JULY 1907 •Vol. V. &, No. 7

' The Nineteenth Century was the century of the United States ; the Twentieth Century will be Canada's century."

Ten Cents a Copy $1.00 a Year

Types of our New Citizens

R.KSOUR.CES PUBLISHING CO., Limited.

Publishers

MONTREAL. CANADA

Canadian Life and Resources

19O7

Benefits that Accrue to

Settlers in

•

The Canadian West

Canada welcomes every indus- trious settler.

The Canadian West is the farm- er's paradise.

Prosperity follows settlement in Western Canada.

The Canadian West is the wheat- grower for the nations.

Free homesteads for free men who are willing to work.

More than half a million settlers have started prosperous homes in the Canadian West.

" The Twentieth Century is Canada's Century."

The growing West of Canada is a young man's country.

The railway facilities are good

and are getting better

every day.

There is a good market all over for every kind of produce.

In ten years the bulk of Canada's population will be West of the Great Lakes. — Hon. Thomas Greenway.

IN the year 1906 more than 150,000 people flock- ed to the fertile plains of the Canadian West — about 50.000 of them from the agricultural areas of the United States — and thus demonstrated that the Western portion of the Dominion of Can- ada is the farmer's paradise.

In the past few years the development of Winter wheat in the new Provinces has been mar- vellous, and it has been shown, conclusively, that land that formerly was relegated to ranching is now the prime area for the raising of Winter wheat that yields 30 to 50 bushels to the acre and 66 pounds to the bushel.

16O ACRES FREE

Are offered by the Government of Canada to every able-bodied man, over 18 years of age, who is willing to take upon himself the duties of settlement.

Information and advice can be freely obtained from the following :

SUPERINTENDENT OF IMMIGRATION, OTTAWA, CANADA. THE CANADIAN COMMISSIONER OF EMIGRATION, 11-12 Charing Cross, LONDON, W.C.

Canadian Life and Resources

Under this heading will be found particulars of improved and unimproved farms tor sale and

\V6St6ril D6VGl()pmGnt virgin lands, together with the announcements of Municipalities and Boards of Trade. Further ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^s information regarding any advertisement can be obtained from our Bureau of Information.

BUY LAND

On tKe Main Line of the Grand TrunK Pacific Ry.

I have improved and wild farms from TEN to TWENTY dollars per acre. Write me for in- formation .

R. H. STREET

Box 55 ESTER.HAZY, SasR.

WESTERN MANITOBA

Improved Farms, $12 to $4O

•Wild Lands and Grazing Lands. $8 to $1O

I/jw Freight Rates— Why go further West and each year pay extra freight rates on all you buy and on all you have to sell.

R. H. HOCRIN

Notary Public

Oak Lake, Man.

TIMBER LIMIT FOR SALE

The undersigned offers for sale a first-class timber limit of FOUR LICENSES— 2,560 acres. Will cut 50,000,000 feet B.M. high quality CEDAR, some Hemlock. Twenty-five miles from VANCOUVER, on water-front. For quick sale will take $15 oo per acre. Wire quick if you want it.

P. O. Box 102

A. A. CUNNINGS

ROSTHERN, Sa.sk.

WILD AND IMPROVED LANDS IN THE FAMOUS

Hanley Plains, Saskatchewan

For pamphlet giving complete information write

T. O. HAMRE

P.O. Box 45 HANLEY, Saskatchewan

Abernethy

Saskatchewan

The most successful, most pros- perous and most influential dis- trict in Canada's West. Inves- tigate fully, and when you buy your Western home you will be one of us. No boom prices, just actual land values. That's all. Full particulars, maps, pamphlets, price lists, etc., for- warded on application.

BEWELL &

BEWELL

Real Estate Brokers and Financial Agents

Abernethy, Sask.

Edmonton, Alberta

Canada's Most Progressive and Rapidly Developing City

Thousands of dollars are being made daily in Real Estate and Coal Lands adjacent to the city. We are offering some splendid opportu- nities in Business Blocks, Warehouse Sites, Residential Property and

COAL LANDS

We have several hundred acres of developed Coal Lands adjoining the city limits. Send for our list of Farm Lands.

Btiy Now ! Don't Delay ! "Wire ! "Write !

Magrath, Hart & Co.,

Edmonton, Alberta

Sunny

Southern

Alberta

The Colorado of Canada

ATTRACTIONS

Rich soil, mild climate, good markets, good railway facili- ties, cheap fuel, etc., etc., etc.

Alberta Railway

Has 500,000 acres choice FALL and WINTER WHEAT LANDS for sale. These lands are situated in Alberta's warm belt, a short distance North of the Montana boundary and at the East base of the Rocky Mountains.

PRICK

$7.50 to $8.00 per acre near railway.

$6.50 to $7.50 per acre back from railway.

In blocks of 5,000 acres and over a special price of $5.50 to $6. 50 per acre is given.

TERMS — Retail, $2.00 per acre cash. Wholesale (5,000 acre blocks), $1.25 per acre cash. Balance in five equal annual instalments. Interest at "6 per cent.

For maps, printed matter and other information, address

C. A. MAGRATH,

Land Commissioner, LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA Or,

OSLER, HAMMOND & NANTON WINNIPEG, MANITOBA

NOTE, — In 1905 the first car of winter wheat was shipped from Lethbridge on August 12.

Canadian Life and Resources

TEMAOAMI

A LAND OF LAKES AND RIVERS

Reached by the GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY SYSTEM

A Peerless

Region for th<

Tourist,

Camper,

Canoeist,

Angler and

Sportsman.

ANEW territory now accessible by rail and offering the best fishing and shooting in America. Scenery unex- celled ; hay-fever unknown ; magnificent canoe trips. •JBlack bass, speckled trout, lake trout, wall-eyed pike in abundance. Moose, deer, bear, partridge and other game during hunting season.

Handsomely illustrated book telling you all about it, sent free on application to

W. E. DAVIS, Passenger Traffic Manager, Montreal. Canada

G. T. BEM,,

Gen'l Pass, and Ticket Agent, Montreal. Carada.

KEEP POSTED

Publications

issued by

Intercolonial Railway

describing the

Fi s n i n g Boating Bathing Hunting

of

nd the

Maritime Provinces

are now with the printers

You can have your name on the list by writing to

MONTREAL TICKET OFFICE 141 St. James Street (St. Lawrence Hall)

Or General Passenger Department, Honcton, New BrunswicK

Allan

IN the development of Canada's re- sources one of the most import- ant factors is an adequate ocean trans- portation service, and in this capacity the Allan Line has been instru- mental in promoting and has become inseparably identified with the pro- gress and prosperity of our great Do- minion. Bringing annually from the Old Country thousands of the best classes of citizens to people the New, and returning with thousands of happy and contented Canadians to visit their old homes or the homes of their fathers, the Allan Line has always furnished the safest, most com- modious and most economical trans- portation between the old land and Canada.

The Allan Line Turbine Service

of Royal Mail ^Steamships

THE MUSIC ROOM ALLAN LINK TURBINE S.S. "VICTORIAN."

is the latest triumph of modern ma- rine engineering skill, and is the most recent of a series of improvements in marine architecture that have been initiated by this company. These steamships are absolutely free from vibration and from nauseous engine- room smells, and the rolling of the vessel when at sea is reduced to a minimum by the scientific application of bilge keels, an invention first ap- plied to ocean steamships by the Allan Line. In a word, the Turbine Service of ne Allan Line is the most luxur;nu* and restful Trans- Atlantic passenger service attainable to-day. For dates of sailing, accom- modation and all particulars, apply to any agent of the company, or to

H. &. A. ALLAN.

2 St. Peter St., Montreal

Canadian Life and Resources

A FOREST AND RIVKR SCKNK IN QUEBEC

Timber Lands

OF THE PROVINCE COVER OVER

225,000 Square Miles

Limits to be offered at auction in 1906. Location and areas to be had on application. The atten- tion of Paper Manufacturers and Wood Workers is called to the facilities for manufacturing to be had in the province.

Water Powers

FOR SALE

Forty-three powers have been surveyed during the last two years. Power available ranges from 500 to 100,000 horse-power. Send for maps and other par- ticulars.

Fish and Game

SALMON MOOSE

TROUT CARIBOU

OUANANICHE DEER MASKINONGE ETC.

Hunting territories (not over 400 square miles to one person) can be secured at from fi.oo per square mile a year. For location of hunting and fish- ing districts apply to this depart- ment.

Province of Quebec

>-pHE Province of Quebec is, above all, an agricultural country, a country for colonization, and is particularly well favored with forests, mountains, lakes, rivers, splendid waterfalls, innumerable water-powers, fertile islands and rich pastures. The soil of the Pro- vince, and, in particular, that of the great colonization centres which have yet to be opened up and peopled with hardy settlers, is of superior quality and eminently adapted for cultivation of all kinds. The forests, which stretch endlessly in all directions, and contain the most valuable woods, have been for years the object of constant and active operations. The rivers and lakes, which have long remained unknown, now attract hundreds of sportsmen from all parts of America, who find both pleas- ure and profit in fishing for salmon, ouananiche, trout, pike, etc.

HARVEST SCKNK ON THE FARM OF J. B. HCDON AT ST. JEROME LAKE ST. JOHN

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION APPLY TO

HON. A. TURGEON,

Minister of Lands, Mines and Fisheric .

Parliament Buildings, Quebec, Can.

Crown Lands

FOR SETTLEMENT

OVER 7,000,000 ACRES HAVE

BEEN SURVEYED AND

DIVIDED INTO

FARMS

PRICE FROM 20 CENTS TO 40 CENTS PER ACRE

ACCORDING TO DISTRICT

For further information apply to this Department.

Minerals

The attention of Miners and Cap- italists in the United States and Europe is invited to the mineral territory open for investment in the province.

GOLD

SILVER

COPPER

IRON

ASBESTOS

MICA

PLUMBAGO

CHROMIC IRON

GALENA, Etc.

Ornamental and structural ma- terials in abundant variety. The Mining Law gives absolute secu- rity of title, and has been speci- ally framed for the encourage- ment of mining.

CANADA'S GREAT NSW RACB TRACK

A VIEW FROM THE GRAND-STAND OF THB BLUE BONNETS RACE TRACK OF THE MONTREAL JOCKEY CLUB, SITUATED FIVE MILES WEST OF THK CITY OF MONTREAL, AND PRONOUNCED BY COM- PETENT JUDGES TO BE ONE OF THE BEST EQUIPPED TRACKS ON THE CONTINENT. THE INAUGURAL MEET WHICH LASTED FROM THK 4TH TO THE I5TH OF JUNE, WAS WELL ATTENDED, EIGHT THOUSAND SPECTATORS HAVING BEEN PRESENT ON THE CLOSING DAY. THE RACES WERE KEENLY CONTESTED BY MANY OF THE BEST HORSES IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, AND THE VICTORIES WERE WELL DISTRIBUTED, SIXTY-SIX OWNERS BEING ON THE LIST OF WINNERS. R. J. WALDEN HEADED THIS LIST WITH WINNINGS AMOUNTING TO $2,455 ! 8. W. LAGERROTH CAME SECOND WITH $1,580 IN WINNINGS ; J. C. HARRIS THIRD WITH fl,540, AND J. E. SEAGRAM FOURTH WITH $1,525. THE MONTREAL JOCKEY CLUB HAS A MEMBERSHIP OF TWO HUNDRED AND THIRTY AND THEIR BLUE BONNETS PROPERTY COMPRISES, BESIDES THE EXCELLENT TRACK, A SPACIOUS AND HANDSOME CLUB HOUSE AND FIRST- CLASS STABLES. THE TRACK HAS DIRECT RAILWAY CONNECTION WITH MONTREAL. THE CLUB'S NEXT RACE-MEET WILL BE HELD IN THE COMING AUTUMN.

VOL V. SERIES

No. 7

Montreal, July, 1907

PRICE, TEN CENTS ONE DOLLAR A YEAR

THE STORY OF THE MONTH

A SUMMARY OF CANADIAN AFFAIRS

AT HOME

1 4 npHINGS seen are mightier than things heard. ' ' *• To see a Japanese prince in our midst, re- ceived with all the honors accorded to a member of the British Royal family, is to realize very vividly indeed that an Asiatic people are now the equal of the proudest nations in Europe. Prince Fushimi— who bears a close resemblance to the pictures of the Mikado — is not only a near relative of the Em- peror of Japan, but he is a great soldier and he looks his record in every inch of his martial, courtly little figure. It is well that our leading men in Canada should have had an opportunity of coming into contact with a leading Japanese. Not only as allies of Great Britain but as our next neighbors across the Pacific, it behoves us to get into touch with this wonderful people. Their position on the Pacific stands to become almost as great as that of Great Britain upon the Atlantic. Particularly is it desirable that the people upon our western shores should take a broad view of the Japanese position and probable future. The state of affairs in San Francisco is one we hope will never be paralleled in Vancouver or Victoria. The visit to Canada of this enlightened Japanese prince seems to us an event of the first importance.

THE commissions of inquiry here and in the United States into insurance methods and the uncertainty created thereby, has reacted to a considerable degree upon the business not alone of the American companies, but of the Canadian com- panies as well. The amount of new insurance taken up last year in the Canadian companies was 162,699,343, which represents a decrease of $4,839,798, as against 1905. The business of the American companies, how- ever, is, even worse hit. The new insurance effected by them last year and taken up was $28,093,484, which is $6,392,731 less than it was the year before. The British companies alone seem to have been unaffected by the prevailing uncertainties. Their new business increased in the year by half a million dollars.

'TpHE tourist traffic to Can- -^ ada this season prom- ises to beat all records. The C. P. R. report 5,000 book- ings for the Chateau Fronte- nac at Quebec in July, be- sides ordinary traffic. "DRIGHT weather and co- •^ pious showers have worked wonders in the grain

fields during the month, and the general opinion is that Western Canada will have about an average crop of wheat. The price which is being received now is 20 cents in advance of that obtained earlier in the year.

