STEWS Ww ed hag a Ne CC RELE IGGIGIASSS MAA | } | A A AA| 4 : \ed ef | HW) \ ws! . ~~ is San , sy ISIS SY ty gaceeeeess wy) Moco YIAGIr, | le POSEN Are Are i ‘\ Ne iN WS owe | ad ead leah tah) ) w 4 veees OSS) VIPUN v i) Ns Nos Nw he ¥ LAS Gy ww Ne |=) , iit 1h \ \ i heel | i\ fi. Ii \ | A f NK} i i } h I ARAM li | |) Ned os AR | i Ji AN j a= i i | i, in ii i = ww) sh \ i Ne] = SIEM NN Net ) \ weevil S| | Ye sl Ww wouvreevion y; BN ve ys IS Ze YY 3 WY | Uh MMOS EYES SSS CIOS RST earl tiae i RA Ah Ad Ned fd a Naha ag WAI sd); Si SGN Vly - COC lele uM | BOOM AAI AAC As | | TR hc vw" ys AMI Mi] Ned We wien renner cere ew Re J ed wy) NI a w Ss ~ jh DIADORA Saw NSN x YU) new ed | Sy, S owe | \ Ley MWS Suv y UV IY] A | Noe \/\_ ned] SSS oOWWW WWVS Nevin WWW MO Ws Cx «CC CaCl CaCl G Caer mart ae He POLS CC | , y {\, ‘ / J | | 1, } \ i } , \ ee | i L | jl } hh gh | , / | i | i\ {\ i i \ | | | | " " ( i i ly \ = iF } i | I | } i {\ | j \ | Hoy ee) neal | | | | || | ) | Ij | Need} | | j IA fil Set Nan Sa SU | | ih / | { | | | i } j f VATA } od] } } oF, eh | \ | Nowe | See} | A | | ; NEY (ae (ee! te J 74 { | |i i iy K AJA j 1 | {| j ii i i } | | | | 17] i j j i jt NS | Le \ ) { \ \ | | ' A { (| ' / M\ j} h AM )\~7i\ ) j lll \ ' | | i 7 A7I\ | | | | 1 : 1 | | i | } | { i | | | f H (| | h | | | \ AL A i A A | a | | j ) | fA \o Neo | i} SSC MASSA AS SY Wvvvs gee Wy Ceceeee cary ivi Ve vaioeOA, v VUVUTOO CPOE INY SW re \ x OLA ATA w IN A \~ fh CCC | rc CC CCE — EG aa 3% ( uf ra C C > Sa C ( ( CCC €| €CE@ Fe Wheeled <« cae \ A q \— ffi <« CC Ce ( « Z Cc «& ( C&C "P : by AA ists apne Ales at , ‘ PE ee Oe LELESS. cS Gee nee ee 100 186 50 402 .50 PIB SEAGCES Di oe. Ne Se ye en ool T T5O E57 I 256 324 .18 eC iall gd ere See 10 389 072 | $2 835 706 $.27 Production of salt by grades in 1915 GRADE BARRELS | VALUE ae Mor MO Ty TIM ETA erl e As sae cwleinie ee oo I 460 379 | $598 193 $.40 PamimonCOatse. a0. 22 euee ae le eet oe 126 193 59 077 .46 DEAE SICNGAITY.< - 12 20 os eh ie ee oe ae I 274 743 | 829 581 .65 ELE. Ls tle A en ne ee 267 886 | 93 760 35 eRe ere PN Rk alin e so it | 165 179 83 890 50 PEMEROTACES Oy sis 214 0k. fhe sly elects 7 800 921 | I 347 431 57 TOW ci5 Sa pha Sid Bree eae ae eee eee II 095 301 $3 O11 932 $.27 @ Common fine includes a small amount of common coarse. b Includes rock salt, salt in brine used for alkali manufacture, agricultural salt, and small amounts of brine salt for which the uses were not specified in the returns. 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The classification, as given in the tables, is based on the com- mercial grades, so far as practicable. In case, however, a certain grade is made by a single producer, it is merged with other grades, so as not to reveal the individual figures. Rock salt and the salt in brine converted into soda appear in the last item of the tables, which includes also small amounts of evaporated salt not specially classified in the returns. Table and dairy salt includes the superior grades of artificially evaporated salt that are specially prepared for the table and for butter and cheese making; it brings the highest market prices. Under common fine are listed the other grades of fine, artificially evaporated salt that are not specially prepared. Common coarse represents the coarser product from artificial evaporation. Solar salt is made by evaporation of brine in shallow vats exposed to the sun’s heat. The process is employed only by the manufacturers on the old Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation at Syracuse, and can be carried on of course only in the summer months. The product is used practically for the same purposes as rock salt. Packers salt includes the grade sold to meat packers and fish salters. The salt industry is confined at present to six counties, as fol- lows: Genesee, Livingston, Onondaga, Schuyler, Tompkins and Wyoming. Of these, Livingston county is the sole producer of rock salt; while the others are represented only in the evaporated salt industry, and derive their brines from wells sunk to the salt beds, or, in the case of the Onondaga county solar salt industry, from wells that yield a natural brine. The following is a list of the active companies in the evaporating industry during 1915: International Salt Co., with works at Myers and Watkins; Worcester Salt Co., Silver Springs; Rock Glen Salt Co., Rock Glen; Remington Salt Co., Ithaca; Watkins Salt Co., Watkins; Genesee Salt Co., Piffard; Le Roy Salt €Co., Le Roy; Solvay Process Co., Solvay, and the several makers of solar salt at Syracuse who market their output through the Onondaga Coarse Salt Association of that city. The rock salt mines, of which two were active, were worked by the Sterling Salt Co., Cuylerville, and the Retsof Mining*Co., Retsof. One company, the Eureka Salt Corporation of Saltville, who made a production in 1914, was in- active last year. The salt deposits of the State are widely distributed and of in- exhaustible character. Practically all the territory to the south of the outcrop of the Salina formation, west from Madison county, . THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9Qt5 51 may be considered as within the salt-bearing district, although the deposits are not absolutely continuous throughout the area. Rock salt is not encountered usually at less than 800 feet or so from the surface, since the beds are very soluble and it is only under a pro- tecting cover of considerable thickness that they have been pre- served. They are known to continue far to the south of the Salina outcrop where the dip carries them to depths of over 3000 feet. The distribution of the salt beds and the industry based on them have been described by Merrill and Englehardt in Bulletin 11 of the New York State Museum, “Salt and Gypsum Industries of New York.” Further and more recent data on the geology of the _ beds will be found in Luther’s “ Geology of the Livonia Salt Shaft ” in the 13th Annual Report of the New York State Museum and _ “Salt Springs and Salt Wells of New York and Geology of the Salt District’ in the 16th Annual Report of the Museum. Many records of salt wells are assembled in the papers by Bishop, included - in the 5th Annual Report of the New York State Geologist and the 45th Annual Report of the State Museum. _ The most recent exploration for salt has been in the vicinity of Portland Point, Cayuga county, on the east side of Cayuga lake, south of Ludlowville or Myers. where the International Salt Co. _ has a brine works. According to information supplied by Fordyce _ A. Cobb, Esq., of Ithaca, the well was started in May 1915, and - completed in August of the same year. The locality is about 10 rods north of the Cayuga Lake Cement Works, near the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company’s tracks. Rock (limestone) was en- - countered at 11 feet. The salt bed was reached at 1484 feet. The _ upper 17 feet of salt was somewhat shaly and impure, but between _ i501 and 1548 feet depth a fine quality of rock salt was passed _ through. No attempt toward development of the deposit has as _ yet been undertaken. The drill test is of interest aS showing the _ continuation of the Ludlowville beds to the south, over a part of the interval between that place and the next proved territory just north 3 ~ of Ithaca where the Remington Salt Co. has a plant which derives * p brines from wells 2100 feet deep. — 7 ~ oe ee See t) “a oe a 7) See Hats ONG) (a ete eet las Sc le tee nee eg Wer ar 4 039 Bore is OO Rera terete neo ere eed orescence as 700 UO) Cow)" Tit COOli Ss. s cenlloweoaee 2 700 25 292 3 0 eee eeNee BET. OO| ene epee Sees eens DOA Ba fone 3 917 SGA Se GA OOOl stvrty seen: ewe cr [peice ieee nee 99 394 BOSS cc ashes 20 027 AG SOS tesa Pk ODN eee oye ets 25 946 Pets eA. OO ete gente eres [fe sa Soe 4 576) 744 II 720 5 aes Sera ON7S80|seee eee) £90 234: 300 5 700 203 114 Meeoneida....:... 5 Me AM nee or pala pelle curs kor eee a Ste 74 741 ‘Onondaga....... 1a “NOG ee oe oe Lee aa 6 193) 231 036} 385 335 _ St Lawrence..... 2 937 1 440) 274 33, 323 ~ AO eu senate 108 657 Bad ata OR aheee wrens 216 460 7085 343/09 1549738 O00). Gah ae 41 000 375 449| 408 976 409 $260 897/%3 316 063 | 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Production of limestone by counties in 1915 BUILD- CRUSHED | LIME |FURNACE OTHER COUNTY 2 ING TOTAL STONE MADE FLUX ee USES JAN Pen ON Aarts ANA NI $921 003 (Uso oe Pe il oa haces soe ee ee $92 003 a @ aye eee ae BA TOOR hese aceenia leu en ei $7 060/25. amelie 40 063 Climtom-eaer es ane 25 853) $47 373) P17 B7Blac eC 96 599 Dutchess: 22-22 .