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NN Paes. epeseeee : ’ . ws Sera ate fer sel oa : Oy Nica ame - 2 3 a Os x rear to en ee rey p . : Fa vee) teed ‘ a8 . as gr ae te pe roe ae es ts . ole pha we aeee ab ae ‘ . : ’ : pend nee 4 Fi Pare aes Af a Pie Se he aser ane sper es HARVARD UNIVERSITY e Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology aay ton. = te tal REPT BF2 its = == - > - _- geteeceo- rk3epai *; itatee ~ ’ - 7 )3 Posgit Sea ia YW 5 eS * o ~ <= ~ STaTEs of * NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-703 Aquacultural Economics Bibliography John Vondruska October 1976 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report—Fisheries The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry. The Special Scientific Report—Fisheries series was established in 1949. The series carries reports on scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, or intensive scientific reports on studies of restricted scope. The reports may deal with applied fishery problems. The series is also used as a medium for the publication of bibliographies of a specialized scientific nature. NOAA Technical Reports NMFS SSRF are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless otherwise noted) from D825, Technical Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington, D.C. 20235. Recent SSRFs are: 649. Distribution of forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the eastern tropical Pacific. By Maurice Blackburn and Michael Laurs. January 1972, iii + 16 p., 7 figs., 3 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 650. Effects of some antioxidants and EDTA on the development of ran- cidity in Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) during frozen storage. By Robert N. Farragut. February 1972, iv + 12 p., 6 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 651. The effect of premortem stress, holding temperatures, and freezing on the biochemistry and quality of skipjack tuna. By Ladell Crawford. April 1972, iii + 23 p., 3 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 653. The use of electricity in conjunction with a 12.5-meter (Headrope) Gulf-of-Mexico shrimp trawl in Lake Michigan. By James E. Ellis. March 1972, iv + 10 p., 11 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 654. An electric detector system for recovering internally tagged menhaden, genus Brevoortia. By R. O. Parker, Jr. February 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 655. Immobilization of fingerling salmon and trout by decompression. By Doyle F. Sutherland. March 1972, iii + 7 p., 3 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 656. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus. By Donald M. Allen and T. J. Costello. May 1972, iii + 19 p., 9 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 657. Making fish protein concentrates by enzymatic hydrolysis. A status report on research and some processes and products studied by NMFS. By Malcolm B. Hale. November 1972, v + 32 p., 15 figs., 17 tables, 1 app. table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 658. List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. By Jay C. Quast and Elizabeth L. Hall. July 1972, iv + 47 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 659. The Southeast Fisheries Center bionumeric code. Part I: Fishes. By Harvey R. Bullis, Jr., Richard B. Roe, and Judith C. Gatlin. July 1972, x1 + 95 p., 2 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 660. A freshwater fish electro-motivator (FFEM)-its characteristics and operation. By James E. Ellis and Charles C. Hoopes. November 1972, iii + 11 p., 2 figs. 661. A review of the literature on the development of skipjack tuna fisheries in the central and western Pacific Ocean. By Frank J. Hester and Tamio Otsu. January 1973, iii + 13 p., 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 662. Seasonal distribution of tunas and billfishes in the Atlantic. By John P. Wise and Charles W. Davis. January 1973, iv + 24 p., 13 figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 663. Fish larvae collected from the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound during April and May 1967. By Kenneth D. Waldron. December 1972, iii + 16 p., 2 figs., 1 table, 4 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 664. Tagging and tag-recovery experiments with Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. By Richard L. Kroger and Robert L. Dryfoos. December 1972, iv + 11 p., 4 figs., 12 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 665. Larval fish survey of Humbolt Bay, California. By Maxwell B. Eldrige and Charles F. Bryan. December 1972, iii + 8 p., 8 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 666. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. By William R. Turner and George N. Johnson. September 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig., 13 tables. For sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 667. An analysis of the commercial lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery along the coast of Maine, August 1966 through December 1970. By James C. Thomas. June 1973, v + 57 p., 18 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 668. An annotated bibliography of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus (Wilbaum). By Fredric M. Serchuk and David W. Frame. May 1973, ii + 43 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 669. Subpoint prediction for direct readout meterological satellites. By L. E. Eber. August 1973, iii + 7 p., 2 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 670. Unharvested fishes in the U.S. commercial fishery of western Lake Erie in 1969. By Harry D. Van Meter. July 1973, iii + 11 p., 6 figs., 6 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 671. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America, 1946-71. By Andrew Bakun. June 1973, iv + 103 p., 6 figs., 3 tables, 45 app. figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Continued on inside back cover ——— & \ se 3 S 2 ae =o 3 = 2 ee z a = S 72 = & S & ty MCCoy, Es WW. 172.6 Experience and location as factors influencing income from commercial catfish enterprises. fupurnm Univ, AgGet. Exp. Sta., Bull. 437, 28 pp. Growth of catfish farming began in Alabama in 1967, but supply- demand conditions soon reduced prices. Disease and oxygen deficiency reduced yields. Experienced producers were found to receive 6 cents more per pound of catfish, their output was 100 poundS more per acre, and their net returns were about $100 per acre. Efficient use of resources. and maximum production increased net returns. Commercial production in the central part of the State allowed some cost reduction, apparently because of concentration of growers. Subject descriptors: Catfish; enterprise comparison. 003 Anonymous. 1974. Catfish farm production survey, 1973. U2c.eDepearconmmcE., Natl. Nar. Fish. Serv. (Room 147, Post Office and Courts Building, Little Rock, Arkansas 72201), mimeographed, 3 pp. Results Of a 1973 ‘strvey of catfish farming by the Soil Conservation Service are reported, including information on acreage, production and disposition. Pond acreage totaled 54,633 acres, and 47.95 million pounds were harvested from 29,942 acres. Adding production from raceways, cages and tanks, 1.86 million pounds, brought the total to 49.81 million pounds valued at $26.19 million. Disposition data from a fewer number of States indicates that 32% went to processors; 24% *iwent ~ £65 “ocal retailers, 31% went to live haulers, and 13% went to pay lakes, of which the last two categories are thought to represent the recreational market. Subject descriptors: Catfish; survey data. 004 Anonymous. 197 3:6 Catfish farming risky, larger farms more profitable, study shows. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 4(3): 9. Results of a study are summarized. (See annotation under Carroll Garner.) Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; costs; returns; economies of scale; sensitivity analysis. 005 Anonymous. 1974. The “catfish “andustry--197 1-4 an economist leads a seminar discussion. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2(4): 12-14, 27. This article is based on a Seminar in which J. E. Greenfield, Regional Economist for the Southeast Region of National Marine Fisheries Service, was the principal speaker. Among the items of economic interest is a discussion of the break-even cost for Delta farmers (28 cents per pound). The 1971 net price paid, however, at the farm level was 26 cents per pound of catfish sold. Raceway culture, water temperature, imported catfish vs. domestic catfish competition, and disease treatment are discussed in a guestion and answer session. The ~-narket- for catfish) 3s in the food service area. Subject descriptors: Catfish; marketing. 006 Anonymous. 1970. Catfish profit potential: $179 per acre. Fish Farwing Ind. Gt sizs This article is based on comments made by Mark Lupher, Srecuvrlie, Miss,, catfish farmer, to the Convention of the Catfish Farmers of America. Contrary to some statements of cost, Lupher counts interest on land, construction, and equipment investments, as’ well as “interest ‘on \working capital before computing net profit. Per acre revenue, cost, and net profit data are presented for three rates of output (1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 pounds of catfish per acre), with cost variations among them being due to differences in feed, fingerlings, and hauling expenses. Various expense items are discussed, including factors that could cause revenue, costs, and returns to depart from the amounts shown. The data are based on Lupher's operation and others with which he is familiar. Subject descriptors: Catfish:: revenue; costs; returns. 007 Anonymous. 1973. Cost-returns--catfish food production (40 acre operation). aoe bop. Agr... coll Conserv. Serv., unpubl. table, 2 pp. Geeatn. £rom Mayo. Martian, 2xt. Biologist, Bur. Sport .Fish. fataiste, “Fash Farming Exp. Sta., P. ©. Box 860, Stuttgart, .AR 72160. Initial investment costs, annual costs and returns, computational assumptions, and other data are given for a 4Q0-acre operation (with four 1-acre and four 7-acre ponds). Gross returns and net returns to land and management, average net return per acre, and production costs per pound are given for three levels of output (1,500, 1,200, and 2,000 pounds per acre). Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; costs; returns. 008 Anonymous. 1976. Catfish farming--how to make it profitable. Commercial Fish Farmer Aquacult. News 2(3): 9-15. This article presents comments made by four farm operators at the workshop on the economics of catfish farming at the annual convention of the Catfish Farmers of America, February 4-7, 1976, Biloxi, Miss. Various cost, technique, management and other information is provided for the four operations. One operator indicated that catfish farming is less subject to uncontrollable factors (such as weather) than such land-based crops as wheat, beans and cotton. Subject descriptors: Catfish; costs; returns; techniques. 009 Anonymous. 1971. Culcat Corporation: an investment study and analysis. Bradley Univ., Peoria, Ill., Dep. Ind. Eng., Eng. Adm. Class of 1971. Obtain copies from Steve Maple, Culcat Proj. Chairman, 3334 W. Wilshire Dr., Peoria Ill.«, 61614 ($10 pex, copy) 77169 PR, This report is a class project prepared to fulfill requirements of the engineering administration graduate program, Bradley University. It includes chapters on administration, marketing, finance, plantsite location, manufacturing Operations, technological and biological reference information, and bibliography, all as related to the formation of a hypothetical catfish-producing business. A differentiated product; sales promotion, cost, and forecasts; and the U.S. market situation are discussed. Five years of costs and returns (by month) and a break-even diagram are shown for the firm. Among the factors considered (with data) to demonstrate the rationale for plant location were utility, labor, tax, government assistance, transportation, and other costs; amenities; and locations of markets and supplies. The chapter on operations includes plans, operating data, item costs, and a cost-summary table for four sizes of plant, with growing, feeding, harvesting, and processing costs separated. Subject descriptors: Cacrrsi’: revenue; costs; returns; marketing; forecasts; technology; techniques; biology; processing. 010 Anonymous. 1969. Proceedings, Commercial Fish Farming Conference, Jan. 27-28, 1969, Athens, Ga. Univ. Ga., Coop. Ext. Serv. and Inst. Community Area Dev., 85 pp. Some of the papers are annotated separately. Topics include: Overview, pond construction and water use, cultural practices (growth of fingerlings and food fish, disease and parasite control, growth response to feed, harvesting), processing, marketing, profit potential, and economic characteristics and potential. Subject descriptors: Catfish; biology; technigues; facilities; processing; marketing; cutlook. 011 Anonymous. TSA Proceedings, First Annual Kerr Foundation Fish Farming Conference, Feb. 26, 1971, Poteau, Okla. Kerr Foundation, Poteau, Okla., 41 pp. Presentations by speakers and panelists are compiled. Topics include: fish pond construction, water quality and quantity, fingerling production, cage culture, culture from fingerlings to food fish, diseases and parasites, marketing, fish pond biology, and aquatic vegetation control. Briefly, items of economic interest include some comparisons of production methods, factor usage, and costs. Subject descriptors: Catfish; techniques; methods; biology; marketing; costs. 012 Anonymous. S72. Proceedings, Second Annual Kerr Foundation PSH Farming Conference, March 10, 1972, Poteau, Okla. Kerr Foundation, Poteau, Okla., 55 pp. Various aspects of catfish farming are discussed in five presentations, panel discussions, and question and answer sessions. Topics include basic aspects of catfish nutrition, recognition and treatment of the common catfish diseases, catfish marketing problems, cage culture of channel catfish (including GOSES)), -aud economics o£ production in ponds. Briefly, the economic concerns were: supply and demand of various catfish species, consumer preferences, production and investment costs, depreciation, interest rates, net profit and risk in investment. Anmarcvcie, by Collins is separately annotated in this bibliography. Subject descriptors: Catfish; biology; methods; marketing; costs; returns; Lcisks; techniques. 013 Anonymous. AOR A. Producing and marketing catfish in the Tennessee Vailey. Conference Proceedings, June 30-July 1, 1971, Knoxville, fTenn., Dak whey BULL .. ¥=38,, 96. Pp. Several of the papers include tables and discussion on production costs using different methods (ponds, raceways and cages) Of farming. Marketing is considered at several stages, as well as in terms of product form. Other topics include: financing, nutrition, disease, new and needed developments, and factors for Frospective investors and managers to consider. The focus of the conference was on private catfish farming, with only incidental recognition being given to sport and commercial fishing from public waters. Subject descriptors: Catiish; costs; returns; marketing; financing; general description. 014 Anonymous. 1972. RacewayS versus ponds: how they compare costwise, profitwise. Fish Farging Ind. 3(1): 12-T3. Summarized are results of a Georgia study (by s. Evan Brown and Jerry i. Chesness, University of Georgia; Samuel k. Chapman, Soil Conservation Service). Hypothetical 1970 investment costs, annual costs and returns, computational assumptions, and other information are given to compare ponds and raceways for raising catfish. The comparison is pased on four 5-acre ponds and one 20-segment raceway, both operations producing 114,000 pounds per year. Three output prices (all in excess of average costs for both methods, about $0.28/lb.) are used to show the effect on gross returns and net returns to management, holding costs constant. Feed and fingerlings are the major cost items for both methods and they are both higher for raceways, offsetting the advantage raceways have in lower initial investment cost, lower pumping costs, and lower havesting costs. Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; costs; returns; method comparison. 015 Anonymous. 1970. Report to the fish farmers (the status of warmwater fish farming and progress in fish farming research). U. S. Dep. Inter., Bur. Sport Fish. Waldt.. Resour. os. seco. 124 pp. This report is essentially similar to Second report to fish farmers, annotated under Meyer, Fred P. and others. Subject descriptors: Catfish; general description. 016 Anonymous. 1972. A statistical reporting system for the catfish farming industry, methodology and 1970 results. Univ. Ark., Inds Res 4: Ext. Centos andy Dep. pAgEie (ehcon. ese Scerals (subcontractor), Econ.» Dev. .Adma, Tech. Assist. .erog. Rep. 99-6-09044-2, 233 pp-« The report gives information that was collected to develop and test the proposed system. This information relates to various aspects of farming, processing, marketing, and sources of supplies; for example, data on farm-pond acreage, production (for food and for fingerlings), operators, cages and raceways, market outlet (processor, retailer, and live-hauler), supply source, and disposition. Subject descriptors: Catt ish: production data; processing; macketing; methods; markets; acreage data. OTs Anonymous. 1972. What's ahead for catfish. Macwerarmang Ind..3 (3): 10-12. The article presents some of the comments made by fTennessee Valley Authority (LVA) economist, Carl Madewell, to fish producers. Growth in demand for catfish is discussed, along with advantages to marketers and producers. Data on estimated production indicate an increase from 0.3 million pounds worth $0.1 million in 1960 to 54 million pounds worth $18.9 million in 1970. Estimated itemized cost and return information is shown for three kinds of farming operations: catfish in ponds (40-acre farm with 80,000 pounds of output annually), and catfish or trout in raceways (200,000 pounds of output annually). In a comparison of catfish pond and raceway operations, feed accounts for about 40% and 47% of the annual cost, respectively; fingerlings, 21% and 19%; and annual investment costs (amortized capital costs), 18.5% and 9h. Under the specified assumptions, cost per pound (round or whole weight basis) for both systems came to about 34 cents, and a survey of actual farm operations in the TVA area revealed costs in the 24- to 71-cent range, with more than half of the operators achieving a cost of 31 cents per pound or less. Subject descriptors: Catfish; production data; revenue; costs; returns; method comparison. 018 Ayers, James W. 4ST. Marketing problems demand production efficiency and sales promotion (The catfish market: problems and promise). Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2(4): 10, 16-17. Several ways of improving catfish production and market approach are discussed. The growth of catfish farming from more than 250 acres of water devoted to catfish culture in 1960 to more than Za0,000 "actes in ° 1971 1S cited. “The price per pound of catfish delivered to a processing plant is about 30 cents while the cost of processing the catfish is 65 cents. There are also brokerage fees, transportation costs, and markups at the retail ievel. Efficiency in producing, harvesting, transporting, and marketing of the finished product is stressed. Causes “for “most” catfish processing plants operating at a loss include high expenses for operation and overhead, high cost of raw materials, excess labor costs, unnecessary mechanical breakdowns, and excess waste of Law materials (catfish). Subject descriptors: Catfish; marketing. 019 Bartonek, Frank A. ‘oT 2. Catfish farming. Amer. Fish Farmer World Agquacult. News 3(8): 4-7. (Reprinted from Farmland News.) Information on the development of catfish farming, farming methods, and some individual operations is provided on the basis of the reporter's visits and interviews. Business risks include poor management (said to be responsible for as high as 80% of the catfish business failures), lack of technical know how, absentee rather than on-farm owner (manager), location, operation on too large a scale when a pond is being tried and experience is being gained, and other risks associated with an industry in the early stages of development. Discussed briefly are historical developments, feeds, yield variations (1,000 pounds of fish per acre of pond for new growers and 2,000 pounds per acre for experienced growers), feed conversion ratios, research by various individuals and institutions, laws, and other matters. Subject descriptors: Catfish: rasks history. 020 Bably? Thomas Js 1973. Pond-grown catfish in the United States: present situation and future opportunities. Paper presented to the FAO Technical Conference on Fishery Products, Dec. 4-11, 1973, Tokyo. FAQ, fit: FP/7/27t535.0 (cence Industry development, activity from farm to consumer, Organization, products, markets, and problems are described briefly. Among the factors accounting for development of a pond-grown catfish industry are stability of wild catfish output, the established product market, adaptability of catfish to culture, timely Federal Government R&D, the abundance of low-cost freshwater in the U.S. south-central region, and available surplus agricultural land for pond sites. Key farm management problem areas are ponds, fingerlings, production limits (growing season, feeds, etc.), diseases, parasites, and harvesting. A schema or flow chart shows processing and marketing steps. The industry faces several problems in the future. Subject descriptors: Catfish; processing; marketing; technology; general description; industry development. 021 Billy, Thomas J. 1969. Processing pond-raised catfish. Proceedings, Fish Farming Conference, Jan. 27-28, 1969, Athens, Ga. Univ. Ga., Coop. Ext. Serv., Inst. |Community Area, Vev., pp. 42-48. 10 This paper indicates the general considerations involved in moving farm-reared catfish from the pond to and through a processing plant for distribution to market. Each step along the way is discussed in general terms. Particular emphasis is placed on the special considerations and interrelations between the various operations, and on proper design, layout, and equipping SpudepEeecessiug plant. »/The, “lowering, of «costs of production, processing, and marketing is one of the major limiting factors to the continued orderly development of the processing sector of the industry. Subject descriptors: Catfish; technology; processing; general description. 022 Brown, E. Evan; Holemo, Fred J.; Hudson, Horace. 1973. What the Georgia fee fishing survey reveals. Fisch Farnang fad. 4£(3):-10, i2,and,.13. iataal tesults Of»a 1972 survey of 23. .Georgia catfish fee fishing operators are reported, along with the discussion of certain factors necessary to the success of such business. Among these factors are pond site selection, pond and structure design, water quality and quantity, fish culture, species selection, feeding, fertilization, and control of predators and disease. Itemized sample budget data are given for revenue, costs and returns, including survey average and range data for certain items of expense. On the average, fishout pond operators were open for business 200 days per year. Income came from fees only, not from sales of sundries and tackle, which proved unprofitable. After deducting variable and fixed expenses, including interest on investment, the net returns to family labor and management averaged $2,003 per acre. Subject descriptors: Catfish; recreation; fee fishing; survey data; revenue; costs; returns. 023 BEONN... 2. BVans. LaPlante, M. G.;.Covey, L. H. 1969. A synopsis of catfish farming. lnevwiGdeeCOllLe AGEL Exp. iSta., Res: Bull..69, 50 pp-« Contents: spawning and hatching, chemical control of diseases and parasites, pond construction and water quality control, feeding, harvesting, marketing, expected costs and returns of Channel catfish farming, summary and observations, and literature cited. Market outlets for commercial growers include: live fish (for pay-lake operators), now the presently highest priced and dominant market; local markets, upon which small operators depend; and volume food-fish markets. Gross and net returns per acre for various fish and agronomic field crops are cited (1966, Arkansas data). Itemized investment and annual costs, and annual 11 returns are shown and discussed. The effects of two feed conversion ratios (1.87:1 and 2.0:1) and two sets of assumptions are indicated, along with the effects of different product prices (range: 25 cents to 65 cents/lb.) on net returns. Organized catfish markets are lacking, investment costs are substantial, risks are many, industry expansion seems likely, if improved cultural practices are adopted, and research by several government agencies has helped to overcome problems. Subject descriptors: Catfish; general description; revenue; costs; returns; outlook; markets. 024 Buettner, Howard J. 1972. Fish farming in twelve south central states (species, acreage and number of farmers). Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Current Fish. Stat.\No. 6038, 20 pp. Results of a 1969 survey of fish” farwers in’ 42" States “are reported. Of 1241 respondents engaged in fish farming on 75,413 acres, 804 were growing adult catfish (on 30,330 acres), 429 were growing fingerling catfish (on 6,782 acres) and 292 were growing minnows (on 26,866 acres). Some 23 aquatic fauna were reported as being grown. Subject descriptors: Survey data. 025 Collis ns,_:Charl es. M. 1972. Cage culture of channel catfish (1971 experiment). Paper presented to the Fourth Annual Convention of the Catfish Farmers of America, February 3-5, 1972, Dallas, (tex. e eco. Foundation, Inc.., 23 Pp. An experiment was conducted to assess the commercial feasibility of cage culture of channel catfish, and the report contains itemized data and discussion on production, biological and environmental factors, costs, and returns. Study objectives related to determination of fingerling size to reach food fish size in one growing season, stocking rate, suitability of two types of foods, and economic’ potential. Certain functional relations are reported, namely: profit increased with the size and rate of fingerlings stocked; total cost per pound of output decreased as stocking rate increased, as did average weight gain, although total weight gain decreased. Some comparisons and problems with commerical operations are discussed. Subject descriptors: Catfish; cage culture; method evaluation; revenue; Costs. returns; experiment. 