the rock is of igneous origin. At the Dixon-Faxon and Hague localities it was found that the lower beds of the Hague gneiss were soaked and “smothered” by this rock, while the Hooper and Rowland districts show that the Hague gneiss rests directly upon the Dresden amphibolite, the granite being wanting. Its behavior in affecting one stratigraphic unit here, and a different one there and its entire absence in a third locality, is very suggestive of the igneous nature of the rock. As to its age, the reader is referred to the Hooper and Flake occurrences and to Cushing’s reasons for regarding it as Laurentian.* : SYNTECTIC ROCKS The lack of uniformity of the rocks, even those usually regarded as wholly igneous, has led the writer to’ believe that many of the c rocks are of “composite character as a result of tmjection or. assimilation, giving on one hand a sediment more or less ‘ soaked ’ 1 Cushing, H. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 77, p. 17-19; Kemp & Hill, N. Y. State Geol. 19th Ann. Rep’t, p. r 32-1 35. 2 Miller, W. J.. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 182, p. 11. ’ Cushing, H. P., N.Y. State Mus. Bale 169, p. 20: 4 Cushing; H. P., ‘‘ Age of the Igneous Rocks of the Adirondack Region,”’ Am. Jour. Sci., 1915, 39:288-94, especially p. 292-93. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 127 with igneous material, and on the other hand an igneous rock which has melted into itself or assimilated sedimentary material. Between these two types every gradation exists, thus introducing additional - complication and uncertainty.”* This condition is strikingly the case north of the Bear Pond Mountain region (see northeast corner of the map of that region) in the area between Eagle lake (Chilson lake on the map) and Bear pond. It seems a mistake to map such an area as though of simple composition and origin. The soaking effects of the Laurentian granite have been pointed out before. Two syntectic rocks have been recognized: the smothered Hague gneiss termed the Trumbull gneiss, and the Swede Pond quartzite when similarly affected. The peculiar habit of the granite in soaking the salic rocks in preference to the subsalic beds has repeatedly been observed. GRENVILLE STRUCTURE From the first reconnaissance of the Adirondacks the Grenville strata have been regarded as intensely folded, metamorphosed and foliated. Recently W. J. Miller has raised some doubt as to the validity of such a conclusion.” As the blanket types of ore are mem- bers of the Grenville series, it is of great practical importance to know the actual conditions. Overwhelming evidence of strata repeated in reversed order, of synclines and anticlines tightly squeezed, supports the contention that the Grenville has been com- plexly isoclinally folded, Bear Pond Mountain, the Hooper, Sacan- daga, and the Flake properties being specific cases. Faults come in and play a major role, as in the Dixon-Faxon and Graphite Products Corporation districts. The faults are not all of the same age but apparently range from the middle Precambrian to Postordovician in age. Reasons for this conclusion can not be given here. THE CONCENTRATION OF FLAKE GRAPHITE Probably the greatest problem confronting the graphite operators of the Adirondacks is the separation of the flake graphite from its associated gangue minerals. The process of separation is usually subdivided into (1) the “concentration,” and (2) the “ refining ” operations. The former is performed in the mills most commonly Smyth, C. H., Jr., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 158, p. 143. * Miller, W. J., “‘ Origin of Foliation in the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Northern New York,”’ Jour. Geol. XXIV, no. 6, p. 587-619. 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM situated near the mines, while the refining is rarely practised by the mine operators, the majority of them sending their concentrates to other concerns for treatment: : Ore separation in general is based on marked physical or chemical characteristics of the ore and-the gangue: (1) differences in specific gravities, (2) differences in electrical conductivity, (3) selective behavior of a mixture of water and oil upon the surface tension, or (4) upon the magnetic properties of the ore and the gangue minerals. Up to the present time graphite separation is accomplished by specific gravity methods. “The whole problem of the concentration of graphite is in great contrast to that of metallic ores, in that in the former case we seek to save the light minerals and reject the heavy, while in the latter Easeiue Leverse is true. > The specific gravity method of concentratine graphite is sub- divided into the wet and dry processes. Both methods require that the ore, as it comes from the mine, first be reduced to a pulverized condition. This is effected by various types of crushers, rolls and stamps. A great variety of rock breakers are in use. There are jaw crushers, which are intermittent in action; and the rotary and gyratory types that are continuous in operation. Further crushing is done by rolls which are constructed of manganese steel. The space between the rolls varies from practically nothing to three- fourths of an inch. They are fed with lumps about 1% to 1% inches in size. Frequently, however, California stamps are used instead of, or in combination with, rolls. | From this point on, the wet and dry methods differ. In the wet process, which is the one most commonly employed in the Adiron- dacks, the crushed rock is mixed with water and fed to a series of buddles. These consist of circular tanks 3% to 4 feet in depth and 16 to 18 feet in diameteér, with a slightly convex bottom, so that the floor of the tanks slopes in all directrons from the center to the circumference. A vertical shaft, situated in the center of the buddle, carries a tub, perhaps 3 feet in diameter, with a perforated bottom. The mixture of crushed ore and water is fed into this tub by a stationary sluiceway or launder. Thus the ore is made to enter the buddle at the center and is carried toward the sides by the water which is allowed to escape through specially arranged openings, either controlled by manually operated valves or wooden stoppers fitting round holes. The movement and even distribution 1Kemp, J; F., Uo8.G. S) Bat 226) "ps 513. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS _ 129 of the layers of slime is further assured by the action of paddles or brushes that are attached to (usually) two horizontal arms secured to the shaft. The revolving brushes lightly rub the surface of the material in the tank and gradually slide up the shaft as the buddle is filled up. The graphite flakes, by virtue of the low specific gravity and flaky, scaly nature, are mainly floated to the sides while the heavier and more massive minerals are dropped near the center of the tank. It usually consumes several hours to fill a single buddle so a series of them are employed; while one is being filled another is being emptied. After the tank is filled, the material is allowed to dry partially and is then shoveled up. The outer portion nearest the wall of the tank is composed of rather clean concentrates. The inner portion, consisting of sand tailings, is rejected, while the middle portion consisting of both graphite and gangue materials, is passed to another buddle for further concentration. Usually two or three buddles comprise the first set and a like number make up the second. Buddles are the favorite form of concentrators in the Adirondack mills; the amount of labor involved in their use, however, has led a few operators to seek a cheaper method. The buddle concentrates must be further treated. The more common process is by the use of revolving screen reels. “ The reels are hexagonal and are covered with screens of various sized mesh. The reels are slightly inclined; the ore is fed into one end and the concentrates thrown out at the opposite end as the reel rotates. Jets of water directed against the outer part of the reel aid in the separation of the graphite and impurities. The latter because of their small size pass through the screens and are thrown away.”