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NVINOSHLIt NOILALILSNI Sa3luyvudita LIBRARIES SMITHSONI NVINOSHII 704 NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-704 The Macrofauna of the Surf Zone Off Folly Beach, South Carolina William D. Anderson, Jr., James K. Dias, Robert K. Dias, David M. Cupka, and Norman A. Chamberlain January 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service eli Re NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs.; 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ; 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover O oe Ae ATMOSp, Ne) hy, Gr RG ATIONA a N L NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-704 The Macrofauna of the Surf Zone Off Folly Beach, South Carolina William D. Anderson, Jr., James K. Dias, Robert K. Dias, David M. Cupka, and Norman A. Chamberlain January 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS TNRURWOTS URE. C0) «Vee iy eID cca, aa ae Be ae Un RS La 5S ee Descriptionkoktheystation™ wasup ens ee veel COL An che acct ratercy, fe mace pO Oma erate conta Materialsgandpmethodssenaraesck Stet nie emitter essere ries eek at EMMI a rel St Var en say Rey Nese Collectineyandthandlingyspecimensyandid ata tucten aarti icret oe ere se ea il icp ey eutiet varie iehy ete een fevers Selectivity of collectingemethodyyyie wy yas cde rey at sete ae eof e) Sa etmeg nich hhUNay JOE AT nega a sl ety Resuitsrandudiscussionins Se sme umihe (Amer Ne heist clear MMR ECU TEA) Sin Nay Late REPRE UROL WMA ge cu RaN a are GOlSCHONS Re MRP eae aR eta ae oe ee Tenet ie MRT RRRE TD cet need SNe ett MEN nec NPR rar cops Gales Ment aa @omparisons of yearly and’seasonalabundancevof fishes". 7. ak). Gh. es Sees el eee SUT ae Oh oe ey a SU Sunnie LUane ea eY ARLE ARE MaMa Dh Cael stay Oe Nectacekden AMA RRC Sty dha Pala en TMCEM a voroy a ere ees reat tees ES ra ied eer REECE Ect Stato ichleR Naeem arn Late euniew ay Smita) on MrT acer Suriwandntidalgpoolcomlb ime dung ouert ce ciicc vous ciabeu cs uo tcan sures mei sr Par che ding each aecutcs tema nie hleeimteh ts Companisontofssurtawithotid ali poole ame ee asc M eae LION iy enemy okies ee Set) cee erecirs Analysissofabundances ofstishes yy jain csive Sy a) cn PR ocean ea Teeth on hel alates yb bal APRA ENIEaADS) fs loceset] ey ie Rankin ggOfiSPeCles ware te heise aoe cera Cast eat ey Cte cone eRe tates cue IN sstaeecsilr eines Eager ph Relationships between environmental variables and occurrence ............-.-.+..20-0-. Armotated sisteoliselecteduspecieSin-) Mesa AB sMeN ani isci les eine Seu Ronen eu ne Mcaiu Mie simet rel samen yu seremiacss lems Relationshipsiof lengths) and “lengthsitonwelghtit))a)y as myenctdeu ancy ets wite ey ahece sume NeWe Ts jalliaiisu ya ts IRCCOMMENGALIONSE te ite eee eels cites elie Tema rad eh st Maite MIRREN Oe eNMiEnn TR cet rg Uv aap ea Ty VIROL eden tenia GONCIMSIONSPANGESUMINATY! ope er at sey ello OMe: (Stet hoes Me pe genoa el ciance VCC rtsc thes cee eHL UC COTS RS Sate AckniOwled fan eritspe nes stss ees tetey onan tate uiniuiemsarensemneayuleyera hea ool re su Cort et mop ae Diouf serait lics avy si ss ela cof lean ea cue EILerALUTENCILCC ows ee tua tule yok sciricans) Vallee orm uyesillsairny set deacons tht Ors niche Meen RUM 2) a SeWnSlfaamat 2 Gs 20k Iied PasaeAi| I Figures 1. Mean number of Arenaeus cribrarius per collections versus mean water temperature for surf collections (byamonths)ie ey ste, ete eset ees cer ee ante ae Ntec te asc eons Doe es Rem measeira: VIM Ga ech seas We RE ae Te Se 2. Mean number of Menidia menidia per collection versus mean water temperature for surf collections (by [AAYOTSI A OYS)). -selesetureainkse ee a near SICAL ara ete cu Hn a SA UR RMI ED RSE UTES A ar re ec Ue EA Tables 1. List of collections made in the surf during survey of Folly Beach,S.C. .................. 2. List of collections made in the tidal pool during survey of Folly Beach, S.C. ............ 3. Summary data for Arenaeus cribrarius and fishes collected during survey of Folly Beach, S.C... . 4. Number collected per month and size range for Arenaeus cribrarius and fishes collected during survey OimhollypBeach ASsC seek yiarseen hoe cite MPa be enter mole ernst NS Mage Th, Sea oN een pe an aI 5. Summary data for swimming invertebrates (except Arenaeus cribrarius) collected during survey of HollysBeach SiGe Oe) i Sievers hey BE Err AG ee aaa ced die ice diborane 6. Numbers of species and specimens and total weights of fishes collected ............... 7. Analysis of variance of number of species of fishes per collection .................2. 8. Analysis of varience for X = log (number of specimens of fishes per collection + 1) ........ 9. Analysis of variance for X = log (total weight of fishes per collection + 1) ............. O=yRankjof the’seven most important)speciescollected |))..2 4). 2yweies apa tS ais see nish 1. Simple correlation coefficients of monthly averages of environmental variables and monthly average number of specimens per collection in the surf for five selected species ................ 12. List of variables and notation for stepwise multiple regression. ..............-..+220.% 13. Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Arenaeus cribrarius 14. Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Anchoa mitchilli ..... 15. Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Menidia menidia .... . 16. Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Trachinotus carolinus 17. Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Menticirrhus littoralis 18. Carapace width frequencies by month for Arenaeus cribrarius collected in tidal pool and surf COMED IT CCUM Abe PART wu VA ASIN Ie) err eutetiasy fa) 1 apni ee YSlbre ide UANU AN i al Pelt 8 a a 19. Standard length frequencies by month for Menidia menidia collected in the tidal pool and surf 20. Standard length frequencies by month for Trachinotus carolinus collected in the tidal pool and surf 21. Standard length frequencies by month for Menticirrhus littoralis collected in the surf ....... 22. Standard length frequencies by month for Mugil curema collected in the tidal pool and surf... . ili aoorwwwnnnrnnNnrr 13 13 on Carapace length-carapace width, carapace length-weight, and carapace width-weight regression statistics for Arenaeus cribrarius Length-length and length-weight regression Length-length and length-weight regression Length-length and length-weight regression Length-length and length-weight regression Length-length and length-weight regression Length-length and length-weight regression Length-length and length-weight regression Length-length and length-weight regression mE Ea AGN rs cn PMR hl Polio G06 0-0 0 19 statistics| for/Amchoa mitchill) oes) eee 20 statistics for) Fundulus*majalis) >. Sass 20 statistics for Menidia menidia .............. 20 statistics for Trachinotus carolinus ........... 20 statistics for Trachinotus falcatus ............ 21 statistics for Menticirrhus littoralis ........... 21 statistics for’ Mugilicephalusi 42) 4 os eee 21 statistics) for! Mugilicuremays 55,6) sie ee 21 iv The Macrofauna of the Surf Zone Off Folly Beach, South Carolina! WILLIAM D. ANDERSON, JR.,? JAMES K. DIAS,’ ROBERT K. DIAS,‘ DAVID M. CUPKA,’ and NORMAN A. CHAMBERLAIN? ABSTRACT A seining survey of the macrofauna of the surf zone at Folly Beach, Charleston County, S.C., was conducted from October 1969 to October 1971. Eighty-seven collections were made in the surf and associated tidal pool resulting in the capture of 512 specimens of swimming invertebrates representing at least 17 species and 5,095 specimens of bony fishes representing 41 species. The data obtained are analyzed on seasonal and yearly bases for total weights and numbers of species and specimens. Species are ranked as to importance; and prediction equations for monthly average number of specimens per collection in the surf, based on environmental variables, are developed. Length-frequency data and other aspects of the biology of selected species are presented. Length-length and length-weight relationships are given for certain species. Recommendations for the improvement of the methodology for similar surveys are made. INTRODUCTION Although the taxonomy of the fishes and many of the larger invertebrates inhabiting the inshore waters and es- tuaries of South Carolina is reasonably well known, the life histories of many of these species are incompletely known—data on the larvae and juveniles and on the seasonal variations and fluctuations of populations being especially limited. This study was initiated with the in- tent of filling part of this gap in our knowledge of the surf zone. In several studies since 1940, the ichthyofauna of the surf zone has been surveyed along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States [e.g., Gunter (1945, 1958) and McFarland (1963) in Texas; Springer and Woodburn (1960) in the Tampa Bay area; Miller and Jorgenson (1969) and Dahlberg (1972) in Georgia; Cupka (1972) in South Carolina; Tagatz and Dudley (1961) in North Carolina; and Schaefer (1967) in New York], but to our knowledge no surveys have been conducted on a regular year-around basis north of North Carolina in the surf zone of unprotected beaches. Of the many shore habitats, the surf zone of exposed beaches has been least studied. Part of the paucity of data on the surf zone is certainly due to the difficulties inherent in collecting in it. It is unfortunate that our knowledge of this environment is so meager because this rather extensive and physically well-defined habitat is not only economically important as a recreational area ‘Contribution No. 37 of the Grice Marine Biological Laboratory, College of Charleston, and Contribution No. 51 of the Marine Resources Center, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. *Grice Marine Biological Laboratory, 205 Fort Johnson, Charleston, SC 29412. ‘Possum Corner, Route 2, Ridgeland, SC 29936. ‘Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062. “Marine Resources Center, P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC 29412. for sport fishermen, but also is significant as nursery grounds for certain commercial and sport species such as the pompanos, Trachinotus spp., mullets, Mugil spp., and Gulf kingfish, Menticirrhus littoralis. Other species inhabiting the surf undoubtedly prey upon or form a significant part of the diet of a number of economically important species. In order to adequately understand the ecology of the surf zone, basic data on the composition and seasonal variations and fluctuations of populations of both resident and transient species are necessary. With the preceding in mind, a 2-yr biweekly seining sur- vey was initiated at Folly Beach in October 1969. A short abstract of the first year of this study was presented by Anderson et al. (1971). DESCRIPTION OF THE STATION Folly Beach (on Folly Island, a barrier island) is about 14 km south of the Charleston peninsula in Charleston County, S.C. The littoral zone at this beach is a high- energy environment, unprotected from the force of the open Atlantic Ocean by any physiographic feature. Collections were made in the surf (i.e., the breakers and slightly seaward) and tidal pool (when present) between the last two groins at the southwestern end of the beach (lat. 32°38.7'N, long. 79°57.6'W). The beach slopes gent- ly in this area (about 1-1'2%) and is predominantly sandy (fine sand), although considerable shell and larger shell fragments were present on about one-half of the collect- ing days. Tidal ranges are 5.2 feet (1.58 m) mean and 6.1 feet (1.86 m) spring. The height of the sea varied from about 0.2 to 2.1 m (% = 0.6 m). A tidal pool’ was present on approximately 70% of the collecting days. Its dimensions varied considerably from °A “tidal pool” is “A pool of water remaining on a beach or reef after recession of the tide” (Howell 1960). one collection to the next. On several occasions it was limited to a small pool at the seaward end of one (or of each) groin and on others was a very long trough in excess of 200 m in length. Because the groins (of timber pilings) were well covered with encrusting invertebrates and because the currents tended to scour out the areas at the seaward ends of the groins, these man-made structures acted as unnatural foci for the concentration of motile animals. Despite this the presence of the groins affected only the catch in the tidal pool, because at the times we made the surf collections the tide had receded beyond the groins. The minimum and maximum water temperatures ob- served were: surf, 6.4° and 28.6°C; tidal pool, 3.7° and 26.8°C. The salinities in the surf ranged from 23.2 to 35.0°/00; those in the tidal pool, from 25.8 to 33.4°/,,. (For data on temperature and salinity, see Tables 1 and 2.) The lowest salinities were recorded after heavy local rains. Because the collections were made near the time of predicted low water, the maximum diluting effect of the groundwater was manifest. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collecting and Handling Specimens and Data Collections were made by seine at approximately biweekly intervals (from 11 October 1969 to 10 October 1971) in the surf and tidal pool (when present) near the time of predicted low water. All except three of the collections were made in the morning (0500-1130 EST). The time required to make a collection varied from 5 to 40 min (% = 15.4) in the surf and from 1 to 25 min (% = 10.3) in the tidal pool. The surf was seined with a 19.8- by 1.8-m, 9-mm stretch-mesh nylon bag seine with bag opening of 1.8 m in diameter and length of 1.8 m. Initially, the tidal-pool collections were made with the 19.8-m seine—later (because of ease of handling) with a 7.1- by 1.6-m, 9-mm stretch-mesh nylon bag seine with bag opening of 1.8 m in diameter and length of 1.8 m. Except when beaching and when collecting in the tidal pool was restricted to small pools at the groins, the seines were pulled parallel to the beach. In the surf, the seine was pulled approximately 185 m, the distance between the groins. During almost all of the first"year, two hauls, each about one-half the distance between the groins, were made—the first haul starting opposite one groin, the second terminating opposite the other. Later each surf collection was made with a single tow. Generally, the seine was towed with the longshore current which usually ran from northeast to southwest. The distance seined and the number of hauls in the tidal pool varied with the length and configuration of the pool, but never exceeded 185 m. The use of seines of different lengths did not affect the catch in the tidal pool because even the smaller seine was long enough to reach across the width of the pool. There were no duplicate or reciprocal tows in either the surf or tidal pool, i.e., a given area was seined only once per collecting trip. Assuming that the opening of the seine was 12 m (+2 m), the area covered in a seine haul between the groins in the surf was about 2,220 m?. Surf and tidal-pool catches made on the same day were considered as different collections and were handled separately. Air and water temperatures, salinity, and turbidity were measured and observations were made on the condition of the sea, height of the breakers, wind velocity and direction, cloud cover, character of the bottom, and depth of water seined. All material was measured and weighed after preserva- tion. Standard length (SL), fork length (FL)—when applicable, total length (TL), and weight (W) of each fish were taken. Specimens were thoroughly blotted ex- ternally and excess moisture was squeezed out of the gill chambers of fishes before weighing. Similar techniques were used for invertebrates except that carapace length (CL) and width (CW) were measured on crabs. Data were coded for input on 80-column Hollerith code punch cards. Four types of cards were used for each collection: 1) location data card, 2) physical data card, 3) species data card (number of specimens, total weight, and length and weight ranges), and 4) specimen data card (scientific name, sex if determined, lengths, weight, and miscellaneous data as appropriate). Data were analyzed on an IBM System 360/40 DOS computer. The software used for the analyses of the data was the Dynamic Computer Systems/Multi-purpose Information Processor and the UCLA BMD, Biomedical Computer Programs. In this study we define the seasons as follows: October, November, December—Fall; January, February, March—Winter; April, May, June—Spring; and July, August, September—Summer. Selectivity of Collecting Method The method of collecting used in this study was highly selective. The material that could be collected by seining was determined by the characteristics of the net (length, configuration, and mesh size), certain environmental factors, and the speed at which the net could be pulled, which is largely a reflection of environmental conditions. In the surf the environmental factors with the greatest effects were velocity of longshore current, condition and height of sea, nature of bottom, temperature, and tur- bidity; in the tidal pool those of greatest importance were conditions prevailing at the previous flood tide and the configuration of the pool itself which was a product of the conditions existing at the time of formation. In the surf large individuals were not as readily collected as smaller ones; however, at times of low water temperatures the motility of larger animals was reduced greatly, thereby decreasing their chances of escaping capture. Individuals less than a certain critical size (a function of mesh size) were not retained in the net unless they became entrapped with other animals and debris in the bag of the seine. The seine was usually pulled with the longshore current because most frequently it was impossible to make headway against it. Even though our hauls were for the most part with the current, the time required to cover the distance between the groins varied considerably because of differences in current velocity. Our catch, then, was affected both qualitatively and quantitatively to unknown degrees by variations in the current. In the tidal pool all individuals greater than a certain critical size would appear to be captured with ease. However, experience showed that this was not the case. Due to the configuration of the tidal pool, particularly when it was in part or entirely associated with one (or both) of the groins, animals were seen that were not collected. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Collections A total of 87 collections were made, 51 in the surf (Table 1) and 36 in the tidal pool (Table 2). Each collec- tion in the surf yielded at least one species of fish (1-9) and all but 14 at least one swimming invertebrate species (1-6). Twenty-eight of the 36 collections in the tidal pool produced at least one species of fish (1-7), but swimming invertebrates (one species) were obtained in only eight collections. The total number of species of fishes and swimming invertebrates varied from 1 to 13 per collec- tion in the surf and 0 to 7 in the tidal pool. The number of fishes per collection in the surf varied from 2 to 310; the number of swimming invertebrates from 0 to 79. In the tidal pool the number of fishes per collection ranged from 0 to 759; the number of swimming invertebrates from 0 to 12. The total number of specimens of fishes and swimming invertebrates ranged from 2 to 311 per station in the surf and 0 to 759 in the tidal pool. The weight of fishes per collection in the surf varied from 7 to 2,045 g, that of swimming invertebrates from 0 to 655 g. The weight of fishes per collection in the tidal pool varied from 0 to 817 g, that of swimming in- vertebrates from 0 to 7 g. The total weight of fishes and swimming invertebrates varied from 7 to 2,047 g per sta- tion in the surf, and from 0 to 817 g in the tidal pool. Some 512 specimens of swimming invertebrates representing 4 phyla, 4 classes, 6 orders, 11 families, about 15 genera, and at least 17 species; and 5,095 specimens of bony fishes representing 7 orders, 19 families, 32 genera, and 41 species were collected and ex- amined during this study. About 350 specimens representing at least 32 additional species of in- vertebrates were also collected. This group of species in- cluded nonswimming motile forms characteristic of calmer offshore waters, unattached bottom-dwellers of the surf zone (such as pelecypods and echinoderms), and detached offshore sessile organisms. Seventeen of these species (represented by 102 specimens) were collected only on 16 July 1971 shortly after a tropical storm passed near the coast of South Carolina. Because these 32 ad- ditional species of invertebrates are not ordinarily found in the surf zone or are bottom-dwellers not adequately sampled by our method of collection, they are not con- sidered further. Sixteen of the 17 species of swimming invertebrates were found in the surf, but only five were found in the tidal pool. Nearly all of the specimens (491 of 512) and nearly all of the mass of swimming invertebrates (4,291 of 4,300 g) were found in the surf. All 41 species of fishes collected were found in the surf, but only 16 appeared in the tidal pool. Approximately 54% of the specimens (2,747) were seined in the surf and about 46% (2,348) in the tidal pool. Approximately 74% (12,866 g) of the ichthyomass was caught in the surf and about 26% (4,452 g) in the tidal pool. The mean weight of fishes from the surf was more than twice the mean weight of those from the tidal pool (4.68 to 1.90 g). Larger fishes tend to avoid being trapped in shallow tidal pools as the tide ebbs, whereas smaller individuals may find refuge in these relatively predator-free pools. It is conceivable that these transient pools provide havens that are important to the survival of the fry of species such as Trachinotus carolinus and Mugil curema and to individuals of most size ranges of Fundulus majalis and Menidia menidia. Individuals of the latter two species may seek these quiet waters for feeding. Although one of the effects of fishes concentrating in a tidal pool is to make them more vulnerable to some piscivorous birds, the advantages of temporary residence in an isolated pool (protection from predatory fishes and certain birds and the availability of food) may far outweigh this disadvantage. Of the most important species, the fishes Anchoa mitchilli and Men- ticirrhus littoralis and the decapod crustacean Arenaeus cribrarius were collected almost exclusively in the surf, while the fish Fundulus majalis was caught almost en- tirely in the tidal pool. Table 3 presents summaries of data on collections, size ranges, total weights, tempera- ture, and salinity for fishes and Arenaeus cribrarius, and Table 4 presents the monthly size range and number col- lected per month for fishes and A. cribrarius. In both tables A. cribrarius is included because it was the only invertebrate species collected in sufficient numbers for analysis. Data on the other swimming invertebrates col- lected are presented in Table 5. The numbers of specimens collected were quite small compared with those of some surveys. Our small catches resulted from the difficulties encountered in collecting in the surf and the limitations imposed by our sampling procedure (the absence of replicate tows and collecting sites and the use of a small beach seine). The similarjties in the two years in the compositions of the collections and the seasonal trends indicate that our methodology was adequate for giving an estimate of some of the en- vironmental and population parameters of the area. Comparisons of Yearly and Seasonal Abundance of Fishes Comparisons of numbers of species and specimens and total weights of fishes are presented in Table 6. These are discussed in this section. In the section on the Analysis of Abundance of Fishes, the statistics of the data given in Table 6 are examined. Table 1.—List of collections made in the surf during survey of Folly Beach, S.C. (Oct. 1969-Oct. 1971). F = Fish; I = Swimming invertebrates. Plus indicates imcomplete data; dash indicates no data taken; < indicates weights of 0.5 g or less. Tempera- ture Salinity Date (°C) (°ho 1969 1UOct! 24.5 33.0 18 Oct. 21.0 32.8 1 Nov. 17.5 31.2 16 Nov. 11.4 32.9 2 Dec. 11.0 31.4 17 Dec. 9.3 29.0 1970 2 Jan. 8.8 32.8 15 Jan. 6.7 27.7 1 Feb. 7.4 32.2 14 Feb. 8.9 32.1 1 Mar. 9.9 33.2 15 Mar. 11.1 32.6 31 Mar. 15.3 26.4 12 Apr. 16.0 23.2 25 Apr. 21.5 31.8 11 May 22.5 32.6 26 May 23.2 32.6 9 June 23.8 28.0 23 June 212 31.2 11 July 26.7 31.2 25 July 28.3 35.0 8 Aug. 26.0 32.3 24 Aug. 28.6 33.9 9 Sept. 25.6 30.2 23 Sept. 26.9 29.6 10 Oct. 23.0 31.2 24 Oct. 20.4 31.2 7 Nov. 15.3 32.3 22 Nov. 14.6 29.1 6 Dec. 13.0 29.6 22 Dec. 13.3 34.5 1971 4 Jan. 10.2 28.0 21 Jan. 6.4 31.2 6 Feb. 9.0 27.0 20 Feb. 10.8 26.4 8 Mar. 10.9 30.2 21 Mar. 11.0 31.8 6 Apr. 14.2 30.2 17 Apr. 15.3 31.2 2 May 19.0 28.0 16 May 21.1 28.0 30 May 21.6 29.1 14 June 24.9 33.4 28 June 27.2 32.8 16 July 27.4 33.4 30 July 27.8 31.5 13 Aug. 26.8 29.6 28 Aug. 27.0 32.3 12 Sept. 26.2 32.8 26 Sept. 24.2 29.2 10 Oct. 23.5 27.5 Surf.—More species and more specimens of fishes were caught in the surf during the second year than in the first year, but the weight of fishes caught in the sec- ond year was only 60% of those caught in the first year (see Table 6). A considerable portion of this difference was due to the capture during the first year of 20 Mugil cephalus with a total weight in excess of 1.5 kg and a F Onanonuw NEN OMTWOHNUAAHWAORDAILWANNR KN N DS Nowoaunk ow am re ab ow 0 & OD No. of species No. of Total specimens weight (g) I F I F I 3 25 20 56 354 1 77 4 180 = 135 1 3 2 ll 39 0 54 0 312 0 0 3 0 75 0 0 195 0 461 0 0 97 0 307 0 2 39 6 1,252 39 0 47 0 121 0 1 58 2 162 < 0 15 0 50 0 0 9 0 32 0 1 130 1 520 5 0 14 0 63 0 2 37 3 162 14 2 ct 6 16 103 2 12 4 24 _— 4 21 19 1,294 276 1 51 44 188 166+ 4 45 8 96 16+ 2 16 6 289 207+ 1 25 79 166 56+ 2 21 13 102 7 2 15 8 58 108 1 113 2 2,045 2+ 1 7 3 8 31+ 1 46 8 486 16 0 71 0 193 0 1 4 1 19 < 0 74 0 229 0 0 2 0 7 0 0 8 0 26 0 1 310 1 571 < 0 244 0 626 0 0 132 0 472 0 1 39 1 63 — 2 78 6 156 13 2 13 10 186 22 2 34 4 184 80 7 14 10 212 95 2 3 11 29 «152 1 15 1 21 19 1 81 9 293 165 3 28 8 85 204 6 80 47 128 446 2 66 13 126 19 1 38 1 206 1 1 41 34 112 341 5 161 61 319+ 655 1 12 5 14. «67 2 17 30 53+ 438 single specimen of Pogonias cromis which weighed more than 1.2 kg. Comparisons of seasonal catches between the two years show close similarities in numbers of species in cor- responding seasons except summer. The summer of the second year produced almost half again as many species as that of the first year. Winter, spring, and summer in Table 2.—List of collections made in the tidal pool (when present) during survey of Fol- ly Beach, S.C. (Oct. 1969-Oct. 1971). F = Fish; I = Swimming invertebrates. Plus in- dicates incomplete data; dash indicates no data taken; < indicates weights of 0.5 g or less. Tempera- No. of No. of Total ture Salinity species specimens weight (g) Date (°C) (Phd FEES (asia e ee Romie 1969 11 Oct. 26.8 —_ 6 1 130 2 365+ < 18 Oct 17.0 = 5 0 14 0 38 0 16 Nov 11.2 32.0 1 0 14 0 41 0 2 Dec 10.8 32.0 3 1 58 12 809 — 17 Dec 7.9 28.1 1 0 1 0 5 0 1970 2 Jan 8.0 32.5 1 0 5 0 22 0 15 Jan 6.2 26.2 1 0 4 0 16 0 1 Feb. 7.3 30.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Mar 8.4 32.4 1 0 5 0 21 0 11 May 21.6 31.6 3 0 76 0 268 0 26 May 21.1 31.8 6 0 251 0 817 0 9 June 22.8 28.0 idl 0 759 0 295 0 23 June 24.8 28.0 3 1 366 1 236 7 11 July 23.4 28.5 4 1 73 it 215 < 25 July 26.3 32.3 2 1 5 1 9 1 8 Aug 24.6 30.7 4 1 159 1 239 < 9 Sept 24.2 29.6 2 0 3 0 5 0 23 Sept 25.6 28.5 1 0 5 0 1 0 10 Oct 24.3 31.2 3 0 51 0 1 0 7 Nov 14.6 31.2 5 0 52 0 149 0 22 Nov 14.2 31.2 2 0 132 0 461 0 6 Dec 10.7 29.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 Dec 14.0 32.3 1 0 50 0 218 0 1971 4 Jan 11.2 25.8 3 0 17 0 67 0 21 Jan ONT 28.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Feb 11.0 27.0 1 0 1 0 < 0 17 Apr. 14.9 30.2 3 0 49 0 14 0 2 May 18.0 25.8 1 0 4 0 14 0 16 May 19.8 28.0 i 0 4 0 13 0 30 May 18.5 29.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 June 24.0 33.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 June 25.1 31.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 July 24.5 31.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 Aug 24.2 29.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Sept 25.5 32.3 4 1 46 1 73 _— 10 Oct 23.0 28.0 4 1 14 2 28 1 the second year each yielded more specimens than in the first year, with winter and summer each being a great deal more productive. In each season of the first year a greater total mass of fishes was collected than in the same season in the second year. A comparison of data for seasons for both years com- bined shows that more species were caught in summer than in any other season and that diversity was least in winter. In contrast, most specimens and greatest mass were obtained in winter, whereas the least number of in- dividuals and smallest mass appeared in the spring and fall catches, respectively. For the most part, the in- dividual years followed the same pattern. The high diver- sity in the warmer months was expected, but the large number of individuals and great mass caught during the winter was not anticipated. The large winter catch, relative to other seasons, may be due to at least two fac- tors—motility and preferences for particular temperature regimes. Most of the larger, faster fishes that were caught in cold water could have easily avoided the seine when the water was warm. Menidia menidia, the most abundant species, was caught over a wide range of temperature (6.4°-28.3°C), but was most plentiful at the lower end of that range, whereas Trachinotus carolinus and Mugil curema (two of the most common species of fishes) were not collected at temperatures less than 14.6° and 14.9°C, respectively. Tidal pool.—More species, more individuals, and greater mass of fishes were collected in the tidal pool dur- ing the first year than in the second year (see Table 6). These differences appear to be largely due to chance. A tidal pool was present on 18 of the collecting days each year, but only 1 of the 18 yielded no fishes or in- vertebrates in the first year; in contrast 7 produced no specimens in the second year. The absence of fishes from a particular collection in the tidal pool was apparently not entirely related to temperature because three collec- tions which produced none were made in December, January, and February (water temperature: 3.7-10.7°C) Table 3.—Summary data for Arenaeus cribrarius and fishes collected during survey of Folly Beach, S.C. (Oct. 1969-Oct. 1971). Species Portunidae (Decapoda, Crustacea) Arenaeus cribrarius Elopidae Elops saurus Clupeidae Alosa aestivalis Brevoortia smithi Brevoortia tyrannus Dorosoma petenense Opisthonema oglinum Engraulidae Anchoa hepsetus Anchoa mitchilli Ariidae Arius felis Cyprinodontidae Cyprinodon variegatus Fundulus heteroclitus Fundulus majalis Fundulus sp. Atherinidae Membras martinica Menidia beryllina Menidia menidia Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix Carangidae Caranx hippos Chloroscombrus chrysurus Trachinotus carolinus Trachinotus falcatus Trachinotus goodet Gerreidae Eucinostomus sp. Sparidae Archosargus probatocephalus Sciaenidae Bairdiella chrysura Larimus fasciatus Leiostomus xanthurus Menticirrhus littoralis Menticirrhus saxatilis Menticirrhus sp. Pogonias cromis Stellifer lanceolatus Mugilidae Musgil cephalus Mugil curema Scombridae Scomberomorus maculatus Triglidae Prionotus sp. Bothidae Paralichthys squamilentus Scophthalmus aquosus Soleidae Trinectes maculatus Balistidae Monacanthus hispidus Tetraodontidae Sphoeroides maculatus Sphoeroides spengleri Diodontidae Chilomycterus? ‘Carapace width in millimeters. surf 417(32) 1(1) 22(5) 1(1) 18(3) 1(1) 15(1) 22(7) 362(29) 1(1) 2(1) 1(1) 3(3) 0 14(8) 22(10) 1,485(36) 2(2) 6(3) 266(29) 7(5) 4(3) 1(1) 1(1) 1(1) 4(1) 2(2) 291(34) 3(2) 3(2) 1(1) 1(1) 26(8) 121(9) 1(1) 5(3) 0 ooooco 3(1) 10(1) 1(1) 2(2) 3(1) 341(15) 2(2) 0 4(4) 630(18) 0 0 0 710(13) 41(7) 0 2(1) 0 Number collected and times (in parentheses) tidal pool total 422(35) 1(1) 22(5) 1(1) 18(3) 1(1) 15(1) 25(8) 372(30) 2(2) 4(3) 4(2) 344(18) 2(2) 14(8) 26(14) 2,115(54) 2(2) 2(2) 6(3) 976(42) 48(12) 4(3) 3(2) 1(1) 1(1) 4(1) 2(2) 294(36) 4(3) 4(3) 1(1) 1(1) 73(11) 666(16) 1(1) 2(2) 19(10) 1(1) 1(1) 6(4) 5(2) 1(1) 2(1) Size range (mm SL) '7-141 220 229-237 26-32 25-38 26-84 57 44-83 46-75 21-89 93-122 28-34 20-54 12-93 12-59 18-91 14-28 118 93 15-34 38-102 19-149 33-50 27-38 328 51 17-328 19-130 106 24-26 34-115 81 100 16-22 14-18 16 12-16 Total Temperature weight range (g) (°C) 3,218+ 11.0-28.6 111 26.2 29 6.4-10.9 13 6.7 87 6.4-9.3 a 28.6 78 26.8 70 15.3-28.6 365 6.4-28.6 347 19.0-23.4 4 9.3-11.2 3 11.4-14.6 744 6.2-26.8 8 6.2-22.8 42 9.0-26.8 53 6.4-22.8 6,226 6.4-28.3 38 23.8-26.7 2 26.8-28.3 6 26.2-27.8 1,519 14.6-28.6 47 15.3-26.8 23 21.0-26.0 1 24.3-24.5 70 6.7 17 15.3 4 26.2 26 21.1-21.5 843 6.7-28.6 5 22.8-27.2 2 14.6-26.2 1,228 23.8 3 14.2 2,426 6.4-28.3 2,709 14.9-28.6 ll 27.4 1 26.2-27.4 82 15.3-27.4 14 15.3 45 21.5 2 15.3-27.0 2 27.2-27.8 .< 10.9-19.0 28.0-30.2 Mollusca Cephalopoda Lolliguncula brevis 1(1) 0 1(1) x 23.5 2720 Annelida Polychaeta Nereis succinea 3(2) 1(1) 4(3) xX 25.5-27.4 32.3-33.4 Arthropoda Crustacea Tsopoda Aegathoa oculata 1(1) 0 1(1) ».¢ 28.6 33.9 Decapoda Acetes americanus carolinae 3(1) 0 3(1) xX 26.2 32.8 Callinectes ornatus 0 1(1) 1(1) xX 26.3 32.3 Callinectes sapidus 9(8) 12(1) 21(9) xX xX Xx 10.8-28.3 28.0-35.0 Emerita talpoida 3(3) 2(2) 5(5) ».¢ ».¢ 19.0-26.7 28.0-31.2 Emerita sp., fragment 1(1) 0 1(1) Xx 23.2 32.6 Ogyrides alphaerostris 1(1) 0 1(1) X 27.2 32.8 Ovalipes ocellatus 14(8) 0 14(8) xX x 11.0-23.8 26.4-31.8 Palaemonetes pugio 5(3) 0 5(3) ».« xX 6.4-26.7 31.2-32.1 Penaeus setiferus 21(4) 0 21(4) xX x 6.7-27.4 27.7-33.4 Portunus anceps 5(1) 0 5(1) x 27.4 33.4 Portunus gibbest 1(1) 0 1(1) Xx 27.4 33.4 Trachypenaeus constrictus 1(1) 0 1(1) xX 24.5 33.0 Stomatopoda Squilla empusa 2(1) 0 2(1) ».« 6.7 27.7 One unidentified species (larva) 1(1) 0 1(1) x 26.7 31.2 collected in the surf than in the tidal pool (see Table 6). counts for most of this variation between years. In the first year more specimens were captured in the Considering the first and second years combined, more tidal pool than in the surf, but in the second year the op- species, greater numbers, and a greater mass were posite was true. Captures of large numbers of small fishes collected in the surf than in the tidal pool. In the surf as in the tidal pool during the spring of the first year ac- compared with the tidal pool, species diversity was Table 6.—Numbers of species and specimens and total weights of fishes(in grams) collected in the surf, tidal pool, and surf and tidal pool com- bined at Folly Beach, S.C. (Oct. 1969-Oct. 1971). Seine eee SUT ete be ist 18) “Tidalipool nk Surf and tidal pool combined Number Number Total Number Number Total Number Number Total species specimens weight species specimens weight species specimens weight collected! collected _collected collected’ collected collected collected’ collected collected First fall 14 357 1,095 9 217 1,258 16 574 2,353 year winter 9 395 2,445 2 14 58 9 409 2,503 spring 14 142 1,748 9 1,452 1,617 15 1,594 3,365 summer 13 235 2,755 6 245 469 16 480 3,224 Total 28 1,129 8,043 14 1,928 3,402 29 3,057 11,445 Second fall 12 204 942 8 285 842 17 489 1,784 year winter 8 811 1,914 4 18 67 11 829 1,981 spring 14 188 1,010 3 57 40 14 245 1,050 summer 19 415 957 5 60 101 21 475 1,058 Total 31 1,618 4,823 11 420 1,050 35 2,038 5,873 First and fall 20 561 2,037 11 502 2,100 20 1,063 4,137 second winter 11 1,206 4,359 4 32 125 12 1,238 4,484 years spring 19 330 2,758 10 1,509 1,657 20 1,839 4,415 comb. summer 24 650 3,712 6 305 570 26 955 4,282 Total 41 2,747 12,866 16 2,348 4,452 41 5,095 17,318 ‘Total figure accounts for only one occurrence of each species. greater in all seasons, number of specimens was larger in all seasons except spring, and mass was greater in all seasons except fall. The seasonal patterns for the in- dividual years were quite similar to the preceding. The surf zone and tidal pool are related, but quite different habitats. Their ecological relationship can be described as that of a severe, but seasonally relatively stable, environment (the surf zone) with a depauperate fauna which “‘regularly” contributes segments of its pop- ulations in a partly random fashion to a transient, un- stable environment (the tidal pool) which reappears at predictable intervals unless certain conditions, whose appearances are largely unpredictable, intervene. Analysis of Abundance of Fishes Abundance in terms of numbers of species and specimens and total weight per collection was analyzed by season, year, and sampling location. A two-factor ran- domized complete-block design was used as the ex- perimental model for each of the dependent variables of interest: number of species, number of specimens, and total weight of fishes per collection. Analysis of variance was employed for each of the three dependent variables in testing the null hypothesis that the effects of sampling location (factor 1, 2 levels; surf, tidal pool), season (fac- tor 2, 4 levels; fall, winter, spring, summer), interaction between sampling location and season, and year (block, 2 levels; October 1969 through September 1970, October 1970 through September 1971) were nonsignificant. Throughout ‘‘nonsignificant’’ means P>0.05; “significant,” 0.01< P< 0.05; and “highly significant,” P<0.01. The number of collections (observations) made for the various treatment combinations was: Fall Winter Spring Summer Year 1: Surf 6 7 6 6 Tidal pool 5 4 4 5 Year 2: Surf 6 6 7 6 Tidal pool 5 3 6 3 It should be noted that the surf and tidal pool collections made on 10 October 1971 (the start of a third year) were not included in these analyses. Because the cell frequen- cies were unequal, an unweighted-means analysis was used as the computational procedure with the harmonic mean (f7,= 4.97) of the number of observations being used as the effective number of observations per cell for computation of main effects and interactions (Winer 1962). One of the underlying assumptions of the analysis of variance is that of homogeneity of variance. Each set of data was examined for correlation between treatment means and their within-treatment variances. This ex- amination suggested transformations producing homogeneity. An analysis of variance was then con- ducted. The within-cell means and variances of the number of species per collection for the various treatment com- 10 binations were examined for correlations, but none were found. The within-cell variances for the number of species per collection ranged from 0.25 to 6.97. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variance gave aX? value of 11.04 for 15 df which was not significant. We then proceeded with the analysis of variance on the original data, X = number of species of fishes per collection. Similar examinations were conducted for the number of specimens and total weight of fishes per collection. In both cases it was apparent that the variances were proportional to the means and were also heterogeneous. Bartlett’s test was employed to test the hypothesis of equal within-cell variances for both the number of specimens and total weight of fishes per collection. The results of Bartlett’s test were X*?j54, = 93.19 and X? isar = 99.78, respectively. Both Xx? values were highly significant and we therefore rejected the hypothesis of homogeneity. It appeared that the heterogeneity was of the regular type for both the number of specimens and total weight of fishes per collection, i.e., the variability within the several treatments was proportional to the treatment means. For this reason the logarithmic transformation, log (X + 1), was used to make the means and variances independent and to stabilize the within- cell variances. The logarithmic transformation was made on the number of specimens of fishes per collection, and Bartlett’s test was conducted to determine if this transformation homogenized the variances. The result of Bartlett’s test on the within-cell variances for X = log (number of specimens of fishes per collection + 1) was X‘sa¢ = 13.78. Since this was nonsignificant and it appeared that no relationship remained between the means and variances of the transformed data, we then conducted the analysis of variance on the transformed data, X = log (number of specimens of fishes per collec- tion + 1). The logarithmic transformation was also used for the total weight of fishes per collection. Bartlett’s test resulted in xX? |;;-, = 12.85 for the within-cell variances of the transformed data. This was nonsignificant and the analysis of variance was then conducted on the transformed data, X = log (total weight of fishes per collection + 1). The results of the analysis of variance for the number of species of fishes per collection (Table 7) indicate that the block or year effect is not significant. The nonsignifi- cant location-by-season interaction shown in Table 7 in- dicates that the surf and tidal pool differences in number of species per collection are constant across season. The location-by-season means of number of species of fishes Table 7.—Analysis of variance of X = number of species of fishes per collection. (* Significant, P< 0.05; ** highly significant, P< 0.01; ns not significant, P > 0.05.) Source Ss df MS F Blocks (years) 4.92 1 4.92 1.248 ns Location 124.85 1 124.85 31.669 ** Season 39.60 3 13.20 3.348 * Location by season 17.04 3 5.68 1.441 ns Error 299.61 76 3.94 Total 486.02 84 per collection averaged over both years are (number of collections in parentheses): Fall Winter Spring Summer Overall Surf 4.25(12) 3.31(138) 4.92(138) 6.00(12) —4.60(50) Tidal pool 2.70(10) —-1.00(7) 2.40(10) —2.12(8) 2.14(35) Overall 3.55(22) 2.50(20) 3.82(28) 4.45(20) —3.59(85) The surf and tidal pool collections differ significantly with respect to number of species per collection when averaged over both years and all seasons (Table 7). The results of the analysis of variance also indicate a signifi- cant seasonal effect. Student-Newman-Keuls’ test was used to determine which of the overall seasonal means were significantly different (Sokal and Rohlf 1969). The results indicate that only winter and summer differ significantly in number of species per collection; all other comparisons were nonsignificant. The results of the analysis of variance for the number of specimens per collection are presented in Table 8, in- dicating that neither the year effect nor the main effect of season is significant. On the other hand, both the main Table 8.—Analysis of variance for X = log (number of specimens of fishes per collection + 1). (** Highly significant, P< 0.01; ns not sig- nificant, P> 0.05.) Source Ss df MS F Blocks (years) 1.4906 1 1.4906 3.565 ns Location 3.5807 1 3.5807 8.563 ** Season 0.6739 3 0.2246 0.537 ns Location by season 6.4340 3 2.1447 5.129 ** Error 31.7783 76 0.4181 Total 43.9575 84 effect of location and the location-by-season interaction are highly significant. The back-transformed location- by-season means (means expressed in the original units of measurement) for both years combined are (number of collections in parentheses): Fall Winter Spring Summer Surf 20.66(12) 56.00(13) 18.88(13) 38.69(12) Tidal pool 23.02(10) 2.50(7) 18.19(10) 8.84(8) In view of the highly significant interaction of location and season, an examination of this interaction was un- dertaken to determine location differences within season; results of t-tests for surf versus tidal pool are: fall 0.16, P>0.05; winter 4.00, P<0.01; spring 0.06, P>0.05; summer 2.05, P<0.05. These single degree-of-freedom comparisons are not independent, but are warranted because the interaction is highly significant. They in- dicate that there is a highly significant difference between the average number of specimens per collection in the surf and the average number of specimens per collection in the tidal pool for those collections made in winter, a significant difference for summer, and a non- significant difference for both fall and spring. Table 9 gives the results of the analysis of variance for total weight per collection which indicate a highly 11 Table 9.—Analysis of variance for X = log (total weight of fishes per collection + 1). (*Significant, P< 0.05; **highly significant, P< 0.01; ns not significant, P > 0.05.) Source SS df MS F Blocks (years) 4.4421 1 4.4421 8.288 ** Location 12.5504 1 12.5504 23.416 ** Season 1.2729 3 0.4243 0.792 ns Location by season 5.8823 3 1.9608 3.658 * Error 40.7355 76 0.5360 Total 64.8832 84 significant difference between years for the total weight of fishes per collection. This is due in part to the capture during the first year of 20 Mugil cephalus with a total weight in excess of 1.5 kg and a single specimen of Pogonias cromis which weighed more than 1.2 kg. A variation in seining technique (see section on Materials and Methods) may have contributed to the capture of these large specimens because two short tows may have been more effective in collecting large individuals than a single long tow. The main effect of season is not signifi- cant. Both the main effect of location and the location- by-season interaction were found to be significant. The back-transformed location-by-season means (in grams) for both years combined are (number of collections in parentheses): Fall Winter Spring Summer Surf 75.87(12) 184.60(13) 101.24(13) 146.66(12) Tidal pool 59.56(10) 5.84(7) 22.37(10) 11.34(8) Single degree-of-freedom comparisons of location differences within season show that the surf does not differ significantly from the tidal pool for those collec- tions made in the fall, but surf and tidal pool collections differ significantly for each of the other seasons with respect to the average total weight of fishes per collection (results of t-tests are: fall 0.33, P>0.05; winter 4.18, P< 0.01; spring 2.08, P< 0.05; summer 3.23, P< 0.01). Ranking of Species The more common species (represented by at least 100 specimens) were Arenaeus cribrarius, Anchoa mitchilli, Fundulus majalis, Menidia menidia, Trachinotus carolinus, Menticirrhus littoralis, and Mugil curema. The six species of fishes accounted for 94% of the specimens of fishes collected (4,767 of 5,095) and 72% of the ichthyomass (12,406 of 17,318 g). One species, Areneaus cribrarius, made up 82% of the swimming in- vertebrate specimens (422 of 512) and 75% of the mass of swimming invertebrates (3,218 of 4,300 g). These species were ranked to determine their relative importance. Of the seven most important species, one (F. majalis) was not a significant part of the catch in the surf, and three (A. cribrarius, A. mitchilli, and M. littoralis) were of lit- tle consequence in the tidal pool. We developed a seasonal index to allow ordering of species by seasonal occurrence. It is defined as: D; C; 4 Seasonal index = 1 + log N° > fe 12h where N = total number collected, D; = days collected in the ith season, C; months collected in the 7th season, M; = number of months in the it season. Although arbitrary in its design, this index does contain the elements implicit in the meaning of seasonality, and the lower the seasonal index for a species the more seasonal is its occurrence. Species were ranked by number of specimens, frequen- cy of appearance (number of days collected), weight, and seasonality (seasonal index). For each of these categories the values were ordered and the highest value was given a rank of one, the second highest a rank of two, etc. In determining rank of importance, the individual ranks for each species were weighted equally and summed. The ordered sums were then ranked as “‘importance”’ (Table 10). In the surf and tidal pool combined, M. menidia was the most important species, followed by A. cribrarius, T. carolinus, M. littoralis and M. curema, A. mitchilli, and F. majalis. Relationships Between Environmental Variables and Occurrence A major objective of this study was to determine the relationships of the occurrence of the fauna to certain en- vironmental variables using multiple regression techni- ques. The collections made in the surf were chosen for more detailed analyses. Effects of environmental variables on collections made in the tidal pool were not examined because conditions at the time of pool forma- tion were not known. Five of the most important species in the surf were selected to determine which environmental variables are important to their occurrence. The species chosen were Arenaeus cribrarius, Anchoa mitchilli, Menidia menidia, Trachinotus carolinus, and Menticirrhus littoralis. Mugil curema was not chosen because it was present in only 9 of the 51 surf collections. Five variables (duration of effort, water temperature, salinity, height of sea, and visibility of Secchi disc) were chosen for analysis. We used stepwise regression techniques to choose the “best” equation (Draper and Smith 1966) for each of the five selected species in the following manner: 1. Occurrence was plotted versus environmental variables and the data were linearized, where necessary; 2. Simple correlation coefficients between occurrence and the environmental variables were computed; 3. Using the multiple regression model, Y=8 +6, Z,+ B,Z, +...+Bp Zp +e, where Y = occurrence, and Z; is some function of one of the five selected en- vironmental variables, X,, X,,..., X,, a stepwise regression was preformed to identify those parameters which account for the attributable variations in the model; and 4. For each final regression equation residuals were analyzed. Variation within months, which we did not consider significant, was removed by using monthly averages for all data. Only temperature showed a marked seasonal effect. The mean number of specimens per collection was plotted for each species versus mean water temperature (by months). The pattern for A. cribrarius (Fig. 1) was typical of all species except M. menidia (Fig. 2). Menidia menidia was much more abundant at the lower water temperatures, while the converse was true for the other species. Figures 1 and 2 indicate the possible utility of the square of water temperature as an additional in- dependent variable because the relationships appear to be curvilinear functions. Table 10.—Rank of the seven most important species collected during Folly Beach survey (Oct. 1969-Oct. 1971). Ranks are in parentheses. Appearance equals number of days collected (because of this the number of days collected in surf and tidal pool combined does not equal number of days collected in surf plus number of days collected in tidal pool). Appear- Weight Seasonal Sum of Impor- Species Number ance (g) index ranks tance Surf: Menidia menidia 1,485(1) 36(1) 4,025(1) 109.7(1) 4 1 Arenaeus cribrarius 417(2) 32(3) 3,209(2) 76.6(2) 9 2 Mentictrrhus littoralis 291(4) 34(2) 831(5) 72.9(3) 14 3 Anchoa mitchilli 362(3) 29(4.5) 350(6) 63.7(4) 17.5 4 Trachinotus carolinus 266(5) 29(4.5) 1,018(4) 62.0(5) 18.5 5 Mugil curema 121(6) 9(6) 2,591(3) 11.7(6) 6 Tidal pool: Menidia menidia 630(2) 18(1) 2,201(1) 31.2(1) 5 1 Trachinotus carolinus 710(1) 13(3) 501(3) 21.8(2) 9 2 Fundulus majalis 341(4) 15(2) 734(2) 20.9(3) 11 3 Mugil curema 545(3) 7(4) 118(4) 8.5(4) 15 4 Surf and Menidia menidia 2,115(1) 40(1) 6,226(1) 126.9(1) 4 1 tidal pool Arenaeus cribrarius 422(4) 35(2) 3,218(2) 76.7(2) 10 2 combined: Trachinotus carolinus 976(2) 29(5) 1,519(4) 76.2(3) 14 3 Menticirrhus littoralis 294(7) 34(3) 843(5) 73.0(4) 19 4.5 Mugil curema 666(3) 14(7) 2,709(3) 29.2(6) 19 4.5 Anchoa mitchilli 372(5) 30(4) 365(7) 66.5(5) 21 6 Fundulus majalis 344(6) 16(6) 744(6) 23.0(7) 25 7 12 50 A Y =712.28+1.11X R° = 0.47 40 ie) 2, 10.0 15.0 20.0 WATER TEMPERATURE (°C) aL 30.0 NUMBER OF AREWAEUS CRIBARIUS T 25.0 Figure 1.—Mean number of Arenaeus cribrarius per collection ver- sus mean water temperature for surf collections (by months). Simple correlation coefficients of monthly averages of environmental variables and monthly average number of specimens per collection in the surf are given in Table 11. Water temperature and its square correlated significant- ly with number of specimens for all species. Height of sea was significantly correlated with occurrence for A. mitchilli and M. littoralis. A significant negative correla- tion existed between salinity and number of specimens for M. menidia. No other correlations were significant. Stepwise regression was then undertaken for each species. The list of variables and notation used is con- tained in Table 12. In addition to the stepwise procedure, all independent variables were forced to enter the equa- tion (forward selection) to assess the percentage reduc- tion of the sum of squares of deviations of Y from its mean attributed to regression. A An examination of residuals (e; = Y; — Y;) was con- ducted using the methods of Draper and Smith (1966). In conducting the regression analyses, assumptions were made about e; : errors were independent, had zero mean and a constant variance, and followed a normal distribu- tion. Residuals were examined to see if these assump- tions were violated and to suggest possible transfor- mations of the variables (e.g., squares and cross products of the independent variables). Residuals for the final equations selected for each species were plotted overall, in time sequence, against the fitted values Y,, and against the independent variables X Gis LOLI Lorene; k. Our assumptions apparently were not violated, with one exception. There appeared to be a time sequence effect for some species when the residuals were ordered 200 Y =234.31-20.11x4+0.43x" x S = 2 NW 160 R’ =0.59 SS x $ 120 Wy SS 5 80 fia W ao = 40 =) 2 {0} 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 WATER TEMPERATURE (°C) Figure 2.—Mean number of Menidia menidia per collection versus mean water temperature for surf collections (by months). Table 12.—List of variables and notation for stepwise multiple regression. Response variables Monthly average number of Independent variables specimens per collection Monthly average in the surf in the surf Y, Arenaeus cribrarius X, duration of effort (min) Y, Anchoa mitchilli X, water temperature (°C) Y3 Menidia menidia X, salinity (°/o0) Y, Trachinotus carolinus X, height of sea (m) Y,; Menticirrhus littoralis X, visibility of Secchi disc (m) X« square of water temperature by month, i.e., long runs of positive residuals followed by runs of negative residuals. A one-sample runs test was used to examine this time sequence effect. Results were not significant. It was concluded that our final equations did not violate the assumptions and no other transfor- mations seemed relevant. The summary statistics for the forward selection of six independent variables are given in Tables 13 through 17 along with the final equation selected by the stepwise procedure. Water temperature (or the square of water temperature) was more highly correlated with occurrence than any of the other independent variables (Table 11). The stepwise procedure was modified to enter water temperature before its square. This modification had lit- tle effect on the results because the correlation between water temperature and its square was high (r = 0.992). Table 11.—Simple correlation coefficients of monthly averages (N = 24) of environmental variables and monthly average number of specimens per collection in the surf for five selected species. (*Sig- nificant correlation, P< 0.05; **highly significant correlation, P< 0.01.) Water Visibility | Square of temper- Height of water Duration ature Salinity of sea Secchi disc temperature Species (min) (°C) (%o) (m) (m) (°C)? Arenaeus cribrarius 0.080 0.683** 0.275 0.296 0.082 0.706** Anchoa mitchilli —0.104 0.405* 0.242 0.402* —0.329 0.405* Menidia menidia —0.232 =Ornle —0.495* —0.167 0.056 —0.667** Trachinotus carolinus 0.237 0.657** 0.370 0.002 0.149 0.674** Menticirrhus littoralis —0.219 0.497* 0.208 0.464* —0.113 0.506* 13 Table 13.—Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Arenaeus cribrarius (Y, variable; R = correlation coefficient). (**Highly significant, P<0.01; ns not significant, P>0.05.) = response Table 16.—Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Trachinotus carolinus (Y, = response variable; R = correlation coefficient). (**Highly significant, P< 0.01; ns not significant, P > 0.05.) Step Variable Multiple Increase Partial Step Variable Multiple Increase Partial number _ entered R R in R? F-test number _ entered R R? in R? F-test 1 X, 0.6830 0.4665 0.4665 19.2372** 1 X, 0.6569 0.4315 0.4315 — 16.7013** 2 X, 0.7199 0.5182 0.0517 2.2557 ns 2 X,4 0.7115 0.5063 0.0747 3.1787 ns 3 Xx, 0.7273 0.5290 0.0107 0.4558 ns 3 Xe 0.7348 0.5399 0.0337 1.4634 ns 4 X; 0.7301 0.5330 0.0040 0.1627 ns 4 X, 0.7392 0.5464 0.0064 0.2698 ns 5 X; 0.7309 0.5343 0.0013 0.0494 ns 5 X; 0.7414 0.5497 0.0034 0.1340 ns 6 X4 0.7310 0.5343 0.0000 0.0011 ns 6 X, 0.7415 0.5498 0.0001 0.0029 ns Step 1 prediction equation: Y,= —12.2821 + 1.1120 X_ Table nificant, P > 0.05.) 14.—Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Anchoa mitchilli (Y, = response variable; R = correlation coefficient). (*Significant, P< 0.05; ns not sig- Step Variable Multiple Increase Partial number _ entered R R? in R? F-test 1 X> 0.4046 0.1637 0.1637 4.3065* 2 Xs 0.5740 0.3295 0.1658 5.1926* 3 XG, 0.6063 0.3675 0.0380 1.2030 ns 4 X3 0.6249 0.3905 0.0230 0.7159 ns 5 X, 0.6558 0.4301 0.0396 1.2519 ns 6 X— 0.6596 0.4350 0.0049 0.1471 ns Step 2 prediction equation: Y,= 7.3141 + 0.7816 X, — 34.4694 X, Table 15.—Summary sstatistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Menidia menidia (Y, = response variable; R = correlation coefficient). (*Significant, P< 0.05; **highly sig- nificant, P < 0.01; ns not significant, P > 0.05.) Step Variable Multiple Increase Partial number __ entered R R? in R? F-test 1 X, 0.7105 0.5048 0.5048 22.4299** 2 X, 0.7694 0.5920 0.0872 4.4892* 3 X, 0.8409 0.7070 0.1150 7.8503* 4 Xe 0.8553 0.7316 0.0246 1.7395 ns 5 DG 0.8619 0.7430 0.0113 0.7943 ns 6 X, 0.8624 0.7437 0.0007 0.0494 ns Step 3 prediction equation: %,= 566.8066 — 23.2452 X, — 10.3017 X, + 0.5368 X, The final regression equation for M. menidia contained water temperature, the square of water temperature, and salinity as predictor variables. Water temperature ac- counted for 50% of the variation in Y due to regression (R? = 0.50). The addition of salinity and the square of water temperature as independent variables increased R? to 71%. Forcing the addition of the remaining variables increased R? to only 74%. For all other species, except A. mitchilli, water temperature was the only variable selected. The final regression equation selected for A. mitchilli contained water temperature and visibility of Secchi disc as independent variables. The best fit (R*) was obtained for M. menidia (R? = 0.71), followed by A. cribrarius (R? = 0.47), T. carolinus (R? = 0.43), A. mitchilli (R? = 0.33), and M. littoralis (R? = 0.25). 14 Step 1 prediction equation: Y, = —7.6441 + 0.7025 X, Table significant, P > 0.05.) 17.—Summary statistics for forward selection of six independent variables for Menticirrhus littoralis (Y; = response variable; R = correlation coefficient). (*Significant, P< 0.05; ns not Step Variable Miultiple Increase Partial number __ entered R R? in R? F-test 1 X, 0.4969 0.2469 0.2469 7.2144* 2 >. 0.5909 0.3492 0.1022 3.2991 ns 3 X, 0.6372 0.4060 0.0568 1.9124ns 4 X,; 0.6697 0.4485 0.0426 1.4664ns 5 Xie 0.6835 0.4672 0.0187 0.6313 ns 6 Xs 0.6993 0.4890 0.0218 0.7249ns Step 1 prediction equation: Ye —4.6371 + 0.5718 X, Ordering the regression equations on the basis of R? for the five selected species resulted in the same ranking as the “importance” for surf and tidal pool combined (Table 10) with the exception of a reversal of order between A. mitchilli and M. littoralis. Livingston et al. (1976) performed similar regression analyses for species collected in a study of Apalachicola Bay, Fla. The only species analyzed in both their study and ours was Anchoa mitchilli. Of the independent variables examined for this species by Livingston et al. only chlorophyll a and visibility of Secchi disc were significant contributors to R? (with chlorophyll a being more important). Their R? for A. mitchilli was 0.38. Clarity of water (by visibility of Secchi disc), then, is an important factor in determining the presence of A. mitchillt. Annotated List of Selected Species The seven species included in the section on ranking and several others are considered below in some detail. Temperature and salinity ranges for these species are presented in Table 3; and numbers and size ranges by month are given in Table 4. Arenaeus cribrarius (Lamarck) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Portunidae). This species was collected in spring, summer, and fall of both years and in winter (one specimen in March) of the second year. In 35 collections (32 from the surf and 3 from the tidal pool), 422 specimens of 7 to 141 mm CW (417, 7-141 mm CW, from the surf and 5, 17-59 mm CW, from the tidal pool) of A. cribrarius weighing 3,218 g (3,209 from the surf and 9 from the tidal pool) were captured. The relationship of mean number per collection and mean station water temperature (in the surf by months) is shown in Figure 1; and carapace width frequency data for tidal pool and surf combined, in Table 18. Ovigerous females were collected as early as mid-June and recently spawned ones as late as mid-September. These data, along with the presence of small individuals (20 mm CW or smaller) from May through October, show that A. cribrarius has a prolonged spawning period. Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill) (Clupeidae). In five collec- tions (all from the surf), 22 specimens of 42 to 62 mm SL of Alosa were collected. As Berry (1964) pointed out, it is difficult to identify small specimens of Alosa using any description or key. The characters which appear to be most useful in identifying the species of the Atlantic drainage (A. sapidissima, A. mediocris, A. aestivalis, and A. pseudoharengus) are the number of gill rakers cn the lower limb of the anterior gill arch and total number of vertebrae (Hildebrand 1963; Berry 1964). Our specimens have lower-limb gill raker counts of 36 to 41 (% = 37.82) and vertebral counts of 49 to 51 ( = 50.00). The high gill taker counts eliminate Alosa mediocris and the low vertebral counts remove A. sapidissima from further con- sideration. According to Hildebrand (1963), Alosa aestivalis has 49 to 53 vertebrae, whereas A. pseudoharengus has 46 to 50. Both A. aestivalis and A. pseudoharengus show an increase in number of gill rakers with growth until adult sizes are reached (Hildebrand 1963). Hildebrand (1963) gave lower-limb gill raker counts as follows: A. aestivalis, specimens of 30 to 49 mm SL—28 to 36, specimens of 50 to 69 mm SL—30 to 39; A. pseudoharengus, specimens of 30 to 49 mm SL—25 to 33, specimens of 50 to 69 mm SL—82 to 36. Our material, then, is more similar to Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill) than to Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson). We have, therefore, considered our specimens of Alosa as A. aestivalis. Dorosoma petenense (Giinther) (Clupeidae). One specimen of 73 mm SL of Dorosoma petenense was collected in the surf on 24 August 1970. Although D. petenense has been introduced into freshwater reservoirs in the southeast, we have found no record published prior to 1974 of its occurring in the estuarine or marine waters of South Carolina. According to Miller (1963), it has been collected from the Gulf Coast of the United States and southward to northern Guatemala and British Hon- duras. Donald C. Scott (University of Georgia) stated (pers. commun.) that in addition to its having been in- troduced into reservoirs in Georgia, there was a native stock of D. petenense present at least as far back as 1955 in the Satilla River which drains into the Atlantic, and, at present, it is widespread along the coast having been taken in beach collections at Sapelo and near Brunswick and Savannah. Miller and Jorgenson (1969) reported this species from collections made in the surf at St. Simons Island, Ga. In addition to the specimen collected at Folly Beach, one was collected on 9 February 1970 near Dewees Inlet at the northeast end of the Isle of Palms, in Charleston County (lat. 32°48.8'N, long. 79°43.0'W). Shealy et al. (1974) collected numerous specimens in 1973-74 during a survey of South Carolina’s estuaries. Anchoa mitchilli (Valenciennes) (Engraulidae). This species was collected in all seasons of both years, least commonly in winter. In 30 collections (29 from the surf and 1 from the tidal pool), 372 specimens of 20 to 60 mm SL (362, 20-60 mm SL, from the surf and 10, 47-58 mm SL, from the tidal pool) of A. mitchilli weighing 365 g (350 from the surf and 15 from the tidal pool) were collected. Table 18.—Carapace width frequencies (%) by month for Arenaeus cribrarius collected in tidal pool and surf combined during the Folly Beach survey. One specimen of 140.8 mm CW, collected in August 1971, is denoted by an asterisk. Carapace width (mm) Month 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 111-120 121-130 131-140 N 1969 Oct. 13.0 34.8 4.3 8.7 17.4 4.3 13.0 4.3 23 Nov. 50.0 50.0 2 1970 Apr. 100.0 1 May 12.5 25.0 12.5 12.5 25.0 12.5 8 June 1.7 15.3 42.4 23.7 3.4 11.9 1.7 59 July 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 8 Aug. 4.4 86.8 8.8 91 Sept. 11.1 33.3 44.4 11.1 9 Oct. 27.3 27.3 18.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 ll Nov. 100.0 1 1971 Mar. 100.0 1 Apr. 41.7 33.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 12 May 20.0 6.7 13.3 60.0 15 June 46.7 20.0 6.7 20.0 6.7 15 July 20.4 51.0 10.2 10.2 2.0 4.1 2.0 49 Aug. 60.0 20.0 5.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 219% 35 Sept. 4.3 6.5 50.0 23.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 46 Oct. 3.2 12.9 12.9 35.5 12.9 12.9 6.5 3.2 _31 417 Fundulus majalis (Walbaum) (Cyprinodontidae). Although this species was collected in all seasons of both years except the spring of the second year, 71% of the specimens were obtained during the summer. In 18 collections (3 from the surf and 15 from the tidal pool), 344 specimens of 26 to 84 mm SL (3, 38-67 mm SL, from the surf, and 341, 26-84 mm SL, from the tidal pool) of F. majalis weighing 744 g (10 from the surf and 734 from the tidal pool) were collected. Menidia spp. (Atherinidae). Rubinoff and Shaw (1960) separated Menidia beryllina (Cope) collected in Massachusetts from M. menidia (Linnaeus) collected in Massachusetts and New York mainly on the basis of number of soft rays in the anal fin. Their 251 specimens of M. beryllina had a range of 14 to 19, usually 15 to 17, anal soft rays (x = 15.6), whereas their 134 specimens of M. menidia had a range of 20 to 29, usually 22 to 25 (% = 23.5). In Rubinoff and Shaw’s collections only one specimen had 19 anal soft rays and only one had 20. They assigned these specimens to species on the basis of size and total number of lateral scales. Robbins (1969) examined M. beryllina collected from Massachusetts to Vera Cruz, Mexico, and M. menidia from Prince Edward Island to northeastern Florida. In 1,952 specimens of M. beryllina, he found a range of 12 to 21, usually 15 to 18, anal soft rays (¥ = 16.37), and in 1,504 specimens of M. menidia a range of 19 to 29, usually 21 to 26 (x = 23.60). The distribution of counts of anal soft rays for 1,658 of our 2,141 specimens of Menidia is: N % 16 1 0.1 17 0 0.0 18 3 0.2 19 16 1.0 20 94 5.7 21 292 17.6 22 511 30.8 23 415 25.0 24 223 13.4 25 85 5.1 26 16 1.0 27 1 0.1 28 1 0.1 Because the distribution appears almost normal there may be only one species of this genus represented in our collections. A contrary interpretation, and the one that we prefer, is that both Menidia beryllina and M. menidia are present, but due to overlap in ranges of counts of anal soft rays there is no clear line of demarcation between the species using this character. On a number of specimens, representing the entire range of counts of anal fin rays recorded, we counted total vertebrae and lateral scales. These counts were of little help in separating the two species. Weighing the preceding, we arbitrarily con- sidered specimens of Menidia with 19 or fewer anal soft rays as M. beryllina and those with 20 or more as M. menidia. In 14 collections (10 from the surf and 4 from the tidal pool), 26 specimens of 46 to 75 mm SL (22, 52-75 mm SL, 16 from the surf and 4, 46-65 mm SL, from the tidal pool) of M. beryllina weighing 53 g (44 from the surf and 9 from the tidal pool) were obtained. This species was collected in the autumn and winter of both years and in the spring of the first year. In 54 collections (36 from the surf and 18 from the tidal pool), 2,115 specimens of 21 to 89 mm SL (1,485, 21-89 mm SL, from the surf and 630, 31-86 mm SL, from the tidal pool) of M. menidia weighing 6,226 g (4,025 from the surf and 2,201 from the tidal pool) were obtained. This species was collected in all seasons of both years. However, 53% of the specimens were seined in winter and less than 0.5% in summer. The relationship of mean number per collection and mean station water temperature (in the surf by months) is shown in Figure 2. Small individuals of M. menidia utilize habitats other than those of the surf zone. Only about 0.4% of the specimens collected were 50 mm SL or smaller (Table 19). We do not believe that the virtual absence of M. menidia less than 50 mm SL is an artifact of the collec- ting method because we collected numbers of small in- dividuals of similarly shaped species. Ripe individuals were noted from late March to early June. Cupka (1972) found sexually mature specimens from mid-March through early June. Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus) (Carangidae). This species was collected in both years in all seasons except winter, but 68% of the specimens were seined in the spring of the first year. Most of those caught in that season were less than 30 mm SL and from the tidal pool (Table 20). Almost 61% of the total number were obtained from the tidal pool on two successive collecting days in June 1970. A prolonged spawning period is indicated for this species because small specimens (22 mm SL or smaller) were caught from mid-April through late October (specimens 14 mm SL or smaller in April, May, June, September, and October). This is similar to the findings of several other authors (Fields 1962; Finucane 1969; Bellinger and Avault 1970; Cupka 1972). In 42 collections (29 from the surf and 13 from the tidal pool), 976 specimens of 12 to 93 mm SL (266, 12-93 mm SL, from the surf and 710, 12-66 mm SL, from the tidal pool) of T. carolinus weighing 1,519 g (1,018 from the surf and 501 from the tidal pool) were obtained. Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook) (Sciaenidae). Although this species was collected in all seasons of both ~ years, 62% of the specimens were obtained in summer, but only about 3% in winter. In 36 collections (34 from the surf and 2 from the tidal pool), 294 specimens of 19 to 149 mm SL (291, 19-149 mm SL, from the surf and 3, 31- 76 mm SL, from the tidal pool), of M. littoralis weighing 843 g (831 from the surf and 12 from the tidal pool) were collected. Hildebrand and Cable (1934) suggested that spawning starts near Cape Lookout, N.C., no later than 1 May and continues into August. The capture of in- dividuals measuring less than 30 mm SL from June through November during our survey indicates a similar situation off South Carolina with spawning probably ex- tending into September (Table 21). Tagatz and Dudley Table 19.—Standard length frequencies (%) by month for Menidia menidia collected in the tidal pool (T) and surf (S) during the Folly Beach survey. Standard length (mm) 21-30 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 Month - S ae S) a S T S) Ty iS) aT Ss N 1969 Oct. 11 50.0 al 37.5 6.8 3.4 88 Nov. 6.3 14.1 15.6 53.1 10.9 64 Dec. 1.3 3.1 38.6 14.9 31.6 5.3 3.9 0.9 0.4 228 1970 Jan. 1.0 1.0 36.9 1.0 51.5 1.9 5.8 1.0 103 Feb. 20.8 67.3 11.9 101 Mar. 3.8 1.3 46.5 1.9 44.6 1.9 157 Apr. 2.8 36.1 61.1 36 May 3.1 42.0 0.8 51.1 0.4 2h 262 June 43.8 12.5 31.2 6.3 6.3 16 July 50.0 25.0 25.0 4 Aug. 100.0 1 Oct. 100.0 2 Nov. 11.4 1.6 51.6 3.8 26.6 3.3 1.6 184 Dec. 35.3 55.9 7.4 1.5 67 1971 Jan. 0.3 49.1 1.9 40.9 2.5 5.0 0.3 320 Feb. 10.6 57.5 30.5 1.4 367 Mar. 23.2 60.9 15.9 69 Apr. 4.5 4.5 36.4 9.1 40.9 4.5 22 May 20.0 26.7 33.3 20.0 15 June 25.0 25.0 50.0 4 Sept. 100.0 1 Oct. 50.0 50.0 aes) 2,113 (1961) also reported specimens of similar size taken from June through November near Cape Lookout, N.C. Muzgil cephalus Linnaeus (Mugilidae). Although this species was collected in fall (1969), winter (1970 and 1971), spring (1971), and summer (1970), most specimens were collected in winter (27%) and spring (64%). In 11 collections (8 from the surf and 3 from the tidal pool), 73 specimens of 17 to 328 mm SL (26, 25-229 mm SL from the surf and 47, 17-328 mm SL from the tidal pool) of M. cephalus weighing 2,426 g (1,786 from the surf and 640 from the tidal pool) were obtained. Even though Mugil cephalus outranks four of the seven most impor- Table 20.—Standard length frequencies (%) by month for Trachinotus carolinus collected in the tidal pool (T) and surf (S) during the Folly Beach survey. Standard length (mm) 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 Month T S T s T Ss T Ss Ty s ae Ss Ss Ss Ss N 1969 Oct. 1B BY 8.0 17.3 5.3 6.7 6.7 9.3 5iSimno3 2.7 1.3 75 Nov. 50.0 50.0 2 1970 May 5.6 56) 55.5 2211 5.6 5.6 18 June 37.3 0.3 36.5 171310 FD 3.1 2.0 17 0.9 2.0 0.2 646 July Z10N e212 21.2 3.0 36.4 3.0 9.1 3.0 33 Aug. 5.9 29.4 59 11.8 8.8 14.7 8.8 11.8 2.9 34 Sept. 37.5 12.5 25.0 12.5 12.5 8 Oct. 25.0 5iGue 33:3he dal 13.9 5.6 2.8 2.8 36 Nov. 71 28.6 71 42.9 14.3 14 1971 Apr. 100.0 1 May 12.5 62.5 25.0 8 June 41 2.0 8.2 18.4 38.8 22.4 6.1 49 July 26.9 23.1 38.5 11.5 26 Aug. 27.3 27.3 9.1 18.2 9.1 9.1 ll Sept. 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 5 Oct. 444 111 11.1 22.2 11.1 9 975 17 Table 21.—Standard length frequencies (%) by month for Menticirrhus littoralis collected in the surf during the Folly Beach survey. Standard length (mm) Month 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 111-120 141-150 N 1969 Oct. 16.7 27.8 22.2 16.7 5.6 11.1 18 Nov. 50.0 50.0 2 1970 Jan. 100.0 1 Apr. 100.0 1 June 12.5 50.0 25.0 12.5 8 July 50.0 50.0 2 Aug. 21.1 21.1 36.8 10.5 10.5 19 Sept. 25.0 8.3 33.3 8.3 8.3 16.7 12 Oct. 11.1 33.3 33.3 22.2 9 Nov. 37.0 33.3 18.5 7.4 Ghy/ 27 Dec. 60.0 20.0 20.0 5 1971 Feb. 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 4 Mar. 20.0 60.0 20.0 5 Apr. 23.5 11.8 23.5 5.9 17.6 11.8 5.9 17 May 100.0 1 June 25.0 50.0 25.0 4 July 3.6 23.6 30.9 18.2 5.5 10.9 3.6 1.8 1.8 55 Aug. 17.1 2219) 42.9 11.4 2.9 29 35 Sept. 11.9 23.7 30.5 20.3 8.5 5.1 59 Oct. 14.3 71.4 14.3 prea 291 tant species in weight (Table 10), it was not considered with that group because it was represented by a relative- ly small number of specimens. Mugil curema Valenciennes (Mugilidae). This species was collected in both years in all seasons except winter. Seventy-nine percent of the specimens (all less than 30 mm SL) were caught in the first spring, whereas 15% (most between 86 and 130 mm SL) were caught during the first summer (Table 22). In 16 collections (9 from the surf and 7 from the tidal pool), 666 specimens of 19 to 130 mm SL (121, 22-130 mm SL, from the surf and 545, 19-73 mm SL, from the tidal pool) of M. curema weighing 2,709 g (2,591 from the surf and 118 from the tidal pool) were obtained. Paralichthys squamilentus Jordan and Gilbert (Bothidae). This species was collected in spring of both years (89% of total), summer of the second year, and in October 1971. In 10 collections (9 from the surf and 1 from the tidal pool), 19 specimens of 34 to 115 mm SL (17, 34-115 mm SL, from the surf and 2, 44-58 mm SL, from the tidal pool) of P. squamilentus weighing 82 g (76 from the surf and 6 from the tidal pool) were collected. Bearden (1971) noted that few records of juvenile Paralichthys squamilentus have appeared in the Table 22.Standard length frequencies (%) by month for Mugil curema collected in the tidal pool (T) and surf (S) during the Folly Beach survey. Standard length (mm) 11-20 21-30 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 111-120 121-130 Month dt T Ss Ss rT Ss Ss s Ss Ss Ss N 1969 Oct. 100.0 1 1970 May 23.5 76.5 34 June 0.8 99.2 492 July 5.0 75.0 10.0 10.0 20 Aug. 100.0 3 Sept 2.7 36.0 41.3 18.7 1.3 75 Oct. 8.3 25.0 45.8 12.5 8.3 24 1971 Apr. 100.0 2 May 100.0 2 July 100.0 6 Aug. 66.7 33.3 6 Oct. 100.0 aril 666 18 literature. He reported 60 juvenile specimens (25-88 mm SL) of P. squamilentus caught in shallow water (0.3-1.3 m) at nine open ocean beach stations in South Carolina in May and June 1969. Cupka (1972) collected two specimens (56-97 mm SL, one in May 1971 and one in August 1971) from the surf zone in South Carolina. Bearden (1971) offered two possible explanations for the appearance of P. squamilentus off the beaches of South Carolina in 1969: 1) 1969 may have been a year when spawning was unusually successful, or 2) the juveniles of P. squamilentus may have been misidentified or overlooked previously. Because we collected juveniles of P. squamilentus in the two succeeding years, the appearance of juveniles of this species in 1969 does not seem unusual. A more plausible interpretation of the data is that the apparent absence of juveniles of P. squamilentus in the waters of South Carolina before 1969 is the result for the most part of inadequate collecting. Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch) (Tetraodontidae). One specimen, 16 mm SL, of S. spengleri was collected from the surf on 10 October 1971. Shipp and Yerger (1969) stated that S. spengleri is ‘“Widespread in the western Atlantic and adjacent waters, in shallow water.” Our specimen was identified by Robert L. Shipp (University of South Alabama) who wrote one of us (24 March 1972) that S. spengleri wanders as far north as Massachusetts and is fairly common at Bermuda, but to his knowledge this is the first record from South Carolina. Chilomycterus ? (Diodontidae). Two specimens, 12 to 16 mm SL, of a diodontid were collected from the surf on 16 July 1971 after the passage of a tropical storm. These fish resemble Lyosphaera globosa as shown in pl. 267 of Jordan and Evermann (1900). According to Fraser- Brunner (1943), Lyosphaera is a junior synonym of Chilomycterus. Relationships of Lengths and Lengths to Weight The relationships of carapace length to carapace width and these measurements to weight are presented in Table 23 for the decapod crustacean Arenaeus cribrarius. The relationships of lengths and lengths to weight are presented in Tables 24 through 31 for the following fishes: Anchoa mitchilli, Fundulus majalis, Menidia menidia, Trachinotus carolinus, Trachinotus falcatus, Menticirrhus littoralis, Mugil cephalus, and Mugil curema. All lengths of fishes were measured from the tip of the snout: standard length, to the structural base of the caudal fin; fork length, to the bifurcation of the caudal fin; and total length, to the distal tip of the longest caudal ray. Equations of length to length relationships were derived by the method of least squares and are of the form Y = a + bX (where Y = dependent variable or predicted length, a = Y intercept, b = coefficient of regression, and X = independent variable or observed length). Equations of length to weight were also ob- tained by the method of least squares after a log,, -log,, transformation of the original data, and are of the form Y =a + bX (where Y = log weight and X = log length). This transformation was used to convert the analyses from curvilinear to simple linear regression. For each regression analysis we have included the sum of squares and cross products of deviations for ease of comparison with other data. In Tables 23 through 31 the following notations are used: N = sample size, X = independent variable, Y = dependent variable, a = Y intercept, b = coefficient of regression, r = product-moment cor- relation coefficient, x? = sum of squares of deviations of X,Zy? = sum of squares of deviations of Y, and Lxy = sum of cross products of deviations of X and Y. RECOMMENDATIONS Several ways in which a collecting program such as ours might be improved and provide better sampling and understanding of the area studied are: 1. Collect additional physical data, such as current velocity; 2. Make replicate tows through the collecting site (preserving the material from each tow separately); 3. Establish replicate collecting sites nearby; 4. Use a larger seine for longer tows in deeper water to supplement the collecting; 5. Collect at several stages of the tide, at midday and at night, and during various phases of the moon; 6. Sample for a longer period of time; 7. Make a special effort to gather additional biological data, such as information on spawning, fecundity, food habits, incidence of ectoparasitism; and 8. Use field and laboratory data sheets from which data can be key punched directly without transcription. A program incorporating the methods used in this study and the above recommendations should provide Table 23.—Carapace length-carapace width, carapace length-weight, and carapace width-weight regression statistics for N = 352 specimens of Arenaeus cribrarius. x 4 a b r ag ry Uxy CW CL —1.1686 0.4659 0.996 160,001.63990 34,989.03111 74,550.70835 CL CW 2.7690 2.1307 0.996 34,989.03111 160,001.63990 74,550.70835 log CW log W —4.7894 3.3004 0.977 15.95073 181.96342 52.64344 log CL log W —3.4380 3.1801 0.983 17.38521 181.96342 55.28680 CW (mm) CL (mm) W (g) Mean 38.59 16.81 TEE Range 7.0-140.8 4.0-65.6 0.07-222.9 19 Table 24.—Length-length and length-weight regression statistics for N = 215 specimens of Anchoa mitchilli. ».¢ YA a b r Dak zy xy SL FL 3.7405 1.0208 0.980 7,021.48493 -7,610.26633 —-7,167.23298 SL TL 2.3699 1.1657 0.963 7,021.48493 10,290.75656 8, 185.22423 FL SL —1.7622 0.9418 0.980 7,610.26633 _7,021.48493 —-7,167.23298 FL TL —1.0110 1.1243 0.967 7,610.26633 10,290.75656 —8,556.17275 THs SL 1.4286 0.7954 0.963 10,290.75656 —-_7,021.48493 — 8, 185.22423 TL FL 4.1155 0.8314 0.967 10,290.75656 —-7,610.26633 —8,556.17275 log SL log W —6.0330 3.6360 0.951 0.66723 9.75842 2.42602 log FL log W —6.4963 3.8170 0.951 0.60589 9.75842 2.31271 log TL log W —6.2989 3.6100 0.941 0.66381 9.75842 2.39633 SL (mm) FL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) Mean 45.53 50.22 55.45 1.08 Range 27.5-59.9 30.9-64.4 33.4-77.0 0.20-2.78 Table 25.—Length-length and length-weight regression statistics for N = 341 specimens of Fundulus majalis. ».¢ Y, a b r =x? Ly? Uxy SL TL 1.7211 1.1722 0.999 39,4385.90452 54,339.91062 46,226.10678 TL SL —1.3361 0.8507 0.999 54,339.91062 39,435.90452 46,226.10678 log SL log W —5.1305 3.2532 0.995 3.31912 35.50605 10.79770 log TL log W —§.5353 3.3303 0.995 3.16801 35.50605 10.55051 SL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) Mean 45.05 54.52 2.19 Range 26.0-84.1 31.8-98.5 0.25-12.25 Table 26.—Length-length and length-weight regression statistics for N = 500 specimens of Menidia menidia. X Y a b r Die Ly? Uxy SL FL 3.4715 1.0872 0.997 27,732.99210 33,001.74800 30,151.30480 SL TL 5.7405 1.1396 0.991 27,732.99210 36,673.69960 31,604.49710 FL SL —2.7378 0.9136 0.997 33,001.74800 27,732.99210 30,151.30480 FL TL 2.2339 1.0464 0.993 33,001.74800 36,673.69960 34,533.23480 TL SL —3.7872 0.8618 0.991 36,673.69960 27,732.99210 31,604.49710 TL FL —1.0206 0.9416 0.993 36,673.69960 33,001.74800 34,533.23480 log SL log W —5.0377 3.0341 0.929 1.25294 13.36788 3.80155 log FL log W —5.4685 3.1716 0.934 1.15954 13.36788 3.67758 log TL log W —5.7295 3.2553 0.943 1.12077 13.36788 3.64845 SL (mm) FL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) Mean 64.72 73.83 79.49 3.00 Range 30.8-88.9 35.4-96.7 38.0-107.0 0.24-7.48 Table 27.—\Length-length and length-weight regression statistics for N = 500 specimens of Trachinotus carolinus. X ¥i a 6 r xk Ly? Dxy SL FL 1.2582 1.1215 0.999 116,132.82810 146,309.33380 130,241.53720 SL TL —0.6558 1.3240 0.998 116,132.82810 204,204.72070 153,753.67220 FL SL —1.0732 0.8902 0.999 146,309.33380 116,132.82810 130,241.53720 FL TL —2.1288 1.1802 0.999 146,309.33380 204,204.72070 172,666.97750 TL SL 0.5817 0.7529 0.998 204,204.72070 116,132.82810 153,753.67220 TL FL 1.8689 0.8456 0.999 204,204.72070 146,309.33380 172,666.97750 log SL log W —4.9662 3.2714 0.996 20.71864 223.58965 67.77955 log FL log W —5.3659 3.3869 0.996 19.34027 223.58965 65.50392 log TL log W —5.2538 3.2184 0.996 21.41597 223.58965 68.92533 SL (mm) FL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) Mean 27.94 32.59 36.33 1.42 Range 11.8-93.0 14.1-104.1 15.7-123.9 0.03-24.88 20 Table 28.—Length-length and length-weight regression statistics for N = 45 specimens of Trachinotus fal- catus. Xx ¥ a b r Dice Ly z xy SL FL 1.6501 1.0962 0.9997 5,485.89911 6,596.88311 6,013.79711 SL TL 0.1357 1.2980 0.9988 5,485.89911 9,264.20800 7,120.66133 FL SL — 1.4883 0.9116 0.9997 6,596.88311 5,485.89911 6,013.79711 FL TL —1.8078 1.1837 0.9989 6,596.88311 9,264.20800 7,808.62933 TL SL —0.0483 0.7686 0.9988 9,264.20800 5,485.89911 7,120.66133 TL FL 1.5879 0.8429 0.9989 9,264.20800 6,596.88311 7,808.62933 log SL log W — 4.0249 2.7452 0.9429 1.17563 9.96602 3.22731 log FL log W — 4.4235 2.8910 0.9393 1.05202 9.96602 3.04141 log TL log W —4.3651 2.7614 0.9468 1.17158 9.96602 3.23522 SL (mm) FL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) Mean 24.00 27.96 31.29 1.03 Range 12.1-59.4 14.3-66.8 16.2-75.9 0.09-8.66 nd length-weight regression statistics for N = 291 specimens of Menticirrhus littoralis. xX Y a b r Sere Ly? rxy SL TL 1.2032 1.2172 0.998 114,966.97810 171,061.35680 139,935.44470 TL SL —0.7740 0.8180 0.998 171,061.35680 114,966.97810 139,935.44470 log SL log W —4.7160 2.9514 0.992 7.60448 67.38193 22.44407 log TL log W —5.0851 3.0019 0.991 7.34690 67.38193 22.05480 SL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) Mean 48.96 60.79 2.88 Range 19.2-149.1 24.4-181.2 0.10-45.90 Table 30.—Length-length and length-weight regression statistics for N = 48 specimens of Mugil cephalus. ox Y a b r ce Ly i ry SL FL 1.6494 1.1462 0.9997 287,624.41670 378,110.61480 329,671.25420 SL TL —0.2732 1.2703 0.9997 287,624.41670 464,347.77310 365,360.01750 FL SL —1.3811 0.8719 0.9997 378,110.61480 287,624.41670 329,671.25420 FL TL — 2.0735 1.1080 0.9998 378,110.61480 464,347.77310 418,941.18560 TL SL 0.2608 0.7868 0.9997 464,347.77310 287,624.41670 365,360.01750 TL FL 1.9075 0.9022 0.9998 464,347.77310 378,110.61480 418,941.18560 log SL log W —5.1821 3.2163 0.9995 9.39197 97.25856 30.20757 log FL log W —5.5090 3.2681 0.9995 9.09758 97.25856 29.73201 log TL log W —5.4259 3.1764 0.9996 9.63288 97.25856 30.59741 SL (mm) FL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) Mean 87.69 102.16 111.12 49.31 Range 18.2-328.0 21.8-370.0 22.3-413.0 0.07-586.0 Table 31.—Length-length and length-weight regression statistics for N = 394 specimens of Mugil curema. Xx Yi a b r rx? Ly? Dxy FL 0.5761 1.1722 0.9985 470,299.87390 648,206.35520 551,308.74100 TL —0.7066 1.2848 0.9997 470,299.87390 776,685.93360 604,216.83340 SL —0.3563 0.8505 0.9985 648,206.35520 470,299.87390 551,308.74100 TL —1.1853 1.0931 0.9986 648,206.35520 776,685.93360 708,547.91860 SL 0.5739 0.7780 0.9997 776,685.93360 470,299.87390 604,216.83340 FL 1.2302 0.9123 0.9986 776,685.93360 648,206.35520 708,547.91860 log W —5.1563 3.2558 0.9984 30.99242 329.57610 100.90500 log W —5.4521 3.2860 0.9979 30.39528 329.57610 99.87731 log W —5.4166 3.2148 0.9986 31.79767 329.57610 102.22395 SL (mm) FL (mm) TL (mm) W (g) 44.79 53.08 56.83 6.66 19.1-130.4 23.0-155.5 24.1-168.0 0.10-49.60 21 adequate data for developing basic models of either the shallow-water estuarine or surf-zone ichthyofauna oc- curring over shell-hash, sandy, or muddy bottoms and should be useful both in identifying natural pertur- bations and artificial stresses and in predicting their effects. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 1. Fifty-one collections were made in the surf and 36 in the tidal pool from which some 512 specimens of swim- ming invertebrates representing at least 17 species and 5,095 specimens of bony fishes representing 41 species were collected. 2. The surf and tidal pool collections differ significantly with respect to number of species per collec- tion when averaged over both years and all seasons. 3. Winter and summer differ significantly in number of species per collection. 4. Both the main effect of location and the location- by-season interaction show highly significant differences in number of specimens per collection. 5. There is a highly significant difference between the average number of specimens per collection in the surf versus the tidal pool for those collections made in winter and a significant difference for summer. 6. There is a highly significant difference between years for the total weight of fishes per collection. This is due in part to the capture during the first year of a number of comparatively large specimens of Mugil cephalus and a single specimen of Pogonias cromis weighing more than 1.2 kg. 7. The main effect of location shows a highly signifi- cant difference in total weight of fishes per collection and the location-by-season interaction is significant. 8. There is a highly significant difference between surf and tidal pool in average total weight of fishes per collection for winter and summer and a significant difference for spring. 