- 226 106) (409365)) 6.5 40 e laa ne ee eee 276 471 Briers ok, deaeete AGORA Aloe ere 90 707| 39 590| $1 794] 601 465 (Ceneseenpe eerie: 196 964, I1 560} 38 OOO}........ 13 500} 260 024 Crecnean ene ae T-O20| 8256 2s 3 |einiwine geis| cles hoe eee I 920 inter kin ene ees SESOG |i ets sient se (ieee! Seraual scene I 975 10 841 Jiettersone ta. 2 sen TS) WEA) WO) WAG st aa ore ac 319} 17 165 45 782 IGE WISE eM omeees ctor B BOO! BO COO ascasac SOl's 2. cee 33 380 Mia disonseneen ere 7) HOO 3 ea ie ale eae raienencire ORS [eee cea 13 762 30 928 IMIGTOHOSS os 5 a's aise EA TBO Nee. ale uenes ete 500] inc pee 14 722 Montgomery..... BT SOOl baecs sale eer 2 977 300 BUN Fh 7/7) Niagara wee see DARSAT| ane 267 845 I 660, 19 199 313 551 Oneidayaeeeeeeee AB TOO! es. esha cee. | Pane ee eee 48 190 Onondaga....... AR OOO A Amr Se ol Smee ane 5 300] 132 104) 495 004 St Lawrence..... 136324 AN 725 eee soe 285 I 365 45 471 SS MOMENNES Go 5 ao ak 76 034 AO2 erie aer 2 763 6 787 85 986 Wikworoueamcoeade TAS AT OA MO POI persevere |e eee ee 300 165 III Wertenee ame meee 1B Gig) WAS Sill, obsr coc ik Bay 4 930 158 271 \VeSaurMeAHOIm. «5 oo allo au os acco - (9) COCs. ¢s05 40 6 I 250). tye eee 61 250 Other counties.... 239 O00] 25 I15 Iio(0) ana abuens 6, I 226} 265 891 Total.......|$2 072 852/$387 083\$440 237| $63 121/$214 407/$3 177 700 MARBLE Marble, in the commercial sense, like granite, includes a variety of rocks that lend themselves to building or decorative uses. Most commonly, the name signifies a crystalline aggregrate of calcite or dolomite, as distinguished from ordinary limestones which at best are of indistinctly crystalline nature. At the same time it implies the feature of attractiveness by reason of color and the ability to take a lustrous polish. Rocks possessing all these features are marbles in the strict sense to which the name may be applied with- out qualification. Some compact or granular limestones that lack the elements of thorough crystallinity make, however, a handsome appearance when polished, and such are commercially classed as marbles. Fossil marbles, black marbles, and a few other kinds are | commonly of the noncrystalline type. Serpentine marble, or verde antique, is made up for the most part of the mineral serpentine, a silicate of magnesium and iron, and is therefore not related to the varieties already described. Ophitic limestone, or ophicalcite, is a — THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 — 69 crystalline limestone or dolomite carrying grains and nodules of serpentine scattered more or less evenly through its mass. Its ornamental quality lies in the speckled or mottled pattern and the sharp contrast between the clear white mass and the greenish _ serpentine inclusions. __ Marbles belonging to those various types find representation in the geologic formations of the State and are quarried on a com- _ mercial scale or have been so quarried in the past. The true or crystalline varieties are limited in occurrence to the metamorphic areas of the Adirondacks and southeastern New York. They are of early geologic age, antedating the period of crustal disturbance and metamorphism which in the Adirondacks _ was brought to a close practically before Cambric time and which in southeastern New York was completed in the Paleozoic. This _ thoroughly crystalline character is in fact a development of the strong compression accompanied by heat to which they have been _ subjected; having been originally, no doubt, ordinary granular or fossiliferous limestones similar to those so plentifully represented ' in the undisturbed formations outside the regions. The crystalline limestones of the Adirondacks are most abundant on the western border in Jefferson, Lewis and St Lawrence counties _ where they occur in belts up to 4 or 5 miles wide and several times as long, interfolded and more or less intermixed with sedimentary gneisses, schists and quartzites. They are found in smaller and _ more irregularly banded areas in Warren and Essex counties on the - eastern side, but have little importance elsewhere. The ophitic _ limestones that have been quarried at different times belong to the same series. The marbles.of the Adirondacks comprise both the calcite class with very little magnesia and the dolomite class con- _ taining high percentages of magnesia. No definite relations is _ apparent in regard to the occurrence of the two and both may be - found in the same area and in close association. The southeastern New York marbles occur in belts which follow _ the north-south valleys, east of the Hudson, from Manhattan island into Westchester, Dutchess and Columbia counties. They _ tange from very coarsely crystalline to finely crystalline rocks, are _ prevailingly white in color and belong to the dolomite class. They are interfolded with schists and quartzites, the whole series having steep dips like those of strongly compressed strata. The geologic age of the southern belts is probably Precambric, but on the north G and east within range of the Taconic disturbance, they may belong to the early Paleozoic. 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bodies of practically pure serpentine of considerable extent are found on Staten Island and in Westchester county near Rye; they represent intrusions of basic igneous rocks whose minerals, chiefly pyroxene and olivine, have subsequently changed to serpentine.. They are not important for quarry purposes, owing to the frequency of fissures and joints and the rather somber color of the exposed part of the masses. The microcrystalline or subcrystalline limestones that are some- times sold as marbles include members of the regularly bedded unmetamorphosed Paleozoic limestones, which locally show quali- ties of color and polish that make them desirable for decorative purposes. They range from dense granular varieties to those having a more or less well-developed crystalline texture and are often fossiliferous. Inasmuch as they have never been subjected to regional compression or been buried in the earth deep enough to become heated, the crystalline texture, when present, may be ascribed to the work of ground waters. These circulate through the mass, taking the carbonates of lime and magnesia into solution, and redeposit them in crystalline form. Originally, the limestones were accumulations of lime-secreting fossils or granular precipi- tates, for the most part of marine origin. Some of the localities where these unmetamorphic marbles occur are on the west shore of Lake Champlain, around Plattsburg and Chazy (Chazy limestone), Glens Falls (Trenton limestone) and Becraft and Catskill (Becraft limestone). Production. The marbie quarries reported a very poor: business in 1915, the output amounting to about one-half that of the average for previous years. The depression affected both building and monumental quarries. The number of firms reporting a production was seven, distributed among Dutchess and Westchester counties in southeastern New York and St Lawrence and Warren counties in the Adirondack region. In the Gouverneur district the St Law- - rence Marble Quarries and the Gouverneur Marble Co. alone were active. The Northern New York Marble Co. of that place went out of business. The quarries of the South Dover Marble Co. at Wingdale were worked as heretofore, though on a reduced scale. In Westchester county the old “ Prison” quarry at Ossining was reopened for the purpose of getting out dimension stone for the remodeling of the State Hall at Albany, which is constructed of marble from this quarry. ; The production of marble altogether was valued at $120,447 against $230,242 in 1914 and $252,292 in 1913. Of the product, Pa ee Ge eee Oe ae LS THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 Hal building stone, rough and dressed, accounted for $61,601 and monu- _ mental for $37,074 against $142,223 and $70,797 respectively in F 1914. Other kinds of marble quarried had a value of $21,772 against $17,222 in IQ14. SANDSTONES Under sandstones are included the sedimentary rocks which con- sist essentially of quartz grains held together by some cementing substance. Among the varieties distinguished by textural features are sandstones proper, conglomerates, grits and quartzites. Of the sedimentary rocks which occur in the