? The common practice in most mills is to regrind the seconds, to crush the quartz and feldspar grains and send it through the screen again. The graphite is then dried. .\ number of different types of dryers are in use. Both direct and steam methods are employed. The most common one is the rotary tube form, although a number of specially designed dryers were seen. Final sizing on screens divides the concentrates usually into four grades. These are then ready for the finishing mill. In some mills, Wilfley jig tables are used, operating upon the buddle concentrates before the reels performed their function. 1 Miller, B. L., Topo. and Geol. Sur. of Pa. Rep’t 6, p. 87-88. 5 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The mill concentrates average: Piosereremios. 0... Veena 70 to 80 per cent carbon Pecomtieerade: 5 2.) a A 6o to 70 per cent carbon Uigeroiaecr 2. sy. eh Peas 25 to 30 per cent carbon Pourmmuerade....0°2. 0). Ye py EA 8 to 12 per cent carbon They are bagged (a bag weighing about 110 pounds) and shipped to the refining mill. A concrete example of milling practice. It was not possible for the writer to secure data for a complete account. of the milling practice in the Adirondacks. The wet process of the Empire Graphite Company, now the Flake Graphite Company, has, how- ever, been clearly set forth by F. C. Nicholas.t. The writer can ‘do no better than to abstract the article. The mill, which is arranged on the gravity principle, has a capacity of 200 tons in 24 hours. . The material from the mine is delivered to a rock breaker and reduced to 134 to 3 inches in size. The broken rock then drops to the rolls, which are 20 feet long by 2% feet in diameter, which reduce it to a fine sand. This is fed to a second pair of rolls more closely set. The fine powder is then ready for the buddles. The buddles are constructed of reenforced concrete and lined with matched boards, 18 feet in diameter and 4 feet high. The concen- trates from the first operation are sent to a second set of buddles. A set of wet screens is next in order, where the graphite flake is divided into two sizes. A rotary steam dryer then removes the moisture. The final process makes use of silk cloth screens that classify the flakes into four sizes. Since this was written, two banks of five stamps each, manu- factured by the Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., and another set of buddles have been installed. It is believed that the stamps have replaced the rolls. Final treatment is accomplished in Hooper air jigs, manu- factured by the Ticonderoga Machine Company. A classifier is being constructed and will serve to recover some of the graphite in the buddle tailings. A change in the type of the crusher is also being made. Such changes in the equipment for the concentration of an ore as are found here are evidence of the experimental state of graphite milling. 1 Min. World, Jan. 4, 1918, p. 18 THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 13 The equipment of the Hooper mill at the time of visit is very similar to that of the Flake Graphite Company. Crushing, stamping, buddling, screening and drying are the essential steps in the process, Further improvement is being made, the details of which are not made public. The dry process. Only three mills, so far as the writer knows, have operated with the dry method: the Lakeside mine at Hague, the Crown Point Graphite Company, and the Rowland plant. These have been abandoned and little direct information is available. In the Rowland mill a Newaygo separator, manufactured by the Newaygo Portland Cement Company, was experimented with, but apparently without success. The finishing of graphite. In the early days of the industry, the mines in the vicinity of Crown Point sent their concentrates to a finishing mill located at Crown Point Center. Power was secured from Putnam creek. As it has long been closed, details of the processes used there are unavailable. The American Graphite Company maintains its refining mill at Ticonderoga; the Flake Graphite Company and the Graphite Pro- ducts Corporation finish their products on their own properties. The machine that is most generally used in the final treatment of the graphite concentrates'is the Hooper pneumatic concentrator, a brief account of which is here given.* In essence it consists of an inclined frame over which is stretched a broadcloth screen, up through which a continuous series of air pulsations are delivered by a device located below. Two sets of strips are arranged over the cloth screen, the lower group of which is inclined toward one side, while the upper set is inclined in the opposite direction. “. . .. and when (concentrates) composed of - particles of different gravities are fed upon the (screen) the pul- sations through the broadcloth . . . cause the heavier mineral particles to be thrown (settle) to the bottom . . . and are thus guided . . . toward the tailing side of the (concen- trator),’” while the clean graphite is guided by the upper set of strips to the opposite, or concentrating side, thus bringing about a separation of the gangue and the ore. 1 For a full description, see Richards, ‘“‘ Ore Dressing,’’ p. 820, and Canadian Min. Jour., 30:271-72, 1909. 2 Tbid. 132) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM CONCENTRATION PROBLEMS Mechanical ore separation is an ancient art and a modern science. In the western section of the United States ore dressing is on a far firmer basis than in the case of a comparatively small industry like that of graphite. The separation of graphite from the gangue is _ exceedingly difficult, calling for long experience and mechanical ingenuity, which is rarely available in the graphite areas of the Adirondacks. Numerous failures can be attributed to this cause. During the past 15 years the technology has experienced some remarkable improvements which have revolutionized the practice of ore dressing in general. Graphite separation has suffered from neglect and lays far behind. Still the old process of buddling con- tinues to be the chief method, while flotation and electrostatic sepa- ration have been developed without making any impression in the graphite industry of this region. : Table of specific gravities MINERAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY JEN O)EUS ES 01a ee oe Pee ARRAN S be Rete Ce Ac io 2.19 togee Biotites.