Y F) LIBRARY ‘ f p . < new yc ' U BOTANIC <7^* d/d garden New YorkStateMuseum Bulletin Published by The University of the State of New York No. 310 ALBANY, N. Y. February 1937 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Charles C. Adams, Director THIRTIETH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENCE AND THE STATE MUSEUM CONTENTS PAGE A Summary of the Year’s Work 13 Cooperation with State and Other Organizations 14 State Planning Board 23 State Council of Parks 25 Allegany School of Natural History 25 Relation of the Museum Exhibits to Schools and Colleges 31 Museum Attendance 33 Information and Publicity 34 Condition of Exhibition Halls, Study Collections and Special Exhibits 34 Printing and Publications 38 Photography and Drafting 40 Historical Collections and Allied Matters 41 Summary of the Activities of the Scientific Staff 48 Museum Collaborators 59 State Museum Council 60 General Administrative Problems 60 Annual Financial and Statistical Summary 61 Needs of the State Museum 63 Annual Bibliography of the State Museum 70 Museum Accessions for the Year 72 History of the Indian Groups, with a Description of the Technic David C. Lithgow 83 The History of the Iroquois Indian Groups Noah T. Clarke ion The Relation of Natural Resources to Regional and County Planning Charles C. Adams 121 Index 143 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1937 M324r-Je36-1000 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1944 James Byrne B.A., LL.B., LL.D., Chancellor - New York 1943 Thomas J. Mangan M.A., LL.D., Vice Chan- cellor - - - -- -- -- -- -- Binghamton 1945 William J. Wallin M.A., LL.D. - - - - Yonkers 1938 Roland B. Woodward M. A., LL.D. - - - - Rochester 1939 Wm Leland Thompson B.A., LL.D. - - - -Troy 1948 John Lord O'Brian B.A., LL.B., LL.D. - - - Buffalo 1940 Grant C. Madill M.D., LL.D. ------ Ogdensburg 1942 George Hopkins Bond Pli.M., LL.B., LL.D. - Syracuse 1946 Owen D. Young B.A.. LL.B., D.C.S., LL.D. New York 1937 Susan Brandeis B.A., J.D. ------- New York 1947 C. C. Mollenhauer, LL.D. ------- Brooklyn President of the University and Commissioner of Education Frank P. Graves Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D., LL.D. Deputy Commissioner and Counsel Ernest E. Cole LL.B.. Pd.D.. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Higher Education Harlan H. Horner M.A., Pd.D., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education George M. Wiley M.A., Pd.D., L.H.D., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education J. Cayce Morrison M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Vocational and Extension Education Lewis A. Wilson D.Sc., LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Finance Alfred D. S(mpson M.A., Ph.D. Assistant Commissioner for Administration Lloyd L. Cheney B.A., Pd.D. Assistant Commissioner for Teacher Education and Certification Hermann Cooper M.A., Ph.D., LL.D. Director of State Library James I. Wyer M.L.S., Pd.D. Director of Science and State Museum Charles C. Adams M.S., Ph.D., D.Sc. Directors of Divisions Archives and History, Alexander C. Flick M.A., Litt.D., Ph.D., LL.D., L.H.D. Attendance and Child Accounting, Charles L. Mosher Ph.M. Educational Research, Warren W. Coxe B.S., Ph.D. Examinations and Inspections. Health and Physical Education, Hiram A. Jones, M.A., Ph.D. Law, Charles A. Brind jr B.A., LL.B. Library Extension, Frank L. Tolman Ph.B., Pd.D. Motion Picture, Irwin Esmond Ph.B., LL.B. Professional Licensure, Charles B. Heisler B.A. Rehabilitation, Riley M. Little B.S., B.D. Rural Education, Ray P. Snyder School Buildings and Grounds, Joseph H. Hixson M.A. Visual Instruction, Ward C. Bowen M.A., Ph.D. New York State Education Department The New York State Museum , March 2, ip^6 The Honorable Frank P. Graves President of the University and Commissioner of Education Sir : I beg to submit herewith the 30th report of the Director of the New York State Museum for the period from July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935. Very respectfully Charles C. Adams Director : '' 1 ", '.u • • :> '* I ■ >: xj ; y < i , , /!r i_ r . r • . iri ■ Km} ■ New Y ork Sta teMuseum Bulletin Published by The University of the State of New York No. 310 ALBANY, N. Y. February 1937 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Charles C. Adams, Director THIRTIETH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENCE AND THE STATE MUSEUM CONTENTS PAGE A Summary of the Year’s Work 13 Cooperation with State and Other Organizations 14 State Planning Board 23 State Council of Parks 25 Allegany School of Natural History 25 Relation of the Museum Exhibits to Schools and Colleges 31 Museum Attendance 33 Information and Publicity 34 Condition of Exhibition Halls, Study Collections and Special Exhibits 34 Printing and Publications 38 Photography and Drafting 40 Historical Collections and Allied Matters 41 Summary of the Activities of the Scientific Staff 48 Museum Collaborators 59 State Museum Council 60 General Administrative Problems 60 Annual Financial and Statistical Summary 61 Needs of the State Museum 63 Annual Bibliography of the State Museum 70 Museum Accessions for the Year 72 History of the Indian Groups, with a Description of the Technic David C. Lithgow 83 The History of the Iroquois Indian Groups Noah T. Clarke 101 The Relation of Natural Resources to Regional and County Planning Charles C. Adams 121 Index 143 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1937 M324r-Je36-1000 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/newyorkstatemuse3101newy ILLUSTRATIONS Figure I Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 PAGE New York State Education Building. The upper floors are devoted to the offices, laboratories and exhibits of the New York State Museum Frontispiece Mosquito control, Suffolk county, Long Island. This upland pool and stream produced millions of mosquitoes. Condi- tions before treatment. Courtesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission... 15 The same area after treatment. The channel and shallow parts of the swamp were excavated to build up the general level of the land. Courtesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission 15 Cleaning up another Suffolk county upland swamp. Excava- tion in progress. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Ex- termination Commission 16 Excavation and filling nearing completion, and mosquito-breed- ing conditions eliminated. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission 16 Mosquito control on tidal marsh, Suffolk county. The notorious “Jersey” type of salt marsh mosquito breeds by the millions in the sheet water which lies on such areas between tides. These mosquitoes may fly or be carried by the wind 15 or even 20 miles from their breeding places. A ditch of this char- acter breaks up the sheet water and eliminates the mos- quitoes. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Extermina- tion Commission 17 Mosquito control on a tidal marsh, Suffolk county. The ditch- ing system consists of narrow, clean-cut, parallel ditches 150 feet apart, and 10 inches wide and 20 inches deep, or 20 inches wide for outlet ditches. This system allows rapid inflow and outflow of tides, and permits access of mosquito-eating fish and thus prevents the development of these pests. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Ex- termination Commission 17 Salt marsh mosquito control, Suffolk county. “Salt holes” or pools, on Cedar island. Brackish water in shallow pools becomes overheated and kills the mosquito-eating fish, and when such pools are filled with rain water they produce millions of mosquitoes. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission 18 Ditches connecting “salt holes” or other open water by allow- ing free access of the tide and mosquito-eating fish to con- trol the mosquitoes. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission 18 Field class at the Allegany School of Natural History on the hiking trail. Illustrating the advantage of a state park for teaching the natural history sciences. Compare also fig- ures 11-17. Photographs by A. A. Saunders 27 The “Outdoor Museum” at the Allegany School. An exhibit of live plants and animals for teaching and for the general public visiting the park 27 A sample of Allegany Park streams used for study by the students of the Allegany School of Natural History 28 Another sample stream, Murray brook 28 Round-leaved dogwood in bloom 29 [5] PACE Figure 15 Marsh mallow in bloom. Figures 14-17 illustrate the advan- tage of studying living fresh plants, as contrasted with dry herbaceous specimens so commonly used in urban lab- oratories 29 Figures 16, 17 Further samples of the variety of plants, and of conditions readily available at the Allegany School, for comparison with the usual condition of indoor class teaching 30 Figure 18 Map showing the counties of the State from which school or college classes have visited the State Museum during the past fiscal year 31 Figure 19 Resolution by the New York Assembly exonerating Dr James Hall of false charges of dishonesty 42 Figure 20 Bigsby prize medal awarded to Dr James Hall by the Geo- logical Society of London 43 Figure 21 The Edmond Herbert medal awarded to Dr James Hall 44 Figure 22 The Ferdinand V. Hayden medal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, awarded to Dr James Hall in 1888 45 Figure 23 Medal of the Exposition Universelle Republique Frangaise awarded to Dr James Hall in 1889 46 Figure 24 Mosquito control in Westhampton Beach in Suffolk county, Long Island. This badly clogged tidal channel formerly contributed to the production of mosquitoes in countless hordes. Before treatment. Courtesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission 51 Figure 25 Same location after treatment. The main outlet for a system of ditches that prevents development of mosquitoes over the entire tributary marsh area. Courtesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission 51 Figure 26 Mosquito control in Suffolk county. This swamp and sluggish fresh water stream was a prolific source of mosquitoes before treatment. Courtesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission 52 Figure 27 The same area after treatment, now an attractive parklike area free from mosquitoes. The open, fish -inhabited water is no longer suitable for the development of these insects. Cour- tesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Ex- termination Commission 52 Figure 28 Equipment for field investigation of bank swallows. Photo- graph by Dayton Stoner 55 Figure 29 Adult banded barn swallow, Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd., and young. Photograph by Dayton Stoner 55 Figure 30 Skull of the now extinct great auk ( Plautus impennis ) in the collection of the New York State Museum. Photograph by E. J. Stein 56 Figure 31 Temporary exhibit of common New York State fur-bearers. Photograph by E. J. Stein 56 Figure 32 Dr George H. Hudson, formerly a Collaborator of the New York State Museum. Died March 19, 1934 57 Figure 33 The Valley Belt from Long Island to Buffalo, where 84 per cent of the population of the State live. Courtesy of State Planning Board 68 Figure 34 Metropolitan districts of the State. To be compared with figure 33 and showing the close relation between the Valley Belt and the major centers of population. Courtesy of State Planning Board 68 Figure 35 Lunette over entrance to Iroquois Indian Groups. Courtesy of David C. Lithgow, copyrighted 82 Figure 36 The Mohawk Warrior Group. Captives within the stockade. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 85 [6] PAGE Figure 3 7 The Seneca Hunting Group. The preparation of food and skins. Illustrating a method of felling trees -by fire and stone hatchet. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 86 Figure 38 The Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group. Indian government in deliberation. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 87 Figure 39 The Cayuga Purification Ceremony Group. A religious ceremony for driving away evil spirits. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 88 Figure 40 The Onondaga Industry Group. The varied industries of the forest. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 89 Figure 41 The Seneca Corn Harvest Group. Corn pone in the making. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn 90 Figure 4 2 The Onondaga Mural 95 Figure 43 The Seneca Mural 96 Figure 44 The Mohawk Mural 97 Figure 45 Map indicating the location of county and regional planning boards and proposed planning district of New York State, 1936. Courtesy of Division of State Planning 123 Figure 46 Aerially mapped areas of New York State. Adapted from a map by courtesy of Kirk H. Stone, Syracuse University, 1936 127 Figure 47 Status of aerial geological mapping of the State by the New York State Museum, 1935 129 [7] . ' iLH LfL W I N^y/ V(.-> ' 3'Ji $Ai?i>S? THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM All scientific specimens and collections, works of art, objects of historic interest and similar property appropriate to a general museum, if owned by the State and not placed in other custody by a specific law, shall constitute the State Museum. [Education Law, § 54.] The Librarian of any library owned by the State, or the officer in charge of any state department, bureau, board, commission or other office may, with the approval of the Regents, transfer to the permanent custody of the State Library or Museum any books, papers, maps, manuscripts, specimens or other articles which, because of being duplicates or for other reasons, will in his judg- ment be more useful to the State in the State Library or Museum than if retained in his keeping. [Education Law, § 1115.] THE FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE MUSEUM “The Museum is the natural scientific center of the State government; it is the natural depository of all the material brought together by the state sur- veys ; it is the natural custodian of all purely scientific state records ; it is the natural center of the study of the resources of the State as a political unit; it must maintain its capacity for productiveness in pure scientific research — pure science has been the justification of the State Museum from the begin- ning of its history. * * * In brief, the distinctive sphere and scope of the State Museum corresponds with the scientific interests and welfare of the people within the geographic boundaries of the State. The truest measure of civilization and of intelligence in the government of a state is the support of its institutions of science, for the science of our time in its truest sense is not the opinions or prejudices, the strength or weakness of its votaries, it is the sum of our knowledge of nature with its infinite appli- cations to State welfare, to State progress and to the distribution of human happiness.” — Henry Fairfield Osborn, an address delivered at the dedication of the New York State Education Building, October 15, 1912. K >- 'S’C |5T THE FUNCTIONS OF A MUSEUM “A museum is an institution for the preservation of those objects which best illustrate the phenomena of nature and the works of man, and the utilization of these for the increase of knowledge and for the culture and enlightenment of the people. In addition to local accessories, the opportunity for exploration and field work are equally essential, not only because of considerations connected with the efficiency of the staff * * * but in behalf of the general welfare of the institution. Other things being equal, exploration can be carried on more advantageously by the museum than by any other institution of learning, and there is no other field or research which it can pursue to better advantage. To aid the occasional inquirer, be he a laboring man, schoolboy, journalist, public speaker, or savant, to obtain, without cost, exact information upon any subject related to the specialties of the institution; serving thus as a “bureau of information.” A museum to be useful and reputable must be constantly engaged in aggres- sive work either in education or investigation, or in both. A museum which is not aggressive in policy and constantly improving can not retain in its service a competent staff and will surely fall into decay. A finished museum is a dead museum, and a dead museum is a useless museum.” — G. Brown Goode, formerly assistant secretary, Smithsonian Institution. [9] THE VALUE OF RESEARCH “In the eyes of the world today the reputation of a country does not depend alone on the size of her armaments, the size of her empire or volume of her trade so much as upon the contribution she can make to the progress and happiness of mankind in art, in literature and in science. “The development of industry depends more or less on the application of new ideas and discoveries in pure science. Successful industrial research is ultimately dependent on the prosecution of research in pure science with the object of adding to our knowledge of the processes of nature, and generally without regard to the practical applications.” — Stanley Baldwin, Lord President of the Council, Opening the Mond Laboratory at Cambridge, England. From, the New York Times of February 19, 1933. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION “The future of America is in the hands of two men — the investigator and the interpreter. We shall never lack for the administrator, the third man needed to complete this trinity of social servants. And we have an ample supply of investigators, but there is a shortage of readable and responsible interpreters, men who can effectively play mediator between specialist and layman. The practical value of every social invention or material discovery depends upon its being adequately interpreted to the masses. Science owes its effective ministry as much to the interpretative mind as to the creative mind. The knowledge of mankind is advanced by the investigator, but the investigator is not always the best interpreter of his discoveries. Rarely, in fact, do the genius for exploration and the genius for exposition meet in the same mind. . . The interpreter stands between the laym'an, whose knowledge of all things is indefinite, and the investigator whose knowledge of one thing is authoritative. The investigator advances knowledge. The interpreter advances progress. History affords abundant evidence that civilization has advanced in direct ratio to the efficiency with which the thought of the thinkers h'as been trans- lated into the language of the workers. Democracy of politics depends upon democracy of thought. ‘When the interval between intellectual classes and the practical classes is too great,’ says Buckle, ‘the former will possess no influence, the latter will reap no benefit.’ A dozen fields of thought are today congested with knowledge that the physical and social sciences have unearthed, and the whole tone and temper of American life can be lifted by putting this knowledge into general circulation. But where are the interpreters with the training and the willingness to think their way through this knowledge and translate it into the language of the street? I raise the recruiting trumpet for the interpreters.” — Glenn Frank. FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to the Board of Regents of The University of the State of New York, in trust for the New York State Museum : Museum Committee of the Board of Regents Owen D. Young, Chairman Wm Leland Thompson John Lord O’Brian State Museum Council Waldemar B. Kaempffert Pierrepont B. Noyes Orange L. Van Horne Sanford L. Cluett Thomas D. Thacher State Museum Staff Charles C. Adams Ph.D., D.Sc Director of State Museum Alvin G. Whitney A.B Assistant Director of State Museum Rudolf Ruedemann Ph.D State Paleontologist David H. Newland B.A., Ph.D State Geologist Robert D. Glasgow Ph.D State Entomologist Homer D. House Ph.D State Botanist Chris A. Hartnagel M.A Assistant State Geologist Winifred Goldring M.A Assistant State Paleontologist Dayton Stoner Ph.D State Zoologist Kenyon F. Chamberlain Assistant State Entomologist Elsie G. Whitney M.A Assistant State Botanist Noah T. Clarke State Archeologist Edwin J. Stein.1 Museum Draftsman and Photographer Walter J. Schoonmaker Assistant State Zoologist Arthur Paladin Museum Technical Assistant (Taxidermy) Clinton F. Kilfoyle Museum Technical Assistant (Paleontology) John L. Casey State Museum Guide Honorary Curators William L. Bryant Honorary Curator of Fossil Fishes Harry S. Peck Honorary Curator of Minerals [ii] Collaborator Dr Ephraim P. Felt Temporary Scientific Appointments Nelson C. Dale Ph.D Medora L. H. Krieger M.A Aretas A. Saunders Ph.B.. A. F. Buddington Ph.D... Robert B. Gordon Ph.D... Gordon I. Atwater John H. Cook Stephen G. Hobert William K. Lawlor A. Glenn Richards Ph.D . . W. L. Lassiter M.A Temporary Geologist Temporary Geologist T emporary Ornithologist Temporary Geologist Temporary Botanist Temporary Geologist Temporary Geologist Temporary Entomologist T emporary Entomologist Temporary Entomologist Temporary Curator of History [12] Figure i New York State Education Building. The upper floors are devoted to the offices, laboratories and exhibits of the New York State Museum. THIRTIETH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF SCIENCE AND THE STATE MUSEUM By Charles C. Adams Ph.D., Director New York State Museum A SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S WORK The present report covers the fiscal year closing June 30, 1935. 1 Geological field or laboratory work was conducted on the follow- ing 14 quadrangles: Schunemunk, Randolph, Cattaraugus, Berne, Catskill, Coxsackie, Russell, Santa Clara, Oriskany, Indian Lake, Thirteenth Lake, Clyde and Sodus Bay and Salamanca. Other special studies include the continuation of the monograph on Grap- tolite fossils, a treatise on the geology of North America, Devonian stratigraphy, coral reefs, Devonian crinoids, Burden iron ore, oil, gas and mineral statistics. A popular handbook on the geology of the Lake George region has been started. The fluorescent mineral exhibit and the Randolph mammoth restoration exhibit were com- pleted. 2 Work in the field of botany has included field studies and office work on the vegetation of the Allegany State Park region, field work on the eastern end of Oneida lake, revision of the list of ferns and flowering plants, studies of fungi, continuation of the preparation of a popular handbook on the ferns and their allies. Progress has been made on the final proofs of the popular handbook on fungi. 3 Economic studies cover a variety of topics, such as recent de- velopments of oil and gas, current mineral statistics, special studies of insect pests of fields, gardens and forests, continuation of studies of the black flies and completion of the federal relief project on mosquito control. 4 The archeological and industrial history collections continue to expand, particularly the historic materials, and progress is made each summer in cataloging and storing this material. 5 The eighth annual session of the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park was very successful. This cooperative project has greatly aided the field work on scientific and educational problems in the vicinity of the park and has demon- [13] 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM strated that more educational utilization should be made of the State Park system. Likewise the administration of the parks calls for scientific and educational assistance and cooperation. 6 There are about 25 cooperative activities and projects in opera- tion, including those with several federal agencies, several state departments and universities, as well as with individuals. 7 A list of the publications will be found in the Annual Bibliog- raphy of the State Museum. 8 No progress has been made toward the proposed new memorial building for the State Museum. 9 With all the emphasis placed upon the economic and so-called “practical” aspect of the work of the State Museum, it should never be overlooked that as an educational and research institution, its most important and difficult obligation to execute is that of being an interpreter of the higher or social uses that should be made of the natural resources and the natural advantages of the State. COOPERATION WITH STATE AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS (Figures 2-9) With the vast amount of unemployment involving technical, scientific and clerical workers, the State Museum had hoped to give work to such persons. This appeared to be a rare opportunity for public service, and at the same time permit the Museum to complete projects in arrears because of lack of an adequate regular staff. A large number of important field investigations could have been conducted advantageously in various parts of the State. For ex- ample, a ground water survey of the Capital District would have given work to a considerable number of unemployed geologists and geologic engineers. The Orange County Planning Board has been eager to have a modern economic geological study of that county, and capable men were available for its execution, but practical means for its accomplishment could not be secured as a relief project. Other local planning boards and interested groups continued to call for similar physical and biological assistance. As a result of these con- ditions only a very small amount of relief work has been done; certainly a very unfortunate condition. In spite of these conditions many relief workers on other projects have called on the State Museum for assistance on their own projects. Figure 2 Mosquito control, Suffolk county, Long Island. This upland pool and stream produced millions of mosquitoes. Conditions before treat- ment. Figure 3 The same area after treatment. The channel and shallow parts of the swamp were excavated to build up the general level of the land. Courtesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission, for figures 2 and 3. [15] Figure 4 Cleaning up another Suffolk county upland swamp. Excavation in progress. Figure 5 Excavation and filling nearing completion, and mosquito breed- ing conditions eliminated. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Extermina- tion Commission. [16] Figure 6 Mosquito control on tidal marsh, Suffolk county. The noto- rious “Jersey” type of mosquito breeds by the millions in the sheet zvatcr which lies on such areas between tides. These mosquitoes may fly or be carried by the wind 15 or even 20 miles from their breeding places. A ditch of this character breaks up the sheet water and eliminates the mos- quitoes. Figure 7 Mosquito control on a tidal marsh, Suffolk county. The ditch- ing system consists of narrow, cleancut, parallel ditches 150 feet apart, and 10 inches wide and 20 inches deep, or 20 inches wide for outlet ditches. This system allows rapid inflow and outflow of tides, and permits access of mosquito-eating fish and thus prevents the development of these pests. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission. Figure 8 Salt marsh mosquito control, Suffolk county. “Salt holes” or pools, on Cedar island. Brackish water in shallow pools becomes over- heated and kills the mosquito-eating fish, and when such pools are filled with rain water they produce millions of mosquitoes. Figure 9 Ditches connecting “salt holes” or other open water, by allow- ing free access of the tide and mosquito-eating fish to control the mosqui- toes. Courtesy of Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission. [18I REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR IQ There was, however, one line of relief work which called for a large amount of labor, and that was mosquito control work. Dr R. D. Glasgow, State Entomologist of the State Museum staff, had been active in this work as was indicated in the 29th Annual Report (Mus. Bui. 306, p. 59), with the result that in the fourth annual report of the New York State Temporary Emergency Relief Admin- istration for 1934-35 (p. 21-22) it is stated: One of the most outstanding operations from the local viewpoint was undertaken by the Suffolk County work bureau. A mosquito extermination project, sponsored by a special county commission and planned in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture and the State Entomologist, [N. Y. State Museum] secured wholehearted support of property owners and business interests. It was, therefore, comparatively easy to obtain easements to operate on private property. [See figures 2-5] After preliminary surveys it was decided to improve several miles of the already existing drainage ditches and to center new operations along the south shore bordering the Great South Bay. The ditches measured about 12 by 20 inches and were excavated entirely by hand labor with special ditching shovels, each manned by two men. This work was conducted over a wide front, the construction force con- sisting of some 40 units comprised of about 12 men each. Besides the improvement and maintenance of several hundred miles of previously existing drainage ditches, over 1,200 lineal miles of new ditches were dug, many wooden sluice gates constructed and in- stalled, and over 2,000 gallons of oil used as a larvicide. [See figures 6-9] Further analysis of this project reveals how well it has been adapted to the work relief program. Begun prior to the Civil Works Administration, it has been carried on practically without interrup- tion except for a short period during the winter months, when the severity of the weather prohibited operations. It has provided over 660,000 man-hours of almost continuous work for about 500 persons, of whom 450 were laborers. Furthermore, the analysis of costs reveals that about 98 per cent of the expenditures, representing over $350,00°, has gone for w'ages and salaries, and the total cost per lineal mile has averaged under $300. The project as originally planned is nowr nearing completion. Without the aid of Federal and State funds this vitally necessary mosquito eradication, affecting an area of 200 square miles and 2,000,000 persons, would not have been possible. The constructive nature of the project is further evidenced by the fact that the sponsor- ing commission has formulated plans for the permanent maintenance of this improvement, and has received public support to extend this system of drainage ditches an additional 1,000 miles. During the past year the State Museum has cooperated to some degree with the following agencies or individuals: 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1 United States Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. The Museum has continued the long-standing plan of collecting jointly the statistics of mineral production from the mines and quarries of the State. 2 New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. Cooperative entomological studies of the European pine shoot moth and of other insect pests of ornamental trees and shrubs have been continued. The geologists of the Museum staff cooperated with the State Fair at Syracuse in providing a special temporary geological exhibit. 3 New York State Conservation Department. The Director of the State Museum is a member of the State Council of Parks in the Department of Conservation. The geologists of the Museum staff advise the Conservation Department on the purchase of lands when mineral resources are involved. The State Entomologist has made studies of the Pales weevil injurious to Scotch and other pines, and has made studies of the European pine shoot moth, the latter with the added cooperation of the Westchester County Park Commission, and of the State Department of Agriculture and Markets. The Division of Fish and Game has cooperated with the State Entomolo- gist on the relation of mosquito control to wild life. The State Zoolo- gist has given much assistance to relief workers from the Department of Conservation. The Allegany School of Natural History is con- ducted in the Allegany State Park, in cooperation with the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. The State Museum has continued to be responsible for the educational policy of the school and to conduct scientific studies of park problems in this park. 4 The State Health Department has cooperated with the State Entomologist of the Museum staff in the control of the blood-sucking flies on the grounds of the State Tuberculosis Hospital at Ray Brook, and the Division of Sanitation on the relation of mosquito control to wild life on Long Island. 5 New York State Law Department, Office of the Attorney General. The Museum geologists cooperate with the Office of Land Titles on the purchase of mineral lands in the Adirondacks and on other legal problems. 6 Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N. Y. The Museum cooperates in conducting the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park. The Director of the State Museum is responsible for the educational policy of the school. The school has assisted in the conduct of local scientific surveys in the REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 21 region of the park. There is also active cooperation with the Allegany State Park Commission. Winifred Goldring studied crinoids belonging to the Buffalo Museum of Science and criticized papers for this museum. 7 The University of Buffalo, Buffalo, N. Y. The affiliation with the Allegany School of Natural History has continued, and students of the school receive college credit from the university. 8 Colgate University, Department of Geology and Geography, Hamilton, N. Y., cooperates on a geological survey of the Morrisville quadrangle. 9 Princeton University, Department of Geology, Princeton, N. J. This cooperation resulted in a geological survey of the Piseco Lake quadrangle. The study is now completed. 10 The University of Rochester, Department of Geology. Cooperation on a geological survey of the Clyde and Sodus Bay quadrangles. 1 1 Cooperation within the Education Department : State Library, conducting exchanges of Museum publications ; Department Editor, on the publication of Bird and Arbor Day numbers of the Bulletin to the Schools ; Rural Education Division, in giving five radio talks by members of the Museum staff. 12 Dr Rudolf Ruedemann, State Paleontologist of the Museum staff, has cooperated with more than 30 geologists in the preparation of a two-volume general Geology of North America. 13 Dana Natural History Society, Albany, N. Y. Cooperation on a lecture on birds to Albany school children on Bird Day, April 12, 193S, by Roger T. Peterson, of the National Association of Audubon Societies. 14 United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entom- ology, has cooperated on plans for a scientific study of the relation of mosquito control operations to wild life conservation. This coopera- tion is a continuation of the work begun as a state branch of the Federal Civil Works Administration (C.W.A) mosquito control relief program, and has been extended to include cooperation with the United States Biological Survey on the same series of studies. 