.^^^'°^^Q NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-696 Large-Scale Air-Sea Interactions at Ocean Weather Station V, 1951-71 DAVID M. HUSBY and GUNTER R. SECKEL SEATTLE WA November 1975 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION / ? National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report— Fisheries Series The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is'also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report— Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of biblioeraohies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D83. Technical Information Division. Environjnental Science Information Center, NOAA. Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRF's are: 619. Macrozooplankton and small nekton in the coastal waters off Vancouver Island (Canada) and Washington, spring and fall of 1963. By Donald S. Day, January 1971. iii + 94 p., 19 figs.. 13 tables. 620. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study. Part IX: The sea level wind field and wind stress values. July 1963 to June 1965. By Gunter R. Seckei. June 1970. iii + 66 p.. 5 figs. 621. Predation by sculpins on fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynckus tshawyt- scha, fry of hatchery origin. By Benjamin G. Patten. February 1971. iii + 14 p.. 6 figs., 9 tables. 622. Number and lengths, by season, of fishes caught with an otter trawl near Woods Hole. Massachusetts. September 1961 to December 1962. By F. E. Lux and F. E. Nichy. February 1971. iu + 15 p.. 3 figs.. 19 tables. 623. Apparent abundance, distribution, and migrations of albacore. TTiunnus Qlalunga. on the North Pacific longline grounds. By Brian J. Rothschild and Marian Y. Y. Yong. September 1970, v + 37 p.. 19 figs., 5 tables. 624. Influence of mechanical processing on the quality and yield of bay scallop meats. By N. B. Webb and F. B. Thomas. April 1971. iii + U p.. 9 figs.. 3 tables. 625. Distribution of salmon and related oceanograpic features in the North Pacific Ocean, spring 1968. By Robert R. French. Richard G. Bakkala, Masanao Osako. and Jun Ito. March 1971. iii + 22 p., 19 figs., 3 tables. 626. Commercial fishery and biology of the freshwater shrimp. Macrobra- ckium. in the l/ower St. Paul River, Liberia. 1952-53. By George C. Miller. February 1971. iii + 13 p., 8 figs.. 7 tables. 627. Calico scallops of the Southeastern United Slates, 1959-69. By Robert Cummins. Jr. June 1971. iii + 22 p.. 23 figs.. 3 tables. 628. Fur Seal Investigations. 1969. By NMFS, Marine Mammal Biological Laboratory. August 1971. 82 p.. 20 figs., 44 tables. 23 appendix A tables. 10 appendix B tables. 629. Analysis of the operations of seven Hawaiian skipjack tuna fishing vessels. June August 1%7. By Richard N. Uchida and Ray F. Sumida. March 1971, v + 25 p., 14 figs.. 21 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 630. Blue crab meat. I. Preservation by freezing. July 1971. iii + 13 p.. 5 figs., 2 tables. II. Effect of chemical treatments on acceptability. By Jurgen H. Strasser. Jean S. Lennon, and Frederick J. King. July 1971. iii + 12 p.. I fig.. 9 tables. 631. Occurrence of thiaminase in some common aquatic animals of the United States and Canada. By R. A. Greig and R. H. Gnaedinger. July 1971. iii + 7 p.. 2 tables. 632. An annotated bibliography of attempts to rear the larvae of marine fishes in the laboratory. By Robert C. May. August 1971. iii + 24 p.. 1 appendix I table. 1 appendix II table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Goverment Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 633. Blueing of processed crab meal. II Identification of some factors involved in the blue discoloration of canned crab meat CaUinectes sapidus. By Melvin E. Waters. May 1971, ui + 7 p.. 1 fig., 3 tables. 634. Age composition, weight, length, and .sex of herring, Clupea paUasxi. used for reduction in Alaska. 1929 66. By Gerald M. Reid. July 1971, iii + 25 p.. 4 figs.. 18 tables. 635. A bibliography of the blackfin tuna, Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson). By Grant L. Beardsley and David C. Simmons. August 1971. 10 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 636. Oil pollution on Wake Island from the tanker R. C. Stoner. By Reginald M. Gooding. May 1971. iii + 12 p.. 8 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 637. Occurrence of larval, juvenile, and mature crabs in the vicinity of Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. By Donnie L. Dudley and Mayo H. Judy. August 1971. iii + 10 p.. 1 fig.. 5 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 638. Length-weight relations of haddock from commercial landings in New England. 1931-55. By Bradford E. Brown and Richard C. Hennemuth. August 1971. V + 13 p.. 16 figs.. 6 tables. 10 appendix A tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 639. A hydrographic survey of the Galveston Bay system, Texas 1963-66. By E. J. Pullen. W. L. Trent, and G. B. Adams. October 1971. v + 13 p., 15 figs.. 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 640. Annotated bibliography on the fishing industry and biology of the blue crab, CaUinectes saptdus. By Marlin E. Tagatz and Ann Bowman Hall. August 1971. 94 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 641. Use of threadfin shad, Doros&ma petenense, as live bait during experi- mental pole-and-line fishing for skipjack tuna, Katsuwonxis pelamis. in Hawaii. By Robert T. B. Iversen. August 1971. iii + 10 p.. 3 figs., 7 Ubles. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C. 20402. 642. Atlantic menhaden Brevoortxa tyrannus resource and fishery— analysis of decline. By Kenneth A. Henry. August 1971. v + 32 p., 40 figs., 5 appendix figs.. 3 tables. 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC. 20402. 643. Surface winds of the southeastern propical Atlantic Ocean. By John M. Steigner and Merton C. Ingham. October 1971. iii + 20 p., 17 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washing- ton. D.C. 20402. 644. Inhibition of fiesh browning and skin color fading in frozen fillets of yelloweye snapper (Lutzanus vivanus). By Harold C. Thompson. Jr., and Mary H. Thompson. February 1972. iii + 6 p.. 3 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 645. Traveling screen for removal of debris from rivers. By Daniel W. Bates, Ernest W. Murphey. and Martin G. Beam. October 1971, iii + 6 p.. 6 figs., 1 table. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington D.C. 20402. 646. Dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the Columbia and Snake Rivers in 1970 and their effect on chinook salmon and steelhead trout. By Wesley J. Ebel. August 1971. iii + 7 p.. 2 figs.. 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington D.C. 20402. 647. Revised annotated list of parasites from sea mammals caught off the west coast of North America. By L. Margolis and M. D. Dailey. March 1972. iii + 23 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover. NOAA Technical Report NMFS'SSRF-6%-^2i lateor; i V/oodj Hole, Mis3. j Large-Scale Air-Sea Interactions at Ocean Weather Station V, 1951-71 DAVID M. HUSBY and GUNTER R. SECKEL SEAniE. WA November 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION Robert M White, Administrator National Marine fisheries Service Robert W Schoning, Director For Bale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 ^y ^/ The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Empirical formulae 2 Heat exchange computations 3 Q(S), radiation from sun and sky 3 Q(B), the effective back radiation 3 Q(E), heat used for evaporation 3 Q(C), transfer of sensible heat 4 Wind stress 4 Processing of data 4 Data gaps 4 Erroneous data 4 Position change 4 Data summarization 5 Accuracy of heat exchange computations 5 Discussion 6 Monthly values of Q(N) and Q(E) 6 Seasonal anomalies of Q(N) and Q(E) 7 Q(E) as a function of (e, e, ) and W 7 Effect of stability on Q(E) 15 Heat exchange processes computed from daily versus monthly meteorological properties 16 Wind stress 16 Conclusion 17 Literature cited 18 Appendix 1 19 Appendix H Appendix IH Figures 1. Average annual amount of heat received ( + ) or lost (-) by the North Pacific Ocean across the sea sur- face in cal cm"^ day"', adapted from Wyrtki (1965) 2 2. Mean daily sea-surface temperatures (°C) at Ocean Weather Station V during 1954 5 3. Relative magnitude of the 1956-70 mean monthly components of heat exchange across the sea surface at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V) in cal cm"^ day"' 7 4a. Monthly net heat exchange at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), September 1951-December 1957, and anomalies of monthly value from monthly mean, April 1955-March 1971 8 4b. Monthly heat used for evaporation at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), September 1951-December 1957, and anomalies of monthly value from monthly mean, April 1955-March 1971 9 5a. Monthly net heat exchange at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), January 1958-December 