744

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-744

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Tunas, Oceanography and
Meteorology of the Pacific,
An Annotated Bibliography
1950-78

Paul N. Sund
March 1981

Marine Biological Laboratory |
LIBRARY

OCT 14 1992 \

Woods Hole, Mass.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS

National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report — Fisheries

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722. Gulf menhaden, Brevooriia patronus, purse seine fishery: Catch, fishing
activity, and age and size composition, 1964-73. By William R. Nicholson.
March 1978, iii + 8 p., 1 fig., 12 tables.

723. Ichthyoplankton composition and plankton volumes from inland coastal
waters of southeastern Alaska, .April-November 1972. By Chester R. Mattson
and Bruce L. Wing. April 1978, iii+ 11 p., 1 fig., 4 tables.

Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC. 20402, Stock No. 003-017-00452-0.

732. Assessment of the Northwest Atlantic mackerel. Scomber scombrus.
stock. By Emory D. Anderson. April 1979, iv+ 13 p., 9 figs., 15 tables. For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20402, Stock No. 003-017-00450-3.

724. Estimated average daily instantaneous numbers of recreational and com-
mercial fishermen and boaters in the St. Andrew Bay system, Florida, and adja-
cent coastal waters, 1973. By Doyle F. Sutheriand. May 1978, iv-i-23 p., 31 figs.,
n tables.

725. Seasonal bottom-water temperature trends in the Gulf of Maine and on
Georges Bank. 1963-75. By Clarence W. Davis. May 1978, iv-^ 17 p., 22 figs., 5
tables.

733. Possible management procedures for increasing production of sockeye
salmon smolts in the Naknek River system, Bristol Bay, Alaska. By Robert J.
Ellis and William J. McNeil. April 1979. iii-('9p., 4 figs., 11 tables. For sale by
the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, DC. 20402. Stock No. 003-017-00451-1.

734. Escape of king crab. Paraliihodes camlschalica, from derelict pots. By
William L. High and Donald D. Woriund. May 1979, iii -r 1 1 p., 5 figs.. 6 tables.

726. The Gulf of Maine temperature structure between Bar Harbor, Maine,
and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, June 1975-November 1976. By Robert J.
Pawlowski. December 1978, iii+ 10 p., 14 figs., 1 table.

727. Expendable bathythermograph observations from the NMFS/MARAD
Ship of Opportunity Program for 1975. By Steven K. Cook, Barclay P. Collins,
and Christine S. Carty. January 1979, iv-i-93 p., 2 figs.. 13 tables. 54
app. figs.

728. Vertical sections of semimonthly mean temperature on the San Francisco-
Honolulu route: From expendable bathythermograph observations, June 1966-
December 1974. By J. F. T. Saur, L. E. Eber, D. R. McLain, and C. E. Dorman.
January 1979, iii-i-35 p., 4 figs., 1 table. For sale by the Superintendent of
Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC. 20402, Stock
No. 003-017-00438-4.

729. References for the identification of marine invertebrates on the southern
Atlantic coast of the United States. By Richard E. Dowds. April 1979, iv-f 37 p.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, Stock No. 003-017-00454-6.

730. Surface circulation in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico as deduced from
drifi bottles. By Robert F. Temple and John A. Martin. May 1979, iii -i^ 13 p.. 8
figs., 4 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government
Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402. Stock No. 003-017-00456-2.

731. Annotated bibliography and subject index on the shonnose sturgeon,
Acipenser brevirosirum. By JamesG. Hoff. April 1979, iii-^ 16p. For sale by the

735. History of the fishery and summary statistics of the sockeye salmon.
Oncorhynchus nerka. runs to the Chignik Lakes, Alaska, 1888-1966. By Michael
L. Dahlberg. August 1979, iv-(-16 p., 15 figs., 11 tables. For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402. Stock No. 003-017-00459-7.

736. A historical and descriptive account of Pacific coast anadromous
salmonid rearing facilities and a summary of their releases by region. 1960-76.
By Roy J. Whale and Robert Z. Smith. September 1979, iv +40 p., 15 figs., 25
tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing
Office. Washington. D.C. 20402. Slock No. 003-017-00*60-1.

737. Movements of pelagic dolphins {Sienella spp.) in the eastern tropical
Pacific as indicated by results of lagging, with summary of tagging operations.
l%9-76. By W. F Perrin. W. E. Evans, and D. B. Holts. September 1979.
iii ■^ 14 p.. 9 figs., 8 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office. Washington, DC. 20402. Stock No.
003-017-00462-7.

738. Environmental baselines in Long Island Sound, 1972-73. By R. N. Reid,
A. B. Frame, and A. F. Draxler. December 1979, iv + 31 p., 40 figs., 6 tables. For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC. 20402, Stock No. 003-01 7-00466-0.

739. Bottom-water temperature trends in the Middle Atlantic Bight during
spring and autumn, 1964-76. By Clarence W. Davis. December 1979, iii + 13 p.,
10 figs., 9 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Stock No. 003-017-00467-8.

NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-744

Tunas, Oceanography and
Meteorology of the Pacific,
An Annotated Bibliography
1950-78

Paul N. Sund

March 1981

Marine Biological Laboratory
LIBRARY

OCT 14 1992

Woods Hole, Mass.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Philip M Klutznick. Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Richard A. Frank, Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

Terry L. Leitzell, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec-
ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material
mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or
to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro-
motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends
or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned
herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly
the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS
publication.

CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Bibliographies 3

Atlases 4

Annotated bibliography 6

Keyword index 96

1 1 1

Tunas, Oceanography and Meteorology

of the Pacific,

An Annotated Bibliography, 1950-78

PAUL N. SUND

ABSTRACT

Annotaled references are presented on papers published between 1950 and 1978 about Pacific tunas and
about envirnnmenlal subjects pertaining to tuna distributions and or ecolo(£>. Key words are included and cross-
referenced for eacb citation to aid in selecting specific topics of interest.

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography presents a listing of pubHcations pertinent
to the subject of Pacific tuna-oceanography. The list is not
intended to include all articles published on the subject, but to
provide a selection that samples areas of both biological and
physical aspects. Articles were selected for inclusion because
they address in some manner; I) the relationship between the
fish and their environment, particularly how the latter
influences the former in time and space; and 2) the dynamic
oceanographic and /or atmospheric processes involved in fish-
environment interrelationships. Papers on other tuna-related
topics are excluded. Investigation of the literature emphasized
the Pacific region but was not restricted to that ocean in spite
of the title. Articles concerning other ocean regions are
included due to the subject matter being of pertinence to fish-
enrivonmenial relations irrespective of geography, or due to
the inclusion of subject matter of such a nature that geography
has no specific relation to the discussion. Further selection of
references was made which excluded numerous articles
published prior to the 1950's. From reading earlier articles, it
became evident that they contained few substantive references
to environmental factors influencing fish. And, a number of
major works published since the above arbitrary cut-off date
include a thorough review of the older literature, so there is no
need to duplicate those efforts. The most recent articles
included have a publication date of 1978; but, due to
peculiarities of certain publication series, it is possible that
some papers dated 1978 are not included. Sources for a por-
tion of the articles listed here have been various bibliographies
on tunas and on oceanography. These are listed separately
prior to the annotated references. The reader is referred to
those bibliographies for other than fish-environment topics. A
selection of oceanographic atlases follows the bibliographies.

An attempt was made to read each article listed. However, in
some cases of foreign literature, only the English abstract or
resume, figures, tables, or captions were studied. Those
articles not read or read in abstract only are so indicated.

Annotations are necessarily brief, but they are intended to
highlight the contents and substance of the article, particularly
with respect to fish-environment considerations. In some cases
the title alone was considered adequate for that purpose, so no
annotations were made. Key words are included at the end of
most citations. A cross-index of key words and authors
follows the annotated bibliography. Entries are listed
alphabetically by author and chronologically by author.

Tunas are a valuable and important resource of the world
ocean. The catch of tuna species constitutes the most valuable
resource among high-seas fisheries areas of national jurisdic-
tion (Klawe 1978). The tuna species, as a group, have been
defined and discussed by Klawe (1977). The species of concern
in articles included in this bibliography principally are those of
commercial interest. Some articles discussing other species are
included because information on environmental influences is
presented. The currently accepted scientific and vernacular
names of tuna species covered by papers listed in this
bibliography are the following:

Scientific name

Thunus alalunga
Thunnus albacares
Thunniis maccoyii
Thunnus obesus
Thunnus thynnus

orienialis
Kaisuwonus pelamis
Auxis spp.
Auxis /hazard
Auxis rochei
Euihynnus linneatus
Euihynnus a/finis

Vernacular name

Albacore
Yellowfin tuna
Southern bluefin tuna
Bigeye tuna
Bluefin tuna.

Northern Pacific
Skipjack tuna

Frigate and bullet tunas

Black skipjack
Kawakawa

'pacific Environmental Group, Nalional Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA, c o Fleet
Numerical Oceanography Center. Monterey. CA 93940.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1 acknowledge the assistance of the librarians and staffs of
the following institutions: Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center,
Southwest Fisheries Center — La Jolla and Tiburon. In-

dividuals who assisted in procuring materials include Witold
L. Klawe, Forest Miller, Tamio Otsu, and Shoji Ueyanagi. The
citations were proofed for format in draft by Lee Thorson and
Mary Fukuyama of the NMFS Scientific Publications Office.
Certain persons kindly provided me with articles in various
stages of prepublicaiion preparation. I am indebted to all the
above and to my colleagues at the Pacific Environmental
Group, who provided assistance and constructive comment
and criticism.

LITERATURE CITED

KLAWE, W. L.

1977. What is tuna? Mar. Fisti. Rev. 39(1 1): 1-5.

1978. World catches of lunas and luna-like fishes in 1975. Inler-Am.
Trop. TunaComm,. Ini Rep. II. 191 p.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Anonymous. 1965. Collected bibliographies on physical
oceanography (1953-1964. Documentation Associates
Information Services, Inc. 2430 Pennsylvania
Avenue, Suite 215, Washington, D.C. 20037. Spec.
bibliogr. oceanogr. Contr. No. 1, 1121 p.

Bernabei , H. 1964. Bibl iogrpahy . Proceedings of the
world scientific meeting on the biology of tunas
and related species. La Jolla, California, U.S.A.,
2-14 July 1962, p. 1853-2272.

Blackburn, M. 1976. Review of existing information on
fishes in the Deep Ocean Mixing Environmental
Study (DOMES) area of the tropical Pacific. Inst.
Mar. Res., Univ. Calif., La Jolla. IMR Ref. No.
76-1, 76 p. (Mimeo.)

Documentation Associates Information Services, Inc.
1977. Deep Ocean Mining Environmental Study
(DOMES) literature survey. 231 p. (Mimeo.) NMFS
Southwest Fisheries Center La Jolla Laboratory,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box
271, La Jolla, CA 92037.

Klawe, W.L., and M.P. Miyaki . 1967. An annotated
bibliography on the biology and fishery of the
skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis , of the Pacific
Ocean. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull.
12:139-363.

Shimada, B.M. 1951. An annotated bibliography on the
biology of Pacific tunas. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Fish. Bull. 52:1-58.

Stevenson, M.R., and H.R. Wicks. 1975. Bibliography
of El Nino and associated publications. [In Engl,
and Span.] Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull.
16:451-501.

Van Campen , W.G., and E.E. Hoven. 1956. Tunas and
tuna fisheries of the world. An annotated biblio-
graphy, 1930-53. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish.
Bull. 111:173-249.

ATLASES

Barkley, R.A. 1968. Oceanographic atlas of the Pa-
cific Ocean. University of Hawaii Press,
Honolulu, 20 p. + 156 figs.

Bennett, E.B. 1963. An oceanographic atlas of the
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, based on data from
EASTROPIC expedition, October-December 1955.
Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm . Bull, 8:33-165.

Burkov, V.A. 1972. The Pacific Ocean; general circu-
lation of the Pacific Ocean water. [In Russ . ]
Nauka Press, Moscow, 195 p.

Eber, L.E,, J.F.T. Saur, and O.E. Sette. 1968. Month-
ly mean charts of sea surface temperature. North
Pacific Ocean, 1949-1962. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Circ. 258, 168 p.

Johnson, J.H. 1961. Sea surface temperature monthly
average and anomaly charts northeastern Pacific
Ocean, 1947-58. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec.
Sci. Rep. Fish. 385, 56 p.

Love, CM. 1970-1975. EASTROPAC Atlases. Data from
participating ships, v. 1-10. U.S. Dep. Commer.,
NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 330.

Renner, J. A. 1963. Sea surface temperature monthly
average and anomaly charts eastern tropical Pa-
cific Ocean, 1947-58. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 442, 57 p.

Robinson, M.K. 1976. Atlas of North Pacific Ocean
monthly mean temperatures and mean salinities of
the surface layer. U.S. Nav. Oceanogr. Off., Ref.
Publ . 2(N00 RP-2) .

Robinson, M.K., and R.A. Bauer. 1971. Atlas of month-
ly mean sea surface and subsurface temperature and
depth of the top of the thermocline North Pacific
Ocean. Fleet Numer. Weather Cent., Monterey,
Calif. , 24 p.

Stevenson, M.R., O.G. Guillen, and J. Santoro. 1970.
Marine atlas of the Pacific coastal waters of
South America. [In Engl, and Span.] Univ. Calif.
Press, Berkely and Los Angeles, 23 p. plus charts.

Wooster, W.S., and T. Cromwell. 1958. An oceanograph-
ic description of the eastern tropical Pacific.
Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. 7 (3 ): 169-282 .

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alverson, D.L. 1961. Ocean temperatures and their re-
lationship to albacore tuna (Thunnus germo) dis-
tribution in waters off the coast of the states of
Oregon, Washington, and the province of British
Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 18:1145-1152.

Discussed American coastal fishery for alba-
core tuna in relation to temperature fea-
tures. Fish concentrations occur along the
interface of warm oceanic waters and cooler
waters adjacent to the coast. Highest catch
rates were recorded in water temperatures
between 58° and 61°F. The author felt the
fish were above the thermocline, in warm
oceanic-type water.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, temperature,
catch, thermocline, discontinuity, season,
distribution .

Alverson, F.G. 1959,
yellowfin tuna and
ern tropical Pac
year, 1952-1955.
3:167-213.

Average quarterly distribution of purse seine
and baitboat catches. Annual fluctuations in
catch by quarter and area. Indications of
fish movement from catch distribution. Men-
tioned unusual oceanographic conditions in
the region during 1953 which may have been
responsible for the large catches in 1954.
Postulated that both yellowfin and skipjack
movements into and out of the waters off Baja
California were related to the temperature
regime of that area.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, geo-
graphy, distribution, catch, migration,
oceanography, season.

Alverson, F.G., and C.L. Peterson. 1963. Synopsis of
biological data on bigeye tuna Parathunnus sibi
(Temminck and Schlegel) 1844. Species Synopsis
No. 14. FAO Fish. Biol. Synop. 57. FAO Fish.
Rep. 6:482-514.

Mapped the distribution of bigeye. Seasonal
differences in distribution were not shown
and that the relations between the distribu-
tion of the fish and various oceanographic
changes are obscure was pointed out. Fur-
ther, that nothing is known of the size of
the bigeye tuna population in the Pacific.
Summarized the depth, temperature and geo-
graphic ranges of the species and currents in
which it is found. Speculated that distribu-
tion within the currents is no doubt related
to temperature, food supply, and other fac-
tors .

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, distribution, cur-
rents, temperature, food.

Anonymous. 1962. Present status of tuna research in
Japan. Second Japan-United States Tuna Confer-
ence, Oct. 9, 1962, Tokyo, Rep. 2, 57 p.

A review of research of the Nankai Regional

Fisheries Research Laboratory to 1962. In-
cludes catch by season and region; contains
maps and tables. The center of distribution
differed for each species with respect to
ocean currents. Within a species the size
composition varied with currents, suggesting
separate ecological existence in different
current systems. The fishing grounds mainly
were homogeneous in an east to west direction
within a current. Migrations were of two
types: 1) within a current and 2) across
currents. The first is subject to seasonal
change of distribution within a current
itself and the second is an active movement
of the fish with a change in their stage of
life. The second is more rapid than the
first. There were size changes within the
current, large fish being found in the east
and small in the west. Spawning areas were
given for all species discussed.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, yellowfin, big-
eye, bluefin, catch, distribution, season,
currents, size, migration, spawning.

Barkley, R.A., W.H. Neill, and R.M. Gooding. 1978.

Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, habitat based

on temperature and oxygen requirements. Fish.
Bull., U.S. 76:653-662.

Defined and mapped the habitat of skipjack in
the Pacific using averaged oceanog raphi c
data. Habitat features used were based on
experiments on Hawaiian skipjack. The verti-
cal and areal habitat were described by
limits of temperature and oxygen. Habitat
varied with size/age of fish.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, habitat, distribu-
tion, depth, oceanography, temperature, oxy-
gen .

Beardsley, G.L., Jr. 1969. Distribution and apparent
relative abundance of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus
albacares) in the eastern tropical Atlantic In
relation to oceanographic features. Bull. Mar.
Sci. 19:48-56.

Yellowfin tuna caught by Japanese longline
were noted to be distributed around and down-
stream from thermal domes. The proposed
reasoning was that upwelling and enrichment
processes are associated with the domes.
Frontal zones noted to concentrate yellowfin
at the surface apparently had little effect
on the distribution of fish taken by long-
line .

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, thermal domes,
upwelling, enrichment.

Berlage, H.P. 1966. The Southern Oscillation and world
weather. K. Ned. Meterol. Inst. Meded in Verh. 88,

152 p,

Described mechanisms of atmospheric pressure
differences influencing the strength of Peru
and Equatorial Current systems, and an impact
on sea surface temperatures. Stated that the
strength of the Peru Current depends on the
pressure difference between Easter Island and
Santiago .

KEY WORDS: atmospheric pressure, tempera-
ture, currents.

Berlage, H.P., and H.J. DeBoer. 1959. On the extension
of the Southern Oscillation throughout the world
during the period July 1, 1949 up to July 1, 1957.
Geofis. Pura. Appl . Milano 43:287-295.

Correlated the Southern Oscillation values
with pressure data from numerous points over
the globe. Found a high correlation of other
points with Easter Island. They postulated
that the Southern Oscillation operates prin-
cipally as a stationary wave in its effects
on the earth's atmosphere.

KEY WORDS: atmospheric pressure, Southern
Oscillation .

Berlage, H.P, and H.J. DeBoer. 1960. On the Southern
Oscillation, its way of operation and how it af-
fects pressure patterns in the higher latitudes.
Geofis. Pura. Appl. Milano 46:329-351.

Presented arguments that Southern Oscillation
influences weather patterns over the globe;
that there are periods of weather types run-
ning for several years which are due to fluc-
tuations in the Southern Oscillation.

KEY WORDS: atmosphere, atmospheric pressure.
Southern Oscillation, distribution.

Bini, G. 1952. Osservazioni sulla fauna marina delle
coste del Chile e del Peru con speciale riguardo
alle specie ittiche in generale ed ai tonni in
particolare. Boll. Pesca Piscic. Idrobiol.
7 (1) :ll-60.

In Italian, not read. Considered possibili-
ties for commercial fishery development for
tunas and bonito off Chile and Peru.

KEY WORDS: tunas, temperatures, oceanography.

Bjerknes, J. 1961. "El Nino" study based on analysis
of ocean surface temperatures 1935 to 1957. Inter-
Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 5:219-303.

Discussed the seasonal variation reflected in
winds and sea surface temperatures as related
to atmospheric and oceanographic changes, all
pertaining to the development of El Nino.
Compared 1935 to 1957 sea surface tempera-
tures with data in the Hydrographic Office
Atlas and presented evidence of a general
warming trend in the open sea area south of
the equator, a cooler tendency in coastal and
equatorial upwelling zones. El Nino results
from ocean-wide weakening of northern trade
winds, permitting abnormally large volumes of
warm water to accumulate in the eastern
tropical Pacific. A weakness in the southern
trade winds plus a possible south equatorial
countercur rent add to the above phenomena.

KEY WORDS: winds, currents, season, pres-
sure, upwelling, thermocline depths, El Nino.

Blackburn, M. 1959. Scripps Tuna Oceanography Re-
search (STOR) Program - Quarterly Progress Report
No. 6. Univ. Calif. SIO Ref . (59-22), 17 p.

Comparison of tuna catches and zooplankton
volumes off Baja California.

KEY WORDS: tuna, feed.

Blackburn, M. 1959. Analysis of tuna availability in
relation to oceanographic variables. _In M. Black-
burn (editor), Scripps Tuna Oceanographic Research
(STOR) Program - Quarterly Progress Report No. 7.
Univ. Calif. SIO Ref. 59-31:4, 8.

Comparison of tuna catches with abundance of
zooplankton and micronekton.

KEY WORDS: tuna, feed.

10

Blackburn, M. 1960. Analysis of tuna availability in
relation to oceanographic variables. Iji M. Black-
burn (editor), Scripps Tuna Oceanographic Research
(STOR) Program - Quarterly Progress Report No. 10.
Univ. Calif. SIO Ref. (60-15) :8-9.

Tuna distributions correlated with tempera-
ture. Tuna were displaced poleward of normal
distributions in the warm years 1957-58.

KEY WORDS: tuna, temperature, distribution.

Blackburn, M. 1960. Tuna ecology. l£ M. Blackburn
(editor), Scripps Tuna Oceanographic Research
(STOR) Program - Final Report. June 21, 1957-June
30, 1960. Univ. Calif. SIO Ref. 60-50:65-71.

Isotherms of 20 and 21 C coincided with
yellowfin and skipjack distributions off Baja
California for the 1951 to 1959 period.
Zooplankton did not relate well with tuna
distributions. Skipjack avoided temperatures
over 28 C. Yellowfin seemed to aggregate on
food .

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, tem-
perature, food, distribution.

Blackburn, M. 1961. Tuna ecology. Jn M. Blackburn

(editor), Scripps Tuna Oceanography Research

(STOR) Program - Report for the Year. July 1,

1960 - June 30, 1961. Univ. Calif. SIO Ref.
61-26:29-33.

Correlation analyses of tuna abundance and
zooplankton and micronekton abundance and
surface temperature. Within the temperature-
controlled limits of distribution the abun-
dance of tunas was determined by the abun-
dance of the biota in their food chain, and
not by temperature.

