£TF^ January. 19O4

~r

»• kAWIKMCC

-'"•

A MONTHLY REVIEW of the Developed

and Undeveloped WEALTH of the DOMINION; of CANADA and Of NEWFOUNDLAND

of Trade Bull

TEN CENTS A

RESOURCES

Authorized Capital $2,000,000

Paid up Capital 1,300,000

Reserve Fund & Undivided Profits 360,000

H. S. HOLT, President

D. M. STEWART. . General Manner

ACCOUNTS

of Individuals. Firms, Corpora- tions and Banks solicited.

COLLECTIONS

on nil points in Canada and in the United States promptly made

COMMERCIAL

and Circular Letters of Credit issued.

DRAFTS

and Telegraphic Transfers on all the leading cities in the United States, Great Britain and the Con- tinent sold at the best rates.

EXCHANGE

again.-i shipments of ^rain. cattle. butter, cheese and other mer- chandise purchased at the highest

prices.

3% INTEREST

allowed from date of deposit and credited twice a year in our

SAVINGS

Department at all offices.

CORRESPONDENCE

invited. Call or write

CORRESPONDENTS :

London, Eng.

London Joint Stock Bank Limited. Princes Street.

Messrs J. S. Morgan & Company.

Union Discount Company of London, Limited.

New York, U.S. '

National Bank of Commerce. Messrs T. p. Morgan & Company. Standard Trust Company.

MAIN OFFICE IN MONTREAL:

202 ST. JAMES STREET (Corner St. Peter St. ),

W. GRAHAM BROWNE,

Manager.

Grand Trunk Railway System

"INTERNATIONAL LIMITED"

One of the Fastest Lone Distance Trains in the World. Running through the Largest and most Prosperous Towns and Cities of Canada and the States of Michigan, Indiana and Illinois.

RUNS EVERY DAY I.KAVK.-i AKK1VKM

Unreal 9.00 a i. Gfticago , .20 a.i.

NEXT MORNING

Solid wide Vestibule Train with Elegant First Class Coaches, Pullman Sleeping Cars,

MONTREAL

to CHICAGO

I,v. MONTREAL,! lionavtiuurc)9 00

Ar Cornwall 1028

•• Prescott 11.19

" Brockville ... ll.SS

•• Thousand Islands Jctl2.i:i

• Kingston . . 1253

" Napanee I IS

" Belleville I tr>

" Cobouig 244

" Pott Hope 2.54

" TORONTO . 44(1

- HAMILTON $40

p m

Ar. St. Catharines. . 6.25 p.m.

• Niagara Kails. N.V. . 7 05 •• " BUFFALO. . . . . 800 "

. Woodstock . . . 7 02 p.m.

London 7 4:i "

Chatham 9 10 "

Windsor ( East.TimeJIO 05 " DETROIT, (Cent. Time) 9.80 '•

Durand 11 50 •

Liinvng ....... 12.54 a m.

CHICAGO 720 ••

Grand Trunk Standard Cafe-Parlor

Car serving meals and refreshments a la carte.

MONTREAL

to DETROIT,

NIAGARA

FALLS

and BUFFALO.

Lake Ontario in view for more than loo miles of the jouiney. Fast time. Polite employees. Grand Scenery and unexcelled equipment

CHAS. M HAVS,

i-olld Vicc-l'i •»•-.. anil Urn. MHIIII; MI>NTI,KA1..

CEO W. VAUX,

A"! I, I'll. I'a

I'llll1 V'.< '

W. C DAVIS.

*( litriT Tniltir Ma

HOD I IM U

O T. BELl.

cr (;<-n. l'n». anil Tk-k«-t . MOM I

H O. ELLIOTT,

I ifJ*vt-A

MOM ij

KOXTIJBXI

HUDSON'S BA\; COMPANY.

7

INCORPORATED 1670.

The Company offers for sale farming and grazing lands in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories on easy terms of payment and without any cone] tions of settleme cultivation duties.

/•'//// iulor,

RESOURCES

/•. V EL OP /• /> AND

/> /: / / /. O P E D OF B R I 7 I S H N O R T // .-/ .»/ BRH /

\'»L II

M O N T R E A L, Q U /•: , J . / A / . / l< Y, 1904

No. i

Forest W e a 1 t H

AS SPAIN lound when her adventurous sons established the rich colonies of Central and South America, so found the .ulvaiicc guards of French and liuii-.li civili/ation when they planted the ll.igs ol their respective countries on the soil of the •li American continent, the former in 15.^5, the latter in i'>jo. Ilicv sur\e\ed .i land ol almost interminable woods, which nodded to the music ol mighty rivers rushing to the sea. From the Atlantic coast westward to the h.-ad ol' the (treat Lakes .1 \.ist primeval forest extended. In summer a sea of foliage rolled .iu.i\ liom the shores ol the ocean, and the land lay in dark and gloomy shadow, in which were concealed the wild beasts and the still wilder and more savage Kedmen. Only here and there could the summer sun penetrate the thick canopv ol leaves the giant trees interposed between the sU\ .ind the soil. Occasional!) there were small and usually widely sepaiated openings where storms had broken down the trees or where the camp tires of the Indians had burned a little clear- ing. Through the sombre land- scape ran the rivers like streaks of silvei on a ground of green, and here and there the lakes pushed back the forest and alloulcd the only large sunlit • in this part of the continent. Through these almost measure- less lorests roamed the Indians in search of game or in search of one another in their cruel warfare. Hut their long journevs were usually made by water, the) fol- lowing in their frail canoes the courses ol the lakes and rivers ; and when the) went country thtough the lorests the) gciiciall) followed well known and long used paths. To them the dark forests vvcic .1 legion of

gloom and tear, peopled hv evil spirits more dreaded than the dangers ol the ch.ise or of the war path.

•nd such the forest temained for many veais .ifter the white man came. Little settlements sprang up along the \vaterwavs and little clearings were made where the settlers sowed their first crops ot grain and made their first start in tanning. These were mere scats on the bosom of the forest, but as years went by they multiplied and grew in extent ; the clearings became farms and the larnis became settlements. The dark forest, though still ruling over the greater part of the land, no longer held absolut- sway.

The forests of I .in. id. i.

The early colonists had no lack of material with which to build their rude homes or fuel to enable them to contend against the rigors of the winter. Wood abounded ev erv where, and as it had to be removed before the soil could be utili/ed the pioneers regarded the forests as an enemy to be overcome. Hut as settle- ment advanced and populatian increased the lores! wealth ot the country beg; n to be turned to commercial purposes. From that time to this her timber areas have been among the most productive resources of Canada.

s.i) s a writer in discussing the subject, "have, perhaps, aided more materially Canada's devel- opment than an\ of her other resources. The fur-bearing ani- mals nourished in their recesses formed the greatest attraction in their new homes for the first settlers, and ever) where, in pur- suit of them, court-ant dt ban spread over the unknown country and learned something of its phvsical features. In the wake of the lumberman followed foicsl- clearings. tilled lands, villages and busy towns. Kven further into the interior the lumberman penetrated, and Kastern Canada unfolded and developed her growth of blossom and fruit, her rich farm-lands and prosperous towns behind him. And still this work of development con- tinues, opening up new regions to settlers, giving them employ- ment and offering a market lor their produce."

The dav is lar distant when it can be said that the lumberman has found his occupation _ lor so far but the fringe of the forests has been attacked.

The present forest and wood- land are i Province and of

the Territories is shown by the following tabulated statement : — KOKKST AXI> wo-

Ontario. .... 14.1. .VI"

Quebec.. 140.894

New Brunswick 14.

Nova Scotia

I'. E. Island 797

Manitoba. .15,626

British Columbia •>*5>.Vs4

Territories

I \K> VSII VIOIMVIS IN llRinsH i ol.t M HI V

.

Total.

square mile*.

•.OT:

RESOURCES

In the older provinces the forest areas are part of the Crown ami belong to the Provincial Governments except where they have been alienated to private owners. In Manitoba and the Territories

DOUGLAS FIR 37} FEET IN CIRCUMFERENCE— BRITISH COLUMBIA

and in the railway belt of British Columbia the forests belong1 to the Dominion Government, and the wealth of these vast areas has not yet been drawn upon to any considerable extent.

In Nova Scotia the best of the timber lands are the property of individuals or corporations. But little pine has been left, and spruce is the chief wood exported. Large quantities of pulp- wood remain, and on an average about two and a half million dollars of wood products are exported annually from the Province.

The annual exportation of such products from New Brunswick amounts to about six and a half million dollars, of which spruce deal forms about two-thirds. The best of the pine has been cut and spruce is the principal timber left. About 2,700 square miles of timber areas are still vacant and unlicensed The Province also contains large quantities of valuable hard woods.

As in all northern countries, the coniferous trees occupy by far the largest space in the forestry of the Province of Quebec. Pine, spruce, balsam, fir, tamarac, hemlock and cedar represent at least three-fourths of the forest trees adapted to commercial use. Spruce is by far the most abundant species. The date, more or less remote, is foreseen when the pine will no longer be able to provide the quantity of lumber it now furnishes for domestic consumption and for export ; but as far as spruce is concerned, the forests are inexhaustible, even supposing- an annual consumption ten-fold what it actually is at present. In hardwoods, birch, maple and elm are the most abundant. Spruce suitable for commercial purposes -is found in all parts of the Province, even as far as the valley of the Hamilton River, 250 miles north of the Strait of Belle-Isle. The finest spruce for sawing is fount! on the south of the St. Lawrence, including the liaspe Peninsula, as well as in the St. Maurice and Ottawa

and even 40 inches diameter at fourteen and fifteen feet from the ground. In the Province of Quebec fully 50,000 square miles are under license for the cutting of timber, but vast tracts are still unlicensed. These are chiefly north of the Ottawa and the Si. Lawrence Rivers, and are for the most part covered with spruce. fir, poplar and birch. According to a very moderate estimate recently made by the Government the standing timber, exclusive of pulp-wood and undersized trees, "will produce at least sixiv thousand million feet of lumber." Some idea of the immense timber reserve of the Province may be gathered from a considera- tion of a single district, the Lake St. John basin, of which more than 18,000,000 acres are still uncleared. It is estimated that there are growing at present on this area 100,000,000 cords of pulp-wood. Quebec exports annually 812,000,000 worth of forest products.

A greater variety of trees is found in Ontario than in am other Province, and, as a natural consequence, the number of wood-employing industries is much larger than elsewhere in Canada. In the south-western part of the Province the woodlands are made up of hard wood, of which oak, hickory, maple, elm, ash, and birch are the most valuable. The forests of northern and north-western Ontario resemble those of Quebec ; pine, spruce, birch and poplar being the most important. Pine has long been the chief wood exported from Ontario and great quantities remain uncut. The annual timber exports of the province amount to about ten million dollars.

Nearly forty per cent, of the area of Manitoba is in timber. Of this over 2,000 square miles are a permanent timber reserve where no cutting may be done without permit from the govern- ment. These lands are for the most part heavily clad with spruce,

II.M 1.1M. IN I UK I-'OKK.ST — Ol IK1V

though in many portions there is a sprinkling of oak and birch. Jt is the intention of the Government to permit no cutting to be territories. Trees are often felled which produce logs of 30, 36 ,Alone beyond the natural vearly increase, and as it is estimated

f

RESOURCES

that thi- spru. i- I. -it-sis uill renew themselves in lwcni< will IK- seen thai Manitoba has a large available supply of timber lor lumber ami I'm- 1 purposes Manitoba spruce is chiefly einpi. tin- small dimension lumln-t, shiplap ami sheeting.

.illu-r provin. i ::.aila, no country in Kurope, and no

state in North \m. 'iii-

li. lies \vi:h I ish Columbia in reaped 10 its tim- ber. Thcic prairies hen- anil there, x alleys live from wood, ami man> openings iii the thickest country, which in the aggregate make many Inin- ilreil Ihiiusaiul acres of land on which noclearing is required, hut near each open spot is a lux- uriant growth of wood. The wooded area covers thousands of square miles, a n d include s

I 01 -ty kinds of N \RI.IV. i o,.s

timber; and even

with a large number of saw-mills with a great daily capacity there is little danger of depletion of the forest lands to any appreciable extent. The character of the forests of Itritish Columbia is very dilK-rent troni that of the other Provinces. The trees are much larger, and all the more valuable species are peculiar to the r.uilic .oast. Among them are : Douglas tir, the giant arbor-vitas, silk. i spruce, yellow express and the western hemlock, all of which

'iie annual expotl-

.1111, -unts to a little less than one million dollars, ihe ind being still in its n •

In the districts to the nort ; timber areas only partly

explored but of which suHicient is known to

w e a I t • ciallv in sp- and pulp-wood.

sources will re- main for future g e n e r a t i o i draw upon.

\- early ta i'rf'7. during the n ch regime, timber was ex- ported from Can- ada to I'" ranee by the energetic Intendant Talon. Alter the con- quest (ireal Brit- ain, being well supplied from the forests of North- ern Kurope, dis- regarded Can- ada's tore- But the issuing of Napoleon's Merlin decrees

forbidding continental nations to trade with t ireal Britain caused the latter to look to other and friendlier sources for her timber supply. A steady trade in pine limber sprang up between Canada and Ihe Motherland. Cite.it Britain's demand for square timber increased until about ;c> years ago, since which time there has been more demand for pine in small dimensions. l.ast Canada exported forest products to the vah - ;.2_;4,ooo, the

II Mill KM>N - i \MI--MW HKl NsW U K

attain to a great si/e on Vancouver Island and on the mainland in the vicinity of the .oast. \ot more than one-third of the best timber area has been taken up. and there still remain unlicensed nearly one million acres of timber lands. It has been estimated that the toiests of British Columbia alone contain 100.000,000,000

TIMIII R l.>\ ts ,-l i Hf.

exports of lumber of all kinds contributing $.15, 540,000 to that amount. Of this, Great Britain took unmanufactured woods to the value of $14,130.000 and manufactured woods to the value of $1,666,000, a total of $15,786.000, while the United States' purchases amounted to $16,723,000.

About People

Hon. John Molson

AX A.ME that will always occupy a prominent place in the history of industrial development of the D -minion is that of the Hon. John Molson, the pioneer of steamboat navigation in Canada. He was a prominent captain of industry of his limes ; one of those men who always come to the front ; who command success, but who share its fruits with the community in general. Naturally and properly the men of to-day hold our attention and fill the public eye ; but an occasional glance at the past often shows one that the generations that have gone had their men of character and enterprise who compare favorably with their suc- cessors in the industrial activities of the present. Such a man was the Hon. John Molson. In 1807 Fulton demonstrated on the Hudson the possibility of steam navigation, and only two years later Mr. Molson put it to the test on the St. Lawrence. His first steamboat on Canadian waters, and the second in America, was called the "Accommodation." She measured eighty-five feet over all, had sixteen feet beam and an engine of six horsepower. On November 3, 1809, she started on her maiden trip from Quebec to Montreal. The distance is one hundred and sixty miles, and the journey was made in thirty-six hours. The trip

_,

E of the very happiest illustrations of the harmony in which the Anglo- United States Saxon race ;s W0rking the world over and Immigrant ;n tne mutual confidence and esteem in which the race meets under different though not hostile flags is found in what has been called the Americanization of the Canadian North-west. Within a half dozen of years not merely many thousands of the best class of American farmers have come into the fertile fields of Canada's North-west, but a most elaborately conducted propaganda has been organized by Canada for this very purpose. A wonderful thing this, the introduction of an element nationally alien, not only tolerated but actually sought for and going there wholly untrammelled by restrictions of any- character that do not equally obtain against the native born. It is estimated that more than 65,000 persons, carrying with them property approximately estimated at $40,000,000, have crossed the boundary line of the United States into Canada, enriching it and leaving the United States but little the poorer, for the lands they left have passed into other hands to be tilled and are in no sense to be included in the catalogue of "abandoned farms." These immigrants, after reaping the harvest of their rewards, have sold out their holdings and gone as pioneers into a new land.

The deliberately formed judgment of the Dominion's states- men in thus encouraging this immigration is the best testimony to their conviction that the Anglo-Saxon race has nothing to fear from its members. It is impossible to conceive that they have not weighed in the measure the certainty that this class of most desirable immigrant, with money, agricultural equipment and the knowledge gained by practical experience on successful American farms, would carry with them American ideas and always a sentimental interest in American affairs. With these farmers the inducement was not a change of flafj or a refuge from oppression or a haven from the toils and the hardships of the slums, as is the case with the vast majority of immigrants from European countries, but entirely an enlargement of opportunity. It is a commercial invasion of the North-west quite as much as is the capital which now turns so many wheels in the factories of Eastern Canada — an invasion which no land that had any fear of grave political dangers from without could possibly permit.

was a success, and soon a regular service was established. The fare for the journey between the two cities was /.'j loa,, and passengers were requested to purchase their tickets early in order to allow of sufficient provisions being laid in. The passengers had to be boarded for a day and a half. The journal of the "Accommodation " shows that the steamer usually left Cjuehcc at 4 o'clock in the afternoon and reached I'ortnetif at 11 that night where she tied up until morning. She got under way at 5 a.m., and at 9 p.m. anchored opposite Riviere du l.oup. Again she started at 4.30 on the following morning and at 4 o'clock in the afternoon she reached Montreal. The journey is now made during the season of navigation in a single night.

Mr. Molson was prominent in several walks of business and public life. He was president of the Bank of Montreal during a period of great commercial difficulty, and for many years \\as a member of the Executive Council of Lower Canada. He died in 1836. One of Montreal's leading financial institutions preserves the family name ; and every graduate of McGill University will remember it, for his examinations were held in Molson Hall.