9. Six species of fishes (Anchoa mitchilli, Fundulus majalis, Menidia menidia, Trachinotus carolinus, Men- ticirrhus littoralis, and Mugil curema) accounted for 94% of the specimens of fishes collected and 72% of the ichthyomass. One species, Arenaeus cribrarius, made up 82% of the swimming invertebrate specimens and 75% of the mass of swimming invertebrates. 10. Species were ranked as to “importance.” In the surf and tidal pool combined the order of decreasing “‘im- portance” for the most abundant species was Menidia menidia, Arenaeus cribrarius, Trachinotus carolinus, Menticirrhus littoralis and Mugil curema, Anchoa mitchilli, and Fundulus majalis. 11. Water temperature and its square correlated significantly with number of specimens for each of five of the most important species (Arenaeus cribrarius, Anchoa mitchilli, Menidia menidia, Trachinotus carolinus, and Menticirrhus littoralis) collected in the surf. Height of sea was significantly correlated with occurrence for A. mitchilli and M. littoralis; and a significant negative cor- 22 relation existed between salinity and number of specimens for M. menidia. 12. The prediction equation for monthly average number of specimens per collection contained water temperature, the square of water temperature, and salinity as independent variables for Menidia menidia, but only water temperature appeared in the equations for all other species examined except Anchoa mitchilli, which contained visibility of Secchi disc (in addition to water temperature) as an independent variable. 13. Arenaeus cribrarius has a prolonged spawning period; ovigerous females were collected as early as mid- June, recently spawned females as late as mid- September, and small specimens (20 mm CW or smaller) from May through October. 14. Ripe specimens of Menidia menidia were observed from late March to early June. Specimens of M. menidia 50 mm SL or smaller were rarely collected. Because this virtual absence of small individuals of M. menidia does not appear to be related to the method of collection, this species presumably occupies a habitat other than the surf zone during its early life history. 15. Trachinotus carolinus has a prolonged spawning period; specimens 22 mm SL or smaller appeared in the catch from mid-April through late October. 16. Specimens of Menticirrhus littoralis less than 30 mm SL were collected from June through November in- dicating an extended spawning period. 17. The apparent absence of juveniles of Paralichthys squamilentus in the waters of South Carolina before 1969 is a result for the most part of inadequate collecting. 18. Sphoeroides spengleri is reported for the first time from the waters of South Carolina. 19. Relationships of carapace length to carapace width and these measurements to weight are presented for the decapod crustacean Arenaeus cribrarius; and the relationships of lengths and lengths to weight are presented for eight species of fishes. 20. Recommendations for improving surveys similar to the one reported herein are given. 21. Stochastic effects seem to be important in deter- mining the catch in the surf and associated tidal pools of sandy beaches. 22. Species inhabiting the surf zone must be able to cope with wide ranges in turbulence, turbidity, quan- tities of suspended particles in the medium, current velocity, and bottom characteristics. In addition to the above factors, a number of meteorological and seasonal changes are superimposed producing variations in temperature and salinity. Highly motile species may move into or out of the surf zone depending upon prevalent conditions. This may account in part for some of the variations in catch. 23. The macrofauna of the tidal pool is a depauperate _ derivative of the surf zone. 24. Species collected in the tidal pool were probably attracted there to some degree by their different ecological requirements and tolerances. In addition, larger individuals tend to avoid being trapped in these pools, whereas smaller ones (of species such as Trachinotus carolinus and Mugil curema) may actively seek them as havens which are relatively free of predators. Species inhabiting tidal pcols are subjected to sudden fluctuations in temperature and salinity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to Thomas D. Bryce, Michael N. Cohen, Bruce A. Daniels, Charles H. Farmer, Donna Kim Harper, J. S. Hopkins, Mark B. Maddox, James F. McKinney, William A. Roumillat, and Barry Stamey for assistance in the field. Thomas D. Bryce, Charles H. Farmer, and James F. McKinney aided in numerous _ ways in processing some of the collections. Robert L. Shipp (University of South Alabama) identified the specimen of Sphoeroides spengleri. James F. McKinney and William A. Roumillat coded and checked data for the analyses by computer. B. M. Martin of the Depart- ment of Radiology, Medical University of South \ _ Carolina, made the radiographs used in this study. R. C. Duncan, C. B. Loadholt, and M. C. Miller, III, of the : Department of Biometry, Medical University of South Carolina, provided assistance on statistical methods and access to computer facilities. This study was supported in part by a traineeship grant to James K. Dias from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public _ Health Service, National Institutes of Health. Dale R. ] Calder (South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, SCWMRD) verified the nomenclature used for invertebrates. Alice E. Charest, Karen R. Swanson, and Peter B. Laurie (ail of SCWMRD) assisted with the manuscript preparation. Charles A. Barans ~(SCWMRD), Peter J. Eldridge (SCWMRD), C. B. Loadholt, John J. Manzi (SCWMRD), and John W. _ Tucker, Jr. (North Carolina State University) reviewed _ the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED _ ANDERSON, W.D., JR., R. K. DIAS, and D. M. CUPKA. 1971. A survey of the ichthyofauna of the surf zone off Folly Beach, South Carolina. Bull. S.C. Acad. Sci. 33:40-41. BEARDEN, C. M. 1971. Occurrence of juvenile broad flounder, Paralichthys squami- lentus, in South Carolina coastal waters. Copeia 1971:729-730. BELLINGER, J. W., and J. W. AVAULT, JR. 1970. Seasonal occurrence, growth, and length-weight relationship of juvenile pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, in Louisiana. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99:353-358. BERRY, F. H. 1964. Review and emendation of: Family Clupeidae by Samuel F. Hildebrand. Copeia 1964:720-730. CUPKA, D. M. 1972. A survey of the ichthyofauna of the surf zone in South Caro- lina. S.C. Wildl. Mar. Res. Dep., Tech. Rep. 4, 19 p. DAHLBERG, M. D. 1972. An ecological study of Georgia coastal fishes. Fish. Bull., U.S. 70:323-353. DRAPER, N. R., and H. SMITH. 1966. Applied regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 407 p. FIELDS, H. M. 1962. Pompanos (Trachinotus spp.) of South Atlantic Coast of the United States. Fish. Bull., U.S. 62:189-222. FINUCANE, J. H. 1969. Ecology of the pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) and the per- 23 mit (T. falcatus) in Florida. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 98:478-486. FRASER-BRUNNER, A. 1943. Notes on the plectognath fishes. VII. The classification of the suborder Tetraodontoidea, with a synopsis of the genera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 11, 10:1-18. GUNTER, G. 1945. Studies on marine fishes of Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Tex. 1:1-190. 1958. Population studies of the shallow water fishes of an outer beach in south Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Tex. 5:186-193. HILDEBRAND, S. F. 1968. Family Clupeidae. Jn Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 3, p. 257-454. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ. I. HILDEBRAND, S. F., and L. E. CABLE. 1934. Reproduction and development of whitings or kingfishes, drums, spot, croaker, and weakfishes or sea trouts, Family Sciaen- idae, of the Atlantic coast of the United States. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 48:41-117. HOWELL, J. V. (coordinating chairman). 1960. Glossary of geology and related sciences. 2nd ed. Coop. Proj. Am. Geol. Inst., 325 p., Suppl. 72 p. JORDAN, D. S., and B. W. EVERMANN. 1900. The fishes of North and Middle America. Part 4, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47:3137-3313. LIVINGSTON, R. J., G. J. KOBYLINSKI, F. G. LEWIS, III, and P. F. SHERIDAN. 1976. Long-term fluctuations of epibenthic fish and invertebrate populations in Apalachicola Bay, Florida. Fish. Bull., U.S. 74: 311-321. McFARLAND, W. N. 1963. Seasonal change in the number and the biomass of fishes from the surf at Mustang Island, Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Tex. 9:91-105. MILLER, G. L., and S. C. JORGENSON. 1969. Seasonal abundance and length frequency distribution of some marine fishes in coastal Georgia. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Data Rep. 35, 103 p. on 2 microfiche. MILLER, R. R. 1963. Genus Dorosoma Rafinesque 1820. In Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 3, p. 443-451. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ. I. ROBBINS, T. W. 1969. A systematic study of the silversides Membras Bonaparte and Menidia (Linnaeus) (Atherinidae, Teleostei). Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, 282 p.. RUBINOFF, I., and E. SHAW. 1960. Hybridization in two sympatric species of atherinid fishes, Menidia menidia (Linnaeus) and Menidia beryllina (Cope). Am. Mus. Novit. 1999:1-13. SCHAEFER, R. H. 1967. Species composition, size and seasonal abundance of fish in the surf waters of Long Island. N.Y. Fish Game J. 14:1-46. SHEALY, M. H., JR., J. V. MIGLARESE, and E. B. JOSEPH. 1974. Bottom fishes of South Carolina estuaries—relative abun- dance, seasonal distribution and length-frequency relationships. S.C. Mar. Res. Cent. Tech. Rep. Ser. 6, 189 p. SHIPP, R. L., and R. W. YERGER. 1969. A new puffer fish, Sphoeroides parvus, from the western Gulf of Mexico, with a key to species of Sphoeroides from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 82: 477-488. SOKAL, R. R., and F. J. ROHLF. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Franc., 776 p. SPRINGER, V. G., and K. D. WOODBURN. 1960. An ecological study of the fishes of the Tampa Bay area. Fla. State Board Conserv. Mar. Lab., Prof. Pap. Ser. 1, 104 p. TAGATZ, M. E., and D. L. DUDLEY. 1961. Seasonal occurrence of marine fishes in four shore habitats near Beaufort, N.C., 1957-1960. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 390, 19 p. WINER, B. J. 1962. Statistical principles in experimental design. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 672 p. Pe es ee oA ee Shere) Vee aetna Mae a Pe Sica wr i ’ afr il a ah teiaeee” eve td — oe t ERNMENT PRINTIN( wy U.S. 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, iii + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., 11 figs., 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs., 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia ftyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Brevoortia, 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale. by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W. G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81 p., 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. October 1975, iii + 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware IT during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION POSTAGE AND FEES PAID NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF COM-210 ROOM 450 1107 N.E. 45TH ST THIRD CLASS WA 98) SEATTLE, WA 98105 BULK RATE OFFICIAL BUSINESS tity Library Ss Division of Fishes U.S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 705 NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-705° : « Migration and Dispersion of - Jgsl : Tagged American Lobsters, %, TD Homarus americanus, on the Southern New England Continental Shelf Joseph R. Uzmann, Richard A. Cooper, and Kenneth J. Pecci January 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. 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Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. a 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946- Te By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government rons Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover | | | NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-705 Migration and Dispersion of Tagged American Lobsters, Homarus americanus, on the Southern New England Continental Shelf Joseph R. Uzmann, Richard A. Cooper, and Kenneth J. Pecci January 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. a lt CONTENTS Page TiPGTRDG GUAT eat epeae ark grea er epee er OT ne Ren Seah a Ae ERE” GUC EN Ome roca ae 10 ors 1 Mbaitentalsrandsmethodsiy cts. cee. aiesy ch ise sles ealucal, cule tote alan, Bae see isi dels ome mamenins been el Iene pte (emce dn auurayhier cave 1 Priapreduction splotting:-and:formaty) c5 eee) ais ay clear sale UR ee eure tee cy ees even eels 4 @reinalestation 1ocations;» Fauces cores oes Se (5s oy Sy ee oetSater ener ey CE EMER ramadan op eawages) arses or ze 4 WampositeystationvWocationsi =e... nursa cieestes ws cach co Reengn cae emioun tele emis ahs iene? oh Sociions eum Metis 4 EN DOSIUCKOLSTECOVETIES ecu AMM citar on 11s! Sane aaah es CRI aap eearciet a OPAC eeTeTePers Bake SI So ee ae steepet ees 6 Bennitiongof obstersmaturity aaa coeur sa tense ook hes UO tee ee scene ee) eee tree Wee eee 6 Pele rAanlONAVErsUSiGISPETSION cy .5 5. ayn ash, 4 ee sy suey tee Mage erin SMR facia oleh ee rare) sewed ye) ce acl orem 6 MOMPOSILEESEA LIOMHECSUIN CS te ald) series: oot yiiese abr iau'eigces kay cian eh RM TN NSA IS Since ec ee RASPES sca Phe A rape eC oe tn re 9 ompositersta tlomeliy wer eee seco) cscs. cena alec et Putts ile ete ea Peal a se aa at oer payee ee 9 (Gommpositerstationy2, ac, nice wey ee he sare) Shaws aolaiom, MBE Nee dae aiedsats ciel wich G tact Saree 9 Gompositerstationeay shee ee es eu ee ROM co cal uisese tern) AR ee eerie Sesa cctee ny aoa. Senp ele ea teens 10 Warmpositerstationy sy == syste. es = Tete coh Beh AOS caugras ae Lusi cela, Serehco RMSE GME) Me Ato oN auN def SOUND. Super raineet ee 10 MOMIPOSILCESLA LION ROM tea yeti ceseate ccs REAR EL cl RCE AICS cater haath ee Ui oer iyi rein Bay Trestle ors eee 10 GompositezStatlOneGs: eta esse tosh cascicye., sly eleva. CallUsie edna a he NIA ego cer ptlcy amine Nye eye ss oouaels chicciirete een ns 10 (COmanDOSie GEA To 7) ares eee er ae ee rains cies 2a) i Me) Orato ge Mena ta) Beas ct 11 WommpositerstationyS ie oo py Wet tes sasuke ee van Stesa els Sy Sela ee 1s Says ehvat Cal ees iene ates CLA ese ey coe Same an een 11 WampPosicewsta ciony Mymcvcuxcures pease See eles le Seed ess vine Rate clsra Urss Lucho Sacer eye STN ea PY a 11 @ompositeysta tions lOngaatie aye nck she -wlooretcee, Ge oe ce, Soe ae ce ARCA ty SURES. ou aj 1 RAO 11 Wonrmpositerstationielileiem tasenrn recut San ay Ay ro tamceyer ns AU yah Poy Ml pre Sata Mae a anil egies aoe 12 Ompositersta lionel Qe oi ses eats eis) es REE ine OL eR vo ti Seatac e: Hoey WARSI Ssh 2 hers Mourad Spee ee 12 Wormpositeystacion@Bl sry x kesevl es) cee wees Memes Ae Al eS) eaten Sem Oto Semi sal eee yiver any @alices tourey SUNS aT Sareea 12 Wompositerstation V4: is nurs Ui Sbiteard wa ere) he wid we he by ye BRE TORI SRV wee Spe ee eats 12 COMPO GABON TIGA, G5 oun koccucnc. cas Teme kay Deine nor oer ay ce EA rmeaion, culokaip sep. Bocas me 13 (Com POsiteystationwl Gin vede- ar) ci cuteh cle seeeescker es egithaer ices whee aut ano Be epee US RTC ree Oe SoS a eee eter 13 CompositerstatiOne hl, Pars dice /cntsoseeay seek SOK ROSIER URE. CROs cae Da neh ee ae cen cot a caso 13 EGINPOSIECESLALIONW!S prepa . <2. = 2 sep) sncea ees Oe nen en Eats eee Recoveries) from composite’station 16. 5.75 2% 2.52 2) sees ch ey ss eee Se Recoveries;from composite:station If... sis 5s ce a ee Recoveries from composite station 18 plotted by 6-minute squares ...................0. Recoveries from composite station 19 plotted by 6-minute squares .................... Recoveries from\composite station 20) 3.2 5 2 255.051 3s 2 ees Recoveries:from composite station 21 20. 2 3 sss ee al oe eC ee Recoveries from composite station 22 plotted by 6-minute squares .................... Recoveries) from’ composite station 23°. 2... 5.2% 20 dc fe ns) ee errs nn Recoveries from composite station 24... 32 2s ss ss ee Recoveries from composite station:25 . 2... 4 2m se cee sn oa) eee) eee ee Recoveries from composite’station 27) . - . <= 2. sos 6 =e see ee hee is Recoveries from composite station 29 plotted by 6-minute squares .................... Shoalward migrations of 60 nautical miles (111 km) or greater and probable shoalward migrations of 50 nauticall miles (92:7.km); Baltimore Canyon to Corsair ‘Canyon 27... %. 5. 2.) eee 44 Shoalward migrations greater than 10 nautical miles (18.5 km) but less than 60 nautical miles (111 km); Block Canyon to 'Oceanographer Canyon) => 5 . 5 2. = cis eset eee 45 Shoalward migrations greater than 10 nautical miles (18.5 km) but less than 60 nautical miles (111 km) originating near CorsainiCanyon: —< . 5. cs @ © a howe 20s) ee eet Oe eee tone ee 46 Mean depth of recapture of tagged lobsters by quarterly periods, 1968-71 ................ 47 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature—Jan- WATY> 2. aie shy earn Wie Oeede Gare Ao ap aual a tae See Red Giey bene GR Re On Oo 48 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature—Feb- TUATY = eee Sis Ge be uebie covey 0a ea lel (eh el veltio ca Je aye ethan be eobeeyiccuculceh 2) SEIT y Sub eyra en Ry rela ue 49 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature— Marchi sortie 6 leis be ob ey Alice Bei aes Sr BR Ba Slo. a ee eanep ie en IO 50 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature— UN 03) ee ae eee rene ae ee eed en eee eon Me eer ha eaA eS ks 5 6 ooo 8 oc 51 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature— NEN Spacepichaiesa ciara GoatG no oros dla clo iia Gros oa olb clble d olole no 6 GA 50 9 2 0D os 52 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature— DUNE ve shal debs ye) Fastin Po Meh ey oab skis ly ne cas) -slmepnse Hah Bonah zt yew weld evens ees Dork Seo er 53 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature— Ct \ i a a ine en Ona mn nearer Ee Ee my 5 6G.n 6 00 6 2 ne 54 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature—Au- (0) ee irae ere hearer tere OMAR G Cknus ais Go G56 0 00600 55 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature—Sep- U0: en nt emer mem Wiese i eB saa oc OA bo 0 0 6 50 +t 56 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature—Oc- (0) 01) dee ne eae ier enn mE nn a em Eo iO 5 Glo c.g 6.0 Ov.00546- 57 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature—No- UC): i ern erm mer ean Cnn Ang Deon 6 au 0% oo 5 0 4 5c 58 Composite of recoveries by months by 6-minute squares with mean monthly bottom temperature—De- Cember! se. ie is, Soles Sos we Swe) ab) Soe ewer! ot GPE Re) ae PRD ee ee 59 Tables Summary of offshore lobster tagging, 1968-71: station references, releases, recaptures ............ 2 iv 2. Recapture data for 74 shoalward migrating lobsters demonstrating shoaling of 10 fathoms (18.3 m) or more and 22 probable migrants whose recapture location was at least 50 nautical miles (92.7 km) from release and at least 50 miles from nearest margin of continental shelf ................... Migration and Dispersion of Tagged American Lobsters, Homarus americanus, on the Southern New England Continental Shelf JOSEPH R. UZMANN, RICHARD A. COOPER, and KENNETH J. PECCI ' ABSTRACT An apparently contiguous stock of American lobsters, Homarus americanus, is concentrated along the outer continental shelf margin and slope from Corsair Canyon westward and southward to the region of Baltimore Canyon. Between April 1968 and May 1971 we captured, tagged, and released a total of 7,326 lobsters at 52 localities between Corsair Canyon and Baltimore Canyon. As of December 1972, 945 recaptures (12.9% recovery) had been reported, providing a basis for interpretation of seasonal and long-term movements, as well as measurements of growth rate and moult frequency. A classification scheme is developed and applied to distinguish between apparently directed seasonal movements (migrations), localized movements of less than 10 nautical miles (18.5 km), and long- period (>120 days) dispersions of 10 miles or more. This last category includes point to point tracks that cannot be objectively resolved in terms of directionality and may represent random dispersal, a summation of seasonally directed tracks, or both. We conclude from the track analyses that at least 20% of the offshore lobsters annually engage in directed shoalward migrations in spring and summer with return to the shelf margin and slope in fall and winter. This conclusion is reinforced by independent analysis of the time/depth/temperature associations of tagged lobsters at recapture which, of itself, suggests that an even larger proportion of the offshore lobsters annually effect directed migrations in response to seasonal temperature variations. INTRODUCTION Commercial concentrations of American lobsters, Homarus americanus, inhabit the outer continental shelf and slope off southern New England and the Middle Atlantic states southward to Virginia. The history, development, and recent status of this resource have been summarized in the collective studies of Firth (1940), Schroeder (1955, 1959), McRae (1960), Hughes (1963), Saila and Flowers (1968), Skud and Perkins (1969), Uzmann (1970), and Cooper and Uzmann (1971). This report is an extension of the last mentioned paper and deals further with findings and implications of seasonal and long-term movements derived from an ex- tensive tagging program conducted over the period 1968- 2: Schroeder (1959) defined the offshore lobster popula- tion as “a population of lobsters, large enough to support commercial fishing off the east coast of the United States along the outer shelf and upper slope between the eastern part of Georges Bank and the offing of Delaware Bay. This area at depths of roughly 60-250 fm (110-450 m) is about 400 miles long and 5-10 miles wide. Lobsters are more plentiful along the eastern half of this stretch than to the west and south.” The offshore lobster fishery, so-called, has rapidly assumed a role of prominence among the major offshore ‘Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Woods Hole, MA 02543. fisheries of the northwest Atlantic. A brief review of its growth over the past two decades will place it in perspec- tive relative to the long established coastal fishery and indicate its future trend. Like the coastal stocks from Maine to New Jersey, the offshore stock has sustained a steadily increasing rate of exploitation since the mid-fifties prior to which time it ranked as a minor fishery with the majority of catches taken incidental to trawling for groundfish species. Following World War II, the coastal fishery expanded rapidly to a peak yield in 1960 of 29 million pounds (13.2 million kg) and has since declined measurably despite increased fishing effort; meanwhile, offshore lobster catches increased from nearly 2 million pounds (0.9 million kg) in 1960 to over 8 million pounds (3.6 million kg) in 1970. Ungrouped landings statistics indicate that U.S. lobster production is relatively stable at some 30 million pounds (13.6 million kg) annually, but the fact of the matter is that offshore production has annually offset the decline of coastal landings. From 1968 to 1970 offshore lobster landings averaged over 20% of the U.S. catch. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tagging program reported here was conducted as part of the work plan of 14 research cruises over the period 1968-71 during which time a total of 7,326 lobsters were tagged and released at 52 localities along the outer edge of the continental shelf from Corsair Canyon west and south to Baltimore Canyon (Fig. 1, Table 1). The lobsters were taken with otter trawls or traps (five localities only) at depths of 35-300 fathoms (64-549 m), then tagged and released within a day after capture and within 2.7 nautical miles (5 km) of the capture site. Tagging methodology has been described previously by Cooper (1970). Essentially, the tag consists of coded polyvinyl chloride tubing with a polyethylene monofila- ment leader and stainless steel anchor implanted in the right or left dorsal extensor muscle below the carapace. The anchor is inserted with the aid of a hypodermic nee- dle through the connecting membrane between the carapace and the first abdominal segment. The mem- brane breaks down at ecdysis to permit withdrawal of the lobster from the old exoskeleton and the implanted tag is thus retained through successive molts. The tagging program and its objectives were initially well advertised with letters and poster notices being sent to all New England and Middle Atlantic state fisheries commissioners, to all vessel captains known to engage in the offshore lobster fishery, and to all major buyers and wholesalers of lobsters. Port agents of the National Marine Fisheries Service were specially briefed and then maintained continuing liaison with the lobster fishermen and dealers. In a preliminary paper Cooper and Uzmann (1971) reported 400 returns from 5,710 releases through 1969 (7.0% reported recapture); in 1970 and 1971 additional releases raised the total number tagged and released to 7,326, of which a cumulative total of 945 recoveries had been reported to us as of 15 December 1972. Thus, the ac- cumulated reported recaptures is currently 12.9% and in- creasing at a decreasing rate annually by virtue of natural mortality of the tagged population, tag loss, non- recognition of tags, possible emigration into areas with little or no commercial fishery, removal and nonreporting by U.S. fishermen and various elements of the foreign fishing fleet, and possibly, increased incidence of non- reporting because of fishermen apathy. We offer the last theoretical reason because renewed publicity and an in- crease in the tag return reward from $1.00 to $5.00 in Oc- tober 1971 failed to elicit a significant increase in the tag — return rate despite a significant input (1,142) of newly tagged lobsters in that calendar year. This hypothesis is — further supported by calculations of expected returns per annum under the condition of exponential decline of the Table 1.—Summary of offshore lobster tagging, 1968-71: station references, releases, and recaptures.’ Composite Original Plot position Number Number station station Canyon or of of Year number number(s) Lat. N Long. W shelf region releases recaptures 1968 1 (1-3) 40°17’ 68°02’ Oceanographer Canyon 42 3 2 (4) 39°59’ 69°36" Veatch Canyon 13 3 3 (5) 39°31’ 72°13' Hudson Canyon 146 9 4 (6) 40°05 71°09' Block Canyon 52 7 5 (7-8) 40°04' 70°27’ Atlantis Canyon 264 29 6 (9, 11) 39°57’ 69°56' Veatch Canyon 149 22 7 (10) 39°56' 69°41’ Veatch Canyon 99 10 8 (12) 39°59’ 70°03’ Veatch Canyon 50 4 9 (13) 40°03' 70°17' Atlantis Canyon 143 19 10 (14) 40°13' 70°30' Atlantis Canyon 39 3 11 (15) 40°12' 70°15’ Atlantis Canyon 84 6 12 (16) 40°12' 71°14' Block Canyon 57 3 13 (17-19) 40°05’ 71°47' Block Canyon 482 40 14 (20-21) 40°05' 71°38' Block Canyon 266 25 15 (22) 41°42’ 66°52' Leg, Georges Bank 46 10 16 (23-26) 40°33’ 68°39' SW Georges Bank 479 59 17 (27-28) 40°31' 67°42’ Lydonia Canyon 223 m2 Total 2,634 279 1969 18 (29, 30, 32) 39°59" 69°29" Veatch Canyon 1,350 213 19 (31) 40°03’ 69°16" Veatch Canyon 751 104 20 (33-35) 40°59" 66°34! Corsair Canyon 387 44 21 (36) 40°32’ 67°47’ Lydonia Canyon 166 23 22 (37-38) 41°12’ 66°35" Corsair Canyon 422 46 Total 3,076 430 1970 23 (48, 50) 40°16' 68°25' Oceanographer Canyon 301 34 24 (49, 51) 40°26’ 68°20' Oceanographer Canyon 17 228 Total 474 56 1971 25 (57-58) 40°00’ 71°12’ Block Canyon 60 10 26 (59, 63) 39°14’ 72°20' Hudson Canyon 54 1 27 (60-62) 37°55’ 73°59" Baltimore Canyon 194 11 28 (64) 39°10' 72°38’ Hudson Canyon 29 3 29 (65-66) 40°00" 69°29" Veatch Canyon 805 155_ Total 1,142 180 Grand Total 7,326 945 ‘The original releases are treated as 29; composites of two or more stations have within-group variation of less than 10 days, 10’ latitude, and 10’ longitude. Original station numbers are shown in parentheses. *sUOAUBD AQIBIU PUB SUOI}BIO| U0I}BIS [BUIZIIQ— "| en3I e° o8E = ’ BOW i1Ivg | } fe 4 o6E ; 4 2 | ie i. 0 | is % L , Qe , 4) ‘ she ee, eo) oes = oO ome Og Sa pah goer i e e e MYOA MAN . GQNV1SI SNOT ol? T ‘ee Jk Vy. = & Vv ar Pa i SFNOH ! SGOOM ecb aan 3 | | NOLSO® of, 0G9 099 oL9 089 069 o0L old ocd. of d ob L 0G tagged population at a theoretical summed rate of 23% per annum (12% tag loss, 6% natural mortality, 5% recapture). In calendar year 1972, for example, the theoretical number of tagged lobsters outstanding at the beginning of the year was 3,630; the expected number of returns for 1972 based on the average rate of returns (0.049) in years 1968-71 is 179, in sharp contrast to 67 ac- tual returns. The distribution of recaptured tagged lobsters is con- sidered representative of the distribution of the lobster population. Fishermen search for commercial quantities of lobsters throughout the year at depths of 10-350 fathoms (18-640 m), which is a considerably greater range than the 35-300 fathoms (64-549 m) depth interval from which lobsters for tagging were initially captured. DATA REDUCTION, PLOTTING, AND FORMAT Data received on individual recaptures varied considerably. Data sought included date and position of recapture (latitude and longitude, or loran A coor- dinates), sex, carapace length, presence or absence of ex- ternal eggs, cheliped configuration, and designation of any missing chelipeds and walking legs. The most critical data were location and date of recapture, and carapace length from which both migration trends and growth could be determined; this was received on 350 of the recaptured lobsters. Recapture location and date only were received on 576 individuals and provide the basis for analysis of movements. Data was listed and keypunched in two different for- mats. The data format (see appendix tables) for this study includes growth increments for reader reference, but this element of the study is being treated separately; return data is listed chronologically by sex. The basic data deck provided input for computer calculation for in- dividual recaptures of great circle distance traveled from point of release to point of recapture, days at large, and other standard computations such as mean distance traveled and mean time at large by various groupings of individuals. The same data deck served as input for a Cal-Comp Plotter, Model 663, from which release coor- dinates, recapture coordinates, or combinations of both were plotted in various combinations to reveal and dis- play the overall features of dispersion within and between release groups and to show the overall monthly distribution of recaptures. The Cal-Comp Plotter was simultaneously programmed and fed a series of coastline coordinates, isobath coordinates, and titular information such that the finished plot was a Mercator chart drawing to the nominal scale of 1:1,200,000. Among the 945 recaptured lobsters, 584 (61.8%) were reported by specific location, 183 (19.4%) by generalized location—usually by reference to a named submarine can- yon, and 178 (18.8%) without location information of any kind. Those recaptures reported by approximate location are hand-plotted in distinctive fashion within the machine plots of the various subgroups of returns with specific location. In order to facilitate interpretation of recovery data, we have treated the 52 original releases as 29 according to the constraints footnoted in Table 1. This action minimized the plotter executions and gave more coherence to the individual plots. Test plots of recovery coordinates showed a number of cases where overplotting or tight grouping of recovery points resulted in a confu- sion of points and numbers. In these instances we used a plotting subroutine which plotted all points within or upon the eastern and southern side of a given 6-minute square (0.1° square) as a single point with collective number at the diagonal center of the square; the average displacement of any single point plotted in this manner is well under 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) which we have accepted as within the limits of navigational accuracy, reporting, or both. Because the tag releases were effected in greater or lesser increments over a long period of time, they con- stitute a series of repetitive experiments and are treated accordingly; the overall presentation which follows takes the form of an atlas which provides a pictorial analysis of the results of the various releases. Additionally, we have developed a generalized treatment of the monthly dis- tribution of offshore lobsters in relation to bottom temperature. Original Station Locations A total of 52 releases of tagged lobsters were made on the outer continental shelf and slope commencing in March 1968 and ending in May 1971 (Table 1). Cruise numbers and station numbers are not wholly in con- secutive order because interim cruises involving coastal area tagging were also conducted in the same period. Thus, station 66 occupied during Cruise 20 was actually the 52nd and last release during a total of 14 cruises con- cerned with offshore tagging. The original release localities (Fig. 1) show their loca- tion relative to major features of the continental shelf and to each other. Most (86%) of the tagging was ac- complished from the vicinity of Block Canyon eastward because of more productive lobster fishing in these areas and because other aspects of cruise objectives required cruise orientation to the east of Block Canyon to max- imize time sharing of the research vessels Delaware I, Delaware IT, and Albatross IV. Composite Station Locations Thirteen (25%) of the 52 original releases are plotted at their original release locality (Fig. 2). The remainder were combined in groups of two or three and assigned location coordinates with averaged latitude and longitude rounded to the nearest whole minute (Table 1). Maximum distance between any two original release sites comprising a composite station was 4 nautical miles (7.4 km). The purpose of this treatment was to effect a logical pooling of release and recapture information that would expedite both plotting and evaluation of the data. Computations of distance traveled and time at large are, *suoAuBd AqiBau PUB SUOI}BIO] U0IZBYS ayIsodwoj—'Z aindig 08S i | £ | | 06S T zi ; | qt | Pad | | | | } { i | { | : / % oO : + | lee 7 4 ol t 22° ; ie oc? ral a oD 059 099 oL9 089 069 o0L old ood of 2 ob L oSd however, based on original release locations and dates. Details concerning individual recaptures are referenced to composite station number and listed in the appendix tables of this report. Composite of Recoveries Figure 3 is a precision plot of the reported recovery positions of all returns; in Figure 4 the same set of coor- dinates are grouped by 6-minute squares to permit readable numerical signature and to obviate overplotting of identical recovery coordinates, some of which oc- curred by chance, with others the result of multiple recaptures by vessels fishing a given area for one or more days. Comparison of Figure 3 with Figure 1 (original station locations) shows overall dispersion from the original release locations along the edge of the continental shelf. Replotting of these data by release groups (Figs. 5-29) il- lustrates the magnitude and direction of the individual dispersions. Straight-line dispersion (point of release to point of recovery) of individual lobsters is shown in Figures 5-29; concentric circles having a radius of 10 and 50 nautical miles (18.5 and 92.7 km) are drawn about each release locality to indicate the magnitude and variability of lobster movements from a given locality. Track lines of 50 miles (92.7 km) or greater are labeled with the return number and sex (F or M). Where two or more recaptures were made at the same reported locality, the solid circle representing the recovery point is appropriately numbered. In several instances (Figs. 20, 21, 24, 29) it was necessary to group recovery data by 6-minute squares for reasons described previously; in such cases, the nature of the plotting is included in the figure title. Definition of Lobster Maturity Subsequent references to maturity stage.of individual lobsters assumes that the commonly prevailing minimum legal size (81 mm carapace length) is an acceptable beginning point at which both male and female lobsters attain functional sexual maturity. Skud and Perkins (1969) reported that demonstrable sexual maturity, as evidenced by external embryonated eggs or mature ovarian eggs, commenced at 80 mm carapace length in large samples of female lobsters from the same areas in which we conducted our tagging study. Stewart (1972) examined 1,018 female lobsters from western Long Island Sound and Block Island Sound for presence of spermatophores in the seminal receptacle; the median size of inseminated females in the sample (size range 53 to 106 mm carapace length) was 76 mm, and within the size class 81-82 mm (53 specimens), 81% were in- seminated. Krouse (1973) found that male lobsters from the Boothbay region of Maine were virtually all sexually mature well below the legal recruit size of 81 mm; these findings were based on dissection of the genital tracts and microscopic findings of mature sperm cells and sper- matophores; Krouse (1973) reiterated the observations of Templeman (1934) that significant size disparity between male and female lobsters precludes successful mating and that prerecruit size males seem unlikely to contribute materially to natural reproduction until they attain a size equality with sexually mature females. MIGRATION VERSUS DISPERSION Cooper and Uzmann (1971) earlier hypothesized, on the basis of a described time-temperature relationship, that the nature of the migration phenomenon was a ver- nal shoalward movement to warmer water with subse- quent return to the edge and slope of the shelf with the onset of fall and winter. In subsequent sections of this report we will attempt to elicit qualitative and quan- titative aspects of individual movements from groupings of individuals referenced to release locality, point of recapture, and time at large. Hypothetical track lines have been drawn in all cases where dispersion or migration (definitions presented below) from point of release to point of recapture exceed- ed 10 nautical miles (18.5 km) (Figs. 5-29). We must con- cede at the outset of this discussion that the magnitude, direction, and time scale of a point-to-point track is seldom an accurate portrayal of the exact movements of any tagged animals; however, the assumption of a straight-line track, however simplistic, is tenable for the purposes of plotting, overview, analysis, and ultimately, for distinction between the short-term probable migrants and the longer-term dispersed individuals. The guiding factors in this distinction of kinds, i.e., migrant or dis- persed, are distance traversed and time at large, the elements of the classical ground speed formula D/T. Ranking of the total array of recovery data by various combinations shows that the maximum movement of any recapture was 186 nautical miles (345 km) in 71 days (2.6 miles/day). Other sesonable tracks in excess of 100 miles (185 km) were 125 (232 km)/86 days, 123 (228 km)/ 76 days, 118 (219 km)/107 days, 111 (206 km)/108 days, and 102 (189 km)/29 days. Twelve other lobsters made apparently directed tracks of 50-87 miles (93-161 km) within 22-41 days. The calculated ground speeds of these 31 examples range from 1 to 5.5 miles (1.8-10.2 km) per day and indicate that directional movements in ex- cess of 1 mile (1.8 km) per day are not uncommon if not, in fact, quite normal. We have developed a classification scheme which attempts to distinguish between directed migrants and those whose net movements over time are inconsequen- tial or not clearly directional; the 31 examples cited above provide a logical basis for fixing constraints on the numerical values of time and distance consistent with an acceptable definition of the term “migrant.” The frequency distribution of distance traveled shows that 163 individuals were recovered within 0-9 miles (0- 16.8 km) of point of release over the time range 0-950 days. Clearly, there is no internal evidence that any of these have dispersed significantly. In the time frequency interval 0-9 days, 15 of 21 recoveries were common to the OOO EEE EE “ZL-B96L ‘SAL1BAOIaA 19}8qQo] paddBy Jo ayIsodwog—"¢ ondIy o8f o6£ oOV ol? Sb cance 299 oL9 289 069 OL WwW = of col) 75) ‘ZL-8961 ‘Serenbs aynurw-g9 Aq padnoad satsaA0d04 1948qQo] paddv} Jo ay1S0d wo) —"p andy ° o8€ ‘nt aN | (- Ip) 77 we | ( Can} ZY | Cf . pe | / { J sie s = = = = ie = —— o6E : A Se 7 y | / s ~) . Ly, e ve © grate a2 6 OF h fo ae cel 6) xe Se 2 eee Ee ee = oS Eee = 0b be cepie Seg ie 19g So ge ez ce me cee] 8 me Oe = ce psedirat did ce wu oe oom ome 20 °c 8 oe H] a) te oe ewan 8 | me 8 re od ° =, if Ls oe w ee siege e oe 2 ETNA Ge 20%co | (20 Ge 2» Ge . . 2 oN J 4 , eoseg> te] oc 2 ae oe Van - on ez senate, oo . ef ee ; aw e \e . olb a SoS j Te . & e ce \ ° } \ i ( (es / / : \ f oc? ae im rt = — = / fy \ ey Cane ! ) ie dala? \ \ < \ Ve o&D oS9 099 029 089 069 oOL old odd. ofd od oGL aforementioned 0.9 mile (0.16.8 km) category. Accord- ingly, we have adopted the premise that time or dis- tance values under 10 preclude realistic interpretation of directionality or speed of movement. Commercial fishing effort, monthly distribution patterns of tagged recoveries (Figs. 34-45), and support- ing details (appendix tables) all combine to show that offshore lobsters are essentially aggregated along the out- er edge and slope of the continental shelf during January through Apri! (120 days) and become widely dispersed by migration or random movement in shoaler/warmer water during May through December (245 days). We have set the upper limit of duration of a directed migration at 120 days, or the theoretical half-life of a migratory season during which the migrant can move to shoaler/warmer water and return to the continental shelf margin in ap- proximate phase with the annual shoalward and seaward migration of the bottom temperature warm front (here defined as the 10°C isotherm). Within these constraints we regarded a total of 117 individuals as migrants; rank- ing of these individuals by calculated ground speed shows a range of 0.1-5.5 miles (0.18-10.2 km) per day, a median speed of 0.9 miles (1.7 km) per day, and a median at 0.6 miles (1.1 km) per day. Ground speeds of defined migrants are positively correlated with distance travers- ed and negatively correlated with time at large. The remainder of recaptures for which capture loca- tion and time at large are known fall into three categories of relative displacement from point of release. Our work- ing definitions of migrant and alternative classifications are as follows: a) Migrant by virtue of track >10 nautical miles (18.5 km) and time at large 10-120 days (N = 117). b) Nonmigrant by corollary definition of track <10 miles and time at large<10 days (N = 15). c) Residual nonmigrant by virtue of track<10 miles, time at large >10 days (range 15-950); this classification teflects stationary behavior, or the alternative possibility of undetectable excursion(s) with homing back to release locality (i.e., within 10-mile radius of release point) (NV = 147). d) Indeterminate by virtue of track >10 miles (range 10-181), time at large >120 days (range 125-1,549); move- ment is regarded as random dispersal, a summation of migration tracks, or a combination of both (N = 297). Eight recaptures were reported without dates of recap- ture and hence could not be classified. These alternative classifications make for interesting conjecture in many cases; among the indeterminates, for example, we find many probable examples of directed migration which cannot be properly assessed because of the associated element of excessive time at large; these cases will be identified and discussed under the appropriate com- posite station résumés which follow this section. Returning to the reliability of ground speed calculated from D/T, we have assumed that D is probably un- derestimated in most cases because a lobster track of significant distance over the bottom is unlikely to be straight-line, and also because some of the recaptures were likely on a return course relative to their original shoalward vector. Conversely, T is probably overestimated (but never underestimated) in a majority of cases because the migrant under consideration had 1) earlier arrived at destination, 2) had accumulative rest periods, and/or 3) was on a return vector. The net effect of any or all of these possible biases on calculated ground speed is to underestimate the derivation in general and to give added credence to values on the order of 4-5 miles (7.4-9.3 km) per day. COMPOSITE STATION RESUMES Composite Station 1 (See Appendix Table 1) Three recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 42 releases in the vicinity of Oceanographer Can- yon on 15 March 1968 (28), 16 March 1968 (5), and 30 March 1968 (9). Mean depth at first capture was 153 fathoms (280 m); mean depth at release was 175 fathoms (320 m). Only one of the recoveries was reported by loca- tion. The sex ratio of the three returns was one female to two males. The most noteworthy feature of the recoveries from this composite release is the relatively high mean time at large (985 days =2.7 yr) which exceeds that of all other subgroups of recoveries. The single located recovery, a mature male, was captured 13 miles (24.1 km) from its original release point and had been at large 1,342 days (3.7 yr). Here, as in many other cases of lengthy time at large, the relatively small displacement from original release locality is indicative of either highly localized movements over time or, alternatively, a homing tenden- cy following larger scale movements. We prefer the latter hypothesis and will attempt to sustain this view in the remainder of the text on the basis of other individual and collective returns. Composite Station 2 (See Figure 5 and Appendix Table 2) Three recaptures, all males, have been reported from a single point release of 13 lobsters near the head of Veatch Canyon on 4 April 1968. First capture depth and release depth were at 110 fathoms (201 m). Two of the recaptures were reported by location with neither having migrated very far nor having been at large very long. The third recapture, a mature male, had been at large 741 days (2.0 yr), and was reported taken in the vicinity of Veatch Can- yon without specific coordinates. This subgroup of recoveries represents the highest rate of recapture (23%) among the 29 subgroups of releases and indicates that numerically small releases of tagged lobsters can yield significant returns. Composite Station 3 (See Figure 6 and Appendix Table 3) Nine recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 146 lobsters on the east side of Hudson Canyon on 26 April 1968. First capture depth was 160 fathoms (293 m); release depth was 85 fathoms (155 m). Seven of the nine recaptures were reported by location and one other from the vicinity of Hudson Canyon. Sex ratio of the nine recaptures was seven females to two males. Mean time at large was 252 days (0.7 yr). Two of the recaptures (3F, 29F) from this release, both mature females, are classified as migrants and were captured 29 and 118 days later in coastal trap fisheries off Long Island, N.Y., after having migrated 102 miles (189 km) and 77 miles (143 km), respectively. The longest outstanding recapture (660 F), an immature female at release, was at large 1,024 days (2.8 yr) during which time it increased 32% in carapace length, which is indicative of at least two moult increments (Cooper and Uzmann 1971). Three of the recoveries (3F, 29F, 4F) were migrants within the terms prescribed in the preceding section. Return 3F was recaptured 29 days after release following a 102-mile (189-km) migration to shoal water, at 3.5 miles (6.5 km) per day. Return 29F, on the other hand, showed a net displacement of 77 miles (143 km) over the much longer period of 118 days; the calculated speed of 0.6 miles (1.1 km) per day is well below the mean speed of the collective 117 defined migrants and inconsistent with an idealized ongoing shoalward track. In the absence of any contradictory evidence, it seems logical to conclude that this individual and others, as will be seen, probably arrived in the vicinity of their recapture at con- siderably earlier dates. Return 11F was recaptured 13 miles (24.1 km) northwesterly in slightly deeper water than at release. Composite Station 4 (See Figure 7 and Appendix Table 4) Seven recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 52 lobsters several miles east of Block Can- yon on 28 April 1968. First capture depth was 190 fathoms (347 m); release depth was 100 fathoms (183 m). Four of the seven recaptures were reported by location. Sex ratio of the seven recaptures was three females to four males. Mean time at large was 425 days (1.2 yr). One of the four located recaptures, a mature male, moved 71 miles (132 km) easterly over a period of 405 days at large. The longest outstanding recapture (location unreported) in this subgroup was at large 1,326 days (3.6 yr). Composite Station 5 (See Figure 8 and Appendix Table 5) Twenty-nine recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 264 releases west of Atlantis Canyon on 29 March 1968 (142) and 30 March 1968 (122). Mean depth at first capture was 190 fathoms (347 m); mean depth at release was 99 fathoms (181 m). Twenty of the 10 recaptures were reported by specific location and one by approximate location. Sex ratio of the returns was 22 females to 7 males, not significantly different from the ratio at release (212 fe- males to 52 males). Mean time at large for all recoveries was 284 days (0.8 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual was 774 days (2.1 yr) during which time apparent dispersion was only 10 miles (18.5 km). Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific recapture locations (20) was 25.1 miles. Three in- dividuals, all sexually mature females, made migrations in excess of 50 miles (92.7 km), the range being 56-76 miles (104-141 km). Four of the recoveries (28F, 26F, 27F, 4F), all mature females, are classified migrants; all were recaptured in June within 36-50 days after tagging. Return 28F, an egg- bearing female at release and recapture, was taken 56 miles (104 km) northeasterly in significantly shoaler water (22 fathoms = 40.2 m) after 50 days at large; ap- parent speed (1.1 miles/day = 2.0 km/day) and direction are highly consistent with the vernal shoaling hypothesis. Returns 26F and 27F (egg-bearing at release and recapture) were taken 38 miles (70.4 km) easterly near the head of Veatch Canyon at 80 fathoms (148 m) after being at large 36 and 37 days, respectively; apparent speed in each case was 1.1 miles/day (2.0 km/day). It is obvious that these tracks are not consistent with a theoretical goal of shoaler location; we will reserve com- ment on these and others of similar nature for later dis- cussion. Return 4F was taken 11 miles northeasterly in significantly shoaler (64 fathoms = 117 m) water; this recovery illustrates quite well that lobsters occupying the shelf edge or slope can achieve much shoaler (or deeper) locations with relatively small excursions. Composite Station 6 (See Figure 9 and Appendix Table 6) Twenty-two recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 149 releases midway between Atlantis and Veatch canyons on 1 May 1968 (78) and 2 May 1968 (71). Mean depth at first capture was 190 fathoms (347 m); mean depth at release was 99 fathoms (181 m). Nine- teen of the recoveries were reported by specific location and one by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 103 females (69%) to 46 males; the ratio at recapture was 12 females (55%) to 10 males. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 312 days (0.9 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual, an im- mature male at release, was 896 days (2.4 yr) during which time apparent dispersion was only 18 miles (33.4 km). Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific capture locations (19) was 33.5 miles (62.1 km). Five in- dividuals made migrations in excess of 50 miles (92.7 km), the range being 57-71 miles (106-132 km). Three of these long distance migrants were mature females, one of which (91F) was berried at recapture; the remaining two were mature males. Six of these recaptures (9F, 10F, 1M, 18F, 19F, 20M) can be classified as migrants. Recoveries 9F and 10F moved easterly, with the latter being taken significantly shoaler (56 fathoms = 102 m) than at release. Return 1M migrated at near record speed of 5.1 miles (9.4 km) per day to a point 62 miles (115 km) westerly at a depth (120 fathoms = 219 m) significantly deeper than at release. The release depth here, as at a number of other stations, was significantly shoaler than release depth for reasons explained earlier; it is conceivable, therefore, that bot- tom temperature at the release site was sufficiently divergent to cause abnormal behavior. Returns 18F, 19F, and 20M were recaptured at the same point in time and space after 49 days at large; their recovery position was 18 miles (33.4 km) easterly in shoaler (69 fathoms = 126 m) water. Composite Station 7 (See Figure 10 and Appendix Table 7) Ten recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 99 lobsters on the west side of Veatch Canyon on 2 May 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 200 fathoms (366 m); mean depth at release was 100 fathoms (183 m). Eight of the recaptures were reported by specific location. Sex ratio at release was 77 females (77%) to 22 males; the ratio of the returns was 7 females (70%) to 3 males. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 477 days (1.3 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual, a mature female, was 771 days (2.1 yr). This individual was recaptured 58 miles (107 km) north of the point of release in June 1970; its location in time and space is con- sistent with a working hypothesis of seasonal shoaling and return to home locality. Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific capture locations (8) was 29.3 miles (54.4 km). Two in- dividuals qualified as long migrants; one of these was the mature female noted above while the other was a mature male. Among the eight located recaptures, only one (8M) isa defined migrant and is consistent with the springtime shoaling hypothesis; this individual ranged shoalward from 100 to 63 fathoms (183-115 m) at a net speed of 1.8 miles (3.3 km) per day. Composite Station 8 (See Figure 11 and Appendix Table 8) Four recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 50 lobsters on the east side of Atlantis Canyon on 14 June 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 70 fathoms (128 m); mean depth at release was 86 fathoms (157 m). Two of the recoveries were reported by specific location and one by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 30 females (60%) to 20 males; the ratio at Tecapture was 1 female to 3 males. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 386 days (1.1 yt); greatest time at large for a located individual, a 11 mature male, was 734 days (2.0 yr), during which time apparent dispersion was 26 miles (48.2 km). Maximum dispersion was attained by 156M, a mature male, which was recaptured 114 miles (211 km) easterly near the head of Lydonia Canyon. A third individual, a mature female, was reported from the vicinity of Hudson Canyon, some 100 miles (185 km) westerly of release. Composite Station 9 (See Figure 12 and Appendix Table 9) Nineteen recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 143 lobsters on the west side of Atlantis Canyon on 15 June 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 70 fathoms (128 m); mean depth at release was 100 fathoms (183 m). Thirteen of the recaptures were reported by specific location and two by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 72 females (50%) to 71 males; the ratio at recapture was 11 females (58%) to 8 males. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 623 days (1.7 yr); greatest time at large, and record high overall, for a located individual (946M), a mature male at release, was 1,549 days (4.2 yr). This individual was recaptured 118 miles (219 km) easterly at Lydonia Canyon and had in- creased 63% in carapace length by virtue of at least three molts. Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific capture locations (13) was 36.1 miles (66.9 km). Three in- dividuals, a mature female, an initially immature male, and the mature male cited above, surpassed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range from point of release. Composite Station 10 (See Appendix Table 10) Three recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 39 lobsters some 15 miles (27.8 km) northeasterly of Atlantis Canyon on 16 June 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 90 fathoms (165 m); mean depth at release was 60 fathoms (110 m). All recaptures were reported by specific location. Sex ratio at release was 25 females (64%) to 14 males; the ratio at recapture was 2 females to 1 male, all being sexually immature. Mean time at large (48 days) and mean distance traveled (14 miles = 25.9 km) were lowest and second lowest, respectively, among all subgroups of returns. The low rate of return, and particularly the disappearance of the group after only 60 days at large, suggests that un- usually high mortality occurred shortly after release. Two of the three recoveries (34F, 41F) are migrants by definition; both were immature females and were taken only slightly shoaler than release depth. The directionali- ty of these tracks, as with many others among the defin- ed migrants, has not resulted in maximum shoaling for distance traversed; it seems plausible, however, that those individuals, especially immatures, captured and released well up on the shelf as late as June might, in the main, have already completed a migratory transition from colder slope water to the seasonably warmer shelf water prior to recapture. An extension of this reasoning suggests further that others captured and tagged at these midshelf depths were still en route to shoaler grounds (e.g., recapture 25F discussed under subsequent account of composite station 13). Composite Station 11 (See Figure 13 and Appendix Table 11) Six recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 84 lobsters 7 miles (12.9 km) north of Atlantis Canyon on 16 June 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 60 fathoms (110 m); mean depth at release was 55 fathoms (101 m). All of the recaptures were reported by specific location. Sex ratio at release was 47 females (56%) to 37 males; the ratio at recapture was 5 females (83%) to 1 male. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 361 days (1.0 yr). Greatest time at large was 727 days (2.0 yr); the in- dividual involved was an immature female at release and one of two females in the subgroup of returns which sur- passed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range of dispersion from release point. Mean distance traveled by the six recoveries was 32.2 miles (59.7 km). Composite Station 12 (See Figure 14 and Appendix Table 12) Three recoveries have been reported from a single point release of 57 lobsters 10 miles (18.5 km) northeast of Block Canyon on 16 June 1968. Mean depth at first capture and at release was 60 fathoms (110 m). All three recaptures were reported by specific location. Sex ratio at release was 25 females (44%) to 32 males; the ratio at recapture was 1 female to 2 males. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 231 days (0.6 yr); greatest time at large was 358 days (1.0 yr) during which time the record individual, a mature male at release, traveled 52 miles (96.4 km) east to the east side of Veatch Canyon. Mean distance traveled by the three recoveries was 30.3 miles (56.2 km). Composite Station 13 (See Figure 15 and Appendix Table 13) Forty recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 482 releases west of Block Canyon on 18 and 19 June 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 60 fathoms (110 m); mean depth at release was 47 fathoms (86 m). Twenty-three of the recaptures were reported by specific location and three by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 256 females (53%) to 226 males; the ratio at recapture was 25 females (62%) to 15 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (37) recoveries was 484 days (1.3 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual, a mature female at release, was 1,360 days (3.7 yr). This individual was recaptured 72 miles (133 km) southwest from point of release. Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific capture locations was 52.1 miles (96.6 km), the record high average for all subgroups of returns. Twelve in- dividuals surpassed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range; ad- ditionally, three others were reported from the vicinity of Veatch Canyon which is well beyond the 50-mile (92.7- km) range from point of release. A disproportionate number (12/15) of the long-distance migrants were females; most of the females were sexually mature at release and all were sexually mature at recapture. Two females were recaptured in the coastal trap fishery off southern Long Island, N.Y. One of these (25F) was berried at release and at recapture after having migrated 75 miles (139 km) in 28 days (2.7 miles/day = 5.0 km/day). The short term and long distance of this movement clearly supports an hypothesis of directed migration to warmer waters. The second female (335F) taken in the coastal zone was at large 465 days (1.3 yr) and, judging from its size at release, conceivably was engaged in a second or even third seasonal inshore migra- tion. Three recoveries (25F, 22F, 42M) are classified migrants. Return 25F, noted above, was recaptured in a local trap fishery at Fire Island Inlet, N.Y., in 7 fathoms (12.8 m) of water; vector and ground speed well ex- emplify the vernal shoaling concept. Return 22F was taken 14 days after release at a point 23 miles (42.6 km) southeasterly in slightly deeper water (60 fathoms = 110 m) than depth at release (47 fathoms = 86.0 m); it is significant, perhaps, that recapture depth and original capture depth were identical. We do not imply that this individual sought to return to original depth, but given a depth/temperature constant relationship over short term, it is conceivable that this lobster sought to return to its original temperature stratum. Return 42M, an im- mature male, was recaptured 58 days later and 47 miles (87.1 km) northeasterly in 50 fathoms (91.4 m) of water; considering immaturity and time of year, the net track would seem biologically unproductive. Composite Station 14 (See Figure 16 and Appendix Table 14) Twenty-five recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 266 releases 15 miles (27.8 km) northwest of Block Canyon on 20 June 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 60 fathoms (110 m); mean depth at release was 49 fathoms (89.6 m). Twenty-two of the recoveries were reported by specific location and one by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 146 females (55%) to 120 males; ratio at recapture was 19 females (76%) to 6 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (24) recoveries was 401 days (1.1 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual, a mature female at release, was 1,077 days (2.9 yr). This lobster (726F) was recaptured 181 miles (335 km) easterly near the head of Oceanographer Can- yon; the hypothetical straight-line track is the penulti- mate distance record and is exceeded slightly by that of | | a mature female (249F) recaptured just off the north shore of Long Island, N.Y. (see Fig. 20). Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific capture locations was 46.9 miles (86.9 km). Eleven in- dividuals, fully half of the located returns, surpassed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range with a disproportionate number (9) being females. Four of the eleven, all females, were taken by a single fisherman in the seasonal trap fishery off southern Long Island; unfortunately, only the tag letter code and sex were reported and we are unable to correlate beyond date and original release station. Among the 22 located recaptures, only one (33M) is a defined migrant; this individual moved southwesterly some 12 miles (22.2 km) and was recaptured at the same depth as at release. Return 269M, and the four females mentioned above (347F, 348F, 349F, 350F) were taken approximately 1 yr after release in the southern Long Island trap fishery in 11-12 fathoms (20.1-21.9 m) of water; while not migrants in the strictly defined sense, these recaptures are special cases which probably represent directed migrations of the year (1969) in which captured. Composite Station 15 (See Figure 17 and Appendix Table 15) Ten recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 46 lobsters on the so-called Leg area of Georges Bank on 21 September 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 35 fathoms (64.0 m); release depth was 28 fathoms (51.2 m). Six of the recaptures were reported by specific location. Sex ratio at release was 23 females (50%) to 23 males; the ratio at recapture was 6 females (60%) to 4 males. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 434 days (1.2 yt); greatest time at large for a located individual, a mature female at release, was 759 days (2.1 yr); this lobster apparently traveled only 12 miles (22.2 km), but it is evident from monthly distribution patterns developed later in this report that lobsters would not re- main localized in this general area; time at large closely approximates an anniversary of the initial tagging event in this area and supports an hypothesis of seasonal Trevisitation to shoaler, warmer water. Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific capture locations was only 16 miles (29.7 km); reference to Appendix Table 15 shows that five of the six account- able recoveries were taken 1 or 2 calendar years later during the warmest half of the year either at the shelf edge (548F), or relatively near the release area. The sixth (51F), taken in November, 44 days after release, was con- ceivably engaged in retreat from oncoming winter con- ditions to the warmer sanctuary of the shelf edge and slope. The high percentage (21.7) of recaptured lobsters from this release is second only to the slightly higher rate of recapture from Composite Station 2. Composite Station 16 (See Figure 18 and Appendix Table 16) Fifty-nine recaptures have been reported from a 13 composite total of 479 releases near the southwest corner of Georges Bank on 24, 25, and 26 September 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 50 fathoms (91.4 m); mean depth at release was 40 fathoms (73.2 m). Thirty-nine of the recaptures were reported by specific location and eight by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 196 females (41%) to 283 males; the ratio at return was 20 females (34%) to 39 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (58) recoveries was 435 days (1.2 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual (932M), a mature male at release, was 1,407 days (3.8 yr). Mean distance traveled by those lobsters with specific capture locations (39) was 34.8 miles (64.5 km). Nine in- dividuals, the majority being mature, surpassed the 50- mile (92.7-km) range. Additionally, four others, two males and two females, were reported from the Veatch Canyon area, some 50 miles (92.7 km) from point of release. Maximum dispersion (107 miles = 198 km) from release point was achieved by an immature male (362M) while at large 411 days (1.1 yr). Six of the 59 recaptures were migrants. Two of these (45F, 46M) were recaptured in October in slightly shoaler water; three (52F, 55F, 54M) were taken in November in slightly deeper (50 fathoms = 91.4 m) water, and one (75M) was taken the following January at a depth of 155 fathoms (284 m). Considering the respective dates of recapture, the tracks show a net tendency toward return to deeper water with the onset of winter season. Composite Station 17 (See Figure 19 and Appendix Table 17) Twenty-seven recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 223 releases near the head of Lydonia Canyon on 15 and 16 October 1968. Mean depth at first capture was 45 fathoms (82.3 m); mean depth at release was 71 fathoms (130 m). Fourteen lobsters were reported by specific location and seven by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 138 females (62%) to 85 males; the ratio at return was 14 females (52%) to 13 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (20) recoveries was 652 days (1.8 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual, a mature male at release, was 1,372 days (3.8 yr). Mean distance traveled by those individuals with specific capture locations (14) was 37.4 miles (69.3 km); four individuals, three mature females and one mature male, surpassed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range as did six others which were reported from approximated canyon localities. Among this latter group, five of the six were larger, sexually mature individuals at release, thus con- firming the apparent tendency of larger lobsters to migrate or disperse more so than smaller individuals. Maximum dispersion (132 miles = 245 km) was achieved by a mature male (937M) which had been at large 973 days (2.7 yr); this individual was recaptured in a coastal trap fishery on outer Cape Cod. The single migrant of this group, a mature male (56M), moved easterly some 29 miles (53.7 km) over a period of 39 days and was recaptured at a depth of 100 fathoms (183 m); track direction and timing is consistent with hypothesized overwintering at and below the continental shelf margin. Return 357F, recaptured in October of the following year, is regarded as a migrant of the year 1969. Composite Station 18 (See Figure 20 and Appendix Table 18) Two hundred thirteen recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 1,350 releases some 7 miles (13.0 km) easterly of the head of Veatch Canyon on 30 April and 1 and 2 May 1969. Mean depth at first capture was 137 fathoms (251 m); mean depth at release was 71 fathoms (130 m). These subgroups, like several others, were released shoaler than capture depth to avoid the likelihood of immediate recapture by our own vessel or other commercial vessels trawling in the vicinity of in- itial capture. One hundred eleven of the recaptures were reported by specific location and 36 by approximate loca- tion. In Figure 20 the recoveries are grouped and plotted by 6-minute squares for reasons given earlier. Sex ratio at release was 582 females (43%) to 768 males. The ratio at return was 97 females (46%) to 116 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (208) recoveries was 275 days (0.7 yr). Maximum time at large for a located individual (863F), a mature female at release, was 950 days (2.6 yr), during which time net displace- ment from release locality was only 7 miles (13.0 km). Mean dispersion of the 111 recaptures with specific capture locations was 25.3 miles (46.9 km). Ten females and six males, the majority being mature at release, sur- passed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range; among these 16, four (249F, 477F, 359M, 720M) ranged well beyond 100 miles (204 km). Fifteen of the recoveries are defined migrants. The foremost example among these was 249F, a 90-mm female at release; this individual traveled a record 186 miles (345 km) in 71 days (2.6 miles/day = 4.8 km/day) and was recaptured in July in a trap fishery at 7 fathoms (12.8 m) depth on the north shore of Long Island. This extensive penetration into Long Island Sound might be interpreted as an initially directed shoalward vector toward Block Island Sound with unintended overrun into eastern Long Island Sound; thereafter, a southwesterly track would conceivably lead to the vicinity of recapture on the north shore of Long Island. Alternatively, once having entered the constricted eastern end of Long Island Sound, any near-southerly track would result in shoaling on the extensive north shore of Long Island and present the dilemma of choosing correctly between an easterly or westerly course for ultimate return to the open ocean. A westerly track alongshore would also, in this conjectural situation, effectively lead 249F to the point of recapture. This unforeseen situation raises the possibility that other lobsters of offshore origin may follow similar pathways and become entrapped in Long Island Sound by virtue of its confining geography. The defined migrants within this group are listed below along with track bearing, ground speed, and depth 14 change, and the positive values of depth change signify — shoalward movement: Ground speed Depth change Return no. Bearing mi/day km/day fathoms __ meters 249F 302° 2.6 4.8 +68 +124 263F 348° 0.9 1.7 +50 +91 240F 036° 2.1 3.9 +36 +66 254F 069° 0.6 1.1 +42 +77 271F 278° 0.3 0.6 —20 —37 283F 073° 0.2 0.4 —20 =37 166F 060° 0.6 1.1 0 0 158F 058° 0.5 0.9 —5 -9 221F 081° 0.2 0.4 +10 +18 201M 072° 0.8 1.5 0 0 311M 006° 0.4 0.7 +45 +82 199M 067° 0.7 1.3 +5 +9 266M 296° 0.2 0.4 +15 +27 160M 066° 0.6 1.1 -12 —22 300M 072° 0.2 0.4 —20 —37 The initial bearing of 249F is measured to a point east — of Montauk Point consistent with assumed straight-line penetration of eastern Long Island Sound; the subse- quent track or tracks to point of recapture are highly con- jectural as discussed above. Eight of the fifteen migrants moved shoalward, two remained at release depth, and five moved to deeper water. Among the five returning to deeper water, three were immature females. Composite Station 19 (See Figure 21 and Appendix Table 19) One hundred four recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 751 lobsters some 12 miles (22.2 km) southwesterly of Hydrographer Canyon on 4 May 1969. Depth at first capture was 150 fathoms (274 m); depth at release was 65 fathoms (119 m). Sixty-one recaptures were reported by specific location and 24 by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 362 females (48%) to 389 males; the ratio at return was 57 females (55%) to 47 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (96) recoveries was 286 days (0.8 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual (673F), a mature female at release, was 744 days (2.0 yr). Mean distance traveled by individuals with specific capture locations (61) was 26.7 miles (49.5 km); seven in- dividuals (294F, 610F, 246M, 317M, 480M, 570M, 577M) exceeded the 50-mile (92.7-km) range from release point. Six of these seven long-ranging individuals were sexually mature at release; the seventh (480M) was mature at recapture some 10 mo from release. Maximum dispersion (125 miles = 232 km) was achieved by a mature male (317M) which moved northeasterly onto Georges Shoals at an apparent ground speed of 1.4 miles (2.6 km) per day. Two others (294F, 570M) also exceeded the 100-mile (185-km) range; these three cases of wide dispersion from release point are good examples of the contrasting distinction between defined migrants (317M and 294F) and the defined indeter- minate (570M): the former show ground speeds in excess of 1 mile (1.85 km) per day along hypothetical track lines that are probably realistic approximations of actual tracks made good; the latter (570M) was recaptured 14 mo after release and shows a net displacement of 115 miles (213 km). In this situation, the track is simply a straight-line resolution of some unknown number of movements over long term which have resulted in a ma- jor westerly displacement; the timing and directionality of the component steps cannot be deduced or inferred from the available information. The defined migrants (13) within this group are listed below with ground speed and depth change: Ground speed Depth change Return no. mi/day km/day fathoms __ meters 255F 0.6 11 +45 +82 294F 11 2.0 +47 +86 654F Ll 2.0 +32 +59 146F 0.4 0.7 0 0 152F 0.4 0.7 1 -13 184F 0.4 0.7 +10 +18 191F 0.3 0.6 +15 ae 282F 0.1 0.2 —25 —46 246M 0.8 1.5 +48 +88 290M. 0.5 0.9 —25 —46 317M 1.4 2.6 +38 +70 190M 0.3 0.6 +15 +27 194M 0.4 0.7 +10 +18 Composite Station 20 (See Figure 22 and Appendix Table 20) Forty-four recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 387 releases made 25 miles (46.3 km) southwest of Corsair Canyon over the 3-day period, 7, 8, and 9 May 1969. Mean depth at first capture was 173 fathoms (316 m) with range 160-180 fathoms (293-329 m); depth at release for all releases was 50 fathoms (91.4 m). Thirty-seven recaptures were reported by specific location and one by approximate location. Sex ratio at telease was 274 (71%) females to 113 males; the ratio at return was 29 (66%) females to 15 males. Mean time at large for accountable (44) recoveries was 199 days (0.5 yr); greatest time at large for a located in- dividual (897M), a mature male at release, was 1,075 days (2.9 yr) with recapture 27 miles (50.0 km) from release point. Mean distance traveled by individuals with specific capture locations (37) was 30.4 miles (56.3 km); four in- dividuals (306F, 315F, 578F, 697F), all sexually mature females, equalled or exceeded the 50-mile (92.7-km) range from point of release. Maximum dispersion (143 miles = 265 km) was attained by 697F which was recap- tured near Veatch Canyon 761 days (2.1 yr) following release. This group of recoveries includes the second largest number (21) and percentage (56) of definable migrants, 21 of 37. Collectively, the migrants are characterized by relatively large size, a high proportion (76%) of females, and, among the females, a high propor- tion (44%) with external eggs at release. 15 The defined migrants (21) within this group are listed below with track bearing, ground speed, and depth change: Ground speed Depth change Return no. Bearing mi/day __km/day fathoms meters 148F 056° 1.0 1.9 —85 —155 161F 22 0.8 1.5 —40 —73 244F 329° 0.5 0.9 +16 +29 252F 329° 0.5 0.9 +16 +29 259F 327° 0.7 1.3 +23 +42 276F 337° 0.5 0.9 +18 +33 277F 337° 0.5 0.9 +18 +33 306F 323° 0.5 0.9 +22 +40 314F 314° 0.6 1.1 +23 +42 315F 315° 0.6 1.1 +23 +42 171F 036° 0.3 0.6 —45 —82 198F a22e 0.4 0.7 =35 —64 209F 079° 0.2 0.4 —42 —71 228F 225° 0.2 0.4 —30 —55 239F 079° 0.2 0.4 —32 —59 247F 009° 0.3 0.6 +11 +20 149M 056° 1.0 1.9 —85 —155 150M 043° 1.0 1.9 —85 —155 200M 334° 0.8 1.5 +13 —24 285M 325° 0.5 0.9 +20 —sai/ 210M 079° 0.2 0.4 =32 —59 It will be noted from the preceding table and Figure 22 that 10 of the 11 migrants showing shoalward displace- ment were recovered within a 33° arc relative to release point; the significance of this tight grouping is evident only when the recovery positions are plotted on a detailed bathymetric chart of the area encompassed from which it can be seen that the recapture locations are coincident with several areas that are heavily fished in summer months by trawlers fishing primarily for yellowtail flounders. The rugged topography of Georges Bank shoalward of 30 fathoms (54.9 m), coupled with strong tidal currents, greatly limits trawler activity and hence the incidental catch of shoaling lobsters to those areas that are topographically compatible with otter trawl fishing. The relatively large number of tagged lobsters recaptured on this shoaler part of Georges Bank (see also Fig. 24 and related discussion) indicates that this upper reach of the Bank as a whole supports a major summer- time concentration of lobsters originating from the con- tinental margin and slope from Veatch Canyon eastward. Composite Station 21 (See Figure 23 and and Appendix Table 21) Twenty-three recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 166 lobsters near the head of Lydonia Canyon on 6 June 1969. Depth at first capture was 70 fathoms (128 m); depth at release was 57 fathoms (104 m). Fifteen recaptures were reported by specific locations and six by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 82 females (49%) to 84 males; the ratio at return was 7 females (30%) to 16 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (19) recoveries was 264 days (0.7 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual (851M), a mature male at release, was 885 days (2.4 yr). Mean distance traveled by individuals with specific capture locations (15) was 30.1 miles (55.8 km); four in- dividuals (186F, 262F, 399F, 352M), all sexually mature at release, exceeded the 50-mile (92.7-km) range from release point. Maximum dispersion was attained by 399F which moved a net distance of 82 miles (152 km) easterly over a period of 167 days (0.4 yr). The defined migrants (4) within this group of recap- tures are listed below with track bearing, ground speed, and depth change: Ground speed Depth change Return no. Bearing mi/day _km/day fathoms meters 262F 032° 1.7 3.2 +24 +44 352M 304° 0.6 1.1 +2 +4 230M 117° 0.5 0.9 —23 —42 231M 117° 0.5 0.9 —23 —42 Return 262F (44 days at large) approaches the idealiz- ed view of seasonal shoalward migration, but 352M, 230M, and 231M do not. In view of their relatively short term at large (22 days) it is possible that these last three had simply reoriented toward the depth-temperature stratum prevailing at first capture. Recoveries 185F, 186F, and 399F fall outside the migrant classification, but represent significant disper- sions with respect to time at large or distance. Both 185F and 186F were at large less than 10 days, but made seemingly directed tracks (without depth change) of 40 miles (74.1 km) and 52 miles (96.4 km), respectively, at calculated ground speeds in excess of 5 miles (9.3 km) per day. Return 399F (167 days at large) was captured at a point 82 miles (152 km) westerly and 17 fathoms (31.1 m) shoaler than point of release; this dispersion is open to in- terpretation, but may represent the outbound limit of a shoalward migration or simply a point on an inbound return from an even shoaler location. Composite Station 22 (See Figure 24 and Appendix Table 22) Forty-six recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 422 releases some 20 miles (37.1 km) southwest of the head of Corsair Canyon on 10 and 11 June 1969. Mean depth at first capture was 87 fathoms (159 m); mean depth at release was 51 fathoms (93.3 m). Thirty-nine lobsters were reported by specific location and one by approximate location. Sex ratio at release was 280 females (66%) to 142 males; the ratio at return was 28 females (61%) to 18 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (43) recoveries was 157 days (0.4 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual (898M), a mature male at release, was 1,034 days (2.8 yr) with recapture 11 miles (20.4 km) from release point. This individual showed a 39% increase in carapace length at recapture which suggests that at least two molts occurred during its time at large. 