KEY WORDS: tuna, temperature, food, distri-
bution.

11

Blackburn, M. 1962. Tuna ecology. In Blackburn and
associates, Tuna oceanography in the eastern
tropical Pacific. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Spec.
Sci. Rep. Fish. 400, p. 36-42.

Review of the STOR program. An hypothesis is
presented that: "the countercur rent exer-
cises a moderating influence on anomalous
temperature regimes in general, both low and
high, in the region between 5° and 10°N,
where it approaches the coast." The summary
section considers several hypotheses and
relations between tunas and oceanography.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, yellowfin, ocean-
ography, currents, temperature, depth.

Blackburn, M. 1962. Distribution and abundance of
eastern tropical Pacific tunas in relation to
ocean properties and features. [Abstr.] In J.C.
Marr (editor). Pacific Tuna Biology Conference,
August 14-19, 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii. U.S. Fish.
Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 415, p. 21-22.

Abstract only. The distributions of yellow-
fin and skipjack tuna corresponded, at the
extremes of the eastern tropical Pacific
region, to the seasonal march of surface
isotherms, particularly the 21°C isotherm in
the north area. In the central region, the
surface temperature almost always exceeded
21 C. Yellowfin and skipjack occurred in
most areas at most seasons, and skipjack may
have been excluded at sea surface temper-
atures over 28 C. The author suggested an
association between the deep themocline,
biological productivity of surface waters,
and tuna. In offshore island areas tunas
were more abundant near islands than in the
adjacent waters.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, tem-
perature, distribution, season, thermocline,
enrichment .

12

Blackburn, M. 1962. Tuna ecology. Di M. Blackburn

(editor). Scripps Tuna Oceanography Research

(STOR) Program - Half-yearly progress report No.

1. Univ. Calif., SIO Ref. 62-14 (originally

numbered as 62-50): 16.

Influence of temperature on tuna abundance in
the Gulf of Tehuantepec.

KEY WORDS: tuna, temperature, abundance.

Blackburn, M. 1962. Tuna ecology. Iji M. Blackburn
( ed i to r ) . Sc ■
(STOR) Program
June 30, 1962.

2. Tuna ecology. Ln M. Blackburn
rripps Tuna Oceanography Research
- Report for the year July 1, 1961-
Univ. Calif. Ref. 62-25:21-24.

Distribution and abundance of tuna in the
Gulf of Tehuantepec. Yellowfin lagged zoo-
plankton by three months in the area. Yel-
lowfin were seasonal with interyear similari-
ties; skipjack were seasonal with large
interyear variance.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, dis-
tribution, feed, season, temperature.

Blackburn, M. 1963. Distribution and abundance of
tuna related to wind and ocean conditions in the
Gulf of Tehuantapec, Mexico. In H. Rosa (editor).
Proceedings of the world scientific meeting on the
biology of tunas and related species. La Jolla,
California, U.S.A., 2-14 July 1962, p. 1559-1582.
FAO Fish. Rep. 6.

An hypothesis is stated wherein yellowfin are
more abundant in the Gulf of Tehuantapec area
and in seasons where and when they aggregate
upon the expected high concentrations of
their forage. (Eutrophication resulted from
wind mixing of the shallow pycnocline.) The
hypothesis was tested and confirmed when as-
sumptions were made of an average lag of
three months between wind action and the re-
sulting crop of forage. Yellowfin were dis-
tributed according to the distribution of
their food in space in time, and this distri-
bution could be understood in some detail by
reference to a series of oceanic phenomena
connected with the annual weather cycle.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, dis-
tribution, abundance, oceanography, wind,
season, enrichment, circulation, feed.

13

Blackburn, M. 1965. Oceanography and the ecology of
tunas. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., H.
Barnes, Editor, 3:299-322.

A review article on the effects of the envi-
ronment on the distribution and abundance of
tunas. The paper considered all commerical
species of tunas; and among oceanographic
factors listed are temperature, salinity,
oxygen, transperancy , nutrients, currents,
water masses, fronts, thermocline, topog-
raphy.

KEY WORDS: tunas, yellowfin, bluefin, big-
eye, skipjack, distribution, geography,
abundance, depth, temperature, salinity,
oxygen, transparency, nutrients, currents,
fronts, upwelling, discontinuities (conver-
gence/divergence), thermocline, wind.

Blackburn, M. 1969. Conditions related to upwelling
which determine distribution of tropical tunas off
western Baja California. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Fish. Bull. 61:147-176.

Presented results from six oceanographic
cruises relating temperature, chlorophyl 1-a ,
forage and tuna distributions. An hypothesis
was tested that tunas generally do not aggre-
gate in waters less than 20 C even when suit-
able food is abundant.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, ocean-
ography, temperature, nutrients, food, color,
upwelling, bottom features.

Blackburn, M., and R.M. Laurs. 1972. Distribution of
forage of skipjack tuna (Euthynnus pelamis) in the
eastern tropical Pacific. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA
Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF 649, 16 p.

The authors related skipjack forage distribu-
tion and oceanographic features to their
potential for indicating areas suited to
skipjack habitation and fishing. Made use of
EASTROPAC data for 1967-68. Areas with high
concentrations of forage could offer fishing
potential for skipjack.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, feed, season,
distribution, upwelling, temperature.

14

Boersma, P.D. 1978. Breeding patterns of Galapagos
penguins as an indicator of oceanographic condi-
tions. Science (Wash., D.C.) 200:1481-1483.

A paper on breeding patterns of Galapagos
penguins as influenced by oceanographic
conditions. Oceanographic parameters were
intimately related to the distribution,
growth, reproductive timing, and reproductive
success of Galapagos penguins. The breeding
biology of seabirds may be a useful reflec-
tion of long-term environmental conditions.

KEY WORDS: seabirds, reproduction, distribu-
tion, environment.

Bozhkov, A.T. 1973. The effect of oceano] og ical condi-
tions on the distribution of tunas. [In Russ.]
Tr . Atl . Na uchno-Issled . Inst. Rybn. Khoz.
Okeanogr. 51:69-80.

Not read.

Brandhorst, W. 1958. Thermocline topography, zooplank-
ton standing crop and mechanisms of fertilization
in the eastern tropical Pacific. J. Cons. Perm.
Int. Explor. Mer 24(1):16-31.

Compared thermocline topography with zoo-
plankton distribution and found an inverse
relationship between thermocline depth and
size of zooplankton standing crop, which in
some regions appeared related to abundance of
tunas. A general description of oceanograph-
ic features in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Availability of nutrients to phytoplankton
was dependent upon depth of the thermocline.

KEY WORDS: tunas, yellowfin, skipjack,
oceanography, thermocline, food, season, dis-
tribution, depth, temperature, salinity,
oxygen, currents.

15

Broadhead, G.C., and I. Barrett. 1964. Some factors
affecting the distribution and apparent abundance
of yellowfin and skipjack tuna in the eastern
Pacific Ocean. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull.
8:419-473.

Sea surface temperatures and thermocline
topography were considered as possible regu-
lating factors of tuna abundance and distri-
bution. Abundance patterns were modified at
the northern and southern extremes during
major changes in the sea surface temperature.
The coincidental movement of both isotherms
and contours of skipjack abundance during
spring and summer months was particularly
evident off Baja California. Off Ecuador and
Peru the seasonal warming and cooling had no
pronounced effect on skipjack distribution.
No relationship was evident between yellowfin
tuna abundance and depth of the mixed layer.

KEY WORDS: tunas, yellowfin, skipjack, sea
surface temperature, thermocline topography,
abundance, season, distribution.

Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman. 1961. Oceanographic ob-
servations and skipjack distribution in the North
Central Pacific. Jji J.C. Marr (editor). Pacific
Tuna Biology Conference, August 14-19, 1961, Hono-
lulu, Hawaii, p. 22. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.,
Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 415.

Abstract only. Results of five oceanographic
cruises. The summer season skipjack appear-
ances were concentrated in boundaries between
two adjacent water types. Frequency of oc-
currence of skipjack schools suggested move-
ment of large fish from the west into the
Hawaiian Island area. Authors suggested a
relation between skipjack larvae occurring in
summer and zooplankton abundance, both attri-
butable to the spawning periodicity of adult
skipjack .

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, season, area, mi-
gration, larvae, water types, current bounda-
ries .

16

Calkins, T.P. 1961. Measures of population density
and concentration of fishing effort for yellowfin
and skipjack tuna in the eastern tropical Pacific
Ocean, 1951-1959. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm .
Bull. 6:69-152.

Tuna catch data were analyzed to demonstrate
seasonal changes in the geographic distribu-
tion of catch per unit effort in the skipjack
fishery. Pronounced seasonal fluctuations
were noted in density with higher values in
the third and fourth quarters of each year
for skipjack. This pattern was not present
in yellowfin indices. Mentioned unusual
oceanographic conditions of 1957, 1958, and
1959 coinciding with abnormal range varia-
tions of the fishery with increased catches
at the north and south extremes and decreased
catches in the middle.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, yellowfin, catch,
area, season, oceanography.

Caviedes, C.N. 1973. Secas and El Nino: Two simul-
taneous climatical hazards in South America. Proc.
Assoc. Am. Geogr. 5:44-49.

El Ninos off Peru and Secas (droughts) off
northeast Brazil appeared simultaneously and
a linkage between them seems to exist. Both
depend on the position of the intertropical
convergence and the subtropical high pressure
cells of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Cloud analysis of satellite pictures of
normal years suggested that a mechanism of
linkage is the reason for the simultaneous
occurrence of the two events.

KEY
sphe
rents .

WORDS: oceanography, meteorology, atmo-
re, sea surface temperature, season, cur-
s.

17

Clemens, H.B., and W.L. Craig. 1965. An analysis of
California's albacore fishery. Calif. Dep. Fish
Game, Fish Bull. 128, 301 p.

Historical review of California's albacore
fishery. Seasonal variation, size and age
composition, migration, and relation to sea
temperatures .

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, stock, size and
age, migration, temperatures, catch, behav-
ior .

Craig, W.L., and E.K. Dean. 1968. Scouting for alba-
core with surface salinity data. Undersea Tech-
nol.. May 1968, p. 22.

Used surface salinity values to indicate
boundaries between water bodies off the
California coast. Showed that transition
zones are complex and on a scale of hundreds
of yards, not miles.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, surface tempera-
ture, salinity, currents, habitat.

Creswell , G.R. 1976. A drifting bouy tracked by sat-
ellite in the Tasman Sea. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater
Res. 27:251-262.

Compared buoys tracked by satellites and sea
surface temperature data from merchant ships.
Successfully used satellites for locating the
drifting buoys. Buoys followed the circula-
tion pattern and tended to concentrate in
frontal zones of current systems. Buoys
could serve as indicators of tuna aggrega-
tion.

KEY WORDS: currents, temperature, conver-
gence .

18

Cromwell, T. 1958. Thermocline topography, horizontal
currents and "ridging" in the eastern tropical
Pacific. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull.
3:135-164.

Seasonal charts of thermocline depth in east-
ern tropical Pacific. Observed series of
east-to-west ridges and troughs. Discovered
Costa Rican thermal dome; related currents to
thermal structure; thermocline depth is re-
lated to enrichment of surface waters.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, temperature, ther-
mocline, depth, season, currents, enrichment,
convergence/divergence, upwell ing .

Cushing, D.H., and R.R. Dickson. 1976. The biological
response in the sea to climatic changes. Adv.
Mar. Biol. 14:1-122,

KEY WORDS: climate, oceanography, environ-
ment, season, temperature, upwelling, winds.

19

Davidoff, E.B. 1963. Size and year class composition
of catch, age, and growth of yellowfin tuna in the
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. 1951-1961.

Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 8:201-250.

Compared surface water temperature data and
yellowfin tuna year class growth rates; no
relationship was shown. Differences in

growth rates of individual year classes were
attributed to environmental factors other
than temperature.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, temperature,

environment, growth.

Davidoff, E.B. 1969. Variations in year class
strength and estimates of the catchability coeffi-
cient of yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific
Ocean. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 14:1-44.

Yellowfin catchability varied with age and
time; age 2 most vulnerable to fishing, than
age 3 and age 1. Influence of sea surface
temperature on year class strength showed no
correlation .

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, age, tempera-
ture, catch.

deBuen, F. 1955. Notas sobre un viaje de estudios de
oceanografia aplicada en el extreme norte de la
costa chilena. [In Span.] Bol. Cient. Cia. Adm.
Guano 2:25-39.

[Not read.] Off Chile, blue waters contain
tunas, billfishes, etc.; coastal waters do
not. The latter contain anchovies, mackerel,
etc .

KEY WORDS: tunas, billfishes, water color,
temperature .

20

deBuen, F. 1957. Pelagic fishes and oceanog r aph ic
conditions along the northern and central coast of
Chile, [Fr. summ.] UNESCO Symposium on Physical
Oceanography 1955 Tokyo, UNESCO, Tokyo, p. 153-
155.

A general overview of tuna and billfish biol-
ogy and related oceanographic observations
for the central Chile coast.

KEY WORDS: tuna, billfishes, feed, water
color, maturation, sea surface temperatures.

Dizon, A.E. 1977. Effect of dissolved oxygen concen-
tration and salinity on swimming speed of two
species of tuna. Fish. Bull., U.S. 75:649-653.

Yellowfin and skipjack held in tanks were
tested against decreasing oxygen and sali-
nity. No consistent swimming speed changes
were observed when salinity was decreased
from 34 to 29°/oo. For oxygen decreases: a)
at about 4 ppm skipjack abruptly increased
swimming speed; b) yellowfin did not alter
speed; c) some skipjack died at about 2.5
ppm. Hypothesized that increased swimming
speed at low oxygen levels is a behavioral
response to remove an animal from suboptimal
areas .

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, oxy-
gen, salinity, habitat, behavior, distribu-
tion, depth.

Dizon, A.E., R.W. Brill, and H.S.N. Yuen. 1978.
Correlations between environment, physiology, and
activity and the effects on thermoregulation in
skipjack tuna. In G.D. Sharp and A.E. Dizon
(editors). The physiological ecology of tunas, p.
233-259. Acad. Press., N.Y.

Reviewed the physiological limitations im-
posed by the habitat on the fish. Discussed
energetics of swimming and thermal regula-
tion, and physiology of skipjack in relation
to habitat occupied.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, yellowfin, be-
havior, habitat, temperature, oxygen, depth,
thermocline, light.

21

Di zon , A.E., T.C. Byles, and E.D. Stevens. 1976. Per-
ception of abrupt temperature decrease by re-
strained skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). J.
Therm. Biol. 1:185-187.

Decreasing temperature produced responses in
fish with threshold values similar to those
produced by increasing temperature stimuli in
the previous study. Skipjack perceive abrupt
temperature decrease (0.5°C per second) as
small as 1 to 2 C.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, temperature, be-
havior .

Dizon, A.E., W.H. Neill, and J.J. Magnuson. 1977. Rap-
id temperature compensation of volitional swimming
speeds and lethal temperatures in tropical tunas
(Scombridae) . Environ. Biol. Fishes 2:83-92.

Gave lower and upper lethal limits of tem-
perature for skipjack of 15 and 33 C, re-
spectively for 30 to 36 cm fish. Skipjack
and kawakawa swimming speeds appeared remark-
ably unrelated to water temperatures changing
at a rate of 1°C per day, from the lower to
upper lethal temperatures both for falling
and rising temperatures. At temperature
changes of 5 C per hour skipjack swimming
speed was constant. Kawakawa speed increased
with increasing temperature, and yellowfin
swimming speed showed no dependence on tem-
perature. These behaviors were discussed
with relation to the animals' habitat.

KEY WORDS: tuna, kawakawa, yellowfin , skip-
jack, temperature, behavior.

Dizon, A.E., E.D. Stevens, W.H. Neill, and J.J. Mag-
nuson. 1974. Sensitivity of restrained skipjack
tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) to abrupt increases in
temperature. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 49A:291-299.

Skipjack can perceive temperature increases
as small as 1 C.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, temperature, be-
havior .

22

Donguy, J.R., and C. Henin. 1976. Anomalous navi-
facial salinities in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
J. Mar. Res. 34:355-364.

Presented one-half yearly charts for the
period 1956-73 and four quarterly charts
since 1973 of surface salinity. Described
the main features in normal years and abnor-
mal years.

KEY WORDS: salinity, season, distribution.

Dotson, R.C. 1978. Fat deposition ana utilization in
albacore. In G.D. Sharp and A.E. Dizon (editors) ,
The physiological ecology of tunas, p. 343-355.
Acad. Press., N.Y.

Fat stores in muscle tissues of albacore are
used for energy and migration into the Ameri-
can Pacific coast fishery. Fat content de-
creased as fish moved east. Some variation
noted due to feeding enroute. Foraging en-
route found to be associated with Transition
Zone boundary (fronts) where fish stayed for
several weeks. Fish are immature and there-
fore fat storage is not associated with gonad
development but for utilization in migration.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, migration,
fronts, feed.

23

Dow, R.L. 1978. Effects of climate cycles on the rela-
tive abundance and availability of commer ical mar-
ket and estuarine species. J. Cons. 37:274-380.

Correlated higher than mean annual sea tem-
peratures with higher numbers of species in
commercial fish landings; in colder than mean
years the number of species declined. Both
extreme high and low years were associated
with commercial extinction of several previ-
ously important species. "A highly signifi-
cant coefficient of correlation between sea
surface temperature and total annual catch
indicates that sea temperature is probably
the principle factor influencing the volumes,
since neither changes in fishing effort or
market conditions were adequate to account to
the magnitude of annual fluctuations in vol-
ume." Author concluded that sea surface tem-
perature had been a principle environmental
regulator of species abundance and avail-
ability. Dependence on sea surface
temperature, etc., cycles for abundance makes
management of fisheries difficult.

KEY WORDS: temperature, environment, abun-
dance, distribution, seasons.

24

Enami, S. , and T. Toyotaka. 1954. On the fisheries of
tuna and the oceanographical conditions in the
Sawu Sea. Mem. Fac . Fish., Kagoshima Univ.
3(2):l-8.

A comparison of summer and winter fishing and
oceanographic conditions in the titled area.
Rates for yellowfin were lower in winter than
in summer. For bigeye, rates were higher in
winter than in summer. More large yellowfin
were taken in summer than in winter. The sex
ratios for yellowfin were 69% male in winter,
57% in summer. Optimum temperature values
for catch were qiven as 20° to 23°C in
winter, 23 to 25 C in summer.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, season,
oceanography, temperature, size.

25

Favorite, F. , and W.J. Ingraham, Jr. 1976. Sunspot

activity and ocean conditions in the northern

North Pacific Ocean. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 32:
107-115.

The location of centers of the Aleutian Lows
changes markedly over time in a relation to
sunspot maximum periods.

KEY WORDS: meteorology, atmospheric
pressure .

Forsbergh, E.D. 1969. On the climatology, oceanography
and fisheries of the Panama Bight. Inter-Am. Trop.
Tuna Comm. Bull. 14:49-385.

Considered fisheries for yellowfin and skip-
jack as compared to upwelling, temperature,
salinity, osmotic presure, thermocline topog-
raphy, dissolved oxygen, transparency, zoo-
plankton, temperature and salinity fronts,
tuna food, and bottom topography.

Fox

Consideration of the degree of distributional
overlap of tunas and billfishes and the
degree to which the abundance of a pair of
species coincides in time and space. Gave
species groups of similar ecological prefer-
ence. Concluded, on the basis of joint
occurences, that within the sampling unit
most species of tunas and billfishes may be
caught together.

KEY WORDS: tunas, billfishes, yellowfin,
albacore, bigeye, bluefin, skipjack, tempera-
ture, depth, distribution, abundance.

26

Garvine, R.W. 1974. Dynamics of small scale oceanic
fronts. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 4:557-569.

Developed a model explaining features of
fronts such as confrontation of lighter and
denser water, surface convergence, and re-
lated sinking motions. Presented a charac-
terization of fronts and frontal features
plus a description of their dynamics.

KEY WORDS: fronts, density, convergence/dis-
continuity.

Grandperrin, R. 1976. Structures trophiques aboutis-
sant aux thons de longue ligne dans Le Pacifique
Sud-ouest tropical. [In Fr . abstr . , Engl, summ.]
J. Rech. Oceanogr. l(2):43-48.

Comparison of tuna food and standing crop of
zooplankton and nekton plus vertical distri-
bution of tuna and pelagic fauna. Tuna
feeding was limited to upper layers (0-450 m)
and to daytime. Concluded that trophic
structures leading to longline tuna in the

southwest Pacific appeared to depend on sur-
face mechanisms.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, tempera-
ture, depth, time of day, feeding.

Green, R. 1967. Relation of the thermocline to success
of purse seining for tuna. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc .

96:126-130.

Compared rates of success of catch in the
eastern tropical Pacific in relation to the
thickness of the mixed layer and average
temperature gradient within the thermocline.

Rates of success of purse seining were clear-
ly related to both thermocline depth and the
gradient within it. Also noted the relation
of an oxygen minimum and temperature in some
areas and proposed an influence on purse
seining success.

KEY WORDS: thermocline, temperature, oxygen,
depth, catch.

27

Hanamoto, E. 1974. Fishery oceanography of bigeye
tuna - I Depth of capture by tuna longline gear in
the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. La Mer
(Bull. Soc. Fr.-Jpn. Oc^anogr.) 12 (3) : 128-136 .

Shallow longline hooking depths between lat.
3 N and 3 s were believed to be influenced by
the Equatorial Undercurrent. The swimming
layer of bigeye was deeper than the capture
depth indicated by longline depth data.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, catch, depth,
currents, habitat.

Hanamoto, E. 1975. Fishery oceanography of bigeye
tuna - II Thermocline and dissolved oxygen content
in relation to tuna longline fishing grounds in
the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. La Mer (Bull.
Soc. Fr.-Jpn. Oc^anogr.) 13(2):58-71.

Areas of high bigeye catch were found in
shallow thermocline areas such as off Ecuador
and along the equator. Catch rates were low
in areas where the top of the thermocline was
below 100 m. Depths of capture of bigeye
were principally within or below the thermo-
cline.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, thermocline,
oxygen, concentration, temperature, catch,
depth .

Hanamoto, E. 1976. The swimming layer of bigeye tuna.
Bull. Jpn. Soc. Fish. Oc^anogr. 29:41-44. [Transl.
21 by T. Otsu, SWFC Honolulu Lab. May 1977.]