.... , f Ontario

'Hp •*-

HE history of the early settlement of Ontario dates back about one hundred and eighteen years, to the close of the American War of Independence. In 1784 about 10,000 of those who desired to maintain their allegiance to the Motherland migrated from New York, Pennsylvania, and the New England States, and settled along the River St. Lawrence, around the Bay of Quinte, on the shore of Lake Ontario and in the Niagara Peninsula. They are known to history as the United Empire Loyalists, and were of varied descent, numbering among them many sons of England, Scotland and Ireland, besides persons of German, Dutch and Huguenot origin. Some were farmers, but the greater number consisted of discharged officers and men who had served Great Britain in the late war, and were unaccustomed to pioneer life. They began the arduous task of felling the trees, clearing the land (for Ontario was an unbroken forest), the building of rude houses and barns, and the planting of cleared ground among the stumps of the forest trees with wheat, oats and potatoes for the sustenance of themselves and their families. In 1812 the population had grown from a bare 1,000 to 80,000, all of whom, with the exception of a few hundreds, were engaged in tilling the land. Gradually a larger amount of land was brought under cultivation, and more substan- tial dwellings and farm buildings of sawn lumbe&took the place of the first crude log structures. In 1830 there were five towns in the Province of over 1,000 inhabitants each, \\/. : Hrockville, 1,130; Hamilton, 2,013; I-ondon, 2416; Toronto, 2,860; and Kingston, 3,587. The Province could also boast of one daily paper and one bank. In 1837 the population had increased to 397,500, by far the greater portion still living on the farm.

About that time an extensive immigration set in from England, Scotland and Ireland. These new comers, who were a very fine class of settlers, located as a rule in groups or blocks which formed the nuclei of some of the richest townships of Ontario. In this manner arose the Highland settlement of Glen- garry, the settlement of English gentlemen and retired military officers near Cobourg, the Irish settlement near Peterboro', the military settlement near Perth, the Talbot settlement in Elgin, The Canada Company's settlement in the Huron Tract, and many others of British and foreign composition.

R

anc

hi

ing

in

\Vestern Canada

I.IIH hini; scition ><! llu- \><ttli-\\ i-st Territories comprises 1 Western . \ssinibtii: i and Southern Alberta, while the farming >i . 1 1, in v, insists of Kastein Assiniboi.i. Saskatchewan .mil Northern \IK-it.i. It is IH>I, howwer, to he supposed that no farming is done in the ranching section nor r. nulling in the farming section. I In- two divisions outlined merely present somewhat varying ilimatic londiiitnis necessitating different mcthiHls of managing live st.u k.

last five year -:li- [.inching in the Norl! .'.

glowing terms of the prospect* of the busn.es, I! •• I venture to May from what I have seen that cattle ram-hint; I \orth-\\ lories of Canada is, without doubt, w

most lucrative and successful industries in Canada, and latch two-fold sense, as, owing to the great influx of desirable MM1 land is steadily advancing, in fact in s.-ine parts good loca1 have doubled and even trebled in price during the last tin

IIII.MI \M> I M II I SIIVIK III I, .Ills. \I\MIOII\

The most important distinction between these two natural divisions is the lesser decree of humidity prevalent in the ranching section, which causes the prairie grasses to suspend growth early in the autumn when they are subjected to a regular process of curing on the stalk during the bright, sunny autumn. Herein lies the explanation of what, to the uninitiated, is somewhat of a mxstery : nameK , that cattle, horses and sheep are able to range out all winter on the snow covered prairies and apparently to keep in good, thrilly condition. This peculiarity was first brought into prominence during the early days of settlement through the

four years. When that is taken into consideration, along with the cattle business, it is ijuite readily seen what a chance there is for profits."

" Heef is sold in two ways," writes the correspondent, in discussing the commercial side of ranching : " so much per head and take the " bunch," or so much per pound live weight, generally three cents less five per cent, for shrinkage. This year (1903), the price of beef is a little lower than last owing to shipments of Argentine cattle to Kngland, but the general opinion is that the drop is only temporary ; however, this

SORIH. \\>-.| M.M MM' IN<I It t

medium of the buffalo, which thrived exceedingly all winter upon the cured t;r.i-

There are some 193 millions of acres, over 300.000 square miles, of land available for free graxing in the Xorth-U Territories. On this enormous extent of country about 200,000 head of sheep, 600,000 head of cattle and 175,000 horses are at nt pastured.

\ gentleman who had formerly been engaged in farming in Canada but who has been actively interested during the

year's price, although it is $5.00 lower than last year's, will . in the vicinity of $40.00 per head for four-year-old steers and take them as they come.

• (he idea prevails that it is necessary to keep a i. number of men on a ranch ; this is not the case. Now, we keep only four men all the year round, and at such times as haymaking and branding we have a few extra men for a month or two at a time. In the winter the men haul hay to the corrals, and get out from the mountains willow posts, droppers for fencing, and to

6

RESOURCES

repair the sheds. Ranch hands get from $25.00 to $35.00 per month and board ; round-up men from $40.00 to $45.00, and riders who look after cattle under fence $35.00 and hoard. Ranchers who have no women about employ Chinamen and cooks.

" The Canadian North-West is a very law-abiding country and order in this vast territory is maintained by one of the finest bodies of military men in the world, the North- West Mounted Police, who number one thousand men when up to the full force and whom the Indians hold in much respect."

The rapid growth of the ranching and farming interests of the Canadian West is typified in the rapid strides made by the town of Medicine Hat among others within recent years.

Situated on the south branch of the Saskatchewan river, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway, and in the midst of the most favored ranching district of the Canadian West, Medicine Hat has become the leading commercial and industrial centre of Western Assiniboia. With the advent of the railway, some twenty years ago, the history of the town began. The immense grazing country, with its luxuriant vegetation and permanent supply of water, first attracted the attention of stockmen, and ranching very quickly became an established and important industrv. For a considerable time the industry was confined to

the country in tin.- immediate vicinity of the railway, but \\ilh the exceptional advantages of Ihis district as a gra/ing countrx becoming better known to the cattle kings of the south, as well as to eastern capitalists, the ranges have gradually extended, until the plains for a distance of a hundred miles in either direction have become a vast feeding ground for countless herds of cattle, horses and sheep. The large amount of capital involved in the extension of the industry cannot well be computed, and the returns from the steady shipments of stock to the Kootenax , Kastern Canada, and British markets is a source of revenue which has resulted in the enriching of the men who have pioneered this enterprise.

As a natural consequence the town of Medicine Hat has grown apace with the rapid development of the surrounding country, becoming at once the headquarters for the purchase of supplies and general business transactions of the ranchers and farmers. From a mere hamlet of the early eighties, the town has now a population of some three thousand, which number is rapidly increasing with the tide of incoming settlers. The to\\n is a divisional point of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Crow's Nest branch of this road having also its eastern terminu- at this point.

Snow as an Asset

times unprepossessing appearance he is not

WINTER has come again, and for a few months Jack Frost will be the guest of the land. Notwithstanding his harsh manner and at unwelcome. It is true he robs our trees of their foliage, cuts short the life of our flowers, and takes out of our meadows and pastures the green that has delighted the eye from early spring to autumn's clos- ing days. He silences the bab- bling brooks and putshisseal upon the great rivers where ships sail- ed but a few weeks before. I n exchange he gives us ice and snow ; a crisp invigorating at- mosphere and a temperature that

forces even the most sluggish into activity. Winter has its beauties as well as summer, and nowhere is winter more beautiful and healthful than in Canada.

Judged by their usefulness the ice and snow of our winters

may be considered as valuable national assets, for without them one of our greatest industries would be paralysed. They are necessary to profitable lumbering. The pine and the spruce could

be cut without these gifts of Jack Frost but it would be practi- cally impossible, without a com- plete change of system, to re- move the logs from the forests. Ice and snow make thelumber- man's roads over which the logs are hauled lo the watercourses in which in spring they are floated to the mills. An open winter with very little snow is always a poor lumbering sea- son. The cut ot logs is usuallv small and often

Nt»

much of the

"cut" has to be left in the woods over the summer and considerable deterioration ensues. If Kastern Canada were deprived of frost and snow the result would be calamitous to the lumbering and the farming interests alike.

About Places

Fort Prince of Wales

FORT I'RINv I 01 \V\I.I-.S. ..( which nu-iiiu>n i> frequently made in llu- history of tlu- Hudson's l!.n (. omp.iny, stood .il ihe month of the Churchill River, which lion s into tin- Bay from ili,- west. M.<ie ill. 111 a century .nul a hall* ago one of the strongest torts oil tin- continent at that linu- was built here in this ii.nihcrn country Tin- charter of the MiuKi<n omp.iny.

;_;>. intcd by King Charles II. in l<)~o, gave l'1l° Company not only a monopoly of till- trade in the Bay ami over all the land draining into it, hut il also conlcrred upon the Company the power of government. It was io rule the land and to hold it against the Kind's enemies and against all rival traders. For this purpose loris were huill at various places, generally at the chief depots or trading centres of the districts. One of these was at the mouth of the Churchill River, and here a wooden fort was erected in 1718 and named Fort Prince of Wales. Hut the wooden fort did not remain long. The remembrance of their former posts destroyed by the tire from the cannon of the French under d'lberville caused the Company to undertake the fortification on a splendid scale of its best harbour, to safeguard from the French as well as from the Indians what it designed to be its principal entrepot. A massive thirty-foot wide foundation was begun at I'hurchill from the plans of military engineers who had served in the Hritish army under the l>uke of Marl borough, the greatest general of the times. It w.ix the original intention to have the walls forty-two feet thick at their foundation, but on account of the Governor's interference the dimensions were reduced to twenty- five feet. It was afterwards found, however, that there was a tendency to sink when cannon were fired frequently from the walls, so one section was forthwith pulled down and rebuilt according to the original plans Three of the bastions had arches for storehouses and in the fourth was a maga/ine twenty-four feet long and ten feet wide. The parapets weie originally constructed of wood, supplied by denuding tin- old fort ; but in 1746 the Company erected a new parapet. Storehouses, offices and dwellings were built in the court enclosed by the fort. Such, in brief, was the extensive fort erected many years ago on the shores of Hudson's Bay.

\ tew years later the fort was the scene of important scientific operations. At that time there flourished in Great Hritain a learned body known as the Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge. This society wrote to the Hudson's Hay Company requesting that two persons might be conveyed to and from Fort Prince of Wales, on the I'hurchill River, in some of the Company's ships " to observe the passage of Venus over the sun, which will happen on the jrd of June, 1769." It was desired that these persons mi-lit be maintained by the Company and furnished with all necessary articles while on ship and on shore. The Company ,! itself as " ready to convey the persons desired, with their baggage and instruments, to and from the Fort on the Churchill and to provide them with lodging and medicine while there, gratis, they to find their own bedding." The Company asked ^.-'50 for hoard for the astronomers during their absence It oni Fngland. which would be about eighteen months. The Company also recommended the society to send the intended building to be used by the astronomers in frame with all necessary implements, tools, etc., which "will be conveyed upon freight, the Royal Si-ciety likewise paying for any clothing that may bv supplied the observers during their residence in Hudson's |; The expedition was entirely successful. The two astronomers went out to Prince of Wales Fort, and returned in the ship Prince Rupert, alter having witnessed the transit of Venus on June .;rd, 1769.

l-'orl Prince ol Wales had been built when the remembrance ol burned factories and posts easily captured and pillaged bv French and Indians was keen among the officers of the Companv.

Hut that remembrance had long since laded ; the re.ison tor which the fort had been built had seemingly vanished. Win i garrison gradually waned in numbers, until on August 8th, ; only thirty -nine defenders within its walls witnessed the arrival ol three strange vessels. Instantly the word tan from mouth to mouth that they were three French men-of-war. All stem. tiion, and the little garrison spent a night of an\ Hay break showed lour hundred French troops drawn up upon the shore of Churchill Hay. When this attacking party was within four or five hundred yards of the fort two officer* were »ent ahead to summon Governor Samuel Hearne of the Hudson's It.iv Com- pany's service to surrender. The attacking party was supported by the three ships carrying about one hundred and fifty guns, and commanded by Admiral Perouse. As the French advanced they were surprised to see a white flag waved from the parapet. It was a tablecloth snatched up by the Governor and waved as a signal of surrender. Fort Prince of Wales was thus yielded up without a shot being fired either in attack or in defen

The French Admiral lost no time in removing to his ships what guns he could find and in replenishing his depleted stores from the supplies so easily captured. The fort was utterly looted. and then two days were spent in attempting to destroy it. Although French gunpowder was freely added to the Company 's store yet the solid walls resisted their best efforts. Of solid masonry indeed was Fort Prince of Wales. The French artillery- men could only displace the upper rows of the massive granite stones, dismount its guns and blow up the gateway, together with the stone outerwork protecting it.

Fort Prince of Wales was never rebuilt. Its ruins stand to-day to mark the most northern fortress on the continent ol North America, scarcely inferior "n strength to Louishurg in Cape Hreton or to Quebec. "Its site," remarks Dr. Bell, "was admirably chosen ; its design and armament were perfect for the times; interesting still as a relic of bygone strife, but useful now only as a beacon for the harbor it had failed to protect."

The French force also captured and destroyed Vork Factory. The expedition therefore resulted in two cheap conquests. Hut in the end the fortunes of war altered the situation. The Hudson's Hay Company rendered a statement to the British government of many thousands of pounds for failing to protect their fort on the Churchill River, and when peace was proclaimed between Great Britain and France, France agreed to pay the Company's bill.

For A

Geodetic Survey

Till-! Minister of the Interior re- eved a deputation recently, at the Capital, consisting of Sir Sandford Fleming, Mr. T. C. Keefer, C.F.., Professors McLeod and Bovey . NKitill I'niversity, and Senator Casgrain, Montreal. The deputa- tion urged that a small commission be appointed with power to inquire fully into the extent and character of the survey work which is being carried on by the various Governmental departments, and to ascertain what work of a similar character is in progress under the several Provincial Governments. Furthermore, that the com- mission shall inform itself as to organization and methods of surveys in other countries and shall report to the Federal Govern- ment upon the most suitable method of rendering such survey work as is in progress from time to time of greatest value to the country.

The deputation is of opinion that the time has now arrived when the question of a geodetic survey as a basis for systematic surveys in Canada should receive earnest consideration. In answer to the representations made the Minister of the Interior promised IC> give the matter his most earnest consideration.

Hunting in tKe Ancient Colony

(Newfoundland)

THE Norway of the Western Hemisphere, they call it on account of its scenery— Newfoundland and Labrador — hut it is rapidly becoming' known by another sobriquet of a different mean- ing-— North America's greatest game preserve. In the vast stretches of the stanchly British Colony and its enormous penin- sular dependency roams more big and small game that has never been shot at than in any other portion of either North or South America.

Best of all, it is open and free to all comers— there are no individual holdings or fencings, no private parks to be taken into account. English, French, Ger- man, American, Indian and Es- kimo sportsmen alike are free to come and go as they will and take what they can get in Labrador, for the game laws in Newfound- land are not at all stringent.

In northern hunting, as in- stanced by the North-West Terri- tories and the Russian and Siberian game barrens and for- ests, there is a serious obstacle in the way of sudden descents of cold. This is not a stumbling block to sport in Labrador and Newfoundland, for there the In- dian summer hangs mild and hazy over the land until far into Novem- ber and in the most bracing- of atmospheres the sportsman can pursue caribou, small deer, bear, wolf, lynx, beaver, otter, fox, willow grouse, snipe, ducks, plover, geese and now and then musk ox and Polar bear.

The wolf, musk ox and Polar bear will only be found in Labra- dor, but they are there and within reach, and there is fine sport for the venturesome. For the devotee of Izaac Walton there are the very finest salmon and trout brooks in the world. There is not a brook which has not brown gamey beauties lurking in its pools.

Caribou, by reason of their abundance, form the principal pursuit of the hunters. It is not many years ago that F. C. Selous, a world renowned hunter, revealed to the international sporting fra- ternity the splendid opening for them in Newfoundland, and ever since that time the number of shots who go there each season has been steadily increasing.

Guille Millais, a son of Sir John Millais, R.A., the famous painter, added to the impetus when he published his accounts of rare shooting in the interior,

and yet, with all the hunters who have come and gone the guides in both the Avalon Peninsula and the Long Range region recently stated that there was no diminution in the game whatever. In proof of this one of them bagged no fewer than five caribou and two black bear in an hour on the border of a small lake.

The caribou are the "Cervus Tarandus" of the reindeer family, and the species is peculiar to Newfoundland and parts of Labrador. 1 hey move about in herds when making their semi-annual pas- sages, and since they nearly always follow the same tracks the

CANOEING

stones are worn smooth by their hoots, proof conclusive that tlu-\ have been pursuing the same habits of life for mam \ears.

There is one herd of beautiful animals which never leaves the Avalon Peninsula and another north of Bonne Bay and White Bav which moves only a short distance north and south, but all the others which are known make the long pilgrimages of several hundred miles. They start north in the spring, soon after the young are born, and it is then that the wideawake photographer caiv get some beautiful pictures of fawns side by side with bucks

and does, whole families in fact swimming the shallow lakes.

In the haunts of the north the young feed and grow strong, and the bucks engage in those terrific duels which no man who has witnessed them can speak of with anything but awe, they are such terrific exhibitions of brute force. In the late fall when the snow begins to fly the herds come south, and, seeking the shelter of the fir clusters, make themselves veritable dens for the winter. It is when bound on this southern trip that the heads are the largest and the flesh is the fattest and of the finest flavor.

The sportman who is looking for hard work and most exciting deer stalking is recommended to go to Grand Lake station by rail, either from Port aux Basques or St. John's, preferably from St. John's, and then trek north with a good guide. If he wants a few good shots with little effort he should take the same route, only stop at Gaff Topsail, and, going in among the Topsails, camp there.

If he would fish and canoe as well there is no finer trip in all the world than to go by steamer to St. John's, take a

Reid-Newfoundland coasting steamer to Notre Dame Bay, and then canoe entirely across the island to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, a trip of 250 miles with no portages of over a mile, and few of those.

The destination point should be Bay St. George, whence one can get easily to the railway. The route will be up the River of Exploits to the marvellous Red Indian Lake, by a number of falls and rapids that furnish excit- ing canoeing, then down a name- less brook to Puddle Lake, then to Stag Lake, then to St. George's river, and so on to Benoit.