THAT the past five years have been growing times with the industries of Canada is shown by the statistics recently published by the Census Branch of the Department of Agriculture. Accord- ing to the census returns of 1901 the total annual value of the manufactured products of towns and cities in Canada having at least a population of 1,500 was $481,053,375, whereas last year the out- put of such manufactories amounted in value to $712,664,835, being an increase of almost 50 per cent. Montreal still leads as a manufacturing centre with a total production last year of $99,746,- 772, which, with the production of the industrial establishments in the suburbs, makes a total of $118,044,675. The total output in Toronto and Toronto Junction was $88,266,514. Hamilton ranks third, Winnipeg fourth and London fifth. Ontario still holds first place as a manufacturing province, the output of her manufactories being a little more than one-half of the output for all Canada. Quebec stands second, but the other provinces also show substantial increases.

t^IX Canadian banks have published their annual ^ statements lately and four of them show earn- ings of over 16 per cent on their capital. These are harvest days for the banks who can find a bor-

THE VISITOR OF THE MONTH The arrival of Prince Fushimi (the cential figure) at the Blue Bonnets race track, Montreal

rower for every dollar they care to lend at 6 and 7 per cent, whilst they are paying only 3 per cent on a large part of the public deposits. >HpHE resignation of the Hon. Wm. Pugsley from the premiership of New Brunswick necessi- tated the formation of a new government, which was accomplished by the Hon. C. W. Robinson, former Provincial Secretary, who thereupon be- came Premier and Attorney-General. Mr. Pugsley resigned in order to be the Liberal candidate for the federal seat for St. John City, rendered vacant by the death of the late Dr. Stockton. During the past eleven years there have been numerous changes in the provincial government of New Brunswick. When the late Mr. Blair went to Ottawa to become Minister of Railways and Canals, he was succeeded in the New Brunswick premier- ship by the late Mr. Mitchell. Upon the death of the latter, Mr. Emmerson became Premier, and when he entered federal politics the premiership passed to Mr. Tweedie, now Lieutenant-Governor. Mr. Pugsley succeeded, and he is now followed by Mr. Robinson.

>"pHE causes of unrest in British India came up in

the General Assembly of the Presbyterian

Church of Canada, in session in Montreal during

' the early part of June. One sitting was devoted to

foreign missions and addresses were delivered by

men fresh from the field. One of the speakers was

the Rev. W. A. Wilson, senior missionary to India,

and he gave the Assembly his views respecting the

unrest now prevailing in

many parts of that country. This feeling of unrest and hostility to British rule, said Mr. Wilson, was fostered and spread by thousands of young men who, having qualified for positions in the civil service, had failed to secure appointments. It was also carried far and wide by the five million beggars who were avowed enemies of British rule. The famine and the plague were also con- tributing causes, for the lower classes attributed these calamities to the British. Then the victory of the Japa- nese over the Russians had stirred the entire East and set the people of India think- ing of the possibilities of their own strength. But not- withstanding all these ad- verse conditions British rule in India, said the missionary, must and would continue ; and he based his hope upon a wider and deeper education

8

Canadian Life and Resources

I

THR HON. RICHARD MCBRIDE

The energetic Premier of British Columbia, who has so strenuously advocated " better terms" for his Province.

for the people of India. More light was the rem- edy.

BY the arrival in Alberta of the herd of 500 bison from Montana for the new national park along the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific, Canada came into possession of more than one-half of the living bison in North America.

THE General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Canada, by a vote of 137 to u, de- clared itself in favor of the proposed union between the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregational churches of Canada. The debate lasted two days. T was announced that the Atlantic and Lake Superior Railway, extending from Metapedia to Paspebiac along the north shore of the Baie des Chaleurs, Quebec, has been sold by the English bondholders to the Atlantic, Quebec and Western Railway Company for two million dollars. The road is to be extended eastward to Edmundston, N.B., where it will connect with the Grand Trunk Pacific system and eastward to Gaspe Basin, the line to have a length of four hundred miles.

GEN ERA L B OOTH , head of the Salvation Army, passed through Canada on his way home to England from Japan. During the course of an interview on Canadian immigration he said ; " I have been greatly impressed by the prospects of British Columbia. It seems to me that there is a vast field there for thousands of people. That is, people of the right kind, especially if rightly man- aged and assisted in a rational way." General Booth intends returning to Canada and making a tour of the country in an automobile. qpHOMAS LONGBOAT, the Indian *• long distance runner of the West End Y. M. C. A. of Toronto, and who won the Marathon race at Boston, scored another signal victory at Buf- falo, where he easily defeated I'rank Nebrich, who, in the three mile race, was run to a stand-still. TUNE was the first month of the J championship season of the Na- tional Lacrosse Union and it closed with the Shamrocks of Montreal in the lead. They played three matches, one-fourth of their entire series, and won them all, defeating the Nationals of Montreal, Montreal and Toronto. The Capitals of Ottawa, last season's champions, played two matches and lost both, and stand at the foot of the Union. The Tecums-hs of Toronto are playing well, and it looks as if the championship will be won by them or by the Shamrocks. The matches have been well patronized, showing that in spite of many other attractions, la-

crosse is still in reality — as well as in name — the popular national game.

T3 EV. Dr. Leonard Gaetz, the well-known Meth- -^- odist minister, who, after a prominent minis- try in the East, went West in 1884 and became a leading spirit of Olds, died on June gth.

A LL lovers of clean athletics were pained to hear " of the death of ' Hod ' Stuart, probably the most expert hockey player in Canada and also one of the best football men, who sustained fatal in- juries while diving off a lighthouse platform in the Bay of Quinte on June 23rd. He was a member of the Wanderers Hockey team of Montreal, holders of the Stanley Cup, and had play ed* football with the Rough Riders of Ottawa. He was twenty- eight years of age.

ABROAD

"IV TR. Winston Churchill in introducing in the •^'-^ Commons the bill amending the British North America Act regarding federal subsidies to the Provinces, said that the British Parliament did not know enough of the relative interests of the various provinces to judge on which side the merits of the claim lie. The question the British Parlia- ment had to ask itself was, did the constitutional amendments now demanded command the support of the great majority of the people of Canada ? About that there could be no doubt. Five millions of the population of Canada were represented in support of the measure, as against 176,000 popula-

THE LATE WILI.IAM HODGSON ('HOD') STUART

Who was probably the best all-round athlete in Canada and the greatest living hockey player.

tion of British Columbia. The Imperial Govern- ment, therefore, decided to introduce the bill. Hon. R. McBride, the Prime Minister of British Colum- bia, had, he said, with great frankness and much force, urged the views and grievances of his Prov- ince. The Imperial Government were unable to adopt his opinions entirely, but endeavored to make the legislation agreeable to him by not intro- ducing into it the words '• final and unalterable," which it had been proposed to introduce, and which would have prejudiced British Columbia's chance of making some other friendly arrangement in the future with the Dominion and the other Provinces. The bill passed the Commons. TN view of the great opening here in Canada for "• British iron and steel, it is interesting to know that after a period of something likestagnation the British iron and steel trade is making1 rapid strides and that wonderful progress has been made during the past few years. The exports of iron and steel amounted to more than eleven million pounds last year, compared with nine million for 1906 and seven million for 1905, and no other country has made a proportionate increase in iron exports during the period. The lead of Great Britain in iron products was once undisputed, and there are signs that she will yet lead again in quality if not in quantity.

TV /TISS Maud Gwendolen Allan, who was born in -^-*- Toronto, has been drawing all Paris by her sensational dancing. The new idea to which her dancing gives expression is that by means of the movements of her form and the expression of her face she can convey across the footlights the se- quence and the emotions of dramatic incidents.

A T the great International Horse Show in •**• London, in the class for three qualified hunters entered by one hunt club, the London, Ontario, Hunt Club took first place with the three hunters of the Hon. Adam Beck.

In the class for tandems between 15 and 15.2 hands, Mrs. Beck took second place with " Lord " and " Lady Norfolk," and with the samepair took third place in another class. They also won a prize in the hunter's class. "A very popular win," said the London Daily Express, -"was that of the Hon. Adam Beck, a member of the Ontario Parliament, who rode his own horse, Kakabeka, in the Corin- thian class for hunters, ridden by officers in uniform or gentlemen in hunting costume. Mr. Beck wore the uniform of a Canadian Hunt and jumped the four high fences in marvellously clever style. It was the cleanest jumping of the show and quite outclassed that of the English horses."

The complete list of awards made shows that the champion trophies were divided as follows :

England 1 6

United States 2

Holland i

Ninety-one first prizes, not counting ties, fell to English horses; fourteen to America; two to Canada and one each to Belgium and Holland.

BLUE BOMSBTS RACB TRACK, NEAR MONTREAL The finish of a well-contested steeplechase at the inaugural meet of the Montreal Jo;key Club held last month.

Canadian Life and Resources

OUR

NEW

CITIZENS

SOME TYPICAL TRAITS OF THE ROBUST YOUNG WOMAN- HOOD NOW COMING TO US FROM SWEDEN.

A TYPICAL YELLOW-HAIRED SWEDE

SKI-ING IN THE HOMELAND

AMONGST the settlers nocking to the Dominion from all parts of the world the women of Norway and Sweden fill an important place. Our wives and mothers know of them chiefly in relation to the servant problem, but the student of sociology is interested in their effect upon the population of our country. In this connection it is interesting to note a few of the salient characteristics which have come under our notice of the Swedish girls from the Scandinavian coast city of Sunds- vall.

What is known in common phraseology as "pluck," is per- haps the first attribute which strikes the casual observer of these newly-arrived Swedish girls. Lacking this quality, many of them would not be in Canada to-day. One youthful Svensk maiden arrived in the vicinity of the writer's home with the chief of her worldly possessions done up, gypsy-fashion, in an old black dress-skirt, which she carried in both arms.

"I sold away so many of my things before I leave Sweden," she explained, apologetically, afterward. " I sold my books. I sold my clothes. I say I shall to Canada."

This buoyant determination to overcome obstacles also en- ables them to cheerfully accept the inevitable when the inevit- able confronts them.

Another prominent trait of the Swedish character is ambition — laudable, well-timed ambition in the generality of cases. It was mentioned to a maid of the above nationality that a certain young girl whom she was accustomed to see in the home of her mistress had left for college.

"She will be somet'ing?" was the eager inquiry. " Oh I hope she will ! It is nice to be somet'ing."

It is the stirrings of this uncompromising ambition which country mistresses have frequent reason to deplore. It " eggs" the girls on in the course of a year or two, wherein a good grasp upon our language has been obtained, to widen their sphere of activity and enlarge their knowledge of Canadian life and customs by a sojourn in Montreal or some other city.

" Oh Missus, it is not de money," the leave- taker will earn- estly explain. "It is not de vork either. Dere is but vork enough here for one baby !" she adds contemptuously. " But " (the ever- respectful though steadfast burden of her resolve), "I must go to city."

While the aspirations of these girls are under discussion, it may, perhaps, not be to their detriment to say that many of them look forward to marriage in our Land of Promise as one of their " great expectations " and one that is often realized.

" I suppose you know that Thyra is married and has a nice little home of her own," wrote our Government Female Scandi- navian Immigration Agent recently to a Canadian lady in whose household the girl in question had been employed for several

years. Thyra's cousin was the recipient of more specific news. " He is one journeyman" (the husband, probably a commercial traveller). " He sell somet'ing. Dey have very nice house. Thyra send me picture of de sitting-room and de dining-room and de bedroom — so sweet ! and de table so lovely ! "

As a rule the Swedish girl is very domestic in her tastes and exceedingly fond of children. Anything weaker or more de- pendent than herself appeals irresistibly to her sense of protec- tion. There comes to my mind a homely little anecdote con- nected with a Svensk girl who was stationed, on her first arrival in Canada, with a country family on a farm in the Eastern Town- ships. It was the time of lambs, and one forlorn little specimen, whose mother would not 'own it,' had been brought into the kitchen for warmth and nourishment. Its shrill bleats struck a tender chord in the maternal nature of the girl. She rocked the great gawky thing back and forth in her arms, singing to it Swedish lullabies. When presently it hushed its crying she laid it gently in its basket, washed her hands and went back to her dishes. It would be hard to say how many times in the course of the evening she stopped her dishes to soothe that plaintive little lamb, and went cheerfully back to her interrupted task after the inevitable scrubbing of her hands.

An inference which' may justly be drawn from the above incident is that the Swedish girl is neat. In fact some maids of of this nationality carry this tendency almost to the point where it ceases to be a virtue. Even the sea voyage over does not always afford a respite from their activities of an ablutionary nature.

" I get one pail of water, and big brush, and soap, and I vash de floor on our stateroom. Dere is boy to vash all state- room floors, but he vash no clean. I vash every t' ing — de bed and all. Look nice, 1 1' ink."

Constitutionally the Swedish girl is strong — with the strength of the rugged land which gives her birth. Elastic of step and with a muscle that would put to shame that of many a Canadian man, she attacks her work with zest.

"Too heavy for Missus," such a domestic will exclaim, as she deferentially hastens to relieve her mistress of a pot of plants or some similar burden.

On one occasion a Canadian home mother was called away for a few hours just as her drawing-room was undergoing its spring cleaning. Knowing her Swedish girl's propensity to attack strenuous tasks, she left injunctions that the piano — a large, old-fashioned square one — should not be moved out until her return, when she would get in a couple of men for the pur- pose. When she came back, however, the piano was standing in the middle of the room, the cleaning had gone on apace, and Selma's face was radiant. It was too heavy for her. Of course

10

Canadian Life and Resources

she should not have done it. But the fact remains that she pos- sessed the strength re- quisite to move that piano.

It would be unnatu- ral to show a picture which depicts all sun- shine and no shade. In speaking of the characters of these girls, therefore, it is only right to mention a failing which, to judge from a number of examples, may be said to be fairly re- presentative of the Swedish temperament — a quick temper . The delinquents, however, generally have the grace to admit and

FAITHFULNESS, RELIABILITY AND INTEG- RITY ARE WRITTEN IN EVERY LINEA- MENT OF THIS SWEDISH GIRL'S FACE, AND THE FACTS IN THIS PARTICULAR INSTANCE BEAR OUT THE ASSUMPTION.

lament this short-coming.

"I am not good," was a young Swedish girl's sorrowful confession toher mistress recently, in apology for some misdemeanor of a volcanic nature. ' ' I be cross so fast. I cannot be cross long. But I don't know what it is. I try so hard. I t'ink it is in my blood."

A quaint sense of humor, a lively imagination, a faculty for observation and a swift intuitive perception are other closely-allied attributes which may be assigned to the character of the Swedish girl.

