New bot, CAR A U ,ultZu / 7U L. Cheney B.A., Pd.D. Director of State Library James I. Wyer M.L.S., Pd.D. Director of Science and State Museum Charles C. Adams M.S., Ph.D., D.Sc. Directors of Divisions Archives and History, Alexander C. Flick M.A., Litt. D., Ph.D., LL.D. Attendance and Child Accounting, Charles L. Mosher Ph.M. Educational Research, Warren W. Coxe B.S., Ph.D. Examinations and Inspections, Avery W. Skinner B.A., Pd.D. Health and Physical Education, Law, Charles A. Brind jr B.A., LL.B. Library Extension, Frank L. Tolman Ph.B., Pd.D. Motion Picture, Irwin Esmond Ph.B., LL.B. Professional Licensure, Charles B. Heisler B.A. Rural Education, Ray P. Snyder School Buildings and Grounds, Joseph H. Hixson M.A. Teacher Training, Charles C. Y ard M.A. Visual Instruction, Alfred W. Abrams Ph.B. New York State Education Department The State Museum , January 8, 1932 Che Honorable Frank P. Graves, President of the University and Commissioner of Education Sir : I beg to submit herewith the report of the Director of the State Museum for the period from July 1, 1930, to June 30, 1931. Very respectfully Charles C. Adams Director Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/newyorkstatemuse2981newy New Y ork State Museum Bulletin Published by the University of the State of New York No. 298 ALBANY, N. Y. April 1933 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Charles C. Adams, Director TWENTY-SIXTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENCE AND THE STATE MUSEUM CONTENTS PAGE Foreword 9 A Summary of the Year’s Work. . 10 Cooperation with State and Other Organizations 12 State Council of Parks 13 Allegany School of Natural History 14 Relation of the Museum to Schools and Colleges 15 Museum Attendance 16 Information and Publicity 16 Condition of Exhibition Halls, Exhibits and Study Collections 17 Printing and Publications 18 PAGE Photography and Drafting 18 Historical Collections and Allied Matters 17 Scientific Staff and Its Activities . . 20 Museum Collaborators 24 Museum Council 24 General Administrative Problems 26 Annual Financial and Statistical Summary 27 Needs of the State Museum 27 Museum Accessions for the Year. . 34 Annual Bibliography of the State Museum 40 Index 55 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1933 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure i Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 PAGE New York State Education Building. The upper floors are devoted to the offices, laboratories and exhibits of the New York State Museum Frontispiece . . . Protective screen placed about the relief map of New York State. Photograph by E. J. Stein Early cheese press, Mount Lebanon Shakers. Collection of the New York State Museum. Photograph by W. F. Winter. . . . View of Shaker bake room, North Family, Mount Lebanon. Photograph taken in 1882, showing the interesting bread slicing machine in action, and the large ovens Collection of scientific apparatus used by Joseph Henry, 1827-32, in his experiments on electro-magnetism at Albany, N. Y. Photograph by E. J. Stein Paper seed envelops, Mount Lebanon Shakers. The Shakers originated the seed package business. Collection of the New York State Museum. Photograph by W. F. Winter Black flies do not develop in all streams. A stream on Blue mountain, apparently well suited for the breeding of black flies, was found to be entirely free from them, possibly due to the heavy pollution from an upstream residence. Photograph by C. L. Metcalf and W. E. Sanderson The kind of a wild mountain stream in which black fly larvae thrive and from which great numbers of flies emerge. Photo- graph by C. L. Metcalf and W. E. Sanderson This brooklet in the dooryard of an Adirondack hotel contained black fly larvae at the rate of 300 to the square foot. Photo- graph by C. L. Metcalf and W. E. Sanderson Larvae of black flies clinging to the underside of a stone, in the swift water of a mountain stream. Photograph by C. L. Metcalf and W. E. Sanderson Experiments with soil disinfectants, of narcissus bulbs, made in cooperation with the New York State Department of Agri- culture and Markets and Long Island bulb growers. Photo- graph by R. D. Glasgow Narcissus eelworm control experiments, of narcissus bulbs, made in cooperation with the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, the New York State Museum and Long Island bulb growers. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow. . . . The common woodchuck or ground hog; a familiar but little known animal whose habits and economic status are being studied by the Museum. Photograph by W. J. Schoonmaker . . The class in bird study at the Allegany School of Natural History in action The school class in geology at Eighteen Mile creek, near Buffalo, N. Y. Photograph by J. L. Kalter Working indoors, the class in botany at the Allegany School . . . Collecting eggs of the Mud puppy at the Allegany School 43 44 45 47 48 49 49 50 50 5i 5i 52 53 53 54 54 THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM All scientific specimens and collections, works of art, objects of historic interest and similar property appropriate to a general museum, if owned by the State and not placed in other custody by a specific law, shall constitute the State Museum. [Education Law, § 54.] The Librarian of any library owned by the State, or the officer in charge of any state department, bureau, board, commission or other office may, with the approval of the Regents, transfer to the permanent custody of the State Library or Museum any books, papers, maps, manuscripts, specimens or other articles which, because of being duplicates or for other reasons, will in his judgment be more useful to the state in the State Library or Museum than if retained in his keeping. [Education Lazv, § 1 1 15.] THE FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE MUSEUM “The Museum is the natural scientific center of the State government ; it is the natural depository of all the material brought together by the state sur- veys ; it is the natural custodian of all purely scientific state records ; it is the natural center of the study of the resources of the State as a political unit; it must maintain its capacity for productiveness in pure scientific research — pure science has been the justification of the State Museum from the begin- ning of its history. * * * In brief, the distinctive sphere and scope of the State Museum corresponds with the scientific interests and welfare of the people within the geographic boundaries of the State. “The truest measure of civilization and of intelligence in the government of a state is the support of its institutions of science, for the science of our time in its truest sense is not the opinions or prejudices, the strength or weak- ness of its votaries, it is the sum of our knowledge of nature with its infinite applications to State welfare, to State progress and to the distribution of human happiness.” — Henry Fairfield Osborn, an address delivered at the dedi- cation of the New York State Education Building, October 15, 1912. THE FUNCTIONS OF A MUSEUM “A museum is an institution for the preservation of those objects which best illustrate the phenomena of nature and the works of man, and the utilization of these for the increase of knowledge and for the culture and enlightenment of the people. “In addition to local accessories, the opportunity for exploration and field work are equally essential, not only because of considerations connected with the efficiency of the staff * * * but in behalf of the general wel- fare of the institution. Other things being equal, exploration can be carried on more advantageously by the museum than by any other institution of learning, and there is no other field or research which it can pursue to better advantage. “To aid the occasional inquirer, be he a laboring man, schoolboy, journal- ist, public speaker, or savant, to obtain, without cost, exact information upon any subject related to the specialties of the institution; serving thus as a ‘bureau of information.’ “A museum to be useful and reputable must be constantly engaged in aggressive work either in education or investigation, or in both. “A museum which is not aggressive in policy and constantly improving can not retain in its service a competent staff and will surely fall into decay. “A finished museum is a dead museum, and a dead museum is a useless museum.” — G. Brozm Goode, formerly assistant secretary, Smithsonian Institution. [6] Museum Committee of the Board of Regents Wm Leland Thompson, Chairman John Lord O’Brian William Bondy State Museum Council Pierrepont B. Noyes Orange L. Van Horne Benjamin Walworth Arnold* Thomas D. Thacher Owen D. Young State Museum Staff Charles C. Adams Ph.D., D.Sc Alvin G. Whitney A.B Rudolf Ruedemann Ph.D David H. N'ewland B.A Robert D. Glasgow Ph.D Homer D. House Ph.D Chris A. Hartnagel M.A Winifred Goldring M.A Kenyon F. Chamberlain Elsie G. Whitney M.A. Noah T. Clarke Edwin J. Stein Walter J. Schoonmaker. Arthur Paladin Clinton F. Kilfoyle. . . . Director of the Museum Assistant Director and Secretary State Paleontologist State Geologist State Entomologist State Botanist Assistant State Geologist Associate Paleontologist Zoologist . . . .Assistant State Entomologist Assistant State Botanist Archeologist T echnical Assistant .T echnical Assistant Technical Assistant Technical Assistant Honorary Curators William L. Bryant Honorary Curator of Fossil Fishes *Benjamin W. Arnold Honorary Curator of Ornithology Harry S. Peck Honorary Curator of Minerals * Deceased. [7] Collaborators Professor George H. Hudson Dr Ephraim Porter Felt Dr Albert P. Brigham Temporary Scientific Appointments Nelson C. Dale Ph.D Temporary Geologist G. Arthur Cooper Ph.D. Temporary Paleontologist Medora L. Hooper Temporary Geologist W. E. Sanderson B.S Temporary Naturalist Aretas A. Saunders Ph.B Temporary Ornithologist Robert B. Gordon M.S Temporary Botanist Edward D. Andrews Ph.D Temporary Curator of History William L. Lassiter M.A Temporary Curator of History [8] Figure i New York State Education Building. The upper floors are devoted to the offices, laboratories and exhibits of the New York State Museum. ££6l LI W _:j;? ary NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN TWENTY-SIXTH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENCE AND THE STATE MUSEUM By Charles C. Adams Ph.D., Director New York State Museum FOREWORD * To conduct the government of New York State is a huge under- taking exceeding in magnitude that of many small nations. Many of its activities depend largely upon widely recognized methods of procedure, but there are always arising new problems concerning which little or nothing is known. It is to meet such situations that' all progressive governments have established fact-finding agencies or research organizations by which surveys and studies of various kinds are conducted and their results made available not only to the gov- ernment officials but also to the general public. In charge of such agencies are the scientist, the naturalist and the scholar. These persons are the pathfinders who must go into the unknown and bring back discoveries and inventions that will enable the business of gov- ernment to advance wisely and not stumble along slowly in the dark. Nearly ioo years ago New York State began a study of its natural resources and established one of the first geological and natural history surveys in the United States. With the passing of years and with the accumulation of scientific, historical, economic and indus- trial collections this became, more than 50 years ago, the State Museum, an integral part of the state educational system. The New York State Museum is the oldest central scientific agency of the State Government. The geological history of the State and its mineral resources, including the iron ores, oil, gas, limestone and gypsum, have been carefully explored and studied, and information concerning them has been supplied to the public. The useful and harmful plants, and edible and poisonous mushrooms have been studied. The Museum’s wild flower books, with their colored plates, are in great demand over all of eastern United States. Injurious insects of the fields, forests and gardens have been investigated, and methods have been devised to assist in their control. Fish, birds and other animals have received similar attention, and the bird books, with their colored plates, have been in great demand for the