A marked feature of the salmon fishing in the Colony is the enormous increase in the size of the fish taken within the last few years. Thirty years ago a twenty-five to thirty pound salmon was considered a prodigy ; during the past four years fish of forty to forty-five pounds have been secured — one taken with the flv in Little Codroy weighed thirty pounds, another in Harry's Brook, thirty-two pounds. In 1902 a monster salmon, weighing fifty pounds, was taken on the North-east Coast. Big lish that attain these lusty proportions must have made many pilgrimages up the

RESOURCES

river, ami h.ixe lound free passage. Whilst their growth is xerx i.ipul a grilse lh.it onlx weighed three pounds leaving the i has been known to come h.u k with an increase in weight of seven pounds this big tiltx-poui-. must have been at least eight to i-.n s old.

use shooting abounds

ex cry where, the prevailing xarietx being tin.- willow grouse, a beauti- ful bird, with a flight liU -w . In tin- tall the geese, ducks, , • are to be numbered in thousands in the lake counlrx . tirotise shoot- ing comes next to deer stalking in the Terra \o\ian sporting bill of faie. A more health-giving, fascinating amusement can hardlx be imagined. Whilst the best fall deer shooting is at the north and west, by far the most exten- sive grouse moors or " barrens "

are to be found on the south east part of Avalon Peninsula, from I ape k.ucloCape St. Mary's. l-'or successful grouse shooting next ti' straight powder, and good walking, the most important laclor is a good setter or pointer. With these assistants and

HKIM.IM. .10*1- I III-. SIMMS

fine weather, a good Newfoundland barren affords splendid sp

There is no grouse disease as in Scotland, for • s are

well apart. It takes a lot of walking and good shootin.

get a do/en brace, but t1 tine, bracing air, the interest in watching the well-trained dog*, the xarictx of the shots, and the exhilarating effect of the seen- all combine to make grouse shoot- ing in Newfoundland the most entrancing ot sports.

A notable rende/vous tor sportsmen is the lx>g Cabin at Spruce Brook, a lodge maintained by the Reid Kailwax I'o. for the benefit of sportmen.

Newfoundland and her great dependency, Labrador, are no longer unknown lands. The Is- land has now become part and parcel of the railway sxsiem of

Canada and the t'nited States. Now that railways and steamships are affording easy access to its shores, fiords, rixers and lakes, an increasing throng of hunters and tourists, especially from Canada and the I'nited States, will find their way to this newly-found land.

Water Power

Province of Quebec

IT is a comforting' deduction which is being drawn in these dixs of the artificial development of electric energy from water power that the exhaustion of the coal supply will not terminate the production of mechanical force and mot ion. It is estimated that the mean height of the \\alersheilsofthe earth, with a moderate aver- rainfall, con- tains in perpe- tui t x I o , .540,- OOO.OOO const ant horse - power. The magnitude of this enormous

amount of MX

xx ill be better un- derstood when it is stated that a xc.irlx output of J. -5, OOO.OOo tons of coal is capable of producing its

equivalent for

only one-hall dax

in the \ear \

continued supplied of coal is not. lliercfoic. essential for the

perpetuation of industrial activitx.

Hoxxexer. the present .uh \\hich coal pOSSesSC* oxer

I MUCH 1IWI 1 XI Is

water-power is that the energy containeil in the mineral is portable, whereas the electrical energy produced through the agencx ot waler-poxxer is transmissible only comparatively short distai

At present the transmission o! electric power is limited to a maxi- mum of less than 250 miles from the point of gen- eration, t'nless, therefore, science discoxers some met hod of length- ening the dis-

t.mce of tr.ins- mission indefin-

iu'!>- >M -ome means of carrx- ing generated electric power in storage without material loss, to be used as needed . oal is now used, the appli- cation of the energy drawn from water- power must be a

local one that is, within the radius of the Reid of transmission

of the electric fluid.

There is not a country in the world better supplied with water-

10

RESOURCES

power than the Province of Quebec. There may be counted by the

dozen waterfalls capable of developing each a force of from 25,00x3

to 75,000 horse-power, and there are several that exceed 450,000.

The great fall of the Hamilton River, 250 miles from the sea coast,

is 302 feet high, and, regard being

had to the volume of the river's

waters at this point, it is calculated

that this fall is capable of producing

a motive force exceeding one million

horse-power.

About thirty miles above Three Rivers there is a fall in the St. Maurice River of about 40 feet, where was established in 1887 a pulp mill, which furnished the foundation for the great works of the Laurentide Pulp Company at Grand Mere, which town is .the outcome of the Company's oper- ations. Their success in utilizing the raw material and the power of the St. Maurice River, put the stamp of approval on the valley of the St. Maurice as the future seat of an industrial development which should include many large plants for the manufacture of the spruce into pulp and paper.

Before the works at Grand Mere were fully completed, the attention of capitalists was centred on Shawi- nigan Falls, about eight miles below Grand Mere, where the waters of the St. Maurice fall, in cascade, a distance of 150 feet. For years the attention of those familiar with the St. Maurice River had been attracted to this great power, but complica- tions involving the title to both the water-power and adjoining property, delayed, for some time, its acquisi- tion by those who might be willing to venture the necessary expenditure to develop its latent energy. Finally

the Privy Council of England decreed that the title to the beds of floatable and navigable streams was vested in the Provincial Government, and following this decision the Provincial Govern- ment quickly adopted the policy of selling its- water-powers, but only where an assurance was given of an intention to de- velop and utilize the same. A company was immediately formed to take over this valuable water-power, and under a charter granted by the Provincial Government giving it broad privileges, the Shawinigan Water and Power Company was incorporated on January i5th, 1898, and immediately commenced ac- tive preparation for the deve- lopment of the power of SHAWINU.AN i ALLS 150 KKKT HIGH Shawinigan Falls, the energy of which had for all time lain dormant.

The St. Maurice River has a total length of over 400 miles and is fed by inmimerable lakes and streams. The drainage area is about 18,000 square miles, and this territory.is almost wholly

MONTMORENCY FALLS

covered with dense forests, which ensure a steady flow of water throughout the entire year, the normal flow of water being jb.ooo cubic feet per second, rendering it practicable to develop for com- mercial purposes 100,000 horse-power. Shawinigan Falls is distant

21 miles from Three Rivers, u<> miles from Quebec and 84 miles from Montreal, all of which cities are situated on the St. Lawrence River and are ports for ocean going vessels.

The Lake St. John region offers many advantages to the capitalist. The timber of its forests and the water-power of its numerous rivers are practically inexhaustible. Mr. J. C. Langelier, an official of the Provincial Government, has made a rough estimate of the extent of the water-powers now available for manufacturing purposes in the immediate vicinity of Lake St. John. Of a very small section of one ri\er he says: "Starting from the ter- minus of steam navigation on the Grand Peribonca, about 14 miles from Lake St. John, and traversing a length of five or six miles in an ascending direction, this river hurls itself through a series of cascades and falls, making a very Niagara of it as regards water-power. In this distance are seven cascades or falls, piled, as it were, one above the other and which could easily develop an energy of 300,000 horse-power." He further estimated that a line drawn around Lake St. John, only a dozen miles to the north of that lake, thirty to the north-west, fifty to the west, two to the south and ten to the east, would include within its limits a sufficiency of rapids and cataracts to furnish over 653,000 horse-power. How indefinitely might

these figures be enlarged if the whole of the waters of the rivers flowing into Lake St. John weri to be taken into consideration ! Then there are the enormous cataracts of those northern rivers flowing into James Bay, the southern arm of the Hudson Hay.

Throughout the Province of Quebec are many other gigantic water-powers await- ing development, one of these northern rivers alone even ex- ceeding in horse-power the Hamilton River before men- tioned. On the S ague nay River, near the town of C'hi- coutimi, are immense water- powers ; also along the St. Lawrence, Richelieu and Ot- tawa Rivers, and along the i-ourses of many of the rivers

100,000 HORSK-i'OWKK flowing into the Ottawa.

Only a mere tithe of these great sources of power has, so far, been developed, but the day is rapidly approaching when the immeas- urable water powers of its vast rivers will form perhaps the chief commercial asset of the ancient and historic ^Province of Quebec.

Red River Settlement

••''I'M IK Red Kiwi settlement," wrote Robert M. Bullantyne, 1 more than fifty year* ago, in his book on Hudson Bay,

"fa, to use .1 high-flow n expression, .in oasis in the desert, .tnd may hi- likened !•> .1 spot upon llu- moon, or a solitary ship upon (In- ocean. In plain Knglish, it is an isolated settlement on the borders ol one ol I lie \.isl prairies ol North Ann-:

The little settlement that H.illantyne described as an oasis in the desert has expanded into the rigOTOU*, M&fOVMviog Province ol M.initoh.i, and the desert itself is now admitted the world over lo he the ^ieat wheat hell ol the continent, known to the people ot the Kastein Provinces and to the homeseekers of other lands as the fertile Canadian West, Outside of the little settlement, tered along a short strip of the bank of the Red River fifty year* that piairie and the great lone north country beyond was a land unknown except to the officers and trappers of the Hudson's Company, a company which monopoli/ed the trade of that vast region and exercised over it a sway but little short of absolute. All that part ot the Canada ot to-day was administered for many -. In .1 trading corporation; and it was not until after Confed- eration that the territory and the functions of Government passed to the Federal authorities of the Dominion.

It is doubtful if there is on this continent another organization 1'iat has been continuously in business for so many years as the Hudson'-. Hay Company. Almost three hundred and thirty-four years have passed since its original charter was granted by King Ch.nlcs II. to Prince Rupert and seventeen noblemen and gentle- men who wen- described as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of Holland trailing in Hudson May."

It was set forth in their charter that the gentlemen named " have at their own great cost and charges undertaken an expedition to Hudson Hay, in the north-west part of America, for the discover) of a new passage into the South Sea," and for the purpose ol trade. Ml the lands of that vast region were placed under the government of the I'ompany and it was empowered to appoint governors and other officers who were given authority " lo judge all cases according to the law of Kngland." The Company w. is also given the right to raise military forces to protect itsell and its property. It was under such a charter as this that the Hudson's Hay Company came into existence on May 2, 1670.

For more than a century the company confined its enterprises to the coast districts. Down to 171.1 it had to contend against the hostility of the Flench of Canada, w ho destroyed the Company 's torts, ruined its goods and captured its ships. Hut by the treaty ot I'trecht. 1713, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) to Great Hritain and abandoned all claim to the Hudson Ha\ region. In 170; all of French Canada passed to .t Hritain, and hunters and traders now began to penetrate the »est. In way of the Saskatchewan River towards the Rocky ' Mountains in search of trade with the Indians. In 178?. a rival companx was formed in Montreal known as the North-West Fur Company. It established many trading posts in the Canadian \\ ,'st and the rivalry between its men and those of the Hudson's Bay Company became so keen that actual warfare broke out and battles were fought, in which a number of li\ es were lost. In 18.11 t lie two ri\als united and the trade was continued under the name of the oldei concern. In iS ;,S the Hudson's Hay Company again acquired the sole right of trading for itself for a period of twenty - one years. On the expiration of this term the fur trade in British North America was thrown open to the world.

In 1*57 a select committee of the British House of Commons held an enquiry into the extent and character of the British pos- sessions in North America over which the Company exercised the power ol Government. Chief-Justice Draper, of tipper Canada A the Piovincc >>l Ontario), represented Canada before that committee, and in tlu ,-ne of his addresses he made a

prophecy which at that time seemed visionary, indeed, but which the present generation has seen fulfilled, even in a larger :TKM than Chief-Ji. >per dared hope. In that address he said :

" I hope you will not laugh at me as very visionary, but I hop see the time, or that my children may see the time, when tlu : a railway going all across that country and ending at the Paiih, ; and as far as individual opinion goes, I entertain no doubt (hat tin- time will arrive when it will be accomplished." ity-cight - later the railway that the Canadian Chief-Justice saw in his mind's eye was an accomplished l.<

\ writer, familiar with the conditions prevailing in the s, of the I'ompany years ago and at the present time, gives the fol- lowing description: "Thousands of miles separated the more distant posts from those which may be termed the shipping ports. The life of many of the officers of the Company can be readily imagined. They saw lew people of their own kith and kin. or of their own race, except at long intervals. There were occasional councils and gatherings at central places, but their visits to civilis- ation were few and far between. In fact they were more or less out of the world, letters reached them in many places only once a year, and in some places not so often. Newspapers and maga/ines were many months old when received, and the most important events happened without their knowing anything about them for long afterwards. In the plains where the buffalo were numerous, and in some other districts, they lived well ; but in British Colum- bia, and in the more northern part of the Territories, including the Yukon district, the struggle for existence was hard and the living precarious. The officers had plenty of time for reading and medi- tation, and the life must have had its attractions, for the officers were devoted to their posts and to their work. The great event of the year was the arrival of the stores and the mails. The canoes, boats or dog trains which took in the supplies carried away the proceeds of the year's trading. Most of the Company's exports to Kurope were then carried in its own vessels by way of Hudson Hay .

"Since the opening up of the country, methods have somcw hat changed, although the more distant posts even now remain in a state of isolation. There is very little difference in the bulk of the fur trade, although its distribution has naturally varied a good deal. Moose Factory is still the depot of what is called the southern department, and is a place of much importance, a vessel going there from London every June and returning in October or November. York Factory is not so prominent as formerly, when it was the depot and port of entry for the whole northern department. It remains, however, the headquarters for the fur trade districts round that part of the Bay, and a steamer proceeds there yearly from IxMidon, calling at I.ahrador ports on the way out and home. Winnipeg is the great collecting and distributing centre for the north and north-west. The furs from that region are despatched thence to Montreal. Supplies for the same districts are also arranged through Winnipeg. Victoria and Vancouver are the depots for the British Columbia trade. Furs from the interior are collected there for despatch to London by way ot Montreal. Goods are also sent to Victoria and Vancouver by rail or by ship for distribution in the interior. The Company's posts in the east are supplied by way of Montreal. Canoe journeys and dog trains are not much in vogue, unless in the more inaccessible districts. The railway now plays an important part in the carriage of the trade of the Hudson's Hay I'ompany, and there are also steamers on the lakes and rivers in the far north, wherever such waterways can be utilized."

Sir Edward Watkin, in his memoirs, gives some particulars, which are historically interesting, of the exchange of commodities between the Company and the Indians. The system of trade was a simple barter. The equivalent of value was beaver skin, while

12

RESOURCES

skins of less value were again calculated as so many of each for one heaver ; a pound and a halt' of gunpowder, one heaver ; one blanket, six heavers ; two hayonets, one beaver ; four (ire-steels, one beaver; one pistol, one beaver ; t\\elve needles, one beaver ; one four-foot gun, twelve beavers ; three knives, one beaver ; and so on over a long list of various articles.

In 1869 the Company sold its territorial rights to the British Government for an indemnity of ^300,000, the Company also retaining the land around its various trading posts, and, in addi- tion, one-twentieth of the entire region. The territory was at once turned over to the Canadian Government. In 1870 the eastern portion was organized into the Province of Manitoba, and the remainder now forms the North- West Territories and the districts of the far Canadian West.

Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal was the last Governor of the Company who administered government throughout the vast

region committed to its care by the terms of its original charter, lie is still the Governor, but the Company now confines its oper- ations to trade and colonization.

In writing of the part the Company played in assisting to keep the British Hag (lying on this continent, Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal says : " It will be remembered that the Hudson's I Jay Company was the means of maintaining for over a century and a half British influence in a territory more than halt as large as Kurope, which under other circumstances might not have remained under the Union Jack ; and that its work paved the way for the consolidation of the Dominion of Canada, enabling the L'nited Federation to extend its limits from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the international boundary to the far north."

To-day the head offices of the Company in Canada are in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, and the chief executive officer in Canada is the Commissioner, C. C. Chipman.

FisHing Along tKe NortK SKore

Lake Superior

THE long stretch of country between Heron Bay and Fort William is a good game region, rough and wild in the extreme, and contains some of the very finest trout streams on the con- tinent, including the world-renowned Nipigon River and Lake. Many of the rivers and brooks in this section, and the numerous lakes, great and small, have never been fished, but such as have been tried have rich- ly rewarded the experi- ment. Steel River offers some of the choicest trout fishing available outside of Nipigon. Ithasseveral small falls and rapids and deep pools, and, in fact, it is just the stream an angler loves, and won- derful catches may be made either by following it upward or by fishing near its mouth, using either flies, worms, min- now, or artificial lures. Other trout-haunted trib- utaries of the north shore are the Mink, Black, Maggot, Gravel, Cypress, Prairie, Jack Pine, Trout Creek, Wolfe, McKenzie, and Current Rivers, and there are several others within easy reach. In all of these trout are numer- ous. To fish these rivers to advantage it is usually best to camp out ; hnt that only adds to the enjoyment of a holiday in this lone, romantic land.

PORT COI.DWKI.I., I.AKF srpKKIOK

Nipigon is the most famous of all the streams of the north -*• shore and nobody should fail to make the trip by canoe from

its mouth to the parent lake above. The Nipigon is some thirty-one miles long, and connects Lake Nipigon with Superior, its waters emptying into Nipigon Bay. To fish the river properly you must camp, and there is no difficulty in obtaining guides (Indians) and canoes at Red Rock, Nipigon, Ont., a Hud- son's Bay Company's post. All necessaries for ordinary camping parties can also be obtained there. A trip up the river means living under can- vas. There are many beautiful sites for a camp all along the river. Trout scaling from two to five pounds may be readily taken on any of the best pools, and whitelish are plentiful and afford fine sport, rising eagerly at "gnat flies." The Nipig- on falls 313 feet in its course of thirty-one miles, and varies greatly in width, narrowingto about 1 50 yards one mile from its mouth, but broaden- ing at other points into a noble stream. Lake N'ipigon is a grand sheet of water, seventy miles long and fifty miles wide, studded with nearly one thousand islands, and fed by uncounted trout streams.