" In Sweden," observed one of these youthful philosophers, " I finking many times on Canada — how it shall be. I look on peoples from Canada and dey all look as if ,dey have seen much. You can see on deir face dat dey have seen much. Quiet on de face — not glad, like peoples who have just start to see. It is good for peoples to see much of glad and sorrow. Learn much so. It is dere- fore I wanting to go around the world while I am young."

Contact with life's subduing realities doubtless begets reli- ance and strength of character. At any rate, if, according to their own cheerful philosophy, " it is good to see much of glad and sorrow," the majority of them cannot complain of lack of opportunity to see at least the latter, for young though they are, many a one has been " a journeyman to grief."

One evening the writer was surprised to hear a sound of sobbing issuing from the Swedish girl's room. Rapping at the door and entering, she found the girl sitting in her little rocking chair, a newly-arrived letter spread open on her lap, while tears streamed down her cheeks.

" What is it, Rudina?" I asked, in quick alarm.

From her half-coherent sentences I gathered that something was wrong with " de brudder " at home.

:< Was he ill? " I continued, in sympathetic inquiry.

" On no, he vas no sick."

" He is not — dead, Rudina? "

" Oh no !" she cried in an agony of grief, broken by efforts to repress the sobs. " I don't can tell Miss May ! I don't can

speak de words in English. But he's not — so good — as dead." We wondered, helplessly, what manner of burden had been thrust on these young shoulders, in comparison with which news of death would have seemed " good."

Time does not hang heavily on the hands of these hopeful immigrants when they get to Canada.

" I never thought it should be so fast," was the ingenuous exclamation of one of them, in referring to the rapidity with which the Sundays flew around. "I should t'ink time would be shorter when you is children — vant to play all de day. But my children- time vas much longer dan it is now."

The normal Swedish girl is generous to a fault. She will bestow gifts of clothes and money upon a friend less fortunate than herself, with the free-handed air of an empress, and with never a thought of reimbursement, even though she can ill afford such donations. On the other hand, she is quick to practice personal economy in order to obtain a desired end. A case in point is that of a fair-haired daughter of the Northland who, in common with most of her countrywomen, was passionately fond of music. She was no mean performer on the guitar, but her own instrument was evidently one of the things which she had " sold away " previous to coming to Canada. She feared that guitars could not be procured here, but was greatly elated to find that a good one could be bought for six dollars. Her delight

went simply to the bounds of ecstasy. Without a shadow of hesitation she decided not to get the new spring hat toward which she had been consecrating her earnings, and to send immedi- ately for the guitar.

Loyalty is a plant which will bear transplanting, but for sev- eral years, at least, after her arrival in Canada, the Swedish girl retains a fond affection for her native land.

Easter is made much of in Sweden.

"Glad Easter! Mrs. - — ;" "Glad Easter! Miss -- ," is the joyous salutation of the new- ly-transplanted Swede girl in our alien land. It seems to be also the practice in Sweden for hymns to be sung out-of-doors very early on Easter morning — somewhat after the manner of Christmas carol-singing in Eng-

land" L&St S^[^' h&™% °b~

tained the permission of their

HER LEISURE MOMENTS

respective mistres- ses, three Swedish girls known to the writer slept to- gether at the place of one of them on the night before Easter Sunday. Then early in the morning, at about half-past four o'clock, they arose and dressed. It was a backward spring and snow was fall- ing in irregular flurries, but by five o'clock they were out walking through the sleep- ing village. Near the mill the water,

i .

THANKS BEFORE MEALS."

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swollen by freshets, was tumbling in unusual flood, and standing on the wall above these falls they sang their Easter hymns. A solitary laboring man, up early, was their onlj listener. " He look and look," one of the girls said, whimsically, in relating the incident. " He would t'ink we vas no well."

After they had sung their hymns they walked to a hill out- side the village to see the sun rise.

" I saw the sun dance dis morning, Miss Mary," cried one of these early risers joyfully when seven o'clock found her back in her own kitchen. " I have heard dat de sun dance on Easter morning, but I never saw it before, and I be so glad I saw it. We sit on a stone way up on de mountain side and we see it right when we come dere."

What surprises one as much as anything in connection with the character of these Swedish domestics, is that girls in their station of life should possess such a store of general information on sub- jects pertaining to their own and other countries, a know- ledge which betokens an in- telligent interest in affairs outside the province of strict- ly domestic duties, although this does not seem at all to result in a neglect of the latter.

Soundness of health may largely account for the dis- position of the majority of Swedish girls to a certain buoyancy of spirits which is a priceless gift to the possessor. A few years ago, among the other servants employed at an hotel in Danville, Que. , were a number of Swede girls. Nightfall would often over- take them still laboring at their washtubs, but laughing and singing as gaily as if the day had just begun. A little outing together, a long walk, shopping, comparing home letters or visiting back and forth, on the regulation "afternoon out," is enough to raise the spirits of these girls "sky-high."

" I be so glad when I is out to talk and laugh. But when I come back I be sorry. For I t'ink it is wicked to be so glad."

" It is right to be glad, Linda. People ought to be glad," her mistress hastened to assert.

" Yes, Mrs. ," was the dubious reply, " right to be

glad on religion but not glad on de world."

As regards their religious belief, it may be said that all the

THREE SWEDISH TYPES Comparing letters from home on an " afternoon out

Swedish girls who have come under the writer's observation have been Lutherans. In many ways they are very devout. They never commence their solitary repast, morning, noon or night, without first bowing the head in silent blessing. " Thanks be- fore meat," they call it.

" When I first coming here," a Swedish maid was encour- aged to explain, in answer to a query of her mistress, " I saying, ' T'ank you,' to Missus after I have eat. In Sweden peoples

always saying : ' T'ank you for meat,' to de Missus when dey be finished. But Missus don't answer me, so I say it no more."

As a rule Swedish girls also exhibit a quick discernment and appreciation of Christian influences and environment. ' ' Missus know de girl I have told Missus write to me from Waterville ? She is good Kristian girl. She don't want I shall go to Chicago. She is afraid I will come to bad com- pany in Chicago. She want I shall come wid she in Water- ville. She want I shall be in Kristian company. She is very Kristian girl."

Somewhat along the same line, namely, that of suscepti- bility to Christian influences, is the quaint narrative here- with given, of a newly-arrived Swedish girl's first impres- sions of her first place in Canada :

" Coming from station it vas woods on both sides. I t'ink I vas coming to very nice place. De agent have told me it were country place wid one little sea (lake). Den coming I to house. Vas all flowers on de garden — all like summer. I eat so good sup- per. My room look so nice. It is first time I been in bed in Canada in my new place and I t'inking long time — ' If dey shall like me here? If fadder shall be longing after me, home in Sweden ?' Because it is nice here, I t'iuk I shall like Canada. Coming so far on journey, I t'inking perhaps dey be not good peoples ! But you have put picture of Jesus on my wall. So I vas not afraid when I going to sleep. I t'ink — ' It is good peoples.' '

These instances are simply little side lights on the charac- ters of a fairly representative number of Swedish immigrant girls. They seem to us to foreshadow the elements that will conduce to the making of " Good Canadians.

SWEDEN has an area of 170,664 square miles, or just one- half that of the Province of Quebec, but her population is more than three times that of Quebec or only about one million less than that of the entire Dominion. The people are all Swedes, except some 20,000 Finns, 7,000 Laps and 20,000 foreigners. The greater part of the people live in rural districts, only twenty per cent being counted as " townsfolks." More than one-half of the population are dependent on agriculture and its associate callings. Ninety-nine per cent of the farms are less than 240 acres in size, and 84 v< per cent of the total do not exceed 25 acres. The principal crops are potatoes, oats, rye (of which the ordinary bread of the peasantry is made), barley and

wheat, beets for sugar and roots for fodder. Some attention is given to the breeding of cattle and sheep. Butter, upon the preparation of which great pains and skill are now expended, forms one of the largest items of the national exports.

About 40 per cent of the aggregate surface is forest, of which four-fifths is private property. One-half of the timber exports is sold in Great Britain. The fisheries are worth about three million dollars a year.

In the matter of education Sweden occupies an honorable position among the countries of Europe. Primary education is compulsory but free, and there is an excellent system of element- ary schools.

Canadian Life and Resources

ANOTHER TYPE OF NEW CITIZEN

A GLANCE AT THE SPIRITED SIKHS OF INDIA WHO ARE BECOMING A FEATURE OF THE INDUSTRIAL LIFE OF OUR PACIFIC COAST

TO those who are interested in the development of our country every type of new settler is a subject for stud}'. The English and the Americans we know and tlie Irish and the Scotch, and of most of the people of Europe who are coming to us we have some broad idea. But there are arriving now on our Pacific coast men of a nation about whom most Cana- dians have only a very shadowy idea — the Sikhs of the Punjab.

Of the two hundred and ninety millions of people of India who owe allegiance to Great Britain, none offered more stubborn resistance to their conquerors, or when once subdued have been more loyal to their European masters than the Sikhs.

Their home is in the north-eastern part of India, in the native state of Pun- jab and its dependen- cies, and they form fully six per cent of the population of that country. Originally they were a religious sect founded in the fifteenth century. The sect rejected the in- stitution of caste, idolatry and super- stition, preached the existence of one spiri- tual ruler of the uni- verse, and inculcated a higher moral- life. As time went on the adherents of the sect, gradually becoming conscious of their numbers and their growing power, be- gan to adopt some- thing of a military or- ganization, and in the end converted them- selves into a powerful military community.

About the middle of the eighteenth century the Sikhs formed themselves into a number of tribal and territorial confederacies, which a few years later was welded into one organic whole. The consolidated Sikh confederacy made conquests on all sides except to the east, where then lay the frontier of Britain's Indian Em- pire. Having built up an army of 125,000 men, organized and trained on the European system, in 1845 they invaded British territory on a war of conquest, and then began one of the fiercest conflicts that Britain has ever waged in India. One of its most memorable battles was that of Chillianwala, fought in 1849, which was left undecided in spite of very heavy losses on the British side. But one month later General Sir Hugh Gough finally crushed the Sikhs and effectually broke their power. The Punjab was then annexed to British India, and so successfully was its government organized and administered that on the out- break of the Mutiny in 1857 the Sikhs not only refrained from joining the rebel Sepoys, but lent material assistance in quelling that formidable outbreak. From that day to this the Sikhs have loyally fought side by side with Britain's European troops in defence of the Indian Empire.

A few months ago a number of these people left their homes

SIKHS AT THE CEMENT WORKS The muslin turban of the East protects their heads and faces from the heat and the dust.

in Northern India to try their fortunes on the western coast of Canada, and the writer has lately had an opportunity of seeing them at their work in British Columbia.

On Vancouver Island, forty miles distant by water from Victoria or fourteen miles by land, are situated the Vancouver Cement Works, an extensive plant, employing a large force of men and producing great quantities of that form of building material that every year is coming into more general use. The trip to the works by water from Victoria is not without interest. A considerable portion of the journey is among islands which suggest to an Easterner a combination of the beauty and pictur- esqueness of the Thousand Islands and of Muskoka. Beyond

lay the shores of Van- couver Island, for the most part covered with the dark forest that greeted the eyes of George Vancouver more than a century ago. But commerce has already made one inroad into Nature's domain. Suddenly rounding a point the cement works came into view. Behind them rose a hill com- posed of clay and limestone, the mate- rial which industry is turning to commer- cial use. At the wharf lay a vessel taking on cement, and here we saw the first of our fellow British subjects — the Sikhs from the distant Punjab. They were trucking the bags of cement up the wharf to the chute leading to the ship's hold — heavy work indeed, but they seemed to pe:form it with ease.

They were fairly tall men, bearded as is their wont, with heads and faces protected from the inquisitive camera by many a wrap of cotton or muslin, which to a considerable extent also shut out the dust that continuously rose from the moving bags of cement. Most of them were men in middle life, but not a few were on the wrong side of fifty, and here and there was a beardless youth. We watched them with interest as they worked moving the big trucks and sending a steady stream of bags dow n the chnte to the every hungry hold. Far from their native In- dian homes they seemed cheerful and contented.

They are employed in the various processes of cement manu- facturing, and about two hundred Chinese and fifty whites work with them, but the Sikhs keep quietly to themselves, for in houses built by the company they have their own cooking and living quarters. At first Mohammedans were also employed, but this mixing of Orientals of different creeds was not a success. There was the difficulty of caste, and then each class demanded its own cooks and its own peculiar dishes and kinds of food. The Mahommedans were allowed to go and the Sikha remained.

Canadian Life and Resources

SIKHS TRUCKING orkers from India may become a

They have been here now for a full year, and having given perfect satisfaction they are looked upon as a factor of industrial life that may assist in solving the difficult labor problem that confronts British Columbia. At first, it may be, the Sikhs are a little difficult to "break in," but once that is accomplished they prove to be good workmen. Between them and the Chinese no trouble has arisen, nor is any likely to arise, for the two races let each other absolutely alone. There is no inter- course between them, and Sikh and Celes- tial seldom speak. Among these Sikhs at the cement works there are no women. Death finds these Sikhs far as they have wandered from the land of their fore- fathers, and already the lives of some of them have come to a close in this strange

- j . 1*1 These willing

land between which and their native India rolls the broad expanse of the Pacific Ocean. But the customs of their forefathers are not forgotten, and the bodies of their dead are committed to the flames of the funeral pyre. They religiously adhere to the practice of crema- tion, and the simple form they follow reminds one of the honor- able mode of sepulture practised in the heroic age of Greece and which is so often described in detail in the immortal poems of Homer and of which frequent mention is also made in the history of the Roman Republic. Cremation is still practised generally in India, but without suttee or burning of the living widow with the corpse of the husband.

The smoke of the funeral pyre has already arisen on several occasions from the shores of British Col- umbia. There is something weird and pathetic in the cere- mony performed by this little band of Sikhs on the forest- covered shores of Van- couver Island. The mourners are few, for the relatives and friends of the depart- ed are thousands of miles away and many months would elapse before they would hear of his departure for the " unknown lind." His comrades in toil and fellow- adventurers into the western world per- formed the last sad rites — gathered the wood, erected the pyre, applied the torch and offered up the funeral prayer.

A few days previous to my visit the body of a departed Sikh had been cremated and an officer of the company that had em-

BAGS OF CEMENT

factor in the labor problem of British Columbia.

SIKHS WATCHING

Tlu' pile of wood heaped over the remains

ployed him and who had witnessed the strangely solemn scene, gave me an account of this Oriental practice now transferred to the shores of the New World.