Bigeye catch rates varied with depth. Some

latitudinal differences were noted, but those

were attributed to water structure (cur-
rents) .

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, depth, habitat,
catch, currents, geography, distribution.

28

Hester, F.J. 1961. A method of predicting tuna catch
by using coastal sea-surface temperatures. Calif.
Fish Game 47:313-326.

Described the seasonal and areal variation in
albacore and bluefin catch in southern Cali-
fornia and Baja waters. Developed a correla-
tion between sea surface temperature at two
southern California shore stations and blue-
fin and albacore catch from selected areas.
It was possible to forecast tuna catch using
winter water temperatures prior to the fish-
ing season.

KEY WORDS: tunas, albacore, bluefin, catch,
distribution, temperature, season, food,
enrichment, environment.

Howa

Discussed evidence for a cause-effect rela-
tionship between temperature and tuna distri-
butions. States that ". . . most researchers
agree that surface temperature does not
directly influence the distribution and
availability in tropical waters except near
the upper and lower limits of tolerence."
Noted also that temperature values for a
given species varied with geography.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, yellowfin, blue-
fin, bigeye, skipjack, currents, distribu-
tion, environment, oceanography, temperature,
food, enrichment, upwelling, fronts, water
mass .

29

Hubbs, C.L., and G.I. Roden. 1964. Oceanography and
marine life along the Pacific coast of middle
America. I_n Natural environment and early
cultures, p. 143-186. Handb. Mid. Am. Indians,
vol. 1, Univ. Texas Press, Austin.

Reviews the impact of the sea on man in the
Pacific area throughout history. For exam-
ple: food, clothes, climate, trade goods, and
articles. Described the ocean environment:
currents, winds, and temporal-spatial fea-
tures of them. Coastal Indian middens are
the record of history of man and his use and
the importance of the sea to him.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, meteorology, dis-
tribution, temperature, salinity, oxygen,
winds, season.

30

Igeta, Y. 1965. A consideration on the relation be-
tween skipjack and albacore fishing grounds and
vertical distribution of water temperature deter-
mined by bathythermograph. [In Jpn.] Iji Summary of
proceedings of tuna fisheries research. Tuna
Fishing (34 & 35) :63.

[Not read.]

Ingham, M.C., S.K. Cook, and K.A. Hausknecht. 1977.
Oxycline characteristics and skipjack tuna distri-
bution in the southeastern tropical Atlantic.
Fish. Bull., U.S. 75:857-865.

Reviewed possible mechanisms for oxygen mini-
mum layers in the ocean. Showed an inverse
relationship between the sighting of skipjack
schools and the depth to the oxygen minimum
layer .

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, oxygen, distri-
bution .

Inoue, M. 1958. Studies on movements of albacore
fishing grounds in the northwest Pacific Ocean.
I. Adaptability of water temperatures for alba-
cores in the winter season from observations of
records on catches and optimum water temperatures
by fishing boats. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull
Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 23:673-679.

Noted a tendency for higher temperatures to
be associated with larger fish; lower temper-
atures for small ones. Temperatures below
16.3 and over 22.8 C were considered "bar-
riers" to albacore migration. Described
seasonal movements of fish by size.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, season, migra-
tion, size, distribution, temperature, depth.

31

Inoue, M. 1959. Studies on the movements of albacore
fishing grounds in the northwest Pacific Ocean. 2.
Influence of fluctuations of the oceanographical
conditions upon the migration and distribution of
albacore in winter-summer season and its fishing
ground in the southern waters off Japan. [In
Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull. Jpn . Soc . Sci. Fish.
25:424-430

Described three patterns of albacore distri-
bution based on seasonal isotherm distribu-
tions. Albacore distributions conformed to
the distribution of isotherms within each
pattern type. Winter and summer migrations
were controlled by warm- and cold-water
masses which acted as barriers to fish move-
ments, which also influenced the timing of
the fishing season.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, oceanography,
temperature, season, habitat, migration.

Inoue, M. 1960. Studies of movements of albacore fish-
ing grounds in the northwest Pacific Ocean. III.
Influence of fluctuations of the oceanographical
conditions upon the fishing grounds of albacore in
the summer period and its fishery conditions in
the eastern waters off Japan. Bull. Jpn. Soc.
Sci. Fish. 26:1152-1161.

Albacore accumulated at frontal edges against
cold water. Fronts provided a barrier to
movement and warm tongues provided a mech-
anism of "environmental inductance." Pat-
terns of sea surface temperature distribution
were plotted, showing meanders in edge of
Kuroshio. Albacore occurred in warm-water
pockets which intruded into cooler water.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, seasons, catch,
distribution, migration, oceanography,
fronts, temperature, convergence, season.

32

Inoue, M. 1961. Relation of sea condition and ecology
of albacore in northwest Pacific Ocean, Parts 1
and 2. In J.C. Marr (editor) , Pacific Tuna Biol-
ogy Confe'rence, August 14-19, 1961, Honolulu,
Hawaii, p. 25-26. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec.
Sci . Rep. Fish. 415.

Abstract only. Defined and used three
classes of temperature distributions to
predict the success of the summer albacore
fishery. Fluctuations of the previous winter
ocean conditions influenced the albacore
migrations relative to the fishery.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, distribution,
season, migration, oceanography, catch.

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1973. Report
of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for
the year 1972. [In Engl, and Span.]. Inter-Am.
Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep. 1972, 166 p.

Discussed a hypothesis that sea surface tem-
peratures in the spawning areas are related
to skipjack abundance in fishing areas. The
consistency of results supported the hypo-
thesis that there is a relationship between
skipjack abundance in the eastern tropical
Pacific and sea surface temperatures in the
central equatorial Pacific spawning area.
Temperature itself was considered not to be
the principle causal factor, but merely re-
flected the character of equatorial currents
and associated zones of convergence and di-
vergence. Considering correlations of yel-
lowfin catch and sea surface temperatures,
none of the correlations were significant.

KEY WORDS: tunas, yellowfin, skipjack,
abundance, sea surface temperature, currents,
convergence/d ivergence , spawning .

33

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1974. Report
of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for
the year 1973. [In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am.
Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep. 1973, 150 p.

Using the Southern Oscillation index, about
one-half the variation in skipjack abundance
could be explained by fluctuations in tem-
perature and pressure anomalies. A predic-
tion capability was suggested with the best
predictor thought to be the change in tem-
perature along the equator between long. 180
and 130°W.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, sea-
son, abundance. Southern Oscillation index,
temperature, pressure.

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1975. Report
of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for
the year 1974. [In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am.
Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep. 1974, 169 p.

See annotations for 1973 and 1975 annual
reports .

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1976. Report
of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for
the year 1975. [In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am.
Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep. 1975, 176 p.

The Southern Oscillation index was favored as
a predictor of the apparent abundance of part
of the skipjack in the eastern tropical Pa-
cific fisheries. Correlations ran high, but
predictions on abundance often failed.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack. Southern Oscil-
lation index, catch, abundance.

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1977. Report
of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for
the year 1976. [In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am.
Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep. 1976, 180 p.

Predictions for skipjack catches based on
Southern Oscillation index being discontinued
due to failures in the prediction.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack. Southern Oscil-
lation index, catch, abundance.

34

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. 1978. Report
of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission for
the year 1977. [In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am.

Trop. Tuna Comm., Annu. Rep. 1977, 180 p.

Skipjack larvae captures were highly corre-
lated with sea surface temperatures suggest-
ing that the area of warm water might be a
good index of skipjack spawning or survival
of larvae, which could be related to year
class abundance of adult fish. Compared the
use of atmospheric pressure and sea surface
temperature differences as indicators of
skipjack year class abundance.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, spawning, abun-
dance, temperature. Southern Oscillation
index.

35

Jerlov, N.G. 1953. Studies of the equatorial currents
in the Pacific. Tellus 5:308-14.

Noted changes in intensity and north-south

location of divergence and convergence zones

o
at boundaries of the countercur rent (lat. 5 N

and 10 N) .

KEY WORDS: oceanography, currents, season,
distribution, convergence/d ivergence .

Jerlov, N.G. 1956. The equatorial currents in the
Pacific Ocean. Rep. Swed . Deep-Sea Exped. 3(6):
129-154.

Presented plan view and vertical sections of
oceanographic data from four crossings of the
equator in 1947. Pointed out major features
and seasonal variations. Concluded that "the
mechanism of the equatorial currents may
principally be understood from the action of
prevailing winds."

KEY WORDS: oceanography, temperature, salin-
ity, density, depth, season, currents, dis-
continuity, divergence, winds.

Johnson, J. H. 1961. Sea temperatures and the avail-
ability of albacore (Thunnus germo) off the coast
of Oregon and Washington. In J.C. Marr (editor).
Pacific Tuna Biology Conference, August 14-19,
1961, Honolulu, Hawaii, p. 26. U.S. Fish Wildl.
Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 415.

Abstract only. In years with above normal
sea surface temperatures, albacore landings
in general were greater than in years of
below normal temperatures. Whereas warm
waters did not ensure a good fishery, wide-
spread cold waters were detrimental to fish-
ing success.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, temperatures,
catch .

36

avail-
and

Johnson, J.H. 1962. Sea temperatures and the av
ability of albacore off the coasts of Oregon
Washington. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 91:269-274.

Studied sea surface temperatures and albacore
landings for the period 1947 to 1960. Warm-
water years were better for catch but did not
ensure good fishing. Cold-water years were
detriminal to fishing success. Fluctuations
in landings were results of yearly variation
in abundance and variability and were not
related to fishing.

albacore, temperature.

KEY WORDS: tuna,
catch, season.

Johnson, J.H. 1963. Changes in availability of alba-
core in the eastern Pacific Ocean 1952 and 1958.
In H. Rosa (editor). Proceedings of the world
scientific meeting on the biology of tunas and
related species. La Jolla, California, U.S.A.,
2-14 July 1962, p. 1227-1235. FAO Fish. Rep. 6.

California current influenced the distribu-
tion of albacore: when the flow was strong
albacores' southern limit was farther south,
when weak the southern limit was farther
north. Isotherms coincided with the fishery
at its north and south limits. Atmospheric
changes influenced sea conditions and pro-
duced temperature anomalies which were re-
flected in albacore distributions.

iMz-i nur\LJo-. tuna, albacore, environment,
oceanography, climate, temperature, currents.

KEY WORDS:

:eanograph'y , ^j.j..u^>
catch, distribution

Johnson, J.H., and G.R. Seckel . 1976. Use of marine
meteorological observations in fishery research
and management. Paper presented at the World
Meteorological Organization's Technical Conference
on the Applications of Marine Meteorology to the
High Seas and Coastal Zone Development, 22-26 Nov.
1976, Geneva, Switzerland.

Related changes in fisheries with changes in
environmental conditions.

KEY WORDS: tuna, catch, spawning, migration,
wind, temperature, currents, upwelling, con-
vergence .

37

Kamimura, T. , and M. Honma. 1963. Distribution of the
yellowfin tuna (Neothunnus macropterus [Temminck
and Schlegel]) in the turTa long line fishing
grounds of the Pacific Ocean. [In Jpn., Engl,
abstr.] Rep. Nankai Fish. Res. Lab. 17:31-53.

Longline hooking rate for yellowfin attained
a maximum near the equator in the west and
central Pacific and decreased toward higher
latitudes. Yellowfin were found principally
in the South Equatorial Current, bigeye in
North Equatorial Current suggesting environ-
mental differences to which each is sensi-
tive. Temperature did not seem to be a con-
trolling factor. Yellowfin distribution
showed only a small seasonal variation in the
equatorial region. Seasonal peaks did appear
in the catch at higher latitudes in the west
Pacific. Noted a west-to-east gradient of

increasing size of yellowfin across the
Pacific. Young fish were in high densities
around islands and near land.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, season,
size, catch, temperature, currents, distri-
bution, population.

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station.
1952-1956. Table of survey of tuna catches by
months and by fishin_3 area^ [In Jpn.] Kanagawa-
ken Suisan Shikenjo Geppo (Mon. Rep. Kanagawa
Pref. Fish. Exp. Stn.) Nos. 1-43.

World-wide catch data from Japanese longline
boats; include data on effort, sampling
coverage, and water temperature.

KEY WORDS: tuna, catch, distribution,
season, temperature.

38

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station.
1961. Analysis of hook rate of pelagic tuna fish-
ing boats in_ Japan, 1958. [In Jpn.] Kanagawa
Suishi Shiryo (Rep. Kanagawa Pref. Fish. Exp.
Stn.) 3, 47 p.

Catch and efforts statistics of Japanese
longline boats by month, area, and species.
Includes water temperature data.

KEY WORDS: tuna, catch, distribution,
season, temperature.

Kawai, H. 1959. On the polar frontal zone and its
fluctuation in the waters to the northeast of
Japan (III). Fluctuation of the water mass dis-
tribution during the period 1946-1950 and hydro-
graphic conditions in the fishing grounds of skip-
jack and albacore. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull.
Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 13:13-59.

Seasonal changes in skipjack concentrations
relative to oceanographic conditions. Con-
cluded that size of fish differed in accord-
ance with temperature and chlorinity on the
albacore grounded.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, albacore, ocean-
ography, temperature, salinity, depth,
fronts, water masses, season.

Kawai, H., and M. Sasaki. 1962. On the hydrographic
condition accelerating the skipjack's northward
movement across the Kuroshio Front. [In Jpn.,
Engl, summ.] Bull. Tohoku Fish. Res. Lab. 20:1-27.

The primary Kuroshio front and the sharp
thermal gradient along it prevented skipjack
from moving northward. Both the primary and
a secondary front influenced the movement of
the main body of skipjack into the Japanese
fishery.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, migration, sea-
son, front, currents.

39

Kawasaki, T. 1952. On the populations of skipjack,
Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus), migrating to the
north-eastern sea along the Pacific coast of Japan
[In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish.
Res. Lab. 1:1-14.

Compared population structure and fish condi-
tion factor by areas (coastal vs. offshore).
Areas occupied overlapped and fluctuated with
variations in strength of the Kuroshio Cur-
rent. Availability was postulated to be re-
lated to the current system.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, distribution,
migration, season, oceanography, currents.

Kawasaki, T. 1957. Relation between the live-bait
fishery of albacore and the oceanog r aph i ca 1
conditions in waters adjacent to Japan. 1. The
fishing ground south of the Kuroshio Front. [In
Jpn.] Bull. Tohoku Fish. Res. Lab. 9:69-109.

Albacore live bait fishing grounds formed in
the transition area north of the Kuroshio
front. The fishing ground was within an
isolated warm-water mass associated with an
anticyclonic eddy. The grounds formed only
when temperatures at the surface were greater
than 17°C and chlorinity greater than 19 /oo .

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, oceanography,
front, water mass, currents, temperatures,
salinity.

Kawasaki, T. 1957. On the fluctuation of the fisher-
ies conditions in the live-bait fishery of skip-
jack in waters adjacent to Japan. 1. [In Jpn.,
Engl, summ.] Bull. Tohoku Reg. Fish. Res. Lab.
10: 17-28.

Analyzed catch statistics for skipjack from
1905 to 1956. Indicated a trend for large
fish in good years, small fish in poor years.
Oceanographic conditions for skipjack fishery
were favorable in 1951 and 1956, but not in
1953.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, catch, season,
oceanography.

40

Kawasaki, T. 1957. Relation between the live-bait
fishery of albacore and the oceanographical condi-
tions in waters adjacent to Japan. 1. The fish-
ing ground south of the Kuroshio Front. [In Jpn . ]
Bull. Tohoku Fish. Res. Lab. 9:69-109.

Studied the relation between live bait alba-
core fishery and state of the sea. Listed
conditions for appearance of the albacore
fishing ground relative to the Kuroshio front
waters and their surroundings.

KEY WORDS: albacore, distribution, catch,
oceanography, currents, fronts, convergence.

Kawasaki, T. 1957. Relation between the live-bait
fishery of albacore and the oceanographical condi-
tions in waters adjacent to Japan. 2. The fish-
ing grounds north of the Kuroshio Front. [In
Jpn.] Bull. Tohoku Fish. Res. Lab. 10:29-45.

Described albacore live bait fishing ground
in the transition zone north of the Kuroshio
front in 1947, 1948, and 1950. The ground
was formed within an isolated water mass
accompanied by an anticyclonic eddy. The
warm-water mass was formed by a meander of
the Kuroshio front.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, temperature,
salinity, currents, front, season.

Kawasaki, T. 1965. Ecology and dynamics of the skip-
jack population _(I) , (II). [In Jpn_. ] Nihon Suisan
Shigen Hogo Kyokai, Suisan Kenkyu Sosho (Study
Ser. Jpn. Fish. Resour. Conserv. Assoc.) 8-1:1-48,
8-2:49-108. [Engl, transl . , 1967, by M.P. Miyake
(Part I) and by U.S. Joint Publications Research
Service (Part II). Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm . and
U.S. Bur. Commer. Fish., Calif., 54 p. and 79 p.]

Described three Pacific areas for fishery:
Japanese, Hawaiian, and eastern Pacific
waters. Gave methods of fishing, and general
trends in catch over the history of fisher-
ies. Reviewed fluctuations in catch per unit
of effort, changes due to year class strength
which were due to environmental changes.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, catch, distribu-
tion, history, season, stock.

41

Kawasaki, T. 1967. Ecology and dynamics of the skip-
jack population (11). Resources and fishing con-
ditions. Japan Fishery Resources Protection
Association. [Translated by U.S. Joint Publica-
tions Research Service (66 typed pages).]

General history of Japanese, Hawaiian, and
United States fisheries; methods and catch
trends. Presented a population catch struc-
ture based on size-frequency modes, growth
differential, and behavior. Listed numerous
"groups" in various areas. Compared trends
among the areas over time. Presented a model
of the skipjack population in the central and
North Pacific; basically a migration of large
spawners into the central Pacific with young
fish moving to the peripheral regions to feed
and mature; these then — once they reach large
size--move offshore to the central area
again. Author gave little credence to
serological subgroups such as described by
Sprague. Discussed env i r onmenta 1/oceano-
graphic influences on fishing skipjack near
Japan which were strongly associated with
fronts and edges of water masses where two
masses meet; migratory skipjack fishing
grounds occurred mainly at current bound-
aries; skipjack grounds were formed in bound-
aries where warm waters thinly covered the
surface .

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, catch, popula-
tion, migration, currents, front, season,
spawning, stock.

Kawasaki, T. , and Y. Aizawa. 1956. On the ecology of
the albacore in waters adjacent to the northeast
of Japan. [In Jpn . , Engl, summ.] Bull. Tohoku
Fish. Res. Lab. 6:81-92.

Study of the migration of albacore by age-
and length-group and temperature. Migrations
were led by old fish during westward move-
ment; during eastward movement younger fish
took the lead. Considered relations between
age and season and sea surface temperatures.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, age, season,
temperature, habitat.

42

Kawasaki, T. , M. Yao, M. Anraku, A. Naganuma, and M.
Asano. 1962. On the structure and the fluctua-
tion mechanism of the piscivorous fish community
distributed in the subsurface layer of the Tohoku
Sea region. I. [In Jpn . , Engl, summ.] Bull.

Tohoku Reg. Fish Res. Lab. 22:1-44.

[Not read.]

Kearney, R.E. 1978. Some hypotheses on skipjack (Kat-
suwonnus pelamis in the Pacific Ocean. South Pac .
Coram., Noumea, New Caledonia, Occas. Pap. 7:1-23.

Distribution of larvae, juveniles and young,
and adults in relation to the environment;
physiological limitations with regard to en-
vironment; popul at ion-subpopul at ion-stock
definition, description, and distribution.
Discussion on stock assessment.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, distribution,
population, stock, growth, environment, lar-
vae , migration .

Kikawa, S. 1957. The concentrated spawning area of
bigeye tuna in the western Pacific. [In Jpn.,
Engl, abstr.] Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab.
5:145-157

A study based on gonad indexes in different
areas. Relative abundance curves of three
groups appeared to coincide with ocean cur-
rent basins, with curves crossing at points
which coincided with current boundaries.
Ocean currents were considered to have defi-
nite ecological significance to tunas: big-
eye being found in the North Pacific Current
in the resting stage; bluefin in the North
Equatorial Current were recent spawners. The
most mature group was dominant in the Equa-
torial Countercur rent so that spawning areas
of bigeye lay in that current. Fish were re-
cruited from north to south in the North Pa-
cific with the reverse in the South Pacific.
No good data were available for yellowfin,
but spawning seemed to occur in the South
Equatorial Current area.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin,
distribution, spawning, age, migration, sea-
son, currents, boundaries.

43

Kikawa, S., T. Shiohama, Y. Morita, and S. Kume. 1977.
Preliminary study on the movement of the North
Pacific albacore based on the tagging. Bull. Far
Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (Shimizu) 15:101-113.

Described location and timing of Japanese
local albacore fishery. Albacore tagged in
the Kuroshio front grounds moved east; one
was recovered in the U.S. fishery. Some fish
moved north to leave the frontal zone early
in the season. Long-term recoveries occurred
throughout the pole and line area, suggesting
a regular seasonal movement which is repeated
yearly. Most fish did not go to the U.S.
area, but entered the longline fishery. It
was considered unlikely that albacore in the
west were supported only by recruits from the
eastern Pacific.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, migration, fronts.

Klawe, W.L. 1963. Observations on the spawning of
four species of tuna (Neothunnus macropoterus ,
Katsuwonus pelamis , Auxis thazard and Euthynnus
lineatus) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, based on
the distribution of their larvae and juveniles.
[In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm.
Bull 6:449-540.

Examined vertical distribution of larvae and
found they were limited to layers above the
thermocline. Gave areas and seasons of prin-
ciple spawning.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, black
skipjack, Auxis, larvae, distribution, spawn-
ing, oceanography, bullet tuna, frigate tuna.

44

Klawe, W.L., J.J. Pella, and W.S. Leet. 1970. The
distribution, abundance and Ecology of larval
tunas from the entrance to the Gulf of California.
[In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm.
Bull. 14:507-544.