1964, and anomalies of monthly value from monthly mean, April 1955-March 1971 10 5b. Monthly heat used for evaporation at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), January 1958-December 1964, and anomalies of monthly mean, April 1955-March 1971 , 11 6a. Monthly net heat exchange at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), January 1965-March 1971, and " anomalies of monthly value from monthly mean, April 1955-March 1971 12 6b. Monthly heat used for evaporation at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), January 1965-March 1971, and anomalies of monthly value from monthly mean, April 1955-March 1971 13 7. Seasonal anomalies of net heat exchange at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), October 1951-March 1971, for 6-mo cooling and 6-mo warming portions of the annual cycle 14 8. Seasonal anomalies of heat used for evaporation at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), October 1951- March 1971, for 6-mo cooling and 6-mo warming portions of the annual cycle 14 9. Evaporation diagram for the 1956-70 mean values of the vapor pressure difference and wind speed with monthly values for the fall and winter of 1956-57 and 1967-68 15 10. Seasonal anomalies of wind speed at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), October 1951-March 1971, for 6-mo cooling and 6-mo warming portions of the annual cycle 15 11. Monthly components of resultant wind stress at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V), 1952-70 17 Tables 1. Monthly mean sea-surface temperature (T) and standard deviation (o) of the means at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V) (A) and in a 2° quadrangle centered at lat. 31°N, long. 164°E (B) for the year 1954 . 4 2. Differences between monthly mean meteorological properties (1949-68) in 2° quadrangles centered at 1) lat. 34° N, long. 164° E and 2) lat. 31°N, long. 164°E 7 3. 1956-70 mean monthly heat used for evaporation computed with neutral stability coefficient, Q(E)n and with coefficient corrected for stability, Q(E) s 4. Mean monthly heat exchange processes at Ocean Weather Station V, 1956-70, computed with mean monthly meteorological properties (M) versus those computed with mean daily properties (D) 16 Large- Scale Air- Sea Interactions at Ocean Weather Station V, 1951-71 DAVID M. HUSBY and GUNTER R. SECKEL' ABSTRACT The meteorological observations at OWSV (Ocean Weather SUtion V, lat. 34''N, long. 164°EI were used to compute large-scale air-sea heat exchange processes and wind stresses for each month from September 1951 to March 1971. The monthly values are tabulated as anomalies from the 1955 to 1971 means. The quality of the data record and the accuracy of the derived heat exchange components are discussed. The air-sea interaction climatology at OWS-V, which lies in the net annual heat loss area of the western North Pacific, is described. At this station the average monthly heat exchange across the sea surface is estimated to range from a gain during July of 307 cal cm'' day"' to a loss during December of 388 cal cm"' day"' with an annual loss of 32 cal cm"' day"'. The principal process causing monthly and seasonal variations in the net heat exchange across the sea surface, besides the radiation from sun and sky, is the heat used for evaporation. The average monthly heat lost through evaporation is estimated to range from 86 cal cm"' day' during July to 374 cal cm "'day' during December with an annual average of 234 cal cm"' day"'. Anomalous evaporation rates are caused by anomalous "Vapor pressure differences" (saturation vapor pressure at the sea-surface temperature minus the vapor pressure of air) and/or anomalous wind speeds. INTRODUCTION Air-sea interactions in the western North Pacific Ocean play an important role in conditioning the waters that eventually reach the eastern North Pacific with its rich living resources. In mid-latitudes the ocean loses heat across the sea surface in fall and winter and gains heat in spring and summer, thus producing seasonal changes in surface temperature as well as affecting the vertical density structure. The heat exchange across the sea surface is not uniform over the ocean as illustrated in Figure 1, reproduced from Wyrtki (1965). In a large region extending eastward from Japan to the central Pacific, the ocean loses more heat than it gains annually. In the mid-latitude eastern portion of the North Pacific, a small annual net heat gain across the sea surface indicates that most of the heat gained during spring and summer is lost during fall and winter. The excess heat lost in the west is that which was stored in the ocean at lower latitudes. The distribution of heat exchange across the sea surface indicates that the reduction of heat content in the northeastward flowing Kuroshio Current occurs primarily off Japan. When the water reaches the central Pacific heat loss on an annual average basis ceases so that the heat content of the water will not change as it continues to drift eastward. One can also postulate on the basis of the distribution of heat exchange across the sea surface, that anomalies in heat content produced or found in the western Pacific would persist after the water reaches the central Pacific and drifts eastward. Favorite and McLain (1973) 'Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Monterey. CA 93940. have described such an event. Anomalous sea-surface temperatures were found in the western North Pacific that moved eastward across the ocean in a coherent fashion in 2 to 3 yr. This discussion illustrates that for an understand- ing and the prediction of interseason and interyear changes in water properties reaching the eastern North Pacific, monitoring of air-sea interaction processes, and determin- ing their effect on the water structure, must begin in the upstream area on the western side of the ocean. Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V) lies within, albeit near the periphery, of the net annual heat loss region of the North Pacific (Fig. 1). The station was operated by the U.S. Coast Guard at lat. 31°N, long. 164°E from 29 September 1951 to 12 March 1955 and then at lat. 34°N, long. 164°E until its discontinuance in January 1972. Surface meteorological observations were made throughout this time. Beginning in 1965 oceanographic station data were also collected. The meteorological and oceanographic data will permit a number of investigations leading toward the objective of predicting the surface properties of the water flowing toward the eastern Pacific. Because such predictions will be based primarily on surface marine meteorological observations obtained from merchant vessels, air-sea interactions computed from OWS-V data will provide a reliable reference. Air-sea interactions computed from OWS-V data will also permit studies of their effect on the water structure for the years when oceanographic station data are available. Finally, these studies will permit extrapolation of results to the net annual heat loss area where only merchant vessel meteorological data are available reg^ularly. The initial phase of this work, namely bringing the meteorological data of OWS-V into useable form, is reported here. MO'W 120»W 120"E 140«E WO'W 120»W Figure 1.— Average annual amount of heat received (+) or lost ( — ) by the north Pacific Ocean across the sea surface in cm'^ day', adapted from Wyrtki (1965). In Appendix I the mean meteorological properties affecting air-sea interactions are tabulated for each month, September 1951 to March 1971. The properties include the sea-surface temperature, air temperature, difference be- tween air and sea temperatures, vapor pressure of the air, difference between vapor pressure of the air and the satura- tion vapor pressure at the sea-surface temperature, wind speed, square of the wind speed, north-south and east-west components of resultant wind velocity, total cloud amount, and sea-level atmospheric pressure. In Appendix II air-sea interaction processes computed from monthly mean meteorological properties under the assumption of neutral stability are tabulated for each month, September 1951 to March 1971. The tabulations include the net heat exchange across the sea surface, radiation from sun and sky, the effective back radiation, the conduction of sensible heat, the heat used evaporation, and the north-south and east-west components of wind stress. In Appendix III air-sea interaction processes are again tabulated for each month, April 1955 to March 1971. These calculations include the effects of changes in atmospheric stability and daily mean meteorological properties were used. The tabulations include the net heat exchange across the sea surface, the heat used for evaporation, the conduction of sensible heat, and the north-south and east-west components of wind stress. The manner in which the meteorological data were processed and the air-sea interaction processes calculated is described in the following sections. EMPIRICAL FORMULAE The net heat exchange across the sea surface, Q(N), is the sum of the radiation from sun and sky, Q(S), the effective back radiation (net long-wave radiation), Q(B), the heat used for evaporation, Q(E), and the conduction of sensible heat, Q(C): Q(N) = Q(S) - Q(B) - Q(E) - Q(C) (1) The manner in which these terms are calculated depends upon the time scale of interest. Here we are interested in large-scale air-sea interactions with time scales of seasons and years. Our unit of time is the month. Semiempirical formulae have been derived for the computation of air-sea interaction processes on a monthly scale. A review of these formulae has been g^ven by Laevastu (1960), Malkus (1962), Tabata (1964a), Roll (1965), and others. The formulae used to compute the values presented in this report are listed below. Similar formulae were used by Johnson, Flittner, and Cline (1965), Wyrtki (1966), and Seckel (1970). The heat exchange processes are expressed in units of cal cm"^ day"', and the wind stress at the sea surface tq, is given in units of dynes cm"^: Q(S) = Q„(1-R) [a (1-0.660 + b (1 - 0.716C + 0.00252 a)] (2) Q(B) = 1.14 X 10-7 (273.16 + T .)