The body had been carefully washed, wrapped in clean,

perfumed linen and laid in a coffin, but with face exposed.

4 Over the coffin was

— «a^ Am

reared the funeral pile

consisting of pieces of firwood orderly ar- ranged. Three fellow Sikhs superintended the funeral ceremony. Heads bowed and chanting a solemn dirge they applied the torch. The crackling flames mounted high, soon licked up the pyre and the coffin and reduced the body to a few handfuls of ashes. Then the white spectators were asked to withdraw as only Sikhs could witness the remaining cere- mony, which must be promptly carried out for evening was com- ing on and all must be done before the setting of the sun.

An old Sikh, the leader of the little band of exiles, address- ed them, speaking in low, solemn tones ; prayers were offered and another hymn sung. Then the faithful swept up the ashes and collected the teeth, which the fire had not destroyed. These remains were put into a little box, which was carried back to the Sikh headquarters. At the first opportunity it would be sent across the Pacific to the faraway homeland in the Punjab.

The Rev. W. A. Wilson, missionary to India, referred to these Sikhs in the course of an address delivered at the meeting of the Presbyterian General Assembly held recently in Montreal. On his journey to Montreal he stayed for a few days on the

Pacific Coast, and there he met a little party of expatriated Sikhs. He went among them and in their own language told them he had just come from India. In a frank, friendly man- ner they shook his hand, but when he said he was a mis- sionary— "a father," as the Sikhs call the Christian teacher — they all shook his hand again, and this time with greater heartiness and warmth. They wel- comed the missionary not only as a man from the homeland, but as a sincere friend , although they were Sikhs both by blood and religion.

What will be the outcome of this migration from crowded India to sparsely set- tled Western Canada ? What success will these Sikhs have in a strange land and what part will they play in the industrial life of this country? These questions the future alone can answer

A FUNERAL PYRB of their !ate comrade is ready for the torch.

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GENERAL VIEW OF THE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA, FROM THE MAIN ENTRANCE

FARMING FOR KNOWLEDGE

A GLANCE AT THE WORK CARRIED ON AT THE EXPERIMENTAL FARMS BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS AN INVESTIGATOR IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE

ONE feature of Canadian life which has often impressed the intelligent visitor is the assistance the Government gives to agriculture. It has been said, and we do not know anything to prove the contrary, that the experimental farms supported and managed by the Dominion Government are the best equipped and most practical of any of the kind the world over.

The system of experimental farms for the benefit of Cana- dian farmers has now been in operation a little over twenty years, having been organized during the later months of 1886. A strong feeling pervaded the community that such institutions were absolutely necessary to the prosperity of agriculture in Canada.

Whilst the resources of the Dominion in its minerals, its forests and its fisheries are very great, it is in its soil that the greatest wealth of the country lies. About one-half of our en- tire population is engaged in agriculture, and under such con- ditions the fostering and developing of the agricultural interests of the country are of pre-eminent importance to all classes of the people.

Previous to 1886 there was very little attention paid to the proper rotation of crops, to the selection of improved varieties of cereals, grasses and roots or to the thorough tillage of the soil. There was very little knowledge among farmers as to the value and suitability of manures and their usefulness in supplying fertility to land was unheeded. Little attention was paid to the improvement of stock and in dairy work the products were in- ferior, due to want of skill and lack of improved appliances.

By the Act passed in 1886 a Central Experimental Farm, with an area of 466 acres, near Ottawa for the two larger Prov- inces of Ontario and Quebec, and four branch farms — one for the Maritime Provinces jointly ; one for Manitoba ; one for the North- West Territories and one for British Columbia — were pro-

vided for. Within two years the land for the several farms was secured, the necessary officers appointed, most of the buildings erected and the farms put in practical operation. The branch farm for the three Eastern Provinces was located at Nappan, N.S., area 302 acres; that for Manitoba at Brandon, area 640 acres ; the farm for the North- West Territories at Indian Head, in Saskatchewan, containing 640 acres, and that for British Columbia at Agassiz, with an area of 300 acres, in the coast climate of that Province.

Two new branch farms were recently established — one at Lethbridge, 400 acres in extent, for Southern Alberta, and the other at Lacombe, of 160 acres, for Northern Alberta. Nego- tiations are also proceeding with a view to establishing three other branch farms — one in Prince Edward Island, one in North- ern Saskatchewan and one on Vancouver Island.

Nearly twenty years have passed since this work was begun and during that time agriculture in Canada has made unpre- cedented advancement. It is not claimed that this progress has been wholly due to the influence and work of the Dominion Ex- perimental Farms. Much credit in this respect should be given to the various measures carried on by other useful organizations established mainly by the several Provinces. Foremost among these is the Ontario College of Agriculture at Guelph, which is a well-equipped institution that has done noble work. Farmers' institutes and agricultural circles, dairy associations, live stock associations, fruit growers' associations and agricultural and horticultural societies have all been efficient helpers in this good cause. The Commissioner's branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture has also been an important factor. There is, however, no doubt that the Experimental Farms established by the Federal Government have contributed in large measure to the general upbuilding of agriculture in Canada. The progress referred to has resulted in a general improvement in the condition

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TEST PLOTS OF PHASE AND OF WHEAT, CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM, OTTAWA

of the agricultural population all over the country and in a vast increase in the exports of agricultural products.

Before the Experimental Farms were established there was no place to which the farmer could apply for information to aid him in the solution of the many difficulties which present them- selves during the progress of farm work. When these farms were planned it was arranged that they should become bureaus of information available to every farmer. Evidence of their use- fulness in this way is furnished in the rapid increase in the cor- respondence carried on with farmers in all parts of the Dominion. IP 1889, the year after the farms had become fairly organized, the number of letters received was in all about 8,000. Within five years they had increased to over 25,000, and during the past seven years the average number received annually at all the Experimental Farms was 68,797. ID addition, an average of about 300,000 reports, bulletins, etc., have been sent out each

year. There is thus a constant flow of information going to Canadian farmers from all the Experimental Farms.

It is impossible in the space at our disposal to give even a summary of the result of the work done by these farms, but from the latest report issued by the Experimental Farms we get a good idea of the most important lines of investigation carried on in this large field of labor.

One of the most important and interesting of these lines of investigation is that respecting seed grain and the securing of early ripening varieties — a matter vital to the success of the majority of the farmers of the Canadian West.

" The season for growth of crops in Canada is short," says

Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director of the Experimental Farms, when

discussing this subject, " hence from the outset the importance

of securing early ripening varieties of cereals of high quality and

(Continued on page 22)

STEERS THAT HAVE BEEN THK SUBJECTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE FEEDING OF STOCK

i6

Canadian Life and Resources

OUR POINT OF VIEW

These days of our early manhood.

THESE are most important years in the life of Canada. Whatever future destiny holds for us, however large may be the field in which our Dominion is to play its part, these years of our early national manhood are, perhaps, the most potent for good or evil of any through which we shall pass. The periods in Roman history which are most fascinating to the ordinary reader are those when Caesar, Cicero and Pompey were upon the scene — the days of the zenith of Rome's power. But to the historian the times of most interest are those early days when the character of the Roman people was in process of formation — the days when Rome was a simple agricultural people establishing her hold upon Central Italy and creating those national institutions under which she grew to world-wide power. To-day in Canada our national body is in a period of growth. Nothing in the world's history has been like the conditions un- der which this North American continent has been built up. There have been great migrations of people in many ages of the earth's history, but most of them have been aggressive in aim and resulted in bloody wars. For more than three-quarters of a century the overflow population of Europe has poured into this northern half of the New World, a vast host of human beings seeking peacefully better conditions of life. At first all sorts were welcomed, there was no discrimination at the ports of entry, but as the United States filled up and the hardships of the pio- neer days had been overcome, the inhabitants became critical of the new settlers, and the sick, the vicious and other undesirables were excluded. But still they come. Last year more than a million immigrants entered the United States. Far more im- portant than even the results of the Civil war have been the social effects of this great influx of human beings upon the country to the south of us. If to-day conditions below the line are not all that the best American minds could wish, we must examine this vast immigration for the cause of most of them. We to-day in Canada, as we said last month, are in many ways in a position analogous to that of the United States at the begin- ning of last century. The national sentiment not ten years ago — barely five — was that our first need was people — we must have men and women of some sort to open up our great virgin land. And owing mainly to the efforts of a young man, Clifford Sifton, the word was sent round the world that there was land here for the landless, prosperity for the poor, a career for every able- bodied man and woman. And the overcrowded denizens of the Old World caught this new word, Canada. They listened, en- quired, came, and to-day the story of what the first comers found, far more than any immigration literature, has turned to our country a large part of the immigration stream which form- erly flowed in almost a solid body to the south of the interna- tional boundary line.

DURING the ten years which have elapsed since 1896, •when the Canadian immigration campaign may be said to have been started, there have come to this country according to the latest official figures 832,606 immigrants. Of these, 311,747 came from Great Britain ; 272,609 from the United States and 248,250 from other countries. In the 832,606 immi- lagt decade> therefore, speaking broadly, our

population has increased twenty per cent by im- migration. Unless all present appearances are to be falsified, during the next ten years we shall receive twice as many new citizens from abroad as during the past ten years. Last year's immigration was the largest in the history of Canada. One hundred and eighty-nine thousand arrivals were recorded during the twelve months ending June 3Oth last, being an in- crease of 42,798 over the previous year. So far, this season's immigration figures have been in excess of last year's. The suc-

cess of our immigration campaign has been so great and the promise of its continuance is so bright that the Government last year passed a bill excluding undesirable newcomers — a measure which we had steadily advocated for nearly two years before it was passed, the principle of which all good men in the country have approved. During this month the officials of the Canadian Pacific Railway, who come most closely in touch with the immigrants, have testified to the improvement in the class of settlers who are coming here from Great Britain, and to this testimony we can add our own confirmation. It is most grati- fying to us to see the great numbers of middle-class English, Irish and Scotch who are coming in by every Atlantic boat to make their homes in Canada. This is the best stock in the world — the stock which has lead civilization for a century — and it is a priceless addition to our country. These people bring with them not only inherited British traditions of law, order and justice, but a domestic spirit which is invaluable in a new coun- try. The United States immigrants who have settled in our western country are amongst the brightest citizens in that great country. We believe that many of them are better men on this side of the line than they were at home, for it is only under a free and fair system of government that human effort in industry can reach its highest attainment and we do not think many of our American readers will deny that the Government in the Canadian North- West is superior in stability and in the admin- istration of justice to that in many States across the line. And this brings us to the point we had in our mind when we com- menced this writing. We have shut the national door to the vicious, the diseased and the pauper from abroad — to make good citizens of those who do pass the national gateway is one of the great works which the Government of this country has before it. These men and women come here with all their senses alive to the different conditions of a new country — a new world. Those from Europe are all accustomed to discipline — many have en- dured even tyrannous rule. They come to what we boast is a free country. Let us take care that this freedom does not de- generate into license. If lawlessness and crime in all classes exist in the United States to-day it is chiefly because the national system has not been strong enough to keep the hordes of divers immigrants in discipline — they have weakened the national sense of justice and honor in public and private life. There is the widest difference between the moral sense of the American people of George Washington's day and those of President Roosevelt's. The immigrants have debased the metal of the nation. What effect are they to have upon our own body national ? Upon this point, Premier Roblin of Manitoba spoke the other day with great vigor and force. Speaking upon the immigration problem he said : " I desire to make this statement as a public man of twenty-five years' experience in Western Canada and say that while we have no reason to complain, generally speaking, of the character, of the intelligence and of the patriotism of those who have come to us from foreign lands, yet there has not been given to this matter of foreign immigration that consideration in the way of cultivating and developing a sentiment of loyalty and devotion to the British crown which I believe the conditions de- mand. I do not overlook or underestimate the leavening force of the ' old-timer' or Canadian- born citizen; nor yet the splendid work being done by the Canadian clubs and similar organizations spread over the country. But there is a limit to the power of resistance offered by these that millions of foreign-born people can easily exceed and break down if so inclined. In making that statement I do not wish to be understood as criticising or complaining in regard to the public men of Canada. I believe, on the contrary, that the public men of Canada have been, and are, seized with the fact that the next ten, fifteen or twenty-five years with the ratio of progress and development we have had in

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i7

the last five, will be the crucial, the testing years as to whether Canada's relation to the motherland shall be continued as it exists at present or whether new conditions will be created."

What of the future ?

IF we are to preserve those British characteristics which are to-day our dearest possession we must be true to our in- heritance. The inflexible administration of justice alonecan forge our institutions into a rigid national framework into which these multitudinous foreign pieces must fit or be broken. In a new land where so many sights and scenes are unfamiliar, loosed from the restrain- ing influence of rank upon rank of disdainful social superiors, these newcomers are like beings recommencing life — like children quick to know the strength or weakness of authority. If it be true that the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world, then is it no less true that the administrators of justice in this country have in their hands the moulding of these thousands of new citizens for good or evil. The Italians who are building our railways and car tracks — least desirable, perhaps, of all our im- migrants— speaking no word of English, herding together in the foreign sections of our cities — ready at the least provocation to bury the knife in the breast of an opponent — if you would get

these men into your social system and not have them become excrescences on the body national, you must give them the law and its punishment swift and inflexible. For the evildoer there must be no possibility of escape. This it seems to us is the crux of the immigration problem. Select your new settlers, by all means and as far as possible, reject the useless and the bad — but above all things see that a high standard of life is set them. This incoming of the people is our trial as well as theirs — the test of our institution and our public men. Do not let our won- derful prosperity blind us to what are the essentials of national as well as private life. Building railways are only steps — indis- pensable steps in a new country — to the building of a nation. That is the great work we are doing. Our first aim must be to build solidly — the speed must be regulated by our ability to make a rigid edifice. Pause, therefore, for a moment in this work of developing our country — rest on the pickaxe — and give a look around the busy scene. The pace has been fast — examine and make sure that the construction is sound. These are vital years. Look to it, you young men of Canada with whom the destinies of our country rest for the next half century, that whilst you live the work of nation-building is a clean, sound job. Better a homogeneous people of ten millions than a hetero- geneous mob of fifty.

OUR HISTORY IN STATUES

VII.