Nemfound land

and Labrador

I vulf Mink \tra. u.ooo H|»are mile*

Map »howlng sin of Newfoundland (black part of Map) compared with all liriti.h North America and aim the HritUh I«!c»

AliMimllaiul i.inks sixiliinlhe list of cop|x-r producing countries of I lie woild. lls mines have been in oitei aiion sine.' iS(>|, ,nul have produced in Ihe neighborhood of q,000,ooo ions >>l ore. In llu- H.iv el Noln- Panic :\ number of mines arc situated al Till Cove, Kelts Cove and Little Bay. Th.- Geologi. •>! Siiivcy ol Canada rcjiorts show ih.n copper-bearing rocks art- 10 be louiul spread over an area 0/5,000 square miles.

The exploitation of ilu- loiesi icsoiu-, es ol Newfoundland is hul begun. IVvclopinenls tiavi- laki-n place in the lumber industry williin re»cnl yearn, large holdings now being controlled In Tin- F.xploils l.unilx-i Company, Tin- Si. It.iy Lumber Coin|>anv and Ihc- Parrsboro Lumber Company.

The whale factory at Cape Broyle has a record

.•I Jl I IV hales I In- pasl season.

The tobacco manufacturing interests of St. John's art* to ainalgama ie and will run a* one concern.

It is i.'p.M i,-,| that parties from Canada and I he I'nited Stains have formed another Urge lumber syndicate to work like the F.siatcs Co. They have .u,|iiired land by pure hast* and will begin o|x-ralions in the spring.

Shares are being rapidly snliscrilx-d lor the new hoot and shoe factory to Ix- erected al St. John's ne\i snniniei. K.nqiiirtes an- licing made also as to whether a large ready-made clothing factory would be a paying coneein.

Thin season has boon unpropilious for lumber men. The early winter has passed and few logs have been got out, owing to the ground and marshes heing too soli for horses. The setting in of the winter is earnestly looked forward to for a big boom.

I '.unes in St. John's have applied to the Canadian Department of Fisheries lor a supply of salmon eggs to deposit in the rivers of the island colony. Owing to excessive fishing the salmon of Newfoundland are in danger of depletion and for the purpose ol le- -t.'ikmg, as well as lo improve the breed, it is .-.I lo introduce the Canadian i-v.

.«pper mine al Odcrin will be Worked early in the spring. The claim was in suspense for a long lime, owing lo some loimer grant to the estate ot the late C. F. Bennett, which renders ii necessary to have s|x-cilic legislation lo iitljnst the matter. I lie necessary legislation is puiely formal, and will be attended to during the coming session of the

Captain Farquhar has sold his well-known sealing

•.'midland " lo the firm of II. u

Con. - I Oin's. ot whi.h A. Harvey is manag-

mg owner. Mie will eonlinue in the *eal fishery, which will b«- pn<secuted this \ear with more vigor than ever from Newfoundland. Ihere being twenty- .•••.imers now. wheie onl\ Iwenlv-one .

Adtues tiom Northern and Southern Hra/il where Newfoundland merchants ilis|x>se of much of the annual lish crop--rc|X'it strong markets and a .go.'dilem.nul. The O|x>rlo in.u kels, w -Inch had fallen

off to siime extent owing to excessive shipments, have again recovered their ei^uilibriurn. The latest advices from thai market, by way of London, report a better tone, the demand being good and stocks not excessive.

The nonunion Iron Si Steel Company has com • plelely closed down for the season at Bell Island. The Nova Scotia Steel Company has seventy men working al present, but ex|X-ct lo tutveahoiil 250 men employed almost immediately. They are now build- ing a new air-comprcssot and crusher, which mean added employment. All the work this winter will be done under ground. One of the tunnels is s.n.1 to be the finest in the world of its kind. Another, some distant e, will be connected with the principal one. Ten drifts are now heing opened.

The L'niled Towns F.lcctrical Co. is ihe name of a new electrical enterprise, the provisional directors of which will conduct affairs till Ihe general meeting ol shareholders this month, when an election of ollicers will lake place. The plant will be installed at Victoria Village, about three miles from bonear, on ihe Head's Content Koad. The water power there is said to be the finest in Conception Bay , being equal lo 500 hone-power. The machiner) will be erected in early spring, and Ihe towns of Harbor Grace, Carbonear and Heart'* Content will therefore soon be lit up by electricity. The prov isional directors are — A. Penny, President ; O. V. Travels, Secretary-Treasurer ; \V. H. Thompson, \V. Duff and IV Munn.

Cnited States capitalists are among the foremost in developing the wealth of Newfoundland. Of such interests may be mentioned the York Harbor copper mine, Ihe Benoit chrome mine, Ihe Valley Island and Ihe Bay Vert pyrites mines. The York Harbor depos- its are Ihe richest copper beds in Ihe world, and Ihe present owners are spending $250,000 in their de- velopment. In the lumber industry the company headed by Mr. H. M. Whitney, of Boston, has ac- quired several large properties in the Colony, and is operating them on a hitherto unequalled scale. Mr. George j. Barker, of Boston, has also acquired a large grant, and is developing it extensively. An American svndicate is now negotiating for forest tracts on the west coast for charcoal manufacture as well as ordinary lumbering. There is room for (be sale of large quantities of machinery for lumbering and pulp making. Harmswonh, Ihe great London publisher, has s«s.-ured a large forest area and is now-

arranging for Ihe establishment of a pulp and paper making plant lo cost $2,500,000. The Cnited Slates practically controls ihe trade in agricultural ma- chinery al present, but an aggressive, campaign by Canadian manufacturers in this and other lines would o|X-n up a profitable market.

The prospering ol New I, MI ml Ian, is coal areas on a large scale is certain in llu- coming spring. The s|x-cial expert, Mr. Chance, employed by the Cioteinineiit and Messrs. Harmsworth, of London jointly lo investigate Ihe coal beds at Grand Lake. has r,-|Hnieil lavoiaWv on them and they will he made ihe subject ol tests which will prove for all time their commen i.il value. The e< in different parts of the Island was determined sixtv veats ago by an eminent geologist of that lime. Prof. J. B. Pikes, direcioi of the Irish Geological Suivey, who visited this country at the instance of the British Government lo determine several geolo* gual problems of interest which it presented. He ii'p.Mtrtl ilu- existence of coal beds and uncovered them fof some disi.mce. But th-n the matter lan- guished until iN;.l. when the present Geological Surveyor, Mr. How ley, lonnd seams near Robinson's Head, following this discovery up by l.s aitug other Ix-ds ai Si George's and Grand Lake. The MesM-a. Reid some fiveyears ago started to develop the latter, but after expending about $100,000 at the work, they abandoned it. The believers in the commercial value of Ihe deposits did not lose faith al this, but urged (..•vernmental action to deal with Ihe matter, and the result has been Ihe arrangement with Messrs. Harms- worth. The present local market for COM) is 150,000 Ions annually, but as manufacturing advances the demand will be increased, and with Ihe pulp areas in the vicinity of Grand Lake available for this, there is every encouragement to proceed. More- .•vei. throughout all Ihe fishing hamlets round our extensive seaboard, wood is the only fuel used, cixal heing unknown, but if it could he produced locally nml sold at reasonable figures there would undoubt- edly be a large trade worked up in it. The pulp- making poss-hililies are. however, the ones which chiefly hinge upon it. They are known to be most promising and their utilization will not be much longer delayed. They will, when agoing, require a whale fleet of steamers to carry their products to market, and a* the lumber fleet will also be ex- tensive, it is evident I hat they will make substantial calls on the products of the mine*.

Nova Scotia

Cherry Bter n HeMnrl

Ktm i l'opl:n Fit

Birch r"\ Arbor Vitir T»tnir»c

Map showing size of Nova Scotia (black part of Map) compared with all

British North America and also the British Isles

The province contains nearly fourteen millions ol acres, of which nearly one-fifth part consists of lakes and streams. Five or six million acres of land are fit for tillage. From the appearance of the coast no idea can be formed of the beauty and fertility of the interior. The coast is indented with numerous excellent harbors, most of which are easy of access, safe and commodious.

The climate of Nova Scotia is tonic and bracing. The temperature is more equable than that of any other part of the Dominion.

For all the fruits of the temperate zone the soil and climate of Nova Scotia are favorable. Fruit raising is at present chiefly confined to three counties, viz., Annapolis, Hants and Kings, out of eighteen comprising the province. The annual crop of apples exceeds half a million barrels from the districts referred to, most of which is exported. Peaches, plums, cherries, strawberries, rasp- berries and tomatoes give large yields with little attention. Considerable quantities are supplied regularly to New York, Boston, and other towns on the United States sfaboard.

The fisheries of Nova Scotia have long been celebrated. No countrv in the world can exceed this province in its variety of delicious fish and its inexhaust- ible quantity. There are cod, haddock, mackerel, herring, alewives, pollack, hake, halibut, eels, shad, salmon, trout, grayling, perch, smelt, etc., and also a splendid supply of shell fish.

Nova Scotia contains large tracts of woodland, which produce timber for manufacturing into lumber for exportation. Large quantities of pine, spruce, hemlock, hardwood, deals, scantling, staves, etc., are annually shipped from the different ports in the province to the West Indies, United States and Europe.

The valuable mineral resources of Nova Scotia are being rapidly developed. It is one of the few countries which have workable deposits of coal, iron and gold side by side.

Nova Scotia affords numberless facilities for manufactures on account of its inexhaustible water powers and the abundance of coal and iron.

Alfred Newcombe, of Upper Canard, this season picked one hundred and three barrels of Blenheim pippins from five trees !

The imports of the province of Nova Scotia for 190.1 were $13,481,917, and the exports $17,016,554, a total for the province of $30,498,471.

The Swedish steamer Oscar II, Capt. Paterson, sailed trom Sydney, recently, for Stockholm, Swe- den, with a cargo of 5,000 tons of coal.

The steamer " Trold " sailed from Sydney last month for Glasgow, Scotland, with a cargo of 3,506 tons of pig iron and 621 tons of steel — the largest shipment of these Canadian products ever sent to Britain.

The Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co. is likely at an early date to purchase valuable and extensive iron areas in Cuba. They have already secured options on several properties there, and Robert E. Chambers, who had charge of the Company's iron mines at Bell Island, is now on his way to Cuba to examine the properties there and report on them.

Lobster fishing is one of the leading industries of the province. The value of last year's output was over a million dollars. There are some five hundred canneries along the shores that ship their products to Boston, New York, and various European markets. Besides the finished product, great numbers of these fish are also exported alive in tanks.

The Dominion Iron & Steel Company has secured control of a tract of fifteen miles square on the Austin Brook, in Gloucester county, where there are said to be large deposits of magnetic iron ore, and it is believed will operate there, mining the ore and carrying it to Sydnev. A railway, probably to Shippegan harbor, is talked of, so that the ore can be shipped.

Hon. R. Drummond places the coal shipments of the province at 4,700,000 tons, an increase of 350,000 tons. The shipments of the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company increased 200,000 tons, while those of the Dominion Coal Company, owing to the fire

in one of the Company's collieries, fell off 120,000 tons. Mr. Drummond predicts that this year Nova Scotia's coal shipments will pass the 5,000,000 ton mark, and that at the beginning of 1906 this province will be in a position to ship 7,000,000 tons.

Very extensive deposits of nickeliferous copper have been found at Cheticamp, in the northern part of Cape Breton. The Provincial Department of Mines states that one ore body is two hundred and seventy feet wide, carrying gold and silver besides other metals. Dr. Gilpin, Deputy Commissioner of Mines, expresses the opinion that from present indications the find will rank among the largest copper mines in the world. The copper ore appears to be an almost solid mountain of mineralized rock, the ledge rising over a thousand feet in a bald bluff, practically at tidewater.

Mr. G. W. Henderson, who has been acting manager of the United Lumber Company about a year, has been recently appointed manager of the Gaspereaux Company, which operates about 45,000 acres of timber land in the neighborhood of Kent- ville. Mr. Henderson stated recently that he expected there would be a large output of lumber during the coming season from all the companies operating in Nova Scotia. The United Lumber Company alone would cut about ten million feet on the St. Mary's propertv, lately purchased by Alfred Dickie, and would also have about eight million of logs at their Jordan River mills.

The Pictou Quarries Co., one of Pictou's grow- ing industries, is in a very flourishing condition. Although they have just completed their second season since incorporation they are now engaged in constructing a branch line of railway from their quarries to the terminus of the I.C.R. there. Ten cargoes and fifty cars of freestone were shipped by them this season, and they had many more orders which they were unable to fill owing to their some- what cramped facilities for shipment. However, with the completion of the present branch track direct to their derrick, they expect to be in a position to fill all orders promptly the coming season.

The directors of the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company met at New Glasgow recently. John F. Stairs, the president, R. E. Haris, J. Walter Allison "and George Stairs being present from Halifax. The company's year, which ended with December, was reviewed. The output of coal at Sydney Mines was shown to be 80 per cent, greater than last year, and the output of the marsh mine, near New Glasgow, 75 per cent, in advance of that of last year. The two new collieries at Sydnev Mines, which were started in 1902, had been carried to the producing stage and although not yet fully completed, or brought up to their maximum capacity, produced nearly 200,000 tons during the year The whole output of coal will be nearly half a million.

Eighty thousand acres of timber lands have been added to the holdings of Mr. Al'red Dickie, of Stew- iacke, who completed the purchase of the United Lumber Co.'s property on the St. Marv's River recently. The areas are well wooded and are easilv worked. The purchase price is nearly $150,000. The mill, stores, etc., of the United Lumber Co. passed with the property and Mr. Dickie entered into immediate possession. The United Lumber Co. will, however, continue the operations this sea- son, having contracted with Mr. Dickie to put in and drive to the mill at Sherbrooke nine million teei of logs. In the spring Mr. Dickies own stall will operate the mill. Mr. Dickie owns all the mills operating on the eastern shore of the Province, ex- cept the one at Sheet Harbor, owned by Rhodes, Curry & Co., and is by far the largest operator in Nova Scotia. His holdings at Tuskel River, Stew- iacke, Liscomb, Ship Harbor, St. Marv's and Mus- quodoboit, will aggregate about half a million acres, on nearly all of which lumbering IB being carried on. In addition he has extensive interests in Labrador, where he is erecting large mills, from which the first shipment was made last summer. The United Lum- ber Company still owns large timber limits in the Jordan and Clyde Rivers aggregating about 150,000 acres. The Jordan River property is being operated to its fullest extent and a large output this winter is expected.

CMrr>

AO.

Neui Brunsuiick

Arc.. 27. WHS

P.B. ISLAND— Are*. 1,184 "jumre mile*

and Prince TLduiard Island

Map -h.iwiiig >i<e of New Brunswick and rrince Kdward Ul»n<l (bUck pert of Map) compared with all Hritloh North America and aim the HritUh I«lr«

m i M

P E. ISLAND-PopuUllon. ioj.»»«

I'his province pioduccs ovci\ kind .-I grain .111. 1 tool crop pnxlucctl in

•ul. .is wi-ll .is some lli.il tin not come to maturity in ihc climale of Ihc

Molheil.ind. Much allciition i-. now being given to dairying, with the hesl

losulls. All kinds of garden vegetables .mil .ill the fruits of the temperate /one

.Hi- i;n-H II ill .iliiiilil.nii >•

Tin- industry which finploys Iho most men and yields the largest returns is

i In- luinli.-i ti.uli-.

New Brunswick, owing to its .-heap coal aiul its proximity to I ho markets of thr world, has many advantages as a manufacturing iounii\ .

Tlii- fisheries arc valuable, and employ a large numbet ol men. Musi of the lish call-in an- identical with Ihc s.um- species in Kuropr. KVCIJ ri\.-r. biook. anil lako abounds with lish.

There i- much niiiifr.il wraith throughout I ho province and a number of mines ha\r l*ren successfully worked.

Thr proviiu-r is noted for its sport, and useful guides may be found, foi hunting and fishing expeditions, among the Indians.

Pi nice Kdward Island. " Thr Garden ol the Gulf." is famed for the fertility

Prince Kdward Island is the besl fishing station in I ho Hull of Si. I_awi.-ii. .-.

ol ils soil. Thr whole island ronsisls ol \altiahlo cultivable land, and the yet the lishrrirs have no! received the attention I hoy deserve. This industr\ is soil is well walrrrd wild niunrrotis springs and rivers. All kinds of grain and capable of van! development.

Of late yean, considerable attention has been given to thr raising ol live stock Tor export.

\.-i;, -tables grown in England ripen hero to perfection. Potatoes are exported in iniiiirnsr t|uantilirs. Thr manufactures are limited.

New Brunswick

The influx of immigrants slill coniinurs. Every vessel arriving in Si. John has Us quota Thr I .ik. l-'ric hnnight over 400, and thr Ionia had TOO. N'rarlj a'l will go lo Wrstrrn Canada or will dis- iriluite themselves along the line of the Minnea- l>«>lis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Mario Railway.

.1 mining in Queens C'ounly is to be very l.ugrly drveloped. Uranch linos of railway from (he I'hipman-Minto line have been built to all the mines by the James Itarnes Construction Company I'hr oiitKxik is for a very large output, and there is a market for all the coal that can be taken out.

Smell fishermen at Huctouche are reaping » harvest. The smells are of very l.irgr siie, and are very plentiful, some fishermen taking as high as $100 worth a day. Five and one-quarter cents a pound is p.ml I'oi smells at Hucloucho. Many carloads have ahe.uly been ship|H-d to thr I'nited States.

The C. P. R. steamer Montforl, which sailed lr.<m Si. John for Bristol, recently, look away, besides a large general cargo, 609 head of cattle, and 1.114 sheep. The Castalia, which followed, h.ul ,'ti Ivard 714 head of cattle, 14.1 sheep and two horses. The Orian.i. for Sonlh African ports, carried JOO head of cattle.

Mr.Cliii. ol Black Ri\ei. iii'.ir Knsloriclon. has .hspos.-il ,<l his season s lumber cut of about 3,000.- ooo feet to the Scott Lumber Company. Mr. Clair is u> >lrli rr the logs at the Krrdericlon b»vms in Ihc spiing. The S>-otl Lumber Company expects lo cut .-0,000,000 during the present winter, and now have m-.uU i .000 men, including jobbers, employed in dilVrrent camps.