16 Mean distance traveled by individuals with specific capture locations (39) was 44 miles (81.5 km); five in- é dividuals (237F, 575F, 770F, 303M, 747M) surpassed the | 50-mile (92.7-km) range from point of release by a con- iz siderable margin (range 87-164 miles = 161-304 km). \, Maximum movement was attained by 747M (see Fig. 24) b which was recaptured 865 days (2.4 yr) following release; f runner-up in this category was 575F, a large egg-bearing — female at release, which was taken in a coastal trap j fishery at Truro Beach, Mass., 431 days (1.2 yr) followanea release. This group of recoveries includes the largest number — (28) and percentage (71) of definable migrants with 28 of | 39 located recoveries meeting the “migrant’’ criteria — defined previously. The migrants here, as at station 20, are characterized by large mean size, a high proportion (61%) of females, and, among the females, a high propor- tion (59%) with external eggs at release. Bearing, ground speed, and depth change are given below: Ground speed Depth change Return no Bearing mi/day _km/day fathoms meters 236F 316° 1.7 3.2 +17 +31 237F 240° 4.4 8.2 -8 —15 238F 337° 1.5 2.8 +18 +33 251F 338° 1.0 1.9 +18 +33 260F 331° 1.0 1.9 +25 +46 284F 322° 0.5 0.9 +17 +31 287F 328° 0.6 1.1 +21 +38 288F 332° 0.6 1.1 +22 +40 293F 329° 0.6 1.1 +14 +26 307F 302° 0.7 1.3 +22 +40 308F 302° 0.7 1.3 +22 +40 309F 302° 0.7 1.3 +22 +40 316F 307° 0.9 1.7 +25 +46 336F 300° 0.5 0.9 +25 +46 337F 300° 0.5 0.9 +25 +46 339F 310° 0.5 0.9 +20 +37 208F 117° 0.8 1.5 —40 -73 222M 322° 1.0 129) +14 +26 242M 333° 1.4 2.6 +12 +22 243M 330° 1.4 2.6 +20 +37 248M 325° 1.3 2.4 +24 +44 258M 317° 0.9 1.7 +23 +42 261M 331° 0.9 Wee +19 +35 278M 317° 0.7 1.3 +18 +33 303M 243° 1.6 3.0 —23 —42 310M 341° 0.6 1.1 +20 +37 341M 317° 0.4 0.7 +18 +33 342M 317° 0.4 0.7 +18 +33 All but three (208F, 237F, 303M) of the migrants rang- ed significantly shoalward from point of release and were recaptured within 89 days from date of release. Migrant 208F moved quickly toward deeper water approximating depth at first capture; migrant 237F, a large egg-bearing female, moved rapidly some 87 miles (161 km) in 20 days to be recaptured near the head of Oceanographer Canyon in only slightly deeper water; migrant 303M, a large male, moved 123 miles (228 km) in 76 days to be recap- tured on the east flank of Hydrographer Canyon in significantly deeper water. These movements do not con- form to a working hypothesis of springtime shoalward migration but they illustrate the kind of exceptions that inevitably arise in attempted classification of the movements of tagged animals over a short term; the long distance traveled by 237F and 303M, both at high rates of speed, tend to infer directionality on their movements that are inconsistent with our hypothesis; the close agreement of the track bearings might well be coin- cidence, but a rational conclusion, nevertheless, is that the tracks are similar results of disoriented attempts to return to original release depth. The exceptions noted above notwithstanding, the balance (25) of these migrants effected movements that were highly consistent in directionality, time at large, and distance. Inspection of Appendix Table 22 shows that all were recaptured within the range 20-89 days at net distances from point of release ranging from 22 to 48 miles (40.8-89.0 km); bearings of the net tracks are con- fined to the narrow range 300°-341° with effective shoal- ing ranging from 17 to 25 fathoms (31.1-45.7 m). This particular group of defined migrants amply supports our prevailing hypothesis and serves to illustrate better than any other the concept of the outbound (shoalward) phase of seasonal migration. Composite Station 23 (See Figure 25 and Appendix Table 23) Thirty-four recaptures have been reported from a composite total of 301 releases near the east flank of Welker Canyon on 19 and 20 June 1969. Mean depth at first capture was 61 fathoms (112 m); mean depth at telease was 82 fathoms (150 m). Twenty-eight lobsters were reported by specific location and two by ap- proximate location. Sex ratio at release was 139 females (46%) to 162 males; the ratio at return was 20 females (59%) to 14 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (32) recoveries was 249 days (0.7 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual (848F), an egg-bearing female at release, was 506 days (1.4 yr) with recapture 16 miles (29.7 km) from original release point. Mean distance traveled by individuals with specific capture locations (28) was 35 miles (64.9 km); eight in- dividuals (576F, 728F, 771F, 562M, 564M, 767M, 769M, 797M) surpassed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range from point of release with two of these (728F, 797M) exceeding 100 miles (185 km). Maximum dispersion of 126 miles (234 km) westerly was accomplished by 728F while at large 348 days (0.95 yr); this individual bore ripe external eggs at recapture which, coupled with zero growth over the period at large, implies that egg deposition occurred shortly after release. Only four of the recaptures qualify as migrants; all were recaptured in significantly shoaler water with at least three of the four effecting large-scale movements over relatively short term. Calculated bearing, ground speed, and depth change of these migrants are given below: 17 Ground speed Depth change Return no. Bearing mi/day _km/day fathoms meters 576F 313° 1.1 2.0 +59 +108 584F 344° 0.5 0.9 +51 +93 562M 285° 5.0 9.3 +52 +95 564M 282° 5.5 10.2 +50 +91 The net tracks exhibited by 576F and 548F approach the idealized view of directed shoalward movements; the tracks of 562M and 564M are good, in the comparative sense, but less than ideal in terms of the best vector toward shoaler water. These two migrants rank first and third for calculated ground speed among the 117 defined migrants. Probable migrations are evident in the respective locations of at least four other individuals (767F, 769M, 797M, 771F); each of these lobsters was recaptured ap- proximately 1 yr after release at depths (20-35 fathoms = 36.6-64.0 m) consistent with hypothesized summertime distribution. It should be noted that here, as elsewhere, perambulations beyond one season cannot be ap- proximated by a straight-line track; this simple conven- tion is probably a valid estimator in cases of defined migrants, but where movements are summed over two or more migration cycles, the track-line can be nothing more than a measure of temporal displacement from point of release. Composite Station 24 (See Figure 26 and Appendix Table 24) Twenty-two recaptures have been reported from a composite release of 173 lobsters 10 miles (18.5 km) west of Oceanographer Canyon on 19 and 22 June 1970. Mean depth at first capture was 59 fathoms (108 m); mean depth at release was 57 fathoms (104 m). Fifteen lobsters were reported by specific location and four by ap- proximate location. Three recaptures were reported without location information of any kind. Sex ratio at release was 72 females (42%) to 101 males; the ratio at return was 14 females (64%) to 9 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (22) recoveries was 290 days (0.8 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual (883F), a mature female at release, was 512 days (1.4 yr) with recapture 18 miles (33.4 km) from release point. Mean distance traveled by individuals with specific capture locations (15) was 24 miles (44.5 km); two in- dividuals (569F, 648M) surpassed the 50-mile (92.7-km) radius of dispersion. Recapture 569F, the only qualified migrant among the returns, moved 74 miles (137 km) southwesterly in 16 days (4.6 miles/day = 8.5 km/day) to equivalent depth near Veatch Canyon; recapture 648M was taken 136 miles (252 km) westerly near Block Can- yon following 207 days at large. Composite Station 25 (See Figure 27 and Appendix Table 25) Ten recaptures have been reported from a composite release of 60 trap-caught lobsters near Block Canyon on 6 and 7 January 1971. Twenty-four were captured, tagged, and released at 115 fathoms (210 m); 36 others were taken, tagged, and released at 212 fathoms (388 m). All recaptures were reported by specific location. Sex ratio at release was 30 females (50%) to 30 males; the ratio at recapture was 6 females (60%) to 4 males. Mean time at large for the 10 recoveries was 285 days (0.8 yr); greatest time at large for a given individual (920M), a mature male at release, was 530 days (1.5 yr) with subsequent recapture 4 miles (7.4 km) from release point. Mean distance ranged by the 10 recaptures was 15 miles (27.8 km); maximum dispersion of 54 miles (100 km) was attained by 798F while at large 163 days (0.4 yr); all other dispersions were 29 miles (53.7 km) or less with two (735F, 734M) recaptured at original release locations following some 6 mo at large. None of the recaptures meet the migrant criteria as defined. Composite Station 26 (See Appendix Table 26) Only a single recapture has been reported from a composite total of 54 releases (trap-caught) southwest of Hudson Canyon on 25 January and 21 February 1971. The initial group of 50 lobsters was caught and released at 225 fathoms (412 m); the second group of four was caught and released at 300 fathoms (549 m). Sex ratio at release was 17 females (31%) to 37 males. The single recovery (647M), a mature male at release, was at large 112 days (0.3 yr) prior to recapture at an un- specified location. Composite Station 27 (See Figure 28 and Appendix Table 27) Eleven recaptures have been reported from a composite release of 194 trap-caught lobsters 15 miles (27.8 km) south of Baltimore Canyon on 7, 8, 10, and 11 February 1971. Forty-seven were captured and released at 185 fathoms (338 m); 24 were captured and released at 292 fathoms (534 m); 123 were captured and released at 150 fathoms (274 m). All of the recaptures were reported by specific location. The sex ratio at release was 99 females (51%) to 95 males; the ratio at return was 6 females (54%) to 5 males. Mean time at large for all recoveries was 452 days (1.3 yr); greatest time at large was 620 days (1.7 yr) with net displacement of only 4 miles (7.4 km). Mean distance traveled by the 11 recaptures was 24 miles (44.5 km); two individuals (740F, 917F) exceeded the 50-mile (92.7-km) range. Maximum dispersion was attained by 917F which was taken in a coastal trap fishery near Cape May, N.J., some 71 miles (132 km) from release location. None of the recaptures meet migrant criteria. Composite Station 28 (See Appendix Table 28) Three recaptures have been reported from a single point release of 29 trap-caught lobsters 25 miles (46.3 18 km) southwest of Hudson Canyon on 22 February 1971. Capture and release depth was 250 fathoms (457 m); sex tatio at release was 14 females (48%) to 15 males. Mean time at large for the three recoveries was 184 days (0.5 yr); greatest time at large was 479 days (1.3 yr) with only 9 miles (16.7 km) displacement from release locality. { Mean distance ranged by the three recoveries was only | 7.6 miles (14.1 km), the range being 7-9 miles (13.0-16.7 km). | None of these recaptures meet the migrant criteria as_ defined. Composite Station 29 (See Figure 29 and Appendix Table 29) One hundred fifty-five recaptures have been reported from a composite release of 805 trap-caught lobsters at Veatch Canyon on 9 and 10 May 1971. This series of releases was made by one of us (Richard A. Cooper) while participating as scientific observer dur- ing commercial trap-fishing operations of the FV Wily Fox owned and operated by the Prelude Lobster Corpora- tion of Westport, Mass. The lobsters that were tagged were, for the most part, either sublegal by size, or egg- bearing females, and would normally have been discard- ed as the traps were hauled and emptied. This tagging strategy was not used on any other cruise. All other lobsters were trawl-caught or trapped (composite stations 25, 26, 27, 28) by research vessels previously named; among these trap-caught lobsters all that were viable at capture were tagged and released with the ex- ception of those which were dead or moribund (<1%) after the posttagging holding period. One hundred fifty of the tagged lobsters were captured and released at 60 fathoms (110 m); the second group of 655 was captured and released at 55 fathoms (101 m). | Sixty-three of the recaptures were reported by specific | location, 83 by approximate location, and 9 without loca- | tion information of any kind. Sex ratio at release was 621 females (77%) to 184 males; the ratio of recaptures was — 105 females (68%) to 50 males. Mean time at large for all accountable (154) recoveries was 183 days (0.5 yr); greatest time at large for a located individual (953F), an immature female at release, was 492 days (1.3 yr) with recapture 18 miles (33.4 km) from release point. Mean distance traveled by individuals with specific capture locations (63) was 15 miles (27.8 km); five lobsters (721F, 738F, 926F, 758M, 895M) surpassed the 50-mile (92.7-km) range with each of the two males ex- ceeding 100 miles (185 km). Maximum dispersion of 111 miles (206 km) northerly to Cuttyhunk Island was at- tained by 758M while at large 108 days; this migration (by prior definition) into the coastal trap fishery is a further example of the evident, but unmeasured, annual recruitment to coastal stocks by lobsters of offshore origin. 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(9EL-€) be *pZ U0IZBIS ajISOdW0D WoOA SaldaAODaY—"9Z BANBIY ‘iu }DO1,NOU ‘uoIsJadsip JO SNIpOI UDaYy (l8Z-G) O62 sfop ‘abJ0} 10 ay UDaYy (>) + Sl Pajjojd sauanozas sequunyy (Z22l) 22 paunjdogas ( —_) juaauad pup saquunyy edb OL/22‘6L/9 Pasneya/ JOQUINU JOJO] 029 069 o6E oOV olD (vG-0O) 9 ‘IW }OONNDU ‘uOIsJadSip JO Snipa UDayy (vZG-¢9l) Fle shop ‘a6i0] {0 Sul] UDaYy Pas {ojd sauanozad eqUIN) OL (9°91) OL | paunjdosas( —_) jueaved pup sequinyy t2/L- 9/1 "GZ U01}B4S a}ISoduIOD Woy SatIaAOIaY—"1Z ANI 069 of "1% W017BI8 ayISOdUI0D WNOIY sat1dAODaY—"gz 2ANTIy (Ll-v) v2 ‘IW /OD1INOU ‘UOISA8dSIp JO STIPOs UDI) (029-222) €Sv shop ‘abJ0} {0 aul] UDayy o8f UL Pas jojd sauanozad JaQuuNy paunjdodes ( —_—) juaauad pub vequuinyy vél PasDayad JAQUINU |OJOL IZ/U‘OL'S'2/2 Sa{DP aSD3}9Y o6£ ofl oGl 42 (LlL-O) GL “‘sarenbs aynurul-9 Aq pazj}0[d ¢Z u0I4BIS azIsoduI0D Way SaTIaAOIaY—"GZ BANS ‘I /OD.NOU ‘UOISJ@ASIP JO SNIPQ1 UDAYy eoG- 82) Bl 36S (2G 82) shop ‘abs0] {0 aul) Uday (€8) + £9 Pa} JOj/d SaUaN0IaJ JEQUUNNY (EL) GGL paunjdoges ( _) juaasad pup saquunyy sos PaSDaYOd JOQUINU JO{OL \Z/OL - 6/G SA{DP aS03/9Y oOv ol? 069 old 43 o8S o6E oOV olD ° ‘UOAUBD ITBSIOD 0} UOAUBD JIOW[VY ‘(WY 1°76) SALT [BOIWNBU (IG JO SUOI]BAZIMA pawM BOYS ajqeqosd pus 19}8013 10 (WY [[]) SALW [BOIINBU Y9 JO SUOIJBATIUI pABM[BOYS— ‘og ond UOlJOI07 aunjaooay UON0I07] ASDAJA4 © o_O 49{021B JO LUU QQ SUOYOABILL |/7/ S9 309 219 ar00 aes 369 <0L sul I J] ro) yl oOV ol D “uoAUBD JaYydBssoUBaDQ 0} UOAUBD Yoo[_ ‘(WH [[]) Sa[lUl [BoOINBU 09 UBY] ssa] yNq (WY C°g]) SIU [BoINBU OQ] UBY) 19}8913 SUOIJBISIUI PrBM][BOYS— [gE aN 069 002 old 45 *UOAUBD IIBSIOD 1B9U FUIVBUIZIIO (WH [][][) SO[fW [BoINBU Og UBY sso] yng (WH G°g]) SIM [BOINBU QO] UBY} 1038019 SUOIZBIZIMI pABM[BOYSG—'ZE aN (00 olt OF ol? 99'G9 ‘¢9 ‘29 ‘19 ‘09 ‘6S ‘8S ‘8b ‘2b'9b'Gb ‘Cb ‘lp ‘Ob ‘GE ‘be ‘ee t 00 099 OE 099 00 oL9 O€ oL9 46 SYSL3SW NI H1d3d OOb oo ool “TL-8961 ‘Spotsed Aj4aj18nb Aq s1ajsqo] pad3e} jo ainjdvoed jo yjydap uBvay—'¢eg 2n3Iq SGOIY3d ATHSLYWNO SAV YA & ‘SNVSW AIYSLYWND =——------- YV3A AS SNVSW AlYSLYVND [S/o ) om 1 i Ss fs ces 2261 HOYVW — 8961 1IYdV true BS eee e uae :ktDhUC——__—— ——— ST SS = SS ————————— ————— —++-Ep g9 OL GL ‘auNe—aainjzBiaduia} W10}}0q A[YUOUL UBaUT YIIM SaIBNbs aynuIUI-g Aq syUOU Aq SatIaAodeI Jo ayISoduIoD— “Gg 2IN3IT GL OL Be 7 SaDNbS aINUI XIS UIYJIM SAlAN0IaY JO JAGUNKY afISOdWIO) J ——e apoibyuan saaibag “Wualyjos| —8)— se 691 =N G9 53 “A[NE—eINjzBIIdUIE} W10}}0q A[YJUOUI UBEUT YIIM SareNbs aynurUI-g Aq syyUOUI Aq SatIdAOIeI JO a}ISOdWOQ—"(p eAN3Iy S9 OL GL SA/ONDS aINUIYY XIS UIA SaLIAAODaY JO JEqUINKY aYISOdWOD 1 —e ii Y. 4, ) apoubyuan saaubaq ‘uueyjosy —(B)— Hone Ov Ob 54 ob a —— 8 = SEE i103 Cct2 EC 14 14 14 14 14 15 ct2 EC 21 161 146 RET 682F o84F 685F 686F bs7TF '689F 69UF b91F 695F 698F 699F 7O1F 102F TO3F TU5SF 71UF 712F 7121F 738F T43F 75CF 751F 152F 153F 7555 ToUF To1F foSF 1o4F WSF 18UF 7181F 182F 183F T30F T9OSF T94F 135F 196F 805F 807F 808F 809F 81UF 811F 813F 814F S15F 816F 817F =z oO MPOmWMMDODANNMNAMAMATARAMATAAGAMHAHATAAMH wwwww eC WOW WW WOO O WO © RLAT 4W2 400 2 345 8 4002 39358 4002 3358 3358 3358 4002 we 3958 4We 395 8 3958 3358 40Uu2z 3358 335 8 3958 3958 3958 3958 3958 3958 4 WU2 3358 39358 395 8 3358 3958 3958 3358 3458 3958 3358 4 LUZ 3358 3958 3358 3958 39358 4 WZ 4 UU 2 39538 3358 3356 3958 3956 395% Appendix Table 29 RLON 6932 6932 6926 6932 6926 6932 6926 6926 6926 6932 6932 63926 6932 6926 6926 6926 6932 6926 6926 6326 6926 6926 6926 6926 692b 6932 6326 6326 6926 6926 6926 6926 6926 6926 6926 6926 6932 6926 6926 6926 6926 6326 6332 6932 69326 6926 6326 63926 6926 692b CLAT 4 B02 4 UU2 3958 4 UU2 3358 4 UU2 34958 395 & 3958 4 0U2 4#0uU2z 400u 4uU0U 400 U %U0U 4U0U 4 U0 U 4U4s 448 HYDR HYDR HYUR HYDR HYOR HYOR HYOR HYDR HYDR 4*US5 HYOR HYOR VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT 89 CLON 6932 6932 6 326 6932 6326 6932 6926 64926 6926 6952 6932 692 3 6923 6923 692 3 692 5 6932 6924 6924 6910 HYDR HYDR HYOR HYDR HYOR HYDR HYOR HYDR HYUR HYDR CONWNWNWNW WWM 33 35 1 08 Appendix Table 29 Cont. RET CS Os MO RLAT RLON CLAT CLON DATL MIL CLi Ct2 818F 29 65 9° S956 6926 VEAT ORYVOR 130 ar 35 SZUFS 23) 365 9 39358 6926 VEAT HYDR 130 71 86 SZUEEZI 65 9 34958 6926 VLAT HYDR 130 76 85 SZAE 23) 65 9 3458 6326 VtAT HYDE 130 73 87 826F 23 65 11 39358 6926 HYDR 196 81 35 SZUIE 29) (65 ue SERES Se V4ae tly (os aJ36 106 115 S23 729. 165 11 34358 6926 ViAT 181 36 83UF 29 65 11 3558 6926 VLAT 181 75 S3SZE 235" 65 ll 3358 6926 VLAT HYDR 188 72 88 Sip (745) (Ss) 11 3358 6326 VtAT HYDK 188 73 30 835 29) 65 d2 06 «3996 «©6926 VEAT HYOR 188 17 S31 837F 293 £466 41 402 69532 VtAT HYDR 186 87 38 838F 293 66 11 4Wi2 69352 VrtAT HYDR 186 103 116 IP 745) IS) TE 39518" 6SZ6 VS VEATIT AHYDIR 188 T4 87 84UF 29 65 1i 3958 6926 VEAT HYDR 188 99 109 841F 29 65 11 3958 6926 VEAT HYDK 188 113 125 B844F 29 65 11 34358 6926 VWrAT HYDR 188 71 86 B845F 23 66 11 4Uu2 69332 VEAT HYDR 186 94 107 SHGES —Z3) 965 11 3958 6926 VEAT HYDR 188 393 112 Sane (29) (65 Pi 39555" 6926) ViEAT THYDIR 188 95 108 sSUF 29 £465 TH S)S5)38 6926) 4/025) 16855 1/78 35 87 104 8$53F 29 #4265 10 3458 63926 OCEA IES 93 104 SSFP 23) 6S PE SSS 5 6926 HY DIR 204% 87 100 B58 E239)" 65 PS S958 6926 OCEA 2Uu0 78 30 B53 Fee Z3) 165 UZ 35918 (69267 SHY DIR 2E% LOZ) a5 SoZ T2365 PZ) 35'598) 6926) VOCEA 211 Se OS So7TF 29 £65 WZ S9518) (6926) 4/005 6925 213 q 92 SVE Z9) 65 P27 S395) OSZoe ss iUD SG SZ5 213 7 71 SiiZeae 23) 165 DZS S35 8% OSZ bar A US) Oj 9Z:5 21S US SIE SUES ZI 65S P25 9518— 6926 ZZ UU 33 Sisk 729° 6S PZ) 335138) 6926) VEAT RYDR 210 100 115 SZ78E— 29: (65 2 3958 6926: VEAT JHVDR 210 103 i116 881F 2939 66 11 4002 6932 4017 ©6833 190 47 67 Ss Zhe Z23) 765 My S:95'8) 6926 4 Oli 8's7s LIZ 45 72 Sone 29) 65 i 3:395'5) 69260 CRYUR Wek Z42 70 83 888F 29 65 1 39518) 6926" 7RVOR wWeEK 242 76 S1 S83 29>" 65 1 3358" 6926) WYO R BWweeK 242 74 86 83UF 293 65 1) 39533) 1692160 S955 eo Ss!5 250 3 EES eso 3$02F 293 66 2 40U2 6932 HYDR 267 38 SUEZ In GS 6) 3358) (69269 39556955 396 & 208) srs SEU 29) 65 i 3958 (69265 7 ViEAT 428 8a 33 SHR Zee) SS GS S51 8e GSZ6 407 77 SZZibe 2:3) 165 6 33958 6926 4005 6900 416 21 32 SZ2S' F239. 66 & 402 6932) 4 00's 6 Sole 414 25 34 S24F 293 65 6 39358 6326 4U05 6900 416 21 95 S269) 29) (65 6 39358 6926 4U1l2 7040 414 58 81 7 Sveete Zee) ESS) 7 $3958 6926 4005 7020 428 42 78 30 SUR ER KS tf 3958 63926 4/005) 06945 438 16 5 &3 SBM Zs) ks 7 398 639326 4005 63945 432 16 78 108 SU eS) OS LOD 33518 6S26 YOR 53zZ 72 100 ReT 948Fr S49F S50F |} 351F S53F 68UM 681M | 685M 688M 692M. 694m 696M 700M 704M 706K 1U7M 7USM 7USM 711M 754M 758M 766M 806M 812M | 619M 823M 824M 328M 831M BS4M 836M 843M 854H | 8bUM 864M 865M S56M 868M 669M 873M 877M 887M 695M 896M 8996 SUUM CS OS MO Wwnnana~ WWW WKN WOAMMAMAMAUHAHMAHAAHAMH MH RLAT &ub1 4uul 4 0U2 GvuulL Lut 4U2 3356 3958 402 358 3458 3958 34358 3958 3958 3358 335% 335 8 42 3958 39356 3358 39568 395% 3958 3956 3358 3956 3956 3958 3958 39358 4 Lu 2 3958 335% 34958 3956 3356 3358 3358 4Uu2 3958 3958 335% 3956 33956 Appendix Table 29 Cont. RLON 693U 6393U 695z b6393U 6930 6332 6926 6926 69352 6926 6926 6326 63926 6926 6926 6926 6926 6926 6932 6926 6326 6926 6926 6326 6926 6926 6926 6926 6926 6326 6326 6926 693Z 6926 6926 6926 6926 6926 69326 6326 6932 63926 6926 63926 6926 6926 CLAT HYUR HYUDR HYDR HYDR 4UU5 4 BU2 3958 345 8 4 OU 2 39358 39358 34358 4u00 4 U0U 4U0U 4u0uU 4 U0 u 4u00 4U0U HYDR 4125 HYUR VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VEAT VELAT HYUR HYOR 4 U05 4uUU5 4 U05 4 U05 4005 4005 VEAT HYDR 3955 HYUR 3958 4U25 91 CLON 6308 6952 6926 6926 6932 6 926 6326 6926 6923 692 3 6923 6923 6923 6923 6923 7U56 HYDR HYDR HYDR HYDR HYDR HYDR HYOR HYDR 6325 6925 6925 6925 6925 6925 HYDR WELK 7135 6350 6955 DATL MIL 138 NW WWW WW 111 a ee ee 102 CL1 CL2 38 91 38 35 95 34 34 85 35 98 36 83 86 S1 101 34 EC 34 14 34 34 14 RET 301™ 303M 304M 909M 325M 339M S42M 345M 952M CS os Appendix Table 29 Cont. MO RLAT 3958 3958 3358 3958 33538 3358 3358 3358 §ouL “NWOMOMURPNAN RLON 6326 6326 6926 6326 6326 6926 6926 6926 6930 CLAT HYDR HYDR OCEA 4UU5 4010 £010 HYUR HYDR CLON 7u25 6305 6940 DATL 269 269 193 S61 417 465 532 496 442 MIL 46 20 16 yy U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977—796-650/34 REGION 10 92 CL1 77 71 71 78 68 69 74 80 69 CL2 92 36 80 110 101 EC | ' | i { j { 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, ili + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., 11 figs., 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs., 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Brevoortia,. 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W.G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81 p., 81 figs. Forsale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. October 1975, iii + 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware II during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION’ NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450. 1107 N.E. 45TH ST. SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS (a7) rab ry POSTAGE AND FEES PAID US. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE —~ I 4 ae Oa 4 « ES OF is NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF- 706 Food of Western North Atlantic Tunas (Thunnus) and Lancetfishes (A/episaurus) Frances D. Matthews, David M. Damkaer, Leslie W. Knapp, and Bruce B. Collette January 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 1lp., 2 figs. 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF -706 Food of Western North Atlantic Tunas (Thunnus) and Lancetfishes (A/episaurus) ue WATIONA; erent oF O Frances D. Matthews, David M. Damkaer, Leslie W. Knapp, and Bruce B. Collette January 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. —————— IbnuOC Ate Wss.o GS awdeeG FOND (on G SOM DUAR eR OMehronG inten Oto 0 tarcachal kin aaerie Ont Caine Ola are penn ceo! omamomena 0) i 1 Mraterialsandemethods: sera ceaye: we cits, Yan gene Se ete irae ius eens cy Nae Soret Th elas cise roieeee wand Cale 2 IRGSUEUS a. eamearatce G meee, Pomc ites ae Can G orate lee Pima cP Sie coir A ie pr ee em cM TR acstiss R a tes cate ee caer re 3 Wertebrate) forage (fishes) imeaeisiaei oe est see aac Us et SANG ATES ORME Seah ee Pema s RANE d 3 IN ADEN OURS OAM OYOX GOA EDS Met enol toe tare ot oy ON CCL RE ORE OL eR. ai bec Chine: iy Uaatwucaeri on 3 LUT TOLLS (UAT EL ae 2 eats, 0 kona Sr pate DRE OETA na han a.Geoue: oUbam ahe-ao bo ud Gand olen ane 4 TA TOTES HOMO OLS” cesta Gig hGL AR EOE OREOEEE SE ORBEA OMe Geer OL O4 bea yout nae co nwa ee. aurea 4 ASILUTUILULSRO DESTES rg a teen g se apt eos J Te RRs EAs es DC TTL ere eRe GRR eae Tae poe 4 PAULO TDLSCLELTLES ct sk re ROME Ca SS eo DED Sd FoR OTS so Ta OE One ae ee cae 4 Invertebra test orag Om weirap sites ius. cle ys Ses drmsssctsa raul op EAT a ead oe, Se oth co Rede et ket ies re oO RN sch nes 5 TOUTS iS Resa aOR Ce RCE Cee LA eta a aera ere earl REM eA Wet none t br acing Siete ii aoe 5 JAG OAT UISH SB Mose mea le elke ot Sie On eon Raa Ee Ure ACE ED CoG ERE C POI EOe One ae oMarioMan Sov o..c 5 BIS CUSS1 ON Mrmr hot asec) eer tis fat reper ey! See gate oul eda nO easel vay cv aura ec HaeeN EME TS ohne meas 6 AGRTOGIGCEINA TIS. cha. Bie ase aononnechiG cia co Ge RTE SES <6 (CRT Mu Ream EIE EPR cert SW Wi Soares 9 HACER ALULCNCILCd mena: Compennt cies eee ence IRM Shae © Cee URE ecu raat to me 8 Sails pe) UN DL Uae ie rey 9 Figures 1. Area sampled (crosshatched) for Thunnus and Alepisaurus by longline in the western North Atlantic 2 2. Relative importance of families of fishes present in more than 1% of the stomachs of western North At- lantic Thunnus albacares. Percent frequency of occurrence is on the horizontal axis, mean length (mm SL) of forage family on the vertical axis, and mean number of individuals in a forage family on the third axis. The most important families are those that occur more frequently (to the right on the horizontal axis), average larger in size (lines coming up from the horizontal axis), and are the most numerous (dis- placedebacksintogpacexonethind axis) imams mlm e cts ents ely Sn Ao Sa 4 3. Frequency of occurrence of the 20 most frequently occurring families of fishes in the stomachs of Thun- nus and Alepisaurus. Families are separated into three categories: Sargassum-associates, near-surface, AT GUBITTT Wiel COL ere aaa ation eee er ee ea tela Las be a ee Bed Rance reine Ou PE EGOS A) See PAs 7 4. Frequency of occurrence of invertebrate forage categories in the stomachs of Thunnus and Alepisaurus. Categories are separated by their general location in the water column: near-surface or midwater ... 8 Table 1. Numbers, size ranges, and mean sizes of Thunnus spp. and Alepisaurus examined ............ 2 Appendix Tables 1. Forage components of Thunnus and Alepisaurus. (A) eaten by Alepisaurus; (T) eaten by Thunnus; (A*) addition to forage list of Haedrich (1964); (T*) addition to forage list of Dragovich (1969) ... 11 2. Percent frequency of occurrence of food fish categories identified from 266 stomachs of western North AtlanticwlniunniuszalbacaresnbyasiZesran g Curt a-mecien eee) eit erat mcr per ema rn 14 3. Percent frequency of occurrence of food fish categories in 38 stomachs of western North Atlantic Thun- IELESHOLA LT SMD VASIZEUTATIL Cece acta ae colt esis ose ee aT SI ei ae aac 16 4. Percent frequency of occurrence of food fish categories in 38 western North Atlantic Thunnus thynnus 17 5. Percent frequency of occurrence of food fish categories in 81 western North Atlantic Alepisaurus . . 17 6. Percent frequency of occurrence of principal invertebrate groups in 215 stomachs of western North At- lenite Imps CUOCKeIES N7 SD TEMES oo 6 on bo Oo sieG Oo DO Oo ODO ooo 6 Oooo oH ODO OS 18 7. Percent frequency of occurrence of principal invertebrate groups in 34 stomachs of western North At- lente Tips CAlipya \7 GUOIANSD 365-0 oo oo cb oc ob ob OO Db Oe OOo bo oO Oo OOO 18 8. Percent frequency of occurrence of principal invertebrate groups in 27 stomachs of western North At- Bi TNS HURTS lO EWAD TETAS “GS Bio cb \o.6.6°6 6166 0.00 0 0 06106 0-G.0 006 6 O06 Go ac 18 9. Percent frequency of occurrence of principal invertebrate groups in 81 stomachs of western North At- FATIEICRAICDISCUUTIISES PP Siee hyheiae Ne ttre ke Ie hos SET Re ree a RS me 19 10. Occurrence and co-occurrence of crustaceans and cephalopods in the stomachs of western North At- PANILICMIULEDTILUESRANGPA! eC DISAUTILSES DECIES air amr een nanan ae ena ie aac ee 19 11. Percent frequency of occurrence of cephalopod groups in stomachs of western North Atlantic Thunnus CONTENTS ATCA CHLSAUTILSES PD CCIES wen emracienic Mie ena ashy sane csc Wel ics EL eee cee ek a Pt ea cera ti, me earner 19 ili Food of Western North Atlantic Tunas (Thunnus) and Lancetfishes (Alepisaurus) FRANCES D. MATTHEWS,' DAVID M. DAMKAER,}.? LESLIE W. KNAPP,’ and BRUCE B. COLLETTE! ABSTRACT Stomach contents of 395 longline-caught specimens of Thunnus (281 T. albacares, 52 T. t. thynnus, 48 T. alalunga, 14 T. obesus) and 89 Alepisaurus were examined. About 45% of the tuna’s food, by volume, was composed of fishes, 35% of cephalopods, 15% of crustaceans, and 5% of mis- cellaneous items. Fishes eaten by tunas ranged in length 9-360 mm SL (x 65 mm) and represented a minimum of 88 genera in 58 families. Fishes eaten by Alepisaurus were 8-846 mm SL (z 98 mm) and represented 40 genera in 34 families. Most forage fishes were immature forms of midwater and shore fishes, many of which are associates of the pelagic Sargassum community. Ten of the most frequently occurring families in Thunnus and Alepisaurus stomachs were Bramidae, Alepisauridae, Balistidae, Paralepididae, Scombridae, Sternoptychidae, Carangidae, Tetraodontidae, Gempylidae, and Syngnathidae. Cephalopods were the most frequently occurring (80-90%) invertebrate group in the tuna stomachs, particularly the squid family Ommastrephidae. Crustaceans followed the cephalopods in frequency of occurrence (30-80% depending on tuna species). Larval decapods and hyperiid amphipods were the principal groups of crustaceans. In Alepisaurus stomachs, cephalopods occurred with 50% frequency, usually octopods and soft-bodied squids, families Cranchiidae, Histioteuthidae, and Bathyteuthidae. Crustaceans were present in 75% of Alepisaurus stomachs. Fewer decapod larvae were found than in the tunas, while amphipods were found more frequently. Pelagic polychaetes (Family Alciopidae), not found in any tunas, occurred in 38% of Alepisaurus specimens. Differences in the relative importance of particular forage categories in the diet of different species of Thunnus and between the diets of Thunnus and Alepisaurus suggest interspecific differences in feeding, either anatomical (i.e., relative predatory ability) or behavioral, particularly the relative swimming speeds and feeding depths of different predators. The small-mouthed tunas consumed generally smaller prey fishes (#98 mm SL) than did the large-mouthed lancetfishes (x 240 mm SL). Smaller sized yellowfin tunas generally consumed smaller prey than did larger yellowfins. Differences in swimming ability between tunas and Alepisaurus were reflected in the larger number of swift-moving muscular squids eaten by the tunas. Composition of the forage indicated that T. albacares fed at shallower depths than the other species of Thunnus and that Alepisaurus fed at greater depths than any of the tunas. INTRODUCTION In the past 20 yr, the tunas have become objects of intensified commercial and recreational fisheries. Heavy utilization of these fishes and subsequent concern about the limitation of stocks have made an understanding of their biology increasingly important. Because the tunas are peak predators in a vast part of the epipelagic zone, one important aspect of investigation is their feeding habits. Numerous forage studies have been carried out in all parts of the world for the tunas of the genus Thunnus and the skipjack genus Katsuwonus. Most information has been reported on a qualitative basis, however, and many studies have been based upon small samples. For ‘Systematics Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560. "Present address: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, University of Washington, WB-10, Seattle, WA 98195. ‘Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, Washington, DC 20560. the Atlantic Ocean, Dragovich (1969) reviewed the im- portant literature on tuna feeding habits published until that time. Since then, several important contributions have been added for the Atlantic: Dragovich reported on the food of skipjack and yellowfin tuna in the Atlantic (1970a) and the bluefin tuna in the eastern tropical Atlantic (1970b); Dragovich and Potthoff (1972) com- pared the food of the yellowfin and skipjack off the coast of West Africa, and Borodulina (1974) reported on the feeding of bigeye tuna in the Gulf of Guinea. Literature on Pacific tunas has not been similarly summarized. Important contributions include in- vestigations on the feeding of yellowfin in the central Pacific (Reintjes and King 1953) and the comparison of the food of central Pacific bigeye and yellowfin (King and Ikehara 1956). Alverson (1963) compared the forage of yellowfin and skipjack in the eastern tropical Pacific. Iversen (1962) studied the food habits of albacore in the central and northeastern Pacific. Iversen (1971) reported on albacore and Pinkas (1971) reported on bluefin feeding habits in Californian waters. In the present study, we examined the stomach con- tents of four species of Thunnus in the western North Atlantic: T. albacares (Bonnaterre), the yellowfin; T. alalunga (Bonnaterre), the albacore; T. t. thynnus (Lin- naeus), the Atlantic bluefin; and T. obesus (Lowe), the bigeye. The specimens examined were obtained during a series of exploratory longline cruises over the period 1957- 64 by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (now National Marine Fisheries Service) MV Delaware, before a major fishery was established in the region. While fishing for tunas, lancetfishes of the genus Alepisaurus were often hooked by the longline. In this capacity at least, the lancetfishes were competing with tunas; being thus an apparent competitor, it seemed worthwhile to examine also the stomach contents of Alepisaurus taken with Thunnus. Alepisaurus forage has previously been in- vestigated in the Atlantic by Haedrich (1964). Parin et al. (1967) reported on the feeding habits of Alepisaurus in the Indian Ocean. In the Pacific, lancetfish feeding habits have been reported on by Haedrich and Nielsen (1966), Kubota and Uyeno (1969), Rancurel (1970), and Kubota (1973). Included in the present study are both species of lancetfishes, Alepisaurus ferox Lowe and A. brevirostris Gibbs. No distinction is made between species, however, because much of the data were collected before the latter was described by Gibbs (1960). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the contents of 395 Thunnus stomachs (281 T. albacares, 52 T. t. thynnus, 48 T. alalunga, and 14 T. obesus) and those of 89 Alepisaurus. Number, size range, and mean size of the Thunnus and Alepisaurus specimens are presented in Table 1. All specimens were collected by longline from the western North Atlantic off the eastern coast of the United States north of Bermuda CANADA and, on one cruise, east to the Azores (Figure 1). Specimens were taken from depths of 10-60 m. Longline gear and methods used were described by Squire (1962) and Wilson and Bartlett (1967). Most of the Thunnus stomach contents were collected by Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. and Bruce B. Collette in con- junction with a study of the anatomy and systematics of the genus Thunnus (Gibbs and Collette 1967). Methods to obtain stomach contents were used that would not damage the tuna specimens. The stomach contents of Thunnus were obtained through a longitudinal ventral incision through which the stomach was pulled, the con- tents were removed, and the emptied stomach pushed back into place. As a result, the total contents were not always obtained. The stomach contents that were collected for each specimen were preserved in 10% For- malin. Size (mm fork length (FL) ) and weight of the tuna were usually recorded. Alepisaurus stomach contents were obtained by shak- ing the specimen head-down over a bucket, after the removal from the longline hook. The lancetfish’s wide mouth, esophagus, and stomach allowed its stomach contents to fall out readily into the collection bucket. Contents were then preserved in 10% Formalin. Some stomach contents were identified at sea, record- ed, and discarded; others were identified at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Boston University. Table 1.—Numbers, size ranges, and mean sizes of Thunnus spp. and Alepisaurus examined. Size range N (cm FL) x Thunnus albacares 281 74-166 114 Thunnus alalunga 48 96-106 101 Thunnus thynnus 52 158-232 188 Thunnus obesus 14 142-165 149 Aleptsaurus sp. 89 48-138 _ UNITED STATES BERMUDA 70 60° 50 40° 30° 20° 10 ° O Figure 1.—Area sampled (crosshatched) for Thunnus and Alepisaurus by longline in the western North Atlantic. Heteropods and pteropods from this collection were removed and reported on by Russell (1960). The bulk of the material was then transferred to the National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory at the U.S. _ National Museum of Natural History. To facilitate iden- tification, the stomach contents were divided into broad categories: fishes, cephalopods, other mollusks, crustaceans, jellyfish, and miscellaneous. D. M. Damkaer identified the crustaceans and, under the guidance of Clyde Roper (a specialist in cephalopod tax- onomy), the cephalopods and the remainder of the in- vertebrates. Leslie Knapp (Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (SOSC) ) supervised the identification of the fishes with the assistance of several specialists on the SOSC list. Representative specimens of forage species in good or fair condition have been deposited in the relevant collections of the National Museum of Natural History (worms, mollusks, crustaceans, and fishes). The identification of forage specimens depended on the degree to which digestion had damaged the organism and on its stage of- maturity, particularly in the crustaceans and cephalopods. Fishes were more com- pletely identified than were other groups, usually to family and often to species. A large portion of the in- vertebrate forage could be identified only to order or superfamily. Therefore, the number of taxa from any one category of forage organisms, while giving a picture of the diversity of forage, should not be considered quan- titatively. The relative importance of a forage category can con- veniently be thought of in terms of the amount of energy it affords its predator, measured by number and size of a particular organism eaten. The frequency with which an organism is eaten, furthermore, often gives a rough es- timate of its general availability to a predator. To evaluate the composition of forage, therefore, we used these three measurements: 1) Frequency was calculated as percent frequency of occurrence, e.g., in what percent- age of the total number of stomachs examined a par- ticular organism was found. 2) The number of in- dividuals per stomach from a particular forage group was compared numerically. 3) The size of a forage organism was expressed as length: crustaceans as mm total length, cephalopods as mm mantle length, and fishes as mm standard length (SL, tip of snout to the base of the caudal fin). Accuracy of measurement was dependent _ upon the degree to which the forage specimen had been _ digested; approximations were often made in cases where skeletons were incomplete, but suggestive of the organism’s full size. We considered a forage organism to be of greatest im- portance when it was eaten with relatively high frequen- cy, was comparatively larger than other forage organisms eaten, and was consumed by an individual predator in larger numbers than the mean number of other forage groups present in that stomach. The less important a forage organism appeared in these three aspects, relative to the other organisms eaten, the less important it was considered to the predator’s diet. No statistical tests were applied. RESULTS Taxonomic lists of forage components of Thunnus and Alepisaurus are presented in Appendix Table 1. Forage organisms which are additions to taxa listed for the Atlantic Ocean by Dragovich (1969) for Thunnus or by Haedrich (1964) for Alepisaurus are noted. Fishes, crustaceans, and mollusks made up the bulk of the collection. Medusae, salps, Sargassum, and parasitic nematodes and trematodes, which are not included in the forage lists, were also present. The forage composi- tion for all Thunnus species consisted of, by volume, about 45% fishes, 35% cephalopods, 15% crustaceans, and 5% miscellaneous items. Vertebrate Forage (Fishes) Fishes occurred with a frequency of 66-100%, depending on the species of predator. Those consumed by tunas ranged in length 9-360 mm SL (x 65 mm) and represented 88 genera in 58 families. Fishes eaten by Alepisaurus varied over a greater size range (8-846 mm SL, ~ 98 mm) and represented 40 genera in 34 families. The majority of forage fishes in Thunnus and Alepisaurus were immature forms of midwater fishes and epipelagic post-larvae and juveniles of shore fishes. Fish were present in 95% (266 stomachs) of the T. albacares stomachs examined. Evaluation of fish forage composition is based on 209 stomachs, however, in which fishes were identifiable. Of the 48 T. alalunga examined, 79% (38 stomachs) contained fish. Evaluation is based on 14 stomachs containing identifiable specimens. Seventy- three percent (38 stomachs) of the T. thynnus consumed fish. Forage composition analysis is based on 24 stomachs containing identifiable specimens. Forage fish were present in all 14 of T. obesus examined, but could be identified further in only eight. The contents of Alepisaurus stomachs were generally in better condition than those from the tunas. Ninety- one percent (81 stomachs) of the Alepisaurus specimens examined had consumed fish, most of which were iden- tifiable at least to family. The percent identifiable from Alepisaurus stomachs may be larger than from tunas because identification was easier, perhaps because diges- tion in Alepisaurus takes place mainly in the intestine, the stomach being used only for storage (Rofen 1966). Thunnus albacares.—Forty families of fishes were found in the stomachs of yellowfin (Appendix Table 2). Those which occurred with at least 1% frequency are in- cluded in Figure 2. Ten families occurred with 10% frequency or more: Balistidae, 41%; Carangidae, 31%; Bramidae, 24%; Chiasmodontidae, 21%; Syngnathidae, 18%; Priacanthidae, 13%; Tetraodontidae, 13%; Holocen- tridae, 12%; Acanthuridae, 11%; and Scombridae, 10%. Except for the Scombridae, none was outstanding in either size or number. In most families, one genus or one species was chiefly responsible for its high frequency: Monacanthus spp., Caranx sp., Pterycombus sp., KEY | BALISTIDAE 11 CHAETODONTIDAE 2 CARANGIDAE 12 LUTJANIDAE 3 BRAMIDAE 13. OGCOCEPHALIDAE 4 4 CHIASMODONTIDAE 14 GEMPYLIDAE Wy 5 SYNGNATHIDAE 15 ALEPISAURIDAE fy WA 6 PRIACANTHIDAE 16 PARALEPIDIDAE () WY 7 TETRAODONTIDAE 17 CORYPHAENIDAE WWW 8 HOLOCENTRIDAE 18 GADIDAE (] Wy) 9 ACANTHURIDAE 19 ALL OTHERS Wy, / 10 SCOMBRIDAE Length (mm SL) Percent Frequency of Occurrence Figure 2.—Relative importance of families of fishes present in more than 1% of the stomachs of western North Atlantic Thunnus albacares. Percent frequency of occurrence is on the horizontal axis, mean length (mm SL) of forage family on the vertical axis, and mean number of individuals in a forage family on the third axis. The most important families are those that occur more frequently (to the right on the horizontal axis), average larger in size (lines coming up from the horizontal axis), and are the most numerous (displaced back into page on third axis). Pseudoscopelus sp., Hippocampus erectus, Cookeolus boops, Sphoeroides sp., and Auxis sp. were of primary importance (Appendix Table 2). The occurrence of 32 Cookeolus boops (13-66 mm SL) in 26 stomachs of T. albacares is of interest because only 13 specimens of this species have previously been recorded from the western Atlantic (Anderson et al. 1972). One of these was iden- tified by Caldwell (1962) from the stomach of one of the T. albacares collected during this study. Fishes eaten by yellowfin varied in length 11-360 mm SL, x 45 mm SL. Gempylids (¥ 216 mm), Coryphaena (x 141 mm), Alepisaurus (¥ 120 mm), paralepidids (x 105 mm), and scombrids (¥ 96 mm) were the largest forage fishes. Except for the Scombridae, they were present in only a few stomachs and in small numbers. Ogcocephalidae, although eaten infrequently and among the smallest (¥ 17 mm SL) forage fishes, was the only family to occur in large numbers (43 in one stomach, average 19). No fishes which were eaten in large numbers, or which were outstanding in size, occurred with greater than 6% frequency, except for the Scom- bridae. Thunnus alalunga.—Fishes consumed by T. alalunga belonged to 21 families (Appendix Table 3). They averaged slightly smaller (¥ 40 mm SL) than fishes eaten by T. albacares. Gempylidae and Paralepididae were the most important forage families in terms of size and fre- quency of occurrence. Gempylids consisted mostly of Diplospinus multistriatus which was present in 36% of the stomachs and was the largest sized group (x 151 mm SL). Paralepididae occurred in 29% of the stomachs and averaged 101 mm SL. Bramidae were present in 64% of the stomachs examined, but were less important in terms of size. Omosudis lowet was also frequently eaten, although the family Omosudidae as a whole did not oc- cur frequently. The only group to occur in large numbers was Ogcocephalidae, 40 of which were present in a single stomach. Thunnus thynnus.—The food of T. thynnus included 17 families of fishes (Appendix Table 4). Bramidae (38%) were the most frequently occurring, with Collybus drachme and Taractes spp. (both present with 8% fre- quency) being chiefly responsible for the high frequency of the whole family. Balistidae (17%) were also consumed frequently. Alepisaurus sp., Auxis sp., and Hippocampus erectus occurred relatively frequently, though the fre- quencies of their families were not particularly high. The size range of forage fishes was 29-230 mm SL. No single family appeared to be unusually large in size, although T. thynnus forage fishes were larger on the average (x 107 mm SL) than those eaten by either T. albacares (x 45 mm SL) or T. alalunga ( 37 mm SL), while they were smaller than those of T. obesus (x 213 mm SL). Thunnus obesus.—Nine families and six genera of fishes were identified from 14 T. obesus stomachs: Alepisauridae, Balistidae, Belonidae, Bramidae, Caproidae, Melamphaidae, Nemichthyidae, Paralepi- didae, and Trachipteridae. Only two families occurred in more than one stomach: Paralepididae, in three (37% fre- quency), and Alepisauridae, in two (25% frequency). The fishes eaten by T. obesus were on the whole larger than those consumed by the other species of Thunnus. The smallest was 83 mm SL; others ranged up to 340 mm (x 213 mm SL). Alepisaurus.—Thirty-eight genera of fishes from 36 families were found in the stomach contents of Alepisaurus (Appendix Table 5). The five most common families included most of the largest fishes eaten. Paralepididae (¥ 124 mm SL) was the most frequently occurring family, present in 53% of the stomachs examin- ed. Several Paralepis coregonoides measured 600-846 mm SL. Gempylidae ranked high in both size (¥ 105 mm SL) and occurrence (27%). Alepisauridae were the largest prey group eaten (x 213 mm SL) and were present in 12% of the stomachs. Sternoptychids were present in 27% of the stomachs. They were not outstanding in size but were often consumed in large numbers—as many as 54 in one stomach. Bramidae were present in 11% of the stomachs, although they were not important in either size or number. Invertebrate Forage Most taxa of invertebrate forage belonged to two groups, Mollusca and Crustacea (Appendix Table 1). Salps and scyphozoan medusae were also present, but were not identifiable. Thunnus.—Cephalopods were the most frequently oc- curring invertebrates (80-90%) in the stomachs of all species of Thunnus (Appendix Tables 6-8). Crustaceans were present in 30-80% of the stomachs, depending on the species of tuna. In stomachs where the two groups co-occurred, the percent-volume ratios of cephalopods: crustaceans were about 75:25 (range 67-79:21-33). Cephalopods were, furthermore, more often the exclusive content of a stomach than were crustaceans (Appendix Table 10). Heteropods and pteropods were also abun- dant, more so than indicated in our tables because they were removed from many samples by Russell (1960). Cephalopods were the largest invertebrates eaten (mantle lengths up to 200 mm). The most voluminous and abundant were species of the family Om- mastrephidae. Gonatus fabricii (Gonatidae) was also common. The most common octopods were the species of Argonauta (including A. argo) and Alloposus mollis. Surface-dwelling Argonauta occurred far more often in the stomachs of T. albacares (36%) and T. thynnus (25%) than in T. alalunga (8%), and was not found in T. obesus (Appendix Table 11). The gelatinous octopod, Alloposus mollis, was frequently consumed by T. thynnus (48% frequency), but rare or absent in the diet of other species of tunas. Even though abundant, pteropods and heteropods are not as important a component of the forage as are cephalopods and crustaceans because of the small size of these mollusks. They occurred in 52% of the T. thynnus stomachs examined (Appendix Table 8). Russell (1960) found the heteropod Carinaria lamarcki in T. albacares stomachs at 14 localities but gave no indication of either the number of heteropods found or the number of stomachs examined. He reported the pteropod Cavolina tridentata from T. albacares stomachs at three localities. Crustaceans were generally smaller than cephalopods and were usually consumed in larger numbers, par- ticularly amphipods and larval forms. The number of the hyperiid amphipod Phrosina semilunata (lengths of 20- 30 mm) per single stomach sometimes exceeded 100 and constituted a considerable portion of the forage volume. Phrosina semilunata was present in the stomachs of 65% of the T. alalunga, and in 20-30% of the other tuna species. Although not in large numbers, various species of the hyperiid genus Phronima were also frequently utilized. They were found in 15% of T. albacares and T. thynnus, and in 9% of T. alalunga. Several other species of hyperiid amphipods collectively showed a high fre- quency of occurrence (10-20% depending on species of tuna). Decapods were the largest crustaceans consumed. Por- tunids, represented by the sargassum crab (Portunus sayt), when identifiable, were eaten by 11% of T. albacares. Brachyuran and anomuran larvae were found in about 10% of T. albacares and T. alalunga, though rarely present in T. thynnus and absent from T. obesus. The large penaeid larva Cerataspis petiti comprised a significant portion of the crustacean volume in 5% of T. albacares stomachs. Scyllarid larvae and juveniles were also consumed by T. albacares and T. alalunga, although less frequently. Other decapods, mostly larvae, occurred in low frequency when considered separately, but were present in a sizeable percentage of tuna stomachs (about 10-30%) when considered as a group. Isopods and copepods were not significant in either volume or frequency (1-2%). In one sample, it appeared that copepods had been eaten by another forage organism and were in the tuna stomach only secondarily. Also, the isopod, Ceratothoa sp., a parasite of exocoetids, was probably ingested only incidentally, in the capture of its host. Alepisaurus.—Most of the invertebrates eaten by tunas were also consumed by Alepisaurus (Appendix Table 1). Forage composition differed, however, in the relative importance of different taxonomic groups. The percent-volume ratio of cephalopods:crustaceans was roughly 50:50 (Appendix Table 10). Crustaceans out- ranked cephalopods in frequency, however, in a ratio of 75:50. Deep-dwelling soft-bodied squids (Histioteuthidae, Bathyteuthidae, Cranchiidae; Roper and Young 1975) occurred more often in Alepisaurus (15%) than in any of the tunas. Other squids, although eaten less than by tunas, were still common (42%). Oc- topods were often present in Alepisaurus forage, Argonauta in 25%, Alloposus in 32%, and all others in 32% (Appendix Table 11). Crustaceans were more often the exclusive content of an Alepisaurus stomach than were cephalopods. Phronima spp. (51%), other hyperiids (47%) (including two not found in the tunas), and anomuran larvae (22%) occurred in generally higher numbers and with higher frequency than in any of the tunas. No portunids were found in Alepisaurus, although two or three unidentified crab larvae were present. Heteropods and pteropods were present in 14% and 12% of the Alepisaurus stomachs that we examined (Appendix Table 9) but the actual occurrence was much higher because Russell (1960) removed these mollusks from many of the Alepisaurus stomachs. Russell reported seven species of heteropods from three families and five species of pteropods from two families in his sample of Alepisaurus stomachs (Appendix Table 1). The heteropod Carinaria lamarcki and four species of the pteropod genus Cavolina were found at most stations, but Russell gave no numbers of forage organisms or of stomachs examined. An important constituent of the Alepisaurus diet was the family of pelagic polychaetes, Alciopidae, present in 38% of the stomachs and forming much of the total food bulk. Gelatinous organisms (salps, pyrosomas, medusae, and siphonophores) were also more common in Alepisaurus stomachs than in tunas. DISCUSSION Planktonic and nektonic organisms comprising the diets of the tunas and lancetfishes ranged widely in size and form, suggesting that these predators feed oppor- tunistically. Other data on the food of tunas show, world- wide, a large degree of consistency in forage composition, probably reflecting their association with a distinctive global epipelagic community (Haedrich and Nielsen 1966; Parin et al. 1969; Brodulina 1974). Fishes were con- sistently the largest and most frequently occurring tax- onomic group and, where volumes were measured, con- stituted the largest forage volume. Cephalopods generally ranked second to fishes in all three measurements. Other invertebrates were generally much smaller but were often eaten in large numbers, particularly amphipods and larval crustaceans, probably encountered in swarms. Despite such overall consistency, definite differences in the relative importance of certain forage categories do indicate some degree of feeding selectivity, either anatomical or behavioral. Some interspecific and in- traspecific feeding differences can be traced to the anatomy of the predator. The size of the gill raker gap determines the minimum size of prey that can be cap- tured and retained (Magnuson and Heitz 1971) and the maximum prey size is determined by the greatest disten- sibility of the predator’s mouth and esophagus. Indeed, the small-mouthed tunas consumed generally smaller prey (mean forage fish length, 98 mm SL) than did the large-mouthed lancetfishes (mean forage fish length, 240 mm SL) . A similar trend in forage utilization can be seen within a single tuna species. Thunnus albacares were divided into three size groups (60.0-99.9 cm FL, 100.0-119.9 cm FL, and 120.0-169.9 cm FL) to facilitate forage com- parison. The largest fishes eaten (Gempylidae, < length 216 mm SL; Coryphaenidae, < length 141 mm SL; Alepisauridae, < length 120 mm SL; Paralepididae, length 105 mm SL; Scombridae, ¥ length 96 mm SL) were consumed most frequently by the largest sized tunas; among the prey families only the scombrids appeared in the smallest sized tunas. Conversely, the frequency of occurrence of the smallest forage organisms generally decreased with increasing tuna size, as shown by the overall mean frequency of occurrence for larval decapods in Appendix Table 6 (¥ 12.2% frequency of oc- currence in 60.0-99.9 cm FL tunas; x 10.3% in 100.0-119.9 cm FL tunas; ¥ 3.33% in 120.0-169.9 cm FL tunas). Similar trends were not apparent in the other tuna species (Appendix Tables 7-8). A second limitation of forage composition is deter- mined by the fish’s predatory ability, particularly swim- ming speed. While the tunas are powerful, efficient swimmers, Alepisaurus is comparatively slow; this difference is reflected in the type of organism most fre- quently consumed. Swift-moving muscular squids (such as Gonatus and Onychoteuthis; Roper and Young 1975) were eaten much more frequently by tunas than by Alepisaurus; both capture squids more efficiently, however, than does the 10-foot Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl. The predatory ability of tunas is further reflected in the frequency with which they consume such fast- swimming fishes as Belonidae, Scomberesocidae, Ex- ocoetidae, Carangidae, and Coryphaenidae. The absence of these families from the Alepisaurus stomachs, however, may be due to the fact that they are found only near the surface, where Alepisaurus probably does not feed, rather than because Alepisaurus is unable to catch them. Differences in depths at which predators feed probably constitute another mode of forage selectivity. In order to compare differences in feeding depth, we divided forage components somewhat arbitrarily into three categories according to their position in the water column: Sargassum-associates (strictly surface organisms associated with pelagic Sargassum in the upper 5 m of water); near-surface (the upper 20 m); and midwater (both vertical migrators and those which remain at depths). Thunnus albacares evidently fed mainly at the surface, particularly on Sargassum associates. Bits of Sargassum present in stomachs were probably accidentally ingested in the process of capturing associated fauna, of which Portunus sayl, the sargassum crab, and large numbers of epipelagic decapod larvae were most frequently con- sumed (see Fig. 4). The most frequently occurring fishes in T. albacares stomachs were juveniles of reef and shore fishes, also associates of the Sargassum community. The Sargassum community plays a similar role in the nutrition of other peak oceanic predators such as the dolphins Coryphaena hippurus and C. equiselis (Gibbs and Collette 1959). This utilization is reasonable to ex- pect, as the Sargassum community provides the major concentration of forage organisms in the otherwise barren oceanic surface waters (see Fine 1970; Dooley 1972). In contrast with the surface-oriented T. albacares, the diets of T. alalunga, T. thynnus, and T. obesus, com- posed mainly of midwater organisms, suggest that these tunas feed at somewhat greater depths. Forage com- positions observed may be incomplete, however, because the samples examined were comparatively small. The relatively small representation of epipelagic organisms and high frequency of occurrence of midwater fishes and invertebrates in the diet of Alepisaurus in- dicates that this predator feeds in the midwater layers (Figs. 3, 4). It might be noted in particular that Alepisaurus consumed the deeper-occurring gelatinous squids (Histioteuthidae, Bathyteuthidae, and Cranchiidae) and the gelatinous octopod, Alloposus mollis (family Alloposidae), much more frequently than did any of the tunas (except for T. thynnus feeding on Alloposus mollis). These cephalopods are probably not as abundant in the shallower levels, where tunas feed. Relative feeding depths discussed above generally cor- respond to hooking depth records for tunas (Shomura and Murphy 1955; Yabe et al. 1963; Osipov 1968; Legand and Grandperrin 1973; Saito 1975) and lancetfishes. Thunnus albacares is generally the most shallow- occurring species; T. alalunga and T. thynnus occur T. albacares at alalunga SARGASSUM= Meroe ae ASSOCIATES = Balistidae Carangidae Tetraodontidae Syngnathidae Acanthuridae Chaetodontidae Priacanthidae Holocentridae Antennariidae NEAR-SURFACE Scombridae Nomeidae MIDWATER Bramidae Alepisauridae Paralepididae Sternoptychidae Gempylidae Omosudidae Chiasmodontidae Anotopteridae Gadidae pos Alepisaurus ares 50 100% 100 % 100% ee Pe of Biicgenes Figure 3.—Frequency of occurrence of the 20 most frequently occurring families of fishes in the stomachs of Thunnus and Alepisaurus. Families are separated into three categories: Sargassum-associates, near-surface, and midwater. somewhat deeper and may have broader depth ranges; and T. obesus is recognized as the deepest swimming of the tunas. The distribution of the lancetfishes may be far broader than that of the tunas, although the lower depth limit is not established. Large specimens have been collected as shallow as 30 m, while small ones have been caught in open nets fished as deep as 2,000 m (Gibbs and Willimovsky 1966). Rancurel (1970) concluded that their primary feeding area is in the upper 300 m. The following paragraphs summarize observations on forage composition reported in major studies from both the Atlantic and the Pacific for comparison with our data. Forage composition in these studies may reflect differences in the geographical distributions of prey, local abundances of forage organisms, or local differences in either predator or prey swimming depths but the tax- Onomic composition of the major food components is similar in all of these studies. Thunnus albacares.—Dragovich (1970a) reported on the food of yellowfin from the western North Atlantic. Auxis sp. (Scombridae) constituted 26.6% of the food volume and occurred in 24.9% of the stomachs. Bramidae and Gempylidae occurred frequently and were moderate- ly important in volume and Balistidae were common. Other surface organisms (Carangidae and Priacanthidae), which were common in our study, were surprisingly absent in the study by Dragovitch (1970a). Serranids occurred frequently, 53.8%, and constituted 56.9% of the total volume. Other high-ranking families in terms of occurrence and volume were Scombridae, Carangidae (mainly Decapterus sp.), Dactylopteridae (Dactylopterus volitans), and Chaetodontidae. Dragovich and Potthoff (1972) reported that the fish forage of yellowfins caught by live bait and trolling off the coast of West Africa consisted by occurrence and volume mainly of the epipelagic juveniles of Acanthuridae, Carangidae, Dactylopteridae, Lutjanidae, and Mullidae, and the midwater Gempylidae and Gonostomatidae. In the diet of yellowfin tunas in the central Pacific, acanthurids and bramids, particularly Collybus albacares I Food Categories N= 215 NEAR-SURFACE Portunus sayi Brachyura(larvae) Anomura (larvae) Cerataspis petiti Stomatopoda (larvae) Argonayta MIDWATER Phrosina semilunata Phronima sp Other Hyperiidea Soft-bodied squids Other squids llopesus mollis Other octopods Alciopidae 50 100 % Alepisayrus N= 81 7 = 100 % Percent Frequency of Occurrence Figure 4.—Frequency of occurrence of invertebrate forage categories in the stomachs of Thunnus and Alepisaurus. Cate- gories are separated by their general location in the water column: near-surface or midwater. drachme, ranked high in number, volume, and frequency (Reintjes and King 1953). Exocoetids, scombrids (mainly Katsuwonus pelamis), and carangids (mainly Decapterus sp.) were important in volume, but were in- frequently consumed. The most important fishes in the diet of central Pacific yellowfins were Collybus drachme and Gempylus serpens (King and Ikehara 1956). Scom- bridae and Mullidae were important in volume, though infrequently eaten. In the southwest Pacific, the families of fishes most frequently consumed by yellowfins were midwater Sternoptychidae (mostly Argyropelecus spp.), Paralepididae, and Bramidae, of which Collybus drachme was most important (Fourmanoir 1971). From the eastern tropical Pacific, Alverson (1963) reported Scombridae as the most important by volume (12.2%) followed in decreasing order of magnitude by Ex- ocoetidae, Tetraodontidae, Carangidae, Myctophidae, and Serranidae. Thunnus alalunga.—In stomachs of~longline-caught albacore from the central and northeastern Pacific, the midwater families Gempylidae, Bramidae, Sternopty- chidae, and Paralepididae were present most frequently (Iversen 1962). Gempylus serpens was the most frequently occurring species (9.9%) while Collybus drachme and Sternoptyx sp. were both present in 4.9% of the stomachs. In troll-caught albacore in California waters (Iversen 1971), however, the most important forage fishes in terms of both volume and frequency of occurrence were ancho- vies and sauries, with certain deeper-occurring fishes (Tarletonbeania crenularis, Paralepis atlantica, Sebastes spp.) occurring less frequently. Albacore from New Caledonia (Fourmanoir 1971) consumed Sternop- tychidae, particularly Sternoptyx diaphana, and Bramidae, especially Collybus drachme most frequently. Thunnus thynnus.—Dragovich (1970b) reported Bramidae (Collybus drachme) and the epipelagic Scom- bridae (particularly Scomber scombrus and Auxis sp.) and Syngnathidae (Hippocampus erectus) as the most frequently consumed fishes in western North Atlantic T. t. thynnus. In the stomachs of the northern Pacific bluefin, T. thynnus orientalis, however, Pinkas (1971) found that Engraulis mordax was the primary forage component (72.0% occurrence), followed by the red swimmingcrab, Pleuroncodes planipes (13.5% occur- rence), and the saury, Cololabis saira (11.9% occurrence). Thunnus obesus.—In her studies on the food of bigeye tuna from the Gulf of Guinea, Borodulina (1974) found midwater fishes, Paralepididae, Sternoptychidae, Gonostomatidae, Omosudidae, Scopelarchidae, and Alepisauridae most frequently consumed. Gempylidae and Diretmidae were only occasionally utilized, but oc- curred in large numbers when they were present. In the eastern tropical Atlantic, Gempylidae, Trichiuridae, Bramidae, Alepisauridae, and Myctophidae were most frequently utilized (Maksimov 1972). Northeast of Brazil, however, Maksimov found that shallower dwell- ing carangids and mackerels were frequently consumed, along with Alepisaurus. Alepisaurus spp.—In the western North Atlantic, Haedrich (1964) reported findings similar to ours: paralipidids, sternoptychids, and alepisaurids were the most frequently occurring fishes. The midwater myc- tophids, gonostomatids, stomiatids, and chauliodontids that we observed, however, either occurred infrequently or were completely absent. The most important food organisms in Alepisaurus from the Indian Ocean (Parin et al. 1969) were fishes of the families Sternoptychidae (Sternoptyx diaphana), Bramidae, Alepisauridae, Nomeidae, Paralepididae, and Gempylidae. Myctophidae, Gonostomatidae, and other fishes that make daily vertical migrations were missing. They suggsted that Alepisaurus feeds in the depths between the daytime and nighttime accumulation levels of migrating fishes, and passage of these interzonal pop- ulations may be quite rapid through the depths where the Alepisaurus were located, explaining the paucity of vertically migrating organisms. In the southeastern Pacific, epipelagic fishes were more frequently eaten by Alepisaurus than midwater forms (Haedrich and Nielsen 1966), although some deeper living fishes such as Dolichopteryx were also oc- casionally present. Alepisaurus stomachs from Suruga Bay, Japan, contained fishes from surface, midwater, and bottom zones (Kubota and Uyeno 1969; Kubota 1973). The four dominant fishes in both studies were Gephroberyx japonicus, Lophius litulon, Trichiurus lep- turus, and Engraulis japonica. In Alepisaurus from New Caledonia (Grandperrin and Legand 1970), the most frequently consumed fishes were Diplospinus mul- tistriatus (30%) and Sternoptyx diaphana (24%). Cephalopods were present in 15% of the stomachs, crustaceans in 10%, and annelids in 12%, most often in young Alepisaurus specimens. : Most studies on tuna food have been limited either to qualitative analysis or to quantitative analysis based on a relatively small number of stomach samples from a limited area. The accumulation of such data has made evident the currently acknowledged opportunistic feeding pattern in tunas. A better understanding of inter- specific differences in forage utilization might be met through large-scale quantitative analyses of tuna forage in comparison with in situ fauna and oceanographic con- ditions; there seems little need, however, for additional qualitative studies of tuna food in the future. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank James L. Squire and Peter C. Wilson for per- mitting Gibbs and Collette to participate in longline cruises on the Delaware to collect tunas and stomach contents. Eugene L. Nakamura advised us on ways of analyzing the stomach contents. Ray S. Birdsong sorted some of the first fishes out of the stomach contents. Daniel M. Cohen, George C. Miller, William D. Ander- son, Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., Arthur W. Kendall, Jr., David G. Smith, James C. Tyler, Theodore W. Pietsch, and others identified fishes. Thomas E. Bowman and Clyde Roper assisted in the identification of amphipods and cephalopods respectively. Keiko Hiratsuka Moore as- sisted with the figures and Terry L. Sayers typed the manuscript and tables. Alexander Dragovich offered use- ful suggestions during the preparation of this paper. Drafts of the manuscript were read by Daniel M. Cohen, Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., C. C. Lu, Eugene L. Nakamura, Thomas C. Potthoff, and Austin B. Williams. LITERATURE CITED ALVERSON, F. G. 1963. The food of yellowfin and skipjack tunas in the eastern tropi- cal Pacific Ocean. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 7:293-396. ANDERSON, W. D., JR., D. K. CALDWELL, J. F. McKINNEY, and C. H. FARMER. 1972. Morphological and ecological data on the priacanthid fish Cookeolus boops in the western North Atlantic. Copeia 1972: 884-885. BORODULINA, O. D. 1974. The feeding of the bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Gulf of Guinea and its place in the trophic system of the pelagic zone. Vopr. Ikhtiol. 14:881-893. (In Russ., transl. publ. in J. Ichthyol. 14:765-775.) CALDWELL, D. K. 1962. Western Atlantic fishes of the family Priacanthidae. Copeia 1962:417-424. DOOLEY, J. K. 1972. Fishes associated with the pelagic Sargassum complex, with a discussion of the Sargassum community. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 16:1-32. DRAGOVICH, A. 1969. Review of studies of tuna food in the Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 593, 21 p. 1970a. The food of skipjack and yellowtin tunas in the Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 68:445-460. 1970b. The food of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99:726-731. DRAGOVICH, A., and T. POTTHOFF. 1972. Comparative study of food of skipjack and yellowfin tunas off the coast of West Africa. Fish. Bull., U.S. 70:1087-1110. FINE, M. L. 1970. Faunal variation on pelagic Sargassum. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 7:112-122. FOURMANOIR, P. 1971. Liste des espéces de poissons contenus dans les estomacs de thons jaunes, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre) 1788 et de thons blancs, Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre) 1788. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. (Off. Rech. Sci. Tech. Outre-Mer), Sér. Océanogr. 9(2):109-118. GIBBS, R. H., JR. 1960. Alepisaurus brevirostris, a new species of lancetfish from the western North Atlantic. Breviora 123, 14 p. GIBBS, R. H., JR., and B. B. COLLETTE. 1959. On the identification, distribution, and biology of the dol- phins, Coryphaena hippurus and C. equiselis. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 9:117-152. 1967. Comparative anatomy and systematics of the tunas, genus Thunnus. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 66:65-130. GIBBS, R. H., JR., and N. J. WILIMOVSKY. 1966. Family Alepisauridae. Jn Vishes of the western North At- lantic, Part Five, p. 482-510. Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ., Mem. 1. GRANDPERRIN, R., and M. LEGAND. 1970. Contribution a la connaissance des Alepisaurus (Pisces) dans le Pacifique Equatorial et Sud-tropical. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. (Off. Rech. Sci. Tech. Outre-Mer), Sér. Océanogr. 8(3):11-34. HAEDRICH, R. L. 1964. Food habits and young stages of North Atlantic Alepisaurus (Pisces, Iniomi). Breviora 201, 15 p. HAEDRICH, R. L., and J. G. NIELSEN. 1966. Fishes eaten by Alepisaurus (Pisces, Iniomi) in the south- eastern Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstr. 13:909- 919. IVERSEN, R. T. B. 1962. Food of albacore tuna, Thunnus germo (Lacépéde), in the central and northeastern Pacific. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 62:459-481. IVERSON, I. L. K. 1971. Albacore food habits. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 152:11-46. KING, J. E., and I. I. IKEHARA. 1956. Comparative study of food of bigeye and yellowfin tuna in the Central Pacific. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 57:61-85. KUBOTA, T. 1973. Four links of food chains from the lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox, to zooplankton in Suruga Bay, Japan. J. Fac. Mar. Sci. Technol., Tokai Univ. 7:231-244. KUBOTA, T., and T. UYENO. 1969. Food habits of lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox (order Myctophi- formes) in Suruga Bay, Japan. Jap. J. Ichthyol. 17:22-28. LEGAND, M., and R. GRANDPERRIN. 1973. Feeding habits of deep swimming tunas. 1972, UNESCO, p. 519. MAGNUSON, J. J., and J. G. HEITZ. 1971. Gill raker apparatus and food selectivity among mackerels, tunas, and dolphins. Fish. Bull., U.S. 69:361-370. MAKSIMOV, V. P. 1972. Feeding of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus Lowe) and swordfish (Xtphias gladius L.) of the eastern part of the tropical Atlantic. Tr. Atl, Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr. 25:87-99. (Fish. Res. Board Can. Transl. Ser. 2248.) OSIPOV, V. G. 1968. On the vertical distribution of the yellowfin (Neothunnus albacora) and bigeye (Parathunnus obesus) tunas. [In Russ., Engl. summ.]. Zool. Zh. 47:1192-1197. PARIN, N. V., K. N. NESIS, and M. E. VINOGRADOV. 1969. Data on the feeding of Alepisaurus in the Indian Ocean. Oceanogr. S. Pac. 10 Vopr. Ikhtiol. 9:526-538. 9:418-427.) PINKAS, L. 1971. Bluefin tuna food habits. Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 152:47-63. RANCUREL, P. 1970. Les contenus stomacaux d’Alepisaurus ferox dans le Sud- Ouest Pacifique (Céphalopodes). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M. (Off. Rech. Sci. Tech. Outre-Mer), Sér. Oréanogr. 8(4):3-87. REINTJES, J. W., and J. E. KING. 1953. Food of yellowfin tuna in the central Pacific. Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 81:91-110. ROFEN, R. R. 1966. Family Omosudidae. tic, Part Five, p. 462-481. Mem. 1. ROPER, C. F. E., and R. E. YOUNG. 1975. Vertical distribution of pelagic cephalopods. Contrib. Zool. 209, 51 p. RUSSELL, H. D. 1960. Heteropods and pteropods as food of the fish genera Thunnus and Alepisaurus. Nautilus 74:46-56. SAITO, S. 1975. On the depth of capture of bigeye tuna by further improved vertical long-line in the tropical Pacific. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 41:831-841. SHOMURA, R. S., and G. I. MURPHY. 1955. Longline fishing for deep-swimming tunas in the central Pacific, 1953. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 157, (In Russ., transl. publ. in Prob. Ichthyol. U.S. Fish In Fishes of the western North Atlan- Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ., Smithson. 70 p. SQUIRE, J. L. 1962. Distribution of tunas in oceanic waters of the northwestern Atlantic. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 62:323-341. WILSON, P. C., and M. R. BARTLETT. 1967. Inventory of U.S. exploratory longline fishing effort and catch rates for tunas and swordfish in the northwestern Atlantic, 1957-65. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 548, 52 p. YABE, H., Y. YABUTA, and S. UEYANAGI. 1963. Comparative distribution of eggs, larvae and adults in rela- tion to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Proc. World Sci. Meeting Biol. Tunas, FAO Fish. Rep. 6:979-1009. i Appendix Table 1.—Forage components of Thunnus and Alepisaurus. (A) eaten by Alepisaurus; (T) eaten by Thunnus; (A*) addition to forage list of Haedrich (1964); (T*) addition to forage list of Dragovich (1969). Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Subclass Copepoda (T) Order Calanoida Family Aetideidae Euchirella sp. (T*) Family Candaciidae Candacia sp. (T*) Subclass Malacostraca Order Isopoda (A) (T) Suborder Flabellifera Family Cirolanidae Cirolana sp. (T*) Family Cymothoidae Ceratothoa sp. (T*) Suborder Valvifera Family Idoteidae Idotea sp. (T) Order Amphipoda Suborder Hyperiidea (A) (T) Family Lanceolidae Lanceola sp. (A) (T) Family Vibiliidae Vibilia sp. (A*) (T) Family Hyperiidae Hyperia galba (A*) (T) Parathemisto gaudichaudii (A*) (T) Family Phronimidae Phronima sp. (A) (T) Phronima atlantica (incl. solitaria) (A) (T) Phronima sedentaria (A) (T) Family Phrosinidae Phrosina semilunata (A) (T) Family Lycaeidae Brachyscelus crusculum (A) (T) Lycaea serrata (A*) Family Oxycephalidae Oxycephalus clausi (A*) Family Platyscelidae Platyscelus ovoides (A) (T) Order Stomatopoda (larva) (T) Lysiosquilla (larva) (A*) (T) Order Euphausiacea (A) (T) Meganyctiphanes norvegica (A*) (T) Order Decapoda (larva and adult) (A) (T) Superfamily Penaeidea (A*) (T) Cerataspis petiti (larva) (T) Superfamily Caridea (larva) (A*) (T); (adult) (T) Hippolyte zostericola (T*) Notostomus sp. (T*) Periclimenes (Harpilius) americanus? (T*) Family Scyllaridae (larva) (A) (T) Scyllarides sp. (T) Scyllarus sp. (A*) (T) Superfamily Nephropsidea (larva) (T) Section Anomura (larva) (T) Family Diogenidae (larva) (A*) (T) Paguristes ? (larva) (A*) (T) Section Dromiacea (larva) (A*) (T) Section Brachyura (larva) (A) (T); (adult) (T) Family Portunidae (T) Portunus sayi (T*) Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (A) (T) Order Heteropoda (A) (T) Family Atlantidae Atlanta peronit (A) Oxygyrus keraudrenii (A) Family Carinariidae Carinaria lamarcki (A) (T) Cardiapoda placenta (A) Family Pterotracheidae Pterotrachea hippocampus (A) Pterotrachea scutata (A) Pterotrachea coronata (A) Order Pteropoda (A) (T) Family Cavoliniidae Cavolina tridentata (A) (T) Cavolina uncinata (A) Cavolina gibbosa (A) Cavolina trispinosa (A) Family Pneumodermatidae Pneumoderma atlanticum (A) Order Nudibranchia Family Phylliroidae Phyllirhoe sp. (A*) Class Cephalopoda (A) (T) Order Teuthoidea Suborder Oegopsida (A) (T) Family Gonatidae (T) Gonatus fabricii (T) Family Enoploteuthidae (T) Abraliopsis sp. (A) Enoploteuthis sp. (A*) (T*) Enoploteuthis anapsis (A*) Pterygioteuthis giardi (A*) Family Onychoteuthidae (A) (T) Onychoteuthis sp. (T) Onykia ? sp. (T) Family Lepidoteuthidae (T) Tetronychoteuthis dussumieri (T*) Family Brachioteuthidae (A*) (T) Brachioteuthis ritset (A*) (T) Family Histioteuthidae (A*) (T) Histioteuthis sp. (T) Histioteuthis elongata (A*) Family Bathyteuthidae (A) Bathyteuthis abyssicola (A*) Family Ommastrephidae (A) (T) Hyaloteuthis pelagica (T*) Illex sp. (A*) (T) Ommastrephes spp. (A*) (T) Ommastrephes caroli (T*) Ornithoteuthis antillarum (T*) Family Thysanoteuthidae (T) Thysanoteuthis rhombus (T*) Family Cranchiidae (A) (T) Cranchia scabra (T) Leachia sp. (A*) (T*) Megalocranchia ? sp. (A) Order Octopoda (A) (T) Family Bolitaenidae Eledonella pygmaea (A*) (T*) Family Alloposidae Alloposus mollis (A*) (T) Family Ocythoidae Ocythoe tuberculata (T) Family Octopodidae Octopus sp. (A*) (T) Danoctopus schmidti (A*) Scaeurgus unicirrhus (A*) (T*) Family Argonautidae Argonauta sp. (A) (T) Argonauta argo (A) (T*) Phylum Coelenterata Class Scyphozoa (Medusae) (A) (T) 11 Appendix Table 1.—Forage components of Thunnus and Alepisaurus. (A) eaten by Alepisaurus; (T) eaten by Thunnus; (A*) addition to forage list of Haedrich (1964); (T*) addition to forage list of Dragovich (1969).—Continued. 53555555808 eee Class Hydrozoa Order Gadiformes Order Siphonophora (A*) Family Moridae Laemonema barbatula (A*) Phylum Annelida Family Bregmacerotidae (A) Class Polychaeta Bregmaceros sp. (A) Family Alciopidae Family Gadidae (A) (T) Greeffia sp. (A*) Melanogrammus aeglefinus (A) (T*) Vanadis sp. (A*) Merluccius bilinearis (T) Order Atheriniformes Family Belonidae (T) y Tylosurus acus (T*) Salpida (A) (T) Family Scomberesocidae (T) Class Osteichthyes Scomberesox saurus (T) Order Anguilliformes Family Exocoetidae (T) Family Muraenidae Cypselurus sp. (T) Uropterygius diophus (A*) Cypselurus heterurus (T) Family Ophichthidae Exocoetus obtusirostris (T) Myrophis punctatus (T*) Family Hemiramphidae Pisodonophis cruentifer (A*) Hyporhamphus sp. (T) Family Nemichthyidae (T) Nemichthys scolopaceus (T) Order Clupeiformes Family Clupeidae (T) Order Salmoniformes Family Argentinidae (A) Family Gonostomatidae (A) (T) Gonostoma sp. (A) (T) Maurolicus sp. (T) : Family Sternoptychidae (A) (T) Oe UMTS 4 Argyropelecus aculeatus (A) (T) Eamily Cepridee @) Sternoptyx diaphana (A) (T) Aiea Soon i felnc (U8) Family Stomiatidae (T) aah Eee (T) Eustomias sp. (T*) rder Lampridiformes Phylum Chordata Subphylum Tunicata Order Beryciformes Family Melamphaidae (T*) Family Anoplogasteridae (A) (T) Anoplogaster cornutus (A) (T) Family Monocentridae (T*) Family Holocentridae (T) Holocentrus sp. (T) Holocentrus ascenstonis (T) Family Aulopidae (T) Family Lophotidae.(T") wikis ree ae Family Trachipteridae (A) (T) pus nanae Family Paralepididae (A) (T) Trachipterus sp. (A) (T) Lestidiops sp. (T*) Order Gasterosteiformes Lestidiops affinis (A) Family Fistulariidae (T) Lestidium atlanticum (A) (T*) Fistularia sp. (T) Macroparalepis sp. (A) Family Syngnathidae (A) (T) Notolepis rissot (T) Hippocampus sp. (T) Paralepis sp. (T) Hippocampus erectus (A) (T*) Paralepis atlantica (A) Paralepis coregonoides (A) (T) Paralepis elongata (A) (T*) Stemonosudis sp. (T*) Family Omosudidae (A) (T) Omosudis lowei (A) (T) Family Alepisauridae (A) (T) Alepisaurus sp. (A) (T) Alepisaurus brevirostris (A) (T*) Alepisaurus ferox (A) (T) Family Anotopteridae (A) (T) Anotopterus pharao (A) (T) Family Myctophidae (A) (T) Gonichthys coccot (T*) Lampanyctus sp. (A) Order Lophiiformes Family Lophiidae (A) Lophius americanus (A) Family Antennariidae (A) (T) Order Scorpaeniformes Family Scorpaenidae (A) Family Triglidae Peristedion gracile (T) Peristedion greyae ? (T) Peristedion miniatum (T) Order Dactylopteriformes Family Dactylopteridae (T) Dactylopterus volitans (T) Order Perciformes Family Serranidae (A) (T) Serranus sp. (T*) Family Priacanthidae (T) Cookeolus boops (T*) Pseudopriacanthus sp. (T) Family Echeneidae (T) Remora osteochir (T*) Family Carangidae (T) Caranx sp. (T) Antennarius radiosus (A) (T) Selar crumenophthalmus (T) Family Ogcocephalidae (A) (T) Seriola dumerili (T*) Dibranchus atlanticus (T*) Seriola rivoliana (T*) Halieutichthys aculeatus (A) Trachurus sp. (T) Suborder Ceratioidei Trachurus lathami (T) Family Ceratiidae Vomer setapinnis (T) Borophryne sp. (T*) Family Coryphaenidae (T) Family Linophrynidae (T*) (A) Coryphaena equiselis (T*) Linophryne sp. (T*) (A) Coryphaena hippurus (T) 12 | Appendix Table 1.—Forage components of Thunnus and Alepisaurus. (A) eaten by Alepisaurus; (T) eaten by Thunnus; (A*) addition to forage list of Haedrich (1964); (T*) addition to forage list of Dragovich (1969).—Continued. Family Bramidae (T) Collybus drachme (T) Pteraclis sp. (A) (T) Pterycombus sp. (A) (T) Taractes sp. (T) Family Lutjanidae (A) (T) Pristipomoides sp. (A) (T) Pristipomoides aquilonurus (T) Family Chaetodontidae (T) Centropyge argi (T*) Family Pomacentridae (T*) Family Trichodontidae (T*) Family Uranoscopidae (A) Kathestoma averruncus (A) Family Chiasmodontidae (T) Pseudoscopelus sp. (T*) Family Acanthuridae (A) (T) Acanthurus chirurgus (T) Acanthurus coeruleus (T) Suborder Scombroidei (A) (T) Family Gempylidae (A) (T) Diplospinus multistriatus (A) (T*) Gempylus serpens (T) Nealotus sp. (A) Nealotus tripes (A) (T*) Nesiarchus nasutus (A) (T) Family Trichiuridae (T) Family Scombridae (A) (T) Auxis sp. (A) (T) Euthynnus alletteratus (T) Katsuwonus pelamis (T) Scomber japonicus (A*) (T) Thunnus atlanticus (T) Family Xiphiidae Xiphias gladius (T*) Suborder Stromateoidei (A) (T) 13 Family Stromateidae (A) Peprilus triacanthus (A) Family Centrolophidae (A) (T) Hyperglyphe sp. (T*) Hyperglyphe perciformis (A) (T) Family Nomeidae (A) (T) Nomeus sp. (A) (T) Psenes maculatus (‘T*) Psenes pellucidus (A) (T*) Family Tetragonuridae (A) (T) Tetragonurus cuvieri (A) (T) Order Pleuronectiformes Family Bothidae (A) (T) Order Tetraodontiformes Suborder Balistoidei (T) Family Balistidae (incl. Monacanthidae) (A) (T) Aluterus sp. (T) Balistes sp. (T) Balistes capriscus (T) Cantherhines sp. (T) Canthidermis sp. (T) Canthidermis maculatus (T*) Monacanthus sp. (T*) Monacanthus ciliatus (T) Monacanthus hispidus (T*) Monacanthus tuckeri (A) (T) Xanthichthys ringens (T) Family Tetraodontidae (A) (T) Lagocephalus sp. (T) Sphoeroides sp. (T) Family Diodontidae (T) Chilomycterus sp. (T*) Diodon sp. (T) Family Molidae (T) Mola mola (T*) Ranzania laevis (T*) Appendix Table 2.—Precent frequency of occurrence of food fish categories identified from 266 stomachs of western North Atlantic Thunnus albacares by size range. Food fish categories Size (cm FL): —_ 60.0-99.9 100.0-119.9 No. of specimens: 58 90 Sternoptychidae (unid.) Sternoptyx diaphana Aulopidae Aulopus nanae Paralepididae (unid.) Omosudidae Omosudis lowet Alepisauridae Alepisaurus brevirostris A. ferox Ogcocephalidae (unid.) Halteutichthys aculeatus Ceratioidei (unid.) Ceratiidae Borophryne sp. Gadidae Melanogrammus aeglefinus Belonidae Tylosurus acus Exocoetidae Cypselurus sp. C. heterurus Exocoetus obtusirostris Hemiramphidae Hyporhamphus sp. Scomberesocidae Scomberesox saurus Anoplogasteridae Anoplogaster cornutus Holocentridae (unid.) Holocentrus sp. H. ascenstonis Caproidae Antigonia capros Fistulariidae Fistularia sp. Syngnathidae (unid.) Hippocampus sp. H. erectus Triglidae Peristedion greyae P. gracile P. miniatum Dactylopteridae Dactylopterus volitans Perciformes (unid.) Serranidae (unid.) Priacanthidae Cookeolus boops Pseudopriacanthus sp. Echeneidae Remora osteochir Carangidae (unid.) Caranx sp. Selar crumenophthalmus Seriola dumerili S. falcata Trachurus sp. Vomer setapinnis tr 16 10 20 or) OV co ~_ 14 120.0-169.9 63 tw 11 14 Unknown 55 3 Nnwnw i) Total 266 <1 <1 ed ee ol HH OR me m A CS ee oe Appendix Table 2.—Percent frequency of occurrence of food fish categories identified from 266 stomachs of western North Atlantic Thunnus albacares by size range.—Continued. Size (cm FL): 60.0-99.9 100.0-119.9 120.0-169.9 Unknown Total Food fish categories No. of specimens: 58 90 63 55 266 Coryphaenidae Coryphaena equiselis 3 2 1 Coryphaena hippurus 2 6 6 4 5 Bramidae (unid.) 3 1 2 2 Collybus drachme 5 2 6 3 Pteraclis sp. 4 1 Pterycombus sp. 26 13 3 11 Taractes sp. 3 Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels “Dolphin and Delaware II during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. 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For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. : 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tvrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, 11 + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover o ATMOSp, pm ao iw. oss NO, NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-708 Catch and Catch Rates of Fishes Caught by Anglers in the St. Andrew Bay System, Florida, and Adjacent Coastal Waters, 1973 Doyle F. Sutherland March 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS TeV Gieeys FIT ATO Je eee IG orion & CGEo: CROMER Ge Oo GC TS NGERaeMAE 4G MUCee So SteiiG i inte Gees GP oles toner echoes ae INFEEHOOS gepene sere en ae EHS, CMe eM: RETIRE ee: Spm rrorer tsi ace meee Seo meMEE cs Se: WR eS Sdn. 3 che) calage RISheSyCaUs Nh tian. ae ec oreh Cape ee Sarai wig eho SCRE En si The Ee eras)! Sy RMR oe Mie oe tga cena yk cay nee ener Manrationsin: catchsrates byabaltstype true) ceca co MNT te ee ONE eet eop seta Men sie, one cee Gatcheandecatcharalesarccw yee vrekeh ce a cau cea ott ee Nac spate are ey mayhem iy ACen a a Sefer el te ae MeersPomt Dam berate sym hesae otek Moke hilo Dre Sine Mich Sacto ec PI a Se PRS idk oan el nc oe IBATIEYRBTIG ZC gwen can eee Che ee ee Le Las. eh ome ce Le VI sir OR nce e aSud aM) AES neice Pe omal eats spiny Sera oye a CHAWA YR DIG Carers oo Wren as are Shh mune ct isrs Eee, Ceeae te ANUS ceva POSES Er agu aso ae as aon tal Ces Sar Lot VES Gre CLV games ces bens cy cin Samed cpa eater t ete fre ee Vice see aliny tactic pm CA Portas gene e acca PLACING (a /ktoase «Sete 7 eet Ghartersboats pag ieee ope acer oe oe LE Lon Re Le ICL MP RCT P a, Toate ea Sle ir ay oy | Deana eg NISCUSSION Wem meee et ale neers SE oregon rca vile eee naviag fe eee teeny pune agtie eet Ar IG nd SAR aL ony et Oe ae PACRMOW EC OTN ENCES Memeo Cre wanes tape ceacnewe cain cera be mettre wiley cae MISE we Cer iret weer er ey Reattowe 2, hc ey oar ao MID ECTATUTCRCILCC Beat mers errata fh aimee 2 oR i Ae SELcabr a y n N Giees he Sealey Pe ee CE Figures SieAndrewBaysystemaHlavandiadjacenti;coastal, watersi.):\., 4) esscieses, aera ow eo eee eae Monthly range and average catch per hour of fishes by anglers on fixed platforms and charter boats in StaAndrewsbay system; Pla... and adjacent, coastaluwaters. 1973) c-m 2). ai aisle smeieesion eM =) eee eee le Tables 1. Common and scientific names of fishes caught by anglers at four locations in St. Andrew Bay system, HlassandyingadyjacenticoastaluwaterssslO/3s ten wen cee, Peat eeu Se ree Ay onc ae 2. Variation in catch rates of saltwater fishes caught by interviewed anglers on fixed platforms in the St. Andrewebayasystemahlasv1973; bysbaitatype andomonthis: 4.4 chose este sal cua Pesca ean ue eel eens 3. Average catch per hour of 10 saltwater fishes caught by interviewed anglers on fixed platforms in the St. AGhasy sehy SyeieiaNk., Ue lone loetiniagos gue o dened cue lou, Gealemanulecd’d Ga nono o-d 8 more oo o Monthly catch of fishes by 236 interviewed anglers at Deer Point Dam, 1973 ............... Monthly catch of fishes by 99 interviewed anglers at Bailey Bridge, 1973 ................. Monthly catch of fishes by 436 interviewed anglers at Hathaway Bridge, 1973 .............. Monthly catch of fishes by 409 interviewed anglers at West Jetty, 1973 .................. Monthly catchyof fishes by anglerson-1265 charter boats, 1973) 105. 44 26s etn ee eee Monthly average catch per hour of fishes by interviewed anglers on fixed platforms in St. Andrew Bay SVSCCIIIME sem Oumar serene eo raria rer tere cero Mane Mire ieee ya erred tc has 16, en Sareea Rae aE Foe) es) Co eal lll Catch and Catch Rates of Fishes Caught by Anglers in the St. Andrew Bay System, Florida, and Adjacent Coastal Waters, 1973 DOYLE F. SUTHERLAND! ABSTRACT Anglers were interviewed on four fixed platforms in the St. Andrew Bay system and on charter boats that were fishing in the bay and adjacent coastal waters in 1973. They caught fishes of at least 54 species (not all were identified to species) in 31 families. The majority (58.0%) of the fishes that were caught from fixed platforms consisted of pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, (18.2%); sea catfish, Arius felis, (12.2%); spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, (10.0%); blue runner, Caranx crysos, (8.8%); and crevalle jack, Caranx hippos, (8.8%). On charter boats, king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, com- prised the majority of the catches (73.9%). The average catch rates varied from 0.0 to 10.7 fish/h among anglers on fixed platforms and from 0.0 to 32.0 fish/h among charter boats. The greatest monthly average catch rates on fixed platforms were 2.2 fish/h in October at Deer Point Dam, 1.8 in October at Bailey Bridge, 1.8 in December at Hathaway Bridge, 2.3 in May at West Jetty, and 10.6 in September on charter boats. On the fixed plat- forms, the highest average catch rate for all months was 1.4 with squid and the lowest was 0.5 with fiddler crabs. Whole round scads and 00-squid spoons were used for bait by virtually all surveyed charter boats. INTRODUCTION The St. Andrew Bay system and adjacent coastal waters (Fig. 1) attract many recreational anglers. The recreational fishery has not been previously assessed. A 1973 catch and catch rate survey of recreational fishing in the area was conducted to provide fishery managers with baseline estimates of fish availability to anglers for evaluating future trends. A companion study of the com- mercial and recreational fishing effort for fisheries in the area was also conducted in 1973 (Sutherland, manuscript in preparation). Increased demand for food and sport fishes is a growing concern to fishery managers. In recent years, the land- ings in pounds of food fishes by anglers have amounted to about one-half the commercial landings (Deuel 1973; U.S. Department of Commerce 1976). In the eastern Gulf of Mexico, croakers exceeded all other species in num- bers caught, followed by spotted seatrout, catfishes, sand seatrout, porgies, kingfishes, and grunts (Deuel 1973). Croakers and seatrouts are highly regarded by the pub- lic and are readily available to commercial and recreational fishermen in estuarine habitats. The num- ber of recreational fishermen seeking those and other fishes is estimated to increase by 8-10% annually (Deuel 1973). The number of commercial fishermen is presumably limited by finfish availability and by social and economic factors that prevail in the area. A relatively nonrestricted commercial fishery for shrimp and for food and bait fishes exists in the St. An- ‘Southeast Fisheries Center Panama City Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box 4218, Panama City, FL 32401. drew Bay system and adjacent coastal waters. A daily bag and size limit on several species of fishes is imposed on recreational anglers. Catch and effort data for commercial and recreational fishing in identifiable management areas are needed to achieve optimum biological yield and to resolve other resource management problems (Irby 1974). While com- mercial landings are documented annually, the infor- mation is of little value for management of identifiable areas, for the fishing location and fishing effort are omitted. Similarly, catch and catch rates obtained from anglers may or may not reflect the actual availability or abundance of fishes, for angling success depends on such factors as angling skill, method, bait, location, etc. Not 50 45 40 35 85°30. 25) GULF OF MEXICO Figure 1.—St. Andrew Bay system, Fla., and adjacent coastal waters. all species of food or game fishes known to occur in St. Andrew Bay were caught by the interviewed anglers. The red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, and tarpon, Mega- lops atlantica, are examples. The results from our catch and catch rate survey are presented below. METHODS Anglers on four fixed platforms in the St. Andrew Bay system and charter boat captains or mates who fished in the bay, inlet, and adjacent coastal waters (Fig. 1) were interviewed for catch rate data. The fixed platforms were: 1) Deer Point Dam, 2) Bailey Bridge, 3) Hathaway Bridge, and 4) West Jetty. Only charter boatmen that trolled for nearshore pelagic fishes, chiefly Spanish and king mackerels, were interviewed, since charter boats in the demersal fishery generally fish beyond 25 km offshore. More importantly, charter boatmen are exceedingly re- luctant to reveal the location of their demersal fishing grounds. Most of the interviewed charter boatmen fished within 25 km of West Pass. The creel census was conducted twice weekly by rotating the visits among the fixed platforms and char- ter boats. On occasions when anglers did not use the scheduled fixed platforms, additional visits were made to the marinas to obtain catch rates from charter boats. None of the fixed platforms were used by anglers on sur- vey days in January or the charter boats in January, Feb- ruary, and December. In the period February through December, catch rates were obtained on 23 visits to Deer Point Dam, Bailey Bridge, and Hathaway Bridge, and on 24 visits to West Jetty and charter boats. The catch rates obtained in this survey were from day- time angling only. Of the anglers interviewed on fixed platforms few had started fishing prior to 0600 h. Peak fishing hours were from 0900 to 1100. Similarly, relatively few of the surveyed charter boats fished prior to 0600; most fished during the hours 0600 to 1000. All fishing times were recorded to the nearest one-quarter hour. The survey ended at 1600 each day. The fixed platforms were surveyed continuously throughout the day. The beginning time, catch, and kind of bait were recorded for each angler. Elapsed fishing time, additional catch, and bait changes were noted in repeated interviews of individual anglers. Fishes that were reportedly caught and returned to the water were classed as throwbacks; the number reported was ac- cepted as accurate. Observed fishes were usually iden- tified to species, but in some cases were identified only to family. Charter boat captains attempted to schedule their first pelagic fishing trip each day to begin at 0600. Since most charters were for 4 h, peak fishing hours were from 0600 to 1000, although previously scheduled and nonscheduled trips departed and returned to the marinas throughout the day. Catch and effort data were obtained from as many of the returning charter boats as time and circum- stance permitted. FISHES CAUGHT Anglers caught at least 55 species of fishes in 31 families (Table 1): 31 species at West Jetty, 21 at Hathaway Bridge, 20 at Deer Point Dam, 13 at Bailey Bridge, and 23 on charter boats. Sciaenidae contributed the greatest number of species (seven) followed by Carangidae (six); other families were represented by three or four species. Eight species of fishes constituted 72.9% of the total catch on fixed platforms: finfish (18.2%), sea catfish (12.8%), spotted seatrout (10.0%), blue runner (8.8%), crevalle jack (8.8%), sand seatrout (5.9%), Atlantic croaker (4.8%), and lefteye flounder (3.6%). King mackerel constituted 73.9% of the total catch by charter boats. Table 1.