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JULY, 19O8 Vol.Vl.S.%1..No. 7 |
"The Nineteenth Century was the century of the United States ; the Twentieth Century will be Canada's century." |
Ten Cents a Copy $1.00 a Year |
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Major-General James Wolfe "The Garden of the Gulf" Our First Parliament |
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HKSOUUCCS PUBLISHING CO.. Limited, Publishers MONTREAL. CANADA |
CANADA
The Granary of the Empire
IT is everywhere admitted that Western Canada is the Granary of the British Empire. Nearly 1 00,000,000 bushels of wheat alone are now raised annually ; this quantity might be increased sevenfold. The fertile land is free ; climate healthy ; taxes low ; schools for all, and the railways are building branches everywhere.
Canada Needs ^Settlers
Thousands have come and are doing well. Unequalled opportunities are now being offered by the Dominion Government to every able-bodied man over 1 8 years of age who is willing to take upon himself the duties of settlement.
First-comers Get First Choice
If you would be among the number on the high road to independence in the Canadian West, write for maps, pamphlets and general information (which are distributed free) to
W. D. SCpTT,
Superintendent of Immigration, OTTAWA, Canada,
Or to J. OBED SMITH,
Assistant Superintendent of Emigration,
11-12 Charing Cross, LONDON, S.W., England.
Canadian Life and Resources
Kdotenay Fruit Lands
Coldspring Ranch
This country is now attracting the attention of the world. 'It is a won- derful fruit-growing country.
FULIY PLANTED ORCHARDS
Money-maKers from the start.
We are now offering to the public part of the famous Coldspring Estate, near Nelson, B.C.
))[>\M.vnoN FAI.I.S. M;..\K M.I -.UN.
FISHING. .. . SHOOTING. BIG GAME HUNTING.
Pleasant and profitable occupation in a perfect climate.
Our previous "ads." possibly "set you to thinking" about this Country ; but if you could only see it !
This is the finest Fruit Growing District in the Empire.
Not our opinion only, but the opinion of others who know. Read this which appeared in the " Nelson Daily News " of December 22nd, 1905 ':—
" I have muchpleasure in informing you that at the recent Colonial 'Fruit Show in London held by the Royal Horticultural Associa'ion, a silver Banksian medal was awarded to the collec;ion of apples sent by the Kootenay Fruit Growers' Association.
" In addition to this the gold medal was awarded to the Province of British Columbia, and seven silver-gilt and' silver medals for collections of B.C. apples.
."Please accept my jie;.rty congratulations on your success
" I may add that the consignment of fruit from Nelson arrived in excellent condi ion, despite the vicissitudes of the trip. The pack- ing of the fruit was well don«, and to this must largely be attributed its good condition on arrival."
(Signed) R. M PALMER,
B.C. Fruit Conimiisiomr.
BRYDGES, BLAKEMORE & CAMERON, Ltd.,
IMELSOIST,
E.G.
S.S. " MOVIE," OFF NELSON.
Canadian Life and Resources
Canadian Pacific Railway Co/s
Atlantic Service
Mall
Atlantic Service
"EMPRESSES"
ATLANTIC
Speed Splendor
SAILINGS FROM MONTREAL AND QUEBEC
OF THE
Safety
From Montreal and
Quebec. Sat. July 18. Fri. " Sat. Aug. Fri. '•
(Subject to change without notice.) St. Lawrence Route.
From Liverpool.
. Lake Champlain Wed. July i
24 Empress of Ireland Fri. 10
i Lake Erie Wed. 15
7 Empress of Britain Fri. 24
Sat. '• 15 Like Manitoba Wed. 29
Fri. " 2t Empress of Ireland Fri. Aug. 7
Sat " 29 Lake Champlain Wed. 12
Fri. Sept. 4 Empress of Britain Fri. 2 1
Sat. " 12 Lake Erie Wed." 26
Specially Reduced Cabin Rates Now in Effect
First Cabin to Liverpool, $65.00 and upwards ) According to
\ ship and ac- j commodation.
Second Cabin
$42.50 (Subject to change without notice.)
Third Class
To London, Liverpool, Glasgow and $27-5° ) According
and
to ship.
Londonderry $28.75
To other points in Great Britain and the Continent of Europe on application.
For complete sailing and full particulars as to rates, reservations, etc., apply to any Steamship
Agent, your nearest Railroad Agent, or to
Board off Trade, CEO. McL. BROWN,
MONTREAL. General Passenger Agent.
Turbines
The Music Room Allan Line Turbine S.S. "Victorian"
Allan Line
Turbines
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Proposed Summer Sailings — 19O8 (Subject to change.) |
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Montreal i to Liv Steamers. •Virginian - Fr Tunisian 'Victorian |
&nd Quebec erpool. From Montreal. i. 3 July 3-30 a.m. ' 10 " 9.00 a.m. 1 17 ' 3 30 a.m. ' 24 ' 9 oo a.m. ' 3^ ' 3.3oa.m. 1 7 Aug. 9.00 a.m. * 14 ' 4.00 a.m. ' 21 ' 9.00 a.m. " 28 ' 4.30 a.m. 4 Sept. 5.30 a.m. 1 ii '• 5 oo a m. amers. |
Montreal and Qt3 to Glasgow Steamers. From |
tehee Montreal, t. ii July 18 ' 25 ' i Aug. 8 ' 15 ' 22 ' 29 ' 5 Sept. ntreal at on board ck. From lay. |
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•Virginian Tunisian 'Victorian Corsican 'Virginian Tunisian 'Victorian •Royal Mail ste |
Ionian |
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Hesperian, new |
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Steamers sail from Mo daylight. Passengers go Friday evening after 7 o'clo Quebec about 3 p.m. same |
Royal Mail vSteamers
Montreal and Quebec to Liverpool
Montreal and Quebec to Glasgow
THE Allan I^ine in announcing their Sailings for 1908, as per schedule appended, re- minds their friends of a few salient facts.
1. The Allan is the Premier Canadian Line. First vessel, 1822. Mail steamship service
established 1854 with four steamers aggregating 10,000 tons.
2. The Allans were the first to build a steel ocean steamer— Buenos Ayrean, built in 1881.
3. The Allans were the first to adopt bilge or side keels, minimising rolling. Now all pas-
senger steamers have adopted this principle.
4. The Allans were the first to build steamers with covered-in or protected deck. Now they
are universal.
5. The Allans were the first to adopt the turbine engine for ocean going steamers — Victorian
and Virginian, each 12,000 tons. Now they are being followed by other I^ines — the
King's yacht, Battleship Dreadnaught, etc., etc. The aim of the Line has been t:> lead in every improvement for the safety of the ship and
the comfort of the passenger. Three new steamers have been added in 1907-08 —
Corsican, Grampian and Hesperian, aggregating 31,000 tons, making a total tonnage
of 175.000 tons. The vessels are modern, high-class hotels, are famed for their cuisine, polite attention,
good ventilation and absolute cleanliness. Time of passage from port to port, 7 to 8 days. For passage apply to any Agent, or
H. &. A. A.LLAN, Montreal.
Canadian Life and Resources
To Contributors
npHE editor will be glad to re- ceive illustrated articles de- picting the life and resources of Canada. Articles must not be more than one thousand words in length and should, if possible, be accompanied by original photo- graphs. It is absolutely necessary that a description of every picture and the name and address of the sender should be written plainly upon the back. Fair prices will be paid for all material used and every thing sent in will be returned if desired. The name and address of the author must appear upon every article submitted. Short stories will be carefully considered.
Our Bureau of
Information
THIS department of the paper was started in 1903 to deal with the numerous enquiries re- ceived at the office as soon as the first issue of the paper was pub- lished. For a small sum, to cover outlay, we send to any enquirer the following :
1 i ) Official reports of the Fed- eral or Provincial Governments, including maps and reports of the Geological Survey ;
(2) Information about the min- eral, agricultural, timber, fishing, water-power and other resources of the country ;
(3) Information upon the best districts for settlement and home- steading in Western Canada, Que- bec and Ontario ;
(4) Desirable locations and sites for manufactories and business enterprises in Eastern and West- ern Canada.
Enquiries for information upon any of the above subjects should be accompanied by the nominal fee of twenty-five cents to cover postage, etc. ; the Government re- ports will be supplied free or at actual cost.
Personal enquirers can often be given more explicit information, as they can state their require- ments more clearly in an inter- view than by letter. In either case CANADIAN LIFE AND RE- SOURCES can usually give, at all events, the preliminary facts re- quired.
Resources Publishing Co., Ltd.
Beaver Hall Hill MONTREAL, CANADA
About Ourselves
THE first place in this issue has been given to a sketch of the early life of Major General James Wolfe, the Victor of the Plains of Abraham. In this sketch has been told, necessarily very briefly, something about Wolfe's boyhood, his early military experience, his presence at Culloden, his visit to Paris, together with a few extracts from his letters which throw much light upon his character.
Our source of information is "The Siege of Quebec and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham" by Dr. A. G. Dough- ty, Dominion Archivist, in collaboration with Prof. G. W. Parmelee, Secretary of the Protestant Committee of the Council of Public Instruction of the Province of Quebec. Our two portraits of Wolfe are reproduced from this work with the permission of the authors. Their workcompiises six volumes with plans, portraits and views, and it will, no doubt, stand for all time as the authority on this most in- teresting chapter in Canadian history.
Two pages have been devoted to Prince Edward Island, "The Garden of the Gulf"— the smallest Province of the Dominion but in proportion to area aud population by far the richest. Its comparatively small population of a little more than one hundred thousand is almost wholly engaged in cultivating their "million acre farm," and in but few parts of Canada has agriculture been brought to so high a state of perfection. The products of the dairies of Prince Edward Island have already found their way to the British market and have there won a high reputation. The fisher- ies of the Island are also very valuable; but besides all these the attractions of the "Garden of the Gulf" as a sum- mer resort bring to the Province each season hundreds of visitors from other parts of Canada and from the United States. A more law-abiding or a more intelligent commu- nity does not exist on this continent.
The provincial elections in Ontario and Quebec held on the same day last month recall the first elections held in that part of Canada one hundred and sixty years ago and the organization of the governments of Upper and Lower Canada. The first Legislature to meet was that of Upper Canada, presided over by the Province's first Lieu- tenant Governor, that staunch old loyalist and brave soldier of the War of the Revolution, John Graves Simcoe. In connection with the article on "Our First Parliament" are reproduced pictures of two very old buildings which played parts in that historical event.
Th-ee hundred years have passed since Samuel de Champlain founded the City of Quebec. That memorable event is being fittingly celebrated this month. Thousands of visitors from all parts of Canada, from Gre.it Britain, from France and from the United States will take part in the celebration. The Prince of Wales will attend and a number of men prominent in the public life of the Mother- land. Two pages of this issue have been devoted to illus- trations depicting the Quebec of to day and it will be inte- resting to compare them with the illustrations of old Que- bec which appeared in our issue of February last.
An outline of the progress Canada has made since 1837 when Her late Majesty Queen Victoria ascended the throne, has been given under the title "Our History in Statues and Monuments.
SWORN AVERAGE MONTHLY CIRCULATION
Canadian Life
and
Resources
PUBLISHED MONTHLY
VOI,. VI. (New Series) No. 7
JULY, 1908
SUBSCRIPTION Canada, $1.00 a year.
Great Britain and Ireland, Five Shillings.
The British Colonies and Dependencies and
other countries within the Postal
Union, postage prepaid. $i 25 a
year (Five Shillings).
United States, $1.25 a year.
RESOURCES PUBLISHING CO., Limited Beaver Hall Hill.
MONTREAL. CANADA
Winnipeg Office— 330 Smith Street
English Office, 5 Henrietta Street.
Covent Gaiden. Strand. London. W C.
A H. CLAPP.
Business and Advertising Manager
12,876
We
Want
Photographs
/CANADIAN LIFE AND RE- **J SOURCES is widely known as the publication which gives the best picture of Canada and Cana- dian life. It does this, largely, by means of its illustrations. Now, we want to increase the number of these — we want to show scenes in every part of the Dominion—- but we cannot have staff photo- graphers all over our immense country. Hence, we are trying to enlist the aid of all who have cameras, from Halifax to the Yu- kon. Every man or woman with a camera has, probably, some scene daily under his or her eyes which would be of interest to people abroad or at the other end of Canada.
We will pay good prices for any photos which we accept and we will return any photos not used. A short description should be written upon the back of each photograph, telling what it repre- sents.
As " Solio " prints give the best results for half-tones, pictures on this paper will be preferred.
Resources Publishing Co., Ltd.
Beaver Hall Hill, MONTREAL, CANADA
A typical French Canadian village in the Valley of »the 'St. Lawrence Ste. Genevieve^de Batiscan.
A July morning on the St. Clair River which forms part of the southwestern boundary of Ontario.
Vol. VI.
NBW
SERIES
No. 7
Montreal, July, 1908
PRICE, TEN CENTS ONE DOU,AR A YEAR
THE STORY OF THE MONTH
A SUMMARY OF CANADIAN AFFAIRS
AT HOME
•pvURING the early part of the month compara- *-" lively little progress was made with the busi- ness before Parliament owing to a deadlock having arisen over certain clauses in the bill to amend the Election Act respecting the compiling of voters' lists in Manitoba and British Columbia. The voting of supplies was delayed until an understanding had been reached with respect to the contentious clauses of the measure. An announcement of impoitance to the lead industry was made by the Minister of Finance, who stated that the bounty would be re- newed for five years but not more than half a mil- lion dollars is to be so paid in any one year. The Minister of Militia announced that 12,000 of the Active Militia would be sent to Quebec to take part in the tercentenary celebration of the found- ing of the city by Champlain. The cost would be f 180,000. It is expected that in selecting the men full justice will be done the rnral corps. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company was given power to pledge its bonds when, owing to the condition of the market, it is inadvisable to sell them. The bill was also passed enabling banks to increase their circulation to the extent of fifteen per cent in the autumn when capital is required for the moving of the harvest. A number of important bills are still on the order paper, but possibly several will be dropped so as to enable Parliament to prorogue about the middle of July.