Paper deals mostly with Auxis . The geographic
distribution of larvae catches were strongly
influenced by the distribution of oceano-
graphic properties. Temperature clearly was
a very important variable for Auxis sp., the
optimum temperature for the species being
around 27 C. Authors noted a marked increase
in the proportion of plankton tows containing
larval. Thunnus albacares and Euthynnus
1 ineatus occurring at stations where surface
temperatures exceeded 26 or 27 C. They also
listed water masses within which larvae were
taken at various months. No relation per se
was made with the distribution of larval
tunas and water masses.

KEY WORDS: tunas, Auxis, yellowfin, skip-
jack, larvae, spawning, temperature, season,
distribution, oceanography, bullet tuna,
frigate tuna.

Knudsen, P.B. 1977. Spawning of yellowfin tuna and
the description of subpopulations . [In Engl, and
Span.] Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull.
17:119-169.

Biochemical genetics indicated a number of
genetically distinct groups of yellowfin in
the eastern Pacific, and two recruitment
groups of a mixture of the above enter the
eastern tropical Pacific fishery. Coastal
fish showed at least two spawning periods per
year which vary in time and extent. Offshore
fish did not show this variable pattern of
spawning. Spawning time differences were not
an isolation factor for maintaining the ge-
netic differences; but data were insufficient
to determine if spatial isolation was occur-
ring. Author proposed that the environment
in inshore and offshore areas caused the ob-
served differences in spawning behavior.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, population,
spawning, season, geography, oceanography.

45

Kume, S. 1963. Ecologial studies on bigeye. I. On the
distributon of bigeye tuna in the eastern Pacific.
Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish. Lab. 17:121-131.

Described distributional patterns of bigeye
in the eastern Pacific. Speculated that ac-
cumulations of bigeye were associated with
discontinuities of the oceanographic struc-
ture. Abundance and density were influenced
by the Transition Zone and the subtropical
convergence. In the eastern equatorial
Pacific, areas of a high density occurred in
two east-west zones along the north and south
margins of upwellings of cooler water at or
near the equator, and seasonal movements of
the fish reflected seasonal extensions of the
upwelling area. In periods of development of
the upwelling area sexually mature bluefin
occurred just in the upwelling area.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, distribution, sea-
son, currents, discontinuity, upwelling,
abundance, migration.

Kume, S. 1969. Ecological studies on bigeye tuna -
VI. A review on distribution and size composition
of bigeye tuna in the Equatorial and South Pacific
Ocean. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (Shimizu)
1:77-98.

Seasonal variation in distribution of long-
line catch was related fairly well to that of
upwelling strength along the equator. Spawn-
ing occurred throughout the entire equatorial
region. A size gradient, with increases from
east-to-west, suggested a growth migration.
Simultaneous year class appearance in differ-
ent areas indicated an internal association
of the stock. He therefore concluded the
presence of a single stock.

KEY WORDS: bigeye, stock, season, catch, tem-
perature, spawning, distribution, age/size.

46

Laevastu, T. , and I. Hela. 1970. Fisheries oceanog-
raphy. Fish. News (Books) Ltd., Lond . , 238 p.

A compilation of fish-environmental rela-
tions, summarizing the state of knowledge in
the field and giving examples of the inter-
actions between fish and their environment.
Wide geographic coverage considering several
types of fishes.

KEY WORDS: tuna, distribution, environment.

Laevastu, T. , and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963. Distribution and
relative abundance of tunas in relation to their
environment. In H. Rosa, Jr. (editor). Proceed-
ings of the world scientific meeting on the biol-
ogy of tunas and related species. La Jolla, Cali-
fornia, U.S.A., 2-14 July 1962, p. 1835-1851. FAO
Fish. Rep. 6.

Tabulated the temperature range of each
species of tuna and indicated the optimum
temperature range for fisheries. Temperate
water species (albacore and bluefin) season-
ally migrate according to temperature con-
trol, food, or both. High concentrations oc-
curred when there were high surface tempera-
ture gradients and where the optimum tempera-
ture zone was narrow. Also a vertical tem-
perature gradient could act as a barrier and
cause aggregation. Thermocline ridges were
preferred areas for aggregation. They noted
that Japanese work indicated that several
species usually remain within a given current
or water mass for a season, then migrate from
one water mass to another during seasonal
changes. Within a water mass or current
tunas tended to aggregate at boundaries.
Eddies were preferred sights for aggregation
along with frontal zones. Transparency
values of 25-35 m were optimal for best
fishing. Fishing areas coincided with pro-
ductive areas. Migrations were discussed

KEY WORDS:
jack, bigeye
ature, depth

tunas, bluefin, yellowfin, skip-
, albacore, distribution, temper-
, currents, transparency, food.

47

Laurs, R.M., and R.J. Lynn. 1975. The association of
ocean boundary features and albacore tuna in the
northeast Pacific. In Proceedings: Third S/T/D
Conference and WorksHo^p, February 12-14, 1975, p.
23-30. Plessey Environmental Systems, San Diego,
Calif.

Migration of albacore into the U.S. fishery
and distribution were related to oceanograph-
ic conditions of the Transition Zone and
associated frontal structure. Albacore were
more available within the Transition Zone
than outside of it. Interannual variations
in the ocean structure were reflected in
albacore distributions.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, sea surface tem-
perature, discontinuity, distribution, migra-
tion, fronts.

La

urs, R.M., and R.J. Lynn. 1977. Seasonal migration
of North Pacific albacore, Thunnus alalunga , into
North American coastal waters: Di st r i but ion ,
relative abundance, and association with Transi-
tion Zone waters. Fish. Bull., U.S. 75:795-822.

Concluded that the shoreward migration of
albacore is linked to the Transition Zone
(T.Z.) and that variations in the pattern of
migration occurred in response to variations
in the character and development of the T.Z.
and its frontal structure. When the T.Z. was
narrow and the fronts well developed, the
migration was narrow and well defined; when
broad, the migration was broad and less well
defined. Gave speeds of albacore migration
as 48 k per day for 78-80 cm size fish.
Forage availability was likely an important
factor influencing the route of the migra-
tion. The albacore migratory route during
spring was thought to be determined by ocean
temperatures, and the limiting temperatures
were found near the northern boundary of the
T.Z. While temperature may play a role in
determining the southern limit of the alba-
core distribution and migratory route, the
major factor is the abundance and availabil-
ity of forage organisms which drop off sharp-
ly near the southern boundary of the T.Z.
Evidence was given for two groups taking
separate routes into the American Pacific
fishery.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, migration, stock,
distribution, food, season, temperature,
fronts, oceanography.

48

Laurs, R.M., H.S.H. Yuen, and J.H. Johnson. 1977.
Small-scale movements of albacore, Thunnus alalun-
ga, in relation to ocean features as indicated by
"ultrasonic tracl<ing and oceanographic sampling.
Fish. Bull., U.S. 75:347-355.

Gave average swimming speeds of 1.6 kn;
during day 1.7 kn, at night 1.3 kn. Move-
ments were influenced by sea surface tempera-
ture; fish avoided low temperature water,
fish stayed on the warm side of local upwell-
ing fronts. Results suggested that 1) alba-
core concentrate in the vicinity of upwelling
fronts presumably to feed and 2) the fish
move away from the immediate area when up-
welling ceases and the front is no longer
present at the surface.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, oceanography,
migration, temperature, upwelling, fronts,
feed .

LeGuen, J.C., J.R. Donguy, and C. Henin. 1977. Per-
spectives on the tuna fishery in the South Pacif-
ic. [In Fr.] Marit. Fish. 56 (1 186 ): 20-28 .

A brief history of the Japanese, Korean, and
Taiwanese fisheries in the South Pacific. A
summary of Japanese activities for 1975 and
1976 based on Japanese data atlases. Statis-
tics of catch per area revealed the impor-
tance of hydrological per terbations connected
with islands and of the equatorial and tropi-
cal current systems. A very active fishery
centered on the convergence between the
Equatorial Current and the North Equatorial
Countercurrent . Near island groups, skipjack
schools concentrated on the interior of large
reefs; also in island wakes. The authors
promoted the idea of the use of airborne or
satellite thermal sensors to delimit water
masses and large current systems.

KEY WORDS: tunas, billfishes, currents,
convergence, island wakes, temperature, water
mass, fronts.

49

LeGuen, J.C., F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec. 1965. The
yellowfin tuna fishery in the eastern tropical
Atlantic (preliminary study). Commer. Fish. Rev.
27(8) :7-18.

Described characteristics of the Point Noire
live-bait tuna fishery. Fish concentrations
were related to the location of a thermal
front which shifts north and south season-
ally. Tunas occur close to the front on the
warm side. Highest concentrations of yellow-
fin were found in waters with temperatures
from 24° to 25°C which characterized the
boundary between warm and cold water.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, yellowfin,
bigeye, temperature, front, season, catch,
distribution .

50

Magnier, Y. , H. Rotschi , P. Rual, and C. Colin. 1973.
Equatorial circulation in the western Pacific
(170°E) . Progr. Oceanogr. 6:29-46.

Presented a new nomenclature for currents.
Characteristics of the currents are tabu-
lated.

KEY WORDS: currents.

Manar, T.A. (editor). 1966. Proceedings of the Gover-
nor's Conference on Central Pacific Fishery Re-
sources, Honolulu-Hilo , February 28 - March 12,
1966. State of Hawaii, Honolulu, 266 p.

Includes papers on tuna biology, fisheries,
economics, etc. by various participants with
emphasis on skipjack. Reviewed history of
catch and research until 1965.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, bluefin,
skipjack, albacore, catch, distribution,
abundance, size, larvae, spawning.

Marr, J.C. (editor). 1962. Pacific Tuna Biology Con-
ference, August 14-19, 1961. U.S. Fish Wildl.
Serv., Spec. Sci . Rep. Fish. 415, 45 p.

A review of the status of tuna-environment
information to 1962. Characterized skipjack
habitat in geographic and thermal terms for
the eastern tropical Pacific.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, environment,
fronts, upwelling, temperature, feed.

Matsumoto, W.M., and R.A. Skillman. Synopsis of
biological data on skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus
pel am is (Linnaeus). Unpubl . manuscr. Southwest
Fisheries Center Honolulu Laboratory, National
Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box 3830,
Honolulu, HI 96812.

51

Matsumoto, W.M. , and R.A. Skillman. Biology, ecology,
and resource of the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus
pelamis. Unpubl . manuscr. Southwest Fisheries
Center Honolulu Laboratory, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box 3830, Honolulu,
HI 96812.

Description of skipjack habitat. Skipjack
inhabit the upper mixed layer having uniform
temperatures and salinities with oxygen being
near or at saturation. Greatest concentra-
tions were limited to temperature range of
18°-21°C. Major water masses and currents
influenced the distribution both through
drift of larvae and possibly of the adults as
well. Described larval distribution and
geography and adult distribution. Discussed
migration routes.

McCreary, J. 1976. Eastern tropical ocean response to
changing wind systems: with application to El
Nino. Phys. Oceanogr. 6 (5 ): 632-64 5 .

A mathematical model describes the mechanism
of the oceans' response to wind changes. He
produced a description of the mechanics lead-
ing up to El Nino; and the event also expands
poleward from the equator to include the
Davidson Current area.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, equatorial, cur-
rents, winds. El Nino.

52

McGary, J.W. , J.J. Graham, and T. Otsu. 1960. Ocean-
ography and north Pacific albacore. Calif. Coop.
Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 8:45-53.

A report on surveys to define distribution
and abundance of albacore in relation to
oceanographic environment. Migrations and
seasonal fluctuations were considered along
with temperature-salinity characteristics of
water masses and their boundaries and shifts
in the latter with seasons.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, distribution,
abundance, geography, season, migration,
oceanography, water mass, temperature, sali-
nity, fronts, season, enrichment.

McGowan , J. A. 1974. The nature of oceanic ecosystems.
In Charles B. Miller (editor). The biology of the
oceanic Pacific, p. 9-28. Oreg. State Univ.
Press, Corvallis.

Described a number of ecotones exemplifying
the habitats of a wide range of types of
organisms; gave a general description of the
features of each province. Variations in
biological events related better to climate-
scale than weather-scale events.

KEY WORDS: tunas, weather, climate, habi-
tat, distribution, geography.

53

McKenzie, M.K. [1964?]. The distribution of tuna in
relation to oceanographic conditions. N.Z. Ecol .
Soc. 11:6-10.

Coastal areas of New Zealand and Australia
were compared with other fishing areas.
Greatest concentrations of fish occurred near
current convergences and upwellings where
there usually was abundant food. Thermocline
acted as a barrier to feed-fish. Water clar-
ity was important because of optical selec-
tivity in feeding by tunas. Discussed sea-
sonal changes in the position of convergences
formed from local current systems and de-
scribed local fishery's seasonality.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, alba-
core, southern bluefin, currents, conver-
gence, temperature, thermocline, transparen-
cy, fronts, season, distribution, feed.

Meehan, J.M. 1965. First occurrence of bigeye tuna on
the Oregon coast. Oreg. Res. Briefs ll(l):53-54.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, temperature, range,
distribution .

Merle, J., H. Rotschi , and B. Voituriez. 1969. Zonal
circulation in the tropical western South Pacific
at 170° E. Bull. Jpn . Soc. Fish. Oceanogr., Spec.
No., p. 91-97.

Renamed the equatorial/tropical currents and
countercur rents . Discussed southern hemi-
sphere divergence, convergence and doming at
current boundaries and the impact on nutri-
ents and enrichment near the surface.

KEY WORDS: currents, discontinuities, enrich-
ment .

54

Miller, F.R. Sea surface temperatures in the eastern
tropical Pacific during 1974 and the tropical
fishery. Unpubl. manuscr. Southwest Fisheries
Center La Jolla Laboratory, National Marine
Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box 271, La Jolla,
CA 92038.

Reviewed published sea surface temperature
data and tuna distribution. The 79 F iso-
therms in the eastern tropical Pacific envel-
oped areas where most yellowfin were captured
in 1974. Composited annual negative SST
anomalies of 2°F and greater coincided with
areas of poor tuna fishing in 1974. Most
active tuna fishing was found where seasonal
temperatures remained in the range of 79° to
84°F.

KEY WORDS: tuna, sea surface temperature,
season, catch, distribution.

Miller, F.R., and E.D. Forsbergh. 1978. North Equa-
torial Countercur rent , a possible path for skip-
jack migration in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Proceedings of the 29th Tuna Conference May 22-24,
1978, p. 3-5.

Sea surface temperature, zonal current
strength and Southern Oscillation index all
were correlated; and significant correlation
existed between skipjack abundance, the index
and sea surface temperatures in the spawning
area as well as the Southern Oscillation
index at earlier times. They hypothesized:
1) more spawning occurs in warm years; 2)
more larvae survive in warm years; 3) migra-
tion of young skipjack from the spawning
areas to fishing areas is influenced by the
strength of the eastward flow of the North
Equatorial Co unte re ur r ent and the South
Equatorial Countercur rent .

KEY WORDS: tuna, oceanography, skipjack, sea
surface temperature, currents. Southern
Oscillation index, spawning, migration,
season, abundance.

55

Miller, F.R., and R.M. Laurs. 1975. The El Nino of
1972-73 in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
[In Span, and Engl.] Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm .
Bull. 16:403-448.

Reviewed the hypothesis on the origin of El
Nino. The 1972-73 El Nino was analyzed from
the aspect of ocean temperature anomalies and
then similarities in ocean temperatures in
recent ones were compared.

KEY WORDS: atmosphere, wind, oceanography,
sea surface temperatures. El Nino.

Miyake, M.P. 1968. Distribution of skipjack in the
Pacific Ocean, based on records of incidental
catches by the Japanese longline tuna fishery.
Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull. 12:511-608.

Charted the catch of skipjack per ^housand
hooks by longliners by quarter by 5 square
for 1949-65, 1961-64, 1956-60. Considered
all available Japanese longline data on
Pacific Ocean skipjack taken incidental to
the longline fishery; temperature, depth of
capture, etc.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, catch, distribu-
tion, depth, season, spawning, temperatures.

Morita, T. 1959. On the constitutional state of
fishing ground over the waters near the Goto
Retto. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Mem. Fac . Fish,
Kagoshima Univ. 7:161-167.

Related seasonal variation in fishing to
oceanographic conditions off southern Japan.
Charted annual temperature and salinity
variation with skipjack catch.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, catch, season,
currents, temperature, salinity.

56

Morita, T. 1960. Studies on the constitutional state
of skipjack fishing ground over the waters near
Tokara Retto (I). On the relation between the
water-temperature and the catching condition in
the fishing ground. [In Jpn . , Engl, summ.] Mem.
Fac. Fish, Kagoshima Univ. 8:121-129.

Seasonal changes in fishing grounds off Japan
were related to vertical oceanographic struc-
ture and seasonal stock migrations.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, oceanography,
catch, season, temperature, depth.

Murphy, G.I., and R.S. Shomura. 1972. Pre-exploi ta-
tion abundance of tunas in the equatorial central
Pacific. Fish. Bull., U.S. 70:875-913.

Related temperature, upwelling, nutrients,
and forage to ocean processes and to tuna
distributions. Considered the hypothesis
that variations in yellowfin are influenced
by variations in the wind-driven ocean circu-
lation that affects the food supply of the
species .

KEY WORDS: tunas, yellowfin, skipjack, big-
eye, albacore, temperature, enrichment,
fronts, wind, convergence, currents, oceanog-
raphy.

57

Nakagome, J. 1958. On the seasonal variation of swim-
ming layers of yellowfin tuna, big eyed tuna and
black marlin in the area of Caroline and Marshall
Islands. 1. On the seasonal variation of swim-
ming layer. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull. Jpn . Soc.
Sci. Fish. 23:518-522.

Swimming layer depths of yellowfin were shal-
lower (115 m) in late spring and deeper (150
m) in autumn, changing seasonally. The
bigeye zone was shallower (110-120 m) in late
spring and from November to December, and
deeper (140-150 m) in the autumn and January,
changing seasonally.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, depth,
" habitat.

Nakagome, J. 1958. Relation between seasonal varia-
tion of swimming layer of yellowfin tuna and
big eyed tuna and vertical distribution of
chlorinity. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull. Jpn.
Soc. Sci. Fish. 23:523-524.

No relation was found between the swimming
layer and vertical distribution of chlori-
nity.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, season,
depth, habitat, chlorinity (salinity).

Nakagome J. 1958. On the seasonal variation of swim-
ming layers of yellowfin tuna, big eyed tuna and
black marlin in the area of Caroline and Marshall
Islands. 2. Relation between seasonal variation
of swimming layer and vertical distribution of
water-temperature. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull.
Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 24:169-172.

Variation of the swimming layer of yellowfin
and bigeye was not related to variations in
water temperature. Therefore, the author
supposed that the swimming layer was indepen-
dent of temperature.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, habitat,
depth, temperature.

58

Nakagome, J. 1958. On the seasonal variation of swim-
ming layers of yellowfin tuna, big eyed tuna and
black marlin in the area of Caroline and Marshall
Islands. 3. On the relationship between seasonal
variation of swimming layer and rate-of-catch .
[In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.
24: 173-175.

Variation of catch rate of yellowfin and
bigeye correlated with depth of the swimming
layer. When the depth from the surface to
the swimming layer was shallow catch rate was
high; when deep it was low.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, catch,
habitat, depth.

Nakagome, J. 1960. On the cause of annual variation
of fishing condition of bigeye tuna in the area
from Marshall Islands to Palmyra Island. 3. Rela-
tion between monthly and annual variations of
fishing condition and those of surface water tem-
perature of the fishing ground. [In Jpn., Engl,
summ.] Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 26:406-407.

Monthly and annual variations of fishing con-
ditions for bigeye and sea surface tempera-
tures were considered. A direct relation be-
tween sea surface temperatures and the annual
variations in catch could not be found.

KEY WORDS: temperature, bigeye, season,
catch, oceanography, temperature.

Nakagome, J. 1960. On the cause of annual variation
of fishing condition of bigeyed tuna in the area
from Marshall Islands to Palmyra Island. 5. Re-
lation between appearance of dominant age group of
bigeyed tuna and surface water temperature in
spawning and larvae cultivated area. [In Jpn.,
Engl. summ.] Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.
26:472-475.

Discussed the variation in annual sea surface
temperature and age frequency of bigeye
caught on lingline. Observed different
periods of high and low temperatures on the
fishing grounds between years and seasons.

KEY WORDS: tuna, season, bigeye.

Kt Y wuKUb : cuna ,
temperature, catch, age.

59

Nakagome, J. 1961. Seasonal variation of swimming
layer of yellowfin tuna by area of different
currents in mid-western and southwestern parts of
the Pacific Ocean. Bull. Jpn., Soc. Sci. Fish.
27:302-306.

Compared the seasonal variation in the swim-
ming layer and among areas of the fisheries
off northeast Australia and New Guinea.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, habitat, depth,
convergence, currents, season.

Nakagome, J. 1965. On the seasonal variation of swim-
ming layer of yellowfin tuna, big-eyed tuna and
blue marlin in the area of Caroline and Marshall
Islands - IV. Seasonal variation of water tem-
perature by depth. [In Jpn.] Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci.
Fish. 31:781-784.

Seasonal variations in water temperatures at
the surface and 50 m were different than
those of 150, 200, and 300 m. Compared

values among years.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, season, depth,
temperature, habitat.

Nakagome, J. 1965. On the seasonal variation of swim-
ming layer of yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna and blue
marlin -in the area of Caroline and Marshall
Islands - V. Relation between seasonal variation
of depth of swimming layer and that of depth of
water temperature layer. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.]
Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 31:785-788.

Swimming depths of yellowfin and bigeye
seemed related to the seasonal variation of
the depth of 28°C water. Swimming layers
were presumed to be 50 to 70 m deep for
yellowfin and bigeye. Presented charts of
the seasonal variation in the depth of the
layers for the species considered.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, tempera-
ture, depth, habitat, season.

60

Nakagome, J. 1969. On the cause of annual variation
of albacore catch in the Coral and Tasman Seas -
III. Monthly and annual variation of distribution
of sea surface temperature. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci .
Fish. 35:50-54.

Showed annual fluctuations of surface iso-
therms and from these inferred water mass
locations .

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, distribution,
season, temperature, water mass.

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T.
Sakakibara, and H. Honda. 1965. Age composition
of Atlantic tunas related with distribution of
water temperature and distance from land - I.
Yellowfin tuna. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.
31:97-100.

Age composition of fish was related to water
temperature at the surface and at 500 m and
to the distance from the continent.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, age, tempera-
ture, depth.