THE most eloquent monument in Canada — eloquent in in- of British rule in Canada. For more than two centuries France scription, eloquent in commemoration — is the stately had had her way in the great virgin country — had ruled accord- obelisk which stands on the heights of Quebec in honor ing to her ideas and the result, look at it how you will, had been of Montcalm and Wolfe. No other memorial in our country can far below the possibilities of the country. The British colonists interest the historian as does this. In simple language, which, to the south of New France, without any assistance from Great

as Cicero said of Caesar's Commenta- ries, fools may think to improve upon but no wise man will try, it pays a tribute to the virtue, the valour and the death of two great commanders.

Mortem Virtus Communem

Paniam Historia

Monumentum Posteritas

Dedit

Wolfe and Mont- calm — very different types of men — each commands the admi- ration of history. The victor was the greater soldier — the van- quished the better man. A soldier's life was Wolfe's ambition and fame his domi- nating impulse. Mont- calm, too, was an ar- dent soldier but the quiet of home life and the delights of study were his greatest joy.

THE WOLFK AND MONTCALM MONUMENT IN THE GOVERNOR'S GARDEN, QUEBEC " Valor gave them a common death ; History a common gloty ; Posterity a common monument."

Britain except the in- estimable benefit of freedom to work out their own salvation, had prospered, whilst the French colony, petted and pampered and governed to death was on the brink of ruin. Corruption had so eaten into the heart of Canadian life and government that Montcalm exclaimed: " What a country, where all the knaves grow rich and honest men are ruined." The daring and privations of gallants and noble pioneers and settlers had won a vast terri- tory which their na- tion could not man- age. The characteris- tics of French and English were never more clearly display- ed than in their re-

Each was honorable and patriotic. Each died doing his duty, in spective colonies upon this North American continent. With the

a dramatic struggle which had results far out of proportion to capture of Quebec began a new era. Seventy thousand French

the forces engaged. The personal interest of this monument — settlers passed under British rule and began a new career, the

which was erected in 1828 under the inspiration of the Earl of best estimate of which is the fact that to-day they number a mil-

Dalhousie — is unique, but to the historian it has a still greater HOn and three-quarters of the most con tented people on the earth.

appeal. It stands at the parting of the ways in Canadian his- tory. It marks the end of the French regime and the beginning

British methods of colonization became supreme in this great land and the world now sees the result with wonder and admiration.

i8

Canadian Life and Resources

WELCOME SUMMER DAYS

THE LONG, BRIGHT DAYS OF JULY STANDING MIDWAY BETWEEN THE GOING AND THE COMING OF WINTER, ARE THE NOON-TIME OF THE CIRCLING YEAR

THE MAN BEHIND THE PLOUGH AND THE COMING MAN UPON WHOM THE FUTURE DEPENDS

HOLIDAYS HAVE COME AND THE SCHOOL-BOV EXCHANGES BOOKS AND DESK FOR BROOK AND KISHING-ROD.

EVEN AN OCCASIONAL SLIVER IN ONE'S FOOT IS PRKFBRABLE TO SHOES AND STOCKINGS.

THE CONTENTED DENIZENS OK THE SHADY NOOKS AND SUNLIGHT GLADKS OF THE ORCHARD.

Canadian Life and Resources

GENERAL NOTES

THE present position of Canada's trade with Japan and the possibilities of increasing that trade are matters of especial interest to the Cana- dian people. All the world believes that Japan has a great future before her, and Canadians feel that

SIR CHARLES FITZPATRICK, K.C.M.G. One of the receivers of the King's birthday honors

they should have a share in the commerce of that future. The Japanese are our nearest neighbors to the east, and a great part ofcour wheat area is com- paratively only a few miles from the shore of the ocean that lies between the Dominion and the Kingdom of the Mikado. This means the cheapest kind of transportation facilities — one of the most important factors in commerce.

Canada is fortunate in having in Mr. Alexander MacLean a very wide-awake and energetic Com- mercial Agent in Japan. For many years Mr. MacLeau was a prominent citizen of Ottawa. He was well known in the publishing business and he was also a clever man with his pen. His reports from Japan are filled with useful information which always throws light upon trade conditions and possibilities.

In his latest reptrt to hand he has something interesting to say upon the wheat trade — a subject ever uppermost in the minds of the majority of Canadians. Upon this subject Mr. Maclean writes :

There is quite a noticeable in- crease of interest taken in wheat, under the incentive of a customs tariff rate discriminating between flour and wheat in favor of the lat- ter. Excepting in a few special cases, interest will now focus upon next harvest, only about three months forward.

In case of a substantial increase of production beyond the demands of home consumption, there will probably be increased activity in pushing Canadian flour this way. But correspondence indicates such a degree of unreadiness, in respect of facilities for shipment, that there should be care not to expect too much, however great the crop may be.

An importing and exporting house at the coast, answering in- quiry as to official inspection and

grading, and giving the standard grades, then answer inquiry as to facilities for shipment.

They say : " Apparently there is a lot of pioneer work yet to be done. As to through rates, our elevator connections have no idea as to through rates to the Orient, and upon inquiry at the Cana- dian Pacific Railway we find that there are none established, but they hope to have some ready in the fall. The Canadian Pacific Railway inform us that until they know the quantity of wheat likely to be shipped they cannot give any definite rate, but that if we come to them with an offer of a cargo the rate would probably be about |g per 2,000 Ibs. Otherwise we must consider the rate to be$io. On flour the rate is established at {8, and we think the wheat rate will probably be the same. It will depend very largely, they inform us, on what the ccean rates will be at the time of shipment. All of which you can understand to mean that there will be much delay in getting things down to a working and competing basis."

Of course when all these things are brought up to date, through competing rates, standard grades established there and accepted here, and when the production of Alberta and Saskatchewan wheat will show a surplus that must be expected, there will yet be the handicap of bagging. There is no thought yet of port elevators and bulk shipping.

A Manchurian firm, writing to this office under date of April 29, says : " There is a very large trade done in Manchuria in flour, principally American manufacture. The British consul at this port (Tairen), has asked us why some of this businesss cannot be diverted to the Canadian mills, and has recommended us to write to you. We should there- fore be glad to be put in communication with one of the Canadian firms who would take up the busi- ness. The quality preferred for Manchuria is very glutinous and sticky. The present quotation for American flour is U. S. G., $3.95 per brl. c.i.f., Dalny ; but no fresh orders can be placed for ship- ment earlier than August."

The trade returns of Tairen (Dalny) for March show imports valued at yen 30,070,000 and exports at yen 1,460,000. It is stated that the customs system to be put into operation at Tairen has been agreed .upon with Sir Robert Hart. The gist of it is that the leased territory of Kwantung will be a free region, and that merchandise will not be sub- ject to import duty unless it passes outside that region. The arrangement is to be enforced tenta-

tivelv one vear, after which changes mav be made according to experience.

The following is a comparative statement of the value of some of the principal items of export ant1 import between Canada and Japan, as shown by

SIR THOMAS SHAUGHNESSY, K C.V.O. Another distinguished Canadian honored by the King

the Monthly Return, for the three months ending March 31, of the present and previous year :

EXPORTS TO CANADA.

1907.

Silk tissues, habutae $60,714

Silk handkerchiefs 4,883

Cotton tissues 813

Mats and mattings for floor 28,981

Porcelain and earthenware 20,569

lacquered ware 975

Tea 37,831

Rice 62,720

Straw-plaits and chip-braids 370

Camphor 348

IMPORTS FROM CANADA

1907

Flour $22,156

1906. $81.603

16,088 1,146

15.05° 18,324

512

21,942

22,590

1,506

2,666

1906

SOCIETY AT THE RACES

in the members' enclosure of the Blue Bonnets track at the Jim of the Montreal Jockey Club

A number of Canadians shared in the King's birthday honors, which were announced in London on June 27th. The Hon. Charles Fitzoatrick, Chief Justice of the Supreme Coiyt of Canada, was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. This is a timely recognition of _^____ one °f tne most brilliant brains in Canada. Two distinguished liter- ary men shared in the honors — Alfred D Decelles, LL D., F.R.S. C., Librarian of Parliament, and Martin J. Griffin, LL.D., Parlia- mentary Librarian. They are cre- ated Companions of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Three were created Knights Bachelor, namely, the Hon. William Morti- mer Clark, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario ; the Hon. F. C. S. Lan- gelier, Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, and Robert Gillespie Reid of Montreal. Sir Robert G. Reid has been as truly an Empire builder as was the late Cecil Rhodes and his Newfoundland railway has done more to develop the ancient colony than any other thing in its history. Sir Thomas Shaughnessy has been advanced to the rank of Knight Commander of the Victo- rian Order. As an operator of rail- ways he probably has rot a supe- rior on this continent, which is equivalent to saying that he has not an equal in this line in the world.

20

Canadian Life and Resources

NOTES OF THE WEST

IN the report of the Department of the Interior, 1905-6, appears the following statement of arrivals at inland ocean ports during the ten years ending June soth, 1906, most of whom have settled in Western Canada :

place 35 trestle and other structures, nineteen of which run from 100 to 1,000 feet in length and from 60 to 100 feet high, and which at present cost the company large sums annually for repairs. A new station will be built at Frank this year at a cost of |3,ooo, while $30,000 will be spent at Cran- brook in extending the roundhouse and other im- provements. The whole line is being put into shape for very much more extensive traffic when the Crow's Nest Coal Company's monopoly runs out next year and the Canadian Pacific Railway coal fields at Hosmer will be open for operations. It is common talk in the West that when the new branch line between Moose Jaw and Lethbridge is completed, this Crow's Nest Pass route will be the Canadian Pacific Railway's main line through the mountains for all heavy freight trains.

311,747 248,250 272,609 832,616 Mr. Chas. H.Webster, Secretary of the Hundred

	Great Britaii	i Other	United
Year	and	European	States.	Total.
	Ireland.	Countries.
1 8q6-7	I 1 ,383	7,921	2,412	21,716
1 807-8	I 1,173	1 1, 608	9, "9	31,900
1898-9	10,66o	21,938	n,945	44.543
1 899-00 . .	... *5.Mi	*IO,2II	*S.543	23.895
1900-01 . .	,,, 1 1.810	19.352	I7,987	49.M9
1901-02 . .	... I/.259	23.752	26,388	67,379
1902-03. .,	.. 41,792	37.099	49,473	128,364
1903-04 . .	. . . 50,374	34,/35	45,i7i	I30.33o
1904-05 . .,	. . 65.359	37,255	43.652	146,266
1905-06 . .	.. 86.796	44,349	57.919	1 89 064

•Arrivals for six months only.

According to the annual state- ment submitted by the Superin- tendent of the Rocky Mountain National Park for 1905-06, 30,136 persons visited the park during the past season, which is an in- crease of 10,298 over the pre- vious year. From this it will be seen that this national resort is steadily growing in popular fa- vor, not only in Canada, but amongst health-seekers and tourists from other countries. In connection with this increas- ed attendance it is gratifying to note that the revenue derived from the park is now more than double the amount required for current expenditure and main- tenance. The total receipts un- der this head during the past fiscal year amounted to $18, 883.83, being an increase of 14,824.28 over the previous twelve months. The popularity of the park may be gathered from the photographic repro- duction shown of a page from the register at the Banff Springs Hotel given in the official re- port of the Department of the Interior for 1905-6. The cos- mopolitan character of the visi- tors to the park can be seen from this single page on which are to be found the names of visitors from such distant points as Johannesburg, Borneo, Hong Kong, Paris, Austria, Ohio, England and Japan.

BANFF SPRINGS HOTEL.

A. great deal of money is be- ing spent by the Canadian Pa- cific in improving the Crow's Nest Pass Railway. In all prob- ability they will expend $3,- 000,000 or more before the work on this exceedingly difficult

A single page from the register of the Banff Springs Hotel showing the cosmopolitan character of the visitors to the Rocky Mountain National Park.

route is completed. During last year they spent over half a million dollars putting down new steel and ballasting in the Craubrook and Sirdar sections, while this summer J66,ooo more will be spent ballasting the Lethbridge sec- tion. A cut-off near the Belly River grade is un- der consideration, which will reduce the grade from over i per cent to a maximum of 6 per cent. This scheme involves the construction of a million dollar bridge over the Belly River which will re-

Thousand Club of Calgary, writing to CANADIAN LIKE AND RESOURCES, gives the following account of the progress of Calgary : " The building returns for the past month show an increase of $94, 240 over the month previous, and the total up to May 3ist is 1542,415. The 190,000 Y.M.C.A. building, at present under construction, has reached the stone work of the ground floor. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company are making preparations for

their new $250,000 station and office building and plans have been accepted for a new City Hall to cost 5140,000.' The customs receipts for the month of May, 1907, amounted to $68,408. The corres- ponding month one year ago gave $35,374, making an increase of 94 per cent. The total receipts up to May 3ist, 1907, were $266,436; for the like period of 1906, $122,734, making an increase of $143,702 or over 100 per cent.

The bank clearings for the week amount to $i,- 625,308, being an increase of $578,701 over the clearings for the corresponding period in 1906. The total clearings for the month of May, 1907, were $6,213,719, showing an increase over the month of May, 1906, of $2,332,501.

The land office for the district reports that home- steads are being taken up very rapidly and that there are practically no homesteads west of the Big Red Deer River. However, to the north and east of the Big Red Deer River there still exist 230 townships that have been practically untouched as yet, also 53 additional town- ships at present unsurveyed but which will be surveyed this summer.

The crops of the district are practically as far advanced as they were last year at this period, notwithstanding the somewhat backward spring. Both spring and winter wheat are showing up well and everything points to the most successful crop in the history of the district.

Mr. A. W. Ponton, Dominion Land Surveyor of Macleod, was recently in Edmonton, Alberta, preparing for a year's trip into the north country. Mr. Ponton proceeds at the direction of the Surveyor-General to run the fifth meridian picking it up a short distance north of Atha- basca Landing and continuing the survey until he reaches the intersection of the meridian and Peace River, a distance of near- ly 300 miles. Mr. Ponton is an old-timer in the West and is thoroughly conversant with the conditions of Western life and transportation and has made timely preparations for his northern trip. Last winter when sleighing was good he sent sup- plies ahead which are now cached at Moose Portage and Wabiscaw. He expects to be away until about the end of the summer of 1908, and will there- fore require considerable fodder and provisions to carry his men and horses over the winter. Mr. Ponton in addition to running the line of the fifth meridian has instructions from the Sur- veyor-General to explore the country for twelve miles on both sides of the line, estimating the timber, soil, vegetation, minerals and other resources. None but experienced men will form the party who are familiar with western conditions and know some- thing of the hardships that sometimes attend trav- elling in the northern wilds.