12 026 Davis, James T.; Hughes, Janice S. 1970. Channel catfish farming in Louisiana. Baton Rouge, La. Wald Life Fish. Comm., Wildl. Educ. Bulli. 98, 48 pp. This bulletin is intended as a practical guide to supply the basic facts and principles necessary to start a commercial Gattishh fara. Contents include location selection, pond construction and techniques (fingerlings, spawning and hatching, pond fertilizers, feeds and feeding, harvesting, holding, hauling and marketing). Costs of various items are mentioned, and one section includes an estimate of capital costs, and annual expenses and annual income on a per acre basis. Subject descriptors: Catfish; general description. 027 Donahue, John R. nada~errca 1967. The United States catfish market. Uos2 Dep. Sntera, Bur. Commer. Fish., processed, 11 pp. Natural catfish production and marketing problems are discussed, and the prospects for an expanded farm-cultured catfish market are suggested, if problems of erratic supplies, rising retail prices, and inconsistent quality could be overcome. Several Species of fish (freshwater, saltwater, and brackish water) of varying quality have been marketed as "catfish," with freshwater channel catfish generally being highest in quality and price. Markets have been mainly in producing areas, yet there is Vattarion GH product (form, price, preferences, and price flexibility. Subject descriptors: Catfish; markets; marketing. 028 Ford,. Ervin..c. [MSs Potential of pond farm production. Proceedings, Commercial Fish Farming Conference, Jan. 27-28, io aenewens sGd., Untve «Gdeps. COOp. Ext. Serv. and Inst. Community Area Dev., pp. 77-78. Factors to consider in evaluating the potential for cattfish businesses and industry expansion are (1) the industry is new, with profits for entrepreneurial risk and with business failure expected for the same reasons as in other industries (inexperi- ence and incompetence); (2) farm growth cannot be isolated from other functions, if consumption is to be increased; (3) quality of cultured fish must be maintained as a means of product identi- fication (and separation from natural-stock catfish, which sells at lower prices); and (4) supplies must be adequate to satisfy 13 market demand through time and during the year. Subject descriptors: Catfish; problems; outlook. 029 Foster, Thomas H.; Waldrop, John E. 1972. Cost-size relationships in the production of pond-raised catfish for food. Miss. State Univ... Agri. Forestry Exp.. Sta., Bull. 792,) 59) 0p. Itemized costs and returns are provided for six farm Situations, based on six sizes of ponds (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 acres) on 160 acres of land, and based on specified methodology, assump- tions, and detailed supporting data. Input-output coefficients were synthesized on the basis of information from _ several sources, and factor prices were applied to estimate costs. Investment, cost, and return data are summarized in tables and one figure (which shows per-pound average total, operating and Ownership costs as a function of pond size). Sensitivity anal- ysis results indicate separately the effects of changes in fingerling and food costs on average cost of output, and of changes in output price on various measures of net income. Farm Situation III (20-acre ponds) had the lowest average cost of output and highest net return, but no substantial net return differences occurred among farm situations III, IV, and V. The appendix provides detailed tables and discussion on input usage, labor time requirements, equipment and capital costs, pond design, and other variables. Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; costs; returns; economies of scale; sensitivity analysis. 030 Garner, Carroll. R.;: Halbrook, W. A. 1972 Catfish production in Southeastern Arkansas: estimated investment requirements, costs and returns, for two sizes of farms. Univ. Ark., Agri. Exp. Sta., Divs, Agric, hep. ser. 035, sere Estimates were made of investment costs, and annual costs and returns for a 40-acre farm with a 33-acre pond and a 160-acre farm with four 33-acre ponds. The data used were based on farm surveys, specified assumptions, and other information. Using itemized budgets, the costs and returns are compared for the two sizes of farms and economies of scale are shown. The effects of five price levels and six production levels are shown, demonstrating some aspects of risk. Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; costs; returns; economies of scale; sensitivity analysis. 14 031 Gray, D. LeRoy. 1970. How to make a success in the fee fishing business. rish Sarnang thd. 1(1): 28-31. Growing demand for recreational fishing and prices in excess of those offered by processors are among the reasons a fish farmer may feel an initial interest in fee fishing operations. However, there are several factors necessary to a successful, profitable fee fishing business. Among these are location, customer amenities, aesthetic appearance, fishing quality, promotion (advertizing, contests, prizes), complementary goods and services, species mix, pond shape, pond size, stocking rates, and ability of the operator to handle certain problems. The operator must be able to meet customer demands. Liability insurance is a Must. Labor may be a problem. Fish culture itself poses several problems. For reasons of fishing guality several species are Suggested for consideration, with the selection depending on the local situation. Subject descriptors: Catfish; fee fishing; recreation; general description. 032 Greenfield, J. E. 1970. Catfish marketing, 1970. Catfish Farmer 2(3): 37-44. Market functions, development, and problems are discussed. Marketing is the major barrier to continued, orderly growth of the catfash “industry. Results of two surveys are reported briefly, one involving about 780 restaurants in the Midwest and South with respect to catfish, and the second involving some 1500 housewives who kept daily records of food purchases. Preliminary data for the second survey indicate income, racial, and regional characteristics for catfish consumers in 1969. In contrast, the restaurant survey indicated no significant seasonal, age, or racial patterns to catfish consumption in conventional, family- style restaurants. Restaurant managers! experience with catfish are among the other survey results discussed. Survey results and other information are related to market development and oppor- tunities. Catfish supply factors are also discussed, for exam- ple, the declining importance of wild production, imports as a source of competition, the effects of possible changes in tech- nology (such as the use of raceways or cages in place of ponds, or the use of powerplant thermal effluent), and large-market re- quirements of uniform high-quality, specification-complying prod- uct flows. Subject descriptors: Catfish; marketing; demand; consumption. 15 033 Greenfield, J. E. 1970. Economic and business dimensions of the catfish farming industry (revised). U. S. Bur. Commer. Fish., Aan Arbor, Hicks, 39 Dp. Major headings include industry structure, production, processing, and marketing; the first two are emphasized. Discussed are production (farm) capital structure; operating performance (for three growing periods, 2 operations, average management); return on investment (ROI), sensitivity for the two operations for three "levels" of land value, growing period length, fingerling cost, harvesting cost and stocking rate; the effect of superior management; and the sensitivities of profit per acre and ROI to 11 output prices (24-44 cents per pound). Processing costs, industry value added, marketing, processing output and overall sales, and other aspects of the industry are discussed. Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; costs; returns; sensitivity analysis; processing; marketing; survey data. 034 Greenfield, J. E. 1970. How much profit in pond culture? Fish Farming Ind. .1(¢1) : .32-35 and, 44. This article is based on Greenfield's report, Economic and business dimensions of the catfish farming industry, which is annotated separately. Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; costs; returns. G35 Greenfield, J. E. 1970. 1970 profile of the catfish market. Fish Farming Ind. 1 (2) 18, 19, “and “Zs. Marketing is a major problem facing the catfish industry for several reasons. Catfish is produced largely by crop farmers with little experience in specialized product markets and they don't understand marketing functions. Other reasons include demand and market character, difficulty in establishing brand preferences, and lack of preference for catfish as a species in regions of the country where per capita consumption of frsi~25 highest. Results of two 1969 surveys financed by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries are also reported briefly. One survey concerned 780 restaurant managers in the South and Midwest to determine their experience with catfish. The second survey concerned 1,500 housewives who kept daily diaries of food purchases; it showed per capita consumption of fish products by 16 ee EEEEEEOOEEEEEEEeEeEeeeeeeeeO income group, region and race, and data for catfish. Subject descriptors: Catfish; markets; marketing; survey data. 036 Greenfield, J. E. 1969. Some economic characteristics of pond-raised catfish enterprises (revised). Ue Dep. scommer., Nati. Mar. Fish. Serv., Econ. Marke, ,Res.«-Div., unpubl. .wanusce., .19: pp. Using information for the Mississippi Delta production region (Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi), the author discusses Capital costs, and how profits, costs and return on investment are sensitive to changes in the length of growing period, fingerling costs, harvesting costs, stocking rates, management level, prices, and selected combinations of these factors. Subject descriptors: Catfish; revenue; GOSES ; returns; sensitivity analysis; processing; marketing. 037 Greenfield, J. E. 1969. Some economic characteristics of pond-raised catfish enterprises. Proceedings, Conference on Commercial Fish Farming, Jan. 28-29, aon taeis.. (Gda,; | Unlv. Gade, Coop. Ext. ..Serv...and,.inst. Community Area Dev., pp 67-76. Using information for the Mississippi Delta production region (Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi), the author discusses capital costs, and how profits, costs and return on investment are sensitive to changes in length of growing period, fingerling costs, harvesting costs, stocking cates, management level, prices, and selected combinations of these factors. Subject descriptors: Catfish: revenue; costs; returns; sensitivity analysis; processing; marketing. 038 Gragzetl¢-: Roy As; Jrs 4972: All you want to know about the fee fishing business "but were afraid to ask". Fash Farmingsind. 3\(3) 2° 14=17. Information is provided on U.S. catfish and trout fee fishing enterprises. Initial investment costs, and annual revenue, costs, and returns are itemized in a table for an 80-acre channel catfish fee fishing operation, with average net return to land and management of about $125 per acre. Growth in demand is 17 foreseen, but returns depend upon management ability. Several factors contributing to successful management are discussed. Among these are location, customer amenities (parking, picnic tables, restrooms, freedom from snakes and insects, etc.), fishing quality, advertising, geographic separation from fish farming activities that may be on the property, conplementary goods and services (bait, snack, tackle, boat, and fish-cleaning facilities), charges (five are discussed), pond size, pond numbers, and proper fish culture techniques. Capital investment is in the range of several hundred thousand dollars for sophisticated operations. Subject descriptors: Catfish; trout; fee fishing; recreation; revenue; costs; returns. 039 CrAZZOL ROY Dsiwatli-s 1971. SCS survey shows caged catfish culture not pie in the sky. Fish Farming Inds 23) 3 17546. The results of a 1970 Soil Conservation Service (SCS) survey of Arkansas operators of catfish cage-culture enterprises are reported, with data on the numbers of successes and failures, and a brief discussion of proplems encountered in the initial commercial trials of this method. Of 586 cages, 55 were failures, 75 averaged 47% survival from fingerling to food fish size (i.e., 47% success), 39 had survival in the 80% to 100% range, and survival data on two large growers are not reported. The surveyed operators are optimistic about the future. Subject descriptors: Catfish; survey data; cage culture. O40 Grizzell,-Roy- Ac; Sullavan, Edward. and Losses, and operator satisfaction are discussed. Subject descriptors: Catfish; recreation; fee fishing; revenue; costs; returns. 05.1 Madewell, Carl E. HY ae Economic and related considerations before entering or expanding a commercial catfish or trout farming operation. Paper presented to Fish Farming Conference, Nov. 4, 19ST Montgomery Bell State Park, Burns, Tenn. T.V.A., 20 pp. Pre-investment considerations, and some production and marketing challenges are discussed. The former include legal, environmental, technical, marketing, financial, assistance sources, management, and economic factors. An expanding market is foreseen, for which trout and catfish poth have suitable characteristics, but some processing problems existed in 1970 (location, seasonally excess capacity and other problems). Initial investment, annual costs and returns, and net return may be compared economically with similar measures for other farm enterprises; such data are shown for catfish ponds, and catfish and trout raceways. Comparisons for a limited number of Alabama producers indicate Pian net Betiens ‘tor Land; Labor, and management for catfish equal or exceed returns for peanuts, cotton, and soybeans (Yeager, 1971). Improvements in technology, efficiency, product, and competitive ability are among the industry challenges, as suggested in part by a comparison of farmer-to-consumer prices and expenses for catfish, trout, and pork. Subject descriptors: CaLhash = ferout > eeavenia; Costs: returnss forecasts; outlook. 23 052 Madewell, Carl E. 1973. Economics of catfish raceway production. Paper presented at Fish Farming Conference sponsored by Tenn, Fish Producers Assoc., Dec. 5-6, 1973, Montgomery Bell State Park, Burns, Tenn. T.V.A., 11 pp; Demand, market, supply, processing, and production (farm) information and data from several sources are summarized and updated (to 1973). The outlook for expansion of catfish production appears good, because it offers several advantages to farmers, processors, distributors, and consumers. While per capita consumption (edible weight basis) is estimated as about 1 pound in the Tennessee Valley region, another estimate (Cordouk, 1970) is that U.S. per capita consumption of catfish may reach 7 pounds by 1990. Processing costs are indicated along with the effect of operation at 36% of capacity (after McCoy and Sherling, 1973, using 1970 data), since below-capacity operation is still a problem, although the number of plants has declined (21 in 1971 and 10 in 1973) and output has increased. Prices and expenses from farmer to consumer are compared for catfish and pork. Catfish and catfish-trout raceway investment costs, annual costs, and annual returns are itemized based on preliminary data provided by Georgia researchers. Subject descriptors: Catfish; trout; production data; forecasts: revenue: tcosts- returns; consumption data; processing; method comparison. 053 Madewell, Carl E.; Ballew, Ralph J. 4972. Historical development of catfish farming. Amer. Fish Farmer Worid Aquacult. News 3(3): 8-11. This article presents a brief history of how fish farming began and expanded in the United States, with particular emphasis on catfish farming. The Saltonstall-Kennedy Act for commercial fisheries in the 1950's triggered an increased interest in R&D in fish culture among colleges and fish culture labs. Intensive catfish farming began in the 1960's. Acreage increased from 400 in 1960 to 45,000 in 1970 while average yield per acre increased from 800 pounds in 1960 to 1,200 pounds in 1970. The projection for 1975 -ds'. that there will be 75,000 acres ot tocdtisisand yields of 1,500 pounds per acre. The value of catfish at the farm level soared from $150,000 an 1960 Ao $19 milivon rn 1970: Some problems which the catfish farming industry must overcome are listed. They include: (a) decreasing high production costs, (ob) improving quality and making a variety of catfish products available tc consumers on a year-round basis, and (c) improving production efficiency. Subject descriptors: Catfish; history; technology; methods; problems; outlook; costs. 24 054 Madewell, Carl E.; Carroll, Billy B. 1969. Intensive catfish production and marketing. TeVenhe,, Hep. FGIACD6//°30 “pps This report summarizes available literature on industry growth, nature of the catfish farm enterprise, current production, and marketing; interprets the meaning of this information so far asa potential Tennessee Valley industry is concerned; and suggests possible approaches for industry development. Literature for isGioGe ae cited. “white the U 1128 million pounds, including 4.0 million pounds of imports. Output is limited by market (demand) rather than by production (supply). Output could be increased 25% without depressing price, if promotion began 12 to 14 months in advance. Promotion is by product, rather than by firm or brand) “En terms “of *¥a ee t0-year 30 ee oe we market outlook, Erkins indicates that (1) product competition comes from fish in general, (2) fish market expansion is on_ the basis of population rather than per-capita-consumption growth, but population growth rates have slowed, (3) fish prices have advanced considerably in the past 10 years, but this is not true for catfish and trout, and (4) with a good marketing program, output of processed trout could reach 25 million pounds by 1980. Subject descriptors: Trout; markets; marketing. 068 Anonymous. oa Georgia researchers look at trout-catfish rotation. Fasim Farningpind.»3.(5): 12-13. imformation 1s given On a study by E. Evan Brown, T. MK. Hie and J. L. Chesness on trout only in South Georgia where winter temperatures are usually suitable for trout, and where summer weather is suitable for catfish growth, allowing the possibility of two crops. Weather records suggest fewer than 120 days with water temperatures below the critical 70 degrees F., and the winter, 1971-72, growing effort lasted 105 days. init Catal COS, annual cost, annual return, computational assumption, feed conversion, production method, average and actual market price (involving fishout lake, processor, and local markets) data are provided. Subject descriptors: Trout; markets; techniques; revenue; costs; returns; biology; survey data. 069 Anonymous. TST. Pointers to consider when planning to farm trout. Fish Farming Internatl. 1 (1): 92-94. The growth of trout farming in Northern Ireland (1968-73) is discussed, along with information from an advisory leaflet for prospective farmers (The development feasibility and economics of Cainbow trout farming in Northern Ireland, by Stuart Fidgeon). Land area, water requirements, construction and operating costs, prices and returns are estimated for farm units of 25, 100, and 150" =ton § Capacity. weed Shy, ~Labor, ~and other ‘costs are indicated. The trout “are assumed to reach 6 to 8 ounce marketable size 16 months from fry stage. Subject descriptors: Trout; costs; returns; marketing; Ireland. 31 070 Araji, A. A. 1972. An economic analysis of the Idaho rainbow trout industry. Univ. Idaho, Coll. For., Wildl. Range Sci,, Deps.Agris Ecosacsae Series No. 118, 9 pp. This preliminary report describes the current status of the industry in terms of its economic and business dimensions, including per capita consumption, production, processing, demand, and marketing. Major headings include: cost structure of the Idaho trout industry, demand potential,. production, and marketing problems. Revenue, cost, return, and value added analysis for trout production, processing and marketing, and Idaho agricultural receipts from farm marketing are illustrated and discussed. Subject descriptors: Trout; demand; marketing; revenue; costs; returns; value added; problems. 071 Arroyo, Igor Solar. SW fe Chile develops the cultivation of trout in cages. Fish Farming Internatl. 1(1): 99-104. An account is given of aquacultural developments in Chile since 1968, when the Fish and Game Division of the Agriculture anda Livestock Service began experiments. Details of rearing experiments are given, including trout..cage. GonsEeruction: feeding, economics and output levels. Estimated initial costs, and annual revenue, costs and returns for a 70-cage operation are itemized. Less detailed data are shown in a comparison of operations with 30, 50, 70 and 100 cages. Subject descriptors: Trout; Chile; revenue; costs; general description. 072 Berge, Leidolv; Farstad, Nelvin. 197-1. Norwegian pondfish farming. Paper presented at Internatl. Symposium on Fisheries Economics, Paris, Nov. 29=Dee. 3, 1971.7 O.8sC.D. 25 E/l (1 i)ly/22 7 ee This is a condensed version of a ionger, Norwegian-language report. Based on 1966 and 1970 survey information, the Norwegian pondfish industry is descriped and analysed in economic terms to explain variations in profits and costs. The output, mainly rainbow trout, increased from 200 netriec tons in 19625-0617 000 metric tons in 1969. Variable, fixed, and total costs “fer. seme of the 260 firms are shown and discussed along with other data to show variation in labor and capital costs per kilogram of output. Investment, stocking, feed, and other cost items are discussed. Small firms (10 to 15 metric tons per year of output) provide 32 Supplementary part-time income. Larger firms can consider natural resource and market points in location. Output range is about 1 to 70 metric tons per firm. Feed consists mainly of waste and small fish, some of which is operator caught, with conversion at 6 to 7 kg per kilogram of fish produced. Very little dry feed is used; future feed may include krill. Marketing problems’ relate to the competitive nature of the firms, product competition with salmon and sea trout, luxury-fish price (about three times cod prices), inability of many producers to hold ("store") live fish past Christmas, quality variations, and other factors. Subject descriptors: Trout; Norway; revenue; costs; returns; production data. 073 Beova. Eo. evan. Hill, T. K.; Chesness, J. lL. 1972. Rainbow trout--a new money crop for South Georgia. ites Gado wGa.thget. Res., Fall, 1972, pp. 10-12. Problems, a trial operation, itemized initial costs and annual costs and returns, computational assumptions, and other information are given relative to the growth of rainbow trout in a new eight-segment raceway on University property at Tifton, Ga. The trout were stocked on December 1G;, 1971. Data for the previous year indicate that one might expect less than 120 days with temperatures below the critical 70 degrees F., and 6- to 8-inch fingerlings were stocked to reach 10- to 12-ounce market size in this time. Harvest occurred after 105 days. Sales were made locally, to fishout ponds, and to a fish processor, with the price averaging $0.664/1b. Even counting an unexplained (one-night) loss that caused most of the 17 percent mortality, feed conversion was quite good (1.3 lb commercial, floating, dry feed per 1.0 lb of fish, live weight basis). Subject descriptors: Trout; revenue; costs; returns; raceways. 074 Collins, Richard: A. 19722 Cage culture of trout in warmwater lakes. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 3 (7): 4-7. The results of a study are reported briefly, along with methods, materials, and technical details. Inspection of surface water temperature of lakes indicates that southern Arkansas, northeast Texas and central parts of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia should provide about a 150-day winter growing season, during which time 3-ounce trout may grow to 12 ounces. The following data are provided for a nine-cage, 115-day experiment: stocking rate, mortality, number harvested, average and total weight, total weight gained, and feed conversion rates. Information is also given on fingerling, feed, cage, and labor costs, revenue, and computational assumptions. 33 Subject descriptors: Trout; experiment; method evaluation. 075 Gooby, Dick. 1971. Idaho trout farmer profits on 10-cent margin. Fish Farming Ind. «2 (3): 36-38. Large firms grow, process, and market trout, but it has not been feasible for them to develop small springs. One way for these large firms to increase output to the rate necessary for profitable operation has been to provide fingerlings to land holders with smaller springs and to offer compensation for grow- out services at a specified rate, 10 cents per pound of trout in this case. The firm's 1970 output was 70,000 pounds, and two or three crops may be put through the grow-out process in a year, with stocking at 4 to 5 inches and selling at about 12 inches. The 1970 gross was $7,000; feeding labor, 21,080 5 pond amortization, $700; and total annual costs, 31,7680. The ner return exceeded that for an 80-animal beef cattle operation, for which Similar revenue and cost data are indicated. Subject descriptors: Trout; revenue; costs; returns; enterprise comparison. 