< 3.2.05 Be nd ab auie noite RT ois ETN eee Ga ae ee 2.70 tOia.10 Oommen eh ee go eke, Ns ae ate a Sate 2.65 to 2.96 Hitcloeperyns Stele. im ns CO kn See a ee Soe aa a eee 2.47 to 2°67, RC rR ee Sc edit et, Lal gal Mkt ek, yaad ee airmen Melee She oe 3.15 to 4.30 Sree ce RR IN aE RE oe DE a oy ee 2:.095L0,2 22 CSCO A ee a a eR RPA Os ome key ole vey ees oh ee 2.76 to 3.00 LELPILGVEIS OST Cea Senet he Se en MG SCE eC Gar Me MTR RL TA 2.78 to 2.85 [ESE WS) Saclay ale ea ea AUER Ta Sig Se ee 4.95 to 5.10 TENSOR 2210s 0 Tan a eer a EM oe EE IER ey 3.20 to 3.60 CASEI E77 ag 2S os oat aan A ame NINN Te MEN ET ORO | 2.65 to 2.66 PISMO CRAIN Cone oa cis Eke PS cs UNG AS Ma sabe aceadt Cae oleae eee 2.50 to 2.65 JTS GENE SAS a) is A Ae eg Aaa PE NS So ROM LR menue hem Cd 93.40 t0° 3,756 These newer processes render it possible to separate a wide range of minerals of close specific gravity, that can not be separated by jigging or slime washing. Even minerals having the slight difference in specific gravity of 0.35 can be treated. The electrostatic method has many admirers and promises to be used more and more. Several large deposits of graphite seen by the writer were regarded of little commercial value because of the large amounts of micaceous minerals present. The separation of biotite and graphite is exceed- ingly difficult, if not impossible, by the usual processes. If, how- ever, the electrostatic or flotation processes can be adapted to graphite milling, then there are great sources of graphite still untouched that would become available. Two ores of even identical composition can not always be treated by the same method. On acéount of the different physical character THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 133 in which graphite occurs, amorphous and flake graphite must be treated differently. Difficulties arise if the character of the ore changes as mining operations proceed, and this is regarded as one of the principal sources of trouble. The selection of a method of milling seems to have been made often without any regard to what the general run of the mine was likely to be. Test holes should be made to determine the character of the ore before mill equipment is bought. In fact, the construction of a mill should proceed only when all the conditions of the deposit, the character of the ore as well as the extent of the ore body, are fully known. “Tt is quite certain that there is no single process that is a universal panacea for all the difficult problems of ore treatment. For certain ores one process is best adapted; for other ores another process. For still other ores the best results may be achieved by a combination of two or three, or even more of the special processes.”* The presence of micaceous minerals, biotite, phlogopite, chlorite etc. offers the greatest problem. Although they are higher in specific gravity than graphite, the flaky nature of the former pre- vents separation by gravity methods as they are floated off in com- pany with the graphite. The particles of mica “are of approximate similar size, and being frequently of the black variety (biotite), they may be readily overlooked in the hand specimen or in the graphite concentrate. The easiest method of detecting the mica and of estimating its relative proportion to the graphite, is to examine the material under the microscope when the former can be readily distinguished by its translucency.’”” It is quite possible that a more complete separation of the mica can be effected through the electrostatic method. This can be briefly described as follows: It is based upon the fact that graphite is capable of receiving and retaining an electric charge, while mica- ceous minerals, as well as most of the other gangue materials, refuse to do so. The machine consists of horizontal parallel rods of brass set one above another like the rungs of a ladder, which are charged with a high potential. Down past these flows the dry, pulverized rock; the gangue materials, not affected, fall verti- cally and drop into a receiver, while the graphite is repelled laterally away from the bars and drops into troughs arranged in front. The process is repeated until a complete separation is ‘Ingalls, W. R., Eng. and Min. Jour., 1905, p. 643. ? Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 179, p. 34. 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM made. The middlings are sometimes reground to rub off the quartz and feldspar grains still attached to the flakes, and then passed through the machine again. Mr Charles T. Rowland, president of the Rowland Graphite Company, had a representative of the Huff Electrostatic Separator Company make a thorough investigation covering the milling of the Rowland ore in 1916. He says: “ The sample used in making this test was blasted out of the bed, as it was desired to get . . . an average sample of the output of the mine. This report shows that the ore can be milled economically with a good recovery, and that the flake produced is of very high grade and compares very favor- ably with the best flake now being produced in this country.” Cirkel says that “ Experiments have . . . shown that (flake) graphite may possibly be separated from the gangue elec- trostatically, and it is not unlikely that such a process may be worked before long. The writer [Cirkel] submitted a parcel of too pounds for preliminary test to the Huff Electrostatic Separator Company of Boston, Mass., and the tailings from this test were without question quite clean. The middlings consisted of graphite with attached gangue particles, and need regrinding before they can be again submitted to the electrostatic treatment. The con- centrates appear to be free from rock, but there was some attached gangue. The writer [Cirkel] believes that if this product was sub- mitted to the polishing treatment it is likely that a clean article may be the result.’” The size of the graphite flake is another factor that must be taken into consideration. A rock carrying a coarse flake is more desir- able, other things being equal, since the value of the concentrates and the economy and perfection of the separation is in direct pro- portion to the size. One of the many factors involved is the easy crushiny of the rock. Among other things that affect the ease of crushing is the mineralogical make-up of the ore. The presence of pyroxene (diopside), such as was seen in the Rowland ore, offers ser_cus objections to its utilization. The crushing machines must be designed and adjusted so as to cause the least amount of attrition to the flake. Moreover, there is the actual condition in which the flake is found. It was repeatedly observed that where folding, squeezing and igneous activity have taken place, the flake has been frayed out into fantastic forms, resulting in the splitting of the * Rowland, Charles T., letter of Oct. 16, 1917. * Cirkel, Fritz, Trans. Can. Min. Ind. 1912, 15:267 THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 135 flake into thin, bent plates which under rolls or burr-stones would be reduced in size. This would lead the writer to suggest that ore near pegmatites be carefully examined before being sent to the mill, as any fraying of graphite should cause its rejection. It is quite possible that a preliminary roasting of the ore prior to crushing will have a very beneficial effect, both upon the quantitative results of separation and upon the quality of the graphite that is recovered. The object of such a treatment would be the disintegration of the ore by chemical and physical changes in modifying the pyrite and the quartz, so that the amount of severe crushing would be lessened and therefore the attrition of the flake be reduced to a minimum. The lack of uniformity in the ore is a factor frequently over- looked. The concentration processes are very sensitive to any change in the character of the ore. “‘ To a certain extent the problems encountered by each operator are unique, as slight dif- ferences in the mineralogical composition of the ore may compel operators in near-by mines to instal decidedly different types of machinery. In some instances, even in the same mine, the ore may vary sufficiently as the work is extended to make it necessary to alter the concentration process. The fact that those companies that have a rather uniform kind of ore in their mines are also frequently making changes in the methods of concentration, is further evidence of unsolved problems.”