Flowering Cherries (Prunus): The ~ Sato-zakura Group >», United States Agricultural National As 2} Department of Research Arboretum Agriculture Service Contribution Number 5 Abstract Jefferson, Roland M., and Kay Kazue Wain. 1984. The nomenclature of cultivated Japanese flowering cherries (Prunus): The Sato-zakura group. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Arboretum Contribution No. 5, 44 pp. Japanese flowering cherries are grown all over the temperate world. Wherever they occur, nomenclature problems exist. Before any serious taxonomical study of this complex plant group can be made, a solution to these problems is necessary. This publication offers a logical way to solve them. For the first time, it brings existing names used for Japanese flowering cherries into conformity with the “International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants—1980” and separates selections of cultivated origin from all other botanical taxa of Prunus. Further, it provides a means for naming future Japanese flowering cherry introductions of unknown or confused origins so that their status in horticultural nomenclature is clearly established. KEYWORDS: Cherry blossoms, flowering cherries, Japanese flowering cherries, oriental flowering cherries, ornamental cherries, Prunus donarium, Prunus lannesiana, Prunus Sato-zakura group, Prunus serrulata, Sakura, Sato-zakura, Yama-zakura, zakura. The Nomenciature of Cultivated Japanese Flowering Cherries (Prunus): The Sato-zakura Group By Roland M. Jefferson and Kay Kazue Wain ge a ! JAN 2 5 2006 > United States Agricultural ji Department of Research Agriculture Service National Arboretum Contribution Number 5 see POET fo ao ens Get SS SR 69 a CE Sees a ‘ ’ % t f ; é at SE ee 2 og Rs = Foreword Prunus comprises 400 species growing naturally in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the genus in which all of our stone fruits are found—-almonds, apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, and plums. The obvious benefit from all these trees is the edible fruit that turns up on our tables in pies, preserves, beverages, or in a fruit bowl. The assumption of fruiting also means that all Prunus species are flowering trees. The most spectacular flowering tree is the CHERRY. No other tree has received the worldwide acclaim that has been heaped on its delicate white-to-pink flowers. Cherries are found growing in Europe, North America, and Asia. The Japanese flowering cherries have a long history of collection, propagation, and culture on their isolated islands. The Japanese language—spoken or visually presented—further compounds the communication problems with English-speaking gardeners. There is, thus, much confusion as to what is the correct name to use in light of current taxonomic views. This publication on “Sato-zakura” (village cherries) is one of many endeavors by Roland M. Jefferson to document and organize the world literature and to assemble living collections of flowering cherry germplasm at the U.S. National Arboretum. Jefferson’s efforts with the very capable assistance of Kay Kazue Wain, coauthor of this monograph, add to a legacy, worthy of the centuries, that Japanese cherries have made each spring so beautiful. Hon Cov HENRY M. CATHEY, DIRECTOR U.S. National Arboretum eee en VS ae ee EE oa ee Bo — f | i f Acknowledgments We acknowledge our sincere appreciation to Theodore R. Dudley, research botanist, Frank S$. Santamour, Jr., research geneticist, and other U.S. National Arboretum staff members whose informative input, critique, and encouragement aided in solving many of the problems that developed during the preparation of this publication. We also thank the following persons for assisting us in locating many of the extremely rare references that were vitally needed to complete this monograph: Thaddeus Ohta, reference librarian, Japanese Section, Asian Division, U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; William J. Dress, professor emeritus, and Peter A. Hyypio, curator, both with the Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.; and Stephen A. Spongberg, horticultural taxonomist, The Arnold Arboretum, Cambridge, Mass. In