076 Klontz, George UW. 1973. A survey of fish health management in Idaho. Univ. Idaho, For., Wildl. ‘Range, Exp-7Stn.,, inte. Ser. Seo 50rre The text and some of the tables of this report are published in Aner. Fishes UsS. Trout News, (189): 8,9, tigds, 16,. i705 anauecon To better understand fish health problems, Federal, State, and commercial fish-raising systems were surveyed in Idaho in 1973, and resulting 1972 production, costs, employment, and other information are reported. The commercial production of trout, salmon, and catfish has several component operations. Rainbow trout output totaled 27.4 million pounds in 1972, compared to 0.75 million pounds in 19565 cattish®*outpatolwas* 0.4 saa tigen pounds in 1972;°+and output of both’ vs) expanding, Gudging oy information! for 1973. Mortality rates “and ‘costs® Lor “eggs “and fish (three’ sizes ‘of “f2sh,° 1 t0°3, 3 tone. and 6 to, Ze nencs long) are detailed, and consequent losses are estimated for private growers only. While mortality rates decline with age (e€.g., eggs, 16.5%; 6= to 12-inch fish, 6.4%), mortality among >o-— to 12-inch fish accounts for 75% of the loss, because production cost is higher for the older fish. Production costs for purposes of loss estimation include feed, labor, and egg costs, but not capital outlay, return on investment, and other components of gross revenue; losses totaled $0.56 million out of production CUsts Of"S7.9>5 milton. 34 Subject descriptors: Trout; production data; revenue; costs; biology; general description. 077 McGuinness, Fred. a 3s Prairie pot hole trout: hard way to make a buck. Picn. Farming tnd. , 4(2): 22-26. Grow-out of trout from fingerling to market size in Canadian Prairie Province pot holes has become an income-supplementing enterprise for about 1,500 operators, mostly grain and cattle farmers. The pot holes generally range in size from 1 to 20 acres, and there is a wide range in productivity owing primarily to differences in water quality and natural food supplies (freshwater shrimp). Some data on fingerlings, permits, harvest, and yield are provided individually for the provinces. Total catch was estimated at 0.4 million pounds in 1972. Harvest is by gill net and boat in October or by gill net through the ice in December. A 1970 experiment by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada involved stocking 18 pot holes, which averaged 16.3 acres in size (293.4 acres total), and a 39.1% average recovery (range 0% to 70%) in the 23,000-pound harvest (78.4 pounds per acre, average). Marketing restraints were removed in 1972 because of adverse effects on the industry, and a processing breakthrough appears to have occurred in 1973. Subject descriptors: Trout; development; general description. 078 Meade, James W. 197 1. A reference list for trout culturists, revised December 1971. Penn. Fish Comm., Div. Fish., Benner Spring Fish Res. Stn. (R. Dene) BOx Z2Z00=C,” Bellefonte, Pa.,- 16823), unpubl., 5 pp. This reference list provides the names, authors, and publishers of books, periodicals, booklets, pamphlets, articles in publica- tions, and addresses of other sources of information about trout and other fish culture. Subject descriptors: Trout; technology; bibliography. 079 Hab. Waelbur C.ocuFairn, Acmor. John. 197 0:. Selected aspects of the market demand for rainbow trout in Atlanta and Northeast Georgia. Una. Ga, Colil.~sRus. Adm., 9 \pp. This report summarizes the results of an initial local market 35 survey based on information from 20 agencies and firms. Retail stores and restaurants are the primary consumer outlets. The market is supplied by rainbow trout from Georgia and nearby States, Idaho, and other countries. A frozen product pe generally preferred. Large retail chains are primarily interested in attractive packaging, uniform quality and cost. Rainbow trout is served in the more exclusive restaurants where it appeals to a limited clientele; its pones and price appear to limit consumption on a mass-market basis. Georgia producers might be able to increase sales by promotion to differentiate their product, by making the product more competitive in price in retail chain stores, and by supplying the larger national market. The results are limited to the area and by the absence of secondary data on national and regional markets. Subject descriptors: Trout; markets; survey data. 080 Pritchard, “Gc. FB 15973. Fish farm projects in Canada. Fish Farming Ind: .V@l}*s 2-114. Canada has some 300 private trout hatcheries, mostly small firms. The growing use of fingerlings relates to planting in lakes, streams and pot-holes, again mostly by small firms. Sone salmonids are grown near larger cities. There has beena resurgence of oyster culture, along with research into the culture possibilities for other species, and the development of more supportive attitudes and economic conditions. Yet, the industry is still viewed as having high risks, high development costs, low market concentration (mainly small firms), local market penetration, low profits and a low degree of vertical integration. Subject descriptors: Canada; “trout: oysters. 081 Scott, Clyde A. Fessher pF Lloyd rk. 1970. There's profit in trout production. Fish Farming Ind. 1) 18,220 and 422. Based on a 1969 Soil Conservation Service (SCS) survey of 286 private trout growers in 16 States and on other information, several topics are briefly discussed, notably water use, marketing, raceway design, feeding, stocking, and costs and returns. Nonthermal springs are the major source of water which must range from 45 to 70 degrees F., and preferably 55 to 64 degrees. Groundwater temperature is about the same as mean annual air temperature. A flow. of ) 1°cfiS*can Stpport annuat output of 10,000 to 14,000 pounds of trout. Information is given on raceway design and preferences by region, feeding (dry feeds, 36 uses of automatic and hand feeding), and two kinds of fishout ponds. An itemized cost-return table shows initial costs, annual costs and returns, and computational assumptions for a synthesized operation producing 26,000 pounds of trout annually. Subject descriptors: Trout; survey data; marketing; raceways; revenue; costs; returns; biology; fee fishing. SALMON 082 Anonymous. oy: Salmon farming: an emerging industry. Commercial Fish Farmer Agquacult. News 2 (1): 6-20. Factors, firms, agencies, people and problems involved in the emergence of this industry are discussed. NMFS conducted initial net-pen experiments in 1969, and the rapid expansion of the industry is indicated by the increase in output between the fo7o-7% “and 1978-75 seasons, from _350. to 740 «metric tons, including output from ocean ranching as well as net pens. Factors and problems of importance include institutional and legal constraints for both methods, site selection, feed costs and availability, technique improvements (to reduce costs), and commercial feasibility. It may be 3 to 5 years pefore economic feasibility can be determined, owing to uncertainty about market demand for pan-sized salmon, prices, and costs. Subject descriptors: Salmon; outloook; general description. 083 Anonymous. i Ne eae To market, to market, to buy a small salmon. Pace NW See OA) > 3-8. and, 12-13. A pilot salmon aquaculture project conducted by Ocean Systems, inci. (CSI) and funded partially by Sea Grant is discussed. The project was categorized into four phases: (1)6 “Ancubation, +2) freshwater cultivation, (3) saltwater cultivation, and (4) test marketing and analysis. Problems in the incubation stage include Faviey fertadization,| siltation due ‘to heavy rains, low -water temperatures, anda fungus. In the freshwater cultivation stage, the food conversion rate is discussed as is Sea Grant's $100,000 matching funds-type grant. Water temperatures, current flow, and storm protection are among the main items discussed in the saltwater cultivation stage. Losses were also caused by dogfish sharks chewing holes in the pens and consuming the salmon and by birds scooping out some fish. In a sample of 27 brokers, 37 wholesalers, etc., taken in July 1970, in 9 major cities, the National Marine Fisheries Service found that verbal commitments were made for about 300,000 pounds of the cultivated salmon. Subject descriptors: Salmon; biology; cage culture; experiment; hatcheries; markets; survey data. 084 Bollman, Frank Herbert. 197%. River basin development and the management of anadromous fisheries: an economic analysis of the Columbia River experience. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. Calif. (Berkeley), Dep. Agri. Econ.,) 793.008 Large main-stream dams have affected the habitat for anadromous fish runs in the Columbia River, which accounts for 40% of the U.S. hydroelectric power potential and 25% of the salmon and steelhead catch in the Northwest. This study focuses on an evaluation of the costs and benefits of mitigation programs (fish passageways and hatcheries) and on the institutional setting for these programs. Capital outlay, annual costs of operation and maintenance, costs of biological research and investigation and public and private power company costs are estimated for 1939-69 and for future continuation of the programs. Benefits and costs acre compared. Methodology problems for sport fishery evaluation are reviewed, and future demands for sport fishing are estimated. With respect to institutions, an analysis is made of tenure status of the resource, conceptual validity and operational usefulness of limited entry, legal and social institutional fish protection, and the effectiveness of State fishery regulations. Subject descriptors: Salmon; hatcheries; benefit-cost analysis; method evaluation; demand analysis; government assistance; production data: recreation demand; investment model. 085 Fraser, Jim; Martin, Stephen G. 1.972-. The economic and biological feasibility study of rearing chinook salmon, chum salmon and Pacific oysters at the Squaxin Island, Port Gamble and Skokomish reservations. Federal Way, Wash., Small Indian Tribes Org. We Wash, © Inc), Final Report, 60 pp. (Obtain from NTIDS,: COM=73=10)110%) The techniques are described for experimentally growing chinook and chum salmon in nylon webbed pens. Results at Squaxin Island indicate that chinook salmon did well, but chum salmon suffered high mortality in the summer. Preliminary data suggest that Squaxin Island and Port Gample may be able to support commercial raft culture of Pacific’. oysters, and! that has mayo muace profitable, but further investigation is suggested for all three reservation sites. The authors warn that member tribes lack 38 business experience and may consequentiy face crop failures in aguaculture. (Based on NTIS abstract.) Subject descriptors: Salmon; oysters; biological feasibility; experiment; economic feasibility; problems; techiques; returns. 086 Gates, J. M.; Mueller, J. J. 1975. Optimizing the growth and marketing of fish in a controlled environment. Bare techn. soc. d..9 (5): 13-16. An optimizing model is presented for salmonid aquaculture, although it is adaptable to any species of interest. TE. os illustrated using hypothetical data; it can be solved using any standard linear programming algorithm. Physical plant and related fixed costs are assumed, so that the optimization decisions relate to operating costs (which are functionally dependent on biomass and temperature regimes) and revenues. Fish size at time of sale and seasonal phasing of marketing are considered. Subject descriptors: Salmon; systems analysis. 087 Joyner, Timothy: Mahnken, Conrad V. W.; Clark, Robert C., Jr. 1974. Salmon--future harvest from the Antarctic Ocean? Rare rach. “hey. 36° (5): 20-28. Salmon has been chosen as the most likely candidate for the introducticn of fish farming in the Antarctic Ocean. Scientists are anxious to introduce fish farming into the Antarctic region primarily because of the high potential of using krill, a smail shrimplike crustacean, as food for the translocated fish. The natural abundance of krill in the Antarctic Ocean would provide food for the salmon and thus reduce production costs for the farming operation. The authors discuss the oceanography of the Antarctic, wind patterns, and probability of adaptation of each salmon species to the Antarctic climate. Several maps and tables are also presented. Subject descriptors: Salmon; Antarctic Ocean; techniques; oceanography; biology. 088 Koposov, A. F. 1964. Some problems concerning the efficiency and economics of artificial rearing of salmon in the Sakhalins (Nekotorye Voprosy effektivnosti i ekonomiki iskusstvennogo razvedeniya lososei na Sakhaline. ) 39 Lososevoe Khozyaistvo Dal'nego Vostoka, E. N. Pavlovskii et al, editors, pp. 179-183. (Copy of translation available on loan from NMFS). Problems concerning economies of scale and location of hatcheries in the Sakhalins are discussed. The size of the hatchery is limited by the availability of spawners and the water supply. An example is given involving the construction of 13 smail hatcheries with a total capacity of 111 million eggs. To put most of the hatcheries into operation, roads, river crossings, and settlements with the necessities of life had to be constructed at a cost of about 20 million rubles. Subject descriptors: Salmon; hatcheries; economies of scale; location factors. 089 MacDonald, C. R.; Meade, T. «: Gates, “J. Ua: 1975 A production cost analysis of closed system culture of salmonids. Univ. &. I. Mars .Tech. Sep. 4 ve nee. This report considers systems design and operation, production processes, and costs for a model commercial salmon culturing Operation with the capacity to produce about 1 million smolts at a cost of about 10 cents each, or $0.97 to $1.07 per pound. Two culture systems are involved, one for egg hatching and the growth of fingerlings, and the other for growth of fingerlings to smolts. The production cycle lasts 270 days. Costs, anput usage and factor prices are carefully detailed and itemized in tables to allow updating and application to other circumstances. Subject descriptors: Salmon; closed system culture; costs. 090 Mahnken, Conrad V. M.; Novotny, Anthony J.; Joyner, Timothy. 1970. Salmon mariculture potential assessed. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2(1): 12-15, and 27. The authors discuss environment and facilities of the NMFS Aguacultural Experiment Station, Manchester, Wash., experimental stocks, feeding schedules, growth measurement, diseases and predators, and possible problems. Puget Sound tidal currents provide an almost continuous flow of water through floating enclosures, allowing a loading density of 1 pound of fish per cubic foot of water. One year of encouraging experimental work with this system and the years of work in developing a successful freshwater salmon hatchery system “provide the basis for an optimistic cutlook for the future development of intensive, egg-to-market culture of Pacific salmon." Technical problems are indicated and judged solvable. The institutional problem of a prospective salmon farmer's acguiring land and water use rights is viewed as a possible barrier, unless zoning authorities accept 40 floating systems of fish culture as an appropriate use of inshore marine waters. Subject descriptors: Salmon; cage culture; general description; legal barriers. 091 Novotny, Anthony J.; Mahnken, Conrad V. W. a7 Vs Farming Pacific salmon in the sea: from the "womb to the tomb." Pion Barwin tad. 25) 2 (6-9. 3 (1): 19-21. The authors report various aspects of a 2-year biological study on growing salmon in enclosed mesh cages, and indicate that the system should prove to be commercially feasible. Topics include the environment, feeds and feeding, fish transfer from freshwater to saltwater and related variations among species as_ to acclimation reguirements, genetics and breeding work, survival rates in the system developed, diseases, and floating pen design (both nursery and growing pens). The purposes of the study were to determine coho salmon growth rates using specific dietary conditions and to determine problems with the system described. The Study was made at the NMFS marine research station, Manchester, Wash. Subject descriptors: Salmon; cage culture; biology; experiment; biological feasibility. 092 Richards, Jack A. 1968. An economic evaluation of Columbia River anadromous fish programs. Boe. thesrs, .Oreg. State Univ... 274 pp. Columbia, River. irrigation, . flood control, navigation, and recreation are important, often complementary products with hydroelectric power, but dam and reservoir construction blocks the migration of the anadromous’ fish. Costs of passage way, hatchery, and related mitigating items are developed and discussed in this thesis. Owing to the lack of appropriate Market prices as a basis of valuation, benefits of commercial (including Indian) and sport fishing are eStimated according to specified methodology. Benefits and costs of the programs are compared. Benefits for commercially caught fish are estimated on the basis of the cost of regulated inefficiency. Benefits for Sport caught fish are estimated using transfer costs as proxies. Conclusions are made concerning the economic justification of the program in the 1930's and in 1965. Subject descriptors: Salmon; hatcheries; benefit-cost analysis; method evaluation; production data; demand analysis; costS; government assistance; recreation demand; investment model. 41 093 Richards, Jack A.; Mahnken, Conrad V. M.; Tanonaka, George K. 1972. Evaluation of the commercial feasibility of salmon aquaculture in Puget Sound. U.S. Dep. Commer., Natl. Mar. Fish. Servs, W.Ws Fishes ‘Cent. unpubl. prelim. analysis, 35 pp. Topics include descriptions of biological and ecological systems, and analyses of production costs, marketing, and cost and returns for a salmon aquaculture operation the size and structure of Ocean Systems, Inc. (now Domsea) activity, which is based on R&D work by NMFS and partial funding by Sea Grant. Capital equipment initial costs, estimated lives, and amortized annual amounts are shown, along with operation and maintenance’ costs (for labor, eggs, utilities, maintenance, heated water, leasing, and permits), and finally total annual costs, by function (incubation, pond rearing, and pen rearing, then total) and cost item. Uncertainty ("risk") returns necessary to encourage investment are discussed as to causes, results, effects of reduction, and relation to limitations and restrictions of entry into aquaculture. Assuming the market would support prices sufficient to cover the opportunity costs of resources used, plus an initial return for risk, preliminary analysis suggests that salmon aguaculture is economically feasible, but there are some serious information gaps. Subject descriptors: Salmon; costs; returns; marketing; risks; investment model. 094 Roberts, Kenneth J. 1972. Economics of hatchery salmon disposal in Oregon. Oreg. State Univ., Mar. Advisory Progr:, Sea” Grant ~17, 9205-7. The sale of salmon returned to hatcheries as opposed to the sale of commercial salmon in Oregon is discussed. The Fish Commission of Oregon (FCO) set up a grading system in 1971 to judge the quality of returned hatchery salmon. A grade of 1 is given those fish returned in good condition. No restrictions are put on their use. Grade 2 means that fish could be used for any purpose other than in the fresh or fresh frozen market. Grade 3 indicates that the fish is in poor condition and may be used for nonhuman consumption only. Hatchery sales from 1968 to 1971 were between 4.7% and 6.5% of commercial landings. A tabled comparison is given of utilization of surplus coho and chinook (as fresh market, canned, smoked or kippered, animal food, crab bait, rendered, or dumped). More salmon was used in the fresh market in 1970 (36%), but that figure declined to 19% in 1971. Oregon is a surplus producer of seafood. Data on markets are given for FCO hatchery sold salmon (1968-71) LD Oregon, Washington, California, other States, and other countries. The conclusions include (1) due to the FCO grading system, the sale of poor quality returned salmon for human consumption has 42 decreased, (2) Salmon sold from hatcheries have had only a Minimal effect on the prices of commercial salmon because poundage of hatchery salmon used for human consumption has been less than 5% of commercial landings, and (3) the effect that the sale of poor quality salmon has on the fresh market has been eliminated. Subject descriptors: Salmon; hatcheries; markets. G95 Stevens ,..JOC. baw) Mactrox, Bruce W. UTS). Augmentation of salmon stocks through artificial propagation: methods and implications. Adam A. Sokoloski, editor, Ocean fishery management: discussions and research. U.S. Dep. Commer., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA fcehn,, Rep. Creer 37 ioe pp. 133-145. The Pacific Coast has 81 hatcheries that reat Significant numbers of salmon and steelhead for sport and commercial fisheries. Annual operation and maintenance costs are $6.6 million. A productiony function analysis «of .15° Oregon Fish Commission hatcheries led to tentative conclusions that (1) controlled inputs were combined in fixed proportions, (2) constant returns to size were realized, and (3) some degree of factor substitution existed between the controlled "fixed proportion input" and water temperature. The latter relationship may allow hatchery managers to improve efficiency at the hatchery level. Uncertainty about the downstream environment, however, must be considered along with returns to scale for the hatchery production function when new investments are undertaken. Fixed asset theory was used to conceptualize exit and entry of salmon-harvesting resources between 1947 and 1966. Net entry followed years of good catches, but net exit did not occur following the bad years. If a major objective of hatchery programs is to augment fishermen's incomes, consideration must be given to increasing the opportunity costs Of, 5eCstant EECsounCceSs), as twelk ase» to, Limiting entry of new resources. (Modified authors! abstract). Subject descriptors: Salmon; hatcheries; costs; returns; economies of scale. 096 Wagner, Louis C. TOS. An evaluation of the market for pan-sized salmon. Ueseavep. Comner., Nati. Mar. Fish. Serv., Market Res. Serv. Div., Res. Contract Rep. N208-0344-72N, 50 pp. During mid-1972 the first cultured, pan-sized salmon were test marketed in several U.S. cities, mostly on the West Coast. Information was gathered on market acceptance via interviews of brokers, wholesalers, and restaurateurs. Reactions are Summarized by product characteristics and by market area. The 43 producing units (Domsea, Lummi Indian Tribes, and Small Indian Tribes), methods, estimated harvest, and factors affecting market potential are also discussed. Restaurant reactions concerned ways of preparing, menu description, relative price, lunch vs. supper offerings, packaging, quality, size, color, boned vs. unboned forms, and popularity. Over two-thirds of the restaurants charged more for pan-sized salmon than other varieties of fish on the menu, but the product is discussed in terms of competition primarily with trout and fresh or frozen salmon items from larger fish. The pan-sized salmon was dressed, heads-on, eviscerated, glazed, and sized (6-8, 8-10, 10-12, yor 12-14 ounces) by the producer (Domsea). Subject descriptors: Salmon; market; marketing. 097 Wahle, Roy J; Vreeland, Robert R.; Lander, Robert H. 1974. Bioeconomic contribution of Columbia River hatchery coho salmon, 1965 and 1966 broods, to the Pacific salmon fisheries. U.S. Dep. Commer., Natl. Mar. Fash. Serv.;, Fishery Bulli. 720i) - 139=169; Marked coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, smolts of the 1965 and 1966 broods were released from 20 hatcheries on four sections of the Columbia River and tributaries. Commercial and sport fisheries in marine waters from Pelican, Alaska, to Avila Beach, Calif., and on the Columbia River were sampled during 1967-69 for marks. The net value of the estimated total catch of hatchery fish was calculated after adjusting for the effects of marking. Also estimated for each brood were the total costs of rearing including amortized capital outlay. Total benefits of $8.58 million for the 1965 brood and $9.11 million for the 1966 brood were estimated as applicable to normal production years when no marcking takes place. Corresponding costs were estimated as $1.29 million for the 1965 brood and $1.23 million for the 1966 brood. Estimated benefit/cost ratios for the 20 Columbia River coho salmon hatcheries, as operated under production regimes prevailing during the study, may prove useful in decisions affecting management policies. The ratios are 6.6/1 for the 1965 brood, 7.4/1 for the 1966 brood, and. 7.0/1 fer both “broods combined. (Authors' abstract.) Subject descriptors: Salmon; hatcheries; benefit-cost analysis. 44 OYSTERS AND OTHER MOLLUSKS 098 Agnello, Richard J.; Donnelley, Lawrence P. 97>. The interaction of economic, piological, and legai forces in the Middle Atlantic oyster industry. Peowevep.pcomer., yNatl. «Mar. Fish. Servs, Fishery Bull. 73(2Z): Zo26-—26 1. Economic, environmental, and legal forces are contributing factors in the decline of the Middle Atlantic oyster industry. This paper determines the interactions and importance of these forces by quantifying and integrating some of the relevant variables into a supply and demand model of the oyster industry. The statistical results yield significant and expected parameter values with useful information on price and income demand elasticities. Also implications of common property legal frameworks on resource utilization are revealed. The main ecenelusions “are that efforts to rehabilitate the industry by cleaning up pollution, replacing cultch, and encouraging iegal private property rights may have large social values. (Authors! anstract..) Subject descriptors: Oysters; supply; demand analysis; model. 099 Castagna, Mike. 972. Economic potential of clam operation and economic survey of scallop operation. Manse ioteodab. Sci. unpubl. prelim. rep., 16 pp. Preliminary information iS provided on an experimental VIMS operation at Watchapreague, Va. Estimated capital costs, borrowing requirements, and 10-year flows of operating costs, revenues and cash are detailed. Some suggestions for reducing costs and improving profit performance are made. [For discussion of the biology, cultural techniques employed, and some aspects of the bay scallop's economic suitability for culture, see Michael Castagna, 1975, Culture of the pay scallop, Argopecten irradians, im viEgi nid Mars Fish. -Rev.° 37 (1): 19> 24. ] Subject descriptors: Clams; scallops; costs; revenue; returns. 100 Cavanagh, Carroll. 