'npHK elections of members of the Houses of -*- Assembly of Ontario and Quebec, held on June 8th, resulted, as was generally expected, in the governments of both Provinces being sustained, the results indicating that the electors are well
satisfied with the men administering their provin- cial affairs, The Whitney government in Ontario, which took office in 1905 with a majority of 42,
The Monument recently unveiled at Quebec to Bishop Laval, who came to Canada in 1669.
carried 87 out of the 106 constituencies ; 18 Liber- als were elected and one Labor representative In Quebec the Liberals, who have held office since 1897, were continued in power under the leadership of Mr. Gouin, whose supporters were returned in
57 of the 74 constituencies. Every member of the Government was re-elected, although the Premier, who ran in two constituencies, was defeated in a Montreal division by Mr. Henri Bourassa, who, a few months ago, resigned from the House of Com- mons, where he had sat since 1896 as a supporter of the Laurier Government, in order to enter pro- vincial politics as an opponent of the Gouin gov- ernment. Mr. Bourassa was also elected in St. Hyacinthe. The new Legislatures will not meet until the early winter.
HpHE report of the Canadian section of the Inter- national Waterways Commission was pre- sented to Parliament. In dealing with the distri- bution of power from Niagara Falls the commis- sioners recommend that the three Canadian com- panies should be required to distribute half of the operative power in Canada. The report says if the level of the Great Lake system is to be maintained the preservation of the same must necessarily de- pend upon the joint action of the two governments as the withdrawal of water from Lake Michigan in the United States, Georgian Bay in Canada, or elsewhere in either country, must necessarily be injurious to the whole system. Vast interests are involved. The amount by which the mean level will be lowered by the discharge of 10,000 cubic feet now authorized through the Chicago canal is estimated at about six inches in Lakes Huron and Michigan, about fiveinchesin Lake Erieand about four inches in Lake Ontario. Any further diver- sion would mean the necessary expenditure of a very large amount of money to restore depths in harbors and to maintain a uniform draught of four- teen feet in our canal system.
Earl and Countess Grey leaving the grounds of the Montreal Jockey Club at the close of the first day of the June meet.
8
Canadian Life and Resources
T
HE city of Three Rivers, Que., situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence River at the mouth of the St. Maurice River, 98 miles below Montreal, suffered a very heavy loss by fire on June 22nd. The central and principal portion of the city was destroyed, about one thousand per- sons were rendered homeless and property to the value of two million dollars was destroyed, not more than a third of which was covered by insur- ance. The fire originated in a wooden shed and
The late Dr. Louis Frechette The Poet Laureate of Canada
fanned by a strong wind it soon spread and was not extinguished until most of the places of busi- ness and the best residences were consumed. The fire brigades from the neighboring towns and from Montreal sent assistance, and most valuable service was rendered by the men of theSsth Regiment and the Argenteuil Rangers, who had gone into camp nearby for their annual drill. Among the build- ings in the burnt district that escaped were the Ursuline Convent and the Anglican Church, which is the oldest in Canada. Three Rivers has a popu- lation of 12,000 and is a place of considerable com- mercial importance. To the north is a large tributary district rich in timber and minerals, and a few miles from the city are flourishing iron works. It has an excellent harbor, which can receive the largest steamships coming to the St. Lawrence. The city was found- ed in 1634 under the direction of Champlain, the year before he died.
["IS Excellency Earl Grey spent the early part of June in Montreal .taking part in the social life of the commercial metropolis and holding a number of social and public functions. During his visit he attended the spring meet- ing of the Montreal Jockey Club at Blue Bonnets, situated about four miles to the west of the city. TOURING the month the Toronto- Sudbury branch of the Cana- dian Pacific Railway was opened for traffic. This branch gives Southwestern Ontario direct con- nection with the transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Rail- way and effects a great saving in time and distance. The commer- cial and industrial interests of On- tario took advantage of the occa- sion to pay a tribute to Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Com- pany, in the form of a banquet held
in Toronto on June isth. Speaking of the prospects of this year's crop in the West, Sir Thomas, in the course of his speech, said : " Given reasonable weather — and it looks as though we were going to have it — the crop of the Canadian West this year should produce at least 100,000,000 bushels of wheat. And this with the proceeds of their cattle, dairy industry and other produce can give you some estimate of the enormous purchasing power west oftLake Superior. And you people in Toronto will profit by every additional dollar of purchasing power they possess, provided that we Canadians are true to ourselves and realize that we must do whatever is in our power to strengthen the ties be- tween that country and Eastern Canada, so as to make the Canadian West an essential portion of the Dominion."
^THVO notable Canadians passed away during the ^- month. One was Dr. Louis Frechette, the first Canadian laureate, whose fine and high spirit, whose ardent love of liberty and Canada, and whose delicately true art have left a lasting im- pression on the literature and life of his country. He was born at Levis, Que., in 1839, and died in Montreal on June ist. His first book was pub- lished when he was twenty-three. " Les Fleurs Boreales " was crowned by the French Academy in 1880. The poet Longfellow called him in his youth "the pathfinder of a new land of song."
The other great Canadian who passed away was Sir Robert G. Reid, one of the great builders of this generation. Born in Couper, Angus, Scotland, sixty-three years ago, he went as a young man to Australia and there built some public works and acquired the foundation of his knowledge of con- structing and contracting, which led to his great fortune. In 1873 he came to America and made his first hit in engineering work with his splendid bridge over the Niagara River. Then he bridged the Rio Grande and won international reputation. Bold, audacious and resourceful, he performed im- possible work with a certainty and ease that were at palling. He went into railway work and what- ever his hand touched blossomed into success. One of the most difficult sections of the Canadian Pacific Railway — that around Lake Superior— was con- structed by him. He built practically the entire land transportation system of Newfoundland, in- fusing new life into the trade of that colony. He died in Montreal on June 3rd.
Mr. Geo. Olds, for many years General Traffic
Manager of the Canadian Pacific Railway, died in Montreal on June 2oth. He was a native of Staple- ton, Eng.
ABROAD.
O PEAKING at a banquet of the Canada Club in ^ London on June 4th, with Lord Strathcona in the chair, the Earl of Crewe, the new Colonial Sec- retary, said " that although he was not, like his predecessor, Lord Elgin, born in Canada, he had
H1
King Edward and President Pallieres at the Franco-British Exhibition, the Duke of Argyll, formerly Governor-General of Canada, beside the carriage.
The late Sir Robert G. Reid One of the greatest builders of the Dominion.
a family connection with the Dominion, inasmuch as a member of his family, Sir Robert Mills, was Lieutenant-Governor of Lower Canada some years ago. As to the coming tercentenary celebrations at Quebec, he would only say that Canada was go- ing to celebrate her three hundredth birthday. That was a short period, perhaps, in the life of a great nation, but during that period Canada had gone through the stress and experience which went to make up the life of a great nation She had known racial conflicts and what it was to sink racial animosities in order to meet a common invader. Shehad turned a wilderness into a smiling land of industry and commerce, had devel- oped a great railway system, and now stood in the forefront of the civilization of the world. So far as he could see, it only remained for Canada to develop a literature and art worthy of all her other ac- tivities, in order that she might take a place side by side with the greatest nations of the world. He wished to speak of the chairman as a text of what a desirable thing it was that there should be a full and free interchange of ideas between this country and the great Do- minion. He looked upon Lord Strathcona as the most eminent living representative of the possi- bilities of such an exchange." TN its obituary notice of Sir Rob- •*• ert Gillespie Reid of Montreal, the Daily Telegraph, after giving a resume of his work in Newfound- land, said : "It would, we sus- pect, be impossible to find in the annals of British colonies, a paral- lel to the multiplicity of functions entrusted in that country toasingle individual, perhaps it would only be possible in a community which, all told, numbers less than a quar- ter of a million souls."
Canadian Life and Resources
OUR POINT OF VIEW
THE eyes of our people are at this moment directed towards that undulating space overlooking the mighty St. Law- rence, near that city set on a hill, where the greatest event in our history happened some century-and-a-half ago. For the moment the battlefield comes before the wheat field in our thoughts. The occasion of the celebration of the tercentenary of Champlain's founding of Quebec has been chosen happily as the opportunity to arouse public attention to the desirability of making the battlefield where Wolfe captured Quebec and Canada for the British, into a public park, where suitable memorials to the two great men and two great races who there contended for the possession of this great country may be erected. Not, it now seems assured, upon a gloomy gaol, but upon the figure of an angel of peace, will the eyes ot the future incoming emigrant host first rest. To Earl Grey, our worthy Governor-General, must be given much of the credit for this excellent scheme. If the idea was not his own, he has pushed it forward with all the zeal and energy which he throws into anything he undertakes.
WE hear the name of Wolfe and Montcalm upon every side these days, but as the Times has reminded us, to the great Pitt belongs as much as to any single man the honor of adding Canada to the British Empire. " Great as is our debt to V/olfe, J-aunders, Murray and Amherst for the conquest of Canada, it must not be forgotten that the man who alone planned it, who chose these men aud inspired them with his own high courage to the sense of England's glory, was the great minister who shattered his health in the stupendous task." William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, is, to our mind, the greatest, the most inspiring figure, in the role of British statesmen. It is not only that under his guidance so much of the world's surface was painted red. The British crown owes Canada and India to his brief five years' lease of power and the re-establishment of her power amongst the nations.
THESE material gains were immense, but did they con- tribute more to the future success and strength of the British Empire than the patriotic spirit which he in- fused into his fellow-countrymen and the standard of honesty in administration of public monies which he set so splendidly. The man was ablaze with love of Britain — with pride in her past, with confidence in her future. He was the first Imperialist of our nation. Are we not told that no man left his presence without inspiration? Are there any words spoken by man of our race more splendid than those of his to the Duke of Devonshire — " I am sure I can save England and nobody else can." Although we have none of these speeches preserved with which he so complete- ly dominated the House of Commons, yet the isolated fragments which have come down to us are more moving than the volumes of other men's orations. The physical conditions under which some of them were delivered show the indomitable spirit of the man. We read of him coming down to the House of Commons despite an attack of the gout and speaking for three and a-half hours, " alternately sitting and standing" through pain and finally being swathed in flannels and borne down lo the House of Lords to deliver his last protest against war with the Ameri- cans and suffering in the House the stroke which caused his death. What a change he made in affairs — from disaster upon disaster, all was success. ' ' We are forced to ask every morning, ' ' wrote Horace Walpole, " what victory there has been for fear of missing one." It was this man who saw the genius under Wolfe's ungainly exterior, advanced him above his superiors and put him in charge of the expedition to Quebec. They were fellow-spirits and nobly did the younger man repay the confi- dence placed in him. There ought to be a monument to William Pitt, also, upon the Plains of Abraham.
IT is one hundred and fifty years since Canada became part of the British Empire and we see her to-day grown great amongst the countries that encircle the Mother Country. Men and women of British stock, chiefly, have won much of our vast territory from the wilderness, and under British laws and with British traditions, and protected by British arms we have grown to manhood. Let not the coming of man's strength lead us as a nation into the follies and presumptions which sometimes mark the coming of age of human beings. We hear sometimes around us talk about Canada becoming an independent nation and severing herself from the Empire. An undue prominence was obtained the other day in New York rather through the rudeness of the speaker than the power of his argument for such sentiments. To the practical statesmen amongst us no less than to the student of history such an idea seems folly. Within the British Empire there is room and room enough for all our de- velopment. What advantages of independence are there which we do not now enjoy ? We make and administer our own laws, we set our own taxes and spend the proceeds. By the latest de- velopments we are to be consulted by Great Britain regarding all foreign matters touching ourselves. And with these advantages we have the inestimable gain of being part of the greatest Em- pire in the world — enjoying the prestige and protection of its power. What figure should we — a people of six millions of people — cut in the world to-day comparable with that which we have to-day as part of an Imperial people numbering four hun- dred millions ? And to our mind our diplomatic and com- mercial advantages resulting from inclusion in the British Em- pire are not more potent than the benefits we enjoy and have en- joyed from the transmission to us through the Vice- Regal Court and through the Privy Council the traditions and the principles of British loyalty and British justice.
LOOK across our borders and see how far have our southern neighbors travelled down the easy slope since they cut their limb from the parent body. Is there anyone with an impartial mind who would quote the United States to-day as a successful example of what is to be gained by a colony sever- ing itself from the Mother Country ? Great wealth they have — so had Sybaris — but what of their administration of justice, their standard of social morality — are these better than ours — as good as ours — or are they many degrees worse ? Had the United States continued under British rule their commercial develop- ment would almost certainly have been much slower, but we firmly believe that to-day they would have been a far sounder people than those who are now the amazement of the world for the extravagance of their rich, the corruption of their national and municipal administration, the failure of their judges to check and punish crime, the laxity of their marriage laws — as well as their unparalleled financial prosperity.
THE British character may not be to-day what it was in Pitt's time, but it is still, we believe, the best in the world. British justice is still more impartial than any other we know ; British ideals are still purer and nearer to Christ's teaching than any we see around. It is from these you cut yourself by independence, as well as from the protection of the " Dreadnaught's " guns. Those men who talk so glibly of independence have not read history intelligently, and seeing the woild they live in, they see not. Let us work with that growing army of men in all parts of the world who are earnestly striving to strengthen the British Empire by bringing its many and widely- scattered parts more closely together. The Empire needs us — Canada needs the Empire. United we stand; divided, who shall say what may befall us ?