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T.
Sakakibara and H. Honda. 1965. Age composition
of Atlantic tunas related with distribution of
water temperature and distance from land - II.
Albacore. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 31:101-104.

Age composition was found to be related to
water temperatures at the surface, 50 and 100
m, and to the distance from continents. Age
of fish was younger in lower temperatures or
near land; those in higher temperatures and
farther offshore were older.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, temperature,
depth, age.

61

Nakamura, H. 1952. The tunas and their fisheries.
U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 82,
115 p. [Translated from Japanese by W.G. Van
Cam pen . ]

Contrasted waters of two currents with re-
spect to tunas and billfishes. Separated
areas at lat. 5°N, which is the approximate
border between the North Equatorial Current
and Equatorial Countercur rent . Catch rates
for bigeye and spearfishes was hardly dif-
ferent in the two currents. Yellowfin catch
rate in the north area was less than one-half
that of the south area.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bigeye, yellowfin, ocean-
ography, currents, catch.

Nakamura, H. , and H. Yamanaka. 1959. Relation between

the distribution of tunas and the ocean structure.

[In Jpn., Engl, summ.] J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn .
15:143-149.

Hypothesized that the fishing grounds of
different characters were formed with a close
relation to the ocean current systems. Paper
related the distribution and migration of
tunas and ocean structure and found that tuna
distributions could be used as an indicator
of seasonal and annual variations of the
ocean conditions.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, bigeye, yellow-
fin, bluefin, oceanography, currents, temper-
ature, season, catch, distribution.

Namias, J. 1973. Response of the equatorial counter-
current to the sub-tropical atmosphere. Science
(Wash., D.C.) 181:1244-1245.

The strength of the Equatorial Countercur rent
of the North Pacific and associated varia-
tions in sea surface temperatures at its
eastern extremity off central America were
related to the zonal wind flow in the remote
subtropical atmosphere with lags of as much

as eight months between the wind and tempera-
ture .

KEY WORDS: atmosphere, wind, temperature,
currents .

62

Neill, W.H., R.K.C. Chang, and A. Dizon. 1976. Magni-
tude and ecological implications of thermal
inertia in skipjack tuna, Ka tsuwonus pelami s
(Linnaeus). Environ. Biol. Fish. 1 : 61-80.

Suggested that large thermal inertia and high
rates of metabolism may pose ecological prob-
lems for skipjack tuna as they grow in body
mass. This means that as size increases with
age there are temperature areas that the fish
can no longer tolerate. Authors hypothesized
that an increased thermal inertia may be im-
portant in the perception of the weak hori-
zontal gradients of temperature that charac-
terize the high-seas habitat of skipjack
tuna.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, thermal regula-
tion, temperature, environment, behavior,
fronts, migration.

Neill, W.H., E.D. Stevens, F.G. Carey, K.D. Lawson, N.
Mrosovsky, and W. Frair. 1974. Thermal inertia
versus thermoregulation in "Warm" turtles and
tunas. Science (Wash., D.C.) 184:1005-1010.

Bluefin tuna are capable of thermal regula-
tion.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bluefin, temperature, be-
havior .

Nelson, C.S. 1977. Wind stress and wind stress curl
over the California Current. U.S. Dep. Commer.,
NCAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF 714, 87 p.

Discussed implications of the flow of cur-
rents on the biological resources.

KEY WORDS: meteorology, wind, currents.

Noel, J., and J . -M . Stretta. 1975. T^l^detection
aferienne et stratfegie de peche. Peche Marit.
1167: 416-418.

Reported location of fish shoals by their re-
lation to aerially detected sea surface
fronts .

KEY WORDS: tuna, fronts, remote sensing,
temperature .

63

Okachi , I. 1963. Studies on the distribution and
structure of the fish fauna in the Japan Sea by
catch statisitics. 2. Supplement of seasonal
distribution and fishing condition of the bluefin
tuna. [In Jpn., Engl. summ. ] Bull. Jpn . Sea
Fish. Res. Lab. 11:9-21.

Considered seasonal variation in catch.
Attributed the fall increase in catch as
being due to transportation by the current
under the influence of westerly winds.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bluefin, season, catch, mi-
gration, size/age, currents, wind.

Okiyama, M. 1974. Occurrence of the postlarvae of
bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, in the Japan Sea.
Bull. Jpn. Sea Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 25:89-97.

Three post-larval bluefin were captured and
presumed to have been spawned in the Japan
Sea. Case was considered unique and related
to unusually warm-water conditions, and of no
significance to stock.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bluefin, larvae, spawning,
temperatures, stock.

Okiyama, M. , and S. Ueyanagi. 1977. Larvae and juve-
nile of the Indo-Pacific dog-tooth tuna, Gymno-
sarda unicolor (RUppell). Bull. Far Seas Fish.
Res. Lab. (Shimizu) 15:35-50.

Described the development of larval and juve-
nile tunas. Included data on depth and tem-
perature at capture. Presented some evidence
of diurnal vertical migration. Spawning was
evidenced over most of year.

KEY WORDS: tuna, dog-toothed, temperature,
depth, season.

64

Owen, R.W., Jr. 1968.
northeast Pacific
albacore fishery.
Bull. 63:503-526.

Oceanographic conditions in the

Ocean and their relation to the

U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish

Described the physical-chemical environment
encountered by albacore as they entered the
fishery off Oregon and Washington. Discussed
which conditions influenced the availability
of the fish to the fishery. Annual varia-
tions recurred regularly and were altered
only in degree. Annual variations were
attributable to changes in the wind field,
water discharge from rivers, and advection.

KEY WORDS

raphy

tempe

ORDS: tuna, albacore, season, oceanog-
, currents, wind, upwelling, gradients,
rature, salinity, transparency.

65

Patzert, W.C., and M. Tsuchiya. 1974. Some ideas con-
cerning the mechanism for El Nino. [Abstr.] P.V.
13 lUGG, lAPSO First Spec. Assembly, Melbourne,
Jan. 1974, p. 118.

Discussed atmospheric and oceanog raph i c
mechanisms possibly leading to El Nino.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, meteorology, winds,
currents. El Nino.

Pearcy, W.G. 1973.
— 1970. Fish.

Albacore oceanography off Oregon
Bull., U.S. 71:489-504.

Sudden changes were noted in fishing success,
not attributable to any obvious oceanographic
events. Postulated that albacore stayed in
subsurface layers to prey on saury and thus
were less available to surface gear.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, catch, season,
feed, temperature, salinity.

66

Quinn, W.H. 1972. Use of the Southern Oscillation in
weather prediction. Appl . Meteorol. 11:616-628.

Use of newly available Easter Island records
improved the forecasting of weather and lead
time of the forecast of abnormally heavy
equatorial rainfall.

KEY WORDS: meteorology, wind, weather, cur-
rents. Southern Oscillation index.

Quinn, W.H. 1974. Monitoring and predicting El Nino
invasions. J. Appl. Meteorol. 13:825-830.

By monitoring the atmospheric pressure be-
tween two points he was able to develop a
forecasting scheme for predicting El Nino 3
months in advance, and could anticipate the
occurrence of El Nino 9 to 13 months in
advance .

KEY WORDS: atmospheric pressure. El Nino.

Quinn, W.H., D.O. Zopf, K.S. Short, and R.T.W. Yang.
1978. Historical trends and statistics of the
Southern Oscillation, El Nino, and Indonesian
droughts. Fish. Bull., U.S. 76:663-678.

Defined and described El Nino and anti-El
Nino-type events; and gave their character-
istics. He used monthly mean values and
anomalies from a weather record of 116-year
extent to detect major changes. He discussed
forecasting potential for predicting El Nino
events .

KEY WORDS: oceanography, atmospheric pres-
sure. Southern Oscillation index, history.

67

Radovich, J. 1961. Relationships of some marine or-
ganisms of the northeast Pacific to water tempera-
ture, particularly during 1957 through 1959.
Calif. Dep. Fish Game, Fish Bull. 112, 62 p.

American Pacific coast waters prior to 1957
were of subnormal temperatures; 1957 began a
period of warming lasting through at least
1959. Many southern marine species appeared
north of their usual range and some spawned
off southern California. Similar species
intrusions were recorded in the past. He
listed several abnormal northward occurrences
of marine mammals and other biological ano-
malies.

Kgy WORDS: tuna, albacore, temperature, dis-
tribution, migration, movement.

Radovich, J. 1963. Effects of water temperature on
the distribution of some scombrid fishes along the
Pacific coast of North America. Iji H. Rosa, Jr.
(editor). Proceedings of the world scientific
meeting on the biology of tunas and related spe-
cies. La Jolla, California, U.S.A., 2-14 July
1962, p. 1459-1475. FAO Fish. Rep. 6.

A history of references to anomalous fish
distributions off California and speculations
on environmental causes. He argued for a
direct relation between temperature and fish
distribution rather than temperature as an
index of other factors.

KEY WORDS: tuna, temperature, distribution,
environment, currents.

Reid, J.L., Jr. 1962. Distribution of dissolved
oxygen in the summer thermocline. J. Mar. Res.
20:138-148.

A summer subsurface maximum in oxygen oc-
curred which was in excess of surface values
by over 1 ml per liter. Seasonal variations
in temperature accounted for the formation of
the subsurface maximum in summer.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, oxygen, depth,
thermocline, temperature, season.

68

Richards, W.J. 1969. An hypothesis on yellowfin tuna
migrations in the eastern Gulf of Guinea. Cah .
O.R.S.T.O.M. , Ser. Oceanogr. 7:3-7.

Presented a conceptual model of migration for
tropical Atlantic yellowfin: Adult yellowfin
enter the Gulf of Guinea to spawn during the
warm season. Larvae and juveniles remain
there for about one year. That year class
moves south to Angola and subsequently re-
turns north to warm water. The movement
takes place annually until the fish are over
two years old, at which time they move west-
ward into the central tropical Atlantic.
During the warm season adults return to the
Gulf of Guinea to spawn.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bluefin, skip-
jack, migration, spawning, temperature.

Roberts, P.E. 1974. Albacore off the north-west coast
of New Zealand, February 1972. N.Z. J. Mar.
Freshwater Res. 8:455-472.

Albacore were taken where surface tempera-
tures were between 18.5° and 21.3°C and usu-
ally in blue water with bottom depths between
45 and 180 m. Fish were mainly 2- to 3-year
olds. In 1970 and 1971 fish were taken in
warmer waters than in 1972, probably due to a
southward extension of the West Auckland Cur-
rent. Although catch rates increased with
increasing temperatures they were not inter-
preted as being related to the subsurface
temperature structure. Little or no differ-
ence in thermocline depth or intensity was
observed .

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, temperature,
color/transparency, depth, age, season, cur-
rents, upwelling, thermocline.

69

Roden, G.I., and J.L. Reid, Jr. 1961. Sea surface

temperature, radiation, and wind anomalies in the

North Pacific Ocean. Rec . Oceanogr. Works Jpn .
6:36-52.

They discussed nonseasonal variations in sea
surface temperature occurring in the oceans.
These covered large areas and persisted 3 to
6 months on the average. The relation of
temperature anomalies to wind and radiation
anomalies was examined by cross correlation.
Significant values were found in some cases,
but were best restricted to certain times of
the year and certain areas.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, temperature, wind,
season, geography.

Rosa, H., Jr. (editor). 1963. Proceedings of the
world scientific meeting on the biology of tunas
and related species. La Jolla, California, U.S.A.,
2-14 July 1962. FAO Fish. Rep. 6(2), 975 p.

Synopsis of each species; covers gross char-
acteristics of geographic range and sometimes
includes oceanographic features of ecological
relationships .

KEY WORDS: tunas, geography, temperature,
thermocl ine .

Rosa, H. , Jr., and T. Laevastu. 1961. World distribu-
tion of tunas and tuna fisheries in relation to
environment. Jji J.C. Marr (editor). Pacific Tuna
Biology Conference, 14-19 August, 1961, Honolulu,
Hawaii, p. 34-35. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec.
Sci. Rep. Fish. 415.

Tuna aggregations are found in shallow ther-
mocline, upwelling, current boundary and en-
richment areas generated by islands, sea
mounts, etc. Atmospheric factors influence
oceanic dynamics and enhance the fish habi-
tat. Bluefin and albacore are temperate and
subtropical species often found associated
with frontal zones and have a narrow optimal
temperature range. Bigeye and yellowfin are
pelagic in the equatorial current systems.
Skipjack are warm temperate subtropical and
tropical widely ranging species.

KEY WORDS: tunas, yellowfin, skipjack, big-
eye, bluefin, albacore, environment, thermo-

cline, depth, upwelling, currents, disconti-
nuities, enrichment, meteorology.

70

Rothschild, B.J. 1966. Major changes in the temporal-
spatial distribution of catch and effort in the
Japanese longline fleet. Ln T.A. Manar (editor).
Proceedings of the Governor's Conference on Cen-
tral Pacific Fishery Resources. Honolulu-Hilo ,
February 28-March 12, 1966:91-126.

Statistical area blocks were used in discus-
sions of the number or spatial changes by
time for species and were too coarse to allow
correlations with the environmental features
and changes. Some broad trends were ob-
served .

KEY WORDS: tunas, distribution, environment.

Royer, T.C. 1978. Ocean eddies generated by seamounts
in the north Pacific. Science (Wash., D.C.)
199: 1063-1064.

Eddies were observed north of Hawaii, 37 km
in diameter and over 1,000 m in depth.
Eddies possibly resulted from interaction of
the North Pacific Current and sea mounts.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, depth, currents,
eddies .

71

Saito, S. 1973. Studies on fishing of albacore,
Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre) by experimental
deep-sea tuna longline. Hokkaido Daigaku,
Sapporo, Jpn. Mem. Fac. Fish. 21 (2 ): 107-184 .

Results of hook rate by depth experiments:
Albacore were most dense between 200 and 260
m and sometimes more dense between 280 and
300 m than in layers above 200 m. The paper
deals mostly with design and operation of
longline gear intended to fish deeper layers
than conventional gear. Albacore occurrences
coincided with a "discontinuous" surface
against the low salinity water mass of the
200 to 400 m level.

KEY WORDS: albacore, depth, season, discon-
tinuity.

Saito, S. , K. Ishii, and K. Yoneta. 1970. Swimming
depths of large sized albacore in the South Pacif-
ic Ocean - I. Fishing of albacore by a newly de-
signed vertical longline. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.
36 (6) : 578-584.

A study of the swimming depths of albacore
using a vertical longline. Results confirmed
the hypothesis that albacore are among the
deeper swimming tunas. Hook rates approxi-
mated 4.7-5.4% at 200-300 m and even 3.4% at
380 m.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, depth, habitat.

Saito, S, and S. Sasaki. 1974. Swimming depth of
large sized albacore in the South Pacific Ocean -
II. Vertical distribution of albacore catch by an
improved vertical longline. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci.
Fish. 40 (7) :643-649.

Experimented on depth of catch with a verti-
cal longline west of the Fiji Islands. Alba-
core highest hook rates were at 200 to 300 m,
and at the 380 m layer they were higher than
that at 150 m. Bluefin greatest catch rates
were at 300 m and deeper; yellowfin greatest
catch rates were at less than 200 to 300 m.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, bluefin, yellow-
fin, depth, distribution, catch, habitat.

72

Samaylenko, V.S. 1970. The effect of wind and solar
radiation upon the ocean. (Nature of the Peru
Current). Oceanology 10(1):1-12.

A description is given of the major oceano-
graphic and meteorological features off Chile
and the Peru Current areas. He noted the
stability of oceanic and atmospheric condi-
tions and the long-term sameness of the re-
gion. He concluded that the role of insola-
tion is insignificant on water temperature
due to the persistant cloud cover. He showed
a cool surface water layer not being due to
advection but to vertical advection/upwell ing
of deep water to the surface. The main rea-
son for a cool Peru Current is the divergence

responding to the southeast tradewinds.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, currents, tempera-
ture, meteorology, winds.

Sandoval, T.E. 1971. The summer distribution of tuna
in relation to the general oceanographic condi-
tions off Chile and Peru. Bull. Far Seas Fish.
Res. Lab. 5:23-88.

A general descriptive review of southeastern
Pacific oceanography, currents, etc. Shows
the distribution of numerous properties along
the South American coast, all in relation to
the abundance of yellowfin, albacore, bigeye,
and marlin.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, bigeye, yellow-
fin, catch, distribution, season, migration,
oceanography, upwelling, fronts, water mass,
temperature, salinity.

Sasaki, T. 1952. Skipjack fishing grounds and oceano-
graphic conditions in the Northeastern sea area.
U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec, Sci. Rep. Fish. 83,
p. 1-21 [Transl. from Japanese by W.G. Van
Campen . ]

A tabulation of the temperature range of tuna
catches by month in the local Japanese fish-
ery. The main fishing grounds were within

the favorable water temperatures of 20 to

o
24 C at the surface and especially at marked

current boundaries where the isotherms clump.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, oceanography,
temperature, currents, isotherms, boundaries.

73

Sato, T. , S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki , and S. Yamamoto.
1964. On the oceanographical condition and the
distribution of tuna fish in the Coral Sea in
December, 1962. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull. Fac .
Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 15 (2 ): 89-102 .

Results from a training ship cruise. Observed
a relation between the catch of tunas and
current systems. Catches were larger north
of a convergence. The authors concluded that
albacore were in a southward migration and
part of a northern population which spawns
later in the region.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, catch, oceanog-
raphy, currents, convergence, temperatures,
depth, salinity.

Schaefer, M.B. 1961. Tuna oceanography programs in
the tropical central and eastern Pacific. Calif.
Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 8:42-44.

A brief review of the knowledge to date of
tuna-oceanography in the specified area.
There was a good correspondence between the
abundance of tunas and production of orga-
nisms lower in the food chain, related to en-
richment of the euphotic zone from below. At
the extremes of their ranges--at least in the
eastern tropical Paci f ic--there appeared to
be a direct effect of temperature on tropical
tunas. On a small scale, the fishes associ-
ated with sea surface temperature discontinu-
ities or fronts.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, big-
eye, albacore, oceanography, food, fronts,
temperature, enrichment, water mass, conver-
gence .

74

Schaefer, M.B., G.C. Broadhead , and C.J. Orange. 1962.
Synopsis on the biology of the yellowfin tuna,
Thunnus (Neothunnus) albacares (Bonnaterre) 1788
(Pacific Ocean). In^ H. Rosa, Jr. (editor). Pro-
ceedings of the world scientific meeting on the
biology of tunas and related species, La Jolla,
California, U.S.A., 2-14 July 1962, p. 538-561.
FAO Fish. Rep. 6.

Studies indicated that temperature is an im-
portant ecological factor determining the
distribution of adult tunas at the extremes
of their range. Seasonal appearances off
Baja California and northern South America
followed the march of the isotherms. Within
the range of temperature occupied, the most
important determinant of abundance appeared
to be food .

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, temperature,
distribution, range, season, food.

Schell, I.I. 1965. The origin of possible prediction
of the fluctuations in the Peru Current and Up-
welling. J. Geophys. Res. 70 (22) : 5529-5540 .

A correlation of atmospheric forces and the

El Nino phenomenon. Results indicated that

the major controls of sea surface temperature

and the strength of the Peru Current and Cape

Horn Current, as well as upwelling over long

time intervals and the development of El

Nino, lie in the strength and convergence of

o o
the westerlies between long. 135 W and 90 W

and lat. 35°S to 50°S and in the strength of
the southerlies and southeasterl ies along and
inland from the coast linked to the wester-
lies.

KEY WORDS: meteorology, oceanography, sea
surface temperature, currents. El Nino.

75

Seckel , G.R. 1963. Climatic parameters and the Hawai-
ian skipjack fishery. Tn H. Rosa, Jr. (editor),
Proceediings of the world scientific meeting on
the biology of tunas and related species, La
Jolla, California, U.S.A., 2-14 July 1962, p.
1201-1208. FAO. Fish. Rep. 6.

Hawaiian skipjack peak catch periods each
year (1951-61) coincide with summer cold ad-
vection periods. The time of initial warming
reflects intensified dynamic processes which
relate to the displacement of the oceano-
graphic climate, which in turn influence the
fishery.

KEY WORDS:
cl imatology ,
catch .

tuna, skipjack, oceanography,
currents, temperature, season.

Seckel, G.R. 1964. Climatic oceanography and its
application to the Hawaiian skipjack fishery.
[Abstr.] Proc. Hawaiian Acad. Sc i . : 39th Annual
Meeting 1963-1964, p. 26.

Oceanographic conditions were used to predict
the relative success of the Hawaiian skipjack
fishery.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, currents, bound-
aries, water mass, season, catch.

Seckel, G.R. 1972. Hawaiian-caught skipjack tuna and
their physical environment. Fish. Bull., U.S.
72:763-787.

The author developed a numerical drift model
to examine the contribution of currents to
the travel (drift) of skipjack from the
eastern North Pacific to Hawaii. He found
that drift alone is a possible mode of travel
in the North Equatorial Current; the time
span of 21 to 23 months fits tagging data.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, larvae, currents,
convergence/discontinuities.

76

Seckel, G.R., and M.Y.Y. Yong . 1977
sea-surface temperatures and s^
and Christmas Island sea-surJ
1954-73. Fish. Bull., U.S. 75:

1977. Koko Head, Oahu,
"^ salinities, 1956-73,
face temperatures,
767-779.

A harmonic analysis of short and long-term
variations in sea surface temperatures and
sea surface salinities at the two stations.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, temperature, sali-
nity, tuna, skipjack, distribution, migra-
tion .

Sette, O.E. 1955. Consideration of midocean fish pro-
duction as related to oceanic circulatory systems.
J. Mar. Res. 14 (4 ): 398-414 .

A general discussion of mid-Pacific Ocean dy-
namics and bioprod uct ivi ty climaxing with
tunas. Divergence and convergence features
provided the basic support for a persistant
concentrated stock of yellowfin.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, oceanography,

upwelling, convergence, currents, depth,
enr ichment .

Sette, O.E. 1956. Nourishment of central Pacific

stocks of tuna by the equatorial circulation
system. Proc. Pac. Sci. Congr. 8 (3 ): 131-148 .

An outline of hydrographic and exploratory
fishing observations and preliminary results
of Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations up
to 1953. He described the effect of wind on
ocean circulation in the tropcial band and
presented a nonmathematical model of physi-
cal-dynamic processes leading to apex pred-
ators (tuna) production.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, oceanography,
wind, convergence/divergence, upwelling,
nutrients, currents, food.