1974. Luck, management, laws result in Connecticut oyster 'boomlet'. Hata. Fashermany 54 (12) :° 4=C. For the first time in decades, a boat began buying oyster seed in the narrow lower estuary of the Housatonic River. The seed were harvested by boats with small hand-haul dredges. Outside of the 45 mouth of the river lies the virtually unused, put historically important, public-ground Bridgeport Natural Bed (4,800 acres). Laws, Changed to allow dredging instead of hand tonging (1968); shell spreading, lifting, and desilting; predator control in the seeding area; grower association expansion; leasing of recently unused grounds; widespread and intense spat set in summer 1973 and other factors suggest a possible industry regrowth. Sone data are given on such items as catch, yield, and spat-per bushel. Subject descriptors: Oysters; problems; general description; legal barriers. 101 Charbonneau, Joseph John. 1974, A spatial analysis of selected impacts on the South Atlantic oyster processing industry. PheD. Thesis, Univ. Md, 92 07. While the "primary objective of this study is to determine the regional impacts of a shift in the processing cost structure" associated with both pollution abatement and introduction of an automatic shucking machine, some of the results may be of use in evaluations of oyster aguaculture. A simultaneous eguations ap- proach was used to estimate supply and demand functions. Income elasticities of demand were in the range -0.297 to +0.389, and were based upon three procedures and 1969 cross-section household survey data for nine regions of the country. Subject descriptors: Oysters; supply; demand analysis; model. 102 Costello, Frederick. A. Marsh, Brent. i. 1372. Systems engineering of oyster production. Univ. Del., Coll. Mar. Studies, Dep. Mech. Acro. Eng. ,s cub. s.uo. 2ZENO66, Sea Grant GH-109, Rep. no. DEL—-SCG-—5-—72 7 Jo ePpie An interim report describing priefly some aspects of the methodological approach used to optimize a system with stochastic properties, unknown distribution functions, large numbers of variables and equations, and other problems. The application discussed is to algae production which is a subsystem process that is part of the larger system, production of oysters in a closed environment. Algae production costs for a cost-optimized American Cyanamid originated process are shown; they form the Easeline £or sensitivity analysis. The. results, dofagtke sensitivity analysis that are shown are based on changing certain stochastic variables 10% and 20% from their nominai values. Those variables requiring further study are identified in terms of their fregquency-distribution deviation values (investment or initial cost deviation values and amortized annual equivalent cost deviation values). The discussion is technical in setting, 46 and 45 of the 55 pages of the report contain computer program listings and printouts, but the report does not contain a program documentation (flow diagrams, user guides, term definitions, ete< Subject descriptors: Oysters; closed system culture; systems analysis; sensitivity analysis; costs; experiment. 103 Gibson, Gary G.; Lund, Dennis S. Tots. A pilot economic study of oyster raft culture in Yaguina Bay, Oregon. Apotehace OnLy po in Proc... Nati... Shellfish. Assoc. Convention, oo eee Ole @ Ss wDey Lis (Authors are with Fish Comm. Oreg. and Newport Oyster Co., Newport, Oreg.) Basedscn Eecorded costs fora Single caft (12, ft by 20 ft), adjustment of capital costs for larger scale operation (addition cf costs fcr concrete anchors, piling, boom logs and harvesting eguipment), and adjustment in the number of 6 ft strings of suspended Japanese oyster seed, gross revenue of $3.33, costs of $1.37 and net return of $1.96 per string were estimated. A price of $20 per bu (in-shell, cocktail-sized oysters, 100 meats per pint) and 206 strings per raft were assumed. Subject descriptors: Oysters; revenue; costs; returns; raft culture. 104 Gunter, Gordon; Demoran, William J. MOET Mississippi oyster culture. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aguacuit. News 2(5): 8-12. Oyster species, behavior, feeding, sheli deposits, commercial production, human food nutritional qualities, and cultural methods are described. Leased beds are employed in Virginia and Louisiana, but not Mississippi and Texas, for example. An agency of Mississippi State can open and _ close oyster reefs, plant shells or seed, move oysters for purposes of depurification, and administer culling and harvest restrictions. The agency is credited with a fivefold increase in oyster output in 20 years, but its efforts are limited by funding, which is dependent on a severance tax. Data for 1960 to 1970 are given on amounts of shell and seed planted, and oysters moved for depurification. Subject descriptors: Oysters; government assistance; public grounds; industry development. 47 105 Hidu, Herbert. 1969. The feasibility of oyster hatcheries in the Delaware-Chesapeake Pay region. Kent S. Price, Jré, and Ben i: Maurer, editors, Proceedings, Conference on Artificial Propagation of Commercially Valuable Shellfish, Oysters, Oct. 22-23, 1969, Univ. Del., Call. Mac. Studies, pp. 111-131. Feasibility is examined from the biological, economic, and socio-political viewpoints. The emphasis is on research progress on the biological systems in a hatchery (conditioning and spawning, larval rearing, and spat rearing) and on experimental progress on biological hatchery production costs. Some paradoxes are raised. The region provides an excellent growth medium, but natural seed has sometimes not been fully utilized. Private growers and public-agency buyers who were questioned indicated unwillingness to pay more than the price of natural seed, with some oyster grounds going unworked for lack of seed. Since the estimated cost of hatchery seed is 3 to 7 times the price of natural seed, hope for its use is seen only via further research and experimental work to reduce production costs. Socio-political factors affecting possible use of hatchery seed are discussed briefly. Subject descriptors: Oysters; hatcheries; R&D role; problems. 106 MacKenzie, Clyde L., Jr. 19:70. Oyster culture modernization in Long Island Sound. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 1(6): 7-10. Increased oyster seed productivity in Long Island Sound is discussed. This is the result of improved equipment, control of major causes of mortality, better preparation of oyster-setting beds, and production of oyster seed from hatcheries. Techniques of seeding beds, controlling predators (common starfish and boring snail), and controlling suffocation by silt are explained. Yields obtained by oyster companies today have increased from about 1 to 10 or more bushels of oysters from 1 bushel of young seed oysters. Greater production of better quality oysters is forecasted. Subject Descriptors: Oysters; ground culture; biology; general description; government assistance. 107 MacKenzie, Clyde L., Jr. 1970. Oyster culture in Long Island Sound, 1966-1969. Commer. Fish. Rev. 32(1): 27-40. Topics discussed include oyster culture practices, problems, BCF (now NMFS) activity, practice-improving effects on yield, seeding, equipment and other factor-use, and some cost information. Seed shortages were traced to lack of property (lease) rights on public beds and to improper seed bed preparation on private (leased) beds. Predators must be removed, and clean shell spread only when larvae abundance is high. Cultural practices for growth from seed to market size include predator and competitor removal, seed planting, annual thinning and transplanting (3-4 times), and harvesting (4- to S-year old oysters, at which time costs are estimated at $2.50 per bushel, including $1.25 for culling). Equipment and improvements, causes of oyster mortality, and remaining problems (i.e., as determined in the BCF project, but requiring further work to solve) are discussed. Subject descriptors: Oysters; problems; biology; private grounds; government aesistances costs. 108 SeESh,- 5. L., MOEEL SON, A. W.: Costello, F. A. wo72. Systems engineering of oyster production. tuey. Del.,- Mech. Acro. Eng. Dep., Sea Grant 2=35223, 21 pp. Results of systems engineering analysis are discussed in terms of cost reduction effects for a synthetic closed-environment oyster culture system originally designed by American Cyanamid (1968). Given certain assumptions (e.g., 15-year, 8% amortization; 100,000-bushel annual output; 70 degrees F. water temperature), costs are itemized. Per bushel costs are estimated as: $o4u, without water recycling; $49, with 85% recycling; $22, with an optimized system and available technology; and as low as $13, with a modest research program, a cost said to be competitive with costs of cultured, natural environment oysters for the half-shell trade. Specified research projects are evaluated in terms of expected return (cost reduction multiplied by probability of project success). Subject descriptors: Oysters; closed system culture; systems analysis; R&D role; costs. 49 109 Marsh, Brent Luther. 1973. Techniques for design of large-scale systems. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. Del., Dep. Mech. Aero. Eng, 223 pp. The primary concern is the presentation of methods developed to optimize large systems with stochastic properties, to select fron among the many large-system variables the ones requiring design work and optimization, and to do this selection using computer language nctation. Application is to a hypothetical, closed- environment oyster production system with output of 100,000 bushels annually, and average cost is reduced from about $49 to $22 per bushel. Three kinds of uncertainty are considered, namely in design variables, parameters, and functional relationships. Sensitivity analysis is used to isolate aspects of the system requiring design work, given some reasonable base design, and the least sensitive variables or aspects of the system are then "fixed," allowing design work to be concentrated on the smaller “dominant problem" (p. 90). The often obscure nature of computer-language equations is overcome by the use of a print-out matrix (rows represent equations; columns, variables). Subject descriptors: Oysters; closed system culture; systems analysis; costs. 110 Mason, J. 1972. Mollusc culture in Scotland. World. Fish. 21 (6) + 42-44. Extensive beds of oysters once existed in Scottish waters, but they have diminished for several reasons. Because of market demand, new methods are being developed to culture both oysters and mussels. Rather than the native oyster Ostrea edulis, Crassotrea gigas is being emphasized, with output of 1 million seed oysters per month. Cultural techniques have been adapted from those used in other countries for mussels, and the difficulty of rearing natural larvae means that dependence is placed on natural spat fall. (Based on ASFA abstract.) Subject descriptors: Scotland; oysters; mussels; general description. 111 Matthiessen, George C. 1970. A review of oyster culture and the oyster industry in North America. woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Contrib. No. 2528, 52 pp. The conclusion section reviews several factors which account for past and pxrospective progressive development of oyster culture. The report has sections on eight geographical areas of the North American continent. Each section discusses species grown, 50 production practices, oyster ground control and rights (public VS. private grounds), prices, problems, economic incentives, industry organization, research, government involvement and assistance, and the use or potential use of certain cultural methods (e.g., hatcheries, raft culture, pond culture, selective breeding, and closed-environment culture). The factors accounting for progressive development are high market demand, legislation favorable to leasing of oyster grounds, willingness and ability to invest in research, and maintenance of water quality favorable to oyster culture. Subject descriptors: Oysters; biology; R&D role markets; demand; legal barriers; development; general description. 112 Matthiessen, G. C.:° Toner, R. C. 1966. Possible methods of improving the shellfish industry of Martha's Vineyard, Duke's County, Massachusetts. Bag@rcown, Mass., Mat. Res. Found., 136 pp. (Obtain from NTIS, PB 1:75 09'5\,) While not the primary focus of this report, the last part of the report (pp. 110-131) includes recommendations, estimated capital and operating costs for an oyster hatchery, other cost information, computational and other assumptions, institutional and other constraints affecting the potential expansion of the Duke's County mollusk industry, and an effort to assess return on investment for an oyster hatchery. Subject descriptors: Mollusks; oysters; bay scallops; hard clams (quahog clams); soft shell clan; biology; hatcheries; biological feasibility; experiment; development rationale; institutions; constraints; method comparison; costs. 113 Menzel, Winston. 0974 1. The mariculture potential of clam farming. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2 (8): 8-14. Quahog clam (genus Mercenaria) behavior, biology, suitability for culture, problems, experimental results and recommendations are discussed. While predators and labor costs, especially in the nursery or hatchery stage, pose problems, estimated gross revenue would seem to suggest as good a return as for other animal species being considered for culture, judging by preliminary experimental data. Subject descriptors: Clams; biology; experiment; outlook. 51 114 Morse, N. H. 1971. An economic study of the oyster fishery of the Maritime Provinces. Fish. Res. Board Can., Bull. 175, 81 pp. The fishery is characterized by low productivity, low investment per firm (low capital to labor ratio), ‘slow adoption’ cf mechanized harvesting technology and certain other problems, but the most critical problem relates to the economic provision and use of seed oysters, such as via hatcheries. The industry's development and institutional setting is analyzed. Policy cptions appear to lie between "Support of numerous small oyster producers and opening the oyster areas to the highest bidders who probably would develop the largest and strongest industry with the minimum of public assistance." Some cost estimates are presented. Based upon a 1966 survey, output (both market and seed oysters), number of enterprises, number of leasehold enterprises, investment, net income and other information is provided. While there is some analysis of supply and demand, lack “of adequate quantitative data has made it impossible to arrive at answers to many relevant questions." Subject descriptors: Oysters; Canada; costs; survey data. 5 Pesson, L. L.- 19:7 4 The coastal fisherman of LouiSiana: their characteristics, attitudes, practices, and responsiveness to change. LSU, Cent. Agri. Sci. Rural Dev.7> Coop.” Ext. . "Servs7) esca Berane 04=3-1518=19, 60 “pp. There were 16 oyster farmers in the stratified random sample of 500 (7% sample) Louisiana coastal parish fishermen. The 467 usable schedules were obtained in August 1972 to April 1973. The report's eight sections deal with respondent characteristics; fishing operations; opinions, attitudes, and problems; knowledge of and contact with Cooperative Extension; uSage, opinion, and source of new ideas; leadership and participation patterns; shrimping practices, and other fishing practices. By comparison, oysterers have large operations (p. 54). Sample percentage distribution data are given for method (75%, dredges), type and size of boat, number of crew, acreage cultivated (under 200 acres, 38%; 200-400 acres, 24%; over 400 acres, 38%), acreage planted in past year, problems, harvest last year, and time commitment (73%, part-time). Generally, coastal fishermen tend to be middle-aged, have a low level of education, live in a rural area, value self-reliance, and have a pattern of change indicating normal adoptive behavior. Subject descriptors: Oysters; socio-economic data; survey data; techniques. 52 116 Quayle, D. B. 1969. Pacific oyster culture in British Columbia. Paah.enes. board Cans, Bull. °-169;, 192 pp. While the primary concerns of this report relate to the biology and cultural technigues for oysters, information of interest in economic evaluations is included, such as historical quantity and value data (oysters, from 1884; Pacific oysters and seed imports, for more recent years only), estimated ground (1969) and raft (1953) culture costs, anda discussion of marketing, products, processing and institutional factors. Problems include pollution and growth-related encroachments into traditional (more productive) grounds, Subject descriptors: Biology; general description; costs; problems. 417 Rockwood, Charles E. 1973. A management program for the oyster resource in Apalachicola Bay, Florida. Fiae ctate- Univ., Tallahassee, Fla., 350 pp. This report recommends a management program for the oyster resource in Apalachicola Bay to improve efficiency, enhance the Oyster output potential, and improve marketing for the product. Franklin County (which borders on the Bay) is profiled as to social and economic indicators of its economic growth or nongrowth. The scope and size of the oyster industry is also discussed. Several tables of employment and oyster data are presented. Price data, demand, supply, investment, and value added in the oyster industry are discussed. Conclusions reas .Ato the status of these factors in the economic development of Franklin County are made. Subject descriptors: Oyster; costs; demand analysis; marketing; methods. 118 Shaw, William N. TST i. Oyster culture research--off-bottom growing techniques. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2 (9): 16-19 and 21. An off-bottom oyster culture project undertaken by the Natl. Mar. Fishes serv. in 1966, 1s discussed. Three methods (longline, Eagad. structure; and > raft) were tested. In November, 1969, growth and meat guality were compared for the three methods. Very little difference was found. The two largest companies using off-bottom methods are in California. They produce about 30,000 gallons of oyster meats annually. Subject descriptors: Oysters; method comparison; general description. 53 119 Tarr, Marvin A.; Carr, Mark I; Westley, Ronald E. 1ST. Biological evaluation of floating oyster culture (Section B), and Economic evaluation of the floating oyster culture (Section C) of final report of investigations for the Lummi Aquaculture Project. Wash. State Dep. Fish., Manage. Res. Div., 20 pp. Biology: Using facilities of the Western Oyster Company, floating and bottom culture methods were compared during the period November 1970 to September 1971. Study methodology, limitations, and results are given... Raft culture was found superior to ground culture, except for fouling. Economics: Raft culture costs (for Western Oyster Company) are compared to bottom culture costs for Puget Sound, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Bay for 1971 (questionnaires and interviews, data for 5 0% of Washington Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, production). Raft-cultured oysters were harvested after 1 year on the raft (16-20 per half pint), and ground-culture oysters, at 3 years (medium oysters, 8-10 per pint). Costs per gallon of oyster meat for the two methods are itemized to include _ seed, planting and culture, and harvesting. Subject descriptors: Oysters; raft culture; ground culture; method comparison; costs; returns; survey data; biology. 120 Vaughn, Charles L. aes | is gk National survey of the oyster industry's problems. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Market Res. “Serv. Divo, “Contract “hep. N=-043-4'4=72," 920 pp. Based upon NMFS processing-firm population data, oyster processing firms were stratified on the basis of location (East, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts) and dollar volume of oyster product sales (less than $0.1, 50.1 to 0.5 and-over $0.5, anv utl*#2 ons) (“20 tSZOs O£,,. 523, firms, . 1924 were: Ksampled- The 1972-73 survey employed mail guestionnaires and nonrespondent interviews. Ee was intended to ascertain and rank specific industry problems. The survey results are summarized in discussion and detailed tables. Topies include: attitude about future business prospects, problems, market outlets, capital expenditure plans, role of the Shellfish Institute of North America, product forms, areas of the business with greatest future, and employment. The tables employ frequency distributions, U.S., by size of firm and by region. The . firms buy oysters,» shuck,, and. ASeCUEAne yoeoc products, mostly fresh. Sales concentration iS apparent. Supply problems, relating to pollution mainly, and production probiems, relating especially to shortages of qualifed labor, are among the leading difficulties. Aquaculture of seed and market-size (processor-input size) oysters ranks fairly low among “aspects of the oyster business with greatest future," and "finished 54 convenience items" leads, followed by the shelling and shucking cf oysters (raw). The survey results differ somewhat by size of firm and by region. Subject descriptors: Oysters; survey data; markets; prospectus factors; problems. SHRIMP AND OTHER CRUSTACEANS aA Anderson, Lee G.; Tabb, Durban C. T9741. Some economic aspects of pink shrimp farming in Florida. Bee Gt! BCatl po. Fish. inst.> 23d. Annu. Sess., Nov. 11, 1970, pp. 113-124. Using estimated cost data, specified assumptions, three sizes of farms (100, 500, and 1000 acres), two kinds of output (bait and food shrimp), six prices of land ($250 to $15,000 per acre) and other information, the authors compute and show internal rates of return (IRR), along with tables of net cash flows (and computational components, namely capital and operating costs with some detail, and gross revenue) for 16-year hypothetical operating periods. Economies of scale are apparent. Labor is a sagnatieant cost. Only two of the six operations proved profitable, given the land prices and crop prices assumed. with higher food shrimp prices (72 cents per pound assumed for 36-count (Shrimp) the situation might pe less’ pessimistic. However, increasing the aumber of crops from one to three (110-count instead of 36-count shrimp) did not improve profits. Market price effects are discussed and would be significant for a Parge “(1,000-aere) ~bait—-shrimp “farm. -[Annotator’s note: for partially revised investment data, see Lee G. Anderson, 1973, An economist looks at mariculture, aoe Mar. Techs Secs d.> 7.(3) Se5..4 Subject descriptors: Shrimp; investment model; economic feasibility; revenue; costs; returns; sensitivity analysis; demand analysis; markets; outlook. 122 Anonymous. 972 « Marifarms Incorporated. Estabrook and Co., Faherty and Swartwood Inc., 40 pp. This prospectus contains information typically provided to investors and stockholders, such as descriptions, operations, balance sheet, income statement, risk factors, and information on stocks, and legal and other matters. "The Company is developing the business at its facilities located on 2,500 acres of bay near Panama City, Fiorida. The business consists of the location and 55 collection of gravid mother shrimp, the hatching of young shrimp from eggs spawned by the mother shrimp (using Japanese-derived hatching technigues), the cultivation of the hatched shrimp in open water through the Company's proprietary technology and the harvesting and sale of the cultivated shrimp." Subject descriptors: Shrimp; investment; techniques; R&D role; markets; outlook; general description; financing. 123 Avault, James W., JI. 1972. Crayfish farming in the United States. Paper presented at the First. International Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish, Sept. 12 to 15, 1972, Hinterthal, Salzoureer Land, Austria. La. State Univ., Cent. Wetland Resour., Sea Grant Preprint No. 897, 23 pp. Tcpics include species, biology, farming, and other items. The industry iS primarily centered in LouiSiana, with live-weight Output of over 10 million pounds annually, valued at $5 million. Until recently this came mostly from wild stocks. Rice-field ponds, wooded ponds, and open ponds are used in farming, and cultural practices are essentially similar. The. “CEOD. «ais harvested about 1 year after the brood fish are stocked, and lift nets and funnel traps of chicken wire are used, as for the wild harvest. Professional crayfishermen are employed by farmers for harvesting with compensation of half the value of the live crayfish at the market. Productivity ranges generally from 200 to 800 pounds per acre. Early season farm-raised crayfish bring over 60 cénts per pound, but the price declines as the wild crop enters the market, and price averages about 25 cents per pound. At 15 cents per pound, the crayfishermen find it is not worth their while to continue trapping. Pond acreage is increasing in Louisiana. There were 12,000 acres in 1969, 25,000 in 1970, and 40,000 in 1971. Subject descriptors: Crayfish; crawfish; development; prices; technigues; biology; cutlook. 124 Avault, James W., Jr.3; de la Bretonne, Larry W., Jr-; Jaspers, Edmonde J. 1970. Culture of the crawfish, Louisiana's crustacean king. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 1(10): 8-14, 27. Crawfish (crayfish) biology, behavior, production, cultural technigues, market potential for food and bait ("soft craws"), and studies are discussed. Crawfish are being reared in three types of ponds: rice ponds, wooded ponds, and open ponds. Cultural practices are essentially similar in all ponds. Yields range from about 200 to 800 pounds per acre generally. lLouiSiana 56 crawfish pond acreage was 12,000 acres in 1969 and perhaps 25,000 acres..-in.41:97.0. Live-market prices average about 25 cents per pound for the season, but early-crop farm-raised crawfish bring 60 cents per pound. The price declines if the cyclical (among years) wild crop enters the market in sufficient amount. Harvesting is by lift net and funnel traps of chicken wire, and farmers hire professional crawfishermen who operate 5 to 10 traps per acre and receive one-half of the live-market crawfish price for harvesting. No food is used. Trapping rights are leased. Capital requirements are relatively small compared to catfish, and returns to land, family labor, and management range from $50 to $100 per acre. Results of studies on mineral requirements (soil and water hardness effects) and brackish water culture are reported. Work is mentioned relating to feeding, possible neal use of crawfish waste (85% of the crawfish), crawfish peeler eguipment, and crawfish as aquatic weed control agents. Subject descriptors: Crawfish; crayfish; development; prices; techniques; returns; markets; research. 125 Carroll, James C.