—Common and scientific names of fishes caught by anglers at four locations in St. Andrew Bay system, Fla., and in adjacent coastal waters, 1973 Bay and Deer Pt. Bailey Hathaway West coastal Common name Scientific name Dam Bridge Bridge Jetty waters Requiem sharks CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus sp. x x x Hammerhead sharks SPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna sp. x Stingrays DASYATIDAE Dasyatis sp. x x Morays MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax sp. x x Lizardfishes SYNODONTIDAE Inshore lizardfish Synodus foetens x x Sea catfishes ARIIDAE Sea catfish Arius felis x x x x x Gafftopsail catfish Bagre marinus x x x Toadfishes BATRACHOIDIDAE Gulf toadfish Opsanus beta x x Needlefishes BELONIDAE x x Sea basses SERRANIDAE Sea bass Centropristis sp. x x Sand perch Diplectrum formosum x x Gag Mycteroperca microlepis x x Common name Sunfishes Bluegill Redear sunfish Bluefishes Bluefish Cobias _ Cobia Jacks and pompanos Blue runner Crevalle jack Horse-eye jack Leatherjacket Greater amberjack Florida pompano Dolphins Pompano dolphin Dolphin Snappers Red snapper Gray snapper Vermilion snapper Grunts Tomtate Pigfish Porgies Sheepshead Pinfish Drums Silver perch Spotted seatrout Sand seatrout Spot Atlantic croaker Black drum Red drum Spadefishes Atlantic spadefish Parrotfishes Mullets Barracudas Great barracuda Cutlass fishes Atlantic cutlassfish Mackerels and tunas Wahoo Little tunny King mackerel Spanish mackerel Billfishes Sailfish Searobins Lefteye flounders Triggerfishes and Filefishes Gray triggerfish Planehead filefish Boxfishes Scrawled cowfish Puffers Southern puffer Porcupinefishes Striped burrfish Table 1.—Continued. Deer Pt. Bailey Scientific name Dam Bridge CENTRARCHIDAE Lepomis macrochirus x Lepomis microlophus x POMATOMIDAE Pomatomus saltatrix RACHYCENTRIDAE Rachycentron canadum CARANGIDAE Caranx crysos x x Caranx hippos x x Caranx latus Oligoplites saurus x Sertola dumerili Trachinotus carolinus CORYPHAENIDAE Coryphaena equisetis Coryphaena hippurus LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus campechanus Lutjanus griseus x Rhomboplites aurorubens POMADASYIDAE Haemulon aurolineatum Orthopristis chrysoptera x x SPARIDAE Archosargus probatocephalus x x Lagodon rhomboides x x SCIAENIDAE Bairdiella chrysura Cynoscion nebulosus Cynoscion arenarius Leiostomus xanthurus Micropogon undulatus Pogonias cromis Sciaenops ocellata EPHIPPIDAE Chaetodipterus faber SCARIDAE MUGILIDAE Mugil sp. SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena barracuda TRICHIURIDAE Trichiurus lepturus SCOMBRIDAE Acanthocybium solanderi Euthynnus alletteratus Scomberomorus cavalla Scomberomorus maculatus ISTIOPHORIDAE Istiophorus platypterus TRIGLIDAE Prionotus sp. BOTHIDAE Paralichthys sp. tba fetal ott tata teeta! BALISTIDAE Balistes capriscus Monacanthus hispidus OSTRACIIDAE Lactophrys quadricornis TETRAODONTIDAE Sphoeroides nephelus DIODONTIDAE Chilomycterus schoepft Bay and Hathaway West coastal Bridge Jetty waters x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 5 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x VARIATION IN CATCH RATES BY BAIT TYPE Intangible differences in angling experience are recog- nized as a source of variation in catch rates among anglers participating in a mixed-creel sport fishery (Cail- louet and Higman 1973). The anglers interviewed on the fixed platforms in the St. Andrew Bay system were par- ticularly diverse in their selection of fishing tackle and bait and in their method of fishing. Many of the anglers were visitors who had little saltwater fishing experience or knowledge of the available species of fishes. Most still- fished with dead shrimp or squid on the bottom. The ex- perienced anglers, in contrast, selected baits that they regarded as most effective in catching a particular species of fish. Inexperienced anglers’ catches consisted mostly of demersal fishes, while experienced anglers’ catches consisted of both demersal and pelagic fishes. The relative importance of bait type to angler success (catch rate) and bait preference of 10 species of fishes were investigated. According to the catch rate data, squid was the most effective of the eight bait types used by anglers on fixed platforms. The effectiveness of that Table 2.—Variation in catch rates of saltwater fishes caught by interviewed anglers on fixed platforms in the St. Andrew Bay system, Fla., 1973, hours of angling, c/h = average catch per hour.) by bait type and month. (hrs = Bait type particular bait may be attributed in part to its leather- like toughness and its appeal to pinfish, a species that was usually available at all the platforms. Because of its toughness, it is less easily removed from the hook by “nibblers” thus increasing fishing time by reducing the time spent rebaiting, although my personal observations and experience indicate that fresh dead shrimp will at- tract more species of fish at a faster rate than will squid. The highest average catch rate in any month (Novem- ber) was achieved by anglers using dead shrimp. That average was 4.47 fish/h (Table 2), but the catches con- sisted mostly of pinfish, sea catfish, and unidentified throwbacks. The experienced angler seeking spotted seatrout, a highly prized food and game fish, generally fished with either live shrimp or artificial lures. The catch rates in- dicate live shrimp was 3.6 times more effective than lures (Table 3). The comperatively fast moving pelagic fishes such as blue runner and crevalle jack apparently pre- ferred fast moving baits, as the highest catch rates were obtained by anglers using artificial lures. The fishes that were caught and the percentage com- position of the catch from each platform are presented in Fish Shrimp Artificial Fiddler Squid Live Dead Cut Live Dead lure crab Month hrs c/h hrs c/h hrs c/h hrs c/h hrs c/h hrs c/h hrs c/h hrs c/h Feb. 2.25 0.00 23:50, 10:51 15.00 0.00 16.00 0.12 10.00 0.10 Mar. 13.00 0.85 0.25 0.00 — _ 4.00 0.75 4.25 0.94 31.25 1.06 19.25 0.00 15.25 0.72 Apr. 19.00 1.42 3.50 0.86 68.75 1.64 23.25 0.26 12.75 0.24 May 12.00 3.83 6.50 4.31 _ — 17.00 0.94 = _— 66.25 1.36 31.50 0.98 _ — June 30:75: 1.72, 19:50 0.51 7.50 0.00 9.50 0.10 — — 83.00 0.96 5.50 3.09 4.00 3.25 July 52.50 1.41 — 2.25 0.44 47.75 0.67 1.50 0.00 120.75 0.69 7.50 0.27 3.00 0.00 Aug. 82.25 1.08 18.25 0.27 2.00 0.00 151.00 0.84 19.75 0.05 = = Sept. 7.00 1.14 0.25 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.50 0.00 11.75 0.59 72.00 0.40 21.00 0.38 — —_ Oct. 34.75 112 7.25 1.10 — — 6.00 0.50 7.00 3.28 115:25: 1:29 6.00 2.50 3.50 0.00 Nov. 15.00 1.07 3.75 0.53 5.00 2.00 21.25 1.22 25.50 1.10 21.50 4.47 42.00 2.74 10.00 0.33 Dec. — = 0.75 0.00 — ~~ 1.00 1.00 16.50 1.82 10.25 0.88 27.25. 1.47, _ _— Total 268.50 41.75 15.75 126.25 92.00 755.00 219.00 58.50 Average 1.35 1.22 1.08 0.69 1.13 1.07 1.08 0.53 Table 3.—Average catch per hour of 10 saltwater fishes caught by interviewed anglers on fixed platforms in the St. Andrew Bay system, Fla., 1973, by bait type. (Hours of angling.) Bait type Fish Shrimp Squid Live Dead Cut Live Dead Lures Species (268.50) (41.75) (15.75) (126.25) (92.00) (755.50) (219.00) Pinfish 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.16 0.00 Sea catfish 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.13 0.00 Spotted seatrout 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.04 0.20 Blue runner 0.10 0.00 0.06 0.10 0.00 0.09 0.12 Crevalle jack 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.41 Sand seatrout 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.06 0.00 Atlantic croaker 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.01 Flounder 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.11 Tomtate 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 Spadefish 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 Tables 4-8. The monthly average catches per hour from fixed platforms are shown in Table 9. CATCH AND CATCH RATES Deer Point Dam At Deer Point Dam 236 interviewed anglers caught 20 species of fishes and unidentified throwbacks (Table 4) in 401.0 h of angling (Table 9). In the February-Decem- ber period, the catch rate averaged 1.0 fish/h of angling and ranged from 0.0 to 10.7 fish/h by individual anglers (Fig. 2). The platform was frequently used by skilled anglers seeking spotted seatrout, particularly during the fall and early winter months. As a result of that effort, the spot- ted seatrout was the most commonely caught fish, amount- ing to 21.0% of the total catch. Pinfish and throwbacks comprised 39.3% of the total catch. Bailey Bridge The catch at Bailey Bridge consisted of 13 species of fishes (Table 5). They were caught by 99 interviewed anglers in 147.5 h of angling for an average catch rate of 1.2 fish/h in the 1l-mo period of February through December (Table 9). Individual catches ranged from 0.0 to 6.5 fish/h (Fig. 2). Bailey Bridge, like Deer Point Dam, was a favored platform for spotted seatrout anglers, particularly in late summer through early winter. Of the fishes that were caught, 37.1% consisted of this species. Pinfish, sea cat- fish, and throwbacks comprised 36.6% of the catch. Hathaway Bridge The old Hathaway Bridge with its removed center span serves as two public fishing piers. Located along- side U.S. Route 98, it is easily found by visiting anglers. The majority of the interviewed anglers were thought to be visitors to this area. The catch by both resident and nonresident anglers consisted of 27 species of fishes (Table 6). The number of interviewed anglers was the highest and the average catch rate the lowest of the surveyed platforms. On that platform, 436 interviewed anglers fished 757.0 h and averaged 0.9 fish/h during a 10-mo period, March through December (Table 9). Individual catch rates ranged from 0.0 to 10.2 fish/h. Pinfish, sea catfish (usually discarded), and throw- backs accounted for 55.0% of the catch. The sand seatrout, one of the more popular fishes at the Hathaway Bridge, was available throughout most of the year and accounted for 12.6% of the total catch. West Jetty The West Jetty, accessible through St. Andrew State Park and by boat, is used extensively by both resident and nonresident anglers. Located at the inlet to St. An- drew Bay, the jetty provides the angler with a platform to fish for estuarine and oceanic fishes simultaneously. The rocky jetty and strong current through the inlet is the nemesis of the inexperienced angler, particularly those that attempt to fish for bottom fish. For that kind of fishing, a heavy weight, which is frequently fouled in the rocks on retrieval, is required. Many of the anglers who Table 4.—Monthly catch of fishes by 236 interviewed anglers at Deer Point Dam, 1973. (No anglers were present at Deer Point Dam on survey days during January.) Month (number of anglers) Species F(10) =M(15) —A(28) ~=M(13) —_-J(32) Spotted seatrout 6 3 16 Pinfish uf 8 14 Throwback* 1 8 3 Sea catfish 2 1 3 Bluegill 27 Silver perch 11 Spot 11 Blue runner Atlantic croaker 2 Crevalle jack Pigfish 1 Black drum 2 Gray snapper Red drum 1 Leatherjacket 1 1 Sheepshead 1 Redear sunfish 1 Gafftopsail catfish Sand seatrout Needlefish* Moray* ‘ Total 1 7 65 27 61 we bw wo noun *Species unknown. J(28) A(21) S(13) O(20) N(28) —D(28) Sum Percent 2 i} 1 24 29 88 21.0 31 19 8 87 20.7 22 2 6 5 6 78 18.6 26 9 13 54 12.8 27 6.4 1 21 5.0 18 4.3 10 2.4 2 1 9 2.2 2 5 7 1.7 2 1 4 1.0 1 3 0.7 1 1 1 &} 0.7 1 2 0.5 2 0.5 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 1 0.2 1 1 0.2 1 1 0.2 1 1 0.2 56 31 9 59 52 51 419 99.9 DEER POINT DAM ALL FISHES CATCH PER HOUR Al FMAMJ J AS ON DO MONTHS CHARTER BOAT SPANISH MACKEREL CATCH PER HOUR FMAMJ JASON OD MONTHS BAILEY BRIDGE ALL FISHES CATCH PER HOUR CATCH PER HOUR ne Al; FMAMJ JAS OND MONTHS CHARTER BOAT KING MACKEREL o8 CATCH PER HOUR o CATCH PER HOUR o MONTHS WEST JETTY HAWAY BRIDGE HAT ALL FISHES ALL FISHES CATCH PER HOUR FMAMJ JAS OND AMJ JAS OND MONTHS MONTHS CHARTER BOAT ALL FISHES —7— AVERAGE MAM J MONTHS Figure 2.—Monthly range and average catch per hour of fishes by anglers on fixed platforms and charter boats in St. Andrew Bay system, Fla., and adjacent coastal waters, 1973. were questioned about their fishing activity were not in- cluded in this survey, because most of their effort was spent replacing terminal tackle lost in the rocks. The largest number (31) of species of food and game fishes that were caught from all platforms was available at the jetty (Table 7). The highest average catch rate from all platforms was also at the jetty. In the period February-December, an average catch rate of 1.3 fish/h was achieved by 419 fishermen in 748.0 h of angling (Table 9). The average catch rate for individuals ranged from 0.0 to 10.0 fish/h (Fig. 2). Charter Boats Charter boat anglers used similar tackle, baits, and fishing methods. Most trolled four lines, two weighted and two unweighted, irrespective of the number of anglers onboard. A 00-squid spoon or a similar spoon was commonly used for Spanish mackerel, and tandem rigs consisting of three 5/0-hooks baited with a whole round scad were standard for king mackerel. Because of the high degree of standardization, the catch and effort could be averaged (Ricker 1958) to derive meaningful indices of Table 5.—Monthly catch of fishes by 99 interviewed anglers at Bailey Bridge, 1973. (No anglers were present at Bailey Bridge on survey days during January.) Month (number of anglers) Species F(7) = M(11)__A(4) M(2) J(8) J(14) -A(14)_—S(5) O(6) N(19) D(9) Sum Percent Spotted seatrout 6 7 5 7 10 30 65 37.1 Throwback* 1 29 6 3 39 22.3 Pinfish 3 1 11 15 8.6 Sea catfish 1 1 2 5 1 10 5.7 Sheepshead 5 2 3 10 5.7 Black drum 9 9 5.1 Atlantic croaker 8 1 9 5.1 Silver perch 3 3 1 7 4.0 Sand seatrout 6 6 3.4 Pigfish 1 1 0.6 Gafftopsail catfish 1 1 0.6 Crevalle jack 1 1 0.6 Hammerhead* 1 1 0.6 Gulf toadfish 1 1 0.6 Total 6 5 5 5 17 2 41 5 23 35 31 175 110.0 *Species unknown. | | ft | | | Table 6.—Monthly catch of fishes by 436 interviewed anglers at Hathaway Bridge, 1973. (No anglers were present on Hathaway Bridge on survey days during January and February.) Month (number of anglers) Species M(15) A(30) M(36) J(29) J(115) (85) 8(37) O(53) = N(34) D(2) Sum Percent Throwback* 24 27 50 40 2 7 8 1 157 22.8 Sea catfish 3 5 5 15 62 16 14 2 122 17.5 Pinfish 2 17 3 3. ig) 30 30 102 14.6 -Sand seatrout 8 4 1 3 3 46 23 88 12.6 Blue runner 42 19 3 1 10 5 80 11.5 Atlantic spadefish 8 27, 35 5.0 Sand perch 6 10 16 2.3 Pigfish 2 13 15 212 Spanish mackerel 1 11 12 1.7 Atlantic croaker 1 1 2 4 1 ts) 1.3 Spotted seatrout 9 9) 1.3 Moray* 1 1 4 2 8 il Crevalle jack 7 7 1.0 Silver perch 2 3 5 0.7 Gray triggerfish 1 4 5 0.7 Southern puffer 4 1 5 0.7 Gafftopsail catfish 2 1 3 0.4 Little tunny 1 2 3 0.4 Striped burrfish 1 1 2 0.3 Seabass* 2 2 0.3 Stingray* 2} 2 0.3 Gray snapper 1 1 0.1 Planehead filefish 1 1 0.1 Horseye jack 1 1 0.1 Shark* 1 1 0.1 Gulf toadfish 1 1 0.1 Scrawled cowfish 1 1 0.1 Flounder* 1 1 0.1 Total 38 18 89 42 77 149 27 137 116 3 696 99.4 *Species unknown. the availability of Spanish and king mackerel to charter boat anglers. Anglers on 125 charter boats caught 19 species of fishes (Table 8). The major fishing was devoted to king mackerel, and that fish comprised the greatest propor- tion of the catch (73.9%). Six species of fishes comprised 93.4% of the total catch. In addition to king mackerel, they were: dolphin (5.9%), Spanish mackerel (5.0%), lit- tle tunny (3.6%), blue runner (3.0%), and bluefish (2.0%). The greatest number of species of fishes was caught in May (12), June (11), and July (11). Only the Spanish mackerel was caught in March and the king mackerel in November. The Spanish mackerel is usually among the first pelagic fishes to appear in local waters in the spring. In _ 1973, the first catch was on 16 March. During the period 16-30 March, the catch rates showed considerable variability among the boats. Catch rates of 0.0 to 16.0 fish/h were made by individual boats. The average for all boats was 3.7 fish/h (Fig. 2). Through the period 4-17 April the catches were less variable with ranges of 0.5 to 2.9 fish/h. The average for all boats was 1.1 fish/h, which suggests a 70% decline in available fish from the 16-30 March period. The first catch of king mackerel in coastal waters off St. Andrew Bay was on 24 April and the last on 15 November. The dates more accurately reflect the begin- ning and the end of the fishing season rather than the ar- rival and departure of the fish. An occasional report was received of a catch of king mackerel prior to 24 April and after 15 November. Unfavorable weather and sea con- ditions often limit charter boat fishing trips into coastal waters in early spring and winter. The reluctance of char- ter boatmen to pursue a particular fish for their clients unless reasonably assured of the availability of fish is also an important factor. In season, 21% of the surveyed charter boats failed to catch a king mackerel in May, 4% failed in June, 14% failed in July, and 13% failed in August; none failed to catch one or more in late April, . September, October, and early November. According to the catch rate data, king mackerel in- creased in availability from an average of 1.0 fish caught per hour trolling in late April to 10.2 fish/h through Sep- tember (Fig. 2). In September, the average catch rate for individual boats ranged from 7.1 to 17.5 fish/h. From the September high the catch rate declined rapidly to an average of 4.8 in October and to 3.8 in early November. The charter boat fishing season ended by mid-Novem- ber because of cold weather, rough sea, and lack of clients. DISCUSSION On-site interviews are acknowledged as being the most reliable method of obtaining angler’s catch and catch rates. Bias due to recall, vanity, and other reasons are Table 7.—Monthly catch of fishes by 419 interviewed anglers at West Jetty, 1973. (No anglers were present at West Jetty on survey days during January.) Month (number of anglers) Species F(24) = M(22) A(44) =M(25) —_—-J(36) J(53) A(44) —-S(29) = O(85) = N(44) ~—- D(18) Sum Percent Throwback* 67 76 29 99 22 14 47 10 364 36.8 Crevalle jack il 1 33 91 3 129 13.1 f Pinfish 4 1 7 14 28 4 32 5 95 916 8 Flounder* 1 1 3 25 20 8 58 5.9 Blue runner 13 21 13 6 1 54 5.5 Atlantic croaker 48 4 52 5.3 Tomtate 8 19 7 5 39 4.0 Sea catfish 15 1 6 1 1 24 2.4 Inshore lizardfish 4 18 22 2.2 Little tunny 1 16 1 18 1.8 Spanish mackerel 1 2. 1 3 10 17 1.7 Mullet* 16 16 1.6 ay Gray snapper 1 2 8 2 13 is} Pigfish 1 3 2 4 2 1 13 1.3 Sheepshead 6 6 1 13 1.3 Spot 10 10 1.0 Gag grouper 1 6 2 9 0.9 Florida pompano 4 3 7 0.7 Bluefish 1 2 2 1 6 0.6 Sea robin* 4 0.4 Stingray* 2 2 4 0.4 Gray triggerfish 1 2 3 0.3 Vermilion snapper 1 2 3 0.375 J Leatherjacket 3 3 0.3 Black drum 1 1 2 0.2 Spotted seatrout 1 if 2 0.2 Parrotfish* il 1 2 0:2 Needlefish* 1 1 2 0.2 ' Shark* 1 1 Om Atlantic spadefish 1 1 0.1 Striped burrfish i 1 Oe Seabass* 1 1 0.1 Total 8 16 108 106 77 133 74 28 232 163 43 988 99.9 } ] 4 } *Species unknown. ; } | Table 8.—Monthly catch of fishes by anglers on 125 charter boats, 1973. (No charter boats fished on survey days during January, February, and December.) Month (number of charter boats) } Species M(6) A(13) = M(14) J(24) J(14) A(31) S(7) O(12) N(4) Sum Percent King mackerel 25 79 235 172 299 258 266 9 1,343 73.9 Dolphin 56 36 3 12 1 108 5.9 Spanish mackerel 61 26 4 1 92 5.0 | Little tunny 5 13 6 36 4 1 65 3.6 } Blue runner 8 43 1 3 55 3.0 Bluefish 38 38 2.0 Amberjack* 27 7 34 1.8 Gray triggerfish 12 14 1 4 31 teal Ladyfish 9 9 0.5 Cobia 1 1 4 2 8 0.4 Great barracuda 3 1 3 7 0.4 Gag grouper 4 3 7 0.4 Crevalle jack 3 1 1 1 6 0.3 Shark* 3 2 5 0.3 Red drum 3 3 0.2 Wahoo 1 1 <0.1 Sailfish 1 1 <0.1 Sand perch 1 il <0.1 Sea catfish 1 1 <0.1 Inshore lizardfish 1 1 <0.1 Atlantic cutlassfish 1 1 <0.1 Total 61 55 192 350 229 383 267 271 9 1,817 100.0 “Species unknown. Table 9.—Monthly average catch per hour (c/h) of fishes by interviewed anglers on fixed platforms in St. Andrew Bay system, Fla., 1973. (No anglers were observed on fixed platforms in January or on Hathaway Bridge in February.) Deer Point Dam Bailey Bridge Hathaway Bridge West Jetty No. of Hours Average No. of Hours Average No. of Hours Average No. of Hours Average Month anglers fishes c/h anglers fished c/h anglers fished c/h anglers fished c/h Feb. 10 13.25 0.08 7 8.50 0.71 24 48.50 0.16 Mar. 15 27.25 0.26 ll 15.25 0.33 15 22.00 1.73 22 28.75 0.56 Apr. 28 57.75 1.12 4 15.50 0.32 30 26.75 0.67 44 83.50 1.29 May 1 16.50 1.64 2 4.50 1.11 36 73.75 1.21 25 45.00 2.36 June 32 58.50 1.04 8 12.25 1.39 29 48.00 0.88 36 65.25 1.18 July 28 50.75 1.10 14 14.25 0.14 115 133.00 0.58 53 74.75 1.78 Aug. 21 44.00 0.70 14 21.75 1.89 85 203.00 0.73 44 79.75 0.93 Sept. 12.75 0.71 5 7.25 0.69 37 71.00 0.38 29 21.75 1.29 Oct. 20 34.50 1.71 6 10.50 2.19 53 112.25 1.22 85 181.25 1.28 Nov. 28 46.50 1.12 19 20.50 eel 34 64.50 1.80 44 84.25 1.93 Dec. 28 39.25 1.30 9 17.25 1.80 2 1.75 1.71 13 35.25 1.22 Total 236 401.00 99 147.50 436 756.00 419 748.00 Average 1.04 1.19 0.92 1.32 minimized. Such data may or may not provide an ac- curate measure of the availability of fishes, however. Several factors affect angling success. Among those are the species that are sought, fishing location, bait (method), and angling effort. In 2,053.5 h of angling from fixed platforms in the St. Andrew Bay system, at least 55 species of fishes were caught by the interviewed anglers. Other food or game fish known to occur in the system were not caught. The tarpon (Megalops atlantica), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), and snook (Centropomus sp.) are ex- amples. Those fishes are not believed to be abundant, but an occasional catch would be expected. Perhaps, more importantly, none of the interviewed anglers were aware of their presence or directed their efforts specifical- ly for them. The caught fishes were not distributed equally ‘throughout the study area, judging from the percentage composition and number of species landed from each platform. The spotted seatrout appeared to be available in greater number at Deer Point Dam than at the other locations. The percentage of the total catch was 21.0% at Deer Point Dam, 0.2% at West Jetty, and 0.0% in coastal waters. In contrast, the crevalle jack comprised 0.3% of the catch in coastal waters, 13.1% at West Jetty, and 1.6% at Deer Point Dam. All dolphin, amberjack, great barracuda, wahoo, and Atlantic cutlassfish were caught in coastal waters, and all tomtate and gray and ver- milion snappers were caught at the West Jetty. The catch rates also differed by bait type. The highest average catch rate achieved by all anglers on fixed plat- forms for all months was with dead squid (1.4 fish/h), closely followed by live bait fish (1.2 fish/h), live shrimp (1.1 fish/h), and dead shrimp (1.1 fish/h). The average catch rate with cut fish and fiddler crabs was 51% and 39%, respectively, of that achieved with dead squid. According to the data on bait preference, significantly higher catch rates could have been obtained by using the bait preferred by available fishes. The highest average catch rate for spotted seatrout, for example, was 0.7 fish/h with live shrimp. That rate was 3.6 times greater than with lures and 17.8 times greater than with dead shrimp. The highest average catch rate for crevalle jacks was with lures. That rate, 0.4 fish/h, was 10.2 times greater than with squid, the next most effective bait. It seems apparent that the catch and catch rates ob- tained by this creel census are of limited value for in- dexing the availability of fishes to anglers on fixed plat- forms. The data do provide a general measure of species availability and angling success by a diverse group of anglers that probably constitute the majority of all anglers. The catch rates of Spanish and king mackerels by charter boat anglers, however, are viewed as reliable measures of their availability and relative abundance. The reliability resulted from the selection of a sample of anglers having considerable experience angling for those fishes. The captains and mates on those boats are, of course, professional anglers; their fishing methods are similar and their effort competitive. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank F. A. Kalber, G. R. Huntsman, and J. B. Hig- man for reviewing this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED CAILLOUET, C. E., JR., and J. B. HIGMAN. 1973. Accuracy of sampling procedures and catch rates in sport fishing. Univ. Miami Coastal Zone Manage. Bull. No. 1, 25 p. DEUEL, D. G. 1973. 1970 salt-water angling survey. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Curr. Fish. Stat. 6200, 54 p. IRBY, E. W. 1974. A fishing survey of Choctawhatchee Bay and adjacent Gulf of Mexico waters. Fla. Dep. Nat. Resour., Mar. Res. Lab., No. 2, 26 p. RICKER, W. E. 1958. Handbook of computations for biological statistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Board Can., Bull. 119, 300 p. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. 1976. Fisheries of the United States, 1975. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Curr. Fish. Stat. 6900, 100 p. oer Pa we 5S gare Sd ™~ i , Agree : ; 2) vod beret tit Gall cuniyew (le eel Aten ndge fata alae i, iT pooled i Qty iY) foul ov ae tT dies 11% fel avy dee 1.1) neato ty |; fi Ay | . a as 227 *T) ai ° o GA « +. wer : dah ~~. 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, iii + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., 11 figs., 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and-growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs. 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. _ 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Brevoortia, 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. .Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W. G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81 p., 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. October 1975, iii + 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware II during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N.E. 45TH ST SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE Library Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 99 Y - m * c ~ = a x States oF © NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-709 -Expendable.Bathythermograph Observations From the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1974 Steven K. Cook and Keith A. Hausknecht April 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. Continued on inside back cover 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 18 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and > Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the | Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By — James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ; 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ry 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western ‘ Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., | tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governm Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71 By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printin Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ATMOsp, mS a/5 by i ———— Pruent oF © NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF- 709 Expendable Bathythermograph Observations From the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1974 Steven K. Cook and Keith A. Hausknecht April 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director For Sale by te, sapere ntedde nt of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office , D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-017-00397-3 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Page BTROGUGEION Ie fpf cece ok chan < ay aeycaventtr OSes ene gS, OD val vey nu, eB pane emcee edt cde eters 1 PRLCASMOIMS EUG Vancets Ret samme en ae tien Bese rete S) i em aa a cy Lee hey at ord hig ar oe one PD 1 Placapacguisitloncand GprocessIN gee sy .ugete so, eer RCO Pubs suis nossa ake ORE ee oe oer nee 1 ‘TDBRTS@GE GMEINETEE ie 6 pole cduou ttn atch Fotomate coe hShin Mayen a ee aon hee arate ina an, a) ath ge 2 GulifoteNlexicontransects ars ana oe eee CU RS Re ete if epic, WARE onl ye RO roa 2 lL orayay (Chm eeTaNP. cep ce os ntl cee Pe Gh ho cE es Ce cee REPRE A ah le 3) p 2 HIG GIGS MER goa teres cs Mee ee spececince or eR eats «Gea YM Nereis yes ame 45) icc sp secu, Bota vat usin eRe eRe 2 owgsalinityysurfaceswa teri yc step oe riser esis ye) Monteiro lay ae coh aah cy Aes a eee Te 2 WrestermbpAttlanticatransectse sa acc cnieitare Meee ange) ns ate) Si crn cant NN tc ara en Cem, Os en ae 4 (Characteristics of thebottomawater coldscellim cere cise ts pes ai en eer cee 4 (Gaull: Glageenai),. Seger set toten coca Gh on RRR eae IIR ean PARRA autres ar Am la Nye Scat & 6 [SOLOS tac cnc5 doen GL OR RCE ee ES i es ae ene inno Ge ont Gh ee Ora 6 8 ShelfaWater-SlopenWatertrontec ns net eee sea ie er ee ay Cee SRN gs 1 or es een ea 9 Pre kHOWlEG SINEN tS ter Bri, acer crores eh atte: Sues lay cat may aad Copa ge be Sate Wu ds loees MOONCIRG STEM ea a ee 10 [LiNSTRAURD. GHACLS Sg RS Va iigt Goer En ape Ot CRONE ORE REA, Cae sei ae ERM RTRs Tot te Vomit ore eatin Aran os 10 ASRVOVTEG UDR » 285. Ghe G5 acetone Oeics are eee tna ta ee Na em ne AR a) on eT cy TT MAT EPS oc 11 Figures fam Composite plotioftiGulfofMexicoeddy positions: =. 42>... so. 4 @ © eyes -) ce eee Se eee 2 2. Variations in cold cell temperature and depth along the MORMAC transect ............... 5 3. Variations in cold cell temperature and depth along the Santa Cruz transect .............. 5 4. Variations in cold cell temperature and depth along the HOTEL transect ................ 6 pam Compositesplot.of cold. cellitemperaturesand depth) .) 2.9.3) ictus a caret mp eet 6 am Gti S CLCAITINCLOSSINGS——_ Way OTA te ce Sees 2 ictal alii: (oleh htt, kee pec Atay omer Ueno ne nn 7 7. Gulf Stream crossings and Shelf Water-Slope Water front positions—June-August 1974 ......... U 8. Gulf Stream crossings and Shelf Water-Slope Water front positions—September-November 1974 .... 7 pam GlfeS CheamuCcrossings=—=L)ecember 974-4 2) Se en) eee ee lies le es ane ee ere 7 Li Guill? Sacamncob ies. cumcyaclichiranrs IC ees Go aeoknunlos ol orotomer oldies ciulul e's o-6 016405066 9 Tables ee Grossings ofthe loop) Current madeby SOOP vesselsin1974) 7. RN, Ss ee eee 2 2. Location and characteristics of eddies transected in the Gulf of Mexico by SOOP vessels in 1974 ... 3 3. Low salinity (< 34.5°/oc) coastal water encountered by SOOP vessels in the northern Gulf of Mexico in TEE ose uate bi lcitrcge cee reese Suk IS Hie RCM UR eo CrP ees Cr ati na elie nai eR URED foo va eo e-ali 3 4. Characteristics of the bottom water cold cell detected by SOOP vessels in 1974 ............. 4 Putra Streamucrossinesub yas OO Pavesselsmimil 9740 sre en ens Rhee) nena een ciency rey) ee eran 8 6. Comparison of Gulf Stream position in 1974 as located by SOOP, NESS N-69 charts, and The Gulf SERCO PIVOTED I VESUTIUTIUCI sy am Outro ey else WN TSey oo ol eRe ee Re eee en Wee Cea ee 8 Heme Gcult stream eddies transected by SOOPvessels\in 1974. 4 5 40. a a eee 9 8. Shelf Water-Slope Water front crossings by SOOP vessels in 1974 ..................4. 9 9. Comparison of position of Shelf Water-Slope Water front as detected by SOOP and NESS N-69 charts 10 Appendix Figures Gulf of Mexico Transects Pee citasStid—8-9i March wl OiAge ee el ee eye's ns PED clea wt aes SoBe IE RNR Oke fGen ll PaeeltosNojte—2l-2ouMarchelO74e steaks & al tap Ses, 3 2 AiR Ree ee CU oo Eee nee CRC: 12 3% Daig: Sipe iby Nat Wee eaeteth co) put rane Pens sick to Sanasalonronenaun oto cota mone Gana 13 Clio Std oa Mayel 974 ets cia turkey lis eivsetaero acca) Sees Sean SRR ALE CEES Outen aise 14 5, Lait PP ENaC Saree Cater enecene inc ian Aarnar Meceetin nce ara: s.ceain Go aic uci ote 15 DICH OPSILO— 28-29 re) LINES OT Awana, ie orate ee eiareel ber MMI aca icc hc tune vu eager oe 16 LC EOMSTUd=——O=1 eed ULV ml OTA a pee eh on see atl ora sal Soma ER GEA, rs nica aust hele CA ey. BERG OE tc ie enn 17 Delta’Sud—T-8: July VTA ee e's er oneness nee oa ey an Ao 18 Delta: Norte—20:21- Sully 1974. 3s a sh A een dis ale) Reno aR ee 19 Mayaguez —17-18' August 1974 |... seme ede, ee savale: oot te) © NSP Gc pene oC Sine 20 Mayaguez—25-26 August 1974-3 205 cs bl Ss en os oe CEO ene 21 Mayaguez—28-29 August 1974 3 si Sa ee ee eal ao aa ee ne ae 22 ‘DeltarSud—2 November 1974) 5.5. 8g 2 x) ney ss ayes os ao ie Ge oe ee ne 23 DeltaSud—6. November 1974 sc) 6 soe a) woo ae) wo a ae eed Sees 24 Delta:Norte—1: December 1974) 2. 65). se ee eS) al el we oie Ee 25 Delta Norte—1-2 December 1974) 2... sf). bee eel ace o_o ey SASL clan eon PE ee ee 26 SantasCruz—28 February 1974 20.0.0. 4. 200s eck ee eo het ea) wy Gee a) 27 Santa‘ Cruz—12-April 1974. 5 es es ake Sel DR oe Ee 28 SantaiGruz—b" May 1974. have a, ar one ete Shes air Se LI nua SORT pL 29 SantasCruz—6, May 1974. ssus.semey 3 ces ermine eee tren Sve) ie tan je. cue 30 Mormac:- Argo—5-6) May! 1974)... cc coo) aes ae wh ewe a ay ak So delete ER) ee 31 Santa €ruz—17-18' May 1974 20. 6 be ee eg ow eens elle cen (Ae) sh) a) Se ae 32 SantasCruz—1V1-12' June: 1974 2. ee 88 eo eo ee Be) eas ae een ge i ee 33 Santa Cruz—28 July 1974 se se were Sow bogie) w Oo aete ls LS ee net) On see ne et 34 Mormac:Rigel—"4- August 1974. ooo a aie, ws ce sotsiny oh ccdelte? Se REC ee ee 35 WUSCGC Taney—20-21 August 1974 2s. See ie cael cise ny ue Oh ins Suen 36 Santa Cruz—3-4 September 1974) 2 0 ocaher js. wins, whe aiiocrescnne) chia, See a te oun ee ee ee 37 USCGC: Taney—29-30' September 1974... ... duce ur cree) ei anes eh et 38 Export Defender—1 October-1974 |. 5266 HE an 2 ee 39 Mormac Rigel—3' October 197405. 20). wh he ERS SEE OR OE 40 Santa: Cruz—9-10 October 1974) <2 cb CS il ie ee Pe ee 41 Santa ‘Cruz—19: October 1974. <2... ws ei sis eta SN. SPR eee 42 USCGC Ingham—20: October 1974 2.0. 6. 8a sb se oo eh ees NE ee etre 43 Export. Defender—27-28 November 1974 2... 622 1S hs SR, ee 44 Santa: Cruz—728 December 1974. 65 8 eh Se Se RS ee Eee 45 iv Expendable Bathythermograph.Observations From the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1974 STEVEN K. COOK and KEITH A. HAUSKNECHT' ABSTRACT Results of the fourth year of operation of the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program (SOOP) are presented in the form of vertical distributions of temperature and horizontal dis- tributions of sea surface temperature and salinity. Operational and data management procedures also are discussed. Included are descriptive analyses of the most dynamic transects showing the Yucatan, Loop, Florida, and Gulf Stream currents and related eddies. Also, characteristics of the cold cell of bottom water on the Atlantic continental shelf are discussed. INTRODUCTION In midyear of 1970 a cooperative expendable bathy- thermograph (XBT) program was initiated between the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the Maritime Administration (MARAD) of the U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce (Cook 1973, 1975, 1976). The program, conducted in support of the Marine Resources Monitoring Assessment and Prediction Program (MAR- MAP) of the NMFS, involved the use of maritime cadets from the Kings Point Maritime Academy to collect XBT data on board merchant ships operating along the east and Gulf coasts of the United States. The objective of this cooperative program was to identify and describe seasonal and year-to-year variations of temperature and circulation in the major current regimes of the western tropical Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and western North Atlantic, utilizing merchant ships as relatively inexpensive platforms for the collection of data. AREAS OF STUDY Ship routes were selected to obtain regular sampling in the most dynamic areas of the Gulf of Mexico and western North Atlantic. The features of principal in- terest were the Yucatan Current, Loop Current, Florida Current, Gulf Stream, Shelf Water-Slope Water front, and a cold-water cell in the Middle Atlantic Bight. DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING The Ship of Opportunity effort for 1974 consisted of a total of 34 cruises—18 sailing from New Orleans, 12 from New York, and 4 from Norfolk. Fifty-three transects of subsurface temperature observations and associated sur- ‘Atlantic Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, R.R. 7A, Box 522-A, Narragansett, RI 02882. face data were obtained. A total of 739 XBT’s were launched; of these 514 (70%) were considered of suf- ficient quality to be incorporated into the transects presented. Subsurface temperature data were obtained by use of Sippican XBT systems. At the same time, surface water samples were collected with bucket thermometers for salinity determination ashore using a Beckman induc- tive salinometer calibrated with standard (Copenhagen) water at least once every 30 samples. The XBT traces were submitted to the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) where they were digitized, key punched, and quality controlled. Finally, these processed data were listed in printout form and machine plotted. The plots produced by NODC were es- sentially camera-ready and needed little hand cor- recting. The few corrections necessary were made by dis- carding anomalous XBT observations that could not be supported by other associated data such as sea surface temperature or other nearby XBT observations. Con- sequently a vertical section plot may have one or two missing observations, resulting from the deletion of inac- curate subsurface data. The fourth year of operation of the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program (SOOP) was enhanced by the inclusion of Coast Guard cutters as ships of oppor- tunity. The Coast Guard cutters that occupy Ocean Weather Station HOTEL (OWSH) (lat. 37°N, long. 71°W) began taking hourly XBT observations between Norfolk, Va., and OWSH in August. This transect was occupied monthly while OWSH was being maintained, usually from August through April. We plan to resume this section when OWSH is again occupied. Approximately 225 XBT drops and associated surface data are not included because the observations were much too widely separated in time and space to be useful in the analysis. All data collected were archived by the NODC and are available to interested persons through the NODC, Washington, D.C. 20235. Further details concerning the acquisition or process- ing of data from the cruises considered here can be ob- tained from the authors. For purposes of this report all descriptive figures have been included within the text and all vertical tem- perature sections have been organized geographically and chronologically and included as Appendix Figures. TRANSECT ANALYSIS Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 1, Appendix Figs. 1-16) Loop Current.—In 1974 the Loop Current was crossed on seven occasions (Table 1) by SOOP ships. There were two crossings in March (Appendix Figs. 1, 2), one in April (Appendix Fig. 3), two in May (Appendix Figs. 4, 5), and one each in June (Appendix Fig. 6) and July (Ap- pendix Fig. 8). Utilizing 20°C at 125 m as the left edge of the Loop Current (G. A. Maul, pers. commun.), the position of the front can be monitored from XBT data. Most mi- grations of the Loop Current edge ranged between lat. 22°N and 24°N. Movements of more than 1° of latitude in less than 2 wk were not uncommon. One migration of about 90 nautical miles (167 km) occurred within 9 days, JULY 20-21,1974 4 207} sy / j 20° 95° go° 85° Figure 1.—Composite plot of Gulf of Mexico eddy positions. Table 1.—Crossings of the Loop Current made by SOOP vessels in 1974. Appendix Station figure Ship no. Date 1 Delta Sud 20-23 8-9 Mar. 2 Delta Norte 11-15 21-23 Mar. 3 Delta Sud 28-31 15-17 Apr. 4 Delta Sud 40-32 21 May 5 Delta Sud 22-24 27-29 May 6 Delta Sud 9-2 28-29 June 8 Delta Sud 17-20 7-8 July between 28 June (Appendix Fig. 6) and 7 July (Appen- dix Fig. 8). The Loop Current was crossed by the Delta Sud on 9 March at lat. 23°15'N at station 23 (Appendix Fig. 1). Again on 23 March at lat. 22°30'N the Delta Norte cross- ed the Loop Current between stations 12 and 13 (Appen- dix Fig. 2). In April (Appendix Fig. 3) a crossing of the Loop Cur- rent by the Delta Sud determined the front to be at lat. 22°N. In May (Appendix Fig. 4) the Loop Current appeared as a broad flowing current between stations 40 and 32. At this time the front’s position had intruded up to lat. 24°N. Again in May (Appendix Fig. 5), the Delta Sud crossed the Loop Current between stations 22 and 24. At that time the front had receded back to lat. 23°N. In June (Appendix Fig. 6) the Loop Current again ap- peared as a broad flow between stations 9 and 2. The main front (20°C and 125 m) showed up between stations 7 and 8 at about lat. 24°N. Also present at this time was a counterflow around Cuba that showed up between stations 1 and 2. In July (Appendix Fig. 8), the Loop Current was cross- ed at lat. 22°30'N between stations 17 and 18. Eddies.—In 1974 the SOOP ships in the Gulf of Mex- ico crossed eddies most of which were anticyclonic with warm-cores on 19 occasions (Table 2). Eddies were cross- ed in March through August and November (Appendix Figs. 1-7, 9-14). The diameters of these eddies where crossed ranged from about 75 nautical miles (138 km) to 335 nautical miles (621 km) and ranged in depth from 200 to 700 m. Some eddies were crossed more than.once. One anticyclonic eddy (Appendix Figs. 4, 7, 9) in par- ticular was easy to track because it had a subsurface sig- nature in the form of a peak in the 26° isotherm that was opposite to the rest of the isotherms. This peak also hap- pened to occur at the center of the eddy. This eddy was crossed on 21 May (Appendix Fig. 4), 7 July (Appendix Fig. 7), and 21 July (Appendix Fig. 9) and migrated in position from lat. 26°24'N, long. 87°52’W (Appendix Fig. 4) to lat. 24°55’N, long. 88°55'W (Appendix Fig. 7) to lat. 25°26'N, long. 89°44'W (Appendix Fig. 9). On all crossings the eddy structure extended to depths of greater than 600 m. The eddy moved 140 nautical miles (259 km) in 2 mo in a southwesterly direction or about 2.3 nautical miles (4.3 km)/day (Fig. 1). Low salinity surface water.—River runoff along the Gulf coast, which forms a plume detectable by low sur- face salinities (<34.5°/.,,), sometimes extended great distances offshore (well beyond the shelf break). Nine transects of low salinity water were detected in 1974 (Table 3). Crossings in March, April, May, June, July, and August (Appendix Figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9-12) showed large variations in salinity ranges and horizontal extent. At times the extent of the low salinity surface waters in the eastern Gulf of Mexico seemed to be controlled by the northward migrations of either eddies or the Loop Cur- Table 2.—Location and characteristics of eddies transected in the Gulf of Mexico by SOOP vessels in 1974. Appen- Station dix Station coordinates Depth Diameter figure Ship no. (lat., long.) Date (m) nm (km) 1 Delta Sud 12 26°56'N, 91°33’W 8-9 Mar. > 500 170 (315) 16 25°08'N, 89°21'W > 500 170 (315) 17 24°56'N, 89°05'W > 500 120 (222) 20 23°40'N, 87°32'W > 500 120 (222) 2 Delta Norte 1 27°52'N, 92°51'W 21-23 Mar. > 600 200 (370) 5 25°09'N, 89°47'W >600 200 (370) 6 24°50'N, 89°28’W > 700 175 (324) 11 22°55'N, 87°05'W > 700 175 (324) 3 Delta Sud 11 27°01'N, 91°51'W 15-17 Apr. > 600 95 (176) 16 26°00'N, 90°29'W >600 95 (176) 16 26°00'N, 90°29'W > 600 290 (537) 28 22°46'N, 86°30'W >600 290 (537) 4 Delta Sud 40 24°29'N, 86°51'W 21 May 600 245 (453) 49 28°09'N, 88°48'W 600 245 (453) 5 Delta Sud 4 27°28'N, 92°16'W 27-29 May >600 120 (222) 9 26°10'N, 90°48’'W > 600 120 (222) 9 26°10'N, 90°48'W > 600 300 (556) 22 23°10'N, 86°55'W > 600 300 (556) 6 Delta Sud 9 25°41'N, 87°08’W 28-29 June >500 175 (324) 17 28°08'N, 88°52’W > 500 175 (324) 7 Delta Sud 4 27°17'N, 91°44'W 6-7 July > 600 335 (621) 14 23°30'N, 87°18'W > 600 335 (621) 9 Delta Norte 8 27°48'N, 92°44’W 20-21 July > 600 140 (259) 13 26°17'N, 90°54'W > 600 140 (259) 13 26°17'N, 90°54'W > 700 195 (361) 22 24°17'N, 88°17'W > 700 195 (361) 10 Mayaguez 1 29°01'N, 88°44'W 17-18 Aug. > 600 165 (306) Nf 27°22'N, 86°41'W > 600 165 (306) 11 Mayaguez 19 24°24'N, 82°39’W 25-26 Aug. > 700 240 (445) 24 26°54'N, 85°53’W > 700 240 (445) 12 Mayaguez 1 28°44'N, 88°26’W 28-29 Aug. > 600 140 (259) 6 27°19'N, 86°27'W > 600 140 (259) 6 27°19'N, 86°27'W > 200 150 (278) 9 25°37'N, 84°22’W > 200 150 (278) 13 Delta Sud 19 25°37'N, 87°33’W 2 Nov. >600 '75 (139) 13 26°42'N, 88°06'W > 600 '75 (139) 14 Delta Sud 21 27°36'N, 87°36'W 6 Nov. >600 160 (296) 26 26°07'N, 85°21'W > 600 160 (296) ‘Only about one-half of this eddy was transected. Table 3.—Low salinity (< 34.5°/,.) coastal water encountered by SOOP vessels in the northern Gulf of Mexico in 1974. Water depth Appen- at Offshore dix Station seaward edge extent figure Ship Date no. (m) nm (km) 1 Delta Sud 8-9 Mar. 2-4 82 50 ( 93) 3 Delta Sud 15-17 Apr. 1-4 38 70 (130) 4 Delta Sud 21 May 49-51 124 70 (130) 6 Delta Sud 28-29 June 16-18 > 500 90 (167) tf Delta Sud 6-7 July 1-3 144 195 (361) 9 Delta Norte 20-21 July 1-11 > 800 230 (426) 10 Mayaguez 17-18 Aug. 1-3 > 800 85 (157) ul Mayaguez 25-26 Aug. 25-27 > 300 210 (389) 12 Mayaguez 28-29 Aug. 1-6 > 800 200 (371) rent itself. The offshore extent of the low salinity surface water shown in Appendix Figures 4, 7, and 9 apparently was blocked by the presence of one particular anticy- clonic eddy. The southwestward migration of this eddy (as discussed above) removed the block and allowed the plume to extend farther offshore. In some instances the low salinity surface waters were entrained into the eddy structure (Appendix Figs. 6, 9, 10, 12). In most cases when this occurred the low salinity water appeared on only the northern side of the eddy. Peaks in the surface salinity (Appendix Figs. 4, 9, 11, 12) indicate the in- stances where low salinity water was transected, exited, and then transected again, which we interpreted as low salinity surface waters being entrained by the leading edges of eddies. The interaction of coastal water with ed- dies probably is a significant mechanism for the mixing of the less saline coastal waters with the more saline oceanic waters in the Gulf of Mexico. Western Atlantic Transects (Figs. 2-10 and Appendix Figs. 17-35) Specific features that were monitored in the western North Atlantic by the program were the position of the Gulf Stream, variations in temperature and position of the bottom water cold cell on the continental shelf, posi- tion of the Shelf Water-Slope Water front, and eddies formed from the Gulf Stream. Where data were available and observations were close enough in time to permit comparison, correlations were made with the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis (N-69) charts and The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary which show the positions of the Gulf Stream and associated features. Characteristics of the bottom water cold cell.—In his discussion of temperature patterns in continental shelf water, Bigelow (1933) described a core of cold bot- tom water that extended from south of Long Island to the mouth of the Chesapeake and was evident throughout the summer months. According to Bigelow, this core was surrounded entirely by warmer water and could receive no replenishment during the summer; thus, he con- cluded it was formed in wintertime and then persisted throughout the year. Further descriptions of this cold cell have been given by Ketchum and Corwin (1964) and Whitcomb (1970). The data which are presented here show the formation, structure, and modification of this cell during 1974. Nine observations of the cold cell were made by SOOP vessels in 1974 (summarized in Table 4). For purposes of discussion, the observations have been grouped into three separate geographic areas, chosen because they represent regularly scheduled merchant ship cruise tracks. These tracks have been designated as the MOR- MAC transect (Fig. 2), Santa Cruz transect (Fig. 3), and HOTEL transect (Fig. 4). The MORMAC transect is the cruise track used by Moore McCormack Line ships and closely follows a line between New York and Bermuda. The Santa Cruz transect extends from New York to Cape Hatteras, approximately along long. 74°W. The HOTEL transect is the cruise track used by Coast Guard cutters operating between Norfolk and OWSH. In the following discussion, the seasonal characteristics and variations in the cold cell temperature and position along each tran- sect are summarized. The temperature structure of water on the continental shelf during February (Appendix Fig. 17) should be con- sidered, because the cold cell was formed from these waters and the minimum temperature that could be at- tained in the cell was dependent upon conditions during the winter months. At this time, cold water (7°-12°C) ex- tended from surface to bottom on the shelf and the struc- ture of the cell had not yet been established by stratifica- tion. Along the MORMAC transect, the first evidence that the cell had formed was obtained on 6 May (Appendix Fig. 21). The characteristic shape of the cell was shown by the outline of the 11°C isotherm in shelf waters. Within this “cell-like” structure, temperatures ranged from less than 9° to 11°C and the cell extended from a minimum bottom depth of 20 m to a maximum of 38 m. The horizontal extent was 65 nautical miles (120 km) and the cell was approximately 20 m thick at the center. When next observed on 14 August (Appendix Fig. 25), temperatures in the cell ranged from less than 9° to 13°C and the bottom depth range of 40-55 m indicated that the cell was migrating into deeper water. The last obser- vation was made on 3 October (Appendix Fig. 30). By this time, temperatures had warmed to 14°C in the outer edges of the cell and it had moved over the shelf break. The depth range extended from 34 to 99 m. These changes in temperature and depth are summarized in Figure 2. Along the Santa Cruz transect the earliest obser- vation of the cold cell was made on 6 May (Appendix Fig. Table 4.—Characteristics of the bottom water cold cell detected by SOOP vessels in 1974. Minimum Maximum Depth Approximate Tempera- Appen- bottom bottom at thickness ture Horizontal Tran- dix depth depth center at center range extent sect Ship Date figure (m) (m) (m) (m) (°C) nm (km) A Santa Cruz 6 May 20 28 41 35 18 < 8-9 68 (126) B Mormac Argo 5-6 May 21 20 38 29 20 <9-11 65 (120) Cc Santa Cruz 11-12 June 23 32 49 45 23 <9-13 100 (185) D Mormac Rigel 14 Aug. 25 40 55 50 23 <9-13 53 ( 98) E Santa Cruz 3-4 Sept. 27 45 70 50 19 <9-14 90 (167) F USCGC Taney 29-30 Sept. 28 40 55 50 15 < 12-15 15 ( 28) G Export Defender 1 Oct. 29 40 63 60 22 <12-16 29 ( 54) H Mormac Rigel 3 Oct. 30 34 99 7 30 <11-14 110 (203) I Santa Cruz 9-10 Oct. 31 45 70 50 20 <12-14 75 (139) TEMPERATURE RANGE IN THE COLD CELL B<3u°c D <9:13°C Hq 5 3 6 T T US ee ESE or ra @ DEPTH TO CENTER ° 1 1 1 1 May JUN JUL AUG SEP NOV Figure 5.—Composite plot of cold cell temperature and depth—May, June, August, Sep- tember, and October of 1974. elevated temperatures were not observed until the end of September. The cold water was found in relatively shal- low depths (20-40 m) in the spring, but as warming of shelf waters increased during the summer, the cell moved into deeper water. Observations made in the fall also in- dicated that the cell covered a greater depth range than in the spring. There seemed to be an increase in the minimum cell temperature from north to south, but there were not sufficient data to separate geographic variations from those caused by seasonal changes. A more detailed analysis would require more frequent ob- servations made at regular intervals. Gulf Stream.—Considerable attention has been focus- ed on fluctuations in the position of the Gulf Stream. In addition to shipboard observations of temperature and salinity, satellite and aircraft observations of surface temperature are being used to differentiate between water masses. Because the SOOP transects intersect the Gulf Stream at discrete points with considerable spatial and temporal separation, complete coverage of the Gulf Stream and associated features by this means is impos- sible. However, when correlated with the satellite obser- vations the transect data provide a source of ground truth for the remote sensors, as well as valuable subsur- face information for investigators involved in study of the Gulf Stream system and other water masses. During 1974, SOOP transects crossed the Gulf Stream 12 times. These crossings are summarized in Figures 6-9 and Table 5. Gulf Stream crossings were identified by the strong horizontal gradients shown on vertical tem- perature sections and positions of the North Wall were determined by using the 15°C isotherm at 200 m (Worthington 1964). Both The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary and the NESS Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis (N-69) charts provide information about fluctuations in the Gulf Stream position. The information provided in these pub- lications gives more complete and synoptic coverage over the entire Gulf Stream system than is possible through 40° 35° 30° 45° 40° 35° 30° 25° soe 7s° 7o° 65° 40° MORMAC ARGO 5-6 MAY'74 — 35° SANTA CRUZ I7-IB MAY '74 30° TRANSECT ——_ Gur STREAM =- SHELF WATER ~ SLOPE WATER FRONT 25° go° 75° 7oe 65° Figure 6.—Gulf Stream crossings—May 1974. go° 75° 70° 65° E 45° 40° MORMAC RIGEL 4 14AuG'74 35° SANTA CRUZ 2BUUL"74 — 30° TRANSECT GULF STREAM SHELF WATER ~ SLOPE WATER FRONT 25° 80° 75° 70° 65° Figure 7.—Gulf Stream crossings and Shelf Water-Slope Water front positions—June-August 1974. 45° 35° 30° 25° 80° 75° 70° 65° =< MORMAC RIGEL NS (‘Vee x \ \ gs USESC TANEY 29-30 SEP'74 EXPORT DEFENDER ——ssccr'74 EXPORT DEFENDER P74 27-28 NOV'74 SANTA CRUZ 34 SEP'74 SANTA © CRUZ 9 OCcT'74 SANTA CRUZ 190CT'74 TRANSECT GULF STREAM = = SHELF WATER ~ SLOPE WATER FRONT 80° 75% 70° 65° 40° =| 35° 30° 255 Figure 8.—Gulf Stream crossings and Shelf Water-Slope Water front 45° 40° + 35° 30° positions—September-November 1974. Bo0° 75° 7o° 65° 45° 4 40° 35° SANTA CRUZ 7-8DEC'74 | 30° SSS ansecr Gur stream = SHELF WATER ~ SLOPE WATER FRONT | o5¢ | | | — 80° 75° 70° 65° Figure 9.—Gulf Stream crossings—December 1974. Table 5.—Gulf Stream crossings by SOOP vessels in 1974. Appendix Position figure Ship Date (lat., long.) 21 Mormac Argo 5-6 May 38°30'N, 71°12'W 22 Santa Cruz 17-18 May 31°48'N, 79°06'W 23 Santa Cruz 11-12 June 38°12'N, 73°57'W 24 Santa Cruz 28 July 34°48'N, 75°24'W 25 Mormac Rigel 14 Aug. 37°42'N, 70°48’W 27 Santa Cruz 3-4 Sept. 35°30'N, 75°00’W 29 Export Defender 1 Oct. 36°42'N, 72°18'W 30 Mormac Rigel 3 Oct. 37°30'N, 71°00'W 31 Santa Cruz 9-10 Oct. 36°12'N, 74°12'W 32 Santa Cruz 19 Oct. 35°00'N, 75°00’W 34 Export Defender 27-28 Nov. 36°00'N, 74°00'W 35 Santa Cruz 7-8 Dec. 36°00'N, 75°18'W SOOP transects. However, since the N-69 charts are derived solely from remote sensing of sea surface tem- peratures and The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary is at least partially dependent upon these data, the patterns shown by these publications may not be as accurate as those portrayed from subsurface temperature data. The information collected by the SOOP affords an excellent source with which these data can be verified. Table 6 shows the Gulf Stream positions as deter- mined from each source. In each case, the distance has been measured along identical bearing lines and this dis- tance converted to nautical miles. Several sources of error were apparent. The inconsistent quality of reproduction of N-69 charts and the distortion in- troduced by photocopying lead to some uncertainty in measurements. In addition, some interpolation was necessary to locate positions between stations on ver- tical sections. Interpolation was also necessary to deter- mine positions during mid-month from The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary because positions were given only at the beginning and end of the month. An estimate of these errors accompanies each measurement. Within the estimated range of measurement errors, the sources agreed closely on the positions of the Gulf Stream North Wall. Only in May was there a significant dif- ference in the measurements. The distance offshore to the North Wall measured from The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary was about 40 nautical miles greater than the distance determined from SOOP data when superimposed on the N-69 charts. Eddies.—From analysis of the vertical sections con- tained in this report, four Gulf Stream eddies were detected during 1974 (see Table 7 and Fig. 10). Eddy #1 (Appendix Fig. 19) was crossed by Santa Cruz on 5-6 May and was centered at station 7 (lat. 32°00'N, long. 75°00'W). The sloping of the isotherms indicated an asymmetrical cold core eddy, possibly becoming en- trained in the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary (April) showed an eddy centered at lat. 33°00'N, long. 74°00'W on 30 March 1974. Since the eddy was not shown in the May issue, it may have become en- trained during the interval. This eddy was not shown on the N-69 charts. On 5-6 May (Appendix Fig. 21) Mormac Argo crossed a cyclonic, cold core eddy (Eddy #2) that was centered around station 8 (lat. 36°00'N, long. 68°00'W). The structure of the eddy was evident to a depth of about 600 m and the width at the surface where transected was ap- proximately 145 nautical miles (269 km). The May issue Table 6.—Comparison of Gulf Stream position in 1974 as located by SOOP, NESS N-69 charts, and The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary. N-69 Charts Gulf Stream Appendix SOOP Distance Distance Distance figure/date bearing line nm (km) Date/Bearing line nm (km) Date/Bearing line nm (km) 21 Sandy Hook 171412 4-7 May 155+35 May 235+10 5-6 May 130° (317422) Sandy Hook 130° (287465) Sandy Hook 130° (435+19) 22 Charleston 87+10 Cloud Cover — May 34412 17-18 May 147° (161419) Charleston 147° (156422) 23 Cape Charles 118415 6-10 June 90415 June 100+18 11-12 June 124° (219+ 28) Cape Charles 124° (167+ 28) Cape Charles 124° (185+33) 24 Cape Charles 140425 Cloud Cover — July 144410 28 July 170° (259446) Cape Charles 170° (267419) 25 Sandy Hook 222415 15-20 Aug. 225+10 August 215424 14 Aug 137° (411428) Sandy Hook 137° (417+19) Sandy Hook 137° (398+ 44) 27 Cape Charles 132415 4-10 Sept. 120410 September 115+10 3-4 Sept 161° (245+28) Cape Charles 161° (222419) Cape Charles 161° (213419) 29 Cape Charles 174+ 6 27 Sept.-1 Oct. 165415 October 150+10 1 Oct 95° (322+11) Cape Charles 95° (306+ 28) Cape Charles 95° (278419) 30 Sandy Hook 225+ 6 4-6 Oct. 230+ 20 October 210410 3 Oct. 137° (417411) Sandy Hook 137° (426437) Sandy Hook 137° (389419) 31 Cape Charles 120+20 11 Oct. 95+10 October 120+10 9-10 Oct. 128° (222437) Cape Charles 128° (176419) Cape Charles 128° (222419) 32 Cape Charles 120+10 18-22 Oct. 120415 October 125412 19 Oct. 161° (222419) Cape Charles 161° (222428) Cape Charles 161° (232422) 34 Cape Charles 102+ 6 21-24 Nov. 91415 November 100+10 27-28 Nov. 140° (189+11) Cape Charles 140° (169+28) Cape Charles 140° (185419) 35 Cape Charles 100+50 5-10 Dec. 135+12 December 121410 7-8 Dec. 163° (185493) Cape Charles 163° (250422) Cape Charles 163° (224419) 8 | Table 7.—Gulf Stream eddies transected by SOOP vessels in 1974. Location Approximate Maximum Appendix of surface observed Direction Eddy figure/ center diameter depth of number Date (lat., long.) nm (km) (m) rotation 1 19 32°N, 75°W 165 650 Cyclonic 5 May (306) 2 21 36°N, 68°W 145 500 Cyclonic 5-6 May (269) 3 33 37°N, 74°W 90 450 Anticyclonic 20 Oct. (167) 4 35 32°N, 73°30'W 150 660 Cyclonic 7-8 Dec. (278) 45° 40° 35° 30° 1. SANTA CRUZ — 5-6 MAY 1974 2 MORMAC ARGO — 5-6 MAY /974 3. US.CGC INGHAM— 20 OCT 1974 4 SANTA CRUZ—7-8 DEC 1974 25eb— go? 75° 70° 65° Figure 10.—Gulf Stream eddies surveyed during 1974. of The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary showed a cyclonic eddy with a width of about 80 nautical miles (148 km) centered at a position of lat. 36°30’N, long. 68°00'W, which corresponded closely to the position of Eddy #2. No correlation could be made with the NESS N-69 charts of 4-7 May 1974 because of heavy cloud cover in the study area. However, the 14 May 1974 N-69 charts showed a cold-water intrusion in this area. Com- parison of SOOP original XBT traces with other traces shown in The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary revealed reasonable similarity; it was concluded that Eddy #2 was the same eddy depicted in the May summary. Appendix Figure 21 also showed another unusual feature. An unusually strong thermal gradient (surface temperatures changed from 23° to 20°C over a distance of 15 nautical miles or 28 km) was present between stations 3 and 4. Similar fronts in the Sargasso Sea have been described by Katz (1969), Voorhis (1969), and Voor- his and Hersey (1964). Eddy #3 (Appendix Fig. 33) was located by USCGC Ingham on 20 October 1974. This anticyclonic eddy was centered near lat. 37°N, long. 74°W with the charac- teristic downwarping of the isotherms being detectable between stations 3 and 7. An intrusion of warm water shown on the 23-28 October and 31 October-3 November N-69 charts could have been the result of this warm eddy moving into this region. However, no eddy was shown at this location in the October or November issues of The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary. Eddy #4 (Appendix Fig. 35), a cold core, cyclonic eddy, was crossed by Santa Cruz on 7-8 December 1974. The maximum depth observed by XBT was 660 m, while the eddy center was located around lat. 32°00'N, long. 73°30'W (station 14). Sea surface temperatures were as much as 3°C lower than adjacent Gulf Stream waters, but no signature was detectable in the surface salinities. This eddy was apparently the same one that was monitored with neutrally buoyant floats by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office and surveyed on 11 Decem- ber 1974 by P. L. Richardson aboard RV Trident (Gem- mill 1974; Anonymous 1975; Gemmill and Cheney 1975). Shelf Water-Slope Water front.—SOOP transects crossed the Shelf Water-Slope Water front five times during 1974. Determinations of frontal crossings were made primarily on the basis of subsurface temperature gradients shown on the vertical sections with additional supporting evidence being drawn from surface tem- perature and salinity gradients. A summary of these crossings is given in Table 8 and in Figures 6-9. In order to provide a means of verification of the posi- tion of the front as determined from SOOP sections, comparisons have been made with NESS N-69 charts. After the position of the front was determined on the Table 8.—Shelf Water-Slope Water front crossings by SOOP vessels in 1974, Appendix Frontal position figure Ship Date (lat., long.) 23 Santa Cruz 11-12 June 38°N, 71°48'W 25 Mormac Rigel 14 Aug. 39°42'N, 73°W 27 Santa Cruz 3-4 Sept. 38°N, 74°W 28 USCGC Taney 29-30 Sept. 37°N, 75°W 31 Santa Cruz 9-10 Oct. 38°18'N, 73°54'W Table 9.—Comparison of position of Shelf Water-Slope Water front as detected by SOOP and N-69 charts. Appendix SOOP Distance N-69 Distance figure Date bearing line nm (km) Date bearing line nm (km) 23 11-12 June Cape Charles 132415 13-18 June Cape Charles 156+18 53° (245+ 28) 53° (289433) 25 14 Aug. Sandy Hook 72415 12 Aug. Sandy Hook 90+10 141° (133+ 28) 141° (167419) 27 3-4 Sept. Cape Charles 108412 Cloud cover in study area—no 53° (200+ 22) measurement possible 28 29-30 Sept. Cape Charles 66410 27 Sept.- Cape Charles 66412 86° (122419) 1 Oct. 86° (122+ 22) 31 9-10 Oct. Cape Charles 132420 11 Oct. Cape Charles 102+10 53° (245437) 53° (189+19) SOOP sections, a bearing line was established to a near- by landmark. The distance in nautical miles was measured with a pair of dividers and an estimate of error was made. The position of the front was then measured along the same bearing line on the N-69 charts. These comparisons are shown in Table 9. Within the estimated range of measurement error, the positions determined from the two sources agreed close- ly, suggesting that the methods currently used are reliable indicators of the frontal position. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is extended to the Maritime Academy Training representatives M. Chichurel and A. Finley in New York and D. Thompson in New Orleans, La. Their diligent efforts to place midshipmen on board ships that were scheduled to traverse preselected oceanic areas were instrumental to the success of this program. Also, thanks are extended to H. O. Travis and the National Maritime Research Center (NMRC) for their support in expanding the SOOP effort. In addition, thanks are extended to the Moore McCormack Lines and Grace Prudential Lines of New York and the Delta Steamship Company and Sea Land Shipping Lines of New Orleans. Finally, apprecia- tion is accorded to the Marine Science Branch, Com- mander Atlantic Area, U.S. Coast Guard, and to the officers and crews of the USCGC Ingham and USCGC Taney. LITERATURE CITED ANONYMOUS. 1975. Gulf Stream meandering south of Cape Hatteras. stream, Natl. Weather Serv. 1(1):6-7. BIGELOW, H. B. 1933. Studies of the waters on the Continental Shelf, Cape Cod to Gulf- 10 Chesapeake Bay. I. The cycle of temperature. Mass. Inst. Tech- nol. and Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteorol. 2(4), 135 p. COOK, S. K. 1973. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1971. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Data Rep. 81, 132 p. 1975. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/ MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. U.S. Dep. Com- mer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-692, 81 p. 1976. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/ MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1973. U.S. Dep. Com- mer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-700, 13 p. CRESSWELL, G. M. 1967. Quasi-synoptic monthly hydrography of the transition region between coastal and slope water south of Cape Cod, Massachu- setts. Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Ref. No. 67-35, p. 1-47. GEMMILL, W. H. 1974. Gulf Stream eddy tracking experiment. The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary. U.S. Nav. Oceanogr. Off. 9(10):3-4. GEMMILL, W. H., and R. E. CHENEY. 1975. Float motions in a translating eddy. Gulfstream, Natl. Weather Serv. 1(3):6-7. KATZ, E. J. 1969. Further study of a front in the Sargasso Sea. 269. KETCHUM, B. H., and N. CORWIN. 1964. The persistence of ‘‘winter” water on the continental shelf south of Long Island, New York. Limnol. Oceanogr. 9:467-475. VOORHIS, A. D. 1969. The horizontal extent and persistence of thermal fronts in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res., Suppl. 16:331-337. VOORHIS, A. D., and J. B. HERSEY. 1964. Oceanic thermal fronts in the Sargasso Sea. Res. 69:3809-3814. WHITCOMB, V. L. 1970. Oceanography of the mid-Atlantic Bight in supporting of ICNAF, September-December 1967. U.S. Coast Guard Oceanogr. Rep. 35, 157 p. WORTHINGTON, L. V. 1964. Anomalous conditions in the Slope Water area in 1959. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 21:327-333. Tellus 21:259- J. Geophys. GULF OF MEXICO TRANSECTS PARAMETER AT SURFACE @ 26 38. 2 a 37. = 36. S 23 @ 22 35. Pen 34. > = 33. = 19 : 18 32. 17 31. * T T T T 0. 80. 1680. 240. 320. 4OO. 480. S60. 64d. DISTANCE (N. MILES) o-nunoO > w om ano-vumMm ama> mw oroa fD— -—— — — ae NUNN + sek i) = L_so no c io a = |_ 100 x= = aq Ss $ |_ 150 200 640. =0 | 100. a c = |_ 200 w = x |_ 300 = a 3 & |_4oo |_ soo |_ 600 |_ 700 800 0. 80. 160. 240. 320. 400. 480. 560. 640. DELTA SUD 7403 STATIONS 2-23 03/08/74 - 03/09/74 (0/00) GSALINITY 30 20 100 90 100 CRUISE TRACK PLOT 30 30 Appendix Figure 1.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,,) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—8-9 March 1974. 11 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 37. (C) Lo ~ * TEMPERATURE DEGREES yw mw WY oO £ UO Oo w EP GSALINITY (0/00) 22 21 3S. [ I T T T T sly T QO. 70. 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 490. S60. 630. OISTANCE (N. MILES) 30 = 30 so (METERS) 100 1s0 ¢OEPTH 200 CRUISE TRACK PLOT 200 (METERS) 300 ¢ DEPTH 4oo soo 600 700 800 Q. 70. 140. 210. 280. 350. eo. NSO. S60. 630. OELTA NORTE 7403 STATIONS 1-1S 3/21/74 - 3/23/74 Appendix Figure 2.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/o. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Norte—21-23 March 1974. 12 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 3 26 37. S ss S6ean- 35. 8 Pa “| ate aa 33. © wo 32. o 23 4 Sine a2 ba, = = Bo . i-4 = Sia 27. # = 20 | 26, 2 Pr 25. 19 Qu. x oe ect aE el ee T T 0 30 180. 270. 360. 4SO. S40. 630. 720. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 100 90 60 0 a 30 n — 50 L_so a c a a & = 100 |_ 100 = = a ry = 150 |_1so0 31 2 Oo o 200 |_ 200 ess = 100 90 Lid 720. CRUISE TRACK PLOT o-vmsr No fe Mmo-vwnN sw OTrodno— AMS NOPD O- ae ee ee = SIN ANNA A ANNA 0 Ue eS ee aaa 25 2 100 so | 100 15 3 & ta c 0 = 200 06 L 200 = 5-0 7.0 x 300 se | 300 = 0 a 4.0 3 3.0 = 4oo z |_uoo 2 2.0 500 g 0 | 500 0.0 600 et E1600) .0 700 |_ 700 800 800 QO. 90. 180. 270. 360. 4SO. SHO. 630. 720. DELTA SUD 7404 STATIONS 1-31 O4/1S/74 - 04/17/74 Appendix Figure 3.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—15-17 April 1974. 13 PARAMETER AT SURFACE a) 27 — 87. a 236% 3 ty 26 oS 5 su. S omer ey > w (532% z D2 = L31 =) = 2y 5 ic 30. ro) = 29. 23 28. x T T 7 | =e mez ae 0. 70. 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 490. Sé6o. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 90 80 7) ) 30 30 51 ] _ 50 |_ so n c Ww e Ww = 100 |_ 100 oe = a 3 150 | 150 4 FE | —— ST Oo d Ci 200 200 2k fe a 30 80 0. 70. ie AR ee See Le Ce, eam CRUISE TRACK PLOT a c Ww = Ww = 23 i a Ww Oo + OQ. 70. 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 4g0. S60. DELTA SUD 74HOU STATIONS 32 - S1 05/21/74 - 05/21/74 Appendix Figure 4.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/o. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—21 May 1974. 14 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 27 38. S 3 2 37. 8 — o S 36. © a © 26 350i s S = a. 8 o 33 50O eq is 2s 32. T T T TT 0. 80. 160. 240. 320. 400. 480. 560. 640. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 100 90 so 0 30 a 30 1 Pakso o c a = & = 100 = = & 2u ¢ 150 ia) 200 a Z a 100 30 Lo CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 oO 100 |_ 100 a c “ 200 |_ 200 & = x 300 |_ 300 = a 3 = 400 |_ yoo 500 | soo 600 |_ 600 700 |_ 700 800 800 T o. 80. 160. 240. 320. 4OO. 480. S60. 64d. DELTA SUD 7YOS STATIONS 1-24 S/27/74 - S/29/74 Appendix Figure 5.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—27-29 May 1974. 15 28 27 26 25 X TEMPERATURE DEGREES (C) SO (METERS) 100 ¢ DEPTH 150 200 200 (METERS) 300 ¢ DEPTH 400 S00 600 700 800 zl| 70. PARAMETER AT SURFACE (0/00) w w GSALINITY 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 490. s6o. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 30 30 20 30 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 4go. S60. CRUISE TRACK PLOT 400 | SOO r 70. T T T 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 490. 560. OELTA SUD 7406 STATIONS 1-18 6/28/74 - 6/29/74 [S18 [50 |_ 100 | 150 Nee | Oo ee 60 60 30 20 Appendix Figure 6.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—28-29 June 1974. 16 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 3S 23 25378 i L36. 5 Ps eS AS 3 S L3y. © 133. = 28 F Fa Eso s = ie z oS 30. 9 = Cis 27 28. npc T T T is Oo. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. suo. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 100 90 60 ia} 0 30 30 1 — 50 |_so 7 a a 5 = w = 100 | 100 x a 14 i = 150 |_1s0 Ug | a} o 200 |_ 200 He es 20 100 90 60 Su. CRUISE TRACK PLOT Oo - Nu m 4) =a omic so ot) Se ope fy) =p 100 | 100 a c S 200 |_ 200 w = x 300 |_ 300 = = 3 = 400 |_ 4oo 500 | soo 600 | 600 700 ese |_ 700 800 sate E , : + 800 o. 60. 120." 180. 240. 300. 360. 420- 480. -SuOD. DELTA SUD 7407 STATIONS 1-14 7/6/74 - 7/7/74 Appendix Figure 7.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,,) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—6-7 July 1974. iL7/ PARAMETER AT SURFACE o e3 37. o r=) a S 5 28 < w = = Es 2 = e7 2 oc wn Ww fu) a = ~ 26 36. * T T 0. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 4Bs0. sSuO. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 30 80 i) 0 = 0 so wn c Ww e Ww = 100 100 oe e a ra) ~ 150 150 200 200 CRUISE TRACK PLOT a c Ww - Ww = x= - a Ww oO + Mog d eel 0 0.0 800 deiner all T | (ltrs al T l Q. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. S4O. DELTA SUD 7407 STATIONS 15-23 7/7/74 - 7/8/74 Appendix Figure 8.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical dis- tribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—7-8 July 1974. 18 PARAMETER AT SURFACE See 37. ie 136. 5 w Eck oques b= f=} i sae au. 2 = [3a Pa ra L32. 2 — = Eas L31. z o Z 1308 = Lag. 28 28. * T T T T T T T QO. 70. 140% 20s 01280. 350" N20...) ‘490. Seo; DISTANCE (N. MILES) 100 90 60 0 30 30 Paso |_so 7 no c a c & = 100 |_ 100 r= 23 a 3 = 2Gy |_ 150 (one ie) o 200 200 = a 100 80 80 560. CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 6) 100 |_ 100 a c “ 200 |_ 200 & = x 300 |_ 300 = a ro ~ 400 FA | 400 5 500 g {soo 600 |_ 600 700 |_ 700 800 |_ 800 o. 70. 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 490. 560. DELTA NOATE 7407 STATIONS 1-23 7/20/74 - 7/21/74 Appendix Figure 9.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Norte—20-21 July 1974. 19 32 (C) 31 30 2g * TEMPERATURE DEGREES So (METERS) 100 150 ¢ DEPTH 200 (METERS) ¢ DEPTH S500 600 700 800 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 36. 3. (0/00) 32. Bile 28. GSALINITY 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 4g0. S60. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 30 Re jl 20 30 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 4g0. S60. CRUISE TRACK PLOT 00000 D000 oO Oo } 200 | 300 | 4OO TORTUGAS BANKS | 500 | 600 T T 140. 210. 280. 350. 420. 4g0. S60. MAYAGUEZ 748S STATIONS 1-13 8/17/74 - 8/18/74 Appendix Figure 10.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/o. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Mayaguez—17-18 August 1974. 20 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 5 30 —— 37. fo) ve 136. © x = 5 35. 29 — i ae « MES aes: = mal = a c wo 5 533 /co@) a a ag} 2k 32. x T eal 0. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. suo. DISTANCE (N. MILES) r=) to. ous mum oO lop) @o ™~ wo wo sy wu MN Nu Nw Nw MOT Nu - -_ eo - _ 390 B0 ees a 29 2 a 27 3 28 | SO a g c Ww i Ww = |_ 100 x= a ! 14 w ‘ 200 Ca LAO SSAe ESSER SW 2 , 200 ws g ts 390 80 0. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 480. suo. CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 100 a c “200 Ww = x 300 g = 2 a =. S g % 400 3. z. 500 600 700 800 60. 120. 180. BSL, MAYAGUEZ 748S STATIONS 14-27 8/25/74 - 8/26/74 Appendix Figure 11.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Mayaguez—25-26 August 1974. 21 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 31 (C) 30 2g 28 37. 36. 35. 34. Sols Seis 31. 30. TEMPERATURE DEGREES I T IE T T 0. 60. 1205) BOL, 2UOSqeeS00sn S60hun Yes DISTANCE (N. MILES) (METERS) ¢ DEPTH QO. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. 200 (METERS) 300 ¢ DEPTH 400 soo 480. so 100 150 200 480. 200 300 4oo | SOO | 600 | 700 T 360. 420. MAYAGUEZ 7408 STATIONS O1-11 8/28/74 - 8/29/74 Appendix Figure 12.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.o ) and vertical distribution 800 Tala 4s0. (0/00) GSALINITY 30 CRUISE TRACK PLOT of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Mayaguez—28-29 August 1974. 22 80 PARAMETER AT SURFACE ee 233i a S w g = Ss a a mee) | Iesouee'= c= Zz = 2 c wo w (o) a a 25 35. x =I T T liggccuapal 0. 30. 60. 90. [COMMER SOS UN GOS mmol On UE tO DISTANCE (N. MILES 30 80 8 oO 30 K = 30 19 — 50 |_so 2) c Ww io x 10 = 100 ‘ |_ 100 z i = a rt = 150 | 150 WGP rue) D oO 200 200 e a 390 80 0. 30. 60. 90. fm ih, fee. ey tae CRUISE TRACK PLOT é c w e Ww = 3= — a Ww o + 800 I T T oO. 30. 60. 90. 1, IG, GWE Ns) NO DELTA SUD 7410 STATIONS 10-19 11/2/74 - 11/2/74 Appendix Figure 13.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—2 November 1974. 23 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 5 27 37. = A 3 us N _ o & 26 3 e 36. 5 a = =} e 2s 4 z to fu) Qa >= ~ 24 35. * ial T | Peace el ia I aT T QO. 30. 60. 30. 120%) WelSOeueeeOn) Gee llOokmeteu OF - DISTANCE (N. MILES) 90 80 0 mn 50 wn c Ww — Ww 2 Pe 2s = a Ww oO y | 150 200 CRUISE TRACK PLOT B c Ww i Ww = - =, i a Ww (= a4 g00 1 T I T I UF mali T oO. 30. 60. 90. 120. SeSO. PFis05 Sk2100 Se2uo: DELTA SUD 7410 STATIONS 20-26 11/6/74 - 11/6/74 Appendix Figure 14.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Sud—6 November 1974. 24 PARAMETER AT SURFACE S 2 =3is n a “N = 8 o 2 > mes S = = 2 ay ac c wn i fa) a i 22 ALES * eae eraeet ib T oO. 20. yo. 60. 80. 100. 202 14oOS 1160: DISTANCE (N. MILES) 100 30 a) c w = Ww = z= = oa Ww o + CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 0 100 100 a c “ 200 200 Ww = x 300 300 z a a % 400 400 500 500 500 600 700 700 800 800 0. 20. 4O. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. DELTA NORTE 7412 STATIONS 2-8 12/1/74 - 12/1/74 Appendix Figure 15.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,,) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (°C) in the upper 200 and 8 00 m. Delta Norte—1 December 1974. 25 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 5 27 37. | o = w 5 & 26 cS 5 e w 2 cs = c wo w © a in 2y 36. * T i Ir l ) 40 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. DISTANCE (N. MILES) Gee oe Me ee Se Hic 30 80 0 55 + zn S = = a} 30 i 30 ~ 50 | 50 w c Ww e = = 100 | 100 9 x a ra ~ 150 | 150 2 iy o 200 200 20 20 390 80 0 4O. 80. 120. 160 200. 240. 280. CRUISE TRACK PLOT a : oc K lu . ww & i = 300 _|“ ~ = +; z o ea: = Ze Way ale a -& & $ I : Paes $ _ peo 0} oO; soo 600 800 OQ. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. DELTA NORTE 7412 STATIONS 9-22 12/1/74 - 12/2/74 Appendix Figure 16.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..,) and vertical distribution of tempera- ture (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Delta Norte—1-2 December 1974. 26 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 67 35. (=) 2 16 3 re oO 5 15 < RS :, 14 [e3ule= « Z 213 z 3 o o fu) w 12 = = Tn 33. * ; 0. 20. 4o. 60. 80. 100. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 15 14 mo = l2 1 10 80 70 4O 4O (METERS) ¢OEPTH 30 30 80 70 CRUISE TRACK PLOT (METERS) ¢ DEPTH |_ S00 500 _ aes lg. Gee |_ 600 OQ. 20. 4O. 60. 80. 100. SANTA CRUZ 7402 STATIONS 10-15 02/28/74 - 02/28/74 Appendix Figure 17.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—28 February 1974. 27 2u (C) 23 22 21 TEMPERATURE DEGREES So (METERS) 100 1S0 4 DEPTH 200 200 (METERS) 300 ¢ DEPTH 400 S00 600 700 800 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 20. 4o. 37. 36. ral Giegen Uncha sey 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 20. 4O. so | 100 | 150 200 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 200 300 400 soo 600 700 800 SANTA CRUZ 7404 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. STATIONS 1-4 O4/12/74 - 04/12/74 (0/00) GSALINITY ot 80 70 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Appendix Figure 18.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribu- tion of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—12 April 1974. 28 PARAMETER AT SURFACE ) As 37. om ) w g jc 2 rm >» ered) | = c z = a! = ra ra © a = = 19 36 * QO. 30. 60. g0. 120. 150. 180. 210. 240. DISTANCE (N. MILES) x sy = a Ou o i 80 70 is} a i + jen cd Ra eer, ie} NO ry = 23 | SO wn c Ww = WwW = 100 : | 100 = 12 a = : 4 % 150 |_ 150 Ss 200 200 Be eal 80 70 CRUISE TRACK PLOT ie} | 100 G c wi | 200 Wu = x |_ 300 r= a Ww oa + + 400 a 500 5 ere ae ta SS ie Winn tr 700 _| 700 800 800 I T ie T I T | Qo. 30. 60. 90. 120. SOE 180. 210. 240. SANTA CRUZ 7404 STATIONS 5-12 05/05/74 - 0S/05/74 Appendix Figure 19.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—5 May 1974. 29 — (C) TEMPERATURE DEGREES sO (METERS) 4 DEPTH 150 200 (METERS) ~~ fo) ° ¢ DEPTH soo 600 700 PARAMETER AT SURFACE a aay a 20. uo. 60. 80. 100. DISTANCE (N. MILES) Ele 120. 20. 4O. 60. 80. 100. SANTA CRUZ 7404 STATIONS 13-18 05/06/74 - OS/06/74 34. 25} 32. (0/00) GSALINITY 80 CRUISE TRACK PLOT Appendix Figure 20.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical dis- tribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—6 May 1974. 30 PARAMETER AT SURFACE oe 25 Sifts Wa 4 on 22 = 36. Ww S20 a 35. ae w re | 34, = 1 =| 33. C= ey al mz 1S al lug on = Ol alle = 30 site * al T T T T T 0. 60. 120. | W180. 2240. > 300. | 360. 20. sue. © suo. DISTANCE (N. MILES) as™mOmO NUN om Or~wo oar nw —O uu uw TY Ne ae se BRA HB MO rP OM Ss MOH — 50 |_ 50 wo c Ww - Ww = 100 |_ 100 == = a 5 ~ 150 |. 150 200 1 1 200 Q. 60. 12022) e1160nyeeUOr) 3300.) sS60-4) 20s p\UBORo seSUO. 0 i) 100 |_ 100 a c Ww 200 | 200 Ww = x 300 |_ 300 = a 5 % 400 | yoo 500 |_ soo 500 |_ 600 700 |_ 700 800 800 oO. 60. 1205, 91802, e240. 2300: 1360% 9 (u20. uso. S40) MORMAC ARGO 74O0S STATIONS 1-24 OS/05/74 - 0S/06/74 (0/00) GSALINITY 60 80 70 so SSS KS pe \7 4O 1 ee Re 80 70 CRUISE TRACK PLOT 60 Appendix Figure 21.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribu- tion of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Mormac Argo—5-6 May 1974. 31 PARAMETER AT SURFACE cs S Ww oO iw 26 | 3 re fe ose S65i= c = « z = =i) = ay _| ra iw fo) a in 23 35. * Saas eecarea la lice ap gee ea al 0. WOe 180s 20h 160s) cok selon Bees S>0kemeSsOE DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 70 0 a SO wn [+e Ww = Ww = 100 ha! a WwW oO S 150 200 CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 = zs —=!0) 25 5.0 0 100 TE ir |_ 100 a 0 & 2900 ai |_ 200 fs w 2! 0.0 rm x 300 eg ey |_ 300 = re ig e 400 OG | 4oo soo} WM Pe | soo ce wae s (7 a nace <0 : aie : 6.0 GONE |e oes ey ae |_ 600 . 0 . s.0 ZOO =| ae sda} |_ 700 er SANTA CRUZ 74OS STATIONS 1-16, 05/17/74 - 05/18/74 Appendix Figure 22.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical dis- tribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—17-18 May 1974. 32 ee eh oa PARAMETER AT SURFACE is) 27 37 26 3 ta 25 36 8 @ 2u 35. © oO w 23 > mee au. 5 c 21 = > = 20 33. 2 n i 19 3 oO = 18 Ww 17 31 * T 0. UOMMENGO S120 GOnT “200s elo ono S20enk S60: DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 31 70 — 0 4O 4o Z |_so no c Ww = Ww = |_ 100 7 = = a a z | 150 200 30 30 80 70 0. Me - fOs Ses T= Sim.) ahs Bes Kes Ses CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 0 100 100 a) c “ 200 200 Ww = x 300 300 = a Ww oO S 400 |_ yoo 500 |_ soo 600 |_ 600 700 woe 800 eta eae 2 Deis 800 I T 0. LOPES Os COMMPNIGO. | 200 r2uOnen 2808 S20. 360% SANTA CRUZ 7405 STATIONS 17-31 06/11/74 - 06/12/74 Appendix Figure 23.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/,.) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—11-12 June 1974. 33 PARAMETER AT SURFACE = Bh 37. 3) Bs". S35 © ay ele et am, © ra so & & 27 aa i) || 31. > i 30e = Som Sree oS a = Bil, Gs © 35 26. 6 Eat 3 = an 23. * I T ] I 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 4oo. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 70 0 40 4o = 0 a 1 WwW = Ww = 100 a5 = a ra % 150 16 200 aie leh ae 80 70 CRUISE TRACK PLOT a c ice} wi Ww = x 300 _| |_ 300 = a a ~ 4oo _| | 400 500 _| |_ soo 600 _| | 600 700 _| | 700 (in) ee ae er 800 iE Lak T T T ll eorapen | iacgpae ig | gaa | 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. SANTA CRUZ 7407 STATIONS 1-16 7/28/74 - 7/28/74 Appendix Figure 24.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.0 ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—28 July 1974. 34 (C) HK TEMPERATURE DEGREES (METERS) 4 DEPTH (METERS) ¢ DEPTH Appendix Figure 25.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/o.) and vertical distribution PARAMETER AT SURFACE 28 _37 an I L36. aa lesz 25 al L3u. aa 33 ea) Jl r 32. 22m =| ay. lass 1 a 31. 0 50 {00h 150s 2008" 25050 SOON 350" 100: DISTANCE (N. MILES) 0 |_ 50 100 |_ 150 200 yoo. SS SSS SN 27 6.0 P 0 A\ 5.0 100 ae 330 |_ 100 eo = 22.0 : eT 21 aa 200 : | 200 ie ger 300 |. 300 8.0 4o0 |_ yoo 7.0 soo _| Perea |_ soo 17 ED) 600 _] Soe |_ 600 4.0 Oran 700 Aes |_ 700 Su B00 é 800 0. So. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. MORMAC RIGEL 7408 STATIONS 1-12 8/14/74 - 8/14/74 (0/00) GSALINITY 40 80 70 SS So 7 12 80 70 CRUISE TRACK PLOT of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Mormac Rigel—14 August 1974. 35 60 so 40 30 PARAMETER AT SURFACE o e9 37. ty, 28 = 36 im OT ‘ (=) © 26 =z inet oy 280 (2, HR OS} a Fr 2u 34. % T I 0. 20. uO. 60. 80. 100. 12 Ose ld OSG Os DISTANCE (N. MILES) nN - oO — - - @o ie} — 2s bo + ro (f i: Ps is: Ww 18. — 7. _ 16. = so 1; = ches a wi 13 + 100 _| 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 0 a eee | 100 c = , = Ww = = | 200 a Ww a Sd 1 300 8 ° z. yoo _ | yoo 0 500 |_ S00 T T =e = Sl aa een heme rae 0. 20. 4O. 60. 80. 100. 1202. s 14 Ones 160E TANEY 7408 STATIONS 12-01 8/20/74 - 8/21/74 (0/00) GSALINITY 4O 30 80 core 70 80 CRUISE TRACK PLOT 70 —— 4O 30 Appendix Figure 26.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. USCGC Taney—20-21 August 1974. 36 NR mace PARAMETER AT SURFACE 5, Sor ann ary al |36. © ta 2 28 f=) & | lL35.. © S ae eau 2 26 + 2 [533s Ss 2 a o © fe eae eal eos = = ke BERS ie x* T | | 0. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 70 ) Tae 4o 33 40 =) Gi |_ so wn c Ww e ira} = 100 L 100 = 17 = a 5 % 150 |_ 150 200 |_ 200 a5 Bs 80 70 oF 50. TOONS Osa ere OOM SOM eSOOMME. 350he) WOOK CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 0 100 |_ 100 a c “w 200 | 200 Ww S x 300 |_ 300 z a ra % 400 |_ 4oo 500 |_ soo 600 |_ 600 700 L100 B00 z payee ean ore 800 T I T ] | | OQ. so. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 4oo. SANTA CRUZ 7407 STATIONS 17-33 9/03/74 - 9/04/74 Appendix Figure 27.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—3-4 September 1974. 37 PARAMETER AT SURFACE Ge? 36. wm 26 8 w ahs -S & 25 = ss fz a Mae « Zz =) eS 23 a & 33. 6 Ww 22 fo) a Fr 21 32. x Gl opsannnerall eee cele T 0. 30. 50. 30. 1208)) 1S0% - “180 = ‘2i0b== sevos DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 70 0 a (1 Ww e Ww = so 25 - as Ww oO + 100 0. 30. 50. 90. 12009- 1502 "180n" 10s euDe CRUISE TRACK PLOT i) ea a 100 |_ 100 Ww = Ww = 200 ice ee ; 200 Re } a lia a ache i=) Be 3 : =o Mise o 300 | = 2: “300 ze . eo -0 yoo _| = = ee |_uoo Sin See 0. 30. 60. so. 120. 150. 180. 210. 240. TANEY 7409 STATIONS 1-18 9/29/74 - 9/30/74 Appendix Figure 28.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.-) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. USCGC Taney—29-30 September 1974. 38 PARAMETER AT SURFACE rs) 28 27 3 7 (=) w 26 S S S % 2s e 24 i id es S 23 = = 22 = a o a 21 = 20 * Q. So. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 70 60 Q 0 ao 1 4o so WS \ , |_ 50 a 5 Y : 18 c Ww = w x : ; y r = 100 2 oS eee S 3 L_ 100 = : , = a re peeichi = Ty Poe hers eae S150 200 200 a Be 80 70 60 CRUISE. TRACK PLOT it} pS = 10. 100 |_ 100 a c w 200 |_ 200 & = x 300 |_ 300 z & 3 = 4co |_ yoo 500 |_ 500 500 |_ 600 700 |_ 700 00 : aus 800 T T phe as T T T o. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400. EXPORT DEFENDER 7410 STATIONS 1-18 10/1/74 - 10/1/74 Appendix Figure 29.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Export Defender—1 October 1974. 39 27 26 2s 2u 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 (C) * TEMPERATURE DEGREES so (METERS) 100 ¢ DEPTH 150 200 (METERS) i) is} ° 300 4oo ¢ DEPTH 500 600 Appendix Figure 30.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.. ) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Mormac Rigel—3 October 1974. PARAMETER AT SURFACE Q. 4O. 80. 120. 160. 200. Oo 2u0. ISTANCE (N. MILES) 280. |_ 700 : Se 800 | | T T T T 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. MORMAC RIGEL 7410 STATIONS 1-11 10/3/74 - 10/3/74 40 (0/00) GSALINITY CRUISE TRACK PLOT PARAMETER AT SURFACE o 2? 37 —" eT Be 3S oy es 36 S 135 B22 _| is sy ee = = ap a L34. 5 = a Gs ic) o opie | ERE tS = =| 16 32 * Rea esse el T 0. 