schools and among those interested in nature. [9] 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Popular and technical handbooks and bulletins make available the results of the studies by the Museum staff. The popular publica- tions are for the general public and for the schools, and the technical papers are for teachers, scientists and business men who must utilize the natural resources of the State, particularly in the various industries. The State Museum has not been limited solely to the natural sciences, however, as the law, for more than 50 years, has included history, art and industry as a part of its field. Materials bearing on the history of the industries within the State have been accumulating for so many years that tons of these valuable and interesting objects have long been stored because no available space has permitted their exhibition. The State Museum exhibits in the State Education Building at Albany are an outgrowth of the great accumulation of natural history specimens, and the economic, historical and art materials, which naturally accumulate about such a scientific and scholarly institution. A modern museum has the facilities where such collections may be exhibited or stored in a fireproof building. More than 200,000 visitors annually visit the State Museum. This is the most comprehensive year-round exhibition of the natural resources of the State in existence. Annually these exhibits alone furnish free to the general public, and to a large summer tourist public, about a quarter of a million dollars worth of educational recreation. The present report covers the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931. For reasons of economy no special papers accompany this report, as has been customary in the past. A SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S WORK The outstanding results of the year have been the continuation of the scientific and economic statewide surveys of the geology and natural history resources of the State, and the important increases in the historic and industrial collections. Studies of the geologic and mineral resources have been continued on the following nine quadrangles : Russell, Thirteenth Lake, Schunemunk (field work completed), Morrisville, Skaneateles, Randolf, Cattaraugus, Berne and Catskill. The regular annual compilation of the mining and quarry statistics has been continued in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Census and the United States Bureau of Mines. The economic depression has delayed and interfered with the col- lecting of the mineral statistics. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR II The biological survey of the plants of the State has been con- tinued in the vicinity of Oneida lake and in the Allegany State Park, where considerable progress has been made. A handbook on the ferns and their allies has been about one-half completed. A hand- book on the mushrooms and allied fungi is in process of publication. The cooperative entomological studies conducted with the State Department of Agriculture and Markets have been continued on the subtropical cockroach greenhouse pest, the narcissus bulb pests, and insect pests of ornamental trees and shrubs. In these studies there has been very hearty cooperation on the part of the growers con- cerned with these pests. The State Department of Conservation has also cooperated on a study of the weevils injurious to Scotch pine ; and jointly with this Department and that of Agriculture and Markets, a similar study was made of the European pine shoot moth, aided further by the Westchester County Park Commission. The study of the black flies and allied biting flies of the Adirondacks was continued in the field during July 1930 and in the spring of 1931, but could not be elaborated because no special appropriation was made by the Legislature. Preliminary experiments were con- ducted on certain plant problems with the General Electric Research Laboratories at Schenectady, an outgrowth of the narcissus bulb experiments. The zoological field studies have been continued on the local mammal fauna, special attention being given to the woodchuck, and the results are now being prepared for publication. In the field of archeology and history the most important results have been to bring together the history of the Iroquois Indian Groups, and a survey was begun of the private archeological collections in the State. The historical collections have been increased by the addition of many objects of value, and particularly by important additions to the industrial collection of the Shakers. Although the State Museum is on the top floor of the Education Building, it receives about 200,000 visitors annually. During the past year school children have come by bus as far as 175 miles to visit the Museum. Continued interest has been shown in the proposal to build a State Memorial Museum Building, which would combine a George Washington Memorial and a World War Memorial in a form that would be of perennial interest to the public and a truly worthy Memorial. 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM COOPERATION WITH STATE AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS The location of the State Museum at the State Capital facilitates cooperation with other public agencies, state and federal. During the past fiscal year the State Museum has cooperated with other agencies as follows : 1 United States Bureau of Mines and United States Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C. The Museum continued the long standing policy of collecting the statistics of mineral produc- tion from the mines and quarries of the State. 2 New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. Cooperative entomological studies of the subtropical cock- roach greenhouse pest, the narcissus bulb pests, insect pests of ornamental trees and shrubs, and the European pine shoot moth. 3 New York State Department of Conservation. The Director is a member of the State Council of Parks. The geologists of the Museum staff advise the Department of Conservation on the purchase of lands when mineral resources are involved. The State Entomologist has made studies of the weevils of Scotch pine and the European pine shoot moth, with the cooperation of the Westchester County Park Commission. 4 New York State Department of Law, Office of the Attorney General. Cooperation with the Office of Land Titles on the purchase of mineral lands in the Adirondacks and on other legal problems, including some before the State Court of Claims. 5 Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N. Y. Cooperation in conducting the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park. The Director of the State Museum is responsible for its educational policy, and the school cooper- ated in local scientific surveys. There is active cooperation with the Allegany State Park Commission. 6 The University of Buffalo, Buffalo, N. Y. Affiliated with the Allegany School of Natural History. 7 Colgate University, Department of Geology and Geography, Hamilton, N. Y. Cooperation on a geological survey of the Morrisville quadrangle. 8 Cooperation within the Education Department ; State Library, exchanges of Museum publications ; Archives and History Division ; Department Editor, on the publication of Bird and Arbor Day numbers of the Bulletin to the Schools. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 13 9 Dr Rudolf Ruedemann has cooperated with more than 30 geol- ogists in the preparation of a two-volume Geology of North America. 10 Dana Natural History Society, Albany, N. Y. Cooperation on a lecture on bird songs to Albany school children on Bird Day by Charles C. Gorst. 11 Princeton University, Princeton, N. J. Cooperation on a geo- logical survey of the Potsdam and Rosendale quadrangles. 1 2 Several Long Island narcissus bulb growers have actively coop- erated financially with the State Entomologist of the Museum staff on methods of controlling the insect pests of these plants. (See also no. 2.) 13 The University of Michigan Herbarium, Dr Howard A. Kelly of Johns Hopkins University, and Charles M. Winchester Sr, of Albany. Continuing the work on the preparation and printing of Handbook 11, by L. C. C. Krieger on a Popular Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (Mushrooms) of New York State. 14 General Electric Research Laboratories, Dr W. R. Whitney, Director. Various experiments for the control of insect bulb pests and other scientific problems with the State Entomol- ogist. 15 The American Humane Association, Albany, N. Y., has been conducting a prize competition in order to secure a more humane trap for catching animals. In this worthy endeavor the State Museum has cooperated, with its zoologists on the staff acting as judges. This work has been under way for four years. STATE COUNCIL OF PARKS With the reorganization of the State Government and the transfer of the scientific reservations from the Education Department to the Department of Conservation, the Director of the State Museum was made a member of the State Council of Parks, in the Depart- ment of Conservation. The function of the council is a “central advisory agency for all parks and parkways and all places of his- toric, scientific and scenic interest.” Although the law provides that the expenses of attending the council meetings are to be paid, no special appropriations have been provided for this from the Depart- ment of Conservation. The expenses of this work have thus fallen upon the State Museum budget. The Department of Conservation, as well as the various State Park Commissions, however, has often 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM generously furnished automobile transportation to and from these meetings and for inspection trips. The Director has endeavored to fulfil this obligation regularly. For several years the parks have been primarily concerned with the acquisition of land, the engineering problems of roads, parkways and buildings, and only to a minor degree have they given attention to the general educational problems that sooner or later are destined to center about state parks. Comparatively little also has been done in making an inventory of their natural resources, in order to relate them to the park policies, beyond certain very broad features, such as the possession of scenery, forests, water and similar features. With increased intensive use of these parks, from an adminis- trative, educational and scientific point of view, a large number of problems certainly will arise that will call not merely for legal and engineering skill, but as well for careful scientific study, including geological studies of the rocks, minerals, soils, ground waters, plants and animals. The number of these problems calling for attention has been slowly increasing. Through the cooperation of the State Museum with the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences and the Allegany State Park Commissioners, more intensive studies have been made of this park than elsewhere, with the result that certain results have already been published (State Museum Handbooks i, 2, 3 and 5), and the results of several investigations under way and nearing completion are yet to be published. ALLEGANY SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY (Figures 14-19) The fourth session of the Allegany School of Natural History began July 5, 1930, and closed August 23, 1930. The school is under the direction of Dr R. E. Coker and is conducted by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences in cooperation with the State Museum and in affiliation with the University of Buffalo, and with the hearty cooperation of the Allegany State Park Commission. The State Museum is responsible for the general educational policy of the school, and members of the State Museum staff use the school as the field base for their local scientific studies. During the past season an intensive study was made of the local fossils, and progress was made on the local botanical survey and an intensive study of the birds. In the opinion of Doctor Coker this was a very successful session of the school from the educational standpoint. The work is of REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 15 college grade, and furthermore it does not duplicate that done by any college in the State. As the parks systems, state and national, develop we may expect much greater educational use of these areas. As has been said in the earlier