! Most of the bedded deposits carry pyrite; the normal schists about 4 per cent, the Bly ores 7 per cent, and the Rowland-International- Sacandaga class 11 per cent by weight, while the Rock Pond ore is exceedingly rich in this sulphide, which runs from 15 to 40 per cent of the rock. As the rock is crushed for the graphite content, it would seem that perhaps this could be saved without adding mater- ially to the milling cost. Pyrite might be a profitable by-product. The amount of graphite is perhaps the first matter that interests the average graphite man. While this is of vital importance, it is not the only factor. The writer has not taken the time to make chemical analyses of the different ores collected, the microscope enabling him to obtain a far better opinion of values. The example | of the “rich ” Rowland ore, illustrates this point. In St Lawrence county, where metamorphism has not been so severe, the crystalliza- tion of the carbon content of the old sediments to graphite has not: proceeded so completely, and the percentage of ‘“ amorphous ” 1 Miller, B. L., Topo. and Geol. Surv. of Pa. Rep’t 6, p. 82. £30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM (really micro-crystalline) graphite is much higher.t Certain. deposits of this kind will assay 20 per cent of carbon, but the value of such an ore is relatively low. In fact, successful graphite milling is one of the few industries that has a very close relation to the geology of the ore. Lack of knowledge of the geologic conditions then has been a considerable factor in the many failures. “There is far more secrecy among graphite producers in we to the milling methods employed than in almost any other kind of ore separation and (some) companies . . . vYreluse to,admlL visitors to their mills. The extremely small probability of one com- pany profiting by the experience of another and thereby injuring its market through increased competition would seem to indicate the uselessness of secrecy employed by many graphite companies. On the contrary, there is little doubt but that the increased prosperity of one company would have a beneficial effect on all the others in the district, at least until the production increased far beyond its present proportions, and the problems of concentration might be more speedily solved under the plan of cooperation and mutual assistance.’”” 1 Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 120, p. 30. 2 Miller, B. L., Topo. and Geol. Surv. of Pa. Rep’t 6, p. 82. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 137 COMMERCIAL STATUS Bastin says that ‘‘ Today there are more abandoned mines and mills in the United States than the number in operation In the number of times some of these properties have changed hands in the course of a few years, there is a record of misrepresentation and disappointment that can hardly be equaled in any other branch of mining, and many properties have been notoriously associated with stock manipulators of doubtful character.” Newland reports that “The amount of capital expended in the erection of new milling plants and mine equipment during the past five years aggregates several hundred thousand dollars, and in many cases there has been little or no return for the outlay.’”? Of the thirty-seven graphite properties here listed, only three are in full operation, two of which are recently organized companies. The causes of these failures are many and varied. Some of them have already been pointed out. The mining and milling of graphite is a highly technical matter ; it is not an easy and quick road to wealth. It demands a knowledge of the nature of the ore, its tenor, the geological condition of the surrounding area, the precise location of faults, folds, pinches, and swells, how the ore will crush, the size and quality of the flake, of the best, the average run and the poorest ore, how much mica is present etc. It is necessary to know the possible resources and secure a mill equipment to corre- spond. There are a great many factors that must be considered before actual operations are undertaken. The writer has been greatly impressed by the ete of diamond drilling in most of the graphite districts. Only two properties have used this valuable method of securing data, and even then full benefit from the cores has not been obtained. The drill records are usually made by laymen in geology, and only the portions that are composed of ore are saved. Some records, furnished to the writer, were fairly intelligible and proved of value in detail mapping, while others were so ambiguous as to be more confusing than helpful. When a core is recovered, every inch of it should be saved! In one case a geologist who had the stratigraphy of the district in mind could have furnished the owners a fairly complete description of the conditions that would be found underground. All this information has been lost with the loss of the cores. Sometimes where diamond. drilling has been done it has been so planned that little or no returns 1Newland, D. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 120, p. 30. 138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM could have been expected. One company sank a drill in a mass of the Algoman gabbro in search of ore, when a geologist could have saved them time and money. The writer has no personal axe to grind, but he wishes to call attention to the fact that consulting mining geologists are available, whose services would cost less and save the expensive mistakes of present methods. Besides the more technical problems, there are the financial ques- tions. The writer believes that Bartley’s recent article’ has a great deal of truth in it that is of value to us and hence he has abstracted certain portions of Bartley’s paper. Bartley believes that graphite companies who simply mine and mill the ore, selling the concen- trates or finished products to graphite manufacturers are usually operating on a narrow margin of profit. This usual practice has been one of the causes of the unstable conditions and the fluctua- tions in the industry generally prevailing in this country. Bartley ' thus comes to the conclusion that the methods which have proved | detrimental must be done away with and that “the successful American graphite ‘miner must be to a certain degree a manu- facturer.” To