50. Nts: We05, ey AWA: AGS ~ Seas ST eR) DISTANCE (N. MILES) m nu fe} a @ ~- oOo wo =p Aye) nu _ oO a @o Ft: m m mom uu NU uw Tw wu NW Si! on wu Cm Kom ae _—- 0 80 70 0 t arte Th ob Sia = Ts 4o 33 40 25 PASO |_ so wn c Ww Ww = 100 |_ 100 35 a 15 ra = 150 | 150 208 Es pane se 30 30 80 70 0 So 100. 150. 200 250 300 350 4oo CRUISE TRACK PLOT a c w z WwW 2 a= e a Ww Oo + OQ. so. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 4oo. SANTA CRUISE 7409 STATIONS 15-33 10/9/74 - 10/10/74 Appendix Figure 31.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—9-10 October 1974. 41 PARAMETER AT SURFACE 27 26 2s 2u 23 22 21 20 (C) (0/00) GSALINITY *® TEMPERATURE DEGREES Q. 4O. 80. 120. 160. 200. 2u0. 280. 320. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 70 so (METERS) 100 | 100 150 {150 ¢ DEPTH 200 Tall 30 30 80 70 Q. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. CRUISE TRACK PLOT 200 (METERS) 300 ¢ DEPTH 4oo soo 600 700 800 800 im iaamescal cata eek ay T T eq essclls 0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. -240. 280. 320. SANTA CRUZ 7410 STATIONS 1-12 10/19/74 - 10/19/74 Appendix Figure 32.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—19 October 1974. 42 PARAMETER AT SURFACE S33 a o ) ie Excmeal 3 S 135. 2 Re = alt + ia x = =>) = eS ue = Gla) el o to fu) a in 19 Se ikeE * T 0. 30. 60. 30. 120. 150. 180. 210. DISTANCE (N. MILES) 80 70 4o 4o 1 a gereet Ww = Ww = a= e a WwW oOo + 30 — 30 60 70 0 30 60 30 120. 150. 180. 210. CRUISE TRACK PLOT 0 a |_ 100 Ww i Ww = = | 200 a Ww oO + |_ 300 | 400 500 QO. 30. 60. 90. 120. 150. 180. 210. INGHAM 7410 STATIONS 1-13 10/20/74 - 10/20/74 Appendix Figure 33.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/oo) and vertical distribution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. USCGC Ingham—20 October 1974. 43 PARAMETER AT SURFACE oes 37. n ee c Oo r=] esa c =) = 3; Ee vel w a Fr 21 36. * T T T T 0. uO. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. DISTANCE (N. MILES) - un -O Nu nN aw 0 bb 0 aso wo c w Z i = 100 po = a ro $ 150 200 0 0 100 |L_ 100 a c w 200 | 200 iw = x 300 |_ 300 = a ro $ 400 |_ yoo 500 |_ soo 600 |_ 600 700 |_ 700 Boo lime sal T =" tcc | T T Soe Q. uO. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360 Appendix Figure 34.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/..) and vertical distribution EXPORT DEFENDER 7410 STATIONS 19-37 11727/74 - 11/28/74 (0/00) GSALINITY uo 80 70 60 37 70 60 CRUISE TRACK PLOT of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Export Defender—27-28 November 1974. DISTANCE (N. MILES) a8 2s _-37. o Ww an Ww c =" = 23 c Ww a = w 22 = * 21 36. T T T T aalis 0. 30. 60. 90. 120. 150. 180. 210. 240. PARAMETER AT SURFACE a c w = w = s= = a w oO + ro) c w — w = x= ‘= a Ww oO + 0. 30. 60. g0. 120. 150. 180. SANTA CRUZ 7412 STATIONS S-16 12/8/74 - 12/8/74 (0700) GSALINITY 40 80 70 80 CRUISE TRACK PLOT 70 4o 30 Appendix Figure 35.—Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (°C) and sea surface salinity (°/.. ) and vertical, ‘stri- bution of temperature (°C) in the upper 200 and 800 m. Santa Cruz—7-8 December 1974. 45 t \,deseting@4o priewqurd Ie eee) 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, iii + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, ili + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., ll figs., 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG ieebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs., 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. . 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia fyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. _ 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- _ face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin 1 | cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale OE by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Brevoortia, 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U-S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W.G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81 p., 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. October 1975, iii + 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware IT during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 W-E. 45TH ST SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Tibrary Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF- 711 . ent OF Coy, * yy A List of the Marine : % = ma ‘ Mammals of the World *,, Ve ) STates of * Dale W. Rice April 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs:, 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMEFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.. Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. Continued on inside back cover 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tur fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hest and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by t Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402. ' 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs., tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. } 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and : Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron, — December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by th Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ; 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten-— dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table, For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinte dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.' - 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus iS (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by tl Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, — Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printii Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Le Rs * NOt aS i NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF -711 A List of the Marine Mammals of the World (Third Edition) Dale W. Rice April 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-020-00134-3 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Page ER EROCLUCELOM etre ry wee acer ce otras sah cai ieotoe vote eUPOe cles Poche dat tae he Mires NCH Lert QUMMRICR Ce aman ea oo a ee id a 1 CS ETROTNOTEED iy =o at eo GeO On RENEE DTT GROG: ern mE Al red eater) Ri RAN SMe Ut pete tnmes et IA ns 2 (USC Va (AD) Sake san eae Se re conte ee oe Meee ER RRR MAM SRR. | Pani in mere ennerne alee Bwmthn lhe 2 Mdohenidaek(() Meyers abe eich my atens oes te aegis Aue MRS hy het oid epac beech arent Pines ee clec verze, Rema ee de ins ace Tere ICE 2 CO) Gari claes (014) eireeeeme piers get or oh gece ob ty eNM aye eM ae tgs gt ont CLR PRM TON OT cana er oe aa ae 2 Miustelid aen il!) ier ameun mors, ees nor arcty etre ts ott: AMORA Oe anata got ON NON Mee GALA uy WOEa Mn ee Un aie 3 OCIA SER (KES) tea seems aR RRR NE Re SME PR de Veh Ne ately yas Hen eee yh a «aiid aa ERI et ah ae ie ere ttot 4 SURSTOEEL. 6 TGS a eae aS REaa | Gps ile a ea aN sureties SE eM Ger a AL DG, Pues eens a 5 Wenz Ori AegC2) werden ay ee cece Rete eres e ona ey Nelathucaar et ah gl Eeumers RUD. eh, START TT CR ean: Cea nee emo 5 aA GCHECHIC AGN (S) ae merce tes lel ea musta at hed Secon Fel cine Sy usm see ea: Meee eat anta, Sich Seog) eben tiocie ete Maire ROR ah eee 6 NORYS HI CCUM Sr ened Rome eias bo Veneta te ect ces led Tey MID “8s eis Tee, By vane ate ai even cele woitie ich Setloy dauieea tall Vedic ed Airs mS age 6 [Skoolaravel ati eee (AD) Ce is ee OE ae ae ned Re Aree UL REPRO ge. Tenn Be he he 2 Akon Ohta 6 Balacnopterid aes (6) mow yrcacurs tee Re eke che aha? Socal stoviaeins abe eceoe ken eM tay ie sea soars eee She ane et 6 IBAA GTNIC ES (BPs co Soc ee ote woven ncaa, blak eaten NK EN oe ina aee Maree mira orm CRM eRe eR ae 6 MIG ONEOCCEIM Meas Srl pee Mere my ah iaie ls ogy deetabeog tec IAN ONE, (BC De 8 SAO MR ell nena Ames ‘it Blatanistic aed) sancteeee eee - rent Nee Anson ty mi FAIR!) 5 SMES AEE 8 Ue) ECO iy Ce ate San me ee ii Melo hinid acd) was eee ee else a eral pclae me itcdne tee TRIE SRR Be URANO aN Reena UND enti ERR a 7 INFOnOGONtIGAGH( 2) MeN ca lerrant set aihane fete, Re esata sean Ran cM aman hres aut aaah iti ANGMAR YE NR Ss is Ae aN eee gra ert rs eg 10 IBRYSELETIGACH (SD) yn ne: eerrie le accra ne rene eM enon oN ATEN AE ayn SUMO co ba Se AIC 2S Ce Nu iae tr Ne See eae ra 11 ALONG ACH (1S) pete mA en ee eee atoms Cat Cama RES URN ORL cy cole are hcs SA cS UT Metts clear swine teres tive ie ae cee eg ree 11 SWORN TINS... 6.6, Bane EAI Cn Go ea ORGS eran SmCRE rates Gera irae ana ner i ONS inter cout coca 4 trac 12 ESEKTIOW IEC SID CNS ects ake CM es No Cte ee N eee Seite jal ca ce Tae aay si TR ar cy Ue ead aat vel days gee ec tS re tes 13 Mer ALTER OLCe Cement cate Artem ee rch IESE NY air ray iy aahtanc Meee RES eine tal iirc kann em ALU Drea 13 ‘Numbers in parentheses indicate number of species in each family. ill A List of the Marine Mammals of the World! DALE W. RICE? ABSTRACT Listed are the 116 species of Recent marine mammals, including freshwater species of the predominantly marine groups. The number of species are: Order Carnivora, 36 (polar bear, sea otter, and 34 pinnipeds); Order Sirenia, 5; Order Mysticeti, 10; and Order Odontoceti, 65. The geographic distribution of each species is indicated. INTRODUCTION Listed here are the living and recently extinct marine mammals of the world: the sea otter, polar bear, pin- nipeds, sirenians, and cetaceans. Living freshwater pin- nipeds, sirenians, and cetaceans are included. Attempts to classify marine mammals are difficult because they are poorly known. Some live on the high seas and others on remote oceanic islands or among polar ice fields. Some sirenians and smaller cetaceans live in tropical waters seldom visited by mammalogists. The carcasses of marine mammals are large, greasy, bloody, and often putrefied before they are brought to the atten- tion of biologists. They are difficult and expensive to col- lect and to preserve for study. As a result, some kinds are represented in scientific collections by only a few skulls and their external appearance is poorly known. Thus, any list of the marine mammals, especially of the smaller cetaceans, can be regarded only as provisional. The seals have usually been separated from the ter- restrial carnivores as Order (or Suborder) Pinnipedia. It is now clear, however, that the pinnipeds had a common origin with the weasel, racoon, dog, and bear families, and together they constitute one of the two main sub- divisions of living carnivores (Mitchell and Tedford 1973). The cetaceans have usually been regarded as com- prising a single order, but their origins are obscure, and it is questionable whether they are monophyletic. The Odontoceti (toothed whales) and the Mysticeti (baleen whales) have been separate since at least the late Eocene, and all authors have recognized them as valid taxa at either the subordinal or ordinal level. The dif- ferences between the two groups are as great as those between some of the universally recognized orders of mammals (Rice, in Anderson and Jones 1967). Therefore I follow Kleinenberg (1958) and some other authors in ranking them as separate orders. In the Order Odontoceti, the species of the genera Platanista, Sousa, Sotalia, and Tursiops herein recog- ‘A revision of two earlier lists under the same title (Scheffer and Rice 1963; Rice and Scheffer 1968). *Marine Mammal Division Northwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115. nized as valid have been changed to conform to the “List of Smaller Cetaceans Recognized,” agreed upon at the special meeting on smaller cetaceans held by the Scien- tific Committee of the International Whaling Commis- sion (1975). The present list now agrees with the IWC Scientific Committee’s list. It appears that the specific classification of the Odontoceti is approaching a consen- sus. Future studies may indicate that certain closely related allopatric forms now listed as separate species should be regarded as conspecific; such cases are noted in the text. Recent studies on some species of small cetaceans (e.g., Stenella longirostris and S. attenuata) have revealed considerable geographic variation. Most species of cetaceans are still too poorly known for sub- species to be defined, but I have listed the proposed sub- species that appear to be valid. In the few cases where the nomenclature or classifica- tion in the present list differs from that in the working list compiled by the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission (1976), the reasons are explained in the text or in the references cited therein. The following names are senior synonyms of names used in this list; according to Article 23b of the Inter- national Code for Zoological Nomenclature (Inter- national Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1964), these names are nomina oblita and cannot replace the names herein employed: Stenorhinchus E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and F. Cu- vier, 1826 ( = Hydrurga Gistel, 1848) Susu Lesson, 1828 ( = Platanista Wagler, 1830) Nodus Wagler, 1830 ( = Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850) Tursiops nesarnack (Lacépéde, 1804) [ = T. trun- catus (Montagu, 1821) | Phoca vitulina stejnegeri Allen, 1902 ( = Phoca vitu- lina kurilensis Inukai, 1942) Hyperoodontidae Gray, 1846 ( = Ziphiidae Gray, 1865). Synonyms commonly used in recent literature are listed on page 12; see Scheffer (1958) for synonymy of pinnipeds and Hershkovitz (1966) for synonymy of cetaceans. Vernacular names are included for most species. In selecting vernacular names, I have been guided, but not bound, by the principles adopted by the American Fisheries Society’s Committee on Names of Fishes (Bailey et al. 1970) and the American Ornithologists’ Union’s Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (1973). Many small cetaceans lack distinctive ver- nacular names; hence some names listed here are “‘book”’ names. I am not attempting to ‘“‘standardize” ver- nacular names—the time is not ripe for that. I hope that field workers will record or invent more appropriate names where needed. The report deals only with the Recent marine mam- mals. Readers interested in fossil forms are referred to the following publications: Winge (1921); Miller (1923); Kellogg (1928, 1936); Slijper (1936); Simpson (1945); Piveteau (1958, 1961); Reinhart (1959); Matthes (1962); King (1964); and Romer (1966). Order CARNIVORA The living carnivores comprise two super- families—Feloidea (mongooses, cats, hyenas, etc.) and Canoidea (dogs, bears, raccoons, weasels, seals, etc.) (Mitchell and Tedford 1973). Only the latter super- family includes marine species. Family URSIDAE There are five living genera of bears and giant pandas (Hendey 1972), but only one contains a marine species. Genus URSUS Linnaeus, 1758 Only one of the four species of this genus is marine. Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774 (polar bear). Ice-covered regions of Arctic Ocean and contiguous seas, and adjacent coasts and islands. Family ODOBENIDAE Mitchell (1975) regarded the walruses as a subfamily of the Otariidae, whereas Repenning (1975) maintained them as a separate family. Pending a consensus, I follow most previous authors in listing them as a separate fami- ly. Genus ODOBENUS Brisson, 1762 Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758) (walrus). Shallow waters near ice in the Arctic Ocean and ad- jacent seas. Three subspecies are currently recog- nized: O. r. rosmarus in the Atlantic-Arctic; O. r. divergens (Illiger, 1815), in the Pacific-Arctic; and O. r. laptevi Chapskii, 1940, in the Laptev Sea. The Atlantic subspecies contains two breeding groups, one from the Kara Sea to eastern Greenland and another from western Greenland and eastern Canada. The latter population may be sub- specifically distinct. There are late Pleistocene to prehistoric records as far south as California, Michigan, North Carolina, and France (Repenning, pers. commun.). bo Family OTARIDAE Genus PHOCARCTOS Peters, 1866 Phocarctos hookert (Gray, 1844) (Auckland sea lion; New Zealand sea lion). Subantarctic islands south of New Zealand; breeds regularly only at Carnley Harbor and Enderby Is- land in the Auckland Islands, rarely at Campbell Island. Hauls out on Snares Islands, Macquarie Is- land, and South Island, N.Z. Occurred on North Is- land, N.Z., less than 1,000 yr ago. For discussion of the relationships of Phocarctos, Neophoca, and Zalophus see King (1960). Genus OTARIA Peéron, 1816 Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800) (South American sea lion). Coastal waters from Recife das Térres, Brazil, and Zorritos, Peru, southward to Strait of Magellan and Falkland Islands. Some authors have used the specific name byronia de Blainville, 1820, but P. Hershkovitz pointed out (pers. commun.) that “‘the type of flavescens was a tangible specimen preserved in the old Leverian museum. It was adequately des- cribed and figured, is perfectly identifiable, and has a valid type locality. Its name has priority, usage and currency.” Genus ZALOPHUS Gill, 1866 Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828) (black sea lion; California, Japanese, and Galapagos sea lions). One subspecies, Z. c. californianus, breeds from San Miguel Island, Calif., south to Punta Entrada, Baja California, and on islands in the upper Gulf of California, ranging at sea north to Vancouver Is- land, south to Cabo San Lucas and Mazatlan. A sec- ond subspecies of unconfirmed validity, Z. c. japonicus (Peters, 1866), was known from the Sea of Japan but was probably exterminated in the 1950’s (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 1972; Nichiwaki 1973). A third subspecies, Z. c. wollebaeki Sivertsen, 1953, breeds on the Galapagos Islands. senus NEOPHOCA Gray, 1866 Neophoca cinerea (Péron, 1816) (Australian sea lion). Coastal waters from Kangaroo Island, South Aus- tralia, to Houtman Rocks, Western Australia. There is a late Pleistocene record from Melbourne, Vic- toria. Genus EUMETOPIAS Gill, 1866 Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776) (northern sea lion). Breeds along west coast of North America from San Miguel Island, Calif., northwest to Prince William Sound and the Alaska Peninsula, throughout the Aleutian and Pribilof islands, along the east coast of Kamchatka, throughout the Kuril Islands, and on islands in the Okhotsk Sea. Some move north into the Bering Sea in summer, as far as St. Lawrence Is- land. Sometimes hauls out on ice. The spelling of jJubatus follows a rule in International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature (1964:31): “a noun of variable gender...is to be treated as mascu- INNS. agin Genus CALLORHINUS Gray, 1859 Calorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (northern fur seal). Breeds on Ostrov Tyuleniy (Robben Island) in the Okhotsk Sea, some of the Kuril Islands, the Pribilof and Commander islands in the Bering Sea, and San Miguel Island off southern California. Formerly bred on Ostrov Iony in the Okhotsk Sea 120 miles north of Sakhalin (Stejneger 1898), and possibly on Buldir Is- land in the Aleutians (Murie 1959) and the Farallon Islands off central California (Repenning et al. 1971). Bones, including those of young pups, from San Miguel Island, the Monterey area, and Ano Nuevo Point, Calif., and from Bella Bella, British Columbia, suggest that it formerly bred all along the west coast from San Miguel Island to Alaska (Repenning, pers. commun.). Genus ARCTOCEPHALUS E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, 1826 The breeding ranges of the species of Arctocephalus are strictly allopatric; further studies on the relationships of these seals are much needed. The present classification follows Repenning et al. (1971). Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber, 1776) (Giant fur seal; Victorian, or Tasmanian, and South African, or Cape, fur seals). There are two widely separated subspecies. Arc- tocephalus p. pusillus breeds in temperate coastal waters from Cape Cross, South West Africa, to Algoa Bay, South Africa; ranges north to Angola. Arc- tocephalus p. doriferus Wood Jones, 1925, breeds along the coast of southeastern Australia from Lady Julia Percy Island east to the Skerries, Victoria, in- cluding coasts of Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait; ranges east to Port Stephens, N.S.W. Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875) (Antarctic fur seal). Islands south of the Antarctic Convergence; South Shetlands, South Orkneys, South Sandwich, South Georgia, Bouvet, Kerguelén (not breeding), Heard, and McDonald. Arctocephalus forstert (Lesson, 1828) (Antipodean fur seal; Western Australian and New Zealand fur seals). Breeds around South Island, N.Z., on nearby suban- tarctic islands (Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, Auck- land, Campbell, Macquarie, Snares, Stewart, and Solander), and along coast of southwestern Aus- tralia from Eclipse Island, Western Australia, to Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872) (subantarctic fur seal). Subantarctic islands of Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, north of the Antarctic Convergence (Tristan da Cunha, Gough, Marion, Prince Edward, Crozet (not breeding), Amsterdam, and St. Paul). Rarely wanders to South Africa, New Zealand, and Mac- quarie Island. Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783) (South American fur seal). Falkland Islands; coasts of South America from Tierra del Fuego north to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Lima, Peru. The proposed subspecific separation of the Falkland Islands and mainland populations is not justifiable (Vaz Ferreira 1976). Arctocephalus galopagoensis Heller, 1904 (Galapagos fur seal). Confined to the Galapagos Islands. Arctocephalus philippw (Peters, 1866) (Juan Fernan- dez fur seal). Now known to breed only on the Islas Juan Fer- nandez, Chile. Probably bred formerly on Isla San Felix and Isla San Ambrosio, Chile. Arctocephalus townsendi Merriam, 1897 (Guadalupe fur seal). Now known to breed only on Isla Guadalupe, Baja California. Occasionally seen on other islands off southern California and Baja California (San Miguel, San Nicholas, and Cedros), where it may have bred formerly. An old sealer’s report from Isla Socorro (Morrell 1832) and bones from an Indian midden on Monterey Bay (Repenning, pers. com- mun.) suggest that it originally ranged more widely. Family MUSTELIDAE This family includes the weasels, badgers, otters, and their allies. Only the otters (subfamily Lutrinae) in- clude marine species and only the sea otter is usually regarded as marine, although several species of river otters of the genus Lutra—especially the chungungo, L. felina (Molina, 1782), of Chile and Peru—feed exten- sively in salt water. Genus ENHYDRA Fleming, 1822 Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) (sea otter). Formerly ranged from Morro Hermoso, Baja Califor- nia, north along the coast to Prince William Sound and the south shore of the Alaska Peninsula, throughout the Aleutian, Pribilof, and Commander islands, along the southeast coast of Kamchatka, and through the Kuril Islands to northern Hok- kaido. Three subspecies are recognizable (Roest 1973: Davis and Lidicker 1975): E. l. nereis (Mer- riam, 1904) from Mexico to Prince William Sound, Alaska; E. l. lutris from the Aleutian and Comman- der islands; and E. |. gracilis (Bechstein, 1799) in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. (The Aleutian race has been introduced into Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and southeastern Alaska, where the indigenous stock was extirpated.) Family PHOCIDAE Genus PHOCA Linnaeus, 1758 Scheffer (1958) raised Pusa (including hispida, cas- pica, and sibirica), Pagophilus (groenlandicus), and His- triophoca (fasciata) to generic rank, but Burns and Fay (1970) have shown that they deserve only subgeneric rank. Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 (harbor seal). Shores of North America and Eurasia from Hok- kaido, Baja California, North Carolina, and Spain north to the edge of arctic ice. Gives birth on land in May-August; the pup sheds its white coat in utero. The Atlantic subspecies, P. v. vitulina, is dis- tinguishable from the Pacific subspecies by skull characters. Western North Atlantic seals are sometimes listed as a separate subspecies from those on the eastern side, but Doutt (1942) could find no differences between seals of the eastern and western Atlantic. Phoca v. mellonae Doutt, 1942, is said to be confined to the Seal Lakes complex of the Un- gava Peninsula, though Mansfield (1967) doubted the validity of the subspecies. Phoca v. richardii (Gray, 1864) occurs in the eastern North Pacific west to the Aleutians, where it intergrades with P. v. kurtlensis Inukai, 1942, of the western North Pacific (Shaughnessy 1974). Phoca largha Pallas, 1811 (spotted seal; larga seal). Chukchi, western Beaufort, northern Bering, Okhotsk, and Japan seas, southwest to the Shan- tung Peninsula, China. Reproductively isolated from P. vitulina, with which it is sympatric in the Kuril Islands and along the north shore of the Alaska Peninsula (Belkin 1964; McLaren 1966; Burns 1970). Gives birth on ice in late winter or spring and the pup retains its white coat for a week or more after birth. Phoca hispida Schreber, 1775 (ringed seal). Throughout the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, chiefly in fast ice, and in several Finnish lakes. Four geographically isolated peripheral populations are fairly well-defined subspecies, one each from the Okhotsk Sea (P. h. ochotensis Pallas, 1811); the Bal- tic Sea (P. h. botnica Gmelin, 1788); Lake Ladoga (P. h. ladogensis Nordquist, 1899); and Lake Saimaa and adjacent lakes (P. h. saimensis Nordquist, 1899). Geographical variation in the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea populations, tentatively referable to the nominate subspecies, requires much further study. Phoca stbirica Gmelin, 1788 (Baikal seal). Only in Lake Baikal, U.S.S.R., a freshwater body which freezes in winter. Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788 (Caspian seal). Only in Caspian Sea, U.S.S.R., the northern end of which freezes in winter. Phoca groenlandica Erxleben, 1777 (harp seal). North Atlantic Ocean, in pack ice from northern shores of Europe to eastern Canada. Breeds on pack ice in three main areas: the White Sea, north of Jan Mayen, and Newfoundland. (The Newfoundland seals breed in two centers: the “Front’’ north of the island and the “Gulf’’ west of it.) Seals of the three areas differ in size, cranial features, and body colora- tion (Khuzin 1963, 1967; Yablokov and Sergeant 1963; Yablokov and Etin 1965). Subspecific names have been given to the Newfoundland stock, P. g. groenlandica, and that of the White Sea, P. g. oceanica Lepechin, 1778, but not to the Jan Mayen stock (Smirnov 1927). Phoca fasciata Zimmermann, 1783 (ribbon seal). North Pacific Ocean, chiefly in pack ice, from northern Hokkaido and the Okhotsk Sea to north- western Alaska. Genus HALICHOERUS Nilsson, 1820 Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791) (gray seal). Temperate coasts of the North Atlantic. There are three breeding populations: one in the western At- lantic from Newfoundland to Massachusetts, another in the eastern Atlantic from the British Isles (rarely France) and Iceland to the White Sea, and a third in the Baltic Sea. Seals of the western Atlan- tic and Baltic populations pup in February and March, seals of the eastern Atlantic from Septem- ber to December. Genus ERIGNATHUS Gill, 1866 Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777) (bearded seal). Circumboreal at edges of ice; along all coasts and is- lands of northern Eurasia and northern North America. No subspecies are recognizable (Kosygin and Potelov 1971). Genus CYSTOPHORA Nilsson, 1820 Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777) (hooded seal; bladdernose seal). North Atlantic Ocean at edges of ice from Novaya Zemlya to eastern Canada. Jan Mayen, Newfound- land, and Davis Strait breeding stocks are perhaps distinct. Genus MONACHUS Fleming, 1822 Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) (Mediter- ranean monk seal). The original range included the southern and western coasts of the Black Sea, the coasts and is- lands of the Mediterranean Sea, the coast of north- western Africa southwestward to Cape Blanc, Mauritania, and the Madeira and Canary islands. Now rare or extirpated throughout much of its range. Monachus tropicalis (Gray, 1850) (Caribbean monk seal; West Indian monk seal). Extinct (K. W. Kenyon, pers. commun.). In historic times its range included shores and islands of the western Caribbean Sea, the Greater Antilles, the northern Lesser Antilles, the Bahamas, the Yucatan Peninsula, and the Florida Keys. In prehistoric times ranged north to South Carolina. Monachus schauinslandi Matschie, 1905 (Hawaiian monk seal). Breeds on Leeward Chain of the Hawaiian Islands, from French Frigate Shoals to Kure Atoll; rarely wanders southeastward to Hawaii and south to Johnston Island. Genus LOBODON Gray, 1844 Lobodon carcinophagus (Hombron and Jacquinot, 1842) (crabeater seal). Crabeaters are circumpolar and abundant in pack ice of the Southern Ocean; they straggle to southern tips of New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, and South America. Genus OMMATOPHOCA Gray, 1844 Ommatophoca rossii Gray, 1844 (bigeye seal; Ross seal). Circumpolar in pack ice of Antarctic Ocean. Genus HYDRURGA Gistel, 1848 Hydrurga leptonyx (de Blainville, 1820) (leopard seal). Leopard seals are circumpolar in the Southern Ocean and are recorded from most subantarctic is- lands, as well as New Zealand, southern Australia, the Cook Islands, southern South America, and South Africa. Genus LEPTONYCHOTES Gill, 1872 Leptonychotes weddelli (Lesson, 1826) (Weddell seal). Circumpolar in fast ice around Antarctica, south to lat. 80°S in the Bay of Whales; straggling to suban- tarctic islands and as far north as Uruguay, lat. 35°S. Genus MIROUNGA Gray, 1827 Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758) (southern elephant seal). Circumpolar on subantarctic islands, south to edges of ice at lat. 78°S. The southern elephant seal breeds along a continental coast only at Argentina. Three subspecies have been proposed, one from the South American sector of the range, one from the southern Indian Ocean sector, and one from the New Zealand sector (Lydekker 1909). They may be valid, but fur- ther study is required before they can be accepted. Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866) (northern elephant seal). Breeds from the Farallon Islands, Calif., south to Isla Guadalupe and Islas San Benito, Baja Califor- nia. Formerly from Point Reyes, Calif., south to Cabo San Lazaro, Baja California. Ranges at sea north to southeastern Alaska. Order SIRENIA Family DUGONGIDAE Genus DUGONG Lacépéde, 1799 Dugong dugon (Miiller, 1776) (dugong). In tropical bays and estuaries of the Indian and western Pacific oceans from Lourenco Marques, Mozambique, and the Red Sea, east to the Ryukyu Islands (Amami Oshima), Palau, the Solomon Is- lands, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, the Fiji Islands, and northern Australia. Carter et al. (1945) listed it from the Marshall Islands; if it ever occurred there it no longer does so. Now rare in all its range except along northern Australia. Genus HYDRODAMALIS Retzius, 1794 Hydrodamalis gigas (Zimmermann, 1780) (great northern sea cow; Steller’s sea cow). Discovered in the Commander Islands in 1741, the sea cow was exterminated by Russian hunters about 1768. In historic time, it lived only on Bering and Copper islands and its total population probably did not exceed 1,000 or 2,000 animals. A rib was found on Attu, the westernmost Aleutian Island, in 1842 or 1843, by Ilia G. Wosnesenski. ‘““There is no indis- putable evidence of its ever having inhabited other coasts than those of the Commander Islands, as the find of a rib on Attu Island does not necessarily prove that the animal once lived there, though that is not improbable” (Stejneger 1897). A skull frag- ment about 19,000 yr old was dredged from the sea floor off Monterey, Calif. (Jones 1967). Remains have also been recovered from Pleistocene deposits on Amchitka in the Aleutian Islands (Gard 1972). Recent rumors (Berzin et al. 1963) of living sea cows near Cape Navarin, Siberia, have been discredited. Family TRICHECHIDAE Genus TRICHECHUS Linnaeus, 1758 Three allopatric species are recognized (Hatt 1934), but their status needs confirmation. Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Caribbean manatee; West Indian manatee). Two doubtfully valid subspecies have been des- cribed: T. m. manatus from the sea coast, and lower reaches of rivers, from Bay of Campeche, Mexico, to northeastern South America, and in the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles; and T. m. latirostris (Har- lan 1824) from the coast and coastal rivers of United States from Beaufort, N.C., to Florida Keys and coast of Gulf of Mexico, westward to mouth of Rio Grande. Trichechus senegalensis Link, 1795 (West African manatee). Coastal lagoons and the lower reaches of rivers from Sénégal to the Cuanza River, Angola, and in the Niger and Benue drainages of Nigeria. Trichechus 1883) manatee). Rivers of northeastern South America, particularly the Amazon and Orinoco systems. inunguis (Natterer, (Amazon Order MYSTICETI Family ESCHRICHTIIDAE Genus ESCHRICHTIUS Gray, 1864 Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861) (gray whale). Shallow coastal waters of the North Pacific. There are two stocks, one on the eastern side from the Gulf of California to the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, another on the western side from Korea and Japan to the Okhotsk Sea; the latter stock is nearly ex- tinct. Formerly in the North Atlantic. Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Genus BALAENOPTERA Lacépéde 1804 Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépéde, 1804 (minke whale). Widely distributed in all oceans. Three subspecies are recognizable: B. a. acutorostrata in the North Atlantic, B. a. davidsoni Scammon, 1872, in the North Pacific, and B. a. bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867, in the Southern Hemisphere (Omura 1975). Specimens from Ceylon have also been described as a separate subspecies, B. a. thalmaha Deraniyagala, 1963, but its validity requires confirmation. Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 (Bryde whale). Tropical and warm temperate waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 (sei whale). All oceans except tropical and polar seas. Two sub- species distinguished: a smaller one, B. b. borealis, in the Northern Hemisphere and a larger one, B. b. schlegellii Flower, 1865, in the Southern Hemi- sphere. Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (fin whale). All oceans, but rarely in tropical waters or among pack ice. Two subspecies are recognized: a smaller Northern Hemisphere form, B. p. physalus, and a larger Southern Hemisphere form, B. p. quoyi (Fischer, 1829). Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) (blue whale). All oceans. Three subspecies are recognized: a small one, B. m. musculus, in the North Atlantic and North Pacific; a large one, B. m. intermedia Bur- meister, 1871, that spends the summer in Antarctic waters; and a pygmy subspecies, B. m. brevicauda Ichihara, 1966, in the southern Indian Ocean. (The name B. m. brevicauda, published by Zemsky and Boronin 1964, is a nomen nudum according to van Bree, pers. commun.; the first valid publication of the name was by Ichihara 1966.) The taxonomic status of blue whales off the coasts of Chile and Peru and in the northern Indian Ocean is not settled. Genus MEGAPTERA Gray, 1846 Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781) (humpback whale). Nearly worldwide; winters largely in tropical waters near islands or the coast, summers in temperate and subpolar waters. This species shows little or no geographical variation in size; the several discrete populations differ in the frequency of color variations. Family BALAENIDAE Genus BALAENA Linnaeus, 1758 Some authors place glacialis in a separate genus, Eubalaena Gray, 1864. Eschricht and Reinhardt (1861), the only authors who have made a detailed comparison between mysticetus and glacialis, regarded them as con- generic. Gray’s generic name was ignored by virtually all subsequent authors until it was resurrected by Allen (1908). Gray and Allen were two of the most notorious generic “‘splitters’” in the history of mammalogy (cf. Simpson 1961:139). The differences between the two species are no greater than those separating, e.g., the various species of Balaenoptera. Balaena glacialis Miiller, 1776 (right whale; black right whale). Temperate waters of the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, and the Southern Hemisphere. The southern populations are distinguishable as a separate subspecies (or species, according to some authors), B. g. australis Desmoulins, 1822, from B. g. glacialis of the North Atlantic (Muller 1954); North Pacific populations are apparently identical to those of the North Atlantic (Omura et al. 1969). Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758 (bowhead whale; Arctic right whale). Arctic waters. There are four geographically isolated populations: 1) From Spitzbergen west to east Greenland; 2) in Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, James Bay, and adjacent waters; 3) in the Bering, Chuk- chi, and Beaufort seas; and 4) in the Okhotsk Sea. The Alaskan Eskimo recognize two kinds: the larger “kairalik’? or true bowhead, and the smaller “ingotok” (known as the “‘poggy” to the 19th cen- tury American whalers). I believe that the ingotok is most likely a young bowhead. Genus CAPEREA Gray, 1864 Caperea marginata (Gray, 1846) (pygmy right whale). Temperate waters of Southern Ocean; known mostly from strandings on New Zealand, Australia, South America, the Falkland Islands, and South Africa. Order ODONTOCETI In recent years, several new family classifications of the odontocetes have been proposed (Fraser and Purves 1960; Nishiwaki 1963; Kasuya 1973). I believe that insuf- ficient evidence has been published to support the validi- ty of these classifications and that much more study is needed before any changes will be generally accepted. I therefore follow tradition in regarding the living odon- tocetes as divisible into five families. Family PLATANISTIDAE This family includes three well-marked subfamilies (which are sometimes accorded family rank): Platanis- tinae (Platanista), Iniinae (Inia, Lipotes), and Pon- toporiinae (Pontoporia). Genus INIA d’Orbigny, 1834 Inia geoffrensis (de Blainville, 1817) (bouto; Amazon dolphin). Amazon and Orinoco basins of South America. Inia g. boliviensis d’Orbigny, 1834, of the upper Madeira River system in Bolivia differs considerably from I. g. geoffrensis in the remainder of the Amazon basin and may be a distinct species (van Bree and Robineau 1973; van Bree, pers. commun.). The pop- ulation in the Orinoco basin may also be sub- specifically distinct. Genus LIPOTES Miller, 1918 Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918 (pei c’hi; whitefin dol- phin). Lower Yangtze River from its mouth (Shanghai) up- stream to Tung-t’ing Hu (Lake) and its tributaries. The English name “‘whiteflag’” dolphin is based on an erroneous interpretation of the Chinese (M. Nishiwaki, pers. commun.). Genus PONTOPORIA Gray, 1846 Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais and d’Orbigny, 1844) (franciscana; La Plata dolphin). Coastal waters and estuaries of eastern South Amer- ica, from Baia de Santos, Brazil, to Golfo San Ma- tias, Argentina. Genus PLATANISTA Wagler, 1830 The two allopatric forms of this genus are regarded as subspecifically distinct by Kasuya (1972) and as specifically distinct by Pilleri and Gihr (1971). I ten- tatively list them as separate species on the advice of van Bree (pers. commun.). Platanista gangetica (Roxburgh, 1801) (Ganges susu; Ganges dolphin). Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system of In- dia, Bangladesh, and Nepal, from tidal limits to the foothills. It is presumably this species that formerly occurred in the Karnaphuli River. Plantanista minor Owen, 1853 (Indus susu; Indus dol- phin). Indus River system of Pakistan and India, from tidal limits to the foothills. (Most authors have used the name P. indi Blyth, 1859, but Owen’s name has priority.) Family DELPHINIDAE Basic references on the classification of the Del- phinidae are Flower (1883) and True (1889). The true porpoises (Phocoena, Neophocaena, and Phocoenoides) constitute a well-marked group that is sometimes ac- corded family rank (Phocoenidae). The remainder of the family has been variously subdivided or divided. Genus STENO Gray, 1846 Steno bredanensis (Lesson, 1828) (rough-toothed dol- phin.) All tropical and warm temperate seas. Genus SOUSA Gray, 1866 Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) (Indo-Pacific hump- back dolphin; white dolphin). Coastal waters of the Indian and western Pacific oceans, from Port Elizabeth, South Africa, north to the Red Sea and east to southern China (including lower reaches of the Yangtze, Foochow, and Canton rivers), Borneo, and northeastern and eastern Aus- tralia. The taxonomy of the humpbacked dolphins is greatly in need of revision. Several nominal species have been described, but individual, sexual, age, and geographic variations have not been adequately studied. Sousa teuszii (Ktikenthal, 1892) (Atlantic humpback dolphin). Coastal waters of west Africa from Mauritania to Cameroon. This form could perhaps be regarded as a subspecies of S. chinensis, from which it differs mainly in tooth count (26-29 versus 32-36). Genus SOTALIA Gray, 1866 Further taxonomic studies of this genus are needed. Two forms are recognized—one chiefly in coastal and es- tuarine waters, the other in fresh water. The differences between them are slight; they are best regarded as sub- species of a single species. (The Old World species formerly placed in Sotalia are now placed in a separate genus, Sousa.) Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais, 1853) (tucuxi; tookashee). Sotalia f. fluviatilis occurs in the Amazon River and its tributaries; S. f. guianensis (van Beneden, 1864) occurs in coastal waters and lower reaches of rivers of northeastern South America, from Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, to Santos, Brazil. Genus TURSIOPS Gervais, 1855 Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) (bottlenose dol- phin). Widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters, including the Black Sea. Occurs mostly close to shore, near islands, and over shallow banks. Ranges north to Japan, Hawaii, California, New Brunswick, and Norway; south to southern Aus- tralia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, and South Africa. There is considerable geographical variation; populations in warmer waters of the Indo-Pacific tend to average smaller in body size and greater in snout length and tooth count. Genus STENELLA Gray, 1866 The species of this genus fall into three groups or superspecies which are sympatric in many areas: 1) The spinner dolphins with long snouts, about 50 teeth in each jaw, and shallow palatal grooves. This group includes forms that differ markedly in body form and color pat- tern, but intermediate populations connect the extreme forms, so they are regarded as conspecific (Perrin 1972, 1975a, b). Current studies indicate, however, that there is probably another species in the Atlantic similar to, but sympatric with, the spinner dolphin (Perrin, pers. com- mun.). 2) The spotted and bridled dolphins with shorter snouts, about 37 teeth in each jaw, and no palatal grooves. This group apparently includes two species, the ranges of which overlap in the Atlantic (Perrin 1975b). 3) The striped dolphins, with about 44 teeth in each jaw, no palatal grooves, a dark stripe along the flank, and no spots. Only one species is recognized (Fraser and Noble 1970). Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828) (spinner dolphin). Tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. This species shows marked geographical variation. In the central and eastern Pacific, Perrin (1972, 1975a, b) has described four subspecies: ‘Costa Rican,” “eastern,” “‘whitebelly,’’ and ‘“Hawaiian’’—the cor- rect scientific names of which have not been deter- mined. [Although most recent authors have used Gray’s specific name, its applicability is ques- tionable (Perrin 1975b). ] Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846) (bridled dolphin; pan- tropical spotted dolphin). Tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. This species also shows considerable geographical varia- tion. In the central and eastern Pacific, Perrin (1970, 1975a, b) has described three subspecies: “‘coastal”’ S. a graffmani (Lénnberg, 1934), “‘offshore,’’ and “Hawaiian”’; the correct scientific names of the lat- ter two have not been determined. [For the spotted dolphins I provisionally use the specific names em- ployed by most recent authors, although their validi- ty is dubious. Other available names are S. dubia (G. Cuvier, 1812) and S. frontalis (G. Cuvier, 1829). ] Stenella plagiodon (Cope, 1866) (spotted dolphin; At- lantic spotted dolphin). Tropical and warm temperate waters of Atlantic Ocean. (See nomenclatorial note under preceding species). Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833) (striped dol- phin). Widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters around the world. Genus DELPHINUS Linnaeus, 1758 Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 (saddleback dol- phin). Widely distributed in warm temperate and tropical waters of all oceans, including the Black Sea. There is marked geographical variation in snout length and other features; the extremely longsnouted Arabian Sea form, D. d. tropicalis van Bree, 1971, may be a distinct species (van Bree and Purves 1972). Genus LAGENODELPHIS Fraser, 1956 Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956 (shortsnouted whitebelly dolphin). Tropical and warm temperate waters of Indian and Pacific oceans. Recorded from Natal, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Borneo, northeastern Aus- tralia, and the central and eastern tropical Pacific. Genus LAGENORHYNCHUS Gray, 1846 This genus contains two well-defined species in the North Atlantic and another in the North Pacific. Bier- man and Slijper (1947, 1948) regarded all Southern Hemisphere forms as conspecific, but Fraser (1966) showed that there are three distinct species. The species electra is now placed in a separate genus, Peponocephala. Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846) (whitebeak dolphin). North Atlantic from Davis Strait and Newfound- land east to the Barents Sea and North Sea (rarely to the southern British Isles). Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray, 1828) (Atlantic whiteside dolphin). North Atlantic from Massachusetts and southern Greenland east to western Norway and the British Isles. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill, 1865 (Pacific whiteside dolphin; hookfin dolphin). Waters off the coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to Baja California, and off the coast of Asia from the Kuril Islands to Japan. Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray, 1828) (dusky dol- phin). Temperate waters off South America, South Africa, Kerguélen Island, southern Australia, and New Zealand. Primarily a coastal species. Lagenorhynchus australis (Peale, 1848) (blackchin dolphin). Temperate waters off southern South America and the Falkland Islands. Lagenorhynchus cruciger (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) (hourglass dolphin). Temperate waters of the Southern Ocean. A pelagic species, found chiefly in waters immediately north of the Antarctic Convergence. Genus CEPHALORHYNCHUS Gray, 1846 Four species are recognized (Harmer 1922). Cephalorhynchus commersonit (Laceépéde, 1804) (piebald dolphin; Jacobite). Atlantic coast of South America from Golfo San Matias to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands; South Georgia; and Kerguélen Island. Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray, 1846) (black dol- phin; Chilean dolphin). Coast of Chile between lat. 37° and 55°S. Cephalorhynchus heavisidti (Gray, 1828). Coastal waters from Cape of Good Hope north to Cape Cross, South West Africa (P. B. Best, pers. commun.). Cephalorhynchus hectori (van Beneden, 1881) (pied dolphin; whitefront dolphin). Coastal waters of New Zealand. Genus LISSODELPHIS Gloger, 1841 The two species of this genus differ, as far as is known, mainly in color pattern, and they should perhaps be regarded as subspecies of a single species. Lissodelphis borealis (Peale, 1848) (northern right- whale dolphin). Temperate waters of the North Pacific from Japan and the Kurils to British Columbia and California. Individuals from Japan with a variant color pattern have been named L. b. albiventris Nishiwaki, 1972. Lissodelphis peronu (Lacépéde, 1804) (southern right- whale dolphin). Temperate waters of the Southern Ocean. Genus GRAMPUS Gray, 1828 Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier, 1812) (whitehead gram- pus; gray grampus). All temperate and tropical seas. Genus PEPONOCEPHALA Nishiwaki and Norris, 1966 Peponocephala electra (Gray, 1846) (little blackfish; many-toothed blackfish; melon-head blackfish). Tropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Genus FERESA Gray, 1871 Feresa attenuata Gray, 1875 (pygmy killer whale). Tropical and warm temperate waters of the Atlan- tic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Genus PSEUDORCA Reinhardt, 1862 Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846) (false killer whale). All temperate and tropical seas. Genus GLOBICEPHALA Lesson, 1828 There appear to be two well-defined species, the ranges of which overlap off the middle Atlantic coast of the United States, off southern Europe, off South Africa, and perhaps elsewhere (van Bree 1971). Globicephala melaena (Traill, 1809) (longfin pilot whale). Nominate subspecies in the cool temperate North Atlantic Ocean; G. m. edwardit A. Smith, 1834, throughout cool temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere. The validity of the subspecific distinc- tion is questionable. Occurred in the North Pacific (near Japan) until at least the 10th century A.D. (Kasuya 1975). Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 (shortfin pilot whale). Tropical and warm temperate waters of the Atlan- tic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Globicephala sieboldi Gray, 1846, of the North Pacific is con- specific with G. macrorhynchus, although it may be recognizable at the subspecific level. (The specific name is usually spelled macrorhyncha, but it is a noun in apposition, not an adjective, so must retain its original gender.) Genus ORCINUS Fitzinger, 1860 Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758) (killer whale). All oceans, chiefly in coastal waters and cooler regions. Genus ORCAELLA Gray, 1866 Orcaella brevirostris (Gray, 1866) (Irrawaddy dol- phin; lumbalumba). Coastal waters from the Bay of Bengal east to New Guinea and northern Australia; ascends far up the Mekong, Irrawaddy, Ganges, and other rivers. Genus PHOCOENA G. Cuvier, 1817 The genus includes four species (Norris and McFar- land 1958; Noble and Fraser 1971). Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758) (harbor por- poise). Coastal waters of the North Atlantic from Delaware and Sénégal north to Davis Strait, Iceland, and the White Sea; coastal waters of the North Pacific from Japan and Baja California north to Point Barrow, Alaska. An isolated population in the Black Sea has been named P. p. relicta Abel, 1905. Phocoena sinus Norris and McFarland, 1958 (vaquita; cochito; Gulf of California porpoise). Upper Gulf of California; sight records farther south are questionable. 10 Phocoena dioptrica Lahille, 1912 (spectacled por- poise). Coast of Argentina and Uruguay; the Falkland Is- lands; and South Georgia. Phocoena spinipinnis Burmeister, 1865 (black por- poise). East coast of South America from Uruguay to Patagonia; west coast from Paita, Peru, to Valdivia, Chile. Genus NEOPHOCAENA Palmer, 1899 Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829) (finless porpoise). Warm coastal waters and certain rivers from Pakis- tan east to Korea, Japan, Borneo, and Java. (The type-specimen allegedly came from the Cape of Good Hope, but Peter Best (pers. commun.) stated that there are no. indisputable South African records.) Specimens from China and Japan differ from Indian Ocean specimens, and are best regarded as a subspecies, N. p. asiaeorientalis (Pilleri and Gihr, 1971), rather than a full species as originally described (van Bree 1973). More recently Pilleri and Gihr (1975) have differentiated three allopatric forms which they arbitrarily rank as species: N. Phocaenoides from Pakistan to Borneo, N. astaeortentalis from China, and N. sunameri Pilleri and Gihr, 1975, from Japan and Korea. Their pub- lished data are inadequate to reveal whether the Japanese and Chinese populations are sufficiently separable to warrant recognition of sunameri even as a subspecies. Genus PHOCOENOIDES Andrews, 1911 Phocoenoides_ dallit whiteflank porpoise). Immediate offshore waters of the North Pacific from Japan and southern California north to the southern Bering Sea. ‘““True’s porpoise” is a color phase localized in Japanese waters. (True, 1885) (Dall porpoise; Family MONODONTIDAE Some authors have included the narwhal and beluga in the family Delphinidae. Genus DELPHINAPTERUS Lacépéde, 1804 Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776) (beluga; belukha; white whale). Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas; including Okhotsk and Bering Seas, and James Bay; isolated pop- ulations occur in Cook Inlet, Alaska, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence; ascends several hundred miles up larger rivers of Siberia and Alaska. Some authors recognize three subspecies: a large one, D. l. dorofeevi Barabash and Klumoy, 1935, from the Okhotsk Sea; a small one, D. 1. marisalbi Ostroumov, 1935, in the Barents and White seas; and a medium-sized one, D. /. leucas, in the rest of the range. However, geographical variation is more complex than this classification suggests (Sergeant and Brodie 1969). Genus MONODON Linnaeus, 1758 Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 (Narwhal). North polar seas, mainly in deep waters. Family PHYSETERIDAE The genus Kogia is sometimes placed in a separate family (Kogiidae). Genus PHYSETER Linnaeus, 1758 Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 whale). All oceans (except polar ice fields). (For use of this name instead of P. catodon Linnaeus, 1758, see Husson and Holthuis 1974.) (sperm Genus KOGIA Gray, 1846 Handley (1966) has reviewed the distinguishing features of the two species in this genus. Kogia breviceps (de Blainville, 1838) (pygmy sperm whale). World-wide in tropical and warm temperate waters. Kogia simus Owen, 1866 (dwarf sperm whale). The seas adjacent to South Africa, India, Ceylon, Japan, Hawaii, California, Baja California, and eastern United States. Family ZIPHIIDAE See Moore (1968) for diagnoses of the genera. Genus BERARDIUS Duvernoy, 1851 Two allopatric species are recognized. The North Pacific form differs from the Southern Hemisphere form chiefly by its much larger size. Possibly it should be regarded as only a subspecies of the Southern Hemi- sphere form. Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851 (southern giant bot- tlenose whale). Southern Ocean; known from South Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, South Shetlands, South Africa, and off the Antarctic Peninsula. Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883 (North Pacific giant bottlenose whale). North Pacific from Japan and southern California north to the Bering Sea. 11 Genus ZIPHIUS G. Cuvier, 1823 Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823 (goosebeak whale). All temperate and tropical seas. Genus TASMACETUS Oliver, 1937 Tasmacetus shepherdi Oliver, 1937. Known only from a few specimens stranded in New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina. Genus INDOPACETUS Moore, 1968 The one species of this genus was formerly included in Mesoplodon. Indopacetus pacificus (Longman, 1926) (Indo-Pacific beaked whale). Known from only two specimens stranded at Mackay, Queensland, Australia, and Danane, Somalia. Genus HYPEROODON Lacépéde, 1804 Two well-defined species are recognized: one in the North Atlantic, the other in the Southern Hemisphere. The latter constitutes subgenus Frasercetus Moore, 1968. The occurrence of Hyperoodon in the North Pacific has never been verified, and most if not all published records of its occurrence there are based on misidentification of Berardius. Beaked whales possibly referable to Hyperoodon are taken by whalers off the Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido, but to date none has been examined by a biologist (M. Nishiwaki, pers. commun.). Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster, 1770) (North Atlan- tic bottlenose whale). North Atlantic from Davis Strait and Novaya Zemlya south to Rhode Island and the English Channel; doubtfully recorded from the Mediter- ranean Sea. Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882 (flathead bot- tlenose whale). Southern Ocean; known from Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia, the South Orkney Islands, South Africa, and off the coast of Antarctica in the Pacific and In- dian Ocean sectors. Genus MESOPLODON Gervais, 1850 Eleven species are currently recognized by Moore (1968). Mesoplodon pacificus is now placed in a separate genus, Indopacetus. Mesoplodon layardii is placed in the subgenus Dolichodon Gray, 1871; M. densirostris in the subgenus Dioplodon Gervais, 1850; and the remaining species are placed in subgenus Mesoplodon. Mesoplodon hectori (Gray, 1871). Known only from Tasmania, New Zealand, the Falkland Islands, and South Africa. Mesoplodon mirus True, 1913. North Atlantic from Florida and Nova Scotia east to the British Isles; an apparently isolated population in temperate waters off South Africa. Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais, 1855) (Antillean beaked whale; Gulf Stream beaked whale). Western North Atlantic from Trinidad, Jamaica, and the Gulf of Mexico, to Long Island, N.Y.; one record from the English Channel. Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki and Kamiya, 1958 (ginkgo-tooth whale). Recorded from Ceylon, Taiwan, Japan, and Califor- nia. Mesoplodon grayi von Haast, 1876 (scamperdown whale). South Africa, South Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Islands, and Argentina; one record from the Netherlands. Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Moore, 1963 (archbeak whale). Temperate waters of the North Pacific from Japan east to British Columbia and California. Mesoplodon bowdoint Andrews, 1908 (deepcrest whale). Known only from New Zealand, Tasmania, Western Australia, Victoria, and Kerguélen Island. Mesoplodon stejnegeri True, 1885 (sabertooth whale; Bering Sea beaked whale). Subarctic waters of the North Pacific from the Ber- ing Sea south to Japan and Oregon. Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby, 1804) (North Sea beaked whale). Cool temperate waters of the North Atlantic from Newfoundland and Massachusetts east to southern Norway and the Bay of Biscay. Mesoplodon layardii (Gray, 1865) (straptooth whale). South Africa, southern Australia, New Zealand, and the Falkland Islands. Mesoplodon densirostris (de Blainville, 1817) (dense- beak whale; tropical beaked whale). Tropical and warm temperate waters of all oceans. SYNONYMS Listed below are generic and specific synonyms frequently appearing in recent literature. 12 In recent literature Arctocephalus doriferus A. elegans A. tasmanicus Arctophoca Balaena australis B. japonica B. sieboldi Balaenoptera bonaerensis B. brydet B. davidsoni B. huttoni Callorhinus alascensis C. curilensis C. cynocephalus C. mimicus Cephalorhynchus albifrons C. albiventris Delphinapterus dorofeevi D. friemani Delphinus bairdii D. capensis D. dussumteri D. longirostris D. roseiventris D. tropicalis Electra Eschrichtius gibbosus E. glaucus Eubalaena Eumetopias stelleru Feresa intermedia F. occulta Globicephala brachyptera G. edwardii G. lewcosagmaphora G. scammonit G. sieboldit Grampidelphis Grampus orca G. rectipinna Gypsophoca Histriophoca Hydrodamalis stelleri Hyperoodon rostratus Lagenorhynchus electra L. fitzroyi L. ognevt L. superciliosus L. thicolea L. wilsont Megaptera nodosa Meomeris Mesoplodon gervaist M. hotaula M. pacificus In present list Arctocephalus pusillus A. tropicalis A. pusillus Arctocephalus Balaena glacialis B. glacialis | B. glacialis | Balaenoptera acutorostrata B. edeni B. acutorostrata B. acutorostrata Callorhinus ursinus C. ursinus C. ursinus C. ursinus Cephalorhynchus hectori C. eutropia Delphinapterus leucas D. leucas Delphinus delphis D. delphis D. delphis D. delphis Stenella longirostris Delphinus delphis Peponocephala Eschrichtius robustus E. robustus Balaena Eumetopias jubatus Feresa attenuata F. attenuata Globicephala macrorhynchus G. melaena G. melaena G. macrorhynchus | G. macrorhynchus Grampus Orcinus orca O. orca Arctocephalus Phoca Hydrodamalis gigas Hyperoodon ampullatus Peponocephala electra Lagenorhynchus obscurus L. obliquidens L. obscurus Lagenorhynchus sp.? L. cruciger Megaptera novaeangliae Neophocaena Mesoplodon europaeus M. gingkodens Indopacetus pacificus Monachus albiventer Neobalaena Neomeris Neophoca hookeri N. lobatus Nodus Odobenus divergens Orcaella fluminalis Orcella Orcinus rectipinna Otaria byronia Pagophilus Phoca insularis P. kurilensis P. richardii Phocoena vomerina Phocoenoides truet Physeter catodon Platanista indi Prodelphinus Pusa Rhachianectes Rhytina Sibbaldus Sotalia borneensis S. brasiliensis S. chinensis S. gadamu S. guianensis S. lentiginosa S. pallida S. plumbea S. sinensis S. teuszit S. tucuxt Sousa borneensis S. lentiginosa S. plumbea S. queenslandensis Stenella alope S. dubia S. euphrosyne S. frontalis S. graffmani S. malayana S. microps S. pernettensis S. roseiventris S. styx Steno rostratus ’ Stenodelphis Stenorhinchus Stenorhynchus Susu Thalarctos Trichechus latirostris Tursiops abusalum T. aduncus T. catalania Monachus monachus Caperea Neophocaena Phocarctos hookeri Neophoca cinerea Mesoplodon Odobenus rosmarus Orcaella brevirostris Orcaella Orcinus orca Otaria flavescens Phoca Phoca vitulina P. vitulina P. vitulina Phocoena phocoena Phocoenoides dallit Physeter macrocephalus Platanista minor Stenella Phoca Eschrichtius Hydrodamalis Balaenoptera Sousa chinensis Sotalia fluviatilis Sousa chinensis Tursiops truncatus Sotalia fluviatilis Sousa chinensis Sotalia fluviatilis Sousa chinensis S. chinensis S. teus2it Sotalia fluviatilis Sousa chinensis S. chinensis S. chinensis S. chinensis Stenella longirostris Stenella (?) attenuata S. coeruleoalba Stenella (?) attenuata S. attenuata Sousa chinensis (fide van Bree, pers. commun.) Stenella longirostris Stenella (?) plagiodon S. longirostris S. coeruleoalba Steno bredanensis Pontoporia Hydrurga Hydrurga Platanista Ursus Trichechus manatus Tursiops truncatus T. truncatus T. truncatus 13 T. gadamu T. truncatus T. gullii T. truncatus T. nesarnack T. truncatus T. nuuanu T. truncatus Neophoca cinerea Zalophus californianus Neophoca cinerea Zalophus californianus Zalophus cinereus Z. japonicus Z. lobatus Z. wollebaeki ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Victor B. Scheffer, coauthor of the previous two editions, reviewed the entire manuscript. P. J. H. van Bree and C. A. Repenning reviewed in detail the sec- tions on cetaceans and pinnipeds, respectively. P. B. Best, W. F. Perrin, and P. D. Shaughnessy provided valuable comments on portions of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED ALLEN, J. A. 1908. The North Atlantic right whale and its near allies.. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24:277-329. AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, COMMITTEE ON CLASS- IFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE. 1973. 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Whales Res. Inst. 21:1-78. PERRIN, W. F. 1970. Color pattern of the eastern Pacific spotted porpoise Stenella graffmani Loénnberg (Cetacea, Delphinidae). Zoologica (N.Y.) 54:135-149. 1972. Color patterns of spinner porpoises (Stenella cf. S. longiros- tris) of the eastern Pacific and Hawaii, with comments on del- phinid pigmentation. Fish. Bull., U.S. 70:983-1003. 1975a. Distribution and differentiation of populations of dolphins of the genus Stenella in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32:1059-1067. 1975b. Variation of spotted and spinner porpoise (Genus Stenella) in the eastern Pacific and Hawaii. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. Calif. 21:1-206. PILLERI, G., and M. GIHR. 1971. Differences observed in the skulls of Plantanista indi and gangetica. In G. Pilleri (editor), Investigations on Cetacea, Vol. 3, Part 1, p. 13-21. Inst. Brain Anat., Berne, Switz. 1975. On the taxonomy and ecology of the finless black porpoise, Neophocoena (Cetacea, Delphinidae). Mammalia 39:657-673. PIVETEAU, J. (editor). 1958. Traité de paléontologie. Tome 6, Vol. 2, 962 p. Masson, Paris. 1961. Traité de paléontologie. Tome 6, Vol. 1, 1138 p. Masson, Paris. REINHART, R. H. 1959. A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia. Geol. Sci. 36:1-146. REPENNING, C. A. 1975. Otarioid evolution. Mer 169:27-33. REPENNING, C. A., R. S. PETERSON, and C. L. HUBBS. 1971. Contributions to the systematics of the southern fur seals, with particular reference to the Juan Fernandez and Guadalupe species. Antarct. Res. Ser. 18:1-34. RICE, D. W., and V. B. SCHEFFER. 1968. A list of the marine mammals of the world. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 579, 16 p. Univ. Calif. Publ. Rapp. P.-V. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. ROEST, A. I. 1973. Subspecies of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Los Ang. Cty. Mus., Contrib. Sci. 252:1-17. ROMER, A. S. 1966. Vertebrate paleontology. 3ded. Univ. Chicago Press, Chi- cago, 468 p. SCHEFFER, V. B. 1958. Seals, sea lions, and walruses; a review of the Pinnipedia. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, 179 p. SCHEFFER, V. B., and D. W. RICE. 1963. A list of the marine mammals of the world. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 431, 12 p. SERGEANT, D. E., and P. F. BRODIE. 1969. Body size in white whales, Delphinapterus leucas. Res. Board Can. 26:2561-2580. J. Fish. 15 SHAUGHNESSY, P. D. 1974. Biochemical identification of populations of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 179 p. SIMPSON, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mam- mals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85:1-350. 1961. Principles of animal taxonomy. Columbia Univ. Press, N.Y., 247 p. SLIJPER, E. J. 1936. Die Cetaceen. Capita Zool. 7:1-590. SMIRNOV, N. 1927. Diagnostical remarks about seals (Phocidae) of the Northern Hemisphere. Troms¢. Mus. Arsh. 48(5):1-23. STEJNEGER, L. 1897. The Russian fur-seal islands. 1896, 16:1-148. 1898. The Asiatic fur-seal islands and fur-seal industry. In D. S. Jordan (editor), The fur seals and fur-seal islands of the North Pacific Ocean, part 4, 384 p. Government Printing Office, Wash., D:C. TRUE, F. W. 1889. Contributions to the natural history of the cetaceans, a re- view of the family Delphinidae. Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 36, 192 p. U.S. MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION. 1976. Marine mammal names used by the Marine Mammal Com- mission. Wash., D.C., 8 p. van BREE, P. J. H. 1971. On Globicephala sieboldii Gray, 1846, and other species of pilot whales. Beaufortia 19:79-87. 1973. Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (Pilleri & Gihr, 1973), asynonym of the preoccupied name Delphinus melas Schle- gel, 1841. Beaufortia 21:17-24. van BREE, P. J. H., and P. E. PURVES. 1972. Remarks on the validity of Delphinus bairdii (Cetacea, Del- phinidae). J. Mammal. 53:372-374. van BREE, P. J. H., and D. ROBINEAU. 1973. Notes sur les holotypes de Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis (de Blainville, 1817) et de Inia geoffrensis boliviensis d’Orbigny, 1834 (Cetacea, Platanistidae). Mammalia 37:658-668. VAZ FERREIRA, R. 1976. Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman), South American fur U.S. Fish Comm. Bull. for seal. Adv. Comm. Mar. Resour. Res., Sci. Consult. Mamm. 49: 1-13. WINGE, H. 1921. A review of the interrelationships of the Cetacea. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 72(8):1-97. YABLOKOV, A. V., and V. YA. ETIN. 1965. Analysis of population differences in the body coloring of mammals (as exemplified by the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica). {In Russ., Engl. summ.] Zool. Zh. 44:1103-1106. YABLOKOV, A. V., and D. E. SERGEANT. 1963. Cranial variations in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben, 1777). Zool. Zh. 42:1857-1865. (In Russ., Can. State Bur. Transl. No. 3908, 1964, 16 p.) ZEMSKY, V. A., and V. A. BORONIN. 1964. On the question of the pygmy blue whale taxonomic position. Nor. Hvalfangst-Tidsskr. 53:306-311. 7 7 7 Pe fs YOretts sm ‘ Tr cel uth © sl et tdi , verkabef ibe! Cian? oy a ee Pt > Ba } pent Ft a ah we: 5 nhhen ‘ah ee all 2 4 i > ‘spt pis mah Le i ! ~~ 1% i i rah 1 7 an i wkd | -1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, iii + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., ll figs., 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs., 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D-C. 20402. 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Brevoortia, 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W. G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81p., 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. October 1975, iii + 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware II during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N.E. 45TH ST SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Library ee of Fishes » OS. Nabional Mu Washington peDiaGls > 0560 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-712 Annual Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Cycles of : Auke Bay, oe aM Alaska Herbert E. Bruce, Douglas McLain, and Bruce L. Wing May 1977 © : i) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographi distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish leve' for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishi grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. 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Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA; Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs_ are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA onthe development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladel!l Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, x! + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. Continued on inside back cover 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale b: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing 0: Washington, D.C. 20402. 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic: John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs, : tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governm Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldt December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing O Washington, D.C. 20402. i 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhad Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. D: December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superi dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 tal For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Print Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport Rin North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johns September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superin ' dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, » Washing D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus america fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by | Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Off Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersu (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satelli L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by 1 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Off Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 fi tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1 By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 ap) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government P Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. j ATMOS _ pro saan Re “Wruent of © NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-712 Annual Physical and Chemical Oceanographic Cycles of Auke Bay, Southeastern Alaska Herbert E. Bruce, Douglas R. McLain, and Bruce L. Wing May 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-020-00134-3 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS IkaYRRale bea} Gud, Get eke, CAPE Oe MC EOS cEeoG co MMe ne GMs SHS canary Sone OMdua OME to eae uma WMescriptioncofistudyLareawe wes haat fate ee ee OP, cc te eee Oe MINE br fe SR ae nr ates sareea Physiographysandggeologyas sen cancun sae eh canes acy et RES oh eerei genes seh csecpes ier ss ChimatologyRereet me ca coe. costars, CUE e Soin Eee a eet ed ee ee een Ere Te os URE ate FUT OFf tary remedies bey amie ey esi cee eaten cements Geers wes oat ee kU ens cee Wa) PRAM cts cya om Sey ea ne 4ST ES is Sin eoiere ermobtree ects Oe cee Chea ome Reni pieced Fer rte acer aime ns ae RN pre cre ES pee en SR Physical and chemical oceanographic features of Auke Bay ...............-2.2000. BRET DETACUTC ccc RRC a eee cic ch etre Speman a eee ee CORTE re fe erence ce ses eR ra Salinityage ee cies emrte Orcs Sec) eee a ata 2s Dat cece ine ey eye Ue a aL te erg eR, Ce alr HE ETIST EV Gants grees race sae Pete ee erten esa ears etc lee iy Se ve nd cat ea Conyac Lees Se TS Ag oe rn Stabila bya Merb erie |e Ses eaicias ra iat ne BCs eo Cel eet eB Chia PTS, ye a WISSOlVECNOXY PEM ere Mei acs rch tue eee ee goa oh (oocyte cdk oe ay Poe ote i Ne eg MOT SAMI Cen utr ents aa samee acdc: cubegetey eateries has ulcigie Meester et ome cnee epee ene oo SUITE An ro oat sune oa Abiotic at chip: on Emre tee Tari n Cem ney eet om mE yo meee Thiteraturescitecd mye ise s an eyo) smerny Ise (SD A ail tara Galore NRC ee eps Me en ges cs. ag ieAukeBayAlaskavand(surroundingiareay = eewiaue ae cocoa alice secre re) neni eulene ont) ats 2. Bathymetry of Auke Bay, Alaska, and locations of oceanographic stations ........... 3. Average monthly precipitation at Juneau airport, 1931-60 .................... 4. Monthly averages of daily insolation in Auke Bay area, 1959-62 ................. 5. Monthly averages of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures recorded at Juneau, Alaska, airport and of sea surface temperature at Auke Bay, Alaska, 1959-62 ........ 6. Observed water temperatures at selected depths in-Auke Bay, Alaska, 1960-68 ........ 7. Typical profiles of temperature in Auke Bay, Alaska, for January, April, July, and October LI GOIGS wertacra sae acy ayareten si ea eos rev crag soales ae eel Fae aca oe hos eo SURe eo te Wee ANS CE aac cae Seg 8. Observed salinities at selected depths in Auke Bay, Alaska, 1960-68 .............. 9. Typical profiles of salinity in Auke Bay, Alaska, for January, April, July, and October 1960- COSI tle eStart, aarce te oo) SUN UNG Ain fe eecy toy anc el eae f; Ren ra ope ty cata ATMOS DE USP, oy Figure 9.—Recovery locations of drift cards released across Kvichak River mouth, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery location indicate resultant direction of drift.) beaches but were unusable because they had lost iden- tifying serial numbers. The direction of drift for cards released across the mouths of the Kvichak and Naknek rivers (Figs. 9, 10) was seaward in a southwesterly direction. Most cards recovered from these two releases were found between Naknek River mouth and Johnston Hill. The concen- RECOVERIES = 44 160° 73> Figure 10.—Recovery locations of drift cards released across Nak- nek River mouth, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery location indicate resultant direction of drift.) tration of cards in this area was probably due to several factors. Water leaving Naknek River during the first several hours after high slack water moves seaward along the southeast side of Kvichak Bay. This movement must also occur for water above the Naknek River mouth along the east side of Kvichak River. Once the water level has dropped enough, the influence of a gravel bar off the en- trance to Naknek River causes the main stream of Nak- nek River water to be directed farther offshore, and the water moving seaward along the east side of Kvichak River is also directed farther offshore. These flows con- verge and cause the shear line in the Naknek River mouth mentioned earlier. The emergence of the gravel bar at ebb tide also causes an eddy seaward of the bar which extends as far as the northern end of Johnston Hill (Fig. 10). Drift cards floating into this dead-water area at a certain stage of tide may have been prevented for a time from further seaward movement, and most were recovered from 2 to 17 days after release, indicating some had been confined in the area for many tidal cycles. More than half the cards recovered in the area were taken in stationary salmon gill nets. Drift cards released in the mouth of Kvichak River and recovered elsewhere than in the area south of the mouth of Naknek River show that the seaward flow of Kvichak River water is along the northwest side of Kvichak Bay. Other than in the limited area mentioned, no cards released in Kvichak River were recovered on the southeast side of the bay (Fig. 9). Cards released in Naknek River were recovered along the southeast side of Kvichak Bay as far as Low Point (Fig. 10), but no Naknek River cards were found seaward of this point on this side of the bay. One was recovered, however, on the west side of Nushagak Peninsula, in- dicating that the route of Naknek River water is offshore and toward the northwest side of inner Bristol Bay. Drift cards released off Cape Chichagof and the en- trance to Egegik Bay (Figs. 11, 12) show that movement of these waters is across and toward the northwest side of inner Bristol Bay; one card from each release was re- covered north of the release site. An eddy similar to the one at the Naknek River mouth probably exists south of Egegik River also. Most cards released between Egegik and Ugashik rivers were even- tually recovered on beaches south of Egegik Bay (Figs. 13, 14). | Recoveries of cards from releases along lat. 58°N (Fig. 13), off Cape Greig (Fig. 14), at the entrance to Ugashik Bay (Fig. 15), and off Cape Menshikof (Fig. 16) show the course of the water to be north along the coast and ul- © timately toward the northwest side of Bristol Bay. No — cards from any of these four releases were recovered to the south. The distribution of drift cards furnished direct evidence on the courses followed by Kvichak, Naknek, Egegik, and Ugashik river waters in Bristol Bay and on the influence of the net or nontidal current on this pat- tern. The course followed is consistent with the course in- ferred from the horizontal salinity distribution in the area and from results of the tracer studies. SYNOPSIS OF DISTRIBUTION OF RIVER WATERS ; | Results of the three methods of investigation permit a reasonable synopsis of the distribution of waters of the nou 10" Figure 11.—Recovery locations of drift cards released off Cape Chichagof, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery location indicate resultant direction of drift.) RECOVERIES = 5 rn i = = 1 137° Figure 12.—Recovery locations of drift cards released across en- trance to Egegik Bay, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery location indicate resultant direction of drift.) + oi RECOVERIES = 21 | AT RELEASE SITE n 160° 13> 137° Figure 13.—Recovery locations of drift cards released along lat. 58°N, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery location indicate resultant direction of drift.) major sockeye-salmon-producing river systems in inner Bristol Bay. The net seaward flow of river runoff water is along the northwest side of the bay, and the apparent net motion of seawater is toward the head of the bay on the southeast side. The vertical distribution of salinity shows that the in- ner bay and the lower reaches of the rivers are vertically ico Figure 15.—Recovery locations of drift cards released across en- trance to Ugashik Bay, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery location indicate resultant direction of drift.) 11 L 160" 139° 137° Figure 14.—Recovery locations of drift cards released off Cape Greig, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery’ location indicate resultant direction of drift.) homogeneous. As a result, the circulation pattern in this region does not vary with depth. The motion toward the head of the bay, as pointed out earlier, extends to and perhaps somewhat above the Middle Bluff area in Kvichak Bay. The distribution of salinity (Figs. 3-6) and the routes of drift cards (Figs. 9-16) both indicate that waters of rivers 138° 137° 160° CLARKS POINT 2. Orr xan? 160° 159° = BT Figure 16.—Recovery locations of drift cards released off Cape Men- shikof, inner Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. (Lines from release site to recovery location indicate resultant direction of drift.) draining Kvichak Bay move directly seaward along the northwest side of inner Bristol Bay past Cape Constan- tine. Between Egegik and Ugashik rivers and other rivers entering on the east side of the bay is a region of high- salinity water which has a net movement toward the head of Bristol Bay. Mixing and stirring will cause Egegik and Ugashik river waters entering the east side of the bay to mix with adjacent high-salinity water which has a net movement toward the head of the bay. Thus, the waters of Egegik and Ugashik rivers are carried above their mouths toward the head of the bay by the net cur- rent (Figs. 7, 8), and near Middle Bluff this water joins the flow of less saline water which is transported seaward on the northwest side of the bay. On the southeast side toward the head of Bristol Bay and north of the mouth of Ugashik River, inshore water must become a mixture of Ugashik and Egegik river water rather than being largely Ugashik River water. Between the entrance of Egegik Bay and Middle Bluff, river water must be largely of Egegik River origin because it has a greater discharge than Ugashik River. Moreover, Ugashik River water is being diluted by lateral mixing with higher salinity offshore water during trans- port toward the head of the bay. In the Middle Bluff area, Egegik River water should predominate, but some Naknek River water could also be present. Kvichak River water must be well offshore in this area. Tidal Influence Flood tidal currents carry some Naknek, Egegik, and Ugashik river waters north or above their respective out- lets into Bristol Bay, which cover tideflats exposed at low tide (Fig. 8). Naknek River water transported north of the Naknek River mouth by the flood current mixes with Kvichak River water. This mixed water moves seaward on the suc- ceeding ebb tide and should occur just to the west of the boundary marking the interface between water leaving Naknek and Kvichak rivers (Fig. 9). Thus, regardless of the striking separation of these waters shown by shear lines, during ebb tide there should be a gradation from Naknek to Kvichak river water from the southeast side to the northwest side of Kvichak Bay. In addition, there should also be a change from Naknek to Kvichak river water along the coast directly above Naknek River mouth during flood tide. Egegik and Ugashik river waters transported north of the entrances to Egegik and Ugashik bays by flood tide (Fig. 8) mix with adjacent coastal waters. This mixture moves seaward on the succeeding ebb tide as part of the coastal water west of the shear line marking the separa- tion of coastal water and waters leaving Egegik and Ugashik bays, respectively (Fig. 7). From the southeast to the northwest side of Bristol Bay in these regions, there should be a change from the coastal water of Egegik and Ugashik origin to high-salinity water, and then to low-salinity water originating from 9 of the 10 major sockeye-salmon-producing rivers entering inner Bristol Bay. An additional effect of tidal action on the distribution of river water is apparent in the salinity distribution in the inner bay at low and high tides (Figs. 3-6). The dis- tribution of certain isohalines at low and high tides sug- gests that a portion of the river runoff water that moves seaward from Kvichak Bay may actually be transported into Nushagak Bay at high tide. This river water would be mainly of Kvichak and Naknek origin, but perhaps some would be of Egegik origin. Effects of Wind My studies were done when wind velocities were generally less than 15 knots, and the effects of prolonged strong winds on the distribution of river waters were not evaluated. Strong winds undoubtedly increase the horizontal mixing between individual river waters and between river water and seawater. Drift cards afloat for 6 wk or more assumed a distribution similar to the course inferred from the salinity distribution of the area. The cards must have encountered winds exceeding 30 knots, which suggests that the circulation pattern determining the course followed by all river waters to the northwest side of inner Bristol Bay may not have changed during periods when winds exceeded 15 knots. In the summer months, winds in Bristol Bay are generally from the southeast, and because the movement of surface water is to the right of wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere (Sverdrup et al. 1942), these southerly winds move water onshore or toward the head of Bristol Bay. Prolonged periods of strong winds may be expected then to expand or reduce the horizontal dis- tribution of given river waters in the inner bay. Under such conditions, one would expect it is largely Kvichak River water (which occupies the northwest side of Kvichak Bay) that is moved toward the east side of the bay and that considerable mixing between Kvichak and Naknek river waters would occur. The same situation holds true for the other rivers entering the bay. Although the horizontal distribution of individual river waters may be expected to expand or be reduced under prolonged strong winds, their seaward course should remain essen- tially the same. SUMMARY Hydrographic studies were carried out in inner Bristol Bay to determine the seaward course and distribution of the waters of major sockeye-salmon-producing river sys- tems draining into the bay. These studies were con- ducted in conjunction with investigations of the early marine life and distribution of adult sockeye salmon while in Bristol Bay. They included: 1) determining the vertical and horizontal distributions of salinity in the in- ner bay; 2) tracking and plotting the distribution and course of Naknek, Egegik, and Ugashik river waters dur- ing flood and ebb with Rhodamine B dye; and 3) plot- ting the seaward course of plastic drift cards released at several locations in inner Bristol Bay. The results of the hydrographic studies showed that the net seaward flow of the lighter and less saline river runoff water is along the northwest side of inner Bristol Bay. The net motion of high-salinity water toward the head of Bristol Bay was shown to transport with it the waters of Ugashik and Egegik rivers, which enter the bay on the southeast side. Near Egegik Bay to Middle Bluff these waters joined the seaward flow of Kvichak and Naknek river waters, which enter at the head of Bristol Bay. Waters of these four rivers, along with the large volume of water from the rivers entering Nushagak Bay, _are eventually transported to, and moved seaward on, the northwest side of Bristol Bay. Dye tracer studies showed that Naknek, Egegik, and Ugashik rivers were similar to each other in the courses followed during ebb and flood tides. Flood tide currents, along with the non- tidal current, transported water from Egegik and Ugashik rivers above or north of the entrance to Egegik and Ugashik bays, respectively. LITERATURE CITED DODIMEAD, A. J., F. FAVORITE, and T. HIRANO. 1963. Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean, Part II. Review of ocean- ography of the Subarctic Pacific region. Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm., Bull. 13, 195 p. DONALDSON, L. R., and G. H. ALLEN. 1958. Return of silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), to point of release. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 87:13-22. HARA, T. J., K. UEDA, and A. GORBMAN. 1965. Electroencephalographic studies of homing salmon. Science (Wash., D.C.) 149:884-885. HASLER, A. D. 1966. Underwater guideposts; homing of salmon. Univ. Wis. Press, Madison, 155 p. p U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977—797-997/23 REGION 10 13 HASLER, A. D., and W. J. WISBY. 