< X (0.39- 0.05 ei'^xi.o.eC^) (3) Q(E) = 3.767 Cd (0.98 e„ - ej W Q(C)= 2,488 Cd (T. - T.) W To = P Co WK (4) (5) (6) To obtain the radiation entering the water, the incident radiation reaching a unit surface of ocean must be reduced by the amount reflected. The reflection was calculated from the formula given by Andersen (1952): R = aa'' (7) where a and b are the proportions of the month when clouds of cumulus and stratus type, respectively, are predomi- nant, a + b = 1; C, the cloudiness in tenths of sky covered; e,, the vapor pressure of the air in millibars computed by using the formulae of Murray (1967); e, , the saturation vapor pressure over pure water at the seawater temperature, in millibars; T, , the temperature of the air in degrees Celsius; T„ , the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius; W, the wind speed in meters per second; Qo, radiation from sun and cloudless sky in calories per square centimeter per day; R, reflectivity of the sea surface; a, noon altitude of the sun in degrees; and Cp , the nondimensional drag coefficient. Heat Exchange Computations Q(S), radiation from sun and sky.— The direct and diffuse radiation from a cloudless sky, Q i, was obtained from the Smithsonian Meteorological Table (Smithsonian Institution 1949) using an atmospheric transmission coeffi- cient of 0.7. These values were then corrected to correspond to the atmospheric transmission that gave the radiation values observed at Ocean Weather Station "P" (OWS-P) (Tabata 1964a) with the formula Qo = 33.2 + 1.011 QV The cloudless sky radiation was then corrected for cloud cover and reflection from the sea surface, to give Q(S), the radiation passing into the water. Uncertainty in the computed radiation from sun and sky, Q(S), is caused primarily by the cloud cover correction. The difficulties are caused by the variability of cloudiness as well as the primitive nature of observation from ships at sea. Observations at sea include an estimate of the total cloud cover regardless of type. Thus the presence of cirroform clouds with a high transmittance cause an underestimate of the calculated radiation using total cloudiness. Quinn and Burt (1968) found this to be a problem in the tropical Pacific where cumulus and tTroform clouds predominate. Using a large number of observations from OWS-P, Tabata (1964b) derived a formula that gave the transmit- tance as a linear function of cloudiness and mid-month noon altitude of the sun. This formula gives Q(S) within 5% of the observed radiation when mean monthly cloud values are used. OWS-P lies at lat. 50°N where stratus type clouds predominate. In low latitudes cumulus types of clouds predominate (U.S. Weather Bureau 1938). Seckel and Beaudry (1973) showed that the cloud correction formula with a transmittance as a function of the cube of the cloudiness (Laevastu 1960) gave radiation values agreeing beter with Wake Island observations than values obtained with other correction formulae. They suggested the use of the two formulae, one for cumulus type clouds and the other for stratus type clouds. In the calculation of this report the two correction formulae were used in proportion to the occurrence during a month of cumulus and stratus type clouds. where a is the mid-month solar altitude and a and b are empirical constants adapted from Tabata (1964a). For a cloud cover of 0.5 or less, a = 0.33 and b = -0.42. For a cloud cover of more than 0.5, a = 0.21 and b = -0.29. Q(B), the effective back radiation.— The effective back radiation. Q(B). consists of the long-wave radiation from the sea surface, which is proportional to the 4th power of the absolute sea-surface temperature, minus the downward long-wave radiation from the sky. The latter depends on the water vapor content of the atmosphere as well as the type, density, and height of clouds. Because of the variability in time and space of these properties, the downward long-wave radiation is difficult to determine. A number of empirical formulae exist for the computation of Q(B), most of which were derived for overland conditions. Uncertainties are primarily introduced by the cloud factor in the empirical equations (Kraus 1972) that is given both as a linear and quadratic function of cloudiness. Because of its common application for the computation of large-scale air-sea interactions, we have used Equation (3), the modified Brunt equation (Brunt 1932) with the empirical constants of Budyko (1956). Q(E), heat used for evaporation.— The turbulent flux of water vapor between the ocean and atmosphere, besides Q(S). is the most important process affecting Q(N). It has been estimated (Jacobs 1951) that of the total solar energy absorbed at the sea surface during the course of a year, approximately 50% is used for the evaporation of seawater that becomes available to the atmosphere in the form of energy latent in water vapor. Absolute magnitudes of the rate of evaporation at the sea surface are still in doubt. The trouble lies, in part, with the uncertainties of the transfer coefficients — C e . C h . and Cd— used to calculate the turbulent fluxes of water vapor, heat, and momentum. Results of experiments over a Kansas plain (Businger et al. 1971) indicate that for neutral conditions the drag coefficient, Cd , is not equal to the sensible heat transfer coefficient, C h • Other results (Paulson, Leavitt, and Fleagle 1972) from the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) indicate that Ch and Ce> the evaporation coefficient, are equal but differ from Cd, the drag coefficient. Additionally, the transfer coefficients are dependent on the atmospheric stability and the ocean- wave spectrum. Deardorff (1968) derived stability corrections for the transfer coefficients at neutral stability as a function f the bulk Richardson's number. Davidson (1974) and DeLeonibus (1971) have both shown the separate influences of stability and ocean-wave spectrum on C □ . The magrnitude of the transfer coefficients and their dependence on stability and the ocean-wave spectrum is still under investigation. For this reason and despite the results quoted above, we follow Malkus (1962) in using a constant Cd in the computation of each of the turbulent fluxes (Equations (4), (5), (6)). The value used in this paper, Cd = 0.0013 referred to the 10-m level, has been suggested Table 1.— Monthly mean sea-suriace temperature (T) and standard deviation (o) of the means at OWS-V (A) and in a 2° quadrangle centered at lat 31°N, long. 164°E (B) for the year 1954. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. A T 18.6 17.5 19.1 18.7 20.6 23.7 26.6 26.5 26.6 25.5 21.2 21.8 0 0.44 0.69 1.08 0.69 1.94 0.51 0.90 0.60 0.41 0.37 0.53 0.50 B t 19.1 17.7 18.5 18.6 20.9 21.7 26.0 27.3 26.6 25.3 23.7 21.6 0 0.92 1.64 1.01 1.00 1.46 2.76 1.98 1.11 1.29 1.48 1.72 1.75 by Kraus (1972) and falls within the range of determina- tions made during the last 10 yr. On a provisional basis we have also calculated the turbulent transfer processes that reflect changes in stability by using Deardorff s correction for the transfer coefficients at neutral stability (Appendix III). We feel that the use of corrections for the ocean-wave spectrum in the routine calculation of turbulent transfer processes from marine surface data would be premature. Q(C), transfer of sensible heat. — Estimates of the turbulent flux of sensible heat between the sea and the atmosphere suffer from the same deficiencies as the water vapor flux. The sensible heat flux is proportional to the sea-air temperature difference and the wind speed. This process is of relatively small magnitude in comparison with the other air-sea interaction processes. Wind Stress Again, the turbulent flux of momentum across the sea surface is subject to uncertainties discussed above. In addition, because the magnitude of the stress is proportion- al to the square of the wind speed the climatological mean approach used in the calculation of the water vapor flux and the sensible heat flux should not be used in the calculation of the momentum flux. In this paper, the resultant stress components are the mean values of the stress components computed from individual wind observations using T, =p CdW, W (8) T, =p Cd w,W (9) w, and Wy are the components of the wind in the zonal and meridional directions and W is the magnitude of the wind speed. For the density of air we used p = 0.00123 g cm"^ PROCESSING OF DATA Before the summarization of meteorological properties for the computation of air-sea interaction processes, several deficiencies in the three-hourly observations at OWS-V had to be corrected. The most troublesome deficiencies are gaps in the data record and errors in the sea-surface temperature. A shift in location of OWS-V in 1955 introduces another deficiency in that comparisons of air-sea interaction processes after 1955 with those before 1955 are difficult. Procedures to overcome these deficien- cies are described below. Data Gaps Large data gaps in the time series were not common. However, there was a 13-day gap from 2 to 14 May 1970 when no observations were taken. All properties except sea-surface temperature were measured from 16 March 1952 to 31 March 1953. For this period, monthly mean sea-surface temperatures from merchant vessel observa- tions (National (Climatic Center, Tape Data Family 11) in a 2° quadrangle centered at lat. 31°N, long. 164°E were substituted and used in the heat exchange computations. Agreement between OWS-V and merchant vessel monthly mean surface temperatures is good (Table 1). The sea-surface temperature data were also missing from 1 May 1963 to 21 June 1963, and daily bucket temperatures collected aboard the Ocean Station Vessel for the National Marine Fisheries Service (Yong 1971) were substituted. Wet bulb temperatures for the entire month of December 1955 were missing. This data gap was filled by computing the saturation vapor pressure of the air from merchant vessel dew-point temperatures interpolated to the position of OWS-V. The saturation vapor pressure was computed by the ideal gas law formula for moist air (Longley 1970). Erroneous Data Erroneous sea-surface temperature values were detect- ed during the initial pass through the data by computing a 16-point running mean. Those values which differed by more than 5°C from the running mean were rejected. A second quality control check was performed on the daily mean sea-surface temperatures for each year by using harmonic analysis as a curve-fitting technique (Seckel and Yong 1970). Fourier analysis was carried out to the 13th harmonic with a fundamental period of 365 days. Daily values that deviated more than 1°C from the expected value were rejected. Three separate 21-day periods in 1954—13 June to 8 July, 17 October to 5 November, and 28 November to 17 December— were found to contain sea-surface temperatures which were consistently about 3°C lower than surrounding data points. It was found that the same vessel was on station during these periods and we assumed that an erroneously calibrated thermometer was used on this ship with an error of 3.3°C. The erroneous temperatures were corrected by adding 3.3°C (Fig. 2). Position Change A change in location of OWS-V from lat. 31°N, long. 164°E to lat. 34°N, long. 164°E occurred in March 1955. Although the locations are separated by only three degrees of latitude, spatial differences of meteorological properties are of the same mag^nitude as the interyear differences that are of interest to us. An attempt was made to correct the pre-1955 data to the new latitude by comparing merchant JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 2.— Mean dafly sea-suriace temperature (°C) at Ocean Weather Station V during 1954. Values indicated by heavy dots and lines were derived by adding 3.3°C to original daily values. vessel data from 2° quadrangles surrounding the two locations of OWS-V. The attempt failed, however, because inadequate sampling frequency by month produced large variability in the comparison of properties from the two areas. However, in the computation of anomalies for the cooling and heating portions of the annual cycle which will be discussed in a later section, corrections were made for the position change. The corrections used were the differences of meteorological properties based on the 20-yr means (1949-68) for each month between the two locations. Data Summarization AU acceptable three-hourly observations of the surface meteorological properties were used to calculate a daily mean value, excepting the total cloud amount. The daily mean of the total cloud amount was determined from those observations taken during daylight or twilight hours. Also, the predominant low cloud type was determined for each day to be either 1) cumulus (code numbers 1-4 in the U.S. Weather Bureau ship code) or 2) stratus (code numbers 5-9). The low cloud type which was observed most frequently during the day, or in case of an equal number of both types, that observed closest to local noon, designated the type for the day to be used in the cloud correction. Monthly mean values listed in Appendix I are the arithmetic means of the daily values. These values were used to calculate the processes listed in Appendix II except that the monthly wind stress components are mean values of the daily stress components. Mean daily meteorological properties were used to obtain the results listed in Appendix III. All properties and processes which were computed using corrections or substitutions from merchant vessel surface marine observations are annotated by an asterisk (*) in Appendices I, II, and III. ACCURACY OF HEAT EXCHANGE COMPUTATIONS Accuracy of the air-sea interaction values derived from marine surface meteorological properties depends both on the correctness of the empirical formulae and the quality of the data used. Surface meteorological data from ocean weather ships are generally of the best quality obtainable at sea. This is true also for the three-hourly observations at OWS-V except for the data inadequacies previously discussed. We also mentioned the uncertainties connected with the empirical formulae. Estimates of the radiation from sun and sky, Q(S), have been uncertain because marine cloud observations are of a subjective nature. Better measurements of cloudiness such as the amount of opaque clouds or the percent of possible sunshine are not reported, and information about the thickness of the cloud layers is generally not observable from ships. There have also been a variety of empirical expressions to correct the clear sky radiation ranging from linear to cubic functions of the cloudiness. When some of these expressions, having been derived in mid-latitudes and over land, are used over the tropical Pacific, erroneous radiation estimates may result as reported by Quinn and Burt (1968). As far as historical marine surface observations are concerned, little can be done about the subjective nature of the cloud observations. However, uncertainty in the radiation estimate due to the second cause has been reduced by the inclusion of Laevastu's (1960) and Tabata's (1964b) cloud correction formulae in Equation (2). Tabata's formula is based on extensive OWS-P observations. Laevastu's formula is based on less extensive observations made on the U.S. S. Rehoboth. Ta.ha.tsL states that when monthly mean cloudiness is used, about 70% of the estimated values fall within 5% of the observed values. Laevastu estimates, when leaving out days with a cloudiness of more than eight tenths of sky covered, that his radiation values are within 5% of measured values during about 42% of the days and within 10% of the measured values during 51% of the days when measure- ments were made. We estimate that our radiation values in Appendix II are better than the underestimates reported by Quinn and Burt (1968) and possibly lie within 10% of the true values. Next in importance in the net heat exchange across the sea surface, Q(N), is the heat used for evaporation, Q(E). We have discussed the uncertainties in the drag coefficient under neutral conditions. Values of the neutral drag coefficient referred to the 10-m level in recent field experiments range from 0.0010 to 0.0016. Variations in stability and wave spectra, and the assumption that the transfer coefficients of heat, water vapor, and momentum are equal, increase the uncertainty in the magnitudes of the derived turbulent exchange processes. Verification of the derived evaporation rate and determination of its accuracy cannot be made at this time because direct measurements have not been possible. However, gross water vapor budget estimates such as those by Riehl et al. (1951) and measurement of vertical eddy fluxes during BOMEX (Holland 1972) indicate that the derived evaporation is of the correct order of magnitude. Third in