Two hundred of the famous Allard herd of buffa- loes, recently purchased in Montana by the Cana-

Canadian Life and Resources

21

dian Government for the National Park at Banff in the Rocky Mountains, have been conveyed to their new home. Seventeen stock cars were required to carry the contingent northward. There are about 500 head in the herd, but it was found that the cows and calves were too weak for travel at present and they will be shipped later. Thirty-five men were engaged in loading the animals.

The ,New York Sun regrets that this herd has been lost to the United States, and in t'ais connec- tion writes : — ' ' Canada has already stolen a march on us in the matter of perpetuating the American bison. President Roosevelt proposed recently that the government acquire a herd of 300 owned by Michelo Pablo of Mexico, and while the plan was under discussion Canada intervened and bought the ani-nals for a reservation in the Northwest. Canada can still boast that buffalo roam the region about the Great Slave lake, but the government, knowing that the herd is being rapidly thinned by Indian hunters, is taking steps to preserve these lingering specimens and add totheni by purchase."

The Doukhobors in parts of the Canadian West having repeatedly refused to take the oath of alle- giance and otherwise comply with the homstead laws, the land assigned to them was early in June thrown open to stttlers and on June 1st, the day fixed for receiving homestead applications, the Dominion Land offices at Yorkton, Regina and Prince Albert were thronged with men and women desiring to secure the land. Applications continued to pour in for a number of days.

What is claimed to be a bed of valuable iron ore was recently discovered in the valley of Boggy Creek, Man., six miles west of Roblin, on the line of the Canadian Northern Railway. It is thought that the entire valley contains rich deposits of iron.

The crow shooting contest recently held at Birtle, Man., resulted in a victory fertile farmers over the town folks by a score of 300 to 100. At the close of the day's shooting a banquet was held, at which the Birtle Game Protective Association was formed. The object of this association is for the protection of game and the destruction of vermin. The asso- ciation is giving a three cent bounty for every crow killed in the municipality. Birtle is the centre of a splendid shooting district, but it is felt that unless steps are taken to protect the game better than it has been protected heretofore its name as such will soon be lost.

The Board of Trade of Wetaskiwin, Alberta, be- lieves in publicity, and it is taking steps to make known the advantages of their town and the at- tractions of the surrounding country. It is claimed that the town is destined to be the railway and in- dustrial centre of the surrounding country. The population is already about 3,000, and it is steadily increasing. The educational facilities of the town are unsurpassed anywhere in Alberta. The Alex- andra School was built at a cost of $42,000 in 1905, and contains every convenience and accommoda- tion for 500 pupils. A highly competent staff of teachers has been secured by an energetic board of trustees. There are several churches, all denomi- nations being represented. The town is lighted by electricity, the lighting plant being owned by the municipality. The undertaking is a paying propo- sition for the town and the charges are low, and waterworks and sewerage will be installed this year. There is an unlimited supply of very excel- lent water at no great depth.

The supply of wood is very considerable and coal mines are opening up quite close to the town. In fact the banks of the Battle river abound in coal of a free burning quality. There are already signs that this will become a railway centre. There is at

present a branch of the C. P. R. running east, and the Board of Trade claims that the G. T. P. and C. N. R. will doubtless come through in the near future, besides the western extension of the C. P. R. to Yellowhead Pass, which lies due west of Wetas- kiwin. Branches of other lines are mapped to pass through this section, which is one of the finest in Alberta.

There are six large elevators in Wetaskiwin. Their aggregate capacity is about 250, ooo bushels. The flour mill is usually working double shifts to keep up with the demand for its output. The log- ging and lumbering industry is very active in its season, there being ample native wood. There is a great demand for the native lumber.

W. G. Hunter, a big rancher from Rocky Moun- tain House in the Jasper pass, recently spent a few days in Edmonton, Alberta. He came down by trail to Lacombe and thence to Edmonton. He came up from Montana three years ago and settled in the pass. He says there is not a better place for ranching than around Rock}' Mountain House. Several families have settled there and are doing well. He would not recommend it for grain raising as compared with the Edmonton district, but veget- ables and all kinds of garden produce do exceed- ingly well, and there is no danger of early frost. The horses and stock wintered out and although last winter was colder than usual, the animals were without stabling and came out in the spring look- ing fat and sleek.

Last year the homestead entries in the public lands of the Canadian West numbered 41, .869, against 1,857 in 1896. The lands sold by land and railway corporations last year amounted to i ,642,000 acres, against 1 14,000 acres in 1896. The revenue from lands received by the Department of the In- terior last year was $1,675,896, compared with $191,843 in 1896.

IRRIGATION IS CROP INSURANCE. A field of barley near I,ethbridge, Alberta, on the land of the Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company, with irrigating ditch.

Canadian Life and Resources

FARMING FOR KNOWLEDGE

(Continued front page

productiveness for test in Canada was fully recognized, and in- quiries were promptly made in other countries for such material. The first importation made by the Experimental Farms — within a few months of their organization — was of an early-maturing wheat, claimed to be one of the earliest and best sorts grown in Northern Russia. Of this wheat, known as Ladoga, 100 bushels were imported in the spring of 1887, when 667 samples were sent out for trial to leading farmers in Manitoba, the North- West Territories and other parts of the Dominion. Other varie- ties of seed wheat were ob- tained and portions of these similarly distributed, bring- ing the total distribution that year up to 1,149 samples. Twelve hundred pounds of the Ladoga wheat were also distributed among the Indian agencies in the North- West, to be sown on the Indian re- serves, and a portion was kept to be tested on the Experi- mental Farms.

Many other varieties of important farm crops were imported in 1887 from other countries, notably from Eng- land, France and Germany. These included 67 varieties of spring wheat, 69 of oats and 3 1 of barley. There were also brought from Europe to be tested on the Experimental Farms 245 different sorts of potatoes.

Among the varieties of seed grain secured that year there were twenty- eight different sorts selected from grain offered for sale at the Corn Exchange in London, England, and among these were several varieties of wheat from India. These proved to be unexpectedly early in ripening. Subsequently it was learned that there were wheats grown in the higher altitudes in the Himalaya Mountains which on account of their early ripening habit were likely to be of value to Canada. Correspondence was opened with the Government of India, and through the kind interest taken in this subject by the late Lord Dufferin, who was then Viceroy, there was got together from different parts of India, by the directors of agriculture in the several Provinces, a

RESIDENCE; OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE BRANDON EXPERIMENTAL FARM

large collection of different sorts of cereals likely to be useful for experimental cultivation in Canada. These consisted of wheat, barley, buckwheat, millet and pulse. Some of the wheats were obtained from crops grown on the plains, others from dif- ferent elevations in the mountains, some as high as 11,000 feet. Barleys also were had from similar localities.

When received these samples were cleaned and distributed for test among the several experimental farms. Many of the cereals were early in ripening and some were of excellent quality,

but none of them was as pro- ductive as the best sorts which were then growing in this country. After five or six years of trial it was not found possible to make these wheats produce crops at all equal in volume to the best ot those at present growing here, and for this reason the cultivation of most of them was gradually given up, but not before a number of crosses had been made of the earliest of the Indian wheats with the more vigorous and productive sorts grown in Canada.

Improvement in the quality and character of the seed grain used in Canada has been brought about by —

ist. The introduction of promising varieties grown in other countries.

2nd. By the improvement of existing sorts by judicious selection.

3rd. By the production of new varieties by cross-fertiliza- tion and subsequent selection of the most promising types.

The first source of improvement has already been referred to as far as some of the earlier importations are concerned. This good work has, however, been continued from year to year, and from almost every grain-growing country in the world some new varieties have been obtained for test. Many new cross-bred sorts have been brought from Australia, where much original work has been done in this direction. Great care is being taken to

THE MACDOXALD INSTITUTE, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, OKTAKIO One of the finest farming schools in the world is the Agricultural College at Guelph, Ontario, conducted on most liberal lines by the progressive Ontario Government

Canadian Life and Resources

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maintain and if possible to improve the character and quality of existing sorts by growing considerable quantities of the best of these in a state of purity and distribut- ing such for seed among the farmers of Canada ; also by judicious selection of such new strains as may from time to time occur in our fields. In Canada we were very fortunate in having generally intro- duced in our North- West country, early in its history, so excellent a variety of wheat as the Red Fife. To this we are largely indebted for the high reputation we have obtained throughout the world for the superior quality of the wheat grown in our Western country. This good variety has been carefully looked after by the Experi- mental Farms and large quantities of pure seed have been grown every year and dis- tributed among farmers in the North- West county, which has been a great help to- wards keeping this excellent sort in a com- paratively pure condition.

The third method referred to, by which improvement has been made in the grain grown in Canada, is by the cross- fertilizing of different varieties. This has already pro- duced very useful results, and the prospect of further improvement from this line of work is most hopeful and encouraging.

" Some of the crossbred wheats," said Dr. Saunders, " have proved more produc- tive than Red Fife and have ripened a week earlier, but in most cases extreme earliness has been associated with a somewhat less- ened crop. A variety which ripens two or three weeks earlier than others will make possible the cultivation of wheat several hundred miles farther north than it is now grown, thus enlarging the wheat-growing area."

Another important matter respecting which Dr. Saunders notes marked improve- ment is the systematic rotation of crops. Such a course it is claimed economises the use of the plant food in the soil, since dif- ferent crops take the elements of fertility from the land in different proportions, hence a rotation helps to maintain a bal- ance. Rotations of four and five years are perhaps the most common.

In the wide and exceedingly useful field of horticulture much careful and valuable work has been done by the Experimental Farms. " Experiments have been carried - on," writes Dr. Saunders, "with many varieties of large and small fruits to find out how far these different sorts can be grown with profit in the different climates of the Dominion and the localities where they can be produced to the greatest ad- vantage. The information thus gained has been very helpful in extending and pro- moting fruit-growing, and has resulted in the more general production of fruits of high quality and in increased exports of these products. The best methods of treat- ment of orchards have also been tried. . . . The experiments carried on in the cultiva- tion of vegetables to find out what varieties are best suited to the different climates of the country have also proved of much value."

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$3.00 to ly.oo LADIES'

CHILDREN'S SHOES A SPECIALTY

0 HEAT NO DIRT NO ODOR NO SMOKE

NO CH1MN NO WICKS NO MANTLES

NO VARIATION

BECK-IDEN ACETYLENE LAMP CO.. 86 Notre Dame St., W. . Montreal. 6

A post card addressed to me and mailed -will bring you some very interestin^facts about busi- ness education. Try it. W. H. SHAW Central Business College Toronto, Ont.

School of Mining

A COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCE, Affiliated to Queen's University,

KINGSTON, ONT.

For Calendar of the School and further information, apply to the Secretary, School of Mining, Kingston, Ontario.

The following Courses are offered:

I — Four Years' Course for Degree of B.Sc. II — Three Years' Course for Diploma. a — Mining Engineering. b — Chemistry and Mineralogy. c — Mineralogy and Geology. rf— Chemical Engineering. e — Civil Engineering. f— Mechanical Engineering. g — Electrical Engineering. /(—Biology and Public Health. 7

Canadian Life and Resources

THE TREND OF THE MARKETS

DURING JUNE A DAILY RECORD OF THE FLUCTUATIONS DURING THE MONTH

Industrial

The results of the census of manufactures, issued recently by the Fed- eral Government, furnish some very satisfactory explanations of the dull- ness on the Canadian stock markets. Obviously it would not be possible for the output of Canada's factories to grow from $481,- 053,375 to $712,664,835 in the five years— 1901 to 1906— without a heavy increase in the commercial loans of the banks. The figures so complete the evidence that it is possible to establish a chain of arguments proceeding from the immigration movement and the rapid development of the country to the dullness and weakness of the stock markets. The different links in the chain might be described as follows : the immigration and rapid development caused greatly increased demands on manufacturing plants for deliveries of goods ; the increased demand for goods resulted in a considerable extension of plants, enlargement of stocks and of raw material in process ; this again caused heavier demands on the banks for credits ; to meet these demands the banks have been compelled to withdraw part of their funds from the call loan markets, because they have been thus forced to relinquish funds to the use of which they had be- come accustomed. These latter are in no condition to support prices or to maintain activity.

The month has not seen any important change in the level of prices. Leading stocks hold their ground exceedingly well, considering the adverse conditions that have prevailed. So far as the securities themselves are con- cerned, the properties they represent are apparently as \,. r. . A i prosperous as ever, the tight money being the main bear-

ish factor. Canadian Pacific, by its behavior, continues to cause surprise and perhaps a little resentment among the United States market critics. They cannot quite understand why the stock, paying 7 per cent, should hold well up in the " hundred and sixties," while Union Paci- fic, paying ten, is some 35 points below. Probably they hardly realize the

Steel and Coal and Textiles

Compiled exclusively for CANADIAN LIFE AND RESOURCES

extent to which C. P. R. is held throughout the country for investment. The smallness of the floating supply makes it easier for the bulls to keep up the price, and at the same time makes it dangerous for the bears to attack. Then, no doubt, the stock is helped because the conviction is growing that this year's late spring will not prove nearly so disastrous to the crops as was at first anticipated. It may be that it will prove no disaster at all. What- ever are the dimensions of the crop, the indications are that wheat prices will be somewhat higher than last year.

Scarcely any apparent progress has been made towards a settlement of the Dominion Steel-Coal imbroglio, and the feud continues to offer a dis- turbing influence on the whole market. The latest proposition to be put forward is that instead of the Steel Company absorbing the Coal Company, the latter should absorb the former. It is hardly likely that any deal such as this could be carried through and receive the united support of both companies' stock- holders. Dominion Textile has just issued a strong profit statement. Though consumers may dislike the practical monopoly resulting from the recent merger, there cannot be any doubt but that it has placed the cotton manu- facturing business on a satisfactory basis as regards profit-earning.

The banking re-organi/.ation in Toronto early in June has not had much

effect apparently on the market for bank stocks. Nobody will dispute that

the affairs of the re-orgaui/.ed bank are now on a sound

Large Profits foundation. The writing down of assets was of a kind

for the BanKs tQ satjsly tjje most conservative and pessimistic critic.