Mi. \lbni S,-ar has closed his cheese factory at Penobs»|iiis, and irp><rls a \ery successful season. He recrurd i. .-.,.•, i;; !bs. milk, which made 131,079 Ibs cheese, and brought in $1.1.707.88. The price paid for milk avriaged for the season a little o\ci ./i .is. jvr 100 Ibs. The output of the fat-lory has had .1 str.uh increase Iroin 4<i,;,7f> Ibs. chr.

-.10 I -,l ..'".I Ml

Important construction work will In- done on the Now Brunswick Southern Railway during the pre- sent year. Col. McLean, who is President of the Company, attended a meeting in New York at which it was decided to engage Mallhew Neilnon, C.E., to go over the line and to submit a report on i he work necessary lo put it in condition to handle through business. Mr. Neilson will begin work at once and a call is issued for offers for 150,000 ties

James P. Oeddes, of New York, Manager of (ho Canadian Coal Mining Company, has asked ihe Provincial Government lo approve legislation for a charter to build a railway from (heir mine in Kent County to Richibucto, eight miles, and also a road lo the Intercolonial Railway, six miles, to Coal Branch. They also propose lo build to Chipman. Mr. Cteddes says the Company is backed strongly by I'niled Stales capitalists, and has acquired licenses over eighty miles of ground which, (heir claim is, contains 60,000,000 tons of coal of excel- lent quality.

Provided proper transportation facilities an* secured the Dominion Iron and Steel Company will, in the spring, have miners working on a deposit of magnetic iron ore about twenty miles from Ralhurst. The Company has secured control of fifteen square miles of land up the Ntpissitpiit River where is a large deposit of magnetic iron and manganese. Work to determine ihe value will be done next spring, and. meantime, a shipping port for export to Sydney and also railway facilities are being looked into. Shippegan harbor is spoken of as a likely shipping port.

During 1903 the lumber shipments from St. John were not so large as in previous years. Last year the shipments were ij4,-fbo,<f>2 superficial feet as compared with 199,858,736 superficial feet in 190.2. \V. M. McKay's shipments were 98,97;, 137 feet in 1903 and 107,253,3^6 feet in 1901. The A. G. Gibson Railway & Manufacturing Company shipped 25,619,521 feel as against 35,046,877 in 1902. O«O. M. Kean shipped 29,665,471 feet in 1903 and 34,392,- 193 feet in 1902. Other shippers sent 20,103.433

feet last year and 23,166,340 feet in 1902. Of pine 48 tons were shipped, and of birch 4,498 tons, com- pared with 103 tons ol pine, and 2,229 tons of birch in 1902. Mr. Mackay was the principal exporter, supplying all the pine and 3,869 Ions of ihe birch. Dalhousie andr Campbelllon shipped lr.-i

lasi year as against y>.4'*'.-1.«> in 1902 ; Bathursi last year shipments were 20,770,642 as agains1 20,874, .-7* ; Miramichi, with oulports of Richibm lo and Bui-louche, sent away 1 1 1,426,405 feel as against 129, 486,269 : oulports of Sackville shipped 8,545.- 560 compared with 17,526,150, and oulports of Moncton sent 34,272,790, as compared with 27,450,- 500 in 1902. For all New Brunswick the shipments in 1903 were 388,361,705 feet as against 445,6X2,162 feet in 1902. The shipments were probably more profitable, however, for during the greater part of 1903 high prices were received.

Prince Edward Island

Work continues brisk at the Port Hood coal mines. Schooners are arriving every day lo lake cargo. Port Hood coal shipments for the month of November wen- more than seventy per cent, greater than in the same month last year. The shipments for eleven months are double the total amount shipped during the same period in 1902.

The Murray Harbor Railway, which has been extended as far as Murray River, a distance of 24)$ miles from Charlotlotown, will, when completed lo Guernsey Point, open up one of the finest sections of the Province, and the rich lands of I'igg. Melville, Montague. Belle River, and Murray Harbor, will become excellent feeders. The work will be com- pleted in the autumn of 1904.

The Fruit Growers' Association of Prince Edward Island is making energetic and successful efforts t,< encourage apple-culture. In view of Ihe undoubted success of Nova Scotia in this respect the Associa- tion is confident that well directed and steadily sustained efforts on the part of the fanner* of Ihe Province will result in the near future hi the export of one million dollars' worth of the fruit.

Quebec

Area— iSl ,873 square miles

Population— 1,648,898

Hritish North America I

The soil of much of this, the second largest province of the Dominion, is capable of high cultivation. Many of the fruits of the temperate /one here jj row- to perfection and in abundance. Quebec has immense tracts of forest land and a large lumber trade. It is rich in minerals, including gold, silver, copper, iron, plumbago, galena, felspar, limestone, asbestos and mica. Its fisheries are amongst the most valuable in Canada.

The inhabitants of the British Islands and of France will find themselves at home in the Province of Quebec, the English and French languages both being spoken.

The winters in Quebec are moderately cold, and the summers somewhat similar to those of France. The climate of Quebec is one of the healthiest under the sun.

Map showing si/e of yuebec (black part of Mapj compared with all i and also the British Isles

For pasturage the lands of Quebec are of special exeelleiu-c, pai-ticulai Iv those in the Eastern Townships and north of the St. Lawrence. Parts of the Province an- especially favorable to the growth of apples and plums, and large quantities are exported. Small fruits grow everywhere ill abundance. drapes ripen in the open air in the southern and western parts of the Province. Agriculture is the chief occupation at present. Many coq>orations have secured immense areas of timber, mineral, mica, and other deposits, together with water- privileges generating thousands of horse power, so that, ere long, Quebec is bound to enter upon an industrial de%'elopmenl that few provinces will he able to equal. The extension of railways has been rapid in the Province since Confederation in 1867. Many large manufactories have also been established.

The II. A. McPherson Produce Company has been incorporated at Montreal with a capital of $200,000.

The firm of Alex. McArthur and Company has been incorporated at Montreal to deal in paper, paper products, and tar. Capital, $180,000.

A petition is being very generally circulated among the farmers between St. Jerome and Ste. Sophie, asking that a loop line be constructed from St. Antoine to Charlemagne, taking in the towns of Ste. Anne and Maseonche. This extension to the Great Northern Railway would not only open up a new section of country, but would also give a more direct route from the west than is now enjoyed.

Incorporation by letters patent has been granted to the Imperial Button Works, Montreal, with a capital of $100,000 ; the Mutual Credit Association, Montreal, general trade and commerce, with a. capital stock of $120,000 ; the Consolidated Steam- ship Company, with a capital stock of $40,000 ; the Laferriere Lumber Company, Montreal, with a capital stock of $120,000 ; the Consolidated Rubber Tile Company, Montreal, with a capital stock of $50,000, and the Northern Industrial Company, Montreal, with a capital stock of $50,000.

A syndicate of American and Canadian capitalists, headed by J. \V. Drake, of the firm of Drake & Gates, of Chicago and New York, are reported to have practically completed arragements for the con- struction in Quebec of the largest hotel in the Domin- ion. The site will be near the old Kent gate and the parliament buildings, on land on which the option has been secured. No estimate of the cost has been given out, but it is said that the construc- tion will begin early in the spring, and that the hotel will be ready for guests in the spring of 1905.

Sir James Laing & Son, ofSunderland.Eng., have just received a contract from the Quebec Steamship Company for a twin-screw steel steamer of 5,000 tons, capable of sustaining a sea-speed of sixteen knots. The steamer is to be ready on November i this year. The steamer's dimensions will be: 425 teet long, 50 feel beam, and 36 feet 6 inches deep. She will have triple-expansion engines, with

cylinders 26, 42 and 71 inches in diameter, with a 48-inch stroke, and will be driven by three double- ended and three single-ended boilers of 200 pounds pressure. She will have accommodation for 240 saloon, 32 second class, and 48 third class passengers ; she will, further, be lighted throughout by electricity, and will have a large cold storage capacity.

Mr. Arthur W. Piers, General Manager of all the steamship lines owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway, discussing recently the season's business on the Atlantic, said : — " The entire fleet carried a much greater amount of tonnage than it ever did when controlled by the Elder-Dempster Company. Besides this, the line made new records for cattle shipments, and prices up to near the end of naviga- tion were fair. Our passenger business was heavy and showed excellent returns. The business on this line was affected to a certain extent by the strike that occurred at the opening of the season and the fact that new large sheds had to be constructed. Now that nearly all the preliminary work has been attended to, the fleet should make a better showing next year. The increased tonnage this year was, undoubtedly, due to the steamship line's connection with the railway."

The confidence that is being reposed in the stability of Canada's industrial growth is indicated in the completion, recently, at Longue Pointe, of the works of the Locomotive & Machine Co., Limited, of Montreal. Preparations have been made to build locomotive -ngines on a scale hitherto unknown in this country, and a branch of no inconsiderable proportions has been set in full operation for the manufacture of structural steel. The new enterprise promises well, and already some substantial orders have been completed and others are under way. The entire property covers an area of eighty-five acres. It has railway connection in Ihe rear and extends forward to the river front. Ample provision is made for considerable building extension, for it is expected that with the era of railway building into which Canada has entered it will be necessary to enlarge the capacity. The full output under pres- ent conditions will employ about eighteen hundred men, and the result will be four complete engines a week. A capah/.c manager and expert engineer have been placed in charge.

The Canadian Transit Compam published its prospectus recently, inviting stock subscriptions to the extent of £300,000, of which £165,000 consists of £1 ordinary shares, and £135,000 of 5 per cent, first mortgage debenture gold bonds of £20 each, secured upon the company's fleet. The company has made a contract with the new Canadian Com- pany, Limited, for the supply of a fleet of twelve new especially designed vessels for the grain-carrying trade between the great lakes and Montreal, at a price of £275,000, also for working capital up to £25,000. The new Canadian Company is receiving ^,"165,000 in ordinary shares and ^135,000 of the Canadian Transit Company's bonds, to be delivered within seven months. With the prospectus are published letters from Hon Raymond Prefontaine, Minister of Marine, and Mr. Hugh Allan, indicating the excellent prospects of success in inland trans|x>rt- ation. The directors are John Torrance, Robert Bickerdike, Alphonse Racine, all of Montreal ; Charles Carpenter, director of the new Canadian Company, and Joseph Mellowes.of London, England.

The customs collections on imports at the port of -Montreal for the calendar year just closed amounted to $12,545,826.93, as compared with $10,984,377.;! in the preceding twelve months, or an increase of $1,561,449.62. The following tabulated statement shows the figures month by month for 1902 and 1903 :

1902. 1903.

January $ 818,528.08 $ 883. 292. 38

February 756,033.41 8>j(i,58<|. 40

March 792,683.75 976,310.31

APril 730,3^5-2' 703.075- S7

May 824,018.87 'I7<'. 758.03

June 1,025,994.33 i, 24!), 533. 40

July 989,185.70 1,305,46087

August . . . 1,138,267.67 1,186,775.15

September 1)57,575.28 1,188,291.42

October 1)94,336.88 1,0(18,792. i i

November . 1,050,451.65 1,040,103.34

December .... 906,921.48 i)S<),Sm.(i:;

$10,984,377.31 $12,545,826.93 Increase for 1003 . $1,561,449.62.

The inland revenue collections for the six months since the ending of the fiscal vear on June ;c> amounted to S.1, 233,055.33, as compared with $2,078,298.82 for Ihe corresponding half-year of 1902, an increase ol Si 54,756.51.

TMMM

amh •U.kWllMrt

o.» r<w

C*»l4mH Sp....r

*«H Kim A...iU4« »»r. i. M'Mtork

Ontario

Arrj 26O.H62 M)ulr« m

PapuUlio.1 2.IS2.947

M»|> nhowlng »li« of Ontario I black part of Map) compared with all Itriti.h North America and al«o (he linti.h Ule*

There is a wealth of timlx-r in this I'rov in, c ...pablc ol furnishing an abund- Lake llur.Mi arc tin- lainous oil •.prints, .nul l.irlhi-r to the north in Inc sam. .ml supply both tut home consumption .uul lor every probable demand that district are prolific salt wells. Hi.- , Innate ol Ontario vanes BCCOftfiaW tOtM . ominei.e i-.iti m. ike upon il for long years to COOO. Til.- districts north of latitude, altitude and situation with retetem .• to Ih.- great lakes, but is upon

Sii|<eii»r .in. I Union an- rnormoiislv rich in gold, iron, silver, copper, nickel, and other minerals. In Kastcni Ontario there have l>cen found con- siderable deposits of gold, galena and mira. In thf southern district neat

the whole one ol the plcasantest .uul most healthful in the world.

Ontario is the premier I'lovni.c MI rcs|>cct both to the excellence ol Us .tKruiiltiii.il resour.es and their ulili/alion. aiul to the variety of its manufaclui . *

K.unv Kiv.-r h.is hern incorporated as a town.

I'rol M.tronn. horticulturist ol I he Ottawa Kx- |» linienlal Kami, is of opinion that apple* may be grown as far north as James Bay.

The IViin.is.ii- I'.old Mining Co., Bndgchinx, h.is IH-CII incorporated with a , apllal of Si.iO,- ooo to earrv on a mining, milling and reduction

IMISIH

An important discover v ,>l asbestos wns rcporlc.l to the Bureau ol Mines re.entlv In Mr. Willis Brown, ol Buft.ilo. The properly is in the township of Kal.ulai. \ddiugtoM Count v , and i* of good .|ii.iln\. judging by the samples shown.

\ mill and a liml<er limit, covering five township* in Mi;. MM. i, have been pmrli.is.-d for $#50,000 from the Kdnmiul Mall estate by a -\iuli.ale, m. In.lnii; J. J. Mi-Kadilen, Sanlt Sle. Marie ; l.orne Hale and \V. J. Hell, I'eml.ioke ; \V. II. l.oomis. Toronto. an. I William Anderson, Ottawa.

\ . onsolidation ol the L;.'M minim; properties ol Mini;. -on Lake, Out., has been made, uul a i'Om- p.inx , to In- kn.m M as ihe Northern I.iv;ht Munii^ .uul Pexelopnii'iit C'o., with a . apilali/alion of Si.ooo.oexi, »tk;.mi/ed to develop .in.l mine nine pio|HTtu-s, i-omprisiiiK ,>''7 ... re- . \\liii-h emhrace all the principal (fold discoveries in the Stnty;e.'ii I ..l>.-

comil

Mr. J. B. Miller, a son-in-law ol 'Thomas K.lison, the inventor, called at the Bureau of Mines. loio.iio, recently. The discoveries of nickel in I 'etnisk. lining have greatly interested Mi. Kdison, .uul Mi. Miller st..u-s that, if |H>ssihle under the liovernim-nt's new n-k;iilalioiis. Mr. Kdison s repte- sentalives will do some prospvctiiiK in TemiskamiiiK ne\l spring.

The v'liiiaiio lioveinnii-nl has s»-nt Mr. H. K. Kyle, of Oakv ille, to Kiik.-l.ui. I to obtain farm laborer* tor next summer, lie \venl over last March and obi. iin.-d about one luni.lt e. I. most of whom brought their families. He undertakes when sending out laboreis tli.it the ItovernnuMtl will find situations for ilu in on (aims immediatelv u|x>n I heir arrival here. vi.-v.-itiiiieu: .Iocs not assist them in any (in. in. Ihev pay their own fan's.

Kobeit Korln-s. lepiescnting the ^ onsolui.ilecl »'op|fc-r v'oinpanv oi IVui\ sound, and the Parry Sound I oppei i'ompanv. lecently expressed the

opinion, backed by lAeiitv-live years ol e\|H-i u-iu e. that then- are no more promising copper mines in North America than those in the Carry Sound district. The companies Mr. Korbe- repiesenls have In-en in operation for only four years, aiul have ex|XMided a million dollars on plant and |m>*pei-l ing work.

On Ih* north shon- of (jearginn Bay K. A. McC ready, of ihe Northern ln»n Works, ha* a 206 ...i.- farm on which there arc five veins of iron ore. A little development work has been done on the centre vein disclosing iron ore that assays 68 per cent, hematite iron, and which is pronounced bv .\iH-tt- to be of the finest quality. The quantity, it is understood, i* vaM ; and there is also on the property a deposit of reddish looking earth which, on being assayed, went 18.3.1 per ton in gold.

X. M. Cantin, who represent* a number of capi- talists, with a view to running an electric road between Stratford and St. Joseph's, on Lake Huron, recently submitted a proposition to the City Coun- cil agieemi; to build the road for a fifty-vear li.r^hise, the city reserving the right to buy Ihe road in twenty-five year*. The road will run via Zurich, Hensall, Chiselhunl, Cromarty, Staffa, Kullarton Corners, Carlinglord and Avonton. Kx- emption from taxes for twenty years i* asked, or ten years alter the city attain* a population of

JO.OOO.

The deer and moose hunting season in the Province of Ontario for November wa* even better than in previous years, as returns from the express companies and other channels show. The Canadian Kxpress Company carried 2,450 deer, with a total weight of 309,101 pounds. This shows an increase of 682 carcasses over last year's season. These figure*, however, do not give any idea of the tola! number of animal* killed, a* the major portion of them are carried home by other conveyances, and many of the hunter* bring home the heads only a» trophies. It is estimated that 10,000 deer were killed during the fifteen days' open season in the " Highland* of Ontario," and about 100 moose. It ha* been a noticeable feature that many more sportsmen than usual from the United Stales have gone into the hunting region* this year. The partridge and duck shooting has also been good throughout the " Highlands," bu. quail* have been scarcer than i* usual.