15 The University of Michigan Herbarium, Dr Howard A. Kelly, of Johns Hopkins University, and Charles M. Winchester sr, of Albany, contributed to the preparation and printing of Handbook 11, by Louis C. C. Krieger on a Popular Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (Mushrooms) of New York State. 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1 6 The American Humane Association, Albany, N. Y. This organization has been conducting a prize competition in order to secure a more humane trap for catching animals. In this worthy endeavor the Zoology office of the State Museum has cooperated. This work has been under way for seven years. 17 The National Association of Audubon Societies has cooperated with the State Entomologist on the relation of mosquito control to wild life. 18 National Research Council, Wild Life Committee. The Director is a member of this committee, which has been studying the facilities devoted to research and the training of research workers on wild life. 19 Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture cooperates in furnishing bands for the bird-banding studies of the State Zoologist, and has cooperated with the State Entomologist on plans for determining the relation of mosquito control work to wild life conservation. 20 The Health Department of New York City has cooperated with the State Entomologist on the control of mosquitoes, and on their relation to wild life. 21 The Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission has cooperated with the State Entomologist on methods of controlling mosquitoes in relation to wild life conservation. 22 The Nassau County Mosquito Extermination Commission has cooperated with the State Entomologist on the control of mosquitoes in relation to wild life conservation. 23 Doctor Ruedemann, State Paleontologist, Identified Graptolite fossils for the following : Geological Survey of Canada ; United States Geological Survey; State Geological Surveys of Texas, Okla- homa and Maine. Also Eurypterid and Graptolite material for Princeton University, Columbia University, Union College, Univer- sity of Washington, Birmingham-Southern College, College of the City of New York, United States National Museum, Carnegie Museum and Buffalo Museum of Science. 24 The Executive Department, Division of State Planning. The State Museum staff has cooperated in various ways, including the furnishing of data, publications and general information on geological and natural resources of the State, and the Director served on the Committee on Water Resources. See pages 121-41 of this report. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 23 25 Eastern States Association of Mosquito Control Workers. This Association was organized June 25, 1935, to deal with the interstate problems arising in mosquito control work. Doctor Glas- gow, State Entomologist, was elected vice president and chairman of the public relations committee of this organization. STATE PLANNING BOARD “If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had been churches and poor men’s cottages, prince’s palaces.”-— Shakspere. The functions and relation of the State Planning Board to the Federal National Resources Board, and their relation to the State Museum were discussed in the last Annual Report. The State Museum is in hearty accord with all efforts made to develop public policies based on sound scientific and technical studies which look toward public interest and advantage. The number of local planning boards is increasing rather rapidly, and mainly near metropolitan centers. This is due largely to the complicated nature of local problems, and the tendency toward exhaustion of certain local resources, combined with the pressure to reach out for new sources. This is commonly the case for water supplies, and soon general public interest becomes involved. The fundamental importance of the local natural resources and the relative advantages of geographic position are physical facts which are fundamental to an understanding of all sound public planning. At present there seem to be two methods of approach, from the urban and the rural points of view. Possibly the best approach is often from the standpoint of predominant local interest or on the basis of the best local leadership ; yet there is something to be said for beginning with the fundamental physical features of the region, and the broad, general, biological relations, and then follow- ing with the human aspects. Ultimately there must be a balancing of the local and the general, the urban and the rural. Today there seems to be a very great need of technical leaders who are able to balance these urban and rural points of view. Local planning boards can hardly expect to conduct the essential local scientific surveys of their natural resources. Such work should be conducted in cooperation with the State Museum, but when these studies reach the planning and engineering stages, only occasional scientific assistance may be needed. It is frequently observed, how- ever, that engineers and administrators plunge ahead without 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM adequate scientific knowledge and technical advice, and many avoid- able errors are thus made, and even permanent injury has thus been done. The following list of local planning boards and their administrative officials has been furnished by Dr Robert Whitten, Director of Division of State Planning : Official Boards 1 Dutchess County Planning Board, Charles Mitchell, chairman ; Harold R. Dean, executive secretary, 234 Main st., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 2 Monroe County Regional Planning Board; F. C. Blackford, chairman; J. Franklin Bonner, secretary; Ernest R. Clark, vice chairman ; Daniel P. Harrigan ; John A. Murray ; Louis P. Willses, 1400 South av., Rochester, N. Y. 3 Niagara Frontier Planning Board — Counties of Erie and Niagara, Chauncey J. Hamlin, chairman; Frederick K. Wing, chief engineer, 36-38 Church st., Buffalo, N. Y. (executive offices) 4 Onondaga County Park and Regional Planning Board, Marshall E. Higgins, assistant engineer, Room 407, Court House, Syracuse, N. Y. 5 Orange County Planning Board, Wendell E. Phillips, chair- man ; Peter H. Bush, executive secretary, 1 Lake st., Monroe, N. Y. 6 Rockland County Planning Board, H. W. Heidgerd, chairman, P. O. Box 39, Monsey, N. Y. 7 Saratoga County Planning Board, Percy Haskins, director, Ballston Spa, N. Y. 8 Suffolk County Regional Planning Board, Marvin Shiebler, secretary, Shelter Island Heights, N. Y. 9 Sullivan County Planning Board, Monticello, N. Y. Unofficial and Semiofficial Boards 1 Mayor’s Committee on City Planning (New York City), Bernard S. Deutsch, chairman; L. M. Orton, secretary, 400 Madison av., New York City. An appointive body. 2 Westchester County Planning Project, Wayne D. Heydecker, consultant, Room 500, County Office Building, White Plains, N. Y. 3 Westchester County Planning Federation, Paul A. Bankson, president, City Hall, New Rochelle, N. Y. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 2 5 4 Putnam County Regional Study Committee, Harvey W. Corbett, chairman. 5 Regional Plan Association, Inc., Lawrence M. Orton, secretary and general director; G. McAneny, president, 400 Madison av., New York City. 6 Tompkins County Development Association, Carl D. Hesley, executive director; Joseph E. Myers, president, County Building, Ithaca, N. Y. STATE COUNCIL OF PARKS The State Council of Parks, in the Department of Conservation, is the “central advisory agency for all parks and parkways, and all places of historic, scientific and scenic interest.” The Director of the State Museum is a member of the council, and has attended regularly the monthly meetings and inspection trips through the parks and parkways. The State Museum has also cooperated in the educational supervision of the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park for the past eight years, and has con- ducted scientific and economic studies of the natural resources in this park. The results of many of these studies have been published and others are in preparation. Important cooperative entomological experiments have been conducted by the State Entomologist, of the Museum staff, with the Westchester County Park Commission and with the Long Island State Park Commission, in connection with the mosquito control problem in relation to wild life on the tidal marshes. ALLEGANY SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY (Figures 10-17) “Future educational systems of the States will undoubtedly offer increasing possibilities for intellectual and spiritual growth of adults. In this connection, the wide field of nature will be recognized as a major asset, furnishing in- spiring original materials teaching their own lessons. A well-developed State Park system, closely articulated to the educational program of the State, may be an extremely important instrument for use in ways of which we 'are as yet scarcely aware.” — John C. Merriam, President, Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, 1932. The eighth session of the Allegany School of Natural History was held from July 5 to August 24, 1934, in the Allegany State Park. As in the past, the school was conducted by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences with the cooperation and educational supervision of the State Museum and with the cooperation also of the Commissioners of the Allegany State Park and in affiliation with the University of Buffalo. 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This school has been conducted with certain very definite purposes. From the first the school has been planned to demonstrate the advan- tages of the extensive system of state parks for educational as well as recreational purposes. Only a beginning has been made in the educa- tional utilization of these parks. There yet remain many unique advantages which are undeveloped. This is an effort to teach a broader appreciation of the parks. The Allegany School has not duplicated work done by other educational agencies. The park offi- cials are not in a position to conduct scientific studies of the natural resources of the park, and are yet in constant need of just such infor- mation. Sooner or later this problem comes to every large state park. In my opinion the scientific and educational work in the state parks should be supervised or conducted by the Education Department, just as definitely as any other kind of educational activities within its field. Today educational work is being conducted by the Palisades Inter- state Park, at the Trailside Museum; in Letch worth Park there is a park museum, and in the Allegany State Park, a park museum has been prepared at the park headquarters at Red House by the Buffalo Museum of Science and with the aid of the Allegany School of Natural History. The time is gradually approaching when a general policy should be worked out for all the educational work in all the state parks, and to be successful it must be conducted by persons of educational experience. In colleges and normal schools objective and field teaching are in general but slightly developed in the outdoor aspects of the natural history sciences, with the possible exception of geology. Some of the state parks have very remarkable opportunities for such instruc- tion. Dr R. E. Coker, director of the school, reports that the eighth session was the most successful season of the school and that “During no preceding season have we had such uniformly happy and effective cooperation and efficient service from all the staff.” The quality of the students was high and their work was well done. No one with teaching experience in this field could fail to be impressed with the enthusiasm of the students and the staff, and without question not only the favorable locality and facilities but also the unique methods of teaching are important factors in the success of the School. A brief summary of Doctor Coker’s report as director of the school is published in the 74th Annual Report of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences for 1934-35, pages 19-20. Figure 10 Field class at the Allegany School of Natural History on the hiking trail. Illustrating the advantage of a state park for teaching the natu- ral history sciences. Compare also figures 11-17. (Photographs by A. A. Saunders) Figure 11 The “Outdoor Museum” at the Allegany School. An exhibit of live plants and animals for teaching and for the general public visiting the park. [27] Figure 13 Another sample stream, Murray brook [28] Figure 12 A sample of Allegany Park streams used for study by the students of the Allegany School of Natural History Figure 14 Round-leaved dogwood in bloom Figure 15 Marsh mallow in bloom. Figures 14-17 illustrate the advan- tage. of studying living fresh plants, as contrasted with dry herbaceous specimens so commonly used in urban laboratories. [29] Figure 16 Figures 16, 17 Further samples of the variety of plants, and of conditions readily available at the Allegany School, for comparison with the usual condi- tion of indoor class teaching [30] REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 31 RELATION OF THE MUSEUM EXHIBITS TO SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES (Figure 18) The number of classes of school children and college students visiting the State Museum (figure 18) continues to show a healthy increase. The number of classes was 333, and the total attendance was 8364, or an average of about 25 to a class. A large increase in MAP SHOWING COUNTIES FROM WHICH SCHOOL OR COLLEGE CLASSES HAVE VISITED THE STATE MUSEUM 1934-1935 Figure 18 Map showing the counties of the State from which school or college classes have visited the State Museum during the past fiscal year the number of classes this year was reported from Albany county, particularly from the rural schools. There has also been an increased attendance from the central and western counties — from Wayne, Onondaga, Cayuga and Allegany. The visitors also express a desire for printed matter about the exhibits. Pupils came from the following 36 counties : — Delaware, Schenec- tady, Albany, Schoharie, Rensselaer, Montgomery, St Lawrence, 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chautauqua, Essex, Ulster, Washington, Saratoga, Fulton, Dutchess, Greene, Otsego, Rockland, Columbia, Herkimer, New York, Onon- daga, Orleans, Sullivan, Allegany, Tompkins, Wayne, Oneida, Warren, Broome, Madison, Suffolk, Tioga, Chenango, Cayuga, Orange and Lewis. Classes from Vermont and Massachusetts con- tinue to visit the exhibits, and this year a class from Oklahoma visited the Museum. The largest attendance is during May, followed by June, April, October and November. During the past eight years the Museum guide has made a careful record of the school and college classes visiting the exhibition halls of the Museum. The attendance figures follow : Year No. classes No. students No. counties 1927- 28 200 5 500 13 1928- 29 175 4 750 21 1929- 30 235 6 308 25 1930- 31 264 7 128 30 1931- 32 253 6 726 28 1932- 33 309 7 981 3i 1933- 34 301 8 769 28 1934- 35 333 8 364 36 This table shows that, in spite of the depression, there has been an increase of about one-third in the number of classes attending, or from 200 to 333 ; the number of pupils and students increased from 5500 to 8364, and the number of counties represented in- creased from 13 to 36. The causes for this increase are not fully known, but no doubt better transportation by bus has been an important factor. Also the schools are better informed about the State Museum, and more complete records are now possible, as teachers cooperate better with the Museum guide, who they have learned is ever ready to assist them. Repeated requests come from school officials, teachers and pupils for assistance in the identification of natural history specimens for school museums, and for loans and donations of materials for teach- ing. Some of the large cities make appropriations to local museums to aid in this kind of service to the schools. There are even large museum endowments devoted to this purpose. In this State a few of the larger cities are well provided with such facilities, but the smaller towns and rural sections are generally neglected. Until teachers are better trained in objective teaching, including outdoor experience, not much improvement in this respect can be expected. School museums are primarily a part of the school problem, and the initiative REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 33 in this advance should come from that source. The State Museum could cooperate advantageously if and when it is provided with the necessary facilities. The State Museum has not been passive in this field, however, because it has encouraged for years the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park, where students and teachers have had an unusual opportunity to learn by direct experience in the field how to use natural history materials in study and teaching. A good example of what can be done under skilled leadership is seen in the Brandywine Public School Museum, Schenectady, N. Y., where in a few years an excellent start has been made in developing a school museum. Advantage has been taken of relief help, and sub- stantial cooperation has been received from several sources. The State Federation of Women’s Clubs has emphasized the need of such museums, and the local chapter has assisted the Brandywine School Museum. Assistance has been given by the State Museum staff to the Department Editor in the preparation of the Bird and Arbor Day Bulletins to the Schools. Each year, also, the State Museum has cooperated with the Dana Natural History Society of Albany in presenting a popular lecture on birds to the school children. The speaker April 12, 1935, was Roger T. Peterson, of the National Association of Audubon Societies. The popular publications of the Museum, the bird and wild flower volumes and portfolios, as well as the Museum handbooks, reach large numbers of teachers and pupils, so that in the aggregate a very considerable element of the younger group is reached, although most of the activities of the State Museum are concerned with adults. MUSEUM ATTENDANCE Attendance at the exhibition halls, under normal economic con- ditions, totaled about 200,000 annually. There was a sharp decline with the depression, and with the economy feature of closing the exhibition halls on Sunday there was a reduction of about 40,000. The largest attendance was during July and August, when between 30,000 and 35,000 visited the Museum each month. The total attend- ance for the year was 160,000. It will be noted that while the general attendance of the school children and students has increased during the depression, the general public attendance has decreased, possibly due to the decline in the number of automobile tourists. 34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY Since the State Museum has been accumulating data on the natural resources of the State, including both that which is published and that in the files, for 99 years, it is only natural that the public should consider the State Museum as a bureau of information. As a result of this belief an extensive correspondence must be conducted as well as a large number of conferences with office visitors and others who are interested. Members of the Museum staff , in cooperation with various agencies, extend the influence of the Museum, and assist various scientific societies. Press releases, as occasion arises, help to keep the general public informed. The Announcement of the Allegany School of Natural History, is widely distributed and reaches a large number of schools, teachers and students in all parts of the State. Numerous requests are made for public lectures, but without official automobiles, and with limited travel funds, these must be restricted. During the past year the staff has given 24 lectures or talks, reaching about 1800 persons, and five radio talks, given in cooperation with the Rural Education Division over WGY. The lectures and talks were given in the following nine counties : Albany, Greene, Monroe, Nassau, New York, Ontario, Saratoga, Schenec- tady and Suffolk. CONDITION OF EXHIBITION HALLS, STUDY COLLECTIONS AND SPECIAL EXHIBITS The perennial difficulty with the leaky skylight in the geology and paleontology exhibition halls continues, but considerable progress has been made in repairing the leaks. By the aid of sheets of canvas, the cases and collections have been protected. The paint on the ceiling of the west mezzanine has peeled because of snow leakage. Part of the stains in the Zoology Hall have been repaired, but others need attention. The cleaning and painting of the metal skylight in the exhibition hall of geology were completed in January. The redecorating of the halls of the Iroquois Indian Groups and the Bark House halls was begun in November. These stenciled walls have not been cleaned since installation. In March the chandelier in the Rotunda was cleaned. The condition of the study collections has changed little, because there has been no increase of storage space, and thus the overcrowded REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 35 condition continues to interfere with their use and prevents satis- factory care of the collections. This is particularly true of the historic materials. During August 152 colored photographs of the Niagara Falls and the Niagara River region were shown in the Rotunda, on temporary loan. This is probably the most beautiful pictorial display of the region that has ever been made. In impressive fashion it showed what a unique state park the State possesses. The photographs were colored by the photographer and covered all seasons. The loan exhibit was made by the photographers Webster and Cory of Dans- ville, N. Y. A temporary historical exhibit was made in response to a request from the local officials of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion during their state convention, October 2-4, 1934. Four cases of historic materials were arranged by W. L. Lassiter, Temporary Curator of History. The attention of the visitors was called to the historic Iroquois Indian Groups, and the special exhibit included Colonial and Revolutionary powder horns, early American silver, old coverlets, dental turnkeys, Shaker medicines and also selected Shaker costumes. During May 1935 a small temporary exhibit was placed in the Harmanus Bleecker Public Library, Albany, illustrating common animals, beautiful and interesting minerals, rocks and fossils. Some special funds became available for an economic geological exhibit at the State Fair in Syracuse, September 1-8, 1934. This was devoted to economic minerals. A sketch by Dr D. FI. New- land indicates the character of the exhibit as follows : In normally active years New York produces over $100,000,000 worth of minerals from mines, quarries and pits. It ranks well up in the list of states in relative importance of mineral output. Petroleum. There are about 17,000 oil wells in New York State, situated in Allegany, Cattaraugus and Steuben counties. The product, about 3,000,000 barrels a year, is all high-grade, paraffin- base petroleum, the best on the market. Refineries are operated at Wellsville, Olean and Bolivar, N. Y. Salt and Gypsum. New York possesses great resources of salt and gypsum and holds a leading place in their production. The deposits are found in the Salina formation in the area to the south of a line drawn from Madison county west to the Niagara river. Iron Ore. All varieties of commercial iron ores are represented, but the principal mines now operated yield magnetite, the black magnetic oxide, which occurs in the Precambrian formations of the Adirondacks and the Southeastern Highlands. 36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Zinc Ore. Since 1915 New York has contributed substantial tonnages of zinc ore from mines situated near Edwards and Balmat, St Lawrence county. Zinc is used for galvanizing, in paints and in dry cell batteries. Pyrite. This mineral (commonly called “fool’s gold”) has been produced extensively in years past for its sulphur content, being used in the manufacture of sulphurous and sulphuric acids. St Lawrence county is the chief source of supply. Graphite. Substantial quantities of crystalline graphite have been obtained from Ticonderoga, Essex county, and Graphite, Warren county. Additional deposits occur in Washington and St Lawrence counties. It is used in “lead” pencils, gear grease and stove polish. Garnet. Garnet for abrasive purposes is obtained near North Creek, Warren county, the principal source for the mineral in the United States. It is used principally in the woodworking and leather industries. Talc. Most of the fibrous talc used in manufacturing face powder and paint comes from the vicinity of Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county. Mining has been in progress there for over 50 years. Fluorescent Minerals. The display of fluorescent minerals is included in the exhibit chiefly for its remarkable color effects ; the minerals shown are mostly from localities outside of New York State. Fossils. Some of the characteristic and more common life forms that occur in the sedimentary rocks of New York State are exhibited. The fossils consist mainly of invertebrates, that is, the lower classes of life such as corals, sponges, crinoids, starfishes, crustaceans, and many kinds of shell fish, in which the local rocks abound. These fossils are the remains of animals that lived in the seas which during ancient (Paleozoic) times spread across the State. In that early day the vertebrates were just beginning to appear, fishes representing the common types. Paleozoic rocks underlie all of the State south of the Adirondacks and Lake Ontario and west of the Hudson. Since that time this area has been a land surface. A large number of visitors, estimated at 100,000, viewed this exhibit and found it of great interest. The fluorescent exhibit, which had been temporarily exhibited at the State Fair in Syracuse, was installed in February in the hall of geology. Dr D. H. Newland, State Geologist, prepared the follow- ing account of this beautiful exhibit : A mineral display arranged to show the varying tints and color patterns caused by ultra-violet light from a mercury vapor lamp has been arranged in the west wing of the main exhibit hall of the New York State Museum at Albany. The minerals in the exhibit include a stalactite from Howes Cave, wernerite from the Adirondacks, petroleum from southwestern New York, and specimens from New REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 37 Jersey, Texas, Nevada, Sicily and from Derbyshire and Cumberland, England. The ultra-violet rays of light, the penetrative, chemically active but invisible emanations, as they strike the specimens bring forth a characteristic response, each mineral glowing with a soft pure tint of color, so that with a selected assortment of minerals almost the whole color range of the spectrum is reproduced. The change from the ordinary lamp to ultra-violet mercury arc is made by a snap of the switch in the electric wiring of the exhibit case and causes a sur- prising and beautiful transformation, for the normal appearance of the minerals gives little indication of their remarkable fluorescent reactions, which are in effect “cold” light. The display will be varied from time to time to present additional color contrasts or combinations. The mineral collections in the Museum include a wide variety of examples from nearby and distant localities. The array of New York State minerals is probably unique in comprehensiveness, as it is the accumulation of active search and investigations starting in the pioneer days of mining exploration. The installation of the new permanent exhibit of the Randolph mammoth was begun in November and completed in January. C. A. Hartnagel, Assistant State Geologist, has prepared the following account of this valuable exhibit : The huge skull and tusks of the mammoth unearthed May 1934, at the New York State Fish Hatchery near the village of Randolph, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., have been mounted for display in the New York State Museum on the fourth floor of the State Education Building. In addition to the Randolph mammoth, 15 other mam- moths have been identified in New York State, but in no other case have the remains been in such an excellent state of preservation. One of the Randolph tusks measures nine feet four and one-half inches on the outside curve; the other just nine feet. Their weight is about 145 pounds. The skull has a length of four feet and weighs 195 pounds without the lower jaw. The skull was discovered during excavation for a fish pond at the State Hatchery. Operations were suspended as soon as the dis- covery was made, and through the courtesy of S. M. Cowden, of the Department of Conservation, Dr Charles C. Adams, Director of the New York State Museum, was notified of the find. Immediately following, Chris A. Hartnagel, Assistant State Geologist, left for Randolph to direct the search for the remaining mammoth bones, and to take necessary steps to insure their preservation. The remains were considerably scattered from near the center of the pond, where the skull was found, to the south bank, in which at a distance of 30 feet from the skull the lower jaw was discovered. Both tusks, several ribs, vertebrae and large joint bones of the legs were also found. The locality in which the mammoth was discovered was in the broad flat valley, one mile wide, now occupied by Little Conewango creek, four miles from the horseshoe bend in the Allegheny river. 38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Before the ice age, the present Little Conewango valley carried the Allegheny river, which flowed in a northwesterly direction toward Lake Erie. The filling of this valley to a depth of several hundred feet by glacial material diverted the Allegheny to its present south- erly course through Pennsylvania. The filled pond, only 210 feet in circumference, in which the bones were found, appears to have been originally a small kettle hole resulting from the melting of a stranded ice block left by the glacier. While wandering near the pond, the mammoth apparently became hopelessly mired along its edge. As a result, certain parts slumped into the pond and were preserved. Plow long the animal remained entombed in the pond can not be determined definitely — possibly ten to fifteen thousand years, possibly longer. Although the mam- moth was contemporaneous with early man in Europe, no conclusive evidence has been found indicating that man lived within the boundaries of New York before the mammoth became extinct. Of the 16 known occurrences of mammoth in New York State, it is interesting to note that all but one were found in the western part of the State, whereas the mastodon, although occurring far more abundantly than the mammoth, has been found most frequently in eastern New York. Of more than 100 mastodon finds in New York State, about 40 have been from Orange county alone. Furthermore, the chances of finding a complete skeleton have proved far better in the case of the mastodon than in the case of the mammoth. The most easily recognized feature in distinguishing the mammoth from the mastodon is in the character of the teeth. The teeth of the mammoth have a flat grinding surface with many transverse plates similar to the teeth of the modern Indian elephant, and resembling also the teeth of the African elephant but less closely. The modern elephant, by the way, is a first cousin of the mammoth, far more nearly related to him than was the contemporary mastodon. The teeth of the mastodon have a grinding surface made up of a series of elevated knobs and further distinguished from those of the mammoth by long rootlike prongs. The new exhibit in the New York State Museum stands between the splendid skeleton of the Temple Hill mastodon and the skeleton of an Indian elephant. The difference in the teeth of the animals is at once apparent to the casual observer. This exhibit was illustrated in the preceding Annual Report (Cf. Mus. Bui. 306, p. Si-S2, S8). PRINTING AND PUBLICATIONS “After all it is the written word that lives.”- — Dr W. M. Beauchamp. ' Accompanying this report is the Annual Museum Bibliography, which includes papers by members of the staff and also papers which are based, at least in part, on the collections of the State Museum or which result in some form of cooperation. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 39 The following is a list of the serial publications of the State Museum that have been printed during the fiscal year : Adams, Charles C. 1935 Twenty-eighth Report of the Director. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 304:1-94 Betten, Cornelius 1934 The Caddis Flies or Trichoptera of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 292. 576p. Buddington, A. F. 1934 Geology and Mineral Resources of the Hammond, Antwerp and Low- ville Quadrangles. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 296. 25ip. Dale, N. C. 1934 Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Russell Quadrangle. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 15. i6p. Reed, J. C. 1934 Geology of the Potsdam Quadrangle. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 297. p8p. Ruedemann, Rudolf 1934 Paleozoic Rocks of the Lowville Quadrangle. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 296:183-94 Thwaites, F. T. 1935 Ground Water Supplies of Allegany State Park, 1932. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 11. 62p. Frequent and urgent requests are made for permission to repro- duce materials published by the State Museum, and to reprint bulletins and handbooks that are out of print but are not yet out of date. A sum of $25,000 could be spent very advantageously on a carefully selected series of such reprintings. The greatest demands are for such subjects as the numerous bulletins on New York Indians, Saunders’ Handbook on Bird Song, Miss Goldring’s Hand- books 9 and 10 on fossils, Doctor Felt’s Bulletin 200 on insect galls, Bishop’s and Alexander’s Handbook 3 on the Reptiles and Amphibians of the Allegany State Park, and there will be a similar demand for Krieger’s Handbook 11 on fleshy fungi, with its remark- able illustrations. Requests to reproduce extracts from the publications take many forms, including permission to use a few of the colored plates of the birds or wild flowers, to illustrate scientific papers, textbooks, children’s readers and story books, newspaper serials, and even mass production of colored plates for sale in the chain stores. Such requests reveal a widespread public interest and demand for such materials. In view of the inability to secure adequate printing funds, it would seem the part of wisdom to devise some method by which capitalization of this kind of interest could be made to contribute constructively toward providing funds for the regular printing, and 40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM for reprinting urgently needed publications. At present there is no satisfactory policy or procedure that protects the State’s interest in the investments involved in these publications and contributes to the expense of printing. I have elsewhere discussed several aspects of the problem to which reference should be made. (Suggestions for a Printing Policy for the New York State Museum. The Museum News, v. n, p. 7-8. 