Sette, O.E. 1961. Problems in fish population fluctu-
ations. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep.
8:21-24.

Discussed the philosophy of fisheries and
oceanographic research.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, abundance, popu-
lation.

77

Sharp, G.D. 1977. Potential vulnerability zones for
skipjack and yellowfin in the Indian Ocean. Proc.
28th Tuna Conference. Lake Arrowhead, Calif.
Oct. 3-4, 1977, p. 15-18.

Used monthly maps of the average distribution
of "vulnerability zones" for yellowfin and
skipjack in the Indian Ocean to examine the
seasonal variation in location of potential
zones to be occupied by the fish.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, yellowfin, dis-
tribution, habitat, oceanography, tempera-
ture, oxygen, depth.

Sharp, G.D. 1978. Behavioral and physiological prop-
erties of tunas and their effects on vulnerability
to fishing gear. I_n G.D. Sharp and A.E. Dizon
(editors). The physiological ecology of tunas, p.
397-449. Acad. Press, N.Y.

Using a background of physiological experi-
mental data the oceanic environment suitable
for the tuna habitat is described. Also con-
sidered is the effect of environment on sus-
ceptibility to capture.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, albacore, skip-
jack, bigeye, bluefin, environment, habitat,
oceanography, temperature, depth, fronts,
distribution, migration, season, food,
spawning, age/size, currents, wind.

Shimada, B.M. 1958. Geographical distribution of the
annual catches of yellowfin and skipjack tuna from
the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean from vessel
logbook records, 1952-1955. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna
Comm. Bull. 2:289-363.

Discussed year to year variations in catch
distributions in relation to oceanic circula-
tion and nutrient supplies. Also considered
the El Nino abnormal conditions and their
influence on catch.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, ocean-
ography, distribution, catch.

78

Shingu, C. 1970. Studies relevant to distribution and
migration of southern bluefin. Bull. Far Seas
Fish. Res. Lab. 3:57-114.

A history of the fishery, seasonal distribu-
tion and migration paths, and distribution by
age class, with comments on stock and sub-
group distribution. He described the fishes'
distribution by month and area, and noted the
spawning and migration grounds and catch
relations to temperature-salinity diagrams
for the different areas and ages of fish.

KEY WORDS: tuna, southern bluefin, catch,
season, distribution, migration, spawning,
temperature, salinity, age, environment.

Squire, J.L., Jr. Observations of albacore (Thunnus
a lalunga) fishing off California in relation to
sea surface temperature isotherms as measured by
an airborne infrared radiometer. Unpubl . manuscr.
Southwest Fisheries Center La Jolla Laboratory,
National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box
271, La Jolla, CA 92038.

Described the association discovered between
albacore fishing and certain sea surface
temperatures and temperature discontinuities.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, catch, oceanog-
raphy, temperature, color, transparency,
fronts .

Steigner, J.M., and M.C. Ingham. 1971. Surface winds
of the southeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean. U.S.
Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-643, 20 p.

Authors infer that, given adequate informa-
tion, wind data as a factor influencing the
ocean surface layer can be used to predict
the distribution of tuna schools. Wind
speeds also directly impact fishing opera-
tions and can be used to generally outline
potential areas and times of the year for
fishing .

KEY WORDS: tuna, meteorology, winds, season,
distribution .

79

Stevenson, M.R. 1970. On the physical and biological
oceanography near the entrance of the Gulf of
California, October 1966 - August 1967. [In Engl,
and Span.] Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull.
14: 389-504.

Descriptive oceanography of the specified
area based on data from "Mazatlan Project"
(part of the EASTROPAC expedition series).

KEY WORDS: oceanography, temperature, sali-
nity, depth, upwelling, currents, season.

Stretta, J.-M. 1977. Sea surface temperature measure-
ments by aerial radiometry and tuna concentrations
in the Gulf of Guinea. In G.H. Tomczak (editor),
Environmental analyses in marine fisheries re-
search--Fisher ies Environmental Services, p. 62-
65. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 170.

Described the operation for developing sea
surface temperature and front maps from re-
search vessels and aircraft for use in advi-
sories to the tuna fleet. Used a mix of
real-time data plus historical data and a
model input for subsurface structure inter-
pretations .

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, ocean-
ography, temperature, thermocline, depth,
fronts, feed, enrichment.

Suda, A. 1956. Studies on albacore - III. Size com-
positions classified by ocean current. [In Jpn . ,
Engl. abstr.] Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.
21 (12) : 1194-1198.

21 (12) : 1194-1198.

Compared albacore size composition among
several current areas and concluded that the
evidence indicated that the various ocean
currents presented an environment consider-
ably different from each other for the tunas.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, size, distribu-
tion, geography, oceanography, currents.

80

Suda, A. 1962. Studies on the albacore. 8. Ecologi-
cal considerations on the albacore in the Philip-
pine sea (Considerations on the movement of big
sized albacore from distributing ground of imma-
ture group (North Pacific current area) to sup-
posed spawning ground (North equatorial current
area). [In Jpn . , Engl. summ.]. Rep. Nankai Fish.
Res. Lab. 16:127-34.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, migration, spawn-
ing, geography, currents, season.

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama. 1969. An indica-
tive note on a role of permanent thermocline as a
factor controlling the longline fishing ground for
bigeye tuna. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab
(Shimizu) 1:99-114.

This paper showed the important role of the
permanent thermocline as a factor controlling
the formation of longline grounds for bigeye
tuna. Fishing success depended on whether
the hooks reached the permanent thermocline
in the tropics. An hypothesis was presented
for catch locations of bigeye in tropical and
temperate regions. Bigeye inhabited tempera-
ture zones within or just below the thermo-
cline with no relation apparent to primary
productivity. There was a notable increase
in average size of fish from west to east.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, tempera-
ture, thermocline, depth, habitat, currents,
water masses, enrichment, discontinuity.

Suda, A., and M.B. Schaefer. 1965. General review of
the Japanese tuna longline fishery in the eastern
Pacific Ocean, 1956-1962. Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna
Comm. Bull. 9:307-462.

Considered Japanese longline catch data for
the dated period with regard to fishing area
and effort, catch, geographical and seasonal
distributions, and indices of concentration.
Apparent abundance was discussed in terms of
seasonal changes, trends, and relation to
fishing effort.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, bigeye, alba-
core, catch, geography, season, abundance.

81

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama. 1962. Studies on the alba-
core. 7. Some considerations on the relationship
between the distribution of albacore and the sur-
face temperature in the longline fishing ground of
the northwest Pacific. Rep. Nankai Fish. Res.
Lab. 15:39-68.

Discussed the relation between the distribu-
tion of albacore and water temperatures on
the longline grounds in the northwest Pacif-
ic.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, season, catch,
distribution, oceanography, temperature.

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama. 1964. Albacore studies -
7. Surface water temperature and the distribution
of albacore in the longline fishing grounds of the
northwestern Pacific Ocean. Iji Symposium on Scom-
broid Fishes. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, Mandapam
Camp, Part 1, p. 529-564.

Concluded that the relationship of albacore
with sea surface temperature changed with
age/size, time (season) and area in a complex
manner and that a complex of factors deter-
mined the actual distributional relations of
the fish.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, distribution,
season, age/size, sea surface temperature.

Sullivan, CM. 1954. Temperature reception and re-
sponses in fish. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 11:153-
170.

Reviewed laboratory and field observations on
the temperature response in fishes.

KEY WORDS: temperature, migration.

Suzuki, Z., P.K. Tomlinson, and M. Honma. 1978. Popu-
lation structure of Pacific yellowfin tuna. [In
Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am. Trop. Tuna Comm. Bull.
17: 277-441.

Considered spawning activity migration, dis-
tribution, and habitat of yellowfin in the
Pacific. Gave evidence for existence of three
stocks: western, central, and eastern.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, spawning, dis-
tribution, migration, stock, habitat.

82

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida. 1977. The
comparison of catches by regular and deep tuna
longline gears in the western and central equa-
torial Pacific. Bull. Far Seas. Fish. Res. Lab.
(Shimizu) 15:51-90.

A comparison was made of catch by convention-
al gear versus deep gear and catch by spe-
cies. The target species was bigeye tuna for
which hook rates improved with deeper set
hooks, while rates of other species declined.

KEY WORDS: yellowfin, albacore, bigeye,
depth, season, distribution, catch, tempera-
ture, thermocline, habitat.

Symposium on Scombroid Fishes, Parts I-IV. 1964-1967.
Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, Mandapam Camp, Jan.
12-15, 1962.

Papers presented at a 1962 meeting on sub-
jects including systematics, stocks, early
life history, food and feeding, parasites,
fishing and fisheries, and environmental
considerations.

KEY WORDS: see annotation.

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography, June
1963. Tokyo, Japan. Tuna Fishing 15(99), 33 p.
Nat. Tuna Res. Counc. I. [Translated by James H.
Shohara; Transl. No. 9. Bur. Comm. Fish. 1964.]

A conference of science and industry repre-
sentatives to discuss their experiences re-
garding tuna resources and oceanog rpahy . No
formal papers, but some graphic data were
presented. Included the historical summary
of Japanese tuna research.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, yellowfin, skip-
jack, bigeye, bluefin, distribution, abun-
dance, catch, size.

83

Titov, V.B. 1977. On meandering of the Cromwell Cur-
rent. Oceanology 17 (3 ): 271-273.

Meandering of equatorial currents was inves-
tigated on the basis of the theory of iner-
tial motions near the equator. New experi-
mental data on the meandering of the Cromwell
Current were presented. Author established
the relationship between the phase of the
meander and the change in the absolute value
of current velocity.

KEY WORDS: currents.

Tomczak, G.H. 1977. Environmental advice to French
albacore fishery in the North Atlantic Ocean. Iji
G.H. Tomczak (editor). Environmental analysis in
marine fisheries research--Fisher ies Environmental
Services, p. 56-61. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 170.

Described a service to the French albacore
fishery of weather and sea state forecasts.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, catch, season,
distribution, temperature, fronts.

Troup, A.J. 1965. The "Southern Oscillation." Q. J.
R. Meteorol. Soc. 91:490-506.

Described the Southern Oscillation, its oper-
ation in time and space, and the physical
process by which it comes about.

KEY WORDS: meteorology, atmospheric pres-
sure. Southern Oscillation index.

Tsuchiya, M. 1970. Equatorial Circulation of the
South Pacific. I_n Scientific exploration of the
South Pacific, p. 69-74. Stand. Book 309-01755-6.

Discussed and summarized each of several cur-
rents from the equator to the Antarctic con-
vergence giving a description and character-
istics for each one; geographic extent,
transport , etc .

KEY WORDS: currents, oceanography, conver-
gence/divergence .

84

Uda, M. 1952. On the relation between the variation
of the important fisheries conditions and the
oceanographical conditions in the adjacent waters
of Japan, 1. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 38 (3 ): 363-389 .

Discussed herring sardine, and tuna fishery
variations in relation to variations in the
interannual climatic environment. Cited
historical events in the Japanese tuna fish-
ery in relation to oceanographic features and
events .

KEY WORDS: tuna, bluefin, yellowfin, ocean-
ography, currents, boundaries, convergence/
divergence, water mass, season, upwelling,
temperature, atmosphere, wind.

Uda, M. 1961. Cyclical fluctuations of the Pacific
tuna fisheries in response to cold and warm water
intrusions. in J.C. Marr (editor) , Pacific Tuna
Biology Conference, August 14-19, 1961, Honolulu,
Hawaii, p. 39. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sc i .
Rep. Fish. 415.

Abstract only. Related tuna fishing results
to cold- and warm-water variations. Postu-
lated an inverse relation between skipjack
catch on the Japanese side and that on the
American side of the Pacific. Catches varied
as did temperature on the two sides of the
ocean. Bluefin catches were noted to decline
with cold-water intrusions and to increase
wi th warming .

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, bluefin, tempera-
ture, currents, upwelling, fronts, enrich-
ment, meteorology, migration, catch.

Uda, M. 1961. Fisheries oceanography in Japan, espe-
cially on the principles of fish distribution,
concentration, dispersal and fluctuation. Calif.
Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 8:25-31.

Described the range of temperature for a num-
ber of organisms and summarized the ecologi-
cal principles which seem to influence or
regulate localizations and processes which
act to influence suitable or nonsuitable con-
ditions for fishing.

KEY WORDS: tuna, bluefin, albacore, bigeye,
skipjack, yellowfin, oceanography, tempera-
ture, fronts, convergences, enrichment, feed,
migration, spawning, currents, wind.

85

Uda , M. 1974. Fishery oceanography of the western
Pacific: application of oceanographic information
to forecast natural fluctuations in the abundance
of certain commercially important fish stocks.
Proc . Indo-Pac. Fish Counc. 15(3):56-65.

Brief review of knowledge of several species
of commerical importance in the western Pa-
cific and a discussion of the effects of en-
vironmental changes and fishing intensity on
the stocks.

KEY WORDS: tunas skipjack, yellowfin, alba-
core, bigeye, bluefin, catch, temperature.

Uda, M. , and M. Ishino. 1958. Enrichment pattern re-
sulting from eddy systems in relation to fishing
grounds. J. Tokyo. Univ. Fish. 44 (1+2 ): 105-129.

Classified environmental patterns resulting
from eddy systems into three types and re-
lated these to commercial fishing situations.
Model experiements are described.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, discontinuity,
eddies, fronts, currents, water masses, up-
welling, enrichment, food.

Ueyanagi, S. 1969. Observations on the distribution
of tuna larvae in the Indo-Pacific Ocean with em-
phasis on the delineation of the spawning areas of
albacore, Thunnus alalunga . Bull. Far Seas Fish.
Res. Lab. 2: 177-219.

Described the morphology and the vertical and
geographical distribution of larval tuna spe-
cies; delineated spawning areas, and men-
tioned depth and temperature at which larvae
were taken.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, big-
eye, bluefin, southern bluefin, albacore,
spawning, season, temperature, depth, thermo-
cl ine .

86

Ueyanagi, S. 1974. Larvae and postlarvae of tunas and
billfishes - Identification methods, distribution,
occurrence. [In Jpn.] Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab.
(Shimi zu) , p. 1-35.

Geographic occurrences of larval tunas. Some
figures include isotherms and/or location or
current boundaries.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, alba-
core, bluefin, southern bluefin, larvae, dis-
tribution, currents, temperature.

87

VanCampen, W.G. 1952. Oceanog raphi c conditions and
the albacore fishery east of Cape Nojima. U.S.
Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 77, 18 p.

Translation of Japanese article describing
tuna fishing conditions in the 1930's. An
apparent close relationship existed between
the movement of isotherms of approximately
18 C and the movements of the fishing
grounds. Grounds mainly occurred along
current boundaries.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, season, currents,
temperature, migration, environment.

88

Waldron, K.D. 1962. Synopsis of biological data on
skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeas) 1758 (Pa-
cific Ocean) . In H . Rosa, Jr. (editor). Proceed-
ings of the world scientific meeting on the biol-
ogy of tunas and related species, La Jolla, Cali-
fornia, U.S.A., p. 695-748. FAO Fish. Rep. 6.

A generalized review of skipjack habitat.

KEY WORDS: tuna, skipjack, distribution,
currents, temperature. El Nino.

Walsh, J.J. 1978. The biological consequences of
interaction of the climatic. El Nino, and event
scales of variability in the eastern tropical Pa-
cific. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer
173:182-192.

An analysis of biological response to climat-
ic. El Nino, and event scales of variability
for the eastern tropical Pacific. Suggested
that marine communities respond to global
oscillations at climatic time scales by geo-
graphic relocation of their centers of abun-
dance. Man's impact is superimposed upon
natural stresses.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, meteorology, wind,
temperature, atmospheric pressure, enrich-
ment , feed .

Williams, F. 1970. Sea surface temperature and the
distribution and apparent abundance of skipjack
(Katsuwonus pelamis) in the eastern Pacific Ocean,
1951-1968. [In Engl, and Span.] Inter-Am. Trop.
Tuna Comm. Bull. 15:231-281.

The paper contains a 20-year continuous plot
of selected isotherms and skipjack
occurrences along the Pacific coast of the
Americas. Author reviewed the coastal
oceanographic annual regime, and anomalies
from 1949-68, plus usual seasonal trends and
outstanding/noteworthy events in that period.

KEY WORDS: tunas, skipjack, temperature,
distribution, abundance, catch, season,
oceanography.

89

Williams, F. 1972. Consideration of three proposed
models of the migration of young skipjack tuna
(Ka tsuwonus pelami s ) into the eastern Pacific
Ocean. Fish. Bull., U.S. 70:741-762.

Three models proposed are: 1) active migra-
tion, 2) passive migration, and 3) gyral
migration. Mechanisms and timing in all
three models are dependent on oceanographic

conditions and events in the central-east
Pacific, which thus have a controlling effect
on migration success.

Williams, K.F. 1977. Sea surface temperature maps to
assist tuna fisheries off New South Wales, Austra-
lia. lT\ G.H. Tomczak (editor). Environmental
analysis in marine fisheries research--Fisher ies
Environmental Services, p. 38-55. FAO Fish. Tech.
Paper 70.

Described an operational sea surface tempera-
ture mapping-advisory service to tuna fisher-
man and aerial spotters. Southern bluefin
apparently were regulated in their distribu-
tion by sea surface temperature and thermal
fronts along the southeast Australian coast.

KEY WORDS: tuna, southern bluefin, oceanog-
raphy, temperature, fronts, season, migra-
tion, catch.

Wyrtki , H. 1964. The thermal structure of the eastern
Pacific Ocean. ErgSnz. Reihe A{8 ), 6 Deut .
Hydrogr. Zeit.

An analysis of the thermal structure and its
seasonal variation in the eastern tropical
Pacific Ocean.

KEY WORDS: oceanography, temperature, depth,
season, thermocline, gradient.

Wyrtki, K. 1965. The thermal structure of the eastern
Pacific Ocean. Deut. Hydrogr. Z. ErgSnzungsh . , 84
p.

Analysis of thermal structure and seasonal
variations in the eastern Pacific using BT
data. Features and variability of thermal
structure made evident by the charted data
were discussed.

KEY WORDS: currents, temperature, depth,
season .

90

Wyrtki , K. 1965. The annual and semi-annual variation
of sea surface temperature in the North Pacific
Ocean. Limnol . Oceanogr. 10:307-313.

Monthly averages of sea surface temperatures
for the period 1947 to 1960 are used to
determine the amplitude and phase of annual
and semi-annual thermal variations.

KEY WORDS: sea surface temperature, season.

Wyrtki, K. , E. Stroup, W. Patzert, R. Williams, and W.
Quinn. 1976. Predicting and observing El Nino.
Science (Wash., D. C. ): 343-346 .

Defined Southern Oscillation and presented a
theory for mechanisms leading to El Nino.
Described the 1975 oceanographic situation as
compared with 1967 and 1968 regarding signi-
ficant changes from El Nino conditions in the
former year as a return to "normal."

KEY WORDS: Southern Oscillation, atmospheric
pressure, currents, El Nino.

91

Yabe , H. , S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe. 1966. Studies
on the early life history of bluefin tuna, Thunnus
thynnus, and on the larva of the southern bluefin
tuna, T. maccoyi. [In Jpn., Engl, summ.] Rep.
Nankai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 23:95-129.

Described larvae and distribution of their
occurrence in the western Pacific and Indian
Oceans. The area in which they were distri-
buted corresponded to areas of the Kuroshio
Current and Kuroshio Countercur rent .

KEY WORDS: tuna, bluefin, southern bluefin,
spawning, season, migration, temperature,
thermocline, depth.

Yamanaka, H. 1956. Vertical structure of the ocean
relevant to fishing conditions for albacore adja-
cent to 10°S in the western South Pacific. [In
Jpn., Engl, summ.] Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sc i . Fish.
21 (12) : 1187-1193.

Discussed the vertical structure from re-
search cruise data compared to albacore catch
distribution for the various seasons. Postu-
lated that hydrological fluctuations between
years and areas may be negligible for the
general locality considered.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, currents, discon-
tinuity, season, distribution, depth, catch,
boundaries .

Yamanaka, H. 1962. Tunas and oceanic conditions. [In
Jpn., Eng . abstr.] J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn. 20th
Annu . : 663-678 .

Lists institutions participating in tuna and
oceanography studies and considers types of
investigations needed.

KEY WORDS: color, transparency, salinity,
currents, water masses, productivity.

92

Yamanaka, H. 1969. Relation between the fishing
grounds of tuna and the equatorial current system.
[In Jpn . , Engl, abstr.] Bull. Jpn. Soc. Fish
Oceanogr., Spec. No., p. 227-230.

Discussed the relation between tuna distribu-
tions and currents, water type and thermal
structure, productivity and equatorial circu-
lation and structure, fluctuations of fish-
eries and oceanographic conditions.

KEY WORDS: yellowfin, bigeye, oceanography,
water type, currents, temperature.

Yamanaka, H. and N. Anraku. 1961. Relations between
the distribution of tunas and water masses of the
North and South Pacific oceans west of 160 W. Iji
J.C. Marr (editor), Pacific Tuna Biology Confer-
ence, August 14-19, 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii, p.
41-42. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sc i . Rep.
Fish. 415.

Water masses were defined by the T-S rela-
tion, and an approximate relation is shown
between the occurences of tunas and surface
water types.

KEY WORDS: tunas, albacore, bigeye, yellow-
fin, oceanography, water masses, temperature,
salinity, season.

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita. 1966. Gen-
eral results of the investigation in the South
Western Pacific Ocean by the fish-finder. [In
Jpn., Eng. summ.] Rep. Nankai Reg. Fish.

jpn . , tng . summ. j
Lab. (24) :115-127.

Res

A report of research vessel data on hydro-
graphy, eggs and larvae of yellowfin, and
deep scattering layer studies. Yellowfin
shoals were found distributed in correspon-
dence with oceanographic structures; the
swimming layer of yellowfin was above the
depth of the thermocline.

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, skipjack, depth,
habitat, distribution, oceanography, cur-
rents, thermocline, feed.

93

Yamanaka , H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku. 1969. Rela-
tion between the distribution of tunas and water
types of the north and south Pacific Ocean. Bull.
Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. (Shimizu) 2:257-273.