In a recent interview on a trip he made through the l_ikc Nepigon region. P. T. Burke, of Port Arthur, said : " Spru. <• occupies the large clav belt running from l_ake Si. Joe to l.ake Nepigon. This Ix-lt is (KKJ miles long, and in some places 100 mile* in width. The route of the C.rand Trunk Pacific Railway will carry it right through this clay hell. It is sale to sa\ that there will be millions of cords ol pulp wood along the linr of that road in Ontario alone. In some place* the spruce will turn out pulp wood at the rate ol 100 cords to the acre, but the average is much below this." The country, a. toiding to Mr. Burke, is on.-filili w ili. n- l>eing many stieams running into Ijtke Nepigon and l-ake Superior, but the pulp wood will he moved best by means ol the . oloniuilioti railroads rather than by ihe streams. The Nepigon . ounlry ha* escaped the fires which in lotm.-i have »wepl Ihe country roundabout.

The rich corundum fields ot Kaslern Ontario are to be further exploited by a company composed of a number of Buffalo capitalists, who are already interested in Ihe Niagara Fall* Power Company, and who have joined with several prominent Ontario business men. The company, which is to be known as Ihe Corundum Refiners, Ltd., has obtained con- trol of over six hundred acre* of corundum land* in Kaglan township, Renfrew county, and will erect there one of the larg-st corundum reduction plants in Ihe world. Among the incorporate* are M«t*m» H. P. Coin-in n, of the Sawyer-Massey Co., Hamil- ton ; J. N. s. aili.it. I. vice-president of the Rank of Buffalo : Charles R. Hunlley. of Ihe Buffalo General Klectric Company ; John C. Conway. a capita! Buffalo ; William B. Rankin. of the Niagara Falls Power Co.; Edward Michael. Buffalo: J. H. Jewell and H. H. Dewart, K.C.. Toronto; John H. Tilden. of the Gurney Tilden Co., Hamilton, and Jam. Roberts, president of Ihe L'nited Box Board ft I'apcr Co., of New York. The company, which is capitalized at $1.000,000, i* said to have *igned an agreement for the completion of its plant by July 1905, and Ihe entire output for Ihe first two > ha* been contracted for by interests which arr repre- sented on I be board of director*. Mr. P. Kirkegaard. who ha* hern manager for Ihe Canadian (ioldfields Co. at Eldorado, will superintend Ihe construction of Ihe plant and will be manager for Ihe company at Ihe mines. One of the product* of the works will be aluminum, for which there i* an enormous demand in the I'nited States. This will he the third corun- dum company operating in Eastern Ontario.

TIMBER

lUMMood Poplar Maple Pine

•Afth Spruce

MM

Manitoba

MINERALS

Ac, 73.732 square miles

F'op,,i. ,1,0,1 2SS.2II

Map showing size of Manitoba (black part of Map) compared with^all Hritish North America and also the British Isles

Manitoba comprises within its limits Ihe famed sprain-growing valleys of the Assiniboia and Red Rivers. Although called the Prairie Province of Canada, Manitoba has large areas of forests, numerous rivers, and vast water ex- panses. Conservative estimate now places the population at 280,000. The greater proportion of these are engaged in agricultural pursuits. The majority of the settlers are from Great Britain and Eastern Canada. Of the remainder there are, besides many from the United States, large colonies of Mennonites, Icelanders, Scandinavians, Germans and other nationalities, many of whom had

but small means on arrival. Now they have comfortable homes, and are amongst the most prosperous settlers in Manitoba.

The soil is a rich, deep, argillaceous mould, or loam, resting on a deep and very tenacious clay sub-soil. It is specially adapted to wheat growing, giving a bountiful yield of the finest quality, known the world over as Manitoba No. I hard wheat. During the past ten years the growth of wheat and other grains has steadily increased.

The Winnipeg & Selkirk Street Railway Com- pany are seeking power from the Provincial Legislature to build a radial railway encircling Winnipeg.

Work will be commenced at an early date on the proposed new agricultural college, which is to be erected near Winnipeg on the site recently secured by the Manitoba Government. The buildings will cost about $150,000.

Mr. W. D. Scott, Superintendent of Immigration, interviewed recently, stated that work woald start at once on the new immigration hall at Winnipeg. It is intended to have the building completed in time for the rush of 1904 immigration.

Garnets, opals and tourmalines have been found in the clay deposits near Lac Du Bonnet, a village forty miles from Winnipeg. An expert says the clay formation is the same as at Kimberley, in the Cape Colony, and that diamonds may yel be discovered in it.

An interesting report comes from Steep Rock Lake district, near Atikokan iron range, to the effect that sulphur in paying quantities has been discovered there. Messrs. Mackenzie and Mann are said to have what appears to be a big deposit of pyrites carrying from forty to forty-five percent, of sulphur, which is considered a profitable percentage. The product is suitable for making sulphuric acid.

Sir William Van Home, chairman of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Pacific Railway, while in Winnipeg recently, was asked what he thought of the future of Winnipeg. "I still think it will be the largest city in Canada,'' he said. "It is still in its in- fancy, though it is going ahead at a remarkable pace. It is my opinion that it is only a matter of years when it will be the banner city of the Dominion."

Preliminary steps for the formation of the " Lake Superior Seal Propagation Society " have been taken at Ashland, Mich., the object being to stock Lake Superior with fur-bearing seals. The principals of the organization are : Seben Malroff, a Russian, with thirty years' experience as a sealer ; ex-Lieut. - Governor Kifield, of Wisconsin, and J. S. Robbins, of Rhinelander. It is estimated that ten male and forty female seals in the lake will increase to 1,000 in twenty years. The Apostle Islands, together with Isle Royale and the rocky shores of Lake Superior would, il is believed, be ideal breeding places.

A parly of one thousand fanners will leave York- shire, Eng. , for Winnipeg in April to settle in Manito- ba. Their wives and families will join (hem later. This is but one of a half dozen big Canadian emigration movements from different parts of the United Kingdom. Another Yorkshire party is making arrangements to leave for Canada in the spring, and other parties, each running high into Ihe hundreds, will leave Wiltshire, Lancashire, and various Scottish centres about the same time. In addition to the large proportion of farmers and agricultural laborers, the parlies will comprise mechanics and artisans who hope for better wages in Canada. Many of them will leave England under the auspices of the Canadian government immigra- tion offices, and in many cases land employment will be found for them by the Canadian government.

Situated in the centre of the most fertile wheat belt Brandon evidences wonderful progress and development and to-day stands in a strong commercial position During the past year build- ings to the amount of $200,000 have been erected, yet despite these extensive building operations il is quite a difficult matter at the present time to obtain a vacant house in a desirable locality in Brandon. The trade of Brandon amounts, approximately, to the enormous sum of $3,700,000 per annum, the largest items of which are : flour and seed grain, $500,000 ; lumber, sashes, etc., $350,600 ; groceries and provisions, $500,000 ; dry goods, $550,000. The post office revenues amount to $20,000, and the inland revenues to $50,000, and both of these are increasing year by year. During the past year business in all lines has been most satisfactory, and commercial circles are unanimous in predicting a continuance of prosperity.

It is practically settled that the next Dominion Exhibition will be held in Winnipeg, in July or August next. Hon. Clifford Sift on, Minister of the Interior, has been interesting himself in the matter. and has induced his colleagues to consent to a vote of $50,000 for the purpose. The usual Winnipeg Industrial will, therefore, next summer be of a national character, and will attract exhibitors and patrons from all parts of Canada. The benefits 10 the country from a Dominion Exhibition at Winnipeg will be manifold. Kirst of all, it will give llu> manu- facturers of the East an opporluniiy to display their goods under conditions whereby they can be seen to the nest advantage by the merchants and agricul-

turists of the West. Moreover, it will enable the manufacturer of the East and the consumer of I In- West to meet and compare notes. Further, il will permit of special facilities for the transportation of stock, and will greatly increase the amounl of pre- miums ordinarily available for slock and other exhibits. But what is even more valuable, it will Im- possible to advertise on such -an extensive scale as to attract the notice of those who are engaged in farming on the other side of Ihe line, and so empha- size the immigration work being carried on by agents of the Dominion Government. By attracting the farmers of the Western States to Winnipeg th.>y will be able to realize for themselves the potentiali- ties of Western Canada.

During 1903 Manitoba produced a total crop of all grains amounting to 82,576,519 bushels. Such is the official estimate issued by the Provincial Department of Agriculture. As compared with pre- vious years, this season's crop shows a falling off in total production of 17,475,824 bushels, by far the larger portion of which is made up b\ wheat and flax. The total yield of each cereal is as follows :

Bushels. Wheat 40,166,878

Oals • • 33.035.774

Barley 8,707,252

Flax Rye

IV., s

564,440 49,000 34. '.S4

Total . 82,576.519

While Ihe proportion is considerably less than ;i year ago, the crop can fairly be called a good OIH-. and Ihe average yield per acre of 16.42 bushels shows thai even in a year during which the weather and general crop conditions have not been at all as favorable as is generally the case, the extreme fertility of the soil produced a crop, the average yield of which is considerably larger than thai of the wheat-producing districts of spring wheat Slates across the boundary. While the yield is short of that of a year ago, the fact remains that Ihe Western farmer has received a price practicallv to cents a bushel more than last year. The estimate of the area prepared for I lie crop of 1904 is figured at 2i3B5>5"5 acres, being 054, 510 acres in excess of Ihe corresponding period in 1902, when the area pre- pared was i,73o,9€)5 acres.

Saskatchewan Alberta

Assiniboia

TIMBIP IXogluril

•

MRk

• • f

^Itowinif ti/c <>f satk.iU hrwan. AlltcrtB ami Atu*.itnrmui < black |«r1 ul Ma** coni|»rril with ill Briti-h North America ami duo the llritiih I

-i-n.-nl superficial Ir.ilnrv. may U- described as .1 mi \i-il pi inn- .mil wooded region, abounding in water and natural hay, .nul \\rii suited l'\ dim. lie .uul soil loi (lir raising ol wheat. honied calllc ami sheep. I In- coiinliy is peopled with Canadians, Americans. dot mans, Scots, Knglish. Uiissi.ins aiul Kuro|x'an l-'rcnch. During the past year there «.i-.i large influx .>! oeitlcio. In great measure ilial which may be said of one district applies o>|u.i! v i,' I lif others. I In- ,-ou m r v is well supplied with giHxl roads, and they arc kepi open wintfi ami summer. \ViKI fruits of m-arly every variety — slraw- IM-IIV. rasphoirv, i;oosclx*ri v, hluclx'rry, high hush cranberry, black currants, rti'., grow in piolusion, ami small game is plentiful.

llns counliy is roiiiaik.ihlv well adapted, by icason of its large Harts ol h.iv lands, lor slock raising, rancliini;. etc., and largo shipments art- made annually.

Any (Hiilion ol Saskal. -bewail will answer all Ihr requirements ol dairy I. iiniiiix. There aie > re. nnories al Prince Albert atul Saskatoon. The homo ,1, -in iii.l has always been l.ui;,-, so dairy products command good pi ices.

I'll,' spruce Ion-sis ol Saskatchewan are an exceedingly valuable asset.

although the industry io vet in its ml. in, v. i^ieal strides have Keen made in the direction of oiicce»o. there are eight government i reamerieo in operation beoideo numerous private cream ,ie obtained for the output

of butler. A regular weekly refrigerator service is fumiohed bv tin- l itiadiaii I'acilic Railway, which rendero it practicable to ship periohable food- Io Brilioh i'olumbia markets.

Allx'ita is the nearest agricultural country to the ru h mining legions ol both Northern and Southern Krilish Columbia, and a trade has l>,-,-n esiablish<tl which is iiicre. ising yearly siiu e the completion of the 1'iow s Nest I'aoo Kail- wav. The i's;.iblishmenl of Hour and oatmeal mills. . le.imein's, beet root I. u lories, etc., ensures an cxcellen" market for I he products of the farm.

Southern Alberta forms the extreme southwest corner of the pr.une region ol Western i mail. i. and stands unrivalled among the siovk countries of the world. Now that it has direct railway communication with the markets ol I .ixi. -i ,1 Canada and Hniish Columbia it is the moot desirable one for stockmen.

is ilii-inosi wesioilv ol iho M-M-ral divisions ol U'fsirin I .in.ul i. an au-a ol 101,88.) si|naii- miles. It t-xli-nds from tin- western limits ol

\ssnnlioi.i to the eastern limits ol Hrilish Columbia, \\illiin the i.injje ot the Ixocky Mountains, and is divided inlo Northern Alln-rta and Southern Allx-rta.

I In' I. ili;. ii \ and 1 ilmonlon Kailvvay |«iss»-s through the two divisions from Mel.eml in I In- south, where it conm-cls with the I' row's Nesi I'.iss K nlroad, riinniiiK into the Koolen.iv uold mining eoiintry, to Kdmonton in the north.

illoiiliiii; markets and shipping lai-ililies al a number ol convenient places along lh<- whole distance.

Within tin- l<oideis ol Northern . \lncrta in a practically illimitable ai. the most lertile land, well limtx-red and well watered. Tho surface of the country is ^entlv nndiil.ilini;. In 001111* parts there are lar^o tracls of plains Iri'i- I loin limber, and in others great areas of wood corn-vised of large trees. The soil beam a luxuriance of vegetation shown in no other part of the West, and indeed seldom seen anywhere outside ol Ilic tiopics. Ouring the past ten veais fall wheat ha» been grown with uniformly good reoullo. Live stin-k of all kinds, inchuling hoises ol all grades, as also sheep, hogs and *xniltry, are raised in alumdancc. The comlitions for carrying on dairying are most favorable, ami

is divided into two great area* — Eastern and Western Assiniboia each of which hao ito own peculiar characteristics, the former being eooenliallv a wheat growing and mixed farming c/>imtrv, and the western |>art being especially adapted for ranching.

Eastern Assiniboia very much resembles the province of .Manitoba. The verdure io moot luxuriant, and the ground is exceptionally well adapted tor gram growing. Thousands ol homesteads and inimcnsc IraclHOf railway lands have been taken up in this pan during the past season. Good frff grant land* are still to be had. This district io gradually becoming one of the greatest wheat producing countries in Ann

Western Asoinihoia is similar in ils eastern part to Kaotcrn Assiniboia, and is favorable for mixed farming. The Mipply of timber on the hills io .on- sulerable. Tln-r e is also .in abiind.ui> •• ol fuel of a different kind in the coal seams that are exposed in many of the valleys. About Maple Creek irrn. works are being prosecuted with the most beneficial results. The hillo to the south of the C. I'. Railway are especially adapted for Mock raiting, and as general farming is not extensively followed the grass lands will not likelv l~- disturbed by the plough. The climate is tempered by the Chinook wind* and water and shelter are everywhere abundant. Western Aooiniboia io the great sheep raising district of \Veotern Canada, lireal herds of callle roam al will over all iheoe houndlexo pastures.

The Mominion Meat and Cattle Kanching Com- pany, Calgary, has lx*en incorporated with a capital of $iqo,OOO.

An Order-in-Council has Ix-en |»asscd enlarging I he boiiiulaiics ol Kocky Mountain I'ark. About ».*O,CXK> acres, which compiisc s>im.- of the Ix-si s.-enetv in the district, will Ix- joined Io the I'ark.

\\.in Mn I'onsolce, a l(eli;ian, w li>> was in Winnipeg recently, sav s iliat ru'xl season will see a large cmii;ialion of I. inner s Iroin Helgium who are t>i settle in Raymond district, and prosecute the cultivation of beet root for sugar manufacture.

\ large linen factory, 500 feet long and too feet

wide, with machinery costing $15,000, and toemplov

not less than loiiv li.rnds, is shortly to Ix: established

'•iionlon. The citv council has granted a bonus

««i .uul exemption from taxation lor ten years

to the concei n.

Mr. K. I. Cluistie, who relvirned from Peace Kii, -r coiintrv recently, announces that a large tract ol seiin-anthiaciie coal has been located. He states that there is vast wealth in the wav ot

illu.al larul. pi <s. Iree milling

>-i >•. and >->>al areas.

The Calgary district has enjoyed unusually line weather this season, and the building boom hat continued up till now. The buildings constructed under private enterprise this season are valued at $(100.000, and the C.P.R. will shortly construct new shops at an expenditure of $100,000. The popula- tion ol Calgary is now S.ooo.

Hon. Robert Rogers, Attornev -Cteneral of Mani- toba, and Mr. K. \V. Day, Manager of the Kmpire Land Company, met I he Hoard of Mirvctors of that Company at the King Kdward Hotel, Toronto, recently, when the recent purchase by the Company ot 400,000 acres of coloni/aiion land in Assiniboia and Saskatchewan was formally ratified.

The Marquis of Bute, one of the best-known sportsmen in Kngland, is making arrangements to visa Western Canada next fall in search of big game. Al present he is shooting lions in Somali- land, North Kast Africa. Another well-known sportsman who is coming to Western Canada next year is Mi. Worrell Warner, of Philadelphia.

The Post Office Department has arranged for two special trips during the present winter season for the . onveyance of mails from \thahasca Landing Io Port Chipewyan. The first mail left Athabasca

I .anding on the .-ml ot January, 1904. Mails leave Kdmonlon for Athabasca landing every Tuesday at K a.m. and arrive al the (alter place on Thursday al 4 P.TI.

William M. Cheane. John McCheane and William Kennedy, three British members of the Society ol Friends who wish to found a colony of Quakers in Western Canada, interviewed Hon. Clifford Sitlon. Minister of the Interior, recently. It is proposed to set apart several townships for them on one of the rivers, they agreeing to people the land set apart within a few years. The Quakers are most desirable .is immigrants, as they are remarkable for their industry and frugality.

It in said thai in the Peace River district there are 15,000,000 acres of rich agricultural land, in addition to petroleum, coal, iron and other minerals. When (he Peace River valley is given the benefit of transportation it io claimed that it will be preferable to Manitoba on account of the climate. Then, loo. it will be closer to the Orient, wnere the cereals raised can be marketed Io advantage. The markets of China and japan are widening for breadstuff's, and when the Peace River district n made productive the section should raise large quantities of wheat of a first-class quality, which can be marketed in Asia.