Generally the trend of banking profits is still towards a higher level. Among the results announced in June were, The Merchants Bank of Can- ada, profits of $961,660, or 16 per cent on capital, as against $74°,399, or 12.34 Per cent last 3'ear I Standard Bank of Canada, $251,618, as against $175,672 last year ; La Banque Xationale, $252,361, as against $195,753 last

Canadian Life and Resources

The Merchants' Bank

OF CANADA

ESTABLISHED 1864 CAPITAL PAID-UP - - - $6,OOO,OOO

RESERVE FUND & UNDIVIDED PROFITS

$4,034,256

President, SIR H. MONTAGU ALLAN, Kt. Vice-President, JONATHAN HODGSON, Hsq.

E. F. HEBDEN, General Manager. T. E. MERRETT, Supt. of Branches and Chief Inspector.

BRANCHES AND AGENCIES

ONTARIO

Acton

Alvinston

Athens

Belleville

Berlin

Bothwell

Brampton

Chatham

Chatsworth

Chesley

Creemore

Delta

Douglas

Eganville

Elora

Elgin

Finch

Fort William

Gait

Gananoque

Georgetown

Glencoe

Gore Bay

Granton (snb)

Hamilton

Hanover

Hespeler

Ingersoll

Kincardine

Kingston

Lancaster

Lansdowne

Leamington

Little Current

London

Lucan

Markdale

Meaford

Mildmay

Mitchell

Napanee

Oakville

Orillia

Ottawa

Owen Sound

Parkdale

Perth

Prescott

Preston

Renfrew

Stratford

St. George

St. Thomas

Tara

Thatnesville

Tilbnry

Toronto

Walkerton

Watford

West I^orne

Westport

Wheatley

Williamstown sub

Windsor

Yarker

QUEBEC Beauhamois Ivachine Montreal

(Head Office)

1255 St Cath St K -£>-.-«

SioStCathStW WAN

1086 St I,aw St Arcola Town of St. Louis Carnduff Quebec Forget

" St. Sauveur Gainsboro (sub) Shawville Sherbrooke St, Jerome St. Johns St. Jovite

MANITOBA Brandon Carberry Gladstone Griswold Macgregor

Morris

Napinka

Neepawa

Oak Lake

Portage la Prairie

Russell

Souris

Winnipeg

ALBERTA

Calgary Camrose Carstairs Daysland Edmonton Ft. Saskatchewan La combe Leduc

Medicine Hat 'Olds Red Deer Sedgwick Stettler Tofield Vegreville Wetaskiwin

Maple Creek Oxbow Whitewood BRITISH

COLUMBIA Vancouver Victoria

UNITED STATES

New York

63 & 65 Wall St

Agents in Great Britain

ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND AND BRANCHES

Head Office. - MONTREAL

Street Ry. and Power StocKs

year ; Sovereign Bank of Canada, ordinary profits, $243,027, as against $187,468 last year; Union Bank of Canada, $446,532, as against $452,931 in 1906. Practically all the conditions that produced the good results are present still, in greater or less de- gree, and so long as they are it is reasonable to ex- pect the banks to make good showings.

The high record earnings reported by Montreal Street Railway have not as yet sufficed to restore the quotations on the stock to their old level, but it can hard- ly be doubted that the steady increase in the traffic will have its proper effect on the price when the money market returns to nor- mal conditions.

The recent offer of the Montreal Light, Heat and Power Co. to discuss with the city the application of the principle of the sliding scale of rates for gas and perhaps electricity, is a statesmanlike pro- ceeding and should have a strengthening effect on the company's stock. It is a step in the direction of bringing the company and its customers into more harmonious and cordial relations. Progress in this direction usually results in benefit to both. The company will be more secure in the enjoyment of its profits.

Have Music In the Camp

r?

You can have, ai vith a

y kind of music anywhere

Victor or Berliner Gram-o-pnone

It occupies little space and can be packed with your camping outfit.

Prices, $ 12 50 to $120.

Hundreds of new records at 4oc. each — others 4oc up Records are hard flat discs, take up little space and are practically indestructible.

C«ll or write for particulars.

The Berliner Gram-o-pVone Co. of Canada Limited

417 St. Catherine St. West Montreal

The Canadian Bank of Commerce

Paid-up Capital. $1O,OOO,OOO Rest, $5,OOO,OOO

HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO

Board of Uirertovs

B. E. WALKER, President. ROBERT KILGOUR, Esq., Vice-President.

Hon. Geo. A. Cox Joseph W. Flavelle, Esq. H. D. Warren, Esq.

Matthew Leggat, Esq. A. Kingman, Esq. Hon. W. C. Edwards

James Crathern, Esq. Hon. L. Melvin Jones Z. A. Lash, Esq., K.C.

John Hoskin, Esq., K.C., LL.D. Frederic Nicholls, Esq. E. R. Wood, Esq.

ALEX. LAIRD, Gen'l Mgr.

A. H. IRELAND, Supt. of Branches

Branches throughout Canada and in the United States

and England

London, England, Office, 2 Lombard Street, E.C.

S. CAMERON ALEXANDER, Manager.

New YorK Agency, 16 Exchange Place

WM. GRAY and H. B. WALKER, Agents.

This Bank transacts every description of Banking Business, including the issue of Letters of Credit and Drafts on Foreign Countries, and will negotiate or receive for collection bills on any place where there is a bank or banker.

SURE AND LASTING DIVIDENDS

FOR THE HOUSEHOLDER

YOU may see for yourself what it means to install in your home the perfect sanitation secured by

" Standard Ideal" Porcelain Enamelled Ware

Made in one piece, snow white, smooth as glass, durable as iron, pre- venting all possibility of secreting dirt, dust or generating poisonous gases or bacteria. It pays steady dividends in cleanliness and health. Moderate in cost, perfect in material and construction, it eliminates ex- penses for repairs and gives the best service for a lifetime. And its sanitary

perfection, combined with the beauty and comfort it adds to a home, increases the money value of the property. No modern home is properly or safely equipped without it.

"Standard Ideal" Ware Lasts Longest

Your architect or plumber knows all about IT and will be glad to recommend it.

THE STANDARD IDEAL CO., Limited

PORT HOPE, ONTARIO

Sales Offices and Sample Rooms : Toronto, 50 Colborne St.; Montreal, 128 West Craig' Street ; Winnipeg, 24 Telfer BlocK

Milk will not burn in Aluminum Saucepans

MANUFACTURED BY

THE CANADIAN ALUMINUM WORKS, Limited

Chambly Canton. Quebec

26

Canadian Life and Resources

Winter Wheat in Alberta

ANEW and enormous asset may be said to have been discovered and proved in our national balance sheet of trade and commerce. The Southern Alberta wheat fields, unsuitable for spring wheat cultiva- tion, were as recently as three years ago unproductive, excepting, perhaps, for graz- ing and the cultivation of the less profit- able coarser grains. To-day it is almost an assured fact that Alberta will have a win- ter wheat yield that will startle those who had little confidence in the possibilities of successfully producing the winter grade of wheat in that Province. Two or three years ago a few thousand acres were sown with winter wheat, purely as an experi- ment, as it was generally held that the climate was not adapted to that particular kind of agriculture. The results were en- tirely satisfactory, but even then farmers moved very cautiously and the following year again experimented, this time with a larger acreage under cultivation. Again success met their efforts and in the autumn of last year great activity was displayed in getting every bushel of seed into place for the forthcoming harvest time. One recent despatch estimates the entire winter wheat production in Alberta at twenty million bushels, which, if really the case, presents one of the most astounding features of our present day Canadian progression and raises no small question as to what facilities of credit and of transportation can be offered to the Western grain-growers and cattle- raisers and miners when the capabilities of such assistance are already taxed to the very utmost. Even the winter wheat pro- duction of Alberta alone will entail a tre- mendons effort to keep pace with it. The twenty million bushels will be an absolutely new product and one which has not in the past been considered a factor in the West- ern grain situation. In five years there should easily be a winter wheat crop of fifty million bushels, most of which will probably find its way to the Pacific coast, and new markets opened up with the Orient, in competition with those winter wheat-growing States of America, which now practically monopolize that branch of the flour trade. Ontario, it may be pointed out, has only an annual winter wheat yield of slightly over twenty million bushels. There is little development in wheat pro- duction there for several obvious reasons. The Alberta wheat crop will be ready for cutting in about a month or six weeks, when the most convincing evidence of the great development will no doubt be forth- coming.

M	ARTIN Y WARDROBE Y VALET
$1.00 Per Month 224 SPARKS STREET Phone 25 OTTAWA, ONT.

JOyezk

Know ye, Good People, there is but one Worces- tershire— with which ye best efforts of ye Cook and ye Chemist cannot compare.

By Royal Warrant, served on ye Tables of Royalty.

Eat it with your Dinners — and beware ye of substitutes.

Lea & Perrins'

The only Original and Genuine Worcestershire 128

Insist on the Genuine — ^ _ _ _ J. M. DOUGLAS & CO.,

At All Good Grocers'. OoVlCC Montreal. Est. 1857.

About Your Hair, Ladies

Art Hair Goods

127-129 Yonge Street

Is it thin, weak or discolored ? Areyouanx ious to restore it to its youthful beauty aiid luxuriance ?

Then write topember of Toronto. Canada's foremost hair and scalp specialist and Art hair goods manufacturer, for advice and free catalogue of Pompadours, Bang's, Natural Wavy and Straight Switches, Semi- Transformations for ladies with thin hair, Waves and Full Transformations. Scientific advice gratis upon all hair and scalp troubles.

The reputation of Pember's is a sufficient guarantee for receiving by return mail the most reliable suggestions about your hair, and the most complete catalogue of artistic hair good£ in America. Don't procrastinate. Write now.

PEMBER STORE

TORONTO, Canada

Joseph Rodg'ers &, vSons, Limited

SHEFFIELD, Eng.

AVOID IMITATIONS OF OUR

CUTLERY

BY SEEING THAT THIS EXACT MARK

IS ON EACH BLADE: SOLE AGENTS FOR CANADA

JAMES HUTTON (SL CO., MONTREAL

PAGE WHITE FENCES

The Acme style you see above costs only from 16 cents a linear foot. Handsome and durable for lawns, parks, cemeteries, etc. Any height or length. Gates to match from ^2.25. Write for catalog, or inspect this ideal fence. From us direct or any Page dealer.

The PAGE Wire Fence Co., Limited

Walkerville Toronto Montreal St. John Winnipeg «•'

Canadian Life and Resources

27

..

Saved for England

'T'HE following poem appears in a volume entitled At the Sign of the Beavet , by Samuel Mathewson Baylis, lately issued by the publishing house of William Briggs, Toronto : Well ye know the moving story, how the maiden

of Vercheres Eight long days withstood the Redskin, drove him

baffled to his lair. And the fame of daring Founder, and the valor of

Dollard, Stately cenotaph enshrining, grateful townsfolk

herald far.

Meet that deeds which saved our country gloriously should we record.

When we tell how with the dawning fearless sped Laura Secord,

And the full score ye would tally of the long un- cancelled debt,

Write the tale of gallant Carleton and the Commo- dore Bouchette !

In the town is consternation ; clamorous foe beats at her gates ;

Haughty summons to surrender, answer he im- patient waits.

Some would fight, but many waver ; cursing some, some on their knees

Weep to see the fearful burghers trembling yield the town's great keys.

Some who for their fallen Lilies proudly bear un- counted scars

Eye askance the Threefold Crosses, and would hail new- risen Stars.

Some there be, but true and chosen, who erstwhile on red fields met,

And their hope is English Carleton, his the faith of French Bouchette.

Shall the flower of England's planting wither in

the bourgeoning — Fall rich prize to rude invader, double traitor to

his King ? Flight estopped by land and water ! How escape

impending wreck Ere he safety finds, and succor, in the Foil at far

Quebec ?

Great the need and dire the peril, for the strange

King's new-flown flag From its highest blood-won bastion recreant hands

would foully drag. One shall save it, one shall aid him, both will keep

it flying yet — Give God-speed to Sir Guy Carleton, cheers for

Commodore Bouchette !

Dark the night in chill November, all the town unheeding sleeps,

Steals a boat from out the shadows, down the cur- rent ghost-like creeps.

Trusty arms with muffled paddles urge her on her silent way —

De la Naudiere, the faithful, and the Sergeant Bouthellier.

WE CAN SELL YOU

Improved Farms in the Famous Brandon District on a

^School Land

Basis. Price away down. Terms, 10 per cent cash, balance 9 years, in- terest 6 per cent. Write for maps and booklet to

McINNIS (SL CLARK

Box 6 BRANDON. Man.

Upper Canada

College

PRINCIPAL

HENRY W. AUDEN, M.A.

Cambridge

I,ate Sixth Korm Master at

Fettes College, Edinburgh.

Toronto, Ont.

Founded in 1829

MAIN SCHOOL

Senior School and Preparatory School for beginners.

These Schools are in separate buildings, with every modern equipment, upon beautiful

grounds, 50 acres in extent and 300 feet above the level of Lake Ontario.

Resident pupils are provided with every care and comfort. Individual attention for

every boy.

The number of day pupils taken is limited.

Courses for University, Royal Military College and Business. Every facility for the

cultivation of sports and athletics.

For Calendar and all other information address

THE BURSAR, UPPER CANADA COLLEGE, TORONTO, ONTARIO.

JUST AN EASY HANDFUL OF

KODAK FILM

will tell the story of your summer vacation. There's film for a dozen pictures in each cartridge, the weight is trifling.

The Kodak itself slips into the pocket and the pidlure-making is simple from start to finish. Press the button — do the rest — or leave it to another — just as you please.

Kodaks, $5. £0 to $11 2. 00

Catalogues free at the

dealers or by mail.

Canadian Kodak Co., Limited

Toronto, Canada

28

Is^W^W

<r^, C/_

Get out into the open, where the air is fresh and pure —a tonic to tired brains.

And if you can't leave your work, then take your work with you.

Waterman's Ideal Fountain Pen

can go anywhere you can. It's a handy thing to have, and the time to get it is now.

For Sale Everywhere

L. £. Waterman Co. of Canada, Limited

M O N TRE- A L,

The Grand Union

The Popular Hotel of Ottawa JAMES K. PAISLEY, Prop.

Crosse $ BlacKwell

Limited

London, England

C.

C.

C.

B. Pickles B. Sauces

B. Jams

"II Preserved MJu Provisions

Agents

C. E. COLSON <a SON

Montreal, Canada

Canadian Life and Resources

Stripped of rank and martial trappings, guised in

peasant's humble dress, In a locker three poor biscuits each man fend

'gainst hunger's stress. Not a whispered word is spoken, with a touch the

course is set — Thus for England ventures Carleton, piloted by

brave Bouchette !