State, sandstone has the largest areal distribution, while in economic importance it ranks second only to limestone. Nearly all the recognized strati- graphic divisions above the Archean contain sandstone at one or more horizons. The kinds chiefly quarried are the Potsdam, Hud- son River, Medina and Devonic sandstones. A few quarries have been opened also in the Shawangunk conglomerate and the Ciinton and Triassic sandstones. The Potsdam of the Upper Cambric is the lowest and earliest in age of the sandstones that have a fairly wide distribution and are utilized for building purposes. The most extensive outcrops are along the northern and northwestern borders of the Adirondacks, in Clinton, Franklin, St Lawrence and Jefferson counties. Other exposures of smaller extent are found in the Lake Champlain valley and on the southeastern edge of the Adirondack region. These latter areas represent the remnants of a once continuous belt that has been broken up by folding, faulting and erosion. The Potsdam sandstone has in many places the character of a quartzite, consisting of quartz grains cemented by a secondary deposition of quartz, and then is a very hard, tough and durable stone. The quartzite __ from St Lawrence county has sustained a crushing test of more than 42,000 pounds to the square inch. The color varies from deep _ red to pink and white. The principal quarries are near Potsdam and Redwood, St Lawrence county, and Malone and Burke, Frank- lin county. Besides building stone, which is the chief product, there is some flagstone sold, mainly by the quarries at Burke, for ship- ment to Montreal. The so-called Hudson River group is essentially a group of sand- stones, shales, slates and conglomerates, ranging in age from the Trenton to the Lorraine, but which have not been sufficiently _ studied to permit the actual delimitation of the various members on _ the map. The group is exposed in a wide belt along the Hudson 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM from Glens Falls southward into Orange county and also in the Mohawk valleys as far west as Rome. The sandstone beds are usually fine grained, of grayish color and rather thinly bedded. Over wide stretches they provide practically the only resource in constructional stone and consequently they have been quarried at a great number of places to supply the local needs for building and foundation work. Some of the stone is crushed for road metal and concrete. The Medina sandstone is found along the southern shore of Lake Ontario from the Niagara river east to Oswego county; in central New York it is represented by a coarse conglomeratic phase called the Oneida conglomerate. As developed in the western part of the State, where it is principally quarried, it is hard fine-grained sandstone of white, pink and variegated color. The pink variety is specially quarried for building stone and has an excellent reputa- tion. Many of the larger cities of the country and most of the important towns and cities of the State contain examples of its architectural use. The large quarries are situated in Orleans county, near Albion, Holley and Medina, along the line of the Erie canal, but there are others at Lockport and Lewiston, in Niagara county, and at Brockport and Rochester in Monroe county. The Medina sandstone also finds extensive applications for curbing and flagging and for paving blocks. It is employed more extensively for the latter purpose than any other stone quarried in the State. The Shawangunk conglomerate is more widely known for its use in millstones than for constructional purposes. It outcrops along Shawangunk mountain in Ulster county and southwesterly into New Jersey, with an outlier near Cornwall, Orange county. The quarries near Otisville have supplied considerable quantities of stone for abutments and rough masonry. The Clinton sandstone is mainly developed in central New York, being absent from the Clinton belt in the western part of the State. It forms ledges of considerable extent on the south side of the Mohawk valley from Ilion to Utica and beyond. It consists of reddish brown and gray sandstones, of medium texture and hard- ness. The stone has been used for foundations and building in Utica and other places in the vicinity. Of the Devonic formations which cover about one-third the whole area of the State, the Hamilton, Portage, Chemung and Catskill contain important sandstone members serviceable for quarry operations. These sandstones are popularly known as blue- stones, a name first applied in Ulster county where they are dis- tinguished by a bluish gray color. They are for the most part fine eS a a ae oe ee ae ee Ct. ee. eee ia ia ie THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 73 grained, evenly bedded, bluish or gray sandstones, often showing _ a pronounced tendency to split along planes parallel to the bedding so as to yield smooth, thin slabs. For that reason they are exten- sively used for flag and curbstone, and a large industry is based on the quarrying of these materials for sale in the eastern cities. Most flagstone is produced in the region along the Hudson and Delaware rivers, where there are convenient shipping facilities to New York, Philadelphia and other large cities. The Hudson River district includes Albany, Greene and Ulster counties, but the quarries are mainly situated in the area that includes southern Greene and northern Ulster, with Catskill, Saugerties and Kingston as the chief shipping points. The Delaware River district includes Sullivan, Delaware and Broome counties; the shipping stations are along the Erie and Ontario & Western Railroads. The sandstone of this section ranges from Hamilton to Catskill age. In the area to the west the quarries are confined to the Portage and Chemung groups, with the most important ones in the Portage. There are large, well-equipped quarries near Norwich, Chenango county, and War- saw, Wyoming county, which produce building stone for the general market. Numerous small quarries are found in Otsego, Chemung, Tompkins, Tioga, Schuyler, Steuben, Yates, Allegany, eee and Chautauqua counties. Production of sandstone. Sandstone, by reason of its adapt- ability and its wide distribution, is extensively quarried in the State, ranking next to limestone in commercial importance. The larger part of the output is employed in street work in the form of curbstone, flagstone and paving blocks, but an important quantity is also used as building stone. It finds very little application as crushed stone on account of its platy fracture. The Devonic sandstones, which are collectively known as blue- stone, are more widely quarried than the other kind; this production is carried on throughout the southern part of the State by a large number of individuals and companies. With few exceptions, the quarries are small, giving employment to only two or three work- men each and having very little in the way of mechanical equipment. Such small enterprises are particularly characteristic of the Hudson River and Delaware River regions where much of the flagstone and curbstone is produced. Many of the quarries are worked intermittently by farmers in the off season of their usual occupa- tion. The stone is hauled down the hillside to the railroad sidings or the river docks where it is purchased by middlemen who ship it to the eastern markets. The stone from the Hudson River district is mainly shipped by barges from Kingston and Saugerties. In the TAS NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM interior it is shipped by rail. A statistical canvass of such small enterprises is a matter of great difficulty and is likely to afford very unreliable results. Consequently, it has been the practice in the compilation of this report to secure the information so far as possible from dealers who purchase the stone for shipment to the large wholesalers and consumers in the cities. The production of sandstone during the last two years is shown in the accompanying tables which give its distribution also among the leading districts. | The combined value of all the sandstone quarried in 1915 was $890,411 against $1,056,990 in 1914, indicating a decline of about 16 per cent in the amount of sales for the year. This was a smaller output than in any recent year previously and is largely accounted for by the falling off in the bluestone industry. The totals are exclusive of sandstone quarried by contractors for use on the