addition, we are greatly indebted to Andrea DuBois Scarborough of the U.S. National Arboretum for providing critical comments and assistance during the preparation of this publication. Finally, we pay tribute to all past botanists and nonbotanists whose knowledge of Japanese flowering cherries became the basis of our research. Contents Page Introduictionaa) (. NOx yoo Heo i SN 1 Nomenclature problemsi. °°. | 0.0) | Jena tear 1 Glarification’ attemipts:nwink hs iota AOC e ey Ei ae 9 Wildvandrcultivated taxais ie. oo os SOR) cn) Se 3 The: Sateezakura: group ind iow a) a 4 QODIECHVES 90 uli a 4 Cultivated code for nomenclature clarification and explanatory notes for cultivar list. 6 Cultivars of Prunus: The Sato-zakura group Cover: A reproduction of Prunus (Sato-zakura group) cv. Fugenzo from lhe It6, “ZOho Kadan Taizen” (1813). (Translation of Japanese is Fugenzo sakura.) Copies of this publication may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22161. Issued July 1984 —— 105108, illust; 58:/51—57, illus. A botanical and horticultural treatment in Italian of the ornamental selections of Prunus. Russell, P. G. 1928. Japanese flowering cherries. U.S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 31, 8 pp., illus. 1931a. Prunus serrulata Lindl. Oriental cherry. Variety Mikuruma-gaeshi. Natl. Hort. Mag. 10: 218—220, illus. 1931b. Prunus serrulata Lindl. Variety Ichiyo. Oriental cherry. Natl. Hort. Mag. 10: 144-146, illus. 1931c. Prunus serrulata Lindl. Variety Kwanzan. Oriental cherry. Natl. Hort. Mag. 10: 46—48, illus. 1932a. Prunus serrulata Lind|. Oriental cherry. Variety Fukurokuju. Natl. Hort. Mag. 11: 150-151, illus. 1932b. Prunus serrulata Lindl. Oriental cherry. Variety Shdgetsu. Natl. Hort. Mag. 11: 64—67, illus. 1933. Prunus serrulata Lind]. Oriental cherry. Variety Ohnanden. Natl. Hort. Mag. 12: 68—70. 1934. The oriental flowering cherries. U.S. Dept. Agr. Cie Sts 72 pp. 41 and B. M. Leese, Jr., comps. 1960. Plant material introduced January 1 to December 31, 1954. U.S. Dept. Agr. Inventory No. 162, 440 pp. Ryerson, K. A., comp. 1929. Plant material introduced by the office of foreign plant introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, October 1 to December 31, 1926. U.S. Dept. Agr. Inventory No. 89, 56 pp. Saito, Shojo. 1980. Nihonjin to sakura. [Japanese and flowering cherry.] 542 pp. Kddansha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: $B413.C523 Orien Japan. Sakamoto, K6setsu/KOzen. Tenpo era::1830—43. Gundkafu. [Flower album of flowering cherries.] /n Honda, M., and Y. Hayashi, Nihon no sakura, pp. 35-37. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1974.) 1842. Kosetsu Ofu.2 [Flowering cherry album of Késetsu.] /n Miyoshi, M., Oka gaisetsu. Addition: Sakura ni kansuru tosho kaidai ryaku. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1921.) Listed are 134 ornamental flowering cherry names. Sano, Toemon. 1961. Sakura. (Flowering cherries of Japan.) 124 pp., illus. Mitsumura Suiko Shoin, Kyoto, Japan. [In Japanese and English with Latin names.] LC: S$B435.S25 Orien Japan. 1970. Okasho. [Flowering cherry excerpts.] 247 pp. Seibund6o Shinkdsha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: SB435.$24 Orien Japan. Listed are all ornamental flowering cherries cultivated in Sano Nursery in Kyoto, Japan. 1973. Sakuramori nidai ki. [Memoir of two generations of flowering cherry keepers.) 275 pp., illus. Kodansha, Tokyo. LC: $B437.5.C5S26 Orien Japan. General notes on Sano Nursery’s ornamental flowering cherry collections. Sawada, T. 1927. Is Prunus yedoensis Matsum. a hybrid? Jap. Jour. Bot. 4: 66—71. A critical discussion in Japanese with extracts from several western publications. Shirakawa, Raku6. 1822. Hanano kagami. [Mirror of flowers.] /n Honda, M., and Y. Hayashi, Nihon no sakura, pp. 33-34. [In Japanese.] (Reprinted, 1974.) Listed are more than 100 cultivated flowering cherry names. Siebold, P. F. von. 1830. Synopsis plantarum oeconomicarum universi regni Japonici. Verhandel. Bataviaasch Genootsch. 12: 1-74. ? Also known as Chdjagamaru Ofu. 42 Singh, J. P., Y. K. Arora, and J. N. Sharma. 