Sentinels on deck and headland flash their beacons

o'er the track ; Tho' chance shot means death or capture, there is

now no turning back. Boucherville is passed unchallenged, Contrecceur

left far behind, William Henry's hostile cannon silent glower

adown the wind.

Now the isles and shoals of Berthier bar the river's onward flow,

Where the watchful sentry paces by each canipfire burning low.

Flies the bullet with the challenge — dangers swift the path beset

Of the gallant General Carleton and the Commo- dore Bouchette !

But the boat, as log light floating, guided only by

a hand Stealthily thrust o'er the gunwale by one of the

little band, Nine long miles thro' tortuous channel slowly

drifts down to the lake ; — Lusty thew and thrashing paddle staunch Three

Rivers' port soon make.

Cruel fate and unkind haven ! Sheltering walls armed men invade ; —

Wit alone may speed delivery from a crafty ambus- cade.

Thro' the jeering Continentals— tuques awry and lips still wet —

Arm-in-arm reels peasant Carleton with his cama- rade Bouchette.

Gained the boat hid 'mong tall rushes, fast the

blows of paddles rain ; Safe below the rapid's foaming waiting brig swings

to her chain ; High aloft the Red Cross flutters, down the stream

the stout Fell glides, Till beneath Cape Diamond's fortress safe at anchor

now she rides.

Booming guns from port and battery in glad wel- come split the air.

For loved Chief's triumphant landing eager hands gay barge prepare.

Spite all pomp and ordered pageant, niceties of etiquette,

One small skiff bears Governor Carleton, at the tiller proud Bouchette.

Honors theirs, and gratulations, in St. Louis'

Chateau gray ; Then to meet the foe who hastens ruthlessly to

burn and slay. In yon cold December midnight rings the shot that

smote him low, Hurls his shattered remnant fleeing o'er the glacis'

crimsoned snow !

When ye read how one man's valor Canada for England held,

And would con how from two peoples one strong Nation ye may weld,

To your children's listening children — lest our heroes they forget —

Tell the tale of gallant Carleton and the Commo- dore Bouchette !

Victor E. Mitchell A. Chase-Casgrain Errol M. McDougall

Th. Chase-Casgrain, K.C E. Fabre Surveyer Joseph W. Weldon

•kf cGihbon, Casgrain, Mitchell ® Surveyer •*• •*• Canada Life Building, Montreal

Advocates, Barristers, &ic. Solicitors for The Royal Bank of Canada, The Sovereign Bank of Canada, The Royal Trust Co., National Trust Co.

If you want to get all the good out of life — and know to the full the joy of living — build up the foundation of good health with a morn- ing glass of

Abbeys

Ef fer - C £fe 1 "f* vescent v3Clll

No

Alcohol

No

Morphine

No

Cocaine

Nothing

Injurious

25c and 60ca bottle.

At Druggists.

MATHEWSON'S SONS

The Oldest Whole- sale Giocery Home in Canada

IMPORTERS OF

TEAS COFFEES

AND

WHOLESALE GROCERS

ESTABLISHED 1834

202 McGiLL STREET, MONTREAL

Upton's

HOME-MADE

ORANGE

MARMALADE

ABSOLUTELY PURE

Made from finest

Seville Oranges and

Granulated Sugar

Majestic

(Made in Canada)

Metal Polish

Easy Work No Grit

No Dust No Acid

Manufactured by

Majestic Polishes

limited 575 Yonge St.

Toronto, Canada

Canadian Life and Resources

J. H. WALDMAN & CO.

A

superior

line of

finely

tailored

garments

for the

best

trade

MONTREAL

MANUFACTURERS OF

WOMEN'S CLOAKS SUITS and SKIRTS

5" 5*3

5*5

St. Paul

Street

Montreal

Canada

First Golf Club on the American Continent.

As in the case of that other great Scottish sport, curling, the honor of having founded the first golf club on the Continent of America belongs to Mont- real. Early in the seventies of the last century a Mr. Sidey, a well known golfer and curler of his day, approached the Caledonian Society of that city, whose charter provides for the encouragement of Scottish sports among other things, with regard to the advisability of forming a golf club in Mont- real. November 4, 1873, saw the Montreal Golf Club founded. A course was laid out on the side of Mount Royal, at Fletcher's Field, and a club house built on the site of that of the present Metro- politan Club. Arrangements were made by which the club acquired the right of use of the links from the city and ever since then, year after year, the course has been kept up, at considerable expense, until at the present time it is one of the brightest, freshest and most wholesome-looking stretches of Mount Royal. To perpetuate the memory of the man who had been instrumental in the founding of the club a hole was named after him, and when, in later years, the club took up fresh quarters at Dixie, on the shores of Lake St. Louis, the same thing was done on the new links. In 1884 the Montreal Golf Club, through the intercession of the Marquis of Lansdowne, the Governor-General of Canada at the time, with Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, obtained the privilege to assume the prefix "Royal" and to be known thereafter as the "Royal Montreal Golf Club. ' ' ^^^^=

Canada at Dublin

'TMIK magnificent pavilion erected by the Cana- dian Government constitutes one of the most imposing structures in the International Exhibition grounds at Dublin, says the Irish Independent. " Architecturally it possesses many handsome fea- tures of a distinctive character that cannot fail to at once arrest the attention of the visitor, while its spacious proportions and artistic scheme of decora- tion contribute materially to the generally impres- sive effect of the exhibition as H whole. Containing a floor space of 18,000 square feet, the building is 70 feet in height, 90 feet in breadth and 200 feet in width. It is rectangular in form and is construct- ed in the half-timbered style, with stucco facings. On the eastern gable the name 'Canada' is worked out in huge lettering, while over the imposing en- trance door are displayed the words, ' Irish-Cana- dian entente cordiale.' The exhibits consist al- most entirely of the national products of the coun-

try, divided under the heads of agriculture, fruit products, products of the forest, economic miner- als, the fauna of the country, dairy food products, fisheries, etc. The building has been constructed under the personal supervision of Colonel William Hutchison, Canadian Government Exhibition Commissioner-Genf ral.

" The centre of the eastern gable is occupied by a railway map of Canada, 25 feet long, on each side of which are portraits of Sir Wilfrid Laurier and Sir John A. Macdonald. At the opposite end is another huge map showing the distribution of minerals in the country, while at one side is a por- trait of Lord Strathcona and at the other of Earl Grey. From the purely spectacular point of view nothing could be more effective or interesting than the panorama illustrating the fauna of the country, which is cut off from the rest of the building by a partition of plate glass."

DR. VOGT'S CHOIR

The Accomplishment Of Great Things Without the Aid of Tradition

WHEN Dr. Vogt was tendered a ban- quet by the Clef Club of Toronto, one of the speakers pointed out that the success of the Mendelssohn Choir had been remarkable, from the very fact that it had no traditions. The great Bach Choir of L/eipsig and other organizations of similar type in Europe have had a long and glorious history. Some of the greatest composers have been proud to wield the baton for them, and, in fact, they have had a vital and always interesting part in the musical development of the world. Such noble traditions undoubtedly should inspire en- thusiasm and devotion to the society. But the Mendelssohn Choir, without any tra- ditions, has won a standing equal to that of these notable choruses of Europe. And all this proves that good things need not be old and stricken in years. For ex- ample, the Gourlay Piano is not over four years old, yet already it has taken a de- served place as the leading piano of Canada. It is constructed with the greatest care by expert workmen. Only the finest material is used and the result is an instrument which will compare favorably with the most notable pi anos of the world . Musicians all over Canada, in South Africa, and even in China, unite in approval of its rich and luscious tone, its staying-in-tune abilities and its durable construction. The Gourlay has been able to win recognition without the aid of traditions ; therefore, it is worthy to be bracketed with the Mendelssohn Choir.

Our Bureau of Information

This department of the paper was started in 1903 to deal with the numerous enquiries received at the office as soon as the first issue of the paper was published. For a small sum, to cover outlay, we send to any enquirer the following :

(1) Official reports of the Federal or Pro- vincial Governments, including maps and reports of the Geological Survey ;

(2) Information about the mineral, agri- cultural, timber, fishing, water-power and other resources of the country ;

(3) Information upon the best districts for settlement and homesteading in Western Canada, Quebec and Ontario ;

(4) Desirable locations andsitesfor manu- factories and business enterprises in Eastern and Western Canada.

Enquiries for information upon any of the above subjects should be accompanied by the nominal fee of twenty-five cents to cover postage, etc.; the Government reports will be supplied free or at actual cost.

Personal enquirers can often be given more explicit information, as they can state their requirements more clearly in an inter- view than by letter. In either case CANA- DIAN LIFK AND RESOURCES can usually give, at all events, the preliminary facts re- quired.

CANADIAN LIFE AND RESOURCES

Beaver Hall Hill MONTREAL, CANADA

3°

Canadian Life and Resources

ABOUT OURSELVES

THE attention of the public has, during the past few weeks, been directed to the militia, for in many parts of the coun- try our citizen-soldiers have been in camp receiving their annual field training. The men who attended these camps constitute the first line of defence of this country — the force immediately available for the maintenance of order or the resisting of in- vaders ; it is therefore gratifying to know that these camps have been well attended and the duties of officers and men satisfac- torily performed.

The question that naturally suggests itself to the minds of most persons when these annual drills are referred to is this : What really is the condition of Canada's military force ? What are the facts of the case with respect to the strength of the force, its efficiency, its equipment and its cost to the country ? Upon these matters the average citizen has little or no accurate knowledge, although it is a matter about which all should be informed.

The next issue of CANADIAN LIFE AND RESOURCES will give its readers just such information in the form of an article on the Militia of Canada, what it is and in what manner it should be improved. This article is being written by a gentleman who has given this matter much attention and who has seen active service. Our writer will lay before his readers a full and accurate statement respecting the men, arms and munitions available for the defence of Cana-

dian soil ; where are to be found the weak points in our system and in what manner the deficiencies can be supplied. This article will be well illustrated.

One of the great unknown quantities of the Canadian West is the Peace River country, which, if it proves to be all that is claimed for it, will add enormously to the productive area of the Dominion. There has already been some development there and results have been very encouraging. Experiments in agriculture are now being carried on by an officer of the Federal Gov- ernment and reliable information collected.

The Peace River country will be the sub- ject of one of our leading articles next month. This article will be prepared by a writer who has obtained his information first hand and who is, therefore, in a posi- tion to answer many of the questions so often asked about the New North- West. Views of the country will accompany the article.

During the past few months we have several times made the statement that CANADIAN LIFE AND RESOURCES has now the largest circulation of any Canadian magazine. This statement has never been challenged. Very vague assertions are made by some of our rivals about their figures. They deal in ' round numbers.' On the 26th of June, before a notary of the city of Montreal, the owners of this magazine made a sworn declaration for The Canadian Newspaper Directory as to our net circula-

tion for the twelve months ending April, 1907. Deducting all spoilt and returned copies we took oath that for the twelve months from April, 1906, to April, 1907, we had sold for cash 154,513 copies, giving an average of 12,876 a month. Is there any magazine in Canada which is willing to make a similar sworn statement to higher figures than these ? If not — then we claim to have made good our statement that CANADIAN LIFE AND RESOURCES has now the largest circulation of any Canadian magazine. The increase in the number of our readers has been steady and continual — not a big send-off and then a gradual de- cline— but a modest beginning and a slow but sure growth. We have seldom lost a reader. There are dozens of names on our Daily Record of those who subscribed for the paper in June, 1903, the first issue pub- lished. By this time next year we hope and believe we shall have 15,000 monthly readers. Meantime think of what we have already achieved.

In addition to this statistical evidence of the hold CANADIAN LIFE AND RESOURCES has upon the reading public, we are in receipt of letters even more encouraging than figures ever can be. These letters express hearty sympathy with the clear note of British Canadianism that it has been our endeavor to strike in the pages of our magazine, and they wish us success in the work of depicting the life of the Canadian people and making known the resources of their great heritage. A facsimile of one of these unsolicited letters is given below.

^J-^f

//I v

22.

Canadian Life and Resources

The Sovereign Bank of Canada

Paid-up Capital

Head Office,

$3,000,000

TORONTO

BrancHes and Correspondents

Throughout tHe Dominion of Canada

Principal London Correspondents

Messrs. J. S. Morgan & Co.

The London Joint Stock Bank, Limited

Dresdner Bank

Principal Paris Correspondents

Messrs. Morgan, Harjes & Co.

Socie'te' Generale

Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris

Berlin and Hamburg Correspondents

Dresdner Bank

Amsterdam Correspondents

Messrs. Hope & Co.

Antwerp

Banque d'Anvers

Reliable information concerning Canadian enterprises, investments and securities furnished upon application.

This Bank possesses the best facilities for the transaction of all business with Canada and with the United States.

Correspondence solicited. Address

THE GENERAL MANAGER,

The Sovereign Bank of Canada, TORONTO THE MANAGER,

The Sovereign Bank of Canada, MONTREAL THE AGENT,

The Sovereign Bank of Canada,

25 Pine Street, NEW YORK, U.S.A. General Cable Address, •' Sovbank."

Use I,ieber's, Western.Union, ABC 5th Edition.

Dominion Line

Steamships

Montreal and Quebec

to

Liverpool

In Summer

Liverpool

to

Halifax and Portland

In Winter

Summer Service

Proposed Sailings

Season 19O7

Montreal and Quebec to Liverpool

From	STBAMK1	From Montreal
Liverpool Thursdays		Saturdays
June 6	KENSINGTON	June 22
	(Sat-) 8	VANCOUVER		'(Wed)20
	13	SOUTHWAKK		«• 29
	20	CANADA	July	6
	27	OTTAWA		13
July	4	DOMINION		20
	11	KENSINGTON		27
	18	bOUTHWARK	Augu	st 3
	25	CANADA		lo
Aug.	i	OTTAWA	'	17
	1	DOMINION		24
	15	KENSINGTON	1	31
	22	SOUTHWARK	Sept.	7
	29	CANADA		M
Sept. 5	OTTAWA		21

s.s. "CANADA.

Steamers sail from Montreal daylight ; from Que- bec 7. CD p.m.

For rates of passage and freight or other information apply to Dominion Line, St. Sacrament St., Montreal

*•

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