state highway system, for which it is impossible to assign any accurate value. Of the combined value given, considerably less than one-half was returned by the quarry companies operating in the bluestone districts, whereas in previous years this branch of the industry was much the more important. The reported value of the bluestone actually was $339,779, as compared with $546,314 in 1914. Most of the decline may be attributed to the conditions in the curb and flagstone trade which has had to meet increasing competition from other materials, notably concrete and granite, in street work. This is indicated by the fact that the total value of curb and flagstone made from bluestone was only $155,288 as compared with $337,488 in 1914. A small decrease may be noted also in building stone, the value of which was $178,577 in 1915, against $191,239 in the pre- ceding year. Sandstone other than bluestone represented a value of $550,632, a gain over the figure. for 1914 which was reported as $510,676. Orleans county by itself accounted for a value of $449,620 as com- pared with $439,635 in 1914. There was a good demand for paving blocks which constitute the principal product of this district. Altogether the general situation last year was not very favorable for the quarry companies in the sandstone districts. Only a few new operations were reported, the more important being quarries for crushed stone production in Albany and Ulster counties. On the other hand, several quarries that were active in former years were closed without any prospect of immediate reopening. Pe Peee Ne) ee So - 2y eae Se ee le aes a . a. ere ee ee, THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 75 Production of sandstone in 1914 CURBING PrGERICT Cee AND | PAVING |CRUSHED| RUBBLE | ALL , stonE | FLAG: | BLOCKS | STONE | RIPRAP | OTHER GING Bluestone eidson river......... SOO MUS see a Olmer ces alee ele kell co Gam erates $1 559 Delaware river....... DONTOO i777. e200 hears’. Se aa oe $1 425} 9 865 Chenango county..... 69 255 Eres Ti) Rae geese | ier Tee 960| 2 337 _ Wyoming county..... g2 201 That OOO| ieee. $48 Tes OS iene Wehner districts........ 4 087 UI 3 Pre ec Wea Si sel ree uces see | eae ote Total bluestone. ../$191 239/$337 488]........ $48| $3 778 | $13 761 Sandstone eh BOrleans county....... $15 926|$147 970/$266 775]........ $1 319) $7 645 Me@ionier Gdistticts........| 10 343) 4 764| 12 912| $36 095, 6 927|........ Total sandstone. .| $26 269/$152 734/279 687| $36 095| $8 246} $7 645 _ Combined total...... .|$217 508/$490 222'$279 687| $36 143| $12 024| $21 406 Production of sandstone in 1915 CURBING | Be tere bee AND | PAVING |CRUSHED RUBBLE | ALL stone | FLAG: | BLOCKS | STONE RIPRAP | OTHER GING 4 Bluestone | Beeldsontiver.........| $3 235) $44 243]........).-...... A ce eT $500 Delaware river....... 12) 28) 06) 4O2\e5 se - $237, $2 394 1 8co _ Chenango county..... RO ROO te OWOAG! Wee aap. Mame tat CMe Roce Gale tan? ae _ Wyoming county..... MOAR O2O|t ae eas cealie ae eee 15, 720 248 s Other districts........ 7 571 BrOOON sence ose neces hibisa rege cae | RO ak Total bluestone. ./$178 577/$155 288|........ $252| $3 114] $2 548 Sandstone _ Orleans county....... $13 926|/$160 441|$254 081| $19 931} $1 O00 $241 meOther districts........ 6 240] 2 257| II 276} 57 185 5 500) 18 554 Total sandstone. .| $20 166/$162 698|$265 357| $77 116] $6 500, $18 795 a Bg | | |_| ____ _ Combined Hoyle cd.” .|$198 743/$317 986|$265 357| $77 368| $9 614 #21 343 TRAP 4 intrusive sheets and dikes. Trap is not a distinct rock type, but the name properly belongs _ to the fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks that occur in In mineral composition it differs from 76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM most of the igneous rocks that are classed in the trade as granite by the prevalence of the basic plagioclase feldspars and the higher percentages of the iron magnesia minerals, while it contains no quartz. Some of the so-called “black granites,’ however, are trap. The name is sometimes applied to fine-grained rocks of . granitic or syenitic composition and sometimes even to rocks of sedimentary derivation, but such usage is misleading and inde- fensible. The particular value of trap is due to its hardness and toughness. Its fine, compact, homogeneous texture gives it great wearing powers and it is eminently adapted for road metal and concrete of which heavy service is required. The principal product, therefore, is crushed stone. It has been used to some extent, also, as paving blocks, but these are rather difficult to prepare, since trap very seldom shows any capacity for parting comparable to the rift and grain structures of granites. As a building stone it finds very little application, probably on account of its somber color. The expense of cutting and dressing trap is also an obstacle to its employment for building or ornamental purposes. The trap quarried in New York State is properly a diabase. Its mineral composition varies somewhat in the different occurrences, but the main ingredients are plagioclase, feldspar and pyroxene, with more or less of amphibole, olivine, magnetite and sometimes biotite. The texture is characteristic, for the feldspar forms lath- shaped crystals which interlace and inclose the pyroxene and other ingredients in the meshes, and it is this firmly knit fabric which gives the stone the qualities of strength and toughness. The largest occurrence of trap in New York is represented by the Palisades of the Hudson and the continuation of the same intrusion which extends southward through New Jersey onto Staten Island and is also encountered in the interior of Rockland county. The Palisades are the exposed edge of a sill or sheet of diabase that is intruded between shales and sandstones of Triassic age. The sheet is several hundred feet thick, in places nearly 1000 feet, and in general seems to follow the bedding planes of the sedi- mentary strata which dip to the west and northwest at an angle of from 5° to 15°. The outcrop is narrow, seldom over a mile, and in places is limited to a single steep escarpment. The principal quarries are near Nyack and Haverstraw at the base of the cliffs. Other quarries have been opened near Suffern, Rockland county, on an isolated intrusion, and also near Port Richmond, Staten Island, at the southern end of the Palisades sill. 7. | 2 aoe THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 te 7) Trap occurs in numerous places in the Adirondacks, but mostly as narrow dikes. It is especially common in Essex and Clinton ‘counties where there are many thousands of dikes that range from a few inches to 20 or 30 feet thick. On the southern border of the _ region are a few dikes of notable size, such as that in the town of Greenfield, Saratoga county, and at Little Falls in the Mohawk valley. A quarry has been opened in the Greenfield occurrence for the supply of crushed stone. For many years the leading trap quarries have been those situ- ated along the river front of the Palisades from Haverstraw to Nyack. Their output during the height of the industry amounted to over a million cubic yards annually. Since 1910 negotiations have been in progress for the acquisition of the quarry properties in connection with the Palisades Interstate Park which is designed to include the lands lying between the river line and the top of the ridge. The completion of the plans for the park is now in prospect and it is unlikely that quarry operations at the present sites will last much longer. The quarries of the Rockland Lake Trap Co. and of the Manhattan Trap Rock Co. have already been closed. The final extinction of the industry will involve an increase in the price of trap in the lower Hudson district, inasmuch as there is no other place where it can be obtained so conveniently and at so low cost. The output of trap in 1915 amounted to 683,700 cubic yards valued at $550,960. Of this quantity 409,100 cubic yards valued at $331,280 consisted of crushed stone for roads. The figures showed a decrease in comparison with the totals for 1914 which were reported as 975,000 cubic yards valued at $770,000. TALC The dulness in the tale trade which prevailed during the later months of 1914 continued into the following year and caused some reduction in the mining and milling operations, although there were no producers that withdrew from business. The depression was caused more particularly by the