>-'Blades, Holland C., Jr. 1974. A quantitative analysis of the amounts of South Louisiana crawfish that move to market through selected channels of distribution. Univ. Southwestern La., Dep. Mark., Res. Series 35, 32 pp. Results of a 1974 survey of South Louisiana processors, seafood markets and restaurants selling crawfish items are reported. Processor volume and value of sales, distribution channels, and the ranking of various crawfish entrees served in restaurants are indicated. While the marketing channel processor to seafood market to consumer accounted for the largest percentage of processor shipments, and while 65% of the volume (62% of the value) of processor shipments consist of live crawfish, it is concluded that since "non-natives of South Louisiana are not knowledgeakle concerning methods of preparing crawfish entrees at home, ...- peeled crawfish tails could be more successfully marketed to restaurants in out-of-state locations than to seafood markets." Subject descriptors: Crawfish; crayfish; markets; marketing. 126 Franz; Robert: S.. 1974. An investigation of the potential for expansion of the supply of South Louisiana crawfish and crawfish processing facilities. Uni. poecLal., wep.) (Mark ., Ress. Ser. 34, 20 pp. Results of a 1974 survey of South Louisiana crawfish processors are reported. Processors handled about 14.5 million pounds 57 live-weight basis) of crawfish in the 1973-74 season. Prices paid and received, processor activity, utilization of capacity, expansion interest and Other survey results are discussed. Ponds accounted for about one-third of their purchases. While 42,000 acres of ponds were farmed, it is estimated that 100,000 acres could be, and that with potential yields obtained in the survey, good management and optimum conditions, ponds alone could supply some 100 million pounds. Subject descriptors: Crawfish; crayfish; survey data; productivity; processing; prices. 127 Fujimura, Takuji. 1972. Development of prawn culture industry. Proceedings, Kauai Aquaculture Conference, Hawaii Dep. Pianning Econ. and Kauai County Off. of Econ. Dew., 2D. Ses. During 5 years of research effort, costs of proaucing stockable size juveniles (about 1 cm in average length) were reduced from $6.63 to $1.93 per 1,000, not -counting — fixed” costs. Also, a practical mass culturing technique was developed and a breeding stock was established to supply commercial needs. Topics include rearing trials and problems; growth rates; feeding, culling, cover-plant, and harvesting practices; yield, feed, survival, timing, and other data. Small (0.20 to 0.36 ha) ponds with nud or earth bottoms were used for rearing, and yields reached 3,820 kg/ha or 3378 lb/acre annually. The conversion ratios of weight of feed to weight of prawn were in the 3.3 to 3.4/1 range; feed consisted of chicken feed and fresh whole fish, and other feeds on an experimental basis. Subject descriptors: Prawns; techniques; biology; experiment; costs; research; biological feasibility; development. 128 Garino, David P. 19%. Commodities-shrimp farming attracts new interest as demand outpaces supply, lifts prices. Wall St. Jd., April 3, 1972, -paece Because of the relatively faster growth in demand compared to supply, shrimp prices are increasing, and some researchers expressed the hope that the fledgling shrimp farming industry may someday slow the rate of price increase. Interest and activity of several large companies are indicated (e.g., Dow Chemical, Ralston Purina, and San Diego °Gaso.& EXectrie7) as wellas Marifarms), but some companies (e.g., Greyhound's Armour & Co. subsidiary) withdrew as costs mounted. Some of the formidable obstacles to profitable operation and industry success are mentioned, such as shrimp survival, cultural methods generally, feeding, R&D, proper scale of operation, and water temperature 58 regulation. The views and opinions of industry and university people who were interviewed indicate that a profitable industry may be operational in say 10 years, that some of the obstacles are being overcome, or at least being attacked, and that even now, “barring a disaster, shrimp farming can be marginally successful." Subject descriptors: Shrimp; problems; R&D role; outlook. 129 Gary, Don L. 1974. The commercial crawfish industry of South Louisiana. Bde state Univ., Cent. Wetland Resour.;, LSU-SG 74-01, 59 pp. This report is an abridged version of a thesis submitted to Oregon State Univ., 1973, entitled "A geographic systems analysis of the commercial crawfish industry in South Louisiana." Topics include history of crawfishing, biology, cultural techniques, and various factors affecting processing plants and ponds, and their location. Information is provided on the number, type, and location of ponds, including frequency distribution graphs on the number of ponds by size and type (open, swamp, and rice-field ponds). Estimated acreage of commercially managed ponds is shown for selected years; and it grew from 40 acres in 1949 to 44,000 acres in 1973, but growth is expected to taper off. fhe, ¢33 studied processing plants have annual input of live crawfish ranging from 2,000 to 450,000 pounds, and 57% of these plants are owned along with a complementary restaurant, grocery store, or fish market outlet. A consensus iS that 50-acre ponds maximize returns on investment. Both total and per-acre estimated revenue, cost, and returns are shown for a hypotheticai 50-acre pond operation. Subject descriptors: Crawfish; crayfish; acreage data; history; development; R&D role; pond culture; techniques; revenue; costs; returns; processing; cutlook. 130 Helfrich, Philip: 19F 35 The feasibility of brine shrimp production on Christmas Island. Una Ve aweat,) Sea. Grant, Progr, Sea Grant Tech. Rep-, UNDHL-SBAGRANT=TR-73-02, <173) pp. Discussed is a scheme to culture brine shrimp on Christmas Island, the largest of the Line Islands, 1,100 miles due south of Maui Island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Details on the island's location, weather, government, and history are given along with details on geology, physiography, lake circulation, and biology of the brine shrimp. The market potential for cultured brine Shrimp is discussed. Aquarium hobbyists and consumers of the Shrimp as a food source create the market. Estimated annual 59 sales of brine shrimp eggs in the United States, Europe, and Japan are greater than 14,000 gallons. The present U.S. retail price is $50 per gallon. The wholesale price is $25 per gallon. A pesticide-free egg would allow the food market to expand and lower the costs. Two plans, A and B, are discussed in terms of output, costs, and receipts throughout a 4-year period, including construction costs. Under plan A, tabled data shows expenditures of $0.7 million and receipts of $1.05 million. Plan B has total expenditures of $1.2 million and receipts of $1.75 million. Other tables itemize numerous other input and output items. Frozen brine shrimp is predicted to cost 17.5 cents per pound for processing, but to command a wholesale price of 30 to 35 cents per pound. With production at 1,000 pounds per day, the projected margin would total $125 to $175. Christmas Island's facilities such as labor force, ports, electrical power, fuel, and freshwater supply are also discussed. Subject descriptors: Shrimp; Hawaii; biology; biological feasibility; revenue; costs; returns; economic feasibility. T31 Jhingran, V. G.; Gopalakrishnan, V. oI 35 Prospects for the development of brackishwater fish and shrimp culture: in’ ineta- J.-Fish. Res. Bd. Cans, 3012, pate 2) 2 24 1-2o45, Topics include: estimated actual and potential area, methods, experimental yields, research progress, estimated potential costs and returns, and development recommendations. Some 10,000 ha of brackish water area were used for fish and shrimp “trap and grow" culture in 1968 (perhaps 15,200 ha by 1973). Tidal water enters open sluices of embanked ponds, sluice gates are closed, the fish and shrimp grow for some months, and they are harvested. Yields average 200 kg/ha/year (range 100-1,000). Based on improved technology (used in experimental and piiot farm operations), estimated costs and returns for a 10 to 20 ha suggested (hypothetical) farm operation are given on a per-hectare basis. Assumed yield is 1,500 kg/ha/year of unspecified species. Experimental work mentioned relates to prawn (Penaeus monodon), mullet (Mugil parsia) and bhekti (Lates calcarifer). Subject descriptors: Shrimp; India; biology; revenue; costs; returns; experiment; development; techniques; research. 132 Johnston, W. E.;°Alien, PP. vce 1974. Technology assessment and the direction of future research: use cf computerized budgeting for lobster aquaculture. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics Association, Aug. 1974, College Station, Texas, 28 pp. 60 in multidisciplinary research endeavors, objectives may be clearly defined but central evaluation lacking. Additionally, where models cannot be well specified, simulation techniques are unusable. For research directed towards commercial lobster aguaculture, the application of computerized budgeting in evaluating state-of-the-arts and an assessing alternative research strategies is illustrated. (Authors! abstract; more recent results of this research are amnotated under Schuur and others.) Subject descriptors: Lobsters; systems analysis; engineering design; costs. V3 Kensler, Craig B. 1970. The potential of lobster culture. Amer. Fish Farmer World Agquacult. News (11): 8-12, 27. The author discusses past and present work with lobster culture, b2GloqieGal criteria, culture suitability, and probiems of the lobster. The development rationale is expressed in terms of mentioning world supply-demand and price situations for this luxury-food crustacean. Hatchery efforts to augment natural stocks began in Europe in 1865 and in North America in 1885, cut their effectiveness and feasibility was never established. The “golden age" of lobster culture saw as many as 20 North American stations invclved, of which only 1 remained in 1950. Recent price advances and general improvements in aquaculture technology help explain the present rationale for four major and other efforts to develop the state of the art of lopster culture. Biological problems include the lobster's natural environment, temperature-related slow growth, cannibalism, territorial behavior, and possible high mortality in a culture environment, due to diet, disease, molting, cannibalism, or other factors. Subject descriptors: Lobsters; biology research; history; state of the art; R&D role. 134 Mock, Cs. (BR. aS73% Shrimp culture in Japan. Barseershs (Rey. 7 135.(324): 971-74 In this extract of a longer paper, growing procedures, research, production data, and some economic forces are discussed. Live shrimp are used in preparing meals in tempura fashion, helping to explain high 1971 prices for "“Kuruma-Ebi" (Penaeus japonicus) shrimp. (Annotator's note: "Kuruma" prawn prices in 1965 to 1970 were 6 to 10 times the price for other prawns and shrimp in Japan.) “Kuruma-Ebi" cultured output doubled from 1964-65 to 1967-69, but was less than 1 percent of utilization in all years; Natural harvest declined, but was still about five times larger in 1969; imports dominate utilization. It is not economical to 61 completely culture these shrimp and egg-bearing females are purchased from commercial fishermen. Increased feed costs and wages, and disease problems led to increased research. Subject descriptors: Shrimp; Japan; biology; research; techniques; production data; import data; general description. 135 Neal, Richard A. 1973. Progress toward farming shrimp in the United States. Har. Fish. Rey..; 35. (3,4) 267-70. While no commercially viable U.S. shrimp farms exist today, growing demand and increasing prices, shrimp hatchery and farm trial efforts by private firms, government and university research on rearing methods, and various aspects of biology, physiology, and nutrition all suggest that methods may be sufficiently improved and costs sufficiently reduced to allow operation of a profitable U.S. shrimp farming industry sometime in the future. The proprietary nature of private firms" data and the experimental nature of government-university data preclude accurate cost estimates for commercial scale operations tor publication. Yet, the experimental work does provide the basis for quantifying some aspects of production, such as the output effects of fertilizer, feed and water exchange, and the growth-rate declines aS shrimp reach 3 to 5 inches in size. Price alone would suggest growing shrimp beyond the 3- to 5-inch size (at which size the bait shrimp price exceeds the food shrimp price), since food shrimp prices increase faster than Size as size increases. But mortality, labor, feed, and facility-opportunity costs of the farm operation must also be considered. The> *arewcie also discusses high mortality, inefficient feed use, other problems, and problem-oriented research. Subject descriptors: Shrimp; biology; techniques; research; problems; outlook. 136 Schuur, A.M.: Allen, PP. GC. 5 BOtstord, Loh. 1974. An analysis of three facilities for the commercial production of Homarus Americanus. Paper (number 74-5517) presented to the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Dec. 10-13, 1974, Conrad Hilton, Chicago, Har, ONS =pp. Biological, physical and engineering aspects of lobster aquaculture are integrated via a flexible computer program. Variations in cost components of three design concepts--stacked trays, Lvaceway, and silo--suggest that evaluation must be within a systems context. Under baseline assumptions the stacked tank proved least expensive ($3.60 per 500g). The program contains 62 120 variables, most of which are assumptions that can be changed. Itemized costs are shown for the three design concepts for both 24 and 30 month growth periods. Subject descriptors: Lobsters; systems analysis; engineering design; costs. 137 Shang, Yung Cheng. 197 2. Some economic aspects of fresSsa water prawn farming in Hawaii. Proc., Kauai Aquaculture Conference, Lihue, Kauai, June 25, 1972. Hawait Dep. Plan. Econ. Dew., and,Kauai County Off. Econ. Lev., oh i a oe Some information is given. (For a more complete presentation see Yung Cheng Shang, Economic Feasinility of Fresh Water Prawn Farming in Hawaii.) Subject descriptors: Prawns; revenue; costs; returns; investment model; economies of scale; markets; sensitivity analysis; general description. 138 Shang, Yung Cheng. 192. Economic feasibility of fresh water prawn farming in Hawaii. Univ. Hawaii, Econ. Res. Cent., 49 pp. The investment criteria of positive net present value (NPV) and break-even price in excess of expected price are explained and used. Cost estimates are based on actual hatchery data and preliminary prawn farm data. Sensitivity analysis is employed to show the effect of changes in several variables: (1) for the hatchery, three output levels, five discount rates, and two water costs (associated with the use of domestic water and well water) ; and (2) for the prawn farm, two yield levels, four farm sizes, five discount rates, and three prices. Economies of scale occur in the hatchery with respect to lapor and other input costs. and in prawn farming with respect to management, labor, feed, and GtheCEwanput, GOStS. | That 1S, aecording to “the: estimated cost data. the] COSES. Of VarELoUuS factors of production Change in different percentages as output increases. Available information suggests that the market would be local (Hawaiian), although the potential on the U.S. mainland and Japan are discussed. While the product can be taste-test distinguished, it would tiikely compete with 10- to 15-count shrimp (count referring to the number of heads-off shrimp per pound), and it would be a Jluxury item purchased mainly by hotels and restaurants. Subject descriptors: Prawns; revenue; costs; returns; investment model; economies of scale; markets; sensitivity analysis; general description. 63 139 Wear, R. G. 1975. SEAFDEC aquaculture: a seafood revolution in the Philippines. Fish Farming Internatl. 2 (2): 6-11. The discussion of plans, budgets, activities and significance of the new aquaculture department at the Philippine headguarters of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre (SEAFD&C) includes information on efforts to develop the culture of Penaeus mcnodon and other penaeid species. Japan provides a ready export market, and shrimp have been harvested. as a source of secondary, supplemental income on milkfish (Chanos chanos) farms. Experimental cultural techniques are indicated. Information is provided on yields, prices, capital and operating costs, along with an assessment of possible profitability on the basis of 1-ha experimental ponds. With the SEAFDEC interest and support, 5-ha farm ponds are being operated on a cooperative basis with farmers to determine if yields, costs and other factors will indicate an economically viable situation over a 5-year period. Subject descriptors: Philippines; R&D role; piology; economic feasibility; experiment; shrimp. 140 Webber, Harold H. 1S75. Crustacean aquaculture in Middle America. Maz. Faish,, Rev.v S742 26-350. The author discusses market, culture technology, enterprise siting, and business plan aspects of his firm's establishment of a large shrimp farm in Central America. The author's general scheme of siting criteria is specifically applied (see Webber, 1972, elsewhere in this bibliography, for the scheme). Among the aspects of the firm's business plan which are discussed are the following: capital costs, use of a” pilot’ seale “operation? (ar least 3 200-acre modules, horizontally integrated), vertical integration, labor intensive technology, and farm management. Economic development benefits include employment, foreign exchange, and infrastructure, but not food directly, due to price. Subject descriptors: Shrimp; eccnomic feasibility; economies of scale. 141 Welsh, James P. 1974. Mariculture of the crab Cancer magister (Dana) utiis zing: ».f£ish and crustacean wastes as food. Humboldt State Univ., Sea Grant Publ., HSU-SG-4, 76 pp. The objective of research reported in this paper was twofold: (1) to investigate the biological feasibility of establishing 64 methods of culturing crab using locally produced fish and crustacean wastes as the major food support, and (2) to investigate the possibility of holding wild-captured adult crabs in pens over long periods of time at an acceptabie level of mortality loss in order to allow a more predictable supply of Crabs to” Market, steady the price structure throughout. the season, and provide a supply during periods of wild crab scarcity. In the 3-year study, local fish and crustacean wastes were chosen as food base for crab culture because they were available at minimum purchase costS ranging from 2 cents per pound for fish to free for crustaceans. Crab prices are lower in the early part of the season (Dec. to Jan.) because the catches are large. After January the catches drop steeply ana the price rises with the shortage. Crab culture would accelerate the pestmolt recovery period and extend the labor season of crab workers. Amcng other topics discussed are previous and current research on Cancer magister, stocking procedures, propnlems, results as to rates of meat recovery (cultured vs. wild craps), weekly percentages of crab losses due to cannibalism, disease, etc., chemical composition of waste, and some suggestions about techniques of culture. Subject descriptors: Crabs; waste use; biological feasibility; state of the art. 142 Williams, Robert James. 1973.~ Economic feasibility of commercial shrimp farming in Texas. M. S, thesis,. Texas, AGM Univ.,;«57.pp. The purpose of the research was to develop a model which would aid a prospective investor in evaluating the economic feasibility of shrimp farming. Cost and revenue data based upon assessments of individuals associated with Texas A&M University's experimental shrimp farms are used for illustration. The investment criteria return on equity and net present value are employed, along with sensitivity analysis to show the effects of changes in key variables. Key variables include land, feed, seed-stock and heading costs; number of crops per year; stocking densities; and wholesale prices. For the variates assumed, returns appeared attractive. Subject descriptors: Shrimp; investment model; economic feasibility. 143 Winget, Rodner R.; Maurer, Don; Anderson, Leon. S73 The feasibility of closed system macriculture: preliminary experiments with crab molting. Proceedings, Natl. Shellfish Ass. 63 (June), reprint, Univ. Del., Coll. Mar. Studies, Sea Grant Publ. DEL-SG-3-74, pp. 88-92. A recirculation system for inducing shedding in the blue crap, 65 Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, and preliminary experiments on crab molting are described. The most important result was the inducement of out of season molting (January-March) in the Delaware Bay area. By developing methods to molt blue crabs in the winter the soft shell industry can be pursued throughout’ the year. In addition, by inducing molting the year round, faster growth rates are realized and market size crabs can be obtained much quicker. It is concluded that the reported work, along with that of other researchers, establishes the feasibility of the procedure in a technical, not economic sense. Subject descriptors: Crabs; technology; experiment; biological feasibility. 144 Yee, William C. 1970. Potential of aquaculture at nuclear energy centers--a systems study. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab.,. Oak, Ridge, Tenn., ORNL-4468, 78,50, (Obtain from NTIS.) This report shows the potential merits of utilizing heated seawater frem nuclear or fossil-fueled energy centers (power Stations or desalting plants) for intensive aquaculture. An evaluation is made of an intensive aquaculture facility using shrimp as a model since more biological, technical, and marketing data are available for this aquatic species than for any other marine life. The analysis includes a conceptual design based on present technology, a cost estimate of a facility sited at an United Arab Republic energy center, cost sensitivity studies of the facility, and a brief market study that indicates the future export market potential of shrimp to industrialized nations. Capital and annual operating costs for the facility are shown, along with graphed functions for the sensitivity analysis which shows the effects of changes in land improvement costs, food conversion ratio, wage rates and labor productivity, price of product, and shrimp yield on annual production cost. Subject descriptors: Shrimp; United Arab Republic; revenue; costs; returns; markets; sensitivity analysis; engineering design; powerplant heat use. 66 OTHER ANIMAL SPECIES 145 Dukhnovski, M. K. 1970. Economic efficiency of breeding herbivorous fishes in _ ponds (Ekonomicheskaya effektivnost' vyrashchivaniya rastitel' noyadnkn cryb v prudakh). Bybasemhnoz.s 46(14): 101-107. (Obtain translated copy on loan from NMFS). This report compares the economic efficiency of the increasingly important herbivorous fish culture with that for carp. Output data are given, and operations in the Konstantinovka district of the Donetsk fishery combine (firm) are used for purposes of the Seldy. iWC-thirds Of the district's assets .are in production ponds (totaling 44 ha), and amortization of the capital cost is allocated between fry and market fish culture. Several tables and discussion are used to indicate acreage, capital investment, labor expenditure, production, revenue, and itemized cost and return data. For example, among the comparisons made, the 18.4 ha water supply pond had a yield of 0.69 metric ton/ha of carp, and 0.19 ton/ha of herbivorous fish, but profit was 14.0% of expenditures (12.2% of market receipts) for carp and 37.8% of expenditures (27.5% of market receipts) for the herbivorous fish in 1967. This activity produced market fish. A Similar comparison is made for fry production. Subject descriptors: Cary, teru1vorous “fishy firm data; revenue; costs; returns; investment; enterprise comparison. 146 Folsom, William B. "O73 Japan's eel fishery. Mar. Fresh. Rev.” 35 (5,6) 5 41-45. Discussed are culture methods, output (1952-70 data), marketing, meceit, prices “(1971 to 1973), “import data (1970 to 1972), quantity and value, and prices by country, import duties, and U.S. export opportunities. im the period 1952-70 output from inland fisheries remained relatively stable around 3 to 4 metric kilotons, while cultured output rose from less than 1 to over 20 metric kilotons. Juvenile eel (elver) prices increase as size decreases for culture purposes. Subject descriptors: Eel; Japan; techniques; production data; import data; prices. 147 Gordon, William G. 1968. The bait minnow industry of the Great Lakes. jes. Depeetat., Fish Wildl. “Serv., Bur. Commer. fFish., Fish. Leafl. 608, 6 pp. 67 The nonaquaculture bait minnow industry of the Great Lakes is described, and methods for increasing the harvest are demonstrated by results of exploratory bait fishing activities completed by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Nets, eguipment, and gear are described, and improved harvesting methods are recommended as a means of increasing supplies during summer when sport fish demand is at a peak. Harvesting has been from shallow Great Lakes waters, but substantial stocks are available during the summer in deeper, offshore waters if proper harvesting techniques are applied. Such harvesting would help satisfy the demand now being partially met by hauling commercially cultured bait minnows for great distances to the Great Lakes area. Subject descriptors: Minnows; baitfish; natural-stock production. 148 Herrick, Samuel F., Jr.; Baldwin, Wayne, J. 1ST ye The commercial production of topminnows--a preliminary economic analysis. Univ. Hawaii, Sea Grant Rep. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-AR-75-02, 18 pp. Based on techniques developed by the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, the possible commercial production of topminnows (Poecilia vittata) as an alternative *to’ the) ase. of Nehu (Stolephorus purpureus) for live bait in the skipjack tuna fishery is analysed. Topics include water quality, production processes, biology, facility design and economic analysis. Capital and operating costs are itemized, and other information is presented in the context of the net present value analysis of three levels of output, 3,000, )» 30,000 and (60,000) buckcts See topminnowsS per year (each bucket containing about 6 pounds or about 3,000 topminnows). The largest two levels of operation were judged profitable at discount rates of 10, 20 and 30%, but the smallest, only at 10%, assuming a 20-year period of operation. Because of the preliminary nature of the data used, the authors recommend further investigation. Subject descriptors: Topminnows; revenue; costs; returns; economic feasibility. 149 Hudson, Stanton. 1974. Minnow farming, an American enterprise, then-now-and the future. Catfish Farmer World Aquacult. News 6 (1): 31, 32, 37, end) 3c. Expanding recreational demand and fishing area, and decreasing wild harvests led to the increasing demand for farm-raised minnows. Yet, there are several risks and problems. ‘The market is seasonal, with sales concentrated in the summer, demand fluctuates from year to year, and droughts or floods, which affect recreational lakes, shift demand among locations. Chronic 68 overproduction in the past 15 years has kept prices low; for example, small-minnow prices were $5 per pound in 1951 and $1 per found an 4973. Fish may grow rapidly from a profitable to unprofitable size. The author views minnow farming as a typical farm venture involving large capital investment in land and equipment, with present prices allowing expansion of existing Operations, but not development of separate operations. Even so, he views the future optimistically. U.S. bait fish pond area acreage is estimated to be 50,000 acres, with 29,091 acres in Arkansas, 12,900 acres in Minnesota, 1,740 acres in Mississippi, 1,500 acres in Louisiana, and 1,200 acres in Missouri. Subject descriptors: Minnows; baitfish; frisks; problems; industry development; production data; outlook. 150 Lewis, William M.; Heidinger, Roy. 297-1. Aquaculture potential of hybrid sunfish. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2 (5): 14-16. On the basis of certain characteristics established in biological experiments and the researchers! assessment of product characteristics relative to catfish, it is expected that hybrid sunfish will be produced in substantial guantities for food and recreational markets. With respect to density control in ponds, feed response, oxygen-depletion tolerance, growth rate, and other measures, for all of which some data are provided, hybrid sunfish are judged suitable for commercial production. Subject descriptors: Hybrid sunfish; biology; biological feasibility; experiment; method evaluation; outlook. 751 Sartre. Kae Vas MuStatin,. R. MM. oT 2ie The economic effectiveness of acclimatizing grass carp in the lower reaches of the Volga (Ekonomicheskaya effektivnost'! akklimatizatstii belogo amura v nizov'yakh Volgi). HYD. Khoz., 48°(9): 86-87. (Copy of translation available on loan from NMFS.) Expenditures and prime cost of breeding and raising giass carp from the egg to its release into the Volga are discussed. The prime cost of raising one grass carp underyearling from the egg eo its Eelease is 2 kopeks. The'cost of 1 kg of grass carp raised in the river and capable of being fished ranges from 1.61 rubles to 2.14 rubles, depending on the size of the _ stock, specified assumptions, and other factors. These costs are declining and were 37% lower in 1970 than in 1966. Product form affects profitability. Adding fishing (harvesting) and delivery fests (0.46 rubles) to preme costs brings total cost (2.09 to 2.62 rubles) above the market price for wild carp (0.67 rubles). 69 Adding prime costs and costs of fishing, delivery, and processing (C.77 rcubles) would allow a profit only at the specified higher stock amount, given certain assumptions because the wholesale market price is 2.82 rubles (with costs totaling 2.37 and)2.91 rubles per kg for the two stock amounts) for fillets. Subject descriptors: Grass carp; Russia; economic feasibility; method evaluation; revenue; costs; returns. 152 Minamisawa, A.; Sakai, H. 1969. Cultivation of a hamachi (Seriola gquingueradiata, Temminck et Schlegel). (Hamachi no yoshoku.) Suisan Zoyoshoky Sosho 18: 1-56. (Copy of translation available on loan from NMFS.) Various aspects of Japanese hamachi culture (young or infant yellowtail, Seriola gquingqueradiata) are discussed. The. . fny (mojako) are caught in coastal waters; hatcheries have not yet proven feasible. Three types of enclosures are used: diked ponds, net pens (fenced-off areas), and smaller net enclosures (suspended net "boxes", etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed, along with design variations. Other topics include fry planting (numbers of fry caught and planted are given by Prefecture for the years 1965-68), environment, feed and growth, diseases, a 12-month description and schedule of culture activities, macketing, and enterprise management considerations. Prices are atfected by season, quantity of fish, market (city), Size of fish, freshness and other factors. The fry are caught and planted about early May, and may be harvested about August when they reach 300 g. Winter prices (October to January) are lowest. The fish are killed at the production site beginning in October or may be shipped by boat, rail truck, and even airplane. At-market killing and other preference factors affect price. Prices are highest in the spring when the overwintered fish are marketed. As to management, the importance of feed and labor costs and their reduction are discussed, along with cooperative forms of business. Itemized costs are shown for farms using .4,000 to 20,000. fry <(Ehime Prefecture, , 1967). By-item percentages of cost are shown for the three methods of culture, based on a sample of 37 firms, Seto Island Sea, 1967. Subject descriptors: Yellowtail; hamachi; Japan; methods; technigues; biology; sts; method comparison; economies of scale. 153 Priddy, John M.; Culley, Dudley D., Jr. 199.2% Frog culture industry, past, present, future? Amer. Fish Farmer World Agquacult. News 3(9): 4-7. Bullfrogs are used for education and research as well as_ food. 70 The research market has requirement or preferences for particular strains, and conseguently the U.S. frog culture industry has supplied pond or breeding stock, but its price (costs) have kept it out of the direct-use aspects of this market. Frogs for food (frog legs) and 50% of those used for educational purposes have been imported from Japan and India, where there have been successful pond culture industries since the the early 1900's. However, the industries in these countries face increased domestic demand, destruction of frog habitat, DDT contamination, cr over-exploitation in varying combinations. Growing demand by education and research groups has accelerated depletion of U.S. wild stocks to the point where biological supply houses indicate that they will be unable to justify collection and marketing within the next 10 to 15 years. Subject descriptors: Frogs; indoar culture; demand; techniques; problems. 154 Shang, Yung C. 1974. Economic potential of the eel industry in Taiwan. Aquacult. 3(4): 415-423. Capital and operating costs are detailed. Sensitivity of annual profits and return on investment to changes in survival rate, eel price and seed eel price is demonstrated. The analysis is based on data obtained in a 1973 survey of 30 eel farms. An aggregate demand function for eel in Japan is estimated. Although demand is growing, and Japanese eel imports come primarily from Taiwan (96% in 1972), constraints on the supply of seed eel, along with possible competition from the Peoples Republic of China in the Japanese market represent significant problems. Subject descriptors: Eels; Taiwan; costs; revenue; returns; demand analysis; Japan. 195 Shang, Yung Cheng; Iversen, Robert T. B. VIPAT. The production of threadfin shad as live bait for Hawaii's skipjack tuna fishery: an economic feasibility study. Univ. Hawaii, Econ. Res. Cent., 42 pp. Nehu, a small anchovy, has been the predominant bait used in the Hawaiian skipjack tuna pole-and-line fishery, but catching nehu reguires about 30 to 40% of the fleet's time and nehu mortality vs ‘high. NMFS research has shown that the threadfin shad is a potential substitute and can be cultured in ponds. Since no nehu bait market exists, the opportunity cost method, and comparison of tuna catching rates and mortalities between the two bait fishes were used to estimate bait value. Investment feasibility was determined using the net present value (NPV) criterion and estimated data, which are shown in tables and figures. The NPV analysis involved two output levels, two levels of shad 71 mortality, five discount’ rates, two sources of water, two operating or evaluation periods, and two modes of operation. Lt was concluded that the higher output rate only was economically feasible. Discount rates, mortality rates, and terms of operation, but not source of water, significantly affect profitablity. Because the study was based on preliminary information, further research in specified areas is suggested. Subject descriptors: Nehu; baitfish; revenue; costs; returns; investment nodel; biological feasibility; economic feasibility; sensitivity analysis. 156 Shpet, G. I. 1972. Comparative efficiency of fish culture and other agricultural activities per unit of area used. Hydrobiological J. 8 (3): 46-51. The author compares the output per unit of area used for pond fish culture (carp) and livestock (cattle for beef) in the U.S.S.R., using two purely physical, not economic measures. Concepts and data used relate to such things as food chain links (plants, herbivores, and carnivores), input-output factors, energy (calorie) consumption or use, and product form (live, meat, and protein weight of output). Natural carp productivity is 200 to 300 kg/ha; pond fertilization raises this to 300 to 660 kg/ha, and supplementary feeding, to 900 to 1,200 kg/ha, which is a conservative yield, given that some of the best Ukrainian fish farms achieve 2,000 kg/ha or more. In the carp-cattle comparisons, adjustments are made to account for acreage used to grow the carp feed, which is assumed to be human food-quality wheat grain, although in actual fish farming practice grain ’waste and oil-seed meal not usually acceptable as human food are fed to Carpi. Using several indices, it is concluded that carp are physically, (not necessarily economically) more productive than cattle. For example, carp produce more live, meat, and protein weight of product per hectare (of hay-producing area for cattle and pond plus wheat-producing area for carp). Similarly, output per fodder unit, a measure of weight gain per kilogram of feed input, is greater for carp, and this does not count the effect of natural pond productivity of carp. Even on the basis of natural pond productivity (the 200 to 300 kg/ha), carp win, and ponds may occupy area that is really not suitable for other agricultural purposes. Subject descriptors: Carp; beef cattle; productivity; comparison. 72 457 Smith, Theodore Isaac Jogues. A973. The commercial feasibility of rearing pompano, Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus), in cages. Univ. Miami Sea Grant Progr., Tech. Bull. No. 26, 62 pp. Pompano are believed to be suitable for aquaculture, but success has been limited. This study was conceived to rear pompano in cages at five stocking densities. Estimates are made of costs (for cages, labor, feed and fingerlings, but not for water column leasing, on-shore installation, equipment and supplies, and mar- keting) and gross revenue. The estimates are based on the researcher's study and other information. Present markets are for a 1-pound fish, but an 8- to 10-ounce pan-sized fish may be acceptable and would be advantageous, since growth seems to slow once this weight is reached. Higher prices are assumed because the quality of the cultured fish is thought to be superior to aaia fish. Factors relating to cost reduction are discussed: stocking, wild-fish usage of food (from outside the cage), the possibility of conditioning pompano for noncage culture, fingerling cost, feed conversion rates, and other factors. Subject descriptors: Pompano; biology; biological feasibility; experiment; economic feasibility; markets; revenue; costs. 158 Sneed, Kermit E. 797 1 The white amur: a controversial biological control. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2(6): 6-9. The article discusses mechanical and biological vegetation control as alternatives to chemical controls. Mechanical methods involve the physical removal of weeds from lake areas. These methods are expensive, time-consuming, and inefficient. Two possible methods of biological control are available, pathogenic viruses and herbivorous fish. Viral methods are still in experimental stages of development and at present are not feasible. Among the herbivorous LUSH, the white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) seems most promising. Native to Asia, it is a member of the Cyprinidae family, which includes carp and minnow species. These fish grow at a rapid rate and may become 4 feet long and weigh up to 100 pounds over a period of several years. They begin to feed on aquatic vegetation when about 1 inch long. The white amur eats as much as two to three times its body weight per day. Also mentioned are the possibilities of Sport and commercial fishing, reproduction, possible adverse effect on lake habitats, and control. Subject descriptors: White amur; biology; biological feasipility; problems; benefits. 73 159 White, James T. 1970. Minnows--by the million. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 1(9): 8-11 and 27. Information is given on sport-fishing bait demand for minnows, farm location factors, culture methods, production, development, and history of the I. F. ("Fay") Anderson minnow farm operation. Demand growth relates to increased leisure time and expenditures, and expanded reservoir water area and fish stocking. Subject descriptors: Minnows; baitfish; recreation; demand; techniques; state of the art. 160 Yamamoto, Tadasu. 197-2. Raising young yellowtail in Japan. Economic aspects of fish production, International Symposium on Fisheries Economics, Paris, |/Nov. 29 to Dees 225197415) 0. foc pp. 349-362. Production volume data (natural, cultured, and total) rox 1965-69, more complete data by Prefectures for 1969, culture technique, and cost information are given. Growing demand, complemented by Japanese Government policies to assist coastal fisheries, has prompted increased output of young, usually live-shipped yellowtail (1-yr., 1-2 kg at market stage). Output doubled between 1965 and 1969, and is expected to account for an increasing share of total Japanese production of yellowtail. Natural fry are _ used. Embanked ponds, net-enclosed ponds, floating net cages, and other devices are used. The table of estimated itemized costs indicates that food is the largest cost item (49% of gross revenue); profit is next (21.7%), as computed after deducting fry, food, wage, medicine, repair, depreciation, interest, and selling costs from gross. Subject descriptors: Japan; yellowtail; production data; supply; revenue; costs; returns; outlook. 161 Zavdindr , vu. i. 1970. Calculation cf the economic effect of commercial fish culture (Raschet ekonomicheskogo effekta promyshlennogo rybovodstva). Rybn. Khoz. 1970(11)2 108-1172 (Copy of translation available on loan from NMFS.) Analysis of the economic effect of fish culture enterprises is discussed. Methods and concepts of determining cost, profit and return On investment (as developed by the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences) are illustrated using 1966 data for sturgeon-breeding (fry release or hatchery) enterprises in the basin of the Asov 74 cc _ ...........b._e Sea. The principal parameters that determine the economic efficiency of investment are output and its value, labor productivity, production costs and capital returns. Subject descriptors: Hatcheries; sturgeon; U.S.S.R.; method evaluation; benefit-cost analysis; economic concepts; methodology. SEAWEEDS 162 Dawes, Clinton J. 1974. On the mariculture of the Florida seaweed, Eucheuma isiforme. Unavewos Plas, Sea.Grant Rep. No. 5, 10 pp. Biological information, and growing demand for the specific product (iota carrageenan) from Eucheuma isiforme, along with comparison of yields from tank and field culture suggest that a carefully designed pilot project to ascertain costs and returns under cultured conditions is merited. Under the author's specified assumptions, gross revenue per square meter of growth area per year would be $9.72 for tank culture and $0.16 for dense, wild populations in the Florida keys. While the author discusses aspects of cost and production, he cautions that actual production under cultured conditions is necessary for determining economic feasibility. Subject descriptors: Seaweeds. 163 Doty, Maxwell S.; Alvarez, Vicente B. T9756 Status, problems, advances and economics of Eucheuma farms. Maremtech. Soc. Js 9,04) > 30-35. Eucheuma farming has been successful only in the Philippines to date. While it is likely that this country could produce as much as twice last year's world supply, past interruptions of market flows in other countries suggest that economy and stability might be achieved if production occurred in several economically and politically independent countries. Among the biological problems in farming are seasonality and senescence. A recently introduced strain may overcome part of the difficulty. Cost and return information is incomplete for any farm anywhere for a given year eBe faba. cycle. Costs are low relative to gross revenue. For family farms the input is largely labor, with nominal capital investment, and labor opportunity costs are low. Subject descriptors: Seaweeds; Philippines; problems; revenue; costs. 75 164 Doty, Maxwell S.; Alvarez, Vicente B. 1973. Seaweed farms: a new approach for U.S. industry. Proceedings, 9th Annual Conference, Marine Technology Society, Washington, D. C., Sept 10-12, “19739 pp. 701-706. The authors discuss the demand for farmed seaweed; establishment of successful indigenous, private, individually operated 1 ha farms (140 farms in early 1973) in part of Southeast Asia; farm production methods, output, costs, and returns; labor input and other data; and the institutional setting required. Demand for the marine colloid carrageenin led to overharvesting and destruction of natural seaweed (Eucheuma) sources in the primary supply area, Southeast Asia. Success of the program is due to government, university and industry support and interest. Subject descriptors: Seaweeds; Southeast Asia; R&D role; input-output ratios; revenue; costs. 165 Ffrench, Rudolph A. 1972. The demand for Canadian seaweeds with special reference to Irish moss. Canadian 'J. Agri. “Eeons “20 (2)' 2. (pps ii-e- A demand model is presented for carrageenin (one of several food additives used for its emulsifying, stabilizing and gelling characteristics), from which the demand for Irish moss dé€fLives. The characteristics of the Canadian seaweed industry, and the carrageenin market are discussed, along with the demand equations and their statistical properties, data (1953-68) sources and limitations, equation-forecasted and actual demand, and the implications of a possible short-run growth decline (i.e., the management implications of reduced demand and income in the Maritime Provinces). Subject descrrptcors: Seaweeds; demand analysis. 166 Hunter, Charles J. 1975. Edible seaweeds--a survey of the industry and prospects for farm- ing the Pacific Northwest. Mare Fish. Revo 37-(2)s2019=267 The culture of seaweeds offers the possibility of increasing the resource base for producing certain food, fiber and chemical products. The U.S. market for industrial products from sé€aweeds is well established, but current prices of the leading natural raw materials, kelp and Irish moss, would require a high-bulk, low-cost product, if seaweed culture for this market were to become competitive. However, the smaller market for edible 76 seaweeds appears promising, both for domestic U.S. consumption and export. Tables and graphs are used to indicate Japanese production, trade, consumption and prices, and U.S. imports. Subject descriptors: Seaweeds; production data; trade data; consumption data; prices; outlook. 167 Parker, Henry S. 1974. The culture cf the red algal genus Eucheuma in the Philippines. Pquacult. 3 (4): 425-439. The author discusses uses, culture-method investigations, biological factors, harvesting pressures on natural _ beds, cultivation potential and methods, current productivity and economics of farming, and the outlook. Based on data from a pilot farm and specified assumptions, revenue, costs and returns are estimated for a family farm using a two-module operation. Each module consists of 200 net structures and occupies about 0.25 ha. Allowing for purchased or leased nets, other capital equipment, and necessary farm tools, it is estimated that most of the gross revenue would accrue to the farmer and his family for labor and management input. The work is familiar to the area's people, the culture is suited to many parts of the Philippines, and the product has a ready market. Labor returns exceed those in alternative pursuits. Some problems are indicated. Subject descriptors: Seaweeds; Philippines; revenue; costs; revenue; returns. 168 Silverthorne, Wesley; Sorensen, Philip E. 1971. Marine algae as an economic resource. Preprints of the 7th Annual Conf. of the Mar. Tech. Soc., WasSh., Bole. , nuguste 16 to 13, 19714, pp. 523-533. The present study is designed to complement the many widely-known surveys of the economic value of marine animal and mineral resources. The total market value of the world's current annual production of unprocessed seaweedS iS estimated to be $350 million. Estimates of the guantity and value of world production of important seaweed products are also given and prospects for further growth considered. Despite much speculation concerning the potential for food and drugs from marine algae, the evidence presented in this paper indicates that seaweed will continue _ to contribute only marginally to human nutrition and medication in the decade ahead. Its major uses will continue to be as a Specialty food in the Orient and as the raw material for the production of specialized colloids, fodder, and fertilizer supplements in the industrialized countries. Furthermore, the large amounts of labor involved in present methods of cultivation of marine algae lead us to conclude that such intervention is 77 only feasible for algae which are either extremely valuable or uniquely tractable, and are therefore not likely to produce any substantial change in the level of utilization of the marine algal resource. (Authors! abstract.) Subject descriptors: Seaweeds; world; production data; demand; supply; uses. 169 Tanonaka, Gecrge. 1973. Summary assessment on the industry and market for seaweed products in the world and United States. Natl. Mar. Fish Serv., NW Fish. Cent., unpubl. manuscr., 44*pp-; The U.S. and Japanese seaweed product industries and markets are discussed using numerous tables and figures, and it is concluded that prospects may be better for a cultured seaweed industry in the United States if the food market is served. Lower prices for seaweed raw material for the industrial products market, plus its organization, size and structure might not be conducive to development of culture. Extensive data on the Japanese seaweed Situation indicates ‘culture “production” “for some kinds of seaweeds. Japan is the world's largest producer and consumer of seaweed food products. U.S. industrial market use of marine colloids from seaweeds account for an eStimated 1/2 or more of world output of algin and carrageenin, but only 2-5% of the world agar output. The “industrial" market serves food, medical, pharmaceutical and other processors or manufacturers. Sone seaweed is used as meal or fertilizer. Subject descriptors: Seaweeds; Japan; U.S.% supply; production data;” 2mpore dace, uses; markets; outlook. GENERAL 170 Allen, George; Conversano, Guy; Colwell, Bryan. 1972. A pilot fish-pond system for utilization of sewage effiuents, Humboldt Bay, Northern California. Calif. State Univ.; Humboldt, Mar. Advisor ycExt 2 >Serv. 7 iseauGrane Progi.(,/ HSUSSG= 37592 5apPp- This paper documents all out-of-pocket and other costs in the construction of two experimental fish ponds. These ponds will be fertilized with waste materials to enhance fish growth. Engineering, construction, and environmental problems are discussed. Detailed descriptions of the project site as well as of the, ([censtructien process itseltr are provided. The out-of-pocket and other costs are divided into categories 78 gecordang to source of funds. The total cost of. the project is $53,732. Nine recommendations concerning future construction of such facilities are outlined. Several tables itemize all costs in detail. Subject descriptors: Sewage effluent use; problems; pond culture; experiment; facility; engineering design; costs. 171 Anderson, lee G. a9 7S « An economist looks at mariculture (the assessment of human needs and some problems of applying technology: the mariculture case). Mates tech, Scc. J. 7(3): 9-15% Topics include economists' approaches to need and demand, mariculture development, and interdisciplinary research strategies in measuring and determining the significance of spillover effects (externalities) of new technology. Social and/or market willingness to pay is posed as a guide to assigning priorities to competing and multiple demands ("needs" qualified), so long as market imperfections are recognized as limitations. Following a discussion of the technological barriers to mariculture development, previous estimates (Anderson and _ Tabb, 1970) of return on investment in shrimp mariculture are reconsidered to demonstrate the importance of underlying data. The effects of higher prices, two instead of one annual food crop, white instead of pink shrimp, and other changes are considered, all with a caution to recognize data limitations. Subject descriptors: Concepts; methodology; evaluation; market role; public sector role; sensitivity analysis; externalities. n72 Anonymous. 