RESOURCES

The rapid increase of population in the Canadian West, and the corresponding developments in agri culture, manufactures and commerce, till every visitor with astonishment, and make one hesitate to set any limit to the progress of the country in the near future. " The naked prairie of one year is a thriving farming community (he next," says a recent visitor. " Villages start up as if by magic and many of them expand into towns, with handsome churches, commodious schools, electric lights, telephones, and other appliances of modern civilization, with a rapidity that is bewildering. K very where there is growth, movement, expansion, en- terprise, and a spirit of buoyant confidence as re- gards the future that is prac- tically infectious."

As Regina, Assa., will be a big distributing point next summer the Dominion Gov- ernment has decided to erect a new immigration shed at that point capable of ac- commodating 500 people. A very large influx into the country in the vicinity of Saskatoon is expected next season. New halls will also be erected at Craik and Davidson. With regard to western settlement a Domin- ion official says: " 1 think I can safely say we have placed 17,000 people north of the Saskatchewan River

in (he last six years. The country south of the river is also fast filling up, 1,200 homesteaders being located there within the la.->t year."

Mr. W. A. Shepard, who has been paying a visit to various sections of Western Canada in the interests of the Manitoba and Western Colonization Company, first went to the country with Lord Wolseley to assist in quelling the first Riel rebellion, and after that was engaged with the first survey parties that worked in Manitoba. " My present trip seems almost like waking from a dream," he said. "The last time I saw the country

buffalo roamed trvcr the firai- . I

rie in immense herds. Out- \ side of the Red River Valley there was scarcely a white man west of the Great Lakes and agricultural pursuits were practically unknown. And now to think that cities and towns are scattered all over the great plains, and that. last jear the country was able to export over 50,- 000,000 bushels of wheat. In every part of the States, and especially in the West, Western Canada is much talked of, and the present indications point to a great movement in this direction next season."

The returns from the Dominion Crown Land offices all over the West, with the exception of Leth- bridge, Alameda and Minnedosa, have been received, and, compared with the returns of the same month last year, they show a great increase. Details are : —

1902. 1903.

Regina 667 721

Red Deer 109 77

New Westminster .... i 2

Prince Albert

Brandon

Baltleford

Kamloops

Dauphin

Calgary

I ,1-11. Mil,'. I . .

Yorklon

7

3° "7 '53 355

16

34

1 77

ji.S

654

The large increase at Vorklon is accounted for by the wild rush into Cniill Lake district. Settlers are

GATHERING POTATOES

pouring in from all parts to these fertile plains, and I he Dominion Government is unable to open Ihe country fast enough for settlement. A few years ago there were but few settlers in the Edmonton district, but if the present immigration to that quarter continues all the homesteads will be taken up in the course of a few years.

T. ]. Procter, of Nelson, B.C., recently sold for himself and associates the 7,500 acres of coal lands in the immediate vicinity of Blairmore, Alberta, to a French syndicate represented in this country by J.

CARMAN, MANITOBA

J. Fleutot. The properties in this transaction have been known as UK- Blairmore coal property, and Mr. Fleutot having already acquired the Grassy Mountain and Byron Creek collieries in the immediate vicinity, the aggregating of them makes a combination of very great importance. A large amount of capital has already been expended on the Grassy Mountain portion, to which a branch railroad has been con- structed and fully equipped with rolling stock, etc. Another branch railway is under construction to

Byron Creek. Th.' properly |ust acquired bv M. Fl. -uu>i is iniincdialclv adjoining the Canadian Pacific Railwav, .mil near the present station of Blairmoro. Operations \\ ill at once begone on with to open up ami develop the coal measures and to ship the output. It is also intend* ci to begin imrnedialeU the construction of a number of coke ovens. With such active expenditure it will uoi be long before these coal lieMs will be among Ihe most important in Western Canada. Mr. Procter has had associated with him, in the acquiring of the valuable coal field, V. Hyiie Baker, of Cran- brook, and R. K. Fishburn, who has been acting for Chicago capitalists.

Among the towns anil cities of Western Canada I fiat have profited by the tide of prosperity that lias flowed over the country during the past year, one of the most noticeable is Calgary, which has experienced great acti- vity in every department of trade and agriculture. Cal- gary is charmingly situated on a hill-girt plateau over- looked by I lie while peaks of th-- Rockies, and is the centre of the trade of the nor! hern part of Ihe great ranching country of the West, and the chief source of supply for the mining regions in the mountains be- yond. In the surrounding

district, particularly to the south, an i.iimense trade is being done in cattle and horses, and business in this line has been exceptionallv good during the past year, so much so in fact, that it has benefited not only Calgary, but all the other towns in llu district, some of which have experienced a growth that is nothing less than marvellous. The country to the north of Calgary is eminently suitable for mixed farming, and there was an immense in- crease in the acreage under crop last year. Thisvear the advance will be even larger on account ot the increased immigration into the district last season. The homestead entries for the year 1902 were 1,600, while for the year 1903 they numbered 2,034, an increase of 25 per cent. Calgary is an important railwav centre. The transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Rail- way passes through the cit\ , and it is the junction of two branch lines. One connects Calgary with F.dmonton to the north, and the other extends south to l-'orl Mc- Leod, where connection is made with the Crow's N'csl Railwav, which laps the mineral district of southern British Columbia. Calgarv has cvcrv confidence in its future.

Mr. Win Sltflen, representing the Moose Jaw Saskatchewan Land Co., in a recent interview, said : "I have been in Canada since Augusi isi of last year and during that time have located 360 Mennoniteson homesteads at Herbert, Assa.. selling them 32,000 acres of land. One hundred or more families will move there about April 1st. Mr. Max Strizel, of Altona, Man., is building a large hotel at Herbert. A lumber yard and other enterprises will b«- represented by Ihe middle of March. "

British Columbia

This is tin- most westerly provnu e ol ihe- I)»mmi»ii ,>l I .ma.la, lying imincdialrlv In I In- north of the \im-i n an Stales ol Washington, Idali

MI. ll is our ol ihe riih.-sl in. I nii>sl resourceful provinces of ihe Dominion, and is I .ma. la •. only oullrl to the Orient .mil lo ihe whole of the North Pacific I mines h.ivi- shown as gre.il progress during

u-ivir Kiitisli v »!iiml>ia. and it i>. now olVi-i -ing unsurpassed inducements

10 III.' SClller ill seal, ll ,.| .1 1,11111. 111.' -I,., kill. Ill se.-Ull.k; .1 I .inch, till- lllllllT. till-

lumlu-nnau, ill.- fisherman, III.- liiismess ill. in. Ill*' i apilalisl, whether I. ilk;.' or small, who seeks investment I'oi Ins money, ll is .1 magnificent , otmli v . le-em- iilk; with gieal possibilities lo Ihi- persevering .in, I imlu-.li ion-., .mil offering ,-ss op|H>i tunil ics li> all.

I III' Wi-allll ,.| ill,- I," I. -six, i\. Hi-is. IIIIMi-s III, I soil ,.| Itnlish Columbia is

piactically illiinii.il>!,-. i-.irh sin cccding veai .1. inoiisiiaiiii'.; ilu- remarkable rich- IH-SS of its varied resources. I'lu- \M-.ilth ol lish in I In- waters ol Ihi- Mritish Columbia roast is .in important la, lor in the traili- of ill,- Province. Of those

ill,- inosi \aliialili- tishciv is id,- salmon. Thi-n- .11. over eik;lii> -n the-

piovm. c, employ mi; a I. irk;,- number ot iiu-n during Ihi- s<-asi>ti. l )| llu-s, . on ill, ul .-Son ili,- i iv, -is . mil sin-. mis noi ill ot 'h.it great «.,'•

I li>- li.ililnit lishi-iii-s at,- Ix-nik; ,l,-v.-iop,-,l. ami llu-ii- is .ipp.ii.-nllv no Imiil lo tin- .pianlilv llial could be taken. SlmgoeMi an- nniili-i oils in (hi- Kraser ami other large* ri\i-rs. Trout alHiniul in tin- laki-s. iivi-rs ami sin-. mis ol Ihi- whole prim

Tin- woexlcd .11, -a ol Mulish v 'oluuilna , ov.-is lho.is.imls ol square miles, an. I

in. In. I,--, loin kinds ol limlx-r. Tin- lim-sl growth is on tin- coast amlon \ am 011-

vi-r Islam), ami in th«- Gold ami Ihr Selkirk raiikifs. I In- apptoxnnaii- tiiiiiilo*r ot

Inmlx-i aii.l slniik;!,- mills in Ihi- I'roxiiuv last v,-.u « <i.'k;r.--

-iput vvas al>out 140,000,000 for I ol hiinlH-i ami OMT joo.rioo.oini shni)(U-s.

\n .uii- ol Mritish I oliiinlna loi.-sl soin.-lnlii's \irlils ;....•««. l,-,-l ol liinilx-i. n-mli-niik; Ihi- ilrloii-slalion slow. Tln-watrip : slr.-ams -ii.lahk- for

mill siu-s an- niimln-rU'ss.

I In- lalrsl ii-poils ol -i Kolil r\. ilriiu-ill ari- Iroin I hi- l'p|>i-i I >nn, an, In-low Mall i-ii'i'U, ill the Ijirili-an. whi-if I vvo I 'Inn. mi, -ii ami s,- \.-ra I vvlnii- nu-ii an- l^k- nik,' oul jjolil ill ,|u.mlili,-s. t>iu- pan v i,-Ul,-,l om-- hall oiinr,- ol yoUI. In the spring it is ami, i|>.ii,-.l that a rush inlo that ilisirii-i will IH- m.uik;uiali-il thai will ,-asi id.- I'opl.u .-\, il.-iiH-nt into III.- sli.nl,-.

Tin- Ailin, Ymir .-.imp, has on- i unniiiK $24. -I* l»' tin- ton in llu-ii rross-cut liinm-l. Tin- Atlin has IMTII .li-v,-lo|>,-il l>v working mim-rs ami husinrss in.-n ot Ymir, who pill in lln-ir labor ami snppli.-s tor si, irk in tlu- fonipany. 'I'lu- n-snlis pr.m- thai a KII-.I! ilral ran l»- iloiu- without tin- assislaiuv of outsiili- i-apiial h\ ni.-ii whohavo faiih in tin* foiintry.

Mi. I. (... N.-oll. M.-in.iK,-r of llu- r.u-ilu- I'oaat l.iimlH-i I'onip.uiy, has mail,- our ol llu- larkji-st pur- 's lor his I'ompaiiv in tin- timber lino that has lak.-n pl.i.'.- lot sonic* tinu-. ll»- has boni;lii 15,000 MIU- of i In* liiu-st limrH-r in llu- piovimi- U-loiiifink: IK llu- Vivw.n.l ,-siali-. I'lu- limbi-i is siiiiaii',1 in si\ ililli-ii-ni l>lo, ks aloni; I he* l'ainplx-11 KiM-r, \ an.'ouM-r Isl.m.l. ami is \ ssiblc-.

I'lu- mosi iiKHli-rn nu-lhiHls will IH- ailopli-il it- linvr Ihr limln-r inlo llu- wai.-r lo III.- mill.

I '"' ^ '• ' rnpany, whii'h pia.li.al-

l\ i-ontrols tin- ]• ,;injr imluslix. has ,1,

.-,1 .1 ,liviil.-ml of V' |*i'r i, -ill. a shaiv on lasi ^ woik, \\ln-n llu- l.'oiil|vmv s sihooiu'is look i skins, 11.71- oil llu- Urilish I'ohimhia .-oasl ami in l.t'limiK S,-a ami s.n;.. oil v'apv Horn Tin- Wai;,- hill ..mo, mi, -il to $140,000101 llu- s.-ason. The* profits

W.-li- S.-S.^K,. || das Ixt-ll ,1,', i,l,-,l to M-ll.l Olll

about twt-iiij s, IUHMU-I-S Ihis spring otV llu- Mritish (.'olumliia roast, ami two v.-sst-ls art- lo In- s,*nt to Japan imim-tliatoly.

- onsultiiikj, i-ni;incer for

works in K,-k;,na. N. \V. T.,

'. HA'.. !i.- ma.U- a pemoiuil

••i .-I thi- anihr.uii,- i-oal K-iKlis, ovi-red on

tlu- I'onlin.-s \ ,1 I'ark. II.- w.-ni ilown

->n,- |-,>int ami loillul a solid t.-ll tiX.I so«m

ot llu- \,-ry bt-si anihia.'it,-. riu- scam ran about

tc-n illiK-s iiortll.-rly ami varii-tl in ihi. km-ss lioin six l.'.-l lo U-n l.-fl. Mr. Gall s.-, ur.-il s<-vi-ral -inalvs,-s of llu- voal and found this to contain from 7; lo rvrn s<i |*>'i r.-iit. iarln>n. Kxtrnsiv,- di-vi-lopmi-nl work is now undrr way.

The Frascr River Tanning Company, IJmited, will shonlv stari operations in New \\Vslminsli-r. Mr. }•'.. \. l-'adt-r, lormt*rl\ of \Yiniiipc*K, isllu- rn-sid.-nt ot llu i'oinpaiiy, and Mr. \\ . S. Turnrll, nf Minm-- a|>.>lis, Sfc-reiary. Tht* Coiujvcny estimate* that their plant will civil S,*.-,ooo, and that thry will ex|M-nd in Iheir business the first -cat, fully $75,000. Their eapacily would be one hundred hides a day, and Mr. l-a.ler exprc*ssc-d a belief that that was ibout all Mritish Columbia could supply ihem with; in fact, they would be able lo lake all hides offered them. They mi, -ml to manufacture the leather and ship a large portion of it around the Morn lo Kn

Kossland men who invested in Poplar Creek an* iiik; lo realize handsomely on their investment. Ainoni; the promisini; pro|X-rlies in llu- new .amp is the Home Run, which was purchased by the M. v '. Consolidated Gold Mining Companv . a Kossland corporation. \\'ord was recently received in Koss- land that an important strike had been made on the Home Run. The ptO|H-rty is located as one of the extensions ol the famous Lucky jack lead and lies U-tween the l.ucky Jack and the rich Swede group. Kxploralion of the surface ol ihe Home Run ex|X>s- e.l a vein which returned astonishing assays in tree gold. A tunnel is now tx-iiik; driven lo tap this lead at depth and il was while this work was in progress that the new strike was made. The find was unc\- po, tod and therefore ndds greatly to the value of Ihe ptopcrtv. The values in this last discovery are principallv silver, the quart* being thickly studded with fine* grained galena.

A rich strike w;ts made recently on the Swede group. Poplar. Men had been put at work on a surface showing on the opposite side of the hill from where development by tunnel and shaft is being .1 on. After a few l.-et .-I stripping was done a ledge between three and four feel in width was

uncovered, the on* of whii'h is the ti, hest vei dis- coicicd m Ihe camp. One piece ol .(uarl/, or rather gold carrying i|uart/, ami weighing 4oun.es. k,-avc ; ..mi. ,-s gold About 150 |xuimls ol i.x'k was In ought down by Superintendent Morgan from ihe mine, that, it is estimatetl, will run many thousands lo ihe Ion. The whole ledge is not, of com- rich as Ihe samples brought down, but it is ' spattered with gold and will probably average at the lowest estimate $2,000 to the ton. If the values continue- with depth the Swede group will prove l>v far ihe richest property ye*t discovered in British Columbia, and ihe Great Northern Mines, Ltd., the owners, may with safety talk of "millions slating them in Ihe fact*."

A great strike* is reported at the Oyster-Crilerion mine, Camborne, one of I he most valuable properties owned by Ihe Great Northern Mines, Limited. A blind lead l went- I ret wide* has been encountered in Ihe running of the crosscut tunnel. The new vein, while showing good values in jfold from the lime il was met, did not seem richer than Ihe main lead until the machine* drills broke through ihe last three feet. The* last round of holes made a Inily astounding revelation, vjn-i"/ resembliug the rich specimens taken from Poplar creek was shot oul in quantities, and the* greatest excitement pre- vailed am, *ng the men employed at ihe mine. The new discovery was made at a point about 150 feel Irom Ihe mouth of the* tunnel, w hich has yoo feel lo go he-lore it striken the main vein. The O-. Criterion was purchased a year a|fo by \V. B. I'oolt- for $cX>,ooo cash. Since then he has developed Ihe property on an extensive scale. By sli.,tis, tunnels and open cuts large* bodies of pay ore have been exposed. The ore of the Oyster-Criterion is free milling in character. l-ast summer Mr. I'oole equipped the mine with $Ho.ooo worth of machinery, which includes a ten-stamp mill, vanners, concen- trating tables, tramway, electric light plant and a lo-drill compressor. The Oyster-Criterion is the best equipped mine ol its size in the west. It was acquired late last summer by the Great Northern Mines, of which Mr. Poole ia President.

Yu k o n

In the hills above Dawson the Government's new diamond drill has been started for the purpose' of proving1 the existence of large ore bodies.

The weather has heen singularly mild for the past month. The thermometer was as low as 13 below zero only once during Yule-tide week, and has ranged, as a rule, from zero to two above, with no wind.

The Klondike has gone to work for the winter with a vigor indicating in every way that next sum- mer she will fully maintain if not exceed her output of ten millions for the summer of 1903. The winter operations are engaging chiefly the attention of a steady, thrifty class of thorough prospectors and mining men of average means.

Mayo lake, which has leaped into prominence since last August, as the upper Stewart lake, fringed with gold-bearing streams, is to be supplied with steamer service next summer. Mr. Curry, manager of the Davis store, in the Duncan district, has bought the finest and most elegantly fitted gasolene launch possible to be procured in Dawson City, and has arranged to place it on the lake next summer for passenger and light freighting service.

News from the Yukon from time to time shows that locations of the the auriferous area are being considerably extended, and there is every appear- ance that the more the country is explored the

showing »ize of Yukon country i black part of Ma >). compared all Brit sh North America and also the British Isles

greater will be the additions to the " pay " ground. Fewer miners are operating in the Klondike now than in the days of '98 and '99, but they are working far more effectively because they know what they .ire doing, in that most of them are working on prospected ground.