importance is the effective back radiation, Q(B). Budyko (1974) states that formulae for Q(B) have been checked by many observations obtained during the International Geophysical Year at actinometric stations in the USSR. He states that Berliand's formula (our Equation (3)) is well corroborated for observations made at average and high humidities. However, verifications at sea are few. Measurements of Q(B) during the Trade Wind Zone Oceanography investigation reported by CharneU (1967) ranged from 58 to 173 cal cm'^ day"'. The mean monthly Q(B) computed by Seckel (1970) for the months and area of those observations fell within the above range. Charnell's (1967) observations indicate that the upward long-wave radiation followed the Stefan-Boltzmann law with an average emissivity of 0.99 and with values ranging from 0.96 to 1.1. The downward sky radiation, dependent on the water vapor content of the atmosphere as well as the type, amount, density, and height of clouds, is more difficult to verify without extensive observations. For example, 10 24-h observations made off the Oregon coast (Reed and Halpern 1975) gave average Q(B) values only 50% of that calculated with Equation (3). The primary cause for the differences between the observed and calculated values is the cloud correction factor. The coefficient in the cloud factor was determined for the average type and height of cloudiness occurring in a given latitude band (presumably over the USSR). The example g^ven above illustrates that empirical formulae derived for average conditions do not necessarily hold for a short duration such as 10 days or a month or for a specific location within the latitude band. Although the accuracy of the Q(B) calculated for OWS-V cannot be given, interseason and interannual comparisons of Q(N) are not expected to be significantly affected. The average Q(B) calculated for OWS-V (Appendix II) shows an annual range of 39 cal cm"^ day '' compared to ranges of 288 and 595 cal cm"^ day'^ for the calculated Q(E) and Q(N), respectively. The conduction of sensible heat, Q(C), is subject to the same limitations as the Q(E) but is of relatively small magnitude. Errors in Q(N) due to uncertainties in Q(C) are expected to be smaller than those contributed by the other heat exchange processes. Again, the wind stress on the sea surface is subject to the same limitations as the turbulent transfers of water vapor and sensible heat. Thus, we are unable to determine the accuracy of any of the turbulent transfer processes. Q(N) is the difference of large numbers. The relative error in Q(N) is therefore potentially much larger than that for the individual exchange processes. For example, if Q(S) is in error by 10% during July when Q(S) averages 473 cal cm"^ day "', then Q(N), with an average value of 278 cal cm"^ day', will be in error by about 17%. The values of the exchange processes listed in Appendix II must therefore be regarded as indices whose absolute magnitude is in doubt. Nevertheless, these indices are useful in climatic scale applications when interseason and interannual comparisons are to be made. DISCUSSION In this section we wiU take the results of Appendix II at face value and draw attention to the air-sea interaction processes that are of climatic significance at OWS-V and in the net annual heat loss area of the north Pacific Ocean. First, consider the relative magnitudes of the heat exchange processes at OWS-V in terms of their modification of Q(S), using the 1956-70 average values (Fig. 3). The figure shows that Q(E) is the most important process by which heat is lost from the sea surface. Of the heat lost annually, Q(E) contributes 63%, Q(B) 26%, and Q(C) 11%. Figure 3 also shows that the annual cycle is divided into a warming portion lasting from April through September and a cooling portion lasting from October through March. There is a net annual heat loss of 32 cal cm"^ day"' at OWS-V which agrees with Wyrtki's (1965. fig. 1) chart value. Monthly values of Q(N) and Q(E) Monthly values for Q(N) and Q(E) and their anomalies are shown in Figures 4 to 6. Values prior to April 1955 were not corrected to reflect the change in location of OWS-V. Anomalies are calculated from the April 1955 to March 1971 monthly mean values of Q(N) and Q(E). Note that, particularly during the heat loss portion of the annual cycle, the pattern of the Q(N) and Q(E) curves are similar. This similarity is pronounced during the fall 1967 to winter 1968. The high net heat loss in November 1967 followed by low heat loss in December 1967 and then high heat loss in February 1968 was primarily caused by the heat used for evaporation. Similarities in the Q(N) and Q(E) anomaly patterns are also apparent. -400 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Q(N)= Q(S)-Q{B)-Q(C)-Q{E) ■ ■ ' ' ■ JFMAMJ JASONDJ FM Figure 3. —Relative nugnitude of the 1956-70 mean monthly compo- nents of heat exchange across the sea surface at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V) in calcm'^day'. Q(S)— radiation from sun and sky, Q(B)— effective back radiation, Q(C)— conduction of sensible heat, Q(E) —heat used for evaporation, and Q 19S5 _, . T ^ «- t A -► 19SB ^ _ 1^ t t T 1 Sr-* 19S7 , , ,T t-. . : -♦ t 19S8_^ ^ . -> T T - 19S9 _ ^ ►■ t. 196* __ . T - •r T T -» -+ 1961 _ _ _ t t 4- 1— ^ 1962 _ — ;l, ^ ♦. *♦ 1963 '",'■"», . t ♦- — 1964 , _ U - n «» ♦- r 196S _ t_ , ^ <^ -» 1966 , . -, -. <» «- — 1967 t_, ► ^ •» T - X* -» 1968 ,, '" t T t ' *~" t -» *- i 19691^ -, -, t. 197V 1 » ) ^ t t» JflN FEB WR fiPR MBY JUN JUL flUC SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 11.— Monthly components of resultant wind stress at Ocean Weather SUtion V (OWS-V), 1952-70. Magnitudes of less than 0.28 dyne cm'' were not plotted. Distances between points are equivalent to 2 dynes cm'' . The magnitude of stress components Urger than 2 dynes cm'' are labelled. months with anomalously high or low stress tend to be months with anomalously high or low evaporation rates, for example, February 1958, January and February 1963, and February 1968. This association does not necessarily apply generally because an anomalously high mean wind speed used in the evaporation formula can occur during a month with a low resultant wind stress. For example, the month of November has, on the average, a wind speed approximately as high as during December and March (Appendix I) and, yet, the resultant stress for November is much lower than that during December and March (Fig. 11). CONCLUSION Figure 1 shows that the highest net annual heat loss at lat. 34°N lies more than 1,500 km to the west of OWS-V (Ocean Weather Station V). It is therefore possible that the air-sea interaction climatology at OWS-V will differ from that of the high heat loss area to the west. During fall and winter the Asian high- and Aleutian low-pressure systems pump cold, dry continental air over the warm waters of the western Pacific causing high evaporative and sensible heat losses. The seasonal variation in the net heat exchange across the sea surface in the high heat loss area, there- fore, is associated with the monsoon circulation of the Asian continent. According to climatic sea-level pressure charts, during fall and winter, OWS-V lies in the westerly wind sytem associated with the Aleutian low and the subtropical high pressures. In agreement with the pressure charts, the wind stress during these seasons is predominantly zonal (Fig. 11). Evidence of the monsoon type of circulation is absent in that small meridional components of the stress directed northward or southward occur irregularly. Despite the differences in the wind regimes between OWS-V and near the Asian continent, the importance of the evaporative heat loss during fall and winter relative to the other heat exchange processes is expected to be similar. From November through March the sea-surface temperature at OWS-V is 2°C or more warmer than the air temperature and the average wind speed is more than 9 m sec"'. High evaporation rates during fall and winter are therefore expected and are the principal contribution to the net annual heat loss at OWS-V (Fig. 3). Evaporation is also a major contributor to the seasonal variation in the net heat exchange across the sea surface with an annual range of 288 cal cm"^ day'' compared to the annual range in radiation from sun and sky of 340 cal cm'^ day"'. To the west, the evaporation becomes the dominant process causing the seasonal variation in the net heat exchange. Near Japan an annual range in the heat used for evaporation of more than 500 cal cm"^ day"' is indicated by Wyrtki (1966). The evaporation diagram. Figure 9, shows the relative contributions of the vapor pressure difference and the wind speed to the changes in the evaporative heat loss at OWS-V. These factors are not entirely independent, since both depend on the circulation associated with the atmospheric pressure distribution. For example, anom- alously high evaporation rates occurred during February of 1958 and 1968. These months also had anomalously high wind speeds, vapor pressure differences, and air-sea temperature differences, and Figure 11 shows that there was a southward component in the resultant wind stresses. Mean sea-level pressure chartsV for these months indicate an eastward displacement of the Aleutian Low resulting in northwesterly winds in the vicinity of OWS-V. Thus, OWS-V, near the periphery of the net annual heat loss area, can experience a wind and air-sea interaction regime that is commonly found to the west. The uncertainties in the computation of the air-sea interaction processes had little bearing on the foregoing discussion. Interseason and interannual variations would be evident regardless of the magnitude of the coefficients or whether stability corrections are used. The processes listed in Appendix II are therefore indices for quantitative comparisons. Results obtained when the stability correc- tions of Deardorff (1968) were used in the computations of the turbulent exchange processes (Appendix III) indicate that interseason and interyear differences based on 'Northern Hemisphere charts of mean sea-level atmospheric pressure, Long Range Prediction Group. NOAA, National Meteoro- logical Center. 