10
Canadian Life and Resources
,1
A street scene in the quaint little village of Westerham, Kent, Eng., where Wolfe was born on January 2nd, 1727.
MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES WOLFE
THE BOYHOOD AND EARLY MILITARY EXPERIENCE OF THE VICTOR OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM WITH CHARACTERISTIC EXTRACTS FROM HIS CORRESPONDENCE
WOLFE, it may truly be said, belongs to that small circle is the fairest of all her possessions beyond the seas. That this
of the really great whose memory history will not generation appreciates the high qualities of the man and the im-
allow to die. His memory will certainly be cherished portance of his work is shown by the generous response to the
as long as the British people hold in remembrance the names of appeal for funds to make possible the preservation in the form
those who gave up their lives for the Empire. The fleeting of a national park of the field upon which Wolfe died victorious,
months of two summers measure the term of his connection with The two stirring scenes in Wolfe's career that were enacted
Canada, but they were summers crowd- ed with important events, culminating in a decisive action which changed the course of history and fixed the destiny of one-half of this con- tinent. Dying in the hour of victory his victory was the start- ing point of British- Canadian history. By that death on the Plains of Abraham on Sept. 1 3th, 1759, Britain lost an affec- tionate, loyal son and a brave, skilful sol- dier, but in the vic- tory purchased by his death she gained a country that to-day
The birthplace of Wolfe in Westerham, where he lived until he was eleven years of age.
on Canadian soil are familiar to every stu- dent of our history. The first was before the forts and batteries of L,ouisburg, Cape Breton, where, serv- ing under Amherst in 1758, Wolfe by his skill and spirit con- tributed so much to the success that ulti- mately crowned the campaign.
In the following summer he was given command of the force sent to capture Que- bec. It was a task worthy of a great sol- dier, and at times its seeming impossibili- ties almost caused the indomitable Wolfe to
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ii
despair of success. Handicapped by ill health and checked by several expensive reverses that would have daunted a less reso- lute man, he held on until by a stroke bold almost to rashness and which only genius would have dared and carried to success, he accomplished his purpose.
James Wolfe, the victor of the Plains of Abraham, first saw the light of day on January 2nd, 1727, in the little village of Westerham, Kent, Eng. His father was Colonel Edward Wolfe, who served under the great Marlborough in Queen Anne's wars. When the boy was eleven years of age the family removed to Greenwich, and there at school he met John Jarvis, who in after years served Britain on the sea as Wolfe did on land. The companions of school days met again before the walls of Quebec, and it is related that on the eve of the battle of the Plains of Abraham Wolfe entrusted to his old schoolmate the miniature of Miss Lowther, Wolfe's sweetheart, request- ing that it be returned to her should he fall in the battle of the following day. The trust was executed. Miss Lowther remained unmarried until 1765 when she became the wife of the sixth and last Duke of Bolton.
Wolfe was a delicate boy and throughout his whole brief career his health was never robust, but notwith- standing this serious drawback he de- termined to be like his father, a sol- dier. His ambition was realized early in life, for while spending the Christmas holidays of 1741 at his native village he received his first commission making him second lieutenant in his father's regiment. On the spot where he stood when he first received authority to act as a British officer, a memorial has been erected bearing among other inscriptions these lines : " Here first was Wolfe with martial ardour fired,
Here first with glory's brightest flame inspired ;
This spot so sacred will forever claim
A proud alliance with its hero's name."
The boy officer soon saw active service for war broke out with France and Wolfe joined the allied forces in Flanders. He took part in the battle of Dettingenin 1743, the last occasion on which a British sovereign com- manded on the field. While Britain's forces were engaged on the Continent, Prince Charlie, the Stuart Pretender, landed in 1745 in Scotland. His cause, so promising at first, was crushed on Culloden Moor. Wolfe, now a major, was present at the battle, serving un- der the Duke of Cumberland, whose cruelties earned him the name of "The Butcher." It is related that after the battle the Duke, taking offence at the look of defiance on the face of a wounded Highlander, order- ed Wolfe to have the man shot. " My commission," replied Wolfe, "is at your Highness's disposal, but I can never consent to become an executioner."
Back on the Continent Wolfe was soon again in the battle- field, receiving a severe wound at Laffeldt, but was publicly thanked by the comtnander-in-chief for his valor on the field. Then he went to Scotland on garrison duty, serving at Glasgow,
Maior-General James Wolfe, from the painting in the National Gallery, London, Eng.
Portrait of Wolfe from the painting by Highmore, in the possession of Scobell Armstrong. Esq.. Penzance, Eng.
Inverness and other places. Judging from some of his letters he did not like the work. Running through many of these letters is a line of thought which indicates the seriousness of his nature and his proneness to reflection. A letter written in January, 1752, contains the following : " The winter wears away, and so do our years, and so does life itself ; and it matters little where
a man passes his days and what station he fills, or whether he be great or considerable ; but it imports him something to look to his manner of life. This day am I five and twenty years of age, and all that itime is as nothing. When I am fifty (if so it happens) and look back, it will be the same ; and so on to the last hour. But it is worth a moment's consider- ation that one may be called away suddenly unguarded and unprepared ; and the oftener these thoughts are entertained, the less will be the fear and dread of death."
Seldom in his correspondence did Wolfe speak of himself, but the fol- lowing quotation is an exception and it throws much light on his character and the guiding principle of his life. "For my part," writes Wolfe, "while I am young and in health all the world is my garden and my dwelling ; and when I begin to decline, I hope my services by that time may fairly ask some little retreat, and a provision so moderate that I may possess it un- envied. I demand no more; but while I have vigor, if the country wants a man of good intentions, they'll find me ready— devoted, I may say, to their service."
The closing sentence of this quotation expresses with a sim- plicity and directness more eloquent than studied words, the dominant principle of Wolfe's life. It was not fame that he sought nor mercenary rewards but the good of his country. The
pleasures of life had little or no attrac- tions for him, but so long as life was given him his one desire was that he might devote it to the service of Brit- a<n. Length of days were not granted but his desire for service was. His life was short but his achievements so great that they entitle him to a place among the builders of the Empire.
Six years before he came to Can- ada Wolfe visited Paris, in order, he said, that he might increase his knowl- edge of the French language. In writing of a court function he attend- ed at Versailles, he says that he was the " cold spectator of what we com- monly call splendor and magnifi- cence." He was subsequently pre- sented to King Louis and was also re- ceived by la Marquise de Pompadour, whom he found very handsome. The visit extended over six months and then he returned to Scotland, where for a time he was again engagtd in garrison duty and in road building in the north.
Britain and France were again rapidly drifting towards a great conflict ; and although war was not formally declared until May, 1756, hostilities actually com- menced in the early spring of the preceding year. The British fleet under Admiral Boscawen captured two French ships off the coast of Cape Breton and the British under Braddock attacked
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Fort Duquesne in the Ohio valley and were repulsed with great loss. Pitt now returned to power and he determined to strike so vigorous a blow that Britain's ad- versary would be stripped of her colo- nies and her vessels swept from the sea.
The first blow ended in complete failure and it caused Wolfe to experi- ence the bitterness of defeat, although his part in the disaster was that of a subordinate. This was the expedition sent against Rochefort, a French naval arsenal on the Bay of Biscay. The expedition did not even seriously at- tack the place and returned without having accomplished anything. Had the advice Wolfe gave his commander been acted upon, it is quite likely that the affair would have had a different ending.
The whole affair was enquired into by a special commission and the commander was tried by court-martial and acquitted. "Wolfe's evidence was taken in both cases, and his re- plies, his wide military knowledge, his alertness of judgment, made a profound impression, and created the conviction that had he, young as he was, been in command, the King's instructions would have been carried out and France would have received a severe blow."
The campaign of 1757 in Ameri- ca had not ended favorably to British arms. At almost every point they had been checked if not defeated, but Pitt held to his
Here died Wolfe victorious." The monument marking the spot where Wolfe died on the Plains of Abraham, September 13th, 1759.
aggressive policy and before another year closed that policy be- gan to produce the results desired.
The early summer of 1758 saw Wolfe serving under Amherst before Louisbourg, and before midsummer had come the fortress had fallen. In November Wolfe was back in Eng- land.
Shortly after his return to Eng- land Wolfe wrote to Pitt, the letter being "the most important he ever penned, judging it by its results and not by its brevity." In that letter he stated that he was willing to serve again in America and particularly in the St. L,awrence River. " The favor I ask is only to be allowed a sufficient time to repair the injury done to my constitution by the long confinement at sea, that I may be the better able to go through the business of the next summer."
His wish was granted and in the following July he returned to Canada for the last campaign he was to fight and which in September resulted in the capture of Quebec. The story of that campaign is too well known to need repeating here. It is being com- memorated by the celebration held this month on the spot where the great drama was enacted, and by the preservation of the scene of Wolfe's victory and death by the Battlefields Movement, for whose success so much is due to His Excellency Earl Grey.
OUR FIRST PARLIAMENT
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF UPPER CANADA BY SIMCOE AND THE MEETING OF THE LEGISLATURE AT NIAGARA IN SEPTEMBER, 1792
MEASURED by the life of an individual one hundred and sixteen years are a long term ; measured bv the life of a nation they are not many, for national life is not the creature of years but of centuries. It is that number of years that separates the present from the birthday of parliamentary institutions in the two old Provinces of Central Canada. On the same day last month these same two Provinces elected the members of their Legislative Assemblies, and the coincidence seems natur- ally to recall the first occasion on which their electors went to the polls and chose their lawmakers.
During the first thirty years following the conquest Canada was ruled by Gov- ernors, assisted by appointed councillors, but in 1791 Brit- ish statesmen, desiring to en- large tho scope of the Cana- dian Government and to plant in the new country represen- tative institutions, divided
The old house, still standing on Queen street, Kingston, Ont., where Simcoe organized the'flrst Government of Upper Canada.
the colony into two Provinces — Upper and Lower Canada — giving to each a Legislature consisting of an appointed Council and an elective House of Assembly. The bill providing for the first Canadian constitution was introduced into the British House of Commons on February 7th, 1791, by William Pitt. During
the debate occurred the mem- orable quarrel between Burke and Fox, which forever wrecked their long friendship. The bill became law on March I4th, 1791, and on December 26th of the same year it went into operation. Lord Dorchester (Sir Guy Carleton ) , Governor- General of Canada, being at the time in England, the duty of car- rying out the act devolved upon Sir Alured Clarke, Lieu- tenant-Governor of Lower Canada, and Lieut. -Col. John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant- Governor of Upper Canada. The latter was the son of Captain Simcoe, commander of H.M.S. "Pembroke," kill-
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ed during Wolfe's operations before Quebec. The son had sat in the House of Commons, where he had obtained the notice of Pitt.
Early in May, 1792, Clarke put the new constitution in operation in Lower Canada, dividing the Province into twenty- one counties, the elections being held in June and in the early days of July.
It was July when Simcoe reached Kingston, and he at once set about organizing the Government of Upper Canada. His first duty was to complete his Legislative Council. Four of its members had already been appointed in England — Wm. Osgoode, Wru. Robertson, Peter Russell and Alexander Grant. Robertson, how- ever, did not come to Canada, resign- ing shortly after his appointment and in 1793 his place was filled by the appointment of /Eneas Shaw. The re- maining members who were appointed by Simcoe were John Munro of Ma- tilda, Richard Duncan of Rapid Plat, Richard Cartwright, Jr., of Kingston, Robert Hamilton of Niagara, and and James Baby of Detroit, for De- troit was then subject to the govern- ment of Canada and remained so un- til 1796. The commissions were read and the oaths administered in the little church opposite the market-place.
Osgoode, Russell, Baby and Grant were appointed executive coun- cillors, and the little Cabinet held meetings almost daily, one session having been held upon Sunday, so eager were they for the despatch of business. One of the Government's first important duties was to arrange the constitu- encies which were to return the sixteen members of the House of Assembly. On July i6th the proclamation was issued for holding the elections and the meeting of the Legislature, which was called to assemble at Niagara (Newark) on the ensuing i7th of September.
The elections were duly held, but one of the successful can- didates had to be rejected. He was Philip Dorland of Prince Edward and Adolphustown, who, as a Quaker, refused to take the oath of office. A new poll was ordered, the first bye- election in Canada.
On the day appointed Simcoe opened the first session of the first Parliament in old Canada, for the Legislature of Lower Canada did not meet until exactly three months later. Accord- ing to Duncan Campbell Scott, in his Life of Simcoe, this first
Jobn Graves Simcoe The first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada
session of the Upper Canadian Parliament met in Freemason's Hall, Newark. At mid-day the Lieutenant- Governor, accom- panied by a guard of honor from the 5th Regiment, proceeded to the hall and delivered the speech from the throne to the " Honorable gentlemen of the Legislative Council and gentlemen of the House of Assembly."
The scene, writes Mr. Scott, was a notable one. "The frame in which the moving picture was set was worthy of the
subject; the little niche cut in the forest at the edge of the river where the great lake swept away to the horizon, upon every side the untouch- ed forest, tracked with paths leading through the wilderness to waterways which lay like oceans impearled in a setting of emerald. . . . With as great circumstance as could be sum- moned, Simcoe had arranged the drama. It was a miniature of West- minster on the breast of the wilder- ness. ' '
At that time there was standing at Newark a group of four long, low buildings of wood, erected about 1788 and known as Navy Hall. Simcoe had one of these filled up as a resi- dence and another, the barracks of Butler's Rangers, was enlarged and converted into a House of Parliament. The first session of the Legislature was held in the Freemasons' Hall, but the other four sessions were held in the barracks which Simcoe referred to as "sheds." They were built of rough lumber and furnished with benches and tables made, no doubt, by the carpenters of the gar- rison. One of that group of buildings is still standing, but in a very dilapidated condition. The Niagara Historical Society in their effort to save this notable landmark in the history of Upptr Canada, have asked aid from the Federal Government, which, it is hoped, will be freely granted,
The Legislature was organized without delay. John Mac- donell of Glengarry was elected Speaker of the Assembly ; Chief- Justice Osgoode was appointed Speaker of the Council ; Captain John Law, a retired officer of the Queen's Rangers, was made Sergeant-at-Arms, while the Rev. Dr. Addison acted as chap- lain. That first session lasted until October isth, not quite a month, but eight important acts were passed — British law was set up and trial by jury established ; provision was made for the administration of justice and the toll for millers was fixed at one- twelfth, but the Council rejected the Assembly's bill to tax spirits.