curtailment of demand in the paper industry which supplies the principal outlet for the local product. The market showed some improvement during the last six months of the year, when paper makers began to experience difficulty in filling their requirements of white clay which had been obtained, hitherto, from England and Germany and consequently cree to talc as a substitute. The output for the year amounted to 69,514 short tons valued at $576,643, or a little less than in 1914, but fully up to the average 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of earlier years. The list of active firms included the Ontario Tale . Co., the International Pulp Co. and the Uniform Fibrous Tale Co. — in the Gouverneur district and the St Lawrence Talc Co. of Natural Bridge. There was a cessation of exploratory work during the year on — the part of development enterprises and no new additions to the list of producers is in prospect for the current season. The talc industry occupies a position of considerable economic importance in the limited field in which it is carried on. The labor item is the principal element of cost in production, and a large quota of the local population find employment in one or another of the branches of the industry. The mining operations of themselves are not so extensive in their requirements, but in addition there is the milling which involves a process of gradual reduction con- tinued over several hours and the haulage necessitated by the fact that some of the mines are situated at a distance from the railroad which serves the district. The Gouverneur talc began to enter the market about 1880. Shipments of some importance were made before that date, but from that time they have been continuous and in large volume. Since 1900 the average annual output has exceeded 60,000 tons. Altogether the production has amounted to about 1,700,000 tons valued at $15,000,000. Production of talc in New York SHORT ' SHORT YEAR TONS VALUE YEAR TONS eee: TiS ote te a get 67000M| $75..000) |) TOOOs ta eae 63 500 | $499 500 TSSAK a Sekai. 10 000 IIO OOO | I9QO1......:.. 62 200 483 600 TOS cise ekte es 10 000 IIO OOO | 1902......... 71 100 615 350 TS SGisvctcion sees 12 000 125 000 | 1903......... 60 230 421 600 NOSPee oomevet oe 15 000 160 000 | 1904......... 65 OCo 455 ooo TOSS sae sta as 20 000 210 000 | 1905......... 67 000 519 250 TSSORe tiaety ees 23 476 | 244 170 | 1906......... 64 200 541 600 TSOOM ET enka e 4I 354 389 196 | 1907......... 59 000 501 500 MOOS aren aes 53 054 493 068 | 1908......... 70 739 697 390 SOQ in see t 4I 925 472 485 | I909......... 50 000 450 000 IASLC renee otecentata 36 500 237 O2 5a COLO. ae ices 65 000 552 500 TSQ4e es tes fe 50 500 454 500 | IQII......... 65 000 552 500 SOG eon ae 40 000 | 320 000 | I9I2......... 61 619 511 437 LOOG shee eee 46 089 2004430) LOle hee ee 63 000 551 250 USO 7Zere avece ea: 57 009 396 936 | IQI4.........- 74 075 671 286 TOO Swen ae We 54 356 ATA Z OM SLO N Sarason 69 514 576 643 T8QQR Ea ee 54 655 438 150 THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 79 ZINC _ The progress of the interesting developments in zinc mining at Edwards, St Lawrence county, has been described in previous issues of this report, and a brief account of the ore occurrences and their geological surroundings was included in the issue for 1912 (Museum Bulletin 166). During the past year productive opera- tions were begun, resulting in the first shipments of zinc ores on a commercial scale that have been made by any enterprise within the - State. The source of the production, which amounted to a few thousand tons of blende concentrates, was the mine of the Northern Ore Co., _ situated just outside the village of Edwards on the road leading to - Trout lake. The property, with showings of ore at the surface but _ unprospected at the time, was acquired by the company over ten _ years ago. Owing to the unusual character of the deposits, scarcely comparable in their geological relations to any other bodies of zinc ores now mined in this country, the conduct of the early exploratory work could hardly be guided by experience with _ similar ones elsewhere, and it was essential to adopt a conservative policy in the development and equipment of the property. In the _ past year the workings have been extended to a depth of about 500 feet, following a lens of ore that is inclined 25°-60° from the horizontal. There are no indications on the lowest level of any _ change in the geological conditions which might lead to the inter- _ tuption of the ore-bearing ground and the discontinuance of the _ deposits; on the contrary, the conditions seem favorable to the _ extension of the ore Devons the depths attained up to the present time. _ So far the Northern Ore Co. has worked only one shaft, near the _ south line of the Edwards property, that follows a vein or lens of q solid blende and pyrite, about 5 feet thick at the surface, swelling to 14 feet at the 150 foot level and thinning again where seen in the - 300 and 400 foot levels. The longest levels are about 600 feet on the strike of the ore. The ore body to the south of the shaft curves _ around in a broad arc, so that at the extreme end of the working _ stopes the direction of dip is southwest or at right angles to that of _ the shaft itself. Swells and pinches occur frequently, and stringers of ore occasionally branch off from the main body. There is much resemblance in the shape of the deposit to the form assumed by _ some of the magnetites in the harder crystalline rocks of the _ Adirondacks. A second lens of ore shows at the surface to the 80 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM west of the shaft in the hanging wall and is tapped underground by cross cuts from the main levels. This body is smaller, about 4 feet thick at the surface and 150 feet wide in the drift at the 200 foot level. The ore is intersected by small slips or faults. One fault is seen on the second level at the south end where it is accom- panied by a sheeted zone of limestone that apparently terminates the ore; it lies near the edge of the limestone and is concealed at the surface by the alluvial beds that floor the adjacent valley. Evi- dences of faulting are found on the surface northeast of the shaft in the occurrence of a fracture zone which cuts across the bedding of the limestones; the zone is 3 feet or more wide. About 800 feet northeast of the working shaft, on the opposite side of the limestone ridge, an outcropping lens of ore has been prospected at the surface and for some distance underground, but has not been actively worked. The sulphides here occur in bunches, bands and as disseminations, intermixed with secondary silicates and limestone. The shape of the deposit is like a thick lens or shoot, but is less well defined than the bodies previously described. There is evidence of crushing and differential movement within the ‘ ore, which may be partially accounted for perhaps by the greater amount of silicates that have undergone hydration and swelling. The ore shades away at the edges into the country limestone. The ore from the property is rich as compared with the usual grades of zinc blende that are now mined in this country. The product of the present openings is a mixture of sphalerite and pyrite with variable but usually small amounts of gangue. The sphalerite predominates over pyrite, but samples may be gathered which show the two minerals in nearly equal proportions. The texture is very compact, with no vugs or openings of any size, the grains being firmly interlocked. The individual particles have rounded and irregular outlines. The grain varies from rather coarse to fine, the coarser ore being found in the larger and richer bodies; the disseminated sulphides are usually finely divided. The ore now mined probably averages 25 per cent or more in zinc. The sphalerite is dark, almost opaque, as seen in the hand specimen, indicative of considerable combined iron, which is confirmed by its. magnetic permeability. In one part of the Edwards mine, ore of light brown color has been uncovered. Galena occurs in small amount, less than 1 per cent, but is seldom discernible in the hand specimen. The presence of barite in the gangue was determined from specimens taken by the writer several years ago from the out- crop. It is of subordinate importance. The principal ingredients wi ad Pe AS eee es ST ee So. Lee Pe — | ©. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 8i of the gangue are dolomite and lime-magnesia silicates, with _ serpentine and talc as alteration products of the latter. The Edwards mine has a peculiar place in the zinc-mining in- dustry at the present time, being the only representative of its type in the country. Similar deposits of sphalerite occur in the Pre- cambric limestones of eastern Canada and have contributed small quantities of ore for smelting, but so far as known this is the only active enterprise based on such deposits within the United States. The operations of the Northern Ore Co. are in charge of Justice Grugan as manager. The belt of crystalline limestones in which the deposits lie stretches to the southwest of Edwards in unbroken continuity into the town of Fowler and is traceable beyond Sylvia lake, which occupies a bowl-shaped depression in the same limestones. Pros- pecting has been active in the district during the last year or two, and many new localities for zinc ores have been discovered. Between Edwards and Fullerville there are showings of blende on the farm of Woodcock Brothers, south of the highway, in a ledge of limestone that contains bands of white quartz. Where un- covered the blende is seen in streaks and disseminations that follow the strike of the wall rock and occupy a zone several feet wide. The outcrop is marked by rusty, hornblende material which, how- ever, is of slight depth. The gneiss that limits the limestone belt occurs within 50 feet of the ore. The McGill farm, next on the southwest, has a prospect that shows 2 or 3 feet of light brown blende, free of pyrite. The hang- -ing side of the deposit, in contact with the limestone, shows differ- ential movements, with the formation of slip-fiber asbestos. On the H. Webb place the ore appears at approximately the same horizon, close to the gneiss, along a ridge of limestone that follows the general strike of the beds. It has been uncovered in several places which seem to mark a more or less well-defined zone of _ mineralization carrying sulphides in bands and as disseminated grains. Shallow holes have been blasted into the ridge, foilowing the dip of the ore, which is 40° to 60° northwest. The richer bands are fairly well marked on the borders and attain a thickness of 6 to 8 feet. Altogether the ore outcrops and prospects cover a dis- tance of S00 feet along the face of the ridge. The blende is light in color and is admixed with less than the usual amount of pyrite. A. J. Moore of Edwards has explored this part of the district. On the McGill farm farther southwest is a prospect with some showings of blende in scattered bunches and disseminations. The 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM opening is close by the road, somewhat distant from the limiting ridges of gneiss. Messrs Finch and Potter of Gouverneur have a lease of the property. The occurrence of zinc on the Balmat, Streeter and Tamlin places east of Sylvia lake has been known for some time. The Balmat property was prospected over 75 years ago for lead, which is found as a larger ingredient of the ore than elsewhere in the dis- — trict. The presence of so much zinc, however, proved an obstacle to its utilization, which apparently could not be overcome by the methods then employed, and little ore was mined. The property is now owned by the Northern Ore Co. which is holding it as a reserve for the future. The Streeter property has a good showing of ore which forms a well-defined band, much like the deposit now being worked at Edwards. In the vicinity of the Balmat property a deposit of zinc has been uncovered by the Dominion Company in the extension of an old shaft which was once worked for iron ore for use in the furnace at Fullerville, now dismantled and in decay. ‘The iron is present as hematite of soft, paintlike texture, which deeper down changes to a harder siliceous ore in which sulphides are found. It would appear probable that the hematite is simply the oxidized outcrop of the sulphides. The latter occur in finely divided particles, with a quartz gangue. The deposit seems to be a pipe or shoot, rather than a lens. Northeast of Sylvia lake, between there and the hamlet of Little — York, are several small showings of sphalerite and pyrite, mostly of disseminated character. Some of them are on the Austin place. The limestone of this section of the district is characterized by a larger proportion of impurities than is usually found; vitreous quartz, chert and serpentine make up a large part of the mass. On the weathered surface the limestone is ribbed by the quartz which has a tendency to aggregate in parallel bands that are brought into prominence by the solution of the included carbonates. A showing of blende is found on the cemetery lot, near Balmat corners, just off the Gouverneur sheet. It has been prospected by Arthur C. Scott of Fowler and occurs on the east side of a lime- stone ridge that parallels the road. The limestone is seamed with white quartz which stands out in prominent ledges and also con- tains much serpentine and talc. The ore forms a band that is ex- posed by the opening only for 10 or 12 feet on its course along the hill, with a stringer making off at right angles into the hanging wall. THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I9QI5 83 The blende and pyrite are segregated, instead of being intergrown _ as in most instances, while they are accompanied by secondary calcite and other unusual features. _ J. C. Finch reports to the writer the occurrence of zinc on the _west branch of the Oswegatchie, near the falls, about 3 miles above _ Fullerville. This locality is rather remote from the main district and indicates the extension of the limestone farther south than has been indicated on the maps. It appears quite certain that a narrow tongue of the limestone extends south on the east side of the West - Branch at least to the locality named, which is just off the limits of the Gouverneur quadrangle. The Davis farm, northwest of Pleasant Valley school, is one of ‘the new localities for blende that has been under prospect. It is “held under lease by Gouverneur parties, with B. J. Hatmaker in charge. The ore occurs in disseminated grains within a zone of “impure limestone, but had not been explored to any extent at the time of the writer’s visit in August 1916. Across the Oswegatchie river from the mine of the Uniform Fibrous Talc Co. is a ridge of impure limestone in which an old tale shaft was sunk years ago. Nearby an opening shows 3 to 4 feet of fairly rich blende, with some pyrite, having a mottled ap- pearance from inclusions of carbonates. The ore appears to run about north and south and dip steeply to the west, but it has not been explored sufficiently to reveal fully the extent and attitude of ‘the body. Another outcrop is found on the south side of the ridge, early in line with the first. The locality is on the Freeman farm now leased by the Dominion Company. Nature of ore occurrence. Two types of ore bodies may be dis- tinguished on the basis of the methods of aggregation. In the one type the zinc and iron sulphides form a well-defined band, shoot or lens within the limestone. The contact is sharp and shows little evi- dence of a true gradation between the ore and wall rock, although if the two are frozen the ore may send out stringers from the main body for a little distance into the limestone. In this type, however, it is rare to find both foot and hanging wall tightly cemented ; more often the ore breaks clean from one wall and is separated from the limestone by a gouge of talcose decomposition products. This type of deposit averages high in metallic content, the blende and ‘pyrite together forming more than 50 per cent of the mass, and ‘specimens may be found that are practically solid sulphides. The visible gangue minerals are chiefly serpentine and tale which occur 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM as nodular particles surrounded by the sulphides, and are of the ; same nature as the silicate inclusions in the limestones. It is rather — evident that they were formed before the ore, representing the unreplaced matter in the process of mineralization. In the second type the sulphides are disseminated through the — limestone, usually within a more or less restricted zone which itself constitutes a band or lens that on the borders shades off into the country limestones. The percentage of sulphides is much smaller