1951. Discrimination of stream odors by fishes and its relation to parent stream behavior. Am. Nat. 85:223-238. HEBARD, J. F. 1959. Currents in southeastern Bering Sea and possible effects upon king crab larvae. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 293, 11 p. JOHNSON, J. W. 1960. The effect of wind and wave action on the mixing and disper- sion of wastes. Jn EK. A. Pearson (editor), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Waste Disposal in the Marine Envi- ronment, p. 328-343. Pergamon Press, N.Y. McINERNEY, J. E. 1964. Salinity preference: an orientation mechanism in salmon mi- gration. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 21:995-1018. MARTIN, J. W. 1967. New plastic drift card. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:706-707. PRITCHARD, D. W., and J. H. CARPENTER. 1960. Measurements of turbulent diffusion in estuarine and inshore waters. Jn Symposium on Tidal Rivers, Helsinki, p. 1-14. [John Hopkins Univ., Chesapeake Bay Inst., Collect. Repr. 4:101-114.] STRATY, R. R. 1974. Ecology and behavior of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhyn- chus nerka) in Bristol Bay and the eastern Bering Sea. In D. W. Hood and E. J. Kelley (editors), Oceanography of the Bering Sea with emphasis on renewable resources, p. 285-320. Proc. Int. Symp. Bering Sea Study. Univ. Alaska, Inst. Mar. Sci., Occas. Publ. 2. 1975. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-690, 32 p. SVERDRUP, H. U., M. W. JOHNSON, and R. H. FLEMING. 1942. The oceans, their physics, chemistry, and general biology. Prentice-Hall, N.Y., 1087 p. U.S. COAST and GEODETIC SURVEY. 1964. U.S. Coast Pilot 9, Pacific and Arctic coasts, Alaska, Cape Spencer to Beaufort Sea. 7th ed. U.S. Dep. Commer., Coast and Geodetic Survey, 348 p. WISBY, W. J., and A. D. HASLER. 1954. Effect of olfactory occlusion on migrating silver salmon (O. kisutch). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 11:472-478. ie ‘ah aan i is i ay ‘s ey Las i E in : i x ‘ll _- | P a | y s i UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N.E. 45TH ST SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Library Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 2 COm-210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE ive) NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-714 wT Fc, = Wind Stress and Wind s Qy % { [aes Stress Curl Over _ ® SF * ES ; B ;, Pee) ¢ the California Current se of “ Craig S. Nelson August 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing — grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr.. Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. Continued on inside back cover 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tu fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hi and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by t Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Offi Washington, D.C. 20402. 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 18 fi tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governme Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldro December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Offi Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhade Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryft December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinte dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. } 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. . 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanu fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Offi Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adsp (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government © Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by ; Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, | Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs.. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF- 714 Wind Stress and Wind Stress Curl Over the California Current Craig S. Nelson August 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-020-00139-4 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. Introduction Data reduction Dependence of stress estimates on C D Effects of averaging Effect of atmospheric stability Wind stress distributions Spatial and temporal variability Seasonal cycle at the coast Wind stress curl Monthly curl distributions Coastal time series Discussion Physical implications Biological implications Conclusions Acknowledgments Literature cited Appendix I. Monthly surface wind stress distributions Charts 1-12. Resultant surface wind stress vectors, January through December Charts 13-24. East component surface wind stress, January through December Charts 25-36. North component surface wind stress, January through December Appendix II. Standard errors of the means Appendix III. Monthly wind stress curl distributions Charts 37-48. Wind stress curl, January through December CONTENTS Table Wind speed equivalents of Beaufort force estimates in knots and meters per second .......... Figures Chart of the west coast of the United States showing the grid of 1-degree squares used for summaries of SUITIGHOUSCHV ALL OUSigse acne yt inte Seer, cg ca, elas hee ances nla oy tics ON OMUey Suc ta rea macy Rutile eile Dishabucionwoisopservationsi per 1-deeree Squares wm ses cuss cs hime uel eee eel ea eee Banivalentmeutraludrasacoetticientetorrd UMen sa) tiny sai es seat ee MSc eiccis oie chico? ceiicmenes Equivalent meutraludracacoeiiicientsforsMecember os a aos ols 8.88: 0.7: B.67: B.58 0.71/22 21m ee ; eet oe 1 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 : Figure 8.—Wind stress constancy for December. The plotted values are defined as the ratios of the vector means to the scalar means. The contour interval is 0.25. 14 Se ees " rary 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 » Direction €6 45" do "135" 10" 225" 270 315 Direction nt § 6 =) J 7 104 o- 7 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 lon Directh 404 = 904 8 € 20. 104 CoRR IEE Magnitude 50} 404 = 304 5 8 & 204 104 ot I € 6 "45" 90 "135" 180" 225” 270" ais Direction 72 Percent 3 6 "45" 90 "135" 180° 225" 270" 31s Direction Figure 9.—Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for June. Data are shown for the 1-degree squares labelled 1 through 5 in the upper left inset. Contours of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%. Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. months. A slight shift in direction and magnitude of the wind stress is indicated between summer and winter. The mean stress in December is directed more toward the south, and the magnitude has decreased. The frequency histograms also show these features. During June, the direction histogram is characteris- tically narrow-banded. Over 70% of the observations may be concentrated within three direction intervals. In December, the observations tend to be spread over a wider range of directions. The histograms are broader and the peaks in direction are less well-defined. Peak magnitudes in June are generally one class interval larger 15 than peak magnitudes in December. However, the win- ter distributions are characterized by an increase in relative frequency at high values of wind stress mag- nitude. A similar pattern of contrasts between summer and winter distributions is apparent in the northern section of the grid. As shown in Figures 11 and 12, the direction histograms are generally well-defined during the sum- mer, although bimodal distributions are evident. Dur- ing winter, observations are nearly uniformly spread among all directions. There is a lack of consistency in the frequency surfaces in Figure 12. Direction histograms for 3575 307 120 Porcent a co CEST I AIAG SS 3 Porcont Percent ET aD ue a5" 90 135 G0 225 270 35 Direction Percent Figure 10.—Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for December. Data are shown for the 1-degree squares labelled 1 through 5 in the upper left inset. Contours of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%. Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. January are broad and flat and the peaks which generally characterize the summer distributions are missing. Mean directions shift from equatorward to poleward between summer and winter. A complete reversal in the mean direction occurs at point 7 (Figs. 11, 12). A shift in mag- nitude is equally pronounced. Peak magnitudes are higher in January than in July indicating a greater con- tribution of high wind speeds in January. The above discussion adds a new dimension to the seasonal descriptions of the surface wind stress dis- tributions over the California Current. Pronounced 16 seasonal variations in magnitude and direction of the monthly mean wind stress are indicated along the entire west coast of the United States. These changes are most evident off the coasts of Oregon and Washington. In ad- dition, these data suggest month to month changes in the large-scale spatial variability. Frequency histograms for direction and magnitude are broad and flat during the winter months, and along the northern coast. Well- defined peaks in magnitude and direction characterize the distributions during the summer and along the southern coast. OFS a5 G0 15 0 225 270 315 Direction N uaa 9 ia C= > B| Sia “ 2 aol | uo Dine: ee Cimispa sa aera laa \ Moppitude [ees | " SSS nak (37 VN, re ~ 204 See | eee ate SS ZS eal [pe “ — ae = Repent co Cees 0 225 270 315 ST i ja 6 wl zw £ 201 n / oe 104 / | | L| T cy 5 9 nqwa Mocpisie 20 } | | = yeah / ‘ | Ao} | \ y | | Wel / Paes \ / gE a 2 20 10- te mi eet Eb as do Ws wo Ds ao 3s Direction sy «ol =I co 8 =) © 204 10 \ ol Licded Sea \ Cis 8 a WH | Moprituce 50, } } ] ~ | 404 an jaf = 304 / 5 é Y 20 iil 104 n Aires te b aa CoO 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 Direction N lO. sc. gr ™ “ ~ >< 404 Z ee aS ee Si SWF Zee | SES Hell pee € 2a ~ =I - UN +o RMR eC) Magnitude €6 "45" 90 "13s" 10 225° 270 35 Directicn Figure 11.—Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for July. Data are shown for the 1-degree squares labelled 6 through 10 in the upper left inset. Contours of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%. Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. Seasonal Cycle at the Coast Time series of the surface wind stress within the 1- degree square areas immediately adjacent to the coast are displayed in Figure 13 as the alongshore component, and in Figure 14 as the onshore component. For these dis- plays, the vector means have been resolved into com- ponents parallel and perpendicular to the coast. The coastline angles were determined by visually fitting a line to the dominant trend of the coast within each 1- degree square. The months are indicated along the tops of the figures. The latitudes of the 1-degree squares are 17 indicated on the right and left sides of the figures. Nega- tive values are shaded and indicate equatorward along- shore stress in Figure 13 and offshore stress in Figure 14. Several characteristic features are apparent in these figures. South of lat. 40°N there is an equatorward com- ponent throughout the year, implying conditions favorable for coastal upwelling in all months. Off the coasts of Oregon and Washington, the data suggest that upwelling occurs seasonally between the months of April and September. Three relative maxima occur in the time/space do- main. Off the coast of Baja California, maximum values 50 45 8@ 40 135 130 125 eet 3 1 orl, | o| | | > Cee Ac 4A sept] _— y € 6 "45" 90 “wis” wo" 225" 270" 315 Direction wit | ial se — ©6 "45" G0 is" wo 235° 270 35 Cunt a we Magnitude 50 404 = 20] 2 = 20 “la -- TREES Peal © 6 "45 "90 "155" 180° 225° 270 315 Direction 50 ] 404 = Ww é 207 104 aes UL. cy s 3 now2a Magnitude 304 fee ie), (ETC RECT es aaeS Direction Percent ol ies \ \eaten| (Rit we we es \ Magnitude | | 50 \ eth} A | 404 wis] } 304 A = iS x C6 45a Ws WO 225 270 515 Direction Figure 12.—Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for January. Data are shown for the 1-degree squares labelled 6 through 10 in the upper left inset. Contours of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%. Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. of wind stress are evident near Punta Eugenia in May. A large maximum occurs just south of Cape Mendocino between May and August. A smaller, local maximum oc- curs in May and June at lat. 36°N. Figure 13 is similar in appearance to a time series of offshore Ekman transport shown by Bakun et al. (1974). They showed a good correlation between the occurrence of maximum offshore transport at lat. 39°N and a sup- pression of seasonal warming in the adjacent coastal waters during early summer, which is indicative of up- welling. The timing of the central wind stress maximum off the coast from Cape Mendocino agrees with the description of the mean yearly cycle of indicated up- 18 welling given by Bakun (1973). However, Bakun’s data are spatially distorted, and indicate maximum values at lat. 33°N, long. 119°W in the middle of the Southern California Bight. The spatial distortion is primarily caused by development of an intense thermal low over southern California during the summer. The influence of this low pressure system, and the effects of coastal moun- tain ranges distort the analyzed pressure fields used in Bakun’s computations. The time series of alongshore surface wind stress (Fig. 13) suggests a slight tilt, with time and space, to the region of maximum values. This corresponds to a north- ward shift in the intensity of the surface wind stress from NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION ee | | NOAR — NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE | 4 | PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP | MONTEREY. CAL{FORNIA SUREACE STRESS ( DYNE CH-2 ) LONGSHORE TIMESERIES GRID SECTION { 1) | LONG TERN MEAN 1857 - 1972 JUN JUL AUS 3 SEP QCT NOV DEC 17-0.04-B.20-0.07 ree _ONGSHORE ai Sssebdi sso Sos oesass Bee an reer wee ee oeeetiogt SEES fe i 3,61-B. 7 vie -0.32-0. 30135 es Remco 4. @8-0.12-0.27-0.25-B. 27-D. 18-2. 19-B. 18-2.20- 0.11-0.11-a.0gd Soro: 18.2 24-20. 39-0,31-2. Cece 21-2. 22-0.24-0,26-0.22 D2 8.23)33) eters ceaieegrenl eee Saprrapae dees socies dees Floss Jeesede sess ce dase £ a a3, 17-2. 25-8. 26-0.25-0. GB 18-2. 28-8.21-B. 25 —O. 18-8.21/3 PR MAY SiN AUG SEP-OCT NOV DEC > n JAN FEB MAR April and May off the coast of Baja California to June, July, and August off Cape Mendocino and Cape Blanco. Figure 14 indicates a tendency for the surface wind stress to be directed onshore throughout the year north of lat. 30°N. Off the coast of Baja California, surface stress is characterized by offshore components, except between the months of April and October. Offshore components are also apparent in the vicinity of Cape Mendocino and Point Conception. Near these points, abrupt changes in coastline orientation may influence the direction and magnitude of the surface wind stress. WIND STRESS CURL The surface wind stress curl is the forcing function for the vertically integrated mass transport of the wind- driven ocean circulation. Under linear, steady-state con- ditions on the “‘B-plane,” in the absence of friction and interactions with bottom topography, the meridional component of mass transport (My) is directly propor- tional to the vertical component of the curl of the wind stress as expressed in Equation (6): => = “(VxXT) B where M, is the meridional component of the vertically integrated mass transport, ( is the meridional derivative of the Coriolis parameter f, and “ke (YX) is the vertical component of the wind stress curl. According to the sim- plified model, positive (negative) wind stress curl is associated with northward (southward) meridional transport. Surface Ekman divergence (convergence) cor- responding to positive (negative) wind stress curl is balanced by geostrophic convergence (divergence) in the northward (southward) meridional flow. Coastal upwelling occurs only at the ocean boundary. However, wind induced upwelling will occur whenever divergence in the surface wind drift is not balanced by other modes of horizontal surface flow. Figure 15 shows a mechanism by which the wind stress curl determines the divergent or convergent nature of the surface wind drift offshore of the primary coastal upwelling zone. A seaward increase in the equatorward wind stress parallel to the coast (Fig. 15A) is characterized by positive wind stress curl. In this situation, the offshore component of Ekman transport increases in the offshore direction, resulting in continued surface divergence. Upwelling is required to maintain the mass balance. If the equator- ward longshore surface wind stress decreases in the off- shore direction (Fig. 15B), the wind stress curl is negative. Convergence in the surface wind drift will result. Frontal formation and downwelling may occur just offshore of the primary coastal upwelling zone. (6) M,= Figure 13.—Seasonal cycle of alongshore surface wind stress near the coast. Means of the alongshore components of wind stress were computed by month for the 1-degree squares immediately adjacent to the coast. Units are dyne cm~. The contour interval is 0.5 dyne cm™ Equatorward alongshore stress is shaded. Numbers along ordinate are degrees north latitude. 19 NCC - TOF-i1t — ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION NOAR - NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA ONSHORE SURFACE STRESS ( DYNE CN-2 ) LONGSHORE TIMESERTES GRID SECTION [ LONG TERM MEAN 1) JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC G.41' 8.13 B.23 B31: 47H Os 17-B. 18) 8.14 B.27: B16 0.18 B.1l: 0.28 B.0740,08-0. 20-2. WEEE ettetd sented ae eel oe a J----4--- - PEs Pen 9.07.10 G.34 8.39 0.22 8.27: B.16 BBE metas dhededt ise eee Sh HE sastished! SRE SSS Be) Fo 23 0.33 0.24 0.14 B16 8.10 6.87 8.10 8.05 B bape asa smed, hoo bsSet eS th ese ese, bso teeta 44-000)) 8.06 0.35 0.¥8 8.16 0.18 8.05 0.05 0.08 9.0f-2,02 B.22/44 43] 0.18 8.23 8.35 0.05 2.15 0.28 0.19 0.16 9.83-B-2B 0.05 B.07/43 42] 8.21 0.28 8.11 G.03 2.08 8.01 0.68 Be Y5\42 410 B 0.18 8.28 8.27: 8.48 9. {0,88 B.20 8.19 B.12 B.87-BrA1}4 1 , 08-2. 2i-B. 92-0 51-0, 28-Bs5t-G. 45-0. 31-0. 39) B.18 6.08 B.16 0.19 8.34 2.28 8.24 8.22 B.19 B.18 8.81 G.11/39 St tn se BBS SSeS etal ee et ee == 0.08 8.16 0.22 8.24 8.28 B.1S B.19 2.17 B12 B.18 B.B4)33 macro ene eaten ind maton} Sine RSS Stee Set Datel iat al aS el a 32} 8.05 B.88 B.15 8.19 8.28 8.16 B.15 8.15 B11) B.14 8.05 8.06132 30 8.05 B.11! 8.16 B.19 8.2% 8.17: B.19 B.11) B.11) B.29 8.87 B.25|3d sted he be he pt Booed etch heme 2 a B 1 8.89 8.02 8.03 2,08 B.24-f. 02-016 ByBal29 2 2. A.A? 8.62 9.82 6.8{-2.02—2. 22-B.B7-B. 11/28 $-0.11-B. 25-0.09-B.25 } 0.86 8.28 9.08 8.05 2.29 8.06 B,oe-0.87—9.10)26 SR prey! ee ae ee fe Set Hs Te ER See Ed era Sa ‘ 9.83 0.25 8.06 8.08 0.25 0.82 B. 22—-2..06—8. 9825 24-8. 13-8. 29-0.03) 8.02 0.87 8.18 B.07 8.18 9.29 f= 24 POS eT ee ee ae ae aa Be airs Lae Ceyene eeesrrcace repeset 23-0. 19-8. 12-2. Be: etrepraene pesersssecrs [elegans Mintreecenst 8.86 0.29 0.85 B.Bl: B. Se eee ay eS we rp) Sapenren fecpesnern Watniec: JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC essa WIND STRESS VECTOR Goa EKMAN TRANSPORT VECTOR ED. erwELLING-DOWNWELLING VECTOR i A POSITIVE ee CURL CURL Figure 15.—A conceptual diagram of the relationship of wind stress curl to the divergence and convergence of surface Ekman transport offshore of the primary coastal upwelling zone. Direct measurements of wind stress curl are not available; however, the curl of the monthly mean sur- face wind stress fields has been computed. The vertical component of the curl of the wind stress in spherical coordinates is defined by: — — 1 OT, @ a é (7, cos #) | (7) R cos 9 on £ where F is the radius of the earth, ¥ and A denote geo- graphic latitude and longitude, respectively, and 7, and T, denote the eastward and northward components of the mean surface wind stress. A finite difference equation approximating the curl at the grid point (7, /) in Figure 16 is given by: Tex Ts 1 eh en eh f ne ies 2AX T)= ij Rosy, j pe (Tt cos ) ij 417 (Te cosp);, j-1 (8) 2A where AY = AX = 1°. The method is similar to calcula- tions described by Hantel (1970). Centered differences were utilized throughout the interior of the data grid. Forward and backward differences were required along the boundaries. As a result, certain artificial features may have been introduced at these boundaries. Monthly Curl Distributions Monthly fields of surface wind stress curl are dis- played in Appendix III (Charts 37 to 48). These dis- tributions correspond to the monthly mean wind stress distributions shown in Appendix I. Values are plotted in units of dyne cm~ per 100 km. A value of 1 dyne cm~ NEGATIVE Figure 14.—Seasonal cycle of onshore surface wind stress near the coast. Means of the onshore components of wind stress were com- puted by month for the 1-degree squares immediately adjacent to the coast. Units are dyne cm~. The contour interval is 0.5 dyne cm~. Offshore stress is shaded. Numbers along ordinate are degrees north latitude. 20 { Figure 16.—Discretization grid used in calculating the wind stress curl. per 100 km is equivalent to 1 X 10 ‘dynecm °. Negative values of wind stress curl are shaded. Small scale features evident in these distributions should be viewed with caution. Detail within a single 1- degree square area which is not supported by similar values in surrounding squares probably reflects “‘noise”’ in the monthly means of surface wind stress. Objective smoothing procedures applied to the monthly mean wind stress fields would result in more homogeneous dis- tributions of wind stress curl. A particular method has been described by Evenson and Veronis (1975). Characteristic absolute magnitudes of the spatially averaged wind stress curl are 1 X 10~° dyne cm-3. This value is approximately a factor of two less than the sum- mertime mean reported by Halpern (1976) for an up- welling region near the Oregon coast. Considering the time and space averages used in the present study, this difference appears to be reasonable. However, the values are consistent with wind stress curl calculations reported by Saunders (1976). The probable errors associated with these estimates of wind stress curl may be calculated from a knowledge of the spatial distributions of standard errors of the (wind stress) component means (see Appen- dix II). On average, the expected error is 1 X 10 °dyne cem~*, with maximum and minimum errors of 4 xX 10° dyne cm~3 and 1 X 101° dyne cm~3, respectively. Of course, these values apply to particular individual 1- degree squares. Large values generally correspond to “holes” in the distributions, which are easily seen in the monthly charts. For larger space scales, errors as- sociated with the gradients of the mean wind stress com- ponents would tend to cancel. Thus, greater confidence may be expected for the patterns of wind stress curl which are consistent over several degrees of latitude and longitude. 21 The large-scale features of positive and negative curl along the coast are significant. Important details to note are the sign of the wind stress curl at the coast, and the position of the line of zero wind stress curl. A general feature common to all months is the occurrence, on average, of positive wind stress curl near the coast, and negative curl at some distance offshore. This feature is well developed from May to September. Greater spatial variability is evident in winter distributions. Existence of an offshore wind stress maximum results in a line of zero wind stress curl approximately parallel to the coast. Positive curl occurs inshore of the maximum wind stress. Negative curl in the offshore region is as- sociated with the anticyclonic atmospheric circulation over the interior ocean. The positive curl near the coast is related to topography and to local features in the surface wind stress distributions. The distributions from December to March are charac- terized by positive wind stress curl near the coast from San Francisco to northern Baja California, and south of Punta Eugenia. Large areas of associated Ekman diver- gence extend several hundred kilometers off the coast. The patterns of wind stress curl are less well behaved near the coasts of Oregon and Washington. However, negative wind stress curl near this coastal region appears to be typical of the distributions during the winter. During spring and summer upwelling seasons, the dominant patterns of surface wind stress curl are easily recognized. The line of zero wind stress cur! parallels the coast approximately 200 to 300 km offshore, along the en- tire boundary from northern Baja California to Van- couver Island, and from June through September. Yoshida and Mao (1957) placed this line at ap- proximately 500 km from the coast. Considering the coarse resolution (5-degree squares of latitude and longitude) of their data, this disparity is not surprising. The months of April-May and October-November ap- pear as transitional periods. During transition from spring to summer, the negative curl along the coasts of Oregon and Washington shifts to positive curl. The off- shore distribution takes on a more uniform character. Scattered regions of positive and negative curl are replac- ed by a large area of negative curl. The late fall transition is marked by a total breakdown in the curl distributions within the northern sector of the grid. Several local (positive) curl maxima are associated with major topographic changes in the coastline con- figuration. Large values of positive wind stress curl are found near Cape Blanco, Cape Mendocino, San Fran- cisco, and Point Conception. These features may be real, or they may be artifices of the finite difference cal- culations or the data distributions. However, one does note that near Point Conception, the values of positive wind stress curl are consistent with a decrease in the magnitude of the surface wind stress in the lee of the point. Where areas of positive wind stress curl extend off- shore of capes, there would tend to be a continued, al- though much reduced, level of upwelling outside of the primary coastal upwelling regime. A region of negative wind stress curl (Ekman conver- NESS WES = ENS Waeias Sune gence) reaches the coast of Baja California between Punta Eugenia and Punta Baja to the north. This feature ap- NOAR — NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE pears consistently throughout the year. A partial break- Ta Raaee Ga TO down in this system occurs in August, October, and 7 aT pr November. However, considering the probable uncer- WING STRESS CURL tainties in these derived data, one might reasonably con- ( DYNE CH-2/180KH } clude that the coastal region near Punta Eugenia can be LONGSHORE TINESERIES GRID SECTION { 1) characterized in the mean by convergence in the surface LONG TERM MEAN wind drift. The distributions of wind stress curl in this area imply favorable conditions for formation of fronts and convergent patches of recently upwelled water. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Coastal Time Series The mean annual cycle of wind stress curl near the coast is shown in Figure 17. Positive wind stress curl oc- curs along most of the coast throughout the year. Excep- tions to this generalization are found in the region south of lat. 30°N and between lat. 40°N and 47°N. The tem- poral persistence of the negative wind stress curl near Punta Eugenia (lat. 29°N) is clearly seen in this time series. A similar feature occurs near the tip of Baja California. Seasonal variation between positive and negative curl is apparent from Cape Mendocino to the Columbia River. Yoshida and Mao (1957) presented evidence indicating that open-ocean upwelling is related to wind stress curl. This process is distinct from coastal upwelling which is primarily a boundary phenomenon. However, the two mechanisms are not totally independent. In regions where positive wind stress curl occurs, such as between lat. 30°N and 40°N throughout the year, and near the coasts of Oregon and Washington during the summer, as- cending motion related to the wind-induced divergence offshore enhances the upwelling associated with the more dominant coastal divergence. DISCUSSION of ade ie : 9.18 8.23 B12 0.20 0.0513 Monthly distributions of surface wind stress show an —s | |____, beet a TUL Ae ae gh es a ae a offshore maximum which progressively develops over a 31] B.19 0.28 8.28 0.19 6.17 B.21) B.18 B.G7 B.15 2.13 9.18 8.1381 large extent of the California Current and shifts north- ward and intensifies from winter to summer. This process is a primary forcing function for coastal up- welling. Off Baja California, wind-induced surface divergence occurs on average throughout the year. Down- welling occurs near the coast of Vancouver Island, except during the restricted period between May and August when a small equatorward component of surface wind +o. a7 o. a7 azatal 2.03 a. a2 a. = stress is observed. oe Se ae a The major seasonal variations in the magnitude and direction of the surface wind stress can be described Figure 17.—Seasonal cycle of wind stress curl near the coast. The wind stress curl is shown by month for the l-degree squares im- mediately adjacent to the coast. The calculations were based on the monthly mean surface wind stress distributions. Units are dyne cm 2 per 100 km. The contour interval is 0.25 dyne cm-? per 100 km. Negative values are shaded. Numbers along ordinate are degrees i . meieercretts north latitude. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 22 simply in terms of the general atmospheric circulation over the northeast Pacific Ocean. Monthly mean surface pressure charts typically show two well-developed pres- sure cells. A high pressure system over the ocean shifts northward and increases in strength from winter to sum- mer. The center of the cell moves in a northwestward direction. This shift in the large-scale anticyclonic cir- culation results in the observed winter to summer rever- sal in the alongshore component of wind off the coasts of Oregon and Washington. A low pressure system is situated over the southwestern United States. This semipermanent thermal low is fully developed over the Central Valley in California during the summer. Cy- clonic circulation associated with the low leads to equatorward surface wind stress parallel to the coast. The amplitude of the annual cycle is large. During win- ter, both of these pressure cells weaken. The high pres- sure system moves southward and the coasts of Oregon and Washington come under the influence of the intense low pressure system in the Gulf of Alaska. The primary mechanism controlling the location and strength of the wind stress maximum and the associated coastal upwelling is described by seasonal variations in the gradient between the two pressure cells. During the winter, this gradient is weak. Strong heating over the continent during summer deepens the low and increases the amplitude of the onshore-offshore pressure gradient. As a result of the northward shift and strengthening of the high, and deepening of the low, the region of max- imum wind stress moves from the area south of Point Conception to the vicinity of Cape Mendocino. These variations are, of course, a function of differential ocean- continent heating related to the annual cycle of solar radiation. Physical Implications Climate of the adjacent coastal regions is influenced by upwelling. During summer, the dome of high pres- sure which develops over the North Pacific Ocean favors large-scale subsidence and a strong temperature inver- sion over the west coast of the United States. This sup- presses deep cloud formation and greatly inhibits precipitation. Unpublished distributions of cloud cover,® summarized from ship observations, show a large on- shore-offshore gradient in the total cloud amount. Minima occur at the coast. The effect of the large-scale subsidence is noted in the true desert climate of Baja California, and in the almost complete lack of rainfall along the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington during the summer. Coastal upwelling primarily in- fluences the local climate of the nearshore zone within 10 to 20 km of the coast and contributes to the formation of low stratus clouds and fog typical of much of the coast along California and Oregon. ‘Distributions of monthly mean cloud cover over the California Current are on file at Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Monterey, CA 93940. 23 A secondary mechanism may account for local inten- sification of surface wind stress and persistence of coastal upwelling over periods ranging from several weeks to a few months (Bakun 1974). In a simplified positive feed- back model, wind stress parallel to the coast brings cold water to the surface and cools the adjacent air. The resulting temperature contrast between the continent and the ocean increases the local pressure gradient. Alongshore surface winds are increased and upwelling is enhanced (Ramage 1971). This mechanism may be slightly modified by the effect of atmospheric stability. In the summertime coastal upwelling zone, the air-sea temperature difference is usually positive. This stable stratification decreases the magnitude of the surface wind stress. The resulting negative feedback may par- tially offset the increase in surface winds associated with the described changes in the local pressure gradient. The existence of maximum wind stress some 200 to 300 km from the coast is an interesting feature. Of course, a maximum in the onshore-offshore pressure gradient off- shore may explain this phenomenon. Positive feedback associated with wind-induced upwelling extending hun- dreds of kilometers off the coast may act to intensify the alongshore winds. However, this feature also suggests a coastal boundary layer which acts to frictionally retard the winds near the coast, leading to a positive wind stress curl in the nearshore region. A characteristic feature of the wind stress curl dis- tributions is the occurrence of a line of zero curl at some distance from the coast. Observations show positive curl inshore of this line and negative curl in the offshore region. A theoretical analysis suggests that a poleward undercurrent along an eastern boundary is favored by positive wind stress curl along the coast and a poleward decrease in surface heating (Pedlosky 1974a). The monthly distributions of wind stress curl presented in this study are generally consistent with an equatorward Sverdrup flow offshore and a poleward Sverdrup flow near the coast, except in the region from Punta Eugenia to Punta Baja, where the wind stress curl is negative. The general pattern of positive wind stress curl along the coast and observations of the California Countercurrent (Wooster and Jones 1970; Wickham 1975) are consistent with Pedlosky’s theory. The Sverdrup transport balance expressed in Equation (6) may provide a simple and reasonable explanation for the existence of the current-countercurrent system ob- served along the west coast of the United States. Trans- port calculations, based on the July wind stress curl data for the line of 1-degree squares extending offshore of Cape Blanco (lat. 43°N), show a net southward trans- port of 3.5X 10° gs_ '. Within 300 km of the coast, an in- tegrated northward transport of 2.2 xX 10g s ‘is re- quired. Negative wind stress curl between long. 127°W and 133°W is associated with a southward vertically in- tegrated mass transport of 5.7 X 10g s~!. These values underestimate, by a factor of two, the total volume trans- port of 10 sv (1 sverdrup = 10° m*s_!) for the California Current suggested by Sverdrup et al. (1942:724). A relationship between wind stress curl and the California Current system has been suggested. The data indicate that the poleward undercurrent observed along the west coast of North America may be driven locally by positive wind stress curl. However, a possibility does ex- ist that the boundary current is not entirely the result of local forcing. Coastal areas may respond to wavelike dis- turbances propagating from other regions of the ocean (Wyrtki 1975), or to other nonlocal processes (Pedlosky 1974b). Biological Implications Relationships among patterns of coastal and equatorial upwelling and distributions of primary production have been discussed by Cushing (1969). Favorable conditions for phytoplankton growth are maintained within surface photic layers by upwelling of nutrient-rich subsurface water. Offshore divergence related to the curl of the wind stress effectively extends the width of the biological upwelling zone. Fronts may form in areas of negative wind stress curl just offshore of the primary coastal convergence, such as near Punta Eugenia. These fronts would tend to concentrate both the available food and the grazers within the same areas. This process may be important to survival of fish stocks which spawn in this coastal region. Seasonal changes in surface circulation may also provide mechanisms for survival and possible separation of stocks along the coast. The current-countercurrent system characteristic of southern California suggests a mechanism whereby pelagic fish could migrate seasonal- ly from primary feeding grounds within the coastal up- welling regime off northern California to spawning grounds off Baja California. A general requirement for vertically integrated north- ward Sverdrup transport along the coast apparently breaks down near Punta Eugenia where negative wind stress curl is observed (Fig. 18A). In this region, there must be southward vertically integrated Sverdrup trans- port. With this consideration in mind, it is interesting to note the winter distribution of surface currents depicted in Figure 18B. The large-scale pattern suggests two separate cyclonic gyres associated with positive wind stress curl in the Southern California Bight, and south of Punta Eugenia. In the region of negative wind stress curl, the indicated surface flow is toward the south. The importance of coastal upwelling, offshore diver- gence, and patterns of surface circulation to the early survival of larvae in the California Current region has been recognized (Anonymous 1952). The cor- respondences of features in the patterns of wind stress curl, surface currents, and winter distributions of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, (Vrooman and Smith, 1971), shown in Figure 18C, are highly suggestive of larval transport mechanisms which could lead to for- mation of subpopulations of pelagic fishes in the Califor- nia Current. These mechanisms have been described by 24 I28W I26W I24W I22W I20W II8W_LI6W 114 11I2W HOW Anchovy Subpopulations Figure 18.—Distributions of: A. wind stress curl, B. surface cur- rents, and C. anchovy subpopulations. Wind stress curl is shown for September. Units are dyne cm ~ per 100 km. The contour interval is 0.25 dyne cm~-2 per 100 km. Negative values are shaded. The winter distribution of surface currents is depicted in terms of 2-degree sum- marizations of ship drift data. Vector symbols are scaled according to the key on the chart. Units are cms~!. Large arrows suggest the split cyclonic circulation which develops off southern California and Baja California. The winter distributions of the three subpopulations of northern anchovy are shown in the bottom figure. Figure C is after Vrooman and Smith (1971). Parrish (1976). Distributions of Pacific mackerel, Scom- ber japonicus, are similar to those for central and southern subpopulations of northern anchovy shown in Figure 18C. CONCLUSIONS The present study has demonstrated the utility of his- torical marine observations in describing details of sur- face properties over an area of the North Pacific Ocean. Resolution by 1-degree square and long-term month is feasible when the amplitude of the seasonal cycle is large. This method of summarization may fail in regions of sparse data, or in the tropics where long-term fluc- tuations frequently obscure the seasonal cycle. Summarization of these data by 1-degree square, month, and year often fails to produce consistent time series. The resulting fields may not be statistically sig- nificant if the mean values are based on too few obser- vations. Objective analysis provides a method to obtain consistency in time and space. However, with these methods, continuity in time is gained at the expense of spatial resolution. An empirical approach might be used to calibrate the large-scale analyzed fields in terms of the features evident in higher resolution distributions, such as those presented in this report. The resulting time series could be related to fluctuations of marine biological communities which must respond to wide variations in environmental conditions on time scales ranging from a few days to several years. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to Andrew Bakun for his original suggestions, constructive criticism, and con- tinued encouragement throughout the course of this work. Gunter R. Seckel and David M. Husby provided invaluable advice, many stimulating discussions, and reviewed the completed manuscript. Grateful apprecia- tion is extended to James H. Johnson for providing the opportunity to complete this research. All are colleagues at the Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. 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D. 1962. Statistical treatment of experimental data. McGraw Hill, N.Y., 172 p. APPENDIX I Monthly Surface Wind Stress Distributions The long term composite monthly mean surface wind stress distributions are displayed in Charts 1 to 12 as resultant vectors, in Charts 13 to 24 as the eastward com- ponents, and in Charts 25 to 36 as the northward com- ponents. The values are plotted in units of dyne cm”. The month is indicated in the figure legend in the upper right corner of the charts. The two years displayed below the month, for example 1858-1972, correspond to the year of the earliest report and the year of the most recent report, respectively. The coastline configuration is superimposed on the grid as a visual aid and does not represent a conformal mapping. In Charts 1 to 12, the vectors are plotted according to the scale shown below the figure legend. The mean vec- tor magnitudes are contoured at intervals of 0.5 dyne cm -. Magnitudes greater than 1.0 dyne cm ° are shad- ed. Charts 13 to 24 display contoured values of the east- ward component of the resultant surface wind stress. The contour interval is 0.5 dyne cm~2. Positive values corre- spond to eastward components. Negative values are shaded. The northward component of the resultant stress is plotted in Charts 25 to 36. The contour interval is 0.5 dyne cm~*. Positive values correspond to northward components. Negative values are shaded. 27 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION LI7MISEMISSMISAMIS3 M132 M131 ISO N129N 128127 1262S 2423222120 MO BEG SRA AS aC NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS. [ FIELD ( DYNE CM-2 } 4 COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR 4 JANUARY i 1B57 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 Chart 1.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for January. i _ NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137136135 1340133 _132_ 131130129" 128127126 125124 123) 122 121120119118 117 1176 115 114 113 112 111 | VANCOUVER ISLAND 7 Sa i NORA id NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENYIRONMENTAL GROUP q MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS FIELD ( DYNE CHM-2 } COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR FEBRUARY J 1858 - 1972 CAPE MENOOC LNO STRESS IN DYNE CH-2 cevednes = seccdee sath ede eee Sect Se a aed LS athe A a at Pep ES = ee Soke oad LetPUNTA EUGENIA 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 Chart 2.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for February. 29 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137136 135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114113) 12a ‘VANCOUVER ISLAKD | NORA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS FIELD ( DYNE CHM-2 } COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO CAPE MENDOCINO : 3 : 3 Ser EN 136 135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 M6 115 114 113 112 Chart 3.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for March. 30 NINERS 2 VME, Dgeetrue eign PAR ttf NNN ee ee SLL ENE caveats 1S ee a NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION TS 7 SESS E1340 S3 BI S2G SSA M2928 272612524231 22022 OS eM EMSA Sai VANCGUVER ISLAND NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA fi SURFACE STRESS } FIELD ( DYNE CM-2 } LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR APRIL 1858 - 1972 Soseed bend! CAPE MENOOC INO STRESS IN DYNE CH-2 eoceckeacd sso eed ES aa pie (et Ld a 1 2 38 3 POINT CONCEPTION ioe ae a aan, oe 1 ENN ie ioe naa aoe = Pd ee ie ee eae 137_136_135_134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 Chart 4.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for April. 31 20 ¥19 SEN/SVIGRITSMISAS SM Zei NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 13ZMISEMSSMISAMIS3INIS2ZMSI ISB 1291285 1277 126125 12412322212 OMS AS SS NS ‘ VANCQUVER ISLAND NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS FIELD { DYNE CM-2 ) =e COLUMBIA RIVER \ LONG TERM MEAN | CAPE BLANCO FOR MAY 1857 - 1972 + CAPE MENDOCINO STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 22.121 120 119 118 117 WI6 115 i1f4 113 112 111 Chart 5.—Kesultant surface wind stress vectors for May. NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION PAAMISENISS TAM SS MSZ SIMMISBETZ9 12827 26125) 124M 23/22 M2 AOS eM A MSA VS 2 at =, | VANCOUVER ISLAND NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS RIEBB ( DYNE CM-2 ) 7 * COLUMBIA RIVER 44 LONG TERM MEAN FOR 4 JUNE 47 1858 - 1972 41 STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 Pe oO eco N a FSIS RISSMPIAMI SIMS ZMIB IISA AZO 2812712625) ZA 23) WAZ D2 2A AO 7 SUG MS a Chart 6.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for June. 33 NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION [37MUSEMISSMSAMS3MI32 0131130) 129128) 127 T2625 124 N23 22212 IS te BM A STS VANCOUVER ISLAND NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS COLUMBIA RIVER FIELD ( DYNE CM-2 } LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR JULY 1858 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 Sy pe f : a1 2 ¥ \ POINT CONCEPTION Nea SNES He a a PART aS Re RC a eee ae |< Lp dai vi vi IN Pine ee ee ee ee AC os Wiese es ee te a PS le et el Ty nae Oy bal 0.5 ; : PSL cat ee ee He ag ar RE Se He con ae Oo: & pve a. Chart 7.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for July. 34 tt Ripe et hee eS I ef tye 1S Nike) td NGS Ro 157 136 195 154 195 152 151 190 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 116 117 116 115 114 113) tio and wv 2 1 NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION PARIS SSMS ARS SMSZM SISO ZS M1ZERNI A726 M25 aIZA 23M 22021 ZO OMS N/M SMA Se Le O..; VANCOUVER ISLAND NDAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA Se SURFACE STRESS Dv ¥ FIELD ( DYNE CM-2 ) \ LONG TERM MEAN ' Wee CAPE BLANCO FOR AUGUST 1857 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 137 _136_135 134 133 132 131 1308 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 Chart 8.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for August. 35 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137_136_135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 001 VANCOUVER ISLAND NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS FIELD € DYNE CHM-2 ) COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERN MEAN , CAPE BLANCO FOR SEPTEMBER 1854 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 pie 15 114 113 112 Tit Chart 9.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for September. 36 NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION SAME SSE SAIS MSZ SIMI SAMI 2ZOMIZBMI 278 126 ZOMIZAMI23MIZ2M 21 N20 ATOMS MSS SARIS Sd VANCOUVER ISLAND NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS FIELD ( DYNE CM-2 ) COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR OCTOBER 1854 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO STRESS IN DYNE CH-2 See Sod GaSecltore tboaactescetost Aka mae ie t ' C = ae a terran t ' POINT CONCEPTION Aaa, 137 _136_135_134_133_132_131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 Chart 10.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for October. 37 NCC - TDF-11 — ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137_136_135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 137_136 135 13 COLUMBIA RIVER CAPE BLANCO CAPE MENDOCINO 128 119 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS FIELD C DYNE CM-2 } LONG TERM MEAN FOR NOVEMBER 1854 - 1972 STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 ae Chart 11.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for November. 38 111 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 ——— NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SURFACE STRESS FIELD { DYNE CM-2 ) COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR DECEMBER 1860 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO STRESS IN DYNE CM-2 wGPUNTA EUGENIA D ‘ 1 ‘ eee Chart 12.—Resultant surface wind stress vectors for December. 39 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION @ (2120S Ne BGM SAS Mi aaeT IS7MISEMISSTTS4Is3132 131 132 125" 1282726 MI25S NIZAM 123M22 T 1 , ' ' 2.71 0.74: 2.56 44 058.58 B. a NOAR NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT r SURFACE STRESS [ ( DYNE CM-2 } 4 COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR 4 JANUARY n 1657 - 1972 8.56 9.66 9 0.89 0.73 9.36 B15 8.2, 8. 82 Sse sec pe be Sad bees SSR a ae Ho ona 8.25 2.37\2.62 0.88 B éo 0.72, bees) J-~~-4~---4~----4----4----4-X24----45/-™ YX | B.A? 8.35 B56 0.38 8.95 CAPE MENDOCINO eae ce Bee eae 28 0. ; es Se Ss Ss a ee as Se a ee Se Se eee esoee! Ry BENS ent oe nomrtatern er 2 SoS Aja sSécood) Joe ee a5 s5e) : 0.16 0.08 9.13 8.99 Sap eae ae ie 119 118 iT 116 Tis 114 3 112 111 Chart 13.—East component surface wind stress for January. 40 NCC - TDF-1i - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION TSAO SSM S4eN SSE TSAMISSY ZO R28 RZ 726 ZS IZA 23 22 Zo OM oS AISI NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP A MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT [ SURFACE STRESS ; B24) { DYNE CM-2 ) 4 B45 0.34 8.17) 2.18 8.23 2.18 2.19 0.14 a. -3----4 Saal 2. 2a B17 aos2 . 31) a. COLUMBIA RIVER facccdseseunoncdion | Be SS a. a sd J LONG TERM MEAN 5 Ad a. 18 3.04 CAPE BLANCO FOR j 0.23 3.28 0. 7 B.2 a8 FEBRUARY 4 ‘alas gieml gaoeen ie, 1858 - 1972 0.40 2.29 2.08 8.57: At ~---4----4----4:f--4 a CAPE MENDOCINO ! 8.32 2. 28 B. 18-B.42 4g) ' Be 32 9.21 B. 12 B.1 } 27 9.25 G.21: 9.38 8.29, 3 Bae et jee aay eee romney = } B.22 B.24 0.38 8.41) 0.33 M21 2.18 9.18 ae 2.33 Dye 8.48. B 2 tcodbasct ics Descetioeeed ea adbeast he Sin er a Se NE RO Sse Skt Seeds 1 ' t ' 1 1 1 -O. 39-0. 32-0. 28-0. 19-0. BB-D. 28-0. 28-2. 20-08 1 8.0212 1 3 2 leat tt ae faa 2 a.’ Ce AS SOE 2.08 2.27. B. fi BO: .2 9.17 oe 2.13 9.28 8.29) 2 Da lta att ea ad B.11) B.1p-B. 92 8.31: 0.29 B.23 B. 11: B.23) 0.38 2.26 2 yD Wg 0.88 Q.a5 o 4 B.15 2.03 B. 11: Bll! B21: B24 B.24' MEN eS Ss ae ecg cm Nea a COEUR RT co ja . BS-2. 168-0. 19-dho4 B.03 9.95 B.14 B.11) 0.21) 8.25 [2 ey De) are 0h) etre ier 2. 15-2.17-0.13 B28. a 2.09 2.07 Coe 8.21: 0.2024) frame dacced saaaitaae sAcaeataosed -----| ee eee tee eee 3 ene -J---- 3 ----J---- bee aa 1 1 ee! B.17-B. 11-B.24-9.08-3.B4 g.01 0.02: 2.04 B.17 B. 18} ---- Ee ee a eee ee eee ee ee isin sie abe permis ieee Sabina paosdnesatacas by att 9. 28-9.23-8.33-0.04-0.65-9.02-D.81' BBQ 9.06 B.11\2 aCe eee eee ee eee Bees ' ' t 1 ano dan a = = — Se Hd fists nemnaln noed== == t t PS/MMIGMISS ISAM ASZA1S ISOM 29 281272625 IZA ZS 22M Zoe MG 115 114 113 112 111 Chart 14.—East component surface wind stress for February. 41 NCC - TDOF~11 — ONE DEGREE SUNMARIZATION | 1S7ZMISEMiSS 134013391825 131 1WSBN1Z9 128127 12625 2A 23 2221 2S A 7G AS AS VANCOUVER ISLAND ka] | was Sy 49 5. e .41: 2.04 a. 49 ie altos cee gieine Viable ates genie NOAA Bete aes oe NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE rs ‘ ! PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP Leah Seen MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA Ny 9.61 B. beet ie Selene eee NN ERST COMPONENT 46 i 6.67 BBL! 0.68, 9.82 B.€2: } Be SURFACE STRESS C DYNE CH2 } LONG TERS MEAN 2.65 6. } 0.45 B42 0.32 0.36 0.24 0.34 ren 122 121 128 119 118 117 116 115 114 ne vem 111 Chart 15.—East component surface wind stress for March. 42 NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 193 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 12@ 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 1i2 111 43. 2.44 G.27: 0.38 B42 NORA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE | 9.38 8.28 0.39 8.16 9.21 PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP tie ee MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS ( DYNE CM-2 ) PAS 834. ea oe agri me LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR Se ae APRIL pela pape a as i 1858 ~ 1972 | 8.33 0.32 2.58 8.48 8.19 B19 9.43 @. 23 8. ai a. 35 g.271 a. 13: 137 136_135 134 133 _132_131_130_129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 oo 119 ie iT Te (SRAM 2aT Chart 16.—East component surface wind stress for April. 43 NCC - TDF-11 — ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132” 131 130 129 128 | 27 126250124 23220212 A ST C7 SA STARS NET | G.37 8.43 0.30 0.32 B. 21 B. 24 28 Br Zagat ep MENCOUVER EIS ANG IS | jaeeee ees Mane ey ----J---- eee ee eae an 4 B.31: 8.27: 8.32 0.38 9. 29 0.23 0.21 B.17 0.33 0.2 NORA 4 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP A MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS 5 534 ee ne j----4 aan |, Sees, Me nap 8.16 0.29 G.13: 8.29 B.31) B.33 8.3K B.65) 4.35 B.1 COLUMBIA RIVER ( DYNE CM-2 ) 8.35 9.26 2.21) 2.42 2.38 9.36 a. 28 g. 21 2.21) 9.15 PSS SRR era ee ee ee ee ane ene Sty LONG TERN MEAN aS | B.31) B.31) 8.47, e.39 @:a7i Be1e: Be isi Olde) eens FOR 43 aay MAY 1857 - 1972 J----2----4---- +. Sctonacth mel CAPE MENDOCINO 20 119 118 117 116 Tis" 114 ave 7 111 Chart 17.—East component surface wind stress for May. NCC - TOF-11 — ONe DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137136 135 1347133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 5 SL B.31 B.35 0.35 2.3) B.38 B22: 50\ 4g 0.39 2.38 8.27 3.32: NOAA d Lasers needa ee tee aESN NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE R B45 2.24 2.3¢ B79 PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP q ee Ue SE ESE MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA 47 0.34 9.44 0.38 B.34 code et a EAST COMPONENT 46 : : 8.38 9.27 8.23 B41: - 7 Ss Renee Wee SURFACE STRESS HS $f | B28 8.35 8.28 8.28 8.38; 8.28) ( DYNE CH-2 ) 4d et 9.33: 9.25 8.31: 0.09 8.21 9.05 8.28: B.33 G.13 8.09 aaa a See ene an nm ee ae LONG TERN MEAN 433 ' ' ‘ 8.4% G.29 2.25 8.22 8.01 6.21 B.15 B.06 B.15 B.B6 cape pi anco FOR 4 reas 9.19 8.28 B.16 0.24 8.27 0.23 B. 18 JUNE SSS Sia ea (cee Pa Wace Reg bene aOR ope tr ene ETT EoD 1858 - 1972 41 ee es 8.28 8.23 B25: PSST at etic baa Regapiie Waeae : T7777 CAPE MENDOCINO 40 ‘ 1 ' B.16 B.16 B.17 9.18 ; 9.38 B.23: 4g Bg ee ge : B16 2.16 0.15 8.28: B.38 8.31: 3. 36 9.13 6.28 G.23 0.26 G.29 8.38 (2.56: 8.67: 8.77: 3 ‘ } B61) 8.74) } Fe ee cae cy Dic ANS ate | G.59 9.67 B.59 B.58 9.34 B.2) } B. 14 8.25: poe Oe ee beeen eee UU DSSS ees NTS aan Ne B.11) B.13' B19 8.32 0.34 B. 46: B.45: B.A B.42: B44) Se erie re as DSS SESS ASP SS GS S56 Ss SSS SSeS SS ees ern eds B.92: B.14 G.16 B.17: 8.23 8.33 0.36: B.A B. 44) 1 OB 9.08 B.19 9.18 0.32 G.21 G.29 B.4B B.43 Di G.10 2.26 0.92 9.18 G.18 8.26 8.43 : 4 : 4 See] ' 1 4 J 1 1 1 ' ‘ ' 1 137.136 135 134 133 132 131 130129 SI2BR127E 1261 2SMA2AMi 2S MI222 21 2b OSes MSA Chart 18.—East component surface wind stress for June. 45 NCC - TOF-1! —- ONE DEGREE SUNMARI ZATION ISPMSEMSST1IS4AM133M132 1S 1380129) 128127 26125 124 M23 22121 2B Se SG SAS 33 0.25: 0.37: B.34 0.48 9.41 B.41 6.45 B21 Ea odiond eee a eet ce set Soe 4 8.37, 8.38 3.32 0.39 G.45° 0.28 D.4t! BoA NGAR NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRGNNENTAL GROUP m MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT } 2.28 8. ie aia tha SURFACE STRESS } 12 8. BS: ( DYNE CM-2 ) i B.22 0.18 2.28 a. 13 2.23 B14 3.13 2.17 2.19 o.08 peers enna oat | ates BRR Ta Set SIC Teo we ee TY LONG TERM MEAN 2.18 8.25 2.15 0.13 2.09 0.16 fas B02 0.05 8.08 cape scancn FOR 4 JULY L 1858 - 1972 ' B16 8.31: wi hee th Sst. ho Faye y 2 6.18 B.18 } B42 8.37: B.22 ae pie B. 2 g.23 9.33 2.16 2.38 2.36 B. 38 3 ed eee eee ee eee 3-~--4----4----4---- ™- ) 0.28 2. 13 0.19 9.16 2.32 8.36 aoe 8.4 DB. 18-2. 6-2. 18-2.19-008 23-2. 20-B.22-9.23-B.23-B. 16-2.88 ) oa 5 o-08-w.012 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 124 123 122 121 Chart 19.—East component surface wind stress for July. 46 a ee NCC - TOF-il - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION PAPAUSELeS MISARISS MSZ SIMS BMIZ9 MAB IAT MAAR 23222 A 2A N eMA iSeLAN sed 8.33: 8.44; 8. 48 B.4S: 8.49 0.44: 0.36: 0.31; De el ype gee eee eae eee Sessdeses Mae ’ 1 2.43 0.38 B.42\ B.48 3.47: 34d 0.35 0.43: 8.21) NORA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP ie MONTEREY. UALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT [ SURFACE STRESS € DYNE CM-2 3 r VANCOUVER ISLAND Pe 14: COLUMBIA RIVER f 4 LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR 4 1 Cc AUGUST lad Petes eth) od 1857 - 1972 De 18 2.15 B12 217 Bld B.18 B.23 B.27: B12 41 ee ee dela CAPE MENDOCINO » B83 B.14 B.S B.1F B17 B.18 B.28 6.33: B.19: 4g 39} 38) 3 86 01 B.06 8.15 9.22: 3 Be 13 4 3; | Z| 34 0.95: 9.09 @.14 8.27: B.35 9.30 8.33 B.31' B34: ei) } ht B.11: 2.24 a. 25 B. 3224 eee S5sed) es en ‘y 05-0. a2-0.25-0 09-0.05 8.00-B.17-2.25 B.08 8.11/21 |_ 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 Tr ii6 RSs as aa Chart 20.—East component surface wind stress for August. 47 NCC - TDF-!1 — GNE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 12@ 119 118 117 116 115 114 118 t2 tit NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE | 9.39 2.18 2.15 0. PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP Sard igs a ee MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 8.28: - | 2.28 b.29 2.39 a. Ms ae ez] a as be : EAST COMPONENT | eo a ae SURFACE STRESS 2.48 B. 18 0.31 0.47 8. ai 9.28 ce 2.37) 0.32 2.34 0.07 2.18 ( DYNE CH-2 } ) Be 13 9.38 2.23 LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANC FOR SEPTEMBER 1854 - 1972 ' 8.37: B.32 9.35 0.34 } 2.07. 2.08 2.48 3.16 2.38 a. 26 119 118 117 i116 115 114 113 112 111 Chart 21.—East component surface wind stress for September. 48 NCC - TDF-11 - CNE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 i26 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 ee =. 5a 9.78 B.68 B.67: B.71: B.57 0.37, G.22: B.13' B.Ge—B.3Q, _ VANCQWER ISLAND 5 NOAR d NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP 4g MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA ; EAST COMPONENT a es a =a SURFACE STRESS " ( DYNE CM-2 } 9 -//7----2---- j----3--]-4 59 2.39 0.34 BAS 0.15 0.09 0.28 8.05 d ear et eee a pe iss aaa nnn Gc cue LONG TERM MEAN B.63 2.77: G58 } 0.33 8.29 8.38 ro: 21: B.1 (9.13: Be bas CAPE BLANCA FOR 3 | Serene tEeee Ee SE ae a Se ea See eee Ney Ques 1 ' B. 42: B.32: 2.28 a. # mst 0. 21 2.19 0.07 B. eB 0. w OCTOBER Z| PR a a dS! aa ee ee Se ee gee 1854 - 1972 Sa 2.21: 3.10 2.27 2.26 8.39) 0.37 2.11 3.16 2.00 2.03 Ai Le eee neg eee bie oe ea eee ahha lye oe eae eeeny Le ‘ : : B.14 B44) 9.26 9.15 2.18 9.23 8.20 8.21: Ag Saat BEER Diaacas | ee ee ‘ B.28 G.21 B.22 0.24 G.28 B.08 B.17: dJ.B4 g : : 9.37: G.27 B.24 8.88 B.17: B.19 B.19. 38 B.18 8.04 B.16 B.14 9.21) B.23 Lae eee 2 area sores aA Fee eee Boe eet een as ee gee heen 8.96-78.87 0.5: B.c8 a.17 8. 19 9.18 8.22 8.38 2.32 A aia Patina REISE SEA Lee g Eon ee Ug es iee eee Az ' ‘ ' ‘ B01 2.31 2.03 a. 12. a. es 8.16 3.27 2.24 OES 8.3: 5 pessdbecede asad ee Ss ges anges gS ee peed ace fee a aa a ee Rhos. EOL ae B.14 8.83: 2.13 8.17: G.24 0.34 9.54: B 34 : Sere oa ' 1 ‘ - B.11! B11: B.21: B.23: } j js : ‘ ' ' t ‘ 1 9.05. B. 14) 2.16 3.32 2.31: Be 39 Poca hasaq amar hatag eecea oe a ciara ta ie eee (oa a a BA ete hae ee awe Os aL 8.21: 8.08: B.17. 2.26 0. i~---+---- es ee ae ee Ser Se Gree Georo ; pessqhes> ---- J ee ee eh Cay os ey enemy arog a ae (| a03 a3 @. 18 (ill ie rate tal 8.07 0.87 Le ee a a es eH ze ee oe eee eee eee ae Liga ety fe SOF ea Bele cee oe eno aes ‘ : : signe fe ' 1 0.9 } B87: a1 B31 B. 10. 0.24 0.28 29 0.32 Oy ON ee a rr SH A cclaas (ia ee gee Mie ne ae tu iter ad oe od Mpc gc: 9 _ sect pcccdpeced enti Re es Haas Aad seaS IU | ~ ele SSS eg ae oe Ot eo ae eee ssasdncecteceed etapa cea Neteller le AME wee Wie Ried ie ie ie Bre dat) 5) ceonlncacdpevabetc ee eI Ne hc I EE ee Ee a ihe i Meee mead i eS Sei ian ia non eta ft i ei te eee ees i ie ee AP ae ew ang Sh ' ete iG due SH ose heceetesectdha tbat space aes tated sons nce ead eee ee “| a ee eRe F372736955 1340133132131 385129 1285127126) 125 124.123) 122) 121 AN eM 6 SAMS 2a Chart 22.—East component surface wind stress for October. 49 137 136_ 135 _ 124 133" 132 131 130 123 128 Ba 12625124 S23 M2222 BI SSS US AS NOAA Ag NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS C DYNE CH-2 ) AS) ASI COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR oF NOVEMBER NCC - TDOF-i1 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION : ' ' ; 1854 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO 5 den 38-2. 29-0. 08-2. 22-0.05-0.0 1SZMIGSU13513433 A32N1S1 M38 129128 oT 12 am 1s 124 avEn ae 121 a iis Te a7 ie Tis Te ER 112 111 Chart 23.—East component surface wind stress for November. 50 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY,» CALIFORNIA EAST COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS ( DYNE CH-2 ) LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR DECEMBER 1868 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO 0.37-B. 6-0. 14-2, 17-0. 6-2. 18 a juiusidaiwnsnanabanudusad eh tele hae tee tiene 8. 48-0. 34-0.25-2. 16-0. 18-2. 17-0.82-2.93-2. 12H. ae 131 130 me 128 127 126 125 124 123.122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 mae Chart 24.—East component surface wind stress for December. 51 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 126 | 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 128 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 110 ni y 7 ‘ 1 ‘ ' ' ' ' 1 D Q D Sg B.26-H. 17) Be 34 B24 2.28 2.18 9.29 0.78 sg 4g 4.18 BB ip: 57 3.29 B. za sa 2.16 0.38 2.39 B.2 Kaa) 4g See nen eves =) See oa oe Sse ces: NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE 4g \ PACIFIC ENVIRGNMENTAL GROUP Ag Boye eens MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 4 faa Alans: G.1B\0.15 0. r Les eee Ba! ee eee cere a NORTH COMPONENT 4g : 9.29/0.19: B.47: B.29 B.28 (8.78: B.57: G.B5 6.72 a COMETS AN SURFACE STRESS 46} x } 8.22; 8.28 0.38 0.67 B38 ( DYNE CH-2 3 4g LONG TERM MEAN 4 “CAPE BLANCO FOR 43 4 28 JANUARY 42] mt 1857 - 1972 oka WeSREGIee DET OT oe CAPE MENDOCINO 4B ‘ ' AG 3 Bg 3 3.08 8.03 8. 12-0.21-2. as- a.21-B.27-2.1 +0. 2 2.03 8 POINT CONCEPTION Pe 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 128 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 Chart 25.—North component surface wind stress for January. or to NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION ISZEISE MISS WANTS 3SRS2018 Zone Le 123 122 121 3.78 g sa B.S 0.18 5 i ce SLAND 18 8.31: 2.39 a. 35) 0.49 UE eae COLUMBIA RIVER 2.05 8.23 3.31: 3.23 B. CAPE BLANCO CRPE MENDOCINO F 0.61-0.55-0. 58 ' Beaudain peat (201M MTZ SMA STAD ISI 2d NDAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA NORTH COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS ( DYNE CM-2 ) LONG TERM MEAN FOR FEBRUARY 1856 - 1972 pa. 63-8 Sb-D. a0-0.9 “B.42-8. 36-0. 37-0.41-0 a0.4 (a7 136 155 13k 135 132 131 130 125 128 127 126 12S 1ed 123 1? Tel 18 119 118 117 Tie 11S 114 113 119 iT Chart 26.—North component surface wind stress for February. 53 NCC ~ TONF-il — ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 154 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 i23 122 COLUMBIA RIVER [B.18-0.25-2, 28 a. 20 9.31: 8.17: eee ae CAPE BLANCO CAPE MENDOCINO 1201S MAB 76 SSAA 174A 128 NCAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA NORTH COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS ( DYNE CM-2 } LONG TERN MEAN FOR MARCH 1857 - 1972 119 118 va Te TS 114 BIE] i> Lit Chart 27.—North component surface wind stress for March. 54 ZSMIZAM23 BZA 212 MSS ZS RSMAS miei a o. 2 2.22 a.14 o. NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA NORTH COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS { DYNE CM-2 } & B BBB ai-0.2 18 B. ai 5.6: : B. 12, a.12 B.14 3.18 COLUMBIR RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR APRIL 1858 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO B. 48-2.35-D. 30-24 y-Bs 5é-. G2 ‘0. St . 99-0. SES PIGS vives ecaunieal SUE cuss o oe 9.77 oa ooo. e- a.8-0.69-8.66- D Y Pitpouieibe pee CoS eae moat 28-1 2.70 -51-0.54-D. 60-2. 8. bea. 68-2. g24.58 ee eS ee Ae ; : : 1B! Ba. 45-2. cae 3. 43-2. 28-B.37-2. 41-8. SE-B. 28 3 8. 41-0.34-0.28-9. “a i) wD. owes 2 ~~ - = as cere tere tnt Fah Bisieeronmrmer eects ere 0.38-0.24-0.23-9.15 B. 2-2. 23-8.23 0-96-B.22-0.1 128 119 118 117 116 115 i14 113 112 TT Chart 32.—North component surface wind stress for August. 59 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134” 133 | 132 131 138 129 LIS MICRA MSS mT 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 v n ' 1 ' ’ ' ' T n H t H q 0.49: 6.08: B.55-8.13 Q.G2-B.08-B. 14) B ae ene em eer _dutuadaucn. ic B.24 B.08 Q.08-2.07-0, 04-B.02-0. 08-0. 18-0.14-0.0 NORA 4 Hosadceod == - Jes 4s Pum cniedoucatners NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Me 8.31) 0.09 9/01-0, 18 2.92-0. 44-041 5-0, PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP 4 ee LEH ae Ee re ee eer ees crene res MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 4 Day ys wD 9.35 0.29-058-0.22-0.10-0.25- 803-2. 118.05 NORTH COMPONENT 4 4 ae ee QuD4-0.26-0. 19-0. 19-B. 464-0, 9-0. 40-0. 42-042 25 BL BGR ECLUNSLORR IVER SURFACE STRESS A 4 ' aso asa. 37-0.20-0. ao-0.08-2.22-0.73-2, 23-0.09 } ( DYNE CK-2 ) A 44) ea 2.13-2.31-2, 36: B02 -B. oe BA ) {10.17 0.20918 4 aes sncaaa cir ance es SS Se a eee ee ee LONG TERM MEAN 1c liens 0.20 Ene $9-2.91-0.61-2.78-D.85-dre7 CAPE BLANCO FOR 4 fy SRS st Serie] Bes oe SEPTEMBER 1854 — 1972 3 2.75-2. 80-2.87-2. 78-.73-0.72 am El sl | ELSES aie SH Desieteceee eiesteeeee etaneiees Pee seeete ets ere oe See See sses oem ee ee ea Wee ae iste eletee anette 2.75-D.70-0.62-B.6\ 0-280 1-0.34-0.40-0.27-0 i ee, Jw---J-~--J---~J3----+J----4----4-- ~~ 5 -- + ee J ee ee Shot SSM ies Moe MDa oe oe He - setatestatnals stobuetstartsbeslatectr ste 22 ya Be ters ee Stee Q.14-D-4S-0.23-2.33-0. 3-4 2.63-0. 30-0. 20-0.23-B 5 : pay? yreyeecge) 21 i tte Mek tupets a tee et -#5-9.64-0S2-0.42-0.38-9.46 0.20-2.0-D.20-0 12B 119 WENT 7 ANGI SASS Tit Chart 33.—North component surface wind stress for September. 60 NCC - TDF-11 - ONS DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 __ ERE eS ee : G31 B.1S B.32 0.24 B. ——" VANCOUVER ISLAND =7----- NSoepetiosad eeeneme | 8.22: a. 2a a. 39 B. 8 COLUMBIA RIVER CAPE BLANCO 121120 SPAT MING SMA Sg? NDAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA NORTH COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS { DYNE CM-2 } LONG TERM MEAN FOR OCTOBER 1854 - 1972 POINT CONCEPTION ' Ch pu a) 0S .-0.88-0, S7-BroB- < a. a iy aes ‘ 1 ‘ ‘ ssissrerasas-oraal Qe 0.22 Ba: cn te ee a Bi eo st 137 Ee 135 _134 133 aE 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 7 116 15. “lid LISRUZ dara 46-2. 41-2. 32 Chart 34.—North component surface wind stress for October. 61 111 NCC - TDF-1i - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 138 129 - ’ SL ) WANCQUVER ISLAND 4 a. 16 G92 B.32 8-31; B. 45 0.24 Eee See eee Dee SS tee aq ze 2.03 2.35 8.29, Corr eee esta eee eee ees net, B.22 2.4d 8.24 0.28 45 i B.2i pa ‘a.ae Fi eigetenreye fetseretee WETS Se So a} COLUMBIA RIVER 28 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 1168 117 116 11S 114 1s W2niae bo NOAA Ve NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP 4g MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA NORTH COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS i € DYNE CM-2 } AS Ad LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR ao) NOVEMBER re, 1854 - 1972 41 CAPE MENDOCINO AgI laq 38 1 ‘ B. 69-0. 2-0. 16-2. 22-0.29-0. @8-0.09-2. 16-0. 10-2 3) el@daes 30-0.45-0. 41-0.43-0. 4 Eerepeaee fepras benny reper] 2 Z sf i. 45-D. 42-9. 44-8. enfant ne # w sisin en tnscnin sacra nee eS 43-0. 47-0.49-9. 28-.33-2. 32)23 f 1 Se ~ — ed se S eelaleshatectstasistes se ada aslalartaleetatosts ctetosista ‘ ‘ 2.33-2. 26-B. 58-9.33-2. 45-0. 36-2. 38-2. 42-0.28-9.32 2122 J- = == Bene feat staekabectotssiesesisroetatasieterlatetstesteteeistaeteter Jetta cine dents 121 2a Ta Te iT Tie Tis Te i se Ti Chart 35.—North component surface wind stress for November. NCC - TOF—-il - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION TS ZMISE SIS M1 SAMIS301320 13M SAN1Z9 126127 S126 1 Z5OI2AMI 23225121 2B SBN M6 Si 13 2 VANCOUVER ISLAND SD NDAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA NORTH COMPONENT SURFACE STRESS ( DYNE CHK-2 ) COLUMBIA RIVER sree fans-d---4 : LONG TERM MEAN A } CAPE BLANCO FOR a: | Shon DECEMBER aoe fanndanad NJ a 186 - 1972 CAPE MENDOCINO eee aes soe nnn done JE ms 1 1 G.07-B. Cate Betles 17-2. am B.33-8. 23-B.23-B. 8 wo B, 17-B.08-2. 10-2. 23-0.27-0. 28-0. 19Do4-0 1B. B .8T-D. 19-2. 22D. cafes 8-2. 36-2. 36-2. 0. 20-0. 2 ee ee ee ee ee eee ees ee oe ae 9. 30-0.28-2.30-B. 40-G.43-0.. Z0-0, 4e-0.42-0.21-2, B a0. “0.70 eu aaaa '-B.AT-D.42-B. 44D. Soe etre ee BU me ee ee aedeneninse sidnmnphanarapacudn fC B. 34-2. sede —B.3! ‘ ; ; ; i gris assis uibniain's HH Hip His He RH ee Pn oe f + SG ‘i « ‘ ) : } ‘ ( ‘ f f ‘ < f ¢ , ¢ ee Peers a WHS Pela tlsbtateg tected taatatae A Me SH DHHS SRS Popa. 41-0. 48-2. aa ee Sees heelebetia eetatasielor ateetebssistechataeta sucinaenscncs peat ee B. 44-.38-9.45-2, 26 '-B.69-0.33-0. 28-2. Doris Sta ote cicics Be solisooodbanadpeecetseos bess nis: SEs duciarna nasa tetas oe sz MEpH SIS WAIHI 4-0. 35-0.44-D. 4l-D. 38-0.38-2. 36-2. seer Soe dee 137 136 135 134 Ee 132 131 ae ae 2 127 126 125 7 1231220120 N20 Sig CH a7 Te 115 114 auER aed 111 Chart 36.—North component surface wind stress for December. 63 APPENDIX II Standard Errors of the Means The following tables list the computed standard errors of the monthly means by 1-degree square area for the eastward and northward components of the resultant surface wind stress. The standard errors of the means are defined by Equation (3). Each page contains values for 30 1-degree squares blocked in groups of 10. Within each group of 10, all 1-degree squares are defined by a com- mon latitude. The first set of values corresponds to the 1- degree square immediately adjacent to the coast. The final tabulations refer to the 1-degree square farthest from the coast. The standard error of the mean is tabulated for each month and square. The latitude and longitude of the cen- ter of the 1-degree square is listed at the left. The first two numbers below each month are the standard errors of the means for the eastward and northward components, respectively. The units are dyne cm °. The last value is the number of observations. 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COON aan eon Oma coum eed Ono Sahai) eed wooly oot eon Word cot eon Woo oon oor tON [00 eo RRO COON eed comns [—T=Toy) eer dom nwo eon unm dnt eo NRO dno Carel nat Se bala) oor NNO on eo ROW ooo 2 oN +O mow 2 eu Arty oon o oN ust ood eo NI eco 2 ot Mino oot 2 on tn Ot 200 eo O00 ooOw oo RON onn een N20 mon eas] 10LN RHO NAN ee SRW (INES! oer AnD dAN@ eo Dwono rel) eo TON 200 oe ton [=T=To) oe nMO oxnn ee worn Qn ee ons Ont ee ont doo ee MmMoarm AHO ee MNna doo een ons ddd eo Nt do eed LOLA noo oo wn Oxon ee moo Tle ee mon 200 eo Row Oxo ee niniD eo03 eed ODO eno eed ato dnt eer AMO AAN eed tT00 aN eed on cumin ant eo ort tN dt oor AND AaAnM ood ono Don eer Noo oon ood tom oon oor iN@w oow eer ROD 200 eer ane oxnn eo ont dw eed wun ans eed NNR ele) eoend Mou dat eed BIN Ne} dam eer orm danM eed inoM ood eed tHWO oon eed nor ooo eon mon oon eed Wow ol[2n eer ino HN o end NAS erat) eed Moo doh eet wru dnt eed 2=z on oor 2s woe NN@O Ant eon ont Pehla eo ord mrin dN oot oor oot cert Wnt oot eer InN oon cod tines oot eon non eon eed Roo onw Coe! inn dd eer NON HHO Carel tind dds eed z= or ont dm © On mitt dan oor ONG OnN oor ROW ean ood WOd son eo IND a habel eer wun oot een mM) oon 2 ow ok okt) oon arr) not ooW Peta) Dow oon ead [o\—Te) Ant een Ont doit oo KOM ook ood own deo ood Mid (—T=1—] ood nto con ee umn con eed AMR ood oon ITs er) ee oom Ono ee hod Ono oe ono AAD OWS ano oe ALY Sahel) eer ROT 200 em IhrKN only een mms CON 2 oN ANDO oom oot AND eon oot NMO oon een tnOr oon eer Lita —T—Te) eer won oon eet aoo oxo Cre ONeD san eon zr nw u+to Sa balue) oot oxnmM AN 2 oN Onn ono oot aor Pelt) oor mot ook. eer mom oor eo won con eer Wot oof eed Doin ono eed Onnk adn eed NmMo Sahel a) eed roo AnD eed mio Tmo Shalt) eon mo Sebel) oor ROO Qdnéh eon OOd Ono o ord Nod oon eon mon oot oor On onn eed NOR oon eed One Onn ood AoW don eon Onn adh eed WMA dah eed lon AN oot ont Perel ta) 0 ort ann oo0) oe oN wom CnH® © ort roo con eon mond (TT) eed nwo ond cor won OON eed ama aM eed anw on eo wonr aN ead ONG AA eed won AAD ee OW dod eer Now ann eon onr coo eon LN co. 200 eo ares eon oe Wo” ooo ee wun ooo ee amt ono ee mon ano ee doo NNO eed Mon ao ee zr Rm now e200 oon Oro ANN oe mato ans eer nor coon 2 ew NWN oot een NMO —l—1 een non oot eon inuwyn eCnd oot! Inwow oon et ono AO eon onNmM Pe ) eon onn ano een ont Sebaltel oom ot dno oer don doo een roo oon e em MNO con e em nytn com eon Mtn cou een Ino oon re oma [220 een Ono oDM cod Noo aN eed amr. onmM een 47 N An wO AAD cod ooo ent eet Don ony eo oN ron eaoM 2 oN TOD coon een marnu ooo) eeu MMs eon eo sow soo oon mon mOW eed Dox Onn eed mHO Pal] een Aw Sebel Oy eed Or aD oo ono NNO ee ANS dad eed COLO enn ee won one ee ROd oow ee Ono onn oe aro doit ee ARO aD ee ino doh ee ont aH ee orn dan ee 73 =EB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN LAT/_ON NN Sebel) eo oN DO oom ° 0M RYO ooo oot toto oon eo ow NNN oon oe om ums oon 2 om nnn eon een wonn econ eon RRO @2oo) eed mon HOW oot ADD bali] 2 eM) ANNs AHO * 0M 7=x ow tN 4 RON Anam eer Onn ont oe ow Ono conn eo roo TT eo oN ros oom e Ord Onn com ood ora oot eo ord oon onw © ord Nt Pela) 2° er} ONS dam eer NM mam oot ISIN Tie) dat eo oo IN mint AAN eo mot dad © ord aN dod ood oteWe ont e ert Or com eed IN coLn oom 0 ort inom ood © ort won eer eed Roo Odd eo ano aan © ort tw AN © ort Nn dad eed Zz On Nod ads © od sz0ot aM eo ocd ond dam © ord onn oon e ort roo oot eon Ono coon eed i co tM ood ROW oom oor im tO aN oor Mow oxndmM © ert ano dodo eed stnN dnmM eed ont AAO ° ort row Sabai) cor orn aw eer nRO@ oon cot On 200 een mt oon © Or} TWO ooo © ot non 2090 Car) sORN [cow © eet aut dM © ert AMO dau con dat eer con onn 2 ou ANN AHO ood mM Sahat’) eo noo e500 eo 0 arwnNN oon eer r0N 200) eon mun [—t=y—) eo Mt° [Tear «) een tN eon oom wow” o0M ° om RRN o20 eo mou oon oem nin eel) oot Non dat oor mam dt eo oon aot oot oor [—T—J—) eed TON oom eo RNY oom © ord mow oom eo ont oxnmM eo ord Del atte) ddd oor TOW AAD ee Sheed AMIN eed ons NVA oot mtn dom ood vars Mea eon omw Shela ee Onn eon ee ininst oon ee wow oon cod ono O01 eed mms dd eet mtn do eo mon AND oad onN Ho ee 2: ot Now Ado eo ort Onn OnN oor NON (—T=J>) 2 oN insu oom 2 ow WN oon oom mnw —T-T) eet wun oot een win or oot eon OD oot eer onmt NAN eo ano ecot ed ome No ee no ru NoAD ao eon Oon Vdd eo oom oon 2 ow wwn e200 oon mmm oon Carrs) Ime oom oem inwor 200 eon oom Con eon oom onn eed one dh eon non onWn NUNN corel eed ams Ano oor oon AO eew odn pahal—! CaN] wonn CoN eon sttN CON e em rw oon 2 em tM CoN een tinM oon oot Wn 200 eer ont dom eon ONW Onn een mM Ho eed mts Ano eon Ono odt CaN OxnM onm eon non oot eon Mud con eeu tun CON oon Eanes oot oot ino or rT) oon INU eo0t eeu na oon eon 202 AOD ed ats Hao ed ANS AAS oom RON oom 2 om RNS cow eo oN iNnwiw oot oom mun oon em Del aoe) ooo eet toto oon oon ariNo 200 oon ON opn aie) ons con oom Ono ond 2 on Del) doo 2 em Rio ono oot ROD T—Ire) 2 om wow Cow ° om Woo oon eet mto oom oom tiN@ Don oot NMo oon eon tN 20M oom sO@Aa) oon oot won oon oot anon oon eer fot] oommM oor z2= Nas ado eo oN HOW Sa helel een Don onnN 2 oN Won oon 2 ot Wo con eon eas) 20m carts) OOrd oon oon nino Tog een NDA ean ead CHD ado eed Oxdn Sa baledl ood oe a] doo rel mm +m ANG da o oN ANG dO Cs ANN Sahel) eon RAK Soon eo aH oon eon rtKN oon oon Wine oot oon INnwoo oot ar) NN Onn een Toure! oS 2M NAM doh et same dno oon nr 2m aod Caberd eo OO eno 2 om oxumM ons eon won eco a) Word Socond rr) nwt oow oor ano coo een onM 2Cen oon ON Onn Ca) Onn HD tod day ano NM dno eed z= nw en inn vstu INT) ee Gal okt) Nao eed mto aD ee RAD edn eed inno oot ead Wor Son eed oOnw ood eed wonw eom eed AWoO dad weet mono doo aon dat hom AND oa om inn AMO dae oon moo aNM eed dw Saba) a) eed nor o°oef een rer ooo eon a7é~wo oon oN wog oon oo inwon Sen sed Roo ont wert Nt TiN eet mmr She hel sot Nat aa eed nos pebe lal 2 ord ANN dio eed 200 MAO eed RO scot een tH° oot oon tum OOnN ean INnwon ooo oon inwre oon oon Ron ond Caio) eno Shakes} eed numo dat ont mn Semele} ot on Tow aN eon MNO adh ood Nw dt ort www aon oom omst onm eon ams oon eon ronM oon ot worm oon oN coon 9or eo Noo nO sort NM Seheloel een Noo dei eee an ont Ans oot wonn dot eed IANO rMwO eed hom 200 Cae) arWS oom een rms oon a) onw ooo eon won oon oon won [200 eed nnn Sahat} eon r1t989 daAN re ar0W aAAN fond om inn ono Pebal-) een not AAO een Sahaletl rirtwo eed nom 1) ooh a74m oon oem maw oom oem Mato oco oot tine oon oer won e000 oat Ron oom oom oon onw Sai led rN 23 ot inn nine AHO eed smn Sabai) oN one aN een nose Tor) oot wor oom en nate oom oon tm e200 oo inw oon oon mon oon Cae) a ehalid ao Oot MAN reo sort tnd ried O eon oly wre e elf) 74 APPENDIX III Monthly Wind Stress Curl Distributions The monthly mean wind stress curl distributions are displayed in Charts 37 to 48. The plotted values are es- timates of the vertical component of the wind stress curl, calculated by applying a finite difference, spherical coor- dinate curl operator to the fields of monthly mean sur- face wind stress. The contoured values are plotted in units of dyne cm~*per 100 km. A value of 1.0 dyne em” per 100 km is equivalent to 1.0 X 107’ dyne cm °. The contour interval is 0.25 dyne cm “per 100 km. Positive wind stress curl is associated with surface Ekman diver- gence (upwelling). Negative values are shaded. These correspond to surface Ekman convergence (downwelling). In the following charts, the month is indicated in the figure legend in the upper right corner of the charts. The coastline configuration is superimposed on the grid as a visual aid and does not represent a conformal mapping. 75 NCC ~- TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 | 132 131 138129126127) W26N2SHi24Mi238 122 (ZI 120 TSS M7 SS SMA S ee (219 BF Bet B80 7 3 8. unas B.24-Qe 11-012 fi ha VANCOUVER TSLANO NORA n NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS CURL ( DYNE CM-2/i28KM } COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR 4 JANUARY A CAPE MENDOCINO POINT CONCEPTICN TT Tie ee 114 113 112 Tit 128 To. 118 Chart 37.—Wind stress curl for January. 76 NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 127_126 om) 1G feces 2.20 ea 25 120 1 124 123 122 121 119 118 117 116 115 114 NORA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS CURL ( DYNE CM-2/180KM } COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN FOR FEBRUARY CAPE BLANCO CAPE MENDOCINO e Aee-0.20 9. 98 ee ee 0S: Spear pir TERE ESS Fae aee at 9,.18-2. 19-2. 24-2, 07-0. 05-6. 09) a 8.07-B. 14-0. 18-9. 15-2,02 9.12 B. tae -0.11 s a 0.0 8.95 B.1B oa-2. 18-2.1 \ TH 8.20 ----J----J----J---- SS SSR DSRS SOG SE ea ec eo Sees rend wilson pevalartaeeiebeetatesleteeletirtebee miocetaas Wn ae 0. 1870. 63-2. 29-2. 08-B.03-D.B9-0.07-0.08 PE a ee bre 1 Webea stasis eisbei arpoteetsboste astersetaee” ee A Eee a AP RIE aE Hp 88-9.20-8.25-0.08 0 3 Ret B.09-0.1 ‘ Powe ie Fiera 8.19 0.08 15-1} 0.17 B. re te ee Ate hel teenie ee Ae iY aa) ee Ros ee ee ey a diay eee | cr si = $heStaethastao mde Sse ee RA SEO GIRS Re te aa IG I RAE a ae gE 24 a ca Me A Cre RS oA aeeecan 9 gf 20 B.03 LiCl e A! | | 1 Tne ee a 0.22-0.08 Ssce pesos eos 4 4 os qtr atr ete tc * A, Jonni nee wads ‘ r . ie 4: BY TD cn a mone 15-0. abe 19-B.11-9. 137 Ee 135_134 Een 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 Ta 122 121 120 119 SENZA ANS 114 NSA Chart 38.—Wind stress curl for February. 77 NCC - TDF-i1 - ONE OEGREE SUMMARIZATION 133 _132 138 129 128 137, i356 135 134 133 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 1208 119 118 117 131 116 115 1i4 113 112 NORA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONNENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS CURL ( DYNE CM-2/188KM ) COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR MARCH CAPE MENDOCINO KS SHUEY nnd eg --- 2S neEre meee Tis" 118 iT ie 11S 114 Ts i12 Mil Chart 39.—Wind stress curl for March. | NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUNHARIZATION SSRIS ZEISS AZO M2827 IACI ZS ZA 23222 Oe MSGS MASA NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS CURL { DYNE CM-2/1@BKM } COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR ao1\ 0,27-2.14 a29-0/of wera. tp. a.37 APRIL g/01-as28-0.18 . 8.12 28-2. 11-2 CAPE MENDOCINO ‘ -B. oe 10-0. 11-0. d € Wee -.0 9.57 2.03 8 oF = nn EH re nee ae la “B.A "a-2. 06 6 125 BE 123 122 i21 120 11S 118 117 116 115 aS 112 111 Chart 40.—Wind stress curl for April. 79 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 153 132 | 131 _138 1297128 9127126 125 124123 122121126 MS B17 A AS AS ee 86 eeesg Saag Sp ae NORA Fe par HS 6 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE I PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP Aa MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA i WIND STRESS i CB: 9.08 B18: 9.05 B. COLUMBIA: RIVER CURL AG { DYNE CM-2/1GBKM ) 45) Ad LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR 43) MAY 42 2.070. Oe 160.18 GUA O82-0.P!) 8.2 44 miaenncuy, Speier pect given SHE CAPE MENDOCINO ~ 2. 19-B.28-0.17-B.17 B\OB 2.15 Ag 3 2-16 0. 18-0.17-0.12-0.07-0.09-0.18 a B22. 0.48 3 2. 14-2. 26-9.08 .12 0.63 SU UE Wn ad = <= — r fi , 128 119 118 7 Tie Ts 114 Ta 112 111 Chart 41.—Wind stress curl for May. 80 ) NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION PS7BISERISSMNISAMIS3MI3 2131130 129 128 127 126 -a? Dudl-0.02-0. 11-0. Taye. P25 STIZARBI23 M22 121 120 119 11 NORA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRGNMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY» CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS ul -12-0.06 a eos an as is a COLUMBIA RIVER CURL 5 Ml 8.12 { DYNE CM-2/100KM } a Ad 9.28: 44 = ety er LONG TERM MEAN 23) | R.367 0.59: cae BLANCO FOR = JUNE la ls}: 41 AB : Ag eee | 13-0. oe 0.09-2. 14-0.20-0. Sas Re S vo a a la2-ni9.22-2.1% 10-2. 8-2. 1-H. \ 8.1D>2 iS =Daose Pere rier meee rere ben ' a 6] | i tt ' 1 2. 11-0, 18-0. 18-0. 10-0.08 aie. 85 BD Resi Ben ee Oe oe aS Geese ari RON LIN wa ao, ON le cerenetimes ; : ‘ t ' : 8.G9-2, 28-2. sD. 04-0. 10-2> d ed ee a ae a se a ee eee tee mh et 1 Jeena gt B1i-B.15-0. 14-0. 08-0. a? Fa i ' ' ' : ' 1 ' B.22-B.11-B.95-9.12-B.92 82 a as ----- ~ wens asec dees Feosae ----- : Senos a Ps eisai O---- 31 a eat cod, hed a ae Gt (-9.15-0.17-9. Epsbiteeas BSN. 25: 2.07 9.2@ 9.21 1 g ee ee ae te Ye ect Bo 2g ae ‘ rat Bae F9227-8.07: BY 20-2. 08-2. 16-2.05-0. 03 Ss N 2g NN i i I J mS am Io an = nm Ae filament Lecdebesteetetacty ae WEN, 9 on ot : NE ae ee ee eee tee tie eet poe 0.25-9.13-8.0 one G2:~B.00-9.99-D. 04, B19 -Spunta EUGENIA 128} ee ee ne ce RA a 8 ) 8.1 7 Oe EE heat et A Gt Hes oboe ae a Al: B11 B.B2: 26 FR I I I SI III STII tid Rete peatetrereeee lafectatardstaclaterteteelatestsrteloetateetet wn. We = —— = dno x eee ASE RE NM 2 ee ee B oa B14: 25 re ee ee a et ct oD at I mc c,d a eg ed I mw ee re lw wd we iw Ne we de — Pees fk i Tee ' ' 1 ' ' ' \ ! ' Lo. 10-0. 11-0. 12-2. 08-B. 16-2 Secethdod 4 ' “a. 1-0.12-2. 19-0.95-0.04-D. 16-2. 12-8. ao. 14 2 1 137 ae eel ae 133_132_131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 Sez Chart 42.—Wind stress curl for June. 81 NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133_ 132, 131 130 12g 128) 1127 126125 2A 12312201 2120 SATS AS AS TT 09 G.f1 B (a-.09-2, 18-2. Q7-0.20-2.1 NOAA fe NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP lig MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS De 1 2 0.00 08-2.21: 2.06-0. 24-2. 1 COLUMBIA RIVER CURL ( DYNE CM-2/1@0KM ) AS) LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR 43 JULY 3 seals ~ Bo 8. CAPE MENDOCINO a7: G.81: a. 2u ISS] 34 ' Be 16 .04-2..17 E 8.82 0.04: 2.03 8.05 8. 13-0.08 9.04-B. 82 BUL- 0.25 B Y oa--2.08-0.94 Petree Seem lites nnn Chart 43.—Wind stress curl for July. NeC - TOF-11 —- ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION RAMI SOMISSMUSAGISS ISZNTS TIS ONI2S 28272625 2423) 225121 a a. 18 8.13 0s 9.34 a. aa ace ah B.43: 8. 13-0. 18-3. 12 = ae 08-0 sos J----J----J_---4_-- - bee. ipreerepeaye eepeterie) Bs oa_ NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS COLUMBIA RIVER ( DYNE CM-2/1@8KM } CAPE BLANCO POINT CONCEPTION SHSaSSS j--- Stee q : 9.08 9.05: G.21: Heh ya ee 7-9.07-0.02-0. 19-0. 12. EB §-0.20-D.04-0.05-D. 2.08.0 “a3 20-2. i | B.22~B. T Sasa 22-0.14 Bete Uae TaN br peel Gc an ce berm oe coe @. BA: 0.07 8.82 0.14 B.490.1 8 120 119 118 117 116 115 7 113 ie 111 Chart 44.—Wind stress curl for August. 83 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 NDAR CURL LONG TERM MEAN FOR AUGUST 0.07-0.03-0. a8-B. GbR 4) NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION IS/MUSEMISS 134" 133 132 131 130_ 123 128 127 V26S 125 1241231220121 2B MASS SZ CR OMA RS ! =— 3 Re 0.35 3.0 | VANCOUVER ISLAND kg one pean NORA he NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP Ag MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 3 —— yy = 9. 3a COLUMBIA RIVER 4c Meir CURL ees a2 g28\B.18 ( BYNE CM-2/12KM 45 Ad LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR . SEPTEMBER 40 Ai 4g aa Bel 3 B2 INT CONCEPTION 39 0.16 4 Cee L 8.08 : 4 Z| Bal ey Rg 09 0.05 8.07: G.18 8.2024 : 9.19 2.08 B31) alos aes 2b 2.18 0821 129 128 127 126 is 124 123 122 121 128 119 118 117 116 115 i14 113 112 111 Chart 45.—Wind stress curl for September. 84 NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION IS ZN SEMISS SAMS S213 IISAM 29128 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 52 @.15>2. 28-8. 38-8.23 8. 84 B. 12: a. i$ o.2 } VANCQUVER ISLAND Ee Rae ee dhes NDAA , NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENYIRONMENTAL GROUP 4g MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA a WIND STRESS | rey COLUMBIA RIVER CURL ia 92: ( DYNE CM-2/1@2KM } 4 — SUSU B.14-B. 12 a ald te ee SEH SUN -- - - jee ee LONG TERM MEAN i FOR 43} OCTOBER AZ 9. 81-8. 17-B. 21-8. -0.88-B. 11-2. 04-2, 03-8, 03--B. Sed a eS SS ee Reser aap rgn FEES ee moyu eu o\W-- > 1 1 B ‘ a 09-8. 12-8. 14-2,.09 poy ; WS 8.08 Lenachee tee eee eee Fi ge il Soman EN Gaara eae 6-2.06-2. 03-2. 56-8. 08-0. 08 B ‘ 9.01-2.14-9.06 2-29 33 ~---J---- bees Wes bee BI i wea Um at Me at 8.822. 01-B.95-9.13 ~Y. 89 B13 1 ssesqpocedesondncos hese esoe Paes easar aang ecamy, pehannitnsend eee aan agg etiam rene aa Se cer rs A Ue oo ile we RIE Os oti 2.12-9.B4 D.00-0.84-0.06 @. 93-9. 05-0. 01° 30 a MRE ESS ese a eee Giese een hate aetna aia ee PRG 29 tp ae Bir ee re Pe: 08-0. 08-0. 83-9.87-B. 13-0.05-B.04-0.05 DOk B.0% Ss & 29 4 J----5- -- - 5 - he es fn ee HH et: Sy sk brat: bere erst) + 5 ' ' ' ' aa ae oa W2-B. 1A-1 < UNTAJEUGENLA Ss) posed eece Passes Gain Aan teary iaoeea er ear Re 1 9.05-9.14-9.14-Bf02: B. 17 27 ett ted tea Sat a rd deinsiinwnn@uapss a. Se nnrdeAld-- = do-o = 1 ae 7B. 14-0.15: BBB: 6 ~---J----J---- Bsr Rarer eee a er 8.112. 19-B. GE-D. 07-B. BA: | Pes seeded eee a ea frpeerereer’ rerenrery en nw ne Ae ee Red = oe sooo |: 4 c , decent es 1 ma osoeths eceodb asides stb ssediacndeces Adve , Ct .00-0.08-0.05 ao 8 = eo dw en SUS O eI - de 8 oe HD nonn SHEN Se ‘ 1 1 1 q ‘ 0.09 9.07) 0.Q1-9.04-6.88-0.06-B. Bi o.0312 ----J----J----J----4----5--- 5-7 5 8) 8 EEA} = = = ee Ben errr er ear ae ete) De eee 1 H “ 1 137_136_135 134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 Chart 46.—Wind stress curl for October. 85 NCC - TOF-11 — GNE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 | 131 138 12g 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 14s pismi2mT NORA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP : eapz ya 0.23 a < ; ee SS £ MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA G.21: 8.19 B. S g ‘ ; Bi s z Bt Bl. | WIND STRESS 4 COLUMBIA RIVER CURL C DYNE CH-2/18BKM } LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR NOVEMBER 137_136_135_134 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113) 1120 Chart 47.—Wind stress curl for November. 86 NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 er7e B.A B.eg VANCOUVER ISLAND NOAA NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE PACIFIC ENYIRONMENTAL GROUP Me MONTEREY» CALIFORNIA WIND STRESS CURL is ( DYNE CM-2/1@0KM ) 45 COLUMBIA RIVER LONG TERM MEAN CAPE BLANCO FOR 43 DECEMBER CAPE MENOOCINO 32 ‘ ' ' ' ' 101-2. 0-0. is-. 