The existing portion of Navy Hall. Niagara, more recently known as the Red Barracks.
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A view of Market and Queen's Squares, Charlottetown, P.B.I. The buildings from left to right are the Market, the Post
Office, the House of Parliament and the Law Courts.
44
THE GARDEN OF THE GULF
SOMETHING ABOUT THE FERTILE FARMS, THE COSY HOMES, THE PRODUCTIVE FISHERIES AND THE HOLIDAY ATTRACTIONS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, the smallest member of the Canadian Confederation, but in proportion to area and population by far the richest, has been well called " The Gardea of the Gulf." "Abaq licit," signifying the " Cradle-on- the- Wave' ' or ' 'Sleeping Beauty, ' ' was the name by which it was known to its aboriginal inhabitants, the Micmac Indians, while its first white settlers, the French and the Acadians, called it Isle St. Jean. The name by which it is known to-day was given it in honor of Edward, Duke of Kent, father of Her late Majesty Queen Victoria. The crescent- shaped island is 140 miles long, from two to thirty- four miles wide, with an area of about 2,184 square miles, or 1,397,991 acres. Its popu- lation, according to the latest cen- sus, numbers 103,259. It is deeply indented by arms of the sea, which almost cut it into three equal parts.
Although discovered by Jac- ques Carder on June 3Oth, 1534, the year before he sailed up the St. Lawrence, permanent settlement did not begin until 1719, when Count St. Pierre, to whom it had •been granted for fishing purposes, placed two hundred families on it. It became a British possession in 1758, after the fall of Louisburg, and was formally ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris of 1763.
The term " Million Acre Farm," so often applied to the Province, tells that agriculture is its leading industry. Eighty-six per cent of its area is devoted to Looking down
farming, and four-fifths of its population are farmers. The red soil, found in very few other places on the continent, and formed by the disintegration of the sandstone, is very fertile. Last year the value of its farm products and live stock was estimated at ten and one-half million dollars.
The fruit industry is, in many respects, in an experimental stage, but the soil is admirably adapted to horticulture. The Federal and the Provincial Governments are effectively promot- ing agriculture by grants to the annual exhibition, setd fairs
and encouragement to various other educative agencies. An im- portant step forward was the en- largement of the Prince of Wales College through the generous as- sistance of Sir William Macdonald, at a cost of $75,000, thus enabling nature studies and kindred subjects having a bearing upon agriculture to receive greater attention. Next year an experimental farm will be established by the Dominion Gov- ernment. The farms, averaging 100 acres each, yield well, total failure of crops being unknown. High prices have ruled recently and the farmers have accordingly grown in prosperity.
The taking of lobsters is the most important branch of the fish- eries. The "pack" this year will be about 45,000 cases, valued at $720,000, put up by 1 88 factories employing 2,000 boats, 5,000 fish- ermen and 3,000 girls. There is a country road. one hatchery at Charlottetown and
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another will bj built at Georgetown. Oysters are found at many points, the most extensive field being Malpeque Bay, which is practically a vast oyster bed of 16,000 acres, yielding the world- famed " Malpeques" which last year sold at $12 a barrel. The value of the oyster output last year was $90,000. Herring, cod, haddock, hake and pollock are taken in considerable quantities. In winter heavy shipments of smelts and eels are sent to the United States. There is a salmon and trout hatchery near Char- lottetown, and the streams are being continually stocked. Bait- freezers are located at several points and a codfish drier was erected a few years ago at Souris.
There are no mines of any consequence, but boring for coal will be carried on this summer. The value of the peat bogs on the island at $4 a ton is estimated at nine mil- lion dollars, but no adequate test has yet been made of this re- source.
The surface of the island is gently undulating, a few sec- tions being slightly hilly. No desolate spots meet the eye. When the Earl of Ab- erdeen first visited the island he said : "I can scarcely realize that I am not in Eng- land." Although the English hedge is wanting, with a few exceptions the country has the park-like appearance that makes Old England so beautiful.
The island is one of the most healthful of the Canadian Provinces, and the delightful summers make it a favorite resort for tourists from other parts of Canada and from the United States. The heat of summer is always tempered by the sea- breezes and although spring is somewhat backward, the glories of summer and autumn make ample compensation. The winters are comparatively mild.
No part of the island is far from the railway and the high- ways are excellent. In travelling by rail, horse or steamboat, the visitor is charmed by an ever- changing panorama of fertile fields, well-kept farm houses, lovely groves, rivers winding be- tween red banks, verdure-bordered brooks and here and there glimpses of the silver sea. On the north side of the island, where " the breakers on the beach are making moan," the best surf- bathing on the continent may be enjoyed. In some places are sandstone cliffs worn into fantastic shapes by the restless sea ; in other places mile after mile of smooth, sandy beach flanked at intervals by sand-dunes, forms a natural speedway.
Charlottetown, the capital and principal shipping port, is one of the healthiest towns in Canada. It has a most attractive
A typical Prince Edward Island scene of coast and farm lands.
public garden, the best market-house in the Maritime Provinces, up-to date stores, religious and educational institutions, well- equipped hospitals, excellent hotels, railway shops, several fac- tories, machine shops, pork-packing establishments, etc.
At Rocky Point, a twenty minutes' sail from the city, are the ruins of Fort La Joie, an interesting relic of French occupa- tion, and near by is an Indian encampment where the last of the Micmacs live in primitive fashion.
A place well worth visiting is Georgetown, the winter port from which two powerful ice-breaking steamers keep up commu- nication with the mainland dui ing the winter. It has the best harbor in the Province. There is also Souris, an ideal summer
resort, from which a magnificent view of the Gulf is obtained. At Fortune, in this locality, the best trout on the island are se- cured. On the north shore, which the ma- jority of visitors fre- quent, are Tracadie Beach, near where Alexander Macdon- ald, the oil magnate, has a summer home ; Stanhope, Brackley Beach and Malpeque. All the facilities for boating, still-water and surf-bathing, fish- ing, driving and deep- sea fishing are pro- vided. On the south shore Hampton is one of the most attrac- tive spots. The sportsman will find excellent trout-fishing in June, July and August, and good shooting of snipe and plover may be obtained during the summer season, although the spring and autumn are the sportsmen's favorite season, when wild gtese and brant are plentiful. The season for wild duck opens on August 25th.
The educational system of the Province is one of the best in the Dominion, the Government paying annually for the support of the schools about $125,000, which is about five-sixths of the total revenue, this being the largest contributed in proportion to the population by any government in Canada. The Macdonald Movement in this Province has resulted in the enlargement of the Prince of Wales College, the Macdonald Consolidated School at Hillsborough and the Macdonald rural schools at several points on the island. St. Dunstan's College, a large educational insti- tution, is conducted by the Roman Catholics.
The Island's export trade is carried on principally with Great Britain and the United States, and it amounts yearly to about $800,000. Charlottetown 's stores are equal to those of any city of its size in Canada, and Summerside contains the largest de- partmental store in the Maritime Provinces.
Red sandstone cliffs worn by the restless sea.
Lobster boats putting out of Charlottetown harbor.
i6
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Quebec three hundred years after Champlain landed. This view, from Laval University, shows the Terrace, the
Citadel and a portion of the Upper Town.
1608-QUEBEC-1908
THE CITY FOUNDED THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO BY THAT BRAVE SOLDIER
AND NOBLE PIONEER OF CIVILIZATION IN CANADA,
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
The Champlain Monument on Dufferin Terrace, Quebec,
N'
' OT only the eyes of all Canadians but of their cousins to the south and of their fellow- Britons across the sea are being directed this month to that city set on a rock, past whose base flows the mighty St. Lawrence, and whose foundations were laid three hundred years ago by Samuel de Champlain, that noble pioneer of civilization in this portion of North America. In the city that has grown from the little clus- ter of rough build- ings planted on the heights of Quebec three centuries ago, from which for a century and a- half the New France of
Champlain established had to be hewn out of the belt of woods which covered the strand between the water and the base of the cliff, and which to-day is occupied by the Lower Town of Que- bec. Within a few weeks a pile of rough building of squared logs rose on or near the site of the Lower Town market-place. " A strong wooden wall, surmounted by a gallery loop- holed for musketry, enclosed three buildings, containing quart- ers for Champlain and his men, together with a court-yard, from one side of which rose a tall dove-cot, like a belfry. A moat surrounded the whole, and two or three small cannon were planted on salient platforms toward the river. There was a large
the Bourbon kings was ruled, and which for an equal time has been one of the principal cities of Canada and historically by far its most interest- ing one, will be celebrated with great pomp the tercentenary of the work Champlain and his followers performed along the base of that frowning cliff beneath the blazing summer sun of 1608.
The site of that little nucleus of a city that
In
the heart of the business quarter of Upper Town, Quebec, where there are still many quaint, old buildings.
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magazine near at hand, and apart of the adjacent ground was laid out as a garden." This was the Quebec that Champlain founded.
But the tercentenary celebration commemorates more than that. It celebrates the dawning of a new day for the great North Land, the breaking in of light upon the gloom of savagery and superstition, the com- ing of the whiteman's civilization and of the Christian religion. Champlain's work that summer day is not only the starting point of Canadian his- tory, but it is one of the epoch- marking events in the history of the western world.
The man Cham- plain was worthy of the great work as- signed to him and of the high place given to his name in the annals of this coun- try. Parkman, that master of picturesque history, in one glow- ing paragraph, gives B^^^^H this appreciation of The Wolfe and Montcalm Monument
Champlain's work :
' ' Of the pioneers of the North American forests his name stands foremost on the list. It was he who struck the deepest and boldest strokes into the heart of their pristine barbarism. At Chantilly, at Fontainebleau, at Paris, in the cabinets of princes and of royalty itself, mingling with the proud vanities of the court ; then lost from sight in the depths of Canada, the companion of savages, sharer of their toils, privations and bat-
tles, more hardy, patient and bold than they — such for successive
years were the alternations of this man's life."
No other spot on this continent possesses more features of
historic interest or greater charms of natural beauty than does
the city Champlain founded. The situation is magnificent, com- bining nearly every feature essential to both beauty and gran- deur. There is the great river sweeping by on its way from the heart of the West to the sea; the em- battled cliff with its time and war-scarred face; the city with its spires and towers and buildings ancient and modern rising from the water's edge to the heights beyond; the terrace command- ing that matchless view of the harbor at one's feet; the heights of Levis across the river and of the river as it sweeps onward and divides around the Island of Orleans; and the stretch of country to the north and east dotted with
white farm- houses and the glittering spires of parish churches.
He who has gazed upon that varied scene will never forget Old
Quebec.
Every spot, almost every stone, recalls a past that fills many
glowing pages in the histories of two great nations, and in it all
there does not stand forth a nobler character, a braver, truer man
than the founder of Quebec, Samuel de Champlain.
in the Governor's Garden, Quebec.
The Parliament Buildings and Offices of the Government of the Province of Quebec.
i8
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OUR HISTORY IN STATUES AND
MONUMENTS
XIX.
THE statue of Queen Victoria on Parliament Hill, Ottawa, is not only a tribute to the memory of the noble woman who, during sixty-four years, wore the crown of the British Empire, but it also commemorates the consolidation of British North America and the dawning of a new day for the Canadian people. It was during Victoria's glorious reign that the British colonies on this continent arrived at the parting of the way, when they had to choose between continued isolation that would inevitably have led to separation from the Empire, and union that meant co-operation and national development be- neath the flag of Britain. It was well that their feet were guided into the latter path, and upon those guides Canadians have be- stowed the honorable and almost reverential title of " Fathers of Confederation."
When Queen Victoria ascended the throne a dark cloud of discontent and insurrection hung over her Canadian sub- jects. Peace was restored and with peace came political changes, the ultimate effect of which was the full measure of self-government enjoyed to-day, and the harmony and content that prevails in every section of the country and among every class of its loyal population. Thirty years be- fore Queen Victoria passed away her North American subjects had joined hands in one confederation, and shoul- der to shoulder were develop- ing the great heritage Provi- dence has committed to their keeping.
The political history of Canada during Victoria's reign is divided into three periods, each marked by a separate and very different constitution. In 1837 the Con- stitutional Act of 1791 was still in force, dividing Canada into two Provinces, each hav- ing its own executive and legislature. That constitution came to an end in 1841 when the Provinces were united un- der one government and one
legislature, but the Provinces "down by the sea " were separate colonies, having very little in common among themselves and practically nothing in common with the two Inland Provinces to the west.
The union of the Canadian Provinces was at the best a make- shift. It soon proved inadequate and finally it completely broke down. A better arrangement had to be made, and fortunately for Canada, fortunately for British institutions on this continent, there were then in public life both in Canada and in the other British possessions men with sufficient breadth of view and statesman-like foresight to grasp the possibilities of the occasion, meet the difficulties of the hour and make provision for the future. Out of their deliberations grew the scheme of confeder- ation and by their untiring efforts the scheme was carried to suc-
The statue of Queen Victoria on Parliament Hill, Ottawa.
cess. The isolated and almost rival colonies whose future seemed so uncertain when Queen Victoria was crowned, thirty years later were bound together by a common British allegiance and a com- mon Canadian citizenship into one Dominion.