than in the other type, in most examples constituting but a small — per cent of the whole mass. The individual grains of pyrite and blende are surrounded by those of dolomite; and silicate minerals abound, often constituting nodular bodies that measure several inches to a foot in diameter. The size of the metallic particles averages much smaller than it does in the richer ores illustrated by the first type. As to the general distribution of the ores in the limestone it can be said that they favor the border zone more often than otherwise. Although some showings have been found within ihe middle of the belt, they are mainly of the disseminated form of occurrence which has not yet been proved to be of commercial value. It is also noticeable that the limestone in the vicinity of the © deposits is always impure, owing to the presence of silicates. In their original form these consisted of tremolite and diopside but they are now mostly altered to serpentine and talc. The association of the ores with the silicated layers is too constant to be merely accidental, but points to a genetic relationship which need not be explained, however, in this place. The vicinity of the tale mines offers favorable ground for prospecting for zinc. The fact that — the sulphides have not been penetrated in the mines themselves is — to be explained by the fact that the openings are carried always within the talc, never reaching out into the country rock in the ordinary course of operations. The writer discovered some good specimens of zinc blende in the dump of one of the mines in which exploratory work for the purpose of finding a possible continuation of the tale had been carried into the overlying limestone. Another suggestion for the guidance of prospecting operations is — prompted by the occurrence of the hematite deposits which at one time were actively worked for the supply of the Fullerville furnace. | The hematite, not unlikely, may prove to be the gossan or oxidized — outcrop of the sulphides, as was suggested by the writer in an — THE MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 85 earlier account of the deposits. This has been actually found to be the condition in the old iron mine on the Dominion Company’s property near Sylvia lake. There the unaltered zinc and iron sul- -phides were encountered at less than 100 feet from the surface, ‘ although the material above was a soft hematite. There is no cer- tainty of course that the same result would be obtained by deepening the other iron-ore pits, but from a prospecting standpoint the localities seem to be worthy of consideration. 5 ay v . * . ok *) Acme’Cement Corporation, 12 * _ Adirondacks, anorthosite quarries, 59; garnet, 10, 29; granites, 59; lime- _ stone, 60; magnetite, 35, 36; marble, ‘69; trap, 77 _ Agricultural lime, 66 Akron, gypsum, 33; limestone, 65 _ Akron Gypsum Products Corporation, 33 _ Albany clays, 25 _ Albany county, brick, 17, 18, 21; clays, 15, 16; drain tile, 24; limestone, 67, _ * 68; sandstone, 73, 74 _ Albion, sandstone, 72 _ Alden-Batavia Natural Gas Co., 45 _ Alexandria Bay, granite quarries, 59 - Allegany county, natural gas, 43, 44; petroleum, 48; sandstone, 73 _ Allegany Pipe Line Co:, 48 American Cement Plaster Co., 34 _ American Garnet Company, 29 _ American Gypsum Co., 33, 34 Anorthosite quarries, 59 Arkport, marl, 64 _ Auburn, limestone, 63° _ Ausable Forks, syenite, 59 Baldwinsville, gas, 46 Baldwinsville Light & Heat Co., 45 Ballston Springs, 40 Barnum, Richardson & Co., 37 Barrett Manufacturing On 5 deroga, 28 Barton, H. H., & Son Co., 29 -Ticon- Becraft; marble, 70 Becraft limestone; 63 Bedford Spar Co., 28: Beekmantown formation, 60, 61 Benson Mines Co., 36 Black River limestone, 61 Bluestone, 57, 74 Borst, C. H., Clinton, 37, 39 Brick, 10, I1, 14, 15, 16-23 _ Brockport, sandstone, 72 3 Batchellerville, feldspar ean, 28 INDEX Broome county, clays, 73 Buena Vista Oil Co., 48 Buffalo, gypsum, 34; Iroquois Natural Gas Co., 45; limestone, 63 ; Building brick, 145 15, LO— 2p Building sand, 9, U1, 54 3 BE Building stone, 56, 57, 58, 66; from sandstone, 75 - Burke, sandstone, 71 -16; sandstone, Caledonia, marl, 64 Cambric limestones, 60 Carbonate, 36 Carnes, Fred A., quarry, 59: Catskill, limestone, 63; marble, we sandstone, 73° Catskill formation, 72 Cattaraugus county, brick, 21; “clays, 16; natural gas, 43, 44, 46; serpleana 48; sandstone, 73 ve Cayuga county, brick, 21; clays, 1 5, 16; drain tile, 24; gypsum, 33; limestone, 67, 68; marl, 64 Cayuga group, 63 Cayuga Lake Cement Co.,. Portland Point, 12, 64 Cayuga Lake Cement Chee: 12 Cement, 7, 8, 10, II, 12-13, 63 Ceramic ware, 14 Champlain Green Granite Co., 59 Chateaugay Ore & Iron Gos Tyee Mountain, 36, 37 . Chautauqua county, brick, 21; atlivs, 16; natural gas, 43, 44, 46;- sand- stone, 73 Chazy, marble, 70- Chazy limestone, 61 Cheever Iron Ore Co.,.Port Henry, 36 Chemung county, Shae 215 een: 16; sandstone, 73 es Chemung sandstones, 46, 72 cee Chenango county, bluestone, 75 Clarence, limestone, 65- Claspka Mining Co., 28 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Clay products, 10, 11 Clay-working industries, 8 Clays, 7, 14-16; crude, 25 Clinton, C. H. Borst, 37, 39 Clinton county, brick, 21; clays, 16; lime, 65; limestone, 61, 67, 68; trap, 77 Clinton hematite, 39 Clinton limestone, 62 Clinton sandstone, 72 Cobleskill limestone, 63 Coeymans limestone, 63 Columbia county, brick, 17, clays, 15, 16; limonite, 35 Columbia Pipe Line Co., 48 Concrete, 65 Consolidated Wheatland Plaster Co., Wheatland, 33 Consumers Natural Gas Co., 45 Core sand, 54 Cornwall, sandstone, 72 Cowaselon swamp, marl, 64 Crown Point, limestone quarry, 62 Crown Point Spar Co., 28 Crushed stone, 56, 57, 58, 65; from sandstone, 75 Curbing, 56, 57, 58, 75 Cushman, cited, 26 Cuylerville, Sterling Salt Co., 50 fife, 2108 Dansville, marl, 64 Delaware county, sandstone, 73 Delaware river, bluestone, 75 Devonic sandstone, 71 Diabase, 76 Dominion Company, 82 Drain tile, 14, 15, 24 Dutchess county, brick, 17, 18, 19, 21; | clays, 15, 16; crushed stone, 65; lime, 65; limestone, 65, 67, 68; marble, 57, 70 Dutchess Junction, brick, 19 Earthenware, 25 East Kingston, brick, 18 Edel, E. F., quarry, 59 Edwards, zinc mines, 7, 79 Electric ware, 25 Emery, 9, 10, 11 Emery Pipe Line Co., 48 Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 45 Empire Gypsum Co., Garbutt, 33 Erie county, brick, 20, 21; cement, 63; clays, 16; crushed stone, 65; drain tile, 24; gypsum, 32, 33; limestone, 65, 67, 68; natural gas, 43, 44, 46 Essex county, feldspar, 28; trap, 77 Eureka Mining Co., 28 Eureka Salt Corporation, Saltville, 50 Fayetteville, gypsum, 32 Feldspar, 9, 10, 11, 26-28 Fire brick, 14 Fire sand, 54 Fireproofing, 14, 15, 23 Flagstone, 56, 57, 58, 73, 75 Fords Brook Pipe Line Co., 48 Fort Montgomery, Hudson Iron Co., 36-37 Franklin county, sandstone, 71 Front brick, 14, 15, 22 Frost Gas Co., 45 Fulton county, lime, 65 Furnace flux, 66 Furnaceville Iron Co., 37, 39 Ontario Center, Galena, 80 Garbutt, Empire Gypsum Co., 33 Garbutt, Lycoming Calcining Co., 33 Garnet, 9, 10, 11, 28-29 Gas, see Natural gas Genesee county, crushed stone, 65; gypsum, 32, 33; limestone, 65, 67, 68; natural gas, 43, 44, 46; salt, 50 Genesee Salt Co., Piffard, 50 Glasco, brick, 18 — : Glens Falls, limestone quarries, 62; marble, 70 Gloversville, granite, 59 _ Gouverneur, marble, 57, 70; tale, 78. Gouverneur Marble Co., 70. Gowanda Natural- Gas. ar AS Granite, 9, 10, II, 56, 57s 58-60 Graphite, Oye, iit, 29-31 aes Graphite Products Corporation, 30. Gravel, 10, 52-55 : | Greene county, brick, 17, 18, 21; clays, 16; limestone, 67, 68; sandstone, 73 Greenfield, trap, 77 Greenport, limestone, 63 . Guelph limestone, 63 Gypsum, 9, 10, II, 31-34 Hall, cited, 26 Hamilton formation, 72 Haverstraw, trap, 76 Helderbergian group, 63 Hematite, 35, 36 Herkimer county, limestone, 62, 67, 68 Highlands, granites, 59; magnetite, 35 ‘Holley, sandstone, 72 ‘Hollow brick, 14, 15, 22 _ Howes Cave, limestone, 63 Hoyt limestone, 60 Hudson, limestone, 63 ‘Hudson River region, bluestone, 75; brick, 17, 18; clay, 14; molding sand, 55; sandstones, 71 International Pulp Co., 78 International Salt Co., 50, 51 Iron ore, 8, 10, I1, 34-38 Iroquois Natural Gas Co., Buffalo, 45 Ithaca, Remington Salt Co., 50, 51 Jamesville, gypsum, 32 Jefferson county, limestone, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69 ; Jones, Robert W., cement, clay, 14-16 Jordan, marl, 64 Joseph Dixon Crucible