1973". Aquaculture in Canada, the opportunities and the risks. Canadian Fishermen Ocean Sci. 59(4): 18-21. The discussion at a government-industry seminar (Freshwater institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba, May 31 to June 1, 1973) is Summarized. Opportunities for commercial development to 1985 are identified, and priorities are assigned on the basis of demand outlook, technical and economic feasibility, and social payoff (article lists species ranked into three groups, and Ofportunities in supportive and ancillary service industries are listed unranked). Legal, institutional, policy, and attitudinal constraints are listed. R&D needs and priorities are given in a high-priority group (ranked as follows: diseases and parasites, genetics, applied research, and culture systems), and in a low priority group (unranked, as follows: marketing, pollution, economics, thermal and nutrient effluents, information flow, pilot projects, environmental Management, and improved 79 harvesting). The question of having new financial instruments to help absorb risks was discussed, but not resolved at the conference. Subject Descriptors: RED priorities; Canada. 173 Anonymous. 1875S. Economic impact of pollution abatement regulations on the fish farming industry. Aquacult. Fish Farser 2:(4):. 847 95° 444.3544 ive 128a0e. 2 Comments by Lonald R. Whitaker (at the Commercial Fish Farmers Convention, Little. Bock, ‘Acke; Jane 427-0 00o7) and Bruce C. Moorehead (at the U.S. Trout Farmers Association, Huron, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1975), both of the National Marine Fisheries Service, are reported. National, fish processing industry and fish farming industry costs, economic effects and problems are discussed, using available data. Economies of scale in abatement place the smaller firm at a cost disadvantage. The industry may experience Capital financing problems, suffer from competition by overseas producers nect reguired to install abatement equipment, and experience plant closures. Subject descriptors: Effluent guidelines; problems; costs. 174 Anonymous. FAS T2 7. Fisheries statistics of the Phillipines, 1971. Phillipines, Dep.: Agri. Nat. Resour., Bur. Fish., Econ. ~intorm. Divas 107 (poe Table 1 of this general fishery statistics publication shows fishpond output quantity and value, along, with thatgntor commercial fishing, municipal fisheries, and sustenance fishing, and the total for 1951 to 71. Fishponds have the highest average price. Table 24 indicates for 1971 the regional, provincial, and national data on privately owned, leased and total area and output; and swamplands available for development (freshwater and Mangrove area). Table 25 indicates area, investment (estimated at 2,000 pesos/ ha), men employed (estimated at one man/ha), production quantity and value, all for the years 1967-71. During the years 1967-71, fishpond area increased from 0.140 to 0.171 million ha and the value of output from 135 to 328 million pesos. By definition, fishponds “include all developed brackishwater ponds where juvenile of immature bangos (chanos-chanos) or other kinds of fish and crustaceans are introduced, fed, protected, and eventually caught." Subject descriptors: Philippines; production data; acreage data; investment data. 80 475 Anonymous. 1969. Fish farming today, a srapidly expanding multi-million dollar business. Amer. Fish Farmer 1 (1): 11. Fish farming is expanding, and there is interest in growing mullet, salmon, bass, carp, crayfish, and other species, in addition to the more familiar species, trout, catfish, and bait minnows. It is expected to become a major food supplier; demand is assumed on the basis of growing U.S. fish consumption and dependence on imports. Recreation demand also exists, and fish farming has an economic impact on local communities. Estimated data on investment, output, total farm (primary producer) value endatoetaleuretail 49 ep. The potential of aquaculture and capture fisheries in developing countries is examined and assessed with a global view in relation to development assistance. In their assessment the authors provide supportive information on forecast fish demand (to the year. 2000), relative costs of fish and other protein (i.e., estimated producer prices expressed in U.S. dollars per kilogram of protein) in various countries, comparisons of agquacultural enterprises (e.g., yields or economic gains; revenue, cost and return statements), and other factors. Subject descriptors: Economic development role; world; demand analysis. 223 Landis, Robert C. i pe a A technology assessment methodology: mariculture (sea farming). Mitre Corp.,. contract -No. 26, (project No. 1310 for Er xeeOrtacer cs the President, Office Sci. Tech. Assessment, MTR-6009, vol. 5, 180 pp. A general technology assessment methodology is used to determine the impacts of mariculture on the developing countries. The 102 technology is confined to application in coastal and brackish waters. A quantitative impact analysis of economic and social factors is shown for the years 1975-1989. Various action cptions are posed. The problems and constraints to accelerated mariculture application are analysed, and a forecast of 20 million tons of mariculture production in 1985 is made. Subject descriptors: Methodology; model; forecasts; evaluation; economic development role. 224 ACCT AMM Ose HieteteitmeoteWALt, Je. Beat Brett, .Jien-R< 1974 Aquaculture in Canada--the practice and promise. Bulls fesh.. hes. Board Can. No. 188, 84 pp. Some forms of aguaculture have existed in Canada for many years on a small scale. This Bulletin reviews the current practices and identifies opportunities for establishing a substantial and viable industry based upon freshwater fisheries, marine fishes, and invertebrates. It focuses on the scientific and technical basis for such an industry and on the constraints to be encountered, and identifies areas that need experimental development to provide pilot-scale production data and economic assessments. (Authors - abstract. See ~G. °E. Pritchard ““for comments relating to the same seminar where the authors originally presented their work.) Subject descriptors: Canada; outlook; constraints; general description. 225 Miine.....P. oH. 1973. Development of fish farms in Japan. Fishing News Internatl. 12(12): 17-20, 23-24. Japanese aquaculture output grew from 94 kilotons in 1951 to 340 kilotons in 1961 and to 608 kilotons in 1971 when it accounted for 6.7% of the total fish catch. Seaweeds accounted for half of the 1971 weight of output, and oysters, 200 kilotons, with the remainder consisting of yellowtail, prawn, sea bream, abalone, and octopus. Government assistance of various sorts is provided to the 29,000 fishermen involved (out of total of 550,000 in Japan). Additional information is provided on the _ several species. Subject descriptors: Japan; production data; government assistance. 103 226 Mcore, J. Jamison. 1970. The ocean--an economic perspective. Mar. Tech. S0cCsa de 4.66) t-— Saeee The results of three surveys of ocean-oriented industries and activities (1963, 1966, and 1969) are discussed and used to estimate past and future investment growth. Limitations and problems are discussed. Estimated annual expenditures are $7.9 billion. The total investment (capital or asset level) is $165.2 billion (1968-69), and it is estimated to increase 47% by 1980 and threefold by 2000. Coastal zone capital will increase at a faster rate, 76% by 1980. Aquaculture investment is included in one of four resource categories without a separate amount, and petroleum is the most important among these four categories. Rapid coastal zone growth (where aquaculture development is expected to occur) will bring problems of management (competing, compatible, and low- and high-density uses). Subject descriptors: Investment; forecasts; outlook; survey data. azZs Nash, Colin. 197.2. Marine fish farming development. Proceedings, Kauai Aquaculture Conference, Lihue, Kauai, June 25, 1S¥2,0pp.%22-28. Under three headings (general considerations, economic and technical factors, and conclusions), recommendations of possible finfish species for Hawaiian aquaculture are made. The following economic and technical factors are considered, with supportive discussion and both input-output and price range estimates where appropriate: local environmental advantages and disadvantages, juvenile availability, costs of suitable food and labor, growth time to market size, original stock survival, commercial value (price), and cost of facilities. It is concluded that Hawaii has certain limitations respecting the culture of finfish, such as limited markets, feeds for carnivores, and suitable offshore topography. Yet, the’ water. quality as high and “technacat expertise is available. The tropical or semitropical carnivores, dolphin (mahimahi), and grouper are suggested for consideration, along with the herbivores or omnivores, mullet, and tcabbitfish species. Even so, cultural methods specific to these fish are not ready for use, and the prospects for immediate commercial culture are consequently not_ good. Yet, it is believed that investment in R&D and pilot operations, if carefully made, will payoff. Subject descriptors: Hawaii; species selection; outlook; development rationale; problems. 104 228 Neal, R. A. ag73s. Alternatives in aguacultural development: consideration of extensive versus intensive methods. Soottate nes. .bOard4.Can. 30(12, part 2): pps 2218-2222. This paper briefly compares legal, biological, economic, environmental, and social aspects of intensive and extensive animal aguaculture. While commercial choices and feasibility are ultimately matters of economics, research is being planned on the basis of available general information and insufficient specific data. It is concluded that intensive culture is more likely to become feasible for most carnivores and omnivores, and extensive culture (culture with few modifications of the environment), only for a few herbivores (such as oysters, mussels and milkfish). Most species of interest fall into the intensive culture category, and research is being planned accordingly. Biological factors considered (non-interactively) are feeding, environmental control, disease and density; economic factors include facility costs, competing uses of natural water, operational costs (celated to biological factors), and reliability (risks). Subject descriptors: Research; species selection; problems. 229 Odum, William E. Ugh The potential of pollutants to adversely affect aquaculture. Proceedings, 25th Annual Session, Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Susestcuce, Msanr, Fia., Nov. 1972, pp. 163-174. fhe pecential ©of ~pollatants to act as limiting factors on aguaculture is discussed, with reference to organic wastes, industrial wastes, power plant effluents, and large-scale environment modifications. Documented cases of damage are few. Intensive (closed) culture affords better control than extensive (open) culture. Deleterious effects of organic wastes manifest themselves indirectly. Minamata Bay, Japan, industrial waste (mercury) conseguences are cited. Petroleum products can affect survival, growth, and taste, depending on concentration. Pesticides from feed, water runoff, and other sources are a problem. While bioaccumulation of isotopes from nuclear powerplants is discounted as a danger, copper and chlorine may be serious contaminants in powerplant aguaculture. Subject descriptors: Pollutants; biology; research; problems; outlook. 105 230 Okolo-Kulak, S. 1970. Sea fisheries and agriculture: comparison of two fields of economy (Rybolowstwo morskie an crolnictwo-porownanie miedzygaleziowe). Tech. Gosp. Morska 20(2): 63-65. (Copy of translation available on loan from NMFS.) While the author does not discuss aquaculture per se, some differences between and Similarities of sea fisheries and agriculture are discussed with particular emphasis on the methods and tools of comparison. Among the differences are: (1) geographical placement of fisheries reach far beyond national boundaries and enlarges the country's territorial food base, (2) decreasing returns appear in all cases where arable land and fishing banks are constant and the remaining production factors increase successively, though less in fisheries than farms, (3) no capital expenditures occur for fish production base, (4) structure of fixed assets and variety of farm produce differ. The main sSinilarity is. the ‘close ‘connection of " productive activity and nature and the accompanying fCcisks. Weighing products, wages in the two fields, scope of “he 7-compariscn, assumption of certain operating conditions and circumstances in both branches, selection of reference units to calculate indexes, and proper interpretation of results are among the items included in a discussion of methodological problems’ and procedures pertaining to comparison. Subject descriptors: Economic concepts; methodology; agriculture; ocean fisheries; Poland. 23 Owens, Gerald P. 1964, Income potential from outdoor recreation enterprises in frcural areas in Ohio. Ohio, Agri... Exp. Sta.,. Res. Bul Lo Seay, Sill apo. Fishing and pay-lake operations are included in the report. The Furposes of the study were to provide information on the number of recreational enterprises in the unglaciated area of southeastern Ohio, and to provide data on land, labor, and capital reguirements; costs and income; operator characteristics; and management and technical problems for seven of the more popular types of rural enterprises commonly provided via private capital. A sample of 31 enterprises (5 pay lakes) was selected from an eStimated population of over 250 firms in a 23-county area, and the financial data are for 1961. Catfish, bass, and bluegills are the most popular stocked fish, but some lakes also stock other species. itemized capital investment, income and expenses, net caSh income, and returns to family labor and management for the five paylake operations are shown (average and range data for all items). Numerous factors are analysed using 106 tables and text in the section on comparative analysis of recreational enterprises (pp. 24-45), and a shorter section is devoted to factors to consider in establishing or changing an enterprise. Subject descriptors: Recreation; fee fishing; survey data; revenue; costs; returns; sccio-economic data. 232 Palfreman, D. A. 1973. The economics of marine fish farming. michekarming Internatl.° 1(1),; 47-52. Preliminary economic analyses have been made by the British White Fish Authority. The basic objectives and methodological considerations are described briefly. The purpose is to guide R & D to cost-critical areas, so only partial cost estimates are made, disregarding non-critical aspects of cost. Subject descriptors: Economic concepts; methodology; evaluation. 233 Parmer, He Vs .Rs, JL 1974. Biologist finds sewage, aquaculture compatible. Natl. Fisherman, 55(2): 12-B. Progress is described in the experimental development of a system to produce clean water from secondarily-treated sewage and to provide food for shellfish and finfish under culture conditions. This concerns work by Dr. John Ryther, marine biologist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Mass. An expanded operation was fequneotnm tall, 1972, with 6. ponds. (each holding .36,000. gal. seawater-sewage mixture containing about 2/3 sewage), capacity of 100,000 gal. sewage per day, algal output of equivalent volume, and capability of serving a city of about 500,000 people. The experimental system is of interest to sanitary engineers for tertiary sewage treatment. Oysters and quahogs feed on the algae, and abalone feed on Irish moss. The algae and moss depend in turn on the nutrients in the sewage-Seawater mixture. Seaworms (Capitella) and bait worms (Nereis) feed on the oyster and quahog droppings, respectively, and serve as feed for finfish. Viruses from the sewage are an obstacle, but the system can also be operated using commercial fertilizers as a nutrient medium in place of sewage. Subject descriptors: Sewage effluent use; experiment; technigues; state of the art; molLiusks; ‘finfish. 107 234 Pillay, Ts V. Be. 1972. Coastal aquaculture in the Indo-Pacific region. Fishing News (Books), Ltd., 497 pp. Papers and/or abstracts presented at the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture, Bangkok, Thailand, Nov. 18-21, 1970, are organized into eight sections. Sections one (region and country reports), four and five (technigues), and eight (economics) contain information of particular interest to economists, such aS area and scope, manpower, yield and production, source of seed, culture management, costs and returns, and problems. Costs and returns for culture operations of various kinds in Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand are reported (pp. 13-15, ° 35-81, 370, 378) 351, ene. 04). Subject descriptors: Asia; costs; returns; general description; problems; biology. 235 Badia.) TeieUas ie gy The role of aquaculture in fishery development and management. J. Fish. Res... Boatd Can. 30(12, (nace 22) 0c Contents include present status, role in fishery development, role in fishery management, and _ potential. Present world production is estimated as about 5 million metric tons. Estimates for 2000 range from 15 to 50 million metric tons. Usage of low-grade fish, waste and sewage-fed ponds, employment, rural development, and other subjects are discussed. Appendix tables give production by country, and cost information for aquaculture operations in various countries: trout (Ireland and Norway), carp (Poland and India), grey mullet and China carp (Hong Kong), milkfish (Philippines), yellowtail (Japan), catfish (United States), shrimp (Japan and Thailand), and oysters (Japan). Subject descriptors: World; production data; state of the art; development ' stage; revenue; costs; returns. 2:36 Pinchuk, Vi.oK. 1970. Economico-mathematical model for optimum exploitation of fish- culture production resources (Ob odnoi ekonomiko-matematicheskoi modeli optimal'nogo ispolzovaniya proizvodstvennykh resursov Cybovodstva). Rybn. Khoz. 1970411): 118-122. (Copy of translation vavaibabie. fon loan from NMFS.) The purpose of this paper is to present an example of the use of linear programing for the optimization of exploitation of fish culture production resources in the Donetsk fishery group. The 108 model illustrated attempts to discover means for economizing on expenditures while maintaining the actual output volume of each district within the Donetsk area. In Donetsk, the 1968 fishery BHLPULAWaS 26,268 centners of food fish “and 3;533 ‘centners of fingerlings; prices were 90 to 120 rubles and 120 rubles per centner, respectively. (Ore -centnier = 100 kg, “also. called “a quintal.) The, model*s .objective function, constraints, and related computational formulas are given. Tables of actual, optimized, and saved (according to the model) input usage are given for eight production districts of the Donetsk fishery group, with itemized data for feeds, fertilizers, labor, fingerlings, electric power, and pond area. Subject descriptors: Economic concepts; methodology; input-output data; firm data; Russia. eG Prewitt, Roy. ea Rambling along. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aquacult. News 2(12): 17-18. In relation to expected Corps of Engineers requirements that fish farmers obtain effluent discharge permits, a concern is whether or not fish farmers would pe eligible to receive Department of Agriculture cost-sharing assistance for relevant conservation practices. Several precedents are cited to argue that fish farn- ing has been viewed as an agricultural or farming activity and should therefore be eligible for this cost-sharing assistance. Subject descriptors: Conservation; effluent guidelines; legal barriers; government assistance; cost-sharing. 2 38 Prewitt, Roy. ie eae Rambling along. Amer. Fish Farmer World Aguacult. News 3(7): 16-19. Legal barriers to the development of aquaculture, their removal, especially in Arkansas, and fish farming investment, revenue, and returns are discussed briefly. Beneficial aspects of fish farming are reviewed briefly using data for all or parts of Lonoke County, Ark. New jobs have been created, youth interest stimulated, and soil and water conservation practices promoted. Capital investment has totaled about $833 per acre ($208, ponds and acer supply. Ss400, sland: other, $225; total,, $833), Production Credit Association loans total about $6 million and are increasing at about $1 million annually. Data on other financial sources are not readily available. Net ceturnsS per acre are indicated for soybeans, rice, cotton, and several fish GEOPS. Subject descriptors: Legal barriers; benefits; returns. 109 239 Pritchard, G. I. 1973. Constraints to aquacultural development. Canadian Fisherman and Ocean Science 59(4): 22-27. Several Canadian constraints are discussed: development costs, feedstuffs, risks, habitat, seed stock, monoculture and government folicies. The complexity of aquaculture systems requires high R&D and lead (viability testing) time in excess of the 2 to 3 years industrial managers are usually willing to ac- cept. Aquaculture is essentially a feed-lot operation that converts, but does not produce food. Low-cost food supplies are essential. Risks (disease, predator, storm, and market un- certainties) may limit fish feed-lot size and require dispersion. Habitat problems range from site selection and climatic zone limitations to protection. Seed stocks represent an important cost, following feed and labor; hatcheries afford genetic and health control, but also cali for different culture and management than grow-out stages. Mono and multiculture systems and government policies present questions and problems. Subject descriptors: Canada; constraints; concepts. 240 Pritchard, Gets 1973. With the decline of natural fish stocks other sources must be used. West. Fish. 86(4): 38-43. The author discusses the future of aguaculture in Canada and the need for it to be market oriented and competitive. More than 300 private trout hatcheries exist in Canada as a result of demand for fry and fingerlings for planting in private takes) and recreational ponds. Government-sponsored and operated hatcheries produce annually more than 1 million pounds of fry, fingerlings, or smolts for public waters. Constraints to aquacultural devel- opment in Canada are discussed. They include underestimation of the project scale needed to cover costs, the lack of low-cost feed for fish, and the unwillingness of producers to bear the risk burdens inherent in aquacultural development. Subject descriptors: Canada; outlook; problems; constraints. 241 Richards, Jack; Tanonaka, George. LOOP te Mariculture in the United States. U.S. Dep. Commer. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NW Fish. Cent., unpubl. Ranuscr.s, 9 pp. U.S. interest, national policy, and the NOAA role in policy implementation are discussed. Increasing U.S. dependence on 110 imports, increased world product-market and resource (fishery) competition among fishing nations and consequent rising prices, jurisdictional problems, mariculture's efficient use of space, and Other Leasons are cited to explain U.S. interest in mariculture. As to national policy, market demand should essentially determine what is produced and production-efficiency R&D choices. Institutional arrangements require various actions at several levels. The NOAA role in policy implementation would gepearee to “lic int initial RED, information transfer, continued supportive research, and leadership. Subject descriptors: Outlook; development rationale; institutions; demand; R&D role; public sector role; market role. 242 Rouzaud, Pierre. 7 3's General situation of aquaculture in France. Brackishwater Aquaculture in the Mediterranean Region, FAO, General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Stud. Rev. (52): 25-3 3\. Private and public sector research and experimental commercial activity are described (to 1971), and proposed work is indicated. One firm is operating a commercial eel farm, using juveniles obtained from natural stocks. Research relates to reproduction, feeds and feeding, growth and other cultural study areas for bass and gilthead bream, turbot, shrimp, Pacific salmon, trout in sea water, and mullet. Subject descriptors: France; research; experiments; state otf the art. 243 Rutka, Justin. 1909. Evolution of public policies affecting exclusive use of coastal zone fishery resources: a comparison of public policies of Japan and the United States with implications on the status and potential of aquaculture in Hawaii. iitveaenawais, Dep. Agri. EcCon., unpubl. paper, 27 pp. The author compares definitions of aquaculture, food output from land and ocean resources, distribution and intensity patterns, agricultural and aquacultural yields (which are rejected as comparisons since they refer to only one input and are therefore without much meaning), and the importance of aquaculture in Japan and the United States. Thene thes legal. history \of'*» wse’ and ownership patterns of tidal lands are explored briefly for the United States, Japan, and Hawaii. Owing to its shortage of arable land and dependence on the sea, Japan developed institutions of exclusive use and formalized them into law in the Meiji Restoration of 1848. In 1949, "demarcation rights" were established for shallow sea culture. The U.S. system derives 111 from the English common law system, with private property and public-trust or common rights, the latter applying to submerged coastal lands and tidelands. Presumptions of ownership, Federal-State conflicts, and court cases ensued. The Hawaiian system was closer to that of Japan until the U.S. Congress manifested its intent to preclude private fishing rights in the territorial legislation of 1900, except for ponds or artificially enclosed areas. Again, court cases ensued and the situation is uncertain, thereby serving as a disincentive to investment in aquaculture. Subject descriptors: Institutions; Japan; Hawaii; U.S.; constraints; shistory: H2i¢dce. barriers. 