No other country during Victoria's reign made so large an acquisition of territory as did the Dominion of Canada, and per- haps not in modern times has there been an acquisition of terri- tory so valuable. The four Provinces that composed confeder- ation at its formation have an area of not quite seven hundred thousand square miles, which was subsequently increased to a little more than one million square miles by the entrance of Brit- ish Columbia and Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Be- tween Ontario and British Columbia lay the Great West, over which the Hudson's Bay Company exercised almost sovereign powers, and containing an area almost twice as great as that of
all the other portions of the Dominion combined. By peaceful means Canada ac- quired that vast region and out of a portion of it have been carved the three prairie Prov- inces with an area of almost six hundred thousand square miles and a population a little less than one million souls. This annexation carried Can- ada across the continent ; it made the two oceans her east- ern and western boundaries and it gave her the greatest food-producing area in the world.
When the reign began Upper and Lower Canada had a population of 800,000 ; when these Provinces were united in 1841 they had a population of 1,145,000 ; the population of the Confedera- tion formed in 1867 was 3,- 500,000 ; when Queen Vic- toria died in 1901 Canada's population was 5,371,000, and to-day it exceeds six and a- half millions.
In 1837 Canada's mag- nificent system of canals was but in its infancy. The first vessel passed through the La- chine canal in 1825 and the first Welland canal was opened in 1829. The St. Lawrence canal system was opened in 1848, but since Confederation and especially during the past fifteen years it has been greatly enlarged and improved, so that to-day, in conjunction with the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, it is the principal water route from the centre of the continent to the Atlantic seaboard. Four years before Queen Victoria came to the throne the first ship — the " Royal William" — to cross the Atlantic propelled wholly by steam was built at Quebec, and made the voyage from Pictou, N.S., to Gravesend, Eng. To-day Canada has a trans-Atlantic service equal to the best, and owing to the geographical advantages of the Canadian route and judging from the improvements of the past few years it promises soon to excel all rivals. On the Pacific another service connects
Canadian Life and Resources
Canada's western ports with the commercial centres of the Orient, and that service is on the eve of great expansion.
The first railway in Canada — from Laprairie, opposite Mont- real, to St. Johns on the Richelieu River, a distance of sixteen miles — was opened the year before Queen Victoria came to the throne, and for ten years it was the only railway in the country. The first railway in Ontario — from Toronto to Bradford — com- menced in 1850, was opened in 1853. The Grand Trunk System, whose lines cover Central Canada like a net- work, was commenced in 1852. When Confederation came there were 2,278 miles of railway in the Dominion ; when Queen Victoria's reign closed there were 18,140 miles of railways in operation, the most marked additions having been made by the building of the Intercolonial Railway from Halifax to Quebec in 1876, the completion of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway to Vancouver in 1885, and the extension of the Canadian Northern System. To-day
Canada has 22,452 miles of railway in operation (not including over five thousand miles of sidings) ; and this mileage — the largest in the world in proportion to population — is daily being added to by the construction of the National Transcontinental Railway and the extension of other lines throughout the West.
Canadian trade has kept pace with the growth of transpor- tation facilities. In 1837 Canada had practically no external trade. At Confederation it amounted annually to a little more than $100,000,000. By the end of the Victorian period it had risen to $387,000,000 ; last year it amounted to $636,000,000.
The statue of Queen Victoria on Parliament Hill, Ottawa, stands as a landmark in our history. It is not only a tribute to a sovereign whose name will ever be held in affectionate remem- brance by Britons the world over, but it commemorates the suc- cess of the Canadian people in working out their destiny and in building up their great country.
NOTES OF THE EMPIRE
" Canada and the Empire is our politics."
THE new festival of Empire Day was observed this year in Great Britain on a greater scale and with more enthusi- asm than ever before. First celebrated in Canada — where the Imperial spirit is keener than anywhere else — the feel- ing that the strong affection existing between Great Britain and her offspring across the sea ought to have formal recognition, has grown rapidly in the Mother Country and the valuable lessons of p itriotism which may be inculcated on such an occasion are now fully appreciated by many of the local authorities who are respon- sible for the education of those whose duty it will be to uphold the honor of the Empire in the next generation.
As the leading local education authority of the kingdom, the London County Coun- cil, has taken abroad view of its duties in this matter and all the public elementary schools in London, provided or non- pro- vided, observed in some form or another the advent of Empire Day. The details of the programme were left to the discretion of the various head teachers, but the County Council gave a general "lead," and one of its propo- sals— one which may be expected to im- press the event on the youthful mind as per- haps few things else would do — was the granting of a half -holiday to the children on this day.
And it is not only as a holiday that Empire Day is in future to be recognized. The object the Council had in view, in the words of its own resolution, is " the awakening in the minds of the children attending the schools of a true sense of the respon- sibilities attaching to their inheritance as children of the Empire, and the close family tie which exists amongst all British sub- jects." To achieve this a circular letter was sent round to the teachers suggesting that throughout Empire week the class les- sons in reading, history aud geography should give special atten- tion to the growth and character of the British Dominions, and emphasis was laid on the advantages of avoiding ' ' a mere spec-
King Ed-ward and his Empire-Builders. From a composite photograph showing the head of the Empire and some of its leading statesmen, soldiers and sailors. Since the photograph was taken Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman has died and Mr. Asquith has become Premier.
tacular display, accompanied by artificial sentiment or extrava- gance of pride of possession." The Council advised that "the treatment of the subject should impress upon young minds how a correct view of the present and a wise forecast of the future de- pend on a thoughtful reading of the history of the past," and that " it ought to exhibit the general tendency of English affaiis in such a way as to set us thinking about the future and divining the destiny which is reserved for us." A history of the Union Jack was also circulated amongst the teachers with a view to the enlightenment of the pupils.
The number of schools that participated in the event in London alone was nearly a thoucand, while the children aggre- gated something like three-quarters o f a million.
In addition to the National Anthem, "Rule Britannia" and Mr. Kipling's "Re- cessional" which were sung at most schools, there was this year a new patriotic song heard, written by the Countess of Jersey specially for Empire Day. Its character may be judged from the opening verse :
Sing us a song of Em- pire ! First, let us praise the
home Stirred by the northern
breezes,
Ringed by the tossing foam ;
Here is the joy of living,
Here are the mine and mart, Forest and furrow giving
Strength to a Nation's heart, And sons and daughters waiting
The call to play their part.
The tune of the hymn, " O day of joy and gladness," suits it well. Lord Meath's committee also adopted two or three other excellent songs.
Among some of the celebrations may be mentioned rather an original scheme in that of the Gloucester-road Schools, Peck- ham, London. Last year the headmaster organized an exhibi- tion of products of the United Kingdom and the Colonies, and every boy had special instruction on the subject. This year,
20
Canadian Life and Resources
thanks to ready collaboration on the part of the Agents- General and others, the headmaster was able to make an exceedingly comprehensive display illustrating the chief industries of Austra- lia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, India and the West Indies, as well as many home products. The school is the largest on the south side of the river and on Empire Day mustered some 2,000 boys, girls and infants for special exercises and salute of the Flag, with parents and invited guests.
" It was my fortune," writes our London representative, "to spend Empire Day in Hove, the beautiful suburb of Bright- on, on the south coast of England, and I have never seen so much enthusiasm on any British holiday. The town was alive with flags, every house and shop had one or more Union Jacks hung
out and every child had a red, white and blue favor or flag in its hand. The Mayor and Town Council, with all the aldermen and councillors, with contingents of soldiers, sailors, firemen and policemen and some two thousand school children walked through the town to the public park, where there was a review and athletic sports. The whole day was an immense success. The idea of Empire Day seems to have been enthusiastically taken up by about everyone in Great Britain.
The Earl of Meath, who has been foremost in organizing this Empire Day celebration, received during the day telegrams expressiveof colonial loyalty from the Prime Ministers of Canada, New South Wales, Queensland, New Zealand, Ceylon and Natal.
Killarney Lake, Manitoba.
NOTES OF THE WEST
ATR. A C. FLUMMERFELT, in a recent talk on •^-^ the resources of British Columbia before the Canadian Club at Vancouver, had the following to say regarding its fruit growing possibilities:
"This Province is now very aptly called 'The Orchard of the Empire." It is fair to assume the prairie demand for fruit will continue to increase, and the Province should be ready to supply the de- mand. During the season a carload of strawberries is consumed every day in the city of Winnipeg. Each day six carloads of green vegetables are con- sumed in the same city. Transportation facilities are better and refrigerator charges less from British Columbia than from where these are being obtain- ed. One firm is ready to contract for all the apples that are known as 'Wealthy' that can be produced in this province. If this is the measure of one city, what of Edmonton, Brandon, Calgary, and many others? To the east of British Columbia lies prac- tically the greatest cereal and cattle country in the world awaiting only population to exploit. Immi- gration is coining in every day; and yet only about ten percent is under cultivation.
"It is said the productions of our greenhouses are equal to the productions of California; and if the export trade of our interior cities were prosecuted we should realise $103,000 to $200,000 per annum from cut flowers. It is not only in fruit that the small investor has a chance of making a living. Sheep, poultry, etc., can be marketed to the limit of our production; and it must be remembered that every producer becomes a consumer. This con-
dition will prevent British Columbia ever catching up with the demand. Perhaps no other country was ever in such a position.
"There are from three to three and a half mil- lion fruit trees now growing within the confines of British Columbia, covering something over 100,000 acres. There are 18,000 acres of fruit now in the Vernon district; and when these trees are in full bearing they will produce a carload of fruit per acre. What can be said of 100,000 acres in full bearing? Within ten years British Columbia will be the grea- test fruit growing Province in the Dominion and will become a great factor in growing small fruits. This production will be practically perpetual, and the estimate of the net yield will be not less than Jioo to $300 per acre. Sixty-eight tons of roots have been produced to the measured acre at Chilli- wack. Twenty acres produced 403 tons of potatoes, worth $14 per ton, at Kelowna. If the arable land in the valleys of this Province were laid out in ten and twenty-acres lots, how many people could it accommodate?"
>TpHE Omaha (Neb.) Bee in a recent issue publish- -*- ed an interesting article on the development of Western Canada and the part played therein by Americans. The article is suggestive showing the in- terest taken in the Canadian West by our neighbors to the south : "In keeping with their reputation for a determined and untiring search after oppor- tunity and material advantage," says the Omaha newspaper, "Americans pushed northward and
came to the Chicago of Canada— Winnipeg. There they saw a city which was solving the same pro- blems as their own city of Chicago in its early days solved. But there they did not stop. They pushed westward and there saw the great factor which would eventually make the twentieth century the 'Century of Canada.' They saw a beautiful prairie country stretching for 900 miles, from Winnipeg to the mountains, and 400 miles in width. They saw a country of marvellous possibilities — of unli- mited resources. They saw a country which would experience the same strenuous growth as their own western states — that there would be repeated the same history, only to a greater extent. They took advantage of the opportunities they saw. Americans see to-day that the great West, with Manitoba on the east, Alberta on the west and, richest of all, Saskatchewan the centre, is repeating, faster and broader, the history of their own West. Shrewd- ness and insight of American business men see in the heart of the greatest wheat-producing area in the world the city which is feeling daily the heart- throbs of the ever growing commercial activity of western Canada, a city which will eclipse the rapid growth of Omaha — Regina — aril as an evidence of their belief in its possibilities the American inves- tors in the West have named it the Omaha of Canada."
A NGUS BRABANT, former inspector for the •^- Hudson's Bay Company in the district of Athabasca, has been appointed chief officer in charge of the Mackenzie River district north of
Canadian Life and Resources
21
Edmonton. He is now one of the seven chief fac- tors of the company. Mr. Brabant has been in the service of the company for nearly a quarter of a cen- tury in Manitoba and north of Edmonton. For the past three years he has been in the district offi- ces in Edmonton.
•pIFTEEN thousand apple trees were recently in " blossom in Red Deer, Alta., in an orchard owned by Mr. Sharpe, a fruit grower from the East. As the trees are comparatively young, however, it is not probable that they will bear much of a crop this year. Mr. Sharpe has for the past two years been engaged in an effort to produce a variety of apple that will weather successfully the climate of Alberta, and he has almost succeeded in his enter- prise. His big orchard is planted with trees of the "Wealthy" variety, and Mr. Sharpe is confident that this variety will grow successfully in Red Deer. The trees have survived the winter well. Provin- cial Officer Rudd who visited the orchard recently, said it was a revelation to him to see the trees in blossom. He says that Mr. Sharpe has refused to sell any of his trees until he has perfected the growth of the apple in this climate.
>npHF, FORESTRY at Indian Head, Sask., says •^ the Manitoba Free Press, under the capable management of Norman M. Ross, assistant superintendent of forestry, is yearly extending in its sphere of usefulness and is becoming an im- portant factor in the country's pro- gression and settlement.
It is established on elevated ground some distance from the town, and Iboasts of a number of substantial buildings in brick. Pansies, crocuses, and other spring flowers in neat plots, ornament ei- ther side of the main drive, and to the rear arboricultural plantations stretch out far and wide, in lines of seedlings and saplings.
Almost the entire southern and more settled portion of Saskatche- wan is treeless, and the desirability of timbering this vast area of bare prairie is unquestioned. Four years ago the Federal Government took action in this direction when they established the forestry at In- dian Head. Settlers and particu- larly immigrants from the timber- ed countries of Northern and West- ern Europe need no convincing as to the usefulness of timber, not merely as fuel but because it pre- serves and retains the moisture in the soil by breaking the force of the hot winds in sutntm r, thus re- tarding evaporation.