Co., 30 12-13; Kelly Island Lime and Transportation — Co., 65 Kendall Refining Co., Bradford, Pa., 48 Kensico reservoir, Valhalla, 59 _Kerbaugh, H.S., Co. Inc., 60 Kings county clays, 15, 16 _ Kingston, limestone, 63; sandstone, 73 ‘Kinkel’s, P. H. Sons, 28 _ Lakeville, Sterling Iron and. Railway Co.; 37 . . Larabee’s point, limestone quarry, 62 Lebanon Springs, 40 Leopold, J. & Co., Alexandria Bay, 59 “Lepanto ” marble, 61 Hudson Iron Co., Fort Montgomery, 36 | INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 89 LeRoy, limestone, 63 Le Roy Salt Co., 50 Lewis county, lime, 65; limestone, 62, 67, 68, 69 Lewiston, sandstone, 72 Lime, 62, 64, 65; agricultural, 66 Limestone, I0, II, 56, 57, 58, 60-68 Limonite, 35, 36 Little Falls, trap, 77 Little Falls dolomite, 60 Livingston county, brick, 21; clays, 15, 16; natural gas, 45; salt, 50 ' Lockport, limestone, 62; sandstone, 72 Long Island, brick, 19; sand and gravel, 55 Lowville, limestone, .61 Lycoming Calcining Co., Garbutt, 33 Lyon Mountain, Chateaugay Ore & Iron Co., 36, 37 Madison county, gypsum, 32; lime- stone, 63, 67, 68 Madison Pipe Line Co., Wellsville, 48 Magnesite, 65 Magnetite, 35, 36 Malden, brick, 18 Malone, sandstone, 71 s Manhattan Trap Rock Co., 77 Manlius limestone, 63 Marble, 10, 11, 57, 58, 68-71 _Marl, 9, 64 Mechanicville region, brick, 20 Medina sandstones, 71, 72 Metallic paint, 10, 11, 39 Millstones, 10, 11, 38 Mineral paints, 9, 39 Mineral productions, output, 7; value, 8 Mineral waters, 9, 10, I1, 40-43 Mineville, magnetite, 36; Port Henry Iron Ore Co., 36; Witherbee, Sher- man & Co., 37 Mohegan Granite Co., 60 Molding sand, 9, II, 54, 55 Monroe county, brick, 21; clays, 16; drain tile, 24; gypsum, 32, 33; lime- stone, 67, 68; natural gas, 45; sand- stone, 72 Montezuma marshes, marl, 64 Montgomery county, brick, 21; clays, 16; limestone, 67, 68 Monumental stone, 57, 58 Mount Bigelow, 29 Myers, International Salt Co., 50 Nassau county, brick, 21; clays, 16; sand and gravel, 55 Natural cement, 9, 10, II, 13, 63 Natural gas, 9, 10, II, 43-46 New York county clays, 16 New York Transit Co., Olean, 48 Newland, D. H., cited, 55 Niagara county, brick, 21; clays, 15, 16; limestone, 65, 67, 68; natural gas, 45; sandstone, 72 Niagara Falls, limestone, 62 Niagara group, 62 Niagara Gypsum Co., 33 North Buffalo, limestone, 65 North River Garnet Co., 29 Northern New York Marble Co., 70 Northern Ore Co., 8, 79, 81, 82 Norwich, sandstone, 73 Nyack, trap, 76 Oakfield, United States Gypsum Co., 38) Oil industry, 9, 46-48 Olean, New York Transit Co., 48 Oneida county, brick, 21; clays, 15, 16; hematite, 35; limestone, 62, 67, 68 Oneida lake sand, 55 Onondaga Coarse Salt Association, 50 Onondaga county, brick, 21; cement, 63; clays, 15, 16; crushed stone, 65; drain tile, 24; gypsum, 32; limestone, 63, 65, 67, 68; natural gas, 45; salt, 50 Onondaga limestone, 63 Ontario Center, Furnaceville Iron Co., 37; 39 Ontario county, brick, 21; clays, 15, 16; drain tile, 24; gypsum, 33; natural gas, 44 Ontario Gas Co., 45 . Ontario Iron Co., 37 Ontario Talc Co., 78 Orange county, brick, 17, 18, 21; clays, 15, 16; magnetite, 35, 36 Orchard park, natural gas, 43 Orleans county, sandstone, 72, 75 Ossining, prison quarry, 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. Oswego county, natural gas, 45; spring waters, 43 Otisville, sandstone, 72 — Otsego county, sandstone, 73 Palisades, trap, 57, 76, 77 ¥ Pamelia limestone, 61 | Pavilion Natural Gas Co., 45 | | Paving blocks, 56, 59, 75 Paving bricks, 8, 14, 15, 23 Peekskill, granite, 60 Pegmatites, 27 Pekin, limestone, 62 Pentamerus limestone, 63 Petroleum, 9,10, I1, 46-48 Picton Island Red Grants Cos 59 Piffard, Genesee Salt Co., 50 Plattsburg, limestone, on 62; marble, 70 Porcelain, 25 Port Ewen, brick, 18 Port Henry, limestone, 61 Port Henry, Cheever Iron Ore Co., 36 3 Port Henry Iron Ore Co., Mineville, 36 : Port Richmond, trap, 76° Portage sandstone, 72 Portland cement, 9, 10, II, 13, 63 Portland Point, Cayuga hare Cement Co., 12, 64; salt, 51 4 Potsdam sandstone, 71 Pottery, 8, 10, Il, 14, 15, 24 Producers Gas Co., 45 Pulaski, gas, 46 Pulaski Gas & Oil Co., 45 Pyrite, 9, 10, II Quarry industry, 9 Quarry materials, value, 56 Quartz, 9, 10, II Queens county, clays, 16 Railroad ballast, 65 ~ Randolph, shale, 40 Red slate, 40 Redwood, sandstone, 71” ie Remington Salt Co., Ithaca, 50, Sr Rensselaer county, brick, 17, 18, 20h clays, 16 § Retsof Mining Co., 50 Richfield Springs, 40 ee a as |. INDEX TO MINING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY IQI5 gli - Richmond county, brick, 19, 21; clays, 15, 16 Riparius, Warren County Garnet Mills, . 29 Riprap, 75 Road metal, 63, 65 Rochester, limestone, 62; sandstone, 72; Vacuum Oil Co., 48 Rock Glen Salt Co., 50 _ Rockland county, brick, 17, 18, 21; clays, 16; crushed stone, 65; lime- stone, 65 Rockland Lake Trap Co., 77 Rondout, limestone, 63 Roofing slate, 10 Rosendale district, cement, 63 Rubble, 75 St Lawrence county, brick, 21; clays, © 16; limestone, 67, 68, 69; marble, 70; sandstone, 71; zinc, 79 St Lawrence Marble Quarries, Gouver- neur, 70 St Lawrence River district, granite, 59 St Lawrence Tale Co., 78 Salina beds, 40 Salt, 9, 10, 11, 48-51 Saltville, Eureka Salt Corporation, 50 Sand, 10, II, 52-55 Sand-lime brick, 9, 10, IT Sandstone, 10, II, 57, 58, 71-75 Sandy Creek, gas, 46 Sandy Creek Oil & Gas Co., 45 Sanitary ware, 25 Saratoga county, brick, 21; clays, 15, 16; feldspar, 28 Saratoga Graphite Co., 30 Saratoga Springs, 40 Saugerties, brick, 18; sandstone, 73 5 Schenectady county, clays, 15, 16 —_- 7, lee Schoharie county, cement, 63; lime- stone, 67, 68 Schuyler county, natural gas, 45; salt, 50; sandstone, 73 Seaboard Cement Company, 12 Seneca county, gypsum, 33; marl, 64 Seneca Falls, limestone, 63 Serpentine marble, 68 Sewer pipe, 14 Sharon Springs, 40 Shawangunk conglomerate, 38, 71, 72 Sienna, 40 Silver Creek Gas & Improvement Co., 45 Silver Springs, Worcester Salt Co., 50 | Slate, 9, 10, 11 Slate pigment, I0, II Slip clay, 25 Smith’s Basin, limestone, 62 Solvay Process Co., 50, 65 South Bethlehem, limestone, 63 South Dover Marble Co., Wingdale, 70 Split Rock, limestone, 63 Spring waters, 41 Staten Island region, brick, 19 Sterling Iron and Railway Co., Lake- ville, 37 Sterling Salt Co., Cuylerville, 50 Steuben county, brick, 21; clays, 16; marl, 64; natural gas, 45; petroleum, 48; sandstone, 73 Stone, 9, 56-58 Stoneware, 7, 25 Stove lining, 14 Suffern, trap, 76 Suffolk county, brick, 21; clays, 16 Sullivan county, sandstone, 73 Syenite, 59 Syracuse, salt, 50 Talc, 9, 10, 11, 77-78 Terra cotta, 14, 15, 23, 24 Theresa limestone, 61 Ticonderoga, Barrett Manufacturing Co., 28 Tide Water Pipe Co., 48 Tioga county, sandstone, 73 Tompkins county, brick, 21; clays, 16; limestone, 64; salt, 50; sandstone, 73 Trap, 10, 11, 57, 58, 75-77 Trenton limestone, 46, 61 Troy clays, 25 Tully limestone, 63 Ulster county, brick, 17, 18, 21; clays, 15, 16; crushed stone, 65; limestone, 65, 67, 68; millstones, 38; sandstone, 72, 73, 74 Uniform Fibrous Tale Co., 78 Union Pipe Line Co., 48 Q2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Union Springs, gypsum, 33 United States Gypsum Co., Oakfield, 33 Vacuum Oil Co., Rochester, 48 Valcour Island, limestone, 61 Valhalla, Kensico reservoir, 59 Valhalla quarries, 60 Verde antique, 68 Warner, marl, 64 Warren county, brick, 21; clays, 16; garnet, 29; graphite, 29; lime, 65; limestone, 62, 65, 67, 68; marble, 70 Warren County Garnet Mills, Riparius, 29 Warsaw, sandstones, 73 : Washington county, brick, 21; clays, 15, 16; drain tile, 24; lime, 65; lime- stone, 62, 67, 68; red slate, 40 Waterloo, limestone, 63 Watkins, International Salt Co., 50 Watkins Salt Co., 50 Wayland, marl, 64 - Wayne county, clays, 16; gypsum, 33; hematite, 35; limestone, 63 Wellsville, Madison Pipe Line Co., 48 Westchester county, brick, 17, 18, 21; clays, 16; crushed stone, 65; emery, 10; feldspar, 28; limestone, 65; marble, 70 . Wheatland, Consolidated Plaster Co., 33 Whitehall, sienna, 40 Willsboro point, quarries, 61 Wingdale, South Dover Marble Co., 70 Wisconsin Granite Co., 59 Witherbee, Sherman & Co., 36, 37 Worcester Salt Co., Silver Springs, 50 Wyoming county, bluestone, 75; nat- ural gas, 45; salt, 50 Yates county, natural gas, 45; sand- stone, 73 Zinc, 7,9, II, 79-85 t ft hh fhe i oY i he tA — S . > DD D> >» yD D> ) p>? Vv VuUVvUVu WY iY ere | oe IGES wi IS, UY WOU Cou ve Wry vuuy! 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