Used the temperature-chlor ini ty relation to
map distributions of numerous water types and
then related those to tuna distributions.
Some patterns emerged, but several dilemmas
appeared.

KEY WORDS: tunas, albacore, bigeye, water
masses, currents, catch, distribution, tem-
perature, salinity, migration.

Yamanaka, I. 1978. Oceanography in tuna research.
Rapp. P-v. R*un. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 173:203-
211.

A brief historical review and summary of the
role of oceanography in the development of
the world tuna fisheries; and the role of
fisheries science in the study of oceanog-
raphy. Considers known influences of ocean-
ographic features and variables on tunas and
on the fisheries.

KEY WORDS: tuna, distribution, catch, food,
depth, habitat, stock, spawning, oceanog-
raphy, currents, temperature, fronts, dis-
continuity, transparency, season, enrichment,
upwelling, thermocline, water mass, water
type.

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka. 1970. On the variation
of the current pattern in the equatorial western
Pacific Ocean and its relationship with the yel-
lowfin tuna stock. Proc. 2nd CSK Symposium,
Tokyo, 1970:527-533.

Oceanographic data from training cruises in
the 1960's were used to delineate major cur-
rent boundaries, meanders and eddies, and
seasonal variations which were compared with
fluctuations in boundaries of the currents
and major climatic events. Yellowfin year
classes were compared to the interannual
variations .

KEY WORDS: tuna, yellowfin, environment, sea
surface temperature, depth, currents, bound-
aries, season, catch.

94

Yoshida, H.O., and T. Otsu. 1962. Synopsis of bio-
logical data on albacore Thunnus germo (Lacepfede),
1800 (Pacific and Indian Oceans). In H. Rosa, Jr.
(editor), Proceedings of the wo fTd scientific
meeting on the biology of tunas and related spe-
cies. La Jolla, California, U.S.A., 2-14 July,
1962, p. 274-318. FAO Fish. Rep. 6.

Synopsis includes geographic distribution of
fish and temperatures of water inhabited.
Fishing areas and depth ranges were related
by season.

KEY WORDS: tuna, albacore, distribution,
temperature, depth, season, currents, catch.

95

KEYWORD INDEX

(Note: Tuna species are entered under their common names, see page 1 )

Abundance

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M. 1965

Broadhead, G. C, and 1. Barrett 1964

Dow, R. L. 1978

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Fox, W. W. 1971

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1976

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1977

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1978

Kume, S. 1963

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu I960

Miller, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Sette, O. E. 1961

Suda, A., and M. B. Schaefer 1965

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Williams, F. 1970

Age /Size

Anonymous 1962

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965

Davidoff, E. B. 1969

Enami, S., and T. Toyotaka 1954

Inoue, M. 1958

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kawasaki, T., and Y. Aizawa 1956

Kikawa, S. 1957

Kume, S. 1969

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and

H. Honda 1965
Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and

H. Honda 1965
Okachi, 1. 1963
Roberts, P. E. 1974
Sharp, G. D. 1978
Shingu, C. 1970
Suda, A. 1956

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1964
Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Albacore

Alverson, D. L. 1961

Anonymous 1962

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965

Craig, W. L., and E. K. Dean 1968

Dotson, R. C. 1978

Fox, W. W. 1971

Hester, F. J. 1961

Howard, G. V. 1963

Inoue, M. 1958

Inoue, M. 1959

Inoue, M. 1960

Inoue, M. 1961

Johnson, J. H. 1961

96

Johnson, J. H. 1962

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Kawai, H. 1959

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T., and Y. Aizawa 1956

Kikawa, S., T. Shiohama, Y. Merita, and S. Kume 1977

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1975

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Murphy, G. 1., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1969

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and
H. Honda 1965

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959
Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968

Pearcy, W. G. 1973

Radovich, J. 1961

Roberts, P. E. 1974

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Saito, S. 1973

Saito, S., K. Ishii, and K. Yoneta 1970

Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Squire, J. L., Jr. MS

Suda, A. 1956

Suda, A. 1962

Suda, A., and M. B. Schaefer 1965

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1962

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1964

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Tomczak, G. H. 1977

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1974

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

VanCampen, W. G. 1952

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

Area Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1961

Calkins, T. P. 1961

Atmosphere/ Atmospheric Berlage, H. P. 1966

Pressure/ Pressure Berlage, H. P., and H. J. DeBoer 1959

Berlage, H. P., and H. J. DeBoer 1960
Bjerknes, J. 1961
Caviedes, C. N. 1973

Favorite, F., and W. J. Ingraham, Jr. 1976
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974
MUler, F. R., and R. M. Laurs 1975

97

Namias, J. 1973

Quinn, W. H. 1974

Quinn, W. H., D. O. Zopf, K. S. Shon, and R. T. W. Yang 1978

Troup, A. J. 1965

Uda, M. 1952

Walsh, J. J. 1978

Wyrtki, K., E. Stroup, W. Patzert, R. Williams, and W. Quinn 1976

Auxis

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. Pella, and W. S. Leet 1970

Behavior

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965
Dizon, A. E. 1977

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978
Dizon, A. E., T. C. Byles, and E. D. Stevens 1976
Dizon, A. E., W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1977
Dizon, A. E., E. D. Stevens, W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1974
NeUl, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976
Neill, W. H., E. D. Stevens, F. G. Carey, K. D. Lawson, N. Mrosovsky,
and W. Frair 1974

Bigeye Tuna

Alverson, F. C, and C. L. Peterson 1963

Anonymous 1962

Blackburn, M. 1965

Enami, S., and T. Toyotaka 1954

Fox, W. W. 1971

Grandperrin, R. 1976

Hanamoto, E. 1974

Hanamoto, E. 1975

Hanamoto, E. 1976

Howard, G. V. 1963

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kikawa, S. 1957

Kume, S. 1963

Kume, S. 1969

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

LeGuen, J. C, F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

Meehan, J. M. 1965

Murphy, G. I., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakamura, H. 1952

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Suda, A., and M. B. Schaefer 1965

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1974

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Yamanaka, H. 1969

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

98

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Billfishes

Black Skipjack Tuna

Bluefin Tuna (Northern Pacific)

Bottom Features
Boundaries

Bullet Tuna

Catch

deBuen, F. 1955
deBuen, F. 1957
Fox, W. W. 1971
LeGuen, J. C, J. R. Donguy, and C. Henin 1977

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Anonymous 1962

Blackburn, M. 1965

Fox, W. W. 1971

Hester, F. J. 1961

Howard, G. V. 1963

Kikawa, S. 1957

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Neill, W. H., E. D. Stevens, F. G. Carey, K. D. Lawson, N. Mrosovsky,

and W. Frair 1974
Okachi, I. 1963
Okiyama, M. 1974
Richards, W. J. 1969
Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961
Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974
Sharp, G. D. 1978

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963
Uda, M. 1952
Uda, M. 1961
Uda, M. 1961
Uda, M. 1974
Ueyanagi, S. 1969
Ueyanagi, S. 1974
Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966

Blackburn, M. 1969

Kikawa, S. 1957

Sasaki, T. 1952

Seckel, G. R. 1964

Uda, M. 1952

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka 1970

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. Pella, and W. S. Leet 1970

Alverson, D. L. 1961

Alverson, F. G. 1959

Anonymous 1962

Calkins, T. P. 1961

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965

Davidoff, E. B. 1969

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Green, R. 1967

Hanamoto, E. 1974

Hanamoto, E. 1975

Hanamoto, E. 1976

Hester, F. J. 1961

Inoue, M. 1960

Inoue, M. 1%1

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1976

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commisison 1977

99

Johnson, J. H. 1961

Johnson, J. H. 1962

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1952-1956

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1961

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1965

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kume, S. 1969

LeGuen, J. C., F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Miller, F. R. MS

Miyake, M. P. 1968

Morita, T. 1959

Morita, T. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakamura, H. 1952

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Okachi, I. 1963

Pearcy, W. G. 1973

Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964

Seckel, G. R. 1963

Seckel, G. R. 1964

Shimada, B. M. 1958

Shingu, C. 1970

Squire, J. L., Jr. MS

Suda, A., and M. B. Schaefer 1965

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1962

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Tomczak, G. H. 1977

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1974

Williams, F, 1970

Williams, K. F. 1977

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka 1970

Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

Chlorinity (Salinity)

Circulation

Climate

Nakagome, J. 1958

Blackburn, M. 1963

Cashing, D. H., and R. R. Dickson 1976
Johnson, J. H. 1963
McGowan, J. A. 1974

Climatology

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969
Seckel, G. R. 1963

Color / Transparency

Blackburn, M. 1965

Blackburn, M. 1969

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

100

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968
Roberts, P. E. 1974
Squire, J. L., Jr. MS
Yamanaka, H. 1962
Yamanaka, I. 1978

Concentration

Hanamoto, E. 1975

Convergence/ Divergence
(Discontinuity)

Alverson, D. L. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1965

Creswell, G. R. 1976

Cromwell, T. 1958

Garvine, R. W. 1974

Inoue, M. 1960

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Jerlov, N. G. 1953

Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kume, S. 1963

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1975

LeGuen, J. C, J. R. Donguy, and C. Henin 1977

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Merle, J., H. Rotschi, and B. Voituriez 1969

Murphy, G. I., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1961

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Saito, S. 1973

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Seckel, G. R. 1972

Sette, O. E. 1955

Sette, O. E. 1956

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Tsuchiya, M. 1970

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Currents

Alverson, F. G., and C. L. Peterson 1963

Anonymous 1962

Berlage, H. P. 1966

Bjerknes, J. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1%5

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Caviedes, C. N. 1973

Craig, W. L., and E. K. Dean 1968

Creswell, G. R. 1976

CromweU, T. 1958

Hanamoto, E. 1974

Hanamoto, E. 1976

Howard, G. V. 1963

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Jerlov, N. G. 1953

Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kawai, H., and M. Sasaki 1962

101

Kawasaki, T. 1952

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kikawa, S. 1957

Kume, S. 1%3

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

LeGuen, J. C, J. R. Donguy, and C. Henin 1977

Magnier, Y., H. Rotschi, P. Rual, and C. Colin 1973

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McCreary, J. 1976

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Merle, J., H. Rotschi, and B. Voituriez 1%9

Miller, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Morita, T. 1959

Murphy, G. 1., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1961

Nakamura, H. 1952

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Namias, J. 1973

Nelson, C. S. 1977

Okachi, I. 1%3

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968

Patzen, W. C, and M. Tsuchiya 1974

Quinn, W. H. 1972

Radovich, J. 1963

Roberts, P. E. 1974

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Royer, T. C. 1978

Samaylenko, V. S. 1970

Sasaki, T. 1952

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964

ScheU, I. I. 1965

Seckel, G. R. 1963

Seckel, G. R. 1964

Seckel, G. R. 1972

Sette, O. E. 1955

Sette, O. E. 1956

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Stevenson, M. R. 1970

Suda, A. 1956

Suda, A. 1962

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Titov, V. B. 1977

Tsuchiya, M. 1970

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

VanCampen, W. G. 1952

Waldron, K. D. 1962

Wynki, K. 1965

Wyrtki, K., E. Stroup, W. Patzert, R. Williams, and W. Quinn 1976

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, H. 1962

Yamanaka, H. 1969

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Yamanaka, 1. 1978

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka 1970

Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

102

Current Boundaries Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1961

Density Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Garvine, R. W. 1974
Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Depth Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neill, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Blackburn, M. 1962
Blackburn, M. 1965
Brandhorst, W. 1958
CromweU, T. 1958
Dizon, A. E. 1977

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978
Fox, W. W. 1971
Grandperrin, R. 1976
Green, R. 1967
Hanamoto, E. 1974
Hanamoto, E. 1975
Hanamoto, E. 1976
Inoue, M. 1958
Jerlov, N. G. 1956
Kawai, H. 1959

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr 1963
Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS
Miyake, M. P. 1968
Morita, T. 1960
Nakagome, J. 1958
Nakagome, J. 1958
Nakagome, J. 1958
Nakagome, J. 1958
Nakagome, J. 1961
Nakagome, J. 1965
Nakagome, J. 1965
Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and

H. Honda 1965
Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and

H. Honda 1965
Okiyama, M., and S. Ueyanagi 1977
Reid, J. L., Jr. 1962
Roberts, P. E. 1974
Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961
Royer, T. C. 1978
Saito, S. 1973

Saito, S., K. Ishii, and K. Yoneta 1970
Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964
Sette, O. E. 1955
Sharp, G. D. 1977
Sharp, G. D. 1978
Stevenson, M. R. 1970
Stretta, J. M. 1977

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969
Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977
Ueyanagi, S. 1969
Wyrtki, H. 1964
Wyrtki, K. 1965

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966
Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966
Yamanaka, I. 1978

Yamanaka, 1., and H. Yamanaka 1970
Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

103

Distribution Alverson, D. L. 1961

Alverson, F. G. 1959

Alverson, F. G., and C. L. Peterson 1963

Anonymous 1962

Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neill, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Berlage, H. P., and H. J. DeBoer 1960

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M. 1965

Blackburn, M., and R. M. Laurs 1972

Boersma, P. D. 1978

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Broadhead, G. C, and I. Barrett 1964

Dizon, A. E. 1977

Donguy, J. R., and C. Henin 1976

Dow, R. L. 1978

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Fox, W. W. 1971

Hanamoto, E. 1976

Hester, F. J. 1961

Howard, G. V. 1963

Hubbs, C. L., and G. I. Roden 1964

Ingham, M. C., S. K. Cook, and K. A. Hausknecht 1977

Inoue, M. 1958

Inoue, M. 1960

Inoue, M. 1961

Jerlov, N. G. 1953

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1952-1956

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1961

Kawasaki, T. 1952

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1965

Kearney, R. E. 1978

Kikawa, S. 1957

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. PeUa, and W. S. Leet 1970

Kume, S. 1963 i

Kume, S. 1969

Laevastu, T., and I. Hela 1970

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr 1963

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1975

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

LeGuen, J. C, F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

McGowan, J. A. 1974

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Meehan, J. M. 1965

MUler, F. R. MS

Miyake, M. P. 1968

Nakagome, J. 1969

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Radovich, J. 1961

Radovieh, J. 1963

Rothschild, B. J. 1966

Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974

104

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Schaefer, M. B., G. C. Broadhead, and C. J. Orange 1962

Seckel, G. R., and M. Y. Y. Yong 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shimada, B. M. 1958

Shingu, C. 1970

Steigner, J. M., and M. C. Ingham 1971

Suda, A. 1956

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1962

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1964

Suzuki, Z., P. K. Tomlinson, and M. Honma 1978

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Tomczak, G. H. 1977

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

Waldron, K. D. 1962

Williams, F. 1970

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Yamanaka, 1. 1978

Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

Dog-Toothed Tuna
Eddies

Okiyama, M., and S. Ueyanagi 1977

Royer, T. C. 1978

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

El Nino

Bjerknes, J. 1961

McCreary, J. 1976

Miller, F. R., and R. M. Laurs 1975

Patzert, W. C, and M. Tsuchiya 1974

Quinn, W. H. 1974

Schell, I. I. 1965

Waldron, K. D. 1962

Wyrtki, K., E. Stroup, W. Patzert, R. Williams, and W. Quinn 1976

Enrichment

Environment

Beardsley, G. L., Jr. 1969

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Cromwell, T. 1958

Hester, F. J. 1961

Howard, G. V. 1963

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

Merle, J., H. Rotschi, and B. Voituriez 1969

Murphy, G. 1., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Sette, O. E. 1955

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

Walsh, J. J. 1978

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Boersma, P. D. 1978

Gushing, D. H., and R. R. Dickson 1976

Davidoff, E. B. 1%3

Dow, R. L. 1978

Hester, F. J. 1961

105

Howard, G. V. 1963

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Kearney, R. E. 1978

Laevastu, T., and I. Hela 1970

Man-, J. C. (editor) 1962

Neill, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976

Radovich, J. 1963

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Rothschild, B. J. 1966

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shingu, C. 1970

VanCampen, W. G. 1952

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka 1970

Equatorial

Feeding

Feed

McCreary, J. 1976

Grandperrin, R. 1976

Blackburn, M. 1959

Blackburn, M. 1959

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M., and R. M. Laurs 1972

deBuen, F. 1957

Dotson, R. C. 1978

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

Marr, J. C. (editor) 1962

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Pearcy, W. G. 1973

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Uda, M. 1961

Walsh, J. J. 1978

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Food

Alverson, F. G., and C. L. Peterson 1%3

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1969 *

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Hester, F. J. 1961

Howard, G. V. 1%3

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

Schaefer, M. B. 1%1

Schaefer, M. B., G. C. Broadhead, and C. J. Orange 1962

Sette, O. E. 1956

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

Yamanaka, 1. 1978

Frigate Tunas

Klawe, W. L. 1%3

Klawe, W. L., J. J. PeUa, and W. S. Leet 1970

Fronts

Blackburn, M. 1965
Dotson, R. C. 1978
Garvine, R. W. 1974
Howard, G. V. 1963
Inoue, M. 1960
Kawai, H. 1959

Kawai, H., and M. Sasaki 1962
Kawasaki, T. 1957
Kawasaki, T. 1957

106

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kikawa, S., T. Shiohama, Y. Morita, and S. Kume 1977

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1975

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

LeGuen, J. C, J. R. Donguy, and C. Henin 1977

LeGuen, J. C, F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Marr, J. C. (editor) 1962

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Murphy, G. L, and R. S. Shomura 1972

Neill, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976

Noel, J., and J. M. Stretta 1975

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Squire, J. L., Jr. MS

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Tomczak, G. H. 1977

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

WUliams, K. F. 1977

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Geography

Alverson, F. G. 1959

Blackburn, M. 1965

Hanamoto, E. 1976

Knudsen, P. F. 1977

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

McGowan, J. A. 1974

Roden, G. L, and J. L. Reid, Jr. 1961

Rosa, H., Jr. (editor) 1963

Suda, A. 1956

Suda, A. 1962

Suda, A., and M. B. Schaefer 1965

Gradient

Growth
Habitat

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968
Wyrtki, H. 1964

Davidoff, E. B. 1963
Kearney, R. E. 1978

Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neill, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Craig, W. L., and E. K. Dean 1968

Dizon, A. E. 1977

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978

Hanamoto, E. 1974

Hanamoto, E. 1976

Inoue, M. 1959

Kawasaki, T., and Y. Aizawa 1956

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGowan, J. A. 1974

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1961

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J. 1965

Saito, S., K. Ishii, and K. Yoneta 1970

Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974

107

Sharp, G. D. 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Suzuki, Z., P. K. Tomlinson, and M. Honma 1978

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Yamanaka, I. 1978

History

Island Wakes
Isotherms
Kawakawa
Larvae

Light

Maturation
Meteorology

Migration / Movement

Kawasaki, T. 1965

Quinn, W. H., D. O. Zopf, K. S. Short, and R. T. W. Yang 1978

LeGuen, J. C, J. R. Donguy, and C. Henin 1977

Sasaki, T. 1952

Dizon, A. E., W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1977

Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1961

Kearney, R. E. 1978

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. Pella, and W. S. Leet 1970

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

Okiyama, M. 1974

Seckel, G. R. 1972

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978

deBuen, F. 1957

Caviedes, C. N. 1973

Favorite, F., and W. J. Ingraham, Jr. 1976

Hubbs, C. L., and G. 1. Roden 1964

Nelson, C. S. 1977

Patzert, W. C, and M. Tsuchiya 1974

Quinn, W. H. 1972

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961 »

Samaylenko, V. S. 1970

ScheU, I. I. 1965

Steigner, J. M., and M. C. Ingham 1971

Troup, A. J. 1965

Uda, M. 1961

Walsh, J. J. 1978

Alverson, F. G. 1959

Anonymous 1962

Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1961

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965

Dotson, R. C. 1978

Inoue, M. 1958

Inoue, M. 1959

Inoue, M. 1960

Inoue, M. 1961

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kawai, H., and M. Sasaki 1962

Kawasaki, T. 1952

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kearney, R. E. 1978

Kikawa, S. 1957

Kikawa, S., T. Shiohama, Y. Morita, and S. Kume 1977

Kume, S. 1963

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1975

108

Nutrients

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

Miller, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

NeiU, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976

Okachi, I. 1963

Radovich, J. 1961

Richards, W. J. 1969

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Seckel, G. R., and M. Y. Y. Yong 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shingu, C. 1970

Suda, A. 1962

SuUivan, C. M. 1954

Susuki, Z., P. K. Tomlinson, and M. Honma 1978

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1961

VanCampen, W. G. 1952

Williams, K. F. 1977

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966

Yamanaka, H., J. Merita, and N. Anraku 1969

Blackburn, M. 1965
Blackburn, M. 1969
Sette, O. E. 1956

Oceanography

Alverson, F. G. 1959

Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neill, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Bini, G. 1952

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M. 1969

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Calkins, T. P. 1961

Caviedes, C. N. 1973

Cromwell, T. 1958

Gushing, D. H., and R. R. Dickson 1976

Enami, S., and T. Toyotaka 1954

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Howard, G. V. 1963

Hubbs, C. L., and G. 1. Roden 1964

Inoue, M. 1959

Inoue, M. 1960

Inoue, M. 1961

Jerlov, N. G. 1953

Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Kawai, H. 1959

Kawasaki, T. 1952

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. PeUa, and W. S. Leet 1970

Knudsen, P. F. 1977

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

McCreary, J. 1976

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

Miller, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Miller, F. R., and R. M. Laurs 1975

Morita, T. 1960

109

Murphy, G. I., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakamura, H. 1952

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968

Patzen, W. C, and M. Tsuchiya 1974

Quinn, W. H., D. O. Zopf, K. S. Short, and R. T. W. Yang 1978

Reid, J. L., Jr. 1962

Roden, G. I., and J. L. Reid, Jr. 1961

Royer, T. C. 1978

Samaylenko, V. S. 1970

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Sasaki, T. 1952

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Schell, I. 1. 1965

Seckel, G. R. 1963

Seckel, G. R., and M. Y. Y. Yong 1977

Sette, O. E. 1955

Sette, O. E. 1956

Sette, O. E. 1961

Sharp, G. D. 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shimada, B. M. 1958

Squire, J. L., Jr. MS

Stevenson, M. R. 1970

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Suda, A. 1956

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1962

Tsuchiya, M. 1970

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

Walsh, J. J. 1978

Williams, F. 1970

Williams, K. F. 1977

Wyrtki, H. 1964

Yamanaka, H. 1969

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Oxygen

Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neiil, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Blackburn, M. 1965

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Dizon, A. E. 1977

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Green, R. 1967

Hanamoto, E. 1975

Hubbs, C. L., and G. I. Roden 1964

Ingham, M. C., S. K. Cook, and K. A. Hausknecht 1977

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

Reid, J. L., Jr. 1962

Sharp, G. D. 1977

Population

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963
Kawasaki, T. 1967
Kearney, R. E. 1978
Knudsen, P. F. 1977
Sette, O. E. 1%1

Productivity

Yamanaka, H. 1962
110

Range

Remote Sensing

Reproduction

Salinity

Seabirds
Season

Meehan, J. M. 1965

Schaefer, M. B., G. C. Broadhead, and C. J. Orange 1962

Noel, J., and J. M. Stretta 1975

Boersma, P. D. 1978

Blackburn, M. 1965

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Craig, W. L., and E. K. Dean 1968

Dizon, A. E. 1977

Donguy, J. R., and C. Henin 1976

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Hubbs, C. L., and G. 1. Roden 1964

Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Kawai, H. 1959

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

Morita, T. 1959

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968

Pearcy, W. G. 1973

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964

Seckel, G. R., and M. Y. Y. Yong 1977

Shingu, C. 1970

Stevenson, M. R. 1970

Yamanaka, H. 1962

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Boersma, P. D. 1978

Alverson, D. L. 1961

Alverson, F. G. 1959

Anonymous 1962

Bjerknes, J. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M., and R. M. Laurs 1972

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Broadhead, G. C, and 1. Barrett 1964

Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1961

Calkins, T. P. 1961

Caviedes, C. N. 1973

Cromwell, T. 1958

Gushing, D. H., and R. R. Dickson 1976

Donguy, J. R., and C. Henin 1976

Dow, R. L. 1978

Enami, S., and T. Toyotaka 1954

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Hester, F. J. 1961

Hubbs, C. L., and G. I. Roden 1964

Inoue, M. 1958

Inoue, M. 1959

Inoue, M. 1960

Inoue, M. 1961

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974

Jerlov, N. G. 1953

Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Johnson, J. H. 1962

111

Katnimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1952-1956

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1961

Kawai, H. 1959

Kawai, H., and M. Sasaki 1962

Kawasaki, T. 1952

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1965

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kawasaki, T., and Y. Aizawa 1956

Kikawa, S. 1957

Klawe, W. L., J. J. Pella, and W. S. Leet 1970

Knudsen, P. F. 1977

Kume, S. 1963

Kume, S. 1969

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

LeGuen, J. C, F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

MiUer, F. R. MS.