Since the formation of the forestry
five per cent of the trees sent out having grown. There were 68,000 Scotch pines of two varieties rais- ed from seed at Indian Head within the last couple of years. Both kinds have made excellent growth. Several varieties of shrubs are also grown, although particular attention is directed to the cul- tivation of trees. A new line of work has been en- tered on at the forestry this year. The sunflower has received considerable attention of late and as this plant makes an excellent fuel it is thought if it were more widely grown it might be the means of averting a fuel famine such as existed a couple of years ago. Inspections have recenly been carried out in the district between Pense and Moose Jaw, North Portal, Saskatoon and Gainsboro, Moose Jaw and Medecine Hat, Lethbridge, Macleod and Cal- gary, with the view to planting the sunflower. The plant is of rapid growth and has a stalk from 2l/i to 3 inches in circumference. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company have a sunflower planta- tion of forty acres north of Maple Creek station, and have made arrangements for the planting of another large track between Mocse Jaw and the city of Calgary.
Indian Head is expected to be made the head- quarters for the Province this year and all applica- tions for trees will be directly dealt with from there. At present applications together with maps
shores of Lake Laronge. The find was made by W. H. Hastings, a prospector from Kenora, who is working for a syndicate composed of three local men, and two Winnipeg lawyers. The lead is four hundred yards wide, and so far as exploited runs back three miles. The lead is between two granite walls, and the ore taken from a depth of fifteen feet is much richer than the surface ore analysed last fall at Kingston, Ont., which showed forty pounds of copper to the ton. Just how far back the lead runs is not known. The deposit is on the southern fringe on the rocky nortbland. Just across Lake Larongeis the huge coal deposit owned by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company.
'HPHE way that farmers throughout the West have -1- met their obligations just after a poor harvest has shown clearly that during the past few years an accumulation of wealth has taken place in the agricultural districts. Farmers of ten years ago who struggled for an existence are now well off and carry a good margin of cash to their credit in the banks and at the same time they have invest- ments which pay them handsomely. This is not altogether the result of a rise in value of farm lands or because of their frugal living and shrewd trading. Their wealth has been produced from their farms by hard work no doubt, but neverthe- less the land is responsive to the diligent hand of the husbandman- Along some of the older branch railways there are many districts where the settlers are well off, and it is quite a mistake to assume that there are no deposits in the many branch banks.
A
the demand
for young trees has been quite numerous, anc1 this year the government has thought well to appoint a permanent staff of inspectors whose principal duty will be to inspect the lands in respect of which ap- plication for trees has been made, map out the ground to be planted, instruct the owner how to prepare the land and to give all practical informa- tion as to the i best method of propagating, plant- ing and managing hardy trees foi shelter belts, windbreaks and plantations.
The extent of the work carried on by this inde- fatigable order of foresters may be judged from the plain statistics. Last year there were distributed from this centre no less than two millions of ash, elm, maple and cottomvood. Much of this went to form the nucleus of farmers' woodlots. In each instance, the officials hold, three to five acres should be devoted to the raising of trees for fuel, wind- breaks and guards, and the general beautifying of the farm. The beginner will do well to start with maple and poplar, not only on account of their hardiness, but for their rapidity of growth. Prai- rie planting done through this branch has on the whole met with very encouraging success, eighty-
Branch of the Merchants .Bank of Canada in Brandon, Man.
getting
of the ground to be laid out have to go through the department at Ottawa. This change will un- doubtedly facilitate the work and the output should increase in consequence. Farmers' applications — for towns are not supplied — must be sent in before March ist, and if they consent to do as the depart- ment advise, a free grant is made in the following year, and the trees delivered to the nearest station without charge to the recipient. The regulations demand attention to the trees for three or four years, and require the owner to plant them with his own labor. This scheme has been widely taken advantage of, the number of farmers complying with its conditions being about two thousand. The grant of saplings vary as a rule from ten to twenty thousand per applicant. Evergreens, though extensively planted in the grounds, do not enter into this arrangement, the foresters not having seen fit to export any kinds except those named, but it is certain that other hardy varieties can be made use of.
PROPOSITION has been sub- mitted to Kenora in Western Ontario by a number of capitalists for the establishment of an immense pulp and paper industry there pro- vided certain encouragement is giv- en by the town in the shape of ex- emption from taxation for a period of ten years and a fixed assessment of {3,000 for a further period of 15 years. The company proposes to acquire the water power and lands of the Keewatin Power Co., to erect an immense paper and pulp mill with a capacity of 300 tons per day. The plant will cost in the neigh- borhood of {3,800,000 and opera- tions will commence on or about the ist of October next. About fr,ooo,ooo is to be expended the first year. When in operation this immense industry will employ from 750 to 900 skilled workmen, 300 to 400 laborers. In addition from 3,000 to 4,000 men will be employed out pulp wood.
>~pHEREis great excitement at Prince Albert,
Sask., over the discovery of a huge copper
deposit two hundred and twenty miles north on the
TTTHY the prairies should betreelesi is a subject ' * on which pages have been printed and in- numerable theories advanced, but until recently it was generally assumed that whatever the reason there was no gainsaying the fact \hat trees would not grow naturally on the prairies of the West.
Mr. Arch. Mitchell of the Western Horticultural Society recently went into this subject in detail, and showed that during the last decade there had been complete change in the popular conception of southern Alberta in relation to tree-growing. The effect of the warm chinook winds on growing trees has been misunderstood. It was supposed that these warm winds stalled the sap running, and as they were often followed by very low tem- perature, the frost was supposed to destroy the young trees. Mr. Mitchell has shown clearly that the injurious effect of the chinooks is due to the drying out of both soil and trees. The winter of 1905-6 was the worst on record for trees in southern Alberta, but according to Mr. Mitchell the reason of this was that "trees were simply dried out, but where mulchts were applied in time or plantations were large enough, that is, wide enoughto protect themselves,there was no more damage than usual."
22
Canadian Life and Resources
BILIOUSNESS
Means Liver Trouble.
When the liver gets too full of blood it can- not secrete enough bile to digest fatty foods and move the bowels. These two duties can be performed only by the liver. When the liver is " torpid " there are headache0, upset stomach, loss of appetite — in short lack of bile or biliousness.
or Fruit Liver Tablets
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Canada's Representative at The Hague
/CANADIANS must feel that the Im- V / perial Government have given con- spicuous evidence of their desire to safe- guard the interests of Canada and have at the same time paid a signal honor to the Dominion by appointing Sir Charles Fitz- patrick, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, one of the four representa- tives of Great Britain on the permanent court of international arbitration a' the
Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, K.C.M.G.
The Canadian representative on the Hague
Peace Tribunal.
Hague, this being the first British colonial appointment to the peace tribunal.
This appointment is not only an honor to Sir Charles Fitzpitrick and his fellow- Cinadians, but it will also have the effect of strengthening and broadening The Hague Tribunal, whose mi>sion is one re- quiting not only men of sound learning and absolute fairness of miud, but men who have had expeiience with respect to the difficulties of public affairs.
The high position Sir Charles has at- tained shows that he is a man of character and ability, and that position has been won only after long years of public service in a variety of fields. He is a native of the ancient city of Quebec, where he was born on Dectmber igth, 1853. Twenty-three years later he was a member of the bar of Quebec, and he had not been long in prac- tice before men who had their eyes upon him predicted that the young lawyer would travel far. Possibly he has exceeded their expectations. As a lawyer he took a lead- ing part in many historical litigations. He was chief counsel for I^ouis Riel, tried for high treason and murder at Regina during thesummer of 1885, and he defended the late Hon. Honore Mercier in his trial at Quebec. He represented the Federal Gov- ernment before the Judicial Committee of the Imperial Privy Council in the case in- volving the jurisdiction of the Federal and the Provincial authorities over the beds of rivers and harbors and the fisheries of the Dominion, and he also vi-ited England in 1898 as the Canadian representative in the proposed arbitration between the Govern- ments of Great Britain and Russia with reference to compensation for the seizure of Canadian sealing schooners.
As a parliamentarian Sir Charles' career
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Canadian Life and Resources
commenced in the Legislative Assembly of his native Province, to which he was first elected for Quebec county in 1890, holding the seat for six years, when he resigned and was returned for the same constitu- ency to the House of Commons. When the L,aurier government was sworn in on July 1 3th, 1896, he took office as Solicitor- Gen- eral, becoming Minister of Justice in 1902. Four years later he resigned from the Cabi- net and from the House, and was appoint- ed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
The Day's End
The day is slowly fading to its close, A brooding haze is lingering in the air,
The skies are grey with clouds in dull repose, The solemn hour extends an evening prayer.
But now the hiding sun bursts through the fold !
And crimson smoke pours from the silvered rift, And fluid streams of amber flow, and gold,
And incense-bearing ships float out adrift.
O see ! from eagle heights, the cloud-spun world !
The burnished hills that wind afar, serene, The dreamy lakes and isles, in wreaths unfurled.
The purple steeps round seas incarnadine.
The embers die ! The Earth wheels into night !
Tired Day to jeweled Queen restores his throne, Weird shadows creep from caves with darkening
blight— The World's at rest in God — and not alone !
— Ranald MacEachainn.
Ignorance The Enemy
At the Royal Colonial Institute dinner held recently in London and presided over by the Prince of Wales, Dr. Parkin rightly said that the most probable dissol- vent of the empire would be ignorance. In- terimperial travel and education are part of the price to be paid for the maintenance of empire. The people in the mother country owe to the empire the duty of close acquain- tanceship with the daughter states. And we in the outlying dominions require to con- sider the glorious heritage we enjoy as part- ners with the seagirt island, the people of which have so strongly laid the impress of their genius and virility upon every conti- nent and every sea. More than once since the sailing of the Armada it has been Bri- tain's task to save Europe and the world from the tyrant. She it was who blocked Louis XIV. in his scheme of universal con- quest, and again after the French revolu- tion it was hers to steady and rescue Euro- pe. The Parliament which sits at West- minster is the mother of the parliaments of the world, and, as Mr. Bryan said in To- ronto recently, England has given mankind that liberty of speech upon which all other forms of freedom are based, and in which they stand secure. Right and just dealing has exalted her above the nations. It it a truism that the British Empire is the great- est human factor for good in the world to- day, and in the faithful fulfillment of its high mission to mankind lies its true desti- ny. Those young Canadians who are least appreciative of England's splendid history are those who know least of her achieve- ments. There is a fear that in a highly commercial age the rising generation will not be seized of the inspiring traditions of the virile race from which they have sprung. — Toronto News.
Th. Chasc-Casgrain, K.C K. Kabre Surveyer Joseph W. Weldon
Victor E. Mitchell A. Chase-CasKfain Errol M. McDougall
M
cGibbon, Casg'rain, Mitchell a Surveyer
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THE TREND OF THE MARKETS
DURING JUNE A DAILY RECORD OF THE FLUCTUATIONS DURING THE MONTH
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2}o
-74
J£i
In June again, up to the time of writing, the market changes have not been of the kind to cause excitement. The summer dullness is likely to
, characterize the dealings for the time being. Mexican hanges Light and Power was one of the few stocks to offer inter.
esting developments. The stockholders were gratified at receiving the announcement of the initial dividend. The rise of seven points in the middle of May served, however, to measure pretty well the valuation placed upon the event.
Notwithstanding that Canadian Pacific has not varied greatly in price, it must be said that much attention has been given to the decreased earnings reported by it and its Canadian competitors. However, the customary dividend has easily been earned and the prospect is that this season's harvests in Western and Eastern Canada will bring back the weekly increases. It is to be remembered also that the wage reductions and the institution of the open shop will now be operating to reduce expenses very materially ; and statistics of net earnings are bound to show the result.
The promised settlement of the Steel-Coal war has not yet materialized. It appears that two leading bankers intervened with the hope of finding an acceptable basis for agreement. As the bankers are heavy creditors of the
Continued de- cline in railway earnings.
Compiled exclusively for CANADIAN I<IFE AND RESOURCES
Steel Co. they are in a position to influence it consider-
' ably. But the company's president, Mr. Plummer, an-
pute unsettled. nounce(j early in june that what had been proposed was
not what he could advise his stockholders to accept.
The Steel Co. makes a favorable showing in its annual report just issued. The net profits were $1,917,011, as against 11,563,151 in 1907. But these profits are arrived at by charging the Dominion Coal Co. with the cost price of coal in excess of $1.28 per ton, the price specified in the broken contract. And 11,376,83: of the profits were put into contingent account pending a settlement of the dispute. On the basis of the actual payments for coal the net profits were $540, 180, or equivalent to 4.61 per cent on the preferred stock after deducting sinking fund requirements.
A remarkable feature of the market is the freedom from fluctuation en- joyed by Toronto Railway. A glance at the chart shows that for some months the stock has hardly gone above 100 or below 98. Traction and Lake of the Woods common held the advance scored
milling stocKs. in May and went Beyond it. It is altogether likely that the securities of both the big milling concerns will feel the effects of the big Western crop as soon as it can be regarded as reasonably safe.
Following the Bank of Montreal's report of earnings for the half-year
Canadian Life and Resources
The Merchants' Bank
OF CANADA
ESTABLISHED 1864
CAPITAL PAID-UP - - - 96.OOO.OOO RESERVE FUND & UNDIVIDED
PROFITS 94,267,400
President, SIR H. MONTAGU ALLAN, Kt. Vice- President, JONATHAN HODGSON, Esq.