illustrate this point he assumes that the finished product of the average plant is as follows: | I Flake, 90-95 per cent carbon 2 Flake, 68-72 per cent carbon 3 Flake, 24-28 per cent carbon 4 Flake, 8-12 per cent carbon “The first has a ready demand, and the price is based on the price asked in the Ceylon market for similar grade. The price (before the war) was about 9-10 cents a pound. (It is used in crucible manufacturing, for lubricants, and for special’ electrical requirements.) There is less demand for the second grade and the price, naturally lower, running (in normal times) around 4-4% cents. It is principally sold to manufacturers of graphite oils, graphite greases, stove polish, etc. The two lower grades are of little, if any, value to the miner, who often is glad to dispose of them at any price. Here to ty mind is the secret in mining American graphite successfully. It costs just as much to mine and refine the lower grades as for the higher. The next thing to consider is the average yield of graphite the mine will deliver, how this yield when finished will divide up into the four grades, etc. 1 Bartley, Jonathan, ‘‘ Can Profits Be Made in American Graphite? ’”’ Iron Age, July 8, 1915, p. 86-87. —————e eC: THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I 39 (The experiences of Kemp, Bartley, Bastin and the writer suggest that the average percentage of graphite in the average ore is about 4 to 5. This means that from every net ton of mined rock only 80 to 100 pounds of concentrates will be produced). “| believe that the following statements can be depended on as a fair average (before the war) : Every 100 pounds of concentrate will yield: Market price 35 per cent of first grade at 10 cents........... $3.50 20 per cent of second grade at 5 cents.......... 1.00 I5 per cent of third grade at 2 cents........... .30 30 per cent of fourth grade at I cent...::...:.. 30 $5.10 or 5 cents a pound (One net ton is thus worth $100.) “To produce the same in concentrates at a cost of 4 cents a pound means $80; the cost of refining can be placed at $4 a ton, making a total cost of $84, thus giving a net profit of $16 a ton. No man can run a graphite nine on this margin of profit. | Then he must manufacture graphite products as well as pro- duce.) ‘‘ Why seil [the first grade] for 10 cents a pound when [it is possible to] get from 14 to 16 cents for it [as a manufactured product] with very little added cost? A very large percentage of this is sold for lubricating purposes, put up in tin cans .. . With a steam-jacketed kettle and a couple of mixers you are equipped to convert the second grade into graphite oils and greases [securing 15 to 25 cents a pound instead of 5 cents]. ‘With paint grinding mills and mixers you are fixed to make use of the third grade, and realize at least 5 cents a pound. By adding soapstone” etc., to the fourth grade you can get 3 cents a pound for it as foundry facings, instead of 1 cent. It is a difficult matter even to estimate the cost of the machines needed in manufacturing such products. Bartley’s opinion is that it would be in the neighborhood of $6000 “to handle the output of a 75-ton mine.” It-seems to the writer that that is an exceedingly low figure, and that the probable cost would be much higher. The writer has gathered the impression that one of the causes of the comparatively low price obtainable for concentrates is due to the fact that the producers of graphite articles “ play one mine against another”’ and thereby keep the market price at such a low point that the margin of profit is dangerously small. During 140 NEW ‘YORK. STATE MUSEUM the period of the war the price of the highest grade has risen, while the market value of the lowest grade has fallen. The present prices will not continue after the war. ee The present prices average’: No. 1 flake, 88 per cent of graphitic carbon, 12% to 15 cents a pound; No. 2 flake, 82 per cent carbon, 9 to 12 cents; dust, 40 per cent carbon, 34 cents. THE PROSPECT FOR BFUDPURE. PRODUC Ore reserves are always mere guesses based upon probabilities. Nevertheless the writer offers the following estimates. : The American Graphite Company has undeveloped lands, but it is not possible at the present time to estimate the tonnage of its reserves. In the matter of probable reserves the following prop- erties can be regarded as commercially important: the Faxon prop- erty, Hooper Brothers’, the Flake Graphite Company and the Graphite Products Corporation, which have a collective reserve estimated to be in the neighborhood of 10,000,000 to 13,000,000 tons of graphite schist, half of which is readily available. This is not counting the Bly property, which is probably out of the running, for the present at least, until a concentration process can be devised to handle the mica. , In conclusion, the successful graphite miner will be one who has an extensive deposit of the bedded schist of uniform grade, measurably free from mica, without geological complexities, who operates in a large way and manufactures a good share of his own products. ART TPICIAL. GRAPHITE Graphite made in the electric furnace or as a by-product of the blast furnace has been regarded in lay circles as forecasting the - doom of the mining of graphite. This is true to only a very small extent, and does not affect the Adirondack deposits of flake graphite. The electric furnace product is manufactured from coal and is amorphous. Its use is chiefly confined to the manufacture of dry batteries and electrodes. The carbon that accumulates in the wash- ing tanks of illuminating gas companies is likewise put to similar uses. This amorphous carbon is not usable in the manufacture of crucibles and certain graphitic greases. | The floke graphite in slags is highly charged with oxides of iron, which reduce its refractibility to such an extent as to render it 1 Newland, D. H., Eng. and Min. Jour., Jan."19, 1918, p. 151. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS I4!I useless. Furthermore the flakes are usually thinner than the natural flake. Nature has produced a form of graphite that man, as yet, has not equaled. THE ORIGIN OF GRAPHITE The discussion of the origin of graphite is of commercial and of scientific interest. The important role that origin plays in “ sizing up” a graphite property has been pointed out in the preceding pages, and it does not need to be repeated here. The origin of the mineral has been a favorite topic for many pens, and almost as many theories have been advanced as there are writers on the subject. The causes of these antagonistic views are varied. In essence it has been the conflict between the organic and the inorganic theories. Some would claim that all deposits have had . an organic origin, while, on the other hand, the other extreme is maintained. The writer is in full accord with Kemp, Bastin, B. L. Miller and Winchell, that graphite has been formed by both processes, acting entirely independently and sometimes in conjunction. The attempt to arrive at the origin of the graphite in the Adiron-_ dacks is made difficult by the early views that still persist. Such Stements that: “The Dixon .~. .