Miller, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Miyake, M. P. 1968

Merita, T. 1959

Morita, T. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1961

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J. 1969

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Okachi, I. 1963

Okiyama, M., and S. Ueyanagi 1977

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968 ,

Pearcy, W. G. 1973

Reid, J. L., Jr. 1962

Roberts, P. E. 1974

Roden, G. I., and J. L. Reid, Jr. 1961

Saito, S. 1973

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Schaefer, M. B., G. C. Broadhead, and C. J. Orange 1962

Seckel, G. R. 1963

Seckel, G. R. 1964

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shingu, C. 1970

Steigner, J. M., and M. C. Ingham 1971

Stevenson, M. R. 1970

Suda, A. 1962

Suda, A., and M. B. Schaefer 1965

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1962

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1964

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Tomczak, G. H. 1977

Uda, M. 1952

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

VanCampen, W. G. 1952

Williams, F. 1970

Williams, K. F. 1977

Wyrtki, H. 1964

Wyrtki, K. 1965

112

Wyrtki, K. 1965

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka 1970

Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

Skipjack Tuna Alverson, F. G. 1959

Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neill, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M. 1965

Blackburn, M. 1969

Blackburn, M., and R. M. Laurs 1972

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Broadhead, G. C, and I. Barrett 1964

Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1961

Calkins, T. P. 1961

Dizon, A. E. 1977

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978

Dizon, A. E., T. C. Byles, and E. D. Stevens 1976

Dizon, A. E., W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1977

Dizon, A. E., E. D. Stevens, W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1974

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Fox, W. W. 1971

Howard, G. V. 1963

Ingham, M. C, S. K. Cook, and K. A. Hausknecht 1977

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1976

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1977

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1978

Kawai, H. 1959

Kawai, H., and M. Sasaki 1962

Kawasaki, T. 1952

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1965

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kearney, R. E. 1978

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. Pella, and W. S. Leet 1970

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

LeGuen, J. C, F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Marr, J. C. (editor) 1962

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Miller, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Miyake, M. P. 1968

Morita, T. 1959

Morita, T. 1960

Murphy, G. 1., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Neill, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976

Richards, W. J. 1969

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Sasaki, T. 1952

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Seckel, G. R. 1963

Seckel, G. R. 1964

113

Seckel, G. R. 1972

Seckel, G. R., and M. Y. Y. Yong 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shimada, B. M. 1958

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1974

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

Waldron, K. D. 1962

WUliams, F. 1970

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Southern Bluefin Tuna

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Shingu, C. 1970

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

WUliams, K. F. 1977

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966

Southern Oscillaton Index

Berlage, H. P., and H. J. DeBoer 1959

Beriage, H. P., and H. J. DeBoer 1960

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1976

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1977

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1978

MUler, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Quinn, W. H. 1972

Quinn, W. H., D. O. Zopf, K. S. Short, and R. T. W. Yang 1978

Troup, A. J. 1965

Wyrtki, K., E. Stroup, W. Patzert, R. Williams, and W. Quinn 1976

Spawning

Anonymous 1962

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1978

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kikawa, S. 1957

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. Pella, and W. S. Leet 1970

Knudsen, P. F. 1977

Kume, S. 1969

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. SkiUman MS

MUler, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Miyake, M. P. 1968

Okiyama, M. 1974

Richards, W. J. 1969

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shingu, C. 1970

Suda, A. 1962

Suzuki, Z., P. K. Tomlinson, and M. Honma 1978

Uda, M. 1961

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Stock

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965
Kawasaki, T. 1965
Kawasaki, T. 1%7

114

Kearney, R. E. 1978

Kume, S. 1%9

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Okiyama, M. 1974

Suzuki, Z., P. K. Tomlinson, and M. Honma 1978

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Temperature Alverson, D. L. 1961

Alverson, F. G., and C. L. Peterson 1963

Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neill, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Berlage, H. P. 1966

Bini, G. 1952

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1965

Blackburn, M. 1969

Blackburn, M., and R. M. Laurs 1972

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Broadhead, G. C, and 1. Barrett 1964

Caviedes, C. N. 1973

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965

Craig, W. L., and E. K. Dean 1968

Creswell, G. R. 1976

Cromwell, T. 1958

Gushing, D. H., and R. R. Dickson 1976

Davidoff, E. B. 1963

Davidoff, E. B. 1969

deBuen, F. 1955

deBuen, F. 1957

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978

Dizon, A. E., T. C. Byles, and E. D. Stevens 1976

Dizon, A. E., W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1977

Dizon, A. E., E. D. Stevens, W. H. NeUl, and J. J. Magnuson 1974

Dow, R. L. 1978

Enami, S., and T. Toyotaka 1954

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Fox, W. W. 1971

Grandperrin, R. 1976

Green, R. 1967

Hanamoto, E. 1975

Hester, F. J. 1961

Howard, G. V. 1963

Hubbs, C. L., and G. 1. Roden 1964

Inoue, M. 1958

Inoue, M. 1959

Inoue, M. 1960

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1978

Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Johnson, J. H. 1961

Johnson, J. H. 1962

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1952-1956

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1%1

Kawai, H. 1959

115

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T., and Y. Aizawa 1956

Klawe, W. L., J. J. PeUa, and W. S. Leet 1970

Kume, S. 1969

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1975

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

LeGuen, J. C, J. R. Donguy, and C. Henin 1977

LeGuen, J. C, F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Marr, J. C. (editor) 1962

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Meehan, J. M. 1965

Miller, F. R. MS

MiUer, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Miller, F. R., and R. M. Laurs 1975

Miyake, M. P. 1968

Morita, T. 1959

Moriia, T. 1960

Murphy, G. 1., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J. 1969

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and

H. Honda 1965
Nakagoma, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and

H. Honda 1965
Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959
Namias, J. 1973

Neill, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976
NeUi, W. H.. E. D. Stevens, F. G. Carey, K. D. Lawson, N.^

Mrosovsky, and W. Frair 1974
Noel, J., and J. M. Stretta 1975
Okiyama, M. 1974
Okiyama, M., and S. Ueyanagi 1977
Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968
Fearcy, W. G. 1973
Radovich, J. 1961
Radovich, J. 1963
Reid, J. L., Jr. 1962
Richards, W. J. 1969
Roberts, P. E. 1974
Roden, G. I., and J. L. Reid, Jr. 1961
Rosa, H., Jr. (editor) 1963
Samaylenko, V. S. 1970
Sandoval, T. E. 1971
Sasaki, T. 1952

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964
Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Schaefer, M. B., G. C. Broadhead, and C. J, Orange 1%2
ScheU, L L 1965
Seckel, G. R. 1963

Seckel, G. R., and M. Y. Y. Yong 1977
Sharp, G. D. 1977
Sharp, G. D. 1978
Shingu, C. 1970
Squire, J. L., Jr. MS.

116

Stevenson, M. R. 1970

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1962

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1964

SuUivan, C. M. 1954

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Tomczak, G. H. 1977

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1974

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

VanCampen, W. G. 1952

Waldron, K. D. 1962

Walsh, J. J. 1978

WUliams, F. 1970

Williams, K. F. 1977

Wrytki, H. 1964

Wrytki, K. 1965

Wyrtki, K. 1965

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966

Yamanaka, H. 1969

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, H., J. Merita, emd N. Anraku 1969

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Yamanaka, 1., and H. Yamanaka 1970.

Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

Thermal Domes
Thermal Regulation
Thermocline

Beardsley, G. L., Jr. 1969

Neill, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976

Alverson, D. L. 1961

Bjerknes, J. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1965

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Broadhead, G. C., and 1. Barrett 1964

CromweU, T. 1958

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S.H. Yuen 1978

Green, R. 1967

Hanamoto, E. 1975

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Reid, J. L., Jr. 1962

Roberts, P. E. 1974

Rosa, H., Jr. (editor) 1963

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Wrytki, H. 1964

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1%6

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Time of Day
Tuna

Grandperrin, R. 1976

Alverson, D. L.
Alverson, F. G.
Alverson, F. G.,

1961
1959
and C. L. Peterson 1963

117

Anonymous 1962

Barkley, R. A., W. H. Neill, and R. M. Gooding 1978

Beardsley, G. L., Jr. 1969

Bini, G. 1952

Blackburn, M. 1959

Blackburn, M. 1959

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1%2

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M. 1965

Blackburn, M. 1969

Blackburn, M., and R. M. Laurs 1972

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Broadhead, G. C, and 1. Barrett 1964

Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1%1

Calkins, T. P. 1961

Clemens, H. B., and W. L. Craig 1965

Craig, W. L., and E. K. Dean 1968

Davidoff, E. B. 1963

Davidoff, E. B. 1969

deBuen, F. 1955

deBuen, F. 1957

Dizon, A. E. 1977

Dizon, A. E., R. W. Brill, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978

Dizon, A. E., T. C. Byles, and E. D. Stevens 1976

Dizon, A. E., W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1977

Dizon, A. E., E. D. Stevens, W. H. Neill, and J. J. Magnuson 1974

Dotson, R. C. 1978

Enami, S., and T. Toyotaka 1954

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Fox, W. W. 1971

Grandperrin, R. 1976

Hanamoto, E. 1974

Hanamoto, E. 1975

Hanamoto, E. 1976

Hester, F. J. 1961

Howard, G. V. 1963

Ingham, M. C, S. K. Cook, and K. A. Hausknecht 1977

Inoue, M. 1958

Inoue, M. 1959

Inoue, M. 1960

Inoue, M. 1961

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1976

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1977

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1978

Johnson, J. H. 1%1

Johnson, J. H. 1962

Johnson, J. H. 1963

Johnson, J. Ji., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1952-1956

Kanagawa Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station 1961

Kawai, H. 1959

Kawai, H., and M. Sasaki 1962

Kawasaki, T. 1952

Kawasaki, T. 1957

118

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1957

Kawasaki, T. 1965

Kawasaki, T. 1967

Kawasaki, T., and Y. Aizawa 1956

Kearney, R. E. 1978

Kikawa, S. 1957

Kikawa, S., T. Shiohama, Y. Morita, and S. Kume 1977

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. PeUa, and W. S. Leet 1970

Knudsen, P. F. 1977

Kume, S. 1963

Laevastu, T., and I. Hela 1970

Laevastu, T., and H. Rosa, Jr. 1963

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1975

Laurs, R. M., and R. J. Lynn 1977

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

LeGuen, J. C, J. R. Donguy, and C. Henin 1977

LeGuen, J. C, F. Poinsard, and J. P. Troadec 1965

Manar, T. A. (editor) 1966

Marr, J. C. (editor) 1962

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

McGowan, J. A. 1974

McKenzie, M. K. [1964?]

Meehan, J. M. 1965

Miller, F. R. MS

Miller, F. R., and E. D. Forsbergh 1978

Miyake, M. P. 1968

Morita, T. 1959

Morita, T. 1960

Murphy, G. 1., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1960

Nakagome, J. 1961

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J. 1969

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and
H. Honda 1965

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya. S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and
H. Honda 1965

Nakamura, H. 1952

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959

Neili, W. H., R. K. C. Chang, and A. Dizon 1976

Neil!, W. H., E. D. Stevens, F. G. Carey, K. D. Lawson, N.
Mrosovsky, and W. Frair 1974

Noel, J., and J. M. Stretta 1975

Okachi, I. 1963

Okiyama, M. 1974

Okiyama, M., and S. Ueyanagi 1977

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968

Pearcy, W. G. 1973

Radovich, J. 1961

Radovich, J. 1963

Richards, W. J. 1969

Roberts, P. E. 1974

Rosa, H., Jr. (editor) 1963

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Rothschild, B. J. 1966

119

Saito, S., K. Ishii, and K. Yoneta 1970

Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Sasaki, T. 1959

Sato, T., S. Mishima, K. Shimazaki, and S. Yamamoto 1964

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Schaefer, M. B., G. C. Broadhead, and C. J. Orange 1962

Seckel, G. R. 1963

Seckel, G. R. 1964

Seckel, G. R. 1972

Seckel, G. R., and M. Y. Y. Yong 1977

Sette, O. E. 1955

Sette, O. E. 1956

Sharp, G. D. 1977

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Shimada, B. M. 1958

Shingu, C. 1970

Squire, J. L., Jr. MS

Steigner, J. M., and M. C. Ingham 1971

Stretta, J. M. 1977

Suda, A. 1956

Suda, A. 1962

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Suda, A., and M. B. Schaefer 1965

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1962

Suda, A., and T. Shiohama 1964

Suzuki, Z., P. K. Tomlinson, and M. Honma 1978

Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

Tomczak, G. H. 1977

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1974

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

VanCampen, W. G. 1952

Waldron, K. D. 1962

Williams, F. 1970

WUliams, K. F. 1977

Yabe, H., S. Ueyanagi, and H. Watanabe 1966

Yamanaka, H. 1956

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka 1970

Yoshida, H. O., and T. Otsu 1962

Upwelling Beardsley, G. L., Jr. 1969

Bjerknes, J. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1965

Blackburn, M. 1969

Blackburn, M., and R. M. Laurs 1972

Cromwell, T. 1958

Gushing, D. H., and R. R. Dickson 1976

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Howard, G. V. 1963

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

Kume, S. 1963

Laurs, R. M., H. S. H. Yuen, and J. H. Johnson 1977

Marr, J. C. (editor) 1962

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968

120

Roberts, P. E. 1974

Rosa, H., Jr., and T. Laevastu 1961

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Sette, O. E. 1955

Sette, O. E. 1956

Stevenson, M. R. 1970

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

Yamanaka, I. 1978

Water Color

deBuen, F. 1955
deBuen, F. 1957

Water Mass

Howard, G. V. 1963

Kawai, H. 1959

Kawasaki, T. 1957

LeGuen, J. C., J. R. Donguy, and C. Renin 1977

Matsumoto, W. M., and R. A. Skillman MS

McGary, J. W., J. J. Graham, and T. Otsu 1960

Nakagome, J. 1969

Sandoval, T. E. 1971

Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Seckel, G. R. 1964

Suda, A., S. Kume, and T. Shiohama 1969

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M., and M. Ishino 1958

Yamanaka, H. 1962

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, H., J. Morita, and N. Anraku 1969

Yamanaka, 1. 1978

Water Types

Brown, R. P., and K. Sherman 1961
Yamanaka, H. 1969
Yamanaka, H. 1978

Weather

McGowan, J. A. 1974
Quinn, W. H. 1972

Wind

Bjerknes, J. 1961

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M. 1965

Gushing, D. H., and R. R. Dickson 1976

Hubbs, C. L., and G. 1. Roden 1964

Jerlov, N. G. 1956

Johnson, J. H., and G. R. Seckel 1976

McCreary, J. 1976

Miller, F. R., and R. M. Laurs 1975

Murphy, G. I., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Namias, J. 1973

Nelson, C. S. 1977

Okachi, I. 1963

Owen, R. W., Jr. 1968

Patzert, W. €., and M. Tsuchiya 1974

Quinn, W. H. 1972

Roden, G. 1., and J. L. Reid, Jr. 1961

Samaylenko, V. S. 1970

Sette, O. E. 1956

Sharp, G. D. 1978

Steigner, J. M., and M. C. Ingham 1971

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Walsh, J. J. 1978

121

YeUowfin Tuna Alverson, F. G. 1959

Anonymous 1962

Beardsley, G. L., Jr. 1%9

Blackburn, M. 1960

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1962

Blackburn, M. 1963

Blackburn, M. 1965

Blackburn, M. 1969

Brandhorst, W. 1958

Broadhead, G. C, and 1. Barrett 1964

Calkins, T. P. 1961

Davidoff, E. B. 1963

Davidoff, E. B. 1969

Dizon, A. E. 1977

Dizon, A. E., R. W. BrUl, and H. S. H. Yuen 1978

Dizon, A. E., W. H. Neill. and J. J. Magnuson 1977

Enami, S., and T. Toyotaka 1954

Forsbergh, E. D. 1969

Fox, W. W. 1971

Grandperrin, R. 1976

Howard, G. V. 1963

Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1973

Inter- American Tropical Tuna Commission 1974

Kamimura, T., and M. Honma 1963

Kikawa, S. 1957

Klawe, W. L. 1963

Klawe, W. L., J. J. PeUa, and W. S. Leet 1970

Knudsen, P. F. 1977

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Murphy, G. I., and R. S. Shomura 1972

Nakagome, J. 1958 ^

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1958

Nakagome, J. 1961

Nakagome, J. 1965

Nakagome, J., H. Tsuchiya, S. Suzuki, S. Tanaka, T. Sakakibara, and

H. Honda 1965
Nakamura, H. 1952

Nakamura, H., and H. Yamanaka 1959
Richards, W. J. 1969
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Saito, S., and S. Sasaki 1974
Sandoval, T. E. 1971
Schaefer, M. B. 1961

Schaefer, M. B., G. C. Broadhead, and C. J. Orange 1962
Sette, O. E. 1955
Sette, O. E. 1956
Sharp, G. D. 1977
Sharp, G. D. 1978
Shimada, B. M. 1958
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Suzuki, Z., Y. Warashina, and M. Kishida 1977
Symposium on Tuna Resources and Oceanography June 1963

122

Uda, M. 1952

Uda, M. 1961

Uda, M. 1974

Ueyanagi, S. 1969

Ueyanagi, S. 1974

Yamanaka, H. 1969

Yamanaka, H., and N. Anraku 1961

Yamanaka, H., Y. Kurohiji, and J. Morita 1966

Yamanaka, I., and H. Yamanaka 1970

MBL WHOI Library • Serial:

5 WHSE 04524

123

ft U, S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFICE: 1931—797-270/134 REGIO

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS

NMFS Circular and Special Scientific Report — Fisheries

Guidelines for Contributors

CONTKNTS OF MANUSCRIPT

First page. Give the title (as concise as possible) of the
paper and the author's name, and footnote the author's
affiliation, mailing address, and ZIP code.

Contents. Contains the text headings and abbreviated
figure legends and table headings. Dots should follow each
entry and page numbers should be omitted.

Abstract. Not to e.xceed one double-spaced page. Foot-
notes and literature citations do not belong in the abstract.

Text. See also Form of the Manuscript below. Follow the
U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 1973 edi-
tion. Fish names, follow the American Fisheries Society
Special Publication No. 6, A List of Cominon and Scientific
Names of Fishes from the United Slates and Canada, third
edition, 1970. Use short, brief, informative headings in place
of "Materials and Methods!'

Text footnotes. Type on a separate sheet from the text. For
unpublished or some processed material, give author, year,
title of manuscript, number of pages, and where it is filed —
agency and its location.

Personal communications. Cite name in text and footnote.
Cite in Ibotnote: John J. Jones, Fishery Biologist, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92037, pers. com-
mun. 21 May 1977.

Figures. Should be .self-explanatory, not requiring refer-
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Tables. Each table should start on a separate page and
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only horizontal rules. Number table footnotes consecutively
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(Smith and Jones 1977); if more than one author, list accord-
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All papers referred to in the text .should be listed alphabeti-
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Abbreviate units of measures only when used with numerals;
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are used in et al., vs., e.g., i.e.. Wash. (WA is used only with
ZIP code), etc. Abbreviations are acceptable in tables and
figures where there is lack of space.

Measurements. Should be given in metric units. Other
equivalent units may be given in parentheses.

FORM OF THE MANUSCRIPT

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The sequence of the material should be:

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TEXT

LITERATURE CITED

TEXT FOOTNOTES

APPENDIX

TABLES (each table should be luinibcred with an Arabic

numeral and heading provided)
LIST OF FIGURE LEGENDS (hniirc iigure legends,

including "Figure" before each number)
FIGURES

ADDITIONAL INl t:)k.\I.\TION

Send ribbon copy and two duplicated copies of the manu-
script to:

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Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center

Auke Bay Laboratory

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