E. F. HEBDEN, General Manager. T. E. MERRETT, Supt. of Branches and Chief Inspector.
BRANCHES AND AGENCIES
Macgregor
Morris
Napinka
Neepawa
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Portage la Prairie
Russell
Souris
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ALBERTA Calgary Cam rose Carstairs Daysland Edmonton Ft. Saskatchewan La combe Leduc Lethbridge Medicine Hat Olds
Red Deer Sedgwick Stettler Tofield
...,». Vegreville
(Head Office) Wetaskiwin 1255 St Cath St E _.-_.__,,_ 320 St Cath St W SASKATCHE- 1330 St Law Bout WAN
Town of St. Louis Arcola Quebec Carnduff
" St. Sauveur Gainsboro Kigaud Maple Creek
Oxbow Whitewood BRITISH
ONTARIO
Acton
Alvinston
Athens
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Berlin
Bothwell
Brampton
Chatham
Chatsworth
Chesley
Creemore
Delta
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Elora
Elgin
Finch
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Gait
Gananoque
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Mitchell
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Orillia
Ottawa
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Parkdale
Perth
Prescott
Preston
Renfrew
Stratford
St. George
St. Thomas
Tara
Thamesville
Tilbury
Toronto
Walkerton
Watford
West Lome
Westport
Wheatley
Williamstown
Windsor
Yarker
QUEBEC
Beauharnois
Lachine
Montreal
Shawville Sherbrooke St. Jerome St. Johns St. Jovite
MANITOBA
Brandon Car berry Gladstone Griswold
COLUMBIA
Vancouver Victoria
UNITED STATES
New York
63 & 65 Wall St
Agents in Great Britain
ROYAL BANK OF SCOTLAND AND BRANCHES
Head Office. - MONTREAL
ended 3oth April, some four or five banking insti- tutions have reported profits. Banks and In most cases these were at
about the same level as in 1907, or slightly below that. The appropriations for de- preciation have run higher than in 1907 ; therefore the net results are somewhat less favorable. Of course an increase in general business activity, con- sequent upon good crops this year, will help out bank profits, but it is hardly to be expected that the remunerative interest rates of the last couple of years will be restored at once.
Possibly stockholders of representative banks will be perturbed over the lamentable state of affairs revealed in the case of the Banque de St. Jean ; and the affair is not one calculated to exert influence on the market for bank stocks in general. The market rightly takes it to be an exceptional case, not at all typical or indicative of Canadian banking conditions.
H. M. P. Eckardt.
|
PUBLIC SERVICE BONDS |
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Combining a high income basis with unquestionable security. Offer- ings gladly submitted with full particulars. |
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W. Graham Browne ® Co. Bond Dealers Montreal |
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The Canadian BanK of Commerce
Paid-up Capital, $1O,OOO,OOO Rest, $5,OOO,OOO
HEAD OFFICE, TORONTO
Board of Dir««ftor»
B. E. WALKER, President. ROBERT KILGOUR, Esq., Vice-President.
Hon. Geo. A. Cox Joseph W. Flavelle, Esq. H. D. Warren, Esq.
Matthew Leggat, Esq. A. Kingman, Esq. Hon. W. C. Edwards
James Crathern, Esq. Hon. L. Melvin Jones Z. A. Lash, Esq., K.C.
John Hoskin, Esq., K.C , LL.D. Frederic Nicholls, Esq. E. R. Wood, Esq.
ALEX. LAIRD. Gen'I Mgr. A. H. IRELAND, Supt. of Branches
Branches throughout Canada and in the United States
and England
London, England, Office, 2 Lombard Street, E.G.
S. CAMERON ALEXANDER, Manager.
New YorK Agency, 16 Exchange Place
WM. GRAY and C. D. MC!NTOSH, Agents.
This Bank transacts every description of Banking Business, including the issue of Letters of Credit and Drafts on Foreign Countries, and will negotiate or receive for collection bills on any place where there is a bank or banker.
_ f QUEBEC '» celebrtxting its
TER-CENTENARV IMs aummcr
RODGERS'
Cutlery & Plate
NONE GENUINE unless bearing the TRADE MARK:
26
Canadian Life and Resources
Berated TaJcum
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Gerhard Mermen Co., Newark, N. J.
Try Mennen's Violet (Borated) Talcum Toilet Powder— It has the
scent of fresh-cut Parma Violets. Sample free.
MENNEN'S SEN TANG TOILET POWDER, Oriental Odor \ No UENXEN'S BORATKU SKIN SOAP, (blue wrapper) / Samples
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CANADIAN KODAK CO., Ltd.,
Catalog of Kodaks frfe at the dealers or by mail.
TORONTO, Ont.
The Real Mr. Asquith
A CHARACTER sketch of the new Bri- tish Premier by Mr. W. T. Stead ap- pears in a recent issue of The Review of Reviews. It makes very interesting rea- ding for it contains that personal touch that can only be imparted by one intimately ac- quainted and in sympathy with his subject. Mr. Stead tells of the early years of the Li- beral leader when the boy was receiving that training which laid the foundation of the sterling character that to-day commands the respect of the British public.
Mr. Asquith came of Puritan stock in the West Riding of Yorkshire. "Of his early youth," writes Mr. Stead, " we gain stray glimpses. When four years old he carried a flag in a Sunday-school procession which walked through the streets of Morley , singing patriotic songs to commemorate the close of the Crimean War, — a curiously early initiation into international politics, the four-year-old thus taking an active part in a festival of peace. His father died when he was eight. After a couple of years at a Moravian boarding-school, — which, perhaps, helped to give a graver tin- ge to the boy's character, — he came up to the City of London School. It is said he would rather spend an hour in reading the Times at a convenient bookstall than spend his time in football or cricket. But he also was a devoted admirer of Dickens, and de- veloped so early the oratorical gift that Dr. Abbot could not correct the exercises of his scholars when "Asquith was up." He was in his teens an earnest Liberal. He deligh- ted his masters by his painstaking study, ana when he became captain of the school he was an invaluable assistant to Dr. Abbot in keeping up the tone of the institution. Even at that early age he never got tangled in his sentences ; he saw the end from the beginning, and made his meaning clear to all who heard him.
Here is a vivid little glimpse of the school- boy Asquith as the man remembers him :
'For my part, when I look back upon my old school life I think not only, and perhaps not so much, of the hours which I spent in the classroom, or in preparing the lessons at night ; I think ra- ther of the daily walk through the crowded, noisy, jostling street ; I think of the river, with its barges and its steamers, and its ma- nifold active life ; I think of St. Paul's Ca- thedral and Westminster Abbey and of the National Gallery ; I think even sometimes of the Houses of Parliament, where I re- member we used occasionally to watch with a sense of awestruck solemnity the mem- bers disappearing into the inner recesses which we were not allowed to cross. '
At Oxford he left behind him the mem- ory of a genial companion, more devoted to whist and chess than to boating, fond of smoking and of afternoon teas, the center of 'the merry clique,' a great reader, a thorough Liberal, and a most effective de- bater. At the Union, as afterward in the House of Commons, he distinguished him- self by his itnperturable courage, his alert apprehension of the debating point, his lu- cid exposition, and his somewhat unconci- liatory manner.
Success at the bar came but slowly, as is not unusual with young barristers. But Sir George Lewis got his eye upon him, and recognized him as a coming man. Then he became Junior to Sir Charles Rus- sell, and his fortune was made. Of his ca- reer at the bar only one incident stands out in the popular memory. I never shall for- get the day when Asquith had his chance. We were in the court where the Parnell Commission was sitting. Sir Charles Rus-
Notice this Diagram
THE solid black part shows the pro- portions of the SRingSbutp ff/ffER-plAYER Piano, which are the same as those of the regular piano.
The dotted lines show the relative dimensions of some other player pianos.
From this you see that the lUnssburp IHNER- PIXYER Piano takes up less space and does not present the ungainly appearance of so many oftheotherinstruments containing player de- vices within their cases. The lUnss&urp tNftER- P I AVER, therefore, adds to its other features of superiority, that of attractive appearance.
Everyone who cares for music should call and examine this in- strument. Anyone can play it and it gives a choice from thousands of pieces.
We sell it on the easy payment plan.
WILLIS a CO., Ltd.
600 St. Catherine St. Wsst Montreal, Canada.
MNK
Used on this publication was manufactured by the
Canada Printing InK Co., Ltd.
TORONTO, ONT.
Canadian Life and Resources
27
sell had tired himself in cross-examining Mr. Soames, the 7 hues lawyer, and he han- ded over Mr. Macdonald, the manager, to his junior. When Mr. Asquith stood up to cross-examine he was comparatively un- known. When he sat down he was univer- sally recognized as one of the most brilliant cross-examiners of his generation.
Oil in the Far North
iir I "HE country that one passes from JL Athabasca landing down to the Arctic Red River is full of vegetation," says a wri- ter in The Geographical Journal, "and will, in my opinion, one day be settled. In all the mission gardens at the different posts that I passed I saw wheat and barley grow- ing, potatoes, lettuce, turnips, carrots and every kind of vegetable that one grows in one's own garden at home.
"The country is thickly timbered near the banks of the river, and there are few places in which you do not find large patches of prairie. You pass bv a great outrush of natural gas, and oil is oozing out for miles along the river bank. An earth movement has taken place, resulting in a line of fault, which is marked for more than one hundred miles along the banks of the Athabasca River.
"Out of this oil has been oozing we do not know for how long, and no one has yet found the reservoir of oil which may exist there. A German noble, the Count Von Hammerstein has spent a great deal of his own money and time in trying to find the reservoir, and I most sincerely hope that he may be successful.
"Coal and asphalt are to be seen every- where, and there are great salt plains not far distant."
Canada Through Ame- rican eyes.
1 A new country has arisen," says Her- /~X bert Vanderhoof, who writes on the Canadian wheat country in The Metropoli- tan Magazine (May), "a new member, bear- ing lavish gifts, a land that is worth more than the unmined gold-fields of the Yukon. ' ' In discussing further the development of Northwestern Canada, Mr. Vanderhoof says :
"The population within these bounds as- ked nothing better than to remain unknown and undisturbed, and as late as fifty years ago this state of affairs was little changed.
"Finally came the confederation of Ca- nada, and the railroad to connect the pro- vinces of the East with far-away British Columbia. The men who built the Cana- dian Pacific Railroad were thought by the people in general to be fools, for the people in general did not know that the prairies stretching for nine hundred miles along the route were not semiarid and, -at the best, fit only for grazing cattle, as popularly be- lieved, but were of a most surprizing ferti- lity and capable of supporting a population as large or larger than that of the States to the south. They did not know that thirty and forty and even fifty bushels of wheat had been harvested from a single acre. But such were the facts, and the true state of things had only to be advertised to the world and a great migration began.
"As far as the fertility of the soil was concerned, it was simply a question of in- forming ignorance, but in regard to the climate the most positive and persistent and erroneous ideas prevailed. Because Cana- da was north of the United States it was cold. That was the fundamental reasoning with the majority of Americans until re-
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-six miles north line of the Grand
in the Highlands of Ontario
Trunk Railway, nestles Huntsville, a pretty little town nearly in the centre of what is known as the Huntsville and Lake of Bays District. The region in this locality is replete with natural beauty and loveliness, and comprises some of the most beautiful water stretches and picturesque landscapes, for which that vast portion of Northern Ontario is becoming so famous. One of the most charming parts
of the ' ' Lake of Bays ' ' district is Norway Point, a popular haven for a colony of summer resi- dents. This point has been chosen as the site for a new hotel which has been constructed this year. This new hotel has been named the "Wawa," the Indian word for the 'Wild Goose.' It contains 100 rooms. Besides the public baths that are found on each floor, there have been provided 22 private baths in connec- tion with bedrooms en suite. Hot and cold run- ning water in each bed- room. The hotel is elec- tric lighted and a power- ful searchlight has been placed on top of the dome of the hotel, which will cast its rays over lake, wood and island scenery The "Wawa" Hotel, Norway Point, Lake of Bays. during the evenings.
28
Canadian Life and Resources
MATHEWSON'S SONS
The Oldest Whole- sale Grocery House in Canada : : :
IMPORTERS OF
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ESTABLISHED 1834
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" Canadian Life and Resources "
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ports began to come back of a wonderful wind that came from the west and found its way through the passes in the mountains and put the cold to flight, and of days eigh- teen hours long and every hour full of the most glorious sunshine, and of an air so packed with ozone and so free from damp that one had to look at the thermometer to realize that it was winter."
The total wheat crop for the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta in 1907, the writer continues, was 75,000,000 bushels, netting the Canadian farmers a round sum of $50,000,000, to which was added $48,000,000, revenue from barley, oats, and other grain. — From The Literary Digest.
Source of Britain's Greatness
THE following eloquent passage is tak- en from a speech delivered in 1844 by Joseph Howe of Nova Scolia, one of the greatest orators this country has produced:
"God, in his infinite Providence, scatters over every country the intellect required to develop its resources, administer its affairs, and secure to its inhabitants that measure of happiness which they are fitted to enjoy. But God is no respecter of persons ; the blessings he bestows are common blessings in which all have an interest and in the en- joyment of which the humblest of his crea- tures may be permitted the most largely to participate. The river which sparkles along the vale stops not to enquire whether the fields it refreshes or the hearts it gladdens belong to the rich or the poor. The flower sheds as sweet a perfume in the widow's scanty garden as in the marble railed par- terre. So is it with that sacred fire which men call genuis — that quickening principle that animates and governs human society.
A castle may frown upon a cliff overlook- ing half a county ; the lord of that vast domain may revel in every luxury which can pamper the senses or stimulate to a wide range of intellectual activity; the arm- ed retainers may tread the massive wall, or make the courtyard a mimic school of war ; the wise and the brilliant may stroll 'neath old ancestral trees or enliven the fes- tal hall with the flashes of wit and the hoar- ded treasures of experience ; a long line of sages and warriors, looking down from the walls of that stately pile may lure to eleva- ted thought and high achievement — and yet the children born within that castle, thus furnished and endowed, may scarcely pos- sess enough of intellect to fold sheep upon the hills. But far down in the valley, be- neath the shadow of that castle, the pea- sant's cot may offer to its inmates a scant return from unremitting toil ; and yet from the loins of that poor peasant may spring the youth, whose ardent soul, fired by di- vine inspiration, may point to noblest aims and achieve the highest triumphs. Art may to him seem instinct ; senates may hang delighted upon his accents, or armies read the presage of victory in his eye. The Constitution of Britain adopts itself to the arrangements of Providence ; it draws, from the humblest as from the highest ranks of life, the talent which the nation produces and enlists it in the service of the state. Public departments are regarded as public trusts, to which all may aspire and with the honors and influence and emoluments of which a wise sovereign and a grateful peo- ple may stimulate to exertion and invest patriotic enterprise with a national charac- ter and crown it with a national reward. The 'stately halls' of England send forth to the public arenas the most inspiring and
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DESBARATS & CO.