1967. Kulu Valley takes to Japanese flowering cherries. Indian Hort. 11(3): 10, 12, illus. Described are varieties Yamazakura (Prunus donarium), Yayezakura (P. donarium var. spontanea), and Yoshino (P. yedoensis). Spath, L. 1902. Prunus serrulata ‘Hisakura.’ Gartenflora 51: 79. A general note. Stapf, O.. 1925. Prunus yedoensis. Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 150, pl. 9062. Stepp, G. 1932. Prunus serrulata sachalinensis Wilson and ihre formen. Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. Mitt. 44: 58-60. Critical systematic notes. Sugimoto, Jun’ichi. 1957. Miscellaneous notes on the cherries of Shizuoka Prefecture. Hokuriku Jour. Bot. 6: 47—50. [In Japanese. ] Tachibana, Narisuke. 1254. Kokon chomonjyu. [Collections of excerpt and hearsay of ancient and modern times.] 2 v. Nihon Kotenzensht Kankokai, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] (Reproduction 1946 from a 1690 reprint.) EA: PL792.T33. Notes on tales of flowering cherry viewing events and flowering cherry poems in ancient times. Takagi, Kiyoko. 1979. Sakura hyakushu. [Collection of 100 flowering cherry poems.] 148 pp. Tanka Shinbun Sha, Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: PL728.T23 Orien Japan. Taleisnik, E.D. 1956. Vishni Dal’nego Vostoka. [The cherries of the Far East.] Sovetskoe Primor’e 20: 239-252. [In Russian. ] On the wild species of Prunus and their prospective utilization. Tanaka, Yoshio. 1981. On the cherry blossoms. Jap. Hort. Soc. Jour. 25: 1-6, pl. 1. General notes in Japanese. Tatewaki, Misao. 1936. Classification of the genus Prunus in | Hokkaido. Hokkaido Forestry Soc. Bul. 35(11): 12-17. [In Japanese with key. ] Thunberg, C. P. 1784. Flora iaponica. Sistens plants insularum iaponicarum secundum systema sexuale emendatum redactas. Oriole eds., 418 pp., illus. New York. (Reprinted, 1974.) Tokyo K6enka. 1926. Koganei no sakura. [Flowering cherry in Koganei.] 49 pp., illus. City of Tokyo. [In Japanese.] LC: SB413.C51T64 Orien Japan. Toyama, Saburd, and Manabu Miyoshi. 1940. A new form of Prunus serrulata, “\waizakura.” Bot. and Zool. 8: 1073-1074, ies. (432: Forma appendiculata Miyoshi described in Japanese. 43 and YOjiro Kimura. 1941a. Prunus lannesianus f. mirabilis Y. Kimura & Toyama, n. form. Jap. Jour. Bot. 17: 418—422, fies: Discussion in Japanese with Latin description. and YOjiro Kimura. 1941b. Prunus lannesiana Wilson f. kusimana Y. Kimura et Tuyama f. nov. Jap. Jour. Bot. 21: 173-175. [In Japanese with Latin description.] Unger, A. 1924. Prunus serrulata var. setsubun-sakura. Deut. Dendrol. Gesell. Mitt. 34: 381. U.S. Library of Congress. 1983. Manual of romanization, capitalization, punctuation, and word division for Japanese. Cat. Serv. Bul. 20, Spring issue, 65 pp. Veitch, J. H. 1906. Hortus veitchii. 542 pp. J. Veitch and Sons, London. An account of botanical collectors employed by the Veitch Nurseries with list of introductions. Wagner, A. 1902. Prunus serrulata “H’zakura.” Gartenflora 51: 49—50. A general note. 1903. Prunus serrulata grandiflora und Prunus mume var. alba plena. Gartenflora 52: 169, pl. 1513. Native of Japan. Watanabe, K., and K. Yoshikawa. 1967. Notes on variation and self-incompatibility in Japanese flowering cherries. Bot. Mag. [Tokyo] 80: 257—260. [In Japanese.] Wilson, E. H. 1916. The cherries of Japan. Arnold Arboretum Pub. 7, 68 pp., illus. Yashiro, Hirokata. 1821—41. Kokon’® yGran ko. [Summary outline of excerpts of ancient and modern times.] V. 4. Kokusho Kankokai, Tokyo. (Reprinted, 1906.) LC: AE35.2.K58 Orien Japan. Encyclopedias and dictionaries in Japanese. Listed are 135 flowering cherries with brief descriptions and illustrations. Yokohama Nursery Company, Ltd. 1901-10. Nursery catalogue. Yokohama, Japan. Yoshikawa, Masao. 1927. Washington’s Japanese cherries. 13 pp., illus. Pub. unknown, Japan. “Romance of Japanese cherry blossoms.” Appeared in Washington, D.C., Star, Apr. 4, 1926. * Rendered as “kokin” in some publications with author’s name as Koken Yashiro. This publication, however, follows the U.S. Library of Congress catalog listing. 44 ® 2 °o 2 = 4 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: Notes 1984 - 446-808 - 814/18768 4 \ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES HUNT 3 9088 01184 9551