« Company has‘in its mine near Graphite a fissure vein of small thickness but of great length and depth, cutting through gneiss,’ or what Cirkel reports as Kemp’s description of Lead hill “as true fissure veins,”? and that the ore at the Flake Graphite Company is a metamorphosed dike,* obscures rather than clarifies our problem. The organic type of graphite. Bastin* presents an imposing array of arguments to support the contention that the “ Dixon ”’ schist as shown at the mining village of Graphite is of sedimentary origin. He summarized them as follows: ‘(1) in the highly quartzose, nonfeldspathic character of most of the graphitic rock; (2) in the evenly and highly garnetiferous character of much of the wall rock [the Hague gneiss]; (3) in the persistence of the graphitic schists and associated garnetiferous gneisses with fairly uniform trend, width and character for considerable distances ; (4) in the presence locally of interbedded masses of crystalline 1 Ingalls, W. R., The Mineral Industry, 1908, 17:493. *Cirkel, Fritz, ‘‘ Graphite,’’ Can. Dep't of Mines, Mines Br. 1907, p. 56. | ‘Nicholas, F. C., Min. World, Jan. 4, 1908, p. 18. ‘Bastin, E. S., ‘‘ Origin of Certain Adirondack 'Graphite Deposits,” (Econ. Geol. 5:134). P42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM limestones {the Faxon limestone]; (5) in the fairly even dissemi- nation of the graphite through the workable schist.” He further supports these arguments by a chemical study of the schist. All of this evidence can be summed up in a few words: The Dixon schist is a stratigraphic unit in a sedimentary series. Having settled to his satisfaction that the schist is sedimentary, Bastin concludes, and the writer feels quite correctly, that this graphite is organic in origin. , But the graphite, as such, was not present in the original clastic sediments when they were deposited in the Grenville sea. Graphite in unmetamorphosed sediments is known? but such occurrences are rare and without much question the graphite has been derived from preexisting metamorphic rocks which have suffered disintegration. We can dismiss this factor as unimportant in the formation of the Dixon schist. Walcott® has suggested that the Dixon is a metamorphosed coal seam. There are several serious objections to such an interpreta- tion. (1) The metamorphism of a coal bed usually gives a true amorphous or microcrystalline form of carbon; (2) from our present knowledge of coal it would seem improbable that a suf- ficiently developed form of life had appeared in Grenville time to ‘have furnished coal. Kemp’s view is that the original rock was a bituminous shale. If we use the term shale loosely, chiefly as signifying a structure, then there is no difficulty in accepting this view, but if an argillaceous sediment is implied then this can be criticized on the ground that the Dixon schist is not a metashale but a metasandstone. Bastin maintains that “it seems most probable that the deposits represent carbonaceous sandstones, locally clayey, interbedded with only slightly carbonaceous impure sandstones and with small amounts of limestone, all of which have been completely recrystallized with the development of a schistose structure and the conversion of the original carbonaceous material into graphite through the usual pro- cesses of dynamic metamorphism.’* There is some objection to Bastin’s term “ carbonaceous.” True carbonaceous matter in black muds seems to have been derived from ligneous material. Plants 1See Bastin, E. S., ‘‘ Chemical Composition as a Criterion in Identifying Metamorphosed Sediments.’’ Jour. Geol., 17:445. 2In Cambrian sandstone, as reported by E. T. Wherry, Econ. Geol., 7:764, and in Triassic Sandstone of Massachusetts, Emerson, Mon. XXIX, U.S. G.S., p- 365. 3 Walcott, C. W., Bul. Geol. Soc. Am., 10:227; U. S. G. S. Bul. 86, p. 398. 4 Bastin, E. S., Econ. Geol., 5:134, et sec. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 143 containing lignum, that is, vascular plants, apparently do not appear until the Lower Devonian and hence algae’ are called upon to supply the carbon. On the decay of such plants an odoriferous thick oil (“ sapropelic’’ matter) results that can be regarded as akin to bitumin; hence the writer prefers the term “bituminous sand- stone.” The habitat of these algae seems to have been shallow water near the shore. This view is strengthened by the gradual dis- appearance of the Faxon limestone to the east and its replacement by metaarkoses and metagraywackes, indicating that the shore of the Grenville sea at Dixon-Faxon time was to the east. All the specimens of the graphite schists (all types) studied revealed considerable amounts of pyrite. A large proportion of this has been introduced; two distinct periods are clearly recogniz- able, especially in case of the Rock Pond ores where an excessive amount permits easy observation. A small amount, however, appears to have been an original constituent in the argillaceous sandstones, or that the iron content was in the form of chloritic minerals. During metamorphism “much of the iron is reduced to the ferrous condition . . . and it may . . . combine with sulphur, which is often present under these conditions, to form pyrite. The presence of ‘carbonaceous matter’ favors this reduc- tion, as shown by the common association of . . ._ sulphides with graphitic shales.”” Smyth’ points out the close genetic rela- tions of pyrite and graphite. That graphite, as such, or as organic carbon, having the property of precipitating the pyrite has been pointed out by Von Cotta* and Jenny.” Smyth* says: “ Thus, for the graphite, a history somewhat similar to that of the pyrite is indicated, but with the difference that most of the former is thought tc be carbon that was original in the sediments, which has under- gone some concentration and may have received minor additions from magmatic sources, [see later] while, in the case of the pyrite, the relative importance of these sources is reversed.” Thus the evidence furnished by the pyrite would add support to the con- tention that the carbon was present in the sediments as an original constituent. 1 White, David, Econ. Geol., 3:298; Osborn, H. F., ‘‘ The Origin and the Evolution of Life,” 1917, p. 50, fig. 5. 2Leith, C. K., & Mead, W. J. ‘‘ Metamorphic Geology,” I915, p. 104-5. 3 Smyth, C. H., jr, ‘“‘ Origin of Certain Adirondack Pyrite Deposits,” 65th Ann. Rep’t, N. Y. State Mus. 1911, I: 174 et sec. 4Von Cotta, ‘ Treatise on Ore Deposits,’ Eng. Trans. p. 46-47. 5 Jenny, W. P., “ The Chemistry of Ore Deposition,’ Trans. Am. Inst Min. Eng., 1903, 33:455-57- 6 Ibid. (see p. 182) footnote. 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The change of organic carbon to crystalline graphite has been affected by the heat and pressure accompanying mountain-making stresses, or static metamorphism, causing the volatilization of hydrogen and nitrogen, and the dehydration of the residue, followed be the recrystallization of amorphous carbon to graphite.’ The sedimentary limestone type. When discussing the northern area with its characteristic type of graphite, emphasis was purposely laid upon the contact type. While the majority of the prospects and mines are situated at contact zones, some of the limestone appears to be graphitic without any necessary connection with igneous rocks. The limestone, for example, throughout the Paradox Lake quadrangle was frequently observed to be slightly graphitic. The most plausible origin for the graphite in this rock is that it is organic. It may be that the history of the carbon here has been very similar, if not identical with the. formation of the Dixon schist. It is a striking thing that as we pass into the interior of the Adirondack highland the limestones become barren of graphite. Whether this is due to the action of igneous rocks culminating in the great anorthosite body or due to the fact that we are moving away from the old Grenville shore into areas where deep-water conditions prevailed, is, of course, unknown. TELE, ENORGCANICWY PE OF GRAPHITE The contact form. _Graphite occurs at contact zones between an igneous rock and a sedimentary one, usually in contact rocks rich in pyroxenes, and in the margins of the eruptive rock. The statement that graphite occurs in pegmatites is probably true per se, but it seems to the writer to be somewhat misleading; for it is confined tc the margin along the line of contact. Apparently the country rock was a necessary reagent in the formation of the graphite. Several specimens collected on Lead hill were first taken to be lime- stone with graphite. The trial with a knife blade proved that the white material was too hard for calcite, hence it was called pegmatite material. A thin section showed it was white pyroxene; hence it was a contact rock, not a pegmatite. z There are two views in regard to the origin of the contact form of graphite: (1) that the catbon, in some form, was an original constituent of igneous magmas, or (2) that the igneous rock in its. 1 See Hatch, F. H. & Rastall, R. H., ‘‘ Petrology of the Sedimentary Rocks,”’ London, 1913, p. 293. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 145 ascension through graphitic sediments picked it up and deposited it on cooling at the margins of its mass. Winchell’ states that “ graphite is practically insoluble in silicates at ordinary temperatures of magmas; it is upon this fact that its value as a refractory material partly depends. How, then, can the occurrence of graphite as a constituent of igneous rocks . . . be explained?” The temperature of liquefaction and vaporization of graphite is in the neighborhood of 3000° Centigrade at normal pressures. The effect of increased pressure in raising the melting point is so small that we may neglect this factor.” “ Thereforé the suggestion sometimes made that sublimation from carbon vapor [is responsible] seems highly improbable.’”* It seems equally clear that carbon could not be in silicate solutions as a solid in an undissolved form or in true solution. Volatile hydrocarbons are then offered as a source of graphite.’ That such gases do occur as constituents of igneous rocks, has long been recognized.® Winchell has ably discussed the probabilities and points out that “it seems improbable that they are the source of graphite deposits, for several reasons. First, in the presence of water they will apparently be wholly transformed into carbon mon- oxide and hydrogen at 700° to 800° C. Second, in the absence of water the decomposition of hydrocarbons occurs (only) at high temperatures . . . ; any graphite that resulted from such a process should be formed in the hottest part of the intrusive magma rather than in the much cooler (margins) . . . where the graphite is actually found; and . . . no- reaction is known for _the decomposition of hydrocarbons below 500° C.” In a similar way Winchell disposes of the theory that the réle played by carbides is responsible for the formation of graphite. The most plausible theory is that the ultimate source is either carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide. Examination of the pegma- tites from a great many of the contact deposits of the northern area shows microscopic gas bubbles of the oxides of carbon in great abundance. Lincoln,’ Chamberlain’ and Salisbury*® point out that 1 Winchell, A. N., “‘ A theory for the Origin of Graphite,’’ Econ. Geol. 1911, Gr2a5, 2 Harker, Alfred, ‘‘ The Natural History of Igneous Rocks,’’ 1909, p. 163. 3 Winchell, ibid. 4 See references given by Winchell. 5 Lincoln, F. C., Econ. Geol. 1907, 2:257; Chamberlain, R. T., ‘ Gases -in Rocks,’’ Carnegie Inst. Pub. 106. 6 Lincoln, F. C., Econ. Geol., 2:258. 7 Chamberlain, T. C. & Salisbury, R. D., ‘‘ Geology,”’ 1:618, 619. 8 Chamberlain, T. C., Carnegie Inst. Pub. 106. 146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the oxides of carbon certainly exist in magmas as they are important constituents of volcanic emanations. The experiments of Boudouard* with the system CO — CO, in equilibrium, show that on cooling from 1000° to 500° C. at normal pressures CO breaks ap im CO; and lamp black.” 2 CO-CO, + C This form of carbon may be converted into graphite by the appli- cation of pressures and heat, as is illustrated by its presence in gray cast iron. Bastin sought to arrive at the temperature at which graphite of the contact type was formed. He examined a suite of specimens from Lead hill, and found that the “quartz was penetrated in a most irregular manner by flakes of graphite oriented in all directions and inclosed numerous crystals of augite. There can be no doubt that the three minerals crystallized contemporaneously.” The quartz was examined in the light of the modifications that quartz experiences when subject to thermal changes ;* and was found to be in the alpha condition. This indicates beyond reasonable doubt that the quartz, graphite and augite .crystallized below the inversion ~ temperature of quartz, which is 575° C. This temperature is in accord with the experiments of Boudouard and the geste a reached by Winchell. Weinschenk* believes that any kind of igneous rock can, if the physical conditions obtain, produce graphite upon contact with any kind of calcareous sediment. The examination of all the contact deposits of the Adirondack strongly supports this view. Tie: Fryatt workings on Lead hill, however, where the sediment is a good clean quartzite seem to question the necessity of limiting such v action to calcareous rocks. The vein type of graphite. The true fissure veins of Split rock, Lead hill and the Rowland property, as well as elsewhere, indicate that the graphite-forming period continued after the solidification of the pegmatitic-granite, syenite, gabbro or whatever particular series of igneous rock that carried the oxides of carbon. But the graphite is no less magmatic when it occurs in veins than the quartz with which it is associated. The quartz is a hydrothermal product. 1 Ann. Chim. Phys., 1910, 29:5 2 Bastin, E. S., Econ. Geol., 5:134. - : $Wright, F. EB. & Larson, ‘‘ Quartz as a Geologic Thermometer,’’ Amer, JoutSci.,-1909, 283423-77. See Fenner, Cs N., Amer. Jour. Sci. iv, 36:331-81. 4Weinschenk, E., ‘‘ Memoire sur Vhistorie du Graphite’? Compt. Rend. VIII Congr. Geol. Internat. 1900, p. 447. Zur Kenntniss der Graphitlagerstatten. THE ADIRONDACK GRAPHITE DEPOSITS 147 Reasoning based upon the work of H. Dixon! indicates that the following reactions are reversible: CO, + 2H,.