stages of state park development, the problems of land acquisition, roads, parkways and engineering problems demand primary attention, but once this stage is passed, the educational aspects will demand greater emphasis and recog- nition. It also seems possible that economic depressions are likely to retard park expansion and emphasize their educational use. RELATION OF THE MUSEUM TO SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES In addition to the educational work at the Allegany School of Natural History, the State Museum comes in contact with the school system in many ways. Large numbers of teachers and pupils of the public and private schools visit the Museum exhibits more or less regularly. One group of pupils left their homes 175 miles from Albany at 2 a. m., arrived at the Museum at 1 p. m., spent two hours examining the exhibits and returned home. Such trips are strenuous and perhaps should be made in two days, as did classes from Broome county, Suffolk county and Wayne county. Other groups came from Illinois, Ohio, Massachusetts, Vermont and Connecticut. Facts such as these are enough to impress thoughtful persons with the great changes that are taking place in educational methods with modern methods of transportation. Progressive schools are thus learning how to utilize the Museum exhibits. Classes of school children have come from the following 30 counties ; Albany, 60 classes ; Madison, 2 ; Rensselaer, 38 ; Otsego, 12; Orange, 2; Saratoga, 24; New York, 7; Washington, 7; Schen- ectady, 26; Westchester, 3; Columbia, 5; Ulster, 8; Schoharie, 4; Montgomery, 14; Dutchess, 4; Delaware, 4; Oneida, 5; St Law- rence, 2; Tompkins, 1 ; Sullivan, 1 ; Greene, 8; Warren, 2; Herkimer, 4; Suffolk, 1 ; Broome, 3; Fulton, 3; Essex, 1; Chenango, 3; Onon- daga, 1, and Wayne, 1 ; a total of 264 classes and 7128 pupils. During the fall the largest number came in October, and in the spring in March. The publications of the Museum reach a large number of teachers and pupils. Members of the Museum staff and others assist the Department Editor in the preparation of the Bird and Arbor Day numbers of the Bulletin to the Schools. Through the cooperation with the Dana Natural History Society of Albany a public lecture i6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is given to the school children on birds. The lecturer this year was Charles C. Gorst, who spoke on bird music. The Museum continues to receive requests from schools for assist- ance regarding their school museum materials, the loan of specimens and similar needs, but little can be done at present to aid in this very important work. MUSEUM ATTENDANCE It is impossible to count the number of visitors to the exhibits, other than those of pupils and students who come as classes, and those attending the 30 Sunday afternoon openings from October to May. The total class attendance was 7128 and the Sunday attend- ance was 42,888. The average Sunday attendance is about 140Q The maximum attendance was on February 22d, with 2546, and the minimum on a rainy day, April 26th, with 645. The problem of children unattended by adults has not been satisfactorily solved. It is also difficult to control a limited number of loafers who tend to hang about public buildings. As usual, the largest attendance is during the summer months from June to Labor Day, when tourists are most numerous. The economic depression apparently reduced somewhat the summer attendance. The June attendance was estimated at 10,000, and for July at 35,000. The annual attendance is estimated at about 200,000. If these visits are at all comparable to other recreational and educa- tional facilities available to the public, they are worth as a minimum at least $200,000 to the public, and this of course represents only one phase of the public service of the State Museum. INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY There has been the usual amount of correspondence covering every aspect of the work of the Museum. Members of the staff have given 26 lectures and talks and have reached over 2400 persons. These lectures have been given in the following eight counties : Albany, Cattaraugus, Essex, Flerkimer, Monroe, New York, Rens- selaer and Suffolk; three have been given outside of the State. The publications of the Museum reach a large number of persons. Assistance is given the press whenever possible. The Announcement of the Allegany School of Natural History and the advertisements in the magazines call attention to the work of the Museum. Members of the staff attend conferences and act on committees that are often equivalent to public talks or lectures. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 17 CONDITION OF EXHIBIT HALLS, EXHIBITS AND STUDY COLLECTIONS The pressure of other work did not permit further renovation of the walls of the exhibition halls. The roof requires constant atten- tion to protect the exhibits. In the face of so much difficulty with skylights it seems strange that new museums are being built with them. Substantial iron braces were placed behind the railing in front of the Indian bark house exhibit. During December and January the State relief map was repaired, cleaned and labeled, and a protective screen placed about it (figure 2). It is now in first-class condition. Certain exhibits were repaired and cleaned, including the Newburgh mastodon. Arrangements were pending for its repair with Ward’s Natural Science Establishment at Rochester when the company had a serious fire, and was not able to repair the damage until January. The skeleton was originally mounted by them many years ago. (Cf. H. H. Smith. Museum of Geological Survey of Alabama. 1912, plate.) The skeleton is now strongly supported. The plaster modeled puma was cleaned and painted in March. The high exhibi- tion cases in the west mezzanine Indian hall were cleaned in February. The additions to the study collections are shown in the List of Accessions. Members of the staff have added materials in connection with their regular work. The largest addition to the historic collec- tion is the Shaker materials from Watervliet. The temporary exhibit of Shaker material opened June 17, 1930, has been continued on account of the active public interest in it and through the cooperation of William F. Winter and Dr and Mrs Edward D. Andrews. The study collections are reported to be in as good shape as their crowded condition permits. It is gratifying to note that the exhibits in the State Museum not only meet with the approval of the general public and of scientists, but also are adapted and utilized in various ways by other museums. Many requests have come for photographs of the Gilboa Devonian Forest exhibit by Winifred Goldring for use in scientific and pop- ular publications. This is, however, only one way in which appreci- ation is shown for such work. The Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago has installed a large mural painting portraying the Gilboa Forest, by the well-known artist Charles R. Knight (see S. K. Roy, Field Mus. News, vol. 2, May 1931, p. 3). Mr Knight visited the State Museum and made a study of the exhibit and was given every possible assistance by Miss Goldring. i8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The marine groups, designed by Dr Rudolf Ruedemann and Henri Marchand for this Museum, are reflected in part now in the Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt Park, at Buffalo, as well as in other museums. PRINTING AND PUBLICATIONS “After all it is the written word that lives.” — Dr W . M. Beauchamp The annual bibliography accompanying this report indicates the activity of the staff in this respect. The inventory of the stock of older publications progresses slowly because of limited help available for that purpose. The Available List of Publications, Circular No. 3, represents the progress made on this inventory, as it is manifestly unwise to permit the distribution of publications without a knowledge of the stock. PHOTOGRAPHY AND DRAFTING Photographs and drawings are today essential in making records, both in the field and in the Museum laboratories. Some of these records are again used in publications, and both uses are of much importance. Mr Stein reports 709 new negatives, 1596 prints, 89 enlargements and 90 lantern slides. He also made 30 labels and 66 drawings. New equipment for this work was provided, including an electric dry mounting press, a new background frame, a new stand and easel for the copying camera and a new lamp house. Some progress has been made in transferring negatives from the old to the newer envelops. Even with the great improvements in equipment for photography and drafting, the work has increased so that it is difficult to keep up with current needs, much less to organize the older extensive accumulation of such materials. HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS AND ALLIED MATTERS (Figures 3-6) “I warmly sympathize with the ambition expressed in your annual report to have this Museum more than a mere zoologic or scientific museum. It should be a museum of arts and letters as well as a museum of natural history. . . . “There should be here a representation of all our colonial and revolutionary life. There should be in this museum for the instruction and inspiration of our people, a full representation of American history since the time when New York cast off its provincial character and became an integral portion of the American republic.” — Theodore Roosevelt’s address at the open- ing of the New York State Museum, December 29, 1916. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 19 One of the most serious problems regarding the historic collec- tions is that of securing space for their storage and care. In recent years the Niskayuna and Mount Lebanon Shakers have experienced critical periods, necessitating in both cases sales of the land. The buildings have been remodeled to meet the needs of the new owners, with the result that haste was necessary to salvage a large amount of important historic material or it would have been lost or destroyed. There was not so much risk in the case of their furniture, but large amounts of industrial materials, which do not interest antique dealers, would have been lost had there not been prompt action. Through the intelligent cooperation of the South Family of Shakers, partic- ularly Eldress Anna Case and Sister Jennie Wells, the Museum secured a valuable collection from the Niskayuna Shakers. At Mount Lebanon, through the active help of William F. Winter and Dr and Mrs Edward D. Andrews, Sister Sadie Neale and Sister Emma Neale of the Church Family, Mount Lebanon, a valuable collection was secured. The sale of the Church Family property, as mentioned above, necessitated prompt removal of the collection, but with the active help of the Shakers and assistance of several members of the Museum staff, this was accomplished. This material is particularly valuable because of the large amount of wood and metal working tools and machinery included in this collection. Much of this material is a delight to any one who can appreciate a fine quality of tools. It will require several months’ work to make an inventory of this large collection. William L. Lassiter was again engaged to continue the cataloging, labeling and storing of the recent additions to the historic collection, most of which is the Shaker material. He devoted all his time from May 15 to June 30, 1930, to this work and made considerable progress in getting this material in order. Dr Edward D. Andrews, who has devoted several years to an intensive study of Shaker history and industries, prepared Handbook 15 on the Community Industries of the Shakers, basing it largely on the Mount Lebanon Shakers and utilizing extensively the materials of the State Museum. This study is a direct outgrowth of the Shaker collection acquired in recent years by the State Museum (figure 3). As indicated in previous Director’s reports, the Museum has been actively interested in the scientific discoveries of Joseph Henry. The small but important collection of scientific apparatus used by him in his early experiments is one of the most valuable historic collections in the possession of the Museum. This special exhibit is shown in figure 6. 