Desbarats Building 23 Beaver Hall MONTREAL
Canadian Express
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Operating over the lines of the
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Canadian Government Lines
and other important Kail and Water Routes
General Forwarders of Merchandise, Valuables, Etc.
Special Rates and Facilities on business between
GREAT BRITAIN and CANADA
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Payable at par everywhere. General Offices, - - Montreal, Que.
JAS. BR.YCE,
Vice-President and Manager.
Canadian Life and Resources
29
energetic spirits they produce ; but, when there, the scions of aristocracy must wrestle with the talent reared in her 'cottage homes,' disciplined in her workshops ; ris- ing, it may be, from the lowest form of the charity school, or the darkest recesses of the mine. From such a constitution as this
' — Our country's grandeur springs, That makes her loved at home, revered abroad.' '
Kootenay's Representa- tive in England
^3
THE spreading abroad of the fame of the Kootenay fruit lands is already producing results and a fine class of settlers are taking up holdings there and are pre- paring to make the Kootenay Valley their future home, where they will devote them- selves to the care of orchards and the grow- ing of small fruits and vegetables. The entire district, of which Nelson is the capi- tal, is already producing large quantities of fruit, but j udging from the way in which land is being taken up and planted this pro- duction will be enormously increased with- in the next few years.
One of the largest holders of Kootenay fruit lands in all stages of development, from the rough, uncleared land to bearing orchards, is Brydges, Blakemore & Camer- on, Limited, of Nelson, B.C. So much in- terest has been manifested in the fruit- growing industry of this district among people of means in Great Britain who are looking for investments in Canada that the company have sent to the Old Country their special representative, Mr. H.S. Johnstone, why will discuss with these prospective investors the prospects of fruit-growing in British Columbia. As a rule these British investors settle at once upon their holdings, which means the addition of a most desir- able class to the population of the Pacific Coast Province.
Robinson Crusoe's Island.
JUAN Fernandez, in the Pacific Ocean, has long been indentified, in the popu- lar imagination, with Robinson Cru- soe's island. This is because many writers have with reason associated Crusoe with Alexander Selkirk, and it is a matter of history that Selkirk passed five years of solitude on the island of Juan Fernandez, n >w a dependency of Chili Since thi-i island was the scene of the adventures that for .ued the basts of Defoe's masterpiece, it is not unnatural that it should bespoken of as "Robinson Crusoe's Island," and yet any attempt to reconcile its geographical position with that of the island as speci- fically defined in "The Life and Strange, Surprising Adventures of Robinson Cru- soe," must result in utter confusion, for Defoe locates the scene of his hero's adven- tures "in an uninhabited island on the coast of America, near the mouth of the great river of Oroonoque" (Orinoco,) — obviously not in the Pacific Ocean, but on the other side of the South American continent, near its northern coast.
Writing on this subject in Modern Language Notes, Mr. Ralph O. Williams says:
If we consult Crusoe's story we find that he was a planter in the Brazils at the time he embarked for the coast of Guinea; that he went as supercargo to buy negroes for himself and other planters, and that after crossing the equator, while sailing in a northerly direction, the ship was struck
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by a hurricane, which drove her for twelve days.
"About the twelfth day," saysCrusoe, "the weather abiting a little, the master took an observation as well as he could and found ... he was got upon the coast of Guiana, or the north part of Brazil, beyond the River Amazons, toward that of the River Oroonoque, commonly called the Great River. . . . Looking over the charts of the seacoast of America with him, we concluded there was no inhabited coun- try for us to have recourse to (for repairs) till we came within the circle of the Carib- bee Islands, and therefore resolved to stand away for Barbadoes."
But when in latitude 12 degrees and 18 minutes, another furious storm drove them westward, land was sighted, the ship struck sand, and the sea broke over her. All on board expected the ship to go to pieces im- mediately; the boat which they got into was swamped and upset by "a raging wave, mountain like," and Crusoe was the only one who got ashore. His explorations later showed that he was on an uninhabited island.
Crusoe had seen on clear days from a hill on his island land that he thought was the continent, but which he found later were islands near the mouth of the Oroono-
que. While contriving means for going to the mainland, which he suppos-ed these islands to be, Crusoe and his man Friday rescued Friday's father and a Spaniard from a party of savages who had brought them to Crusoe's island for a meal, and Crusoe learned from the Spaniard that there were Spaniards and Portuguese, on Crusoe's supposed mainland who had been wrecked there in "a Spanish ship bound from the Rio de la Plata to the Havana."
NOVELL'S
Montreal Directory
FOR. 1908-9
Copies will be ready at the office of publica- tion, 23 St. Nicholas Street, on
SATURDAY, JULY 18tK
for subscribers who may desire an early copy. Price to Subscribers, - $6.00 " Non-subscribers, $7.50 The regular delivery will commence when a sufficiently large number of copies have been received from the bindery.
JOHN LOVELL & SON, Limited Montreal, July 4th, 1908. Publishers.
Canadian Life and Resources
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SUMMER HOTELS
Highlands Q/ Ontario
The Grand Trunk Railway System announces that arrangements have been completed for two handsome additions to the chain of hotels through- out the Highlands of Ontario.
The Wawa Hotel on Lake of Bays, one of the finest summer hotels in the Northern Resorts of Canada, is Hearing completion, and work is under way on thenew Highland Inn, situated over- looking Cache Lake at Algonquin Park station. The Highland Inn will be of the cottage type, cozy and comfortable in its appointments, all modern conveniences, colonial fireplaces in the dining and living-rooms, spacious piazza and most charming outlook over lake, mountain and virgin forests ; in fact, all the comforts of civilization are transported into this virgin wilderness. Double daily mail service, telegraph and express facilities at this point, with excellent train service, will make this hotel unique and attractive for a restful sojourn so remote from the turmoil of the cities, but yet with all necessary facilities for communication with the outside world.
The Highland Inn is situated about 1,500 feet above sea-level, giving it by far the highest elevation of any summer hotel in Eastern Canada. A good boat livery andcorpsof guides will be maintained, and tourists who desire to make extended trips through the waterways of the Park will be outfitted and provided for in every respect without rendering it necessary to bring any baggage, excepting wearing apparel, according to length of sojourn. These new hotels will pro- vide every comfort and facility forthe enjoyment of guests, and the cost of accommodation will be so reasonable that it will not deter anyone of moderate means from patronizing them. In addition to this they will cater to tourist trade from Great Britain, where the Grand Trunk is ( rganizing trips of parties and individuals for a lump sum of expense, including hotels, from the time tourists leave home until they return. Such trips need not occupy more than the average holiday, say one month, and will embrace the ocean trip, an opportunity of becoming acquainted with Canadians and Canadian affairs, and the entire cost will not exceed that of the usual summer holiday in Switzerland or other European resorts.
TKe
Event for July
is the
Quebec Tercentenary
and the way to enjoy it is to stav at the Lake St. Joseph Hotel, fifty minutes' run from the City, on the loveliest lake in the Laurentian Mountains. Special day and night train ser- vice to and from the station in the hotel grounds. Spacious rooms; electric services, including tele- graph N. Y. management. Write, Manager, Lake St. Joseph Hotel, for rates and booklet.
Canadian Northern Quebec trains to and from Montreal also run to the hotel, which is also the best vantage point for trios to the Upper St Maurice Lake St. John ( Hotel Roberval ) and the Saguenay. Write about trains to Guy Tombs, G. P A, Canadian Northern Quebec and Quebec and LakeSt John Railways, Montreal.
EVERYBODY CAN'T GO TO QUEBEC
and there are other resorts served by the Canadian Northern Railway:
MusKoKa. The best route, the best trains, the best boAt connections, the best service, from Toronto Union Station, over the Canadian Northern Ontario Railway. The Lake Shore Express is without a supe- rior. Write C. Price Green. Pass. Agent, Canadian Northern Ontario Railway, Toronto.
Ocean SHore of Nova Scotia. Seven hundred mOes of the loveliest coast in America, skirted by the H-ilifax and South Western Railway. Boston and New York boat connections at Varraovith. Branches to the Annapolis Valley. A railway along the Gulf of St. Lawrence oast of Cape Breton Island. Write P. Mooney. G. P. A, Halifax and South Western Railway, Halifax.
Oping West?— Take the Canadian Northern Superior Kxpress from Port Arthur to Edmonton. See Kakabeka Falls and the Superior Divide. Splendid ser- vice; splendid country, all the way through Ontario,
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. G. H. Shaw. Traffic Manager, Winnipeg. William Phillips, General Eastern Agent, Canadian Northern Railway Building, Toronto.
For enquiries generally and for literature touching all lines, write the Information Bureau, Head Office. Canadian Northern Railway System, Toronto.
Quebec's Greatest Year LAKE ST. JOSEPH HOTEL
Before, during and after the Tercentenary THE hotel is the LAKB ST. JOSEPH, in Laurentian Mountains; 100 rooms ; 50 minutes from Quebec ; station in grounds ; special train service ; boating, fishing, tennis, golf, croquet; all electric appliances ; telegraph. Rates, $2.50 up. Best New York management. Write for booklet. Manag-r, Lake St. Joseph Hotel. O,ue
Take the Canadian Pacific Railway
to
QUEBEC
for the
Tercentenary — July 20th to Aug. 1st
J
Canadian Life and Resources
BAfS
HIGHLANDS OF ONTARIO.
•4
OF BAYS
KNOWN AS THE
'KllLARNEY of AMERICA"
OVER 1000 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL PURE AND EXHILARATING ATMOSPHERE MAGNIFICENT SCENERY and LOVELY WATER TRIPS AN IDEAL TERRITORY for CAMPERS and CANOEISTS MODERN STEAMBOATS HAVE BEEN PLACED ON THESE LAKES GOOD HOTEL ACCOMMODATIONS AT REASONABLE RATES.
Write for handsome booklet which tells you all about it. Sent free on [application to J. D. McDonald, Union Station, Toronto, or to J. Quinlan, • Bonaventure Station, Montreal.
W. E. DAVIS
Passenger Traffic Manager MONTREAL
G. T. BELL
Qen. Pass, and Tkt. Agent MONTREAL
The Thermos Bottle
AFLOAT AND ASHORE:
CJ The outing and vacation outfit that doesn't include Thermos Bottles is not complete. Whether you're off for a day's picnic or for a cruise, If you take with you Thermos Bottles containing hot and cold liquids you can have real refreshments for your guesls and yourself any time, anywhere, in spite of wind and weather, summer or winter.
WHAT THE THERMOS BOTTLE DOES
For Baby— The Thermos Bottle keeps milk warm and sweet, day or night, making it easy for mothers and nurses. Filled, cleaned and emptied same as a-ay ordinary bottle.
SicK R.00m— The Thermos Bottle will keep medicines and nourishment at the right temperature. By doing away with the germ- collecting pitchers or other open vessels the Thermos Bottle prevents infection. Saves steps for nurses — a boon for invalids.
Travelling — No more vain longing for a refreshing drink on tedious railway jour- neys. Travellers can simply put into their grips one or two Thermos Bottles filled with hot coffee or cold lemonade or any liquor they want at the temperature they like it.
The Thermos Bottle keeps liquids hot 24. hours in the coldest weather.
The Thermos Bottle keeps ice- cold liquids ice cold 72 hours in the hottest weather.
The Thermos Bottle is a new invention, embodying the well-known principle that heat or cold can't get through a vacuum. The Thermos Bottle consists of one glass bottle inside another with a vacuum between.
You simply pour in the liquid hot or cold and cork it up. The Thermos Bottle will keep it that way. Filled, cleaned, emptied, same as any ordinary bottle.
JUST THE THING FOR OUTDOORS
— When Picnicing, Yachting, Hunt- ing, Canoeing — on any kind of trip — any- body can have hot drinks or cold drinks always ready if they are put into Thermos Bottles before the start.
Motoring — Motorists can fill Thermos Bot- tles with any liquid they want at any tem- perature they like, and no matter where they go or what happens they have hot and cold refreshments at hand.
Luncheon — At the office, the shop, any- where, the Thermos Bottle will provide hot coffee or cold milk for luncheon, making the noonday meal more enjoyable, refresh- ing and invigorating.
The Thermos Bottle is the greatest thing for the comfort and convenience of yachtsmen ever invented.
Aboard the Boat or Ashore for Luncheon it supplies hot or cold refreshments without fire or ice.
The Thermos Bottle keeps //of Soup, Bouillon, Clam Chow- der, Coffee, Toddy, Hot Scotch or any other liquid.
The Thermos Bottle keeps, ice-cold Water, Milk, Lemonade, Ginger Ale, Champagne, Gin Ricky, or any other drink.
Equip yourself with Thermos Bottles. You can get a basket made for six, or a leather case for two.
tjj Thermos Bottles are sold at all firs>class stores ; you can buy them everywhere. Or we will ship direct, prepaid, on receipt of price, if your dealer won't supply you. Pints, $5.00 ; Quarts, $7.50.
Write Dcpt. A. to-day for free booklet telling about all the wonderful things the Thermos Bottle does.
CANADIAN THERMOS BOTTLE CO., Ltd., MONTREAL, Canada