—> 2H,O + C 2CO + 2H, >-2H,O + 2C But the intermediate steps appear to be: Above goo° C. 2CO, + 2H, + 2CO + 2H.,O Bel Back. eee |) oCO 4 24.0 5200, ot. Above 500° C. | Below 500° C-.. CO, + 2H, > 2H,0 + C This goes to show that the oxides of carbon (gases) in the presence of gaseous water react to form graphite. Much of this water is probably magmatic, while some of it may be derived from the sediments. Available analyses of such rocks give from I to 2 per cent of water. This may partly explain the occurrence of graph‘te at the margins of pegmatites; the heat of the intrusive releasing it from the sediments and acting as one of the reagents. In a similar manner the CO, from limestones (CaCO,) may have been liberated and thus there is furnished another reagent for the process. Applying the theories outlined above it is reasonable to expect that “any magma which contains sufficient water, upon coming in contact with bituminous (sediments) may be expected to convert all that portion of the carbon which is heated above . . . 600° C. to the oxide state. The resulting gases are soluble in water and silicate melts. When this solution cools below 600° C. graphite may be expected to crystallize out . . .”* If this explanation of the oriein of graphite is correct, then certain contact deposits may have a complex origin; the carbon being derived from organic re- mains in sediments was picked up by the intrusive (as cxides) and redeposited. Such a process may possibly be the one responsible for the contact and vein types on Lead hill. This is suggested upon the basis that in the Barrett Construction Company’s abandoned spar quarry, on the eastern slopes of Lead hill, there is shown the Hague gneiss enveloped by the same pegmatitic-granite mass that forms Lead hill. If the stratigraphy of the Grenville, as here developed, Pixon. H.. Jour. Chem. Soc., 1886, 49: 94. 2 Winchell, loc. cit. 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM can be relied upon, it is safe to infer that a bed of the Dixon schist should have underlaid the hill before the injection of the igneous rock. Thus the pegmatite may have derived the graphite from the Dixon and deposited the graphite upon contact with the higher lying beds such as the amphibolite 1n the Young Lion pit, which may be the Beech Mountain rock, etc. | The slightly contact metamorphosed type. The enriched ores of the International, Rowland and Sacandaga properties probably were developed by a mild form of this absorption and redeposition action of the thermal waters.upon the graphite of the original Dixon schist, causing a concentration-enrichment effect. Summary. Thus it is concluded that the graphite in the Adiron- dacks has been formed by several distinct and rather complex processes. The organic origin is proposed to explain the Dixon, Bear Pond schists, and the Rock Pond “ arkosite.” The inorganic theory is regarded as the most plausible to explain the contact and vein deposits, while a combination of the two is held to account for the International-Rowland-Sacandaga type and perhaps some others. a a ie INDEX Adirondack Mining and Milling Com- ' pany, 13, 78 Algoman, 123 Amalgamated Graphite Company, 9, 14 . American Graphite Company, 8, 9, 12, 43, 57 * Anorthosite, 123 Artificial graphite, 140 Bartley, J., cited, 138 Bastin, E. S., cited, 17, 18, 19, 28, 31, 46, 48, 51, 52, 55, 60, 64, 66, 67, 68, 77, 78, 79, 80, 96, 137, 141, 142, 146 Bear Pond Mountain region, 60 Bear Pond schist, 65 Beck, L. C., cited, 8, 25, 84, 112 Becke, F., cited, 124, 125 Betsey Cook property, II, 20 Bly pr. perty, 12, 60 Buck Mountain pond, 9, II, 14 Chadwick, George H., ments to, 8 Chamberlain, R. T., cited, 145 Chamberlain, T. C. & Salisbury, R. D., cited, 145 Chamberlain & Company, 13 Champlain Graphite Company, 13, 76 Chester, 12, 13, 38, 80 Chesterfield, 112 Cirkel, F., cited, 29, 31, I11, 134, I4I Clarke, F. W., cited, 48, 79, 124 Columbia Graphite Company, 9, II, 20, 21 Commercial status, 137-40 Concentration problems, 132-36 Consolidated Graphite Company, 9, 14 Crosby, W. O., cited, 84, 88 Crown Point, 11, 17, 21 Crown Point Graphite Company, II, 17-20 Cushing, H. P., cited, 41, 98, 110, 123, 126 Cushing, H. P. & Ruedemann, R., cited, 97 acknowledg- Day, A. L., cited, 125 Day, 13, 92 Dixon, H., cited, 147 Dixon schist, 43, 119, 120 Dixon-Faxon properties, 43 Dixon’s American Graphite Company, 12, 43 Dresden, 13, 71 Elsden, J. V., cited, 124 Emmons, E., cited, 8, 2 Empire Graphite Company, 13, 97, 130 Essex, II, 31 Essex county, II Faxon property, 12, 43, 52, 140 Fenner, C. N., cited, 146 Flake graphite, 127 Flake Graphite Company, 13, 97, 130, 140 Gabbro, 123 Granite, 123 Graphite (village) 8, 9, 12, 43 Graphite, sources, 7; early mining developments, 8; uses, 10; description of properties, 11; northern area, 14; southern area, 40; finishing of, 131; origin, 141-48; inorganic type, 144; vein type, 146 Graphite Products Corporation, 13, 105, 140 Graphite schist, 43 Greenfield, 13, 97 Grenville stratigraphy, 62, 121, 127 Gulf prospect, I1, 33, 36 Hague, 8, 9, 12, 57 Hague gneiss, 127 Harker, A., cited, 125, 145 Hatch, F. H. & Rastall, R. H., cited, 144 Holbrook, C. T., 13 Hooper Brothers, 13, 71, 140 Hulett’s Landing, 13, 110 Igneous rocks, 123 Ihne, F. W., cited, 58 Indian River, 14, 112 Ingalls, W. R., cited, 51, 133, 141 International Graphite Company, 13. 80 [149] 150 Jay, 11, 33 Jenny, W. P., cited, 143 Johannsen, A., cited, 124 Johnsburg, 13, 83 Joseph Dixon Crucible Company, 8 Kemp, J: B., cited, 33, 45, 57) 61, 128, 142 Kemp, J. F. & Newland, D. H., 44, 51 King’s Station, 13, 105 cited, Lacroix, cited, 124 Lake George, 12 Lakeside mine, 12, 57 Laurentian granite, 126, 127 Lead hill, 8, 9, 12, 23-31 Leith, C. K. & Mead, W. J., cited, 143 Lincoln, F. C., cited, 145 Lowinson-Lessing, F., cited, 123 Macomb Graphite Company, 14, III Mammoth cave, 12, 38 Maré, R., cited, 125 Matin) ..C., ctted,.523,. 125 Mason property, 12, 23 Metagabbro, 123 Miller, B. L., cited, 129, 135, 136 Miller, W. G, & Knight, C. W., cited, 123 Miller, W. J., cited, 38, 80, 84, 90, 121, 126, 127 Mills, F. S., cited, 111 Minerva, 12, 38 Moriah, 36 Newcomb, 12, 38 Newland, D. H., cited, 36, 49, 52, 78, 93, 97, 105, 106, 109, 112, 133, 136, 137, 140 Nicholas, F. C., cited, 130, 141 Northern area, graphite deposits, 14; summary, 38 Ogilvie, I. H., cited, 121 Output, 7 Overshot pond, 9 Pardo point, 12 Penfield pond property, II, 17 ao he NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY Pete, W. F. & Bassler, R. S., cited, 43 Pettinos Brothers, 9 Popes Mills Graphite Company, 14, 111 Pottersville prospect, 12,38 — Richards, cited, 131 Rock pond, 9 Rock Pond property, 12, 60, 68 Rossie prospect, 14, 112 Rowland, C. T., cited, 134 Rowland Graphite Company, 14 Rowland Graphite mine, 13, 83 Sacandaga Graphite Company, 13, 92 Saratoga county, II Saratoga Graphite Company, 13, 105 Silver Leaf Graphite Company, 13, 79 Smith Graphite property, 112 smyth, C. H., Jr, cited, 127, 143 South Bay, 13, 76 Southern area, graphite deposits, 40; summary, 119 Spalding, M. W., 1 Split Rock prospect, I1, 31 Swede Pond quartzite, 114, 127 Syenite, 123 ia Syntectic rocks, 126 Ticonderoga, 8; 11; 12, 14,17; 2@5 23; 60 Ticonderoga Graphite Company, 9 Towne property, 11, 20 Trout Pond limestone, 114 Trumbull gneiss, 127 Vost, J. H. L., cited, 125 Von Cotta, cited, 143 Walcott, C. W., cited, 142 P Warren, C..H., cited, 125 Warren county, 9, II Warrensburg, 12, 38 Washington county, II Weinschenk, E., cited, 146 Welch farm, 13, 36 Wherry, E. T., cited, 142 White, D., cited, 143 Wilmington prospect, 12, 36 Wilton, 13, 105 Winchell, A. N., cited, 145, 147 Wright, F. 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