17 Appendix II are underestimates. The stability correction can also increase differences in the turbulent exchange processes between areas such as between OWS-V and OWS-N. The use of air-sea interaction processes in the application of oceanography to fisheries and climatic problems will increase in the future. Although the results of this report are useful for climatic comparisons, further research in marine boundary layer processes is needed to place confidence limits on the derived air-sea interaction processes. With the broadening application of air-sea interaction research there is also a need for a consensus among scientists on the empirical formulae and methods of computation to be used. LITERATURE CITED ANDERSON, E. R. 1952. Energy budget studies. Water loss investigations: Volume 1, Lake Hefner studies. U.S. Navy Electron. Lab., Tech. Rep. 327. p. 71-112. BRUNT. D. 1932. Notes on radiation in the atmosphere. Meteorol. Soe. Lond. 58:389-420. BUDYKO, M. I. 1956. The heat balance of the earth's surface (TeplovoY balans zemndi poverkhnosti). Gidrometeorologicheskoe izdatel'stvo, Leningrad, 255 p. (Transl., 1958, 259 p.; Off. Tech. Serv., U.S. Dep. Commer., Wash., D.C., PB 131692.) 1974. Climate and life. Academic Press, N.Y., 508 p. BUSINGER, J. A., J. C. WYNGAARD, Y. IZUMI, and E. F. BRADLEY. 1971. Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 28:181-189, CHARNELL, R. L. 1967. Long-wave radiation near the Hawaiian Islands. J. Geophys. Res. 72:489-495. DAVIDSON. K. L. 1974. Observational results on the influence of stability and wind- wave coupling on momentum transfer and turbulent fluctuations over ocean waves. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 6:305-331. DEARDORFF, J. W. 1968. Dependence of air-sea transfer coefficients on bulk stabil- ity. J. Geophys. Res. 73:2549-2557. DeLEONIBUS, P. S. 1971. Momentum flux and wave spectra observations from an ocean tower. J. Geophys. Res. 76:6506-6527. DORMAN. C. E., C. A. PAULSON, and W. H. QUINN. 1974. An analysis of 20 years of meteorological and oceanographic data from Ocean Station N. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 4:645-653. FAVORITE, F., and D. R. McLAIN. 1973. Coherence in transpacific movements of positive and nega- tive anomalies of sea surface temperature, 1953-60. Nature (Lond.) 244:139-143. HOLLAND, J. Z. 1972. Comparative evaluation of some BOMEX measurements of sea surface evaporation, energy flux and stress. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2:476-486. JACOBS. W. C. 1951. Large-scale aspects of energy transformation over the oceans. In T. F. Malone (editor). Compendium of meteorology, p. 1057-1070. Am. Meterol. Soc, Boston. JOHNSON. J. H., G. A. FLITTNER, and M. W. CLINE. 1965. Automatic data processing program for marine synoptic radio weather reports. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 503, 74 p. KRAUS, E. B. 1972. Atmosphere-ocean interaction. Oxford Univ. Press, Lond., 275 p. LAEVASTU. T. 1960. Factors affecting the temperature of the surface layer of the sea. Commentat. PhysicoMath. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 25:1 136. LONGLEY, R. W. 1970. Elements of meteorology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., 317 p. MALKUS, J. S. 1962. Large-scale interactions. In M. N. Hill (editor), The sea. 1:88-294. Interscience Publ., N.Y. MURRAY, F. W. 1967. On the computation of saturation vapor pressure. J. Appl. Meteorol. 6:203-204. PAULSON, C. A., E. LEAVITT. and R. G. FLEAGLE. 1972. Air-sea transfer of momentum, heat and water determined from profile measurements during BOMEX. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2:487-497. QUINN, W. H.. and W. V. BURT. 1968. Incoming solar radiation over the tropical Pacific. Nature (Lond.) 217:149-150. REED, R. K., and D. HALPERN. 1975. Insolation and net long-wave radiation off the Oregon coast. J. Geophys. Res. 80:839-844. RIEHL, H., T. C. YEH, J. S. MALKUS, and N. E. LaSEUR. 1951. The north-east trade of the Pacific Ocean. Q. J. Meteorol. Soc. 77:598-626. ROLL, H. U. 1965. Physics of the marine atmosphere. Academic Press. N.Y., 426 p. SECKEL, G. R. 1970. The Trade Wind Zone Oceanography Pilot Study Part VIII: Sea level meteorological properties and heat exchange processes July 1963 to June 1965. U.S. Fish WUdl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 612, 129 p. SECKEL, G. R.. and F. H. BEAUDRY. 1973. The radiation from sun and sky over the North Pacific Ocean. (Abstract 0-33) EOS. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 54:1114. SECKEL. G. R.. and M. Y. Y. YONG. 1970. Harmonic functions for sea-surface temperatures and salinities. Koko Head, Oahu, 1956-69, and sea-surface tempera- tures, Christmas Island, 1954-69. Fish. BuU.. U.S. 69:181- 214. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1949. Smithsonian meteorological tables. 6th rev. ed. pre- pared by Robert J. List. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 114, 527 p. (Publ. 4014). TABATA, S. 1964a. A study of the main physical factors governing the oceano- graphic conditions of station P in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Doctor. Sci. Thesis, Univ. Tokyo, 264 p. 1964b. Insolation in relation to cloud amount and sun's altitude. In K. Yoshida (editor), Studies on oceanography, p. 202-210. Univ. Tokyo Press. Tokyo. U.S. WEATHER BUREAU. 1938. Atlas of chmatic charts of the oceans. Prepared under the supervision of W. F. McDonald. U.S. Weather Bureau No. 1247. 65 p. WYRTKI, K. 1965. The average annual heat balance of the North Pacific Ocean and its relation to ocean circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 70:4547- 4559. 1966. Seasonal variation of heat exchange and surface tempera- ture in the North Pacific. Univ. Hawaii Inst. Geophys., HIG- 66-3, Honolulu, Hawaii, 8 p. YONG, M. Y. Y. 1971. Sea-surface temperatures and saUnities collected between 1957 and 1969 at nine Pacific monitoring stations. U.S. Dep. Commer., Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin.. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Data Rep. 69. 35 p. on 1 microfiche. (Available National Tech- nical Information Service. 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA. 22151, as COM-72-10099.1 18 APPENDIX I Monthly mean meteorological properties at Ocean Weather Station V (OWS-V) and monthly anomalies (from long-term mean), September 1951 to March 1971. Those values above the solid line pertain to the period when OWS-V was situated at lat. 31°N, long. 164°E; those below the line to the location at lat. 34''N, long. 164°E. The properties tabulated are as follows: Sea-surface temperature Air temperature Air-sea temperature difference Vapor pressure of the air Vapor pressure difference between air and at sea surface Wind speed Square of the wind speed North-south component of resultant wind velocity East-west component of resultant wind velocity Total cloud amount Sea-level atmospheric pressure. The long-term monthly means and standard deviations of the means listed at the top of each page were computed for the period April 1955 to March 1971 only. The individual monthly mean values are the algebraic sum of the long-term monthly mean and the monthly anomaly. The asterisk (*) preceding a monthly anomaly value denotes a correction of the original data or substitution for missing observations. 19 u UJ a IT O • o o a Ul (/) i^ t/1 3 M t/1 -1 o UJ 3 O «t C/1 lU lu or C5 -J UJ 3 O -3 ** UJ ei s «* 2 O" 3 UJ "5 Q. a: UJ \- UJ V u *i «I n u. o- 3 CO «r Ct u.> a t/1 ■ _l I Z o z o ITl U-I • e fy c 2 • ^- IT I » \o w ro ^ ^ VC vH * » » » vO ^ oo CSJ 1 PJ »-l «-l 1 «-l rj » » If » N ^ J' T^ ^ U. o z CI >- -I X o 3" t^ ■ (T rvj PJ CJ • ) » • UN (M ^ ro ■»H I I w * * pjiTicrtToe'^M^oi^ »VJ «VJ ro vD cvj I I ir\ kO vC aH ITl vO o »H ro I I tH PO f) UN PJ tH ^ I ON I .r^ t4 00 N. PJ I I « U^ ec PJ ^ oe w J- ir> jf ^ \0 P>J ■H I I I » » » » M I • * * PJ ro (JN PJ lO I I I UN fO fO ^ ''^ Lf\ UN cr ro PJ f? r^ IT ».