1935.) For more than ten years the Museum has had in its possession a very valuable monograph on the land and fresh water shells of this State, illustrated by superb colored plates, and written by the lead- ing authority in this field in America, Dr Henry A. Pilsbry. This work was prepared especially for the State Museum and was in preparation for more than 15 years. Efforts have been made repeat- edly to have this printed. Bills have been presented to the Legislature on several occasions, but funds have never been made available for its printing. It is a companion volume to the bird and wild flower books. No one who has seen the colored plates doubts that there would be a large demand for such a book when once printed and placed in circulation. PHOTOGRAPHY AND DRAFTING Photographs, drawings and maps form an important part of the record in the study of the natural resources of the State. These are supplementary to the notes and specimens accumulated in the progress .of any special study. In general, the field workers make their own exposures, but the negatives are developed and printed at the Museum, in order to avoid the unequal and defective work of ordinary commercial photography. Aside from photographs which are made merely to supplement the notebooks, the others aim at permanence and an adequate record. Much of the older materials lacked these essentials. Considerable time and effort has been devoted to salvaging the older photographs, drawings and other materials, transferring the older negatives from the disintegrating envelops and completing the records in harmony with the new system of filing and recording such materials. It has required years to do this work and it is not yet completed. The photographer and draftsman reports the preparation of 660 negatives, 2097 prints, 52 enlargements, 79 lantern slides, 11 draw- ings, including maps and charts, and 73 labels. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 41 HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS AND ALLIED MATTERS (Figures 19-23) “I warmly sympathize with the ambition expressed in your annual report to have this Museum more than a mere zoologic or scientific museum. It should be a museum of 'arts and letters as well as a museum of natural history. . . . “There should be here a representation of all our colonial and revo- lutionary life. There should be in this museum for the instruction and inspira- tion of our people, a full representation of American history since the time when New York cast off its provincial character and became an integral portion of the American republic.’’ — Theodore Roosevelt’s address at the open- ing of the New York State Museum, December 29, 1916. Because the exhibition halls of the Museum contain but little material of general historic interest, it is rather natural that the general public is slow in learning that history, as well as art, falls within the field of the State Museum, and yet there are constant inquiries by correspondence and in person, concerning historic objects directly related to the field of the Museum. The State Museum welcomes materials which contribute to the industrial his- tory of the State and have a direct bearing on its natural resources. Thus, old industrial and mechanical equipment, models, scientific instruments are particularly desired. In the history of medicine, old surgical and dental tools and equipment are eagerly sought. In engineering, old compasses, surveying instruments ; in navigation, old chronometers and sextants, are examples of equipment and tools that merit preservation in the Historic Collection. Nor should the trades be overlooked, such as carpentering, coopering, watch making, jewelry making, wood engraving, blacksmithing and other mechan- ical lines calling for special skills. The Historic Collection already contains many valuable objects, including a considerable variety of agricultural implements, carpenter tools, metal working tools, looms and textile materials, such as cloth and coverlets. Other materials include coopers’ tools, surgical and dental equipment, as well as a variety of objects made by the use of tools and equipment. The collection of old glass, china, silver, basketry and stoneware is constantly growing and increasing in importance. These collections are intended not merely for preser- vation, but to serve as the basis for special studies and research, as well as for exhibition, when adequate space has been provided by the State. Materials of this character, worthy of preservation, are constantly being destroyed by persons wholly unaware of their value. The wave of interest in “antiques,” while it has its favorable side, also is a menace in that so much of the local history related to these tate ofK^Ui^orlt ,3n AssemMjj, JBarcfc 9$ 1896. ($n motion of i$lr. iffirm. Btyereas > during llje session of tl }e tfegislalure of 1895 a Joint tonimillee Was appoinleS for ifye purpose of inlesti gating lije Various Separimcnts of lip jSlale government, jmS a sub-committee inVesiigafeS llje bepartment of ©eo'ogy anS ^paleonf ologjj. Vubiiclj for upWarSs of j-jalf a century I)as been unber lip charge of Br. Barnes ^all- \Dl|mas. Suring llje lime Uiljen jsaiS sub- committee Was engaged in il)e tailing of eViSenee, eerlain criticisms aa lo llpe con8ud of saiS Separlmcni lucre inSulgeii in bjj ceriain newspapers, wipe!? criticisms balie been copieS by many foreign journals Will) astonishing exaggerations lo tljej-ffect ll>aj tbie scientific luorlS Was startleS by ll)e fad that our SislinguisljeS citizen, tBf. ellamfS Was incarceratcS in prison as a result of lljio investigation; anS, Ityma*, saiS criticisms anS tips comments thereon, of foreign journals, arc eniireln untuarranieS, anS are not only unsusiaineS by any cViSence lahen upon saiS investigation, but are completely controVerleS byllje ebiSence of 3Br. I^allanS olljer witnesses cxamincSupcn saiS gearings, anS saiS articles, bu tljeir wiSc circulation among American anS ^foreign journals bo an irreparable injury anS Wrong lo a bislinguisl^eS Slale officer Wl)0, since 1/is appoiniment lo l)is presenl official position bp (tloVernor i$larcp inline pear ISSr.Ims serVcS ljis §iaie continuously anS Witty SistinguistyeS crc8it, anS Wtyose scientific aliaimnents anS accomplishments l)aVe given lpm a WorlS-WiSe fame, therefore, be it iRCSOlUC&, (iltyat ttye ^fegislaiure of tljc State of KeU)|Sork Scsires to place uponilz recorSs ttyis 8er.ial of ttye gross anS false ctyarges agains! lljc official integrity of Str.Samrs jfjnll anS lo officially announce ityai ttyey arc unjust, untrue. anS not luarranteS bp any eVib’enre pro- 8uec8 at saiS hearing, anS to express its confiSence in tyis integrity, anS appreciation of tyis SistinguistyeS services an8 scholarly attainments Vul^ich . during along life, tyaVe refledeS sue); creSit upon our Relate. l&e&oWieb^tyai a copy of ll^ese resolulions be iransmiltcS bp llpe (tflcrk ofityis 4^onse lo "Br. Jfames Tiall . 38}J orfier of llje Assembly, Speaker. (£lcrk. Figure ig Resolution by the New York Assembly exonerating Dr James Hall of false charges of dishonesty [42] Figure 20 Bigsby prize medal awarded to Dr lames Hall by the Geological Society of London 1 43] Figure 21 The Edmond Hebert medal awarded to Ur James Hall l44l Figure 22 The Ferdinand V. Hayden medal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, awarded to Dr James Hall in 1888 [45] Figure 23 Medal of the Exposition Univer- selle Republique Francaise awarded to Dr James Flail in 1889 [46] REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 47 objects, once it gets into commercial circulation, is lost. The auto- mobile tourist helps to diffuse these materials, so that it becomes increasingly difficult to detect the influence of local conditions. The Historic Collection was greatly enriched in the spring of 1935 by the donation of an extensive collection of old American furniture and household effects. The donation is anonymous. This collection includes a valuable series of old chairs of different kinds, several very valuable mahogany tables, chests of drawers, mahogany sofa, glass, china, stoneware, coverlets, bedding, costumes, silver and paintings. The comprehensive nature of the series makes it par- ticularly valuable for study and for exhibition purposes. A special feature is the detailed record or catalog which accompanied the col- lection. This is the most valuable single collection of the kind ever donated to the State Museum. A second very valuable donation of great historic and scientific interest is a collection of medals, insignia, diplomas and documents presented to Dr James Hall, the former State Geologist, who was responsible more than any other single person for the development of the early geological work in the State, and the development of the State Museum. These objects were donated by his daughter, Josephine Hall Bishop — Mrs Thomas B. Bishop, formerly of San Fran- cisco, Calif. — through her daughter who inherited them, Sophie H. Wheeler — Mrs P. M. Wheeler, Redwing Farm, Adamsville, R. I. This collection includes a large bound volume containing Doctor Hall’s numerous diplomas, certificates of membership in many learned societies, domestic and foreign, and various letters and memoran- dums. The signatures of many of the leading men of the day are on these documents. This volume includes the remarkable Resolution passed by the Assembly of the Legislature exonerating Doctor Hall of false charges of dishonesty (figure 19). The collection of medals, decorations and mementos are like- wise of great interest. A few samples of which are shown in figures 20-23. As Doctor Hall made his scientific reputation at Albany, working for the State of New York, it is eminently appropriate that this col- lection should rest permanently in the New York State Museum, toward which he made such a large contribution. As Dr George P. Merrill (The First Hundred Years of American Geology, p. 187, 1924) has said, the establishment of the New York State geological and natural history survey “led to an organization which has left a more lasting impression upon American geology than any that has 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM followed or had preceded it. As fate ordained, the locality was one of the most favorable that could have been selected for working out the fundamental principles of stratigraphic geology; moreover, those appointed to do the work proved equal to the occasion. The New York survey gave to American geology a nomenclature largely its own; it demonstrated above everything else the value of fossils for purposes of correlation, and incidentally it brought into promi- nence one man, James Hall, who was destined to become America’s greatest paleontologist.” W. L. Lassiter, Temporary Curator of History, has, during July and August, continued work on cataloging, storing and caring for the historic materials. The large anonymous donation, to which reference has been made, required most of his time to give this valuable collection the best care that our facilities permitted. A small exhibit was prepared of some of the recent accessions. Some attention also has been devoted to improving the condition of the record file and the card system. Until a full-time curator and adequate storage space are available for the Historic Collection, this important material can not receive the care which its importance merits. SUMMARY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF (Figures 24-31) “It is essential that this Museum should command the service of many different men for work in many different fields, and that its work should be so closely related to work of the same kind elsewhere that it shall all represent a coordinated whole. This is true of all departments of the work, but especi- ally so of those departments which have a direct utilitarian bearing. “This Museum, like every other institution of the type, should do every- thing to develop large classes of workers of this kind. And yet, friends, we must never forget that the greatest need, the need most difficult to meet, is the need to develop great leaders and to give full play to their activities. In the entirely proper effort to develop numbers of individual workers there must be no forgetfulness of this prime need of individual leadership if American achievement in the scientific field is to be really noteworthy. Yet in scientific as well as in historical associations and academies, this fact is often forgotten. “The really great works must be produced by some individual great man who is able to use to the utmost advantage the indispensable preliminary work of a multitude of other observers and investigators. He will be the first to recognize his debt to these other observers and investigators. If he does not do so he will show himself a poor creature. On the other hand, if they are worth their salt they will be proud to have the great architect use all the results of their praiseworthy and laborious and necessary labor in con- structing the building which is to crown it.” — Theodore Roosevelt’s address at the opening of the New York State Museum, December 29, 1916. The following is a summary of the main scientific activities of the staff, viewed administratively : REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 49 Paleontology. Dr Rudolf Ruedemann, State Paleontologist, has continued his work on an extensive monograph on the Graptolites of North America, including their stratigraphy. This study has been under way for many years. The mapping of the Cambrian and Ordo- vician of the Catskill quadrangle has been delayed because a new topographic map is in preparation. This report is conducted in cooperation with George H. Chadwick, and the glacial geology by John H. Cook. Doctor Ruedemann has for many years supervised a comprehensive work on the geology of North America, and this work is nearing completion. The completion of the work has been delegated to Dr Robert Balk, of Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. Winifred Goldring, Assistant State Paleontologist, has revised proof on her geological report on the Berne quadrangle. She also con- tinued field and laboratory studies of the Coxsackie quadrangle. The mapping of the region east of the Hudson river has been com- pleted. The Ordovician and two-thirds of the Devonian limestone on the west side of the river are mapped. John H. Cook is working on the glacial geology of this quadrangle. Additional facts have been assembled on the stratigraphy and cor- relation of the Devonian (Hamilton) formation, and on the evolu- tion and distribution of the Ozarkian coral reefs. Doctor Ruedemann is cooperating in this study. Special studies were made of Devonian crinoids belonging to the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, and the Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. The report on the Skaneateles quadrangle by Dr Burnett Smith, Temporary Geologist, is in process of printing as Museum Bulletin 300- Dr A. C. Tester, Temporary Geologist, has continued field and laboratory work on the Randolph quadrangle. This includes a part of the Allegany State Park. Professor L. W. Ploger, Temporary Geologist, continued his study of the Cattaraugus quadrangle. Dr R. J. Colony, Temporary Geologist, continued his work on the report on the Schunemunk quadrangle. This report is nearing completion. Professor N. C. Dale, Temporary Geologist, continued field work on the Oriskany quadrangle. A preliminary report was printed on the geology of the Russell quadrangle, as Museum Circular 15. Dr G. Arthur Cooper, Temporary Geologist, continued the prep- aration of his report on the Hamilton formation, and a special report on the fossils of the Allegany State Park. 50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Professor H. D. Witnall and his colleagues of Colgate University have continued their study of the Morrisville quadrangle. Professor John G. Woodruff, of Colgate University, began a geological investigation of the Wellsville quadrangle as a cooperative study. Tracy Gillette, of the University of Rochester, extended the coop- erative study of the geology of the Clyde and Sodus Bay quadrangles. Gordon I. Atwater, Temporary Geologist, working at the Alle- gany School of Natural History, in the Allegany State Park, devoted his time to a revision of the geology of the Salamanca quadrangle. John H. Cook, Temporary Geologist, continued mapping the glacial deposits of the Catskill and Coxsackie quadrangles for the reports of Doctor Ruedemann and Miss Goldring. The field work is about half completed on the Catskill, and is practically completed on the Coxsackie quadrangle. Economic geology. Dr D. H. Newland, State Geologist, has been unable this season to extend the study of the limestone of the State. Substantial progress has been made on the field study of the geology, scenery and economic minerals of the Lake George region, with the objective of preparing a popular handbook on the region. In this study Henry Vaughan, who has long been familiar with the region, has assisted. Doctor Newland has been assisted by Chris A. Hartnagel, Assist- ant State Geologist, in the collecting of mineral statistics for 1930-33. This is a cooperative study with the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Bureau of Census. The report was completed in May 1935. This will be published as Museum Bulletin 308. Chris A. Hartnagel, Assistant State Geologist, has given special attention to the recent developments of oil and gas in the State, and is also completing a report on the Randolph mammoth. Dr A. F. Buddington, Temporary Geologist, completed the field work on the geology of the Santa Clara quadrangle. Mrs Medora Hooper Krieger, Temporary Geologist, continued the field work on the Indian Lake quadrangle. Reference is made elsewhere to the economic geological exhibit at the State Fair in Syracuse, and the new fluorescent mineral exhibit. With the advance made by the Federal National Resources Com- mittee, and the New York State Planning Council, the importance of the study of the history of the mineral industries of the State is emphasized as never before, as such a knowledge is a necessary stage in the development of State policies in this field. Figure 24 Mosquito control in Westhampton Beach in Suffolk county, Long Island. This badly clogged tidal channel formerly contributed to the production of mosquitoes in countless hordes. Before treatment. Figure 25 Same location after treatment. The main outlet for a system of ditches that prevents development of mosquitoes over the entire tribu- tary marsh area. Courtesy of J. S. Williamson, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission. [5i] Figure 26 Mosquito control in Suffolk county. This swamp and slug- gish fresh water stream was a prolific source of mosquitoes before treat- ment. Figure 27 The same area after treatment , now an attractive parklike area free from mosquitoes. The open, fish-inhabited water is no longer suitable for the development of these insects. Courtesy of J. S. William- son, Suffolk County Mosquito Extermination Commission. [52] REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 53 Botany. Dr H. D. House, State Botanist, has practically com- pleted two reports, one on the flora of the township of Newcomb, and one on the flora of the eastern end of Oneida lake. The revision of Bulletin 254, on the ferns and flowering plants, is a continuing project. A study of fungi, in cooperation with Dr John Dearness, continues to grow with new additions. Some progress has been made on the rehabilitation of the wood exhibition. Mrs Elsie G. Whitney, Assistant State Botanist, has continued her studies in preparation of a handbook on the ferns and their allies. Dr Robert B. Gordon, Temporary Botanist, has completed editing the series of papers on the vegetation of the Allegany State Park, which is to compose a handbook on the vegetation of the park. He has begun a study of the vegetation of Cattaraugus county beyond the borders of the park, and has made progress on this ecological study. The handbook on the fleshy fungi by L. C. C. Krieger, has reached the stage of page proof. Entomology. Dr Robert D. Glasgow, State Entomologist, has continued his work on various insect pest problems, including the European pine shoot moth, black flies, larch case bearer, European leaf-mining sawfly, Juniper webworm and Pales weevil. Work on these problems is usually begun at the request of and carried on in collaboration with various state departments which are concerned with emergency problems requiring new administra- tive rulings or new legislation. As a result of the greatly increased activity in mosquito control operations resulting from the use of federal relief funds, organiza- tions of sportsmen and naturalists became very much concerned over the possibility that mosquito control work might be harmful to wild life conservation. As a result, such organizations adopted a program of obstructive activities, which proved very troublesome, especially to the mosquito control commissions in Nassau and Suffolk counties on Long Island, and in metropolitan New York. While this antago- nism toward mosquito control work was general throughout the country, it was more intense in New York State because several of the larger national organizations of sportsmen and naturalists have their headquarters in New York City and have many staff members living on Long Island. Doctor Glasgow arranged a series of round-table conferences and field excursions which were participated in by representatives of the mosquito control commissions and of the federal, state, local and pri- vate agencies interested in the problem. These conferences resulted in removing many of the misunderstandings, which in fact were 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM largely unwarranted, and in organizing a large cooperative federal, state and local research program covering all of the questions at issue. Many of the control methods near communities were not wild life problems at all, but were concerned largely with overcoming defective engineering and cleaning up (figures 24-27). Agencies that will collaborate with Doctor Glasgow in this investigation wall include the United States Bureau of Entomology, the United States Biological Survey, the New York State Department of Health, the New York State Conservation Department, the mosquito control commissions of Nassau and Suffolk counties, the New York City Department of Blealth, the National Association of Audubon Societies and various national and local organizations of sportsmen. As a result of the complications involving mosquito control work in New York, representatives of the various mosquito control dis- tricts and of other agencies interested in such work met on January io, 1935, and organized a New York State Mosquito Control Asso- ciation, including representatives of the State Health Department, the State Conservation Department, and the State Education Depart- ment. Doctor Glasgow was elected secretary of the association. Additional improvements have been made in equipment for hous- ing the State Museum reference collection of insects, by the pur- chase of three additional steel cases, each accommodating 30 United States National Museum insect storage drawers. K. F. Chamberlain, Assistant State Entomologist, has made excel- lent progress with his work on the renovation of the old biological material in the insect collection, and provision is being made for the proper care of this material in the future. Zoology. Dr Dayton Stoner, State Zoologist, has continued his intensive studies of the bank swallows (figure 28), of the Oneida Lake region, and in the vicinity of Albany. Emphasis is being placed on the life history and behavior as revealed by the banding method. Life history investigations have been continued on the barn swal- low, and a preliminary report has been prepared (figure 29). Life history studies have also been conducted on the cliff swallow in the vicinity of Albany. This has also reached the stage of a preliminary report. A study of the spring birds of Washington Park, Albany, has been made, and to date notes have been made on the 80 kinds that have been observed. Walter J. Schoonmaker, Assistant State Zoologist, has revised his report on the woodchuck, and is continuing his study of the mammals of Rensselaer county. The draft of a preliminary report has been prepared. Figure 28 Equipment for field investigation of bank swal- lows. Photograph by Dayton Stoner 1-igure 29 Adult banded barn swallow, Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd., and young. Photograph by Dayton Stoner [55 1 Figure 30 Skull of the now extinct great auk (Plautus impennis) in the collection of the New York State Museum. Photograph by E. J. Stein exhibit of common New York State furbearers. Photograph by E. J. Stein [561 Figure 31 Temporary Figure 32 Dr George H. Hudson, formerly a Collaborator of the New York State Museum. Died March 19, 1934. [57] REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 59 Aretas A. Saunders, Temporary Ornithologist, working at the Alle- gany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park, has extended his field studies of the birds in the immediate vicinity of the school, and has completed a handbook on the birds of Quaker Run valley. One hundred forty-four species of birds have been recorded from the park. Doctor Stoner has given much attention to the reorganization of the exhibits in Zoology Hall, including the installation of a collection of birds’ nests, the rearrangement of the skeletons (figure 30), the rehabilitation of the collection of domestic pigeons, and temporary seasonal bird exhibits. An interesting temporary exhibit was pre- pared of fur-bearing animals (figure 31). The study collections have also received considerable attention, including the fish collec- tion, birds’ nests and the invertebrates. The card files, indexes and catalogs have been greatly improved. Archeology and history. Noah T. Clarke, State Archeologist, has given considerable attention to an examination and classification of the duplicate archeological materials, but progress was not made on the survey of private archeological collections, which has been under way for several years. W. L. Lassiter, Temporary Curator of History, devoted July and August 1934, to cataloging, arranging and storing materials recently acquired. MUSEUM COLLABORATORS (Figure 32) In order to encourage cooperation in the scientific and other aspects of the work of the Museum, the Regents on April 18, 1929, author- ized the Director to appoint collaborators. The last Annual Report mentioned the death of Dr George H. Hudson, State Museum Collaborator, but a portrait of him was not secured in time to include it in that Report. It is included in the present report (figure 32). This has been secured through the courtesy of his daughter, Mrs Charles Hartwell Bonsteel, Washing- ton, D. C. A biographical sketch of Doctor Hudson and an extensive list of his writings were published in the local paper, the Plattsburgh Daily Republican, March 20, 1934. Dr Ephraim P. Felt is at present the only Museum Collaborator. He completed a report with Kenyon F. Chamberlain, Assistant State Entomologist, on The Occurrence of Insects at Some Height in the Air, Especially on the Roofs of High Buildings, which will be pub- lished as a Museum Circular 17. This paper was begun when he was a member of the Museum stafif as State Entomologist. 6o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM STATE MUSEUM COUNCIL The State Museum Council is an advisory group appointed by the Board of Regents to advance the general welfare of the Museum. Its duties are thus explained by the Rules of the Board of Regents : Section 13. Councils. The Commissioner with the approval of the Regents shall appoint the following councils, of five members each; college, academic, library, museum, music, nurse training school, industrial education, agricultural education, character and humane education, physically handicapped children, and medical. These councils shall serve as advisory bodies with which the officers of the Department may consult regarding institutions in the Univer- sity or registered in the Department. One member of each council shall be appointed yearly to serve for a term of five years beginning with the first day of October next following the ending of the term to which each, respectively, is to succeed, except that an appointment to fill a vacancy created otherwise than by the expiration of a term shall be for the unexpired term. The deans of the dental, pharmacy and veterinary medical schools shall, respectively, act as similar councils for dental, pharmacy and veterinary medical interests. There was no meeting called of the council this year. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS The Centenary April 15, 1936. In recent years attention has been called to the centenary of the establishment of the State Geological and Natural History Survey April 15, 1936. This later was known as the State Cabinet of Natural History, and finally it became the Division of Science and State Museum. New York State was a pioneer in this field of making a scientific inventory of its resources, and its achievements are outstanding, very widely known and worthy of public attention. Some appropriate recognition of this event should receive the consideration of the Department. ( Cf . Merrill, p. 42.) Museum publications exchange. In the last Annual Report reference was made to the reorganization of the methods of caring for the exchanges of Museum publications with other agencies. As these number about 600, the clerical work involved in their supervision is considerable, and with our limited office help sufficient attention can not be given to them. Unless additional assistance can be provided it will again be necessary to allow them to lapse into the confused state from which they were rescued by means of relief workers. World’s Fair of 1939. Anyone acquainted with the history of the Centennial of 1876 at Philadelphia, the World’s Fair of 1893 at Chicago, the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901, the Uni- versal Exposition at St Louis in 1904, and the Century of Progress fairs at Chicago in 1933 and 1934, knows of their great influence REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 6x on museums, and realizes that the collections and the exhibits, at the close of these fairs, are acquired by various public museums, and have even been the cause of their establishment. The United States National Museum is an outgrowth of the Centennial, and the Field Museum of Natural History, of the World’s Fair. Some of the best exhibits in the New York State Museum were the outcome of such fairs. For example, the large relief map of the State was made for the World’s Fair of 1893 ; and the Pan -American Exposition in 1901, at Buffalo, was the source of several economic exhibits in the hall of geology. Plans are now under way for a World’s Fair in New York City in 1939, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the founding of the Government of the United States, and of the inauguration of George Washington as President. It is obvious that if the State Museum and the natural resources of New York State are to be properly represented in this proposed fair, plans should be developed to meet this occasion, and for securing desirable exhibits at the close of the fair. Such plans must be made far in advance, as there is always much competition for the valuable exhibits. In order to make any satisfactory utilization of such exhibits and materials, the already overcrowded condition of the State Museum points emphatically to the necessity of planning more definitely for the long proposed new Memorial State Museum building. The acquiring of valuable and extensive exhibits from such a source is impossible unless special storage quarters are provided. Regarding plans for the proposed new State Museum building, reference should be made to the 25th Annual Report (Mus. Bui. 293, p. 8i-~iiq, 1932). Failure to meet this occasion properly would be an irreparable loss to the State Museum, as such an opportunity may not arise again for a generation and the best site may be lost. ANNUAL FINANCIAL AND STATISTICAL SUMMARY THE MUSEUM BUDGET The following budget does not include the cost of heat, light, janitor service, orderlies (watchmen), carpenters, painters and ele- vator men. Certain other items also are furnished by the Education Department, such as postage, stationery, express, drayage in part, telegraph and telephone, and are therefore not included in the budget. The traveling expenses have been budgeted so that each member of the scientific staff is able to plan his work to the best advantage. Facilities provided by cooperative projects supplement to an important degree the state appropriation. It is impossible to estimate 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the amount of these funds precisely, since they include the federal franking privilege, cooperation with many individuals, with organ- izations and with other state departments. Labor, supplies, expert services, use of automobiles etc. have been provided by this coopera- tion. Such financial assistance is of the greatest value ; but the funds do not pass through the Museum. The annual and statistical summary for the fiscal year July i, 1934, to June 30, 1935, follows: APPROPRIATIONS AND FUNDS FOR FISCAL YEAR (July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1935) Appropriations Salaries : Administrative staff . . . ' $9 000 00 Permanent scientific staff 33 450 00 Temporary expert services 2 500 00 Scientific assistants 5 200 00 Clerical, labor etc 10 220 00 Total salaries $60 370 00 Equipment and supplies $3 000 00 Traveling (of which not to exceed $200 is available for out-of-state travel) 2 700 00 Printing S 300 00 Total budget $71 37° 00 Total Museum funds from budget exclusive of the assistance of cooperators $71 3/0 00 Cooperation with the State Fair for special mineral exhibit. . . . $300 00 DIRECTORY DATA Name of Museum: New York State Museum. Location: Albany, New York, U. S. A. Name of Director: Charles C. Adams. Name of Assistant Director: Alvin G. Whitney. Date of Founding: The Museum is the outgrowth of state surveys in 1836 ; formal organization of the Museum was effected in 1843. Open to the public: Open week days from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Closed on Sundays and on all legal holidays. Total number of hours open to the public for the year, about 2430. Staff: Administration officers Permanent scientific staff . . . . Technical and clerical assistants, etc Part-time employes (expert service) Work-relief employes begun 2 II 11 10 1 Total staff 35 Salary schedules, 1934--35 : Administrative Scientific professional staff _. Technical 'assistants (nonprofessional grade) $3000 to $6000 $1720 to $4500 $1600 to $2000 Hours and vacation: Hours of work a week, 3654. Vacation allowance, i6j4 working days of 7 hours, and all legal holidays. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 63 NEEDS OF THE STATE MUSEUM THE GENERAL FINANCIAL PROBLEM The State Museum moved into its present quarters in the State Education Building in 1912. After 20 years, in 1932, a careful com- parison was made of its financial status during that interval. The results were very significant, as they showed a salary increase of about $25,000 in 20 years. Equipment, supplies and traveling and temporary expert services increased about $1300 in 16 years! The staff had declined from 28 to 24 persons in 15 years. The printing funds have never been wholly adequate to meet the needs. These are fair samples of the relatively stationary or declining financial sup- port of the State Museum during the 20-year interval. The tragic feature of the situation is that during this same period there was a great period of economic prosperity, during which museum and similar scientific and educational agencies all over the United States underwent unprecedented expansion. Likewise, within the State, while other educational agencies were expanding and new ones being developed, the State Museum did not maintain normal growth, but actually showed a relative decline. The neighboring state of Pennsylvania expended for its geologic work alone $67,500; Illinois $125,000, and California $63,000 in a single year, and the New York State Museum, for the same period, with its very much broader field, has had about $75,000. Throughout this period of relative decline of financial support, the public need for scientific and educational work, within the field of the State Museum, has constantly increased. This has led to the suggestion that the State Museum, like the state colleges in the Education Department, should have its own trustees, who would be able to devote considerable time to promoting the general welfare of the Museum. As a natural result of this retarded condition of the Museum, other state agencies have encroached upon the legitimate field of the State Museum and tended to take over its functions ; and all in spite of the fact that aside from finances, they are not properly staffed for such scientific, economic and educational work, nor have they the library, collections and files of data, and in common with administrative departments, they do not generally have the viewpoint conducive to research and the educational approach. Furthermore, various admin- istrative agencies at Albany frequently need scientific and technical assistance and cooperation which can best and quickest be furnished by an agency at Albany. 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This long-standing financial situation has received constant emphasis in each Annual Report for many years, and has become a monotonous feature, but until conditions materially improve, it seems necessary to continue calling attention to the facts of the situ- ation. THE CURRENT FINANCIAL PROBLEM As shown by the financial summary the budget for the past fiscal year was about $71,000. In addition to this, there have been contri- butions from cooperating agencies, which are very difficult to esti- mate. In the case of the temporary geological exhibit at the State Fair, the Fair Commission provided about $300 toward the expense of this exhibit. The salary reductions should also be recalled, and additional special economy reductions from the regular budget items or allotments have also been made. On the other hand, valuable assistance has been received from the relief agencies, which have furnished clerical assistance. Considering the value of the natural resources of the State, and their economic and social importance in a State with the largest population and the greatest wealth, however, it is at once apparent that a budget of $71,000 is inadequate for an up-to-date, statewide scientific survey of the natural resources. SCIENTIFIC AND HISTORIC RESERVATIONS No satisfactory policy has been put in practice for the care of state scientific and historic reservations. The present situation is anom- alous, and important opportunities have been and are slipping away. Too often the public looks upon such reservations merely as a passive exhibit and not as an active scientific and educational agency contri- buting definitely to our knowledge and to public education. The State Council of Parks has recommended that these state reserva- tions be transferred to the Education Department for administration. The present passive state policy regarding scientific reservations raises the question as to what is the best method of administering them. Probably several methods should be used. The Director believes that the present method must further be supplemented by privately endowed state reservations. In the 24th Report of the Director (Mus. Bui. 288, p. 51-56, 1931) a system of reservations for the State Museum was urged. There should be at least a limited number of these in various parts of the State, so carefully selected as to be worthy of a permanent staff devoted exclusively to local scientific studies that can be advantageously made at such locations. Some of these reservations might well be permanent bases for a REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 65 variety of scientific work, particularly in the biological sciences. State parks will be suitable for certain kinds of studies, but their aims are so different that they can not be expected to be a substitute for the scientific reservations. These parks also have their own scientific problems that call for special study. Some of these reservations could be made to serve as important agencies in the encouragement of local scientific work, by providing camps and laboratories, similar to that of the Allegany School of Natural History in the Allegany State Park, and by encouraging mature naturalists, teachers and scientists to make them bases for year-round or summer research and constructive work. There are many city laboratories, seaside laboratories and similar facilities for indoor studies, but none whatever for year-round inland, outdoor or field study or research. Such a reservation would not be a school in any sense of the word, but a field base, camp or workshop where productive scientific field work could be conducted advantageously. RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS Cooperative research with various industries has often been found to be mutually advantageous. Such cooperation may be conducted by several methods. A method that deserves particular commenda- tion is the establishment of research fellowships. By this method the cooperating agency would finance the work of capable research assistants or fellows, who work under the supervision of a member of the State Museum staff, on some problem in which the cooperator is particularly interested. The results of such studies should be published by the State Museum and thus made public. In 1929 a fellowship of this kind was initiated with the narcissus bulb growers on Long Island, working under the direction of the State Entomolo- gist. This is a method that could be considerably expanded to advantage. GROUND WATER RESEARCH As the population of the State increases, the demand for under- ground waters for public and private supplies, as well as for indus- trial use, increases very rapidly. One-half of the public waterworks of the State obtain all or part of their supplies from ground waters. The mode of occurrence, the quality and the quantity of the water are thus of great importance, as was particularly realized during the severe droughts of recent years. Millions of dollars are invested in public water supply plants, and the delivery or sale of water to the consumer makes it one of the most important mineral resources of the State. The products of the mines and quarries during prosper- 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ous times have for a single year amounted to more than $100,000,000 worth of raw materials, and it is not unlikely that the ground waters are worth considerably more than half that amount. Although the State Museum has collected observations and records on this subject for many years, it has never had the funds, men and equip- ment to make an adequate statewide study of this vital problem. That ground water is of the greatest public importance and not merely a passing fancy is clearly indicated by the Federal Report of the National Resources Board for 1934 (p. 31 1) which states: Water, not soil, is the resource that ultimately will limit the pro- ductive capacity of the lands of the United States, viewed as a whole. Even now, the further development of large areas depends in con- siderable part on the extent to which available supplies of ground and surface waters are conserved. . . . Further factual surveys and investigations of ground water resources are an indispensable prerequisite to their proper administration, equitable allocation, and more efficient utilization. The wide range in the character of the requisite studies is suggested by pressing need for determination, among other things, of (1) the extent, depth, thickness, water con- tent, sources of supply, and rates of replenishment of the principal ground water horizons; (2) the types of wells best suited to the various aquifers; (3) the best placement of wells in critical areas to avoid the pollution of their waters, and to promote the most effective utilization of the available supplies of water; (4) variations in the level of the water table in each distinctive ground water area, by measurement at regular intervals through the years of the height of the water in properly selected wells ; and ( 5 ) the relation of pond storage, of reservoir storage, and of irrigation (project irrigation and supplemental irrigation) to the replenishment of ground water and the accumulation by its of deleterious or beneficial substances in the soil. The fundamental concern of the Nation in ground water resources, a concern certain to increase with passing years, indicates the need of a broad, comprehensive, and more definite national policy with respect to them, particularly from the standpoint of their varied interstate relationships. Regarding the quality of water the Report continues (p. 315-16) : It is obvious that the concentration of industries in certain sec- tions of the country may not be continued indefinitely, and some intelligent plan for the dispersion of such activities must be developed in the immediate future. Since many industries are dependent upon an adequate and chemically satisfactory water supply, any compre- hensive program of industrial decentralization is intimately related both to the quantitative and qualitative nature of the water resources available. So many factors are involved in the geographical estab- lishment of group industries that it is difficult to evaluate the impor- tance of water resources responsible for such grouping, but water quality is as important an item in some industries as fuel or raw materials. There is a dearth of accurate information on the economic REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 6 7 importance of water quality and industrial expansion and develop- ment. Compilation of such data is urgently required and essential for the promotion and development of continued industrial growth. It is recommended, therefore, that any plan of decentralization of industries include a comprehensive study of water quality, with spe- cial consideration to the economic importance of such factors. . . . There is an appreciable influx of salt water into many of the tidal rivers during dry periods of the year. This condition is responsible for marked increase in hardness, total solids, and chlorides in the lower portions of the tidal rivers. Much difficulty is experienced in conditioning water for domestic and industrial uses and imposes heavy financial losses. . . . There are large groups of industries where water is an essential factor for manufacturing uses and is responsible for the development of specific types of industries in certain localities. In any Federal program of industrial decentraliza- tion of industries, the quantity and quality of water available should be given consideration. Depreciation of water quality due to drought and industrial wastes has an important bearing on the fish industry, especially shellfish. This industry is of sufficient importance in certain sections of the country to warrant an economic study of these problems of stream control in areas where such industries are established. The maps (figures 33 and 34) showing the concentration of the valley population between Long Island and Buffalo are at the same time maps of the precise area in which the problem of ground water studies are destined to become acute first, and it is even now late to begin intensive research of this problem. TEMPORARY STORAGE SPACE Pending the construction of a new State Museum Memorial Build- ing the problem of temporary storage for collections is becoming more acute every year. The hallways or corridors have been utilized for storage because there was no adequate provision made for stor- age when the Education Building was planned; yet this has been discouraged for various reasons. The crowded condition of the storerooms is a menace to the collections, and the materials can not be consulted and used, although there is frequent need of this. DONATIONS TO THE STATE MUSEUM In spite of the preceding statement as to the need of storage space for the Museum collections, it is desirable to inform the public that the State Museum welcomes donations of : 1 Scientific collections of natural history materials, minerals, fos- sils, rocks, and specimens of plants and animals, particularly when accompanied by scientific data. 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM THE VALLEY BELT THRU THE MOHAWK & HUDSON VALLEYS 1930 Figure 33 The Valley Belt from Long Island to Buffalo, where 84 per cent of the population of the State live. Courtesy of State Planning Board REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 69 2 Historical collections of objects illustrating the history of New York Indian materials from New York, objects of the Colonial period and the Revolutionary period, household and industrial equip- ment. Materials illustrating the history of the professions are par- ticularly desired, such as illustrate the history of medicine and sur- gery, dentistry, engineering in its various aspects, and the tools and equipment used in various trades. Aviation should also be properly represented. Historic objects related to the various wars in which New York has taken an active part are heartily welcomed. In all cases it should be borne in mind that it is primarily New York State material that is sought, because first of all this is a New York State Museum, and also because space is lacking for other materials. Persons contemplating such donations should call at the Museum or write in advance about such proposed donations. The State Museum has no desire to monopolize all such materials, but at present in many localities there are no local organizations able to care properly for such collections; and the State should give reasonable assistance in preserving them and making them available for future study and display. ENDOWMENT AND TRUST FUNDS The preceding discussion of the urgent needs of the State Museum reveals the fact that, while the State has done much for the State Museum, it has not fully met its needs. Just as the citizens of the State have in the past generously donated much valuable material to the Museum, the public should be informed in what ways it may continue to assist. Many persons do not realize that the State Museum, like the uni- versities and other research institutions devoted to advanced learning, has in reserve many important problems and projects that require more money than the Museum budget provides. It is hoped that private citizens will assist in financing such worthy projects. To make this more definite certain methods of assistance will be listed. 1 Donations of funds to be devoted to special scientific, educational or economic studies. A list of these can be furnished to any seriously interested person. 2 A donation of funds, the income alone of which is to be used to conduct special studies. This kind of a fund would give a fluidity which is particularly lacking under the present budget system. Such funds would enable the State Museum to undertake certain studies in advance of general public interest and legislative appreciation. 70 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 3 The donation of carefully selected tracts of land, suitable for scientific field stations, or for scientific reservations or important his- toric sites. Each tract should be provided with an endowment for maintenance. Such tracts could be made of the greatest scientific and educational importance under proper supervision. In this connection attention should be called to the fact that gifts up to 15 per cent of net income, and that all bequests to the Board of Regents of The University of the State of New York in trust for the State Museum, are exempt from federal taxation, under the Federal Revenue Act of 1918. ANNUAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE STATE MUSEUM The following is a list of papers by the Museum staff published during the fiscal year and those based, at least in part, on the Museum collections or issued with its cooperation. Adams, Charles C. 1934 The New York State Museum 'and the Rural Schools. Cornell Rural School Leaflet, 28:53-59 1935 Twenty-eighth Report of the Director. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 304:1-94 Betten, Cornelius 1934 The Caddis Flies or Trichoptera of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 292. 576p. Buddington, A. F. 1934 Geology and Mineral Resources of the Hammond, Antwerp and Lowville Quadrangles, N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 296. 25 ip. Dale, N. C. 1934 Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Russell Quadrangle. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., 15. i6p. Eller, E. R. 1935 Remarkable Assemblage of Paleozoic Sponges. Pan-American Geol., 63 : 203-6 Felt, E. P. 1934 Classifying Symbols for Insects. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 62:373-92 Goldring, Winifred 1934 Some Hamilton Crinoids of New York. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist. Bub, 15 : 182-200 1935 Der attests vesteinerte Wald aus der Devon-Zeit von New York. Natur und Bd., 65:151-55 1935a Crinoids of the Tully Formation. In “Tully Formation of New York” by G. A. Cooper, J. S. Williams. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bub, 46:831-37 House, H. D. 1935 Dwarf Mistletoe on White Pine. Rhodora, 37 :a68 Lawlor, W. K. 1935 Hibernation of Uranotaenia Sapphirina (Osten Sacken) (Diptera: Culicidae). Bui. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 30:14 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 7 1 Newland, D. H. 1935 Minerals of Whiteface Mountain. Rocks and Minerals, 6:81-82 Reed, J. C. 1934 Geology of the Potsdam Quadrangle. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 297. g8p. Ruedemann, Rudolf 1933 Albany to Lake George. In “Eastern New York and Western New England.” Guidebook No. 1, 16th Inter. Geol. Cong., p. 14-20 1933a Ordovician Graptolites from the Marathon and Solitario Regions. In Sellards, Adkins and Plummer, “The Geology of Texas.” Univ. oi Texas Bui., 3232, pi. 4 and 1 page explanation 1933b Graptolites. In C. S. Evans : Brisco-Dogtooth. Map-Area, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Can. paper, p. 137AIT-138AII 1934 Ecology of Black Mud Shales of Eastern New York (Abstract) Geol. Soc. Amer. Proc. for 1933, p. 339 1934a Graptolites of the Viola Limestone (Abstract) (with C. E. Decker). Geol. Soc. Amer. Proc. for 1933, p. 373 1934b Cambrian Graptolites. Science, 80:15 1934c The Graptolites of the Viola Limestone (with C. E. Decker!. Jour. Pal., 8:303-27 1934 d Paleozoic Plankton of North America. Geol. Soc. Amer. Mem., 2. MiP- _ 1934c Paleozoic Rocks of the Lowville Quadrangle. N. Y. State Mus. Bui.. 296:183-94 1935 Ecology of Black Mud Shales in Eastern New York. Jour Pal., 9:79-91 1935a Notes sur Quelques graptolites nouveaux des environs de Quebec (with J. W. Laverdiere) Le Naturaliste Canadian, 62:9-12 1935& A Review of the Eurypterid Rami of the Genus Pterogotus with Descriptions of Two New Devonian Species. Carnegie Mus. Ann., 24 : 69-72 1935^ Ordovician Black Shales of New York (with G. H. Chadwick). Science, 81 :40c Saunders, Aretas A. 1935 A Guide to Bird Songs. N. Y. D. Appleton-Century Co., 2859. Schoonmaker, W. J. !934-35 Twelve popular articles in Nat. Humane Review, v. 22-23 Stoner, Dayton 1934 Occurrence of Wilson’s Petrel ( Oceanites oceanicus ) in Franklin County, New York. The Auk, v. 51, July 1934 1934a Ninety Minutes with Robert Ridgway. Wilson Bui., 46:90-92 1935 Plecoptera as Food for Bank Swallows. Ent. News, 46:28-29 1935a Are Our Waterfowl Doomed? Univ. State of New York Bulletin to the Schools, 21, no. 13:122-23 19356 Highway Mortality among Mammals. Science, 81 :4oi-2 Stormer, Leif 1934 Merostomata from the Downtonian Sandstone of Ringerike, Norway. Skrifter Utgitt Av Det Norske Videnskaps. Akademi 1 Oslo I. Matem. Naturvid. Klasse. 1933. No. 10. I25p. Thwaites, F. T. 1935 Ground Water Supplies of Allegany State Park, 1932. N. Y State Mus. Cir., 11. 62p. 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM MUSEUM ACCESSIONS FOR THE YEAR Accessions are new editions to the Museum. These are classified into the following groups: 1 By donation: objects presented to the Museum 2 By exchange : for other Museum materials etc. 3 By purchase : payment from the Museum budget 4 By the staff : collected by the staff during official duties of any kind 5 By transfer, from other state departments or other divisions of the State Government, as provided by law. Gifts to scientific and educational institutions are listed at the end of this section. BY DONATION Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 27 specimens of plants from eastern United States Andrews, M. D., Rochester, N. Y. Specimens of Cicadas, Cohocton, N. Y. Anonymous Large, valuable collection of historic household materials Aspinwall, Mrs F. E., Hardinsburg, Ky. Shaker netted tidy Bartlett, Guy, Schenectady, N. Y. 64 barn owl pellets, Chatham, N. Y. Batchelder, H. G., Menands, N. Y. Specimens of pine spittle bugs, Menands, N. Y. Burton, Edward, Albany, N. Y. Chestnut-sided warbler, Albany, N. Y. Carter, A. L., Kenmore, N. Y. 2 crinoids from Cheektowaga, N. Y., and Versailles, N. Y. Clarke, Noah T., Albany, N. Y. through Arthur C. Parker, Rochester, N. Y. Map of “Indian Episodes of New York” 1 perforated bannerstone fragment, Malden Bridge, N. Y. Clement, R. L., West Hempstead, N. Y. Life stages of pine shoot moths from Patchogue, N. Y., and Arooksville, N. Y. Colburn, William, Bloomfield Hill, Mich. 2 large specimens of hyalite on granite, Mitchell county, N. C. Cook, David B., Albany, N. Y. 11 specimens of plants from New York State White-footed mouse, Woodland Valley, N. Y. Chipmunk, Ashokan, N. Y. Connecticut Valley Historical Society, Springfield, Mass. Collection of 170 photographs Corsey A., Malden Bridge, N. Y., and Diamond, Ohio, Lebanon Mountain, N. Y. “Samson” fox, Lebanon mountain, N. Y. Cummings, A. M., Port Henry, N. Y. Granular titanite from Harmony mine, Mineville, N. Y. Sintered magnetite, Mineville, N. Y. Dappert, Dr A. F., Delmar, N. Y., and Glasgow, Dr R. D., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of mosquitoes, Geneva and Seneca Falls, N. Y. Decker, Dr C. E., Norman, Okla. 68 specimens of graptolites from Oklahoma 70 specimens of graptolites from Arkansas Dickinson, Mrs M. D., Geneva, N. Y. Specimens of mosquitoes, Geneva, N. Y. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 73 Dobbin, Frank, Shushan, N. Y. 54 specimens of plants, mainly from Washington county, N. Y. Edson, Mrs Josephine Z., Rochester, N. Y. Specimen of Carex grisea from Livingston county, N. Y. Eichel, Mrs M. J., New York, N. Y. Banner of New York State Women’s Suffrage Party 1 7 articles used in Liquor Repeal Campaign, 1929-33 Engle, Wallace, Berne, N. Y. Brass powder flash Leather shot flask Old double-barreled shotgun Faddegon, C. J., Niskayuna, N. Y. Specimens of bumble flower beetle, Euphoria inda L., Niskayuna, N. Y. Fahey, F. J., Amsterdam, N. Y. Fragment of elk antler, Fort Plain, N. Y. Fairbanks, Mrs Henrietta H., Bainbridge, N. Y. 39 specimens of plants from Chen'ango county, N. Y. Fogg, Professor J. M., jr, Philadelphia, Pa. 144 specimens of plants from New York State Follett, Louis A., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Semilunar knife fragment, muller and hammerstone, Saratoga county, N. Y. Geisel, Jacob, Albany, N. Y. Northern yellow- throat, Albany, N. Y. Gilbert, L. A., White Plains, N. Y. Life stages of pine shoot moths from Roslyn, N. Y., and Farmingdale, N. Y. Goold, A. B., Brookview, N. Y. Specimens of larvae of pine tip moth, Yonkers, N. Y. Parasitic worm, Brookview, N. Y. Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 182 specimens of plants Greeley, Dr John R., Albany, N. Y. 4 eastern ruffed grouse from Underwood, N. Y., East Poestenkill, N. Y., and Clarksville, N. Y. Landlocked salmon, Lake George, N. Y. Groesbeck, William, Hornell, N. Y. Specimens of European house crickets, Gryllus domcsticus L., Binghamton, N. Y. Halbwach, Sofie, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Rockingham spittoon Grain cradle Halliday, H. M., Toronto, Ontario, Can. Specimen of Lepiota rachodes from near Elmira, N. Y. Haskins, C. P., Schenectady, N. Y. Specimens of scorpion flies, Boreus brumalis Fitch, Helderberg mountains, N. Y. Henry, H. K., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Specimens of pine weevils, Sitona tibialis Hbst, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Heyl, George R., Princeton, N. J. 3 specimens of Dicranograptus contortus, Bay of Exploits, Three Mile Hill, Newfoundland Robert, S. G., East Greenbush, N. Y. Eastern phoebe, East Greenbush, N. Y. Hubbard, Mrs Murray, Albany, N. Y. 6 old school books Italian students, Italy Mussolini medal Ketchum, J. P., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Specimen of solanum from Dutchess county, N. Y. King, Harriet G., Plymouth, M'ass. Swordlike knives from collection of Lewis H. Morgan Kirkbride, Elizabeth, Albany, N. Y. Stereoscopic view of Niagara Falls 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Klein, Karl H., Hudson, N. Y. Large column of Favosites helderbergiae, Becraft mountain, Hudson, N. Y. Klipin, R., New York, N. Y. _8 specimens of Argentine onyx Knobloch, Irving W., Red House, N. Y. 20 specimens of plants from New Jersey 5 specimens of plants from Allegany State Park, N. Y. Krieger, Dr Philip, New York, N. Y. 6 specimens of white garnet (grossularite) from Sonoro, Mex. Krug, Jacob, jr, Albany, N. Y. Albino gray squirrel, Albany, N. Y. Larson, E., Albany, N. Y. Specimens of springtails, Priosotoina minuta Tull., Albany county, N. Y. Lassiter, William, Albany, N. Y. 8 specimens of plants from Long Island Littlefield, E. W., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of dwarf mistletoe, parasitic on white pine, from Clinton county, N. Y. Loria, D. J., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of click beetle, Alans oculatus L., Albany, N. Y. Loucks, Mrs Frank V. A., Cornwall, Conn. Specimens of work of maple and oak twig pruner, Cornwall, Conn. Luce, Albert, Sayville, N. Y. Specimens of tussock moth caterpillar, Sayville, N. Y. Luce, Mrs Frank, Albany, N. Y. Northern yellow-throat, Albany N. Y Lynch Dr Leo F., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Specimen of walking stick, Diaphcromera jemorata Say, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Maclay, G. E., Delmar, N. Y. Specimen of broad neck Prionus, Prionus laticollis Dru., Delmar, N. Y. McCord, Dr Clinton P., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of calcite and marcasite, Pitcher, Okla. Specimen of galena and sphalerite in chert broccia, Galena, Rans. McKeow, Ward, Troy, N. Y. Hairworm, Troy, N. Y. McKnight, William I., Lansingburg, N. Y. Bald Eagle, Bald mountain, N. Y. McVaugh, Dr Rogers, Kinderhook, N. Y. 336 plants from Dutchess and Columbia counties, N. Y. Mercer, M. E., Red House, N. Y. Black bear (cub), Allegany State Park, N. Y. Molloy, K. P„ Troy, N. Y. Great horned owl, Half Moon, N. Y. 2 ferret's, Clifton Park, N. Y. Moore, Gladys, Rensselaer, N. Y. 12 water fleas, Daphnia sp., Rensselaer, N. Y. Milligan, Mrs J. Boardman, New York, N. Y. 17 articles for Admiral C. D. Sigsbee collection New York Botanical Garden, New York, N. Y. 933 plants from the F. W. Johnson collection, mainly from New York State New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. 309 specimens of plants from New York State. New York State, Albany, N. Y. Mexican medal Spanish War medal World War medal Aqueduct (World War) medal Nufer, Dan, Tulsa, Okla. 9 pieces of drill core containing graptolites, Carter county, Okla. Nylander, Olaf O., Caribou, Maine 50 specimens of graptolites, near Haystack mountain, Aroostook county, Maine REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 75 Park, Adelbert E., Canandaigua, N. Y. Bannerstone, beveled adz, plain adz, celt, 2 lances, knife, 5 spearheads, scraper, 62 stemmed arrowpoints, 6 notched arrowpoints, from Reed Park farm, Mendon, N. Y. Poor, R. S., Birmingham- Southern College, Birmingham, Ala. 15 graptolites, Calera, Ala. Powers, A. W., Troy, N. Y. Specimens of scale insects, Chionaspis sp., Troy, N. Y. Reimann, I. G., Buffalo, N. Y. Specimen of Gilbertsocrinus greenei, Ludlowville formation, Bay View, N. Y. 2 specimens of Botryocrinus reimanni, Ludlowville formation, Bay View, N. Y. 2 specimens of Gilbertsocrinus spiningerus, Ludlowville formation, Bay View, N. Y. 3 specimens of Acanthocrinus spinosus, Ludlowville formation, Bay View, N. Y. Rettenberg, Mrs B., Pawling, N. Y. Specimens of strawberry crown girdler, Brachyrhinus ovatus L., Pawling N. Y. Rivenburg, H., Albany, N. Y. Little brown snake, Albany, N. Y. Rogers, Professor Edward H., Devon, Conn. 14 photographs of archeological materials from Connecticut Rosoff, Mining Company, Rosoff, N. Y. Large cube of pressed rock salt Russell, John B„ Albany, N. Y. Early typewriter Sanderson, W. E„ Loudonville, N. Y. Domestic dog, Albany, N. Y. Beaver skull, Harriman, N. Y. (through Charles Jordan, collector) 3 beaver embryos, Harriman, N. Y. (through Charles Jordan, collector) Field mouse, Loudonville, N. Y. Wild turkey, Battle Creek, Mich. 2 ring-necked pheasants, Loudonville, N. Y. Ring-necked pheasant, Sherburne, N. Y. Wild turkey, Battle Creek, Mich. Scott, L., Kinderhook, N. Y. Hairworm, Kinderhook, N. Y. Sinnay, K. F., Albany, N. Y. 2 eggs of Florida gallinule, 1 mile north of Rennselaer, N. Y. Slenker, Chris., Cementon, N. Y. Specimens of European hornets, Vespa crabro L., Cementon, N. Y. Smith, B. P., New York, N. Y. Specimens of spider beetles, Gibbium psylloidcs Czemp., New York, N. Y. Smith, Mrs E. L., Albany, N. Y. Gray squirrel, Albany, N. Y. Smith, Harold, Fredonia, N. Y. Specimens of larvae of strawberry leaf-roller, Ancylis comptana Froel., State Line, Chautauqua county, N. Y. Stauffer, C. R., Minneapolis, Minn. Annelid, Minneapolis, Minn. Stebbins, G. Ledyard, jr, Hamilton, N. Y. 50 specimens of plants from the Catskill mountains Storey, Herman, Albany, N. Y. Specimens of larvae of iris borer, Macronoctua onusta Grt., Albany, N. Y. Thermal Syndicate, Ltd., Brooklyn, N. Y. 2 fused quartz crucibles with covers Thomas, W„ Catskill, N. Y. Early type of telephone Tug Hill Natural Gas & Oil Company, Inc., Lowville, N. Y. 35 samples of rock cuttings from Trenton into granite, William Finn well, Ulrich, William, Albany, N. Y. 2 specimens of barite rosettes, near Norman, Okla. ;6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 5 specimens of cultivated Vicia United States National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. 31 specimens of plants from the eastern United States Vander Veer, Dr J. N., Albany, N. Y. Placard of Albany Hospital, founded 1849 Photograph of physicians Photograph of Professor Joachinkie of Berlin Portrait of Dr Albert Vander Veer Vosburgh, Dr Frances E., Albany, N. Y. Mirror carp, 2 miles east of Voorheesville, N. Y. Waring, Janet, Yonkers, N. Y. Historic lantern slides Welch, William, Albany, N. Y. Slug, Albany, N. Y. Weston, Mrs Harold, St Huberts, N. Y. Specimens of larvae of mountain ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata Hartig., St Huberts, N. Y. Wielt, Henry, Buskirk, N. Y. 6 specimens of plants from Rensselaer county Wilson, T. Y., Schenectady, N. Y. Garden spider, Albany, N. Y. Winne, W. T., Schenectady, N. Y. Specimen of Grindelia squarrosa from Schenectady county, N. Y. Wolf, Professor F. A., Durham, N. C. Specimen of Kcithia juniperi from North Carolina BY EXCHANGE Wells, John W., Homer, N. Y. A slab bearing Devonaster eucharis, in exchange for 3 slabs with crinoids BY PURCHASE Deyo, Clifton J., Castleton on Hudson, N. Y. Spearhead from Henry Rice farm, near East Schodack, N. Y. General Biological Supply House, Chicago, 111. Jewel model, Hydra with bud, longitudinal section with wooden frame Mott, O. L., Oneida, N. Y. Semilunar knife, New London, N. Y. BY MUSEUM STAFF Adams, Dr Charles C., Albany, N. Y. Sora rail, North Elba, N. Y. 6 specimens of allanite, feldspar etc., from Whiteface Mountain highway Adams, Dr Charles C., and Glasgow, Dr R. D., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of parasitic wasp, Pelecinus polyturator Dru., Albany, N. Y. Chamberlain, K. F., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of fly, Coenomyia ferruginea Scop., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of wood-boring beetle, Chalcophora fortis Lee., Medusa, N. Y. Specimen of Catocal'a moth, Albany, N. Y. Glasgow, Dr R. D., Albany, N. Y. 2 specimens of fungi from New York State Specimens of larvae and pupae of a pine bud moth, Yonkers, N. Y. Specimens of parasites of juniper webworm, Ardsley, N. Y. Specimens of mosquitoes, Lake Placid, N. Y. Specimens of lawn ants, Albany, N. Y. Specimens of pine shoot moth, White Plains, N. Y, Specimens of Pales weevil, Yonkers, N. Y. Life stages of black flies, North Elba, N. Y. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 77 Glasgow, Dr R. D., Albany, N. Y., and Dappert, Dr A. F., Delmar, N. Y. Specimens of mosquitoes, Geneva and Seneca Falls, N. Y. Goldring, Winifred, Albany, N. Y. 5 graptolites, Newton Hook, N. Y. Hartnagel, Chris A., Albany, N. Y. 25 specimens of anthracite in Little Falls dolomite, Canajoh'arie, N. Y. House, Dr H. D., Albany, N. Y. Hairy-tailed mole, Loudonville, N. Y. White-throated sparrow, Albany, N. Y. Great horned owl, Meadowdale, N. Y. Snowy owl pellet, Loudonville, N. Y. 1152 specimens of flowering plants, and 109 specimens of mosses, fungi and lichens from New York State Specimen of ground beetle, Geopinus mcrassatus Dej. Loudonville, N. Y. Specimen of mosquito, Loudonville, N. Y. Newland, Dr D. H., Albany, N. Y. 4 lepidolite crystals, Auburn, Maine Piedmontite, Charmian, Pa. 10 specimens of perthitic feldspar, DeKalb Junction, N. Y. 3 specimens of talc, new prospect, Fowler, N. Y. 8 specimens of sphalorite, one large sample, from Parker Estate, Belmat, St Lawrence county, N. Y. 5 specimens of allanite, zircon, pyroxene, from Whiteface Mountain highway Paladin, Arthur, Albany, N. Y. Specimens of larvae, pupae and adult Dermestid beetles, Dermestes vulpinus Fab., Albany, N. Y. Gray squirrel skull, South Bethlehem, N. Y. Ruedemann, Dr Rudolf, Albany, N. Y. 25 graptolites, Stockport, N. Y. Graptolite, Chittenden Falls, N. Y. 11 graptolites, Mount Merino near Hudson, N. Y. Ruedemann, Dr Rudolf, and Goldring, Winifred, Albany, N. Y. 6 graptolites, 1^2 miles north of Columbiaville, N. Y. Ruedemann, Dr Rudolf, Albany, N. Y., and Wilson, T. Y., Schenectady, N. Y. 8 graptolites, Stuyvesant Landing, N. Y. Schoonmaker, W. J., Albany, N. Y. Star-nosed mole, Cherryplain, N. Y. Water shrew, Grafton, N. Y. Short-tailed shrew, Stephentown Center, N. Y. 3 short-tailed shrews, Cherryplain, N. Y. 2 short-tailed shrews, Stephentown, N. Y. 3 short-tailed shrews, Babcock lake, N. Y. Woodchuck skull, Rensselaer, N. Y. 2 red squirrels, Taborton, N. Y. 2 red squirrels, Babcock lake, N. Y. Red squirrel, Nassau, N. Y. Red squirrel, Berlin, N. Y. Chipmunk, Babcock lake, N. Y. 5 field mice, Stephentown, N. Y. 2 field mice, Cherryplain, N. Y. 6 field mice, Babcock lake, N. Y. 3 field mice, Grafton, N. Y. Red-backed mouse, Babcock lake, N. Y. 2 pine mice, Babcock, N. Y. 3 white-footed mice, Berlin, N. Y. Northern white-footed mouse, Babcock lake, N. Y. 13 northern white-footed mice, Rensselaer county, N. Y. Woodland jumping mouse, Grafton, N. Y. Woodland jumping mouse, Babcock lake, N. Y. Sparrow hawk, Schaghticoke, N. Y. Killdeer, Couse, N. Y. Killdeer, Best, N. Y. Hungarian partridge, DeFreestville, N. Y. 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Nest and 2 eggs of eastern crow, Best, N. Y. Eastern meadowlark, DeFreestville, N. Y. Winter wren, Babcock lake, N. Y. Schoonmaker, W. J., and Stoner, D'ayton, Albany, N. Y. 3 little brown bats, Lake George, N. Y. Stoner, Dr Dayton, Albany, N. Y. Gray squirrel, 1 mile north of New Salem, N. Y. Barn swallow, Albany, N. Y. Barn swallow, 7 miles west of Albany, N. Y. 6 barn swallows, Voorheesville, N. Y. 5 bank swallows, Albany, N. Y. 3 bank swallows, 7 miles west of Albany, N. Y. 2 bank swallows, Loudonville, N. Y. 3 bank swallows, Oneida Lake, N. Y. 2 northern cliff swallows, 5 miles northeast of Eagle Mills, N. Y. Eastern kingbird, 10 miles west of Albany, N. Y. Eastern phoebe, Voorheesville, N. Y. Starling, Albany, N. Y. Yellow-breasted chat, 1J/2 miles northeast of Voorheesville, N. Y. English sparrow, Eagle Mills, N. Y. Whitney, A. G., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of psammocharid wasp, Lophopompilus atrox Dahlb., Guilder- land, N. Y. Whitney, Mrs Elsie G., Albany, N. Y. Specimen of Abbott’s sphinx moth, Sphecodina abbottii Swains, Albany, N. Y. 1471 specimens of plants from New York State Wilson, T. Y., Schenectady, N. Y. 14 graptolites, Stockport, N. Y. 11 graptolites, Valley Falls, N. Y. 5 graptolites, Schodack Landing, N. Y. 5 graptolites, Kinderhook quadrangle 2 graptolites, Chittenden Falls, N. Y. 2 graptolites, Chatham, N. Y. 15 graptolites, Stuyvesant Falls, N. Y. 5 graptolites, Mount Merino near Hudson, N. Y. S graptolites, Stottville, N. Y. BY TRANSFER New York State Conservation Department, Albany, N. Y., through Peter Relyea, Guilderland, N. Y. Albino robin Collection of fishes from the 1934 survey of the Mohawk river and tribu- taries GIFTS TO INSTITUTIONS AND INDIVIDUALS Bryant, Charles E., Principal, South High School, Akron, Ohio 2 trilobites and 1 eurypterid Chaney, Professor Ralph W., LTniversity of California, Berkeley, Calif. 2 stumps and 3 pieces of Gilboa tree Christensen, Christian V., high school teacher, Schenectady, N. Y. 20 fossils DeWitt Clinton High School, New York, N. Y. 32 specimens of rocks and minerals Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. 66 graptolite specimens LaSalle School, Albany, N. Y. 30 specimens of rocks and minerals Lyons, Jeanette, Public School 132, Brooklyn, N. Y. 10 mineral specimens REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 79 Okulitch, Dr V. J., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Specimens of Tetradium cellulosum Our Lady of Mercy Convent, New York, N. Y. 34 specimens of rocks and minerals Rush High School, Rush, N. Y. 28 specimens of rocks and minerals Story, Katharine K., Brooklyn, N. Y. 21 specimens of rocks and minerals Wallens, Irving, Brooklyn, N. Y. Specimens of pyrite, calcite, gypsum, feldspar, mica and galena Whalen, Anne E., Kingston, N. Y. Talc, gypsum and garnet (821 Figure 35 Lunette over entrance to Iroquois Indian Groups. Courtesy of David C. Lithgow. Copyrighted. HISTORY OF THE INDIAN GROUPS WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNIC By David C. Lithgow, Artist , Iroquois Indian Groups, New York State Museum (Figures 35-44) The Iroquois Indian Groups I have been asked to write an accurate description of my part in the work on the construction and finishing of the New York State exhibit of Iroquois Indian Groups in the New York State Museum. In 1906 the agitation for an exhibit of Iroquois Indian Groups to be placed in the new Education Building began. Of course there were many suggestions, but nothing of a practical nature developed. The great cycloramas of war triumphs had been exhibited in many parts of this country and were common in Europe, but it was a difficult proposition to make a semicircular group. This was a thing to be well thought out, an exhibit where any one could get a close view, and the details must be quite accurate. The late Dr John M. Clarke, then the Director of the State Museum, and myself had many talks on this subject and finally came to the conclusion that a small model to scale would be the first step. I was ordered to make such model. I think that model is still in existence. Caspar Mayer, who had had a great deal of experience in casting in plaster from life, including the casting of Eskimo groups for the American Museum of Natural History was commissioned to proceed with Arthur C. Parker, who was at that time State Archeologist of the State Museum staff. There was considerable discussion as to the advisability of casting from life or modeling the figures. Cast- ing from life is much less expensive and it was thought for exhibition purposes much more advisable, that is, if one could obtain the models that were not corrupted with mixed blood. The groups were to represent men and women of the Indian tribes before the white man came. Mr Parker was of the opinion that he could pick the types and he succeeded. Two figures, however, modeled in clay by Henri Marchand in my studio, 5 7 North Pearl Street, Albany, N. Y., were considered too statuesque and did not have the proper skin texture. Mr Marchand is responsible for the six figures in the Mohawk Warrior Group (figure 36). Two of these were modeled — the woman with her arm upraised and the warrior with the club, ready to strike; the other four figures were cast from life, faces or masks being from Indians, but not all the bodies. [83] 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM All the figures were to be painted or primed by the plaster casters, but of course the finished coloring was to be left until the work was advanced to the assembling in the finished groups. It would have been quite impossible to finish them otherwise, since the figures were cast in many different places and under different conditions. In the spring of 1909 Mr Parker and I started for Canandaigua lake to begin our studies for the landscape settings and the general contour of the ground. We stayed overnight with D. D. Luther at Naples, on the south end of the lake. Mr Luther was at that time Assistant State Geologist, and had made some important discoveries in fossils on the shore of Canandaigua lake. In the morning we went up the lake to the west side overlooking Bare hill where the first painting was made (figure 37). The sketches were painted on three canvases, each 36 inches by 24 inches, one looking straight for- ward, one looking to the left, and one to the right, so as to have enough material for a semicircle. This work took about a week; our arrangements were that the State was to pay all expenses for the field work, and I was to give my time on condition that I was to have full credit for all the work I did. The next work was to find the proper locations for the other groups. Of course this was entrusted to Mr Parker. We worked together always, and I look back with great pleasure to those old days when all we talked about was the Indian groups, in fact thought of nothing else and were planning continually for the betterment of the exhibits. We went to Onondaga, where we stayed for a time, studying the people, habits and general customs. The next painting or sketch was made at Manlius. The sketch was for the Council Group (figure 38) which included a bark house. The bark and the log house were found by Mr Parker in Wisconsin. The log house had to be cut to fit the cases. The next sketch was for the Oneida Industry Group (figure 40) and was made at Nichols pond near Perry ville. At Utts Point on Cayuga lake a sketch was made for the Cayuga or Ceremonial Group (figure 39). The group depicting the preparation of foods was painted at Mount Morris on the banks of the Genesee river (figure 41) just below Squaky hill, where we camped in a corn stalk house. In November we started out to locate the scene for the Mohawk or Warrior Group (figure 36). This time we took along a tent and a camper, to act as cook and wood gatherer. We had thought 185] Figure 36 The Mohawk Warrior Group. Captives within the stockade. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn. [86] stone hatchet. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn. 18;] Figure 38 The Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group. Indian government in deliberation. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn. [88] Figure 39 The Cayuga Purification Ceremony Group. A religious ceremony for driving away evil spirits. Courtesy of J. [89] Figure 40 The Oneida Industry Group. The varied industries of the forest. Courtesy of j. A. Glenn. Figure 41 The Seneca Corn Harvest Group. Corn pone in the making. Courtesy of J. A. Glenn. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 91 that the place would be Tribes Hill, but stopped off at Amsterdam and had a talk with Max Reid, who had done good work in archeology. He informed us that the site of the Mohawk village was at Sprakers. We located the place at Mitchell’s farm. Being an Indian himself, Mr Parker had and has the inherited faculty of knowing how to locate such sites. There we worked in the cold, he doing his writ- ing and digging up many early Indian implements, such as arrow- heads, stone axes and bits of broken pottery. The size of the sketches was reduced from 36 by 24 inches to 18 by 24 inches, since the former size proved to be too large. Many of the sketches were delayed because of rain or snow. Always there was frost. In spite of the hardships the work was finished. The next difficulty encountered was that of finding a place to paint the large canvases, size 60 feet by 20 feet, also the proper color to use ; the ordinary dry color was not quite good enough, and oil tube color would darken in time. We finally decided to use guash color. This is ground in honey as a binder; the white used was half zinc and half lead, and the colors were furnished by Beilenberg and Company of New York. After a proper study I found that heavy duck canvas ten feet wide could be sewed together making one seam which would come at the horizon and would not show ; we could get any length we desired. The canvas was furnished by M. G. Stoneman and Son, Albany, N. Y. When the Universalist Church, at the corner of Jay and Swan streets, Albany, became vacant, this was rented as a studio. The main auditorium was used for painting the canvases, and the Sun- day School rooms were the office and studio of Mr Parker. All the plaster casts of the Indian figures were stored in one corner ; it was here that all the Indian garments were fashioned and worked with bead and porcupine quill designs, leggins, moccasins and other clothing were made. This work was all done by two Seneca Indian women, Mrs Alice Shongo and her daughter, Mrs Maud Hurd. Frames were built to stretch the canvas on, benches for the palette and a large rolling step-ladder with a platform half way up. Since the work had been going on intermittently for about four years, it was decided to work out a full-sized model of one of the groups. So I built a large box the size of the case. Of course many things had to be thought out, such as lighting profiles, which means to reduce the trees so that they will appear distant, also planning lights properly to absorb shadows, building foregrounds to the con- tour of natural ground, collecting the necessary shrubbery, and then taking measures to preserve everything by means of dust-proof 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ventilators. It was realized that the light must be indirect but the difficulty was to make the light come the proper way ; for example, the light coming over Bare hill (figure 37) had to be made to appear to come directly toward the spectator, yet the artificial light must be placed in front. This was overcome by painting the shadows in front of the figures. In building this group I used plaster for the ground work, forming the contour with upright 2x4’s covered with netted wire, then laying burlaps dipped in plaster on top of the wire, and build- ing up to the form, setting the figures before the plaster was set. This proved too soft, however, and the finished groups are made in cement. I also found it impossible to use the casts of the Indians as they were cast. Since they had been cast at different places the proper correlation of thought could not be obtained, so I had to rearrange much of the work that had already been done, raising heads, extending necks and contracting back muscles, turning eyes and changing hands. All had to be repainted, and I found it neces- sary to study the skin color. Mr Parker and I made a trip to the Grand River Reservation, at Obsweken, Ontario, Canada, where I made some studies of Indian color. We stayed there for two weeks. I painted study heads of a young girl, a middle-aged woman, and an old man, which covered about what we needed. I painted the figures a red flesh color, graying them as the color neared the feet, then glazing with a light brown. The glaze color showed the pores of the skin. Then the figures were waxed to the proper gloss. I also tried to make the skin appear wet with perspiration, especially where the subject was working out in the open or around a fire. Our first thought was to cast the foliage in wax, but this was realized to be impracticable since the groups would be subjected to heat and the wax might melt. It was therefore decided to use cloth leaves and color them, but before proceeding with this work I made a second trip to Canandaigua, to check up on ground color and foliage and to approximate the amount of foliage required. This was done by counting the leaves on a small sapling. The twigs and boughs were preserved from dry rot by using glycerine to keep the exhibit moist. Since we used the tops of trees there was the difficulty of making them appear like full growth. I modeled knots on the trunks to make them look like full-sized trees, then wired many thousands of leaves onto the branches, all of which had to be graduated as to size and position. Still another difficulty was that the garments had to be cut to fit the figures. One does not expect a plaster figure to raise his arms REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 93 to get into his clothes, nor raise his leg to step into his trousers, nor lift his foot to step into his moccasin. Many of the small details caused much trouble. An example was the bow in the hand of the archer, in the Hunters Group, (figure 37). We tried a real bow, but found that the constant strain of the bow could not be held in the plaster fingers, so we had to make a plaster bow ; and so it went from one trouble to another, but there was always a way. The group set up in the church studio was at last finished and I look back with pleasure at the fine reception it received. Doctor Clarke was enthusiastic. He told me that “it was a great load off his mind” and that “he felt sure that the money spent had been put to good use.” Some time passed before the Education Building was ready for the proper installation of the groups. At that time we were expected to furnish the cases, and I was asked to supply plans and specifica- tions for them. It was from my drawings that the present cases were made. Instead of wood, the State Architect built them of plaster. The installing of the groups in their permanent place did not take place until 1915. The work was much the same as at the church, some changes being made, as the groups differed. Some facts about each group are given below. The Hunters Group (figure 37). This was the first to be finished, and to it was added a bark house. We also had a little trouble with moths getting into wigs. The Warrior Group (figure 36). To this was added a timber stockade with a fighting top, or shelf. The Council Group (figure 38). This shows the interior of a bark house. The roof poles were held together with slippery elm bark, which had to be soaked in water to make it pliable. The south end of the house had to be painted on the wall, as we did not have bark enough to complete it. The Ceremonial Group (figure 39). The log house had to be pieced out, since the timbers came too short. We had to splice all the roof beams and put on a canvas roof and a new board ceiling, painted to look old. We also made a chimney from plaster to look like stone. The lighting of this group was difficult. The Industry Group (figure 40). This group was the most difficult. It has the most foliage and an attempt was made to break up the denseness Of the foliage with patches of sunlight. The site is at Nichols pond, and the studies were painted at the edge of a small forest. The figures in the group represent man at Indian 94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM industries. The Weaver is indeed a picture in itself ; she is well posed, in fact, one of the best in the entire groups. She had to be greatly changed to fit the position. The Basket Maker, a crouched figure, was very difficult to dress. The Potter had to be greatly changed also ; the original face was not good, and Doctor Clarke felt that I should make it over, and it was remodeled. As the potter always works near water, I attempted a small pool ; this was made of plate glass, and unless kept clean and free from dust the effect is not good. The male figures are : The Carver and the Arrow Maker. All the figures in this group are painted a lighter color because of the shade. I found at this time that the light from the large entrance arch destroyed the lighting effect, as the spectators could see nothing but their own reflection. It was therefore necessary to paint the lunette (figure 35) over the arch to form a shadow over the observation platform. I painted the lunette in my studio. It was a surprise to Doctor Clarke, since he did not expect a picture but merely some form of design. He was pleased, however, and thought I had been inspired by one of his writings. The Harvest Group, of Squaky Hill (figure 41). This was a great pleasure to do, being so full of color. The corn once grew on the flats at Menands. We set the stalks up in soft cement, then let them dry, and when they showed no trace of moisture they were shellacked, the leaves were wired on the stalks and painted three coats. When freshly painted the match to the painted corn could not be seen ; of course as time passes the different materials change a little, the landscape being painted in distemper color, the corn painted in oil color, in fact, all the leaves were done in oil color. Preparing sketches, posing the figures, making necessary changes, painting the landscape, forming all grounds, with all their accessories, dressing and painting all figures, lighting to absorb all shadows, setting all foliage and designing the cases, making the models for the same, and being responsible for the general effect in color and lighting were my major responsibilities. The paintings should not be called back- grounds; that sounds like a photographic background, and is not much like an artist’s work, for an artist paints landscapes. All this work was executed by myself, assisted by Joseph Wall, a painter, and Martin Ruddmann, a helper. The casters had nothing to do with the installing for the groups ; they were not there to my knowledge, as their work was finished three years before the groups were installed, and they did not claim any great credit until all the difficult work was finished. O N O N D A [95] Figure 42 The Onondaga Mural [y6] Figure 43 The Seneca Mural [97] Figure 44 The Mohawk Mural REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 99 Decoration of the Indian Hall On the completion of the Indian Groups, we found it necessary to change the effect of the wall surface in the decoration of the corridor of the Indian hall, to something appropriate. The lines of the cases were classic, in moldings, cornices and gen- eral structure, and that made it difficult to treat the corridors in any other ornament than classic. We decided, however, to try some- thing original in decoration and to keep all ornament in Indian motive. The designs selected were thus basketry, beads, wampum, trophies, masks and similar objects. A series of ventilators on the main wall surfaces presented a diffi- culty to be overcome ; there were also fire hose, steam pipes and other unsightly materials that go into all modern buildings, which do not lend themselves to good decoration. Of course many means exist by which one can attain a combination of proportion and harmony, that may give birth to a sentiment of beauty. May I refer to a great authority on this all too much over- looked subject? “The art of ornamentation is derived from the sim- plest geometric figures — a square, a lozenge and a triangle — the repe- tition and intermingling of which frequently suffice to form an interesting whole, leading on to the most ingeniously complicated interlacings, of animal and the human figures which are mixed and blended together. What a vast domain for the ornamentalist who thus finds himself master of that fantastic and charming world, which depends not upon nature but upon the imagination! The freely ranging caprice must be not regulated by taste and judged by the effect produced, which must be, whatever the means employed, to produce harmony in form as well as color.” Thus the place which ornament occupies in the artistic scale is important, even though it is less ambitious than some other forms of art. If, however, it does not attempt to raise our souls and make them vibrate with deepest feelings, it does respond to one of the most instinctive needs of our nature, that of embellishing the objects around us. It was our task to embellish the plain surface wall with some- thing agreeable to the Indian feeling and the classic. We first covered all the large surfaces with canvas, properly primed with paint. The size of the basket design was regulated by the size of the ventilators (figure 43) as our object was in a way to disguise them. In the frieze we adopted the design of wampum, that is, the design of wampum belts of the different tribes of the Iroquois, mak- ing a little more in the design of the big brothers, namely Onondaga, IOO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Seneca and Mohawk, and simplifying the lesser brothers, Cayuga and Oneida, and the adopted tribe Tuscarora. In the large painted trophies on the main wall we tried to do something to denote the different tribal clans, which the groups did not bring out as much as could be desired. Only the small figures painted or worked with the needle on the breech cloth of the figures, or perhaps a little design worked on the garments, illustrated these details. In the painted trophy The Onondaga (figure 42) the wolf, two crotched sticks with wampum bead thrown over the cross stick or the bidding post, is the main theme. The Seneca. For the Bear Clan (figure 43) we used a decorated quiver with arrows, and the wampum belt figures of leaning strength or supporting strength. The Mohawk. This tribe being the greatest of the warriors, (figure 44) we decorated with their implements of war, such as clubs, tomahawks, scalp strings and their wampum belts. The Oneidas. For the Turtle Clan, the wampum belt and the ever growing tree were utilized. The Cayuga (Grotesque). The Ceremonial Mask design was adapted to balance the mask in the Mohawk Trophy. There were many clans but only three were essential, the Bear, Wolf and the Turtle, and without these no council was of course valid. There were also the Beaver, Deer, Snipe, Heron, Hawk and many other clans. Tuscaroras. The Tuscaroras were added in 1714 to the Iroquois Confederacy, and since it has been termed the Six Nations. The Tuscaroras’ position was not equal to the others. Except by court- esy they had no vote, nor had they any title to the land. Since they were great corn growers we adapted their false face masks made with corn shocks. All the pilasters are of bead design and no two are alike; the color had to be kept light and warm in tone. THE INDIAN GROUPS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNIC By Noah T. Clarke, State Archeologist, New York State Museum (Figures 36-41) CONTENTS Introduction History of the Groups Search for and Selection of Models Detailed Description of Figures 1 Seneca Harvest Group 2 Oneida Industry Group 3 Cayuga Purification Ceremony Group 4 Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group 5 Mohawk Warrior Group 6 Seneca Hunting Group Casting and Coloring Selection of Sites and the Preparation of Landscapes and Accessories General Description of the Finished Groups References INTRODUCTION Probably the Indian Groups in the New York State Museum have attracted more attention and been of greater general interest than any other one exhibit in the Museum. Since their inception in 1906, and the public announcement that such a plan was under way, they have created a constantly increasing interest ; and the statement that these are the finest ethnological groups ever attempted seems to be merited to this day. They are not only a tribute to the State Mus- eum but they reflect the forethought and genius of those who planned and executed the many details of their construction. Intermingled with the picture-story that these groups convey, there is still another story lying behind these scenes about which the visitor is likely to be interested. This story involves such ques- tions as when, where, why and how were these groups made, and by whom? Solely as a matter of record for the Museum, and in the expectation that the story may be of service to other museum workers, is the following account set forth. It should be understood at the outset that the writer has had no part in the actual construction of these groups ; although he has watched and studied every procedure and perhaps can fully appre- ciate the ever-present need of patience and resourcefulness in the undertaking of a commission such as this. For certain accurate data concerning the figures and accessories of the groups, the writer is gratefully indebted to former State Archeologist, Arthur C. Parker, who is now director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences ; David C. Lithgow, Albany artist ; and the late Caspar Mayer, sculptor, New York City. [101] 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM HISTORY OF THE GROUPS In 1906 the scientific collections and exhibits of the State Museum were distributed in five separate buildings. Much of this material was inaccessible to the public because of cramped quarters and the lack of a museum building. In that year a preliminary appropriation was granted by the Legislature which resulted in the Education Build- ing, the present home of the Museum. Preparations and plans for the centralization of all this material took form. Museums of this country and Europe were studied for the most approved methods of exhibition. It was found that many of the museums had aroused public interest by using natural habitat groups in displaying animals and birds, and a few of the larger museums had established ethnologi- cal groups. Nothing had been done on a very large or elaborate scale in ethnology in any of them, and it became apparent there was a growing call for this style of exhibit and a real need for this Museum to develop popular interest in our Iroquois Indians, when we should occupy our new quarters. And so the idea of these Indian Groups was conceived. The plan was presented to the Director of the Museum, the late Dr John M. Clarke, by former State Archeologist Arthur C. Parker and together ways and means of accomplishment were devised. Through Doctor Clarke’s efforts, Mrs Frederick F. Thompson, of Canandaigua, N. Y., was given the opportunity to establish these groups as a memorial to her father, Myron H. Clark, Governor of New York State from 1855 to 1857, by presenting to the State Museum the sum of $15,000 to cover the expense of making and installing these exhibits. Cases. To supplement this gift, the State Architect’s Office drew up plans for building six steel and concrete cases, for which the State of New York paid the sum of $13,000, and $717 for the electrical system. The construction of the cases was necessarily delayed until the latter part of 1914, after much of the accessory material had been gathered, the 39 Indian life casts made and the six large landscape paintings had been completed. The plans for these cases specified that they should be built in four blocks, two of which should each contain two cases placed back to back, and so constructed that they would become an integral part of the building and so arranged that each case would face another in a block opposite. This idea being carried out, the cases now stand along the north side of the west mezzanine floor of the Museum and are covered with a false ceiling which entirely cuts off all daylight from former skylights. By such an arrangement but one group may be seen at a time ; for in order to REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 103 see one, the visitor must turn his back on the other opposite. Thus all objects which might detract or divert are excluded from vision, and full attention is concentrated on each group as it is visited. A low platform places one on the ground level with that of the groups and a railing assures that the visitor will not get too close to obtain an improper perspective when viewing them. The inside measurement of each case is 24 feet 4 inches wide, 13 feet 3 inches deep, and 15 feet 3 inches high. Unfortunately, it was necessary to divide the glass fronts into three sections because it was found impossible to bring into the building single sheets of plate glass large enough to fit the spaces allowed. Each front carries a central glass measuring 8 feet 6 inches by 9 feet and two on either side of it, 4 feet by 9 feet. The three sections are joined by a thin and narrow steel mullion, however, which does not impair the general effectiveness of the groups. As originally planned, the height of the groups was to have been extended several feet to the skylight in order that the background paintings might continue straight up beyond the line of the spectator’s vision. This would have eliminated the necessity of curving each background forward to meet the ceiling and would have allowed a flood of day- light from the top to aid in illumination. As it is, the tops of trees had to be sawed off to fit them to the cases ; but these were replaced and continued, in effect, on the ceiling by the skilful brush of David C. Lithgow. It might be well to mention, at this point, that Mr Lithgow is altogether responsible for the artistic excellence of these fine exhibits. He it was who made the studies and executed the large landscapes. Mr Lithgow personally selected, gathered and prepared such access- ories as trees, shrubbery and foliage ; all of which he arranged in the groups with tne figures. He even had to make changes in the poses of some of the figures. The beautiful lighting effects, the modeling of the groundwork, and the general assembling of the groups is the result of Mr Lithgow’s talent and labor. As has been stated, the preliminary ideas for the groups were thought out and planned by Mr Parker. His authoritative knowledge of Iroquois archeology and ethnology stands back of and vouches for their scientific accuracy. In illustrating the various activities of New York Indian life in precolonial time, Mr Parker chose to interpret the following: hunting, warfare, council, ceremony, industry and agricul- ture. But no better description of his conceived purposes in build- ing these groups can be found than in his own words : The object is to portray in a material way the characteristic habits of Iroquois life. These life activities it will be realized in general were 104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM similar to those of other people living in the eastern forest areas and in the same cultural stage. Ethnological groups . . . add an element of realism impossible to secure by any other method. A group of casts properly arranged shows at a glance what would take many pages to describe and a great deal of shelf room to illustrate. The virtue of such groups is that costumes, ornaments, implements and utensils are all properly correlated and their uses shown. In carrying out our plan the idea is to have every possible feature of it genuine. The casts are to be genuine life casts of Iroquois Indians, their costumes genuine Iroquois costumes, Iroquois made and decorated, and the paintings are to be accurate representations of scenery intimately connected with Iroquois history. When installed each group as viewed from the front of the case will present the illusion of an actual view of nature (Parker To, p. 64). SEARCH FOR AND SELECTION OF MODELS In preparing to consummate these plans it was necessary to search for correct Indian models for casting. This proved to be something of a difficult undertaking, since many Indians, it was found, were not willing to undergo the ordeal of being cast. This was especially true among the women, who were found to be possessed of much natural modesty. In 1908, however, the archeologist, accompanied by Henri Marchand, sculptor, visited the Six Nations’ Reservation at Obsweken, Ontario, Canada, where seven subjects were selected for the Mohawk Warrior Group (figure 36). Molds of these were made there at that time and the following year casts for this group were completed at Albany by Mr Marchand. Again, in 1909, the arch- eologist selected six more models for the Seneca Harvest Group (figure 41) at the Cattaraugus Reservation, which is located in the counties of Erie, Cattaraugus and Chautauqua. Here the molds of these were made by Caspar Mayer, sculptor, and cast during the month of September in his studio at 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. In October of the same year a number of models from the Seneca and Canadian reservations were brought to a rented studio in Buffalo where molds were made by Mr Mayer and later cast by him, in his studio at Astoria, for the figures of the Oneida Industry Group (figure 40). The five Seneca Indians who posed for the Seneca Hunting Group (figure 36) were taken directly to Mr Mayer’s Astoria studio, where they were successfully cast. Thus, by the end of 1909, we were proud to announce that eight female Indians had been cast in plaster and that they were the only Iroquois women ever to be recorded in this way. In the preparation for the Cayuga Ceremonial Group figures (figure 39) the archeologist made masks, in 1910, of a series of ten Cayugas at the Grand River Reservation, Ontario, Canada. During June and REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 105 July of that year, Mr Mayer completed the life casts for this group at his home studio. The Onondaga Indians for the Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group (figure 38) came to Albany from the Onondaga Reserva- tion, near Syracuse, to be cast by Mr Marchand in 1911. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES The following information concerning the individual figures in each of the groups is inserted here as a permanent record, as well as for purposes of identification. Seneca Harvest Group (figure 41) Cat. No. 37578 Man with paddle; James Longfeather, Mohawk Indian. Address : Caughnawaga, Canada. Mold made at Cattaraugus Reservation by Caspar Mayer and cast by him during Septem- ber 1909 at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37579 Woman pounding corn for meal; Carrie Parker, Seneca Indian. Address: Akron, N. Y. Mold made at Tonawanda Reserva- tion by Caspar Mayer and cast by him during September 1909 at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37580 Woman shelling beans; Julia Crouse (dead), Seneca Indian. Mold made at Cattaraugus Reservation by Caspar Mayer and cast by him during September 1909 at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37581 Woman braiding corn; Jennie Mohawk, Seneca Indian. Address : Irving, N. Y. Mold made at Cattaraugus Reserva- tion by Caspar Mayer and cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37582 Woman baking corn bread; Geneva Jimerson, Seneca Indian. Address : Irving, N. Y. Mold made at Cattaraugus Reserva- tion by Caspar Mayer and cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37583 Woman gathering corn; Mrs Otto Parker (dead), Seneca Indian. Mold made at Tonawanda Reservation by Caspar Mayer and cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Oneida Industry Group (figure 40) 37571 Woman basket weaver; M. Shongo, Oneida-Seneca Indian. Address : Brant, N. Y. Mold made at rented studio in Buffalo during October 1909 by Caspar Mayer and later cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37572 Sleeping infant ; Cloud Child, Oneida-Seneca Indian from Syra- cuse, N. Y. Mold made at rented studio in Buffalo during October 1909 by Caspar Mayer and later cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37573 Woman belt weaver ; Mrs Redeye, Oneida-Seneca Indian. Address: Syracuse, N. Y. Mold made at rented studio in Buf- falo during October 1909 by Caspar Mayer and later cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37574 Arrow maker ; Honyost, Oneida Indian. Address : Syracuse, N. Y. Mold made at rented studio in Buffalo during October 1909 by Caspar Mayer and later cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37575 Wood carver ; Silverheels, Oneida Indian. Address : Irving, N. Y. Mold made at rented studio in Buffalo during October 1909 by Caspar Mayer and later cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37576 Woman moccasin maker; Mrs Washburn, Oneida(?) Indian. Address : Irving, N. Y. Mold made at rented studio in Buffalo during October 1909 by Caspar Mayer and later cast by him at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37577 Woman potter; M. General. Face remodeled in 1913 at Albany by David C. Lithgow. Cayuga Ceremony Group (figure 39) 37565 Masked medicine man shaking bark rattle while dancing; Avery Gordon (dead), Cayuga Indian. Mold and cast made in 1910 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 107 37566 Woman sitting on bench in corner; Maude General (dead), Cayuga Indian. Mold and cast made in 1910 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37567 Young man standing before medicine man ; Jacob Williams, Cayuga(?) Indian. Mold and cast made in 1910 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37568 Old man sitting on bench shaking turtle rattle; John Redeye (dead), Cayuga Indian. Mold and cast made in 1910 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37569 Woman standing while ashes are placed on head ; Mohawk Girl, Cayuga Indian. Address : Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Mold and cast made in 1910 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37570 Medicine man kneeling before fireplace ; Two Guns, Cayuga Indian. Address : Gowanda, N. Y. Mold and cast made in 1910 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37656 Masked medicine man blowing ashes through hands ; name unknown, Cayuga Indian. Mold and cast made in 1910 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group (figure 38) 37558 Council member standing near wampum rack ; Pierce, Onon- daga Indian. Address : Onondaga Reservation, R.D. 25, Syra- cuse, N. Y. Mold and cast made in 1911 by Henri Mar- chand at Albany. 37559 Presiding chief of Turtle Clan with string of wampum in right hand and left arm extended ; George, Onondaga Indian. Address : Onondaga Reservation, R.D. 25, Syracuse, N. Y. Mold and cast made in 1911 by Henri Marchand at Albany. 37560 Chief of Turtle Clan seated with string of wampum in right hand ; Crouse, Onondaga Indian. Address : Onondaga Reser- vation, R.D. 25, Syracuse, N. Y. Mold and cast made in 1911 by Henri Marchand at Albany. io8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 37561 Chief of Turtle Clan seated with cane in both hands; Adam Jones (Two Moons), Onondaga Indian. Address: Onon- daga Reservation, R.D. 25, Syracuse, N. Y. Mold and cast made in 1911 by Henri Marchand at Albany. 37562 Chief of Turtle Clan seated with cane in right hand and chin resting on left hand; David George (dead), Onondaga Indian from Cattaraugus Reservation, Irving, N. Y. Mold and cast made in 1911 by Henri Marchand at Albany. 37563 Woman; Mrs Blackfish, Onondaga Indian. Address: Obswe- ken, Ontario, Canada. Mold and cast made in 1911 by Henri Marchand at Albany. 37564 Secretary to woman, holding club; Isaac Williams jr, Onon- daga Indian. Address : Onondaga Reservation, R.D. 25, Syra- cuse, N. Y. Mold and cast made in 1911 by Henri Mar- chand at Albany. Mohawk Warrior Group (figure 36) 3755 1 Woman interceding in behalf of prisoner; Mrs Lottridge, Mohawk Indian. Address: Six Nations’ Reservation, Obswe- ken, Ontario, Canada. Mold made in 1908 on Reservation by Henri Marchand and cast by him in 1909 at Albany. 37552 Captive with folded arms; M. Anthony (dead), Delaware Indian. Mold made in 1908 on the Six Nations’ Reservation, Obsweken, Ontario, Canada, by Henri Marchand and cast by him in 1909 at Albany. 37553 Member of war party kneeling beside booty; Martin, Mohawk Indian. Address : Six Nations’ Reservation, Obsweken, Ontario, Canada. Mold made in 1908 on reservation by Henri Marchand and cast by him in 1909 at Albany. 37554 Warrior with uplifted club; Burning Sky, Mohawk Indian. Address: Six Nations’ Reservation, Obswekan, Ontario, Can- ada. Mold made in 1908 on reservation by Henri Marchand and cast by him in 1909 at Albany. % 37555 Warrior shouting to others in village; Bombay, Mohawk Indian. Address: Six Nations’ Reservation, Obsweken, Ontario, Canada. Mold made in 1908 on reservation by Henri Marchand and cast by him in 1909 at Albany. 37556 Warrior bringing in wounded prisoner; Newhouse, Mohawk Indian. Address : Six Nations’ Reservation, Obsweken, Ontario, Canada. Mold made in 1908 on reservation by Henri Marchand and cast by him in 1909 at Albany. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR iog 37557 Wounded captive with bundle on shoulder; Montour, Delaware Indian. Address: Six Nations’ Reservation, Obsweken, Ontario, Canada. Mold made in 1908 on reservation by Henri Marchand and cast by him in 1909 at Albany. Seneca Hunting Group (figure 37) 37546 Old father with fawn on shoulder; George Jacobs (dead), Seneca Indian. Cast in 1909 by Caspar Mayer at his studio .24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37547 Older son with bow and arrow; George Jimmerson (dead). Seneca Indian. Cast in 1909 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37548 Mother skiving a deer pelt; Naomi Jemison (dead), Seneca Indian. Cast in 1909 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37549 Daughter cutting venison to be dried; Victoria Jemison (dead), Seneca Indian. Cast in 1909 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. 37550 Younger son chopping tree; Stephen Silverheels, Seneca Indian. Address : U. S. Navy. Cast in 1909 by Caspar Mayer at his studio 24 Carver street, Astoria, Long Island. Painted by Mr and Mrs Mayer at Universalist Church, Albany. CASTING AND COLORING Casting. The highly successful methods in building these groups are, for the most part, still in vogue and are employed by museum artists and preparators. Because of this fact and because the groups have endured so well over a period of 20 years, it seems worth while to recount, somewhat in detail, just what these processes are and what took place during their construction. As previously stated, the Indian figures were not made at the same time or at the same place. The work was governed by circum- stance and was done in many places ; in an Indian home on a reserva- tion, or in a studio. It was sometimes necessary to do this work on the spot — even in a cornfield — where the Indian subject decided to undergo the embarrassment, as well as the discomfort, of having his naked body covered with plaster of Paris to obtain the mold from which the cast was made. But wherever this happened to take place, the process was the same. no NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are certain essential precautions which must be observed in order that there be no difficulty in removing a hard plaster mold from a living subject without doing injury to either. Consequently, the greatest care is given the preparation of the individual before actual application of plaster to his skin. Eyes are protected with close fit- ting paper shields, ears are filled with cotton and, to facilitate natural breathing while the plaster sets, tubes are inserted in the nostrils, or in the mouth if necessary. If the hair is not to be cast, it is protected with a rubber cap ; otherwise it is treated with a heavy application of warm thick soft soap which, upon cooling, holds the hair firmly together in a gelatinous mass. Superfluous hair is either shaved off or, as in treating the eyebrows, it is held close to the skin with a liberal coat of vaseline. The skin is protected by bathing with olive or mineral oil which acts as a means of separation when the mold is removed. In this connection, a method must be provided whereby the plaster mold, when still soft, may be cut in two parts before it is, or can be, removed from the model. A line of stout string, temporarily held in place with small strips of adhesive tape, or other suitable material, is arranged over the arms, head, body and legs in much the same fashion as a meridian divides the globe into two hemispheres. Both ends of this string are left freely exposed when the plaster is applied ; so that at the proper time they may be pulled in such a manner that the string will follow its course over the body and cut the mold in halves. Successful casting depends largely on producing a good mold, and unless plaster is properly prepared when being mixed in preparation to use, there is little hope of obtaining perfection. With suitable equip- ment and the knowledge of just what action and results may be expected of materials under variable conditions, one may proceed with confidence in the work at hand. It should be remembered that chemi- cal action starts at the moment plaster is brought in contact with water. The reaction of the two is the liberation of a generous amount of heat; which must be controlled as much as possible because of the consideration due the feelings of the individual being cast. This is especially true now on account of using quick setting dental plaster. It becomes wise, therefore, to start by mixing the plaster in ice water, and when ready to apply to the body the setting mass should be allowed to remain in contact with the skin only just long enough to assure successful results. In other words, speed is essential as soon as the first handful of plaster comes in contact with water, and alert- ness must be maintained throughout the work until the mold is removed. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR III With these precautions in mind, and after the model has been care- fully prepared and comfortably posed in the desired position, the oper- ator begins mixing plaster by rapidly adding it to a large clean agate receptacle filled one-third full of water. By shaking his upturned hand the operator distributes the plaster evenly by letting it fall between the fingers ; until soon it will be noticed that little islands are forming at the surface of the water. The quantity of plaster becomes sufficient when there is just a thin film of water left at the top and it becomes barely possible for the water to absorb additional. At this point the sides of the vessel are tapped to release air bubbles which rise to the surface to form scum. This is removed and the whole mass vigorously stirred with the open hand for a few seconds, to assure a uniform smoothness and a freedom of possible lumps in the mixture. The batch is ready for use when it attains a consistency comparable to that of soft cottage cheese and when there is visible evidence that it is starting to set. There is now no time lost in applying the plaster to the body with the hand used as a trowel. Starting at the feet (with the back of the hand toward the model and with an upward brushing movement) the operator causes the plaster to slide over the palm of the hand and tips of the fingers to the model where it remains in place. It is desirable that plaster be as little disturbed as possible after coming in contact with the skin of the model. In the first place, a harder and stronger plaster results, after fully set, than one agitated at this period. In the second place, unless one is particularly cautious, a considerable portion is apt to slide off the model onto the floor. Con- sequently, any slight spreading or smoothing of the plaster that seems necessary should be carefully done at once with the back of the hand. As the process continues, until the model is entirely enveloped, it is essential to watch for the proper moment to pull the cutting strings to divide the plaster into sections whereby the model may be released from his temporary chrysalis. This moment is perhaps the crucial test ; for if the strings are drawn too soon it is apt to cause as much trouble as if the operator had delayed too long. In either event it is likely that the chisel and mallet will be the final resort — much to the added discomfort of the model. The exact time when the cutters may safely be pulled is determined only by one long exper- ienced in the working with plaster, and therefore no set rule can, with safety, be stated. The impression, or negative, of the model which has been pro- duced, is reassembled and is the mold from which the true likeness of the living figure is reproduced, or cast. The cast is either made of solid plaster, or cast hollow. Whichever way is decided upon, 1 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the sections of the mold are either dried and treated with thin shellac and then oiled, or soft soap is applied directly to the mold without previous drying. Thus, a means of separation is provided between the mold and the cast. In assembling the mold, preparatory to cast- ing, each piece must be securely fastened together and held firmly in the place which it originally occupied when it was made over the living model. Strips of open-mesh burlap dipped in thick plaster and then wound around the outside of the mold will answer this pur- pose. If the cast is to be made solid, the mold is assembled around an iron pipe framework which serves as a skeleton or rigid internal brace for the legs, body, neck and arms. Both mold and framework are fastened to a wooden base so that when the cast is poured each will remain in the correct position. The actual filling of the mold is accomplished by running the plaster through a wide-mouth funnel inserted in an opening cut in the top of the mold. To avoid difficulty and to insure a perfect cast, it is quite necessary to mix sufficient plaster to entirely fill the mold with a batch which is clean, free from lumps and as smooth as heavy cream. When making a hollow cast, the above process is followed ; except that there is no base or framework required until later. In this case the mold is filled by pouring the plaster through the opening left by the soles of the living model’s feet which were not covered when the mold was made. By repeatedly filling the mold through this open- ing and then allowing the plaster to run out, as the mold is slowly revolved, there gradually forms a layer of plaster within, which makes a shell about an inch thick. This may now be strengthened on the inside with burlap and plaster. Coloring. After 39 of these figures had been cast they had to be provided with the natural skin coloration of the originals before they could be ready to receive the wigs, wearing apparel, ornaments and other paraphernalia with which they would eventually appear in the groups. The color artist, like the worker with plaster, requires a knowledge of the behavior of his materials under varying conditions. As no two casts are apt to be of exactly the same texture or degree of hardness, there is, therefore, no uniform surface with which the artist may deal in producing realistic skin colors and maintaining the soft fleshy appearance of life. In this work the first application of sizing is ordinarily one of an extremely thin varnish consisting of about one teaspoonful to a cup of turpentine. When this completely dries, a second coat containing three or four teaspoonfuls of varnish to the cup of turpentine should be sufficient to produce an even dull gloss REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR ”3 over the surface. Shellac and alcohol, in the same proportion, may be used with good results, but in either case it is desirable that the size, or filler, be applied with the idea of creating a perfectly uniform ground for the paint and one which will bind the two so securely that years will not cause the color to crack off. By using the stipple brush, and patting with a dry cheesecloth to bring out high lights in these final touches, a beautiful effect is produced and the fine detail of the skin is preserved. SELECTION OF SITES AND THE PREPARATION OF LANDSCAPES AND ACCESSORIES At intervals during the search for and work of casting the Indian models, it became necessary for the archeologist and the artist, Mr Lithgow, to inspect and choose historical Indian spots which could be suitably reproduced on enormous canvases for the color back- grounds of the groups. The site for the first, or Seneca Hunting Group (figure 37) was selected opposite Bare hill on Canandaigua lake, N. Y., where a color study sketch was made in the spring of 1909 and the enlargement completed in 1910. The field painting for the Mohawk Warrior Group (figure 36) was made in 1909 from a high point on the Mohawk river facing the site of the old stockaded Mohawk village of Tionontoguen ; then located near the present village of Sprakers in Montgomery county. The enlarge- ment for this was made in 1910. The scene for the Seneca Harvest Group (figure 41) was chosen at the high banks of the Genesee river near Mount Morris. The large painting for this was also fin- ished in 1910. In the early summer of the same year the historic spot of Champlain’s defeat by the Iroquois in 1615, was chosen as the site for the Oneida Industry Group (figure 40). This landscape, which shows a portion of Nichol’s pond, was executed in 1912. Selection of a site for the Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group (figure 38) was made in 1911 at the Onondaga village which once stood, as their capital on Indian hill, near the present village of Manlius. The setting for the Cayuga Ceremony Group (figure 39) was chosen late in the summer of 1911 at Utt’s point which over- looks Cayuga lake. Landscapes for these last two groups were com- pleted in 1912. All of the above paintings were done in a water color, or guash, so that they would not reflect light and cause glare. It was believed that oil paint could not have accomplished the desired natural appearance of the scenes under artificial light quite so well as a flat and opaque color. With all these various activities of preparation, it became apparent that working quarters were entirely too cramped and so, to relieve NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1 14 the condition, the Museum rented the vacant Universalist Church on the corner of Swan and Jay streets, Albany. The archeologist established his temporary office here in October 1909 and with him went Mrs Alice Shongo and her daughter, Mrs Maud S. Hurd, two Seneca women, who designed, made and embroidered the buck- skin garments for the life figures. They were skilled in the old art of Iroquois decoration with beads, dyed moose hair and porcupine quills, and with these materials they worked out their designs in true Iroquois fashion. The main purpose in renting the church was to provide adequate studio room for the artist and his assistants. Here it was that most of the paintings were enlarged and where the first group was tem- porarily assembled for experimental purposes. This was the Seneca Hunting Group (figure 37) and the stages in its erection aroused much interest in those chosen few who watched the development and changes made to reach perfection. Most of the previously described work was accomplished while the Education Building was under construction. Therefore, on account of this preparation, when the building was completed it took a rela- tively short time to assemble the groups in their permanent places. In building a natural environment around the figures, much was gained toward this end when the paintings were mounted on the curved rear of each exhibition case. In order that there might be no sharp dividing line between the top of the canvas and the ceiling of the case, the colors of the former were extended over onto the ceil- ing which curved down to meet it in a perfect blend. The groundwork, or foreground, was modeled over a base of cement reinforced with galvanized wire screen which was nailed to a supporting wooden framework. This held earth, sod, trees, shrubs and other vegetation ; most of which was obtained at West Albany. Such material was first poisoned, as a precaution against destruction by insects, before it was placed in the exhibits. Many of the trees were actually made over to fit the situation and meet the requirements of limited space. In this respect, limbs of trees were cut off and the disfigurement covered with bark. When a trunk was too large, its bark was removed so that it could be shaved down to the desired diameter and then the bark was replaced. In the matter of foliage, it became apparent that natural living leaves could not be preserved well enough for this work. The time and labor required in making and attaching thousands of wax leaves eliminated their use in favor of light, flexible and durable commercial cloth leaves. These were easily attached, their weight did not cause branches to sag unnatur- REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 115 ally and, for the purposes of these groups, they proved to be emi- nently satisfactory in every way. In spraying color over them with the air brush, all traces of the artificial vanished. Finally, a system of indirect lighting created an atmosphere of chill or warmth, as the case required, and gave a glow of life and romance to the Iroquois of yesterday. DESCRIPTION OF THE FINISHED GROUPS Beginning at the eastern end of the exhibition hall, the groups interpret the following subjects, in the order named; 1 Seneca Harvest Group — Agriculture (figure 41) 2 Oneida Industry Group — Material culture (figure 40) 3 Cayuga Purification Ceremony Group — Belief (figure 39) 4 Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group — Social Organiza- tion— (figure 38) 5 Mohawk Warrior Group — Warfare (figure 36) 6 Seneca Hunting Group — Family life (figure 37) The Seneca Harvest Group (figure 41) shows a colorful setting along the high banks of the Genesee river at Squakie hill, near Mount Morris, N. Y. The women are busily engaged in harvesting and preparing corn and beans for immediate and future use. The group represents the great value of maize, or corn, to the Iroquois; especially the Seneca Indians, who were true agriculturists. Their main source of food supply was obtained through the cultiva- tion of the ground, and because of this they were more or less permanent settlers who established themselves in bark houses. They were not like the Plains Indians in this respect who followed the roving buffalo herds which were their main source of food supply. It will be noticed in this group that the women are doing the work. It is a commonly mistaken idea that the Indian woman did all the work. She, it is true, did cultivate and harvest the crops and did the cooking and many other duties which were assigned to her. But the great tasks of Indian life were assumed by the men, who provided the meat supply and gave protection to the tribe against enemies by carrying on warfare. The man at the left has just returned from a trip on the river in his canoe and is indulging in a smoke from his pipe — one of his favorite pastimes after the labor of the day. Apparently the women are not aware of his return as they continue intently on their var- ious occupations. One is pounding dried corn with a wooden pestle in a wooden mortar which consists of a hollowed-out log made for that purpose. Il6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A portion of the braided corn is set aside for use as seed in the spring of the year and the rest is prepared into many a tempting dish during the long winter. It may be served as a soup, hominy, bread or pudding and it may be combined with other foods, such as beans, to make succotash. A clay pot filled with the latter is now cooking over the fire, while the kneeling woman maneuvers a wooden paddle near it on which she bakes a corn mush cake. The Oneida Industry Group (figure 40) has a historical setting in the woods near Nichols pond, Madison county. Here Champlain was defeated on his first meeting with the Iroquois in 1615. The group shows the methods which these Indians used in making some of their more common and useful articles of culture. As will be seen, the men share in these arts. To produce the rough form of an arrowhead, the worker uses a rounded pebble for a hammer with which he strikes off chips with sharp blows along the edges of a chunk of flint which he thus fashions by holding it in his left hand. This form, or blank, as it is called, is further chipped in to a delicate and keenly pointed arrowhead by the pressure of a small bit of bone manipulated with the right hand. The man carving the wooden bowl has obtained a large block from a tree trunk by burning and scraping the charred part away with his stone tools. At present he is using his flint knife in finishing his handiwork. Basket making was an art never very highly developed by the Iroquois. The woman at the left is shown weaving a harvest basket from the splints cut from black ash “growth rings.” These will be observed at her right side. The other nearly completed basket was made to sift hominy. The weaving of belts, the working of skins for articles of clothing and the making of pottery vessels were additional duties of the women. The mother of the sleeping child has resumed her weaving of one of these belts, or sashes, by suspending one end of the woof to a near-by tree. Sashes were highly esteemed as an article for dress occasion. The moccasin maker is using a bone awl with which she pierces the leather to hold the stitches of deer sinew which is her “thread.” These moccasins, when completed, may be variously decorated, either with shell beads or embroidered with dyed moose hair or porcupine quills. It is worthy to observe how an Iroquois woman builds up, or models, a pottery vessel. After the clay is evenly mixed with water and other substances (such as ground clam shells and mica) added to make it hard, or temper it, she rolls it out in a rope form and coils it up, layer upon layer, to build the sides. Frequently she REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR II 7 moistens her hands in the pool by her side so as to smooth and weld the coiled layers. All decoration is cut in the soft clay, usually in a series of straight lines in the pattern of chevrons which appear around the top or rim of the vessel. The Cayuga Purification Ceremony Group (figure 39). Through the open door of the cabin one looks out into the moonlight to see the ice and snow-covered waters of Cayuga lake. This original hewn- log house once stood in western New York where it served these Indians during General Sullivan’s campaign in 1779. It now serves as a setting for this group which illustrates an aboriginal ceremonial rite which persisted after the appearance of Europeans in this country. The group also indicates the result of the influence on the Indian’s material culture by his contact with white traders. Stone tools were replaced with metal. Preference was given to cloth, instead of skin in the making of wearing apparel. Moose hair and porcupine quill embroidery was superseded by glass beads etc. Many of the primi- tive methods and customs were tenaciously adhered to as well as some of the older implements and utensils, such as the snapping turtle and bark rattles seen in the group. The ceremony is being conducted by the False Face Society; a secret body whose members were organized for the protection and benefit of mankind and nature as a whole. This ceremony was held annually during the winter for the purpose of cleansing or purify- ing individuals who may have become possessed of evil spirits or witches. After making a sudden entrance to the lodge, members of the society first quickly opened the windows to allow an easy escape and departure for evil spirits. Literally, the act of casting out these spirits was supposed to be accomplished through fear. The grotesque wooden masks worn by the two practitioners had much to do with scaring out spirits. These wooden faces were sometimes the result of a fanciful imagination, but more often they were carved as effigies of individuals who had anciently revealed themselves in dreams to the first members of the society. Such a mask was made directly on the trunk of a standing living basswood tree and certain powers were transmitted from the person dreamed of as well as from the soul of the tree itself which gained its power from heaven, toward which it pointed, and the earth in which it stood. The chanting, dancing and shaking of rattles, the blowing of wood ashes from the palms of the hands onto the heads of those treated, all played their important part in bringing about a successful puri- fication. At the close of the ceremony a fresh fire was started and, as a token of gratitude for their services, the members who conducted the ceremony were rewarded with a small donation of tobacco. Il8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Group (figure 38). This group shows the interior of an original bark council house which was moved from near Green Bay, Wisconsin. It is typical of the Iroquois lodge which in its longer form, is familiarly known as a “long house.” These long houses were sometimes built to accommodate many families under the same roof and often extended for a length of 100 feet or more. Through the length extended an aisle; on either side of which were built shelves, or benches, to serve as storage and sleeping places. Each family had its own living compartment and fireplace in the center, with a separate hole cut in the roof for the escape of smoke. Every member of the family was assigned to his own particular place where he slept or sat about the fire. The term “long house” was symbolically applied to the Confed- eracy of the Iroquois ; in that it stretched from the Hudson river to Lake Erie and sheltered within its walls the Five Nations of the Iroquois. At either end of this “house” stood the “doorkeepers;” the Mohawks at the east and the Senecas at the west door. In between these were the Cayugas and Oneidas, with the Onondagas in the center. Situated as it was, the Onondaga Nation was chosen as the meeting place for the grand council of the Iroquois. In this scene is shown a gathering of civil chiefs, or sachems, about the council fire at Onondaga, where they are discussing some tribal matter. In such councils the opinion of the opposite sex was greatly valued and it will be seen that the woman at the right is taking advantage of this privilege. When it became necessary to “raise up,” or bestow on another, the title of one of the 49 sachems on account of the death of one of their number, it was the woman in whose fam- ily the title was inherited who nominated the candidate for the office and it was also her duty to recommend the recall of such a title whenever she. saw fit. In consequence, the Iroquois woman played an important part in the civil rule of her tribe as equal suffrage had long been in effect among these people. The office of the man at the extreme left may be compared to that of a recording secretary. As he stands before the rack which holds the various strings of shell beads (wampum) he is reminded, by their arrangement, of the important events which took place at previous councils. He is able to relate these things solely from memory guided by the manner of placement of the colored beads. Wampum served in this way as commemorative records for the wampum keeper to interpret when relating past events. The Mohawk Warrior Group (figure 36). In the picturesque and historic valley which bears their name, there settled the greatest REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1 19 of all Indian warriors east of the Mississippi, the Mohawks. It was here, in the open clearings, that they built their fortified towns and villages. Their dwellings were constructed of bark and the village was well barricaded with a palisade of tree trunks, which served as a protection against wild animals and their persistent enemies to the east. The group shows one of these fortified villages stockaded in the primitive method of using trees which were burned down at the base. The burning was assisted by cutting or scraping away the charred surface with stone tools. The scene is laid near the present site of Sprakers and depicts the return of a scouting party who have brought in as prisoners two members of their nearby foe, the Dela- wares. One captive has been slightly wounded and is urged on with derision from his captor in spite of his handicap. The other prisoner has defiantly thrown down his buckskin bundle containing his personal effects and has refused to proceed farther. As a result, he is threatened with death from a blow of the raised club. Here it is that the woman may exercise her authority. As a woman, she has the right to adopt prisoners into her clan and by her raised hand she signifies her wish to intervene in his behalf. The adoption of prisoners was practised to such a degree among the Iroquois that sometimes the number of adopted equalled their own number. Adoption was used to replenish their own depleted ranks after a war and it was also one of the national principles of the Iroquois in furthering the causes of the Great Peace on which was based the foundation of the Confederation of the Five Nations. The Seneca Hunting Group (figure 37). This is an early morning scene of family life among the Seneca people of western New York. It is springtime and the setting is laid on the west side of Canan- daigua lake opposite Bare hill, or Genundewa, as these people called it. Here it was, legend tells us, that a great serpent emerged from the lake to surround and starve out the inhabitants who lived in the Indian village at the top of the hill. As each occupant filed through the gates of the stockade, the waiting monster immediately bit off his head. All, except a small boy and girl who lingered behind, per- ished in this way. On instructions from the Great Spirit, the lad shot a poisoned arrow beneath a certain scale on the serpent’s body, whereupon the serpent succumbed and rolled down the hill expelling Indian heads and destroying all trees and vegetation. Thus Bare hill received its name and to this day “Indian heads’’ in the form of round, smooth stones may be found along the lake shore at the foot of the hill. 