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM SCIENTIFIC STAFF AND ITS ACTIVITIES “It is essential that this Museum should command the service of many different men for work in many different fields, and that its work should be so closely related to work of the same kind elsewhere that it shall all represent a coordinated whole. This is true of all departments of the work, but especially so of those departments which haye a direct utilitarian bearing. “This Museum, like every other institution of the type, should do everything to develop large classes of workers of this kind. And yet, friends, we must never forget that the greatest need, the need most difficult to meet, is the need to develop great leaders and to give full play to their activities. In the entirely proper effort to develop numbers of individual workers there must be no forgetfulness of this prime need of individual leadership if American achievement in the scientific field is to be really noteworthy. Yet in scientific as well as in historical associations and academies, this fact is often forgotten. “The really great works must be produced by some individual great man who is able to use to the utmost advantage the indispensable preliminary work of a multitude of other observers and investigators. He will be the first to recognize his debt to these other observers and investigators. If he does not do so he will show himself a poor creature. On the other hand, if they are worth their salt they will be proud to have the great architect use all the results of their praiseworthy and laborious and necessary labor in constructing the building which is to crown it.” — Theodore Roosevelt’s address at the opening of the New York State Museum, December 29, 1916. The scientific and scholarly activities of the State Museum depend upon the quality of its staff, permanent and temporary. In addition to the general routine work of the various offices, administrative, curatorial and educational, the main scientific results of the staff’s activities are summarized below : Geology. Doctor Ruedemann continued his work on the mono- graph of the Graptolites of North America. About two and one-half years are yet needed to complete the report ; two-thirds of the manu- script is on hand for the two-volume Geology of North America; about three-fourths of the mapping of the Ordovician of the Catskill quadrangle is completed. His Bulletin 285, on the Geology of the Capital District, has been printed. Miss Goldring has continued her field work on the Berne quad- rangle ; has continued the work on the stratigraphy of the Devonian, and has completed a handbook — Guide to the Indian Ladder Region of John Boyd Thacher State Park. This region is visited by many students of geology and traveling geologists, and by a large number of park visitors. Dr A. C. Tester has continued work on his report on the Randolph quadrangle in the Allegany State Park. Dr Burnett Smith is nearing the completion of his report on the Skaneateles quadrangle. Professor L. W. Ploger has continued his field and laboratory work on the Cattaraugus quadrangle. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 21 Dr R. J. Colony is continuing his work on the report on the Schun- nemunk quadrangle, and at his own expense, as he wishes to make an exhaustive report. Professor N. C. Dale has completed his field work on the Oswe- gatchie quadrangle, and is revising the field work on the Russell quadrangle. Dr G. Arthur Cooper continued his studies on the Hamilton formation and made a special study of the fossils of the Allegany State Park. Medora L. Hooper has revised, in the field, the northern half of the Thirteenth Lake quadrangle. Professor H. D. Whitnall reports as follows on the Morrisville quadrangle : The Department of Geology of Colgate University in collaboration with the New York State Museum is preparing a bulletin of the Morrisville, N. Y., quadrangle. The region is underlain by upper Silurian and Devonian formations. About one-third, which lies in the northern portion, consists of Silurian rocks ranging from the Red Vernon shale to the western extension of the Helderberg forma- tion. The southern two-thirds is underlain with Devonian rocks, beginning with the Helderberg through the various Hamilton forma- tions to and including the Genesee shale. Besides embracing a region rich in numerous rock outcrops of the Silurian and Devonian periods, the quadrangle exhibits many fine examples of Pleistocene geology. All the types of ice-laid material are present as well as the forms constructed by the meltwaters of the ice sheet. The stratigraphy of the Devonian has been worked out by Dr G. Arthur Cooper, a Colgate graduate of the class of 1926, now assistant curator of the United States National Museum. Dr T. B. Root of our Department of Geology has mapped and described the Silurian formations, and Professor Harold O. Whitnall head of the Department of Geology at Colgate, is preparing the chapters on the Pleistocene together with a discussion of the geography of the quad- rangle and its relation to human affairs. A short chapter will also be devoted to the Indian inhabitants, place names, camping grounds, trails etc. It is hoped that the bulletin on the Morrisville quadrangle will be, when finished, a complete history of the area from the time it was buried beneath the waters of the Paleozoic seas to the advent of man and his subsequent occupancy. Under the direction of Dr A. K. Lobeck of Columbia University, Wilfred Webster prepared a relief map of New York State, upon which it is proposed to map the geological formations excepting the Pleistocene and Recent. This will provide an up-to-date map, which it is planned will be published with a description by members of the Museum staff. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mr Newland and Mr Hartnagel have continued collecting the mining and quarry statistics of the State, which was begun in 1905. The latest report forms Bulletin 295. Mr Newland has continued his study of the New York limestones; the last previous report was published about 30 years ago (Bulletin 45, 1901). He has also renewed his studies of the structural features of the Adirondack magnetite deposits. As chairman of the State Museum committee for the 16th International Geological Congress, Mr Newland has supervised the preparation of a guide for the geological excursion in this State. This has been prepared by members of the Museum staff and others. Mr Hartnagel has continued his study of the oil fields of the State. There were 15 separate pools on June 30, 1931, and 14,940 producing wells in the State. He has also continued his work on a comprehensive report on the productive and potential gas fields of the State. The discovery in 1930 of an important gas pool at Tyrone. Schuyler county, has attracted much attention. The Oriskany sand- stone had not previously produced gas in quantity. He has also mapped the underground contour of the Medina sandstone in the western part of the State. Mr Hartnagel has been assembling the available facts on the water resources of the State for publication. This is a much neglected field. Dr Albert P. Brigham, collaborator, has continued his studies of glacial geology in the Mohawk valley. The preceding projects in geology show a considerable variety covering various parts of the State and including both scientific and economic problems. Plants. Doctor House has about half completed his report on the Flora of the Township of Newcomb, Essex county; he has spent two weeks in field work in the Oneida Lake region, and has continued his revision of his Annotated List (Bulletin 254). Lield work has been extended to several neglected counties. No further work was done on the vegetation at the east end of Lake Ontario, begun by Mr Hotchkiss. Mrs Whitney has about half completed her handbook on the ferns and fern allies of the State. Robert B. Gordon has made good progress on the survey of the vegetation of the Allegany State Park, which has been under way for several years. With the completion of this study, the Allegany State Park will be the first New York State park to have its vegeta- tion fully mapped. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 23 Insects. Doctor Glasgow has continued his cooperative projects for the control of insect pests with the State Department of Agri- culture and Markets, on the Long Island narcissus bulb pests, including the eelworfn. In this project F. Ryneld and Sons provide, as field assistant, Joseph B. Clement as a part of the cooperation. The General Electric Research Laboratory, Dr W. R. Whitney director, gave hearty cooperation in various experiments. Other cooperating bulb growers were A. Frylink and Sons and Stumpp and Walter. Considerable progress has been made and preliminary reports are in preparation for publication (figures 7-12). The study of the black fly and other biting flies of the Adiron- dacks, was conducted on a smaller scale than last season because of lack of funds. Without the gift of funds from the people of the Adirondacks little could have been done on this important problem. W. E. Sanderson and K. F. Chamberlain devoted July 1930 to these studies under the direction of Doctor Glasgow, and Doctor Glasgow continued his studies in the spring of 1931. The weevils injurious to Scotch pine are causing much trouble. Cooperating with H. L. McIntyre, supervisor of forest pest control of the State Department of Conservation, an intensive study has been started of these weevils, with the assistance of H. Finkelstein and O. S. Thompson of the Department of Conservation. The European pine shoot moth has also become a serious pest of various pines, and this is also being studied as a cooperative project with the State Department of Agriculture and Markets, by T. F. Niles and A. B. Goold and by the Westchester Park Commission, Herman Merkel, general superintendent, and W. H. Boyce, super- intendent of maintenance and forestry. The study of the subtropical greenhouse cockroach has been continued with the State Department of Agriculture and Markets, and the Scarborough Rose Houses. Animals. On account of the inadequate salary it has been impos- sible to secure a competent zoologist. Dr S. C. Bishop, of the University of Rochester, is completing two reports which were incomplete when he left the Museum — one on the life history of the salamanders and the other on the reptiles and amphibians of the State. Mr Schoonmaker has continued his field work on the local mammals, particularly the woodchuck, and has in preparation a report on the woodchuck (figure 13). Aretas A. Saunders has continued his field studies of the birds in the Allegany State Park in relation to local conditions. 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Archeology and history. Mr Clarke has continued his work on the Indian collections, has been preparing a report on the history of the Iroquois Indian groups in the Museum and has gathered addi- tional data on the private collections of Indian materials. There is a considerable amount of such material scattered about the State, and some of this is valuable and should be recorded and preserved by modern methods. Reference has already been made to the historic collection, par- ticularly to the extensive additions to the Shaker collection. Dr Edward D. Andrews prepared a Handbook on the Community Indus- tries of the Shakers, which was completed in June 1930. This will form a valuable contribution to the industrial history of the State, and is a direct outgrowth of the Shaker collection of the State Museum. MUSEUM COLLABORATORS On April 18, 1929, the Board of Regents authorized the Director to appoint collaborators who were willing to cooperate with the State Museum. Through this plan Professor George H. Hudson has pre- sented to the Museum two papers — The Fault Systems of the Northern Champlain Valley, New York, and The Dike Invasions of the Champlain Valley, New York. These papers were published in Museum Bulletin 286, pages 5-1 12. This completed a study to which Professor Hudson gave many years of careful study, and it is a source of satisfaction that the Museum is able to publish these papers. His second appointment as collaborator expires in June 1934. Professor Albert P. Brigham, as collaborator, has continued his glacial studies, and has prepared one paper — Glacial Problems in Central New York. His second appointment as collaborator will expire in September 1934. The third collaborator is Dr Ephraim Porter Felt, former State Entomologist of the Museum staff, who with K. F. Chamberlain is completing a paper on the influence of wind on the