^ PJ ir\ u^ ro UN 1^ I tH PJ I 1 If » » If 1 1 1 tH PJ t-D -* LP vD K OC CT o ■•H PJ PO J- UN \D N. • o^ C3 ^ UN UN iri UN UN irv UN UN UN 03 vD U5 ^D sSi vC vr> u) u> ^ f^ N. 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M CVJ rH K CVJ r- N K CVJ o • • • • • • • t • « • • • • • • • • • • • • 2r ^H 1 r-l * r-l rH r-l rj 1 CVJ CVJ 1 1 1 rH 1 CM 1 rH rH 1 1 K J' CT o Ifv .0 fM M cr vD fri iC rH rH cr in rH IT IT PO CM LfV fO CJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o tH ■ft 1 If rJ If fn CVJ 1 .* CVi 1 ^^ 1 1 rH 1 rH 1 a OC ^ \D o J- IT a r-l m ro o CVJ CT K fVJ rH rH f- J- h- f^ 00 UJ • • • • • • m • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v> fVJ ^ 1 » CM » 1 CV rH 1 rH 1 I • ■H rH 1 CM l-< 1 •rf CVJ 1 1 o (VJ CO CVJ M r-4 vO rH t^ ® J- CVJ ro iXI ro o IT IT N- iA CM OO U^ 3 • z • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • « < UJ ■H 1 rH rH t rH CVJ 1 •H 1 1 t rH 1 1^ 1^ 1 1 1 «• 3: » » » • (B >- X -J ^^ _l J- X ^-1 .* CJ ro to iC J- K U^ CVI CM CVJ rH CVJ vC CM cr IT C3 J- ■h 3 • ►- • t/1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a: -5 \0 z ■^ Ul 1 rJ t-t rH 1-t i-t ■t-t 1 1 i-> 1 1 rH rJ i-i CJ c t-i 1 1 1 1 «i r -J » » » u u. r T o o »- Z kC J- z OO r4 J- O ro CT ro m o 00 cr N- 0- rH O if> J- \D 00 ^ • z • « • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t • li. n C3 o r-l tSJ r-l rH CVJ r-l rH rH rH 1 rH 1-t 1 O CM >- —I t^ 1 » ' ' ' 1 1 UJ ■a X (^ (H H- o > Z 01 V iC UJ lf^ o 00 (VJ o O lO (T CVI tri K vO OC cr J- 1-< ro rH J- CT C3 (O 4 • o • X • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lu 3: K •^ Od CVJ r-l CvJ rj rH rH 1 • 1 rH rH 1 ■H rH CVI a: ^ o 1 t 1 1 1 a (V ■» » » Of o o z a o- >f «T L^ V re -3- IT rH C5 CVI CVI in a- s. OfS r^ O c OO rH CVJ s- «i a • t— • t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • > el J- ■r-l 0" r-l T-l » 1 * r^ 1 If r^ rH rH 1 1 r-l 1 rH CVJ 1 rH w-i CM 1 O' lO o ID M O CJ -■♦• J- f>- K o e • • t • • • • • • • • • • • « • • • • • • T-l 1 1-1 r-l If 1 » rH I 1 rH 1 rH •ri rH 1 en er o ifl cr >. ro vC « ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • n (M rM 1 1 1 1 1 1 rH I 1-t r-t 1-1 II z UJ If If * If rH CM ro Jt IT vO fv OO CT C3 rH CM ro .* in 03 r.. or cr O rH UN UN UV IT UV in m IfN m vD vD J) ^ \D XI vO -.0 \0 lO f^. ^- cr rH CT rH (T 1^ (T rH a- 1-t o rH cr rH cr rH a rH CT 1-1 rH cr rH cr rH i-{ cr rH cr rH a rH 0 rH cr rH rH cr 23 o z - 2: -J ^^ _) ec X 3 • ^- llJ -) PO z 0 c Z s: UJ a: u. U.' 0 u. Z iri Ll 3 • 2 l-H -> ro 0 c t-i UJ (/5 >■ N- LU t/1 «I • 0 OJ r K) Q: c a •a a: c 0 z a ey OP •3 «i Q. • )— > «x J- t/> (Xi UJ L. in M Z I » » » 0> CNJ !». J- I IT I » » » «-l J' M O^ *x 2: o z - _l X >- z o CM I » » » ITl CM ■•H (T> N. PO CT (M ^ IT IT I » If l» Ki^foroT-f^iTiesj-KCMP*- fVJ CVJ I l» in \o K CM • »CM'»^»^*ro^ CM in IT. PO IT vfl J- ^ C\J PO I <-l CM T-) ) I tH CM I »H CM (M .-t I I »-i cri IT IT vX3 cr cr CM ir\ tH ■W (M I I I O^ <£j C\, CM «H CM I CT 00 If o CMiOU^T^fofOvfciiDPO CM T-I T-I T-I T-I I CM U3 CM tH i£ LT I T-I I POLT, POLTPOITT-Iir in in CM I CM ir tH I T-lKf>LnvDCMJ-T-IPO I -J ( I T-I I t * » If » (Nj in in vn PO P<- iff tH I THCMPuVT-tCMTHPOlTiinP^T-* CM t tH I I inifiiXio^iOinfoaDT-iT-irotMvDva I T-l I T-( CM CM tH t-I I CM 1 T-< tH 1 T-t T-t tH T-J 1 1 » » » » T-l CM PO J- in ■0 f~- ec cr> 0 T-l CM PO -a- in in in L'> in ir in in in ^ iD \D iD lO cr O z u o o U3 tu * in cr CO M II z t/1 z s: X CM «0 «c to fSJ lO « I I K. »H IT, in CT" z> • ►- • T in Z o T-l t~ z: o UI u. to o N. Z M tH 00 3 • z • Qi 1 tC o »-( UJ M h- •- Ul < r- hH ^ > >- eo UJ CJ o «t • o • UJ 2: iC ^ Ul c a. or CO o z z or iT «r t»5cro<«oo^»-ih-foj' N. IT »-l CT^ iC I c^ c\j ^o in ro I CM I I -I I CM vC ^ O fO vD ■•H I I I nj • I I t »H I •«-( I CM I I o^r^csCPoocrocr vC tH »-l CM I I ^ CM N- J- ■.-( ^ J' I I I oo J- J- ■rH I CM -H I I ^ I »-t m (J» w TJ^.^c>^•*T^^ocM^ocMvDcc^oln^o« vrj-focvs.of?K)T-ivO>Dr>.incoCTij- tri jf h» o »-( in c^ in CT> J- • 1 • in • 1 • J- • • « CM • J- • »-l • • 1 • • 1 J- • J- • in • eo m • • * i» » J- • • 1 • 1 in • OP • 1 CM • in • CM • CM C5 • T-l C3 • T-l • 1 CM • • • • 1 CT> • CT> • 1 t in • CM m * * » » J- ro CM ro CM in J- If) C3 ro (T^ J- CM ■^ J- in in OD »H o tH »H 1 T-( 1 CM CM ••-( 1-t ^ CM '<-i ro CM 1 «H » » » i» • CD • CM (M • • • •-I t • (\l • 1 CM • 1 in • 1 « ■H 1 • 1 • (M •O • •H • 1 CM • CM • • • 1 • • 1 » » » » •H CM ro J- in •o ^» CO cr o T^ CM ro J- in (T r^ oo 0^ o •H in in in in in in in m m iO un N. r^ cr T-l cr 1-1 cr cr cr cr T-l cr cr ■•-1 cr cr 1-1 cr 1-1 cr iH 0- 1-t cr 1-1 25 XT u CJ f^ ro J- 00 ro CVJ »H ^ in h. in ro \D (VJ >-< ro vO «-l 0 (M CVJ bJ fVJ • • ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • D ^ in J- N (T «o ff> in CVJ J- fo ro ro iH 1 to 1 J- in 1 ^ ' i 1 ^ «^ t »H CM 1 H 1 • > T^ 0 CVJ 0 m (VJ w vO J' ro r*. ao •H ro J- eo «o 0 0 ■ t • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • z v* • rj vO CJ 00 in h- rw 00 ro OP ~ I 00 J' fl 00 tH CVJ 1 CVJ 1 (VJ 1 fO t4 1 1 ^ 1 ro 1 CVJ 1 »-l 1 ro 1 T^ CVJ t K M ^^ r^ J- rr M N. C3 in «-( (M ro 0 CM J- r^ 0 h- • • • • • • • • • • • • • t t • • fl • • • 0 • CO {VJ rv 1 •H 1 00 1 CVJ 00 J- r-i 0 J- 1 r^ 00 (VI J- CV 1 tH 1 ro 1 cr m ( (M (Vl 1 0 CV J- a 4j0 OC (VI OC vD N. vC . IT. cr 00 00 r-- ro J- LU in t • • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • m 00 N- CD T-l vD OC fc J- vC - n ^ r • « • • • • • • • • • • • t • • ■ • • • •a •a ro ■H (VJ CVJ ■•H 0 ro K 1^. J- ro \D ro 0 OD h- in vO in M LJ ^ ^ •-I 1 •-< (VJ 1 1 •-I 1 J- f- • (T • * t t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ^ ~> 2 ^H Ul vC 1^ »H in in ■ ^ 1 •r-l ■^ ro CM •^ 1 1 1 ▼H ^ X -J 1 ( 1 1 ' UJ M M ^- I • > 2 t- UN UJ 0 C5 • 0 2: CO • J- • in 9 (\J • J' • (VJ • • rr • • • ro • * J- • r>- • 00 • 1^ • in ■ ro • m u. X CT (M CVJ \D 00 J' in C3 CV) in •H ^ 00 ■•-< J- (VJ (M (M in 00 c a 1-1 1 1 1 (v; 1 ro CVJ 1 *-t CVJ t ' 1 1 CM 1 1 •r^ CM lu - C7> (v; 1 O' »-l CT ^ w~t (VJ in r^ in m ■r-t CVI J- rp ■r-l vO 0 •-( ■,0 J- rw. OP (Ti «i r>j • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3- ^ 0 J- 0 ro r- r^ vfi 00 0 r>^ ^ vD CM J- 0 ^ a in ro C3 CV; ro 1 ■.0 1 1 to 1 «-4 1 ro J- t in C^l 1 CM 1 1 f-i 1 1 (M 1 1 \0 co T-l 0 m 0 J- tn cn a N. N. -^ ro T^ 00 r~ CT» w* ^ •^ in r^ CM Ul in • • • • • • • • • • • • » • • • • • • • • u. »H in »H 0 ■t-t 00 J- in fj ro O^ eo flO CM ft ro 0 CT vD 0 CM ro J- J- 1 1 (VJ 1 J- 1 1 ^ t CVJ 1 CM 1 ^ ro 1 1 ro cr 1 (\J 1 • ? LT vC r^ cr r>. ar ■c 0 ■r-t .o r-l J- r>- ^^ J- m OP h^ (M N. J- <-i •3. ro • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • « • • —> ^ CP in ^ LT' f>0 ro ro J- J- J- r^ (T cr OC ro •H •^^ ro (M tH J- z PO ro J- 1 ^ tn K> 1 iH r^ CM IT CM T^ 1 •H J' J- 1 ^ 1 (\j PO J- 1 in 1 N. 00 cr 1 0 •H (M ro J- 1 in vD r^ CO CT^ 0 ••-1 < IT m in in '^ in in in in l£l lO •£ ^ kO iD 'SI vT vD vC r^ r^ u CT CT' (T CT a> a cr cr a a' cr cr cr cr cr ff cr cr cr (T t: ^ •^ •H »^ ^ ■H T-l ft tH T-t •H ■^ •^ •H ■H -H •H — < y-i •^ rl 26 N. 3: o o a. o r o o IT fO CVJ C>J rj r^ oo o t-l li> r- J- in \D CM W J- IfS J' J- «4 in M a U> »-t W w^ rj •-4 ^ M •D ^ a- o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • z ^ 1 1 1 CM «-4 1 1 »-( •H 1 1-1 1 <-l 1 T-l 1 T-l 1 • u o in J- tfN IT (VJ vD o J- IT ^~ -* »-i oe m CT OC -s- ir N. in a vP ^ »-l y-< 1 fl CM 1 ▼-I 1 1 CM 1 CM 1 »-i ' 1 1 1 CV' t4 1 a K 00 vO J- O C3 1*5 CM K) »-l 90 J- OD CM O 00 CT N- u. OC -) • 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • «x UJ X >- -J y^ » 1 1 CM 1 »H 1 1 CM f»5 1 tH 1 t4 CM CM _J »-l I h- r» ro ro ir J- J- K OC J- lf> CM M IT w CM N- J- OC IT -) • t- • (/I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • "J z o u. o ■»-l M -J •at o 1 CVJ 1 T-l 1 'T^ 1 CM ■rl 1 ^ fO t^ tH 1 T-l 1 T-l T-l • 2 »-t ro z o N. m ir\ ec CT J- J- ^ -T J- ^ CM vH -1 X Z T-l 1 1 CM T-l 1 •H 1 CM 1 T-l • T-l CM I >- fT! llJ l;^ O ^ lA or (T 03 lr^ in J- •.^ M o in rr r^ N. er CM N. t4 a CD lU \C o o < (^ N. CM tH CM or I m (T^ ep CM I CM' n ' c\j I T-l CM I J- r-- in I in I vC vO CM (M 1^ (M I I fj> CM CM (\J CM I I T- J- I no iD OP r-1 I re I CM I CM rr I CM IT ro CM T-l I I <£> O IT fO J- .D J- o in er T-l .* in -*■ T-l iC T-l PO IS. in J- T-l m, (M ro rj 1 1 1 tH tH t T-" 1 ' in 1 nj T^ tH CM ) II 2 t4 nj fO .* in vO r^ 00 CT o T-l CM ro .* in iD N. OO (T- o t4 •£ kO vC vP vD vC 03 r^ ►« UJ CT a o^ CT CT CT (y CT CT a- a- a (T a- CT CT CT CT 0^ CT 0^ s: T-l T-l T-l T-l T-l T^ T-l T^ T-l T-l T-l T-l T-l T-l T-l T-l ~^ t4 T-l tH t4 27 u ro h. ^ rw ro ▼^ fv. f\j CT> kO K> CM ro IT eo fO cr 00 tH T-l fO to UJ • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 1 •-< 1 1 CVJ 1 CM 1 (M T-( «-t 1 1 fO 1 tH > w* (\j «M cu tjO e iC «H J' \t\ ITS ^ e CNJ CM w ro v4 If. cr CM tH 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • z ^ t 1 1 CM 1 •H ^ T-t 1 1 T-l 1 CM 1 tH 1 1 ►- cr IT M CM tr> in ^ «e T* ir. CVi ro \D J- IT cr r^ OC \D cr T-l kD C5 • t • • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • 0 tH 1 Pu »H »-< 1 1 1 1 CM tH CM 1 1 T^ 1 tH 1 1 & IT ^ fO ro CVJ 0 00 0 CM (T- IT ro 0 CM K T-t ro J' ro N- 0 00 UJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • in ^ J- 1 1 CM 1 1 »H C>J 1 1 1 1 CM T^ ' 1 tH u 0 vO n vC oc cr CT- CM fw J- yO ro T-4 f>J N. vD iT oc N. cr lC^ .» 