19-0. Bp rene rer per et feeauetdenannd a ‘ fape2-2. 08-2. ws-0.2550.24 be 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 126 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 Tis. 13 117 Tie 115 114 BER 112 11 Chart 48.—Wind stress curl for December. 87 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, iii + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. — 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., ll figs.. 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, _ Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by _ the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs, 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia fyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. . Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Breveaortia, 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W. G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81 p., 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, ii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. October 1975, iii + 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware IT during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S.J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION POSTAGE AND FEES PAID NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF COM-210 ROOM 450 1107 N.E. 45TH ST THIRD CLASS BULK RATE SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Library. Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 ——— Na I a Nn nc el NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-715 Bottom Obstructions in the Southwestern North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea G. Michael Russell, Abraham J. Barrett, L. Steve Sarbeck, and John H. Wordlaw September 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and palates statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. Continued on inside back cover 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack = fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hest i and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 5 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. 3 John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs. | | tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government — Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 4 i Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Wald December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ; a 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean 7 . UJ 2 7 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Supennta y dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the » Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. ' 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adepermte (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, iit 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Offi Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 fig tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 194 By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government P Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-715 Bottom Obstructions in the Southwestern North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea G. Michael Russell, Abraham J. Barrett, L. Steve Sarbeck, and John H. Wordlaw September 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-020-00140-8 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Page RTAGROGUCLIONE Eats mtr eee teste I eee ines my Coe UE scum any (lee Re Toe ir Bears tents VSN erga a Re 1 [Deets (Kova “eat ee ce tee AE, SAD cer CAE Megara i UR Olah Ce ee ee Re Bie SR AS > Ae. eee tr 1 RP DUCAtIONMM Sais cigstct cc Cent eten nM oR ain fa: CoN ure cet Remi ute: “aah Si ysiteareees ter ah tenia seme Mecroee oe 1 PNG KNOWL ed oT EN LiMMeat arf ie tcera eek seis Masset senaeen stash carter belles eee ed oe nosey eae ROR ataca Relaret Syed omit aeetayaees 2 LCTAGUTCRCI ECG Guia Sue Siesta ty Tea ey cee uae ad: ca buena meray teled Gn oIN aul Jind eae News Je RARE, uti ela Up gts af RU By Sep 2 Figure 1. Geographic boundaries of the five regions where obstructions have been located ............... 1 Appendix Table WadesitoeahanGidamagens Mier ee ec yohce: eo Rue e Sun cMe es. in eeuren Nira eae bepenest fe COM nuaven kcal cela 08 Mes cpa oth ACER 2 SOULbHeascernpN Ort hPAn ELiGa sey sie ee cersty aby Sees eee Ree ae eer ey ne I cnc 3 (GREUST GUE INERT) — Tare are et eer ote See ici eR ene Se aa ke eee ane Pie eRe sortie eT MeaeK iis 9 ites tara chics mare am EN oe cre rey ee MTC re AU Shae a hme SIE TM bet tLe SAW may ho oR an Pat ean: ope Oe ee ay Se ae 16 Wanibbecane Scape rats wes te scence ree epee Sn ee ORIN oe Int Ry NG her me Mies ec Ra Cae ener” eee en, 17 Northeastern S OUtHVATN Er] CAM Sie serene smote ras oo) SLR. te at MURR n SPN ey Re eI tet AS Ce ae i 20 iil Bottom Obstructions in the Southwestern North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea! G. MICHAEL RUSSELL, ABRAHAM J. BARRETT, L. STEVE SARBECK, and JOHN H. WORDLAW? ABSTRACT Lists of bottom obstructions are provided to aid in avoiding potential hazards to fishing gear. Locations, depth, gear type, and damage received are included. Within the regions, the following numbers of obstructions are identified: 267 southeastern North America, 320 Gulf of Mexico, 23 West Indies, 119 Caribbean Sea, and 59 northeast coast of South America. INTRODUCTION Damage to fishing gear from bottom obstructions is costly in lost time and gear replacement or repair. To ef- fectively reduce gear damage, fishermen keep their own records of obstructions encountered during fishing operations, but few of these personal records have been published. There are two additional sources for infor- mation on obstructions: Graham (1975) and the Ob- struction Commission, Gulf State Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, La. Since 1950 the National Marine Fisheries Service (for- merly Bureau of Commercial Fisheries) had located 788 obstructions during research cruises. This report provides fishermen, operating in the southwestern North Atlantic and adjacent areas, with locations of these ob- structions. However, no attempt has been made to iden- tify them. DATA FORMAT The southwestern North Atlantic has been divided into five regions to help find these obstructions: 1) southeastern North America, 2) Gulf of Mexico, 3) West Indies, 4) Caribbean Sea, and 5) northeastern South America. Division between these regions is based on latitude and longitude, and major geographical features that form natural boundaries (Fig. 1). The location of obstructions within these five regions is arranged from north to south (latitude) or east to west (longitude), depending on a - fisherman’s orientation to the shoreline. Locations within regions 2 (Gulf of Mexico), 3 (West Indies), and 4 (Caribbean Sea) are listed from east to west (increasing longitude); locations within regions 1 (southeastern ‘Contribution No. 77-08P from the Southeast Fisheries Center, Pasca- goula Laboratory. *Southeast Fisheries Center Pascagoula Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39567. North America) and 5 (northeastern South America) are listed from north to south (decreasing latitude). Information on depth, gear, and damage is also provid- ed. Loran positions are included for those areas where readings are considered reliable. APPLICATION The area to be fished can be identified from the orientation chart (Fig. 1). If fishing is to be conducted in the Gulf of Mexico (region 2) then the longitude of the fishing area should be determined. The positions and depth of obstructions can then be obtained directly from the listing, including type of damage to gear. Example: A fisherman plans to fish between lat. 29°00’ and 29°50'N and long. 80°30’ and 80°40'W. He finds the area is in southeastern North America, region 1 (Fig. 1). He then refers to the obstruction location listing for this region. The locations between lat. 29°00’ and 29°50'N are lm T =) SOUTHEASTERN WORTH AMERICA 30°00' 20°00" CARIBBEAN SEA 4 N Me a 0 wt 7 LP ET LET EE TE a | AML MEL EE MEL SMS Trees 10°00" ~ NORTHEASTERN SOUTH AMERICA 5 00°00' SOUTH AMERICA | 10°00" \ Ht | 1 ek: 1 L 1 1 on } 100°00° 90°00" 80°00° 70°00° 60°00" 50°00" 40°00" Figure 1.—Geographic boundaries of the five regions where obstruc- tions have been located. blocked off. The obstructions located between long. 80°30’ and 80°40'W can then be easily marked and located on the fishing chart. It should be kept in mind that an obstruction may deteriorate or be removed after it is reported. Particular attention should be paid to type of gear and damage sus- tained because other gear may not be affected. Generally loran fixes were used to derive latitude and longitude readings. However, some slight inaccuracies may exist when loran fixes were not provided. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We extend our appreciation to Charles M. Roithmayr and Elmer J. Gutherz for reviewing this manuscript. LITERATURE CITED GRAHAM, G. L. 1975. Bottom fishing obstructions. Texas-Louisiana and Gulf. Texas A&M Univ. Sea Grant Publ. TAMU-SG-76-506. APPENDIX TABLE Codes to Gear and Damage Gear Abbreviation Scallop trawl Lampara seine Purse seine Gill net Lift net Separator net Shrimp traw! Tumbler dredge Fish trawl Scallop dredge Midwater trawl Beam trawl Clam dredge PT LP PS GN Damage Abbreviation Torn webbing Lost whole rig Hang-up Gear fouled ANY REGION Pad feed peed bad fred ed ead fed bah ed bed fend feed ad bed fact teed fem fem teed arnt rest brut bet nd font freed ee ted fed fed fd fed fed fort feed bend bead emt feed fend fat fad 2400 TO 3830 N-eLATe LATITUDE 3651 3649 3645 3636 3623 3622 3554 3550 3543 3546 3545 3544 3542 3541 3536 3522 SST 3515 3508 3507 3506 3506 3505 3505 3457 3454 3454 3453 3452 3446 3445 3438 3437 3437 3436 3433 3433 3432 3431 3426 3425 3424 3418 NATTONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»sPASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA LONGITUDE 7439 7441 7440 T4H43 7449 7448 7452 7454 7453 7450 7448 7451 7451 7452 7451 7452 7500 7459 7508 7504 7509 7510 7506 7509 7523 7523 7525 7530 7532 7537 7538 7548 7538 7544 7545 7546 7706 7651 7640 7542 7652 7544 7708 DEPTH(FMS) 5930 TO 8100 W.LONG. LORAN A 3H42286 3H42257 3H42220 3H42112 3H41940 3H41936 3H41627 SH491576 3H41575 3H41568 3HS1568 3H41537 3H41523 3H4S1506 3H41470 3H41354 3H41261 3H41255 3H41158 SH41185 3H41146 3H41140 3H41168 3H41143 3L14760 3H41052 3L14757 3L14765 3L14765 3L14759 3L14758 3L14763 3L14740 3L14754 3L14753 SLI47T4HE 3114926 3L14888 3L14860 3L14718 3L14876 3L14719 3L14999 3H52932 3H52334 3H52935 3H52923 3H52922 3H52918 3L14817 3L14814 3L14810 3L14799 3L14794 3L14799 3L14793 3L14794 3L14782 3L14755 3L14758 3L14753 3L14754 SLI4G74S 3L14752 3L14753 SLI47FR3 3L14750 SHE1143 3L14750 3HE1173 3H61195 SHE1211 3H61295 3H61304 3H61425 3H61378 3H61409 3H61425 3H61459 3H62U86 3H61970 3H61880 3H61498 3H62019 3H61523 3H62205 GEAR DAMAGE AHA HAHAHA ANAM NA AFF AFF ATF AIN SRP ARAM RP AA FAH AA MNG HAO REGION eee coal cell canal cecil some cell cell ceeed cecil see coe ee eee eed ee cee te ee ee ee ee ce ee ce ce ee ee ee ce ee cee cee en on oe cee ae a ee ee coe ee ee 2400 TO 3830 NeLATe LATITUDE 3416 3416 3414 3407 3407 3404 335 7 3354 3352 3343 3341 3340 33359 3336 3335 3335'S as29 SSi25 3324 3324 3321 3321 3320 3305 S301 3255 3254 3254 32535 3250 3249 3248 3247 5239 $2359 S740 / 5235 3234 3232 3228 3227 3220 321.9 3219 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERTES SERVICE SEFCe PASCAGOULA LAS8 HANG DATA SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA LONGITUDE TSSi4 7726 7637 TIA TZ! 7615 12S 7808 BLS 7623 7720 wate 7633 PASISY TE 7814 764) 7822 7640 7818 7820 7740 7832 7740 7711 7849 7808 TUZT T3V2 7833 T7817 7838 7820 7823 7833 7836 7951 7829 fos aa 7844 7849 7806 7812 73945 73946 CEPTH(FMS) 5330 TO 8100 W-.LONG. LORAN A SLI4717 3L14940 3L14811 3L14898 3L14908 3L14730 3L14377 3L15002 3L150093 3L14678 3L14830 3L148 34 3L14690 3L24745 3L14973 3L14746 3L14979 3L14658 3LI4951 3L14964 3L1482U0 SLIT49:9)5 3L12812 3L14659 3L14983 3L14805 3L14655 3L14813 3L14889 3L14811 3L14887 3L14812 3L14818 3L148G9 3L14815 SLVST25 3L14770 3L14076 3L14805 3L14793 3L14632 3L14600 3L1490C6 3114900 3HE1ES3 3H62375 3SHE1STS 3HE2374 SHE2401 3H61896 SHE2467 3H62981 3H62935 3H62114 3H62571 SHE2575 3H62220 3HE24 20 3H63065 3H62319 3HE3174 3HE2368 3H63175 3HE3198 3HE2875 3H63312 SHE2877 3HE2740 3H63595 3H63270 3H623927 3H63304 3H63500 3H63374 3HE3S65 3H63414 3SHE3S4H4S 3H63570 3HE3587 3H64260 SHE3S4E SHE4014 3HE3690 3HE3744 3H63331 3HE3459 3HE4196 3H64200 GEAR DAMAGE NAMPA AFA TA TAN AAP SAA A FAA HA ATH INA AA AK ATTA AA ITA GANA INGA REGION mh fam fam fred head! ee fred feat fm fat fod fre) pd fd fad fod fd tet fd fd fant te fod fd fed re id hed fd fs fad fee) fond) fod foe be) fod fod fed ect fad feed fend LATITUDE 3216 3210 3209 3204 3203 S152 3146 S135 S131 Sst Sati 3110 3106 3105 3058 3056 3043 3036 3031 3025 3023 3017 3016 3010 3008 3001 3001 3000 3000 2953 2958 2958 2357 2955 2955 2354 2954 2953 2353 2953 295/35 2352 2352 2952 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFCe PASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 2400 TO 3830 NeLAT. LONGITUDE mIOS 7834 8021 8024 7926 7822 8034 7938 V2 7946 1955 7954 7956 7956 7947 8110 8015 8013 8002 8026 8004 8016 8012 8016 8018 8010 8031 8008 8010 8009 8010 8011 8011 8010 8012 8011 8013 8005 8012 8013 8019 8011 8012 8013 DEPTH{FMS) 4G 233 53930 TO 8100 WeLONG. on LORAN A 3L14765 3L14598 3L1474C 3L14673 3L14684 3L14400 3SL14442 3L14375 3L14308 3L14316 3L14078 S3LI4072 3L1 4004 3L133996 3L13900 3L13800 3L13782 3113635 3L135793 3L13485 3L13474 SE133535 3L13385 3L13308 3L13281 3L13200 3L13191 3L13190 3L13188 3L131382 SEisiys 3L13153 3L13150 3L13124 3113125 3113119 SIDS 1S SUSI 3113106 3113101 3L13106 3L13091 3L13087 3L13085 3H63903 3H63669 3HE64279 SHE4E7E SHE4OES 3H636U5 3HE64264 SHE4C87 SHE4O33 3H64115 3H64120 3HE4115 3H64115 3H64113 3HE4C73 3SH64251 SHO41L4E SHE4124 3SHE4E38 SHE4142 SHE4C3E 3H641G69 3HE4094 3HE4098 3H64100 SHE4DT4Y 3HE4124 3HE4068 SHE4073 SHE4E68 SH64O70 SHE4CTI SH64070 3H64C063 SHE4U69 3H54068 3H64073 ZHE4O56 3H64071 SHE4C72 3HE4SC87 3HE4068 3H64070 3H64070 GEAR DAMAGE AMUN NAAR AS AMNAP AA ATM TNANAANTA ATMA TARP ANANAA AIAN TTNG REGION eel ceed cell otal eee cee ce cee en cee cee ee cee oe ee mee cee ee see ee eee ce oe nee ee ee ee ee nc ce ee a oo oe ee ed 2400 TO 3830 NeLATe LATITUDE 2952 2952 2950 2350 2950 2949 2948 2948 2947 2947 2946 2946 2945 23945 23944 2944 2942 2940 2940 2939 2938 29350 2335 23931 2931 2930 2929 2928 2923 2925 2925 2924 2922 29322 2921 29320 2320 2920 2919 2919 2918 ZOU 2914 2913 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA LONGITUDE 8017 8031 8007 8011 8012 8036 8010 8012 8011 8013 8010 8011 8012 8028 8010 8103 8010 8011 8017 8012 8016 8010 8011 8008 8009 8008 7953 8008 8003 8014 8015 8007 8006 8007 8039 7949 8014 8016 7359 8018 7953 8004 8002 8032 DEPTHUFMS) 5930 TO 8100 W-LONG. LORAN A 3L13090 3L13085 3L13070 3L13073 3L13075 3L13045 3L13045 3L13044 3L13025 3L13027 3L13011 3L13006 3L13000 3L12996 SUI2Z3995 3L12978 3L123971 3L12941 3L12943 3L12925 3L12915 3L12900 3L12875 3L12835 3L12838 3L12820 3L12812 SEL 209i 3L12796 3L12760 SEL2Z7TSS 3L12751 3L12724 3L12723 3L12705 3L12700 3L12690 3L12698 3L12687 3L12686 3L12675 3L522394 3L12625 3L12607 3HoO4C81 SH64111 3H64052 SH6E4065 3H64061 3H64120 3H6E4059 3HE4063 3HE8058 3H64062 3HE4056 SHE4O57 3HE4058 3HE4O96 3H6E4053 3HE4165 3HE4050 3HE4053 3HE4069 3H64051 3HE4061 3H64048 3HE4045 3H64036 SHE4G39 3HE4D36 3H63993 3H64033 3H64035 SHE4042 SHE4O4S 3HE40ZS 3H64019 3HE4UD23 3HE4097 3H63974 3H64037 3HE4O045 3HE3697 3H64048 3H63996 3HE3845 3HE4O001 SHE4074 GEAR DAMAGE TAAAAMMNMAMHNA ANA MP AABN TNAAAN AKA THANF AAA TP TANAATAS REGION red Fras eed fed ped fm eet bret fred reefers em) tr et eesti) frm fh fe) fd frm fora emda fred fell pull red fold found rm ford fs rath fered felt fnmtd fend ell fourth feed feet 2400 TO 383G NeLATe LATITUDE 2912 2912 2910 2903 2909 2907 2907 2906 2905 2304 2302 2902 2902 2301 2859 2858 2856 2856 2854 2854 2853 2853 2852 2852 2852 2850 2849 2848 2848 2843 2842 2842 2835 2834 2833 2830 2830 2827 2826 2826 2825 2824 2823 2823 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFCsPASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA LONGITUDE 8002 8019 socs 8000 8037 8001 8031 8017 8016 8013 8016 8038 8039 8031 71987 8007 8003 8016 8007 8036 7958 8014 7946 7954 8033 8004 8010 8028 8028 8005 8008 8012 8014 8007 8015 7951 7952 8004 Uhl 8010 8005 8014 8009 8017 DEPTH( FMS) 5930 TO 8100 W-LONG. LORAN A 3L12599 3L12598 3LV2Z5S75 3L51348 3L12560 3112550 3L12543 3L12525 3L12510 3L124939 3LI2476 3L12475 3L12477 3L12455 SLI2443 3L12429 3L13241 3L12400 3L12378 S$LT2379 3L12370 3L1237C 3L12365 3L1236C 3L12352 3L12330 3L12317 3L12300 3L12300 3L12248 3L12228 3L12227 3L51223 3L51247 3L51212 3L51311 3L51306 3L51242 3151303 3L51213 3L51236 3L51195 3L51212 3L12000 3H6E400C SHE4043 3HE4COS 3H63930 SHE4C8O 3HE3998 SHEQ067 SHE4O 33 3HE4035 3SHE4623 SHE4U3C 3HE4O076 3H64080 3SHE4059 3H63976 3H64060 SHE4G4S 3H64023 3HE3997 3HE40ES 3HE3S75 SHE4D2E 3HE3945 3HE3963 3HE405S7 3H6E3988 3H64C00 SHE4C4) SHE4041 SHE3986 3HE3986 3HE4COG 3HE399F 3HE63981 3H63993 3HE3938 3H63940 3H63969 3H63935 3HE3982 3H63969 3HE3990 SHE3377 3H63996 GEAR DAMAGE ANNA AANP NAAM ANATNANTNAATR ARH AWN ATWN TTT AeA We AANTSG REGION Le ee coe ceed ee oe coer ee ce ce ee ce eed ee cere ce ee ee cee cn ee ee ee ee ce eed ee ee ee ed eee ed ee eee a ee ee ee oh oe ee ee 2400 TO 3830 NeLAT. LATITUDE 2823 2821 2821 2819 2818 2816 2811 2809 2809 2809 2807 2803 2803 2800 2759 2759 Z05)9 Zot fry é 2753 2055 2752 2751 2742 2740 2739 2738 2130 2736 2735 2723 2721 2716 2712 2650 2631 2627 2547 2545 2543 2535 2531 2531 2530 2522 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERTES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA LONGITUDE 8031 7951 8014 8034 8034 8005 8010 8003 8010 8014 7940 8006 8014 8006 7856 8008 8012 8005 8005 8008 8003 8002 8003 f 95:9 7359 8006 8006 8006 8005 7307 7915 8002 1952 7944 8001 8001 FINS w959 7320 8000 8000 8006 73919 The) US) DEPTH{(FMS) $330 TO 8106 wW.LONG. LORAN A 3L12000 3L51294 3L51189 3L11968 3L11°50 3L51212 3L51180 3151205 SSeS 3L51160 SUS TS2S SUS LITE 3L51144 3L51170 SL51635 SESLUSS 3L51141 3L51168 SUST TS 3151143 3L51164 3L51164 SESTIS¥ SLSt 51 3L51149 SUSTIT 3151109 3L51105 3L51108 3L51660 3L51490 3L510693 3L51142 351220 3151309 3L51345 351960 3L51697? 3L51985 SUS177a 3L51802 351769 3L52071 3L52151 SHE4O025 3HE3935 3HE3987 3H64031 3H64028 3H63962 SHE3S71 3H63953 3H63969 3HE3978 3H63896 3HE3956 3HE3974 3H63954 3H63771 3HE3957 3H63966 3HE3949 SHESS4E 3H63954 3H63941 3H63939 3H63935 3HE3925 3HE3924 3HE3394C6 3H63939 3H6E3S38 3H63935 3HE3789 3H63809 3HE3918 3H63893 SHESE74 3H63893 3HE3EIS1 3HE3787 3HE35867 3H63787 3H63 866 3H63864 3HE387E 3HE3785 3HE3779 GEAR DAMAGE MPAATNEK AM TNNAR PMA R EP NNANA A HMA AMAA AN TN TWP aA INGAG REGION fob fom pee bent REGION NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNN NP PD NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA 2400 TO 3830 N-LAT. LATITUDE LONGITUDE 2520 2516 2516 2445 8000 8010 8010 7918 DEPTH(FMS) GULF OF 2415 TO 3020 NeLAT. LATITUDE LONGITUDE 2431 2415 2413 2618 2600 2545 261 2609 2451 2416 2446 2648 2418 2450 2446 (2 Ufea7 2422 2450 2504 72 al Th 2707 2425 2428 2429 2429 2433 2930 2928 2845 2925 2938 2455 8116 8124 8141 8202 8203 8203 8203 8210 8212 8230 8230 8245 8254 8259 8259 8302 8305 8307 8308 8310 8319 8323 8329 8330 8331 8334 8335 8403 8407 8412 8415 8417 DEPTH( 98 153 250 6 5330 TO 8100 W-LONG. 3L51887 3L51852 3L51859 3L52406 MEXICO LORAN A 3H63860 3HE3877 SHE3877 3H63780 8100 FO 9730 W.LONG. FMS) LORAN A 3L 33583 3L 33557 3L33552 3H1 3667 3HO 1032 3HO1046 3HO1016 3HO1034 3HO1212 3HO1178 3HO1160 3HO1130 3HO12421 SHO124E 3HO1248 3HO1428 3HO1274 SHO1271 3HO1273 3HO1465 3HO1433 3HO1332 3HO1356 3HO1357 3HO1360 3HO1372 3HO2744 3HO2948 3HO 2650 3HO 3000 3HO 3101 3HO1573 3H13532 3H13489 3H13461 3H01013 3H13627 3H13596 3H13662 3HI3636 3H13475 3H13374 3H13429 3H13668 3H13326 3H13376 3H13368 3H13727 3H13308 3H13456 3H13382 3H13702 SHI365F 3H135270 3H13260 3H13259 3H13258 3H13257 3H33473 3H33474 SHI3877 3H33471 3H33492 3H33160 GEAR GEAR DAMAGE "AAA N DAMAGE (el oes ee en ee REGION NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 2415 TO 3020 N-eLATe LATITUDE 2517 2946 ZES'S 2914 23909 2804 2747 2808 2807 2932 2836 2854 2907 2240 Z915 2930 3000 3004 2848 3003 3004 3006 2950 3019 2911 2306 2845 2315 29:39 2922 2958 2939 29271 2928 2926 29333 2358 2924 2929 2923 2914 2935 2926 2320 NATIONAL LONGITUDE 8425 8432 8510 8515 8517 8527 8527 8546 8552 8604 8615 8626 8637 8637 8639 8640 8645 S645 SE4T 8648 8655 8656 8703 8707 8703 8711 8714 8717 8719 8724 8726 8727 8727 8728 8729 8730 8730 8731 8731 8732 8735 8735 8735 8740 MARINE FISHERTES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LA8 HANG DATA GULF OF MEXICO DEPTH(FMS) 10 8100 TO 93730 W.LONG. LORAN A 3HO1641 3HO 3282 3HO 2681 3HO 3400 3HO 3366 3HO 2809 3HO 2675 3SHO2927 3HO 2942 3HO 3608 3HO 3232 3HO 3372 3HO 3455 3HO1879 3HO 3498 3HO3567 3HO3656 3HO 3664 3HO 3347 3HO 3660 3HO 3656 3HO 3659 3HO 3616 3HO 3671 3HO 2653 3HO 2018 3HO 3341 3HO 3483 3HO 3572 3HO 3508 3HO 3618 3HO 3566 3HO 3503 3HO 3528 3HO 3522 3HO 3545 3HO 2173 3HO3512 3HO 3531 3HO3501 3HO 3474 3HO 3547 3HO 3518 3HO 3494 3H33190 3H13991 3H13505 3H13859 3H137939 3H13439 3H13370 3H13340 3H13296 3H13524 3H13236 3H13138 3H13124 3H32569 3H13123 SHI3Z13E 3H13102 3H13101 3H12976 3H13072 3H13060 3H12989 3H12910 3H12875 3H12855 SHS2Z57:8 3H12706 3H12723 3H12729 3H12655 3H12674 SHL2647? 3H12622 3H12620 3H12608 3H12607 3H32675 3H12581 3H12587 3H12571 3H12526 3H12553 3H12546 3H12480 GEAR OAMAGE ANNA ANF AR PRANAB AHA AAA AAP ATI rrr ss TAANAASGe REGION NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNSE 2815 TO 3020 N-LAT. LATITUDE 2939 2917 2923 2912 2923 2855 295 2915 23941 2938 2912 2913 2925 2325 2901 2912 2910 ZON2 ZN 2 2910 2954 2929 2911 3014 3013 23919 2902 2300 2856 3015 2910 2921 2911 2906 3012 2312 2914 2310 2912 2903 2917 2915 2843 2915 NATTONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LAB LONGITUDE 8740 8742 8744 8746 8748 8749 8750 8751 8755 8755 8756 8757 8759 8800 880t 8802 8802 8803 8805 8805 8806 8806 8807 8808 8808 8808 8808 8808 8808 8803 8810 8811 8811 8811 3812 8812 8813 8813 8814 8814 8816 8816 88lTt 8818 HANG DATA GULF OF MEXICO DEPTH{ FMS) 8100 TO 39730 W.LONG. LORAN A 3HO 3556 3HO 3482 3HO 3503 3HO 3462 3HO 3502 3HO 3393 3HO 3472 3HO 3471 3HO 3554 3HO 3546 3HO 3459 SHO 3461 3HO 3503 3HO 3496 3HO 3455 3HO 3453 3HO 3451 3HO 3456 3H1 2202 3H1 2204 3HI2251 3H12212 3H12181 3H12268 3H1 2265 3H121706 3H1 2164 3H1 2162 3H1 2162 3H12255 3H12150 3H12150 3H12140 3H12135 3H1 2222 3H12130 3H1 2120 3H12118 3H1 2110 3H12105 3H12090 3H1 2090 3H1 2064 3H12070 3H12507 SHI2Z45E SHIZ44H2 3H12427 3H12399 3H12359 3H12370 3H12360 3H12349 SH1I2347 3H12301 3H12290 3H12277 3H12269 3H122493 3H12239 3H12236 3H12227 SHO3S4S7 3HO3449 3H03581 3H03513 3HO3453 3H03622 3HO3620 3HO3478 3HO34 20 3HO3412 3HO3396 3HO3621 3HO3449 3HO34 86 SHO3452 3HO3434 3HO3615 3HOS45S4 3HO3461 SHO3447 3HO3455 SHO3443 SHO3467 3HO3465 3HO3348 3HO3463 GEAR DAMAGE APAATNPMAMNNAPADNNA RAP See aAaAr as AAs AAAI TASAATAe TST REGION NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNAYNYNAYDY A NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFCePASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA GULF OF MEXICO 2415 TO 3020 NeLAT. LATITUDE 2912 2909 2907 2906 2954 3009 3007 3014 2957 2918 2905 2900 2905 3015 2947 2943 2850 2305 2859 2917 2305 3013 29393 2957 2926 2957 Zoo 2309 2932 2319 2903 2912 2901 2913 2901 2930 2924 2208 3017 ZIT 2857 2911 2851 2919 LONGITUDE 8818 8818 8818 8819 8820 8821 8821 8822 8823 8823 8823 8824 8825 8825 8825 8825 8826 8827 8827 3828 3828 8830 8830 8831 8831 8833 8833 8833 8834 8834 8834 8835 8835 8836 8836 8837 8837 8838 8840 8840 8840 8841 8841 8842 DEPTH(FMS) 100 200 8100 TO 9730 W-.LONG. LORAN A 3H12065 3SH1 2063 3H1 2065 3H1 2050 3H12109 3H12126 3H12125 3H12130 3H1 2080 3H1 2015 3H1 2007 3H11995 3H11995 3H1 2102 3H1 2040 3H1 2030 3H11972 3H11965 3H11963 3H11967 3H11951 3H1 2050 3H11975 3H11959 3H11940 3H11982 3H11910 3H11904 3H11916 3H11900 3H11890 3H11885 3H11875 3H11874 3H11870 3H11880 3H11875 3HO 21232 3H11970 3H11833 3H11825 3H11830 3H11820 3H11818 3HO3454 SHO3442 3HO3436 3HO3431 3HO3573 3HO3605 3HO3601 3HO3613 3HO3578 3HO3S472 3HO3428 3HO3411 SHO3S461 3HO3613 3HO3553 3HO3543 SHO3375 3HO3427 3HO3406 3HO3468 3HO3428 3HO360? 3HO3530 3HO3525 3HO3494 3HO3572 3HO3472 3HO3440 3HO3509 3HO3471 3HO3418 3HO3449 3HO3411 3HO3452 3HO3412 3HO3502 3HO3486 3H32327 3HO3E093 3HO3463 3HO3398 3HO3445 3HO3378 3HO3468 GEAR DAMAGE os nen at Dn on ts i Pn Di DD DD I Re ed REGION NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNN NNN DE PO 2415 TO 3020 NeLATe LATITUDE 2906 2229 2922 2926 2912 2853 3004 2854 2232 2328 2916 2910 2914 2910 2915 2902 ZIS 3002 2921 2852 2850 2835 2858 2843 2849 2846 2859 2327 2841 2300 2851 2843 2844 2849 2856 2227 2829 2832 2819 2834 2827 2222 2821 2814 NATTONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LAB LONGITUDE 8843 8843 8844 8845 8845 8845 8846 8846 8847 8848 8848 8849 8850 8850 8851 88S2 8852 8854 8857 8857 8858 8912 8912 8918 8933 8934 8934 8934 8935 8936 8937 8939 8942 8943 8954 8959 9000 9004 9006 9010 39015 9015 9029 9041 HANG DATA GULF OF MEXICO DEPTHC(FMS) 8100 TO 393730 W.LONG. LORAN A 3H11798 3HO 2178 3H117939 3HO 3488 3H11778 3H11775 3HO 3581 3HO 3389 3HO2195 3HO 3492 3HO 3458 3HO 3440 3HO 3451 3HO 3433 3HO 3454 3HOS414 3HO 3448 3HO 3572 3HO 3471 3HU 3381 3HO 3375 3HO 3337 3HO 3400 3HO 3354 3H21067 3H2 1082 3H210 32 3HO 2400 3H211905 3HO2348 3H21068 3H21106 3H21114 3H21091 3H21098 3HO 2330 3H21270 3H21277 3H21348 3H21304 3H21370 3H22127 3H21498 3H21619 3HO3428 3H32365 3HO3477 SH1I1787 SHD3448 3HD3386 3H11873 3H11766 3H32369 3H11765 SH11747 3H11730 3H11725 3H11724 3H117193 3H11700 3H117062 3H11790 3H11660 3H11653 3H11645 SHI1536 3H11494 SHIL4S6? 3H33458 3H33449 3H33488 3H32413 3H33435 3H32342 3H33465 SH33443 3H33445 3H33461 3H33486 3H32225 3H33402 3H33412 3H33368 3H33420 3H33396 3H32183 3H33377 3H33351 GEAR DAMAGE AHARH AFA HAP HAH APMP AMAA PHP APP ANA A ATA PM ATA IPA TB TITNGA NIG NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE 2415 TO 3020 N.LAT. SEFCePASCAGOULA HANG DATA GULF OF MEXICO REGION LATITUDE LONGITUDE OEPTHIFMS) NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNN DN 2811 2815 2834 2753 2806 2815 2810 2213 2806 2217 2833 2815 2822 2832 1948 2739 2818 2736 2825 1951 1956 1942 2812 2002 2005 1945 2001 2003 2003 2023 2818 2002 2300 2003 1949 2002 2811 2004 2003 2837 2810 2742 2811 2811 9051 9055 9059 9105 9106 9111 9113 9114 9119 9129 9131 3135 SESS 9138 9142 9145 9146 9146 9146 3147 9147 9149 SESE 9151 STSt 9151 9152 grS2 315s 92:53 9154 9154 SSS 9155 SESit SES 9158 9158 3200 9201 32093 S207 3220 S227 14 LAB 8100 TO 93730 W-LONG. LORAN A 3H21710 3H21734 3H21723 3H21875 3H21853 3H21875 3H21905 3H22318 3H21966 3H22358 3H22038 3H22099 3H22090 3H22108 3H22430 3H2 2232 3H22199 3H22243 3H22198 3H22445 3H2 2440 3H22448 3H22254 3H22450 3SH22447 3H22455 3H22452 3H22452 3H224655 3H22452 3H22280 3H22457 3H22273 3H22459 3H22470 3H22463 3H22323 3H2 2473 3H22475 3H22336 3H22431 3H22504 3H22534 3H22595 3H33340 3H33356 3H33433 3H33261 3H33318 3H33355 3H33335 3H32029 3H33317 3H32007 3H33437 3H33356 3H33387 3H32435 3H31756 SH33177 3H33372 3H33161 3H33404 SH31747 3H31752 3H31732 3H33341 3H31 744 3H31753 3H31735 3H31748 3H31750 3H31 748 3H31770 3H33372 3H31745 3H33562 3H31744 3H31725 3H31739 3H33336 3H31 748 3H31732 3H33466 3H33330 3H33170 3H33335 3H33332 GEAR DAMAGE PAA ATNPRP ANA RTH ATMA ABA HANNA ABA ANNA SI FIN AHH INP NP NF A AN REGION NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN AE 2415 TO 3020 N-eLAT. LATITUDE 1335 2755 2810 2801 2809 2830 2843 2753 PALES 2925 2735 2737 2805 2825 2729 2806 1842 2734 PAT {EES 2738 2738 2758 1932 2820 2820 2803 2810 1856 2803 2808 2809 2800 2757 2748 2745 2745 2828 2804 AZT SST 2805 1846 2305 2749 2751 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERTES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LAB LONGITUDE 9231 9233 9235 9235 9240 9241 9251 3300 9303 3307 I3UsS 9314 3315S D522 9322 9324 3327 9330 3335 39337 9341 9343 9346 9352 3355. 3409 9417 9426 9433 9435 9436 9438 9438 9445 9448 9448 39450 9451 9454 9505 I51 9518 9521 3530 HANG DATA GULF OF MEXICO DEPTH(FMS) 8100 TO 9730 W-LONG. LORAN A 3H22552 3H226506 3H22677 3H22670 3H22725 SH22745 3H22861 3H22890 3H22892 3H23050 3H22970 3H22985 3H2 3040 3H23146 3H2 3030 3H2 3124 3H22678 3H23101 3H23138 3H23165 3H23195 3H23263 3H22734 3H2 3404 3H2 3432 3H2 3480 3H2 3562 3H22814 3H23639 3H23670 3H2 3681 3H23653 3H2 3643 3H2 3643 3H2 3664 3H2 3664 3H23844 3H23736 3H23720 3H2 3803 3H22909 3H2 3849 3H2 3796 3H2 3831 3H31641 3H33235 3H33326 3H33270 3H35316 SH33441 3H33519 3H33200 3H33087 3H33736 3H33056 3H33068 3H33270 3H33411 3H32995 3H33271 3H31498 3H33015 3H32995 3H33031 3H33024 3H33182 3H31492 SHSS S510 3H33352 3H33172 3H33221 3H31400 3H33102 3H33150 3H33151 3H33055 3H33022 3H32906 3H3286]1 3H32861 3H33300 3H33040 3H32955 3H32983 3H31323 3H32912 3H32730 3H32730 GEAR DAMAGE NTNAANAANNNNP AP NNANA AA AN AAA TAIN SA DAA ATA PA ANA CATE REGION NNNNNNNNNNNANNNNNNNNNNAND YY REGION WWWWWW WWW WWW WG 2415 TO 3020 N-LAT. LATITUDE 2742 2804 2744 2720 2745 2738 2710 2720 2732 2610 2632 2627 20630 2750 2649 2628 2730 213! 2133 2621 2602 2315 2410 2255 APPROX.1NO0 TO 2400 N.LAT. LATITUDE 1302 1304 1305 1028 1103 LSSS 1111 1112 1109 339 2002 2000 2015 NATTONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»ePASCAGOULA LAB LONGITUDE 9543 3552 9610 9612 9613 9613 9617 9620 9621 9622 3628 9630 9630 9633 9638 9642 9645 9646 93648 9658 9706 9716 DI2T 3736 LONGITUDE 595.4 5941 5943 6004 6050 6050 6054 6054 6054 6055 6854 6856 6943 HANG DATA GULF OF MEXICO DEPTH(FMS) WEST INDIES DEPTH(FMS ) 8100 TO 9730 W.LONG. LORAN A 3H23836 3H2 3932 3H2 3962 3H2 3834 3H2 3911 3H23891 3H23816 3H23851 3H23887 3H2 3663 3H23726 3H23725 3H2 3150 3H2 3956 3H238C1 3H23755 3H23921 3H2 3246 3H2 3249 3H23770 3H23741 3H2 3446 3H23557 3H2 3458 3H32536 3H32705 3H32389 3H32133 3H32380 3H32311 3H32002 3H32080 3H32200 3H31428 3H31560 3H31495 3H31139 3H32318 3H31655 3H31414 3H32048 3H31169 3H31167 3H31243 3HO3149 3H31090 3H31047 3H31068 5930 TO 8100 W.LONG. LORAN A GEAR GEAR DAMAGE ANNAANNTA SARA AAP KP AP RP ANAAr SA DAMAGE NNANNANN FI TAN AG NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»e PASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA WEST INDIES APPROX.1000 TO 2400 N.LAT. 5930 TO 8100 W.LONG. REGION LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH(FMS) LORAN A GEAR DAMAGE 3 2088 7131 355 ST L 3 2052 7320 180 ST T 3 2057 T7341 17 ST L 3 2044 7343 500 ST FE 3 2336 T525 3L33543 3154820 3 2351 7659 750 TD F 3 2411 7713 150 TO Z 3 2330 73933 5 ST T 3 2325 7940 250 ST L 3 2400 8027 12 ST T CARIBBEAN SEA APPROX 1000 TO 2200 NeLATe- 6100 TO 8900 W.LONG REGION LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH(FMS) LORAN A GEAR DAMAGE 5 1404 6102 36 TD Z 4 1536 6109 364 ST Zz q 1536 6113 332 ST Z a 1522 6126 110 TD Zz 4 1534 6129 48 TD Z g 1535 6130 160 TO Z 4 1210 6144 98 TD Z § 1212 6145 100 TO L 4 1206 6145 12 TO Zz 4 1207 6145 40 TD z 4 1201 6154 230 ST Z 4 1104 6205 59 TD Zz § 1127 6217 68 ST T 4 1133 6230 200 ST T 4 1708 6238 18 ST T 4 1704 6239 143 ST Z 4 1707 6239 55 TO z q 1716 6244 40 TO Z 4 1733 6246 365 ST L 4 1144 6247 330 ST L § 1104 6248 25 ST T a 41720 6252 305 ST T 4 1737 6300 360 ST L 4 1338 6301 392 ST F 4 1134 6302 175 ST L a 1140 6305 245 ST T 4 1810 6313 31 TO Z 17 NATIONAL MARINE FISHERTES SERVICE SEFCsPASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA CARIBBEAN SEA APPROX 1000 TO 2200 N-LAT.- 6100 TO 8900 W.LONG REGION LATITUDE LONGITUDE OEPTH(FMS) LORAN A GEAR DAMAGE 4 1807 6320 360 ST L 4 1828 6322 363 ST t 4 1737 6328 228 ST T q 1529 6337 6 TO Z 4 1530 6338 200 ST U 4 1807 6338 360 ST L 4 1740 6346 405 ST T 4 1114 6413 30 ST (é 4 1846 6441 26 ST T 4 13836 6446 28 ST T 4 1836 6447 25 ST T 4 1836 6448 28 ST T 4 1838 6457 220 ST T q 1815 6458 23 ST T 4 1807 6519 205 ST T 4 1039 6520 700 ST F q 1044 6527 700 ST F 4 1827 6535 40 ST T 4 1026 6543 5G ST T 4 1330 6555 150 ST T 4 1751 6609 20 ST T 4 1832 6647 200 ST T 4 1051 6658 53 TD Z 4 1054 6700 175 ST Z 4 1056 6702 230 ST Zz 4 1826 6714 250 ST T 4 1817 6717 250 ST T 4 1806 6724 13 ST t 4 1046 6803 40 TO z 4 1120 6816 240 ST T 4 1358 6854 12 SLE231055 SESLOLS TD Z 4 1153 6928 190 ST T 4 L235 6956 280 ST T 4 22:9 7004 108 LAS Z 4 1227 7006 40 FT Zz 4 1150 7040 32 Silj T 4 1139 7124 15 ST L 4 1231 7158 205 ST Z 4 1202 7228 33 ST T 4 1200 7230 20 FT T 4 1221 7231 210 ST t 4 12193 7234 195 FT T 4 1124 7332 35 ST z 4 1104 T423 10 SU T mig lo 9) NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC*sPASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA CARIBBEAN SEA APPROX 1000 TO 2200 N.LATe. 6100 TO 8900 #¥.LONG REGION LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH(FMS) LORAN A GEAR DAMAGE q 1105 7428 13 Siki T 4 1109 7428 200 ST F g 1119 7453 580 ST T 4 1112 7456 235 Sil L 4 1114 7521 720 ST; T g 1107 7530 600 ST T 4 1005 7553 50 TD Z 4 0359 7553 60 ST T 4 o95! 7557 45 ST F 4 1004 7606 110 TD Z 4 0312 7621 24 ST T 4 0936 7622 280 ST T 4 0958 7629 695 ST Z 4 0932 7638 800 Sit Zz 4 0855 7656 360 FT T 4 1736 7705 16 ST T 4 1826 7706 200 TD Zz 4 03938 7857 65 TD Zz 4 0819 7948 20 ST Tt 4 0825 7956 5 ST T 4 0826 7956 8 ST T 4 0827 7356 8 ST T 4 1416 8026 50 TO Zz 4 14914 8029 195 TD Z 4 1530 8104 16 ST T 4 1454 8110 280 SD Z 4 LSisS 8115 110 ST T a 1434 8131 240 FT T q 1650 8133 170 ST L 4 1707 8138 400 ST L 4 1412 8142 408 ST F a 1643 8153 140 FT F § U32:2 8204 300 ST Zz 4 1241 8219 74 FT Z 4 1302 8220 80 FT L 4 1236 8221 76 ST Z 4 1250 8222 66 ST T 4 12193 8222 320 ST U 4 1246 8223 70 FT Z 4 1233 8228 85 FT U 4 1217 8249 20 ST T 4 1134 8307 125 ST T 4 1623 8320 55 ST T 4 1622 8331 167 ST L 19 APPROX 1000 TO 2200 N-LAT. NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFC»PASCAGOULA LAS HANG DATA CARIBBEAN SEA REGION CATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH{FMS) f&erPe 1626 1616 1612 1612 8331 8359 8414 8424 510 350 350 325 6100 TO 8300 W.LONG LORAN A NE COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA 0015 TO 1000 N-eLAT. REGION LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH(FMS) AMKAMAAMAMAAMMAMAMWAnManAnnnnnannnninnnnnwnwTw wi 0945 03942 0940 0928 0924 0917 03916 0903 o8so6 o751 0748 0744 O741 0738 0732 0728 0728 0728 0727 0725 0718 o74a2 0709 0702 0655 o65s1 0650 0648 0637 0637 0631 0624 0624 6047 $353 5940 6004 5941 5919 5915 5300 5741 5442 5328 5652 S348 5411 54912 5435 5443 5511 S347 5435 5707 5647 5247 5623 5401 5341 5534 5512 5503 5558 5347 5445 5500 3500 TO 6100 W.LONG. LORAN A GEAR ST GEAR DAMAGE ~anaAT DAMAGE AAP PUNTA AFP ANA RAHA aH AAP TA IAS NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SEFCePASCAGOULA LAB HANG DATA NE COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA 0015 TO 1000 NeLAT. 3500 TO 6100 W.LONG. REGION LATITUDE LONGITUDE DEPTH(FMS) LGRAN A GEAR DAMAGE 5 C623 5605 17 FT T 5 0614 5231 38 ST F 5 0610 5238 55 Si F S 0608 5237 30 ST Z 5 0556 5203 39 Si T 5 0556 5220 31 ST Vi 5 0546 5202 38 ST it 5 0543 5115 100 Si F 5 o541 5206 35 Si T 5 0538 5252 Ze. ST T 5 0420 5037 38 ST u 5 0311 3840 25 ST T 5 0307 3841 14G TD u 5 a304 3858 3C ST T 5 o241 4748 180 ST T 5 0239 3908 60 SU L 5 232 4917 11 ST iP 5 0231 4051 15 ST U 5 0230 4750 65 ST T 5 0228 3928 24 Sil T 5 0217 3937 30 ST T 5 0150 4731 45 ST T 5 0145 4646 275 ST T 5 0137 4645 64 Sj it 5 0023 47G5 21 ST U 5 Oo17 4427 60 ST T 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, iii + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., 11 figs., 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs., 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Brevoortia, 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W.G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81 p., 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. October 1975, iii + 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware IT during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N_E. 45TH ST. SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Library Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum fashineton, D.C. 20560 — = 4 m|-. POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMM' COM-210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE ERCE ‘ MZ NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-716 Fishes and Associated Environmental Data Collected in New York Bight, June 1974-June 1975 Stuart J. Wilk, Wallace W. Morse, Daniel E. Ralph, and Thomas R. Azarovitz September i977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientificand technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some 4 their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. ae Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, xl + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. Continued on inside back cover 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 3 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 18 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the | Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus | (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Om Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., € tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governm Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 71. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. f NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-716 Fishes and Associated Environmental Data Collected in New York Bight, June 1974-June 1975 Stuart J. Wilk, Wallace W. Morse, Daniel E. Ralph, and Thomas R. Azarovitz September 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Richard A. Frank, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Robert W. Schoning, Director For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-017-0040-4 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Page FFRGEOGUCEIONM Metre 5 Py cee tee ssc: tes ee aren tee eel Se Pan cages Pemen A seh Sr fav Sek Sy oOo te OMe, (a Clgteh oo tare see ah colize 1 SHRIGKY GQIREER) SEG Wa 2S SS eee coe pgesieere aie Oi ear eis Se Ay re oe Reamer eR TAC at Ooi A MRT 1 MILALIONESCIECLIOM Reema remy cov fea oh cae arere) ey ee Seca ete aches Glues yes Weelcapelien Stereo a ne prema Sate e iyaiead 1 Paterialsrandsemethodsmee cc a mce ee, coer eke ead sored eS Taine eerie AL Awe ien aa Merce jae ies cateee) bis LSM co Declare rays 1 Py ataBtabularionsre-wets po ewe. © cot els are tetra teen ee aute ah eat HI “wy ne EY SE Apel te ones cor Mist eine tS vale 3 PAILErALUTCRCICE Cl lataar ton poten erste Seats seese Nay eres ca tere. ey magma ated £1 tabnaycs) cal Meaueuee we need ab Be hats eetnetols rare meses siseacsiae 4 Figures 1. Middle Atlantic continental shelf with outlines of the New York Bight and the survey areas within the ESI MR area ES ies ts call cease, Teearee, SULA fees Sl cistacty se LP SAPSUN sa staal ak yeilee/ once Rese RSRES Ce a) oleae Sa Oo 2 2. Ocean study area divided into depth strata where finfish were sampled during an otter trawl survey, FUME BED TAStONS UNC 1.97. Diy ui weiresurcekes soe nciSePRe oe sabrcseiinis) eaueites meth amee cea Pemewnccn aire NS. Rintugabtth segs e ame, ced surep rare 2 3. Bay study area where finfish were sampled during an otter trawl survey, June 1974 to June 1975 .... 3 Tables 1. Summary of collecting intervals sampled during trawl survey of New York Bight, June 1974 to June UTS oo 6. 0 Sas 6 AE RECS no SNC URC ENT ECs CEMEL OS clue ern sear ger rk ee ef yr rer Cen eer GG 5 2. Summary of trawl stations made in New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975 .............. 6 3. List of fishes collected in New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975 ..............-2-0-. 18 ili ot ry rrwg t be A . oe : = 7 t i " ] > ‘ 7 i Fishes and Associated Environmental Data Collected in New York Bight, June 1974-June 1975 STUART J. WILK, WALLACE W. MORSE, DANIEL E. RALPH, and THOMAS R. AZAROVITZ? ABSTRACT Tabulations of fishes and associated environmental observations are given for 700 trawl stations made during 30 collecting intervals in the New York Bight from June 1974 to June 1975. Summary tables included give the following information: collecting interval data (vessel, dates, stations sam- pled, gear, and area); station data (date, location, time of day, total catch, and environmental obser- vations); and catch data for 127 species, representing 67 families (location, number, and weight). The 10 most frequently collected species were: Merluccius bilinearis (456 stations), Scophthal- mus aquosus (419), Raja erinacea (411), Urophycis chuss (409), Pseudopleuronectes americanus (363), Hippoglossina oblonga (325), Lophius americanus (305), Peprilus triacanthus (284), Paralichthys den- tatus (272), and Squalus acanthias (224). INTRODUCTION The Sandy Hook Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service began a systematic survey during June 1974 of benthic fishes occurring in the New York Bight and Sandy Hook, Lower, and Raritan Bays. This study was designed to provide a comprehensive data base for current and anticipated research needs. This paper con- tains tabulations of stations, catches, and environmen- tal data collected during this 13-mo study. These data, when compared with similar time series, will ultimately contribute a significant portion of the material needed to detect and understand natural and man-induced changes in relative abundance, dis- tribution, movements, conditions, and reproductive cycles of fishes occurring in the New York Bight. STUDY AREAS The New York Bight is that portion of the Atlantic continental shelf between eastern Long Island, N.Y., and Cape May, N.J. (Fig. 1). This study was conducted in the northern section of the New York Bight where the Long Island and New Jersey coastlines are nearly per- pendicular. Two study areas, ocean and bay, were designated to facilitate sampling and data handling. The ocean study area was delineated by two sets of imaginary lines and the 28- and 366-m isobaths (Fig. 2). The first set of lines extends seaward from points on Long Island and New Jersey to the 28-m isobath; the second set from the 28-m isobath to the edge of the continental shelf (366 m). The bay study area included Sandy Hook, Lower, and Raritan Bays (Fig. 3). Northeast Fisheries Center Sandy Hook Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Highlands, NJ 07732. STATION SELECTION Station locations in the ocean survey area were selected by a stratified random sampling design (Steel and Torrie 1960). Strata boundaries were determined by depth, i.e., 0-10, 11-19, 20-28, 29-55, 56-110, 111-183, and 184-366 m (Fig. 2). A minimum of two stations per stratum were randomly selected to be sampled during each cruise. Inshore strata (0-28 m) were sampled at a rate of approximately one station per 515 km? and off- shore strata (29-366 m) at a rate of approximately one station per 1,030 km’. Grosslein (1969) described ad- ditional details pertaining to this sampling method and design. The bay survey area was divided into 103 sampling blocks. Except where interrupted by land, each block measured 1’ of latitude by 1’ of longitude, i.e., 1.8 km X 1.4 km (2.5 km’). Trawl stations for all bay cruises were selected randomly from these blocks at the beginning of the study and were retained as permanent stations throughout the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research vessels used during this study were the 10.4- m Xiphias and 19.8-m Rorqual from the Northeast Fisheries Center, the 47.2-m Delaware II and 57.0-m Al- batross IV from the National Ocean Survey, and the chartered 27.4-m Atlantic Twin. Xiphias and Rorqual were used exclusively in the bay areas, Delaware II was used in both the ocean and the bay, and Albatross IV and Atlantic Twin were used only in the ocean. Loran A navigation was the principal method used for positioning on ocean stations. Radar, land ranges, and visual sightings of buoys were used to position vessels on bay stations and some of the inshore ocean stations. Temperature, salinity, and depth observations were made at each station. Vertical temperature profiles were 50 100 kilometers Figure 1.—Middle Atlantic continental shelf with outlines of the New York Bight (solid lines) and the survey areas (dashed lines) within the Bight. Figure 2.—Ocean study area divided into depth strata where finfishes were sampled during an otter trawl survey, June 1974 to June 1975. kilometers Staten Island NEW JERSEY 7410 74°00 long Island kilometers 40°25 73.55) Figure 3.—Bay study area where finfishes were sampled during an otter trawl survey, June 1974 to June 1975. obtained with expendable bathythermographs during ocean cruises and with a portable temperature probe during bay cruises. Surface water temperature was measured at each station with a stem thermometer ac- curate to +0.1°C for calibration of the expendable bathy- thermograph and the probe. Surface and bottom water samples were taken at almost all stations for salinity determination by induction salinometer. Fathometers recorded depth during each trawl tow. Fish collections were made with otter trawls towed at approximately 6.5 km/h for 15 min at bay stations and 30 min at ocean stations. The trawl used aboard Xiphias and Rorqual had a 9.1-m footrope, a 7.6-m headrope, and 7.6-m legs. a Yankee #36 trawl with a 24.4-m footrope, an 18.3-m headrope, and 9.1-m legs was used on Delaware IT. The Albatross IV also used the #36 Yankee trawl as well as a #41 trawl with a 30.5-m footrope, a 24.4-m head- rope, and 19.8-m top and 18.3-m bottom legs. The At- lantic Twin used a *%4 Yankee trawl with a 16.5-m foot- rope, an 11.9-m headrope, 11.6-m legs, and 16.5-m ground cables. All trawls were fitted with 12.7-mm stretch mesh cod end liners. At the conclusion of each tow, the trawl was retrieved and emptied onto a sorting table where all fish species were separated and identified. All specimens of each species were weighed to the nearest whole pound and measured from the snout to the middle caudal ray in cen- timeters. All specimens of each species were usually measured except when subsamples of very large catches were measured. In such cases, an expansion factor (weight of total catch/weight of subsample) was applied to the number and length frequency of the subsample to estimate the number and length frequency of the total catch. Samples of each bony fish species, up to 35 specimens, were frozen from each trawl station for subsequent laboratory study. If the total catch of a species exceeded 35 specimens, a size-stratified sample of 25 to 35 specimens was frozen. Sources of identification and nomenclature used were: Jordan and Evermann (1896-1900), Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928), Ginsburg (1937, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954), Hildebrand (1943), Breder (1948), Bigelow and Schroeder (1953), Berry and Anderson (1961), Casey (1964), Eschmeyer (1965), Anderson et al. (1966), Green- wood et al. (1966), Leim and Scott (1966), Gutherz (1967), Bohlke and Chaplin (1968), Randall (1968), Bailey et al. (1970), Rosenblatt and McCosker (1970), and Marshall and Iwamoto (1973). DATA TABULATIONS During this study, 700 trawl stations were occupied in 13 mo. Stations were consecutively numbered to aid in cross-referencing location, catch, and associated en- vironmental data. Table 1 lists station numbers, vessel, dates, number of stations, gear type, and study area for each collecting interval. Table 2 provides station infor- mation including date, coordinates to the nearest 0.2 km, time of day (EST), trawling duration, number of species and individuals caught, total weight, depth, and surface and bottom temperature and salinity. Table 3 is a phy- logenetic list of the 127 species and 67 families of fishes collected during this study including number and weight (kilograms) by station of occurrence. Unless indicated in Table 3, scientific and common names and _ar- rangements are according to Bailey et al. (1970). LITERATURE CITED ANDERSON, W. W., J. W. GEHRINGER, and F. H. BERRY. 1966. Field guide to the Synodontidae (lizardfishes) of the western Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Circ. 245, 12 p. BAILEY, R. M., J. E. FITCH, E. S. HERALD, E. A. LACHNER, C. C. LINDSEY, C. R. ROBINS, and W. B. SCOTT. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc., Spec. Publ. 6, Wash., D.C., 149 p. BERRY, F. H., and W. W. ANDERSON. 1961. Stargazer fishes from the western North Atlantic (family Uranoscopidae). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 112:563-586. BIGELOW, H. B., and W. C. SCHROEDER. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 53, 577 p. BOHLKE, J. E., and C. C. G. CHAPLIN. 1968. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. Living- ston Publ. Co., Wynnewood, Pa., 771 p. BREDER, C. M., JR. 1948. Field book of marine fishes of the Atlantic coast from Lab- rador to Texas. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, N.Y., 332 p. CASEY, J. C. 1964. Anglers’ guide to sharks of the northeastern United States, Maine to Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Circ. 179, 32 p. ESCHMEYER, W. N. 1965. Western Atlantic scorpionfishes of the genus Scorpaena, in- cluding four new species. Bull. Mar. Sci. 15:84-164. GINSBURG, I. 1937. Review of the seahorses (Hippocampus) found on the coasts of the American continents and of Europe. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 83:497-617. 1950. Review of the western Atlantic Triglidae (fishes). Sci. 2:489-527. Tex. J. 1951. Western Atlantic tonguefishes with descriptions of six new species. Zoologica (NY) 36:185-201. 1952. Flounders of the genus Paralichthys and related genera in American waters. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 52:265-351. 1953. Western Atlantic scorpionfishes. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 121(8):1-103. 1954. Whitings on the coasts of the American continents. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 56:187-208. GREENWOOD, P. H., D. E. ROSEN, S. H. WEITZMAN, and G. S. MYERS. 1966. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classi- fication of living forms. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 131:339-455. GROSSLEIN, M. D. 1969. Groundfish survey program of BCF Woods Hole. Fish. Rev. 31(8-9):22-30. GUTHERZ, E. J. 1967. Field guide to the flatfishes of the family Bothidae in the western North Atlantic. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Circ. 263, 47 p. HILDEBRAND, S. F. 1943. A review of the American anchovies (family Engraulidae). Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collect. Yale Univ. 8(2):1-165. HILDEBRAND, S. F., and W. C. SCHROEDER. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. U.S. Bur. Fish., Bull. 43(1): 1-366. JORDAN, D. S., and B. W. EVERMANN. 1896-1900. The fishes of North and Middle America. Natl. Mus. 47, 3,313 p. LEIM, A. H., and W. B. SCOTT. 1966. Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Can., Bull. 155, 485 p. MARSHALL, N. B., and T. IWAMOTO. 1973. Family Macrouridae. In D. M. Cohen (editor), Fishes of the western North Atlantic, Part 6, p. 496-665. Mem. Sears Found. Mar. Res. Yale Univ. 1. RANDALL, J. E. 1968. Caribbean reef fishes. City, N.J., 318 p. ROSENBLATT, R. H., and J. E. McCOSKER. 1970. A key to the genera of the ophichthid eels, with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the eastern Pacific. Pac. Sci. 24:494-505. STEEL, R. G. D., and J. H. TORRIE. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics with special reference to the biological sciences. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 481 p. Commer. Bull. U.S. Fish. Res. Board T. F. H. Publications, Inc., Jersey Table 1.--Summary of collecting intervals sampled during trawl survey of New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975,, Consecutive Sta. No. ee eS IWS Sy as} ILC) > Gul 62 - 76 Wie SQ) 80 - 120 23 6 iss = akeye 182 - 193 194 - 196 197 - 236 PS i—e2 55 2565-258 2595— 298 299 — 317 318 = 320 S25 —) 3577 358 - 371 372° — 385 386 - 388 389 - 439 440 - 458 459 - 485 486 - 500 501 - 548 549 - 564 565>— 567 5OSe—mO2i/ 628 - 636 637 - 700 TOTAL Vessel Xtphtas Delaware IT Delaware IT Xtphtas Delaware IT Delaware IT Rorqual Delaware IT Xtphtas Detaware IT Delaware IT Xtphtas Delaware ITI Delaware ITI Xtphtas Delaware IT Delaware II Rorqual Rorqual Delaware ITI Delaware II Albatross IV Atlantie Twin Rorqual Albatross IV Xtphtas Delaware IT Delaware II Xtphtas Delaware IT 3-17 23-25 July 24 24-29 14,15,21-23 H6—2il 23-25 Sept. 23 23-28 22-24 OcGEs 22 22-28 18-20 Nov. 18 18-25 1975 3,6,9 31; Feb. Jan. 31 31; Feb. 6-8,10 20-24 MPO 1-3 ,5-10 5-6,8 May 5 May 5-12 June 3,9 June 2-9 3,4 1-6 No. of Sta. Gear Type 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl # 36 trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl # 36 trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl # 36 trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl # 36 trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl # 36 trawl 9.1-m trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl # 36 trawl # 41 trawl 3/4 Yankee trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl 9.1-m trawl # 36 trawl # 36 trawl 9.1l-m trawl # 36 trawl Study Area bay bay ocean bay bay ocean bay ocean bay bay ocean bay bay ocean bay bay ocean bay bay bay ocean ocean ocean bay ocean bay bay ocean bay ocean Table 2.--Summary of trawl stations made in New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975. An asterisk (*) indicates a weight less than 0.5 kg and two asterisks (**) indicates data not taken. Sta. Location Start Duration Total Catch No. spp. Depth Temp. (°C) Salinity (0/00) No. Date Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught (m) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 1974 June i 3 40°29.0' 74°03.0' 0958 15 5 4.5 4 8 16.4 15.4 22.8 23.7 2 3 40°28.8' 74°04.4' 1130 15 48 1.8 3 7 16.6 15.7 22.3 22.4 3 3 40°29.0' 74°05.8' 1310 15 9 0.5 3 7 18.6 uSi2 21.8 25.5 4 3 40°27.8' 74°08.8' 1427 al} S) 0.5 1 4 17.3 17.0 21.0 21.4 5 4 40°28.5' 74°12.7' 0830 eS NO FISH CAUGHT 5 17.8 16.9 20.9 21.8 6 4 40°30.4' 74°10.2' 0913 15 1 2 1 6 17.8 16.7 22.5 22.5 7 4 40°30.6' 74°05.8' 0955 15 2 1.4 2 6 17.6 16.0 22.2 23.0 8 4 40°27.8' 74°05.4' 1046 15 2 Ly 1 5 18.4 16.4 21.9 22.5 9 4 40°26.5' 74°02.5' 1137 IS} 22 PIS) 7 5 18.2 16.0 22.4 24.2 10 4 40°27.5' 74°01.4' 1227 15 27 322 3} 6 17.7 15.8 22.6 24.1 11 6 40°29.2' 74°01.4' 0809 15 2 e 2 6 16.5 16.4 26.1 26.1 12 6 40°30.0' 74°01.3' 0855 15 al: eS al 6 16.5 15.9 25.1 2557 13 6 40°32.8' 74°05.3' 1040 15 NO FISH CAUGHT 5 17.0 16.5 22.4 24.0 14 6 40°33.0' 74°03.5' 1215 15 22 3.6 5 12 19.2 16.0 23.0 26.5 15 6 40°36.4' 74°02.7' 335 15 NO FISH CAUGHT 33 18.0 16.2 20.1 26.2 16 3 40°29.0' 74°03.0' 0957 TS 494 27.2 13 8 16.4 15.4 22.8 23.7 17 3 40°28.8' 74°04.4' 1130 15 2859 106.6 18 7, 16.6 Sz) 22.3 22.4 18 3 40°29.0' 74°05.8' 1315 15 2250 22.7 8 8 18.6 15.2 21.8 25.5 19 3 Ages2e5ie 9 (73e41l5") 2224 30 806 93.9 16 15 15.4 14.1 30.9 30.9 20 4 40°30.0' 73°40.0' 0017 30 520 SLA, 11 18 15%3 13.0 31.0 31.0 21 4 40°31.5' 73°36.5' 0152 30 476 73.4 18 19 S35: 13.9 31.0 shitoal 22 4 40°22.0' 9322950" 0340 30 36 18.1 10 26 14.0 10.2 31.0 31.6 23 4 40°32.0' 73227..0! 0525 30 88 45.8 11 LS 13.6 13.1 30.9 31.0 24 4 4023359) 13°27/30" 0644 30 53 56.7 cd, 20 13.8 13.2 30.7 31.1 25 4 40°31.5' ATO" 0815 30 34 40.8 4 26 14.0 10.5 30.8 31.6 26 4 40°22.5' W259 55" 1023 30 2 0.5 al 38 15 <3 Tee: spls7/ 33.2 27 4 40°34.0' 73°03.0% 1203 30 68 31.8 8 24 iE} ble) 31.0 30.5 28 4 40°39.3" 73°01.0' 1324 30 469 50.3 16 14 14.6 11.9 30.6 30.8 29 4 40°43.0' 7224925" 1501 30 953 42.2 14 16 15.2 123 30.7 30.9 30 4 40°43.5' 72°43.0' 1630 30 158 37.2 8 26 14.3 11.0 30.8 31.7 31 4 40°29.0' 72°22.0' 1905 30 31 20.0 10 53 14.3 6.9 32.4 32.8 32 4 40°05.0' 72°12.0' 2148 30 37 10.4 6 74 13.1 6.5 32.5 32.8 33 5 3095025" 7S5655% 0017 30 30 2.7 6 134 14.5 12.8 33.7 35.0 34 5 39°46.0' A215 50" 0227 30 52 5.0 8 97 12.8 11.6 32.6 34.7 35 5 3925055" f22105) 0450 30 5 a 4 242 13.0 12.0 33.4 35.6 36 5 3923055¢ 72°12.0' 0620 30 182 6.4 as] 223 13.0 11-8 Sn ms 37 5 39° 375" 122382. 50 0835 30 28 5.4 il 99 19.2 16.4 33.6 34.0 38 5 3952320 72°20.0' 1025 30 800 108.4 4 145 19.0 17.2 35.4 35.8 39 5 39272505 1222825* 1258 30 124 TiO 10 322 22.5 8.9 35.0 34.2 40 5 39°20.0' IPE SOR 1506 30 8 6.4 33 119 14.8 13.6 B55) 31.6 41 5 39°41.0' 72°59.5* 1807 30 12 3.6 5 55 16.7 7.8 33.5 33.1 42 5 39°44.0' 73°16.0' 1947 30 36 Teil 8 40 16.4 8.0 Shik s7/ 32.8 43 5 3995055: 7323550* 2145 30 61 10.0 10 413 13.2 4.7 30.2 32.8 44 5 39°43.0' 73°54-5* 2359 30 129 28.1 10 23 ale seak 9.0 30.8 33.6 45 6 39°5)20# 73°58.0' 0124 30 184 36,3 11 17 a kz Jesal D9 29.8 325 46 6 39°56.0' 74°03.2' 0245 30 1004 88.5 12 16 15.4 12.8 29.9 32.0 47 6 39°58.5" 73°57/0" 0424 30 40 38.6 10 17 I5=5 a kSal 30.9 Shh 7/ 48 6 40°06.0' 74°01.0' 0544 30 361 5657, 10 15 14.7 11.8 30.2 31.7 49 6 40°12.0' 73°49.0° 0720 30 Si 7 i, 7 27 16.0 8.7 30.2 32.2 50 6 40°13.0' 73°54.0' 0816 30 385 71.2 12 22 16.3 11.8 30.9 31.7 51 6 40°18.0' 73°50.0' 0923 30 29 26.8 c) 27 16.6 7.9 30.5 aples} 52 6 40°24.0' 73°54.3" 1130 30 189 86.6 2) 17 18.3 12.3 30.4 32.3 53 6 40°27.0' 739515" 1322 30 473 89.8 17 19 18.4 aa kAS} 28.5 31.5 54 6 40°24.5' USGI 1513 30 53 29.9 10 35 16.5 Tiss: 28.8 32.8 55 6 40°16.0' 73°44.0' 1915 30 42 10.0 8 30 16.6 8.0 32.2 30.4 56 6 40°13.0' 43°37/0" 2035 30 34 20.4 8 35 16.7 7.8 32.1 shils7/ 57 6 40°12.0' 73°31.0" 2150 30 73 33 o2 12 38 15.8 7.4 shila 32.1 58 6 40°15.0' 73°35-0" 2356 30 95 12.7 12 27 16.4 9.0 Sa sae) 59 7 40°20.3' 73°45.8' 0150 30 56 26.8 10 28 16.2 7.8 SES 32.4 60 7 40°24.0' 73°44.5' 0317 30 49 ed, 8 24 15.6 8.7 30.6 30.4 61 7 40°32.3' 73°48.5' 0503 30 887 31.3 10 10 1526 ax. 30.2 30.1 Table 2.--Continued Sta. Location Start Duration _Total Catch No. spp. Depth _ Temp. (°C) = Salinity (0/oo) _ No. Date Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught (m) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom July 62 23 40°26.9' 74°05.0' 0845 15 18 1.4 4 6 21.9 22.0 26.9 26.4 63 23 40°27.0' 74°02.8' 0930 15 86 Sol 6 8 21.0 22.0 27.1 27.0 64 23 40°27.0' 74°02.0' 1025 15 3 1.4 2 7 21.0 22.0 27.2 27.5 65 24 40°29.5' 74°03.0' 0828 15 16 8.2 3 9 20.5 22.0 26.9 27.4 66 24 40°29.0' 74°02.0' 0923 ali} 13 2 ian) 4 8 20.7 21.0 27.1 27.1 67 24 40°26.9' 74°06.0' 1017 15 21 11.3 5 9 21.0 20.5 26.4 273. 68 24 40°29.2' 74°06.3' 1056 5 26 ala ke} 9 10 21.0 20.7 26.8 26.9 69 24 40°25.3' 74°00.3' 1339 15 all 5.0 4 7 2185: 21.0 26.8 27.8 70 24 40°28.0' 74°03.2' 1419 als 46 14.5 7 id 20.9 21.0 27.7 27.4 71 25 40°33.7' 74°03.1' 0948 15 10 Zayh 7 11 20.3 19.0 28.3 28.6 72 25 40°32.9" 74°05.6' 1021 ILS} 1 3 aE 6 20.0 19.8 27.0 27.2 73 25 40°31.0' 74°01.0' 1110 15 3 ed 2 6 19.8 19.3 27.9 29.0 74 25 40°30.8' 74°05.0' 1147 alt} 2 x 2 7] 20.0 20.2 26.7 27.1 75 25 40°30.6' 74°09.0' 1230 15 7; x 1 6 20.9 21.0 26.5 26.8 76 25 40°28.0' 74°10.0' 1310 15 2 3.6 2 4 21.0 20.9 26.0 26.1 77 24 40°27.0' 74°05.0' 0829 aS) 55 9319 10 8 PAESE) 22.0 26.9 27.4 78 24 40°26.9' 74°03.0' 1015 15 205 44.0 7 7 21.0 22.0 26.4 Bes 79 24 40°29.2' 74°06.2' 1157 15 876 29.0 &) 9) 21.0 22.0 26.8 26.9 80 24 40°30.0' 1324350" 1338 30 409 76.2 10 18 92 13/25) 30.2 32.5 81 24 40°31.5' MASS 209. 1510 30 518 26.8 9 as 19.6 thd 30.4 31.2 82 24 40°24.0' 732310" 1646 30 555 52.6 ) 22 20.4 13.8 30.9 32.3 83 24 40°26.6' W3S2553" 1812 30 125 45.8 9 24 L959 T35 30.4 32.5 84 24 40°31.5' 73°28.0' 1940 30 225 97.1 13 16 Oe 5: atiyeal 30.3 32.4 85 24 40°34.0' 73°18.0' 2125 30 171 70.3 14 18 20.1 1559) chiles} 32.6 86 24 40°26.5' 73STO3S\ 2359 30 514 148.8 10 27 20.3 14.1 hls?) 3229) 87 25 40°23.8' 72°52.4' 0406 30 387 112.9 12 39 20.1 12.9 31.4 SUS 88 25 40°36.1' 73°01.4' 0706 30 ry of) 4 20 OS 10.9 32.0 32.4 89 25 40°39.0' W2eolsoe 1108 30 70 10.0 5 25 20.4 14.9 32.7 31.8 30 25 40°44.0' 72°47.8' 1231 30 5244 3919, 16 15 20.4 20.4 31.0 31.8 91 25 40°44.5' 72°40.0' 1421 30 1382 2352 6 21 20.1 14.1 eplsi7/ e533 92 25 40°48.1' T2g3352 1546 30 18002 109.8 15 17 18.9 17.9 31.6 eps ts) 93 26 40°35.4' 7223655" 0246 30 166 24.5 alk 33 20.3 ahbeat Sui) S¥IS©) 94 26 40°17.3' 72°37.6' 0642 30 113 22.2 13 52 20.2 8.8 pls EGA 95 26 SEYEEL EY 72°42.0' 1035 30 ) 13.6 3 57 21.8 U5} xjfe}sal 335) 96 26 39°47.5' W2e3335e 1346 30 36 6.4 10 64 21.6 8.5 33.0 33.8 97 26 39°47.8' 222325. 1515 30 34 eh? 6 82 21.5 939) 32.8 34.4 98 26 40°02.8' T2210 * 1723 30 28 11.8 7 75 21.0 8.9 33% 339) 99 26 39°49.0' 71°46.0' 2222 30 290 57.6 als} 329 2355 8.2 34.8 SBoil 100 27 39°37/8° 725950" 0049 30 107 11.8 11 262 21.8 9.0 34.1 S5tee 101 27 39°34.5' YEU 0413 30 60 5/10 9 123 21.8 ay oak Be}5©) 36.0 102 27 39°24.1' F2Nos2 0606 30 22 8.6 Ty 227 21.6 18.5 33.6 35.7 103 27 SOS Os 72°34.5' 1338 30 13 0.9 2 161 ZAC) 29) 34.8 359) 104 27 B9C2 7250 72°49.0' 2030 30 102 8.6 10 62 ZP)7/ 8.4 33.6 SE 7/ 105 28 39°52.0' 73°01.0' 0011 30 1044 135.6 15 60 22.3 U3 32.5 33/52) 106 28 40°04.3' 73°02.8' 0410 30 113 16.8 12 46 PLZ) 8.3 32/40) 33.2 107 28 B9S55—3" Tease 0613 30 545 122.5 12 51 21.6 9.0 32's Boe2 108 28 39°53.0' 73°48.5' 0858 30 71 6.4 3 27 22:5 12.9 31.4 32.6 109 28 BOSS Seon 74°02.5' alhiey 30 797 5.0 6 15 ese al 16.2 31.0 S19) 110 28 39°56.3' 73°54.0' 1302 30 1211 27.2 4 22 22.4 alic}5&) 31.4 32.4 iil 28 39259740 74°02.6' 1441 30 1190 39.9 13 15 22.2 NSS 30.9 31.8 112 28 40°04.2' 73°36.1' 1720 30 1451 86.6 12 42 23'65 10.7 30.0 33.0 113 28 40°14.0' 73235508 2001 30 42 UST 9 33 22.5 14.1 30.9 - 32.8 114 28 40°17.0' 73°39.0' 2115 30 41 CyB} 8 27 22.1 14.1 28.5 32.4 115 28 40°24.0' 73°41.0' 2228 30 979 169.6 13 26 20.9 14.8 31.0 32.4 116 29 40°26.0' 73°41.0' 0012 30 920 156.9 ©) 27 2153 14.5 wks es 117 29 40°23.0' 73°34.0' 0136 30 310 60.8 13 22 21.6 14.9 30.9 32.6 118 29 40°10.0' 73°51.0' 0448 30 1011 21.8 8 24 22.1 14.5 30.8 32.3 119 29 40°14.0' 73°48.0' 0612 30 166 18.6 w 33 22.3 13.9 SO) 3255 120 29 40°07 50 7375354" 0717 30 1144 33.6 12 30 21.2 a(S) 2975) 32.0 Table 2.--Continued Location Start Duration Total Catch No. spp. Depth Temp. (°C) No. Date Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught (m) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Aug. 121 14 40°29.1' 74°01.9' NO FISH CAUGHT 122 14 40°31.0' 74°01.2' 0904 15 5 2s) =) 5 25.5 22.9 27.0 123 14 40°33.4' 74°03.3' 1016 15 16 Vaal 6 6 24.5 23.4 26.2 124 15 40°25.2' 74°00.5' 1115 15 39 0.5 4 6 27.0 24.5 26.3 125 15 40°26.1' 74°02.2' 1210 15 3 3 2 5 26.5 23.2 25.7 126 15 40°27.0' 74°03.9' 1255 15 255} a 3 5: 25.5 23.5 26-1 127 21 40°32.2' 74°05.2' 0726 15 NO FISH CAUGHT 4 23.4 232 27.6 128 21 40°30.9' 74°05.2' 0807 ale} 71 0.5 2 3 23.5 22.8 26.6 129 21 40°30.8' 74°05.2' 0850 15 NO FISH CAUGHT 6 23.3 22.9 27.2 130 21 40°30.5' 74°09.1' 1051 15 18 0.5 2 6 24.3 24.0 27.5 131 21 40°28.7' 74°14.6' 1136 15 16 1.4 3 6 24.3 23.0 26.3 132 21 40°27.7' 74°09.9' 1254 15 4 8.6 1 4 24.9 24.5 25.6 133 22 40°29.4' 74°03.0' 0821 15 2 0.9 2 8 23.5 23.6 27.6 134 22 40°29.5' 74°06.2' 0905 15 5 3.6 5 9 23.8 23.6 27.6 135 22 40°27.1' 74°05.1' 1004 15 2 0.5 2 6 23.8 23.6 27.3 136 23 40°27.8' 74°01.3' 0812 15 116 aie 6 7 23.8 23.8 27.6 137 16 40°32.0' 7325530 1225 30 461 363.8 10 12 22.2 22.3 31.6 138 16 40°31.5' 13253 sou 1358 30 474 86.6 il abil 22.7 22.0 30.8 139 16 40°33.3' 73°39.0' 1554 30 9970 37.6 1l 16 22.5 21.1 31.6 140 16 40°31.8' 7323 68h: 1714 30 1869 36.3 13 20 22.5 TO Sa! 31.7 141 16 40°26.0' 4323350 * 1925 30 147 3252 10 27 22.7 17.1 31.7 142 16 40°28.0' 7322623" 2052 30 244 37.6 14 24 21.4 alz/sal 32.7 143 16 40°33.0' 7322855" 2248 30 173 17.7 17 16 22.2 20.1 31.6 144 aly) 40°34.0' W3c2350" 0004 30 485 38.6 17 18 22ia3 19.8 31.6 145 17 40°31.0' TEPMIEREY 0115 30 187 35.8 12 24 29) 17.2 32.0 146 17 40°24.1' 73°05.2' 0407 30 78 21.8 9 40 21.2 10.9 32.6 147 7, 40°33.8' 73°03.0' 0557 30 1136 47.2 ©) 29 21.8 13.8 s¥Joi1 148 17 40°37.5' 73°08.0' 0746 30 181 37.2 8 19 20.5 18.5 32.4 149 17 40°36.5' g2255508 0925 30 55 LiAiesa 10 30 Lt? 9 32.3 150 17 40°42.0' 72°54.5' 1207 30 3146 48.1 19 15 21.4 17.8 32.3 151 17 40°43.5" 72°43.5' 1359 30 89 85.7 C} 23 Cy 257) 32.3 152 18 40°13.5' T2c30s95 0122 30 499 117.0 15 54 21.8 8.4 32.8 153 18 40°13.7' 72°44.5' 0245 30 561 131.5 13 52 21.3 8.7 32.4 154 18 40°01.2' 73°00.6' 0547 30 26 8.6 8 49 21.7 8.5 32.2 155 18 3955535 7322020" 0907 30 302 72.6 14 49 22.2 Se) 32.1 156 18 3984555" 73215 .0° 1045 30 655 30.4 12 45 22.3 10.7 32.5 157 18 39°46.0' 7320055" 1223 30 238 38.6 13 67 22.6 8.4 3259) 158 18 3923670 w2042-6" 1538 30 64 12.7 10 72 22.5 8.9 33.5 159 18 39°47.8' 7204355" 1727 30 19 3.2 6 56 22.9 8.4 34.5 160 18 40°09.0' 72°20.0' 2148 30 398 143.8 11 68 22.6 9.6 33.9 161 19 39255255 72°00.5° 0119 30 989 78.0 10 89 22.4 18.3 34.9 162 19 39°45.5' 71°58.4" 0318 30 397 24.5 12 146 23.3 355 35.7 163 19 39°40.8' 71°56.5' 0500 30 232 I /37) 15 267 23.0 9.0 35.4 164 19 39°22-0' A227 ooe 1319 30 362 21.8 19 330 23.9 7.8 35.1 165 ne) 39°17.8' 72°27.6' 1457 30 6 128.4 3 139 23.6 13.2 34.7 166 19 39°3;750)° TR EVISGED 1751 30 1822 110.2 7 127 23.4 13.4 34.1 167 19 39°30°5* 73°03.0' 2235 30 388 40.4 14 66 22.2 8.1 33.2 168 20 39°46.0' 73°55.0° 0402 30 71 145i 12 25 23.4 14.0 32.2 169 20 39°48.6' 74°01.0' 0515 30 264 6.8 3 17 21.4 16.2 32.0 170 20 S9°56-3 74°02.9' 0636 30 25 0.9 3 18 21.0 17.0 32.0 171 20 39°51 50" 732570" 0813 30 83 223 6 21 23.0 14.4 32.2 172 20 40°01.0' 73°45.0° 1058 30 53 6.8 8 33 23.2 13 i533) SWS) 173 20 40°08.8' 73°57.0' 1240 30 107 1.4 3 17 23.2 16.3 31.7 174 20 40°10.0' 73°47.0' 1403 30 2653 74.8 7 33 2359, ake eal 5 175 20 40°10.0' 73°41.0' 1533 30 1832 111.1 10 49 IESET/ 922 32.3 176 20 40°03.5' 73°35.0° 1728 30 1585 68.5 g, 42 23152 10.8 32.0 177 20 40°13.6' 73°26.7' 2011 30 195 18.1 +) 38 23.6 12.5 32.3 178 20 40°19.0' 73°36.0° 2140 30 383 10.9 10 26 23.4 15.4 32.1 179 20 40°23.0° 73°41.0° 2257 30 278 12.2 11 27 23.8 15.9 31.5 Table 2.--Continued 237 238 Date Location Start Duration Total Catch Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught 40°25.0' 73°41.0' 0002 30 112 8.6 U 40°23.0' fSsol0r 0218 10 37 5.4 5) 40°28.9" 74°05.3' 0915 15 200 PAST} 6 40°29.4' 74°07.2' 1145 15 39 fe 5 40°30.6' 74°05.9' 1301 15 610 3.6 8 40°26.7' 74°01.3' 1410 15 22 8.2 6 40°29.2' 74°01.5" osol 15 89 Sh. 8 40°33.3' 74°03.2' 0910 15 306 6.8 9 40°32.6' 74°05.5' 1030 15 985 6.4 4 40°30.5' 74°09.3' 1201 15 1441 EJBE) 8 40°28.6' Te Maleygey 1255 15 238 1.4 5 40°27.8' 74°08.8' 1348 i} 30 0.9 4 40°26.4' 74°02.6' 0810 15 198 3.6 9 40°27.8' 74°05.0' 0913 15 74 8.2 8 40°29.0" 74°05.0' 0912 15 1865 8) 8 40°29.0' 74°05.0' 1142 15 545 ak S74 12 40°30.0' 74°05.0' 1258 15 30371 57.6 9 40°30.0' 7325370" 1449 30 621 abeh heal 13 40°31.9' 73°49.1' 1603 30 3451 93.4 19 40°33.9' 73°42.4' 1733 30 724 2316 17 40°29.2' 73°40.1' 1851 30 228 147.9 16 40°17.8' 13s 42i52 2039 30 112 49.0 12 40°17.8' Teever 2152 30 179 66.2 16 40°15.0' 732370 2316 30 72 145.6 13 40°15.9' 73°34.8' 0058 30 als) 57.6 16 40°19.6' 73232.6' 0243 30 165 298.0 15 40°25.0' ToS 0421 30 313 57.2 16 40°28.8' 73°26.7' 0648 30 88 112.5 13 40°3225" 32 29e 2 1020 30 14381 59.0 15 40°33.5' 73°25.0' 1130 30 2797 93.9 19 40°37.0' Paha lates 1333 30 8022 74.4 19 40°31.8' 73°08.4' 1728 30 1612 102.1 15 40°38.1' 73°05.4' 1850 30 1989 53).5 24 40°38.5' 2¢55.0" 2021 30 215 158.3 10 40°40.8' 72°52.8' 2328 30 513 98.0 20 40°46.0' 72°40.5' 0113 30 12386 168.7 27 40°32.2' 223150" 1013 30 172 24.5 ali 39°59.0' TAR Seu 2200 30 576 46.3 16 39°48.0' SOs 0134 30 324 13.6 17 39239202 72°17.8' 0431 30 218 6.4 7 3992354! W222" 6" 0635 30 39 6.4 2 39°13.0" A222655" 1129 30 529 23.6 12 39°22.4' P2229 25 1334 30 107 925 4 3924357 72°40.7' 1842 30 534 76.7 10 39°57.0' (2g s 50.4 2154 30 412 78.5 11 40°06.5' 12230502 2338 30 398 66.2 14 40°04.0' 293920" 0058 30 537 176.0 16 40°09.5' 13205/39. 0414 30 227 62.1 14 SER AY A32UOTO" 0618 30 3269 228.6 17 39°54.0' P35 s 0755 30 186 46.3 aul 39346255 W325" 1041 30 74 20.4 g) 39°48. 3' 73°22.0' 1211 30 19935 559.3 9 39°45.5' 74°03.4' 1722 30 427 157.29, ally) 39°48.4' 73°58.8' 1840 30 373 186.9 19 40°05.5' 74°00.0' 2220 30 369 98.8 12 40°04.0' 73°56.0' 2342 30 plzal 93.9 12 40°07.5' 73°48.8"' 0143 30 275 113.4 16 40°28.9"' 74°04.8' 0920 15 357 4.1 aly} 40°29.3' 74°06.6' 1030 aAGS 543 2.7 11 spp. Depth (m) 28 25 al stBs 141 297 131 ** 10.9 Temp. (°C) Surface Bottom ** 25.6 24.6 26.0 25/48 23.4 23.8 253 23.6 24.0 Salinity (0/00) Surface Bottom Table 2.--Continued Sta. Location Start Duration Total Catch No. spp. Depth Temp. (°C) Salinity (0/00) _ ; No. Date Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught (m) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 239 22 40°29.9' 74°08.2' 1210 15 4714 2.7 5 9 11.8 MW | AAD as 240 22 40°30.6' 74°06.1' 1300 15 289 0.5 7 6 12.0 11.8 24.9 : 241 22 40°29.9' 74°03.9' 1339 15 18 0.5 4 8 12.4 11.7 24.5 25.3 242 23 40°27.9' 74°01.1' 0827 15 141 15.0 13 6 9.4 10.4 2357) 24.0 ' ° ' 42 5.0 6 6 9.5 10.2 22.9 23.6 243 23 AOR 265 Gig Canoes Cane ae 50 5.4 3 6 10.4 10.6 ae) ABT oe a Sonate Beeee ae a 485 0.5 3 5 10.7 10.5 23.8 23.9 245 23 40°27.6 74 eat 4.5 6 ) 39°40.5' 74°04.1' 1614 30 als} 26.3 12 16 5.0 5.0 32.9 a3 427 5 39°46.3' 73°58.4' 1855 30 297 67.6 ate) 21 G55} Sol ak tk 428 5 39°52.0' 74°03.0' 2034 30 433 86.2 aly 15 5.4 5.2 ak *k 429 5 39°54.5" 74°01.0' 2212 30 342 58.1 ale} 16 5.4 5.3 32.0 32.6 430 6 39°59.0' Tee! o1s1 30 240 Teal aie) 24 6.2 bata 32.8 latin’ 431 6 40°04.5' 73255.0. 0314 30 258 64.0 14 23 6.2 6.6 33/52 aed 432 6 BOSS 75" 733 5c4u 0520 30 196 79.4 16 30 6.4 5.4 33.8 od 433 6 40°16.0' 32330) 0925 30 478 136.5 13 27 5.4 5.4 32.8 33.0 434 6 40°13.0' 73c3 540" 1127 30 403 114.3 14 28 Eya7/ 5.8 33.2 33.3 435 6 40°10.6' 73°38.6' 1257 30 418 124.3 12 36 5.9 6.0 3333 ak 436 6 40°11.0' 73°47.0' 1448 30 510 132.0 abik 35 6.2 6.0 3323 33.3 437 6 40°16.0' 73°45.0' 1558 30 955 289.8 20 31 5.9 6.0 33.0 33.0 438 6 40°16.5' 73°54.0' 1736 30 244 Diisi2 12 21 5.4 5.8 30.3 S353, 439 6 40°21.8' 132.48 )51 1926 30 118 11.8 26 37 EXS7/ 6.1 32.3 33.7 Mar. 440 6 39°51-5" 71°45.0' 1112 30 321 85.7 14 207 Teal! 9.8 34.9 36.4 44) 6 39°48.5' 71°48.0' 1318 30 209 135.6 13 229 7.6 9.4 34.8 B55) 442 6 40°01.5' PACER BEY 1600 30 309 753 10 84 U3 10.3 34.8 3557) 443 6 40°34.5' Usa 2315 30 227 64.0 11 44 6.2 Ne5 34.2 34.6 444 7 40°16.5' W22720\" 0206 30 264 107.5 12 61 6.9 6.8 34.9 34.9 445 7 40°19.5" 72°48.0' 0524 30 362 88.9 12 48 Sea: 6.4 34.8 34.6 446 7 40°09.5" 73°10.0' 0752 30 34 22h 10 41 5.2 5.7 34.8 35.0 447 7 39°59.0" 77223307 1144 30 279 300.7 11 66 Woe ies, 35.5 35.6 448 7, 39°45.0' T2234 5 1449 30 268 137.0 2) 79 lsd Use} 35.5 35.6 449 7 39°335 52 W2c13 02 1728 30 93 921) 12 135 Tin 9) 13 35.6 a 450 7 39°20.0' 72°20.5" 2310 30 108 8.6 13) 169 8.0 12.5 35.4 36.6 451 8 39°26.0" UAT by 0129 30 66 6.8 15 122 7.5 About 35.4 36.5 452 8 39°50.5" 72259).0" 1327 30 797 1326.8 9 vA Toth Gat 35.4 35.4 453 8 39253=5" 73°06.0' 1519 30 386 446.8 9 68 6.7 7.4 34.8 a 454 8 39°50=5" Asc 2U-0% 1751 30 326 Aleph sal 11 44 6.4 6.5 34.8 34.8 455 8 39°47.0' 73°09.0' 1928 30 409 127.9 10 46 Pork Uosk 35.0 35.4 456 8 39°36.5' 72°54.5' 2131 30 479 792.4 6 64 Wes} Uoe3 35.4 H55) 457 8 39°29.0' 1225250" 2313 30 145 161.0 6 65 8.3 8.3 3555 35.8 458 10 39°12.0° 72°28.5' 0225 30 127 50.3 18 302 90) 10.8 35a 36.2 459 18 40°30.2' 73°46.5' 1735 30 114 ihe! 8 18 5.0 5.0 31259) 34.0 460 18 40°34.5' 73°43.0' 2006 30 211 64.0 10 9 4.6 4.6 Blab) 3 2'15) 461 18 40°32.1' 7323325 2244 30 209 EXS57/ 13 16 4.4 4.4 32.7, SPAT 462 19 40°32.8" 73°27.2' 0218 30 142 Ske 13 15 4.4 4.4 33.0 32.8 463 19 40°29.3' CECE 0312 30 150 31.8 13 25 4.3 4.3 S259) 32.9 464 19 40°25.0' PERCE SEY 0450 30 110 eeyoak 12 27 4.3 4.4 e}ejaal 33.1 465 19 40°24.4' 1323238) 0633 30 15 Use) 6 22 4.5 4.5 32.4 oS 466 20 40°24.9" 7355 ale 0732 30 54 10.0 a 17 523 Boat a su21 467 20 402193" TEE 0855 30 53 24.9 10 19 5.2 4.8 28.9 S22. 468 20 40°17.5' 73°56.0' 1054 30 NO FISH CAUGHT 18 5.2 4.7 29/53 Sy, 469 20 40°12.6' J3g59 30.4 1336 30 NO FISH CAUGHT 13 5.0 4.9 32.2 S57) 470 20 40°06.5' 74°04.7' 1500 30 101 24.0 10 22 Ss 5.0 31.6 32.7 471 21 40°02.0' 74°02.0' 1120 30 74 20/59: 8 16 Sele 5.0 32.2 shiz 472 21 39SS 723" 73°57.0' 1306 30 25 Halse) 6 21 E55) Souk Sheets) 3106) 473 21 39°50.0' ve a 1515 30 23 9.5 7 20 5.6 Goat S189) 32.4 474 21 39°49.5' 74°04.8' 1717 30 95 36.7 11 8 5.4 S73. 32.0 32.0 475 21 39°42.5' 73°57,.0" 1905 30 81 23/51 9 22 iS) Se. s453} S2eu 13 Table 2.--Continued 1 Sta. Location Start Duration Total Catch No. spp. Depth Temp. (°C) Salinity (0/oo) No. Date Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught (m) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom | 476 22 39°47.5' 73°48.0' 1912 30 31 20.4 il 24 B52) Bjeik 33.2 333}55) 477 22 40°05.5' 73°50.0' 2220 30 52 L3'52 9 24 SoS} 4.8 32.6 32.5 478 23 40°17.8' 3a 2ST 1900 30 79 25.4 8 24 S22 4.9 33.5 333}57/ 479 23 40°24.7' 13°34 2059 30 206 55.8 12 24 5.0 4.8 33.6 35}. 7/ 480 23 40°35.1' W320 \s78 2340 30 196 sis} ats} 16 Dieta, 4.8 33.0 33.3 481 24 40°32 37 73°08.4' 0201 30 54 23ieus 8 26 BS} 4.9 Somes 33.3 482 24 40°37.2' W2OV 0344 30 55 22.2 &) 22 Bos} 4.9 33.0 33.3 483 24 40°40.7' 72°56.9' 0521 30 39 Hes} 8 17 5.0 4.8 33.0 33.0 484 24 40°47.7' T2237 520 0744 30 144 84.4 16 6 5.0 4.8 25}3} 33.4 485 24 40°47.5' T2028 5 0917 30 22 10.4 10 26 Seal 4.8 B02 33.4 Apr. 486 1 40°28.0" 74°01.0' 1125 5} 21 33573 6 7 6.5 Bez 20.6 25.3 487 at 40°27.0' 74°02.0' 1235 15 14 1.8 i shit ia) 6.0 20.6 25.9 488 al 40°27.2' 74°03.4' 1315 aLG} 4 a 3 6 6.6 6.0 Ase 25.2 489 L 40°29.0' 74°03.4' 1400 ai} 10 1.4 5 7 6.4 6.5 23.0 26.2 490 al 40°29.6' 74°03.4' 1415 a5) 4 0.5 2 5 6.8 6.5 22.4 25.3 491 aE 40°31.0' 74°01.0' 1450 15 5 1.8 2 5 ks ed 22.1 25.2 492 2 40°25.0' 74°00.5' 0915 15 2 x 2 5 6.4 5.5) 20.5 20.4 493 2 40°30.1' 74°05.0' 1030 15; 49 23583 3 6 6.5 5.8 20.4 24.2 494 2 40°30.1' 74°06.0' wes 1 11 0.5 4 6 5s} B58} 21.2 ZaloS) 495 2 40°30.4' 74°09.0' 1218 15 2 0.5 2 5 6.8 So83 23.0 23.1 496 2 40°28.6' Taco” 1300 TS) 102 0.9 3 5 6.2 4.5 20.3 20.4 497 2 40°28.6' 74°13.0' 1445 15 73 0.5 4 4 6.5 5.0 LORS 21.5 498 7 40°33.5' 74°00.0' 1244 15 al 2 1 3) 55) 5.4 23.8 25.3 499 7 40°33.4' 74°03.0' 1328 15 2 eS 2 9 5.3 5.0 19.3 25.7 500 Zl 40°32.4' 74°05.2' 1406 15 57 1.4 5 5 4.7 4.5 20.3 23.0 501 al 40°27.3' 73°46.4' 1747 30 175 33.6 10 27 5.0 B55 29.8 33.4 502 1 40°30.0' 73S38/50" 1939 30 214 68.5 1l 16 Bye 5) 5.1 30.3 33.2 503 1 40°31.6' 73938272 2046 30 269 49.9 13 16 5.5 5.2 29.9 33.2 504 1 40°32.5' 1393354" 2208 30 303 91.6 12 15 552) 5.0 31.4 S57 505 1 40°32.0' 73°26.0' 2326 30 310 50.3 12 18 See. 4.5 32.2 32.6 506 2 40°18.5' ABST 5 0205 30 162 68.9 11 38 4.8 4.9 aisioal S3eo 507 2 40°32.5' 73°11.0' 0500 30 274 59.4 12 24 4.8 4.7 32.4 32.8 508 2 40°32.5' 73°07/5* 0626 30 207 100.7 9 24 5.0 4.8 32.4 32.5 509 2 40°37.0' 73°09.0" 0750 30 126 41.7 13 13) 4.8 4.6 S25) 32.4 510 2 40°40.0' 12259530" 0922 30 103 64.9 all 17 4.7 4.7 32.5 32.7 511 2 40°43.5' 72°49.5' 1329 30 214 66.2 14 16 5.0 5.0 32.5 32.9 512 2 40°45.4' 72°36.0' 1540 30 121 62.6 13 26 Sa 4.9 32.7 SAGE) 513 2 40°32.0' 72°29.0' 2326 30 5a! 86.2 14 46 RSs} Seo ax a}s}oiL 514 3 40°24.0' TPR 0157 30 216 she Sik 10 49 Sz 7.2 33; 33.4 515 3 40°13.5' 72232.0! 0457 30 219 214.1 9) 57 6.3 6.1 eS nS 516 3 40°19.0' 7225955" 0747 30 64 5 2a2 9 44 Boz 5.6 33/55) 33.4 517 5 40°01.0' 74°02.0' 1248 30 Si) 1559 8 17 4.8 4.8 32.4 32.3 518 5 39252-5% 74°03.5' 1446 30 112 22.2 11 16 4.8 4.8 32253 32.2 519 5 39°54.5' TERE SS 1601 30 27 Pe AST f 10 18 4.9 4.9 SIR? 32.7 520 5 40°00.0' TERY 1744 30 367 13.2 6 20 5.4 5.4 33.4 33.3 Gyal 5 40°08.8' 7325520" 2108 30 175 35.8 14 18 4.6 5.0 32.1 32.8 522 = 40°13.5' 73°48.0' 2337 30 267 87.1 20 31 5.4 5.4 SEG) 33.8 523 6 40°15.9' 73°33.8' 0329 30 173 28.1 6 29 4.4 4.4 32.4 32.3 524 6 40°00.0' 73°38.0' 0828 30 44 27.2 So 36 4.8 6.3 33.0 34.3 SIs} 6 3925255" 73°29-0* 1125 30 43 62.6 11 38 5.6 6.3 33.8 34.1 526 6 40°03.5' VERA G Cy 1426 30 41 17.7 6 46 5.4 5.4 33.0 S65 527 6 40°08.8' 12255560 1831 30 93 106.1 ) 47 5.9 SS) =}=}57/ S135 7/ 528 7 40°03.5' 73°24.0' 0224 30 119 127.0 7, 68 6.0 6.5 B3m 33.8 529 7 40°14.0' 72°09.0' 0540 30 185 383.7 11 66 Sas 533 EE} 7/ 33.6 530 7 40°09.0' 220Peoe 0822 30 58 122.0 5) 69 5.6 6.6 33.8 34.1 531 7 39°46.4" 71°49.4' 1518 30 142 3222 12 311 7.0 8.8 34.0 35.4 532 7 39°43.0' 72°07.0' 1912 30 48 15.4 6 112 7.4 11.8 34.3 35.6 533 7 39°44.0' 72°14.5' 2322 30 51 las 10 104 Tied: 11.2 34.2 35.6 14 Table 2.--Continued Sta. Location Start Duration Total Catch No. spp. Depth Temp. (°C) Salinity (0/oo) No. Date Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught (m) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 534 8 39°47.5' 2921501 0113 30 57 By/57 8 82 6.4 10.6 34.0 Ae) 535 8 39°45.5' 2390. 0554 30 271 225.9 aly) 75 6.7 7.4 33.9 34.1 536 8 39°34.0' 72°20.0' 0725 30 64 8.6 4 101 Woe) Lee 34.0 B55: 537 8 39°29.5' 2290 1015 30 117 20.4 20 366 he'd 11.8 34.2 35.7 533 8 39°14.0' 2c 20.0) 1855 30 174 37.6 16 183 8.1 TG 34.6 2b 7/ 539 8 39°11.5' T2°37;\08 2112 30 46 8.2 14 139 8.0 12.3 34.5 cies 540 8 39°19.0" 72°48.5' 2323 30 70 30.8 12 79 ok} Die 34.4 34.8 541 9 39°28.5' 722587. 5)t 0354 30 179 205.9 6 66 6.6 6.6 34.0 34.1 542 9 39°34.1' (3.05 si0n 0540 30 92 122.0 12 47 6.5 6.5 34.0 34.0 543 9 89°52 75" M2257 30" 1030 30 155 120.7 11 64 6.6 6.6 34.0 34.0 544 9 39°54.5' Tealissy 1554 30 259 233).1) 12 62 6.1 6.1 34.0 33.8 545 ) 39°46.0' P3eLOOe 1854 30 259 156.5 13 46 8.6 8.4 33.9 Z}of) 546 10 40°26.2' UES Oy 0608 30 ake) 37.2 16 20 4.9 4.9 32.6 eV 7/ 547 10 40°18.5' 73°49.0' 0912 30 44 14.5 9 38 4.9 6.1 32.4 34.6 548 10 40°16.3' 73°50.8' 1054 30 NO FISH CAUGHT 26 5.0 5.0 32.5 32.5 May 549 5 40°28.5' 74°05.0' ses ALG} 8 1.4 4 7 11.4 10.8 21.5 21.6 550 5 40°29.2" JASO6e Te ota 15 14 1.8 5 8 10.9 11.4 21.3 21.6 551 5 40°30.1' 74°05.5' aa 15 13 1.4 2 7 11.5 10.4 21.2 23.0 552 5 40°30.5' 74°09.0' a 15 5 Ofe5. 2 4 a2) 10.9 20.8 20.7 553 6 40°29.1" 74°01.6' Ea 15 34 t2 4 5) 11.0 10.2 TOP, etl 554 6 40°33.5' 74°00.1' ee 15 56 2.7 7 4 11.4 10.4 17.7 24.1 555 6 40°33.6' 74°03.1' Eee 15 25 0.9 8 5 abn} 12.2 23d iS) eal 556 6 40°32.6" 74°05.2' eat 15 72 253 LA 4 139! 11.6 dle) 55} 20.4 557 6 40°28.5' 74°13.5' erty 15 55 4.1 7 4 15.0 14.1 14.9 IFN. 558 6 40°28.4' 74°11.6' ex, 15 161 15.4 8 4 14.9 13/6 16.1 21.2 559 6 40°27.5' 74°10.0' 3 als} 47 i2) 7 3} 14.5 1323) 16.3 20.4 560 6 40°27.5' 74°04.0" mS 15 58 10.4 9 5 FSked RS 20.9 23/09) 561 8 40°29.1' 74°03.1' es 15 47 E)SE) 8 qv 12.7 135 OSS 22.6 562 8 40°27.6' 74°01.5' ae 15 78 14.5 5 v 12.1 13.2 20.2 21.0 563 8 40°26.5' 74°02,1' Fats 15 127 Abed 4 5) 14.4 1253) 1199) 20.8 564 8 40°25.2' 74°00.6' ce 15 85 Wes} 8 5 14.8 14.0 20.1 20.9 565 5 40°28.8' 74°04.4' 1026 5) 181 18.1 11 8 11.4 10.8 21.5 21.6 566 5 40°29.2' 74°06.2' 1111 15) 211 Liisi; 11 9 10.9 11.4 2183, 21.6 567 5 40°29.3' 74°06.5' 1152 at} 456 76.2 13 8 11.5 10.4 21.2 23.0 568 5 40°29.8' 73°54.0' 1350 30 1127 110.2 25 12 CE) 975) S623 B25 7/ 569 5 40°32.0' 73°48.0' 1519 30 329 91.2 16 15 8.6 8.5 S2iy/) 32.6 570 5) 40°34.2' T3e45.15" 1635 30 1708 198.7 22 11 9.0 8.9 S217, 32.7 575 5 40°29.6' TERE Bea 1802 30 353 98.9 15 26 8.4 8.2 S2Ri7, 32.8 572 5 40°28.2' (33558 2004 30 721 83.0 17 21 8.3 8.0 3259 33.0 573 5 40°25.3' 73°44.0' 2133 30 423 69.4 12 24 8.2 6.4 3259) 33.0 574 5 40°18.8' 73°37.0' 2308 30 445 5107. aks} 26 7.8 6.7 e\sjyal S\5}G6) 575 6 40°15.4' 73°40.8' 0031 30 518 190.1 15 30 8.0 6.5 3373) 33.3 576 6 40°14.0' 73°45.0' 0203 30 508 106.5 a3 50 8.4 Ga} 33.0 33.2 577 6 40°17.8' Ueyeahb aly 0652 30 584 166.9 21 26 8.4 733} 2827 33.0 578 6 40°11.3' 73°49.0' 0835 30 360 123.4 17 26 8.8 7.0 31.0 33.1 579 6 40°11.5' 73°56.0' 0948 30 346 Oe 16 17 9.4 Vor 26.1 32.5 580 6 40°22.9' 73°55 58" 1503 30 364 plier) 18 15 10.8 a5 26.9 32.9 581 6 40°30.0' TCLS AU 1658 30 549 144.7 al, 20 8.5 19) 32.9 33.0 582 6 40°32.5' 1329/50 1936 30 625 albeal 16 17 8.5 8.3 32.8 32.0 583 6 40°34.0' W322 7e 2052 30 918 154.7 17 17 8.5 8.3 32.5 32.6 584 6 40°29.3' TIVE TO 2226 30 461 214.1 18 24 7.7 Tad 32.0 32.6 585 7 40°19.5' 13 c22..5e 0010 30 593 144.2 18 33 8.0 6.8 32.8 33/0 586 7 40°14.8"' 73°16.5" 0210 30 326 98.9 16 39 7.8 6.1 32.7 33.4 587 7 40°27.0' 73°06.7' 0545 30 200 92.5 17 31 7.8 7.4 32.7 S28) 588 7 40°31.9' 73°07.4' 0705 30 407 215.4 17 24 7.6 7.6 3263 32.4 589 7 40°36.3' J32V3 0% 0828 30 927 Ety/5e) 17 18 8.4 8.1 32.1 32.2 530 4 40°37.0' 73°09.0' 1028 30 1087 21355 19 18 9.0 8.0 32.0 32.2 591 di 40°34.4' 73°00.5' 1158 30 129 144.7 18 23 8.5 U5) 2p 32.6 592 7, 40°39.5' 225931 1314 30 511 230.0 15 17 8.5 7.4 shoe) 32.0 593 J) 40°44.9' 72°44.7' 1609 30 675 226.8 18 18 Da5) 7.6 oan? ES 594 7 40°44.6' 72°42.2' 1800 30 630 202.8 20 25 8.5 Vow Sle?) 31.8 15 Table 2.--Continued Sta. Location Start Duration Total Catch No. spp. Depth Temp. (°C) Salinity (0/00) _ No. Date Lat. (N) Long. (W) Time (min) No. Wt. (kg) Caught (m) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom x 595 7 40°41.5' 72°37.0' 1948 30 460 137.4 14 32 7.8 6.9 31.8 a 596 G EOLBASI, | Asn aeie 2141 30 175. 68.5 ll 43 8.5 6.0 *e 33.4 4 597 8 40°27.0' H2e2nOn 0023 30 198 83.9 13 47 D8} 5.6 32.4 a 598 8 40°21.7' 72°45.4' 1653 30 117 69.4 14 49 8.2 Bot 32.5 33.5 4 599 8 0h ec eae M2E59 10) 1851 30 107 49.9 14 47 O53} 5.6 32.6 33.2 600 8 40°01.1' 7225330" 2040 30 319 alnabsal 12 50 8.5 6.0 33.0 33.9 601 9 40°11.5' 23 2 oye 0033 30 1065 433.6 13 62 OS) S58) 32.6 33.8 602 9 40°16.5"' A2207:33" 0300 30 164 53.1 12 62 Uae! 5.4 233}65} 33.7 603 9 40°03.8' 2S 0910 30 322 112.0 il 72 Vas} Si) 33.3 33.6 604 9 39°43.8' 72°00.6' 1612 30 74 34.9 14 153 9.5 AUG S) 34.0 36.0 605 9 39°52.5' 71°44.0' 2042 30 248 7523 19 222 8.7 10.7 33.5 3579) 606 9 40°02.0' mess2* 2255 30 50 14.5 10 83 9.0 5.6 33.6 33.7 607 10 B9eS S20 72°08.8' 0046 30 37 13.6 10 80 8.7 5.4 33.5 )5}57/ 608 10 39°54.0' 72°47 .3" 0430 30 101 42.6 18 54 9.0 539) 33.5 33.7 609 10 39°46.2' A2ZO2T Ue 0646 30 126 Sk} 12 88 8.8 5.6 33ra 33.5 610 10 39°37.3" W222 581 0816 30 103 17.2 10 105 8.5 11.5 33.5 35.8 611 10 39°30.4' 72°09.0' 1152 30 373 63.5 13 248 10.8 11.4 34.3 36.1 612 10 39°24.6' 72°14.4' 1348 30 314 93R9) 15 348 10.6 9.0 34.2 35.8 613 10 39°14.5! 72°29.4' 11932 30 74 11.3 14 155 9.6 11.5 34.1 32.0 614 10 39°287.)55 72°43.0' 2535 30 39 15.9 7 70 92) Bod 32.6 33.7 615 11 39°40.4' 72°46.3' 0154 30 195 93/50 is 68 99) 6.0 33.4 33.8 616 11 39°28.1' 732056" 0540 30 217 90.7 14 65 9.5 6.2 33.3 33.8 617 11 39°3822¢ AZCI78 1118 30 36 35.4 10 39 11.2 6.8 - S367 33.8 618 11 39°43.0' 73°0178" 1310 30 49 25.4 13 51 Oe 2 6.2 33.3 S367 619 alae 39°54.0' 1390725" 1500 30 644 219.5 18 70 10.9 6.5 SJs}oat 33.8 620 11 89S 53.75 P3227 lhe 1821 30 98 50.8 14 41 11.9 6.2 -32.1 33.4 621 11 39°54.0' A323 9/035 1952) 30 417 85.3 15 28 ala sal 6.2 31.8 33.5 622 11 39°54.5' 73°49.0' 2125 30 443 2223. 17 27 11.4 6.3 31.3 8353) 623 12 89252190 TERS aie 0015 30 418 146.5 18 24 11.0 6.5 31.8 S33) 624 12 39°40.7' 74°05.4' 0233 30 301 116.6 ale], 15 LSS. 8.8 31.6 32.6 625 12 39°47.6' 74°01.9' 0404 30 263 9122 16 17 11.0 Uo®) 3255 33.0 626 a2 39°54.7' 74°03.4' 0528 8 332 P79. 18 18 9.4 Goal. 32.2 32.7 627 12 40°04.0' 732200!" 1210 30 64 56.7 12 42 11.6 6.3 32.7 33/55) June 628 3 40°27.6' 74°03.1' 0805 15 116 352 10 7 20.6 20.4 20.1 22 629 2 40°27.5' 74°05 ol! 0840 15 57 735} 9 5 20.8 20.5 19.4 21.4 630 =} 40°27.6' 74°09.1' 0930 15 37 8. 5 3 20.4 19.4 20.0 22.8 631 3 40°28.3' 74°11.0' 0950 ES aly 1.4 6 4 20.3 19.2 21.3 24.3 632 3 40°28.5' 74°13.0' 1025 15 2 a 2 3 Cie who 19.5 23.5 633 3; 40°30.3' 74°09.6' ax 15 21 0.5 5 5 fated xx 22.2 25.5 634 i) 40°29.1' 74°01.4' 0920 U5: 7 0.9 4 5 seas} 17.0 23.2 26.4 635 9 40°375n 74°01.1' 1040 15 16 0.5 4 5 16.9 16.5 24.4 25.2 636 9 40°32.2' 74°05.9' 1235 15 50 @)GE) 5 4 18.1 17.9 23.8 23.9 637 2 40°31.0' TESS eh 1623 30 243 68.0 10 10 16.5 15.0 30.7 31.5 638 2 40°31.0' 1250-174 1746 30 584 13 IPL 18 16 18.2 9.6 28.9 32ers 639 2 40°34.0' 73239-8" LOS 30 531 106.6 16 9 als}) 13.5° 35.4 677 7 39°16.0' 72°22.0' 1130 30 48 2.3 akak 225 18.8 D5) 35.4 35.7 678 7 39°12.4' 72°40.3' 1654 30 93 aleyeal 11 127 17.4 aba B}55) 35.2 679 7 39°2655% 72°44.2' 1857 30 201 73.0 7 74 16.8 cal 32.5 34.5 680 8 B9S3 ase 72°47.6' 0006 30 alalg) 49.4 u 66 17.0 5.8 32.4 33/53 681 8 39°41.3" 72°50.8' 0232 30 145 50.8 9 67 16.7 ss} Sfjorh 33.4 682 8 39°41.1' Woe 0646 30 26 ais) sat 6 43 16.6 tlpere. splay 32.8 683 8 39°45.2' 73°53.8" 1149 30 86 35.4 10 24 18.3 8.2 31.4 32) 684 8 39°43.0' 74°02.0' 1318 30 98 61.7 alt 17 17.4 sal 30.2 32.4 685 8 39°58 260 74°02.5' 1556 30 433 137.0 16 aby LHo3. 955: 29e1 32.3 686 2 39°56.4' 73°38.5' 1915 30 120 19.5 ala 31 15.8 Wel: 31.4 3257, 687 8 40°04.5' VEE TY 2102 30 347 WE}06) 19 24 CHS ahd 313 32.5 688 8 40°00.5" 730540) 2235 30 Splat ale YSgal 18 21 16.4 8.4 spbgal 32.5 689 9 40°05.3' 74°00.8' 0010 30 630 161.5 16 20 16.8 11.0 28.4 shh} 690 S) 40°10.7' 325150 0145 30 1014 238.1 16 17 16.7 10.5 30.4 32.3 691 @) 40°12.0' 73°49.9' 0338 30 220 104.8 15 27 16.7 8.4 31.2 32.4 692 © 40°13.7' 73°45.8' 0527 30 296 146.1 19 63 16.2 6.4 31.3 33.0 693 ©) 40°11.7' 73°43.9' 0706 30 410 T5759) 16 57 16.0 6.3 33/510) 31.2 694 9 40°12.4" IZS3 70% 0837 30 299 134.7 17 71 15.6 6.0 apices} 33.2 695 9 40°08.5" 7323025. 1116 30 73 28.1 14 38 15.9 6.6 chilsal 32.8 696 9 40°15.6' 73°34.5' 1251 30 76 32 5y/, 11 26 iss©) 8.4 =y15} 32.4 697 9 40°17.0' 73°38.0" 1403 30 67 29.0 15 24 16.5 8.1 30.9 splay) 698 ) 40°18.0' 73°42.8' 1509 30 41 S3ie 11 28 16.5 8.8 31.0 32.2 699 C) 40°15.8' 73°50-7" 1640 30 ales} 117.0 14 25 16.9 8.7 S13: 3255 700 9 40°23.6' 32S 7h 1834 30 393 167.8 16 12 16.7 12.5 27.0 27.3 AUG = Table 3.--List of fishes collected in New York Bight, June 1974 to June 1975, arranged according to Bailey et al. (1970), including number and weight by station of occurrence; i.e., station number (number of fish; weight in kc). An asterisk (*) indicates a weight of less than 0.5 kg. MYXINIDAE Myxtne glutinosa, Atlantic hagfish 100(8; 0.5) akonb(Glas <2" )) Aes} (Alpe Ex) 286(2; * ) 289(5; 0.5) 346) (GIs: axim) ANT/((Sp <2) 440(1; * ) 458(3; 0.5) LAMNIDAE Careharodon ecarecharias, white shark 138(1; 23.6) SCYLIORHINIDAE Seyltorhinus retifer, chain dogfish 348 (1; 0.5) 4l4(1; * ) skein. 3) 604(1; 0.5) 610(8; 2.3) 612(2; 0.5) 670(5; 0.9) Gy7/5i (Glee xa) 6/8) (Gi o=s) CARCHARHINIDAE Mustelus canis, smooth dogfish 19;\(557 a) 20(3; 6.8) 21537540) 23(4; 16.8) 24(10; 24.9) 2723-450) PRs} (AO sey) 3025) 7a) 37(8; 0.9) 45(4; 11.3) 46(2; 4.5) 47 (4; 13.2) 48(7; 14.1) 49(5; 14.1) 50(6; 13.6) 52(8; 19.5) 5343-955) 61(9; 15.0) 65(12; 5.0) 66(5; 3.6) 68(2; 0.9) PANG 2 L-.4) AD) (2s) 7A (Sde eS ORS) gksy(alp 262) 79(5; 3.6) 80(4; 10.9) GHU(GLas 57) 82(3; 6.8) 83(4; 10.4) 84(32; 73.5) 85 (43) 32):2) 88(1; 3.6) SOiCE 3 )32)) 90(1; 0.9) Oni (S7328'32): 92(1; 0.9) LUGS Sez) TTD 519) 118i; 36) 120(2; 5.0) T231(3 i257), 137} (LSORe 30053) SUS 8127554 22,2)) 140(1; 1.8) WANE (23557145) 142(8; 17.2) 1432340) 144(10; 21.8) 145) (Siza es i2))) 146(3; 6.4) PASI CUS 335) 150(5; 6.4) 51 (8357 74:8) GA(Gle. <3 _)) 186(1; 1.4) LET: O59) 197(36; 85.3) 198 (21; 50.8) 199(6; 15.0) 200(49; 123.4) 201 (215 36.7) 202(14; 44.5) 203 (34; 100.2) 204(12; 31.8) 205(87; 268.1) 206(68; 4.5) 207 (339; 90.7) 208(10; 14.1) 209(4; 6.4) 211(18; 54.9) 20225451) 213(24; 74.8) 214(6; 20.0) Pausy(Gbas 1054) 216i) ws) Z232(435. VOR) 233(51; 94.3) 234(24; 60.3) 235(23; 63.0) 236(21; 64.9) 27s (is 253) 288 (2; 0.5) 294(6; 15.0) 298(4; 13.6) 340(1; 0.5) 583\(s" U4) 589(1; 4.1) 6:251((2'y 03-16) 626(1; 1.4) 637 (153) 1955) 638 (6; 15.4) 689:(335 3152) 642(4; 12.7) 643(1; 1.8) 644(5; 10.4) 645(2; 3.2) 646(12; 29.5) 647(3; 7.7) 648(4; 16.8) 649(9; 20.4) 650(4; 5.4) 651 (El 33) 653(13; 30.4) 655(3; 3.6) 659) (1539 92)< 77) 678(1; * ) 683(1; 2.7) 684(10; 26.8) 685(6; 12.2) 686(2; 4.1) 6ST Clin Qe) 688 (2; 4.1) 689\(1; 2).3) 691(3; 6.4) 693(1; 1.8) 695i(7ae2) 3) 696(3; 7.3) 697(2; 5.0) 698(4; 16.3) 699(9; 22.7) 700(17; 30.4) SQUALIDAE Squalus acanthtas, spiny dogfish 18(3; 14.5) 20(4; 18.6) PAL ((S}po 1b335 7) 22(1; 5.0) 23) (Sis ai:c3)) 24(7; 24.9) 25)(8i77 3262) 27(2; 8.6) 30(4; 13.6) 44(1; 4.1) 47(3; 13.6) 49(1; 2.3) 50(4; 19.1) 5Si(65) 23)-eL) 52(11; 44.0) 53(8; 30.8) 54(1; 5.0) 55i(45;. 4215) 59)((3)7) 12/32) 60(3; 12.2) 259(121; 230.9) 260(208; 385.1) 261(154; 447.2) 262(16; 49.9) 263(28; 85.3) 264(283; 698.5) 265(138; 410.5) 266(168; 538.0) 18 Table 3.--Continued Squalus acanthtas--cont. 267(96; 248.1) 268i (MO5i%> 202/57) 271(56; 162.8) AY OMAR 1 583) 275(22; 50.3) 276(216; 857.3) 2HINSS'2 a9 5i7/-D) 280(2; 5.0) 283(6; 13.6) 284(2; 5.9) 293 (324; 851.8) 294)(3}7) 95) 297 (339; 900.8) 298)(3);5 7-53) 324(3; 5.4) 326(1; 1.4) 329(23; 58.5) 330(11; 23.6) 333(2; 5.4) 334(4; 12.2) SSW/7/AILB® MOAR) 338(4; 11.8) 342(86; 275.6) 343(38; 298.9) 349(207; 414.1) S50i(235) i752) 353\(3i77) 136-5) 354(25; 38.6) 397(1; 4.1) 398(3; 8.2) 408 (184; 213.2) 409(116; 171.9) 414(48; 47.2) AVS (Es LOS 9)) 421(51; 83.0) 422(197; 200.0) 425(14; 33.6) 430(1; 3.6) 434(3; 11.8) 435(1; 4.1) 442(37; 16.8) 443(5; 14.5) 446 (2; 6.4) 447(118; 249.9) 450(3; 1.8) 451 (3; 1.4) 454(28; 63.0) 455(51; 120.7) 458(11; 15.9) 472(1; 3.6) 481 (1; 3.2) 513(13; 38.6) 518(1; 3.2) 519(3; 10.0) 527\(23; 76-7) 528(33; 89.4) 531(4; 3.6) DS2\(2iyZe3)) 535(66; 152.0) 536(3; 4.5) 542(31; 94.3) 543(39; 80.3) 546(2; 6.8) 572(4; 14.1) 575(20; 88.5) 576i(6%) .25)- 9) 581 (13; 54.0) 58:2 \(Sihe7-:3) 585\(3)7) (5/29) 586\(57 75-9) 589)(197, 7/2/16) 590(18; 64.9) 594(5; 15.0) 595i(2 7 95 1)) 598(2; 6.8) SES (SE) 758))) GOsi(CGlR s2")) 605(7; 1.8) 611(1; 0.9) 612i; =*") 617(67) 21. 8) 618 (3; 5.4) 621(1; 4.1) 622(21; 88.9) 625(1; 4.1) 626(1; 6.4) ©39i(7" 3/2) 640(3; 12.2) 643(6; 23.6) 647(5; 18.1) 644(38; 84.4) 648 (15; 58.5) 653(25; 104.3) SECA: ORS») 678(1; * ) 681(1; * ) 691(7; 30.4) 698(1; 3.6) TOPRPEDINIDAE Torpedo nobiltana, Atlantic torpedo 2378.6) Gul (Ay) 269(106; 215.0) 2h3\(29);- 69). 