244 Ryther, John H.; Bradach, John E. 1968. The status and potential of aquaculture, parts 1, 2 and 3. Clearinghouse Fed. Sci. Tech. infors., 531) ipps (The publisher supplies vol. 1, containing parts 1 and 2) as) PB 1771767, and vor, 2, containing parts 7 and 3 as PS 177, jee.) Part 1 includes introduction, general principles, conclusions, summary and recommendations; part 2, shellfish; part 3, finfish. While it was not possible» for the authors) to’ conduct San exhaustive survey of aquacultural practices for the world, they - did select examples which are representative of as many as possible of the different species of organisms in culture, the different countries or regions of the world with respect to climate, race, and economic development where aquaculture is carried out, and the different levels of intensity and technological sophistication which are in use and may be included within the broad definition of aquaculture. For each example, as much information as possible has been obtained on the basic biology and ecology of the organism in culture, the procedures and technigues employed in the practice, and yields and economics of the operation, if commercial. (Authors' statement modified.) Subject descriptors: State of the art; world; research; methods; technigues. 245 San Feliu,.J.. Ms. 19735 Present state of aguaculture in the Mediterranean and South Atlantic coasts of Spain. Brackishwater Aquaculture in the Mediterranean Region, FAO, General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Stud. Rev. (52): 1-24. Based on information gathered in a survey-tour, production volume and value, input data (area, rafts, lines, etc.), techniques and other description are provided for commercial aguaculture, with annual data for one or more production seasons in the _ period 112 1967-71. Government research center activity is indicated. Expansion, intensification, and diversification possibilities are given, along with indications of the restrictions caused by increased harbo® traffic in some culture-site areas and agricultural pollutants in others. The Spanish coastline consists largely of beaches and rocky cliffs, reducing the amount of area suitable for culture. Commercial culture species include mussels (grown on specially constructed rafts, called "bateas"), flat oysters (but the northwest Spanish coast has more commercial activity), Portugese oysters, and in confined coastal waters, eels, elvers, bass, gilthead bream, carp, goldfish and other species. Mollusk cleansing (purification) plants are also described. Subject descriptors: Spain; survey data; general description; mussels; oysters; eels; bass; gilthead bream; carp; goldfish; depuration plants. 246 sarag, S. 1972. Fisheries and fish culture in Israel in 1971. Bamrageh 24. (3): 55-75. This article contains graphs, tables, and other data on fisheries ana £1Sh culture in Israel in 1971. Total catch rose by 5,000 metric tons compared to 1969, a 24% increase. Fish culture accounted for 50% of the increase. Compared to 1970, the 1971 catch increased by 3,100 tons (13.5%), of which fish culture was responsible for 21%. Per capita consumption in 1969-71 according to sources and use is given in table forn. Data on marine fisheries, the inland fishery (Lake Kinerith), and the canning industry are also graphed, tabled, and summarized. The section on fish culture includes data on fish pond area and yields (1963-71), and average annual yields of marketable fish by regions (1969-71) and by productivity groups. A section on fish species cultivated in ponds reveals that mullet decreased by 24% compared to 1971. Marketing of the pond fishes is discussed and tabled by month from 1968 to 1971. The average national yield of pondfish increased by 3.2% compared to 1970. Subject descriptors: Production data; consumption data; acreage data; productivity; markets. 247 Bad Gs. Ss ea Fisheries and fish culture in Israel in 1972. Bamzdgeh? 25'(2)%: 35-55. This article contains graphs, tables, and other statistical data on fisheries and fish culture in Israel in 1972. Total Israeli fishery catch for that year was 26,741 tons, which represented a 3.3% increment over 1971. There has been a 30% increase (3,016 113 tons) in pond culture since 1970. Pond culture catch is 50% of the total Israeli catch. Graphs show the distribution of fish pond catch by year and total catch by year and source. Data on catch by species, source, and percentage incre&ses in catch are given for the 1960's and through 1972. The number of fish farms decreased by 2.4% in 1972. The cultured species discussed are carp, tilapia, mullet, and silver carp. The increment in 1972, compared to 1971, of cultured carp was 400 tons (3%) and for tilapia it was 132 tons (12%). Cultured mullet decreased by 55 tons (6%). TOn amounts, increases, and decreases in marketed pondfish from 1969 to 1972 are illustrated graphically and in table form. The portions of carp, tilapia, mullet, and silver carp in all pondfish marketed amounted to 84.7%, 9.2%, 4.2%, and 1.9%, respectively. A summary of major points is also given. Subject descriptors: Israel; production data; consumption data: acreage data; productivity. 248 Scott, Anthony. 137C; Economic obstacles to marine development. William J. McNeil, editor, Marine aquiculture, Selected papers from Conference on Marine Aquaculture, Oreg. State Univ., Mar. Sci. Cent.,.0reg. State Univ. Press, (pp. 155-107. Topics related to aquaculture include: control over fresources, demand, research, and innovation, and property, tenure and externalities (exclusion and spillover, permanence and flexi bils ty) . Markets for aquacultural products now relate €ither to luxury or to cost-advantage items. It is suggested that R&D proposals be submitted to more rigorous evaluation as to economic payoff. Innovation (the actual implementation of methods determined in the R&D process) in the fishing industry is as likely as in other industries, but the business operators are properly skeptical, given the risks of their ventures and their interest in payoff. Natural resource use and development require exclusiveness (to assure returns and for protection from adverse spillovers of other activities), permanence (to secure returns Which accrue through time) and flexibility (to allow changes in technique without penalties). Subject descriptors: Economic concepts; institutions; R&D role; R&D evaluation; risks. 249 secretan, P. A. D. 1975. Insurance for fish farmers. Fish Farming Internati. 2.(1, 1203): .26eand 287 622-225 026-27. Three aspects of insurance for fish farmers are discussed: stock losses, inflation protection, and risk management. Insurance is viewed as a device for handling major losses, but the 114 accumulative effect of numerous small losses must also be recognized in a risk management program. Several suggestions are made to achieve risk reduction and a satisfactory insurance program. Good records to establish loss values, loss-preventive action, © loss-mitigative action, large deductibles, timely adjustment of coverage in inflationary periods, and risk Wanagement analysis are among the factors considered. Subject descriptors: Insurance; risks; general description. 250 Shang, Yung C. 1973. Comparison of the economic potential of aquaculture, land animal husbandry and ocean fisheries: the case of Taiwan. Aquaculture 2(4): 187-195. The comparison is based on productivity, cost, internal rate of return (IRR), Taiwanese consumer demand, expected growth, and nutritional information and analyses. Taiwanese aquaculture includes brackish water (milkfish), freshwater (carps and tilapia) and shallow sea (mostly oysters) production. Ocean fisheries are divided into deep-sea (mostly tuna and tunalike species for export), inshore, and coastal fisheries categories. Hog raising is the most important and well established form of land animal husbandry. At present; the IRR's for all culture methods exceed those for ocean fisheries and hog farming. With some government and industry development programs, culture technology and management are expected to improve, allowing for lower costs, whereas ocean fishery costs are not expected to change (given the present advanced state of technology). In terms of calorie and protein content, protein cost, quality, and consumer preference comparisons, fish culture seems to have a distinct advantage in Taiwan. Labor productivity (kilograms of output per man year), geographic productivity (kilograms per hectare), and average costs of output (U.S. $ per kilogram) may result in different rankings than the IRR criterion. bata, for some of these variables are given for both average and superior management conditions. Subject descriptors: Taiwan; enterprise comparison; costs; returns; productivity; consumption data; demand; supply; outlook. 251 Smith, Leah J.; Huguenin, John E. yom hae The economics of waste water--aquaculture systems. 1975 IEEE [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers] Conference Record on Engineering in the Ocean Environment, Ocean tio, September 22-25, 1975,! «pp.« 285-293. Based on a system developed at Woods Hole Ocenaographic Institution, the "design, performance, and resulting costs of 115 operational systems for commercial production scaled up by factors of 10, 100, and 1000 are projected and compared. Despite uncertainties in the systems, our analysis shows that large-scale systems using sewage as a nutrient source and free heat from power plant effluent (or located ina warm climate) cculd be profitable." Subject descriptors: Power plant heat use; sewage effluent use; costs. 252 Sysoev, N. P. 1970. Economics of the Soviet fishing industry (Ekonomika rybnoi promyshlennosti SSSR). D. Daneman, transl., Israel Progr. for Sci. Transl.,;” Jerusalen, 1974, 386 pr. (Obtain from NTIS.) This book is approved by the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Fisheries as a textbook for institutions of higher learning, and describes the fishing industry, its development, management, and analysis in economic terms. Capital investment, enterprise cost, profit, labor productivity, price formation, financing, and other concepts are explained. While pond fish culture is not identified as a separate topic in the table of contents (there is no index), it is discussed. (See ‘e.g. , "pp. 30, 46, 101-1057) and 2250) Pond fish have accounted for 0.6% of the U.S.S.R. catch for 30 years, with their output increasing from 8.4 (in 1940) to 52.4 (in 1968)> metric “kitotons. Productivity averaged 0.67 tons/ha in 1968. Economic indicators are shown for six advanced farms in 1968, and include output in tons per hectare, prime cost per ton, profit per ton, profit as a percent of prime cost, profit as a percent of fixed assets, and normal working capital (10 to 30%), and time to recover asset investment (3-8 years). Carp account for up to 90% of the warmwater output. Her bivores accounted for 11% of total pond output in T9685” Profit jana productivity improvements relate _ to mechanization, mineral (nonorganic) fertilizers, multiple species culture, sufficiency of juvenile supplies, pure-strain breeding, use of granular feeds, etc. Subject descriptors: U.S.S.R.; economic concepts; methodolgy; development rationale; production data; outlook; revenue; costs; returns; history. 253 Szamborski, Jerzy. 1967. Calculation of economic effectiveness of investments in fish farms (Rachunek efektywnosci ekonomicznej inwestycji w obiektach rybackich). Gesp. Rybn. 19(7): 3-5. (Copy of translation available on loan from NMFS.) The main factors that influence the evaluation of the economic 116 effectiveness of an investment include: (1) duration of the investment cycle (period from construction initiation to first use of project), (2) the mass of envisaged production and the birth rate, (3) costs of production (operating costs plus the annual equivalent of capital costs, which are called costs of adaptation or transformation), and (4) length of time of exploitation of a planned investment. An example involving the computation of an index of effectiveness of a planned capital repair for a particular pond project is given, following an explanation and discussion of the variables and assumptions in the index. This index is essentially an annual cost benefit ratio and was obtained from the Polish Ministers' Planning Commissicn instructions on the ecomonic comparison and evaluation of the efficiency of investments. A previous application by the aucnon 2s Cited (1967, Gosp. Rybn. 19(2): 3-5). Subject descriptors: Investment model; benefit-cost analysis; economic concepts; methodology; Poland. 254 Szamborski, Jerzy. 1967 . Some elements of the economic efficiency of pond production (Niektore elementy ekonomicznej efecktywnosci produkcji stawowej). ce=p. sybos 19 (2): 3-5. (Copy of translation available on loan from NMFS.) Output per hectare of carp (ponds) and beef cattle (pasture) are compared on the basis of meat and protein weight, and live-animal value. This is done for the primary (natural) increase, then with specified amounts of fertilizer, and finally fertilizer and feed in specified amounts. Carp is clearly more productive. However, investment projects for the two kinds of production differ in several particulars and the author then explains and applies a general formula for comparing the efficiency of investments, as obtained from the Polish Ministers' Planning Commision instructions. This formula takes account of various costs in the numerator and the value of output in the denominator ai! om an annual basis. “it is an annual’ cost/benefit ratio. { Annotator's note: certain computational assumptions differ from those sometimes used in U.S. water resource agency benefit-cost analyses respecting the interest rate or discounting rate effects of time, although a time-adjustment factor is used.] In terms of annual cost-benefit ratios, beef and carp are similar or closer in investment efficiency than they are on the pbasis of simple productivity, but if the flood prevention effects of carp ponds are counted, carp are again the winner over beef. Of course, possible exceptions for individual projects are recognized. Subject descriptors: Enterprise comparison; Carp; beef cattle; productivity; benefit-cost analysis; economic concepts; economic feasibility; investment model; Poland. 117 255 Tal, Se 1973. New prospects in fishculture in Israel. Banidgeh 25 (3): “67-71. New intensive fish culture methods are discussed. The 1972 yield from pond culture was 13,350 metric tons with an average productivity of 2.7 tons/ha of pond area. The Israeli market can handle up to 17,000 tons of all kinds of pondfish in 1973, but the actual yield will be only 15,000 tons. Since 1965, output has increased by 82%. The demand forecast for 1974/75 is 19,000 tons. To supply this demand, 4 tons per hectare from 5,000 hectares of ponds is necessary. Water limitation problems are also discussed. Unpotable, brackish waters are used for pisciculture to avoid fish farming at agriculture's expense. Investment, transition (from conventional to intensive fish culture), feed problems, andthe possibility of marine farming are discussed. The new intensive culture method will introduce more efficient work methods. Subject descriptors: Israel; productivity; investment; outlook; forecasts. 256 Treasurer, J. W. 1974, Fish farming--the future. Fish Marketing, Processing, Packaging (17): 11 and 13. While _ not. discouraging“ clish ‘farming. the author briefly challenges the views expressed by specific writers for possible cveroptimism. Subject descriptors: Constraints. 257, Trimble, Gordon M. 13725 Legal and administrative aspects of an aquaculture policy for Hawaii: an assessment. Hawaii,- Dep. Plan. Econ. Devws, Cent. Sea. Policy Tech. Assessment, and West. Interstate Comm. Higher Educ., Resour. Dev. internship _Proge.., .61 «pp. This report discusses an assessment of legal and administrative aspects of aquaculture in Hawaii initiated by the Governor's Advisory Committee on Science and Technology. Background information on laws, water, tights, cegulatory. institutions, coastal zone statutes, water quality standard enforcement, State land use regulations, and the agencies responsible for each category are detailed. Fishing regulations, and agencies which provide technical and financial assistance for aquaculture activities and their programs are aiso outlined. A table of permits required for aquaculture activities is presented along 118 with a discussion of the impact of existing laws and institutions on aquaculture. Laws affecting aquaculture in other States are also presented. Subject descriptors: Institutions; legal barriers. 258 Webber, Harold H. ADE 2. The design of an aquaculture enterprise. PrOe., GUult _Caribb. Fish. inst., 24th Annu. Sess., Nov. 1971, pp. o17-125.< Among the factors judged to be important in determining the success of an aguaculture operation are those having to do with Site selection, which the author emphasizes in thiS paper. Selection of sites is discussed with reference to ranch, pond, raceway, cage and closed (high-density) methods of culture. A comprehensive, extensive list of site selection criteria is provided. Subject descriptors: Site selection criteria. 259 Webber, Harold H. 13736 Risks to the aquaculture enterprise. Aquaculture 2(2) +: 157-172. Successful operation of an aguaculture business requires enterpreneurship, knowledge of biological process uncertainties, management skill, and sufficient capital resources to achieve appropriate economies of scale. Risk aspects of commonly used problem or management areas for a hypothetical enterprise in the American Tropics are discussed independentiy, but their interdependence is recognized. Biological risks include diseases and parasites (a major problem), seed production, predation and competition, inventory control (serious Since it impairs Management), nutrition, and natural productivity. Physical risks include water quality and storm damage. Social and economic risks relate to political stability (in developing countries), land, labor, poaching, feed costs, and market changes. The discussion details the nature of various risks, and offers Suggestions on possible degrees of risk interaction and risk losses in qualitative terms. Subject descriptors: Risks. 119 260 Wildman, Robert D. 1974. Aquaculture in the National Sea Grant Program. William N. Shaw, editor, Proceedings of the First U.S.-Japanese Meeting on Aquaculture at Tokyo, Japan, October 18-19, 1971. U.S. Dept. Commer., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA ‘Tech. Rep. Circ. 388, pp. 41-56. The National Sea Grant Program's aguaculture projects are described by type of organism being studied: crustaceans (shrimp, crabs, lobster, and crayfish), mollusks (oysters, clams, scallops, abalone, octopus, and lJlimpets), finfish (salmonids, mullet, dolphin, and miscellaneous), and seaweeds (red and brown algae). As of June 30, 1971, the National Sea Grant Program was helping to Support over 50 projects directly related to aguaculture with a total (joint or shared) cost of $5 million, and with over $3 million being from the Frogram. ‘The research work, technological developments in rearing species, and specific universities and other institutions doing the work are discussed. Market potential of species, reproductive ability, environmental effects on species' productivity and feed data are among the specific terms discussed under each species. Also, programs in marine pathology directed at diseases of seafood organisms are discussed as well as new aquaculture sites. A listing ‘of National Sea Grant Aquaculture Programs by organization is provided. Subject descriptors: Research; R&D role; public sector role; investment. 261 Williams, Simon. 1975. Conflict of -interest “dnd its -resolutron@-"as “factors 10 ene commercialization of aquaculture in the Americas. Mar. Fish. Rev. 37(1): 48-51. The author focuses on what he views to be a neglected area, “organizing the business of aquaculture so that its benefits ensure the maximum satisfaction of the people of a host country." Host country aspirations of national development, reactions to enclave and exploitive kinds of operations, actions to produce change, and problems are discussed, along with attitude and objective changes by private enterprise (e.g., acceptance of responsibility for general economic development, use of return on investment criteria tnat include interests of the host country, and willingness to share or eventually transfer ownership). Some examples of operating institutions in Mexico are given in the context of helping to resolve conflicts of interest between private (often foreign) investors and people of the host country. Subject descriptors: Economic development role; development planning; externalities; INSTLEUCIONS. 120 262 fec, William C. 1972. Thermal aquaculture: engineering and economics. envrron. Sci. Technol. 6(3): 232-237. Thermal effluent from electric power generating plants is expected to be a matter of increasing concern aS power output grows. The author provides information on his surveys of the experimental uses of this waste heat to hasten the growth of various aquatic species in several countries. Also, a design concept is discussed for an integrated shrimp culture operation at a power plant site. Operating and capital costs are estimated (including hatchery, growth to market size, and processing opera- tions) in the context of using sensitivity analysis to determine economic feasibility at any site. Subject descriptors: Powerplant heat use; technology; method evaluation. 121 Adrian, J. L. Agnello, Richard J. Allen, George Allen, P. G. Alvarez, Vicente B. Anderson, Lee G. Anderson, Leon Araji, A. A. Arroyo, Igcr Solar Asakawa, Kenji Avault, James W., Jr. Ayers, James W. Baldwin, Wayne J. Ballew, Ralph J. Bardach, John Bartonek, Frank A. Bell, Frederick W. Berge, Leidolv Billy, Thomas Blades, Holland C., Jr. Bollman, Frank Herbert Bond, B. J. Boozer, David Botsford, L. i. Brett, J. R. Brown, E. Evan Buettner, Howard J. Canterbery, E. Ray Carlson, Ernest W. Carr, Mark’ 7. Carroll, Billy B. Carroll, James C. Castagna, Michael Cavanaugh, Carroll Charbonneau, J. J. Chesness, J. L. Clark, Robert C., vr. Cohee, Melville H. Ccllins, Charles M. Collins, Richard A. Collinsworth, Don HW. Colwell, Bryan Conversano, Guy Costello, Frederick A. Covey, L. H. Cowan, Dorian Culley, Dudley D., Jr. Dassow, J. A. Davidson, Jack R. Davis, James T. Dawes, Clinton J. de la Bretonne, Larry W., Demoran, William J. Dillon, Olan W. Dobson, W. D. Donahue, John R. Donnelley, Lawrence P. Doty, Maxwell S. Duknovski, M. K. Eschmeyer, Paul T. Fair, Armor John Farstad, Nelvin Fedyaev, V. E. Fessler, Floyd R. Ffrench, Rudolph A. Fijan, N. Folsom, William B. Ford, Erwin C. Foster, Thomas H. Franz, Robert S. Fraser, Jim Fujimura, Takuji 186, 187 22, 23, , 188, 73, 193 244 Fullenbaum, Richard F. Garino, David P. Garner, Carroll R. Gary, Don L. Gates, John M. Gaucher, Thomas A. Gibson, Gary G. Gooby, Dick Goodwin, Harold L. Gopalakrishnan, V. Gordon, William G. Gray, D. LeRoy Greenfield, John E. Griffin, Charles Grisom, Cc. A. Grizzell, Roy A., Jc. Gunter, Gordon Halbrook, W. A. Hammack, Gloria Heffernan, Bernard E. Heidinger, Roy Helfrich, Philip Henry, Harriet P. Herrick, Samuel F. Hidu, Herbert pe i Hclemo, Frederick J. Hudson, Horace Hudson, Stanton Hughes, Janice S. Huguenin, John E. Hunter, Charles J. Tdyll,, C. ses Insull, A. D. Iversen, Robert T. B. Iversen, E. S. Jaspers, Edmonde J. Jhingran, V. G. Johnston, Warren E. Jones, A. Jones, Walter G. Joyner, Timothy Kensler, Craig Kildow, Judith Kinnear, H. M. Kinoshita, Richard K. Kirby, Martin Klontz, George W. Koposov, A. F. Krupauer, V. Lacewell, Ronald P. Lampe, Harlan C. Lander, Robert H. Landis, Robert C. LaPlante, M. G. Lee, Jasper S. Lewis, William M. Lund, Dennis S. McCoy, E. W. MacCrimmon, H. R. MacDonald, C. R. McGuiness, Fred MacKenzie, Clyde L., Jr. McLarney, William O. Madewell, Carl E. Mahnken, Conrad V. M. Mange, Frank A. Marsh, Brent L. 122 86, 89, 202-205 220, 251 166 212 213 155 214 124 131 USAR AUS 42, 43, 217 87, 90, 218, 219 46, 47 Siig O2ir) Soa 4a Ose 194 wr SO, ily Se! 102, 108, 109 Marshall, Nelson 222 Safsten, C. Gunnar 219 Martin, John B. 191 Sakai, H. 152 Martin, Stephen G. 85 San Feliu, J. M. 245 Martino, K. V. 151 Serene So 246, 247 Mason, J. 110 Schuur, A. M. 136 Matthiessen, George C. ate oe 204 205 Scott, Anthony 248 Mattox, Bruce W. 95 Scott, Clyde A. 81 Maurer, Don 143 Secretan, P. A. D. 249 Mays, David A. 191 Shang, Yung Cheng 137, 136, 54, 155; Meade, James W. 78 Shaw, William N. 118 Meade, T. L. 89 Sherling, A. B. 49 Menzel, Winston 113 Shpet, G. I. 156 Meyer, Fred P. 56 Silverthorne, Wesley 168 Miller, Morton M. 57 Smith, Leah J. Dod Hadine, P. H. 225 Smith, Theodore Isaac Jogues 157 Minamisawa, A. 152 Sneed, Kermit E. 56, 158 Mock. C. R. 434 Sorenson, Philip &£. 168 Moore, J. Jamison 226 Steinberg, M. A. 197 Morrison, A. W. 108 Stevens, Joe B. 95 Morrison, W. R. 61 Stewart, J. E. 224 Morse, N. H. 114 Sullivan, Edward G. 40, 65 Mueller, J. J. 86 Sutinen, Jon G. 222 Mull, Wilbur C. 79 Sysoev, M. P. 252 Mullins, Troy 58 Szamborski, Jerzy 2535) 2H Mustafin, R. M. 151 Tabb, Durbin C. 121 Nash, Colin 227 alles 255 Nash, Darrell A. 57, 189 Tanonaka, George K. 93, 169, 218, 241 Neal, Richard A. 135-220 Tarr, Marvin A. 119 Nelson, Roy 59 Thompson, Russell G. 55 Nichols, John P. 60 Toner, R. C. 112 Novotny, Anthony J. 90, 91 Treasurer, J. W. 256 Trimble, Gordon M. 257 Trotter, Warren K. 62 Odum, William E. 229 Okolo-Kulak, S. 230 Owens, Gerald P. 231 Vaughn, Charles L. 120 Vidaeus, Lars 0. 222 Vreeland, Robert R. 97 Palfreman, D. A. 232 Palmer, He WV. Rey JE 233 Parker, Henry S. 167 Wagner, Louis C. 96 Pesson, lI. L. 115 Wahle, Roy J. 97 Pailay, Ts Vs Rs 2342235 Waldrop, John E. 29 Pinchuk, V. A. 236 Waugh, Frederick V. 189 Pippin, Kenneth 61 Wear, R. G. 139 Prewitt, Roy 237, 238 Webber, Harold H. 140, 258, 259 Priddy, John M. 153 Welsh, James P. 141 Pritchard, G. I. 80, 239, 240 Westin, Deborah T. 222 Westley, Ronald E. 119 White, James T. EE) Quayle, D. B. 116 Wildman, Robert D. 260 Williams, Robert James 142 Williams, Simon 261 Raulerson, Richard C. 62 Winget, Rodner R. 143 Richards, Jack A. CAR SE, AG. Pq Richardson, I. D. iy Ve Roberts, Kenneth J. 94 Yamamoto, Tadasu 160 Rockwood, Charles E. 117 Yeager, J. H. 66 Rogers, Bruce D. 63 Yee, William Cc. 144, 262 Rouzaud, Pierre 242 Russell, Jesse R. 64 Rutka, Justin 243 Zaidinar, Yule Ll. 161 RUZIC. dis Re 48, 50 Ryther, John H. 187, 188, 244 ake GPO 796-407 123 —— a a a a a ae Se o= # s «6 av 7 ¢ ° 14 @ 4 ‘ . ‘ o a ® > : “ ecey a ’ 64 Coe ae WGA yi, ian, a a eo Ame | Bookbinding Co., Inc. 100 Cambridge St. Charlestown, MA 02129 Oy 3 2044 4 Fe PRA E OG mg eg oo Pes eee oe vee = £ i i ' 2 . ? ‘ v 7 rer