dispersal of insects. STATE MUSEUM COUNCIL The State Museum Council is an advisory body appointed by the Board of Regents to promote the welfare of the State Museum. The Council met December 22, 1930, in the Regents Room at Albany. Those present were Dr William Leland Thompson, chairman, of the Museum committee of the Regents; Commissioner of Education Frank P. Graves, and the following members of the REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 25 Council: Dr Owen D. Young, Dr Benjamin Walworth Arnold, Pierrepont B. Noyes, Orange L. Van Horne. Dr Charles C. Adams, Director, and Alvin G. Whitney, Assistant Director and Secretary, were also present. Regent Thompson and Doctor Graves discussed plans for the work of the Museum. Doctor Graves read the following state- ment regarding the functions of the Council : Functions of the Museum Council. The aim of the State Museum Council is to secure for the benefit of the Museum the advice, suggestions, moral support and active cooperation of men having extensive practical experience on questions of policy and public relations. Such aid will assist the State Museum in per- forming efficiently its duties as the central scientific and scholarly organization in the State government. The following is from the Rules of the Board of Regents. “Section 13 Councils. The Com- missioner with the approval of the Regents shall appoint the fol- lowing councils, of five members each; college, academic, library, museum, music, nurse training school, industrial education, agri- cultural education, character and humane education, physically handicapped children, and medical. These councils shall serve as advisory bodies with which the officers of the Department may consult regarding institutions in the University or registered in the Department. One member of each council shall be appointed yearly to serve for a term of five years beginning with the first day of October next following the ending of the term to which each, respectively, is to succeed, except that an appointment to fill a vacancy created otherwise than by the expiration of a term shall be for the unexpired term. The deans of the dental, phar- macy and veterinary medical schools shall, respectively, act as similar councils for dental, pharmacy and veterinary medical interests.” Doctor Adams made a progress report on the various proposals for the conducting of the comprehensive survey of the research agencies of the State Government, with a view toward orienting the State Museum in this system, as was proposed at the last Council meeting by Doctor Young. Following a general discus- sion of these plans, Doctor Young moved, and it was voted: 1 That the Regents be requested to approve a survey and decide whether same is to be paid for from public or private funds. 2 That a person or committee be named to see that funds are secured. 3 That authorization be given to employ some person or organi- zation to direct such survey when funds are provided. 4 That some appropriate action be taken to secure space for Museum and its activities in the Memorial Building now under consideration. 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 5 That control of physical facilities necessary for use of Museum be retained in Board of Regents. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS Classification and personnel. The salaries of the State Museum staff have for many years been below the average for allied work, not only in other branches of the state service, but very much below those of comparable work in similar and allied institutions else- where. This has for years been stressed regularly in the Annual Reports of the State Museum. As long as the state policy was rather chaotic, it is not surprising that the scientific work was not adequately understood and compensated. It is sincerely hoped that the proposed new classification resulting from the study of the Joint Legislative Committee on the Classification of State Service, will be inaugurated with a reasonable compensation system, so that honest, able and loyal state service will be fairly recognized and compensated. This survey was authorized by resolution of the Legislature on February 3, 1930. Survey of Museum needs. Mention has been made of the recommendations of the State Museum Council for a comprehen- sive study of the research functions of the State Government in order to relate the activities of the State Museum to the system as a whole. Every year, in supporting the budget requests for the State Museum, the Regents have felt the need of a broader background than can be presented in the usual brief budget requests. In order to meet this comprehensive need, Commissioner Frank P. Graves appointed on February 19, 1931, a committee to make a general survey of the State Museum. This Committee consists of Dr Lloyd L. Cheney, chairman; Dr Harlan H. Horner and Dr Herman J. Magee. The committee has begun, but has not completed its study. A careful and comprehensive survey of the condition and needs of the State Museum is heartily welcomed, as it will furnish important facts in planning for the long-delayed and urgent improvements needed in the Museum. The Centenary of April 15, 1936. On April 15, 1836, the Legislature authorized the establishment of the State Geological Survey, which was the ancestor of the present New York State Museum, the legal history of which is fully presented in the pre- vious report by Mr William E. Hannan. Attention is called to the appropriateness of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of this important event in the history of state scientific and educa- tional work so that appropriate plans may be matured. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 27 ANNUAL FINANCIAL AND STATISTICAL SUMMARY THE MUSEUM BUDGET The following budget does not include the cost of heat, light, janitor service, orderlies (watchmen), carpenters, painters and elevator men. Certain other items also are furnished by the Edu- cation Department, such as postage, stationery, express, drayage in part, telegraph and telephone, and are therefore not included in the budget. The traveling expenses have been budgeted so that each member of the scientific staff is able to plan his work to the best advantage. As rapidly as possible it is hoped to extend this system to all expenditures. Gifts of funds and facilities derived from cooperative projects are indicated, in addition to those from the state appropriation. It is impossible to estimate the amount of these funds precisely, since they include the federal franking privilege, cooperation with many individuals, with organizations and with other state depart- ments. Labor, supplies, expert services, use of automobiles etc. have been provided by cooperation. Such financial assistance is of the greatest value ; but the funds do not pass through the Museum. Thus, expenditure of the funds for the black fly project has been handled by the Adirondack Black Fly Committee, Gilbert D. Kelley, executive secretary, a public accountant. The annual and statistical summary for the fiscal year July 1, 1930, to June 30, 1931, has been prepared by Alvin G. Whitney, Assistant Director and Secretary, as follows : APPROPRIATIONS AND FUNDS FOR FISCAL YEAR (July 1, 1930 to June 30, 1931) APPROPRIATIONS Salaries : Administrative staff $900000 Permanent scientific staff 31 670 00 Temporary expert services 3 000 00 Scientific assistants 6 980 00 Clerical, labor etc 10 220 00 Total salaries $60 870 00 Equipment and supplies $5 000 00 Traveling (of which not to exceed $200 is available for out-of- state travel 3 000 00 Printing 7 500 00 Special fund for Sunday opening 1 020 00 $16 520 00 $77 390 00 Total budget 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM GIFT FUNDS AND COOPERATION 1 July and August, 1929, received and spent from the cooperative Black Fly Fund $1 720 00 June and July, 1930, received and spent from the cooperative Black Fly Fund 2 445 00 (This item also given in the last Annual Report). 2 Long Island bulb project. 8 902 19 3 Pine shoot moth project 368 33 4 Scotch pine weevil project 310 00 5 Funds supplied by other cooperators which can not be estimated accurately Total approximate gift and cooperative funds $13 745 52 $13 745 52 Total State Museum expenditures from budget, gifts and cooperators $91 135 52 DIRECTORY DATA Name of Museum: New York State Museum. Location: Albany, New York, U. S. A. Name of Director: Charles C. Adams. Name of Assistant Director and Secretary: Alvin G. Whitney. Date of founding: The Museum is the outgrowth of state surveys begun in 1836; formal organization of the Museum was in 1843. Open to the public: Open week days from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m., and Sundays from 2 to 5 p. m. (October 5, 1930, to April 26, 1931, 30 days). Total number of hours open to the public for the year : about 2500 Administrative officers 2 Number of members on scientific staff 10 Number of clerical employes and others 12 Number of part-time employes 8 Total staff 32 Salary schedules, 1930-31 : Director $6000 Assistant Director and Secretary 3000 Scientific professional staff $1720 to 4500 Technical assistants (nonprofessional grade) 1600 to 2000 Hours and vacation: Hours of work a week: 36^. Vacation allowance comprises 24 working days of 6)4 hours each, and all legal holidays. NEEDS OF THE STATE MUSEUM The preceding financial summary shows that the Museum’s appropriations are about $77,000, to which have been added gifts and various forms of cooperation amounting to over $14,000; making in round numbers a total of about $91,000. To conduct a statewide geological and natural history survey upon such an annual budget is very difficult. The State of Pennsylvania is REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 29 spending annually on its geological survey alone, about $67,500 ; Illinois spends $125,000, and California about $63,000, and yet the New York State Museum is expected, in addition to its geo- logical work, to conduct biological surveys of the plants and ani- mals and to care for the history of the arts and industries of the State ; and finally, in addition, to conduct the general public exhibi- tion Museum. The previously mentioned geological surveys of Penn- sylvania, Illinois and California do not, as in New York, provide for a public exhibition Museum ; but are devoted solely to scientific and economic research on the mineral resources. These facts and relations show that the New York State Museum has been obligated by the law to conduct a program of work far in excess of what its small budget will permit. As has been mentioned in previous Annual Reports, the Museum budget has for many years been no larger than almost any progressive city of 100,000 inhabitants might well provide for the maintenance of a municipal museum; and yet this limited fund has been the allowance provided by the wealthiest State in the Union for a far more comprehensive serv- ice. Many high-class industries which have suffered severely by the present economic depression and have felt compelled to reduce their other staffs drastically, have continued to maintain important research laboratories with little, if any, reduction. Intelligent fore- sight warrants this. Is the State in any better position than these large industries to neglect its research? Can the State afford, in time of an emergency, to restrict the activities of the few agencies that are fact-finding, and that are devoted primarily to discovery and to the solution of problems that bear primarily upon public policies? It is impossible for the State Museum to function prop- erly on its present budget; and not until at least $250,000 a year is available, will it be able to do what should be done for the indus- tries, the schools and colleges, the libraries and the public policies concerned with the natural resources what should be done. To make the specific needs of the State Museum more precise, the following items should be mentioned : 1 Adequate salaries for the staff. The functional efficiency of the Museum is determined by the ability of the staff and its facilities for work. To hold an able staff and to maintain a healthy morale reasonable salaries are an essential point. When salaries are abnormally low there must be unusual compensations of some kind if a healthy state is maintained; but when limited finances restrict all facilities for work, the situation is discouraging and damaging 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to efficiency. When we recall that the average salary of an employe of New York State is $1470, and that New York State stands as low as 27th among the states in this respect, while the average sala- ries of state employes in other states reach as high as $2510, we see the unusual background that tends to hold down the salaries for scientific work in the State Museum (see Mosher and Polah, National Municipal Rev., 1932, vol. 21, p. 56. 