It is said that it would not be surprising if the Alsek district ultimately rivals the Klondike in importance. The last strike was made at Kluhane, about 170 miles west and somewhat northerly from While Horse. It is really at the head of White River. The district now has nine partially explor- ed creeks on which miners have from fair to exceptionally good prospects. The latest creek strike is on Bullion, which is yielding better prospects than Bonanza did when discovered. Two men, absent from White Horse about three weeks with no tools except pick, shovel and axe, hewed out two boxes eight feet long, thawed the ground, and shovelled in from the top forty ounces of gold.

According to a proclamation issued by the Yukon government, the Yukon country is divided into nine districts for purposes of more convenient adminis- tration. Each of the new districts will be a fully constituted mining sub-division, with a gold com- missioner and a record office of its own. The names of the districts are : Forty Mile, Sixty Mile, Stewart, Clear Creek, Duncan Creek, Dawson, Pelly, Hootalinqua, and White Horse, Besides keep- ing the mining records the gold commissioners and

27.219.

their deputies will have to lake charge of the land offices and timber -inspection, in fact, transact all tin- clerical work which is now in the most of case* taken to Dawson City. The change meets with approval in the Yukon country.

The Ogilvie Gold Dredging Co. has just issued from Ottawa a report of the operations of the Com- pany's dredge on the Stewart River, in the Yukon, during the past season. From this report it would appear that gold dredging at a profit is about to In- realized on the Stewart River, if, in fact, it is not already remunerative. Exact results are not given in the report, as the assay returns were not all in at the time the report was issued. After mentioning that many delays were met with and that the dredge had only been equal to 720 yards a day, instead of 1,000 as anticipated, the question of placing next year on the river a dredge three times the size of the present one is discussed. In this connection, Mr. Win. Ogilvie, who signs the report, says : "After 42 hours work, out of which the dredge worked 34 and lifted 1,395 yards, I made a clean up and got 25,102302. ofamalgum worth about $6.50 per oz., aggregating $163.16, or $4.72 per hour." The working expenses were $2.24 per hour, giving a profit of $2.48 per hour. Applying these results to those to be obtained from a 3,000 yard dredge, Mr. Ogilvie figures that the profits per day would be $256. In a season of 140 days, such as is calculated for the Stewart River, a net profit of $35,849 would be obtained.

BritisK Colu

m

Returns from the carload of ore from the Capella group at New Denver, which was shipped lo Nelson, netted $6,000, proving the mine to be one of the richest in the country.

A rich strike has been made at the 700-100! level of the Rambler-Cariboo mine, where a two and one- half toot lead of ore was encountered, assaying from 150 to 200 ounces of silver.

The Hope, of the Ruth group, now possesses one of the richest and largest ore bodies in the Sandon camp. It is over eight feet thick in the face and has been drifted on over forty feet, without any diminishing of the width of the vein.

Another rich strike has been made about a mile below the second crossing of the Lordeau River. Samples of the ore are of mixed galena and free gold, similar to that encountered on the Spyglass at the head of Poplar Creek. The free gold in the rock was quite coarse, and plentiful.

The six furnaces now running at the Granby Company's smelter at Grand Forks require nearly 2,000 tons of ore a day. The increase in the pay-

roll is not nearly in proportion to the amount paid out when four furnaces were in blast. The success of the steam shovel in these low-grade ore bodies decreases the cost and at the same time increases the production, and the operation of shovels, in the pits of Knob Hill shows their success in open workings. The question now is whether or not sleam shovels can be used underground in the large slopes of the Knob Hill and Old Ironsides mines.

Nine carloads of machinery have been unloaded at Ashcrofl and transported by wagon 64 miles to Lillouett for a large gold dredging planl being built there. At Lytlon another large steel dredge is being built, and this and a dredge previously in use will be operated on the Fraser River at Lytton next spring. It is slated that the lowest returns obtained from prospecting work on the Lytton Company's leases were 1 1 % cents per cubic yard, while at twelve feet from the surface, in mid-stream, the gravel ran as high as $1.87 per cubic yard. The Lillouett dredge is of the approved New Zealand bucket type, and when completed will be the largest of the class in Canada.

r> i a

The Canadian-American Company has 040 acres of dredging leases on Gold Rim Creek, in the Atlin country, from which it hopes to make a big profit. This summer they built the largest dredge ever used in gold mining in Canada, ll is a monster concern, capable of handling 3,000 yards of gravel a day. The machinery was built in Milwaukee and had to be freighted in in sec-lions ami put together on the ground. An electric power and light plant uas also taken in and put up about five miles from the dredging ground. Electricity will be used 10 operate the dre.lge and lo light up tin- work, which will continue night and day. The Canadian-. \meiican has put in a lot of money up to dale, building the dredge and power plant, putting in ditches, flumes, etc., and buying out placer claims on the ground which their lease covers. This summer they bought up 21 claims, in order to be free to work the ground undisturbed by any other title. The dredge will work three eight-hour shifts. Gold Run is a rich camp, and where the company is located there is 25 feet of gravel, so that the dividends are as certain at .inv mining proposition can be.

Franklin -Keewatin-Mackenzie-lJngava-Athabaska

300.000 39 M'L'S

470,416

TIMBCH

Hpf IMt

HlKll «<Ml WhlW

The black portion ol map shows .1 teiniory of .-. i -,.>.. ^- ) square null"., pr.u -lic.dU unadiiiinislcrcd, ami inhabited In .1 *ery sparse In, Inn popu- lation .-mil .1 few whites who an- alia, lied to ihr widely si-parated ti.idmi; posts. ..ppcr .mil li'.ul ores ol thr \icinity ol tliv.il Sl.ixe l..ik.-. the native . i<l<|n-i ilrfxisiis of llu- I "upper Minr Kivrr, anil I hi- copper ore* of thr north-

Map •bowing nir of Franklin. Kremlin, Mirkrnrir. Cn(*v*.|Alhah»k* (Mark part of Map i compered with all Hut -h v.rtii Antrim and al«o thr Hnti«h :

25.490

west shores ol Hudson Hay will some day be utilized ; but no i.ipid develop- ment of iiniii-i.it resources in ihese regions need be looked for, except in the possible event of the dis.oveiv ol gold placers like those of Ihe Yukon, which might result in the forced esiablishmrnt of means of i ommunii-aiion with the outer world.

Tho lislirrii's nl lliv.il Slavr l.aki- an- \.iliiablr. ilir in. ".i abiindnnl bi-in>; whitrtish, Uki- trout and l>iki-. Tli.' Ir.Mil irrow to a l»r>fe si*o and ofirn reach a wi'ijfht of fifty pounds.

A n-sidi'iit lot- many \.-.us in thr Peace RI\.-I .lisin, i, .mil who rrliirni'd lo Wiiini|H*^ roi-rntlj , <ixi's soilli' most tnlrirstiitt; p.n I u nl.u - of this li'Milr valley. Tin- our favorrd s|H>l, aU'iil our million .u-rrs in rxtrnl, of which the travrllrr

p.nti. ul.irlt s|H>ki', is ^ii.ndr.l from all cold winds b\ Ihr upr.iis«-d shouldrr of thr rims which surround ihr \all<->, or rathrr this portion ol ihr \allr\. of I'l-.u r Kiver. This land is not in Albrria. ll is i-loso lo the boundary on Ihr Hritish I'oluml.ia siilr. So rich is ihr natiw- tilnolliy v;rass thai one Ion of ha\ will ferd a N-asi lor the winter, where within 1115 mili-sat least lour Ions of fodder would be needed. Moose, elk, den and bear arr in plenty, and prairie chicken, with

most mimeiiMis. i>n ihr Sinok* KIM-I ihere is a i •onliniioiis ouli rop ol i oal lor fili\ miles. On om- siil,- ol I he river is a hill ol K\psiun ol the pureM qu.ililv. The beautiful falls known as ihr Htnillbro Kapids rush over and |>nlish abates and cornelians b\ ihe ton. A number of these beautiful stones w.-ie taken lo KiiKliind a short lime .1^0 and ra^erlx |Mirchased In a jeweller Ihere for a KO»H]'y sum. Snow si.ns on Ihe ground but a few hour* at a time in Ihis sheltered spot.

WOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS

J* Jt Jt

<s,"l> niMiii-i.Mis. and of so variod a nature, are the enquiries for general and slatislicul information lhat have Ix-cn received at the offices of " Rl-si't Ki > s since Ihe ap|X'.«iance of the initial issue in June last. and such is the impossibility of replying lo ourconr- spondeuis iiidi\iduall\ and at length, that i I has been il>-. ided lo establish a

" Resource* " Bureau of Information

for the Ix'iielit of our subscribers and othen.

I'pon pavment to us of a merely nominal fee, lo i outlay, we shall be prepared to supply sub- scribers with printed reports of the various departments of the l-'i-.leral ami ihe Piovincial C.ovcrnmonts, in- . lulling reports and maps of the Geological Sur\e\ information n-spei-tinjf railways, land companies, min- ing .mil lumlx-ring ami oilier interests of the country in i;i-n.M.il.

\diln-ss all communications to Kureau ol Intorm.ilion.

i:,-ard of Trade Building,

Montreal,

RESOURCES

t»

BRITISH \OKTII .I.I/AA'/C.-I

Vol. 2

JANUARY. 1904

No. 1

l-l HI.ISIIKP MONTHLY

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RESOURCES

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For cash subscriptions to "RESOURCES" we will allow you a commission of TWENTV-KIVE CENTS on each subscription ; if you secure fifty subscribers we will increase the commission to THIRTY CENTS on each subscription, and for one hundred subscribers we will allow you THIRTY-FIVE CENTS on each subscription.

Send to-day for sample copy and subscription blanks, and introduce " RESOURCES " to your friends with this issue.

•' RESOURCES " should be in every Canadian home and place of business. It is worthy the careful study of British and Foreign Investors, Manufacturers and Home-seekers.

"RESOURCES" is comprehensive in its scope. Its con- tents are educative and interesting. Its dress is attractive. The price is a popular one — One Dollar a year — or about eight cents a month — less than two cents a week.

COLLEGE STUDENTS AND SCHOOL BOYS will find in a future issue of early date several interesting Premiums, entitling' prize winners to Camping and Fishing Outings during the forthcoming summer, FREE.

ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION

Every student and scholar is planning to visit the Exposi- tion commemorating the Louisiana Purchase. The question in their minds is :

How can it possibly be done, and at the least cost to the individual ?

Or can it be done without expense ?

Yes, it can.

In an early issue "RESOURCES" will tell its College and School subscribers all about the terms governing its

FREE TRIPS TO THE ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION

SUBSCRIBE AT ONCIv

RESOURCES

( iivat Northern Railway of Canada.

TIMBER LIMITS & WATER POWERS FOR SALE. . . . SPRUCE, PINE & HARDWOODS. . . IDEAL SITES FOR PULP MILLS. . . UNEXCELLED EX- PORT FACILITIES AT QUEBEC. . .

Apply to oflin- 01 ('ompnny, (J ('/:'/> /:'(', Qiif.

Canada Atlantic Railway.

The numerous Mill Sites. Water Power*, va.st Timber and Mineral Lands adjacent to this Railroad afford desi- rable locations for Wood Working Factories, Flour Mills, and manufacturing enterprises of every descrip

tion

Liberal encouragement will be given manufacturers, and correspondence is invited. .

K R. BREMN-ER,

Aul. CfH. Freight

\\ P. HINToN.

(•fit. h'mght Agrnt.

C. J. SMITH,

Gen. Traffic Man

OT/'.IH.I. OAT.

Quebec and Lake St. John Railway.

EXCELLENT LAND FOR SALIC BY GOVERNMENT IN LAKE ST. JOHN VALLEY AT NOMINAL PRICES.

New settlers, their families ami a limited quantity of effects will be transported by the Railway free. Special advantages offered to parties i-i.il.lishiiiv; mills and other industries. . . ...

This Railway runs through 200 miles of the finest spruce forests in America, through a country abounding in water powers, and of easy access to steamship docks .it Quebec. AN IDKAL LOCA- FOR THK rn.r is-

IXSTKY.

I' or i>if<>> unit ion address the Offices of I he

<.'o1llpllll\\ Olttl'n, (Jllf.

The Shawinigan Water and Power Co.

OWNERS AND DISTRIBUTORS OF THE POWER OF SHAWINIOAJf FALUS. P. Q

Largest and most reli- able WATER POWER in Canada. One hundred thousand ( 100,000) horse power for sale at SHAWINIGAN FALLS, Montreal, and interme- diate points . . . .

/•'or information address offices oj Comf>an)\ Montreal^ Qiif.

In tvritinff advertiser* pl<>aM> monlit»n K»-«nitit-.

TKe Canadian NortH-A^est Homestead Regulations

ANN' even numbered section of Dominion Laiuls in Manitoba or the ^* North-west Territories, excepting 8 ami _•(>, which has not been hoinesieaded. or rescued lo provide wood lols for settlers or for other purposes, may be homesteaded upon by any person who is tin- solo head of a tainily, or any male over iS years ot age, lo the extent of one quarter section (usually containing 160 acres.)

Entry.

Knlry may he made p. rsoiially at the local land office lor the district in which the land to be taken is situate, or, if the homesteader desires, he may, on application to the Minister ol'the Interior, Ottawa, the Commissioner of Immigration, Winnipeg, or the local agent for the district in which the land is situate, receive authority lor someone lo make entry tor him. A lee ot Sio is charged tor. i homestead entry.

Homestead Duties.

\ setller who has been granted an entry lor a homestead is required bv the provisions of the Dominion Lands Act and the amendments thereto to perform the conditions connected therewith under one of th; following plans :

i. At least six months' residence upon and cultivation of the land in each year during the term of three years.

.:. If the father (or mother, if the father is deceased i of am person who is eligible to make a homestead entry under the proi isions of this Act, resides upon a farm in the vicinity of the land entered for by such person as a homestead, the requirements of this Act as to residence prior to obtaining' patent may be satisfied by such person icsiding with the father or mother.

i. It a setller has obtained a patent for his homestead, or a certificate for the issue of such patent, countersigned in the manner prescribed bv this Act and lias obtained entry for a second homestead, the requirements of this > to residence prior to obtaining patent may be satisfied bv residence upon the first homestead, if the second homestead is in the vicinity of the first homestead.

4. II tin- settler has his permanent residence upon farming land owned by him in the vicinity of his homestead, the requirements of this Acl as to resid.-nco may be satisfied by residence upon the said land.

The term " vicinitv used above is meant to indicate the same townvhip or an adjoining or cornering township.

A settler who avails himsell of the provisions of Clauses • ,, \ ; : 01 4) must cultivate .10 acres ol his homestead or substitute -•" head ol stock, with buildings for then accommodation, and have, besides, So acre-, substantially fenced.

The privilege of a second entry is restricted by law to those settlers only who had fully completed the duties upon their first homesteads on or before the ind of June, 1889.

Kverv homesteader who fails to comply with the requirements ot the homestead law is liable to have his entry cancelled, and the land may be again thrown open lot ,-nii\.

Application for Patent

Should be made at the end of three years, before the Local Agent, Sub- Agent, or the Homestead Inspector. Uefore making application for patent, the settler must give six months notice in writing to the Commission. Dominion Lands, .it Ottawa, tit his intention to do so.

Information.

\owlv arrixed immigrants will receive at the Immigration Oltioc in Winnipeg, or al an\ Dominion Lands Oflice in Manitoba or the .North-west Territories, information as to the lands thai are open for entry, anil from the officers in charge, free of expense, advice and assistance in securing land to suit them. Full information respecting the land, limber, coal, and m laws, as well as respecting Dominion Lands in the Railway Hell in Uritish Columbia, may be obtained upon application to the Secretary ol the Depart- ment of the Int. > lawa.thc Commissioner of Immigration, Winnipeg, Manitoba, or to am of the Dominion Land Agents in Manitoba or the North- west Territories. In addition to Free Cuant Laiuls to which the regu'atioiis above stated refer, thousands of acres of most desirable lands are available for lease or purchase from railroad and other corporations and private fn Western Canada.

Regulations for Disposal of Minerals on Dominion Lands in Manitoba and tKe NortH-West Territories

C»'.\i.. Coal lands may be purchased at$io per acre for soft coal and S-'O lor anthracite. Not more than 320 acres can be acquired by one individual or company. Royalty at the rale of ten cents per ton of ->,ooo pounds on the

gl oss Output.

^}t ART/. — Persons of eighteen years and over and joint stock companies holding free miner's certificates may obtain entrv tor a mining location.

A tree miner's certificate is granted upon payment in advance of $7.50 per .Minimi for an individual, and from $50 to $100 per annum for a company, according to capital.

\ tree miller, having discovered mineral in place, tnav locate a claim 1,500 x 1, 500 feet.

The fee for recording a claim with Agent of Dominion Land is $5.

At least Sioo must be expended on the claim each year or paid to the mining recorder in lieu thereof. When $500 has been expended or paid, the locator may, upon having a survey made, and upon complying with other requirements, purchase the land at Si an acre.

The patent provides for the payment of royalty on the sales not exceeding tive jx'r cent.

I'l.ACKK mining claims gencialU are ion tort square ; en!r\ ' renewable yearly.

\ tiee miner may obtain two leases lo dredge for gold of live miles each for a term of twenty years, leuewable in the discretion ot the Minisiei ol iho Interior.

The lessee shall have a dredge in operation within one season Horn the date ol the lease for each live miles. Rental. S i o per annum for each mile of rivei leased. Rovaltv at the rale of two and a half per cent, collected on the output alter it exceeds $10,000.

I'l i m'l.it M. All unappropriated Dominion Lands in Manitoba and the North-west Territories are open to prospecting1 for petroleum, and the Minister may reserve for an individual or i ompany having machinery on the land to be prospected, an area ot (14(1 acres. Should the prospector discover oil in paying quantities, and satisfactorily establish such discovery, an area not exceeding i>4o acres, including the oil well and such other land as may be determined, may be sold to the discoverer at the rate of $l an acre, subject to royalty at such rale as may be specified by Order-in-Council.

JAMKS A. SMART,

Deputy of the Minister of the Interior, Ottawa, Out.

Dime at the Offices of The Guertin Printing Company. Montrra]