9) 27T(LOU;, 492%) 281 (11; 20)..9) 291) (1'3)7) 3i053)) 29/5\(490);) TS al 2)) SA (Pa S57) 327(2; 4.1) 331(7; 15.4) 335(134; 192.8) 340(1; 4.5) 346(6; 11.3) 351(29; 83.0) 356(28; 58.5) 406(5; 14.5) 410(231; 88.0) 416(131; 78.0) 423(188; 485.8) 432(14; 27.7) 440(9; 7.3) 444(38; 61.7) 448(165; 100.7) 452(579; 1264.2) 456 (344; 753.0) 473(1; 3.6) 515(45; 146.1) 524(3; 10.4) 529(129; 345.6) 533i (8i) S13) 540(5; 10.9) 544(56; 170.6) 573(1; 4.1) S783), 153) 583(10; 37.2) 587(8; 31.8) 591(27; 106.6) 596(3; 8.2) 601(2; 6.8) 608(7; 4.5) 6l'5\(25, 5-5) 619 (25; 9.5) 623(2; 8.6) 627/(8 7 31.3) 641(7; 25.9) 645(1; 5.0) 649(1; 4.1) 672(7; 4.1) 688(1; 5.4) 699(6; 26.8) 19 270(5; 15.4) 274(107; 363.8) 278(102; 290.3) 282i (U2 iz Sieels) 292(14; 49.0) 296(26; 73.0) 323 (5)7, a3) 328(35; 111.6) 332'(77) 15.14) 336\(355% (95)-)3)) 341(41; 114.3) 348(4; 4.5) 352(110; 412.8) 357(178; 38.6) 407(3; 11.3) 413(9; 10.9) 417(3; 8.2) 424 (302; 339.3) 433(4; 15.0) 441(5; 2.7) 445(4; 5.4) 449(2; 2.7) 453(250; 412.8) 457(78; 127.5) 476(2; 7.3) 516(4; 11.3) 525i(3 27) 530(42; 115.7) 534(14; 43.1) 541(49; 154.7) 545(27; 70.3) 574(3; 11.3) SISGky Slay) 584(21; 77.1) 588(19; 82.6) 593i(; 7352) 597(2; 2-7) 602(4; 10.9) 609(76; 8.2) 616(17; 13.2) 620(5; 15.4) 624(8; 30.4) 638(7; 29.5) 642(2; 9.1) 646(1; 5.0) 651(26; 101.2) 674(16; 1.8) 690(4; 17.2) 700(6; 28.6) Table 3.--Continued RAJIDAE Raja eglanterta, clearnose skate dlalal (as. abee)) JESKsi{(abres al ah) akaley( (hips bc) TS OlG/ize Sie) 198(3; 2.7) 205(1; 1.8) 206i(2i893)52) 23)2: (hss 18) Raja eritnacea, little skate DEST (ELEsimO)s'5)) 251(5i75 12/23) 22)(2i71O}5,9) 28(2; 0.5) 29(2; 0.9) 30(2; 0.9) SHa (Ol) 41(2; 0.9) 42(3; 1.4) 43(2; 0.9) 44(5; 1.8) 45 \(Gise 3i:2) 46(9; 3.2) 54(1; 0.5) 56(11; 4.5) 57(13; 4.5) 58537) (50)) 59(20; 6.4) 60(8; 3.2) 70(106; 50.8) SK (457 a= 8)) 82(86; 31.8) 83(59; 28.1) 84(12; 6.4) 85(27; 14.5) 86(393; 125.2) 87(59; 22.7) 88(2; 0.9) 89(10; 5.0) 90\(L577 395) S(O Gea) 92(91; 45.8) 93(64; 14.1) 94(6; 2.7) 95115 aR ORS) 96i(3'7 94) 98155 Oe) 104(6; 2.3) LOSS 72 7251!) 106 (14; 5.4) HOMS65; PLOS SA) LOSS; 15/4) TEV OK 7a 3i10)) 112(108; 32.2) IRS CA0) GR: S)58))) 114(6; 2.3) TV5)(23'5 7; 498.54) LLCs: 7310) TEL GSIS) BS AL T/A) UVS (LS) AS) 119(32; 10.4) 120(29; 13.6) 140(1; 0.5) 141(26; 12.7) 142(18; 10.0) 145(48; 17.7) 146(44; 12.7) 147(23; 10.0) 148(5; 2.3) 149(27; 12.7) usyaL ((aby/peesa(o)e374)) 115.2)(1.25);; 747/56) 153(208; 76.2) 154(11; 4.5) 155(140; 50.8) 156 (28; 10.9) LS THG3 Ot EOS) 158(13; 6.4) 15953) 4) 160(156; 88.0) 161(14; 5.9) 167 (46; 12.7) 168(10; 3.6) LEO} (US it) U7 (A; ZO) E72) (LS 10;-9)) LSI Gis ) 174(35; 10.4) 175(116; 42.6) L7G (LS R59) 177(27; 10.0) 178(5; 1.4) 179(3; 1.4) 198(1; 0.5) 200(8; 4.1) 201(19; 8.6) 20255; 158) 203\(11; 5-9) 204(5; 2.7) 205(5; 4.5) 206(5; 1.8) 207(BieL sa) 208(9; 4.1) 209)(1;) 0.5) 210(4; 2.3) 21 (613252) 2U2 (22 045)) 213}(ULS;165\53)) 214(95; 49.4) 215(64; 42.6) 216(45; 18.1) PALI Gls £3) 223(46; 23.1) 224(107; 35.8) 225(82; 29.0) 226(282; 127.0) 227(105; 44.9) 228(61; 30.8) 229(101; 38.1) 230(35; 14.5) 2311) (26;) 1050) 236 (25; 10.9) 260(9; 4.5) 261(4; 1.8) 262(3; 1.4) 263) (145, 9757)) 264(22; 12.2) 265 (57502553) 266(17; 9.1) 267(74; 30.8) 268 (35; 15.9) 269(9; 4.5) 270(5; 2.3) 27143) 08) 27/2 (283i ie2) 273521" 272 2) 274(47; 20.0) 275(19; 10.0) 276(116; 53.1) 277(258; 100.7) 278(88; 45.8) 2793537; 1653) 280(189; 60.8) 281(94; 44.9) 282(24; 11.8) 283(44; 24.0) 284'(3);, 039) 285(6; 4.1) 291(100; 61.7) 292(123; 112.0) 293(118; 48.5) 294(69; 30.4) 295(20; 24.5) 296(66; 29.0) 297(41; 20.0) 298(8; 5.0) S255 a3) 322(14; 8.6) 323) (3b lGie3) 324(149; 64.9) S25i(15 28 2505) 326(142; 63.0) 327(134; 64.0) 328(47; 25.9) 329(12; 5.4) 330\(346; 512220))" 6331(43)3, (22.2) 332(192; 66.2) 333:(213 7) 7/9).8)) 334(193; 79.4) 33583); 939/50) 336(42; 23.1) SSHiCAZisee2 Scns) 338(128; 76.2) 339)(15:15; 28h 52) 340(126; 70.8) S41 (L125 532-2) 342(808; 249.0) 343(207; 88.9) 349(51; 31.8) 350(68; 39.5) 351 (36; 19.5) 352(1; 0.5) 353 (219 953) 354(8; 3.6) 356(62; 24.9) 357(139)5 47370) 389(19; 8.6) 390(24; 12.7) 391(15; 723) 392)(203, 21 53)) 393(96; 34.0) 394(41; 15.4) 395(375{ L4.1) 396(172; 56.7) 397(174; 80.7) 3981572 752) 399(30; 8.2) 400(15; 7.3) 401(45; 26.3) 402(5; 1.8) 403(24; 11.3) 404(165; 57.2) 405(168; 49.9) 406(116; 39.5) 407(60; 29.5) 408(22; 12.2) 409(33; 19.1) 410(46; 24.5) 413(3; 1.8) 414(54; 29.0) 41:5)(V115) (50-7) 416(72; 33.1) 417(8; 3.6) 421(112; 40.8) 422(131; 61.2) 423(48; 25.4) 424(7; 4.1) 425(18; 8.6) 426(16; 5.4) 427(66; 25.4) 428(93; 34.5) 429(90; 31.8) 430(44; 17.7) 431(52; 21.8) 432(40; 15.4) 433(262; 75.3) 434(196; 51.7) 435(101; 33.1) 436(22; 6.8) A371 (54255 V7O=d)) VAa38s745" 25.9) 439(1; 0.5) 443(24; 6.4) 444(35; 14.5) 445(21; 9.1) 446(1; 0.5) 447(1; 0.9) 452(73; 20.0) 453(11; 4.1) 454(4; 1.8) 455(14; 7.3) 456 (175) 9-21) 457(26; 20.4) 458(3; 0.5) 459(5; 2.3) 460(27; 13.2) 461(48; 18.1) 462(40; 14.1) 463 (33; 10.0) 464(55; 19.1) 465(7; 4.5) 466(4; 1.8) 467(14; 6.4) 470(22; 9.1) 20 Table 3.--Continued Raja ertnacea--Cont. 471(9; 476(15; 481 (30; 501(4; 506 (55; 511 (48; Gilt ((Oe 523 (63; 528 (62; 540 (12; 545 (38; 570 (63; 575(51; 580 (41; 585 (198 590 (225 595(185 600 (184 607 (9; 616(71; 621 (238 626 (13; 640 (17; 645 (7; 650 (30; 655 (82; 660 (19; 665 (41; 671(3; 680 (56; 685 (40; 690 (66; 695 (33; 700 (21; 4.1) 5.9) 8.2) 1.8) 19.5) 24.0) Om5)) 15.0) Dilrwile) Yow) 20.0) 26.8) 2S 3) 14.1) 7 68.5) ; 69.4) BR VAS) ; 64.0) 6.8) 37.6) ae O}= 3) 6.4) eS) Ast) 14.5) 22) 9.1) eS) 1.8) 24.9) 20.0) DilerD)) a Av}) 10.0) Raja garmani, rosette skate 101 (1; 411 (1; 613 (1; 0.5) 0.5) EPie)) Raja laevis, barndoor skate 346 (2; 15.0) Raja ocellata, winter skate 228 (1; 326 (2; 333 (13; 390(8; 397 (3; 404(3; 1.8) 15.0) 46.3) 18.1) 10.9) 5.4) 47,2)(A1 | O50) AiCSieeae, 482(33; 12.7) 502(48; 23.6) 507 (81; 20.9) SUD CL9)3; (8)36)) 518(1; 0.5) 524(18; 5.4) 529(28; 10.4) 541(77; 38.6) 546(2; 0.9) 57 (9)3) 8/52) S76 (>i 25139) 581(23; 8.6) 586(105; 34.0) SOT (SD ions) S96\@7 334 20) 7) 601(293; 122.0) 608 (36; 20.4) 617(9; 4.5) 622(246; 83.5) 627 (S85 Si2) 641(73; 25.9) 646(4; 1.8) 659°(23)7) 48-2) 656 (34; 15.9) 661(14; 6.4) 666(205; 84.4) 672(14; 9.5) 681(83; 41.3) 686(17; 5.4) 691(60; 24.0) 696(35; 12.7) 165(2; 0.9) 219i (ie: 418(2; 0.9) 450 (1; 675\(2F0 5) 676 (1; 233 (Oy. Mee) SA (Abe Bos) ya) (ile ALS te) Sonk(si3. sys) 399) (Gy) 405(3; 10.9) 473(8; 3.6) 478(50; 14.5) 483(15; 3.2) 503 (40; 16.8) 508(95; 36.7) 513(46; 20.4) 520(2; 0.9) SAGA BSE) 53'0)(9/78 x40) 542(14; 8.6) BYAT/NCS a h5 2) S22. 97) lees 3)) BST ACEH ab StS) 58)2:(S2ieeledieui)) 587 (47; 20.4) 592(268; 50.3) 5937 (915; 48 1) 602(63; 23.1) 609(5; 3.6) 618(10; 5.4) 623(226; 76.2) 637(7; 3-6) 642(68; 25.9) 647(23; 9.1) 652)(32) 6% )3)) 657 (41; 17.2) 662(9; 5-4) 667 (136; 55.8) 673(34; 19.1) 682(9; 3.6) 687 (Ol; 317.2) 692(76; 28.1) 6OMMC2 5" 222) 0.5) 288 (1; 0.5) 539) (ak; 0.5) 678 (6; 234(1; 6.4) 330(1; 5-9) 342(1; 1.8) 392(5; 6.4) 400 (3; 8.2) 432(1; 6.4) 21 Es) 0.5) 1.8) 474(11; 5.0) 479(57; 20.0) 484(55; 29.5) 504(76; 24.5) 509(17; 6.4) els (7/ SIP SK57/)) 5218 (ire 8ie72)) 526(6; 2.7) 534(7; 5.0) 543 (49; 21.3) 568 (GS i ious) 573(94; 40.4) 578 (36; 13.6) 583(94; 29.0) 588 (82; 28.6) SEIS ALE G57) 598'(9;, 5.0) 603 (5i; 29.0) 614(14; 9.5) 619(198; 88.0) 624(75; 34.0) 638 (23; 11.8) 643(59; 25.9) 648 (17; 6.4) 653(340; 146.5) 658 (82; 32.2) 663 (27; 11.8) 668(77; 33.6) 674(29; 16.8) 683 (31; 10.4) 688(153; 64.0) 693)C27 3557.0) 698(6; 1.8) 290 (1; 604(6; 1.4) 680(1; * 259) (sre ) 3313; 10.9) 354(1; 5.4) 893i (Si e2is7)) 401(10; 42.2) 438(1; 3.6) 475(40; 13.6) 480(40; 12.2) 485(5; 3.2) 505)(7,9; 9215.3) 510(30; 14.5) 516(9; 4.5) 522(41; 14.1) 527) (127: 85/59) 535(33; 18.6) 544(50; 25.9) 569(13; 6.8) 574(55; 16.8) STON (2952272) 584(170; 60.3) 589 (336; 111.6) 594(175; 70/3) 599(28; 13.6) 606(2; 1-4) 615(80; 48.5) 620(24; 10.9) 625(57; 23.6) 639(2; 0.5) 644(19; 9.1) 649(7; 1.8) 654(54; 24.5) 659; (8s se7i-e7)) 664(8; 4.1) 669(5; 1-8) 679(14; 8.6) 684(26; 12.2) 689(103; 48.1) 694(74; 49.9) 699(100; 40.8) 0.9) 2.7) 347 (3; 610 (8; 325 (6; 332(2; 356(1; 395(3; 402 (6; 454(2; 24.5) sal) 1.4) 59) 20.9) 17.2) Table 3.--Continued Raja ocellata--Ccont. 461(1; 2.3) 462(1; 2.7) 465(1; 1.4) 480(1; 1.4) 481(1; 5.4) 482(2; 4.1) 484(2; 7.7) 502(2; 5.9) 503(1; 2.3) 504(1; 3.6) SOsy(Glp 257) 506(1; 4.1) 508(1; 5.4) Blak 2o7/) 512(2; 6.4) 513 (1; 6.8) 515(1; 5.4) Syalli((S}9° Seal) 524) (ie) SYLAR 2o7/)) 527(1; 4.5) 545(1; 7.7) 568 (3; 13.2) 569(2; 6.8) 570(3; 9.1) SDs (i; 75-10) 578(1; 5.0) 5/9) 75)10) 581(1; 3.2) 582(1; 1.8) 583(2; 5.4) 584(4; 21.8) 586(1; 3.6) 588(1; 4.1) 589(3; 6.8) 590(1; 5.4) SOM (FE Si52) 592(8; 33.1) 5931(G);) 523/05) 594(3; 8.6) 621(1; 1.8) 622(1; 5.4) 623(1; 5.0) 63)7/\(S)7 151539)) 639(1; 2.3) 650(2; 5.4) 651 (52253) 665(1; 5.0) 688 (1; 0.5) 692(1; 2.3) 693(1; 2.3) Raja radiata, thorny skate 286(4; 0.9) 348) (776.28) )" -49-7(85) S258)! 538725059) Bysksi((alp, <2 7) 612(5; 0.9) 655s! =) DASYATIDAE Dasyatis centroura, roughtail stingray i1s}7/(GUR S77 7))) 203\(25) 38:31) 204)(0:7 554) (2051; lain) 20.901(G1 8 154) ACIPENSERIDAE Actpenser oxyrhynchus, Atlantic sturgeon 651(1; 5.9) ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla rostrata, American eel B27) (1 O55) S57 CUS *e) SIMENCHELYIDAE Simenchelys parasiticus, snubnose eel (See: Leim and Scott 1966) A221 (aE) CONGRIDAE Conger oceanicus, conger eel 204(1; * ) 25.5) (iP 9) 286 (178 iAs) sfie)( (la ©) S24 (1 seexs) 3531 (11; as) 487(1; 0.5) 558i ee) 560(1; 0.5) 57.0) (Qi; 2"9) y7/73((li Sta )) 670(2; 1.8) OPHICHTHIDAE Pisodonophis cruentifer, snake eel (See: Rosenblatt and McCosker 1970) S322 7s) LO4(637 *) VO6(33" * >) ES (Le es) YS2(25: X) ALG I(Le = )) TSB (se) 160 (4; ) a LCS (74 S20) 164 (2; ) NG Si (2's ay) Palg/ (IG = %5~)) Aa SY Gla 3) ) 224(7; * ) 225(30 =) 226(4; * ) D2T Assan) 228) (15) BON (Ee =) 293)(055 i Ao0) 325) (Aisa) S33 8i(Sira xe) 340(4; * ) SAN (Sir) 347'(2; *) 348157 *) AVO}(U A) A20 (sas) ASI (Asiexin) 615) (ae) NEMICHTHY IDAE Nemiehthys scolopaceus, slender snipe eel A157 (sx) 608(1; * ) 609) (ise) 622:(5 5) 2) Table 3.--Continued CLUPEIDAE Alosa aestivalts, blueback herring 23 16(300; 2.3) 17(140; 0.9) 18(1032; 6.8) BIA R %°)) 28(7; 0.5) 29)(5 591039) SONGLE 2) DSi (SF 177) 6 (53 089) U5 Ol(25.5s4h2) 256(1; * ) 258 (29; 0.5) 300(6; * ) 301(5; * ) 302(1; * ) 806:(35) =) SOS8iEE; =) Boj) (IF 9) BTSICe ss) SAW (Bred) S51 (9c) 318(138; 5.9) 319(264; 7.3) 320(80; 15.4) B58) @isaezm) 359)\(19; 0.9) SEOs ex) SoWk (ime) 362) (Gliaecre), 364i ClOFm aay) 365(41; 0.5) 366(26; 0.5) 367(22; 0.5) 368:(8); * ) Si7ls (25); mean) 373(67; 0.5) 37426) 1) STS (HL wie ))) 376(1; * ) SUN GIA 55) Stsul (LS 1055) 8851(5iaitee) 386\(2)7710/5) SAAR 12%) 398)(3355 5-4) 399)(25;;)10-'5) 400(102; 0.9) AOE (2) eats 9) AO 2's 9) AS AN (alheicem) 484(1; * ) 488 (2; * ) 493(31; 0.9) 494(7; * ) AQEI(2;eatas) 496(97; 0.9) 497(70; 0.5) 500 (43; 0.5) Boys} (aly. 2) By (aba: 3) 546(13; 1.4) Be Y7/ (ala: 4.) 550i(45 mix) D5)2\ (Bie xP s) BOS(Sira te) 554(35; * ) 55'5)(2)75 <9) 556(O;e x) Sayii(Ap, +3) Soil (Lee) 564(10; * ) 565(9; 1.8) 566(9; 1.8) 568(8; 0.9) SMT (AN; *s ) S80); =*) 59 O\(Gise) Yo }S}{ (IER #2) 628i (lente) 629) (Hse +e) 630)(L; >=) 63/2) (ssi xi) 633) (2i;e) 638)(3inee)) 641(3; 0.5) 655(22; 1.4) 6591(7;' 0/9) 692(4; 0.5) 693)(25 57%) 9) 694(21; 4.1) lose medtoerts, hickory shad ILIA ae) Alosa pseudoharengus, alewife 16(40; 0.9) 17 (328; 42.6) alge) (ie 239) AOS £25) Pabitalia. £2. )) 28) (15; =) 48; ( es) 53(163; 4.5) Gili (Li; an) Tongsin® +2) 23 Gi (4-ees! 5) 2462) ak) 249(1; * ) 256(9; 0.5) 20m (Bi 1O})) 258) (Cs; eush) 2872) (i; ORS) 299(24; 0.9) 300(34; 0.9) HMoaL (AR 9) 306(140; 1.8) 309)(U7)5 >; 9) SINK 285 1974) Buus M(KSiA ty? |) SCR 3) 35) (475°%" 5) Shale ts, )) 320) (4555 4") SAAT. 2) 3/251 (2/7) 826) (05; m=) 3581(23;7) (019) S6IN(Gihesew) SO2i(Ai zie) 363) (Simeam) 364(21; 0.5) 365(20; 0.5) 366(19; 0.5) 367/)(3\-m Sa) 863) QZ Bran) 36919) SHO (S)5 7) SVAN (OS) 37/2; (23);5 1015) 37/3i\( Sim OkD)) 374(189; 9.5) 3775 (VadE S267) SHAS GER |?) ShP/S) (AOE 3) 383) (5s mexa) S84 CSIs xr) 838515) 386(1634; 15.9) 387(281; 3.2) 388(1203; 10.0) 389(42; 5.0) 390i(23); S108) 39N4(125) 138) 392iGLO% Sier2)) SIE GLIA 258) 394(10; 1.8) SS (7) 396(14; 2.3) SW(AR 3») 399) (122) PatOe9) 400(213; 12.7) 401(56; 4.1) 402113 5° 7/27) 403(36; 6.8) 405(6; 0.9) 429(3; 0.5) 430(17; 3.2) GSA (Ty eS) 433(16; 4.1) 434(20; 5.4) AZa\(L52 * ) 436(377; 82.6) 437i (Si7)) O)-5)) 438(4; 0.5) 440(6; 0.9) 443(4; 1.4) 445(3; 0.9) 447(1; 0.5) 455(2; 0.9) 459(13; 1.4) 263) (die *! 5) 466(1; * ) GNF /AL((ali39 3) )) Aiit2i(ls; as 4) NTIS} (uF. 3) 483(2; 0.5) 484(4; 0.5) 485i(1e7s 9) 486(3; 0.9) 487(2; 0.5) 488(1; * ) CNSY oy (abe <3.) 493(17; 0.9) 49 4i(257 4") 496 (4; * ) 497(1; * ) 500/072") SOM! (ai; ) 10/5) 509(18; 1.8) SUOM(S a OFS) Sala (AS ieee 4) SUSI) 518(22; 1.4) Sas) ((F 2) ) By) (alg 3) 524 (3; 0.5) BAI (Ap O55) S2Bi(1 a 4) 529) (iO) 542(15; 4.1) 543 (18; 3.2) 544) (5; 9%") 5A (S578 2) BY Gl ot2 1) 55ei(O see) (Sy 7) Besi((Sip = )) 559i (ise) S6OK(25 ies) ESM CAR <2) 564(6; * ) 56515-81039) 566(22; 1.4) 567 (16; 0.9) 568(64; 4.5) 569(135; 13.6) 570(28; 1.8) SyVAN(29);7074 21s) STAM 12 23'.16) Sy/Si(2 Ovisiy eer2)) 519/73) (0'59)) 580(15; 1.8) Gyshal((alyy 20) 583(2; 0.5) 589(4; 0.9) 590(24; 4.5) Bene (abn <5, )) 592(30; 1.8) 593i(L9r" 26 3)) 594(21; 3.6) Table 3.--Continued Alosa pseudoharengus--Cont. 598 (1; 618 (1; 638 (8; 694(10; Alosa saptdisstma, American shad 2(1; 53 (16; 301 (24; Syl (als 319 (23; 363 (15; 368 (6; 374 (56; 388 (117; 400 (3; 440 (7; 5S 5i(2); 560 (1; 570 (4; 589 (8; 611 (3; 638 (6; 694 (1; cy) es) 0.9) 1.8) 77) 1.4) O15) 606 (2; 624(1; 640 (2; 16 (7; 54(4; 302(1; 314(2; 320(70; 364 (25; 369 (13; 37:51 (625 390 (10; 401 (5; Bibal(eZis 556(8; 564(2; 571 (13 590(7; 612 (1; 641 (1; a) x) *}.) a) 3.6) xe) ie) * + + OH CU sees aa Be . LS +O On oe OF SO ~uUoO-~r--rw Brevoortia tyrammus, Atlantic menhaden 7d( (ibe 14 (2; 237 (23 300 (6; 315)(33 363 (2; 372(5; 381 (1; 549 (4; 628 (1; 633 (2; sa) Si(Glt 16 (4; 250\(1:; 301 (1; 318 (11; 364(1; 3731; 382 (2; sh) 0.5) rh) 0.5) 3.2) Ar)) as) ee), ah) 0.9 ) Clupea harengus harengus, Atlantic herring 7(1;3 362 (3; 370(1; 376 (25 885 (25 401 (1; 492(1; 507 (1; 554(5; 572(1; 578(19; 585 (5; 599 (2; A) 14(4; 364 (10; 371 (13 cele 387 (8; 403 (2; 493 (1; 509(3; 555\(h; 574(3; 581 (6; 587 (8; 618 (4; 0.5) 3i12) 0.5) 0.5) 1.8) i) 0.5) 0.5) 23) 0.5) 1.8) 2.3) 1.4) 608 (6; 0.9) 625i Rites) 641(2; * ) ak7A (ap. eS) 25 6\((lseeaxi 4) 306(10; * ) Sal5:(elt=5 4) 3) S58\(5i5y ise) 365 (503) 0/35) SARC cs) 37:9! (AN sXe 9), 393i(3;515))) 402(3;7-* ) 542 \(03 25 148) SS ii (eee) 566\(2) Fin) By TACs: Olas) 591(1; 0.9) GTO ORS) 642(1; * ) B27 ee) U7C3S6s0 W7ie3)) 2561(U5;3" (0.(5) 32:1. (25; :0)-15)) 31:9'(1 3.) ) 366(7; * ) 374(246; 1.4) 386 (27; 0.5) 5542-8 es) 630(1; 1.4) IZ FAO) 1B Yb) 365(1; 0.5) 373) (2 3510-5) IAS) (arm) 388 (E53) 3:16) 461 (1; * ) 495(1; * ) 513(5; 0.9) 568(1; * ) 575(6; 1.4) 582)(2:7) 1015))) 588 (4; 0.9) 619(2; 0.5) Gulsy(aly £7 )) 626 (4; 650(21 ji {oe} 28) G15; cm) 299)(6;iee) SHO) CR +i +) SHC. LP) S59) (25aue) 366 (80; SACHA. ws .)) 386 (48; 3962) 426(1; * SSSi(2inas DOG! (2a 567(1; 0 580(4; 0. 592i(31') (0). 625) (1; 4) 650) Gis) 9(4; 0.5) VSIC2siO)35)) 258i (Hi aeaie) 311/3"(3'71 O}2'5)) 820/255 ep) 2 69)(2miee) 375 (15; 387) (250 ey) 555) (ia es) 631(7; 616(1; * ) 627(9; 1.4) 655(19; 1.4) 29) (3) exam) 300(6; * ) S\alo(ip 3 )) 318(10; * ) SKoh((Syp 2" )) 3677) (Gin eo) 373(2; * ) Stsi7/((S}siq. (0.55) 399(3; 0.9) CNEYay(kILA 7/5 7/)) S541 ee), 559(6; * ) 568(1; * ) 588(1; 0.5) Ee i(abR, <2) 626 (4; * ) 655i((7izeexe) LO}CL ee) 69(1; * ) 299(4; 0.9) 314(1; * ) 322(3; 0.9) silks 3 )) 379(4; * ) 497(1; * ) 55 61(dssm axe) 632(1; * ) 359(3; 0.9) 369(1; 0.5) 375(24; 6.4) 388i(9) 2a 400(4; 0.9) 491(3; 0.9) 506(3; 0.5) 546 (1; * ) 57 (OR) 577(4; 0.9) 584(4; 1.4) 591 (3; 0.9) Table 3.--Continued Etrumeus teres, round herring SAiia) iy) LO SIG sae 9) IPA E(Ghab AS kt 0) 120/(6; * ) DUES (PAR Ss }) 139(1484; 25.4) 140(140; 2.3) LA Qi) * ) 147 (612; 10'.9) 148 (29; 0.5) ILO (AOR AOE —akenl((sip “5 5)) 169(33; 0.9) 78 GIR = tres 13) ART (La) 176(644; 25.4) USGS" ) LOM Gia 4) PIS(USS 27132)" LION 2047 19:5) 209(1995; 25.9) 210(82; 1.4) 21MIN(28)7" (0/2/5)) 215 (43 * ) PAYS (A £2) 228(1060; 24.0) 229(1; * ) 259(98; 1.8) 268iGiaix) ZEO (M2 es) ZHOM2ZUST 3 SiO t)! | ZTGC2i 18) 27S 3132 10S) 279(26; * ) XN (AR 3) 298 (8; * ) S245 * >) 329) (NS i; eee) SSA (ib a tt 0) ENGRAULIDAE Anchoa hepsetus, striped anchovy Alsiey (Ly 37») 822)(e es) SB 2i(2ir00 >) SSSI (LOR ae) 390(2; * ) 566i(2)7eam) 580(92; 0.5) Anchoa mitchtllt, bay anchovy (Lae) akal (al) £99) LAi(iso ek) 16(104; 0.5) 17 (2080; 9.1) US (ATS 23) (6.38) 6792) 233) G7i((ks str }) 68i@kes 4) VER s, )) HAS (as aXe) T(z) Xia) HOE se) 78(164; 0.9) 79(840; 3.2) OD) (ainsi xan) WS} (ARS tI) 2 Ai (35 mexee) NGPXSY (Sets) 28 (Gis; 10S) 183 O} (W735) TLSHIL (ASI oe) i333 i (Glee ear) 13'61(9 8) 5 iOk)5)) US OIGsE ax») alts}7) ((alsy® "@)sis))) EBBiIG2ZI x) 184(592; 2.3) TURSKS) (al it3 9)) 187 (192; 1.4) 188 (980; 6.4) 189 (1428; 4.1) 190(228; 1.4) 191(17; * ) 192(144; * ) 193(44; * ) 194(1768; 7.7) QUA 2%) 215(10920; 33.6) PIS 215i xe 8) 239(4680; 1.4) 256(2046; 10.0) 258 (15364; 20.9) 272(1367-°*) ) 213 (USA; 1s.) PRE (Si. tet 0) 298(5088; 10.9) ZOOMSi = sy) 302;(26;) *") 3OSh(4; ax 5) Oia; ees: ») SOSi(S)atay) 309(22; * ) SLOU2ZBi5 * \) SHIA X07) STAN Iban) SU5iG20)3) -* >) 316(4; * ) SATA (Qi) ST1i8i(S O05 BORIS) 319(30; 0.5) 320)(208)%, (0/55) S31) SID Si (Sine 37 4) 326:(387)>%) ) S5Si(i x s) 499)\(1'; * ) 570(890; 9.1) 5SWa(O)stanee |) Byshe (Chats: ) (ey lal alia” a) 689i (lS) aex), HOOK * ) Engraults eurystole, silver anchovy P251( 27.5 *9)) TA OMG Amex) 147 (369; 5.0) 148 (1; * ) L50\(555; 628) SN Giza) LOSS 25 y Oj/5) 196(30307; 41.7) 198 (396; 4.1) 209(27; 0.5) 210) (77523 308) Palla (G53, 4") 2UA(O8i-) 15./8)) ZAI Sey ase.) ZB(SiZiss AlAs) 238(504; 1.4) 240(280; * ) 241\(12;) *)) 245(480; * ) 24625; * ») 247 (Lo; *~) 248 (23; **) ZASi (SOs *%) PANO) (SH ts D) 251(64; * ) 2521(20)0e x) 2 Sh (ll Ole Xie) 2571 (5:2 0 Ohad. S)) 25927 a= |) 260i(Siimtm) 270\(344; 3:6) Exaisy((ab st *))} 568 (788; 2.3) ARGENTINIDAE Argentina silus, Atlantic argentine 36)(1s 5%) ) Tay (ALS Ae 0) {2)) SAMs Oy) 348(9; * ) Si (en) 5387) 5s)”) 5SOl(A ese) 604(7; * ) 605(4; * ) ElSi(Sisy), 676(4; * ) (ay T/C <4 )) 25 Table 3.--Continued : GONOS TOMATIDAE Gonostoma elongatum, longtooth anglemouth (See: Leim and Scott 1966) 99(13; * ) 289(2; * ) A2OiC2i aie) 45 8i(2)7, 279) Maurolicus muellert, Muller's pearlsides (See: Leim and Scott 1966) Mesi(25 x2.) 449(9; * ) yske}((ile 29) 605(20; * ) CHAULIODONTI DAE Chaulitodus sloant, viperfish (See: Leim and Scott 1966) OE) (ily t2)) SYNODONTIDAE Synodus foetens, inshore lizardfish aiisys) (GES =3 9) 2081(33) * ) 209(1; * ) 25 (Arex) 23)2)\(3)7)) x52) 23)8) (ia) QB; (iss -*) 9) DIA (irax =) 298)(2i7 ak); 329(1; * ) 33/5) (15 eee) 3.52) (as; axa) SH (GER tt =) Synodus sp. 268 (dis) *) ISGP: 5) 2i//5\ (Ai; zee) Trachtnocephalus myops, snakefish 199:(3; * ) 212(8; * ) 2OW (1G ee) 262)\(27 sep) QOS EX 9) PAX CILR: s )) PAIS GLP 30) CHLOROPHTHALMI DAE Chlorophthalmus agasstzt, shortnose greeneye 361 (/izuex)) 3'9:(3725)) OOD ses) ESky) 164(33; 0.5) 208i sexe) 22T(U267510-9) 2ZEO( 25) PRIN CAG 12) 420\(7i;9 =) 441(1; * ) 449(1; * ) 458(3; * ) 5315 (9; =) 538(6; * ) 539) (is exe) 604(1; * ) 605(3; * ) (Slab abs} es ca 9) 669(1; * ) 676(2; * ) 677(7; * ) MYCTOPHIDAE Myctophid, unidentifiable to genus SR )) 36:(25% >) 89) (270; mee) Cie r2/_)) 164(42; * ) 2185 2'3110/25) 221(128; * ) 344 (4; 0.5) SAT a2 eee) 420(4; * ) 440(23; * ) 441(10; * ) 450(11; * ) 451(20; * ) 531 (sae) 53 7/5(055 ee) 539)(is) *e) (sy 3 GLI) STERNOPTYCHIDAE Argyropelecus aculeatus, Atlantic silver hatchfish (See: Leim and Scott 1966) B39)(4s. >) 100(4; * ) 22H (Mish Xm) 289)(350x*) 441(1; * ) 458(1; * ) LOPHIDAE Lophius americanus, goosefish OI (S723 )a19) 2011332) PAL GLE 5 7/)) 22K 2h ew) PEAR Bat) 271i (Ls ORO) 28\(3)3; 24755) PAS) P33 ALA T/)) 30(1; 1.8) saialy ala 2) 3/21((2'3) 158) 34(1; 0.9) 38(1; 6.4) 39133" 82) 47(1; 3.6) 48(2; 11.8) 50) ((2'5) i 3)) 54\(87 51455) 56(3; 8.6) 57) (105) 58(1; 3.6) 59(2; 0.9) 60(1; 0.5) 86(4; 4.1) 87 (6; 15.0) 94(3; 4.1) 95s 1257.) SXa(Ghy X0)5)) 99(12; 28.1) 100(3; 4.1) HOW (2)5. 253) 1021; 8-2) 104(2; 1.8) 105(5; 1.4) 107 (1; 1.4) TVA GIBS Wst/)) 114(1; 5.0) UES (377 2 2)53)) 116(2; 9.1) aaa {0)5'5))) 26 Table 3.--Continued Lophtus amertcamms--Cont. US 21S; 158 (2; 164(9; 178 (1; 219(1; 224 (7; 2308 ahs 265 (1; 274(2; 281 (4; 287 (1; 292(6; 322 (2; 329(1; 334(3; 340 (25; 347 (1; 354 (2; 395 (1; 402 (1; 408 (2; 415(3; 422 (8; 430(1; 440 (2; 445 (2; 452(1; 478 (1; ailA((alr Bik (2p 537 (4; 546(1; 572(2; 578 (4; 583 (2; 588 (2; 594 (1; 599 (1; 605 (5; 611(1; 617 (1; 623 (4; 640(1; 645 (3; 650 (6; 655 (2; 661 (2; 668 (5; 673 (13; 679 (4; 684 (2; 691 (2; 696 (2; 36.3) 0.9) 0.5) 0.5) 5.0) lisa) 955) 3) 18.6) 10.4) 5.0) N7RS¢7)) 21.8) USD) 14.5) 44.9) 0.5) 29.0) 1.4) 9.1) Tot) 7.3) 10.4) OFS) 2.7) 4.1) 1.8) 6.8) 4) 6.4) 11.3) 1.8) 10.9) 30.8) 1.8) tO E15) 113) eS) 27.2) 4.1) 3.2) 24.0) 5.4) 32) 42.2) 18.1) 0.9) 8.6) 33.6) a3) 10.0) 8.6) 10.4) M53) (6; 160 (11; 165 (1; 210(1; 220(2; 225 (4; 259 (1; 266(1; 277 (2; 282 (1; 288 (2; 294 (1; 3)231(3):: 330(2; 336(4; 342 (3; 348 (1; 3915(1; 396 (4; 403 (1; 410(4; 416 (8; 424(20; 432(1; 441 (2; 446 (3; 453 (1; 504(2; 522i 53/21(a; 538 (3; 568 (4; Sy /Al((2i 579i (els 584 (2; 589 (9; 595 (3; 601 (6; 606 (3; 612 (8; 618 (2; 624 (1; 641 (4; 646 (3; 651(5; 657 (3; 662 (1; 669 (2; 674(6; 680 (5; 685 (4; 692 (18; 697 (1; Zia) 36.7) 3.6) 13.6) 4.5) 7.3) 8.2) 4.1) alsyeab)) 1.8) 2.3) Tat) 34.9) 529) 15.0) O55) 0.9) 14.1) 9.1) 10.9) 8.2) 15.4) 37.6) 6.8) 18.1) ed) 1.8) 30.4) 59) 253) 18.1) 31.8) 6.4) 10.4) 16.8) 100.7) 4.5) 23.6) 6.4) 37.6) 2.7) 13.6) 13.6) 16.8) 22.7) 9.5) so4) 5.4) 135 72)) 10.4) 20.4) 2.7) 5.4) LSAT 4)) MEM (2 Hei) 166(1; 1.8) 215(1; 6.4) 221: (83; 97/5) 226(6; 15.0) 260(2; 19.1) PRG ALA Gala al4k 15))) 278)(2; -16).3) 283(2; 6.8) 289(8; 5.9) 296(2; 1.4) 3251( 275 120%)3)) 331(6; 38.1) 337(6; 8.6) 343 (46; S49 ea*i) 392) (Sisk) 397(2; 13.6) 404(1; 4.5) 411(8; 5.9) 417(4; 9.5) 425(2; 2.7) 433(3; 9.5) 442(5; 14.1) 447(4; 5.4) 455(2; 3.6) 505%; 57510) By (IL 35 7/)) 533)(3i7) 475) 540(1; 1.4) 569(3; 24.0) 5752; 1.4) 580)/(GE= Ov9)) 585i(25) 9545) S90\( 41) 596(1; 0.9) 602) (ex) 607 (1; (als) (GbR 3) )) GHAR 256) 625(2; 20.0) 642(1; 8.2) 647 (2; 652(5; 20.4) 658(1; 10.0) 663(1; 0.5) 670(1; 10.0) (S/S Gb 4h al) 681(2; 2.7) 688(2; 8.2) 693:\(55 35).4) 698(1; 7.7) 27 50.8) 155 (2; 162 (6; 167 (6; 217 (8; 222(1; 227 (1; 261 (1; 27 AL; 279(3; 285i(Si 290 (7; 298 (2; 3265; 3132112); 338 (27; 344 (4; 3501(L; 393 (1; 398 (4; 405 (3; 413 (2; 420(9; 427 (2; 434(1; 443 (1; 448 (1; 458 (10; SOs 528 (3; 534(4; 54213); 570(2; 576(7; yet b(n 586 (2; 592)(4; 597 (3; 603 (10; 608 (4; 615 (5; 621(1; 626 (2; 643 (7; 648 (2; 653 (2; 659(1; 666 (10; 671(2; 676 (1; 682 (2; 689 (3; 694 (4; 699 (2; 1.8) 20.0) 5.4) 20.0) 1.8) Aas) wo) 11.8) 25.4) 132) Ao) 16.3) 30.4) 100.2) 39.5) 5.0) x) 0.9) 13Y52)) 18.1) 203) 6.8) 11.8) a) 3.2) 0.9) 10.9) s))) 3.2) 5.4) 4.5) 6.4) 18.1) 15.4) 4.5) 44.9) 6.8) 11.8) 3.6) 10.4) =) 18.6) 21.8) Vol) 2h) 0.9) 26.8) 1.8) 0.5) 13.6) 18.6) 34.0) 8.2) ab57/ (ale 163 (2; 7/5) (is 218(1; 223 (3; 228(16; 262 (2; 27S els; 280 (5; 286(17; 291(4; 318 (1; 327 (7; 333)(827 339(12; 346 (18; 3/5312) 394 (2; 401 (1; 407 (3; 414(5; 421 (1; 428 (2; 437 (8; 444 (1; 450(1; 467 (1; 510(1; 529\(2; 53 S102 545 (4; BA (Sp BH (Sn 582(1; 587 (1; 593 (1; 593 (2; 604 (4; 609 (6; 616(5; 622(1; 638 (1; 644 (2; 649 (2; 654 (1; 660 (2; 667 (4; 672 (3; 678 (3; 683 (2; 690(1; 695(1; 700(1; 5.0) 0.9) i) Uot)) 23) 25.9) Zea) 4.5) 4.1) 29.0) 6.8) 10.4) 76.7) 243.6) 22.7) 24.5) 10.9) 8.6) ASP) 5.0) 9135) 0.9) 1372) O75) 1.4) 1.4) 10.9) @)cab) 3.6) Bi2))) 15.4) 26.3) 48.1) 352) 1.4) 8.6) 5.0) 21k) Vo) 8.2) 9.5) 5.4) 11.3) 15.4) quIN3)) 2.7) 8.6) 1.4) 6.4) 14.1) 5.0) 7.3) 15.4) Table 3.--Continued OGCOCEPHALIDAE Dibranehus atlanticus, Atlantic batfish (See: Leim and Scott 1966) SE\(7R < )) aol (AR. 228) 164(4; * ) 289\(ai ae) 290(1; * ) 420(2; * ) AS Si (axes) 121 (27 >i) GADIDAE Enchelyopus ctmbritus, fourbeard rockling SS (Gp eco) GSi(2R tee) NGA (2x9) al7/Sy(ba 3°) IL TA\(GlG £2 )) 228) (5a) 289 i(aliz ns, 9) 296)(97) 0)-'5)) 346\(1i5" *>) 576(4; 0.5) 6112\(2; *-) 667 (1; * ) 693) (Tia =) Gadus morhua, Atlantic cod 324(3; 18.1) SYR salaleys)) 330(1; 1.8) 33052755 eS) 334(1; 3.6) SS 7K (e915) SB 4k (S56 Aw) 352\(7'3; 30/8) 3531(2; 87s) 354(2; 5.4) 356(5; 13.6) 390(2; 4.5) 3921(35> 8)a2) 392)(8 35 U9 ei) 393(4; 11.8) 394(2; 5.4) 395)(255 (52:9) S9G6i( Fiz 22/52) 397(9; 32.2) 398 (3; 14.5) 5399) (ET S27!) 400)(1;52 223) 401(9; 34.5) 402(9; 27.7) 403(6; 20.4) 404(3; 10.9) 405(4; 14.1) 406(1; 4.5) 425) (D455) 426(1; 3.6) AZIM 26 S12) 430(3; 10.9) 431(3; 10.0) 432(2; 5.0) 433(2; 5.4) 434(5; 14.1) AS5i (sh 2257) AS Gis yeesr6)) A377) (Giselwss)) 443(1; 15.0) 445(1; 4.1) 446(2; 5.9) A59\(25) 852) 460(4; 14.5) 461(1; 5.4) 462(2; 7.3) 463 (1; 5.0) 464(2; 5.4) 474(3; 18.1) 475(1; 4.5) 476(1; 5.9) 477(1; 5.4) 479(4; 14.1) 480(3; 8.6) 481(1; 2.3) 48)2:(155 3233) 484(13; 41.3) 485\(179 3/42) 502(4; 10.0) 503)(4'377/253)) 504 (1; 2.3) 506(4; 8.2) SOT 2.13)) 508(4; 10.0) 510(4; 20.4) bh (79 7/5 7/)) 5322)(8 5) Weel) SS (S95eao>) 5119) (T7 157-19) 521(2; 8.6) 522(1; 6.8) 525(4; 24.9) 5 27a i554) 546(4; 6.4) S72) (Zi S49) SBS) (lee 12'S) 586(1; 3.6) SS LO pe 9) 588(2; 5.0) 591(1; 6.8) 5941( 23. i*) )) 595(1;) 6.4) 598(1; * ) 600(2; 10.0) 602(1; 4.5) GG (ise ee) 623\(1-8 5-4) 652(2; * ) 654(1; *:) 655(1; 1.8) 659\(2557*) 9) 6G60\(255 2) 6618(2)31 2) 665)(275% >) 687(2; * ) Melanogrammus aeglefinus, haddock 98\(1; * ) SOM (AES Xe 4) Merluecitus albidus, offshore hake (See: Leim and Scott 1966) SWAG ea) 391(22) 0/5) 99(58; 23.6) VOO)(U7ie) 2713) LOSI yaxay) 163(81; 10.4) 164(85; 12.2) V67(4250 058) 2ZILS)\( U4 23) 2US'(3:25 i) 221(70; 10.9) 286(157; 39.5) 288 (4; 0.9) 289(58; 10.9) 344(91; 23.1) 346(8; 3.2) 347(13; 0.9) 412(17; 2.7) 420(37; 10.0) 441(5; 4.1) 450(4; 0.9) 451(4; 0.9) 458(7; 1.4) 5314(2937 22) 537(14; 3.2) 538(9; 2.7) 57.1'(2's3 0.9) 605(14; 5.0) 611(300; 53.1) 612(99; 39.9) 6USi(L5. *) 669(22; 8.2) 67 2L55 U4) 676(9; 1.4) 677 (1; * ) Merlucctus bilinearis, silver hake U7i(69);> Si2) WON 5763) (12-2) 20(462; 9.5) 21(280; 6.4) 22455 =") 241(25;- 0.5) 28 (397; 5.0) 29(754; 15.9) 30(2; 0.5) 31 (75.1.4) 32(8; 3.2) 34(2; 0.9) 36\(25 * ) 37(5; 0.9) 39(6; 1.4) 41(7; 1.8) 42(5; 0.5) AS(S;* 5) 44(6; * ) 45 (43; 0.5) 46(68; 1.4) ATI(ASH* ') 48(79; 0.9) 49(19; 0.9) 502; * ) 51 (Se*") 52(41; 1.4) 53(76; 1.4) 54(15; 1.4) 55) (dias ==) )) Sa (Si7) 25) 58 (30; 0.5) 59(4; 0.5) 60(17; 0.5) 80(11; 0.5) 83) (2a) 28 Table 3.--Continued Merlueetus bilinearts--Cont. 84(2; * ) 87(16; 5.4) 9035 a xi) 921 (ee) S31 (Cle =) 94(24; 3.6) O5i Gis Oso} 96(5; 0.5) Ci; (Qlp. &%)) 98(11; 1.4) 104(2; 0.5) 105(5; 0.9) LOG(S7 020) MOM (2s sal51 a) alfoyey((alprs ft 9) akabab (ale 2) 112(132; 6.4) LeS (LS ianOr9)) 116(8; 0.5) AAs (al ) SIGs ORS) 120(14; 0.5) 141(9; * ) Nd ite} ed) ieeh(L gy £35) 144(12; * ) 145(10; * ) TAO} (2 ee) ALS{o}(abae 552) 152(6; 0.5) ILS yS} (SF OES) 55) (4 eee) 157(31; 1.4) 158(4; 0.9) 159}(2); 10-5) 160(19; 1.4) NGM (G's) 9% 5) HG2(25)70 es) 166(1; 0.5) G8! (Zien) 174(7; 0.5) 175(468; 20.4) ALIKE (AR: Sa) 9) ALAS AR. =) 179(37; 1.4) 180,(116; *)) IAG +4) ILS e(Ap t3*)) 200)(2; |*.) 2018 (23)7aexan) 202i Sine) 203(67axm) 204(27; * ) 206\(35; 3* ) PADUA 20) 208(4; * ) 209(98; 0.5) ZO) 212(608; 1.8) 214(10; * ) 2U5i(243)752i3)) 2UG6 (5) 21 GLO zee) 223) (Sis Oln5) 224(7; 1.4) 225) (Siren) 226(4; 0.9) PPI 3) 228 (1907; 110.7) 229\ C115; 2 O).15)) 23. 0i(15; Bee) 232) (isaaea) 23851 0ba =) 234(33; 0.5) 259(44; 1.8) 260(219; 1.4) 2618 (205; <™) 262(51; 0.5) 2631(98ia* m) 264(21; * ) 265)\(16; E*~) 266)(27* >) 27.0) (13) eaeae) 27525004) 272(234; 1.4) 2731 (CLT2 Fe * {)) 274(184; * ) A/a \(eas: 35) AYR 29) BUIGS8 i) ATE B &-1") 279(4; * ) 280(4; 0.9) 285 Cex) 282(10; 1.4) 283(8; 1.8) 284(5; 0.5) 285(5; 0.5) 29 0i(257:5 90159) 292) (7; MS) 293\(6aaee) 2IAN(Si7aae ee) 295\G15ee my) 296(8; 2.3) DOTA 2 eax.) 298) (5i-aese) 299)\(1L45) >") 300,(10)5 >") 3.015 (25 25) 303) (limes s)) SOSi(27 a=) 306 (46; * ) BOSi(Si =a) SHON ER - £9) SWE (ix) SHAG. £2) SGI GLO ZR =) shibg/(Glp <&2)) SUSi(2ii xs) 31'9\(415-ae* )) 820)(S)i= =) 3214(299); Ske) 322(148; 1.8) 323(85; 1.4) 324(28; 0.9) 325 (2770;)) 25.3) S26)(Bijae) 327: (S8i05) 32.9) (G15 2'53)) 8330/3077 52) 331 (25777! 415) 33/2/(28)- 10/35) 3932972) 334(28; 0.9) 335/278) B\ei(ala. &?)) 338(3; 0.5) 340(4; 0.9) 341(3; 0.9) 342(2; * ) 349(2; 0.5) S5O0iCL ee) 352(8; 1.4) 353(4; 0.9) B54) (Sixes) 356(5; 0.5) 359) (i ex) 3615 (95 9O%5)) 3.62) (isa* ss) S7/IL(AR ety) SHAt(S i, xe) SPS)Clp. ©) S{SiS} (GL £2) 386(15; 0.5) S38 71(28 0%") 388) (S/7eete) 389(34; 7.7) 390(34; 6.8) 391 (58; 10.0) 392(80; 5.4) 393(77; 3.2) 394'(99 - angie?) 395(55; 6.4) 396(95; 10.4) 397(42; 4.1) 398\(715) 5:0) SSIS Grp pi Sisas) 400(125; 14.1) 401(198; 21.3) 402(138; 5.4) 403(72; 2.7) 404(79; 14.5) 405(42; 3.2) 406(182; 5.0) 407 (4; 0.9) 408(1; 0.5) 409(9; 1.8) 410(15; 2.7) 411(6; 1.4) 413(18; 5.4) 414(7; 1.4) 415(36; 12.7) 416(18; 5.0) ALT (LT 2S) A20\(35).* )) 421(6; 1.8) 422\(3i1is es) 423(5; 2.3) 424(71; 19.1) 426(22; 3.2) 427(91; 3.6) 428 (33; 3.6) 429(30; 4.5) 430(72; 10.0) 431(59; 8.6) 432(46; 12.7) 433(134; 10.0) 434(113; 11.3) 435(101; 13.2) 436(43; 14.5) 4371)(91'; 19.5) 438(37; 9.5) 439(11; 2.7) 440(122; 29.5) 441 (110; 29.5) 442(108; 20.0) 443(159; 15.0) 444(51; 7.7) 445 (303; 54.9) 446(13; 1.8) 447 (33; 10.9) 448 (56; 14.1) 449(2; 0.5) 450(6; 1.4) CNyl (aL 20) 452(85; 19.1) 29 Table 3.--Continued Merlucetus bilinearis--Cont. 453(79; 16.3) 454(277; 43.5) 455(177; 41.7) 456(100; 24.5) 457 (33; 12.7) 458 (9; 3.6) 459(44; 10.0) 460(127; 25.9) 461(5; 0.9) A62) (5 ea) 463(17; 2.3) 464(6; 2.7) 465(4; 0.5) 466(13; 3.6) 467(12; 2.3) 470(24; 6.4) 471(34; 10.0) AT Zils) EX) 473(6; 0.9) 474(16; 3.6) 475(6; 1.4) 476(2; 0.5) 477(3; 0.5) GNIS} (ab -&3°_)) 479(16; 2.3) 480(5; 2.7) 481(8; 0.9) 482(2; * ) ASSi(S 5s) 484(2; 0.5) 485(5; 0.9) 486(6; 1.8) ORSHT/{(b. i) 488(1; * ) 489(3; 0.9) AQOI(5 mata) 501(26; 8.6) 502(21; 4.1) 503(43; 8.6) 504(37; 11.3) 5OSi(1L9;; =253) 506(17; 5.4) 507(13; 1.8) 508(7; 0.5) 509(2; 0.5) SHOiG aes) 511 (2; 0.9) 5112) (A973 O15) 5113 (L539 223) SL6i(Sizn =) 5197/25 2OR 5) 5S) (ise) 5U|(5) (O)-.5)) 521(17; 1.4) 522(55; 18.6) 523(7; 1.4) 524(3; 0.5) 525\(S)74 5) 526(2; 1.4) 527(36; 8.2) 528(8; 3.2) 529(4; 0.5) 530(2; 0.5) 531(26; 6.4) 5331(25" 10%)5) Sey GLA") 535\(3'2;7) $al8eas) 538(12; 2.3) 539(2; 0.5) 540(12; 3.2) 541 (38; 8.2) 542(1; 1.8) 543(24; 6.4) 544(25; 7.7) 545(99; 34.9) 546(4; 0.9) 547.(7;, 7.7) 550(5; 1.4) SSM (se) 555i (sux) 556i ex) S576 8) 558(33; 6.8) 5591(4 5m) S60i(1O7 257) 561')(85) 2.3) 562(12; 3.2) 563)(6742533)) 564(2; * ) 565 (tis 4) 566(17; 3.6) 567 (121; 29/55) 568(14; 2.7) 569(28; 3.6) 570(187; 28.1) 571(93; 13.6) 572(16; 6.8) S737 U8) 574(6; 1.4) 575 (Size Ol) 576(14; 2.7) 577(10; 1.4) 578(16; 5.0) 579(29; 6.4) 580(41; 8.2) 581(328; 28.1) 582(169; 26.8) 583(168; 15.4) 584(31; 6.8) 585(21; 1.8) 586(4; 0.9) 587(12; 0.9) 588(53; 6.8) 58953 sas) 590(190; 33.1) 591(24; 4.5) 592(59; 54.0) 593 (334; 70.8) 594)(175 736.3) 595\(585) 2irs2)) 596 (6; 1.8) 597(10; 3.2) 598(10; 2.3) 599(16; 3.6) 600(37; 10.4) 601(21; 4.1) 602(16; 4.1) 603 (23; 6.4) 604(13; 4.5) 605(81; 15.4) 606(6; 1.4) 607(5; 1.4) 608(16; 4.1) 609(17; 8.6) 610(21; 4.5) 613(6; 0.9) 614(7; 3.2) 615(21; 4.5) 616(36; 7.3) 618(8; 3.2) 619(35; 9.1) 620(10; 2.7) 621(34; 0.5) 622(36; 7.3) 623\(1 152-3) 624(3; 1.4) 625(23; 1.4) 626(69; 24.5) 627 (3; 1.4) 638i(2 sexe) 640(29; 0.5) 641(25; 1.8) 642(32; * ) GA3iC2sm ern) 6451(29)77 +) 646)(Si x) 648(1; * ) 649(36; 0.9) 650(26; * ) 651(50; 0.9) 652'(4;) *)) 653)(17.95 2757) 654(6; 0.5) 655(23; 1.8) 656(5; 0.5) 657 (3; 0.5) 659(21; 0.5) 660)( 25x) 661(4; * ) 663(5; 0.5) 664(5; 0.5) 665(5; 0.9) 666(2; 0.5) 667(4; 0.5) 668(4; 0.5) 669(5; 0.9) 670(4; 0.5) E7307 951) 672(16; 4.1) 673(5; 1.4) 674(9; 2.7) 675(1; 0.5) 678(6; 1.8) 679(12; 2.7) 680(11; 3.2) 681(8; 1.8) 682(5; 0.5) 683i (Siac) 684(1; * ) 685(62; 0.9) 686(26; 0.5) 687(59; 0.9) 688 (14; * ) 690; s) 691(10; 0.9) 692(18; 2.7) 693\(22; 2.3) 694(57; 14.5) 695i(3ie =e) 696(20; * ) 697i(7is = )) 698(10; * ) 699(11; 0.9) 7hojo) (2) Microgadus tomeod, Atlantic tomcod SOC ae) 30 Table 3.--Continued Phyets chestert, longfin hake 39\(S)7 )) 99(4; 0.5) NGS (1970 ees) MEASOs 74) 215 (yee) 286(52; 5.0) 346 (1) =) Aii/\(Aiy ee) SIME Bos) (lA(7e)A. 5)(0))) Phystculus fulvus, hakeling (See: Bigelow and Schroeder 1953) NGSIC2 sexes) Bysi7/ (GbR &7)*)) Pollachtus vitrens, pollock CaLEy (alas {0)'))) ALVAs (Gs 3 72) 1529) (15) S72) 16 S.91Cs5) °* )) 660(1; * ) 665(37 * ) Urophyets chuss, red hake AI (As) X)) 174255) 2:93) als) (3p ae }) 2a (Sieh xbe) PAH (A 3 8)) 28) (Zit) 29(2; 0.5) 35 (2)-) (0155) 3:2)(13 ie 7455115); 36(66; 5.4) 39(16; 4.5) 43)(33, * ) 44(3; * ) AS (ies) x) 46(3; * ) 49(1; * ) SAi (iin wlex8)) 58) (dis 50/45) 59(2; 0.5) 60(11; * ) 68iCh a sy) TAGs se) 1-2) (lus ten) IAG2 seen x) Wala 2 *)) S{o)(Gilip <2) S5i(iss asa) SILO S26) 90(7; * ) 92(2; * ) 93)(20;55% 9) 94(41; 6.4) 96(2; * ) 99(128; 2.3) 100(13; 1.4) 104(19; 0.5) 105(756; 36.3) 106(4; 0.5) 107(64; 6.8) ALM (eye <3 )) Ep) Abney (Ape EF) 114(2; * ) TAG ((Si7) aXy) 141(30; 1.4) 142(93; * ) 143(6; * ) 144(16; * ) PAS (7 Qicee) 146(4; * ) U5 Oj (2x) >) U5 2)('3 2s VAay5) 153(85; 9.5) U5 4i(2)s) 1Ok5)): 155(60; 8.6) US6i(S) *-) SH (Gis. 15.4)) 159(4; * ) ‘LEGO M(Sds yw) 615 (ass xen) 163(42; 4.5) 164(5; 0.9) 167(176; 11.8) 168(4; * ) 174(3; 0.5) L/S (Re) 176345) )) al7AS}(OiSi yey )) 179(35; * ) 180(9; 0.5) 181(11; 0.9) 198(2; * ) 199(1; * ) 200(19; * ) PXONE (A 2) 202(14; * ) 203(3; * ) 204(29; * ) 205i(2) =); 2O6\ (Wi; anxen) ele (Dien 1X) Zi (M2 eiOry5)) DAT (AS; xi) ZNSi(Ois x) AUG; ete) ZANTE EY) 218(13; 0.9) 223)(339);e i/o) 224(91; 6.4) 225\(31L 7 510) 226(60; 5.0) 227, (Bi7=xe ) 223A e272) 229(4; 0.5) 233) (20st) 234(27; 0.5) 235(29; * ) 236)(L0)s73% 9) AS(akay eo) 260(18; * ) 261 (11; * ) 262(42; * ) PX Sys) ( (BE 7) 264(13; * ) 265(39; * ) 266(4; * ) 2 6y/a(Gliseaxae) ZOOSK satan) 269) (ose axe 9) 270(25; * ) ZA OR 7) 272(65; 0.9) PYM TAP OSS) 274(20; * ) 275(44; 0.5) Dio(Sis) =) 5) Zila (2 >is exee) PKS Le) PRS Kh) 280(10; * ) Z2BiI(20);, * ) 282(3; * ) PXshey (alias £2) 285\(4);) “*.) 289(15; 1.8) 292 (1; ) 2OSi(UOO 7a a) 294(11; * ) 295(34; * ) 296(18; 4.5) 299(1; * ) 3002s) 3O)2102;0e x) 306(3; * ) syilfoy(Gly <3" ) 311 (4; * ) 318(4; * ) SYA0) (AER vey =) S2T\(303 * ) 322(26; * ) 323 (34; * ) 324(37; * ) S251(163);5523)- 15) 326(1426; 20.9) 327(1482; 34.0) 329(1; * ) SSAA wai) 332(1038; 20.9) S33 (284 ee 2iiere) 334(364; 9.5) SEIE((OR <7 *)) 336(1; 0.9) 38 8i'Sis6 Ol). 33)9)(Siz0 >) 3:4.0\ (2); xe) S47 x *) 342) (4; ay) 344(96; 8.6) 346 (362; 58.1) 347) (5; 4) 348 (45; * ) 350(4; * ) Shh (Alpe EF) SS Si (sixes) 354(7; 0.9) 356(23; 0.9) S57i (2709) 361(8; * ) Si7Si(lise Ae) S/S (las. 13") 376(1; * ) 386(6; 0.5) BSA es 9) 388i (Site x) 389(61; 4.5) 390(35; * ) 391(90; 3.2) 392:(293)0 02:43) 393 (152; 1.4) 394(176; 3.6) 395(312; 3.6) 396 (308; 10.0) BCS" OSS) SI8i(2 Tie Ohe5)) 399(33; 1.8) 400(20; 0.5) 401(78; 1.4) 403(8; 0.5) 404(162; 1.4) AO SIGS Os sSi2) 406(2; 0.9) 408 (3; * ) 409(1; 0.5) 410(51; 15.4) 412(1; 0.5) 413(8; 4.1) 414(10; 3.6) 415(68; 25.4) AN6i(2:2)syt5)5.4) 417(6; 1.4) 420(56; 5.4) 422(64; 17.2) 424(348; 133.4) 426(7; * ) 427(62; 0.5) 428 (229; 15.4) 429(188; 12.7) 430(34; 0.9) 43 1k(Si7icesinte)) 43)21(5);5 e138) 433(9; * ) 434(1; 0.5) 43'55((3:3'5 29 i-p1)) CB (LAR Aes) 437(141; 16.3) 438 (54; 2.3) 439(47; 3.2) 440(5; 1.4) 441.(135; 23.6) 442(31; 10.4) 443(1; * ) 444(7; 3.2) 447(104; 27.7) 448)(Site2es)), AGL £2) 452(32; 11.8) 453(29; 7.7) 454(1; 0.9) 455(18; 8.2) 456(10; 4.5) 458 (34; 4.5) 459(4; * ) 460(19; * ) 461(110; 0.9) 462(48; 0.5) 31 Table 3.--Continued Urophyets chuss--Cont. 463 (47; 0.9) 471 (12; 1.4) ATT (22 Rg Se) 482(2; * ) AST (Ss) *) SOSA Gs) 27) 508(4; * ) EAST (ATS GAS") 522 (102; 529(3; 1.4) 540(2; 0.9) 545(7; 0.9) SSI (a2 we) 559(24; 0.9) 564(50; 5.0) 569) (1257 10/55) 574(326; 5.4) 579(92; 9.5) 584(116; 3.2) 590i(83)73 10)-'5) 596(14; * ) BO2iGIiEr 0) 609(6; 2.3) 618(2; 1.8) 623 (66; 0.5) 636(21; * ) 643(12; * ) 6527 O'S) 659(10; * ) 665(5; 0.5) GVAE(SM 277-2) 680(33; 9.5) 687(41; 2.3) 692 (106; 697(3; * ) 27.7) 18.1) 464(19; * ) Ai] :3) (E15; eae) 478(12; * ) 483) (257 °* >) 439\(17> * >) 504(105; 2.7) 509\(20e* =) SS (S872 Wy 3)) 523) (527) 102.9) 530(3; 1.4) 541(11; 4.1) DAG (Sisto ») BSA (Manits”)) 560(25; 1.8) 565)(133)7e 1) 5/ O\0l45 5 34553)) STS(372i5) 3/16) 5801697 22) 585\(87/7" 1 .8)) 592(109; 15.4) SOW (Suara) GOS C25; Essie) 6E31(305 4271) 619(308; 88.9) 624(13; * ) G3 9\(47nexs*) 644(5; * ) 654(1; * ) 660(16; 0.5) 666(41; 0.9) 672(145; 58.1) 681(15; 2.7) 688 (36; 0.5) 693(41; 3.6) 698\(5 sex) Urophycts regius, spotted hake O23" **) SiS" (O'9)) AiNSs ts) 83(8; 0.5) 210) (Si teatat) STAGGERED) LOW(S35 *) 115 (540; 120(30; 0.9) 144(12; 0.9) TUSVAX (a be) 158(9; 0.9) 167(4; * ) 176(5; 0.5) USTs oe" 5) 203;(25" *) 2a" * ) 245) D7 (Siste xa) 43)(355 ) 55115) 84(55; 1.4) 92(12; 0-5) 100(8; 2.3) ala ka hy Gig rsa) 116(492; 16.3) 39)(235-* 0) VAS (ise XE) 153(2; 0.5) W59/(iss OS) 168 (33; 1.4) 177(20; 1.4) 199)(53 O25) 204)(2;7 -*™) 215(8; 1.4) 466(20; 1.4) 474(23; 2.7) 479(55; 0.9) 484(33; 0.5) AGA (isn xe) 505(93; 1.4) Eno 29) 517(20; 3.6) 525(11; 6.4) 531(8; 1.8) 542(7; 3.2) 547(5; 1.8) 5oDI(4 Xm) 5615 (23)3""5)./0) 566(147; 9.1) 571(134; 20.9) STG(S53};- 123i) 581(24; 1.4) 586(82; 9.5) 593(66; 8.6) Bye }e) (CA 8 39)) 604(6; 1.4) 614(4; 1.4) 620(4; 0.5) 625(10; 0.5) 640(12; * ) 645 iC e ame) G56i(5im ees) 661(9; 1.8) 667 (17; 0.5) 673(79; 23.6) 684(1; * ) 689(39; 1.4) 694(66; 15.4) 699(2; 0.5) Ue) (ia 3) )) 44(21; * ) TINGE 2209) 85(37; 1.4) 93)(10;) 05) 103(12; 0.9) 112(7; 0.9) 117(47; 1.8) 141(24; 1.4) 146(3; 0.5) SA (eon) 160(14; 1.8) IgA GE she )) UIS(S5;" 27) 200(10; 0.9) Pa lall As v3.) 21753; 5.0) 32 467(5; * ) 475(16; 1.4) 480(119; 1.4) 485) (1s 9) 501 (85; 506(12; * ) 511(42; 0.5) 518 (31; 526\(35)253)) 534(2; 0.9) 543 (4; 1.8) 549(2; * ) 557 (39; 562(34; 5.4) 567 (20492544) SWZ S6Sis™ aia) S77 (Lis) O29), 582(45; 4.1) 587i 10129) 594(8; * ) 600(23; 0.5) 605(18; 2.3) 615(48; 16.3) 624) (AS37253) 626(204; 50.8) 641(100; 3.6) 649(2; * ) O57(6i75 * os) 663 (14; 0.9) 668(5; 0.5) 674(224; 59.0) 685(1; * ) 690(3; * ) 695(7; 0.5) 700(2; 0.9) AUF 2) AS \(S ore) 80)(1:25 105) 86)(55)- 4) QA en) 104(4; 0.5) TUS (2 ieee) tlle (ibe ty. 6) 142(20; 1.4) VAS; ss) T55\(65ars) VOUT; AA) 174(5; 0.5) 179 (113; 5.0) 201(19; 1.4) PA GLZ abess})) 225) (Cee) 470(27; 1.4) 476(4; * ) Ash (S) ate) 486(9; 0.5) 502(50; 0.5) 507(49; 0.5) Sil (7B. 3 )) 521(58; 0.5)- 528(7; 2.7) 535(60; 18.1) 544(40; 10.9) 550) (Sima) 558) (IG Siiee) 563(106; 13.2) 568(5; 1.4) 573(266; 8.2) 578(13; 4.5) 583 (393; 8.6) 589(260; 27.7) 595i (9175 ) AVS (als) x») 416(1; * ) 449(3; 0.9) A621 >) BYVAL (Are i) By}3} (jp oh fs})) 559(2; * ) 604(13; 3.2) 614(1; 0.5) O241( 25 1 *- ) 62937) <8) 6sih (ls xe) GA5i(i ==) v) 66017) **) G78) (3532/2) 685(4; * ) 690(4; * ) 692i(iss xm) Urophyeits tenuts, white hake LS 6i03 ism O)s:5)) T57A(SBi5i70 9326) 336)(37 1029) 346(150; 40.4) 415(1; 8.6) 420(3; 1.8) 442(6; 2.7) 4531 ((es se) 537(1; 0.9) 577(2; 0.9) 611(10; 3.2) 612(3; 3.6) 630(20; * ) 69k (di; * >) OPHIDIIDAE Lepophitdium cervinum, fawn cusk-eel SAH pe) sks} (lal tos 9) OI (Saxe) 104(4; * ) 161(90; 1.4) 162(124; 1.8) 219(124; 0.9) 2238 (20 pata), ZO5i (ise x; )), 322\(ise*) )) 340(18; 1.4) 3 A'3i(2iseaxe) 410(9; * ) 416(2; * ) 451(8; * ) SSSi(2iz *) 606;(15;" *_) GOV (SF 7%) 675(1; * ) 689(1; * ) Rissola marginata, striped cusk-eel 144(3; 0.5) PALA (Sy 6.5) 215(1; 293} (sex a) SS)((ALA: 2) 327 (1; 428(1; * ) A30)(15" %%) 474 (1; 230(1; 26:1N(3:3) (O)=:5) 266(1; 0.5) 274(7; 0.9) 28043) 291.(67 02.5) 303 (23 310 (4; SLO; 325 (24; BISWA 346 (5; 354 (6; 387 (4; 395 (2; 421 (1; 474(1; S38 9G; 605 (2; 625(5; 638 (1; 670(5; 687 (2; 1.4) = - A LS ~ ~ * P+ * +O +O * + * EGY AAS IS ~ 286 (5; 410(2; 424(2; 458 (2; 605 (4; 626 (2; 669 (3; 3). /2) 3.2) 2oe))) 9.5) 12.2) 0.9) 1.8) 34(26; 0.5) TO SY (As 167 (5; 274 (1; 332) (15; 344 (2; 422(4; 540(1; 613 (1; + + FF FF OF OF SST 33 14.1) 233 (1; 334 (2; Byk(aibe 233(8; O 262(8; O 268(2; * 275 (6; O 285(1; * 29330 * 306(14; * 312(23; * 3201(3)3) *4-) 326:(1717= 57.0) 338(4; 0.5) 347'(133-2..3) 356(3; 0.5) 390(10; * ) 410(3; 0.5) 422'(3i O85) 486 (1; 556(18; * ) 609 (1; 626 (1; 639(12; * ) (S7/Abt aly Ko)55)) 688(1; * Sika; 158 (1; 3) 25) ZIIN(L965 35.2) 285, (133 338 (4; 347 (6; 449 (27; 603 (1; 615 (5; a) .) es) a) x) 0.5) 235(6; 0.5) 263(9; 1.4) Paps iA (05's) 276(10; 1.4) 288iBrns®) 294 (173; 0.5) SOM(Z5 eam) SANG aexae) 322)(25;5 5m) SAT (ies avcts))) 341(2; 0.5) S48i(1 xm) 357(11; 1.4) 3.9/2! (ie eeae) 413(2; 1.4) A26((3% *@) NSN (ily. 2) 558i (leat), 610(7; 2.3) 628iCli;, =m) (eyo) ((alecd 4) 675(2; 0.9) 689i(2);mexan) 326(2; 1.8) 414(2; 3.2) 441(5; 8.2) 535(1; 0.9) 607(2; 0.9) GASB =) 98(4; * ) ISO) (ala. ee) 218(41; 0.9) 29 O\(5 ies) 3394) mata) 348 (37; 0.5) 450(32; 0.5) 605i(3i78 5% 5) 623 (2; 0.5) oxsis} (ALF x3) “Mio (abe: t)) Table 3.--Continued ZOARCIDAE Macrozoarces americanus, ocean pout 31(2; 0.9) 94(3; 0.5) ISAS. 7 )) 157(7; 0.9) BBS (Op +39) 228) (2)7) 1X0) 2810255 = 9) S137 (Ae 3) 392(20; 6.8) 39719; U2 yi) 403(7; 5.0) 422(1; 0.5) 431(6; 2.7) 437(51; 12.7) 445(6; 5.0) 459(2; 1.4) 464(1; 0.5) 473(1; 0.5) 483(2; 3.2) 503(1; 0.5) 508(20; 25.9) 513(6; 6.4) 520(4; 2.3) 525255 2ie3)) 546(6; 4.1) SVSiTis e227) 578(20; 17.7) 585(14; 11.3) 591(2; 1.4) SOTA BS2) 602(3; 1.4) 6U5i(3i7) 2/53) 621335 1.4) 6421055) * )) 660(3; 0.9) 668(5; 1.8) 692(23; 8.2) (32 )7/{ (Aba) sya(alp Sei (as; 153 (3; alsye}((abp 224(5; 229(53 282(1; 343 (1; 393 (6; 398(7; 404 (1; 423} (15; 433(1; 438 (4; 446 (2; 460 (1; 465(1; 475(1; 484 (1; 504(1; 509(12 516 (31 S20: 529(2; 568 (1; 574(5; 579(28 586 (6; 593\(1; 598 (43 603 (30 616(9; 622(1; 647 (1; 661(2; 673(1; 693 (6; 699(5; Melanostigma atlantticun, 221(4; =e) MACROURIDAE 537(15; <2) 51(1; 1.4) Ee 9) 105(4; 0.5) Be) absyes((AbR ty ~)) 72) U5 9)\(G5; S—) 0.5) 225) ((2ieatem) Be Sic) 23.0\() +9) ce) ASML (aupn t3 -) E31) 389(2; 0.9) 3&2) 394(16; 5.4) 73) 3992; 1.4) 0.9) 405(4; 4.5) ts) A2TiCSi 2st) 0.5) 434(4; 2.3) 0.9) 439(5; 1.4) 203) 447(1; 0.5) 0.5) 461(3; 0.5) 0.5) 467(1; 0.5) 0.5) 471815) ) 1:96) (sex) 197;(1;" *~) 198 (3; 0.5) 200(7; 3.2) PRO GLaLAT te) 204(6; 0.5) 205/115 tam) 206(9; 1.4) 2ZOT(2 ss as) 21523 (GUS saree) QU Al (ee oxen) Zs (3A JE E})) 232) (15s eee) 233 (26; 0.5) 235)(57910)55) 236\(93) 3:56) 242)\(15) =») 259) (ie Ex,) 260(16; * ) 261(4; 0.5) 2612) (2) exe) 263: (ee), 264(3;. * ) 265(3; 0.5) 266(2; 0.5) 272(2; 0.5) 27:3) (; {O15) QT Ai(2'3 3%!) 216\((2i31 1X) 280(3; * ) 281 (5; * ) PrVo(filp % )) 293(127; 1.4) 294(14; 1.8) 295(46; 4.1) Ach (aly £32) 336(3; 1.8) 3373. *.) 33 Bl(25 eax) 339](@i ei) 340\(27*,) 341(1;, *) 342125 Xs) 349(2; 1.8) 353\(2; 0.9) 3541(SitO9) 413(6; 0.9) 416(4; * ) 422(6; * ) 429)(T soi 5) 484(1; * ) SiO l(t ae) 574(1; 0.9) SITUS sz (O59) 57825" U4) 579)(2)30)15) 58 0)\(i-aaeam) SEA (ss Xe5) 585\(dis es) 587(1; 0.5) 588(1; 0.5) 589(1; 0.9) 590)(3)7, #158) 592(2; 2.7) 593) (Ji; 54) 594) (Gia) 606: (ise) 608) (Ten x) 619'(23) (055) 620(1; 0.9) 6200 ee) 622(3; 0.9) 623) (25: 10.'5) 624(2; 0.5) 625(3; 1.4) 626(1; 0.5) 627(1; 1.4) 629)(Clsiex! |) 638(17; 3.6) 640(8; 1.8) GAINS sexes) 642(1; * ) 643(7; 2.3) 644(12; 2.7) G47 (Es) se 9) 649(1; 0.5) 650(1; 0.5) 6515 (25 O55) 665 (Als) sss) 662/01 ee) 6O5i(1 >) 683) (ie) 684(2; * ) 685(27; 4.1) 686i(27 eas) 687(7; 1.8) 688 (4; 0.9) 689(19; 2.7) 690\(97; 2/3) 691(8;; 2-3) 692)(1G RD) 693'(2; * ) 694(6; 1.4) 6971(25;-055) 698)(1'5-143)) 699(5; 1.8) HOOKS eee) PRIACANTHIDAE Priacanthus arenatus, bigeye 2.933)(bli eas) Pristigenys alta, short bigeye 90/5 > ) 36 Table 3.--Continued APOGONIDAE Apogon pseudomaculatus, twospot cardinalfish HOO Gs =.) 221 (78; 0-9) 289(1; * ) Apogon sp. GQ ILIb( GE > )) Gy7/7/ (cba £5) BRANCHIOS TEGIDAE Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps, tilefish SIi7i(25 55) 40(1; 6.4) 222) (brs ax: 9) A51)(1); * ) SSS (GER Le) 653) 3e)2)) POMATOMIDAE Pomatomus saltatrtx, bluefish IL(@ER: 235s) UG (Aa 4) LACS Is 29(1; 1.4) AVL; 322) 48 (6; 64(1; * ) (oye) (alt) 66 (2; TAL; Fe) Tals B50) 78(10 SOS ee) LUS(L 7 Ls) 124(2; 134(1; 0.5) 136(6; 0.5) 153'9; (D4; U5 O\(LOM = 2E7) ILL (Sip >)) 182 (13; 189(1; 3.6) MOTE ORS) O22) 195(42; 5.9) 210(43; 7.7) 2M); 23 (8i;0:0)='5) 238(4; 0.5) 239\(1; 257(12; 4.1) 259) (1a PSI) 260(2; 266(1; 5.0) 267(3; 18.6) 268 (1; 274(1; 3.6) 278 (14; 0.9) BUN (Ae 298(40; 2.3) 303/(1;" 455) 320(1; SS h(i; 3/56) 340(1; 2.3) 3521(5; CARANGIDAE Decapterus macarellus, mackerel scad ART (GLa: ez) Decapterus punctatus, round scad SOs) 90 (57 *)) 92(2; 148(101; 0.9) LAS) (tex )) 150 (5; iis fe(Gbrs <7) 208(10; * ) 209 (2; 268(1; * ) PANT AU sf 2) Nauerates ductor, pilotfish IHGy2( GE 5) Selar crumenophthalmus, bigeye scad AlaL (Sy 2) ALAXO) (7 x3) 148(1; * ) Sertola zonata, banded rudderfish 33S) (lp: es )) 138(4; 0.5) LEO ») Trachurus lathamt, rough scad At 7AO (GER 25) AQ INAR %)) 280\(Sie =) )) Yomer setapitnnts, Atlantic moonfish USA (AR 2. 9) ale}7/((ke. £2) dleye(abe t2* 9) rai (kp fd 2) Prey] (iby 2) pkeysy((ile 2 —)) 37 287 (2; 675 (1; + OF FR 294 (1; 194 (1; Zh) a) abs\o)((ake 147 (4; LE5iC2's 193 (4; 215(2; 240(1; 262(11; Ppa abe 284 (1; 322(65 648 (3; alsts}((iby 197 (32; 266 (1; 5) *1) 347 (1; 678(4; 0.5) 18 (2; Ssi(2is 67 (10; 79(2; 5.0) ee) 4.1) 0.5) 0.5) ALES) xo) 0.5) O89) Fo) 0.9) Ae th)) 5.4) 5.0) *6)) ~ ea) 0.5) sh) OSS (5; * * ) ) 348 (1; ARS TAs. eco 194 (24; 232(14; 256 (85; PAS SIG ks QU 2) (ies 295i (ds aeAe 323(4; * 687 (1; 140 (72; LO Sis 267) (ls hee 210 (10; 1.8) 0.5) ) ) * ) Table 3.--Continued LUTJANIDAE Iutjanus sp. PALA £25 )) OSIK(Glg <3 )) POMADASYIDAE Orthopristis chrysoptera, pigfish 242; * ) 325125) ®), SPARIDAE Lagodon rhomboides, pinfish PAGS (CAL £3) PAT (Qu £39) 323 (1; Stenotomus chrysops, scup AL (GUGs <2») S (ily ce?) 2OKS =e) 215( 225025) 28i(Siaken) 291 (Giza r ee) AO (ese) 50\(1is =>) 61(3; * ) 62 (1 mae) 81(50; 1.8) 821672025) AS HA Ee) NSIS) (BP a2) 144(37; * ) 147(9; 0.5) 186(76; 0.5) alfete}((alp. 2) POF (U2059 7/53) 198 (87; 1.4) 2OSi (GL x) 204(10; 0.9) ZOO(2 = 2) 210K: 0-9) 214(184; 0.9) 215\(207 2.7) 227(6; 0.5) 228\(3;; O25) 234 (138; 0.5) 235i (Cae), 260(24; 1.4) 2615(LGs em) 2E5i(CL37i7) 54) 266(607; 51.3) 271(8; 0.5) 2721; * ) 276(1566; 24.5) 277(350; 9.5) 281(29; 5.4) 282(18; 4.5) 292(4; 0.9) 293(68; 3.6) 298(3; * ) 299\(425 ex) 329(25; 4.5) 330(82; 26.3) 338(7; 2.3) 339)(9%77°2 23) 349(117; 68.5) 350(66; 7.7) 354(26; 1.4) 357 (4; 0.9) SSSi(lisi*7.) 540(2; 0.5) BQ (er .) BVA (ale: 3* 5) 579(13; 3.6) 580(3; 0.5) 58'5)(845;) 25'5,0) 586(2; 0.5) 591(57 0.9) 592/(20;) 3/.:2) 598\(1; * ) 599/(335 05) 603 (38; 11.3) 607(2; 0.5) 6191s -* ) 620(7; 1.4) 624(35; 0.9) 6251(57i-*)) 634\(255 = >) 635i ress) 640\(95; * ) 641(6; * ) 645(287; 6.4) 646(23; 0.9) 653 (13; 0.5) 654\(i5 a) 660(1; * ) 665 (2; 674(3; * 684(17; 0.5) 6894; * +) 690 (5; 6951; * ) 697255 > 9) 3) 3327) (ab; TO GEE 9) 22) (ie) spl(atp ks’) 52(68; 2.7) 63(15; 0.9) SANS; a) 140(19; 0.9) 148\(259 >>) is ¥o) (GER <3") 199(170; 14.1) 20567) = 9) 211(8; 0.5) 2116)(215 57 a8) 2310(25;7> 2.3) 236(24; 2.3) 262\(m xe) 267 (315; 6.4) 273225 MOD) 278i (Or aexs) 283 (23; 6.8) 29453) *) S2IK (1s) ox)) 33'5\(23); 58) 340(35; 24.9) 351(12; 1.4) 410(1;~* ) 568 (1; 0.5) S/S Gl 2) 581(5; 0.5) 587(33 05) 593 (64; 12.2) 600(5; 0.9) 608; =) G21 (Ais ex) 626\(27 as) 637(41; 0.9) 642) ) 649(17; 0.5) 655(47; 1.4) 668(2; * ) 685(25; 0.5) (SeAhi5 =) 699)(3)377* 9) 38 ay) 16(1; 23 (57 45 (6; 53(28 68 (1; 85 (2; 141 (9; TS O25 193(1; 200 (1; zm) 1.8) Av) 1.4) xx) Ai8)) 0.9) 0.5) x=) x9) 206(201; 8.2) 212(29; 217 (33 232 (2; 242 (1; 263 (5; 268 (763; 274 (280; 279 (29; 284 (12; 295 (288; 324(1; 336 (14; 342(90; 352 (1; 413 (1; 569 (2; 577 (23; 583 (25; 0.5) 0.5) ae) Ls) ws) 16.8) 6.4) 0.5) 4.1) 5.0) x) 4.1) 3.6) El) 34) 0.5) 4.1) 3.6) 588 (168; 47.2) 594(53; 601 (4; 609 (7; 622 (4; 627 (2; 638 (34; 643 (12; 8.2) 0.9) 1.8) i) a) 0.9) #0) 650 (360; 9.1) 656(1; 672(1; 687 (3; 692 (2; 700 (24; x2) )) at) 9) 0.5) 19(120; 3.6) PEWS Ba 7) 46(11; * ) 58(25 =) TsKGlg *3_)) 118(2; * ) 143 (63; 0.9) 184(2; * ) 196(4; 0.5) 202(41; 1.8) 208(104; 0.5) 213 (17 * > 226(1; * ) 2331(19); i 0%9) 259(454; 31.8) 264(8; 0.9) 269(12; 1.4) PR Sy((alp %3_”)) 280(180; 10.4) Peyiki@lake: 2. 3})) 297(2245; 20.4) 328 (46; 5.0) 3371 (UO2 25.9) 343(221; 26.8) 353)(125,253)) 422(1; * ) 571(9; 4.1) 573:(173 64): 584(18; 2.7) 590(267; 35.8) 597 (2; 0.9) 602(1; 0.5) 618(1; * ) 623(3; * ) 628(1; * ) 639(16; 0.5) 644(195; 4.1) 6511(4 ee) 659(2; * ) 673i(22 es) 688(3; * ) 693(5; * ) Table 3.--Continued SCIAENIDAE Batirdiella chrysura, silver perch 23s exes) 242(5; * ) 246)(1i7) 9%) 256(4; 0.5) S13i(3 ae) S45) (BA 3) Cynoseton regalis, weakfish ah (iy Z5S))) 63(1; 0.9) 6537372) 66(5; 18.6) 67(2; 4.1) 68 (6; 6.4) @e)((abp ws) 70(2; 4.1) 16\(L5) -2)7)) Hy (alta C257) UY alo ZA) P(e aA Sey) TEMS (47) 19/85) ILIl(s((E 257) ALZAS}(IEE, ta) YA (ale =) NA (al *F )) 131(1; 1.4) 132(4; 8.6) 134(1; 1.4) a3'61(57) 25/539) LS Ol exe) NB 2CUBis xm) 84 (Sires) 185(9; 5.9) 187(100; 1.4) US BiGlsi xn) TB9(6 3 ==) NS O(2ise oe) 1'92'(295) OFS) Ugsi(@s;) 2-3) 194(56; 0.5) IE (AEB Sh57)) ACTS (CALSY RY es )) PAOVe} (Ap. tt) 210(61; 3.2) 212(47; 6.8) 203i (5) 8) 214(1; 1.8) 2U5iW6;e S52) 2SA(alR ts )) 2331 (isi 2ers)) 2318 (\Girme* en) 238i (Gj) 2:39} Gaza) 2. ANN (Qisee es) 242(59; 1.4) 243i(d ss) 244(2; * ) 2453 x), 246(1; * ) 247) (25s) 256(42; 0.5) AsyT) (lila, <3") Axel Bos) 266(2; 5.4) 272(29; 3.6) 275(3; 3.6) 2Gi (GH; 8) 298(27; 0.9) 299) (TOF Xm) sfob (ala; =) SOA(Ae <2) )) 306(4; * ) 309) Cex ee) 310i(8;;, -* ) Splik((7/A ta) SHYSy((S)= 2) S181 (7:25) 105) SOAS 2/3) S201Ce i ) 323(18; 0.5) S\yeM(akp £4 4) 325(306; 5.0) 326(145; 4.5) 327(580; 25.4) 332(84; 5.0) 33)2i(51:2)7)16.38)) 334(40; 3.2) 340(1; 3.2) S68i(2se =?) Letostomus xanthurus, spot ASIA (CAL yt 3) alte ya((aly, ) LOAN (O FOS) Ales (A =F) dleyey(la £7») 208(1; * ) Zaltay(ab ) sy): <3" )) Sela ss }) S38 2i(2 xa) S}5}s} (lp. tF)) 3517) (esi xa) Micropogon undulatus, Atlantic croaker OS(s) 233) (2); 10 =)9) 242) (Olek) SAB (aR < ”)) MULLIDAE Mullus auratus, red goatfish S025 ==) ALU Gl £3) 140(1; * ) CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon ocellatus, spotfin butterflyfish SA (CM) SPX (alg 2) LABRIDAE Tautoga onitis, tautog TAGS ESA) 17(1; 3.2) Thal ~ )) 124(1; * ) 134(1; 1.4) 240(1; 0.5) 255i (258 (A455) 25571 (1is em) 25 8)((27 E58) PN (Op dksyo)).- Beals WS) 27/2:(A; ON) 278 (1; 0.5) 304(2; 0.9) shoal <3 }) Sho) (aly £3) SA 5S) 327mm) 388(2; 0.5) Sks}o) (Cal 3.) AS TAs x >) 470(2; 1.4) 52:2\(i;) (Ol 5) SS54\(s) 059) 556(2; 0.5) 560(1; 2.3) 561(3; 1.4) SO(SF S52) 567(9; 11.8) 568(2; 1.4) 569(1; 1.4) 63,9); 10%:9)) 39 Table 3.--Continued Tautogolabrus adspersus, cunner PAL (Gly £3) 50(2; 0.5) Saka; 54(16; 2.3) 85/(25*) 120(6; AVR +2) 2315 (Cis) 236 (4; BUCH AR: 3D) 304(20; 1.4) 322 (1; 889/(5925, 3455) SieKo)(Glp: £3, 3) 437 (20; 501i(1; 70-5) S22)('8 5 eesS)) 529 (8; Byste(GHsy2, BLART/)) 5692s xan) S7a\(2i; SHAS 54) Beni hes )) 594 (1; 640(3; * ) 690) =e) 692 (5; MUGILIDAE Mugtl curema, white mullet O25?) SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena borealis, northern sennet alys}(Glrs 3 )) Basel pots )) AREER LF 2) URANOSCOPIDAE Astroscopus guttatus, northern stargazer 238i( see) 2AD (x) 249)(55 ax) BLENNIIDAE unidentifiable to genus B22 ee x8) PHOLIDAE Pholts gunnellus, rock gunnel HOS (25 5x) UO7i (ie =)) LL GH7 (Gig ees) 33 Oil's =) SESS} Alin 3.9) 388'(2; =*~) AMMODYTIDAE Ammodytes americanus, American sand lance 28) (ise *7) SOL exs) Gai 5 x1) VOGiCE; =~) 156(520; 11.8) 205i ree) 2321217055) 236s =a) ZAEV GR )) 294) (2 xe) B5 2255 =.) 360\(22; * ) STi GQos **) 378 (Esme) 8931255 xs) 402(4; * ) 427(5; * ) 428(8; * ) 432(56; 0.9) 433i\(a';5\*") QTA(G3) =) 476\(2)37- a1) SISi(25 5% 5) 520(354; 6.4) 5a6i(2i5 x) 547 (1; ) SOU (ee) 620;(U 35>") SSi7(53 ) 648\(255-45) G82(25 55) 6857/55) TRICHIURIDAE Trichiurus lepturus, Atlantic cutlassfish 420(U; * ) as) 52] (25m) 0.9) ALTE (lA st3)_)) 3) 241 (1; * ) wi) SEV (GlA. 2) 3.6) 439 (43; 3.6) 5.0) 544(1; 0.5) t2) SVA(25 =) i) 6261(27) ==) 0.9) 697 (3; 0.5) 330(8);— =) 257i (ise xo) 258 (1; 196)(25 2) 258 (4; 566(1; * ) 567 (4; SiGe *s) 110(1019; 21.3) 21 SiGD si xen) 2506(U5in Xen) 303(1; * ) SO2i(21is xy) 391(1; * ) 405(2; * ) 429(1; * ) 437/(1; * ) 477(37 * ) 521.(24; 0.5) 568(22; 0.5) 624(5; * ) 650(1; *-) 699(2; * ) 531(25 198 (1; 259 (92; 334(4; * ) 48 0/(@l; eam) 547(16; 1.4) 575 (2; 638(8; 1.4) 699(11; 0.5) #5) 0.5) 14.5) 53) sas) 146(1; *) 231(19874; 536.6) 25 Aree) S251(37 376 (29; 392 (1; 426 (4; 430 (2; 463 (1; 509 (2; 545 (56; 579 (8; 625 (2; 662(304; 10.0) xy) = 1) Table 3.--Continued SCOMBRIDAE Seomber scombrus, Atlantic mackerel 18(1; * ) 33(14; 0.9) 36(1; 0.5) 92(16; 0.5) 101(2; * ) 164(S5) * .) TESS Gloe t)) ZALZ(GILR ee) 282(1; * ) 352(1; * ) 392(1; 0.5) 410(19; 0.9) 414(46; 2.7) 415(1; * ) 422(1; * ) 440(102; 34.0) 441(16; 6.4) 447(1; 0.5) 448(1; 0.5) 450(14; 1.8) 451(4; 0.5) 454(2; 0.9) 457(1; * ) 515(2; * ) 536(2; 0.5) 568 (1; 0.5) 569(5; 0.5) 578(1; * ) 584(2; * ) 586(1; * ) 587 (16; 2.3) 591(1; 0.5) 597(2; * ) 601(1; * ) 608(1; 0.5) 615(1; * ) 618(5; 1.4) 619(1; * ) STROMATEI DAE Artomma bondi, silver-rag 91(1; * ) 151(1; * ) Peprilus trtacanthus, butterfish Iy((Aap: eo) 2(46; 1.8) SCG Tt) 9(10; 0.5) 16(9; 0.5) LAIST) ASS) Si (Zier) 19(4; 0.5) 21(3; * ) 22)(5-e =) 23(9; 0.5) 24(23; 0.9) 27 (34; 1.8) 28(8; 0.5) 29(164; 7.3) 30 (138; 10.0) 33(25)7 14) 34(3; * ) Sa(Sp 5) 37(8; 0.9) 38(766; 103.9) 44(2; * ) Allsy((abrs “ai))) 46(5; * ) 47(5; * ) 48(246; 19.5) 49(1; * ) 50(353; 20.0) 51(4; * ) Bop, <2) )) 53 (38; 3.2) 54(4; 0.5) 61(16; 0.9) DGG) 78(4; * ) UEN(Sin S )) 80(238; 3.6) 81(182; 1.8) 82(434; 9.5) 83(37; 0.5) 84(6; 0.5) 87(9; 0.9) 88 (106; 1.4) 89(51; 0.9 90(5120; 3.6) 91(1360; 9.1) 92(17820; 20.4) 96(1; * ) 97(11; 1.4) 98(95; 8.6) 101(22; 1.8) 107(35; 1.4) 108(54; 0.9) 109(776; 1.8) 110(184; 2.3) 111(1012; 3.2) 112(1123; 26.8) 113 (6; 0.5) ET (as= ee) 118(980; 6.4) 119(106; 5.4) 120(1032; 7.3) 1D3\(2). sks) Tale 2% )) 126(1; * ) 128(4; * ) 131(2; * ) 136(3; 0.5) 137(208; * ) 138(388; 0.5) 139 (8432; 7.7) 140(1602; 11.3) 143(16; * ) 144 (344; 0.5) 146(4; * ) 147(98; 2.3) 148 (29; 0.5) 149(17; 0.5) 150(368; 0.9) 151(3; * ) 152(1; * ) 154(4; 0.5) 155(25; 2.7) 156(68; 2.7) 157(110; 5.4) 158(2; * ) 161(738; 59.9) 163(1; * ) 166(1776; 103.4) 167(10; 0.9) 168(4; * ) 169(221; 4.1) 170(22; 0.5) 171(78; 1.4) 172(30; 0.5) 173(105; 1.4) 174(2600; 63.5) 175(1233; 47.2) 176(910; 35.4) 177(80; 2.7) 178(279; 1.4) 179(56; 0.5) 180(13; * ) 182(14; 0.5) 183(7; * ) nS 5\ (a) 189(1; * ) 190(2; * ) ICAL (Bip &~)) NO 2) (Byes) 193(3; * ) 194(8; 0.5) 195(27; 0.9) 197(590; 4.5) 198(1200; 5.4) 199(240; 0.9) 202(1; * ) 203(4; * ) 204(5; * ) 205(1; * ) 206(3; * ) AAO (Ls 9) 208(14220; 35.8) 209(552; 1.4) 210(27; 0.5) 211(1463; 8.6) 212(59; * ) 214(26 * ) 215(462; 5.9) 216(92; 0.9) 217(186; 13.6) 220(37; 1.8) 222(87; 3.6) 224(2; * ) 225(1; * ) 226(2; * ) 228 (34; 1.4) 229(2; * ) 230(5; * ) 232(297; 4.1) 233(1; * ) 235(5; * ) 237(20; 1.8) 238(11; 0.5) 239(29; 1.4) 240(2; * ) 244(4; 0.5) 249(2; * ) 256(62; 3.2) sx] (BY Oais))) 258(7; 0.5) 259(203; 29.5) 260(3; * ) 262(9; * ) 263(67; 0.9) 264(2; * ) 41 Table 3.--Continued Peprilus trtacanthus--Cont. 2651(3);) * ) 266 (427; 6.4) 267 (558; 9.5) 269(3368; 18.1) ATO) ((iLs} a2") 271(270; 5.4) AUS ap £21) 274(102; 0.5) BUS (SH <3 )) 278(184; 0.9) 279 (340; 1.8) PASK0){ (aL 3) 284(14; 1.4) 288(66; 5.9) 289(6; 0.5) 292(13; 1.4) 2942 =, ) 297(203; 5.0) OBR +7) SIAN (GE =) SU Sie exam) S2N(Sir5 *! 2) 322(72; 4.1) 323(8; 0.9) 329\(53)7 9 2)=:7)) 330(8; 0.9) Sisjsy(Gla: £3" )) 338 1((4578 *5)) 349(3; * ) 352)(55i7) 0/55) Sea (la < ) 410(5; 0.5) 413(36; 0.9) ANG (AIS) * ) 422(4; * ) 424(2; 0.5) 442(102; 3.2) 444(1; * ) 446(1; 0.5) 449(40; 2.3) 450(3; 0.5) A’SIL (Ag. <4») 453 (4; 0.9) 455(2; 0-5) 456(1; * ) 522i (ise xe) 532(38; 1.4) 53'31(497i;) (O'59) 536(58; 3.6) 540(5; 0.9) 542(7; 1.4) BS7/ (AL3. £2.) 568 (24; 2.7) 570(12; 1.4) 577(4; 0.5) 578i Gees xs) 57/91 (Gls eae) 583i (liaise) 584(4; 0.5) 585(5; 0-5) 588 (6; 0.5) 589(9; 1.4) 590(9; 1.4) 5O28i) 1.4) SO4\(25 4%) 603(13; 0.9) 605(43; 5.4) 608(3; 0.5) 609) (Ux) Grn (Si57 >) 613(19; 1.8) 62S iis) 620\(a3: .*” ) 62:3) (@llsaa*e) 626(1; * ) 630(10; 0.5) (sal{(S}> 225) 633)(Si5 an) 638 (358; 38.6) 639(39; 3.2) 645(6; * ) 6511'(5)3710)55)) 654i(aiss aX) 655(42; 2.7) 660(1; * ) 670(120; 6.4) 671(267; 29.5) 675(64; 3.2) G7i7/ (Qs ae) 678(22; 1.4) 685(22; 0.9) 686i 4) 691 (1; *)) 693(1; * ) 694(4; * ) 695\(2i xm) SCORPAENIDAE Helteolenus dactylopterus, blackbelly rosefish S}oh(CAWsy La) 34(1; * ) 3610933505) SKS}((AL 7/343 99) 39 (€5; 99\(367" 1 54)) ~ *100(293) 05:9)" LOM (2575 .*' ) 102(15; * ) 162(61; DBDs eeeay) 29} (4s) =) 221)\(785"0)..9)) (286)(9370 4b) '289) i; 344(6; * ) SAT izg exo) 420(9; 0.5) 440(1; * ) 449(1; A563) *! ) ASS Qes7 eS SONA se xem) SSSilisn Xan), 538325 604(2; * ) 605(4; * ) 610\(2);; * ) Gas (7/705) sow2i(5ei- 669\(58; 3.2) 670(4; * ) ays ()A) Es 1) 67G6:(5)7 *)%) 677 (20; Scorpaena plumtert, spotted scorpionfish 385s) Sebastes martnus, ocean perch 6052; * ) GOs ss) 670\(25) >) 692i ee) TRIGLIDAE Pertstedion minitatun, armored searobin 102/(2; —* *) 162(8; 0.9) 164(1; * ) 218(9; 0.5) 222(18; 4.1) 223)(4;3: 10-9) 287(Asa xas) PAsts)((ALR 3 )) 347(5; 0.9) 412(4; 0.5) 418(43; 7.7) 419(6; 1.8) 268 (2455; 272(14; 276(123; 0.9) 281(1; * ) 290(1210; 298 (504; SUke)((ale 324(1; 337(16; 1.8) 3531 (esi; 414 (2; 441 (1; 448 (1; 452(5; 458(1; 534(23; 556(2; 573(2; 580(19; 1.4) 587(8; 0.9) 591(1;-* ) 604(7; 0.9) 610(39; 1.8) 6157 (2-8 OS) 628(8; 0.5) 636(2; * ) 650(84; 6.4) 659 (13) * ) 672(16; 1.8) 679(2;-0.5) 692(3; * ) 700(36; 4.1) 33.6) a) 73.0) 5.4) 1.8) *0) oe) Bot) x) 0.5) ad 0.5) 2.3) +9) 40 (6; 163(26; 0.5) 290(2; a) = )) 8.6) 0.9) 219 (3; 344 (67; 440 (5; Table 3.--Continued Peristedion mintatum--Cont. A42\(1; * ) 539(2; 0.5) nla @i 2) AAO (Seti) 604(1; 0.5) 673i ey) 450 (1; 605 (29; 675(5; Prionotus carolinus, northern searobin TSG) S7/ (Gp) 84(9; 0.9) 111(104; 17.7) TD 25 (sis) 142(3; 0.5) GEO (MOF eS) 199(7; * ) 206(15; 0.5) ZIT (S's; (O55) PUT KLE OSS) 236(4; 0.5) 263(39; * ) ZK) (ERS <7 )) BY S(Eiy =) ZRNL (ER (OS!) 295(24; 0.9) 323i (lis) % )) SSub(Gips 2259) SAN! (CIR EA) 353) (5i5 <)) 409(1; * ) 420 (3); * ) 448 (4; 1.4) 54014; 2.7) 570(4; 0.5) 586(1; * ) 594(1; * ) 601(2; * ) (GAL (AEA 3) 626; =) 642)(1i5) -* ). 650(1; * ) 661 (1; * 2). 686(26; 2.3) 691 (3; * ) Prtonotus evolans, striped searobin 1 Ce) DOCU) 85(3; 0.9) 111(38; 14.1) 138(13; 5.4) 150(1; 0.5) VOTES); = 9) PAOPX OETA (OSS) 209(5; 0.5) 205 (557) 2350) 2ST (Ole +) 42(1; 63 (1; 85 (3; alley (Gue 137 (30; 143 (14; 170(2; 200(13; 207 (4; 229); 2328); 259\(3; 264 (15; Zales 2Hoi(a2 283(1; 296 (1; 324(10; 33)51(5); 342 (3; 354 (2; 410 (86; 430(1; 470 (1; 541 (1; Swi2ials 589 (5; 597i 602 (1; 622(1; 637(2; 643 (6; 653 (1; 667 (1; 687 (11; 697 (1; ALS} (GLZ A 61(2; 86(1; 112 (3; abS}O)(Ae ILS) (Az 198 (10; 203 (1; 210 (6; 216 (2; 242(2; ) om) 0.5) i) Bot) 1.8) 0.5) Lime) Ee) 3)92) O- 5) 0.5) a!) ee) 1.4) *5 1) 2) ED) 0.9) x2) 7) 1O}5) 45) ae) Le) a) 0.5) 0) 2) 0.9) a0) 5.0) 0.9) 0.9) 1.4) 0.5) 0.5) 0.5) x) 2.3) 0.9) EX) 43(1; 68(1; 86 (4; TMD). 138 (12; 145 (2; IAAI ZOD (2 208 (1; 214(14; 233(65; 260 (18; 265(15; BYES Dialaliles 291 (3; 297(2; 328 (2; 337 (S5 343 (1; 356)(25; 413 (1; 432(2; 489 (1; 543 (2; 581(1; 590(3; 598i (ae; 614(1; 623 (2; 639 (9; 644(10; 654 (1; 683 (20; 688 (134; 700 (3; 20(1; 63 (44; 90(8; 113 (1; 143 (1; 185 (4; 199(2; 205 (3; 2U2i(7ili; DATs; 243 (1; 43 ind) 3.6) 0.9) mr) e) 0.9) Sty) 0.9) 0.5) 0.5) 0.5) x) 1.8) Tass) e O=5) a) 1.4) 0.9) 1.4) Fl) 251) 0.5) 0.5) 3.6) 16.8) 451(10; 606 (8; 676(4; 46 (40; 81(1; Ake 118 (1; 139) (5: 149 (1; LOIS; 204 (1; 209 (16; Puy SYA 234(9; 261(2; 266 (5; 273 (4; 278 (2; 293 (105; 298 (1; SoM (Sip 339 (1; 349 (2; S574 (55, 4A (7; 440 (1; 534(1; 567 (1; 582(2; Bow (ale 599 (1; lly (take 624 (8; 640 (2; 645 (4; 655 (4; 684 (6; 689 (16; PAU CAR 69(1; 92(3; TES (2); 144(8; 192(1; 200 (14; 206 (1; 213 (1; 2330; 256 (6; se) 0.9) 0.9) bh Oop Ra LY LS LS orrrworvrrvrvrvrvyrvyrvroaovrurvrvrvrurvrwy (oy EP toe ERS) se Es TE te fe Ea (bee) ES (Eat E> LS 1.4) 1.4) rot) 0.9) 0.5) etl) ia) i 538(91; 607 (1; 677 (8; 56 (1; 82(3; 109(7; 120(3; 140 (3; 168 (3; 198(5; 205(24; 210(3; 216(1; 235(25; 2ZO2i(3); 268 (1; 274 (20; 279(2; 294(6; 321. (17; 330(2; 340 (1; EEO) (OH 398i (ai; 416 (4; 442(1; 535(4; 568 (2; 585(1; 593 (8; 600 (2; 619(1; 625 (5; 641 (1; 649 (3; 658 (1; 685 (3; 690 (41; 23 (1; 81(1; 109 (3; TS ERSs 145 (2; 195); 201 (1; 2 Oss: 214 (5; 234 (10; 258 (1; 22) am) 1.8) ay) 0.5) 1.4) 0.5) 0.5) 0.5) 0.5) 2) 0.5) i) 3.2) 0.5) OF = ce - = vv - pe pees Pe eae. me re 8 LS + + © * + + + DO *# CO © + + * Le F uO iN oS ‘ *) ) ) Table 3.--Continued Prtonotus evolans--Cont. 2525 O)-5) 260(8; * ) ASI (Ap +) 262(10; 4.5) ZO (Ve Zo) ‘| AGA (Ga S*: 5) 265(3; 0.9) 266(3; 1.4) 269(17; 6.8) AIKO) (abs <3) AWAL (Ap ee) PUA p (055) 2H (Seles) 274(13; 6.4) 276(7; 1.8) 2Bi (Ss: 24%) 2813) 10).5) PASE (AR: 5: -)) 294(1; 0.5) 295(8; 0.9) 298)(450 95) Se (Hs) eles (CRA to.10)) sil (kp) S30) SAS (Sp 2. )) 324) (25%) 3251s) S 20/5 (Glas enum) 3281277019) SIZ((Ap. 2 3) 333) (1% A) S3'6y(GsO)5)) S307 (Sigealera)) SISK} (USI 7/55) 33 9\(7EmSre)) 340(4; 1.4) SUb(alis 13.) 342(3; 0.9) 343(2; 1.4) 350(12; 6.8) SSA 9) S56:(5 Sie.) S57 (Ui seOR 5) 390) ms) 540(1; * ) 565\(1;' 0.5) 568:(339 15:8)) S69)(27 10-9) SOAR Oae)) 580(1; 0.5) 624(1; 0.5) 637 (es) 63Si(Clis eax) 639(12; 4.5) 640(1; 0.5) 644(2; 0.5) 645(4; 2.3) 649(1; 0.5) 685(1; 0.5) 688(1; 0.5) 689(1; 0.9) 690(4; 0.9) 700(3; 1.4) COTTIDAE : Hemttrtpterus americanus, sea raven Bybee 429))) 42) eee) 5a (23i ae Siols) 58(1; 0.5) ehsh((alip: <3.) Al(o}s} (GL s2 )) 15 2:75 0)=-5)), 1533 (Glin e) US TAG OD) NG y7) (15; a) B33 /2:(Cli= =) 33.6; (8)7i a1528)) sfelh(Gips 3») 405(1; 0.9) 407 (1; 0.5) 430(1; 1.4) AST (45 2). 3) 461(1; 0.9) 476(1; 0.5) SO7i(25 2a) myile}{ (IG ek(0)Ris)) 522\(43) 2).3)) 576 (258) 595\(17" 0). 5) 627i eeOR 5) 654i (is. “x 8) 692(1; 0.9) 695 (eax) Myoxocephalus aenaeus, grubby Weiss *)) (fehl. 29) TA (en ty) DSN SS (AEE lin) ALE (ahs 3) SOAR 2) SOSi(is: *) ST 2K exo 2) 359\(7 > *) So (Aes) S8oi(Siietay) Sis7i(S5, ©) SOT ees) 484(1; * ) 567/265. 1) Myoxocephalus octodecemsptnosus, longhorn sculpin Bis)(GL par 2a )) 56(2; 0.5) 57852 33)) 58i (157 iexen) Sie/(tbp! t3%) 94(1; * ) NOSIG75" * ) LOG(L3, *) LOT(4 5" x) 52125 O55) S314 1Ol:9) ee SSS) Or) LS T7AlssS O!5) 167(2; * ) HGSi(is ae) 225)(2i7 ea) 226(2; * ) 258) (GG mex) 280) (2/0 -*) 9) ZIGi(ilie kis) 320)(8252.0)55)" SS35iCle as) 3361(25, 1518) "3 541(Gs exw) 376(1; 0.5) 388 (4; * ) 38916703116) P= 390i: s 5) 391 (4; 0.9). 392)(310m9) SHSM GIL a 1) SHUN (A 24%) S98iCl earn) 400(1; * ) 405)(2)7, (0.-/5))- 429)(s- BORIS) A3 Ol 5) 4395 (25.1025) 432(1; 0.5) 435(2; 0.5) 436\(23 0.5) | 437/(Se 21085) 438 (4; 0.9) 439(3; 0.5) 445(1; 0.5) AGOI(Hss5 axis) AG2 (isa) 463 (1; * ) 464\(1)3° * ) 467(1; * ) 476(13 * 4A79\(2;;) 0/5) CES HO) (CHL, 5) 483(1; * ) 435\((2'5" O!. 5) 489(2; 0.5) SOG eax 502(4; 1.4) 503\(6; 154) S042 axe) SOS Ghee) 51'0)(2)5? 0/5) Sis (GO). 5)) 512(5; 1.4) 5131(8i7 10/5) heb 221 (G1 ee) 524(1; 0.5) 544(14; 1.8) 545(1; 0.5) 568i (eF * }) 57'5)(2iz: 10/39) 5i7e7e (1 eee) 5S 211s 9) 584 (1; * ) 585i(35" * 586(8; 1.4) 587 (57 1.4)! S88i(zsiO5)) 591(4; 1.4) 594) (ke) 595)(3 7810-9) 596(3; 0.9) 597/(2;7 0215)" 598i(2 ORS) GOOG s .) 608(1; 0.5) 617i(23 0-9) 619(2; 0.5) 620)(230)55) 6215 (els; aan) (SP Ole Se) 654) (Girne) 666 (2; Myoxocephalus scorpius, shorthorn sculpin VB 4a x!) CYCLOPTERIDAE Liparts sp., seasnail 2U8\(1ise x) 225((01 xm) 226)(Uie =e ) 334) (Dire) 401(4; * ) 426) (U5 5x™) 430(1; * ) 439\(6i=*") ATS( 25 =») BOTHIDAE Table 3.--Continued Citharichthys arettfrons, Gulf Stream flounder SIH (GLA te 104(47; * 161 (108; alCske}((aks ts 224357») ey) 281(32; 340(8; * 347(44; * 416(14; * 444(104; 455(3; * 53/5) (i; S7/ei{(ake 608 (4; 613 (5; OF Etropus mtcrostomus, 2A (25) -* AA (ls * 90(19; * 99 (16; TT (8; * 143(10; * 157 (4; 200 (8; 207 (2; 214 (3; 229(1; 238 (1; 258 (3; 264 (22; Ce a ee, ee Lan) 2T2K G6; *=—) 278(35 * 309(2; * 321 (66; 326 (19; 333 (28; 361(1; 396 (1; 409 (1; 429 (2; 434 (3; 462(7; 470 (2; 480 (1; 504 (9; 513 (3; 574(2; 584(9; 600 (6; Ct i i D ) ) ) SHAR 3) 152 (84; AL SyA(uls <3) SS (ise ) 224(26; * ) 285(16; * ) 342(3; * 348 (196; 417) (1; 445(2; 457 (1; 538 (5; 602 (2; 609 (3; ) * ) ) ) ) ) ) 615 (3; ) CRC 2 er, 2, St She) (Ci 25) 53) (2); VOR9) 163(30; 0.5) 217(104; 0.5) 225i(85 =) 280 (2) 343;(Bi =) SIF (GLA tt) 421(73; * ) 449(2; * ) 4584; * ) 539i(6;" =) 604(2; * ) GLO ee") 616 =) smallmouth flounder S822 5% %) B(Ap 4) S225 xs) 100(22; * ) 138(2; * ) 144(14; * ) NGG s =e>) PACH AL et) 208' Giz) =) 215(141; 1.4) 233i((G)3: -* 9) 242(1; * ) Ase) (3) ak 9) 265(24; * ) ZIZK(B63" *) 293(42; * ) 316(4; * ) 32 2i(Sii xm) 327(261; 0.5) 33 Ai (liye x) 392(20; * ) 31977 ((@2is) =*) 422(4; * ) 430(14; * ) 435(2; * ) 463(10; * ) 475(8; * ) 482(1; * ) 5O5i(215s 58%) Bl (Gla tis )) 576(15; 0.5) 585(3; * ) 603(1; * ) 34(9; * ) 84 (32; 93(14 105(15; 139 (4; W452; 179(1; 202(7; 209(8; 223 (14; 234 (17; PHS} (CEST sks») 260(32; * ) 2661(di75 -* 274(6; * 294(34; *°) 318(54; * ) esl sae 2) 329(2; 335 (i; 3:93) (sii; xe) 398(1; * 426(7; * 4395 (3157 Fx) 437 (1; 464 (2; 476(1; 484 (3; 506 (1; EYAL (Gil? )) SZ ex) 596 Sire =) 614(1; * ) + OOF ~eryrvevrwry 300 hae en tt oe Sr SS 45 94(9; * 158(8; * LESS 218 (46; 226(3; * 289 (24; 344 (20 410 (20; 424 (27; 450(12; 53 (i 544(4; * 605(1; * 611(10; 619(6; * 40 (1; 85 (2; 96 (2; 106 (3; 140 (1; aS Sy (ele; O(a: 203 (1; 210(2; 227(1; 2351S 256 (25; 261(38; 270(2; * 275 (34; 295 as SUS; 3 2QAi (Dien x 331 (14; 337(7; * 394(4; * 405(1; * 427(14 432(7; 438 (7; 466 (2; 477 (3; 5021535 507 (3; 525(1; 582(2; 597 (6; 615(1; Co Sat ae i Se, ee SU, ES ss Lt et oe te + OO + + CO ST It ALO PA(S} ps5 52 )) 160 (56; 167 (51; 219533 * ) 280(4; * ) 290(41; * ) 346(4; * ALS (72x 440(2; * 451(4; * 583i (2iaeX SAS (sx 607 (10 (nl A(Gbr. 2 667(6; * Fe NF ar a Ns ~ 41 (1; 86(1; 97 (4; AES) (18; 142(1; US6'(3i; 198(1; 206 (1; 224453 xT) 228) ((3)3) “*_)) PEST) (ala ek) PAST (CPXOE FD) 263)\(L253: *) 27/08 (Giseexee)) PAT. 2D) 296(24; * ) 320(8; * ) 3)25\(3.0)aeem) 332(46; * ) 338(19; * ) 3.9 51 (Ai eesm) 407 (4; * ) 428(10; * ) 433 (2; 461 (7; 467 (1; 479 (3; 503 (1; 509 (1; 572(4; 583(17; 0.5) 599 (13) * ) 620K y ex Ce ee ee % Fe OOO Fes Ber re Table 3.--Continued Etropus mtcrostomus--cont. 622(7; * ) 623(19; * ) 624(4; * ) 639(2; * ) 640(10; * ) 641(2; * ) 642(9; * ) 643(25; * ) 644(7; * ) 645(6; * ) 646(3; * ) 651(1; * ) 652(2; * ) 655(1; * ) 656(5; * ) } 657(1; * ) 658(6; * ) 659(1; * ) 661(1; * ) 666(6; * ) 668(3; * ) 669(1; * ) 671(13; * ) 672(30; * ) 673(33; * ) 674(50; * ) 675(4; * ) 676(2; * ) 677(5; * ) 678(9; * ) 679(4; * ) 680(4; * ) 681(20; * ) 685(1; * ) 686(1; * ) 687(17; * ) 688(10; * ) 689(4; * ) 690(9; * ) 691(1; * ) 692(2; * ) 693(2; * ) 694(3; * ) 695(3; * ) Monolene sesst licauda, deepwater flounder 102(1; * ) Hippoglossina oblonga, fourspot flounder (See: Gutherz 1967) 19(8; 0.9) 29(11; 1.8) 21(28; 4.1) 22:(18); 253) 28(1; * ) 31(5; 0.9) 32(6; 0.9) 34(3; 0.5) 37i(2ieneea) 42(9; 0.9) 43(31; 3.6) 44(8; 0.9) 45(3; 0.5) 46(13; 2.3) 53(1; 0.5) 54(1; 0.5) 55(9; 0.9) 56(4; 0.5) 57(6; 0.5) 58 (16; 0.9) 59(8; 1.4) 60(3; 0.5) 80(1; * ) 82(8; 0.5) 83(2; * ) 84(3; * ) 85(2; 0.5) 86(53; 5.9) 87(40; 5.4) 88(2; * ) 89(7; 0.9) 91(7; 0.9) 93(41; 5.0) 94(7; 1.4) 96(19; 2.3) 97(10; 0.9) 98(10; 1.4) 100(1; * ) 101(2; 0.5) 104(26; 3.2) 105(35; 5.4) 106 (42; 5.0) TOW) (LlsspelasA) 112(38; 3.6) 113(7; 0.5) 114(7; 0.5) 115(54; 7.3) 116(35; 4.5) 117(46; 5.0) TH9)(Bizs tee) 141(4; * ) 142(40; * ) 143(3; * ) 144(5; * ) 145(21; * ) 146(16; 1.4) 147(1; * ) 149(2; * ) 152(65; 10.9) 153(71; 9.5) 154(1; * ) 155(13; 1.4) 156(9; 1.4) 157(3; 0.5) 158(23; 3.2) 159(8; 0.9) 160(44; 6.8) 161(11; 1.4) 162(1; 0.5) 166(14; 1.8) 167(22; 2.7) 175(4; * ) 176(6; 0.5) 177(20; 1.8) 178(2; * ) 179(1; * ) 180(1; * ) 181(1; * ) 200(4; * ) 201(5; * ) 202(16; * ) 204(15; * ) 205(11; * ) 206(4; * ) 208(1; * ) 209(7; * ) 212(25; * ) 213(26; 0.5) 214(28; 0.5) 215(74; 0.5) 217(9; 0.9) 218(4; 0.9) 223(97; 11.3) 224(59; 7.7) 225(50; 6.8) 226(115; 18.1) 227(47; 6.4) 228(12; 1.4) 229(6; 0.9) 230(18; 2.3) 2Sn(2- makin) 233(10; * ) 234(3; * ) 235(7; * ) 236(2; * ) 260(15; * ) 261(8; * ) 262(45; 0.5) 263(40; * ) 264 (34; * ) 265(30; * ) 266(4; * ) 270(4; * ) Pei 272(74; 0.9) 273 (29; 0.5) 274(46; 0.5) 275(66; 0.9) 276(15; 2.7) 277(22; 0.9) 278(1; * ) 280(61; 9.1) 281(30; 5.9) 282(19; 3.6) 283(8; 0.9) 285(13; 1.4) 287(3; 0.5) 288(2; 0.5) 290(5; 0.5) 291(54; 9.1) 292(9; 1.8) 293 (24; 0.5) 294(20; 0.5) 295(7; * ) 296(5; 0.5) 297(3; * ) 321(5; * ) 322(4; * ) 323 (38; 0.5) 324(34; * ) 328(11; 1.8) 329(4; * ) 330(42; 1.4) 335(14; 2.3) 336(7; 1.4) 337(60; 8.2) 338(79; 11.8) 339(6; 0.9) 340(100; 10.9) 341(20; 0.5) 342(62; 7.7) 343(41; 5.4) 344(1; * ) 347(1; * ) 348(2; * ) 349(30; 3.6) 350(10; 1.8) 353(8; * ) 354(6; * ) 356(17; * ) 357(17; 0.9) 397(4; * ) 398(18; 0.5) 406(7; * ) 407(3; 0.5) 409(9; 1.4) 410(20; 4.5) 411(12; 2.7) 412(10; 1.4) 413(1; * ) 414(7; 0.9) 415(20; 4.1) 416(22; 4.1) 421(37; 5.0) 422(53; 7.3) 423(7; 0.5) 424(2; 0.5) 430(1; * ) 431(1; * ) 432(6; * ) 434(1; * ) ABSIT (Mem Xi) 439(1; * ) 440(35; 7.3) 441(7; 2.3) 442(15; 2.3) 443(2; * ) 444(14; 1.8) 445(2; * ) 446(1; * ) 447(12; 1.8) 448(17; 2.7) 449(4; 1.4) 450(1; * ) 452(9; 1.4) 46 Table 3.--Continued Htppoglosstna oblonga--Cont. 453(6; 0.9) 455(7; 0.9) 456(7; 1.4) 457(6; 0.9) Ay] ic/) (15; eel) A793) (ai) * )) S0)S}(GLR 0)55)) 5:13\(5)7) 10/55) ES (il 28) 522(4; 0.5) 5:26) (is =) 528(5; 0.9) BE) (2R i.) 5301271015) D312} (Diss 9) 533'(3; 0.5) 534(5; 0.9) 535) (61k; 8772) yshe\((7/2 Lets) 539(10; 2.3) 540(13; 1.8) 541(3; 0.5) 542(2; 0.5) 5431(9 78) 544(5; 1.4) 545(13; 1.8) 569(2; 0.9) 570(2; 0.5) 571(6; 1.4) SASIGG =) 575(10; 1.8) 576(13; 0.9) 51,8) (AG 9) 579(4; 0.5) 580i) EYSIL(QUR: <3) Bx(S38, £35) 583(6; 0.5) 584(11; 3.2) 585(13; 1.8) 586(35; 4.1) 5S (ize 8) Bysis}((UR 2.) 589(4; 0.9) 590(3; 0.9) 592(6; 0.9) 593)(3)57"059) 594(14; 2.7) 595) (i778 23i16)) 596(26; 3.2) 59i7/(205) 253) 598(16; 2.3) SEF. OES) 600 (30; 5.0) 601(98; 13.2) 602(68; 7.3) 603(29; 3.6) 604(10; 1.8) 605(6; 2.3) 606(12; 1.8) 607(3; 0.9) 608(6; 1.8) 609(8; 1.4) 610(9; 1.8) Guise <3.) 614(11; 1.4) 6W'5!(25, 2-7) 616(14; 1.8) 617 (4; 0.9) 618(4; 0.5) 619(21; 3.6) 620(9; 1.8) 621(7; 0.9) 622'(5; 0-9) 627/(Gi O55) 638(6; 0.9) 640(13; 2.3) 641(27; 5.4) 642)(815;75;./0) 643(54; 9.5) 644(7; 1.4) 645(4; 0.9) 647i (257) se) 650(10; 2.3) 652(10; 1.8) 653(10; 0.9) 654(72; 10.0) 655) (i; 1s) 656(4; 0.5) 657(8; 1.4) 658 (40; 5.4) 659(4; 0.5) 660(3; 0.5) 661(11; 1.8) 662i (Cire) 663(7; 0.9) 664(3; * ) 665(16; 2.3) 666 (33; 5.0) 667(10; 1.4) 668(19; 2.7) 670(4; 0.5) 671(18; 2.3) 6)7/2)(s7) 8) 673 (28; 3.6) 674(18; 1.8) 675(26; 6.8) G7iG\(isy* 5) STAs = >) 678(27; 4.1) 679(25; 3.6) 680(9; 1.4) 681(13; 1.4) 682(7; 0.9) 683 (4; 0.5) 685(6; 0.9) 686(7; 0.9) 687(19; 2.3) 688(27; 4.5) 689i (2; ees) 690(26; 5.0) 691(41; 5.4) 692(22; 5.0) 693 (38; 9.1) 694(11; 1.8) 695(7; 1.8) 696) >) 697(8; 1.4) 698(4; 0.5) 700(7; 0.9) Paralichthys dentatus, summer flounder QAR es) 16(4; 3.2) 17(9; 10.0) SiS 3'2) 19(8; 6.4) 20(4; 3.6) 21 (21; 14-5) 23337) 2/e 9) 28 (6; 9.5) 2) (AR =) 42(2; 0.9) 43(1; 0.5) 45(3; 1.4) 46(8; 8.6) 47(2; 1.4) 48(5; 7.3) 50(8; 5.4) 52) (G2 1618) 5Si (5) 23) 55\(2);7 174) 56(3; 1.8) Sy7/K Gus 10)65))) GYS} (Cabri (0)435) 61(8; 10.9) 62(1; 0.5) 63)(2;7- 2.7) 64(2; 1.4) Gy7A (5583 52)) 69!(Si5) 4a) 7.0) (25 38752) TAL (Les ta. )) TAGE. <3) TELALR WzS))) 77 (4; 5.0) 78 (16; 21.8) 79(8; 5.9) 80(1; 1.4) 81(10; 10.9) B4\(2 227) 85(1; 1.4) 90(40; 38.6) 92277 23'653)) TALE (ALR @q5)) 115(2; 0.9) LZOV(GLR dLot})) 2 2\(Si7P 2 =3)) 123) (752520) 134(1; 0.5) alS355 (GER. (05 5) 137(50; 41.3) 138(16; 10.9) 3 Ol); e2e7))) 140(16; 16.8) 142(1; 0.9) 143(3; 2.7) 144(8; 10.0) UO 357) 184(1; 0.9) VE5i(i OD) 186(2; 0.9) 187(4; 2.7) alfexs) (A. alfs})) 92) (Size 8}) 193(6; 5.4) 194(2; 1.4) 195(7; 5.4) 196(21; 14.5) MIA S Sp. 262) 198 (13; 10.9) 19 9)(75> dS 14) 200(2; 1.4) 202(16; 1.4) 203 (1; 0.9) 204(4; 4.1) PROS) (S25 7/)) 206(11; 14.1) 207(15; 14.5) 208(3; 3.2) 209(40; 38.1) 210(9; 10.0) ZU (4 92)< 3) PAla(alile, AL267/) 213) (55) 8/6) 214(9; 16.8) Palsy e393 IL7/ 7) ZANT (Ale (5S) PSA G Uo) 233(70; 54.9) 234(22; 16.8) 235(10; 16.8) 236(5; 9.1) 2371) (ie x™), FAS (SR. =) 2A2(Siaex) DAST (ss sxee) 256(20; 1.8) 257(4; 0.5) Eee 3) AEB. 2o7)) 260(3; 1.8) 2615 (9)5*73'26) XP PAE 7) 263(8; 3.6) 264(2; 1.4) 266(2; 2.3) 267(16; 21.3) 268 (4; 7.3) 269(2; 1.4) 27O} (Ss) 3i2)) 271(8; 6.4) 272(4; 0.9) 2713\(2z) 10) 5) ZENS) Ac!) BUDMAD X23" .)) 276(4; 4.1) 277(15; 18.6) 2ZTS3)7) 8) 279(2; 1.8) 280(2; 1.8) ZR, S7))) DSO VEIT 2 3) Asiei (bs. 2as3)) 290(1; 4.1) PL (Ae 352) 2931359) 294(2; 1.8) 295(10; 10.0) PAY (Ei. Ae thy) 298(14; * ) 300) (15;as=—) 47 Table 3.--Continued Paraltchthys dentatus--Cont. sulai(als 323 (10; 328 (14; 333i (7; 340 (3; 352(1; 387 (1; 395 (1; 410(3; 436 (1; 448 (18; 487 (2; 533 (9; 543 (2; 568 (1; 573 (2; 58)2) (ai; 589 (3; 599 (1; 619 (1; 625 (24; 634 (2; 640 (4; 645 (38; 651 (2; 670(1; 688 (11; 693 (3; 699\(1; =) 4.5) 1.4) 1.4) Sls} (Ay 1) 324(4; 2.3) 329) Geese) 334(21; 10.4) 341(5; 3.6) SIS} (AP 0/5 ¢)) sts}e) (align tay") 398i(1i57 * p) 413(21; 21.8) ASE (Lisi ae) 449(1; 0.9) 503! (sss) 3.9) (7 i Aes) 545(2; 1.4) 569(6; 3.2) 577(4; 2.3) 583/029) 592(4; 4.5) 600(1; 0.5) 620!(aiss 14) 626(7; 1.4) 635)(25-0%75) 641(7; 3.6) 646(60; 38.1) 653i(12)5 27) 683i(3i79478) 689(10; 5.0) 694(4; 1.8) 700(52; 29.5) Seophthalmus aquosus, windowpane 9(1; 20(19; 25)(i; 42(14; 47(10; 52(5; 59(6; 72 (1; 84 (62; 918 (25 106 (9; AN (Ss 116 (199; 22)(2Es 140(7; 145(18; USL; 167 (18; 175 (Us 180(25; 197 (23; 202 (14; 208 (4; 0.5) 5.4) pe) 3.6) ZASS)) Ibe.) 1.4) td) 10.4) 0.5) 1.4) 2.3) 42.2) x) 1.4) 4.1) i) 4.1) re) 5.9) 4.1) 1.8) 0.9) 14(14; 2.7) 21 (Sais ai) 225.025) 43(6; 1.4) 48(9; 1.8) 53 1(2'35 40/55) 60(2; 0.5) SOS 7s 723) 851(52/-7 HOE9) 92/(23);) 4°25) 107(6; 1.4) 152 '(2355°4°5) 117i (1353: 426-3) 1223) (sex 5) 141(41; 9.5) 146(2; 0.5) 152(6; 1.4) 168(8; 1.4) 76025) LSIT'(22 5) 4:5) 198(10; 2.3) 203:(3;571025) 209(33; 4.5) 320:(6;, *) S25i(S)2esy) 330(4; 3.2) S95 (7/9 C55) 343(3; 2.7) 354(8; 1.8) 3:90) Gl aase) 404(1; * ) Ail5\(5; 55%») 438(4; * ) 451 (1; 1.8) Balle 7 )) 539) (274i) 546i (Lisp 9) 570(375) Aae8) 579\(6 52 2) 7), 584(1; 2.7) 593(6; 5.0) 601(3; 3.2) 622i map) 627(1; 0.9) 63/7) (59/7712 559) 642(2; 0.9) 648 (3; 1.8) 655(38; 28.1) 684(15; 7.3) 690(48; 28.1) 696(3; 1.4) 16(3; 0.5) 2217, 015) 28(22; 5.4) 44(57; 11.8) 49(3; 0.5) 55(5; 0.9) 62) (yee) 81(14; 4.1) 86(46; 10.9) 93/(2'3 5) (471) VOBI(2ise) 113(2; 0.5) 118(7; 1.4) 137(20; 4.5) 142(29; 5.9) TAA (ls ea) 153(21; 4.5) aT AGI Cir) 177(10; 1.8) 186(2; * ) 199(59reeiios)) 204(14; 2.3) 210(10; 1.4) SIE (Zale I 58) 326(20; 0.9) SSH (29 257) 337(2; 8.6) 349(5; 5.9) 356); 393 (1; 405 (2; 416(2; 442 (3; 454 (1; 522 (1; 540 (2; 556(1; yA (ake 0)5y)) 580(3; 1.4) 585.(4;. 3).2) 594(3; 2.3) OL SiC2ie) ES) 623) (dass) 4s) 628(2; 0.9) 638(6; 3.2) 643(12; 6.8) 649(23; 16.3) 660(1; 0.9) 685(9; 6.8) 691(24; 12.2) 697 (4; 2.7) ne CO + OE + * * Uf Co) Weyl) So — S an LF(LO NES) 231(2)3- ee) PAN UO 57) 45(71; 16.8) 50:(2'F0 10/35) 57) (Zien O)25)) LOZ) 82) (6 i5934)2)), 87(22; 5.4) 94(1; 0.5) 109(3; 0.5) Vai (Size se 4)) 119(10; 2.3) 138(9; 0.9) UASI(22i5 3ier2)) 1V49(13 * ) T5557 O9) 172i (Trea) 178(18; 4.5) 189(1; * ) 200(83; 17.7) 205(3i7 0/55) PALL aioe 7235 5))) a a 322) ((2)s 9) SAW (Ls = }) 33213 )59 50) S33 (QR 2s3)) 8515s) 3517) (1505) 394(1; * ) 406(1; * ) 428) (15 xe) 447(1; 1.4) 486(1; * ) 532(4; 9.5) 542(1; * ) Soy7/ (ly -@ 5) 57 2)(2);32089) 580i (15) 5») 586(1; 0.5) 595(1; 0.5) 616(1; 0.5) 624(26; 8.6) 629)(25) 10/59) 639(34; 15.4) 644(96; 54.0) 650(9; 5.9) 663(1; 0.9) 687 (11; 5.4) 692(4; 3.2) 698(4; 2.3) 119)(52)3) LO9) 24) (es) 30\( ae) 46 (263; 58.5) elias <2 )) 58(1; 0.5) TOG es 115(106; 23.6) 120/17 Se) 113.9) (:2)75 1055) 144(10; 1.8) U50\(13)s) 23) 115 6\(T52- 223) 7A (2: axe) 179(17; 3.6) OAC) 201(10; 2.3) 207(15; 2.3) PALA (Si7/ 7 *2)11)) Table 3.--Continued Scophthalmus aquosus--Cont. 213(34; 6.8) 214(17; 3.6) 2VOIGE28i§ ALO a))) 216(4; 0.9) 225) (15s eae) 226(10; 2.7) 227(10; 1.8) 228(9; 1.8) 229i (2); 1%") PEXN G08) 23/145 (Bi5 (ORD) 23/2) (319 si 2i7)) 233(70; 11.8) 234) (Gili) 235(53; 10.0) 236(54; 11.8) ZS (Be %3-) 233) esi) 240(1; * ) 2Ea2(3iTiz 9/1) 243)(3; **) Zoe (Si, exs)) Z5Si (73 19) 254(6; 1.4) 256(52; 5.9) 2525 723) 258) (57) me) 25 9\ (Ai auxe) 260(75; 5.9) 2614(52:7218 72) 262(356; 58.5) 263 (49; 5.4) 264(29; 13.2) 265)(83;75 Wie3)) 266(9; 1.4) ASIN. 35) 268 (6; 0.9) 270127) 23) 271(7; 1.4) 272\(150;) 22-7) 23 i215 3/52) 274(33; 6.8) BUS is sey) 276(44; 8.6) 277(45; 10.4) 278(22; 3.6) 279(36; 6.8) 280(4; 0.5) 282) (7718) 293(108; 20.4) 294(57; 10.0) 295)(15118);2 0/59) 297721; Al. 1) 298; (S95e.9 iH) 29 9i(ANiiemeZie)3)) 300(9; 0.5) Soul (GbR ts )) 308i ex)) SHO MCLE TE 9) 30S a ax) SONS )) 307 (2; 0.5) 308 )(2i te) SON (SiG. <3) 310) (ys see) Sahil Giag-* iL sts) SHEAR (39) eT) Sylar (ale ts) SHAG ea) 316(41; 3.6) SLAC ee) 318 (7; 9%) B319\(95)789)-/5)) SAO) (TOPS "S)-5ak)) 321) (Sis S223) 322(178; 20.4) 323(240; 20.0) 324(54; 12.7) 325 (HhOSRR 2478): 32.6)(is i223) 327\(S 975-0) 328 (5; 1.4) 329)(Gs10%,9)) 330i(62;) 12. 7) 331) (6275 9.d)) 33/2) 557i (217-8) 333(109; 18.6) 334(36; 33.1) 3315: (455 10159) 341 (53; 10.0) 342(12; 4.1) S43) (Gis: 4) 35a (eres) 352(4; 0.5) 353)(S3)7e Oe 9), 354(57; 10.9) SI(SI)R 75s) 357(52; 10.4) B59) (lise ms) 360(1; 0.5) Si/ay(Glys +58) 333) (die) 386(29; 1.8) 387(14; 1.4) 388(3; 0.5) 329 (13; 1.8) 390(14; 4.5) S91 (62g e2/52) 392(64; 10.4) 393i (Sits aer/ien)) 394(55; 8.6) 395(46; 5.0) 396(13; 1.8) 397 (26; 4.1) 398(53; 12.2) 399(36; 5.0) 400(25; 6.8) 401(3; 0.9) 402(5; 0.9) 403(7; 0.9) 404(1; * ) 405(24; 4.5) 406(39; 8.6) 407 (22; 5.0) 409(2; 0.5) AN5)\(8)s) 22;-17)) 423(10; 2.3) 425(59; 13.6) 426(45; 10.9) 427(39; 10.4) 428 (40; 11.8) 429(13; 3.6) 430(18; 3.6) 431(47; 10.0) 432(10; 1.8) 433(6; 1.8) 434(27; 7.3) A35\(Si9iza whe) 436(9; 1.8) A3)7)\ (25a ay) 438 (42; 9.1) 443(16; 2.7) 444(5; 1.8) 445(15; 3.2) 446(5; 1.4) 454(5; 1.4) 455(6; 1.8) AS93575 Bee) 460(19; 7.7) 461(22; 5.9) 462(22; 4.5) 4603(4; * ) 464(4; 0.9) AGS) (Gls a 9) 466(13; 3.2) 467 (14; 4.1) 470(17; 3.6) 471(6; 0.9) 472(10; 2.3) 473(5; 0.9) 474(23; 6.8) 475(8; 1.8) 477(4; 0.9) 478(6; 1.4) 479(14; 2.7) 480(9; 2.3) 481(3; 0.9) 482(6; 1.4) 484 (3; 1.4) 485(2; 0.5) 487(2; 0.5) 49 Oi(Si7k im) ale heh((algt.1)) 500) (di;: =) 501(3; 0.5) 502(58; 14.5) 503 (46; 13.2) 504(63; 15.4) 50 5i(53)79%:5) 506(20; 5.0) 507 (G57 5:29) 508(26; 7.3) 509(49; 15.0) 510(30; 8.6) 511(89; 22.2) 512(6; 1.8) ley Oka a7) 51'5\(537 15-8) 516(2; 0.5) Si (26. 4) 518(29; 8.3) BILOI(9 F253) 520\(2-4 (OFS) 52153 0};4/5)29)) 522) (se) 523(32; 6.4) 524(10; 3.2) 525(4; 0.9) 52695) 2/7) 527(4; 1.4) 542(7; 1.8) 543(2; 0.5) 544(2; 0.5) 545(4; 1.4) 546(12; 2.7) 553) (i) 554(6; 0.9) D'5,6i(5 i" 1O)-/5)) Bey (Gly 2) 559/25 a10i35)) 560(9; 1.4) 561(3; 0.9) 562\(22);2%45) 563(8; 1.4) 564) (Gi aes) 565(6; 0.9) 566(4; 0.9) SOMA AS) 568(64; 4.5) 569(98; 24.0) 570(268; 60.3) SVM E2 i e2eS)) S25 bi e2 a) 573(23; 6.4) 574(19; 3.6) 575(4; 1.4) STI(387e 82) 578(14; 3.6) 579(98; 20.4) 580(91; 21.8) ysl (Liki s Daya) 582\(22i/i7) 53).5)) Bets} (ak 7abee yr, 7) 584(49; 12.7) 585i (a2 ee 27) 586(5; 1.4) STASI: eZiev/.), 588 (30; 7.7) 589(56; 15.0) 590(264; 32.7) 591(18; 4.5) 592(58; 14.1) 593i (50) eels 3)) 594(65; 15.4) 595(18);'3'..6) SRE(Ap 2") Byefss(abA tr) Byele aly Oss) Gale ((akp ot") 617(8; 2.7) 6L8\(1; * ) 620(5; 1.8) 621(9; 2.3) 622:( 29), 7.3) 623(57; 13.6) 624(107; 24.0) 625(90; 18.1) 626(7; 2.3) GATKEIR Oaey) 628 (2; 0.5) 629((25a5%75) 634(1; * ) Gsion(ainu ts) 637 (36; 8.2) 638(71; 14.5) 639(385; 71.2) 640(29; 5.4) 641(18; 4.5) 642(14; 2.3) 643(107; 17.7) 49 Table 3.--Continued Seophthalmus aquosus--Cont. 645(101; 20.4) 650(180; 38.6) 655)(96);" 23-4) GHSi(GlEs Fy) 687(52; 12.7) 692(4; 0.9) 6971(37) 085) 646(66; 15.0) 651(34; 8.2) 658 (2; 0.9) 683i (Sesh) 688 (106; 25.9) 693 (4; 0.9) 699(16; 4.1) Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, witch flounder 644(543; 67.6) 649(128; 32.7) 654(2; 0.5) 662(4; 0.9) 686(15; 3.6) 691(40; 9.1) 696, Gem) PLEURONECTIDAE 160(1; 0.9) 286 (43; 5.0) 340(1; 0.5) 420(28; 5.0) S22) ex) 604(1; * ) 616(1; 0.5) 67a; )) Limanda ferrugtnea, Di (lise 10) 57(4; 0 96(1; 0 114(2; * iLSysy{ GE ie ZALTTi (is 510) 2212s) 280(4; O 293) (aie % 3291(3)7) A! 337 (25940 343(2; 0 391(1; * 396 (39; 402(2; 0 407 (23; 423(8; 3 429(5; 2 434 (25; 443(8; 2 452(10; 462(2; 1 470(1; 0 478(7; 2 501(3; * 508 (32; Susi(24; 520(2; 1 SVjo\( (LA ce 543 (2; 0 ay /2( (sy 577 (12; 585 (189; -5) -9) — ~ . LS ‘oe ~uunbh~oOo~ur 14.5) -5) 6.8) -2) -3) 8.6) 45) 5.4) -4) -9) oti) ) 3) 6.4) -4) ) a) 3.6) 3.6) 28 .6) 163(5; 0.5) 296(3; 1.4) 346(229; 122.5) 2 (As exe) 531(8; 1.4) (fo}sy( (IER £2) 619(2; 0.9) (pea (ale 38) 164(8; 0.5) 330) 1085) 396(1; 0.5) 437(1; 1.4) 5351s; 609(1; 662(1; 0.5) 673(5; 1.4) yellowtail flounder SINCLO;s 352) 58(14; 0.9) NOAA) MALS ((A Le) 156(3; 0.5) 223650 x) 23,0) (155 x) 281(6; 0.9) S215 (Sisnaxee) 330(8; 3.2) 338(8; 0.9) SOs (lise ye) 392) (U5: ees 3)) 397 (41; 12.7) 403 (48; 18.1) 408(2; 0.9) A25\(1i 5 {2'?)) 430(22; 10.0) 435(90; 32.7) 444(6; 2.3) 453)((5)e22e3)) 463(27; 10.9) Ar (sss) 479(41; 11.3) 502(2; 0.9) 509(5; 1.8) 5S) (3332) 521(4; 1.4) 526(20; 8.6) 544(14; 5.4) 573 (4; 0.5) 578(3; 1.4) 586(67; 12.2) 41(1; 0 87(4; * 105(7: 0 VAT (Oss ex alg fg Al (Ue 224 (101; 260 (20; 282(6; 322)(0; 33 (2 339(1; 353 (2; B9SiM9);, 398 (44; 404 (1; 409(9; 426(1; 431(14 436(17; 445 (2; 454 (4; 464 (15; 472(1; 480(2; 505(12; 510(9; 516(10; 522 (24; 527) (13% 545(6; 574(20; 582 (2; 587(54; 17.2) Sealy) 2) 1.8) a) 0.5) 0.5) 0.5) 5.9) 52) 0.5) 4.1) 0.5) 6.8) 6.8) 0.9) 1.4) 4.1) 0.5) 0.5) 1.8) 3.2) Sis) 8.2) B22) 2.3) 2.3) am) 50 647(12; 2.7) 652(1; 0.5) 659) zm) 684(15; 3.2) 689(403; 80.7) 694)\(3)7" 3'52) 700(207; 43.5) 206 (6; Bysi7/((als 416(1; 0.5) 441 (1; is}7/ ((S)5 ulA(sisyn? Sie 74) 668(1; 0.9) 674(2; 0.9) 335}((Gbp 93g 106(4; 0.5) 523427) P7SiG Tess) 22 5\(2O7ismeUy7 2) 261 (13> °*) 283(13; 1.8) 324 (1; 335: (HOF) 35:2) 341(3; 0.9) 354(1; 394(8; 1.8) 399)(CU7i; 405(41; 15.0) 415(3; 0.9) A2TM S258) 432(1; 0.5) 437(78; 30.8) 446(4; 1.4) 460(1; 0.5) 465(1; 476(1; 481(5; 506(26; 8.6) Sunk (a 5157/5; O}9)) 523(18; 4.5) 529(4; 1.8) 546 (26 575(26 583) (Ol) 588(19; 6.4) )) ay) 648 (24 653 (74 660 (1; 685 (209; 690 (778; 695 (1; 228 (2; 339)(as; 417 (36 458 (3; 601 (6; 613 (2; 669(2; Oia (Gls; 55/85 94(4; ilabs}((aLp 153 (20 202 (1; 226(44 264(8; 292(7; 3271s 336(3; 342(7; 357 (8; 39521 400 (7; 406 (81 421(1; 428 (8; 433 (37 438(11 447 (3; 461 (1; 467 (3; 477(7; 485(1; 507 (26 512(18 Sila; 524 (3; 542 (1; 547 (1; 576(2; 584 (8; 590(1; 7 308) p i. 5)) =) Als} - 5) 144.7) 2) 0.9) 0.5) eS) 0.5) 257))) 0.5) B) =) )) 0.9) 2.) pe al) = 9) 201(8; 0.5) 202\G/5 xs) 204(2; * ) 206(1; * ) ZOD (AR = )) PAA (abSyp~ 3%) PAAR Wo). UE (Ap SOs) Asle(Ap- ta )) 234(8; O.5) ABS) (AR +3) 260:(25°-* ) ZAGAL (tp &F )) 263i (Gi) 264(2; * ) 2.65 (Vili iaee a) 266)(25" *5) Payal (ali: % 3) AM Glo) A 2») AUS SG 2) Peli 22" )) 216 GL * )) 294(2; * ) SAM (lp et )) 332124 (laa) sjshh (ila: t )) 83 2i(67at), 333i(5) 5) BB Ai(2i7 ex) 53 ais re 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Guld menhaden and other fishes in a northwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. August 1973, iii + 14 p., 1 fig., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 app. tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bow- man. January 1974, iv + 21 p., 9 figs., 1 table, 7 app. tables. ~ 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua- Kona, Hawaii, 9-12 August 1972. Part 1. Report of the Symposium. March 1975, iii + 33 p.; Part 2. Review and contributed papers. July 1974, iv + 355 p. (38 papers); Part 3. Species synopses. June 1975, iii + 159 p. (8 papers). Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974, vi + 74 p., 15 figs., 12 tables, 12 app. figs., 14 app. tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p., 11 figs., 3 tables, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 78. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and associated species in the Naknek River system, 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974, v + 53 p., 27 figs., 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea, September-October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing. August 1974, iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p., 3 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, to cadmium. October 1974, iv + 33 p., 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs, J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974, iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. 683. Bioeconomic relationships for the Maine lobster fishery with con- sideration of alternative management schemes. By Robert L. Dow, Frederick W. Bell, and Donald M. Harriman. March 1975, v + 44 p., 20 figs., 25 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 684. Age and size composition of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, purse seine catch, 1963-71, with a brief discussion of the fishery. By William R. Nicholson. June 1975, iv + 28 p., 1 fig., 12 tables, 18 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 685. An annotated list of larval and juvenile fishes captured with sur- face-towed meter net in the South Atlantic Bight during four RV Dolphin cruises between May 1967 and February 1968. By Michael P. Fahay. March 1975, iv + 39 p., 19 figs., 9 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 686. Pink salmon, Oncorhunchus gorbuscha, tagging experiments in southeastern Alaska, 1938-42 and 1945. By Roy E. Nakatani, Gerald J. Paulik, and Richard Van Cleve. April 1975, iv + 39 p., 24 figs., 16 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 687. Annotated bibliography on the biology of the menhadens, Genus Brevoortia, 1963-1973. By John W. Reintjes and Peggy M. Keney. April 1975, 92 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 688. Effect of gas supersaturated Columbia River water on the survival of juvenile chinook and coho salmon. By Theodore H. Blahm, Robert J. McConnell, and George R. Snyder. April 1975, iii + 22 p., 8 figs., 5 tables, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 689. Ocean distribution of stocks of Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdnerii, as shown by tagging experiments. Charts of tag recoveries by Canada, Japan, and the United States, 1956- 69. By Robert R. French, Richard G. Bakkala, and Doyle F. Suther- land. June 1975, viii + 89 p., 117 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 690. Migratory routes of adult sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in the eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay. By Richard R. Straty. April 1975, iv + 32 p., 22 figs., 3 tables, 3 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 691. Seasonal distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. By W.G. Smith, J. D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. June 1975, iv + 68 p., 72 figs., 16 tables. 692. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1972. By Steven K. Cook. June 1975, iv + 81 p., 81 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 693. Daily and weekly upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1967-73. By Andrew Bakun. August 1975, iii + 114 p., 3 figs., 6 tables. 694. Semiclosed seawater system with automatic salinity, temperature and turbidity control. By Sid Korn. September 1975, iii + 5 p., 7 figs., 1 table. 695. Distribution, relative abundance, and movement of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, in the Pacific Ocean based on Japanese tuna long- line catches, 1964-67. By Walter M. Matsumoto. October 1975, iii + 30 p., 15 figs., 4 tables. 696. Large-scale air-sea interactions at ocean weather station V, 1951- 71. By David M. Husby and Gunter R. Seckel. November 1975, iv + 44 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 697. Fish and hydrographic collections made by the research vessels Dolphin and Delaware II during 1968-72 from New York to Florida. By S. J. Wilk and M. J. Silverman. January 1976, iii + 159 p., 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 698. Summer benthic fish fauna of Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey. By Stuart J. Wilk and Myron J. Silverman. January 1976, iv + 16 p., 21 figs, 1 table, 2 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 699. Seasonal surface currents off the coasts of Vancouver Island and Washington as shown by drift bottle experiments, 1964-65. By W. James Ingraham, Jr. and James R. Hastings. May 1976, iii + 9 p., 4 figs., 4 tables. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 450 1107 N_E. 45TH ST SEATTLE, WA 98105 OFFICIAL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE Library Division of Fishes U. S. National Museum Washington, D.C. 20560 NOAA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was established as part of the Department of Commerce on October 3, 1970. The mission responsibilities of NOAA are to monitor and predict the state of the solid Earth, the oceans and their living resources, the atmosphere, and the space environment of the Earth, and to assess the socioeconomic impact of natural and technological changes in the environment. The six Major Line Components of NOAA regularly produce various types of scientific and technical infor- mation in the following kinds of publications: PROFESSIONAL PAPERS—Important definitive research results, major techniques, and special in- vestigations. TECHNICAL REPORTS—Journal quality with extensive details, mathematical developments, or data listings. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS—Reports of preliminary, partial, or negative research or tech- nology results, interim instructions, and the like. CONTRACT AND GRANT REPORTS—Reports prepared by contractors or grantees under NOAA sponsorship. 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