0 LU :d • z • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • C/) «i «-i «I ^ 1 1 »-( f«j CM T^ 1 CM •H 1 1 CM 1 T-l T^ V UJ 1 • 1 1 1 X X «^ » V c -1 r -J 0 X J- CTi vC CT> •H 0 0 IX-. oc r^ T^ h. vC T-t ur\ tH 0 \C 0 a hH 3 • h- • (/I • • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • I -> ro Z 0 tH UJ M 1 »-( CM • ■H CM T-t tH 1 T-t CM 1 T-l 1 1 ' T-l 1 1 T-l tH b. 3- _l O u. r h- 0 0 z z 0 cr z N. ro kC ro CM •-< CM ^ u-> •H CM OP CM h^ cr 0 IT T^ LCN lU 3 • z • «a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • z -> •H 0 1 ^ 1 ^ »-t tH 1 T-t • T^ 1 1 1 o l-l V • 1 a ►- -J X •a X o »H »~ o > z >- IT UJ »-i 0 J- CM J- r»5 ac K r- Ifl Ifv iC C\J C3 .* J' CM 0 IT IT CM -J < • c • i: • • • • « • • • • • • • • • • • • • • « X. tH ^ T-t ^ tH ^ 1 1 CM T-t tH tH •T^ tH z 0 1 1 1 1 1 o M 1 o e M z Cf a tH < iJ3 J- (^ J- LT (VJ ^^ -* ec 0 r>. r>j 10 CM CM 0 CM 0 (VJ ro U) a • ^ • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • 2: •a Tt c/> •H 1 1 1 ^ »-i 1 M T-t ro 1 T^ 1 1 1 ro 1 T-l T-l t ty 0 ■.-< « J- 0 CM J- c>.> tH ro ^ J- CM h- J- T-l lr^ CM CM CV: d • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • X ^ ^ 1 1 1 T-t 1 1 CM tH 1 T-l 1 T-t 1 T-l tH 1 ' ec (M iC J' •>-( fO OC CT LJ> J- ro \t\ CM .»■ \r\ ^J 00 ro J- 00 ro T-l IT UJ • • • • • • • # • • • • • 9 • t • • • • • • u. 1 T-t «\J tH ■w-t CM 1 tH 1 T-t 1 tH T-l T-l ro 1 tH 1 T-l 1 z ^J 0 m •rt T-l ro T-t tH tH »o M T-i .* T^ ^ l>~ T-l t^ ro ro T-l CM •a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -7 tH »-l »-l tH tH 1 T-t 1 1 1 1 T-l t CM -H T-l I I I ui 3: CM cr ro in J- IT CP IT cr r>- cr 00 in cr cr cr o cr th cm cr cr fO <£l er in cr V0 cr cr UJ O V) LU «y UJ > o >- «I X -5 Z z t- 3 Z -5 o O X o a 03 III Z «c • o • • • T^ t «-i • 1 • 1 • e • I • • « 1 o • • • • • • • 1 • 1 1-t • « • • • «-l t » • • 1 • 1 • • o t • • 1 e • ft • e • • o • • • 1 «4 • 1 • 1 e • • »-l • t • 1 a • 1 * • 1 1-1 • 1 1-1 • 1-1 • 1-1 • • 1 • 1-1 • 1 e • o • • C5 • • e • 1 iH • 1-1 • • T-l • • 1 T-l • 1 • 1 (VJ • 1 • iH • 1 • • 1 • 1 1-1 • • • • o • lH • 1 1-1 • 1 iH • 1-1 • 1-1 • K (/) «-l (\J O »^ O C3 o iH o o lH 1-1 o lH o o 1-1 o 1-1 • z d Uj V • • * » • 1 • • 1 • 1 • « 1 • • • 1 • 1 • • 1 • • • • 1 CO I T* ^ ^ »H o 1-1 iH o 1-1 1-1 1H iH iH 1-1 er 1-1 O o ^ • z o o • CO UJ -J « r o • 1 » • • 1 • • • ■ 1 • • 1 • 1 • • • • • • 1 • 1 • 1 • t cr «H z o o O o 1-1 O 1-1 1-1 C3 1-1 O o 1-1 o o iH CM 1-1 • z o M ►- l-t > • >- -1 I z • » • 1 * • • 1 • • • • • 1 • • • • 1 • • 1 • • i • OF li.1 t4 o ^ o ^ o o 1-1 o o o e= tvi o rs 1-1 o O o o • o o a- o z • T. • • • • • • • • • i • • 1 • • 1 • 1 • • • 1 oc ~ c? 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Weight loss of pondriised channel catfish {Ictalurus punctatus) during holding in processing plant vats. By Donald C. Greenland and Robert L, Gill. December 1971. iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna {Euthynnus pehmis) in the eastern tropical Pecific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972. iii + 16 p.. 7 figs.. 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of rancidity in Spanish mackerel {Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragui. February 1972, iv + 12 p.. 6 figs.. 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. I'.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton. D.C. 20402. tel. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972. lii + 23 p.. 3 figs.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5meter (Headrope) Gulf- of Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972. iv + 10 p.. 11 figs.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. 0. Parker. Jr. February 1972. iii + 7 p.. 3 figs.. 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of finerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972. iii + 7 p.. 3 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972. iii + 19 p.. 9 figs.. 1 Ubie. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables. 1 appendix table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July t972. iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis. Jr.. Richard B. Roe. and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972. xl + 95 p.. 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro- motivator (FFEM) its characteristics and opera- tion. By James E. Ellis and Charles C Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p.. 9 figs. 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973. iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 662. Seasonal distribtution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973. iv + 24 p.. 13 figs.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972. iii + 16 p., 2 figs.. 1 table. 4 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden. Brevo- ortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay. California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972. iii + 8 p., 8 figs.. 1 Uble. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton. D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig.. 13 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster {Homarus americantLs) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973. v + 57 p.. 18 figs.. 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogotabrug ad$per$ua IWalbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973. ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973. iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + U p.. 6 figs.. 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America. 194671. By Andrew Bakun. .June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 appendix figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 672. Seasonal occurrence of young Gulf menhaden and other fishes in a noTvhwestern Florida estuary. By Marlin E. Tagatz and E. Peter H. Wilkins. Argust 1973. iii + 14 p.. 1 fig.. 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 673. Abundance and distribution of inshore benthic fauna off southwestern Long Island, N.Y. By Frank W. Steimle, Jr. and Richard B. Stone. December 1973, iii + 50 p., 2 figs., 5 appendix tables. 674. Lake Erie bottom trawl explorations, 1962-66. By Edgar W. Bowman. January 1974. iv + 21 p.. 9 figs.. 1 table, 7 appendix tables. 675. Proceedings of the International Billfish Symposium, Kailua-Kona. Ha- waii, 9 12 August 1972. Part 2. Review and Contributed Papers. Richard S. Shomura and Francis Williams (editors). July 1974, iv -f 335 p., 38 papers. Fot sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 676. Price spreads and cost analyses for finfish and shellfish products at different marketing levels. By Erwin S. Penn. March 1974. vi + 74 p.. 15 figs.. 12 tables, 12 appendix figures. 41 appendix tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. 677. Abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in natural and altered estuarine areas. By Gill Gilmore and Lee Trent. April 1974, iii + 13 p.. 11 figs.. 3 tables, 2 appendix tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. 678. Distribution, abundance, and growth of juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncor- hynchus nerka. and associated species in the Naknek River system. 1961-64. By Robert J. Ellis. September 1974. v + 53 p.. 27 figs.. 26 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 679. Kinds and abundance of zooplankton collected by the USCG icebreaker Glacier in the eastern Chukchi Sea. September -October 1970. By Bruce L. Wing, August 1974. iv + 18 p., 14 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 680. Pelagic amphipod crustaceans from the southeastern Bering Sea, June 1971. By Gerald A. Sanger. July 1974, iii + 8 p.. 3 figs.. 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washing- ton, D.C. 20402. 681. Physiological response of the cunner, Tautogotabrus adspersus, to cad- mium. October 1974, iv + 33 p.. 6 papers, various authors. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402. 682. Heat exchange between ocean and atmosphere in the eastern North Pacific for 1961-71. By N. E. Clark, L. Eber, R. M. Laurs. J. A. Renner, and J. F. T. Saur. December 1974. iii + 108 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 5 plates. MBL WHO! Library ■ Serials 5 WHSE 04504 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATlONAt OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS STAFF ROOM 150 1107 N.E. 45TH ST. SEATTLE, WA 98105 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE COM-210 THIRD CLASS OFFICIAL BUSINESS I BULK RATfe] Marino Biological laboratory S Library - roriodicala Woodo liolu, Ma 025^3 ''^^6-19'''^ AMERICAS FIRST INDUSTRY