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This family of five is busily engaged in front of its elm bark lodge with the activities of the hunting season. All parts of birds and animals were utilized in some way ; for nothing was wasted. Meat that could not be used at once was dried and stored for future use. Skin was the source of leather for clothing, or robes, thongs for snow- shoes etc. Hair was used in cushions and for embroidering various articles. Bones were fashioned into implements, teeth into orna- ments, hoofs into rattles. Shown in the group is the old father who is too aged for the war- path. Much of his time is spent in hunting and he has just returned from one of these trips with a fawn slung over his shoulder. The mother in the foreground is removing the hair from a deer skin pre- paratory to making a garment of some nature while her daughter, kneeling near-by, is using her stone knife to cut strips of venison which she hangs to dry on the rack behind her. The older son may be seen in the background trying his skill with the bow and flint- tipped arrow on a canvasback duck. The other boy is demonstrating an ingenious method of cutting down a tree with the aid of fire. He has built a clay wall around the trunk to keep the flames confined to the lower portion and as the fire burns he chops away the charred portion with his stone ax. By alternately using fire and the ax he finally accomplishes his purpose. REFERENCES Clarke, John M. 1910 Condition of the Scientific Collections Constituting the State Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1909:7 1915 Condition of the Scientific Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1914:6 1916 Present Condition of the Science Museum. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1915:10-12 Clarke, Noah T. 1929 The Indian Groups in the State Museum. N. Y. State Educa- tion, 17, no. 3 : 195-201 ; reprinted April 1931 Parker, Arthur C. Report on the Archeology Section. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1909:64-69 Report on the Archeology Section. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1910:52-54 Report on the Archeology Section. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1911:76-79 Report of the Archeologist. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1912:45 Report of the Archeologist. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep’t, 1913 =93 Report of the Archeologist. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rep t, 1915:54 Iroquois Indian Groups. N. Y. State Mus. (Editions or print- ings of this leaflet May and Oct. 1916; revised Oct. 1920 and June 1925) Report of the Archeologist. N. Y. State Mus. Dir. Rept, 1916 :68 A Manual for History Museums p. 204. N. Y. University of the State of New York 1912 Regents Minutes. May 15, I9°8 to Feb. 22, 1912; 62-64 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1916 1916-25 1917 1935 THE RELATION OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES TO REGIONAL AND COUNTY PLANNING By Charles C. Adams Ph.D., Director, New York State Museum, and Member New York State Council of Parks “Governmental research is a powerful ally, if not an indispensable adjunct of efficient democracy.” — Luther Gulick. “LePlay is the father of scientific regionalism. He has taught us to think in terms of regional sequence. His line of reasoning begins with the soil and its natural products ; it continues with man, the creature of work and place ; it culminates in man the builder of cities and creator of arts and sciences; and it returns through all the vicissitudes of war and peace to end again in the soil with its fertility renewed and increased by the hand of man, or rained and destroyed by the same hand. The tale of that cycle in its full complexity, is the history of civilization. The merit of LePlay is to have insisted on the elemental beginnings and to have elucidated their continuity throughout the cycle.”— Victor Branford and Patrick Geddes. “The Coming Polity.” p. 92. 1917. (Figures 33, 34 45-47) CONTENTS 1 Relation of the Natural Resources to Regional Planning Past and Present Procedures 2 Scientific and Technical Guidance 3 Geographic Position and Its Influence 4 New Conditions Necessitate Adjustments 5 Geography, Topography and Geology 6 Water Resources and Soils 7 Plants and Animals 8 Archeological and Historic Objects and Scientific Reserva- tions 9 The First Synthesis — Land Classification and the Utilization of the Resources 10 The Adjustment between Local, State and National Planning 11 Suggestions and Conclusions 12 References 1 RELATION OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES TO REGIONAL PLANNING Past and Present Procedures Modern regional planning is merely a later development and a newer name for looking forward and planning for the future, from the standpoint of public interest and welfare. This is to be contrasted with a policy of allowing public interest to drift, or be relatively neglected, and allowing private interests to utilize most of the advantages, with the result that the public pays for the errors and chaos produced by this lack of a rational comprehensive procedure. [121] 122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM We hear much, at certain times, about high taxes, but seldom is emphasis placed upon the waste of public money caused by the lack of sound planning and well-considered public policies. Anyone closely associated with public administration knows of the waste caused by incompetence, the lack of sound general policies, and of extraneous interference of various kinds. We are also aware that the same causes operate in private business and with the same kind of results. The general method of solving these important problems — and it is one of the most important that has been evolved in the conduct of society for solving human problems — is by the application of the scientific objective method, the most important tool ever devised by man. This is the method by which science, invention and indus- try have revolutionized living in the modern world. And now this same method, with equal emphasis, must be extended from the physical and biological sciences to the social sciences. We are now living in the transitional period. The technic is already well under- stood, and it suggests the following general procedure : 1 The basal scientific surveys. A preliminary step consists of assembling in systematic scientific form all of the pertinent facts and ideas already known, in order to utilize the best of past experi- ence. Then follows the determination of the kind of significant facts which are lacking, and the formulation of a plan for their acquisition. Sev- eral kinds of research and surveys will be required and each has its own particular technic. Upon the basis of such a foundation, prop- erly integrated and digested, the next step is taken. This consists of : 2 The development of a working hypothesis or a provisional plan. This is a first step in synthesis. At every stage the selection of per- tinent data involves ideas of relative values, and this always includes theoretical factors. The formation of a working hypothesis is the method of testing out the alternative possibilities, by giving due weight to various assumptions and evidence, and then deciding on a program or procedure. The more comprehensive and complex the study the greater the need of this method, as in the case of national planning, regional, state and minor local planning, each is by its progressive restriction thus simplified. A plan for a unit of any size should not be looked upon as a fin- ished product, and therefore static, because it is intended for use in a changing world, and should therefore be adaptable to the constant pressure, and to the important changes in society. TW3MTftA93 Q 3V*TUD3X3 DHWt 3 re n HOieiviQ ma QMMMAJ& JAW0i03fl & YTHU03 ' x! ' ft** ' r • \}r . n Vj ftoi • «rbi q M ?i snusiH REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 123 The main differences between the older and the newer planning is essentially an improved technic; it takes a longer look ahead, and is more socially minded. 2 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL GUIDANCE It is interesting to observe that the federal initiative often has a good influence upon state governments. Thus the federal model at Washington is surrounded by a whole series of scientific and techni- cal agencies and bureaus which have, to a lesser degree, been fol- lowed by the more progressive states. The Smithsonian Institution, the National Academy of Science, the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Standards are examples of such bureaus. In some instances the states have led. The first scientific agency of the Fed- eral Government was the establishment of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, on the recommendation of President Thomas Jefferson in 1807, but it did not begin actual field work until 1816, and then on New York bay and harbor. One hundred years ago, in April 1836, the State of New York organized its first scientific agency and began a survey of the natural resources of the State, with the establishment of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, which later became the Division of Science and the State Museum. This early survey was based upon the general idea that it was better to be informed than ignorant on such matters. This subject hardly seems a debatable subject today, and yet all the advances that have been made have required great effort for their accomplishment. It is a common experience that economic and social problems start with individual initiative and later tend to become public activities. Thus the schools, the roads and highways, postal service and water supplies are examples of social and cultural problems which began as individual and private problems and by degrees have developed into general and public functions. We no longer think of returning to toll roads or private postal service, any more than of discarding the telephone or the automobile. The complexity of modern life now demands intelligent public planning for the future. The study of the natural resources was also at first an individual matter, as was the first American soil survey, the Eaton-Van Rensselaer survey made in Rensselaer county in 1820, but by degrees the need of scientific studies became more generally appreciated, and when it became known that a knowledge of the natural resources was not merely a private matter but one of public concern, by 1836 the State Geological and Natural History Survey was started. Since 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM then it has been continued under various names, until it finally became known as the Division of Science and State Museum. As has been said, the State Museum was thus the first general scientific agency of the State Government, and during its ioo years of activity it has published about 40 lineal feet of scientific, economic and his- torical publications on various phases of the natural resources, includ- ing plants, animals, minerals, fossils and the Indians of the State. During this past century, in addition to the State’s activity, the Federal Government has made extensive contributions to our knowl- edge and has aided the State, as will be indicated later. The preceding examples suffice to indicate the broad relation between the various governmental units. We are so accustomed to accept all these forms of public assistance, without reflecting on what they imply, or how valuable they are in our everyday life, that we forget or ignore how they have slowly developed. 3 GEOGRAPHIC POSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE One of the most important resources of any region is its relative geographic position, and too often this influence is neglected or simply assumed without the study which its merits deserve. What are the major natural resources and natural advantages, which make New York the leading State? In our daily lives, living in the midst of these advantages, we easily overlook their presence and their true significance. Our natural resources include the broad general physical features of our State, such as our favorable climate; our geographic position in relation to the sea — with the best harbor on the Atlantic coast; the great valley routes of the Hudson, Champlain and Mohawk valleys to the Great Lakes and to Canada, and most impor- tant of all, to the interior of the continent, the greatest food-producing area on earth, and thus freely connecting our two major industrial and commercial cities, New York City and Chicago. These are com- monplace facts and relations that must never be overlooked. They are certainly outstanding advantages of supreme importance from the standpoint of public welfare of this State. With such a sketch of the general favorable background, let us consider certain additional natural resources, which by themselves might possibly not mean much, but which under the existing favor- able conditions, reinforce the others and contribute to a cumulative advantage of the greatest economic and social importance. These resources include the soil, the surface, ground and mineral waters, water power, and such mineral deposits as iron ore, salt, gypsum, zinc, talc, garnet, sand, gravel, clay, limestone, oil and gas — a truly important series of minerals which daily influence the life of everyone. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 125 Nor is this all, for we must not overlook the fact that other natural resources include plants and animals, such as the marine fisheries of the coast, the fish and the shellfish, the fresh water commercial and sport fisheries of the rivers and the lakes ; the fur-bearing ani- mals, such as the muskrat, skunk and the beaver, whose skins for a single year are worth a million dollars ; the considerable variety of water and game birds and other minor game animals and wild life. The plant world, as well, must not be neglected, as, for example, the wild flowers, shrubs, trees and the forests which cover millions of acres in this State and contribute so much to the industries and to the scenery. Such a summary glance of our native natural resources shows that this State is unusually fortunate in its possessions. But possessions alone without knowledge, appreciation of their value and wise utilization are of4no great advantage, and may be a handicap. 4 NEW CONDITIONS NECESSITATE ADJUSTMENTS With the passage of the years the economic and social conditions have changed very greatly, and the relative values of the natural resources have changed correspondingly. Certain resources that once were of little value have since become of great importance, and resources once valuable are of slight consequence today. For example, flagstones, so much used formerly for sidewalks, have been replaced by brick and cement, and milling stones, by which in the old days our flour and corn were ground, are replaced by steel rollers ; the fertility of the soils has declined, much of our surface waters has been drained away; the streams are clogged by eroded soil, and polluted by sewage and industrial refuse ; the forests have been cut and depleted ; and while certain valuable mineral deposits have been exhausted, wholly new uses have been developed, such as sand, gravel, limestone, clay, gypsum and salt, and new mineral deposits have been found and developed, so that the old knowledge of these resources must be constantly revised and renewed. The older scientific studies of these resources went out of date, and new and more careful and refined studies had to be made to keep up with the times and with the advances in all phases of industry and society. If the times did not change, if the newspapers did not get out of date, scientific studies might last forever ! But under healthy economic and social conditions science changes even more rapidly than society ! And thus its results are soon out of date, and must be renewed constantly. Having now sketched some of the general background which influences planning in this State, let us turn to a consideration of some of the main sources of information which must be used in regional and county planning in relation to the natural resources. 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 5 GEOGRAPHY, TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY In general, the most important sources of geographic and topo- graphic facts and data are the topographic quadrangle sheets or maps of the United States Geological Survey (figure 47). For- tunately the whole State has now been mapped, but many of the older sheets are inaccurate and require resurvey. The State Plan- ning Board has issued a useful index for locating the political units on these topographic maps (Muir, ’35). The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey maps are the best source for the Atlantic coast, the Great Lakes and the navigable waters of the State. Although there are large areas of the State which have been mapped aerially, there has been no public systematic mapping of the State. An atlas of this kind would be of the very greatest value. Kirk H. Stone, of Syracuse University, has estimated that about 16,900 square miles of the State have been mapped, and to this must be added the Barge Canal area from Oneida lake to the East. This mapping has been done by Fairchild Aerial Surveys, United States Army Air Corps, Aero Service Corp., Air Map Corporation and Aerial Explorations (figure 46). The large general geological map or atlas of the State, published by the State Museum (Merrill, ’01) is now out of date in many respects, but is still useful. The State Museum has also published a large number of quadrangle maps, as is indicated in figure 47. The numeral on each quadrangle indicates the State Museum bulle- tin number in which the map is printed. These bulletins are gener- ally accessible in public libraries, and available copies of them can be secured directly from the State Museum at a nominal price. Reports on quadrangles in preparation are also indicated. In addi- tion to the maps these Museum bulletins discuss the geology, and usually the economic geology of the area. The bulletins are further supplemented by special economic reports containing con- siderable information on the mineral resources grouped by counties (Newland, ’19, and Newland and Hartnagel, ’36, U. S. Census Reports, and publications of the U. S. Geological Survey). Many years ago a limited number of county geological reports were printed, such as the following: Bishop, I. P. 1897 Structural and Economic Geology of Erie County. 15th Rep’t. Ni Y. State Geologist for 1895, p. 305-92. Small uncolored geologic map of Erie county. Cushing, H. P. 1897 Report on the Geology of Clinton County. 15th Rep’t, N. Y. State Geologist for 1895, p. 499-573. Small . uncolored maps. 1899 Preliminary Report on the Geology of Franklin County. 18th Rep’t, N. Y. State Geologist for 1898, p. 73-128. Small geo- logic map of Franklin county. AERIALLY MAPPED AREAS OF NEW YORK STATE Scale ot Miles ADAPTED FROM MAP BY KIRK H. STONE SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY kk /s.W 1936 wv ^^Ofwego / /VcJ/ X m i r ruJ> H»™'Uon ’ i '! "I- VI Oiuail REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR I27 Darton, N. H. 1894 Preliminary Report on the Geology of Albany County. 13th Rep’t, N. Y. State Geologist for 1893. A preliminary colored map of Albany county on a scale of one mile to the inch is contained in Museum Report 49, v. 2. 18940 Preliminary Report on the Geology of Ulster County. 13th Rep’t, N. Y. State Geologist for 1893. Small uncolored maps. Lincoln, D. F. 1895 Report on the Structural and Economic Geology of Seneca County. 14th Rep’t, N. Y. State Geologist for 1894, p. 57-125. Small uncolored geologic map of county. Luther, D. D. 1897 Economic Geology of Onondaga County, N. Y. 15th Rep’t, N. Y. State Geologist for 1895, p. 237-303. Small colored geologic map of Onondaga County. Ries, H. 1897 Geology of Orange County. 15th Rep’t, N. Y. State Geologist for 1895, p. 313-475. Contains small colored geologic map of county. The United States Geological Survey has published three Folios : No. 90, on Buffalo-Niagara region; No. 69, Watkins Glen-Catatonk region, and No. 83, the Passaic-New York City region. See also Fuller (’14) on the geology of Long Island. The main source of climatic data is the Weather Bureau of the United States Department of Agriculture. Formerly the State had a weather service but this was abandoned many years ago. The Agricultural Experiment Station at the State College of Agriculture has published several reports on the relation of the climate to agri- culture. For brief summaries see Mordoff (’25) and Taylor (’26). See also Sauer (’34, p. 192-204.) As aviation increases in impor- tance, however, a state weather service may develop, as supplemen- tary to the federal service, but for years the trend has been away from state participation. 6 WATER RESOURCES AND SOILS The water resources of the State have not been comprehensively studied since the State Museum published Bulletin 85, by Rafter (’05) on the hydrology of the State. The State Planning Board has published a number of bulletins and special reports on many phases of the water resources problem. The St Lawrence water powers have been studied by both state and federal agencies and by the State Power Authority. The ground waters of the Allegany State Park have been studied by Thwaites (’35). I have discussed briefly certain general phases of the water resource problem (Adams, ’36), with emphasis on zoning and coor- dinated use, and the State Planning Council has issued a number of bulletins and miscellaneous reports on phases of this subject. 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The United States Geological Survey has made the most extensive studies of the surface waters and stream flow, and the results have been published in the Water Supply Papers of that survey. The water power aspects of the streams have been the basis for a series of reports by the State Water Supply Commission, Division of Waters of the Conservation Commission, and Division of Water Power and Control Commission of the Department of Conservation. Such studies have included the Hudson, St Regis, Raquette, Oswe- gatchie, Black, Ausable and Saranac rivers. Some of the reports of the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, contain maps and information on the streams that are of value. (See 71st, 72d and 73d Cong., 2d and 3d Sessions House Documents, which include reports on the following rivers : Allegheny, Ausable, Boquet, Hudson, Mon- gaup, Mohawk, Neversink, Saranac and Kinderhook creek.) The mineral waters, and the associated geology, have been studied by the State Museum, and reported by Beck (’42), Kemp (’12), Cushing and Ruedemann (’14), and recently a special comprehensive report has been prepared on the Saratoga Springs by an official com- mission to the Legislature (Legis. Doc., 1930, No. 70) which covers many aspects of that problem, including even the medical. The geological study of the glacial soils have been extensively investigated and many special bulletins have been printed on this subject by the State Museum (Woodworth, ’01, ’05, ’050; Fairchild, ’07, ’09, ’12, T8, ’25; Brigham, ’29, and Rich, ’35). These deposits, largely composed of sand, gravel and clay, are of importance because of their influence on agricultural and forest soils, and especially because of the water-bearing quality of such sand and gravel deposits. The United States Geological Survey has made (Veatch and others, ’06; Fuller, T4) studies of the geology and ground waters of Long Island, where the overpumping of the local ground water has led to an invasion of salt water from the sea. At present the study is being extended by the cooperation of several agencies, county and relief. A local survey was made by the Monroe County Planning Board in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey (Leggette, Gould and Dollen, ’35). In general, the pollution of ground water first becomes serious in the vicinity of the metropolitan areas. The State Museum should have sufficient funds to conduct research on this subject, in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. The files and publications of the State Museum contain the largest mass of data on the glacial deposits, and this is as well a geological problem directly within its field of scientific activity. Figure 47. Status of areal geological mapping of the State by the New York State Museum, 1935. io euxATe OH ill AM JA0I00J03D JA31A MU38UM 3 TAT 6 MROY W3H ' \ • £ - . 3 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 129 The agricultural aspects of the soils have received detailed study jointly by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Experiment Station of the State College of Agriculture at Ithaca. About 40 counties have been covered by this soil survey, as follows : Broome Livingston Saratoga Cayuga Madison Schenectady Chautauqua Monroe Schoharie Chemung Montgomery St Lawrence Chenango Nassau Steuben Clinton Niagara Suffolk Columbia Oneida Tompkins Cortland Ontario Washington Delaware Orange Wayne Dutchess Orleans Westchester Erie Oswego Wyoming Genesee Putnam Yates Herkimer Rensselaer Jefferson Rockland Studies in Albany, Onondaga, Otsego and Ulster counties are in progress. (Howe, ’35). The intensive study of forest soils have not received commensurate attention and may be anticipated as a line for further advance. 7 PLANTS AND ANIMALS In dealing with the natural resources of any region, particularly in relation to planning, it is difficult to make use of much information which is not clearly expressed on maps. In the case of plants and animals there are two main kinds of maps which have been found to be most useful. One kind is the floral and faunal maps which are based on the distribution of these organisms according to their taxonomy or classification. The so-called “life zone’’ studies of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture were conducted mainly from this standpoint. Such maps have a cer- tain value and it was hoped that these maps would serve as valuable guides to natural crop zones. This hope has not been fully justified, although the maps have proved valuable and suggestive. In the meantime a new supplementary viewpoint has been developed for the study of both plants and animals. This method groups them as they live in natural communities or habitats, and as a result these ecological maps are particularly useful. Maps of such plant group- ings are called “vegetational maps,” but no single word has been coined for an animal ecological map. It is believed that these 130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ecological maps are the most valuable for planning purposes because they are made to show the close relation of the plants and animals and their local conditions of living. A plant ecological survey of a region is then a study of the relation of the plants to the conditions where they live ; to the soil, the ground water, the climate, and to the associated plants and animals of various kinds, even including man’s influence. Certain kinds of native plants thrive in swamps, others on moist land, some on dry sand, others on dry upland clay soil; and a careful field study and mapping of the native natural groupings of plants indicates the suitability of the con- ditions for appropriate permanent use of the land for many purposes. Some lands should be kept wet for reservoirs, or swampy for wild life (Saunders, ’26), others are equally and naturally suited for garden, field or orchard crops, and still others for forests. Upon inspection the native vegetation often shows the best general use of the land. As a result of careful field studies and the mapping of the vegetation in natural groupings, important relations, otherwise obscured, are revealed and serve as an important contribution toward a land use base map for broad, regional rural planning purposes. This is because the native vegetation is the result of prolonged years of Nature’s experi- ments with plant growth on the site. A general account of the vegetation of the State has been pre- pared by Bray (’30). The vegetation of the Allegany State Park has been mapped by Gordon and others and is to be published as State Museum Handbook 17, 1937, and a similar mapping of Cattaraugus county is nearing completion. Dr Edith Roberts, of Vassar College, has about completed the mapping and a report on the vegetation of Dutchess county. Taylor (’23) has made an important study of Montauk Point, Long Island. A mapping of the natural vegetation is not a complete ecological survey, as the native animals which are naturally associated with a given vegetational type are an essential part of the biological picture, and must ultimately be considered in relation to a comprehensive plan- ning program. Not only are these animals involved with the ecolog- ical welfare of the vegetation, as illustrated by the insect pests and their natural control by birds, but other animal resources are intimately related to the public use, as in parks, wild life areas, and even includ- ing the protection of watersheds. The interdependence of plants and animals is one of the fundamental influences that must be recognized in sound ecological studies, and in planning for the best use of the land. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 131 An animal ecological survey corresponds closely to the plant survey and is advantageously built on such a survey. The natural haunts or conditions of life for the animals need to be carefully mapped, and detailed field studies must be made before any sound policy can be formulated for planning for animals and wild life in general. When- ever possible it is very desirable to combine the policies for plants and animals, or at least make them supplementary and coordinate, because they are so closely related. As the methods of ecological field study are not so well known as are some other kinds of regional surveys, reference is made to the following authors for further directions: Clements (’05); Adams (’13) and Tansley and Chipp (’26). It is well to recall that all planning is a phase of the ecology of man designed for application (Clements, ’35; Adams, ’35). (See also Sauer ’34, p. 204-14.) The early reports of the New York State Geological and Natural History Survey were among the earliest inventories of the natural history resources of any State. They were a generation ahead of other states, but this leadership was not maintained, although much has been published on the plants in general, fungi, fish, insects, birds and other animals. Thus natural history surveys have been main- tained ever since the inception of this scientific work in 1836. The State Agricultural Experiment Stations at Geneva and Ithaca have conducted extensive studies of injurious insects and plants. The State College of Forestry at Syracuse and its Roosevelt Wild Life Forest Experiment Station have conducted various scien- tific studies of plant, insect, and forest ecology, and the Roosevelt Station has made extensive studies and reports on birds, fur-bearing animals, game and fishes. With the advent of the Conservation Fund in the Conservation Department, there was begun in 1926 an intensive study of the biology of the stream watersheds of the State, and this has now covered a considerable portion of the State except of the lower Hud- son. These reports have been published as Legislative Documents, supplementary to the Annual Reports of the Conservation Depart- ment. 8 ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC OBJECTS AND SCIENTIFIC RESERVATIONS The question of human history might not be considered as a part of the natural resources. The sites of Indian settlements and other allied archeological resources, however, are worthy of intelligent preservation in any comprehensive planning program which includes cultural values. Valuable historic materials concerning the white 1 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM man likewise deserve attention and preservation. The state law pro- vides that historic objects fall within the field of the State Museum. Most of the State’s historic reservations are administered, however, by the Conservation Department. Aside from the State Constitutional protection of the wild forests of the Adirondacks and Catskill parks, few other state agencies in the past have been actively engaged in the preservation of scientific reservations. The State Museum had acquired a few, but with the reorganization of the State Government in 1927, the scientific reser- vations belonging to the State Museum — Clark Reservation, Chitte- nango Falls, Stark’s Knob, Squaw Island and the Lester Park — were transferred to the Conservation Department and have become converted into state parks. Constant efforts are made to encroach upon the wilderness of the Adirondacks. This was formerly due to lumber and power inter- ests, but in recent years recreational interests and relief activities have become the aggressive agencies in nibbling into the wilderness under various guises. There is today, except in the Adirondacks and Catskills, no ade- quate provision for the preservation of natural wild conditions for scientific and educational purposes. This subject has been empha- sized repeatedly (Adams, ’29, ’29a, ’31). The State Council of Parks has advocated that the state scientific and historic reservations be transferred to the State Education Department for administration (Adams, ’31, p. 57-59). Later reference will again be made to this subject, because of its scientific importance. 9 THE FIRST SYNTHESIS— LAND CLASSIFICATION AND THE UTILIZATION OF THE RESOURCES General remarks. The scientific and technical surveys and inven- tories of the natural resources provide the foundation Of physical and biological facts upon which all public planning must be built. The determination of their relation to man at once introduces the prob- lem of their relative values in terms of human criterions. These criterions provide the basis for the classification of these resources and the key to their utilization. In general, most emphasis is placed on economic criterions, often overlooking the fact that the ultimate test is social. The physical and biological aspects of planning make the natural starting point, and without belittling their importance in the least, we must realize that planning should not stop there, but should be carried through and give full weight to the social criterions. The first synthesis, then, consists of applying to the physical and biological resources the human criterions of value and classifying and mapping the resources in terms of their use. For regional planning REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 133 “land classification” is the common term used, and if this is properly understood to include all natural resources and advantages, it will answer for that purpose. Of course, the outstanding regional plan in this and other states is that of the well-known Regional Plan of New York and its Environs, which does not call for discussion here, because these remarks are primarily intended for those who are beginning such studies. Of the great wealth of literature dealing with various aspects of this land classification problem, attention is called to certain ones that are particularly pertinent to the present discussion, such as that by Sauer (’34), Joerg (’35), and Jesness and Nowell (’35), and the New England’s Prospect : 1933. An English book by Fagg and Hutchings (’30) entitled, An Introduction to Regional Survey- ing, deserves to be better known because of its comprehensive point of view. Special attention is also called to The Rural Land Classifica- tion Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1935, as repre- senting some of the latest views on the subject and worked out with much care and intelligence. Most of the rural surveys and planning programs have centered about agriculture, and secondarily about forest land, while minerals and climatic influences have been slower in gaining recognition. Mineral production for the United States is estimated at one-third the value of agriculture, and yet comparatively little has been done to develop local policies in relation to the national ones. The State Museum has made a start on the history of the State’s mineral industries. The New York State College of Agriculture has for many years made extensive studies of agricultural and submarginal lands and has published many bulletins on this subject (see Lewis, ’33, ’34, and Howe, ’35 for a recent discussion of methods of study and their application.) The State Planning Board issued a report on Rural Land Planning as Bulletin 21, 1935. The nonagricultural rural lands have received attention mainly from the standpoint of forestry, wild life and recreation. The forests have received the most attention, wild life has been receiving increased attention (Adams, ’26; Ulick, ’32, ’34), and recreation has centered about state parks, where there has been a great advancement. A com- prehensive study of recreational uses of the land has not yet been undertaken along lines similar to that of the neglected work by Lyons (’09), Chidester (’30, ’34), Brown (’35) and others. The most 134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM extensive study of state parks is a report by a committee of the State Planning Board on recreation, by its chairman, Henry F. Lutz. It seems to me that rural land planning should now be centered primarily about certain industries, for example, dairying, which is the leading rural agricultural industry. I believe that such a study of a functional group would throw much light upon the marginal and waste land problems. This industry should be studied from both the producers’ and the consumers’ points of view by independent groups, and with equal emphasis. Rural zoning is in need of further careful study and should not be limited solely to the segregation of agricultural and nonagricultural land classification, but should be comprehensive and cover the diversified uses of the land (see Adams T6 and Row- lands and Trenk ’36). A second rural planning problem is the actual comprehensive utiliza- tion of nonagricultural lands from a functional point of view, of com- mercial or economic forests, and their included waters for recreation, parks and the production of fish, game and fur-bearing animals, It is appropriate for the agricultural group to recommend elimina- tion of the nonagricultural marginal land; but are they in a position to recommend regarding the nonagricultural land policy? This, it seems to me, calls for another kind of outlook and procedure, and a joint study by those familiar with nonagricultural land use. The plans for the nonagricultural land should now be studied from the stand- point of diversified public use (forests, parks, wild life preserves etc.) and the major industries concerned (Adams, T6, ’26). Here, then, are two outstanding rural land use problems, and it is time to begin the planning, as the surveys have long been under way, particularly the first. Possibly only the preliminary planning can be started on the second, as the surveys are less complete. I have not observed adequate recognition of these distinctions. A third primarily rural problem urgently requiring study is the salt, brackish, fresh and ground waters. This will include the ocean, the lakes, ponds and swamps and the brooks, creeks and rivers. We have no comprehensive study of this problem in relation to use, coordination and dedication (Cf. Adams ’36). While this State has one of the best state land policies of any state, in recent years this policy has been threatened by the relief activities of the Federal Resettlement Administration. Increased federal acquisition of land has been encouraged by administrative REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 135 procedure, and without full public discussion of its merits, in rela- tion to earlier state policies. In some backward states there might be some justification for this acquisition, but there is serious doubt as to its wisdom in this State. The hope of “getting something for nothing” seems to have exerted an undue influence in the encourage- ment of this policy. This indefinite or confused policy of acquiring land may later trouble the people of this State. Functions of the Adirondack and Catskill State Parks. Eco- nomic pressure has constantly encroached upon the wilderness of the Adirondack and Catskill State Parks. These are not, and have not been parks in the usual sense, or in the same sense as the other state parks later established. The pressure for encroachment has been so great that special protection is given them in the Constitution. In spite of this there have been constant minor encroachments. The Whiteface Mountain highway is just one instance. Recently finding work for the Civilian Conservation Corps has, I have personally observed, led to further encroachments, including the cutting of trees, and thus injury to the wilderness conditions guaranteed by the Con- stitution. The conventional reforestation plantings, including non- native species is clearly not in harmony with the “wild forest lands” as provided by the Constitution. In the past the encroachment has originated largely from the lumber and power interests. Today the threat comes largely from unemployment, alleged fire protection and from certain recreational interests. These two parks are the nearest approach to the ideals of the wilder- ness developed mainly by the national parks. A large tract of the southern Appalachians has been made a national park, but there is no national park in this general region. As New York State has a progressive land policy, it seems best that it should maintain these areas in a manner comparable to that of the national parks, rather than to convert them into national parks or economic forests. That the intensive recreational use of national parks has caused them much injury is well known. Some of this is recognized as unavoidable, but the officials are learning that it has even become necessary to zone parts of these parks, which is a confession of the damage to wilderness conditions. These two parks in this State are truly worthy of preservation as wildernesses comparable to the highest standard of the national parks. This fact is too often overlooked by those who are champions of special interests or use of these parks. 136 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In order to clarify the situation I wish to suggest that the Division of State Planning make a comprehensive study of this problem, as it is one of the outstanding social or cultural problems involved in rural land use in this State. Urban industrial surveys. The rural and urban problems can not be kept wholly distinct. For this reason certain urban problems demand attention. The Planning Board studies have shown (Sum- mary Report of Progress, p. 22, map) that although much emphasis has already been put on agricultural lands, 84 per cent of the population lives on 16 per cent of the valley lands (figures 33 and 34). No stronger proof could be given to show that some of the primary planning problems are concerned with the urban, commercial activi- ties and industries rather than the agricultural industries. This is not primarily an agricultural state. In accordance with the well-known and fundamental fact that New York State is the leading commercial and urban industrial center of the United States, these industrial problems call for much more emphasis than has been given to these phases so far. Of these industrial problems that urgently need attention may be listed : a A survey of the representative urban industries based on the mineral resources of the State, to determine their relative impor- tance and present status b An economic and social survey of the causes of industries leaving New York State. This should be comprehensive so as to differentiate the natural regional advantages, economic reasons, social and “political” influences, and their relative influence. There has been much discussion of this but little serious study. While this State has one of the best state land policies of any state, in recent years this policy has been threatened by the relief activities of the Federal Resettlement Administration. Increased federal acquisition of land has been encouraged by administrative procedure, and without full public discussion of its merits, in relation to earlier state policies. In some backward states there might be some justification for this acquisition, but there is serious doubt as to its wisdom in this State. The hope of “getting something for nothing” seems to have exerted an undue influence in the encourage- ment of this policy. This indefinite or confused policy of acquiring land may later trouble the people of this State. Provision for unemployment. There are many students and per- sons engaged in practical activities who believe that from now on unemployment will be permanent, or at least relatively prolonged. In REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 137 the face of this prospect should not the Division of State Planning make a study of this problem, not only from its economic significance but as well for its social influence, and its possible bearing on any sound policy of public works ? Comprehensive financial survey. Considering that New York City and the State form the financial hub of the Western Hemisphere, and that the present depression is a major calamity, it seems that the Division of State Planning might well make a study of the major aspects of this problem. This study should be a comprehensive one of the relation of the fiscal policies of the municipalities, counties, various authorities, the State, and their relation to that of the Nation. Such a survey should provide a foundation for reducing some of the present chaos, which has retarded relief agencies and recovery. This State surely pos- sesses the technical ability to make such a study. The problems of unemployment and of the general financial situa- tion are so widespread in their influence as to warrant mention in spite of their apparent remoteness from the consideration of the natural resources. 10 THE ADJUSTMENT BETWEEN LOCAL, STATE AND NATIONAL PLANNING If planning for public welfare is to mean anything important, there should be a definite relation between local, state and national planning. Evidently, if there is not real integration and coordination planning can not function. Each planning unit will have to make an effort to define the limitations of its own field and to relate it to the system as a whole. (See Objectives and Procedure for County Planning Programs. Infor. Bui. No. 26, 1935. Regional Planning Associa- tion.) The newly established Division of State Planning is no doubt intended to formulate and correlate the various local units and produce a unified policy and program that will be adjusted to a national policy and plan. 11 SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS This brief sketch of the relation of natural resources to regional planning brings forward certain suggestions and conclusions which may be summarized as follows : 1 Modern economic and social planning is a new name for the old process of looking ahead deliberately, and meeting new conditions in an intelligent matter-of-fact manner by careful planning. 138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 2 Conditions will change and modern methods are essential to an understanding of the new complexity and a solution of the problems. 3 Natural resources, broadly considered, are the basis for local economic and social development. The geographic position, climate, topography, geology, soils, surface and ground waters, plants and animals, and even the historic objects, become subjects which require careful professional and technical study as a necessary means of formu- lating and executing sound public policies for their care and utilization. 4 The various Departments of the State and Federal Government have already made much progress, and have much information which bears directly on public planning policies, but these officials are gen- erally so completely occupied with administrative duties, or have such limited funds, that they have not in the past been able to devote adequate time to the formation of long-time policies. A summary of our present knowledge is needed as a basis for plan- ning for the future. For this reason state and local planning organiza- tions are necessary, so that such planning agencies may work with the other state agencies in formulating such plans. 5 Local and county planning boards should not in general attempt to make local scientific surveys, without the assistance and coopera- tion of existing state scientific departments, which are familiar with the general problems involved, and the kind of surveys that are necessary. The Division of Science and the New York State Mu- seum, is prepared to furnish much fundamental and basic data required on the natural resources, and to conduct or supervise research within its field, as previously indicated. 12 REFERENCES Adams, Charles C. 1913 Guide to the Study of Animal Ecology. N. Y. i83p 1916 Diversified Forestry. Jour. N. Y. State For. Ass’n, 3, no. 1 125-26 1926 The Economic and Social Importance of Animals in. Forestry with Special Reference to Wild Life. Roos. Wild Life Forest Fxp’t Sta. Bui., 3:502-676 1926a Wild Life Preserves and Waste Land. Roos. Wild Life Bui., 3 1499-500 1929 The Importance of Preserving Wilderness Conditions. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 279:37-46 1929a A Policy for State Historic and Scientific Reservations. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 284:61-67 1931 The Importance of Establishing Natural History Reservations for Research and Education. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 288:51-56; 57-59 iq'jc The Relation of General Ecology to Human Ecology. Ecology, 16:316-335 1936 Suggestions and Recommendations in Planning for the Use and Administration of Water Resources. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 306 :87-96 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 139 Beck, L. C. 1842 Mineralogy of New York; comprising detailed descriptions of the minerals hitherto found in the State of New York and notices of their uses in the arts and agriculture. Nat. Hist, of New York. 536p. Bray, W. L. 1930 The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. N. Y. State Col. For., Tech. Pub. No. 29, 2d ed. 189P. Brigham, A. P. 1929 Glacial Geology and Geographic Conditions of the Lower Mohawk Valley. A Survey of the Amsterdam, Fonda, Gloversville and Broadalbin Quadrangles. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 280. 133P. Brown, R. M. 1935 The Business of Recreation. Geog. Review, 25 1467-75 Chidester, L. W. 1930 New England’s Recreational Appeals. 27p. 1934 The Importance of Recreation as a Land Use in New England. Jour. Land and Public Utility Economics, p. 202-9. Clements, F. E. 1905 Research Methods in Ecology. Lincoln, Neb. 334p. 1935 Experimental Ecology in the Public Service. Ecology, 16:342-63 Cushing, H. P. & Ruedmann, Rudolf 1914 Geology of Saratoga Springs and Vicinity. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 169. I77p. Fagg, C. C. & Hutchings, G. E. 1930 An Introduction to Regional Surveying. Cambridge, Eng. Ox- ford Univ. Press. I50p. Fairchild, H. L. 1907 Glacial Waters of the Lake Erie Basin. N. Y. State Mus. Bub, 106. 83p. 1909 Glacial Waters in Central New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 127. 66p. 1912 The Glacial Waters in the Black and Mohawk Valleys. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 16O. 47p. 1918 Pleistocene Marine Submergence of the Hudson, Champlain and St Lawrence Valleys. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 209-10. 76p. 1925 The Susquehanna River in New York and Evolution of Western New York Drainage. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 256. 99p. Fuller, M. L. 1914 The Geology of Long Island, New York. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper No. 82. 231P. Gordon, R. B., Emerson, F. W. Kenoyer, L. A., Hicks, L. E. & Saun- ders, A. A. 1936 A Botanical Survey of Allegany State Park. N. Y. State Mus. Hdbk, 17. In press Howe, F. B. 1935 Classification and Agricultural Value of New York Soils. Cornell Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bui., 619. 83p. Illick, J. S. 1932 Land Use and Forestry. Proceedings of Land Use Symposium at Syracuse, June 21, 1932. N. Y. State Col. For. p. 15-24 1934 Determining the Future Uses of Sub-marginal Agricultural Land in New York State. N. Y. State Planning Board Bui., 14, Part 1, p. 1-7 Jesness, O. B. & Nowell, R. I. 1935 A Program for Land Use in Northern Minnesota. A Type Study in Land Utilization. Univ. Minn. Press. 338p. 140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Joerg, W. L. G. 1935 Geography and National Land Planning. Geog. Review, 25; 177-208 Kemp, J. E. 1912 The Mineral Springs of Saratoga. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 159. 79P- Leggette, R. M., Gould, L. O. & Dollen, B. H. 1935 Ground Water Resources of Monroe County, New York. Mon- roe County Regional Planning Board. 1419. Lewis, A. B. 1934 Methods Used in an Economic Study of Land Utilization in Tompkins County, New York, and in Other Similar Studies in New York. Cornell Agric. Exp’t Sta. Memoir, 160. 57p. Lyons, T. J. 1909 Twenty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics for the State of Maine, for 1909. Water- ville. p. 1-466 Mordoff, R. A. 1925 The Climate of New York State. Cornell Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bui., 444- 38p. Muir, Walter 1935 Political Subdivisions of the State of New York. Indexed ac- cording to U.S.G.S. sheets. N. Y. State Planning Board, Albany, N. Y. Newland, D. H. 1919 Mineral Resources of the State of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 223-24. 315P. Newland, D. H. & Hartnagel, C. A. 1936 Mining and Quarry Industries of New York State for 1930-33. Including summary of gas and petroleum developments. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 305. i6ip. New York State Planning Board (Committee Report) 1935 Rural Land Planning. N. Y. State Planning Board Bui., 21. 22p. Rafter, George W. 1905 Hydrology of the State of New York. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 85. 902p. Rich, J. L. 1935 Glacial Geology of the Catskills. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 299. I79P. Rowlands, W. A. & Trenk, F. B. 1936 Rural Zoning Ordinances. Wis. College Agric. Ext. Circ. 281, p. 40 Saratoga Springs Commission 1930 Report to the Legislature. Legis. Doc. No. 70. 2i6p. Sauer, C. O. 1934 Preliminary Report to the Land-Use Committee on Land Re- sources and Land Use in Relation to Public Policy. Report of the 1 Federal] Science Advisory Board, p. 167-260 Saunders, A. A. 1926 The Summer Birds of Central New York Marshes. Roos. Wild Life Bui., 3:335-475 Tansley, A. G. & Chipp, T. F. 1926 Aims and Methods in the Study of Vegetation. London. 383P. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 141 Taylor, Norman 1923 The Vegetation of Long Island. Part I : Vegetation of Mon- tauk. A Study of Grassland and Forest. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Memoirs, v. 2. 107P. 1926 The Climate of Long Island. Its Relation to Forests, Crops and Man. Cornell Agric. Exp’t Sta. Bui., 458. I9p. Tennessee Valley Authority (G. Donald Hudson) 1935 The Rural Land Classification Program. A summary of tech- niques and uses. sop. Thwaites, F. T. 1935 Ground Water Supplies of Allegany State Park, 1932. N. Y. State Mus. Cir., n. 62p. Veatch, A. C. & others 1906 Underground Water Resources of Long Island, New York. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper No. 44. 394p. Woodworth, J. B. 1901 Pleistocene Geology of Portions of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 48 :6i7~7o 1905 Pleistocene Geology of Mooers Quadrangle. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 83. 6op. Ancient Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys. N. Y. State Mus. Bui., 84. 265P. 1905a i'. t .<*. ;yjjq*¥ j * - . * INDEX Accessions, lists, 72-78 Adams, Charles C., Relation of natural resources to regional and county planning, 121-41 ; cited, 39, 70, 138 Adirondack State Park, function of, 135 Administrative problems, 60 Allegany School of Natural History, 13, 25 American furniture, gift of, 47 Animals, surveys of, 129 Appropriations and funds, 62 ; gen- eral financial problem, 63 Archeological and historic objects, preservation of, 131 Archeology and history, 59 Attendance, 33; schools and col- leges, 31 Beck, L. C., cited, 139 Bequest, form of, 10 Betten, Cornelius, cited, 39, 70 Bibliography, annual, 70 ; Indian groups, 120; regional planning for natural resources, 138 Bishop, I. P., cited, 126 Bishop, Mrs Thomas B., gift of Hall collection, 47 Bonsteel, Mrs Charles Hartwell, 59 Books, see Bibliography Botany, 13, 53 Bray, W. L., cited, 139 Brigham, A. P., cited, 139 Brown, R. M., cited, 139 Buddington, A. F., cited, 39, 70 Budget, 61 ; general financial prob- lem, 63 Casting of Indian groups, 109 Catskill State Park, function of, 135 Cayuga Indian Ceremony Group, de- scription, 1 17; detailed description of figures, 106 Centenary of April 15, 1936, 60 Chidester, L. W., cited, 139 Clarke, Noah T., Indian groups of the New York State Museum and a description of the technic, 101-20 Clements, F. E., cited, 139 Collaborators, 59 Collections, 13 ; historical, 41-48, 69 ; study, conditions of, 34 Colleges, relation to, 31 Cooperation with state and other organizations, 14 Council, Museum, 60; members, list, County geologic reports, list, 126 County planning, Relation of the natural resources to regional and county planning (Adams), 121-41 Cushing, H. P., cited, 126 Cushing, H. P. & Ruedemann, Ru- dolf, cited, 139 Dale, N. C., cited, 39, 70 Darton, N. H., cited, 127 Directory data, 62 Donations, kind sought, 67; of funds, 69; of land, 70; received, list, 72- 78 ; to schools and individuals, 78 Drafting, 40 Ecological maps, 129 Economic geology, 50 Economic minerals, exhibit, 35 Economic studies, 13 Eller, E. R., cited, 70 Employes, see Staff Endowment and trust funds, 69 Entomology, 53. See also Mosquito control Exchanges, accessions by, 76 ; of publications, 60 Exhibition halls, attendance at, 31, 33; condition of, 34 Exhibits, 35-38; condition of, 34 Fagg, C. C. & Hutchings, G. E., cited, ^ 139 Fairchild, H. L., cited, 139 Fellowships, research, 65 Felt, E. P., 59; cited, 70 Financial and statistical summary, 61 Financial problem, current, 64; gen- eral, 63 Fluorescent exhibit, 36 Fossils, exhibit of, 36 Fuller, M. L., cited, 139 Funds, endowment and trust funds, 69; summary, 62 Furniture, American, gift of, 47 Garnet, 36 Geological exhibit, 35 Geology, economic, 13, 50; relation to natural resources, 126 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Gifts, see Donations Goldring, Winifred, cited, 70 Gordon, R. B., and others, cited, 139 Graphite, 36 Ground water research, 65-67 Gypsum, 35 Hall, Dr James, collection presented to Museum, 47 ; resolution of New York Assembly concerning, 42 Hartnagel, C. A., description of Ran- dolph mammoth, 37 Historic materials, exhibit of, 35 ; preservation of, 131 Historic reservations, see Scientific and historic reservations Historical collections, 13, 41-48; do- nations welcome to, 69; gifts re- ceived, 47 History, 59 House, H. D., cited, 70 Howe, F. B., cited, 139 Hudson, Dr George H., por., 57 ; death, 59 Illick, J. S., cited, 139 Indian groups, casting and coloring, 109-13; description of finished groups, 115-20; detailed descrip- tion of figures, 105-9; history, 102; models, search for and se- lection of, 104; references on, 120; selection of sites and preparation of landscapes and accessories, 113-15 History of the Indian groups with a description of the technic (Lithgow), 83-100 The Indian groups of the New York State Museum and a descrip- tion of the technic (Clarke), 101-20 Indian Hall, decoration of, 99 Industrial surveys, 136 Information and publicity, 34 Insect pests, see Entomology ; Mos- quito control Iron ore, 35 Iroquois Indian groups, see Indian groups Jesness, 0. B. & Nowell, R. I., cited, 139 Joerg, W. L. G., cited, 140 Kemp, J. E., cited, 140 Land classifications and utilization of natural resources, 132-37 Lawlor, W. K., cited, 70 Leggette, R. M., Gould, L. O. & Dollen, B. H., cited, 140 Lewis, A. B., cited, 140 Lincoln, D. F., cited, 127 Lithgow, David C., History of the Indian groups with a description of the technic, 83-100 Local planning boards, list, 24 Luther, D. D., cited, 127 Lyons, T. J., cited, 140 Mammoth, exhibit of, 37 Maps, geographic, topographic, and geologic, 126; of plants and animals, 129 Marchand, Henri, work on Indian groups, 83, 104, 107-9 Mayer, Caspar, work on Indian groups, 83, 101, 104, 105-9 Merrill, Dr George P., quoted, 47 Minerals, economic, exhibit, 35 ; fluorescent exhibit, 36 Mohawk Indian Warrior Group, de- scription, 1 18; detailed description of figures, 108 Mordoff, R. A., cited, 140 Mosquito control, in Suffolk county, 19, 53 Muir, Walter, cited, 140 Museum, Centenary of April 15, 1936, 60; needs, 63 Museum Council, 60; members, list, 11 National Resources Board, report quoted, 66 Natural resources, ground water re- search, 65-67; State Planning Board, 23-25 Relation of the natural resources to regional and county planning (Adams), 121-41 Needs of the State Museum, 63 New York State Planning Board, cited, 140 Newland, Dr D. H., description of economic geological exhibit, 35 ; description of fluorescent exhibit, 36; cited, 71, 140 INDEX 145 Newland, D. H. & Hartnagel, C. A., cited, 140 Niagara Falls photographs, exhibit of, 35 Oneida Indian Industry Group, de- scription, 1 16; detailed description of figures, 106 Onondaga Council of the Turtle Clan Indian Group, description, 1 18; detailed description of figures, 107 Paleontology, 49 Parker, Dr Arthur C., 83, 101 Parks, State Council of, 25 Personnel, see Staff Petroleum, 35 Photography and drafting, 40 Pilsbry, Dr Henry A., monograph on shells, 40 Planning, regional, see Regional and county planning Planning Board, State, 23-25 Plants, mapping of, 129 Printing and publications, 38-40; ap- propriation for, 62; bibliography, 70 Public relief work, see Relief work Publications, 38-40; exchange, 60; list, 70 Publicity, 34 Pupils, visiting museum exhibits, 31 Purchases, 76 Pyrite, 36 Rafter, George W., cited, 340 Randolph mammoth, exhibit of, 37 Reed, J. C., cited, 39, 71 Reference books, annual bibliography, 70; Indian groups, 120; regional planning for natural resources, 138 Regents, Museum Committee of, list, 11 Regional and county planning, Rela- tion of natural resources to region- al and county planning (Adams), 121-41 Relief work, mosquito control in Suf- folk county, 19; projects proposed for, 14. See also Unemployment Research, ground water, 65-67 Research fellowships, 65 Reservations, scientific and historic, 64 ; donations of land for, 70 ; preservation of, 131 Resources, natural, see Natural re- sources Rich, J. L., cited, 140 Ries, H., cited, 127 Rowlands, W. A. & Trenk, F. B., cited, 140 Ruedemann, Rudolf, cited, 39, 71 Rural land surveys, 133 Salaries, 62, 63 Salt and gypsum, 35 Saratoga Springs Commission, cited, 140 Sauer, C. O., cited, 140 Saunders, Aretas A., cited, 71, 140 School museums, 32 Schools, gifts to, 78 ; relation of museum exhibits to, 31 Schoonmaker, W. J., cited, 71 Scientific and historic reservations, 64; donations of land for, 70; pres- ervation of, 131 Scientific staif, summary of activi- ties, 48-59. See also Staff Seneca Indian Harvest group, description, 1 15 ; detailed descrip- tion of figures, 105 Seneca Indian Hunting Group, de- scription, 1 19; detailed description of figures, 109 Serial publications, see Publications Shells, monograph on, 40 Soils, and water resources, 127-29 Staff, 63; directory data, 62; dona- tions to collections, 76 ; list, 1 1 ; salaries, 62 ; summary of activities of scientific staff, 48-59 State and other organizations, co- operation with, 14 State Council of Parks, 25 State Museum Council, 60; members, list, 11 State parks, functions of Adirondack and Catskill State Parks, 135 State Planning Board, 23-25 Statistical summary, 61 Stoner, Dayton, cited, 71 Storage space, temporary, 67 Stormer, Leif, cited, 71 Study collections, condition of, 34 Summary, financial and statistical, 61 Summary of the year’s work, 13 146 XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Suffolk county mosquito control project, 19 Talc, 36 Tansley, A. G. & Chipp, T. F., cited, 140 Taylor, Norman, cited, 141 Tennessee Valley Authority, cited, 141 Thompson, Mrs Frederick F., In- dian groups as memorial to father, 102 Thwaites, F. T., cited, 39, 71, 141 Trust funds, 69 Unemployment, State planning of provision for, 136. See also Relief work Urban industrial surveys, 136 Veatch, A. C. & others, cited, 141 Vegetational maps, 129 Visitors, see Attendance Water resources and soil, 127-29 Water supplies, ground water re- search, 65-67 Wheeler, Mrs P. M., gift of Hall collection, 47 Woodworth, J. B., cited, 141 Work relief, see Relief work World’s Fair of 1939, plans for, 60 Zinc ore, 36 Zoology, 54 ' ’ New York_ Botanical Garden Library 3 5185 00337 0606