1931). In the case of professional scientists and scholars of the State Museum the average salary is much below that for corresponding work in the state colleges, in the larger museums and in the federal service. 2 Increased staff. The present Museum staff is much too small to handle promptly and efficiently the public demands con- tinually made upon it. Several important lines of work, although authorized by law for more than 50 years, have never been prop- erly financed in the budget. There is not sufficient help in a single office of the Museum, and in the biological sciences, history, art and industry the deficiency is glaringly apparent. The number of permanent members of the Museum staff in 1917 was 28, and in 1931 it was 24. This has been a period of extensive expansion in other state activities and among museums in general through- out the United States, and a time when there was urgent need of just such scientific work as a central scientific state agency, located at the seat of the State Government, could fulfil to the best advantage. In the offices and laboratories skilled men are compelled to devote an undue amount of time to clerical and routine work which should be done by less expensive help. This reduces materially the amount of time that they can give to more important work. Publication of scientific and scholarly reports is one of the pri- mary duties of the Museum, but this work is hampered, delayed and injured by the lack of adequate clerical and editorial assistance. 3 Equipment and supplies. For 20 years the allotment for equipment and supplies has been $5000. The result is that equip- ment for office and field work is wholly inadequate for many lines of work. This is particularly true of field work, with the lack of automobiles so essential in modern field studies. Most state depart- ments have a generous supply of such equipment. The lack of automobiles causes a heavy drain on the small allotment of $3000 for traveling expenses. In the offices, laboratories and store rooms adequate storage and filing cases are greatly needed for valuable collections that should REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 31 not be exposed to dust and can receive proper care only in locked cases. 4 Printing. The printing allotment of $10,000 was reduced to $7500 because congestion in the office did not permit the manu- scripts and proof to be handled within the available time. 5 Temporary expert services. Since 1917 the fund for tem- porary expert services has been $3000. With this small item, and with the limited travel funds it is particularly difficult to conduct field work on an adequate scale. During the summer, generally the best season for certain kinds of field work, it is often possible to secure skilled scientists and scholars for special studies and at very reasonable charges. It is distinctly advantageous to utilize such assistance, and to do so this fund should be materially increased. 6 Scientific and historic reservations. In previous Annual Reports attention has been regularly called to the fact that no satisfactory solution has been made for the care of scientific and historic reservations. The State Council of Parks has recom- mended that these be transferred to the Education Department for administration. 7 Research fellowships. In April 1929 a fellowship was estab- lished by one of the Long Island bulb growers, and a capable ento- mologist was employed, to give full time from April to October, and half time for the rest of the year, to study the narcissus bulb pests. In July 1930 this Fellowship was changed to a full-time basis, and was continued until August 1931, when the depression interrupted this plan. The results of these investigations will be published, and thus made available to the public ; otherwise the Museum would not be justified in aiding in the solution of such problems. This kind of cooperation could well be expanded in several directions. 8 New State Museum Building. In the last Annual Report considerable space was given to the problem of the proposed new State Memorial, which would house the State Museum and pro- vide for a comprehensive exhibition of the resources and history of the State, and provide a worthy memorial for the World War, and an adequate public auditorium as a memorial to George Wash- ington. The economic depression has no doubt delayed these plans, and should provide time to work out a comprehensive plan that would harmonize all of these proposals in a building that would be thoroughly adapted as a memorial and would furnish the exhibit 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM space, laboratories, offices and storage room necessary for the scientific work of this central state scientific agency and public exhibition museum. 9 Temporary storage space. Pending the development of the plans for the new State Memorial and new State Museum build- ing, some provision is necessary for the rapid accumulation of materials which the State Museum is constantly acquiring. This is particularly true of the historic and industrial collections. Much of this very valuable material should not remain inaccessible, because there is constant need of having it available for study and for the stream of visitors to the Museum who wish to consult it. There is no more room available in the Education Building; pro- vision should be made for fireproof storage elsewhere. 10 Donations to the Museum. In spite of the preceding state- ment as to the need of storage space for the Museum collections, it is desirable to inform the public that the State Museum wel- comes donations of : 1 Scientific collections of natural history materials, minerals, fossils, rocks, and specimens of plants and animals, when accom- panied by scientific data. 2 Historical collections of objects illustrating the history of New York, Indian materials from New York, objects of the Colo- nial period, Revolutionary period, household and industrial equip- ment and tools. Materials illustrating the history of the profes- sions are particularly desired, such as illustrate the history of medicine and surgery, dentistry, engineering in its various aspects, and the tools and equipment used in the various trades. Historic objects related to the various wars in which New York has taken an active part are heartily welcomed. In all cases it should be borne in mind that it is primarily New York State material that is sought, because first of all this is a New York State Museum, and also because space is lacking for other materials. Persons contemplating such donations should call at the Museum or write in advance about such proposed donations. The State Museum has no desire to monopolize all such mate- rials, but at present in many localities there are no local organiza- tions able to care properly for such collections ; and the State should give reasonable assistance in preserving them and making them available. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 33 ii Endowment and trust funds. The preceding discussion of the urgent needs of the State Museum reveals that while the State has done much for the State Museum, it has not met the needs of the Museum as fully as it should. And just as the citi- zens of the State have in the past generously donated much valu- able material to the Museum, the public should be informed in what ways it may continue to assist. Many persons do not realize that the State Museum, like the universities and other research institutions devoted to advanced learning, have in reserve several important problems that would require more money than the Museum budget provides. It is hoped that private citizens will assist in financing such worthy projects. To make this more definite certain methods of assist- ance will be listed as follows : 1 Donations of funds to be devoted to special scientific, educa- tional or economic studies. A list of these can be furnished to any seriously interested party. 2 A donation of funds, the income alone of which is to be used to conduct special studies. This kind of a fund would give a fluidity which is particularly lacking under the present budget system. Such funds would enable the Museum to take up certain studies in advance of general public interest and legislative appreciation. 3 The donation of carefully selected tracts of land, suitable for scientific field stations, or for scientific reservations, or important historic sites. Each tract should be provided with an endowment for maintenance. Such tracts could be made of the greatest scientific and educational importance under proper supervision. In this connection attention should be called to the fact that gifts up to 15 per cent of net income, and that all bequests to the Board of Regents of The University of the State of New York, in trust for the State Museum, are exempt from federal taxation, under the Federal Revenue Act of 1918. FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to the Board of Regents of The University of the State of New York, in trust for the New York State Museum: 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM MUSEUM ACCESSIONS FOR THE YEAR Accessions are new additions to the Museum. These are classi- fied into the following groups : 1 By donation: objects presented to the Museum 2 By exchange : for other Museum materials etc. 3 By purchase : payment from the Museum budget 4 By the staff: collected by the staff during official duties of any kind 5 By transfer, from other state departments or other divisions of the State Government, as provided by law BY DONATION Adams, Mrs Charles C., Albany, N. Y. Shaker chair catalog Adams, Harriet D., Albany, N. Y. Pamphlet on Shaker medicine Anderson, Thomas S., Amsterdam, N. Y. Grooved stone club from Sassafras Hollow, Amsterdam, N. Y. Bachelder, E. B., New York City. Specimens of Sycamore lace-bug, New York City Banker, Howard J., Huntington, N. Y. Larvae of Mexican bean beetle, Huntington, N. Y. Bartlett, Guy, Schenectady, N. Y. Specimen of long-horn beetle, Schenectady, N. Y. Bedell, Howard A., Castleton, N. Y. 2 slabs of rippled marked Hamilton sandstone with worm trails, Alcove, N. Y. Bigelow, N. K., Hempstead and Albany, N. Y. Specimen of European pine shoot moth, Bellmore, N. Y. iooo specimens of miscellaneous insects from Long Island, N. Y. 107 5 specimens of miscellaneous insects, Albany, N. Y., and vicinity Bishop, Dr S. C., Rochester, N. Y. Specimens of three species of water-striders, Alamosa, Col. Bowers, Sister Lucy, Watervliet, N. Y. 2 Whitall plainspheres Boyce, Walter H., Scarsdale, N. Y. Specimens of mottled willow borer, Scarsdale, N. Y. Bradley, Helen E., Meridian, N. Y. Specimens of tarnished plant bug, Meridian, N. Y. Burger, Eldress Sarah, Watervliet, N. Y. Shaker sampler 2 Shaker stereoscopic photographs Caldwell, Dorothy, Mount McGregor, N. Y. 3 specimens of plants, Mount McGregor, N. Y. Carter, Dr A. G., Rochester, N. Y. 21 specimens of plants from the northern shore of Lake Huron Chadwick, G. H, Catskill, N. Y. Fish remains, Catskill mountains, N. Y. Chmielewski, Walter, Albany, N. Y. Mud puppy, Albany, N. Y. Christian, Howard, Prattsville, N. Y. Specimen of walking-stick, Prattsville, N. Y. Clark, George, Gilboa, N. Y. Cast of mud-cracks, Gilboa, N. Y. Collins, Cameron, Bainbridge, N. Y. Specimen of rhubarb curculio, Bainbridge, N. Y. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 35 Collins, Eldress Sarah, Watervliet, N. Y. 4 bundles Shaker manifestos and 10 photographs Conlin, Benjamin F., Syracuse, N. Y. Captain Benjamin F. Conlin’s commission, photograph, presentation sword and service sword Cottam, George W., Bronxville, N. Y. Specimens of Japanese garden beetles, Bronxville, N. Y. Crandell, Robert, Freehold, N. Y. 2 flint implements, Freehold, N. Y. Dagles, Maude L., Glens Falls, N. Y. Specimens of silverfish, Glens Falls, N. Y. Dahm, Sister Grace, Watervliet, N. Y. Shaker cane Dana Natural History Society, Albany, N. Y. Brachiopods and plant remains from various localities Davis, Edward E., Norwich, N. Y. Specimens of pine spittle bugs, Norwich, N. Y. Dobbin, Frank, Shushan, N. Y. 137 specimens of plants from Washington county, N. Y. Dodge, Joseph H., Rochester, N. Y. Larva of common stalk-borer, Rochester, N. Y. Specimens of juniper scale, Rochester, N. Y. Specimens of work of callous maple borer, Rochester, N. Y. Eames, E. A., Buffalo, N. Y. Plant from Ontario, Can. Follett, Louis E., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 5 stone implements, Grangerville, N. Y. Bayonet 6 buttons Frier, H. L., Schenectady, N. Y. Specimen of dog-day harvest-fly, Schenectady, N. Y. Gilbert, L. A., Hempstead, N. Y. Specimens of miscellaneous beetles from Jericho, Syossett, Garden City, and Flushing, N. Y. Gregory, Mrs Clifford T., Albany, N. Y. 2 gallon jar with cover Harper, Laurence, Albany, N. Y. Ophilefas, St Lawrence County, N. Y. Hansen, H. J., Scarborough, N. Y. Specimens of chinch bug, Scarborough, N. Y. Harrington, A. V., Argyle, N. Y. Specimens of click-beetle, Argyle, N. Y. Hartnagel, C. A., Slingerlands, N. Y. Sparrow hawk, Slingerlands, N. Y. Hubbell, Philip M., Albany, N. Y. Hooded merganser, Albany, N. Y. Hunter, Charles, Cadosia, N. Y. Pupae of tortoise beetles, Cadosia, N. Y. Hyatt, Lotta J., Rochester, N. Y. , Specimen of plant, Rochester, N. Y. Lepp, George E., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of horse fly, Albany, N. Y. Levison, J. J., Sea Cliff, N. Y. Specimens of pitted ambrosia beetles, Sea Cliff, N. Y. Lorenzo, Ernest, East Greenbush, N. Y. Cylindrical effigy pestle, Clinton Heights, N. Y. Lynch, Leo F., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Specimens of miscellaneous beetles, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. McDonald, Mrs H., Corinth, N. Y. Pupa of butterfly, Vanessa cardui, L., Corinth, N. Y. McElroy, Mrs J. F., Albany, N. Y. Old sewing machine 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mager, C. E., New York City Specimens of work of European hornet Marie, Sister Antoinette, Tuckahoe, N. Y. Specimen of Japanese camel cricket, Tuckahoe, N. Y. Matthews, W. A., Rochester, N. Y. 73 specimens of plants from western New York Merritt, Harry B., Kingston, N. Y. Specimens of Indian Meal Moth, Kingston, N. Y. Moore, Luella, Unadilla, N. Y. Specimen of Cecropia moth, Unadilla, N. Y. Mullen, Leo, Rossie, N. Y. Malachite and chalcopyrite, Rossie, N. Y. Neale, Sister Sadie, Watervliet, N. Y. Shaker photograph of Mary Hazard Nichols, Carl L., Ravena, N. Y. Faulted and contorted dark shale, showing slickensides and striae, with infiltered white quartz, south of Kenwood, N. Y. Niles, T. F., Port Chester, N. Y. Larvae of iris borer, Port Chester, N. Y. Partridge, F. H., Schenectady, N. Y. Specimens of scurfy scale, Schenectady, N. Y. Paladin, Arthur, Albany, N. Y. Collection of skulls Peck, Harry S., Menands, N. Y. Large io-pound specimen of crocidolite, Griqualand, West South Africa Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil Association, Oil City, Pa. 32 samples of “Pennsylvania Grade” crude and refined oils, Oil City, Pa. Perkins, Dr Anne E., Helmuth, N. Y. 335 specimens of plants from New York, Vermont, Massachusetts and Maine Perry, Joseph H., Brooklyn, N. Y. Specimens of bone beetle, Necrobia, and skin beetle, Omosita, Brooklyn, N. Y. Phipps, Helen S., East Aurora, N. Y. Specimen of plant from Wyoming county, N. Y. Roat, Dr Arthur G., Albany, N. Y. Baltimore oriole’s nest, Albany, N. Y. Roberts, C. W., Nyack, N. Y. Specimen of long-horn twig-girdler, Nyack, N. Y. Roe, Charles Sheldon, Homer, N. Y. 2 Civil War letters written by C. Y. Roe Rood, C. A., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Specimen of elm lace-bug, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Rose, Sister M., Ursuline Novitiate, Beacon, N. Y. Specimens of Mexican bean beetle, Beacon, N. Y. Sanderson, W. E., Albany, N. Y. Mushroom and white pine sapling top, Howard Forest,. Petersham, Mass. Sawyer, E. J., Albany, N. Y. Vireo nest, Albany, N. Y. Schoonmaker, W. J., Rensselaer, N. Y. Bittern, Rensselaer county, N. Y. Screech owl, Rensselaer county, N. Y. Short-eared owl, Rensselaer county, N. Y. Horned grebe, Rensselaer county, N. Y. American scoter ducks, Rensselaer county, N. Y. New York weasel, Rensselear county, N. Y. Red squirrel, Rensselaer county, N. Y. Schroeder, Harry B., Jamaica, N. Y. Specimens of cottony cushion scale, Jamaica, N. Y. Scott, Arthur, Fowler, N. Y. Brass-capped soft iron hammer, Fowler, N. Y. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 37 Sherwood, Warren G., Highland, N. Y. Photograph of petroglyph, near Highland, N. Y. Simmons, J. R., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of Euonymous scale, Albany, N. Y. Simmons, Mrs William, Schenectady, N. Y. Specimen of click beetle, Schenectady, N. Y. Specimen of croton bug, Schenectady, N. Y. Specimen of black-carpet beetle, Schenectady, N. Y. Sisters of Christian Doctrine, Nyack, N. Y. Specimens of work of spruce gall-aphid, Nyack, N. Y. Smith, Burnett, Skaneateles, N. Y. 6 specimens of Ancyrocrinus bitlbosus, Otisco Lake, N. Y. 4 fossils, Otisco Lake, N. Y. Smith, Florence G., Lake Placid, N. Y. Specimens of burrowing bugs, Lake Placid, N. Y. Smith, Harold F., Fredonia, N. Y. Specimens of bark beetles, Fredonia, N. Y. Smith, Harry, West Albany, N. Y. Specimens of San Jose scale, West Albany, N. Y. Smith, Jean Wells, Upper Jay, N. Y. Fragments of glass from old glass works, Redford, N. Y. Snyder, Bertha E., and Cipperly, Mrs Irving J., West Sand Lake, N. Y. Weed sewing machine Snyder, L. C., Lacona, N. Y. 2 photographs of Iroquois clay pipes, Adams, N. Y. Photograph of artifacts from New York State South Family Niskayuna Shakers, Watervliet, N. Y., through Sister Jennie Wells, West Albany, N. Y. Collection of about 200 articles Spratt, Daniel R., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of eyed elater, Albany, N. Y. Stanfield, J. C., Highland Mills, N. Y. Caterpillars of buck moth, Highland Mills, N. Y. State Department of Public Works, Albany, N. Y., through Theodore Horton 88 samples from test well at Pilgrim State Hospital, Brentwood, N. Y. 27 samples of sand from Salt Water Bays Commission at localities from Cape Cod past Long Island into New Jersey Strain, Mrs Helen K., Inwood Park, N. Y. Caterpillars of Green Tomato Worm, Inwood Park, N. Y. Strickland, L. F., Lockport, N. Y. Raspberry cane showing oviposition scars of tree cricket, Lockport, N. Y. Stryker, Frank W., Gilboa, N. Y. Pitted stone implement, Gilboa, N. Y. Stubing, F. J., White Plains, N. Y. Specimens of chinch bug, White Plains, N. Y. Tate, Eldress Caroline, Watervliet, N. Y. Framed Shaker picture postcards Old style Shaker stove and boot broom Shaker skein of silk thread Glass wicker demijohn Shaker broom Tate, Eldress Caroline, and Bowers, Sister Lucy, Watervliet, N. Y. Shaker linen mitts Shaker-made bobbins Tower, H. F., Moira, N. Y. 2 stone implements, north of Moira, N. Y. Van Rensselaer, Mrs W. B., Albany, N. Y. Infant’s cradle Sleigh coach Vaughan, Kathleen, Napanoch, N. Y. Specimen of shield-bearer, Atlanticus testaceus Scudder Virkler, S., Castorland, N. Y. Specimens of drug-store beetles, Castorland, N. Y. 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Wasserbach, Raymond F., Utica, N. Y. Specimen of solitary mining bee, Halictus, Utica, N. Y. Welcying, Richard, Schenectady, N. Y. 5 Indian artifacts, Alplaus, N. Y. Wells, Elizabeth, Cooperstown, N. Y. Larva of columbine borer, Cooperstown, N. Y. Wheeler, Elizabeth Yale, Albany, N. Y. 426 specimens of plants chiefly from New York and Massachusetts, the herbarium of the late E. J. Wheeler of Albany, N. Y. Whitbeck, George, Albany, N. Y. Specimens of lantern-flies, Albany, N. Y. White, D. M., Point Pleasant, N. Y. 12 specimens of plants from western New York White, Sister Isabelle, Watervliet, N. Y. Shaker braided strings Wille, Charles, Parksville, N. Y. Specimens of white pine weevil and work, Parksville, N. Y. Williams, George W., Silver Bay, N. Y. Specimens of beetle larvae, Aphodius, Silver Bay, N. Y. Specimens of strawberry crown girdler, Silver Bay, N. Y. Wilson, George N., Niskayuna, N. Y. 2 Shaker bonnets Brown willow basket Winter, W. F., Schenectady, N. Y. Collection of about 60 Shaker articles from Watervliet, N. Y. Wood, Harry C., Schenectady, N. Y. Specimen of swayer beetle, Schenectady, N. Y. Woolschlager, F. C., Boonville, N. Y. Larva of rabbit bot-fly, New Bremen, N. Y. Wyer, Dr J. I., Albany, N. Y. 2 sea chests Cannon ball and stand (French and Indian War) Wyman, E. C., Dover Plains, N. Y. Specimen of Ichneumon-fly, Dover Plains, N. Y. York, Dr H. H., Albany, N. Y. 3 specimens of plants from the Catskill mountains, N. Y. Zenkert, C. A., Buffalo, N. Y. 72 specimens of plants from western New York BY EXCHANGE Domin, Dr Kerel, Prague, Czechoslovakia 100 specimens of plants from Czechoslovakia Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 120 specimens of plants from New England Sardeson, F. W., Minneapolis, Minn. Protopalaester narrawayi, Minneapolis, Minn. Stewart, Alexander M., Rochester, N. Y. Map and guide leaflet of the Seneca Villages and Jesuit and French Contacts BY PURCHASE Ehrmann, M. L., Hoboken, N. J. String crystal quartz beads from Japan 2 rose quartz pendants, Bedford, N. Y. 2)-2-inch fluorite ball with teakwood base, Cumberland, England Fluorite tray, Cumberland, England Amethyst quartz pendant, Brazil South Family Niskayuna Shakers, Watervliet, N. Y., through Sister Jennie Wells, West Albany, N. Y. Collection of about 84 Shaker articles REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 39 BY MUSEUM STAFF Adams, Charles C, Albany, N. Y. Package of old Shaker almanacs Shaker scrap book Shaker account book Shaker inventory sheets Shaker apple sauce labels Specimens of rhinoceros beetles, Long Island, N. Y. Casey, J. L., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of underwing moth, Albany, N. Y. Specimen of crane-fly, Albany, N. Y. Chamberlain, K. F., Albany, N. Y. ioo miscellaneous insects, Hollywood, N. Y. Specimens of larvae, pupae and adults of tortoise beetle, Cadosia, N. Y. 118 specimens of insects associated with black locust, Albany, N. Y. Clarke, N. T., Albany,. N. Y. Material from Indian fire pits, Gilboa, N. Y. Potsherds from Nichols pond, Madison county, N. Y. Glasgow, R. D., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of Bagworm larvae and parasites, Long Island, N. Y. Specimens of locust leaf-miner, Long Island, N. Y. Specimens of European pine shoot moth, Bronxville, N. Y. Specimens of a poplar leaf-miner and parasites from the Adirondacks Specimens of birch leaf-mining sawfly and parasites from the Adirondacks Specimens of white pine weevil, pales weevil, and anomala, Ballston, N. Y. Glasgow, R. D., and Chamberlain, K. F., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of confused flour beetle, Albany, N. Y. House, H. D., Albany, N. Y. 725 specimens of plants from various parts of New York State Sanderson, W. E., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of confused flour beetle, Albany, N. Y. Sanderson, W. E., and Chamberlain, K. F., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of black fly larvae and pupae from the Adirondacks Specimens of punkies, Lake Placid, N. Y. Schoonmaker, W. J., Albany, N. Y. Chipmunk, Brant Lake, N. Y. Cottontail rabbit, Brant Lake, N. Y. 2 Varying hares, Brant Lake, N. Y. Grouse, Brant Lake, N. Y. Specimen of flat-head borer, Malden Bridge, N. Y. Specimens of water scavenger beetle, DeFreestville, N. Y. Whitney, Mrs Elsie G., Albany, N. Y. 620 specimens of plants from New York State 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ANNUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE STATE MUSEUM The following is a list of papers by the Museum staff published during the fiscal year and including those based, at least in part, on the Museum collections or issued with its cooperation. Adams, Charles C. 1930 The State Museum. 26th Ann. Rep’t of the State Education Depart- ment, 1 ^73-75 1930a Twenty-Fourth Report of the Director. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 288 u-41 1930k The Importance of Establishing Natural History Reservations for Research and Education. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 288:51-56 1930c The Public Functions of the Division of Science and State Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 288:61-70 Bishop, S. C. & Schmidt, F. J. W. 1931 The Painted Turtles of the Genus Chrysemys. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 18:123-39 Clarke, N. T. 1930 The Wampum Belt Collection of the New York State Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 288:85-105 Cooper, G. Arthur 1930 Upper Ordovician and Lower Devonian Stratigraphy and Paleon- tology of Perce, Quebec. Part II. New Species from the Upper Ordovician of Perce. Amer. Jour, of Sci., 20:265-88; 365-92 Glasgow, R. D. 1931 Injurious Insects in 1930. Proc. 76th Ann. Meeting, N. Y. State Hort. Soc., 1931, p. 10-19 1931a The White Birch Leaf-Mining Sawfly in New York Forests. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 6:1-3 Goldring, Winifred 1931 Handbook of Paleontology for Amateurs and Beginners, Part II. N. Y. State Mus. Handbook, 10, 448p. House, H. D. 1931 Tree Planting for the 1932 Washington Commemoration. N. Y. State Bulletin to the Schools, 17:172-73 Metcalf, C. L. & Sanderson, W. E. 1931 Black Flies, Mosquitoes and Punkies of the Adirondacks. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 5:1-38 Museum Staff 1931 The New York State Museum and Its Activities. Reprint of a series of articles from N. Y. State Education, Vol. 17, 1929-30. April Newland, D. H. 1931 Main Features of Adirondack Geology. The Up-Stater, 3, no. 1 :5-6; 15 Ruedemann, Rudolf 1931 Geology of Capital District (Albany, Cohoes, Troy and Schenectady Quadrangles), with a Chapter on Glacial Geology by John H. Cook. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 285, 2i8p. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 41 Ruedemann, Rudolf, & Goldring, Winifred 1930 Some Museum Methods Developed in the New York State Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 288:71-75 Saunders, Aretas A. 1931 Hunting Humming Birds’ Nests in the Allegany State Park. N. Y. State Bulletin to the Schools, 17:162-63 Schoonmaker, W. J. 1931 The Opening Day of the Hunting Season. N. Y. State Bulletin to the Schools, 17:164 11 popular articles in Nat. Humane Review, Vols. 18-19 Schuchert, Charles 1930 Upper Ordovician and Lower Devonian Stratigraphy and Paleon- tology of Perce, Quebec. Part I. Stratigraphy and Faunas. Amer. Jour, of Sci., 20:161-76 Ulrich, E. O. & Ruedemann, Rudolf 1930 Are the Graptolites Bryozoans? Abstract in Preliminary List of Titles and Abstracts. Bui. Geol. Soc. Amer., 42, no. 1 1349 1930a Are the Graptolites Bryozoans? Bui. Geol. Soc. Amer., 42:589-603 Whitney, Elsie G. 1931 Protect the Dicentras in Their Native Woods. N. Y. State Bulletin to the Schools, 17:167-71 Williams, Huntington 1931 Medical Aspects of Insect Bites, N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 5:39-40 [ 43 ] Figure 2 Protective screen placed about the relief map of New York State. Photograph by E. j. Stein Figure 3 Early cheese press, Mount Lebanon Shakers. Collection of the New York State Museum. Photograph by W. F. Winter [ 44 ] [45] Figure 4 View of Shaker bake room, North family. Mount Lebanon. Photograph taken in 1882, showing the interesting bread-slicing machine in action, and the large ovens FIGURE 5 SUPPLEMENTARY LEGEND (By C. A. Hartnagel) The photograph shows a part of the original apparatus contrived and used by Joseph Henry and his associate, Dr Philip Ten Eyck, in their experiments upon electro-magnetism, in the Albany Academy, 1827-32, which resulted in the invention of the electric telegraph, wireless telegraphy and wireless telephony. The two magnets shown were used by Henry in his experiments which led to the first discovery of induced currents. The little bell was rung at the end of one mile of copper wire which circled the walls of one of the upper rooms of the Albany Academy. Through this wire the circuit from the battery at one end caused the magnet at the other to attract a swinging bar which struck the bell, sending forth a tinkle whose echoes are still resounding. Gift of the late James Ten Eyck, Albany, N. Y. Objects shown in photo. Top left. Magnet attached to small battery. The outer copper plate is one piece entirely surrounding the inner plate. Top center. Battery with nest of three circular copper plates. Bell. This bell was rung by electricity at the Albany Academy. Top right. Electro magnet. Both magnets shown are wound with double strand, rather coarse, white silk thread. Below at right and left are two swinging bars seven inches long. Also a galvanometer or compass needle, and other small articles as horseshoe magnets, armatures and thin iron rods. [46] [ 47 1 Figure 5 Collection of scientific apparatus used by Joseph Henry, 1827-32, in his experiments on electro- magnetism, at Albany, N. Y. Photograph by E. j. Stein Figure originated Museum. I SASTTOTWH ' ! ixr'TrxA I SHAKERS’ BJ^D OHIOH. M It-Wnt : tv-CWn&t (sura * lh» m W. I*. 18 wr lH»fc«aoa, K, 7. * 6 Paper seed envelops, Mount Lebanon Shakers. The Shakers the seed package business. Collection of the New York State Photograph by W. F. Winter [48] Figure 7 Black flies do not develop in all streams. A stream on Blue mountain, apparently well suited for the breeding of black flies, was found to be entirely free from them, possibly due to the heavy pollution from an upstream residence. Photograph by C. L. Metcalf and W. E. Sanderson Figure 8 The kind of a wild mountain stream in which black fly larvae thrive and from which great numbers of flies emerge. Photograph by C. L. Metcalf and W. E. Sanderson f 49 ] [50] Figure 9 This brooklet 111 the dooryard of an Adiron- Figure 10 Larvae of black flies clinging to the under- dack hotel contained black ny larvae at the rate of 300 side 0f a stone in the swift water of a mountain stream. square foot. Photograph by C. L. Metcalf and Photograph by C. L. Metcalf and W. E. Sanderson VV. C. Sanderson Figure ii Experiments with soil disinfectants, of narcissus bulbs, made in cooperation with the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets and Long Island bulb growers. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow Figure 12 Narcissus eelworm control experiments, of narcissus bulbs, made in cooperation with the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, the New York State Museum and Long Island bulb growers. Photograph by R. D. Glasgow [ 5i 1 [ 52 ] Figure 13 The common woodchuck or ground hog; a familiar but little known animal whose habits and economic status are being studied by the Museum. Photograph by W. J. Schoonmaker Figure 14 The class in bird study at the Allegany School of Natural History in action Figure 15 The school class in geology at Eighteen Mile creek, near Buffalo, N. Y. Photograph by J. L. Kalter [ 53 ] Figure 16 Working indoors, the class in botany at the Allegany school Figure 17 Collecting eggs of the mud puppy at the Allegany School [54] INDEX Accessions, 34-39 Adams, Dr Charles C., cited, 40 Administrative problems, 26 Allegany School of Natural History, 14 American Humane Association, co- operation with, 13 Andrews, Dr Edward D., Handbook on the Community Industries of the Shakers, 24 Andrews, Dr and Mrs Edward D., help in securing Shaker collection, 19 Animals, activities of staff concerning, 23 Appropriations and funds, 27 Archeology and history, activities of staff in, 24 Attendance, Museum, 16 Bequest, form of, 33 Bibliography, 40-41 Birds in Allegany State Park, study of, 23 Bishop, Dr S. C-, activities, 23 Bishop, S. C. & Schmidt, F. J. W., cited, 40 Biting flies of the Adirondacks, study of, 23 Black fly, study of, 23 Brigham, Dr Albert P., activities, 22; Museum collaborator, 24 Budget, 27 Buffalo, University of, cooperation with, 12 Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, cooperation with, 12 Building, new plans, 31 Case, Eldress Anna, cooperation in securing Shaker material, 19 Centenary of Museum to be cele- brated, 26 Chamberlain, K. F., activities, 23 Church Family property, sale of, 19 Clarke, N. T., activities, 24; cited, 40 Classification and personnel of staff, 26 Cockroach, subtropical greenhouse, study of, 23 Coker, Dr R. E., director of Allegany School of Natural History, 14 Colgate University, cooperation with, 12 Collaborators, 24 Collections, historical, 18 Colleges, relation of Museum to, 15 Colony, Dr R. J., activities, 21 Cooper, Dr G. Arthur, activities, 21 ; cited, 40 Cooperation with state and other or- ganizations, 12 Correspondence, 16 Dale, Professor N. C., activities, 21 Dana Natural History Society, co- operation with, 13 Directory data, 28 Donations from public welcomed, 32 Donations received, 34—38 Drafting, 18 Education Department, cooperation within, 12 Endowment funds, 33 Equipment, 30 European pine shoot moth, study of, 23 Exchanges, 38 Exhibit halls, condition, 17 Exhibits, condition, 17 Expert services, temporary, 31 Felt, Dr Ephraim Porter, Museum collaborator, 24 Financial summary, annual, 27 General Electric Research Labora- tories, cooperation with, 13 Geological Survey, ancestor of State Museum, 26 Geology, activities in, 20 Gifts, 34-38 Glasgow, Dr R. D., cited, 40 Goldring, Winifred, activities, 20; cited, 40 [55] 56 Index Gordon, Robert B., activities, 22 Gorst, Charles C., lecturer on birds, 16 Hartnagel, Chris, activities, 22 Henry, Joseph, scientific apparatus used by, 19 Historic reservations, 31 Historical collections, 18 History and archeology, activities of staff in, 24 Hooper, Medora L., activities, 21 House, Dr H. D., activities, 22 ; cited, 40 Hudson, Professor George H., Mu- seum collaborator, 24 Illustrations, list, 5 Indian collections, work on, 24 Information and publicity, 16 Insects, activities of staff concerning, 23 Iroquois Indian groups, report on, 24 Kelly, Dr Howard A., cooperation with, 13 Knight, Charles R., painting of Gilboa Forest, 17 Lassiter, William L., cataloging, labeling and storing of additions to historic collections, 19 Lobeck, Dr A. K., directed prepara- tion of relief map, 21 Long Island narcissus bulb growers, cooperation with, 13 Metcalf, C. L. & Sanderson, W. E., cited, 40 Michigan, University of, Herbarium, cooperation with, 13 Mining and quarry statistics, study, 22 Morrisville quadrangle, report of Pro- fessor H. D. Whitnall on, 21 Museum, relation to schools and col- leges, 15; needs of, 26, 28 Museum attendance, 16 Museum building, new, 31 Museum Council, 24; functions, 25 Museum staff, cited, 40 Neale, Sister Emma, help in securing Shaker collection, 19 Neale, Sister Sadie, help in securing Shaker collection, 19 Needs of the Museum, 26, 28 N. Y. State Department of Agricul- ture and Markets, cooperation with, 12 N. Y. State Department of Conserva- tion, cooperation with, 12 N. Y. State Department of Law, co- operation with, 12 Newland, D. H., activities, 22 ; cited, 40 Niskayuna Shakers, valuable collec- tion from, 19 Oil fields, study of, 22 Parks, State Council of, 13 Photography, 18 Plants, activities of staff, concerning, 22 Ploger, Professor L. W., activities, 20 Princeton University, cooperation with, 13 Printing 18; allotment for 31 Publications, 18 Publicity, 16 Purchases, 38 Relief map of New York State, 21 Reptiles and amphibians, study of, 23 Research fellowships, 31 Results, outstanding in year, 10-11 Ruedemann, Dr Rudolf, cooperation with geologists, 13; activities, 20; cited, 40 Ruedemann, Rudolf, & Goldring, Winifred, cited, 41 Salamanders, study of, 23 Salaries for staff, 29 Sanderson, W. E., activities, 23 Saunders, Aretas A., activities, 23 ; cited, 41 Schools and colleges, relation of Mu- seum to, 15 Index 57 Schoonmaker, W. J., activities, 23; cited, 41 Schuchert, Charles, cited, 41 Scientific and historic reservations, 31 Scientific staff and its activities, 20 Scotch pine weevils, study of, 23 Shaker collection, 19, 24 Smith, Dr Burnett, activities, 20 Staff, classification and personnel, 26 ; increased number needed, 30; salaries, 29 State Council of Parks, 13 Statistical summary, annual, 27 Storage space, temporary, 32 Study collections, condition of, 17 Summary of year’s work, 10-11 Supplies, 30 Tester, Dr A. C., activities, 20 Trust funds, 33 Ulrich, E. O. & Ruedemann, Rudolf, cited, 41 U. S. Bureau of Mines and U. S. Bureau of Census, cooperation with, 12 Visitors, number, 16 Webster, Wilfred, prepared relief map of New York State, 21 Wells, Sister Jennie, cooperation in securing Shaker materials, 19 Whitnall, Professor H. D., report on Morrisville quadrangle, 21 Whitney, Mrs Elsie G., activities, 22 ; cited, 41 Williams, Huntington, cited, 41 Winchester, Charles M., cooperation with, 13 Winter, William F., help in securing Shaker material, 19 Woodchuck, study of, 23 Work of the Museum, summary, 10-11 I